\ 
 
THE 
 
 J 
 
 hronicles of Baltimore; 
 
 BEING A 
 
 COMPLETE HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 ARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 BY 
 
 COL. J. THOMAS SCHARF, 
 
 MEMBER OF THE MARYLAND HIST^ORICAL SOCIETY, ETC , ETC. 
 
 BALTIMORE^ 
 
 TURNBULL BROTHEES. 
 
 1874. 
 

 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by 
 
 THOMAS G. SCHARF, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 
 
i 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 AS EXTRACTED FROM THE BALTIMORE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 
 
 Baltimore Sun— *' In Its comprehensiveness, minuteness of detail and thorough- 
 ness of execution, to eclipse all that have preceded it." 
 
 Baltimore Cazettc— "The first complete and exbanstlve history of the city of 
 Baltimore ever written." 
 
 Baltimore American—" His exhaastive researches leave but little for the writers 
 who come after him to do, except to copy that which he has gleaned from ancient 
 manuscripts." 
 
 German Correspondent— ** A diligent and trustworthy compilation of /acts laid 
 down in chronological order." 
 
 Baltimorean—" It will be, by large odds, the most perfect, thorough and complete 
 history of the city ever published. No Baltimorean, or son or daughter of a Balti- 
 morean, will content themselves without a book which promises to be so valuable." 
 
 Saturday NigfU— ''The MSS. convinces us that it will be a most valuable contri- 
 bution to our local literature, and covering as It does the whole grounl, it will be 
 indispensable as a text-book and for reference." 
 
 Sunday Telegram—^ The work will be elaborate and truthful in every particular." 
 
 Baltimore Bulletin— '* A more complete and thorough work than any at present 
 in the possession of the public." 
 
 livening News—**1\, contains an immense amount of information to be had in 
 no other work, nor in any dozen of books relating to Baltimore. Indeed nothing 
 of value has been overlooked, down to the most minute details, which are such as 
 to render the labors of any succeeding historian of little avail for half a century to 
 come.'' 
 
 345669 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It has been the chief aim of the author and compiler of this 
 volume to furnish such a contribution in connection with the history 
 of the city of Baltimore, by grouping the written and unwritten, 
 the scattered and fragmentary facts bearing upon the city's rise and 
 progress, as would afford, as a whole, a more complete book upon 
 this subject than any in possession of the public. While we have 
 histories, annals, sketches, and writings upon Baltimore of recog- 
 nized excellence and general accuracy, it is nevertheless true that 
 very much of interest and importance has been left unrecorded ; 
 and these gaps we have sought to fill up. 
 
 The only plan in the work that has been followed has been to 
 chronicle events through the years in their order; beginning with 
 the earliest in which any knowledge on the subject is embraced, 
 and running on down to the present. We have been most par- 
 ticular with dates, facts, and figures, and at great pains to be 
 strictly correct, never setting down a doubtful item. 
 
 The amount of information and its variety massed between the 
 covers of the book might entitle it to be regarded as a very ency- 
 clopaedia of its kind. Little or nothing that relates to Baltimore 
 has been ov^erlooked, and neither time, money, nor labor has been 
 spared in the preparation of the work. Every possible and avail- 
 able source has been sought and used in the collection of material ; 
 and the house of history, if we may so speak, has been literally 
 ransacked in the unremitting search for all, and whatever, to the 
 minutest niatter, would throw light upon the subject. An idea 
 may be formed of the extent and character of the researches made 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 when we mention some of the books, authorities, and other matter 
 gone over. For example, all the newspapers, from the first edi- 
 tions ever published in Baltimore to the last ; all pamphlets pub- 
 lished relating to Baltimore; all the laws of Maryland and the 
 Colonial Government; NiW Register; Metropolitan Magazine; 
 Griffith's Annals; Lossing's Field-Book of the Revolution, War 
 of 1812, and Civil War and Historical Record; Sparks's Wash- 
 ington ; Baltimore, Historical and Biographical ; Kennedy's Life 
 of Wirt; Tuckerman's Life of Kennedy; CoggeshalFs American 
 Privateers; Bosman's, McMahon's, and McSherry's Histories of 
 Maryland ; Memoirs of Commodore Barney ; Dunlap's History of 
 American Theatres ; Kilty's Landholder's Assistant ; Holmes' and 
 Chalmers' Annals of America; Memoir of R. B. Taney; Smith's 
 Virginia; Botta's American Revolution ; Marshall's Washington ; 
 Annals of Annapolis; Rebellion Record; Custis's Life of Wash- 
 ington ; American Biography ; American Archives ; State Archives ; 
 different histories of religious denominations in Baltimore; Green's 
 Maryland Gazette ; Conventions of Maryland ; Journals of the 
 Senate and House of Delegates of Maryland ; directories published 
 in Baltimore since 1796; old and rare books out of print; old 
 maps; early surveys; many valuable private letters and manu- 
 scripts obtained from friends ; Land Office records ; Congressional 
 Library, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 We will here make our acknowledgments to Messrs. R. A. 
 Reed and J. P. Des Forges, antiquarian booksellers, for the loan 
 of valuable unpublished letters, rare books, etc., that must other- 
 wise have escaped us. We have also been assisted materially by 
 Messrs. Osmond Tiffany and William Jefferson Buchanan. Ex- 
 tracts from authorities used have been liberally made, and much 
 original and interesting matter quoted. 
 
 Many old and valuable letters of eminent men, never before 
 published, have been preserved in the book. Brief biographical 
 notices, also, of prominent citizens of the past have a place, as well 
 as many pleasing reminiscences and incidents in connection with 
 the customs and habits of the people of Baltimore in the olden 
 time. The ancient style of dress is fully described, with the 
 
P E E F A E . vii 
 
 I ftishion of our ancestral dames flaunting its absurdities no less 
 glaring than of to-day. The churches and their histories have a 
 place. The time of formation of societies of different kinds and 
 for various purposes is noted and their histories given. The rise 
 of canals and railroads, with the account of their rude commence- 
 ment and their subsequent wonderful expansion and the changes 
 they have wrought since the days of post-roads and Conestoga 
 wagons, is given ; also notices of the public schools from their 
 first estal)lL«hment; records of riots, fires, meetings, and proces- 
 sions. The four revolutions or wars, and the part Baltimore bore 
 in them — 1776, 1812, 1846, and 1861. 
 
 A history of the newspapers of Baltimore, portraying the rise 
 and development of the mighty agency of the press, in our midst, 
 has its appropriate space allotted it, together with such other 
 matters, statistical, oommercial, industrial, mechanical, professional, 
 political, religious, private, and public, as makes the entire collec- 
 tion a book indeed of large instruction, of great use for ready 
 reference as a repository of valuable knowledge not otherwhere to 
 be obtained, and partly of almost romantic interest. 
 
 Whatever of profit and pleasure shall be drawn from its pages 
 by the reader, it cannot exceed tliat profit and pleasure experienced 
 by the author in his researches, amid the labors and ditiiculties of 
 his undertaking. For with him his work has been a labor of love, 
 of pride, of sympathy, of ambition, and one which he hopes will 
 be received as a laudable, and he trusts not altogether unsuccessful 
 effort, by such in particular as, like himself, are " native here and 
 to the manor born." The preparation of such a book was felt by 
 him to have become a public necessity and a benefaction, nothing 
 of a similar character having been placed before the public since 
 1829, when Griffith's "Annals of Baltimore" was published, — a 
 work regarded as authentic as far as it goes, but which does not 
 embrace in an entirety the subject of which it treats. 
 
 The " Chronicles of Baltimore " embraces, in substance, all, and 
 very much more that has been omitted in the "Annals," going 
 back to the earliest beginnings, taking up the story where Griffith 
 stops, and continuing it to tlie present day. In the volume are 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 collected and preserved historical materials, obtained from widely 
 separated sources, from private libraries and individuals, from 
 musty records on the brink of decay, from odd places and unex- 
 plored corners, which by the accident of fire or flood or time's hard 
 touches, might otherwise have been forever lost to us. 
 
 The book, the author feels, will commend itself to the people 
 of Baltimore chiefly on account of the immense, unusual, and 
 various information to be found within its pages, and because of 
 the pleasing minor matters with which it abounds as well. The 
 map upon the wall, the directory upon the desk, the bible upon 
 the table, the tools upon the bench, express, in their places, that 
 appropriateness and utility which we would bespeak for the 
 "Chronicles of' Baltimore" in the place which may be given it as 
 a household need and addition, in the libraries, the business 
 offices, and homes of the city. 
 
 J. Thomas Scharf. 
 
 Bai^timobe, April, 1874. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 We enter upon our arduous yet inspiring labor in gathering 
 together the " Chronicles of Baltimore," with a feeling akin to that 
 lofty spirit of enterprise which animates the navigator and ex- 
 plorer of new and unknown regions of the earth. 
 
 Pressing forward with eager hope and expectation, he sees the 
 realm of discovery still apparently receding before him, yet con- 
 tinually rewarding his research and curiosity by the most valuable 
 results ; and he at length returns from the scene of his achieve- 
 ments with the records of his enterprise, anxious in his narrative 
 that no historic foot-print may be lost. In the inexhaustible field 
 of the old are mines of as deep interest and reward as are in the 
 new ; and it would be difficult lo find in the history of America any 
 page which offers a more varied attraction than that which treats 
 of Baltimore, not alone to her own fond people, but to any people. 
 He who will go over the track of her career, will seek her in com- 
 pany with those who first pressed her virgin soil with their feet 
 ere she had risen from the wilderness, follow her as she has grown, 
 and behold her as she is, cannot fail to be pleasantly and instruc- 
 tively impressed. Let us approach her with those who were the 
 first to approach her, and stand with them, and see with them 
 the then tangled, wild, unbroken site in the forest, now the proud, 
 busy, palatial city. Let us make this approach through the quaint, 
 yet clear and touching recital of Captain John Smith, who in his 
 History of Virginia records the following, which we reprint in the 
 original text : — 
 
 THE SIXT VOYAGE. 1606. 
 
 TO ANOTHER PART OF VIRGINIA, 
 
 iVHERE NOW ARE PLANTED OUR ENGLISH COLONIES WHOM GOD 
 INCREASE AND PRESEliUE: 
 
 DISCOVERED AND DBSCRIBED 
 
 By CAPTAINE lOHN SMITH, 
 
 Sometimes Governour of the Countrey^ 
 
 " By these former relations you may see what inconveniences 
 till crossed those good intents, and how great a matter it was all 
 
Z CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 this time to finde but a Harbour, although there be so many. But 
 this Virginia is a Country in America betweene the degrees of 34. 
 and 45. of the North latitude. The bounds thereof on the East 
 side are the great Ocean: on the South lyeth Florida: on the 
 North nova Francia : as for the West thereof, the limits are 
 vnknowne. Of all this Country we purpose not to speake, but onely 
 of that part which was planted by the English men in the yeare of 
 our Lord, 1606. And this is vnder the degrees 37. 38. and 39. The 
 temperature of this Country doth agree well with English consti- 
 tutions, being once seasoned to the Country. Which appeared by 
 this, that though by many occasions our people fell sicke; yet did 
 they recover by very small meanes, and continued in health, though 
 there were other great causes, not onely to haue made them sicke, 
 but even to end their dayes, &c. 
 
 " The Sommer is hot as in Spaine ; the Winter cold as in France 
 or England. The heat of sommer is in lune, luly, and August, but 
 commonly the coole Breeses asswage the vehemency of the heat. 
 The chiefe of winter is halfe December, lanuary, February, and halfe 
 March. The colde is extreame sharpe, but here the Proverbe is 
 true, that no extreame long continueth. 
 
 " In the yeare 1607. was an extr.aordinary frost in most of 
 Europe, and this frost was found as extreame in Virginia. But the 
 next yeare for 8. or 10. dayes of ill weather, other 14 dayes would 
 be as Sommer. 
 
 "The windes here are variable, but the like thunder and light- 
 ning to purifie the ayre, I haue seldome either seene or heard in 
 Europe. From the Southwest came the greatest gusts with thun- 
 der and heat. The Northwest winde is commonly coole and bring- 
 eth faire weather with it. From the North is the greatest cold, 
 and from the East and Southeast as from the Barmudas, fogs and 
 raines. 
 
 " Sometimes there are great droughts, other times much raine, 
 yet great necessitie of neither, by reason we see not but that all 
 the raritie of needful fruits in Europe, may be there in great plen- 
 tie, by the industrie of men, as appeareth by those we there 
 Planted. 
 
 " There is but one entrance by Sea into this Country, and that 
 is at the mouth of a very goodly Bay, 18. or 20. myles broad. The 
 cape on the South is called Cape Henry, in honour of our most 
 noble Prince. The land white hilly sands like vnto the Downes, 
 and all along the shores great plentie of Pines and Firres. 
 
 "The North Cape is called Cape Charles, in honour of the 
 worthy Duke of Yorke. The Isles before it. Smith's Isles, by th« 
 name of the discover. Within is a country that may haue the 
 prerogatiue over the most pleasant places knowne, for large and 
 pleasant navigable Kivers, heaven and earth never agreed better 
 to frame a place for mans habitation ; were it fully manured and 
 inhabited by industrious people. Here are mountaines, hils, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 6 
 
 plaines, valleyes, rivers, and brookes, all running most pleasantly 
 into a faire Bay, compassed but for the mouth, with fruitfull and 
 delightsome land. In the Bay and rivers are many Isles both 
 great and small, some woody, some plaine, most of them low and 
 not inhabited. This bay lyeth North and South, in which the 
 water floweth neare 200. myles, and hath a channell for 140 myles of 
 depth betwixt 6 and 15 fadome, holding a breadth for the most 
 part 10 or 14 myles. From the head of the Bay to the Northwest, 
 the land is mountanous, and so in a manner from thence by a 
 Southwest line ; so that the more Southward, the farther off from 
 the Bay are those mountaines. From which fall certaine brookes 
 which after come to fiue principall navigable rivers. These run 
 from the Northwest into the Southeast, and so into the West side 
 of the Bay, where the fall of every Eiver is within 20 or 15 myles 
 one of the other. 
 
 " The mountaines are of divers natures: for at the head of the 
 Bay the rockes are of a composition like Mill stones. Some of 
 Marble, &c. And many peeces like Christall we found, as throwne 
 downe by water from those mountaines. For in Winter they are 
 covered with much snow, and when it dissolveth the waters fall 
 with such violence, that it causeth great inundations in some nar- 
 row valleys, which is scarce perceived being once in the rivers. 
 These waters wash from the rocks such ghstering tinctures, that 
 the ground in some places seemeth as guilded, where both the rocks 
 and the earth are so splendent to behold that better iudgements then 
 ours might haue heene perswaded, they contained more then probabili- 
 ties. The vesture of the earth in most places doth manifestly 
 proue the nature of the soylo to be lusty and very rich. The 
 colour of the earth we found in diverse places, resembleth bole 
 Armoniac, terra a sigillata, and Lemnia, Fullers earth, Marie, and 
 divers and other such appearances. But generally for the most 
 part it is a blacke sandy mould, in some'places a fat slimy clay, in 
 other places a very barren gravell. But the best ground is knowne 
 by the vesture it beareth, as by the greatnesse of trees, or abun 
 dance of weeds, &c. 
 
 " The Country is not mountanous, nor yet low, but Buch pleas- 
 ant plaine hils, and fertile valleyes, one prettily crossing another, 
 and watered so conveniently with fresh brookes and springs, no 
 lesse commodious, then delightsome. By the rivers are many, 
 plaine marshes, containing some 20 some 100. some 200 Acres,, 
 some more, some lesse. Other plaines there are few, but onely. 
 where the Salvages inhabit: but all overgrowne with trees and. 
 weeds, being a plaine wildernesse as God first made it. 
 
 "On the west side of the Bay, we sayd were 5. faire and de- 
 lightfuU navigable rivers. The first of those, and the next to the 
 mouth of the Bay hath his course from the West Northwest.. It 
 is called Powhatan, according to the name of a principall countrey 
 that lyeth vpon it. The mouth of this river is neare three myles 
 
4 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 in breadth, yet doe the shoules force the Channell so neare the land, 
 that a Sarce will overshoot it at point blancke. It is navigable 150 
 myles, the shouldes and soundings are here needlesse to be expressed. 
 It falleth from Eockes farre west in a Country inhabited by a 
 nation they call Monacans. But where it commeth into our dis- 
 covery it is Powhatan. In the farthest place that w^as diligently 
 observed, are falles, rockes, shoules, &c., which makes it past navi- 
 gation any higher. Thence in the running downeward, the river is 
 enriched with many goodly brookes, which are maintained by an 
 infinit number of small rundles and pleasant springs, that disperse 
 themselues for the best service, as do the veines of a mans body. 
 From the South there fals into it: First, the pleasant river of 
 Apamatuck. Next more to the East are two small rivers of Qui- 
 yougheohanocke. A little farther is a Bay wherein falleth 3 or 4 
 prettie brookes and crcekes that halfe intrench the Inhabitants of 
 Warraskoyac, then the river of Nandsamund. and lastly- the brooke 
 of Chisapeack. From the North side is the river of Chickahamania, 
 the backe river of lames Towne; another by the Cedar Isle, where 
 we liued ten weekes vpon Oysters, then a convenient harbour for 
 Fisher boats at Kecoughtan, that so turneth it selfe into Bayes and 
 Creckes, it makes that place very pleasant to inhabit; their corne- 
 fields being girded therein in a manner as Peninsulaes. The most 
 of these rivers are inhabited by severall nations, or rather families, 
 of the name of the rivers. They haue also over those some Gov- 
 ernour, as their King, which they call Werowances. In a Peninsula 
 on the North side of this river are the English Planted in a place 
 by them called lames Towne, in honour of the Kings most excel- 
 lent Maiestie. 
 
 "The first and next the rivers mouth are the Kecoughtans, who 
 besides their women and children, haue not past 20. fighting men. 
 The Paspaheghes (on whose land is seated lames Towne, some 40. 
 myles from the Bay) haue not past 40. The river called Chickaha- 
 mania neare 2^0. The Weanocks WO. The Arrowhatocks SO. The 
 place called Powhatan, some 40. On the South side this river the 
 Appamatucks haue sixtie fighting men. The Quiyougcoha nocks 25. 
 The Nandsamunds 200. The Chesapeacks 100. Of this last place 
 the Bay beareth the name. In all these places is a severall com- 
 mander, which they call Werowance, except the Chickahamanians, 
 who are governed by the Priests and their Assistants, or their 
 Elders called Caw-cawwassoughes. In sommer no place affordeth 
 more plentie of Sturgeon, nor in winter more abundance of foule, 
 especially in the time of frost. I tooke once 52 Sturgeons at a 
 draught, at another 68. From the later end of May till the end 
 of lune are taken few, but yong Sturgeons of two foot, or a yard 
 long. From thence till the midst of September, them of two or 
 three j^ards long and few others. And in 4 or 5 houres, with one 
 Net were ordinarily taken 7 or 8 : often more, scldome lesse. In 
 the small rivers all the yeare there is good plentie of small fish, 
 BO that with hookes those that would take paines had sufficient. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 5 
 
 '•Fourteene myles Northward from the river Powhatan^ is the 
 river Pamrrvnkee, which is navigable 60 or 70 myles, but with Catches 
 and small Barkes 30 or 40 myles farther. At the ordinary flowino- of 
 the salt water, it divideth it selfe into two gallant branches. On 
 the South side inhabit the people of Youghtanund, who haue about 
 60 men for warres. On the North branch Mattapament, who haue 
 30 men. Where this river is divided the Country is called Pamavn- 
 kee and nourisheth neare 300 able men. About 25. myles lower on 
 the North side of this river is Werawocomoco, where their great 
 King inhabited when I was delivered him prisoner; yet there are 
 not past 40 able men. Ten or twelue myles lower, on the South 
 side of this river, is Chiskiack, which hath some 40 or 50 men. 
 These, as also Apamatuck, Irrohatock, and Powhatan, are their great 
 Kings chiefe alliance, and inhabitants. The rest his Conquests. 
 
 " Before we come to the third river that falleth from the moun- 
 taines, there is another river (some 30 myles navigable) that commeth 
 from the Inland, called Payankatanke, the Inhabitants are about 50 
 or 60 serviceable men. 
 
 " The third navigable river is called Toppahanock. ( This is navig- 
 able some 130 myles). At the top of it inhabit the people called 
 Mannahoacks amongst the mountaines, but they are aboue the 
 place we described. Ypon this river on the North ^ side are the 
 people Cuttatawomen, with 30 fighting men. Higher are the Mor- 
 aughtacunds, with. 80. Beyond them. Rapahanock with. 100. Far 
 aboue is another Cuttatawomen with 20. On the South is the pleas- 
 ant seat of Nantaughtacund having 150 men. This river also as the 
 two former, is replenished with fish and foule. 
 
 " The fourth river is called Patawomeke, 6 or 7 myles in breadth. 
 It is navigable 140 myles, and fed as the rest with many sweet rivers 
 and springs, which fall from the bordering hils. These hils many 
 of them are planted, and yeeld no lesse plentie and varietie of 
 fruit, then the river exceedeth with abundance of fish. It is in- 
 habited on both sides. First on the South side at the very en- 
 trance is Wighcocomoco and hath some 130 men, beyond them Seka- 
 cawone with 30. The Onawmanient with 100. And the Patawo- 
 mekes more then 200. Here doth the river divide itselfe into 3 or 
 4 convenient branches. The greatest of the least is called Qui- 
 yough, trending Northwest, but the river it selfe turneth Northeast, 
 and is still a navigable streame. On the Westerne side of this 
 bought is Tauxenent with 40 men. On the North of this river is 
 Secowocomoco with 40. Somewhat further Potapaco with 20. In 
 the East part is Pamacaeack with 60. Aftei- Moyowance with 100. 
 And lastly, Nocotchtanke with 80. The river aboue this place 
 maketh his passage downe a low pleasant valley overshaddo^yed in 
 many places with high rocky mountaines ; from whecne distill in- 
 numerable sweet and pleasant springs. 
 
 " The fift river is called Pawtuxunt, of a lesse proportion then 
 rest ; but the channell is 16 fadome deepe in some places. Here 
 
b CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 are infinit skills of divers kindes offish more then elswhere. Ypon 
 this river dwell the people called Acquintanacksuak, Pawtuxunt, and 
 Mattapanient. Two hundred men was the greatest strength that 
 could be there perceived. But they inhabit together, and not so 
 dispersed as the rest. These of all other we found most civill to 
 giue intertainement. 
 
 " Thirtie leagues Northward is a river not inhabited, yet navig- 
 able ; for the red clay resembling bole Armoniack we called it 
 BOLUS. At the end of the Bay where it is 6 or 7 myles in 
 breadth, it divides it selfe into 4. branches, the best commeth North- 
 west from among the mountaines, but though Canows may goe a 
 dayes iourney or two vp it, we could not get two myles vp it 
 with our boat for rockes. Tpon it is seated the Sasquesahanocks, 
 neare it North and by West runneth a creeke a myle and a halfe : 
 at the head whereof the Eble left vs on shore, where we found 
 many trees cut with hatchets. The next tyde keeping the shore 
 to seeke for some Salvages ; (for witjain thirtie leagues sayling, we 
 saw not any, being a barren Country,) we went vp another small 
 river like a creeke 6 or 7 myle. From thence returning we met 7 
 Canowes of the Massowomeks, with whom we had conference by 
 signes, for we vnderstood one another scarce a word : the next day 
 we discovered the small river and people of Tockwhogh trending 
 Eastward. 
 
 " Having lost our Grrapnell among the rocks of Sasquesahanocks, 
 we were then neare 200 myles from home, and our Barge about 
 two tuns, and had in it but twelve men to performe this Discovery, 
 wherein we lay about 12 weekes vpon those great waters in those 
 vnknowne Countries, having nothing but a little meale, oatemeale 
 and water to feed vs, and scarce halfe sufficient of that for halfe 
 that time, but what provision we got among the Salvages, and such 
 rootes and fish as we caught bj^ accident, and Gods direction ; nor had 
 we a Mariner nor any had skill to trim the sayles but two saylers 
 and my selfe, the rest being Gentlemen, or them were as ignorant 
 in such toyle and labour. Yet necessitie in a short time by good 
 words and examples made them doe that that caused them ever 
 after to feare no colours. What I did with this small meanes I 
 leaue to the Eeader to iudge, and the Mappe I made of the Country, 
 which is but a small matter in regard of the magnitude thereof. 
 But to proceed, 60 of those Sasquesahanocks came to vs with skins, 
 Bowes, Arrows, Targets, Beads, Swords, and Tobacco pipes for 
 presents. Such great and well proportioned men are seldome seene, 
 for they seemed like Giants to the English, yea and to the neigh- 
 bours, yet seemed of an honest and simple disposition, wMth much 
 adoe restrained from adoring vs as Gods. Those are the strangest 
 people of all those Countries, both in language and attire ; for 
 their language it may well beseeme their proportions, sounding 
 from them, as a voyce in a vault. Their attire is the skinnes of 
 Beares, and Woolues, some haue Cassacks made of Beares heads 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 7 
 
 and skinnes, that a mans head goes through the skinnes neck, and 
 the eares of the Beare fastened to his shoulders, the nose and teeth 
 hanging downe his breast, another Beares face split behind him, 
 and at the end of the nose hung a Pawe, thehalfe sleeues comming 
 to the elbowes were the neckes of Beares, and the armes through 
 the mouth with pawes hanging at their noses. One had the head 
 of a Wolfe hanging in a chain for a Jewell, his Tobacco pipe three 
 quarters of a yard long, prettily earned with a Bird, a Deere, or 
 some such devise at the great end, sufficient to beat out ones 
 braines : with Bowes, Arrowes, and clubs, sutable to their great- 
 nesse. These are scarce knowne to Powhatan. They can make 
 neare 600 able men, and are pallisadoed in their Townes to defend 
 them from the Massawomekes their mortall enemies. Fiue of their 
 chiefe Werowances came aboord vs and crossed the Bay in their 
 Barge. The picture of the greatest of them is signified in the 
 Mappe. The calfe of whose leg was three quarters of a yard 
 about, and all the rest of his limbes so answerable to that propor- 
 tion, that he seemed the goodliest man we ever beheld. His hayre, 
 the one side was long, the other shore close with a ridge over his 
 crowne like a cocks combe. His arrowes were fiue quarters long, 
 headed with the splinters of a white christall-like stone, in forme 
 of a heart, an inch broad, and an inch and a halfe or more long. 
 These he wore in a "Woolues skinne at his backe for his Quiver, his 
 bow in the one hand and his clubbe in the other, as is described. 
 
 " On the East side of the Bay, is the river Tockwhogh, and vpon 
 it a people that can make 100 men, seated some seaven myles 
 within the river : where they haue a Fort very well pallisadoed 
 and mantelled with barkes of trees. Next them is Ozinies with 
 sixty men. More to the South of that East side of the Bay, the 
 river Rapahanock, neere vnto which is the river Kuscarawaock. 
 Ypon which is seated a people with 200 men. After that, is the 
 river Tants Wighcocomico, and on it a people with 100 men. The 
 people of those rivers are of little stature, of another language 
 from the rest, and very rude. But they on the river Acohanock with 
 40 men, and they of Accomack 80 men doth equalize any of the 
 Territories of Powhatan, and speake his languge, who over all 
 those doth rule as King. 
 
 "Southward we went to some parts of Chawonock and the 
 Mangoags to search for them left by Mr. White. Amongst those 
 people are thus many severall Nations of sundry Languages, that 
 environ Powhatans Territories. The Chawonockes, the Mangoags, 
 the Monacans, the Mannahokes, the Masawomekes, the Powhatans, the 
 Sasquesahanocks, the Atquanachukes, the Tockwoghes, and the JS^us- 
 carawaokes. All those not any one vnderstandeth another but by 
 Interpreters. Their severall habitations are more plainly described 
 by this annexed Mappe, which will present to the eye, the way of 
 the mountaines, and current of the rivers, with their severall 
 turnings, bayes, shoules, Isles, Inlets, and creekes, the breadth of 
 
8 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 the waters, the distances of places, and such like. In which Mappe 
 obserue this, that as far as you see the little Crosses on rivers, 
 mountaines, or other places haue beene discovered ; the rest was 
 bad by information of the Savages, and are set downe according 
 to their instructions. 
 
 "Thus haue I walkt a wayless way, with vncouth pace, 
 Which yet no Christian man did ever trace: 
 But yet I know this not affects the minde, 
 Which eares doth heare; as that which eyes doe finde." 
 
 In the foregoing account, the "annexed Mappe," of which 
 Captain Smith speaks, showing " the way of the mountains, and 
 current of the rivers, with their severall turnings, bayes, shoules, 
 Isles, Inlets, and creeks, the breadth of the waters, the distance of 
 places, and such like," presents to the eye almost a fac-simile of 
 modern maps representing the same section, the only material 
 distinguishing difference between them being in the Indian names, 
 which have, of course, been superseded by English ones. Its accu- 
 racy, as compared with the maps of the present day, is wonderful ; 
 and upon it may be, not traced, but immediately fixed on by the 
 familiar eye, the locale which has since become Baltimore on the 
 Patapsco — a river marked on the " Mappe " as the " Bolus " river, 
 and so called by Captain Smith because of " the red clay resem- 
 bling Bole armoniack." This red clay, or " bole," after which 
 Captain Smith named this river Bolus, was a covering for exten- 
 sive mines of iron ore since discovered and worked extensively on 
 the Patapsco (the old Bolus), the first of which mines were 
 owned and worked by Mr. John Moale, at " Moale's Point," that 
 "point" where it was sought to establish Baltimore town, but 
 where the town was not established, through the hostility of Mr. 
 Moale, who refused to sell his land, and who preferred and had a 
 greater interest in his ores than in a prospective town. 
 
 Concurrent authorities fix upon the Bolus and the Patapsco as 
 one and the same river, either in words or by inference. Bozman 
 says " the Patapsco is the Bolus river of Smith." 
 
 Lossing says of Smith : — "He went up the Potomac to the 
 falls above Washington city. He also entered the Patapsco, and 
 ate maize upon the site of Baltimore. These long voyages were 
 made in an open boat, propelled by oars and paddles. It was one 
 of the most wonderful of exploring expeditions, considered in all its 
 aspects, recorded b}^ the pen of history. Smith constructed a map 
 of his discoveries, and every subsequent survey of the region 
 attests its wonderful accuracy." 
 
 That Captain John Smith was the first white man whose eye 
 rested upon the site of Baltimore, there can be, hardly, a reasonable 
 doubt. It was as far back as 1606, as appears, that he penetrated 
 the Patapsco ; and when he had turned away from the head-waters 
 he had sought, a long time intervened before the coming of any 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 9 
 
 other of the European race to the Patapsco again. It is not im- 
 probable that the next white man who penetrated to this river, and 
 who mayhap also stood and ate maize upon the site of the present 
 city, was Lord Baltimore himself, in 1628, of whom, in this con- 
 nection, the historian Bozman says: — " Whether Lord Baltimore 
 personally, at the time of his visit to Virginia, explored that tract 
 of country now denominated Maryland, of which he afterwards 
 procured a grant, we are not positively informed. But as the 
 obtaining a more complete knowledge of the country bordering on 
 the Chesapeake, than he could otherwise possibly have from report, 
 must have been the principal object of his visit, we cannot but 
 suppose that he must at this time, notwithstanding the discourage- 
 ment of his pursuits by the Virginians, have made the tour by 
 water of the principal parts of the Chesapeake Bay." 
 
 Nothing is positively known of the presence of any others in 
 the neighborhood of Baltimore up to the year 1659, although it is 
 not unlikely that some had pushed up and settled about the head 
 waters of the Patapsco, following in the track of Captain John 
 Smith's and Lord Baltimore's visit. 
 
 1659. Baltimore County was established in this year. Its limits 
 were then far more extensive than at present, embracing not only 
 all of Harford and Carroll Counties, but large portions of Anne 
 Arundel, Howard, and Frederick. At that time the population of 
 all Maryland was only twelve thousand, and that of the newly 
 erected county was probably less than one-sixth of that number. 
 
 On the 28th, 29th and *30th of July, patents for land in the 
 neighborhood of Baltimore were issued to Eobert Gorsuch for 
 500 acres, Hugh Kensey 400 acres, Eichard Gorsuch 500 acres, 
 Thomas Humphreys 300 acres, John Jones 200 acres, Thomas 
 Powell 300 acres, Howell Powell 300 acres, William Ball 420 acres, 
 and AValter Dickinson 420 acres. Captain Thomas Howell, Cap- 
 tain Thomas Stockett, and Messrs. Henry Stockett and John 
 Taylor, styled Commissioners of the County, took up patents, and 
 on the 20th of July, 1661, held a court at the house of Captain 
 Howell, the presiding Commissioner, Mr. John Collett being 
 their clerk. 
 
 On the 20th day of October, Mr. Walter Dickinson sold all his 
 land to Mr. Abraham Clarke, a ship-wright. Mr. Clark also pur 
 chased of Mr. John Collett, on the 2d of March, 1662, 200 acres, 
 and of Eichard Gorsuch 300 acres, and on the 7th of March, 1662, 
 Mr. Clarke sold all his lands to Thomas Muntross. 
 
 1661. The next settler who took up ground was Charles Gor- 
 such, said to be a member of the Society of Friends, who patented 
 fifty acres of land on the 24th of February, 1661, which is after- 
 wards known as " Whetstone Point," lying between the branches 
 of the Patapsco Eiver, and at whose extremity Fort McHenry now 
 stands — Mr. Gorsuch yielding and paying the rent of £1 sterling 
 per annum in equal half-yearly instalments at Saint Mary's. 
 
10 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Mr. Gorsuch vacating, a patent was granted for the same land, 
 on the 2d of June, 1702, to Mr. James Carroll, who called it 
 " Whetstone," he paying two shillings rent per annum. 
 
 On the 15th of June, Mr. Peter Carroll surveyed for Mr. David 
 Jones, 380 acres of land on the line of what is now called Jones 
 Falls, at a .rent of fifteen shillings two and one-half pence per 
 year, which was called " Jones Eange." Mr. David Jones gave his 
 name to the stream which is so often mentioned, and by its 
 repeated overflows, of such troublesome interest to Baltimoreans 
 of the present day. Jones is said to have been the first actual 
 settler, having his residence on the north side of his " Falls " on 
 Jones street, which by the sacrilegious interference of the minis- 
 ters of the law has been changed into Front street. We say sac- 
 rilegious, because the ancient landmarks and names of towns, 
 cities, &c., should be preserved and cherished reverentially as are 
 family heir-looms. Mr. Jones built his residence in the neighbor- 
 hood of the intersection of French street, near what was known 
 as " Finn's Bridge." 
 
 On the 8th of February a warrant was issued to the Surveyor 
 General to lay out 200 acres of land for Alexander Mountenay, 
 which was afterwards called " Mountenay's Neck." Mr. Alex- 
 ander Mountenay did not, however, receive a patent for his lauds 
 until the 30th of June, 1663. The patent states that Lawrencen 
 Porter assigned 200 acres to Mr. Mountenay, at the rent of 4 
 shillings sterling, &c., per annum ; but we can find but one entry 
 where L. Porter demands 100 acres for transporting himself 
 and servant in 1661. There is another entry on the Land 
 Records where Margaret Kinsey assigns 50 acres, Robert Ball 
 100 acres, and Wm. Like 50 acres, to Alex. Mountenay in 1661, 
 which is no doubt the correct entry. " Mountenay's Neck," 
 which lay on each side of Harford run, was re-surveyed the 27th 
 of April, 1737, for Wm. Fell as Escheat Land. The run in ques- 
 tion is now bound in by long straight walls, or tunneled over, 
 through which in drier times it trickles in a meagre rivulet, or 
 after heavy rains dashes with a swollen and turbid tide, to contri- 
 bute its portion of alluvion to supply labor to the ponderous '' mud 
 machines" to which the harbor or basin of Baltimore owes its 
 continuing existence. In olden days, Harford run meandered 
 lazily along the broad low lands until it silently entered the 
 iPatapsco ; extending now to the right, now to the left, now hid 
 among the rushes on its banks, now lost to view as it spread into 
 some widening of the marsh, and then reappearing, slowly creeping 
 onward to its destination. Insignificant as it was, it possessed 
 charms for Mr. Alexander Mountenay, the ancient patentee ; and as 
 if acquiring dignity in the course of years, it now, with its con- 
 fines, is the boundary between " Old Town " and " Fell's Point." 
 
 On. the Ist of May an Act was passed by the General Assembly 
 " that all vessels whatsoever, not properly belonging to this Pro- 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 11 
 
 vince, having a deck flush fore and aft, coming in, and trading 
 within this Province, shall pay, for port duties, or anchorage, half 
 a pound of powder, and three pounds of shot, or so much in value, 
 for every ton of burden, to the Lord Proprietary, and his Heirs." 
 
 1668. The next land taken up was " Cole's Harbor," on which 
 the town of Baltimore was originally laid out, containing about 
 550 acres, and divided into nearly two equal parts by the current 
 of " Jones Falls." 
 
 On the 13th of January, Thomas Cole received a warrant for 
 300 acres of land, which he soon after revoked, but renewed it again 
 on the 8th of June. He also received on the 8th of June 200 acres 
 more by assignment from Geo. Yates, and 50 acres more by assign- 
 ment from John Blomfield, the assignee of Eoger Sheekie, for his 
 the said Sheekie's transporting himself into Maryland in the year 
 1649. Geo. Yates received his land from John Collitt the 8th of 
 Feb., 1668, and John Collitt received the same from Major Samuel 
 Goldsmith, who claimed five rights of 50 acres each, for transport- 
 ing Eobert Parker, Nicholas Banks, Thomas Pickerall, Edward 
 Jackson, and Elizabeth Hopkins, — all excepting 50 acres which 
 were laid out for John Deering, were transferred to Yates as afore- 
 said. " Cole's Harbor " was surveyed for Thomas Cole, Aug. 28th, 
 1668, and was patented to him Sept. 4th : " To be held in fee and 
 common soceage, by fealty only, for all manner of services ; yield- 
 ing and paying therefor yearly unto us our heirs, at our receipt 
 at St. Maries, at the two most usual feasts in the year (viz) at 
 the feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and at 
 the feast of St. Michael the archangel, by even and equal portions 
 the rent of eleven shillings sterling in silver, or gold, and for a fine 
 upon every alienation of the said land or any part or parcel 
 thereof, one whole year's rent in silver or gold, or the full value 
 thereof, &c., &c." 
 
 " Cole's Harbor " was for a long time ample space for the acconj- 
 modation of Baltimore ; and until, like a sturdy boy outgrowing 
 his first g.arments, it required larger limits, and embraced within 
 its expansion Hap Hazard, Spicer's Inheritance, Chatsworth, 
 Welsh Adventure, Bond's Pleasant Hill, Eidgely's Delight, Lunn's 
 Lot, Mount Eoyall, Timber Neck, David's Fancy, Salisbury Plains, 
 Haile's Folly, Gay's Neglect, Darly Hall, Hanson's Wood Lot, 
 Cole's Addition, Gallow Barrow, Eoger's Inspection, Carter's De- 
 light, Kemp's Addition, Parker's Haven, Mountenay's Neck, Upton 
 Court, AYhetstone Point, Georgia, Diligence, Fell's Point, Elizabeth, 
 Inspection and Portland. All of these lands or farms, by various 
 names and titles, subsequently fell within the growing limits of 
 Baltimore. " Cole's Harbor," after being patented to Cole, Sep- 
 tember 4th, 1668, was re-surveyed February 17th, 1698, and found 
 to contain only 510 acres, which were patented to James Todd, 
 June 1st, 1700, as " Todd's Eange," at the rent of ten shillings and 
 two and a half pence per year. ^ 
 
12 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 On the 20th of June, 1668, Mr. John Howard patented " Timber 
 Neck," comprising 200 acres, jnelding and paying therefor yearly 
 the rent of four shillings sterling in silver or gold. " Timber 
 Neck" lay between the middle and north branches of the Pa- 
 tapsco, being that part of the city now occupied by Howard, 
 Eutaw and Paca streets. Other parties followed Gorsuch, Mounte- 
 nay, &c., and year after year the cultivation of this part of Balti- 
 more County went on increasing. 
 
 The most striking feature upon the face of society was these 
 plantations. Upon them were held some of our earliest courts 
 and councils. Hardly a home or a tenement was not approached 
 by water. And our governors, privy-councillors, and county court 
 judges, were, all of them, planters. The principal planters were 
 also the merchants, who traded with London and the other great 
 ports of England. And the large plantations, with their group of 
 storehouses and other buildings, assumed the appearance and 
 performed the office of little' towns. 
 
 The currency of the province presents a good key to the state 
 of society. In some contracts, none was required. There was 
 simply a barter or an exchange of one commodity for another. 
 In commercial transactions, a little English or European coin was 
 occasionally used. In the trade with the Indians, for beaver skins 
 and other valuable articles, the peake and the roanoke obtained a 
 free circulation, and a good deal ot this kind of currency was held 
 by the colonists. There was also a provincial coin consisting of 
 silver, and issued by the Proprietary, of various denominations 
 (as groats, sixpences, and shillings), having upon one side his 
 lordship's arms, with the motto Crescite et 3fultiplicamini, upon 
 the other his image, with the circumscription Coecilius Dominus 
 Terr ce- Mar ice, &c. ; being equal in fineness to English sterling, and 
 of the same standard, though somewhat less iil weight. Speci- 
 mens of this curious money are preserved in the Maryland Histori- 
 cal Society; but very little of which, there is reason to believe, 
 was ever coined — tobacco being the most common currency of 
 the province ; and one pound of it, in 1650, worth about three 
 pence of English money. 
 
 Our ancestors, about this time, generally sat upon stools and 
 forms, the latter a sort of bench, and sometimes, if not always, 
 attached to the wall. They dined without forks, but made a free 
 use of the napkin; and paid especial attention to the furniture of 
 their bed-chambers. The walls, also, of their principal rooms 
 were wainscotted, specimens of which are still preserved at some 
 of the old family-seats in Maryland. And they kept a great deal 
 of rich and massive silver plate, upon which were carved the 
 arms of their own ancestry. Tea and coffee they rarely if ever 
 tasted; sugar they sometimes had ; but freely did they drink both 
 cider and sack. And there is frequent mention of the silver sack- 
 cup. Strong punch and sack, it would seem, were their favorite 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 13 
 
 drinks. They had, also, every variety of fruit, both for the winter 
 as well as for the summer. They delighted in pears and apricots, 
 in figs and pomegranates, in peaches and apples, and the most 
 luscious melons. The wild strawberry and grape-vine grew, also, 
 in the richest profusion. The air and the forest abounded in game ; 
 the rivers and bays in fish. Our ancestors feasted upon the best 
 oysters of America ; and dined, we may suppose, upon the can- 
 vas-back, the most delicious duck in the world. Providence 
 was '• not content with food to nourish man." All nature then 
 was ••music to the ear," or " beauty to the eye." The feathered 
 songsters of the forest were constantly heard. And so fascinated 
 were our forefathers with a bird they had never seen before their 
 arrival, that they gave it the name of Baltimore — its colors (black 
 and yellow) corresponding with those upon the escutcheon of the 
 Calverts. The eagle also, which still lingers, was then more fre- 
 quently seen, in all his proudest majesty. 
 
 Tobacco was the great product of the province. In all the 
 parts of Maryland at that time colonized, was it cultivated. And 
 it is said upon good authority, that " a hundred sail of ships," a 
 year, from the West Indies and from England, traded in this 
 article — the source also of a very large revenue to the English 
 crown, at "his lordship's vast expense, industry, and hazard." 
 Indian corn (or " mayz,") was also cultivated at an early period. 
 From the Indian also did we obtain the sweet potato. The w^ord 
 itself is derived from them. So also are pone hominy^ po coson^ 
 and many others. 
 
 No regular post was established; and it is doubtful if we had 
 any printing-press before the year 1689 in the province. Gentle- 
 men travelled on horseback by land, or in canoes or other small 
 boats by water. , Ferries over the rivers and other large streams 
 were erected by the government, and kept by the most respectable 
 colonists — the duties in most cases, however, being performed by 
 their deputies. Letters were sent by private hand, and dispatches 
 from the government by a special messenger. The practice of 
 partaking of ardent spirits and other refreshments at funerals 
 was brought by our earliest ancestors from their own fatherland, 
 and generally, if not universally observed. The sums expended in 
 "hot waters" and other drinks upon such occasions were surpris- 
 ingly large. 
 
 The costume, during the reign of Charles I., bore the marks of 
 the strong military spirit of that age, and was the most striking 
 and picturesque ever worn in England. We have also, here and 
 there, a glimpse of it upon the records of this province. The 
 inventory of Thomas Egerton, a cavalier, may illusti-ate a part of 
 it. There w^e have the falchion and the rapier; the cloth coat 
 lined with plush, and the embroidered belt; the gold hat-band, 
 and the feather; the pair of shoes, and the silk stockings; the 
 pair, also, of cuffs, and the silk garters. The signet-ring is also 
 
14 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 mentioned, one of the articles of a gentleman at that period. 
 And we find that leather breeches, and stockings of the same 
 material, were frequen.tly worn. The collar was succeeded by the 
 cravat, it w^ould seem about the time of the Protestant Eevolution. 
 Buif coats were also worn a« early as 1650. The cocked hat w^as 
 probably not introduced before the year 1700. 
 
 Finger-rings were worn by almost all the early landed gentry 
 of Maryland, and they were the favorite tokens of regard and 
 remembrance given in their wills. The number bequeathed during 
 the first hundred years after the settlement at St. Mary's would 
 seem incredible to any one who is not familiar with our early 
 testamentary records. 
 
 Mr. Macaulay says that many English gentlemen and lords of 
 manors, as late as 1685, had hardly " learned enough to sign " a 
 mittimus. The accuracy of his picture has been doubted ; but so 
 far as it regards the education of many of the early gentry of 
 Maryland, nothing could be more faithfully drawn. That many 
 gentlemen could not write their names is evident; they repeat- 
 edly made their marks. Cases from the records could be cited. 
 We have instances in which the servant writes his name and 
 the master makes his mark. One, if not several, of the earliest 
 udges of the provincial court came within this same category. 
 The fact, indeed, suggests a very important inference, and can only 
 be accounted for upon the true historical hypothesis. In the past 
 we see the military, in the present the commercial spirit of 
 society. 
 
 1683. In 1663 an Act was passed by the General Assembly, "for 
 seating of lands in Baltimore County," which was rejected by the 
 Proprietary. But on the 6th of November, 1683, an Act was 
 passed establishing towns, ports, and places of trade in " Baltimore 
 County on Patapsco, near Humphrey's Creek," and on " Bush 
 Eiver on the town land, near the Court House." By this Act, " all 
 ships and vessels, trading into this province, shall unlade, and put 
 on shore, and sell, barter and trafl&c away all goods, &c., imported 
 into this province. And all tobacco, goods, &c., of the growth, 
 production or manufacture of this province, intended to be sold 
 here, or exported, shall be for that intent brought to the said 
 ports and places." The commerce of the bay and river was grow- 
 ing, and as the most convenient converging point at that time for 
 all sections bordering on or communicating with the great streams, 
 " North Point " was agreed on as the common resort and anchor- 
 age of vessels for loading and distribution. 
 
 1696. On the 13th of January, 1695, Charles Carroll surveyed 
 1000 acres of land " lying in Baltimore County on the north side 
 of Patapsco river in the woods upon Jones' Falls, and on the west 
 side of the said Falls," which was called " Ely O. Carroll." On 
 the 10th of February, 1696, this land was patented ; 500 acres to 
 Daniel Carroll and 500 to Charles Carroll, at the yearly rent of 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. ]5 
 
 two pounds per annum for the whole — this land being "Colo's 
 Harbor," with further additions. 
 
 1702. On the 25th of March an Act was passed for the " estab- 
 lishment of religious worship in this province, according to the 
 Church of England ; and for the maintainance of ministers." By 
 this act the Episcopal Church was established by law throughout the 
 State, and a tax or assessment of forty pounds of tobacco per poll 
 was successively levied upon every taxable person within each 
 parish, for the maintenance of the minister, who was appointed by 
 the Governor or Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 1704. On the 3d of October an Act was passed " prohibiting 
 the importation of bread, beer, flour, malt, wheat, or other English or 
 Indian grain or meal, horses, mares, colts or fillies, or tobacco from 
 Pennsylvania, and the territories there belonging." At the same 
 time an Act was passed " requiring the masters of ships and vessels 
 to publish the rates of their freight, before they take any tobacco 
 on board." By this Act " every Master and Commander of a ship 
 or vessel, before he take any tobacco on boai'd his said ship or 
 vessel, publish in writing, by a note under his hand, which he 
 shall cause to be affixed on the Court-house door of the County 
 where his said ship shall ride at Anchor, at what rate he will receive 
 tobacco upon freight per ton, on board his said ship for that 
 intended voyage ; which note the Clerk of the County shall enter 
 upon record," 
 
 On the 3d of October of this year it was " thought convenient, 
 and very much for the benefit of the inhabitants of the province, 
 that roads and paths be marked." It was enacted, therefore, that 
 all public and main roads be hereafter cleared and grubbed, fit for 
 travelling twenty feet wide, and that the roads that led to any 
 County Court-house shall have two notches on the trees on both 
 sides of the roads, and another notch a distance above the other 
 two ; and any road that leads to any church shall be marked into 
 the entrance of the same, and at the leaving any other road, with 
 a slip cut down the face of the tree, near the ground. This cer- 
 tainly shows how much of the country then settled was a wild 
 wood, and at the same time the primitive guide-marks along the 
 public roads and paths leading to court-houses, and also to the 
 places of public worship. 
 
 Ii06. On the 19th of April an Act was passed creating "Whet- 
 stone Point " a town, — the original favorite among locators of land 
 in this vicinity. 
 
 Speaking about this period, Beverly, in his history of Virginia, 
 says : — " At the mouth of their rivers, and all along upon the Sea 
 and Bay, and near many of their creeks and swamps, grows Myrtle, 
 bearing a berry of which they make a hard, brittle wax, of a curi- 
 ous green color, which by refining becomes almost transparent. 
 Of this they make candles, which are never greasie to the touch, 
 nor melt with lying in the hottest weather ; neither does the snuff 
 
16 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 of these ever offend the smell, like that of a tallow candle ; but 
 instead of being disagreeable, if an accident puts a candle out, it 
 yields a pleasant fragrancy to all that are in the room ; insomuch, 
 that nice people often put them out, on purpose to have the incense 
 of the expiring snuff. The method of managing these berries is 
 by boiling them in water, till they come to be entirely dissolved, 
 except the stone or seed in the middle, which amounts in quantity 
 to about half the bulk of the berry; the bigest of which is some- 
 thing less than a corn of pepper." 
 
 1708. On the 17th of December an Act was revived " imposing 
 three pence per gallon on rum and wine, brandy and spirits, and 
 twenty shillings per poll for negroes, for raising a supply to defray 
 the public charge of this Province, and twenty shillings per poll on 
 Irish servants, to prevent the importing too great a number of 
 Irish Papists into this Province." 
 
 1711. In this year we find Mr. Charles Carroll selling thirty-one 
 acres of his portion of " Cole's Harbor " with a mill-seat, to Mr. 
 Jonathan Hanson, millwright, who erected a mill, of which the 
 remains were standing a short time since, in the old building near 
 the northwest intersection of Bath and Holliday streets. 
 
 1713. On the 14th of November an Act was passed "for the 
 more speedy conveying public letters and packets of this Province 
 and defraying the charge thereof; and to prevent the abuses of 
 breaking open, and concealing any letters whatsoever." By this 
 Act the sheriff of each county was authorised to convey all public 
 letters to the sheriff of the next county, and so on to the place of 
 destination — the sheriff of Baltimore county to receive for his 
 services six hundred pounds of tobacco annually. 
 
 1715. On the 3d of June an Act was passed authorising "that 
 for the future there shall be held four courts in the year, viz. : for 
 Baltimore County, the first Tuesday in March, June, August, and 
 November." 
 
 1717. On the 8th of June an Act was passed "for laying an 
 additional duty of twenty shillings current money per poll on all 
 Irish servants, being Papists, to prevent the growth of Poper}^ by 
 the importation of too great number of them into this Province; 
 and also the additional duty of twenty shillings current money 
 per poll on all negroes, for raising a fund for the use of Public 
 Schools within the several counties of this Province." By this Act 
 " all masters of ships and vessels, or others, importing Irish ser- 
 vants, being Papists, into this Province, by land or by water, at 
 the time of their entry, shall pay unto the Naval officer for the 
 time being, belonging to such port or place, where they make 
 their entry, the additional sum of twenty shillings current money, 
 over and above the twenty shillings sterling per poll imposed by a 
 former Act of Assembly of this Province, for every Irish servant 
 BO imported, on penalty and forfeiture of five pounds current 
 money for every servant that shall be by him or them concealed 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 17 
 
 at the time of his or their entry as aforesaid, one-half thereof to 
 be appropriated for defraying the public charge of this Province, 
 the other half to the informer, or to him or them that shall sue 
 for the same, to be recovered in his Lordship's name, in any court 
 of record within this Province, that shall hav6 jurisdiction of the 
 same, by action of debt, bill, plaint or information, wherein no 
 ession, protection or wager of law to be allowed." It is further 
 •' enacted, that the Naval Officers of the time being, belonging to 
 the several and respective Districts within this Province, be, and 
 are hereby authorized, impowered and required to administer to 
 every such Irish servant, except children under the age of fourteen 
 years, (to be adjudged at the discretion of the Naval Officer) so 
 imported as aforesaid, the several oaths appointed by the Act of 
 Assembly, and cause them to subscribe the Oath of Abjuration 
 and the test, and all and every such servants that shall refuse to 
 take the Oaths, and sign the Oaths and test as aforesaid (except 
 before excepted), shall be and are hereby deemed and declared 
 Papists, for whom the owner or importer shall be obliged to pay 
 the additional duty as aforesaid." 
 
 1723. On the 26th of October, an Act was passed " to punish 
 blasphemers, swearers, drunkards, and sabath-breakers." By this 
 Act it was imposed, " That if any person shall hereafter, within this 
 Province, willingly, maliciously, and advisedly, by writing or 
 speaking, blaspheme or curse Grod, or deny our Saviour Jesus 
 Christ to be the Son of God, or shall deny the Holy Trinity — the 
 Father, Son and Holy Ghost, or the Godhead of any of the Three 
 Persons, or the Unity of the Godhead, or shall utter any profane 
 words concerning the Holy Trinity, or any the Persons thereof, 
 and shall be thereof convict by verdict, or confession, shall, for 
 the first oifence be bored through the tongue, and fined twenty 
 pounds sterling to the Lord Proprietor, to be applied to the use 
 of the County where the offence shall be committed, to be levied 
 on the offender's body, goods and chattels, lands or tenements ; 
 and in case the said fine cannot be levied, the offender to suffer 
 six months imprisonment without bail or mainprizes; and that 
 for the second offence, the offender being thereof convict, as 
 aforesaid, shall be stigmatized by burning in the forehead with the 
 letter B, and fined forty pounds sterling to the Lord Proprietor, to 
 be applied and levied as aforesaid, and in case the same cannot be 
 levied, the offender shall suffer twelve months imprisonment with- 
 out bail or mainprize, and that for the third offence, the offender 
 being convict as aforesaid, shall suffer death without the benefit 
 of clergy." Profane swearers were fined two shillings and six 
 pence for the first oath or curse, and five shillings for every oath 
 or curse after the first. Drunkards to be fined five shillings lor 
 every offence. In case of the non-payment of fines by drunkards 
 and swearers, they were to be fined or whipped not over thirty- 
 nine lashes, or be placed in the stocks over three hours. Sabbath- 
 2 
 
18 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 breaking was punishable by a fine of 200 pounds of tobacco. 
 House-keepers selling strong liquor on Sunday, punishable by a 
 fine of 2000 pounds of tobacco. This act to be read by every 
 minister in his parish church four times a year, on forfeiture of 
 1000 pounds of tobacco. 
 
 In this year there were but five ships in the Patapsco up for 
 freight for London, to which place the trade was then carried on 
 extensively, but one of which ships was said to lie in the North- 
 ern Branch. There were persons living in the last twenty years 
 who have seen as many vessels of burthen anchored at the same 
 time, at the point between the south and middle branches of the 
 Patapsco, as in the north branch on which our city was finally 
 established. The ships which traded with the surrounding country 
 never at this time ascended the Patapsco, but lying at anchor 
 
 f off North Point, received their cargoes from the rivers which 
 
 I emptied into the bay in the vicinity. 
 
 \ 1726. Mr. Edward Fell, a Quaker from Lancashire, England, 
 
 who had settled east of Jones Falls, took out an escheat warrant, 
 and employed Eichard Gist to survey " Cole's Harbor," or " Todd's 
 Eange," and in the succeeding year purchased the rights in it of 
 John Grorsuch, son of Charles. But this stirred the sons of Charles 
 Carroll, then lately dead, who entered a caveat, and prevented the 
 new grant sought for by the enterprising land-hunter from Lan- 
 cashire. Gist's return of the survey is interesting as showing 
 that, in 1726, the sole improvements in that part of modern Balti- 
 more were three dwellings, a mill, tobacco-houses and orchards, 
 and that the land was about " one-half cleared and of middling 
 quality." 
 
 1728. On the 24th of October, an Act was passed " to encourage 
 the destroying of wolves, crows, and squirrels." By this Act 
 every taxable person was required to produce annually to the 
 Justice of the Peace where they resided, three squirrels' scalps or 
 crows' heads, under a forfeiture of two pounds of tobacco by exe- 
 cution, for every such scalp, &c., not produced. Two pounds of 
 tobacco were also allowed in the county levy for every such scalp, 
 &c., produced over and above the three required by law; 200 
 pounds of tobacco were also allowed in the payment of taxes for 
 every wolf's head. 
 
 1729. As yet no designation had been given to the significant 
 settlement, which had groped its way and fixed itself amid the 
 creeks and marshes and under the hills of the northwestern 
 branch of the Patapsco. To the point between the south and 
 middle branches, the main road from the west and through the 
 country generally was directed, passing south of Gwynn's Falls, 
 at the mouth of which once stood "Tasker & Car,roirs Furnace of 
 the "Baltimore Company." This point, the terminus of such a 
 road, and with such an anchorage for commerce, was, of course, 
 one of vast importance in " seating counties " and establishing a 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 19 
 
 future metropolis. And at last, when the head of tide began to 
 attract attention as the proper site for a fair and promising town, 
 it was upon the southern, and not the northwestern branch it was 
 proposed to be placed. Fortunately for the owners of " Cole's 
 Harbor," and for us of the present day, " Moale's Point" — which 
 looks in on Spring Gardens — the intended and designated site of 
 the new city, was the property of a Mr. John Moale, a merchant 
 from Devonshire, in England, who set prodigious store by certain 
 iron mines which he believed to be situated on his territory, and 
 when he got wind of the attempt about to be made to put a town 
 upon his property, he posted off to Annapolis, which by this time 
 had become the seat of government, and taking his place in the 
 Legislature, of which he was a member, defeated the plan, much 
 to his own satisfaction, no doubt, but whether equally to the satis- 
 faction of his heirs is a point which admits of question. Excluded 
 from the level land, those persons interested in forming a new 
 town, were obliged from sheer necessity, which in this instance 
 forced them to their true interests, to seek the site of Baltimore 
 under the hills and amid the marshes of the northwestern branch 
 of the river; and accordingly, on Monday morning, July 14th, 
 1729, the petition of the inhabitants of Baltimore was read in the 
 Upper House of Assembly, " praying that a bill may be brought 
 in for the building of a Town, on the North side of Patapsco river, 
 upon the land supposed to belong to Messrs. Charles and Daniel 
 Carroll." On Friday morning, July 25th, the bill was read a sec- 
 ond time and ordered to be endorsed thus, " the name of the land 
 being inserted, and a saving clause as usual in bills of the like 
 nature to be added." It was then sent to the Lower House by 
 Colonel Tilghman, signed, &c., by order of John Eoss, clerk. On 
 July 14th, Colonel Ward, from the Upper House, delivered to the 
 Speaker of the Lower House " the petition of several the inhabit- 
 ants in and about Patapsco river and the rest of the inhabitants of 
 Baltimore County " endorsed thus, " By the Upper House of Assem- 
 bly, 14th July, 1729, read and recommended to the consideration 
 of the Lower House of Assembly," with this further endorsement:: 
 "We the subscribers proprietors of the land mentioned in the* 
 within petition, do consent there may an act pass as prayed in the 
 usual terms. " Charles Carroll, 
 
 " Daniel Carroll." 
 On the second day it was ordered that leave be given to bring in a 
 bill as prayed. On Saturday, July 26th, the bill was passed for 
 engrossing. On the 30th the bill was finally passed. On the 8th 
 of August the Lower House assembled in the Upper House, where 
 the laws passed during the session were signed and received the 
 assent of the Eight Honorable the Lord Proprietary, &c., of which 
 the following is a copy of the law relating to Baltimore: — "At a 
 session of Assembly begun and held at the City of Annapolis, in 
 the County of Ann-xlrundel, for the Province of Maryland, on the 
 
20 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 10th Day of July, in the 15th Year of the Dominion of the Right 
 Honourable Charles, absolute Lord and Proprietary of the Prov- 
 ince of Maryland and Avalon, Lord Baron of Baltimore, &c., and 
 ended the 8th of August, Anno Domini 1729, was enacted the 
 following law : ' Benedict Leonard Calvert, Esq., G-overnor. Passed 
 Aug. 8th, 1729 : — An Act for erecting a Town on the North side 
 of Patapsco, in Baltimore County, and for laying out in Lots, Sixty 
 Acres of Land, in and about the place where one John Fleming 
 now lives.' " By this Act Major Thomas Tolley, William Hamil- 
 ton, William Buckner, Dr. George Walker, Richard Gist, Dr. 
 G-eorge Buchanan and Colonel William Hammond were appointed 
 commissioners to lay oif the town. They were all justices of the 
 county, excepting Doctor Walker, and as such, generally deputy 
 commissaries ; some of them were delegates before or after. Mr. 
 G-ist, then deputy surveyor of the western shore, was the son of 
 Mr. Christopher Gist, or Guest, as in some records, who had settled 
 on the south side of the Patapsco as early as 1682, and died before 
 the river became the bounds of the county ; Dr. Buchanan, who 
 came from Scotland, purchased lands and practised medicine in 
 the county from the year 1723 ; Colonel Hammond was, from all 
 accounts, the son of Mr. John Hammond, who settled on the north 
 side of the Patapsco, upon lands for which he paid forty shillings 
 sterling per acre, as early as 1695 ; Mr. Hamilton purchased lands 
 in the county, as appears by the records, in 1710 ; Doctor Walker, 
 with a brother James, had practised medicine in Anne Arundel 
 county some years, but came to reside in Baltimore county about 
 the year 1715, and was the proprietor of that well-known seat 
 and tract of land on the west side of the town called Chatsworth, 
 which is occupied at present by Daniel B. Banks, on Franklin 
 street; Mr. Buckner had not apparently been long settled in the 
 country, but in 1726 became purchaser of several tracts of land in 
 Patapsco Neck. John Flemming, who has thus travelled down to 
 posterity by Act of Assembly, and to whose memory a great city 
 may now be almost deemed a monument, was a tenant of Mr. 
 Carroll's; and the antiquarian who revels in the occupation of 
 deciphering the almost illegible remnants of the past, may deposit 
 himself on the east side of South Charles street at the intersection 
 of Lombard, and 'repeating, as he may do with perfect security, 
 '' here was once the homestead of John Flemming," enjoy at his 
 ease the associations that the occasion may give rise to. The 
 Commissioners of Baltimore Town were appointed for life, and 
 were authorised to fill their own vacancies ; also empowered " to pur- 
 chase (by agreement, or valuation of a jury) sixty acres of land, 
 on the tract whereon John Flemming now lives, commonly known 
 by the name of ' Cole's Harbor ; ' and to lay out the same in the 
 most convenient manner into sixty equal lots, to be erected into a 
 town. The land being laid out, surveyed, marked, staked out and 
 divided into convenient streets, lanes, &c., and the lots marked, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 21 
 
 numbered, &c., the owner of the land to have the first choice for 
 one lot, after which the remaining lots to be taken up by others, none 
 to take up more than one lot during the first four months, nor any 
 but the inhabitants of the county within six months after laying 
 out ; after which vacant lots may be taken up by any other persons. 
 The takers-up'of lots to pay the owner of the land the valuation 
 of the sixty acres, proportionably to their lots, which shall give 
 such purchasers, their heirs and assigns, an absolute estate, in fee 
 simple, in said lots ; they complying with the requisites in this 
 Act mentioned. The surveyor to return a plat of the town to the 
 County Clerk, to be by him kept among the county records. In 
 case the taker-up of any lot or lots neglect to build thereon within 
 eighteen months, a house that shall cover 400 square feet, then 
 may any other person enter upon such lot or lots so not built 
 upon, paying the Commissioners, or person by them thereunto 
 appointed, the sum first set and assessed upon such lot, for the use 
 and benefit of the town ; provided, such second taker-up do build 
 and finish, within eighteen months after such his entry made, such 
 house as in this Act is before limited and appointed be built by the 
 first taker-up; which house so built, shall give as good estate to such 
 second taker-up as is by this Act settled upon the first taker-up 
 and builder. If any lots remain untaken after seven years from 
 the date of this Act, then shall the owner of the land (after such 
 time has expired) be possessed and interested in such lots, as in 
 his first and former estate. The town to be called Baltimore 
 Town ; the Commissioners to employ a sufiicient clerk to make 
 true and impartial entries of their proceedings, upon oath, 
 which entries shall be made up into a well bound book, and 
 lodged with the clerk of Baltimore county court, for the inspection 
 of any person, saving to the Crown, the Lord Proprietor, all bodies 
 politic and corporate, and all others not mentioned in this Act their 
 several rights." On the first of December, Messrs. Bichard Gist, 
 "William Hamilton, Doctors Buchanan and Walker, agreed with 
 Mr. Charles Carroll, acting for himself and brother Daniel, about 
 the price and purchase of the sixty acres of land, to be erected 
 into a town called Baltimore Town, in honor of the Lord Proprie- 
 tary, who in his turn had borrowed his from a town of the same 
 name, which stands on a promontory in the sea, in the County of 
 Cork, Ireland, at the rate of forty shillings per acre in current 
 money of Maryland, or tobacco, to be paid into the hands of the 
 Sheriif of the County, at the rate of one penny per pound, this 
 to be paid by each " taker-up " of lots. 
 
 1730. On the 12th of January, the commissioners, assisted by 
 Philip Jones, the county surveyor, laid off. the town, commencing 
 at a point near the northwest corner of what is now called Pratt 
 and Light streets and running thence northwesterly, along or near 
 Uhler's alley, towards what" was then called a " great eastern 
 road " and '-a great gully " or drain at or near Sharp street, thence 
 
22 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 across the present Baltimore street, east of the gully northeasterly 
 with the same road, afterwards called the Church road, and now 
 McClellan's alley, to the precipice which overhung the falls at or 
 near the southwest corner of St. Paul and Saratoga streets, then 
 with the bank of Jones Falls (which then swept up to the last 
 named corner) southwardly and eastwardly various courses, unto 
 the low grounds which lay ten perches west of Gay street, including 
 the African Bethel church lot, then due south along the margin of 
 those low grounds to the bank on the north side of the river, 
 which then came up to near the present Custom House and Post 
 OflSce building, and thence by that bank various courses, nearly as 
 Lombard street runs, westwardly and southwardly to the first 
 mentioned point, making thus by its original bounds the form of 
 an ancient lyre. The town was divided by Long street, now called 
 Baltimore street, running 132f perches from east to west and four 
 perches wide, intersected at right angles by Calvert street, then 
 not named, 66} perches from the hill near the falls north, to the 
 riverside south, also four perches wide, and by Forrest street, 
 afterwards called Charles street, 89 i perches in the same course, 
 and three perches wide. There were also nine lanes of the 
 width of one perch each, since widened and called South, Second, 
 Light, Hanover, East, Belvedere, Lovely, St. Paul's and German 
 streets. The lots, containing about one acre each and num- 
 bered from one to sixty, commencing on the north side of Long 
 (Baltimore) street and running westward, returned eastward on 
 the south side. On the 14th of January, and on several of the 
 following days, the office was open for takers-up, and it appears 
 that the proprietor, Mr. Carroll, chose jSTo. 49, which was the east 
 side of Calvert street next the river bank, Mr. Gist taking the lot 
 on the opposite side of Calvert street. Other lots were taken by 
 Messrs. Walker, Jones, Jackson, Hammond, Price, Buckner, Sheri- 
 dine, Powell, Eidgely, Trotten, JSTorth, Hewitt, Gorsuch and Harris, 
 all inhabitants of the vicinity; some did not improve in time, and 
 their lots were taken by new settlers in succession, but some lots 
 fell to the original proprietor, not being taken up within seven 
 years. Thus the first "Baltimore Town" was laid out and dis- 
 posed of, but it was as we see a small affair of sixty rough acres, 
 comprised within the westernmost basin of the Patapsco on the 
 south, the chalk hills of Charles and Saratoga streets on the north, 
 the deep drain and gully which swept down about the present 
 course of Liberty street and McClellan's alley on the west, and on 
 the east of the big swamp, which bordering Jones Falls, ran up 
 by its western flank as far on the present Frederick street as vSara- 
 toga or Bath streets. Jones Falls, the absolute easternmost limit, 
 swept round in a, deep, horse-shoe bend, a couple of squares above 
 our Gay street bridge, the course of the horse-shoe penetrating as 
 far as the corner of Calvert and Lexington streets, and thence 
 going northeastwardly along the line of Calvert street. From the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 23 
 
 small quantity of ground originally taken for the town, and from 
 the difficulty of extending the town in any direction, as it was 
 surrounded by hills, water-courses or marshes, it is evident that 
 the commissioners did not anticipate either its present commerce 
 or population. The expense of extending streets, of building 
 bridges, and of levelling hills and filling marshes, to which their 
 successors have been subjected, and which unfortunately increases 
 that of preserving the harbor as improvements increase and soil is 
 loosened, have been obstacles scarcely felt in other American cities, 
 requiring immense capitals of themselves, against which nothing 
 but the great local advantages for internal and external trade 
 would have enabled the citizens to contend. The situation rela- 
 tive to other parts of the country, however, afforded the most direct 
 communication ; the proximity of better soil, the great security 
 presented by the harbor, the abundance of stone, lime, iron and 
 timber, and the proximity of seats for water-works, all contributing 
 to make the first part of the town the centre around which addi- 
 tions have been nearly equally made, affords some proof of the 
 commissioners' judgment and foresight. It is to be noticed also, 
 that the lots toward the river were all taken within the first three 
 days, and not one of those on Baltimore street, except that on the 
 north side, next adjoining the great public road, now McClellan's 
 alley. 
 
 It appears that Koger Mathews was presiding justice at this 
 time, and Thomas Sheridine sheriff, but the latter was succeeded 
 the same year by John Hall. 
 
 During this year a ship-carpenter, William Fell, brother of Ed- 
 ward, who settled east of Jones Falls in 1726, bought the tract of 
 land called Copus's Harbor, and built a mansion there, on the 
 present site of Lancaster street, so that the subsequent improve- 
 ments and disposition of the property have resulted in what still 
 bears the name of " Fell's Point." 
 
 The situation of the town at this time was unhealthy, and would 
 continue to be so until a large marsh was reclaimed. The alluvion 
 of the falls, spreading from the shore from Harford run to South 
 street," already limited the channel of the river on the north side 
 of it, and formed some islands which continued to be overflowed 
 b}^ high tides, until the islands and shoals were made fast land, as 
 they now are. Certainly the commissioners were not regardless 
 of the navigation, or they would not have located the town by the 
 water ; yet the exterior lines nowhere reached the shore, and one 
 street only, Calvert street, appeared to communicate with it, for 
 between the east end of Baltimore street and the falls, there was a 
 marsh, and on the south, Charles street terminated at Uhler's 
 spring branch, or rather a precipice which stood on the south side 
 of it, as did the north end of Calvert street, at a greater precipice, 
 where, indeed other commissioners closed the street by erecting 
 the Court-house, w-hich stood on a bluff' overhanging tha falls, 
 precisely where the Battle Monument now stands. 
 
24 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 The zeal of the founders of our city furnishes evidence this year, 
 in the passage of an Act by the Assembly on the 16th of June, for 
 the erection of a parish church in Baltimore, which, being the first 
 church erected in the town, w^e will endeavor to give a brief his- 
 tory of the same from the first knowledge we have of it, down to 
 the present time. In January, 1675, Mr. Jeremiah Eaton in his 
 will devised to the first Protestant minister who should reside in 
 Baltimore County, and his successors, " Stokely Manner," contain- 
 ing 550 acres. IJp to this time there had been no resident Pro- 
 testant, in other words Church of England, minister in the county. 
 This Manor was about two miles south from Abington, as it is 
 now called, and four or five miles northeast from Joppa, and six or 
 seven miles from the bay. 
 
 It is not pj-obable that as yet there was a population of more 
 than one thousand in the whole county, which extended from 
 below the Patapsco river to the north line of the Province, a dis- 
 tance in a direct line from north to south of more than forty miles, 
 and a considerable proportion of it was on the south side of the 
 Patapsco. The rest, save on the Spesutiae and Bush river neigh- 
 borhood, were scattered widely distant from each other on the 
 rivers and inlets along the bay. Little land could ^ as yet have 
 been brought under cultivation, and a house of unhewed timbers 
 from the wild forest, aiforded the most comfortable dwelling pos- 
 sessed by any one. The original terms for seating lands in this 
 country indeed had materially, hindered the increase of popula- 
 tion. Not only had the time fixed for the emigrants sailing from 
 England been too short as well as unseasonable, but each one was 
 obliged to keep three servants, above three years old, upon his 
 plantation, which many were not able to do. Besides all this, 
 through this vast region of wild forests lay the great war-path of 
 the " Sasquesahanocks " and more northern Indians, in their too 
 frequent forays on the Piscataway nations on the Patuxent. Of 
 these a few were sometimes killed in their passing through by the 
 settlers, and revenge was not long delayed ; and when even not 
 prompted by revenge, the lives and property of the settlers were 
 alike a prey to their savage depredations. It is not long after this 
 date that we have a petition, quite illustrative, to the General As- 
 sembly, from Thomas Hawkins of this county, asking for relief, 
 in which he states that the Indians had lately broken into his house 
 with violence and spoiled him of all his goods, so that he had not 
 a bed left him to lie on or a spoon left to eat his victuals with. It 
 may not be out of place to mention here some account of the 
 Indian tribes which inhabited Baltimore County, and the sur- 
 rounding country. Captain John Smith, in his history, speaking 
 of the habits and customs of the Indians, says : 
 
 "When they need Walnuts they break them between two 
 stones, yet some parts of the shels will cleave to the fruit. Then 
 doe they dry them againe upon a Mat over a hurdle. After they 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 25 
 
 put it into a morter of wood, and beat it very small. That done, 
 the}^ mix it with water, that the shels may sinke to the bottome. 
 This water will be coloured as milke, which they call Pawcohiccora, 
 and keepe it for their use. Of their Chesnuts and Chechinquamins 
 boyled, they make both broath and bread for their chiefe men, or at 
 their greatest feasts. They divide the year into five seasons. 
 Their winter some call Popanoio, the spring Cattapeuk, the sommer 
 Cohattayough, the earing of their Corne Nepinough, the harvest 
 and fall of leafe Taquitock. From September untill the midst of 
 November are the chiefe feasts and sacrifice. Then haue they 
 plentie of fruits as well planted as naturall, as corne, greene and 
 ripe, fish, fowle, and wilde beasts exceeding fat. The greatest 
 labour they take, is in planting their corne, for the Country natu- 
 rally is overgrowne with wood. To prepare the -ground they 
 bruise the barke of the trees neare the root, then doe they scortch 
 the roots with fire that they grow no more. The next yeare with 
 a crooked peece of wood they beat up the weeds by the rootes, and 
 in that mould they plant their Corne. There manner is this: 
 They make a hole in the earth with a sticke, and into it they put 
 foure graines of wheate and two of beanes. These holes they 
 make foure foote one from another. Their women and children 
 do continually keepe it with weeding, and when it is growne middle 
 high they hill it about like a hop-yard. Their corne they rost in 
 the eare greene, and bruising it in morter of wood with a Polt, lap 
 it in rowles in the leaues of their corne, and so boyle it for a 
 daintie. As small as the proportion of ground that hath yet 
 beene discovered, is in comparison of that yet vnknowne ; the 
 people differ very much in stature, especially in language, as 
 before is expressed. Some being very great, as the Sasquesahanocks ; 
 others very little, as the Wighcocom'ocoes : but generally browne 
 when they are of any age, but they are borne white. Their hayre 
 is generally blacke, but few haue any beards. The men weare halfe 
 their beards shaven, the other halfe long ; for Barbers they vse 
 their women, who with two shels will grate away the hayre of any 
 fashions, agreeable to their yeares, but ever some part remaineth 
 long. They are very strong, of an able body and full of agilitie, 
 able to endure to lie in the woods vnder a tree by the fire ki the 
 worst of winter, or in the weedes and grasse in ambuscado in the 
 sommer. Some are of disposition feareful, some bold, most caute- 
 lous, all savage. They are soone moued to anger, and so malicious 
 that they seldome forget an iniury. For their apparell they are 
 sometimes covered with the skinnes of wilde beasts, which in 
 winter are dressed with the hayre, but in sommer without. The 
 better sort vse large mantels of Deare skins, not much differing in 
 fashion from the Irish mantels, some imbrodered with white 
 beads, some with Copper, other painted after their manner. But 
 the common sort haue scarce to cover their nakednesse, but with 
 grasse, the leaues of trees, or such like. Their women, some haaie 
 
26 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 their legs, hands, breasts and face cunningly imbrodered with 
 divers workes, as beasts, serpents, artificially wrought into their 
 flesh with black spots. In each eare commonly they haue 3 
 great holes, whereat they hang chaines, bracelets, or copper. 
 Some of their men weare in those holes, a small green e and yellow 
 coloured snake, neare halfe a yard in length, which craw^ling and 
 lapping her selfe about his necke oftentimes familiarly would kisse 
 his lips. Others weare a dead Eat tyed by the taile. Some on 
 their heads weare the wing of a bird, or some large feather with a 
 -Rattell, Those Eattels are somew^hat like the chape of a Eapier, 
 but lesse, which they take from the taile of a snake. Many haue 
 the whole skinne of a Hawke or some strange foule, stuffed with 
 the wings abroad. Others a broad peece of Copper, and some the 
 hand of theif enemy dryed. Their heads and shoulders are painted 
 red wdth the roote Pocone brayed to powder, mixed with oyle, this 
 they hold in summer to preserve them from the heate, and in winter 
 from the cold. Many other formes of paintings they vse, but he 
 is the most gallant that is the most monstrous to behold." 
 
 In closing his description he says : " So then here is a place, a nurse 
 for souldiers, a practise for mariners, a trade for marchants, a reward 
 for the good, and that which is most of all, a businesse (most accep- 
 table to God) to bring such poore Infidels to the knowledge of God 
 and his holy Gospell." 
 
 Under all these circumstances, it is not wonderful that the early 
 settlers of this country had not as yet been able to have the services 
 of a minister ; and it was a noble Christian act for Mr. Eaton to 
 provide as he did for the support of a resident minister, for this 
 scattered, struggling, destitute people. The Eev. John Yeo, who 
 removed to this county from Calvert about 1682, is the first Church 
 of England clergyman, or any other of whom we have any mention, 
 in Baltimore County. Mr. Eaton having made the provision 
 which w^e have mentioned, it may have been some inducement to 
 Mr. Yeo to remove to this county. The places for holding public 
 worship were o-cnerally private dwellings ; for we have found no 
 hint that there were any other than such in the county, save St. 
 George's, which was simply a log-building. St. Paul's Parish w^ere 
 accustomed to assemble for public worship in Patapsco Neck, the 
 neck of land between Back Creek and the Patapsco river, east 
 from the city of Baltimore. Their place of assembling at that 
 time, was probably from six to eight miles from the present city 
 limits. Mr. Yeo w^as spared to minister here only a few brief 
 years. He died in 1686, leaving a married daughter, and a son John, 
 if no other children, to which son the Court gave his property, and 
 made Miles Gibson his administrator. 
 
 Within three years after the death of Mr. Yeo, on the first of 
 August, 1689, occurred what is called the Protestant revolution in 
 Maryland. On that day the government of the Province was seized 
 by the Protestants, without bloodshed, which put an end here to 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 27 
 
 the Eoman Catholic rule and domination. The government 
 passed into the hands of a Protestant Convention of the Colonies, 
 and Lord Baltimore's officers were deposed. After its continuance 
 for two years and a half, the government of the Province was taken 
 in charge by King William and Queen Mary, and early in the 
 spring of 1692 Gov. Copley arrived as their Slajesties' Governor. 
 In this government no Eoman Catholic was permitted to hold 
 office. 
 
 By the Act establishing the Church of England in the Province, 
 passed on the 9th of June, 1692, every taxable inhabitant (and such 
 were all male persons, and female slaves, female *nulattoes born of 
 white persons, and free negro women), of the age of sixteen, w^ere 
 obliged to pay 40 pounds of tobacco annually to the support of the 
 parish minister. Patapsco Hundred, or St. Paul's Parish, in the 
 returns of the year 1694 to the County Court, contained 231 taxable 
 inhabitants, equal to 8240 pounds of tobacco, or $226 less than one 
 dollar tax to each inhabitant. Under the Act of 1692, the several 
 parishes having been determined or defined, the freeholders of each 
 parish were then directed to meet by the -appointment of the 
 County Justices, and make a choice of .six vestry-men. Such an 
 appointment having been made, the freeholders of Patapsco Parish, 
 us it was then called, now known as St. Paul's, accordingly met and 
 elected a vestry. But of that meeting we find no record. That 
 they however did so meet and make then an election, the following 
 entry, found in the records of the Baltimore County Court for 
 1693, folio 126, fully proves. It is this : 
 
 " We, the Vestrymen for Patapsco Hundred, met together at the 
 house of Maj. John Thomas," when it was determined "that at 
 Pettetes old field was the most convenient place to erect a church, 
 and also appointed John Gay to be clerk of the Vestry, Mr. Wat- 
 kings being absent. And at another meeting at Master Demondidies, 
 did confirm the above mentioned proceedings. Mr. Watkings also 
 absent. George Ashman, Nicholas Corban, John. Terry, Eichard 
 Sampson, Francis Watkings, Eichard Cromwell." This record thus 
 tells of two vestry meetings, of what was done at, and who the 
 vestry-men were. Such were the beginnings at the organization 
 of this parish one hundred and seventy -nine years ago. 
 
 General Tobias Stansbury, who died in 1849, aged 92 years, said 
 that the old St. Paul's Church stood aboutthirty or forty rods west of 
 Avhere the Sollers Point road leaves the North Point road on the 
 left side as you go east. It was built of brick. In 1765 it was 
 then in ruins!^ and the bones of the dead buried there were removed 
 to Baltimore town. The plough has not left a trace of the old 
 building on the spot where it stood. 
 
 In 1702 St. Paul's was made a missionary parish, mainly under 
 the ministry of Eev. Wm. Tibbs, who does not appear to have been a 
 faithful rector. After several unsuccessful attempts to build a new 
 church, the parish at last succeeded, and about 1702 built, as is 
 
 \ 
 
28 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 
 
 supposed, the one mentioned by Gen. Stansbury. On the 2d of 
 January 1728, Mr. Thomas Sheredine and Mr. Eichard Gist having 
 been appointed a committee by the vestry to purchase a site for 
 the building of a new church, purchased two acres of land of Mr. 
 Moses Edwards, on the old York road near AValsh's tan-yard. The 
 vestry afterwards, on the 8th of July, 1729, decided to. build at Mr. 
 Edward Fells', who lived east of Jones Falls. 
 
 On the 16th of June, 1730, an Act was passed by the General 
 Assembly " for the Building a Church in Baltimore County, and in 
 a Town called Baltimore Town, in St. Paul's Parish." Bacon says : 
 " The Act of 1727 having impowered the Yestry-men and Church 
 wardens to purchase one or more acres of land, and thereon to build 
 a Parish Church ; in pursuance whereof, land was purchased but 
 not built on ; and the same being very \ inconvenient, the present 
 Act impowers the Yestry-men and Church-wardens to purchase a 
 Lot in Baltimore-Town and to cause a Church to be built thereon ; 
 which shall be the Parish Church of the said Parish, and be called 
 St. Pauls Church, and directs, that the Tobacco to be raised by the 
 afore recited Act, be applied to the Building a Church in the Town 
 as aforesaid." Under the provisions of this Act, on the first of July, 
 1730, the vestry having abandoned the idea of building at Mr. Fells', 
 as they had previously determined, on the lot purchased on the old 
 York road, agreed with Doctor George Walker for lot No. 19 on 
 the town plat, to build the church on. This lot was the most 
 elevated point on the plat, and it is on the northwest corner of 
 that lot that the present St. Paul's now stands — on the corner of 
 Saratoga and Charles streets. The lot then extended south below 
 Lexington street, and eastward to St. Paul's street. 
 
 On the 28th of July, 1730, the vestry again met, and agreed with 
 Thomas Hartwell to build the walls of the new church, which were 
 to be 50 feet by 23 feet in the clear, and 18 feet high from the floor 
 to the ceiling, for £40; the vestry to haul the bricks, lime and sand. 
 They also agreed with Charles Wells to make 100,000 bricks, to be 
 delivered at or upon the last day of October, and May then suc- 
 ceeding, for £90 currency. On the 3d of November the vestry 
 agreed with Mr. John Moale and Mr. William Hammond to get the 
 rafters, six window-frames, two for each side, and one for each end, 
 and two d^or-frames, one for the southeast side, and the other for 
 the end, for'£59 5s. currency, or tobacco at 105 per hundred at the 
 same amount. On the 2d of February 1731, the vestry agreed 
 with Mr. Hammond to build a vestrj^-house in Baltimore Town, 16 
 feet by 12, in height 7^ feet, for which they were to pay £6. They 
 also agreed with Mr. Charles Ridgely to draw the brick for £10, 
 and Mr. JcJnas Tlobinson to furnish 1500 bushels of lime, at the 
 place where the church was to be built, for6d. currency per bushel. 
 On the 9th of April Mr. Hartwell failed in his contract, and the 
 vestry agreed with Mr. John Babcock to build the walls of the 
 church for £50 currency. On the 11th of October 1732, Rev. Wni. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 29 
 
 Tibbs died. He was succeeded by Eev. Joseph Hooper. Owing to 
 the failures in fulfilling contracts and other delays, the church was 
 not completed until 1739, a period of eight years from the time 
 work was first commenced. Mr. Hooper died July 12th, 1739, and 
 was buried an the church. He was succeeded by the Eev. Benedict 
 Bourdillon, July 29th, 1739. He died January 5th, 1745, greatly 
 lamented. On the 11th of February 1745, Eev. Thomas Chase was 
 appointed rector by Gov. Bladen. At the meeting of the vestry 
 on the 30th of June, 1753, they ordered that the middle portion of 
 the front gallery be taken down. This was done in order to place 
 the organ there, which had ' been purchased by subscription from 
 Mr. Adam Lynn, to put in its place. At this period the church 
 also had a bell. On the first of Juno the vestry ordered a brick 
 wall to be built around the church. After an eventful and useful 
 ministry of thirty-four years. Dr. Chase, father of Samuel Chase, 
 one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, &c., &c., died 
 on the 4th of April 1779, and was succeeded by Eev. Wm. West, 
 D. D., who became rector June 7, 1779. 
 
 On the Ist of November 1779, the vestry resolved to build a 
 new church ; and on the 25th of April 1780, the corner-stone was laid 
 with religious services by Eev. Wm. West. This church was 
 erected wdth the assistance of money raised by lottery, which 
 realised $33,443 currency. It w^as finished May 10th, 1784, when 
 the pews, 83 in number, were distributed " by ballot." The church 
 was opened May 30th at Whitsuntide. The Eev. Mr. West preached 
 from Psalm cxxii. 1 : " I was glad when they said unto me, Let us 
 go into the house of the Lord." This new edifice stood a little 
 at the south of the centre of the square, and just in front of the 
 old one. Its appearance was similar to St. Peter's which lately 
 stood on the southeast corner of Sharp and Gprman streets, except 
 that it was not quite so large. At the east end there was an 
 immense window of common glass, which during the morning 
 service would have poured an intolerable light into the church but 
 for the protection of a green baize curtain. It had three large 
 doors, more imposing than any belonging to the structure to which 
 it has just been compared. One was at the west end, and was 
 seldom entirely opened, but access was given to the church through 
 a sort of wicket cut in one side. The other two doors were on the 
 south side ; one of them was closed and plastered on the inside, but 
 on the outside it appeared as a door. This was the eastern one of 
 the two ; the western was the principal entrance. 
 
 The church stood on very high ground, surrounded on three 
 sides by the graveyard. On the south side was a terrace, paved 
 with imported brick and shaded by sycamore trees. From the 
 terrace to the two south doors it was reached by flights of rough 
 stone steps, three or four steps each, and the ground descended to 
 New Church street, now called Lexington, by three or four of 
 what gardeners call falls. At Lexington street was a fence, the 
 
30 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 gate of which was about halfway between the present doors 
 of Mr. Hodges and Prof Hall. The interior appearance of the 
 church was very heavy. The galleries were solid wainscotting 
 and supported by large solid pillars. The galleries were reached by 
 two very massive flights of stairs. The pews were the old-fashioned 
 s(|iuire boxes, very high. In the original jjlan of the church there 
 w ore five aisles. There was no vestry-room ; the minister put on his 
 robe behind a red stiif curtain suspended from an iron rod. The 
 bell remained in the tower built in the time of the former church. 
 The organ was placed in the west gallery, in front of which 
 was a desk, from which the clerk made the response. There was 
 no choir, and the organ was generally so much out of repair as to 
 be useless until the present century. 
 
 In April 1785, it appears from the records of this date, that the com- 
 munion furniture consisted of one silver plate, two napkins, one table 
 cloth, one pewter basin, and one green cloth cover for the com- 
 munion tabic, in the same year the old church was used for a 
 school-house by Eev. Wm. Nixon. In November 1786, the old 
 church, excepting the bell-tower, was ordered to be torn down, and 
 the brick to be used in a wall to be placed around the church lot. 
 In 1791 a new parsonage was finished, on ground donated by John 
 Eager Howard, at the head of Liberty street, where the rector now 
 resides. The house which had been heretofore occupied as a par- 
 sonage, and in which Dr. West resided, was on the northwest corner 
 of the intersection of Charles and Lexington streets, nearly opposite 
 the church. It was a one-story frame building with a '• hip roof," 
 and was painted red, had a yard in front ornamented with trees 
 and shrubbery. There was then no house between the parsonage 
 and one on the south side of Baltimore street. 
 
 On the 22d of June, 1783, the first Convention of the Diocese 
 met, and adopted a constitution adapted to the new state of afl:airs, 
 resulting from the independence of the United States, and the 
 separation of state and church affairs. Dr. West died March 30tli, 
 1791. June 17th, Eev. Joseph G. J. Bend, D. D., was elected rector, 
 whose ministry was signalised by a violent controversy with a Eev. 
 Mr. Ealph. Eev. John Ireland was made associate rector, December 
 8th, 1796, and removed October 17th, 1801. On the 10th of June, 
 1797, the church was consecrated by Bishop Claggett. On the 8th 
 of April, 1802, Eev. Elijah Eattoone was then elected associate. He 
 was succeeded by Eev. James Whitehead, March 24, 1806, who died 
 August 24, 1808; and he by Eev. Frederick Beasley, D. D., August 
 7, 1807. Upon the death of Eev. Dr. Bend, November 25th, 1812, 
 Eev. Dr. James Kemp was elected rector — a man of high literary 
 and scientific culture, and an author of much repute. He died sud- 
 denly, from injuries received by the upsetting of a stage-coach, 
 October 28th, 1827. Eev. William Wyatt was elected May 3d, 
 .1814, as associate rector, and afterwards, November, 1827, rector; 
 and after a most useful and distinguished ministry of 50 years, died 
 universally lamented, June 24th, 1864. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BA.LT1M0EE. 31 
 
 On the 4th day of May, 1814, the corner-stone of the new St. 
 Paul's Church, was laid, with appropriate ceremonies, Eev. Dr. 
 Kemp delivering the address. This church was situated where the 
 present one now stands. It Avas a spacious and noble edifice, of the 
 Grecian Doric order, 126 feet in length by 84 feet in breadth. The 
 portico was supported by four fluted marble columns, and the steeple 
 was considered the handsomest in the United States. The church 
 was finished in 1817, E. C. Long architect, and cost $126,140. On 
 Saturday morning, April 29th, 1854, shortly after one o'clock A. M., 
 the stately edifice of St. Paul's was discovered to be in flames. The 
 rain was falling heavily, but upon forcing the doors, it was per- 
 ceived that the flames had gained great headway in a room in the 
 back part of the building, immediately over the altar, and in that 
 place most certain to ensure the complete destruction of the build- 
 ing. At about this stage of the fire. Dr. Colburn, the Secretary 
 of the Episcopal Convention, residing directly opposite, assisted by 
 others, succeeded, after great exertions and no little danger, in re- 
 moving from the church the iron safe containing the records and 
 other valuable papers of the Diocese of Maryland. The firemen 
 labored hard to arrest the progress of the flames, but this was im- 
 possible, in consequence of the elevated position of the building 
 and the scarcity of water. The fire gaining increased power, soon 
 swept through the building, forced through the roof, and illumined 
 the darkness of night by its glare. Its towering torch gained 
 access to the beautiful steeple, and then the terribly grand spec- 
 tacle was complete. The bell fell from its airy perch, and the 
 crashing timbers throughout sent a chill to the heart of many a 
 silent witness of the picture ; the ^re had subdued its victim, and 
 the raging element ceased. 
 
 The rebuilding of St. Paul's was at once entered on, without 
 the indecision of an hour on the part of the vestry or the congre- 
 gation, and being finished, was dedicated . by Bishop Whittingham 
 on the 10th of Januarj^, 1856, assisted by the Eev. Drs. Wyatt, 
 Johns, and Balch, and Eev. Messrs. Crane, Eankin, Leakin, String- 
 fellow, Thos. J. Wyatt, C. C. Adams, McFarland, Piggot, Eeed, 
 Eich, Schroed^r, Bausman, Cox, Swope, Spoon, Tuttle, Harrison, 
 and Allen. The building is Norman Gothic, designed by Mr. Up- 
 john of New York. The walls of the previous building remain 
 entire, with the addition of a new front, bringing the church much 
 nearer to the street than it was before. The bell-tower if finished 
 would be one hundred and fifty feet high, but in view of the west- 
 ward and northward march of the population, including the mem- 
 bers of the church, it may never be completed ; the sacred edifice 
 itself being perhaps destined to give place to other buildings. 
 
 1731. The county town of Joppa being afflicted by small-pox, 
 the Legislature suspended the sessions of the court, which made it 
 very dangerous for the magistrates and people to meet from June 
 court till first Tuesday in November, a circumstance the^more un- 
 
32 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 \ 
 
 fortunate for the place, as Baltimore was then preparing to become 
 its rival. 
 
 1732. On the 8th day of August the Assembly passed "An Act 
 for erecting a Town on a creek, divided on the East from the 
 Town lately laid out in Baltimore County, called Baltimore Town, 
 on the land whereon Edward Fell keeps store." (Samuel Ogle, Esq., 
 Governor.) By this Act Major Thomas Sheridine, Capt. Eobert 
 North, and Messrs. Thomas Todd, John Cockey and John Boring 
 were appointed Commissioners, who also appointed Doctor Walker 
 their clerk. They were empowered to purchase by agreement with 
 the owner, or in case of such owner's refusal, &c., by valuation of 
 a jur}^ — (a common custom at the present day, when an indi- 
 vidual's land is taken for public purposes, on his being paid what 
 twelve of his neighbors, who have no property similarly situated, 
 think that he ought to be satisfied with) — ten acres of land out of 
 the said tract lying most convenient to the water, and to lay out 
 the same into twenty lots, &c., to be numbered from one to twenty 
 for better distinction thereof, &c., &c., &c. The town to be 
 called Jonas Town, but afterwards Jones's Town, in compli- 
 ment to one of the former owners of the land. The new town 
 was laid off on Wednesday, November 22d, 1732, in twenty lots, 
 valued at 150 pounds of tobacco each, on that part of " Cole's 
 Harbor " which was first improved, east of the Falls, and where 
 Edward Fell kept store, belonging, it is said in the return of the 
 jury, to the orphan children of Kichard Colgate. The conditions 
 of settlement were similar to those of Baltimore Town, except 
 that the possessors of lots in this town were to pay the Proprie- 
 tary one penny sterling per lot' annually. Major Sheridine had 
 taken up land in the county as early as 1721, and in 1734 purchased 
 the Kigsbury lands at the head of Back river, where the furnace 
 was afterwards erected, and General Smith built a mill. Capt. 
 North, who took the lot No. 10 at the northwest corner of Balti- 
 more and Calvert Streets, and upon the laying out of Jones's Town, 
 had visited the Patapsco and carried freights in the ship Content, 
 which he commanded, as early as 1723. Mr. Thomas Todd was 
 the son and heir of Capt. Thomas Todd, who removed from Yir- 
 
 finia and purchased the land at North Point in 1664, which had 
 een first taken up by Messrs. William Batten and Thomas Thomas. 
 Mr. John Cockey piirchased lands near Patapsco in 1728 ; the year 
 after, his brother Thomas settled in the Limestone Yalley, on the 
 York Koad. Mr. Boring was a merchant, whose father had 
 bought several tracts of land on Patapsco Neck as early as 1679. 
 Jones's Town consisted of three streets, or one street with courses 
 corresponding with the meanders of the bank of the Falls, from 
 a great gully at Pitt Street to the ford at the intersection of 
 the old road where French Street commences, and which was 
 afterwards called Front, Short, and Jones Streets ; on the last of 
 which, at the southwest corner of Bridge, or Gay Street as since 
 called, and the only cross street, stood Mr. Fell's store. 
 
CHKONIOLES OF BALTIMOEE. 33 
 
 Improvements were soon made on the east side of the Falls, by 
 which, and from the early settlement of Cole, Grorsuch, or Jones, it 
 obtained the name which it now bears of " Old Town." The com- 
 munication with Baltimore Town being obstructed by the passage 
 of the Falls, was so inconvenient by the ford that a bridge was 
 soon erected where Gay Street bridge now stands, by the respec- 
 tive inhabitants of the towns. 
 
 Edward Hall was presiding Justice in 1732, and Sheriff in 1734, 
 when Col. William Hamilton was presiding Justice. 
 
 1735. On the 23d of April the Assembly passed an Act to prevent 
 the injuring of harbors within this Province. By this Act masters 
 of vessels and others were prohibited, under a penalty of £50 
 currency, from casting ballast into the bay above Cedar Point, nor 
 into any river, creek or harbor below high-water mark, nor to un- 
 load ballast but between the rising and setting of the sun. 
 
 1736. John Stokes, Clerk of the county, died, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, Humphrey W. Stokes. Col. William Hammond 
 was Sheriff, and Richard Gist presiding Justice. 
 
 1738. In this year Col. Nicholas Eidgely was Sheriff. Mr; 
 Edward Fell died, leaving a daughter, or daughters, in England, 
 but bestowed his property here on his brother's son Edward. 
 
 1739. On the 29th of August Captain Michael Willson, of the 
 good ship Farad and Gaily ^ published according to law that he was 
 up for freight; and it appears from the records that he received 
 one hogshead of leaf tobacco, shipped by Avarila Day, and con- 
 signed to Messrs. Delmitt and Heathwat of London, at the rate of 
 £7 sterling per ton. This is the first vessel we find in the records 
 of Baltimore County published according to law for freight. 
 
 1740. Mr. John Moale died, bequeathing his lands near Balti- 
 more to his two surviving sons, John and Richard. 
 
 1741. Thos. Brereton was clerk of the county. On the 19th 
 day of February, for the sum of 40 pounds sterling money of 
 Great Britain, Mr. Jonathan Hanson sold to Mr. Edward Fottrell 
 all of his the said Hanson's right, title and* interest in the lands 
 lying upon Jones Falls, being part of the tract called " Cole's 
 Harbor," containing by estimation about 30 acres, and also all of 
 his interest and property of and into 20 acres of land lying on 
 both sides of Jones Falls : the latter being taken by Jonathan 
 Hanson and George Walker in 1735 by virtue of the law for ap- 
 propriating mill-seats. Walker also sold his interest this year to 
 Fottrell for 120 pounds paper money of the Province. Mr. 
 Edward Fottrell was a gentleman from Ireland, and imported the 
 materials and erected the first brick house with freestone corners, 
 and the first which was two stories without a "hip-roof" in the 
 town. It stood near the northwest corner of Calvert and Fayette 
 streets, on or near the lot at present occupied by Reverdy John- 
 son's mansion, opposite Barnum's Hotel, and was the dwelling 
 house of Mr. Fottrell. He returned to Ireland before the Revolu- 
 
 3 
 
34 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 tion, when his property was confiscated and sold. Our worthy- 
 forefathers did not, at this period, arrive at the stature of so high 
 a fact as to believe that there was earth in Maryland which could 
 be made into a brick, much less that they were daily walking over 
 a soil which was destined to be fashioned into the material of a 
 beautiful city, whose architectural renown should be in some de- 
 gree connected with the unrivalled excellence of its brick. 
 
 1742. Mr. Thomas Harrison, merchant, arrived from England, 
 and built a house near the northeast corner of South and Lombard 
 streets, buying the lots nearest the water on each side of South 
 street. 
 
 On the 29th of October St. Thomas's Parish was taken from St. 
 Paul's, and the new parish church of that name was erected about 
 ten miles northwest of the town. 
 
 Major Thomas Sheredine was presiding Justice, and John 
 Ridgely sheriff. 
 
 On the 20th of January, Mrs. Elizabeth Groor shipped on board 
 the ship SwaUj Capt. Joseph Tuck, four hogsheads of Maryland 
 leaf tobacco, consigned to Jonathan Toward, of London, at the 
 rate of nine pounds sterling per ton. 
 
 1744. On the 22d of August, John Boyley shipped on board the 
 Elizabeth^ Capt. David Frazer, 4 hogsheads Maryland leaf tobacco, 
 consigned to Joseph Adams, London, at the rate of nine pounds 
 sterling per ton. 
 
 1745. The Assembly of Maryland, on the 28th of September, 
 passed a supplementary and additional Act to the Act entitled, "An 
 Act for erecting a town on the north side of Patapsco, in Balti- 
 more County, and for laying out in lots sixty acres of land in and 
 about the place where John Flemming now lives ; and to an Act 
 entitled, An Act for erecting a town on a creek divided on the east 
 from the town lately laid out in Baltimore County, called Balti- 
 more Town, on the land whereon Edward Fell keeps store." 
 (Thomas Bladen, Esq., Governor.) " On the joint petition of the 
 inhabitants of Baltinu)re and Jones's Town, in the County of Bal- 
 timore, it is herein enacted : 
 
 "Ist. That the same Towns, now called Baltimore and Jones's 
 Town, be incorporated into one entire Town, and for the future 
 called and known by the name of Baltimore Town and by no 
 other name. 
 
 " 2d. The bridge built by the inhabitants on the branch that 
 divided the said Towns, shall for the future be deemed a public 
 bridge, and repaired and kept, &c., at the charge of Baltimore 
 County. 
 
 "3d. Certain Commissioners (Maj. Thomas Sheridine, Doctor 
 G. Buchanan, Capt. Robert North, Colonel William Hammond, 
 Capt. Darby Lux, and Messrs. Thomas Harrison and William Fell), 
 seven in number, appointed to see the present and former acts, 
 relating to the Towns before mentioned, put in execution, and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 35 
 
 cause them to be carefully surveyed by their outlines, therein in- 
 cluding the branch over which the bridge is built ; and shall from 
 time to time (for preventing disputes), cause all the lots taken up 
 and improved, or that shall hereafter be taken up, &c., to be reg- 
 ularly surveyed, substantially and fairly bounded, and numbered. 
 
 "4th. On the death, removal, or declining to act, of any com- 
 missioner, the major part of the remaining commissioners shall 
 appoint another to serve in the stead of such commissioner 
 dying, &c. 
 
 " 5th. Disputes about the bounds of lots shall be fully deter- 
 mined bj^ a majority of the said commissioners; and to prevent 
 partiality herein, the commissioners, or a major part, shall meet 
 at least once a year, and see that a boundary to each lot be kept 
 up and preserved, in manner before prescribed ; and cause other 
 sufficient boundaries to be fixed in the room of any missing or 
 decayed. 
 
 " 6th. The commissioners have power to employ a clerk (Wil- 
 liam Lux, son of Darby Lux, was appointed in place of Doctor 
 Walker, who died in 1743,) who shall be under oath fairly and 
 honestly to enter in a book, to be kept for that purpose, ail the 
 proceedings of the said commissioners relating to the town ; m 
 which book, among other things, shall be kept a fair plat of th-e 
 said town, describing every lot by its right number, and who the 
 taker-up was, or shall be ; and to prevent corruption, all or any of 
 said commissioners, and their successors, shall have recourse to 
 the clerk's book as frequently as they please without fee or 
 reward. 
 
 "7th. The commissioners are impowered to levy, assess, and 
 take by way of distress, if needful, from the inhabitants of the 
 town, by even and equal proportion, the sum of 3 pounds yearly, 
 to be paid to their clerk ; and also have power to place and displace 
 their clerk as often as they shall think tit, 
 
 "8th. The commissioners for the time being, may, by due 
 course of law, or any other legal manner, in the name of the said 
 commissioners, or the major part of them, take, demand and 
 recover any money which shall be found due to the first commis- 
 sioners nominated for the said towns, from any takers-up of lota 
 by virtue of the original laws for laying out the same; which 
 money they shall apply to the uses intended by the said original 
 Acts, and in no other manner. 
 
 " 9th. All after purchasers of lots, whether before or after the 
 making of this Act, shall be deemed to be within the said town, 
 provided their lots shall be within the outlines thereof; and shall 
 have as good estate in their lots as if taken up, improved and paid 
 for under the original laws erecting the said town. 
 
 " 10th. All improvements, of what kind soever, either wharf, 
 houses, or other buildings, that have or shall be made out of the 
 water, or where it usually flows, shall (as an encouragement to 
 
36 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 such improvers) be forever deemed the right, title and inheritance 
 of such improvers, their heirs and assigns forever. 
 
 "11th. None shall keep or raise any swine, geese, or sheep, 
 within the said town, unless they .be well inclosed within some lot 
 or pen. 
 
 " 12th. All takers-up of lots, therein directed, shall have a sure 
 indefeasible estate of inheritance, in fee simple, in the lots by them 
 taken up; any law, custom, &c., notwithstanding." 
 
 Of the Commissioners, Capt. Lux commanded a ship in the 
 London trade as early as 1733 and 1743, purchased the lots num- 
 ber 43 and 44 on the west side of Light street, where he resided 
 and transacted much business. 
 
 On the 28th of September the Assemby passed a law for the 
 "prevention of frauds and abuses, frequently practiced by greedy 
 avaricious traders in pork, beef, tar, turpentine, and pitch, who for 
 their own private lucre and gain, not only make and set up badly 
 made and hooped small barrels, but slightly pack and deceitfully 
 fill the same, to the great, prejudice of the trade of this Province 
 in the commodities and merchandise, &c., &c." 
 
 On the 27th of November, Mr. Charles Eidgely shipped on board 
 the Three Friends, Capt. David Livingston, six hogsheads of Mary-- 
 land leaf tobacco, consigned to Messrs. Williams & Eothlitt, Lon- 
 don, at the rate of 12 pounds sterling per ton freight, and 5 pounds 
 on each hogshead for insurance. 
 
 1746. Mr. Wm. Fell dying during this year, he was succeeded 
 by Mr. Alexander Lawson as one of the town Commissioners. 
 
 On the 2d of December, Jacob Gupon shipped on board the 
 Frederick, Capt. James Hall, 10 hogsheads of Maryland leaf tobacco, 
 consigned to William Black, London, at the rate of 12 pounds per 
 ton, and 5 pounds per hogshead insurance, 
 
 1747. The communication by the bridge, which brought the 
 great eastern road from the ford directly through both parts of 
 the town, gave value to the intermediate grounds, and the whole 
 land and marsh, containing twenty-eight acres in all, was purchased 
 of Mr. Carroll by Mr. Harrison in 1747, for 160 pounds sterling ; 
 and on the 11th of July the Assembly passed "An Act for the 
 enlargement of Baltimore Town, in Baltimore County, &c. (Samuel 
 Ogle, Esq., Governor.) The inhabitants of Baltimore Town, in 
 Baltimore County, petitioned to the General Assembly that there 
 is between what was formerly called Jones's Town and Baltimore 
 Town, a parcel of land of about eighteen acres which is not in- 
 cluded in what was called Jones's Town, nor in Baltimore Town, 
 which, by means of a bridge which is already built, reduce the said 
 places into one, w4iich would be an encouragement to people to 
 build and improve, and they beg that the same may be laid out in 
 lots, and made part of Baltimore Town." The Act was passed, by 
 which Gay and Frederick and part of Water and Second streets 
 were laid off, with eighteen acres of ground. This addition, prin- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 37 
 
 cipally on the west side of the Falls, contained all the fast land be- 
 tween the eastern limits of the first town and the Falls. Takers- 
 up of lots were to agree with and pay the owners of the grounds, 
 as for the former addition. The Commissioners were authorised 
 to open and widen streets or alleys, with the consent of the pro- 
 prietors, and remove nuisances, and also to hold two annual fairs, 
 the first Thursday of May and October, with privileges from civil 
 process during the fairs. Housekeepers were subject to a fine of 
 10 shillings if they did not "keep a ladder high enough to extend 
 to the top of the roof of such house, or if their chimnies blazed out 
 at top." 
 
 During this year the shipping interests of Baltimore and 
 vicinity showed a wonderful increase from one vessel a year to 
 seven. The following is a copy of one of the advertisements : 
 
 " I herewith publish the freight of the ship Baltihiore now at 
 anchor in Patapsco river, burthen 450 tons or thereabouts, carry- 
 ing twenty guns, six pounders, and forty hands, at the rate of 
 twelve pounds sterling per ton, with insurance at five pounds ster- 
 ling per hogshead, the freighter consigning their tobacco to Stephen 
 Theod. Jansson, Esq., merchant in London. In witness whereof 
 I have set my hand and seal this 26th of June, 1748. 
 
 "John Anter." [seal.] 
 
 Captain Antho Beck, of the Francis and Elizabeth, publishes 
 that she " mounts ten guns ; as good as can be made of wood, and 
 the best sailing ship in Maryland ; takes in tobacco for Mr. John 
 Philpott & Co., at £14 sterling per ton, and shall be glad to see my 
 friends on board the said ship at any time they please." 
 
 Often at this period when vessels were up for freights, they 
 would be compelled to wait three and four months until they could 
 get a cargo. We find from the records that Captain Darby Lux 
 paid for some time, three pounds sterling per day demurrage, "the 
 tobacco not being ready and collected for that purpose." Mr. 
 John Toward, merchant in London, writing to Captain John 
 Jackson, says, "Capt. Lux will supply you witb rum to treat my 
 friends when they come on board, and Mr. Blackburn will supply 
 you with a good parcel of your north country ale, which may be 
 the means of getting dispatched a month earlier." 
 
 1748. Messrs. Leonard and Daniel Barnetz, from York, Pa., 
 erected a brewery at the southwest corner of Baltimore and Han- 
 over streets, now replaced by stores. These gentlemen, if not the 
 first, were among the first of the Germans, or the descendants of 
 G-ermans, whose successive emigration from that Province, with 
 capital and industry employed here, contributed so essentially to 
 aid the original settlers. 
 
 Capt. Darby Lux was elected a delegate in the place of Col. 
 Hall. Talbot Eisteau was clerk of the county at this time. 
 
 During the year there were fifteen vessels published according 
 to law, up for freight in the rivers running into the Patapsco, all 
 bound for London. 
 
38 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 1749. Mr. Thomas Sheredine and Thomas Sleigh bought of Mr. 
 Hurst and of Eichard Colgate's sons, John and Thomas, their 
 several rights to the residue of Cole's Harbor and Mountenay's 
 Neck, east of the Falls, and High street from Plowman to French 
 street, with lots on each side, including eighteen acres of ground, 
 which is added to the town. 
 
 1750. On the 2d of June, the General Assembly, in pursuance 
 of a petition from the inhabitants of that portion of Baltiniore 
 County, caused about 25 acres of land, on the north and east sides 
 of Baltimore Town, formerly called Jonas's Town, to be surveyed 
 and laid out into lots and streets, and to be declared to all intents 
 and purposes a part of Baltimore Town. 
 
 A house for the inspection of tobacco was erected on the west 
 Bide of Charles street, and near the head of the inlet into which 
 XJbler's spring emptied, and a public wharf commenced at the 
 south end of Calvert street, a long time called the " County 
 Wharf" Messrs. Lawson, Hammond, and Lux, three of the com- 
 missioners, entered notices of their intention to improve into the 
 water, and did actually erect houses on the bank near the shore, 
 the first of wood, on the east, and the last of brick, on the west 
 side of Light street, near the w^est end of Bank street (Mercer), 
 and the other further east, near South street. 
 
 Our annals about this date are embellished with an exploit of 
 some unction, in an historical fact pleasantly demonstrative of the 
 vivacity and of the picturesque imagination of the founders of our 
 city. For what reason connected with our position in reference 
 to foes either foreign or domestic, we have never been able to find 
 out ; but there was a vague and latent opinion in Baltimore for 
 several years, that the inhabitants were dangerously exposed to 
 the incursions of an enemy. We have on one occasion at least — 
 just after Braddock's defeat — the tradition of a panic which drove 
 the country people into the town, and the town's-people into the 
 boats of the harbor — suddenly and strangely apprehensive of 
 mischief that never came. This peculiarity of opinion or temper, 
 or whatever it might have been, suggested, at an early period, to 
 the inhabitants the policy of building a defensive fortification. So 
 our people went to work and raised a subscription, and having 
 provided the funds, straightway — under the direction of what 
 militar}- engineer we know not, for history has not preserved his 
 name — but what we suppose was intended to be considered and 
 regarded as a fence or wall of defence around the whole inland 
 border of the town ; thus showing very clearly that the enemy 
 against whom this provision was made, was not of the maritime 
 or salt-water kind. In this formidable wall, which, it is to be noted, 
 was not pierced for cannon, there were two great gates to admit 
 the friendly traveller, or to be shut in the face of the unfriendly 
 one. The first of these gates was at the west end of Baltimore 
 street, and was placed somewhere very near the present intersec- 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 39 
 
 tion of McClellan's alley. The second gate for carriages opened into 
 the upper part of North Gay street, not far, we" conjecture, from 
 the stone house at the corner of Front street. Between these two 
 great portals a smaller gate, for the use of foot-passengers — a 
 postern, it may be called — was cut through the fence near the 
 head of Charles street, that is to say about the intersection of 
 Saratoga. This line of fortification never had its virtue put to the 
 trial by any attack from abroad, but like some of the most distin- 
 guished martyrs of history, it sank before privy sedition at home. 
 It was not more than three or four years after its erection when 
 a severe winter came on, and the wall, by a great and indeed fatal 
 mistake, being made of w^ood of a very combustible kind, and 
 not being put together with so much skill as the engineer ought 
 to have employed in so weighty a matter — this whole bulwark 
 was, by very secret and gradual assaults, pulled to pieces, and 
 stolen away for " kindling." A second winter finished it; and it 
 thus fell a sacrifice to the rigors of the climate and the fireside com- 
 forts of the inhabitants. Not a vestige of a decayed post or rusty 
 nail belonging to this ancient fortification of the only "walled 
 town " in the United States remains. Lloyd Buchanan was em- 
 ployed by the commissioners to prosecute the needy inhabitants, 
 but found they had not sufficient legal authority. 
 
 In this year Doctor Buchanan died, leaving, besides the son 
 Lloyd, Archibald, who was a merchant, Andrew, George, and Wil- 
 liam, noticed hereafter. 
 
 The following is a copy of the original subscription-paper, now 
 in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society, to keep the 
 fence in repair : 
 
 " Maryland, Baltimore Town, January 28fA, 1748. 
 "Whereas, there is an Act of Assembly which prohibits all the 
 inhabitants of Baltimore Town from keeping or raising hogs or 
 geese in the said town, we the subscribers do hereby agree and 
 oblige ourselves to pay to the clerk of said town the sums affixed 
 against our respective names towards keeping up, repairing, and 
 making good the fence of the said town, and supporting a person 
 to keep it in good order — 
 
 £ 8. d. 
 
 Robert North gives 10 00 00 
 
 Wm. Hammond " 10 00 00 
 
 Thos. Cliase " 10 00 00 
 
 R. Chase " 10 00 00 
 
 Nicholas Rogers " 00 10 00 
 
 JohnShephard " 00 5 00 
 
 Hannah Hughes " 00 10 00 
 
 John Frasher " 00 5 00 
 
 James Perkins " 00 5 00 
 
 Nich. Hartway " 00 5 00 
 
 Capt. Darby Lux " 1 00 00 
 
 Chris. Cytmire " 00 5 00 
 
 Thomas Harrison " 1 00 00 
 
 £ B. (L 
 
 Darby Lux gives 10 00 00 
 
 Wm. Rogers " 10 00 00 
 
 Wil. Lyon " 10 00 00 
 
 Brian Phil pot, Jr.," 00 10 00 
 
 John Ensor, Jr., " 00 5 00 
 
 Abraham Pamer " 00 2 6 
 
 Joseph England " 00 5 00 
 
 Henry Johnson " 00 2 6 
 
 Wm. Ferguson " 00 3 00 
 
 Dr. Geo. Buchanan" 00 10 00 
 
 Wm. Rogers " 1 00 00 
 
 Edward Dogan " 00 10 00 
 
 Capt. Chas. Ridgely gives. . 00 10 00 
 
40 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 
 
 Dr. Buchanan was succeeded in the Board of Commissioners 
 by Mr. Brian Philpot, an English merchant then lately arrived, 
 and in the Assembly, by Wm. Smith, Esq., of the northern part of 
 the county. Thomas Franklin, Esq., was presiding Justice, and 
 80 continued more than twenty years, during which time the fol- 
 lowing gentlemen were appointed to the office of sheriff, viz : 
 Messrs. Eoger Boyce, in 1750-, William Young, 1754; Charles 
 Christie, 1756; Aquilla Hall, 1761; Eobert Adair, 1765; Daniel 
 Chaimier, 1768; and John E. Holliday, 1770. 
 
 The precise date of the origin of the First German Eeformed 
 Congregation in this city is not known. There is, however, 
 good reason to believe that it was established in or about the year 
 1750. An old German manuscript^ found a few years since among 
 the archives of this church, states, among other things, that " in 
 the year 1756 or 1757, the congregation purchased a lot on which 
 to erect a church, of Mr. Croxall for nine pounds, besides making 
 him a present. . . . After this the congregation appointed a com- 
 mittee to superintend the building of a church, which consisted of 
 Andrew Steiger, Frederick Meyer, Jacob Kuhbord, John Soller, 
 Valentine Loersh and Conrad Smith. These men made prepara- 
 tion to build, and with the means they had they built the best 
 church they could. We then called the Eev. John Christian Faber 
 
 to become our pastor, and we all in peace and love." At 
 
 that early period, one hundred and seventeen years ago, they 
 called a settled pastor, and were numerous and strong enough to 
 give him a support, besides undertaking to build a house of wor- 
 ship. Previous to the year 1756, the congregation was occasionally 
 visited by several German Eeformed ministers, among whom was 
 Eev. Mr. Lachey. With these statements before us it is perfectly 
 safe to presume, we think, that if the congregation in 1756-57 felt 
 themselves numerous and strong enough to build a church and 
 support a stated minister, they must have been in existence some 
 six or eight years before, at least, for under the circumstances they 
 must have increased in numbers rather slowly. But there are 
 other facts to sustain the statement. In the early records of the 
 first Lutheran congregation in this city, on Gay street, we find " up 
 to the year 1758, both Lutherans and German Eeformed wor- 
 shipped together, and great friendship and harmony prevailed. In 
 that year they resolved to erect a house of worship in common, as 
 each party was too weak to build alone ; and it was at the same 
 time determined that a past6r should be called by either church, 
 as might best suit." Previous to this time they were occasionally 
 visited by ministers of both Churches. Although the Eeformed 
 account makes no mention of the two denominations worshipping 
 together up to a certain period, yet there can scarcely be a doubt 
 of the fact, as stated by the Lutheran records. It was usual in the 
 beginning (and even now in. very many instances) for the Luth- 
 eran and Eeformed to worship together in the same place, but 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 41 
 
 maintaining for the most part separate organizations. The first 
 church building owned by the German Eeformed Congregation 
 was built, as it would seem, about 1756-58. It was located on 
 North Charles street, nearly opposite to and north of the present 
 St. Paul's Episcopal Church. A deceased membej.' of this congre- 
 gation for more than forty years, and who, when a boy, used to 
 w^orship with his parents in the old church on Charles street, once 
 wrote to a friend as follows : " Our first church was located up 
 •North Charles street, and was .approached with difficulty, espe- 
 cially by the aged and infirm, on account of the steep hill of sand 
 they were obliged to climb every Sabbath in order to reach their 
 humble place of worship. At that time we had no cushioned 
 seats, no carpeted aisles, no sweet-toned organ to aid in the mu- 
 sical exercises — no, not even a stove to warm the body. The cold 
 northwest wind would pierce through the tender weather-board- 
 ing, and almost blow the light fabric off." The first regular pastor 
 of this congregation was the Rev. John Christian Faber. In one of 
 the old church books belonging to the congregation, the following 
 is the first record made : 
 
 * " Baltimore, January 25, 1769. 
 "The first minister of this congregation was John Christian 
 Faber, born in Mosback on the Neckar, in the Pfaltz, in- Europe. 
 His father was a preacher at Grimmeldingen on the river Haardt. 
 May the blessing of God attend this enterprise, and may the church 
 increase and flourish." 
 
 Mr. Faber was pastor of this church about fourteen years. 
 Towards the close of his ministry he met with great opposition 
 from a portion of his congregation, who charged him, it is said, 
 with coldness and languor in his ministrations. They wished him 
 to give place to a warm-hearted younger preacher, a Eev. Mr. 
 Swope, who had recently come from Germany. In this they did 
 not succeed. Mr. Faber continued in his place, and the conse- 
 quence was a division of the congregation in the year 1770. The 
 opposition members withdrew, built a Second Eeformed church, 
 and elected Mr. Swope as their pastor. After a few years Mr. 
 Swope either resigned or died, we do not know which, and in 1774 
 the Rev. Philip William Otterbine, who came from Germany in 
 1752 with the Eev. Mr. Slatter and others, and who had served 
 the congregation at Lancaster, Tolpehocken, Frederick, York, al- 
 ternately, for twenty years with great acceptance and success, 
 took charge of the new congregation, and remained its pastor until 
 his death, which occurred November 11, 1813. The old church 
 blamed Mr. Otterbine and Swope for the division that took place 
 in the congregation. Under Mr. Otterbine's long administration 
 the German Eeformed congregation in Conwa}^ street, between 
 Hanover and Sharp streets, erected three different houses of wor- 
 ship. The first soon became too small for his rapidly increasing 
 
42 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 congregation, so the second and then the present fine church edi- 
 fice on Conway street was erected, where he officiated till the year 
 of his death. In one of the old church books we have the fol- 
 lowing entry ; " After Mr. Faber had been here many years, and 
 had seen much trouble, he left, and was succeeded by Eev. George 
 Wallauer, who held the same faith. The next minister was the 
 Eev. Charles Boehme, a member of the Pennsylvania Synod. 
 After some time Mr. Boehme got into trouble, and at a meeting of 
 the Eev. Synod held at Eeading, Pa., in 1782, he was dismissed 
 from the ministry. At the same time liberty was given to call 
 another minister, and they called the Rev. Nicholas Pomp, who de- 
 livered his first sermon on the first Sunday in SeptemlDer, 1783. 
 At this period Jacob Coberts, Frederick Meyer, Jacob Meyer, and 
 Henry Zorah were the elders of the church ; and Philip Crusius, 
 Andrew Granget, and Philip Miller the deacons." Mr. Wallauer 
 during our struggle for independence left his congregation and 
 joined the British army, but in what capacity is not known. 
 
 It was under the administration of the Eev. Mr. Pomp that the 
 congregation resolved to build a new and larger church, and to 
 locate it at the northwest corner of Baltimore and Front streets. 
 They purchased the lot, which was 60 by 115 feet, in 1784 for £125, 
 and built the church in 1785, the estimated cost of which was 
 £4000. It was resolved that the thousand pounds which they had 
 at interest should be taken towards erecting the new church, and 
 that every member of the church should give from his private 
 means to the same object, according to his ability. The sub- 
 scription list was headed by Michael Diffenderffer (who appears 
 to have been the leading spirit of this congregation to the close of 
 a long and useful life), with the very liberal subscription of £150. 
 Next are Frederick Meyers and Daniel Diffenderffer with each a 
 £100; then follow Peter Diffenderffer, Jacob Mj^ers and others, 
 with their fifty and twenty-five pound subscriptions, and the rear 
 is brought up with a good list of names with smaller amounts, and 
 the sum total of the whole is a subscription large enough to en- 
 courage them to build. The number of male members who con- 
 tributed to this object was one hundred, and those who con- 
 tributed to the support of the pastor one hundred and twenty-five. 
 But there were some, for some reason or other, who opposed the 
 building of the new church, and w^ho gave the congregation a 
 great deal of trouble. Herman Sticher, Weinbert Tschudy, 
 Nicholas Tschudy and others, were opposed to the new church en- 
 terprise, but would support it notwithstanding ; whilst others not 
 only opposed the building of the new church, but did all they 
 could to hinder the enterprise from going forward. At length the 
 minister, Mr. Pomp, was requested to announce from the pulpit 
 that they could not go on to build in consequence of the violent 
 opposition which a few persons made to the movement. But a 
 little time after, the congregation, on the 26th of June, 1785, again 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 43 
 
 resolved to go forward with the new church. On the first of Sep- 
 tember, 1785, the corner-stone was laid with appropriate solem- 
 nities. After the walls were up the opposition created further and 
 more serious difficulties. Scarcely w^as the church under roof in 
 1786, before the gable end w^all on Jones Falls was swept away by 
 the flood, and damage done to the amount of more than five hun- 
 dred pounds. On the 8th of May, 1787, the Consistory met at 
 Daniel Diffenderffer's, and made another contract to put up the in- 
 jured walls and otherwise improve the church. On the 20th of 
 June, 1787, the first service was held in the church, and the Eev. 
 Mr. Troldenier of York, and Hendel of Lancaster, Pa., were pres- 
 ent on the occasion. Soon after this, in view of the difficulties and 
 misfortunes of the congregation, several of the neighboring min- 
 isters brought their congregations to the church on different Sab- 
 baths, and after they had preached, took up collections. These 
 pastors were the Eev. Mr. West of the Episcopal Church, the Eev. 
 Dr. Allison of the Presbyterian Church, and the Eev. Dr. Kurtz of 
 the Lutheran Church. The collections in all amounted to sixty- 
 three pounds. A year after this, in consequence of much oppo- 
 sition, from only two members, chiefly growing out of the new 
 church building, Mr. Pomp resigned, and on the 15th of November, 
 1789, preached his farewell discourse. The Eev. George Trol- 
 denier, a native of Germany, was his successor. He was called 
 from York to this place, and on the 13th of October, 1791, ho 
 preached his introductory sermon. At this time Michael Diff'en- 
 derff'er, Conrad Smith, Nicholas Tschudy, and John Dargenberg 
 were the elders ; and Peter Diffenderff'er, Peter Ilerr, John Hull, 
 and Philip Heisher, the deacons of the church. In 1788, the con- 
 gregation petitioned the State Legislature for an Act of incorpora- 
 tion, and they obtained a very liberal and most excellent charter 
 in December of the same year. 
 
 In the year 1795, having become dissatisfied with their church 
 property for several reasons, and among others for its proximity 
 to Jones Falls, and the frequent interruptions in public worship 
 from vehicles passing over Philpot's bridge (as our Baltimore 
 street bridge was then called), the congregation resolved to sell 
 the church lot and building, and Jacob Ilofl'man, Peter Diff'en- 
 derff'er, George Decker, and others were authorised and directed 
 by eighty-two -male members to carry the resolutions into eff'ect. 
 After some time the committee succeeded in selling the property 
 (Old Christ's Church, as it was afterwards called) to St. Paul's Epis- 
 copal Church, and the sale was ratified by the congregation in Au- 
 gust, 1796. The ground which they afterwards selected as the site 
 for the erection of a new church was situated on the north side of 
 Second street, nearly in the bed of HoUiday street, as now cut 
 through. It was nearly 100 feet front by 200 feet deep, and was 
 purchased from a certain William Eussell as early as June, 1772, 
 and held in trust by Melchoir Keener, Andrew Stiger, and others, 
 
44 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 for the congregation. On the 29th of June, 1795, it was conveyed 
 by the surviving trustees, Keener and Stiger, to Geo. Decker, 
 Peter Diffenderffcr, ISTicholas Tschudy, and others in trust for the 
 congregation. A few months after the charter was obtained this 
 and all other property vested in trustees for their use, was vested 
 in the elders, deacons, and trustees of the church, The 
 corner-stone of this building was laid on the 28th of April, 1796, 
 with appropriate solemnities. The pastor of the congregation, 
 Mr. Troldenier, delivered a brief discourse, from Eomans ix. 33. 
 Eev. Mr. Otterbine followed with a short address, the Eev. Dr, 
 Kurtz closed with prayer. When the money received from the 
 sale of the old (Christ's) church, on Baltimore street, was all laid 
 out on the new building, the congregation came together and sub- 
 scribed liberally to carry on the work. On the 24th of September, 
 1797, this church, which was nearly one year and a half in build- 
 ing, was solemnly consecrated. The pastor, Eev. Mr. Troldenier, 
 preached in the morning, the Eev. Dr. Becker, of Lancaster, Pa., in 
 the afternoon, and the Eev. Mr. Otterbine at night. The dimen- 
 sions of this church were fifty by eighty feet. The architect and 
 builder was Lewis Herring, an eminent architect and builder in 
 his day. The steeple was erected in 1805, several years after the 
 church proper was completed. It was built by George Eobach, of 
 Lancaster, Pa., a celebrated architect, and was nearly two hundred 
 feet high. The bells, three in number, weighing forty-five hundred 
 pounds, were cast in England, by Thomas Mears, for the use of the 
 congregation, at a cost of $1800, and brought to Baltimore by 
 Eobert Gilmor, Esq., shipping merchant, free of charge. They 
 were placed in the steeple in 1805-6. About the same time the 
 large clock was put up by Mr. Eberman, of Lancaster, Pa. The 
 organ was built by John Geib and Son, in New York, at a cost of 
 about $3000, and was put in the church in 1809. Soon after the 
 church was finished, the congregation was called to mourn over the 
 death of their pastor, which occurred on the 12th of December, 
 1800. He was succeeded in 1802 by Mr. John H. Dreyer; four 
 years after he resigned, and was succeeded by the Eev. Dr. Chris- 
 tian L. Becker, of Lancaster, Pa., about the 1st of July, 1806. 
 
 In February, 1818, a petition drawn up by Dr. M. Diifenderfl'er, 
 and signed by him and thirty-five other members, was presented 
 to the Consistory, respectfully soliciting permission to have Eng- 
 lish preaching in the church on every Sabbath afternoon. This sub- 
 ject seems to have caused a great deal of excitement, and gave the 
 pastor no little trouble and uneasiness. On the 12th of July, 1818, 
 Dr. Becker suddenly died, and his death, for a time, put an end to 
 further proceeding's about English preaching. The Synod having 
 granted the petition presented by a committee consisting of Peter 
 Diffenderffer and Jacob Hofi'man, they invited the Eev. Lewis 
 Mayer to pay them a visit, and preach in German and English. 
 On Sabbath morning, Sept. 27, 1818, Dr. Mayer preached a dis- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 45 
 
 course in the German language to a very large congregation, and 
 in the afternoon he preached another in the English language 
 (which was the first sermon ever delivered in this church in Eng- 
 lish) to an immense concourse of people. The excitement was in- 
 tense. Some of the members, regarding English preaching as an 
 innovation that ought not to be tolerated, threatened violence to 
 the minister, and said and did many things which they afterwards 
 regretted. On the 10th of February, 1819, the Eev. Albert 
 Helffenstein, Sr., then pastor of the German Eeformed Congrega- 
 tion of Carlisle, Pa., was unanimously invited to the pastorate of 
 this church, and about the 1st of July in the same year he 
 preached his introductory discourse. As years rolled away, Ger- 
 man preaching became less and less frequent, and in the year 1827 
 it was abandoned by the pastor altogether. Mr. Helffenstein ten- 
 dered his resignation to the Consistory in April, 1835, which was 
 accepted, ?lnd in September following he preached his valedictory 
 discourse, and immediately left with his family for the Western 
 country (Ohio). In November, 1835, Eev. Elias Heiner, the last 
 pastor of this church, received a unanimous .call, and on the first 
 Sabbath in January, 1836, he delivered his introductory discourse, 
 from Genesis Iv. 24, " See that ye fall not out by the way." On 
 the 8th of December, 1850, Mr. Heiner delivered in the Second 
 Street church, a centenary sermon on the occasion of the cen- 
 tenary celebration. A short time after the close of the late civil 
 war the church was torn down, to open Holliday to Second street. 
 From the statements we have made in the opening sketch of 
 the German Eeformed denomination in this city, it is reasonable 
 to suppose that the Lutheran denomination was organized about 
 the same time ; for we learn, as before mentioned, from the early 
 records of the first Lutheran congregation in this city, that " up 
 to the year 1758, both Lutherans and German Eeformed worshipped 
 together, and great friendship and harmony prevailed. In that 
 year they resolved to erect a house of worship in common, as each 
 party was too weak to build alone ; and it was at the same time 
 determined that a pastor should be called by either Church, as 
 might best suit." Previously to this time they were occasionally 
 visited by ministers of both Churches from Pennsylvania, &c. It 
 was usual in the beginning (and even now in very many instances) 
 for the Lutheran and Eeformed to worship together in the same 
 place, but maintaining for the most part separate organizations. 
 In 1773, Messrs. Lindenberger, Wershler, Hartwig, Hoecke, Eock, 
 Grasmuck, Levely and Barnetz, Dr. Wiesenthall, and others, Ger- 
 man Lutherans, with the aid of a lottery, erected a new church on 
 the site of the original one, which was built in 1758, in Fish (now 
 Saratoga) street; the identical establishment now known as the 
 African Bethel Meeting House — their pastor being the Eev. Mr. 
 Gerock, who was the resident minister of the Lutheran congrega- 
 tion in this city. He died on the 25th of October, 1788, aged 65 
 
46 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 'years; being some time assisted, he was now succeeded by the Rev. 
 Daniel Kurtz. In 1808, the German Lutherans disposed of the 
 church in Fish street, and erected that on north Gay street, of 
 which Mr. George Eoerback was architect. On the 30th of March, 
 1840, this church was nearly destroyed by fire, (see fire 1840). 
 Mr. Kurtz remained pastor for over 50 years, and was succeeded 
 in the pastorate by Rev. John Uhlhorn, a brilliant German orator, 
 who died about 1844 in Bremen, whither he had gone on a visit. 
 The next pastor was Rev. Henry Scheib, who still survives. Dur- 
 ing Mr. Scheib's pastorate the pastor and congregation dissolved 
 their synodical connection with the Lutheran Church, and now 
 maintain an independent relation. 
 
 Until 1824 this w^as the only Lutheran church in the city. 
 About that time an English Lutheran congregation was estab- 
 lished, which worshipped in a school-house on south How^ard street, 
 near Pratt. The original corporators were John Reese, David 
 Bixler, George Stonebraker, Joshua Medtart, Frederick Segler, 
 Philip Uhler and Andrew Hack. 
 
 In 1826, the church recently burned (see fire 1873) was 
 erected, and in February, 1828, Rev. John G. Morris assumed the 
 pastoral charge. He served the congregation thirty-three years, 
 during w^hich the house of worship was twice enlarged, two Sun- 
 day school-rooms and the parsonage were erected. When Mr. 
 Morris resigned his pastorate in 1860, to take charge of the Pea- 
 body Institute, over 100 members withdrew and purchased the 
 Presbyterian church on Eutaw street, above Saratoga. When 
 Mr. Morris retired from the Lexington street church, he was suc- 
 ceeded by the Rev. Dr. J. McCron, who served them nine or ten 
 years, when he resigned. Rev. J. H. Barclay was then elected, 
 who is pastor at present. The congregation have purchased a lot 
 on the corner of Lanvale and Fremont streets, and are now 
 engaged in erecting a magnificent house of w^orship. 
 
 1751. In this year a subscription was set on foot to build a 
 market-house, but the object of it was not efiected until ten years 
 after. It was erected on the northwest corner of Gay and Balti- 
 more streets, on ground leased by Messrs. William Lyon, 
 Nicholas R. Gay, John Moale and Archibald Buchanan, a majority 
 of the town commissioners, from Mr. Harrison, at eight pounds 
 sterling per annum. It was constructed with a large room in the 
 second stor^^, where public assemblies, dances, jugglery now and 
 then, and other matters of public concern were held or exhibited ; 
 an early and dim type, perhaps, of greater market-houses in after- 
 times. The following- is a copy of the original subscription list, 
 now in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society, which 
 shows how anxious the first settlers were to improve the town : 
 
 " Whereas, Several Acts of Assembly have been made for the 
 Enlargement and Encouragement of Baltimore Town, and foras- 
 much as the said Town Increases as well in Inhabitants as good 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 47 
 
 Buildings and Trade, and the Situation thereof renders it convenient 
 for Navigation and Trade, as well with the Inhabitants of Baltimore 
 and Ann Arundel County s, as the Back Settlements of this Province 
 and Pennsylvania. But no Provision hath yet been made by Law or 
 otherwise for Purchasing a Lott or Lotts, whereon to Build, a Market 
 House, Town House and other Necessary Buildings for the Benefit 
 of said Town, and conveniency of such Persons as bring their 
 Butchers Meat, and other Commodities to sell at Market in the 
 said Town. 
 
 " Wherefore, for the further Encouragement, and Improvement 
 of Baltimore Town We whose Names are hereunto subscribed do 
 hereby Promise and Oblige ourselves our Executors and Adminis- 
 trators to Pay to the Commissioners of Baltimore Town or their 
 Order the Several Sum or Sums of Money to each of our Names 
 affixed to be applied to the Purchasing a Lott or Lotts in said Town, 
 and Building thereon a Market House and Town Hall in such 
 manner as the Commissioners of said Town shall direct and 
 appoint Provided the said Lott or Lotts shall be Purchased, and 
 the Building began -within Two Years from the date hereof. 
 
 " Witness our Hands and Seals this Twenty third Day of April, 
 1751. 
 
 SEAL. 
 SEAL. 
 SEAL. 
 
 T. Sheredine, ten pounds . . [seal.] 10 Wil. Lyon, 5 pounds steilingJ^SEAL 
 
 W. Hammond, five pounds., [seal.] 5 Thos. Sleigh, sterling 
 
 Thomas Harrison i r^-^^r i ik Thos. Chase, five pounds . . 
 
 T. Fluraford f L^^^^' J ^^ I Jno.J^eudel], sterling 
 
 Alex. Lawson, ten pounds 
 
 sterling [seal.] 10 
 
 Brian Philpot, Jr., ten 
 
 pounds sterling [seal.] 10 
 
 Wm. Rogers, cash [seal.] 10 
 
 £ 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Ld. Buchanan, five pounds 
 
 currency [seal.] 5 
 
 Wm. Lux, 5 pounds sterl.. . [seal.] 5 
 N. Kuxton Gay, five pounds 
 
 currency [seal.] 5 
 
 1752. There hangs upon the wall of the saloon of the Mary- 
 land Historical Society, a rude and very primitive drawing in ink, 
 colored after a most juvenile fashion, purporting to be a true portrai- 
 ture of Baltimore Town in the year 1752. It is said to be by Mr. John 
 Moale, the father of one of our oldest and most esteemed families, and 
 the son of that parliamentarian who was so successful in protecting 
 his iron mines. He was then quite a youth, we should say, from 
 the style of his work ; rude and unartistic as it is, it is a very 
 interesting memorial. Some years ago it was engraved by the 
 direction of Mr. Edward J. Coale, with some touches of improve- 
 ment both in the matter and manner of it thrown in by Mr. 
 Bayley. We prefer, however, the original with all its faults, 
 because they obviously show that Mr. Moale was not an ambitious 
 or an imaginative artist, but dealt severely with facts ; manifestly, 
 every house is put down to the best of his knowledge and belief, 
 as if he were upon oath. It is palpably a conscientious production, 
 and we would be willing almost to certify that he counted every 
 
48 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 window, and drew it with a ruler upon the paper* though in a 
 shocking disregard, we must say, of the laws of perspective. 
 Still this picture of Baltimore Town, taken in 1752, is a most ver- 
 itable historical document, and is a relic to be guarded — precious 
 as the book of Sibyl. These houses are scattered, with abundant 
 space for elbow-room, over a hillside which slopes towards the 
 basin. The principal locality which we recognise is Calvert street, 
 and there is a brick building laid down which is ascertained to be 
 the house that stood, until a few years ago, at the corner of Cal- 
 vert and Bank street (Mercer), and was at the date of the draw- 
 ing, Payne's Tavern. There was a rival to this tavern at the 
 northeast corner of Baltimore and Calvert streets, kept by Mr. 
 Eogers. Mr. Bayley's improvement of the drawing is valuable for 
 some authentic insight it gives us into the state of navigation at 
 the epoch. The whole of our marine employed in the foreign 
 trade is engraved in the picture. There lies the good brig Philip 
 and Charles^ belonging to Mr. Eogers, and there the trusty sloop 
 The Baltimore^ belonging to Mr. Lux. This is the marine list of 
 the port, comprehending all the shipping that ventured beyond the 
 capes of the Chesapeake. These are very descriptive statistics : 
 two hundred inhabitants; twenty-five houses, four of them brick, 
 one of them two-storied, without a hip-roof ; one church (St. 
 Paul's,) two taverns ; and then, for the navigation, one brig, one 
 sloop, both owned in the town. We have some other particulars 
 to help along this view of Baltimore. Mr. James Gardner kept a 
 school at the corner of South and Water (Lombard) streets ; and 
 still he was not sufficient for the literary need of the town, for 
 we read, in an advertisement put in the Maryland Gazette^ pub- 
 lished at Annapolis, of the 27th of February, 1752, that " A school- 
 master of sober character, who understands teaching English, 
 writing and arithmetic, will meet with good encouragement from 
 the inhabitants of Baltimore Town, if well recommended." 
 
 The population of the county of Baltimore at this time con- 
 sisted of 2,692 white men, 3,115 white boys, 2,587 white women, 
 2,951 wtite girls, 595 servant men, 126 servant boys, 200 servant 
 women, 49 servant girls, 470 men convicts, 6 boy convicts, 87 
 women convicts, 6 girl convicts — being 571 convicts in all, designed 
 for compulsory labor in the county, and sold for certain terms; 
 while there were 116 mulatto slaves, 196 free mulattoes, 4,027 black 
 slaves, and 8 free blacks, making a total population of 17,238; 
 whereof eleven thousand three hundred and forty-five occupied 
 the position of master or mistress, and four thousand eight hun- 
 dred and ninety-tliree the position of menials, affording a servant 
 for nearly every two. Servants in Maryland at this time may 
 properly be classed as the Eedemptioners, provided for by Lord 
 Baltimore in his originial scheme of colonization. Much of the 
 early emigration to Maryland was thus effected, the emigrant bind- 
 ing himself to five years in the Province in consideration of his 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 49 
 
 transportation thither at the cost of the co-contractor. In 1638 
 the term of service was reduced hy Act of Assembly to four years. 
 Where these agreements were made with a merchant, ship-owner or 
 ship-captain, these indentured servants, or " Eedemptioners," were 
 sold at auction for the term of four years, and at the end of their 
 term they received one whole year's provision of corn and fifty 
 acres of land. These "servants" therefore are not to be confounded 
 with the negro slaves or the convicts^ the latter of whom were also 
 sold to labor for terms. 
 
 The following list of well-known inhabitants of Baltimore town 
 in 1752, is from a paper in possession of the late Joseph Townsend, 
 who had it many years before his death, from one of the early 
 settlers, who was cognizant of the facts stated : " Capt. Lucas, 
 Wm. Eogers, Nich. Kogers, Dr. Wm. Lyon, Thomas Harrison, 
 Alex. Lawson, Bryan Philpot, Nick Kuxton Gay, James Gary 
 (innkeeper). Parson Chase, Mr. Paine, Chris Carnan, Dame 
 Hughes (the only midwife among English folk), Chs. Constable, 
 Mr. Ferguson, Mr. Goldsmith, Mr. Jno. Moore, Mr. Sheppard 
 (tailor). Bill Adams (barber), Geo. Strebeck (only wagoner, 
 drove a single team), Jake Keeports (carpenter), Conrad Smith, 
 Captain Dunlop, Jack Crosby (carpenter). Bob Lance (cooper), 
 Philip Littig (whose wife was accoucheuse among the German 
 population), John Wood, Hilt Stranwitch (laborer), Nancy Low, 
 Mr. Gwinn." 
 
 1753. On the 17th of November, the Assembly passed an Act 
 empowering the commissioners of Baltimore town to make an addi- 
 tion to the town of thirty-two acres of ". Cole's Harbor," which 
 Mr. Joshua Hill had purchased of Mr. Carroll, being part of the 
 tract which lay between the town and the lines of Lunn's lot at 
 the south, west and north of the first town ; commencing at the 
 same point on the river, and including the grounds between Me- 
 Clellan's alley and Forest's lane (Charles street), and ran to the 
 Falls' side, north of the church and city spring, where Mr. John 
 Frazier rented a ship-yard and resided. It was enacted at the 
 same time, that no earth, sand or dirt was to be thrown into or 
 put upon the beach or shore of the Patapsco river, or any navig- 
 able branch thereof below high-water mark, unless secured by stone 
 walls, dove-tailed log-pens, &c., from washing into the river, under 
 a penalty of five pounds current money. 
 
 During the year a lottery is advertised in the Maryland Gazette 
 (Annapolis,) for the purpose of raising 450 pieces of eight, or dol- 
 lars, towards building a public wharf; of which lottery Messrs.. 
 John Stevenson, Eichard Chase, John Moale, Charles Croxall, 
 William Eogers, Nicholas Eogers, John Eidgely, N. E. Gay, Wil- 
 liam Lux and Brian Philpot were managers. The drawing took 
 place in Annapolis on the 30th of April, 1754. 
 
 Mr. George N. Myers, a Pennsylvania German, moved to Balti- 
 more; and another, Mr. Valentine Larsh, built an inn at the south- 
 4 
 
50 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 
 
 west corner of Baltimore and Gay streets; and Mr. Andrew Steiger, 
 butcher, built at the southwest corner of Baltimore and Charles 
 streets. Mr. Steiger in 1756 procured the lot at the northeast 
 corner of Gay and Baltimore streets; and in 1759 he purchased of 
 Dr. William Taylor, the wooded marsh in the bend of the Falls, 
 and then on the cast side of the stream, which he drained and 
 cleared for the pasturage of his cattle. 
 
 1754. On Monda}^- February 4th, His Excellency Governor 
 Horatio Sharpe, who had lately arrived in Maryland, visited Balti- 
 more town, where he was received by a company of foot under 
 arms, the firing of cannon, displaying of colors, and many other 
 tokens of joy and respect. In the evening there were dances, fire- 
 works, &c. 
 
 Tuesday and Tuesday night, July 30th, Baltimore was visited 
 with a great freshet, which did immense damage, and the like had 
 never been known up to this period. Almost all the bridges were 
 carried away in the county, and " the fine large bridge in Balti- 
 more town was removed about sixty feet," and the roads were so 
 washed as to be almost impassable. There was scarcely a mill left 
 either in Baltimore or Kent county. 
 l/' Mr. Moale built a brick store on the southeast corner of Calvert 
 street and Lovely lane, and a dwelling near the corner of Sharp 
 and German streets, in the rear of where St. Peter's Episcopal 
 church lately stood. Conspicuous among the houses built this 
 year, and forming quite an era in our history, is the Mount Clare 
 House, erected in 1754 by Charles Carroll, then usually called 
 Barrister Carroll. The bricks were imported for this mansion, the 
 record somewhat carefully informs us, as the}^ had been, before 
 that, for other houses. This fact stands in very striking contrast 
 with the brick-yards which now engross the once beautiful grounds 
 of Mount Clare. This old mansion, which yet survives, is a graphic 
 monument of the past time. Its aspect is solemn and scrupulously 
 aristocratic, and magnificent too, in view of the means of that day. 
 One may fancy its amplitude and grave dignity of exterior, with 
 the old lions carved in stone that stood rampant on the pillars of 
 the gateway, and there was a fine terrace overlooking the town. 
 It is but a few years since these disappeared. 
 
 Doctors John and Henry Stevenson arrived from Ireland ; the 
 former conducted an extensive trade with that and other countries, 
 and the latter entered into the practice of medicine, and built his 
 house on the hill near the York road, rough-cast, which is still to 
 be seen there. This house, on account of its elegance, was called 
 by envious townsmen of that time, " Stevenson's Folly." It was 
 not too elegant nor too costly, however, to be converted by him 
 into a small-pox hospital, supported at his own expense, when the 
 town stood in need of it — a noble act, worthy, of honorable com- 
 memoration now, of a man whose genius was equal to his gen- 
 erosity. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 51 
 
 Mr. Sheredine dying, was succeeded by Lloyd Buchanan ; and 
 Mr. Nicholas Kuxton Gay, who was surveyor, succeeded CoL Ham- 
 mond, who had been one of the first commissioners of the town. 
 
 Mr. John Sly came to settle in Baltimore, and erected a house 
 on the north side of south Gay street, and Mr. Conrad Smith 
 another on the opposite side; and three years afterwards, Mr. Jacob 
 Keeports another one adjoining. In the meantime, Frederick and 
 Peter Myers arrived. 
 
 John Paca, Wm. Govane, Lloyd Buchanan and "Walter ToUey, 
 are elected delegates ; but Mr. Buchanan being appointed prosecu- 
 tor, is succeeded by Wm. Smith. Beale Bordly is clerk of the 
 county. 
 
 1755. The savages, after Braddock's defeat by the French and 
 Indians in 1755, penetrated the country past Forts Frederick and 
 Cumberland, and pushed their plundering and murdering parties 
 to within fifty miles of Baltimore, There is no doubt the growth 
 of Baltimore was promoted by the continuation of the war, pre- 
 venting the extension of the settlements westward, for within a 
 year after peace the town became suddenly the greatest mart of 
 trade in the province, if not before the war began, 
 
 1756. On the 26th of March, an Act was passed by the General 
 Assembly to raise large supplies for His Majesty's service towards 
 securing and protecting the frontiers of this province, and engag- 
 ing the friendship and assistance of the southern tribes of Indians, 
 and for repelling and removing His Majesty's ambitious and per- 
 fidious enemies from their unjust encroachments on these do- 
 minions, Charles Carroll, Jr., was appointed one of the commis- 
 sioners to treat with the Indians. By this Act a duty was laid on 
 all bachelors of twenty-five years of age and upwards, worth £100 
 and under £300, five shillings ; if worth £300 or upwards, twenty 
 shillings; on all freehold estates per 100 acres, one shilling; if 
 belonging to Roman Catholics, two shillings. Under this Act the 
 following persons, who were bachelors of twenty-five years and 
 upwards, were taxed in Baltimore Town from 1756 to 1762 for six 
 years, when the French or Indian war terminated : Thomas Harri- 
 son, John Moale, Andrew Buchanan, Daniel Charnier, Sr., James 
 Franklin, Jonathan Plowman, John Shule, Dr. John Stevenson^ 
 Edward Parish, William Baxter, Thomas Dick, John Mercer, Mark 
 Alexander. 
 
 In this year there is an influx of inhabitants, sent hither by an 
 event which belongs to a most melancholy page of history, the- 
 expulsion of the Acadian French from Nova Scotia, upon the Q<m~ 
 quest of that province by the British. You may find their sto-ry 
 sung in the exquisitely sweet and plaintive story of Longfellow'* 
 •'Evangeline." There is nothing in human chronicle more tender 
 or more touching than the fate of that little colony, of which a Seg- 
 ment, like frightened birds driven by storm, lit down, wearied and 
 bruised, at our hearthstones. A nation of simple, virtuous ]:M3asanta 
 
52 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 are driven from the homes consecrated to them by aifections of 
 more than a century, and are thrust almost penniless upon the 
 world. Not friendless, homeless nor hopeless, however, were they in 
 Baltimore. Those who came here were received with a ready and 
 generous hospitality. They were at first lodged in private houses, 
 and in that building of Mr. Fotterall's with the "free stone 
 corners," to which we have alluded, which was now empty.- 
 Here they had quarters and established their little chapel, and it 
 was not long before these frugal and industrious exiles were able 
 to construct some small but comfortable houses upon South 
 Charles street, near Lombard, giving to that quarter its desig- 
 nation as "French Town," which it preserved for a long time. 
 The names of Guttro, Blanc, Gould, Pashield and Berbine, who 
 had suffered least perhaps, attached themselves mostly to navi- 
 gation, and the infirm picked oakum. 
 
 1757. At the general election in September, Mr. William 
 Govane, Captain Thomas C. Deye, Doctor Samuel Owings and 
 Captain John H. Dorsey, were chosen delegates, and again in 1758. 
 
 1758. Mr. Jacob Myers took a lot at the southeast corner of 
 Gay and Baltimore streets and built an inn. At this period there 
 also arrived and settled on lots north of Baltimore street, Messrs. 
 Leveley, Conrad, and Grandchut, the last of w^hom erected a 
 brewery on North Frederick street. 
 
 The following items, taken from an original bill for the "funeral 
 expenses of a gentleman in Baltimore Town, in this year," are 
 curiously indicative of manners and expenses then : Coffin, £6 16s. ; 
 41 yards crape, £7 38. 6d. ; 32 yards black tiffany, £4 16s. ; 11 yards 
 black crape, £1 18s. 6d. ; 5^ yards broadcloth, £6 lis. 3d.; 7i 
 yards of black shaloon, 19s. 3d. ; 6^ j^ards linen, £1 13s. ; 3 yards 
 sheeting, 78. lOd. ; 3 dozen pairs men's black silk gloves, £5 8s. ; 2 
 dozen pairs women's do., £3 12s. ; 6 pairs men's black gloves at 3s., 
 188. ; 1 pair women's do., 3s. ; then there were black silk hand- 
 kerchiefs, 8J yards calamanco, mohair, buckram, 13J yards rib- 
 bon ; 47^ pounds loaf sugar; 14 dozen eggs; 10 oz. nutmegs; 1^ 
 pounds allspice ; 20f gallons white wine at £4 2s. 6d. ; 12 bottles 
 red wine ; lOf gallons rum ; while 10 shillings additional were 
 paid for coffin furniture, and one pound sterling each to Dame 
 Hannah Gash and Mr. Ireland for attendance ; and so it seems our 
 forefathers went becomingly and jovially to their graves Anno 
 Domini 1758, in Baltimore Town. 
 
 1759. Messrs. John Smith and William Buchanan, from Car- 
 lisle, the first a native of Strabane in Ireland, and the last from 
 Lancaster county in Pennsylvania, purchased of Mr. Harrison, 
 after having been refused water lots on terms which they would 
 acce])t by Messrs. Moale and Fell, the lot fronting on Gay and 
 Water streets (now Lombard), building besides the dwelling 
 houses there a short time since, two wharves of pine cord wood 
 about one thousand feet long each, to the channel of the river. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 53 
 
 Mr. Jonathan Plowman, an English merchant, arrived, and 
 bought several acres of ground of Mr. Sligh, adjoining the last 
 addition east of the Falls, and built at the northeast corner of 
 York (Baltimore) and High streets. 
 
 J^760 . Mr. Philpot purchased of Mr. Sligh most of the peninsula 
 between the Falls and Harford run, and built a house at the north- 
 east corner of Baltimore street bridge, which caused the bridge 
 afterwards built to be known by his name. 
 
 17 61. Messrs. Wm. Smith and James Sterritt moved from Lancas- 
 ter, l:^a.,and improved, the first in Calvert street, and the latter at the 
 northwest corner of Gay and Lombard streets, where he erected a 
 brewery, which was burned and rebuilt, and burned again soon 
 after the Revolution. Mr. Mark Alexander, from Cecil County, 
 purchases part of the original lot number one, on the north side 
 of Baltimore street, and afterwards the water lot on the west side 
 of Calvert street, and erects extensive buildings at both places, as 
 well as a house at the southwest corner of Charles and Saratoga 
 streets. 
 
 Mr. Melcher Keener arrived from Pennsylvania and built in 
 North Gay street, and also builds a wharf and warehouse below 
 Hanover street. Mr. Steiger erected a dwelling, and Mr. Lytle 
 took a lot at the corner of Baltimore and Hanover streets and 
 erected an inn, and Mr. Amos Fogg rented the " White Horse 
 Inn," on the southeast corner of Front and Low streets. 
 
 Mr. William Moore, w^ho came from Ireland and removed to 
 Baltimore in 1762, purchased from Mr. Edward Fell of William, 
 who held a commission in the provincial army, the mill property 
 (Hanson's). The next year Mr. Moore sold the upper mill-seat to 
 Messrs. Joseph Ellicott and John and Hugh Burgess, from Buck's 
 County, Pa., who built the mill opposite the present jail. Mr. 
 Ellicott sold his interest to Burgess and went away, but returned 
 with his brothers John and Andrew, purchased the lands antl 
 erected the mills on Patapsco ten years after. 
 
 John Paca, Thomas C. Deye, John H. Dorsey, and Corbin Lee, 
 Esqs., are elected delegates. 
 
 XJ^^i The Assembly passed an Act on the 24th of April, em- 
 powering the Justices of Baltimore County Court to assess and 
 levy on the taxable inhabitants of St. Paul's parish, in said county, 
 £600 current money, together with the sheriff's salary of 5 per 
 cent, for collection, at three equal annual assessments, in the same 
 manner, &c., as the countj^ charges are usually assessed and levied ; 
 and certain commissioners are appointed and empowered to pur- 
 chase in fee, in the name of the rector, vestrymen, and church 
 wardens of said parish, two acres of land, and thereon erect a 
 Chapel of Ease to the aforesaid parish, &c., &c. The said chapel, 
 when built, to be deemed a Chapel of Ease for the said parish. 
 Divine service shall be performed therein, by the incumbent for 
 the time being, every third Sunday; and the same Chapel of Ease 
 
\ 
 
 54 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 to be constantly kept in repair at the charge of the parish of St. 
 Paul's aforesaid forever. 
 
 17p3. Messrs. Plowman and Philpot laid out some grounds be- 
 tween the Falls and Hai-ibrd run, into streets running northwest 
 to southeast, and nearly parallel with the former stream, with 
 other streets at right angles with them. And Mr. Fell laid off 
 part of the tracts of land on the east which his father had pur- 
 chased of Harris, Carter, and others, buying of Sligh himself part 
 of Mountenay^s Neck, and all, two years before, resurveyed and 
 patented by the name of Fell's Prospect, with streets running 
 north, south, east, and west, except on the extreme Point itself, 
 where he was governed by the course of the river ; which locations 
 were confirmed and the same added to the town by Act of As- 
 sembly ten years after. 
 
 Messrs. John Brown, Benjamin Griffith, and Samuel Purvianee 
 settled in Baltimore, the former from Jersey, and, learning his 
 trade in Wilmington, erected a pottery on the east side of Gay 
 street ; and the latter, who came from Donegal by way of Phila- 
 delphia, erected a distillery on the southeast corner of Lombard 
 and Commerce street, with a wharf Mr. Griffith came from New 
 Castle, and having purchased Fell's lot adjoining the bridge, 
 . rebuilt it by contract, which was afterwards called by his name, 
 
 V A new tobacco inspection house was erected on Mr. Thomas 
 Harrison's grounds, near what is now the southwest intersection 
 of Lombard and South streets; and a powder magazine on the 
 Falls' side, under the hill, at the northeast corner of Calvert and 
 Lexington streets. A tobacco inspector was appointed, with a 
 salary of nine thousand six hundred pounds of tobacco a year. 
 
 The following law, among others, was enacted at this session 
 
 of Assembly : " Coroner's fee for viewing the body of any person 
 
 or persons murdered or slain, or otherwise dead by misadventure, 
 
 / to be paid out of the goods and chattels of the party so dead, if 
 
 / there be ; otherwise, to be levied by the commissioners of the 
 county where such accident shall happen, 187 pounds of tobacco." 
 The justices of the peace, whose jurisdiction out of court, in re- 
 lation to small debts, had been first limited to the sum of sixteen 
 shillings and eightpence, was extended to fifty shillings, and some 
 chancery jurisdiction was extended to the county courts. 
 
 On the 5th of December Messrs. Henry Stephenson, William 
 Smith, James Sterritt, Mark Alexander, John Brown, Benjamin 
 Griffith, Robert Purvianee, John Plowman, and William Spear, 
 Presbyterians, leased two lots on Fayette street, in the rear of 
 Christ Church, on the corner of Gay street, where they erect a 
 small log meeting-house, which two years after was sold to Mr. 
 Charles liidgely for £100 and the accrued ground-rent due on said 
 lot from the date of the lease. This meeting-house was used for 
 many years afterwards as a carpenter-shop, and originally stood on 
 the bank of a precipice overhanging Jones Falls, which, strange 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 55 
 
 as the assertion may now seem, did at one time meander, navi- 
 gable for sea-vessels, in this neighborhood. In March, 1765, feel- 
 ing the disadvantages of worshipping in so poor and incommodious 
 a building, they purchased 80 feet of ground for £60 Penns}^!- 
 vania cur^:*ency, at the northwest corner of Fayette and North 
 streets, from Mr. Alexander Lawson. The deed from Alexander 
 Lawson to William Smith and others is dated October 21st, 1765. 
 In 1772 this was added to that portion of the lot which had been 
 leased from Alexander Buchanan, and afterwards purchased in fee. 
 The building was completed in November, 1766, and all the pews 
 rented except two. In 1771 this building was enlarged oncrthird, 
 80 as to contain fifty pews. In 1789 the congregation, finding thej 
 house still too small for them, met together, and after some delib-j 
 eration resolved to erect the edifice which was lately torn down to| 
 give place to the new United States Court-House. The new' 
 church was made ready for occupancy in 1791; at this time it was 
 one of the largest and finest church edifices in this country. The 
 church was elevated some twelve feet above the level of the street, 
 and its large portico and towers contributed to render it one of 
 the most conspicuous buildings in the city. It was continued in 
 use almost seventy years, and all the other churches of the sect 
 have grown out of it. In 1811 an organ was introduced into the 
 church, which at first gave some dissatisfaction, but it soon passed 
 away, although several valuable families left the church. The old 
 parsonage, which stood on Fayette street, east of the church, was 
 removed for the opening of North street, which was previously an 
 alley, and a new one erected on North street, in the rear of the 
 church. It is also remarkable, that in one hundred and ten 
 years since the foundation of the First Church, it has had but four 
 pastors, viz : Eev. Patrick Allison, D.D., from May, 1763, till Aug. 
 21st, 1802; Eev. James Inglis, D.D., from 1802 till Aug. 15th, 
 1819 ; Eev. William Nevins, D.D., from Oct., 1820, till 1835 ; while 
 Eev. John C. Backus, D.D., the present pastor, was settled in 1836, 
 and has consequently occupied the pulpit for thirty-seven years. 
 The first Sabbath-School of this church was commenced in 1815 by 
 the ladies of the church, and was held for some time in a room 
 over the " Old First Baltimore Hose Company " house in McClel- 
 lan's alley, and with it was connected a weekly meeting for social 
 prayer. The first Sabbath-School in the city was introduced by 
 Mrs. Stephen Williams, then a member of St. Peter's Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, with the assistance of the ladies of that church. 
 At length the time came when the venerable building itself was 
 obliged to give place to another structure. For many years the 
 locality had been changing, offices and stores taking the place of 
 dwellings, and most of the congregation had moved far westward. 
 In October, 1853, it was determined to erect another church and 
 dispose of the old one, and ground was accordingly broken on the 
 new lot, corner of Madison and Park streets, in July, 1854. 
 
56 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 The present beautiful structure of brown-stone and of pointed 
 Gothic architecture was then erected and completed, with the ex- 
 ception of the tower, which will now be completed in a year or 
 two, work upon it rapidly progressing. The final service in the 
 old church was held on the last Sabbath of September, 1860, when 
 Dr. Backus preached a historical discourse of very interesting 
 character. The old site was purchased by the United States, the 
 church was demolished, and in its stead the United States District 
 / Court-House, of solid granite, was erected. 
 
 ^ Messrs. William Lyon, Nicholas E. Gay, John Moale, and Archi- 
 bald Buchanan, a majority of the town commissioners, leased the 
 lot on the northwest corner of Baltimore and Gay streets of Mr. 
 Harrison, at £8 per annum, for a market-house, which was built 
 by the subscription of the citizens, with the aid of the following 
 lottery, which is advertised in the Maryland Gazette : 
 
 "Baltimore Town, July 16th, 1763. 
 _> " The following Scheme of Lottery is humbly proposed to the 
 Public for Eaising the sum of 510 Pounds Current Money, to be 
 applied towards Completing the Market House in Baltimore-Town, 
 in Baltimore County, Buying Two Fire Engines, and a Parcel of 
 Leather Bucketts, for the Use of the said Town, Enlarging the 
 present Public Wharf, and Building a New One." 
 The scheme contained — 
 
 1062 prizes, amounting to £2490 
 
 1938 blanks — sum raised . . . . . 510 
 
 3000 tickets at 20s. each . . , . . £3000 
 
 The managers were Messrs John Eidgely, Brian Philpot, John 
 Smith, John Moale, Jonathan Plowman, Barnabas Hughes, James 
 Steret, William Lux, Andrew Buchanan, William Aisquith, Benja- 
 min Eogers, Nicholas Jones, Mark Alexander, John Ilartz, and 
 Melchior Keener, all of said town. 
 
 1764. Mr. William Spear, who came from Lancaster, took the 
 water lot near Gay street, and wharfing out about 1000 feet to a small 
 island, erected a bakery there. Mr. Eobert Long, who, it is said, 
 had persuaded Mr. Fell to lay off that part of the town, com- 
 menced some improvements at the corner of Ann and Thames 
 streets, but moved to the country and left his improvements un- 
 finished. Some lots were also conveyed to Mr. John Bond by Mr. 
 Fell, but sold out by him. James Heath, Esq., was elected one of 
 the delegates in the place of Mr. Dorsej^ 
 
 1765. Captain Charles Eidgely and Mr. Griffith purchased 
 water lots of Mr. Fell, west of the public wharf, the latter building 
 a wharf and warehouse, which was the first there; and Mr. Ben- 
 jamin Nelson, shipwright, who had moved from Charlestown, 
 Cecil county, established a ship-yard in Philpot street ; three years 
 
 4 
 
 O Cr^ ^ 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 57 
 
 after Mr. Isaac Griest, also from Cecil, took the water lot east of 
 the public wharf. The ensuing year George Patton, who came 
 from Ireland, erected the wharf on the west end of the Point, and 
 three years after Mr. Jesse Hollingsworth another on the east, 
 the remainder of the water lots being chiefly taken and improved 
 in the meantime by Messrs. Purviance, Wells, Smith, Mackie, and 
 Vanbibber. The Point containing all the artisans and articles re- 
 quisite for building and fitting vessels, was already a rival of the 
 town. Mr. Hollingsworth, from Elkton, and Mr. Yanbibber, from 
 Charlestown, Cecil county, joined by their brothers, afterwards 
 moved from the Point to the town, and made other considerable 
 improvements. The first settlers were at great loss to determine 
 in which part to buy, as most likely to improve; and those who 
 had sufficient means or enterprise, generally took lots both in 
 town and Point. 
 
 Mr. Cornelius Howard, from part of the tract of land called 
 Lunn's lot, then lately re-surveyed by Mr. Howard, added thirty- 
 five acres of it, including the streets called Conway and Barre, after 
 those successful opponents of the Stamp Act in the British Parlia- 
 ment ; and the dwelling-house near the southeast intersection of 
 Hanov-er and Pratt streets, and running between the west side of 
 Charles and the east side of Liberty to Saratoga street, which ad- 
 dition was confirmed by law the same year, and Messrs. Keener, 
 Myers, Yanbibber and others took water lots of him. 
 
 September 17th, instructions from the Honorable the Lower 
 House of Assembly of the Province of Maryland: To William 
 Murdock, Edward Tilghman, and Thomas Einggold, Esqs., a com- 
 mittee appointed to join the several committees from the several 
 colonies in America, at New York : " Gentlemen, you are to repair 
 immediately to the city of New York, in the province of New 
 York, and there join with the committee from the houses of rep- 
 resentatives of the other colonies, in a general and united, loyal 
 and humble representation to his Majesty and the British Par- 
 liament, of the circumstances and condition of the British colonies 
 and plantations, and to pray relief from the burthens and restraints 
 lately laid on their trade and commerce, and especially from the 
 taxes imposed by an act of the last session of Parliament granting 
 and applying certain stamp duties and other duties in the British 
 colonies and plantations in America, whereby they are deprived in 
 some instances, of that invaluable priviledge of Englishmen and 
 British subjects, trials b}^ juries, that 3^ou take care that such rep- 
 resentation shall humbly and decently, but expressly, contain and 
 assertion of the rights of the colonies to be exempt from all and 
 every taxations and impositions upon their persons and properties 
 to which they do consent in a legislative way, either by them- 
 selves or by their representatives, by them free chosen and ap- 
 pointed. Signed by order of the House, Eobert Lloyd, Speaker." 
 This convention met, and Mr. Edward Tilghman, one of the dele- 
 
 yy 
 
58 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 gates from Maryland, was appointed one of the committee to pre- 
 I pare a memorial and petition to the lords in Parliament. 
 ^ 1766i During this year a law was passed to compel Messrs. 
 
 Hamson, Lawson, and Philpot to fill up the marsh between Fred- 
 erick street and the Falls, and nine commissioners, viz : Eobert 
 Alexander, John Smith, William Smith, Jonathan Plowman, Wil- 
 liam Spear, Andrew Steiger, Charles Eidgely, Jr., John Merryman, 
 and Benjamin Griffith, or five of them, were appointed to lay it off 
 as an addition to the town. A law was also passed prescribing a 
 quarantine, at the discretion of the Governor, on all passenger 
 ships infected by diseases, and another relating to the roads of the 
 coxxutj. 
 
 Within the year Mr. Edward Fell died, leaving one son, Wil- 
 liam, an infant, 
 y On the 24th of February, a large number of the principal in- 
 
 habitants of Baltimore County, assembled in Baltimore Town, and 
 organised themselves, as an association for the maintenance of 
 order, and the protection of American Liberty, under the name of 
 the Sons of Liberty. Thus associated, they entered into a resolu- 
 tion to meet at Annapolis, on the first of March ensuing, for the 
 purpose of compelling the officers there, to open their offices, and 
 to transact business without stamped paper. This design was im- 
 mediately communicated to the inhabitants of the neighboring 
 counties, who were invited to co-operate in it, by the formation of 
 similar associations. The officers, at whom their resolutions were 
 aimed, were afterwards notified, in very 'polite terms, of their in- 
 tended coming, and advised to be in readiness to receive them. 
 True to their promise, on the first of March, they assembled at 
 Annapolis in considerable number ; the associators of Anne 
 Arundel and Baltimore being personally present, and those of Kent 
 appearing by deputy. Upon their organization, it was resolved, 
 that a written application should be preferred, to the Chief Justice 
 of the Provincial Court, the Secretary, the Commissary General, 
 and the Judges of the Land Office, requiring them to open their 
 respective offices on the 31st of March, or earlier, if a majority of 
 the Supreme Courts of the northern governments should proceed 
 in their business before that period ; and that in the event of their 
 acceding to this request, they should receive a written indemnifi- 
 cation, signed by the Sons of Liberty. The replies which they 
 received, although not direct refusals, were not entirely satisfac- 
 tory ; and the associators, after issuing invitations to the other 
 counties to unite with them, by forming similar associations, ad- 
 journed to meet again at Annapolis, on the day assigned to the 
 officers, for the purpose of witnessing the issue of their application. 
 On the day appointed they again assembled, and repaired in a 
 body to the Provincial Court, to present and enforce their peti- 
 tion. It was at first peremptorily refused by the Court, but the 
 Sons of Liberty were not now to be denied. "It was again 
 
CHROKICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 59 . 
 
 earnestly insisted upon, and demanded, by the Sons of Liberty, (says 
 the writer of that day in giving his account of that transaction), 
 with united hearts and voices; " and such applications, at that period, 
 were too well understood to be resisted. The Court yielded, and 
 passed an order in conformity to their petition, of which an at- 
 tested copy was delivered to their associators. The other officers 
 immediately acceded, without further opposition. Thus was con- 
 summated, in Maryland, the nullification of the Stamp Act. 
 
 _1767. John Eidgely, Thomas C. Deye, John Moale, and Eobert 
 AdaiV, Esqs., were elected delegates. Mr. Adair, who was sheriff, 
 resided at the southeast corner of Baltimore and South streets, 
 which was struck during the year by lightning, and a Mr. Eich- 
 ardson, of Annapolis, killed. 
 
 Mr. Eddis, in his letters from Annapolis written about this period, 
 to London, says: ''Lands to a very considerable extent, are taken 
 up by persons who, looking to security foi* greater advantages, are 
 content to clear gradually some portion of their domains for im- 
 mediate subsistence. Not having the means to sell, and carry 
 their timber away, they make a deep incision with an axe entirely 
 round each trunk, at the distance of about four feet from the 
 ground, which occasions the leaves almost instantl}^ to wither, and 
 before the total decay of the tree, Indian corn may be cultivated 
 to great advantage amidst the immense trunks that fill the dreary 
 forest." "The habitations of the planters, in this remote district 
 of the province, are in general, of a rude construction ; the timber 
 with which they frame their dwellings, seldom undergoing the 
 operation of any tool except the axe. An apartment to sleep in, 
 and another for domestic purposes, with a contiguous store-house, 
 and conveniences for their live-stock, at present gratify their ut- 
 most ambition Their method of living, perfectly corresponds with 
 their exterior appearance. Indian corn, beaten in a mortar, and 
 afterwards baked or boiled, forms a dish which is the principal 
 subsistence of the indigent planter, and is even much liked by 
 many persons of a superior class. This, when properly prepared, 
 is called homony, and when salt beef, pork, or bacon, is added, no 
 complaints are made respecting their fare." 
 
 1768. Baltimore, seventy-seven years ago, was known only as 
 " Baltimore Town in Baltimore County." Her population having ^ 
 increased to about eighteen thousand, she was incorporated as a ^ 
 city in the year 1796. But she still remained a portion of the 
 county It is true she had been allowed a distinct representation^ 
 in the Legislature of the State; but in almost every respect she"^ 
 was but Baltimore City in Baltimore County. The same Court of 
 Oyer and Terminer exercised criminal jurisdiction over both ; and 
 Baltimore County Court at the same terms heard and decided all 
 civil causes, whether the parties were residents of the city or 
 county. There were the same Sheriff, Clerk, and Jurors. There 
 was the same Kecord Office, the same Court House, Alms House, 
 
60 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 and Jail. It seems to be the general impression that the first 
 Court House for Baltimore County was at Joppa, upon Gunpowder 
 river ; but this is an error. It is a singular fact that no living 
 man can tell, with any degree of certainty, the place where the 
 county seat of Baltimore County was first located. The county 
 was established in 1659, and the Court House was not built at 
 Joppa until nearly fifty years afterwards. The County Court held 
 its first session at the dwelling of Captain Thomas Howell, in the 
 year 1661. Soon afterwards a court house was built not at Joppa, 
 on Gunpowder river, but at some point on Bush river, which 
 empties into the Bay about four miles farther north. By reference 
 to Bacon's edition of the laws of Maryland it will be found that the 
 county seat was on Bush river as late as 1683, and that a port of 
 entry was established there in that year. The court house on Bush 
 river was abandoned at some period between 1683 and 1707, and a 
 second one erected on Gunpowder river, at a place called " Forster's 
 Neck." In 1707, the Provincial Assembly of Maryland passed an 
 Act, directing that the court house at Forster's Neck " should be 
 deserted, and in lieu thereof fifty acres of land in a tract on said 
 river, belonging to Anne Felks, called ' Taylor's Choice,' should 
 be erected into a town, and the Court House of the said county 
 should be built there." The place designated for the county seat 
 by this Act was the same afterwards known as Joppa. The com- 
 missioners appointed for the purpose proceeded forthwith to build 
 the court house, and had nearly finished it when, to the great dis- 
 appointment of the good people of the county, the news came across 
 the ocean that Her Royal Highness Queen Anne had vetoed the 
 bill ! "What grave reasons influenced Her Majesty to prefer that 
 the court-house of Baltimore County should not be removed from 
 Forster's Neck to Taylor's Choice, history hath not disclosed. At 
 all events, the commissioners discovered that they had been pro- 
 ceeding under a void Act ; and they found it necessary to obtain a 
 subsequent law to legalise what they had done. This was passed 
 in 1712, and is entitled "An Act for settling Baltimore County 
 Court at the new house at Joppa." It recites the former proceed- 
 ings of the commissioners, confirms them, and then declares "that 
 Baltimore County Court shall be from henceforth held at the said 
 court-house, now built at the town of Joppa, and not elsewhere ; 
 and that the same house be to all intents, constructions and pur- 
 poses, adjudged, used, reputed and taken as the proper court-house 
 for Baltimore County." 
 
 It appears that the commissioners for building this court- 
 house at Joppa were peculiarly unfortunate. The first blunder 
 was in commencing operations before the Queen had approved the 
 bill. They made another one equally serious in putting the build- 
 ing upon the land of a minor, to which they had acquired no legal 
 title. It was found necessary to get an Act passed in 1724 to 
 remedy this latter mistake. This Act, as published in Kilty's edi- 
 

 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 61 
 
 tion, states in its preamble, that a court-house and prison had been 
 erected at Joppa at the county expense, but that the right of the 
 land was in a minor, " who could not convey, although his father, 
 Col. James Maxwell, had received full satisfaction for the same." 
 It then proceeds to declare, that the two acres of land on which 
 the court-house and prison were built " shall be to the use of the 
 county forever." It further provides, that certain commissioners 
 should, by purchase or condemnation by a jury, obtain twenty 
 acres of land at Joppa, and lay it out into forty lots "to be erected 
 into a town." It also directs that no house to be built in said 
 town shall have any chimney unless of brick or stone, and that 
 each house shall cover at least four hundred feet, or about twenty 
 feet square. But the most important provision, in this law, in \ 
 reference to the commercial prosperity of Joppa, was one which | 
 would be regarded at this day as rather a curious specimen of leg- 
 islation. The last section provided that every debtor who should 
 bring tobacco to Joppa for the purpose of paying a debt, should be 
 allowed a discount or reduction of ten per cent, on the claim. 
 This was intended as an inducement to draw trade to the new 
 county-seat, which was also made a port of entry. The result 
 proved that the legislators of that day were tolerably good judges 
 of human nature. Tobacco was brought to Joppa in vast quanti- 
 ties ; and tradition informs us that she soon became an important 
 shipping-point, carrying on a considerable commerce, not onl}^ with 
 the West Indies, but with Europe. Her population was never 
 large, but she was one of the most prosperous and important sea- 
 ports of Maryland, before the first house had been erected at Bal- 
 timore. The courts were held at Joppa down to this yoav (1768). 
 Such had now been the increase of "Baltimore Town," and the 
 inconvenience to which the inhabitants were subjected in attend- 
 ing court at Joppa, an Act was passed on the 22d of June of this 
 year for the removal of the county seat to " Baltimore Town." 
 From this time may be dated " the decline and fall " of the 
 ancient town of Joppa. No vestige of her former glory now re- 
 mains. The old court-house was sold, and has long since crumbled 
 away ; her wharves, at which hundreds of the largest merchant- 
 men have been laden, have disappeared ; her dwellings have fallen 
 one by one, until scarcely their foundations can be traced. A soli- 
 tary tenement of antique style and venerable appearance, standing 
 a short time since on the Harford shore of Gunpowder river, about 
 half a mile north of the railroad bridge, is seen by the traveller 
 passing between Baltimore and Philadelphia. That lonely build- 
 ing is all that now remains to mark the spot where Joppa once 
 stood. Her history has never been written, and those who could 
 have furnished the materials for it have now passed to the tomb. 
 By this time her very existence would have been totally forgotten, 
 except for the name of the numerous " Joppa roa<ls," which still exist, 
 and remind us that the inhabitants of every section of Baltimore and 
 
 y 
 
^ 
 
 62 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Harford counties were once accustomed to resort to that important 
 county seat, to attend to courts and pay their debts in tobacco, less 
 ten per cent., deducted according to law. How diiferent a fortune 
 was destined for Baltimore, the next and fourth county-seat of 
 Baltimore County! Of all the chief commercial cities of the At- 
 lantic coast she is the youngest, and, considering the recent period 
 since she was founded, her growth has been the most rapid and 
 wonderful. Kew York, originally called New Amsterdam, was 
 founded by the Netherlands as far back as 1614; Boston was 
 founded in 1630, and Charleston in 1680; Philadelphia, on the 
 arrival of Penn in 1684, contained 2500 inhabitants ; New Orleans 
 was founded in 1718. 
 
 Messrs. J. B. Bordley, John Eidgely, Jr., John Moale, Eobert 
 Adair, Eobert Alexander, William Smith and Andrew^ Buchanan, 
 were appointed under the Act of 1768 commissioners to build the 
 County Court House and prison " on the uppermost part of Cal- 
 vert street next to Jones Falls." The Court House was erected on 
 a bluff overhanging the Falls, precisely where the " Battle Monu- 
 ment " now stands. It was two stories high and built of brick, 
 and tapered off in the centre of its roof with a tall lookout and 
 spire, terminated with " a weather cock and the points of the com- 
 pass." The jail of those days stood higher up on the hills, about 
 the site of the granite Eecord Office ; while the Powder House was 
 in the declivity east of the Court House, and near the original bed 
 of the Falls, at the southeast corner of our square and Lexington 
 street, with a small wharf in front of it, to which boats from the 
 shipping came for powder during the war. The water was quite 
 deep, and the late Mr. Eobert Gilmor in his '" Eeminiscences " as- 
 serts " that he learned to swim, and often dived from the banks in 
 front of this edifice," about the present southeast corner of Lex- 
 ington and Calvert streets. Mr. Gilmor also says that a " man was 
 drowned not far from this spot." The low swampy flat embraced 
 by the horse-shoe curve of the Falls in this neighborhood was 
 called " Steiger's Meadow," the name it was commonly known by 
 to a very late period. The commissioners were directed to sell the 
 court house and prison at Joppa, the courts being accommodated 
 in the meantime in the hall erected for public assemblies over the 
 market, and the prisoners lodged in a log building, near Mr. Cha- 
 mier the sheriff's house on the east side of South Frederick street. 
 The subscription towards building the court house amounting to 
 nearly 900 pounds currency, chiefly by inhabitants of the town, did 
 not reconcile the people on the north and east sides of the county, 
 and the removal of the records by Mr. Alexander Lawson was at- 
 tended with some violence and outrage. In the grading of Calvert 
 street the bluff overhanging the " Falls " on which the court-house 
 stood was to.be cut away, but it was very much desired to save the 
 court-house. Mr. Leonard Harbaugh, a zealous craftsman of Bal- 
 timore, pondered over the matter, and finally persuaded himself, and 
 
* CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 63 
 
 afterwards the Town Council, that he could preserve the favorite 
 building by leaving it twenty feet in the air, after all the adjacent 
 earth w^as taken away. Our towns-people thought this an in- 
 credible exploit, the dream of a bold projector ; but Mr. Harbaugh 
 knew w^hat he was about, and successfully accomplished, in the face 
 of that incredulous world w^hich dwelt upon the banks of the Pa- 
 tapsco, this daring achievement. The old court-house, with its mag- 
 niticent arch below, that gave it something of the air of a house 
 perched upon a stool, the whipping-post, pillory and stocks which 
 stood in front of the arch, with a most malignant aspect of admo- 
 nition addressed to the loafers, rowdies and petty thieves of that 
 day. But steeple and arch were both fated to follow the common 
 fate of all sublunary creations, and on the 27th of January an Act 
 was passed by the Legislature " to provide for the erection of a 
 new court house," and in 1809 the present court house was finished, 
 and the old one taken down with the buildings to which they be- 
 longed, and, except in the page of the annalist, became as things 
 that never had been. The following is a copy of the original sub- 
 scription list for the underpinning of the old court house as before 
 mentioned : 
 
 " Baltimore, 21st September, 1784. 
 " The subscribers, impressed with the many advantages which 
 w^ould result to Baltimore Towm and the country at large from 
 Calvert street in said town being opened, which street is at present 
 blocked up by the court-house, to the great injury of the town and 
 country, do, by this instrument of writing, engage and bind them- 
 selves to pay the suna or sums annexed to their names, respectively, 
 for the purpose of underpinning and arching the said court-house 
 in Calvert .street aforesaid, so as large and convenient passages 
 may be had underneath the same to the end that new communica- 
 tions may be opened with the country ; provided always, that the 
 said subscriptions shall not be paid or demanded unless the Hon- 
 ored the General Assembly of the State of Maryland shall authorise 
 the said undertaking, and appoint fit and proper persons for the 
 collecting and a^^plying the same. 
 
 [ John McHenry 130 00) 
 
 Griffith, Hall, and Lemnion, in 
 
 case Calvert street is extended 
 
 eight hundred feet across their 
 
 meadow, near the mill, will 
 
 pay 100 00 
 
 J. E. Howard, in case the street 
 
 is not extended so as to run 
 
 through my ground on the 
 
 west of Jones Falls 50 00 
 
 Engelhard Zeisser 125 00 
 
 John McLure 50 00 
 
 John Boyd 50 00 
 
 Nath'l Smith 25 00 
 
 Henry Speck 20 00 
 
 W. Smith 20 00 
 
 JohnMoale .... ■ 40 00 
 
 Peter Hoffman 15 00 
 
 William Neill 10 00 
 
 Geo. Salmon 10 00 
 
 John Parks 10 00 
 
 Richard Burland 10 00 
 
 Geo. Pressman 10 00 
 
 Thos. E. and Sam'l Hollings- 
 
 worth 20 00 
 
 Caleb Hall 10 00 
 
 Adam Fonerden • 7 10 
 
 Aaron Levering 15 00 
 
64 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Matthew Pat ton. 10 00 
 
 Twinnal & Geioack . . - 10 00 
 
 Hansheweg 10 00 
 
 Andrew and Alex. Robinson, 
 in case the said Calvert street 
 is not extended so as to inter- 
 rupt the carriage road 10 00 
 
 MichaclAllen 10 00 
 
 Jacob Brown 11 5 
 
 George Levely 10 00 
 
 Erasmus Uhler 10 00 
 
 Wm. Clemms 10 00 
 
 Elisha Winters 7 10 
 
 £ s. i; 8 
 
 Wm. Wilson 7 10 
 
 Wm. Baker 7 10 
 
 6 00 
 
 George McCandless 11 5 
 
 Robl. Portteus 6 00 
 
 Benjamin May 10 00 
 
 John Brown 7 10 
 
 Edward Kelly 20 00 
 
 Dan'l Bowly 10 00 
 
 Clem't. Brooke 10 00 
 
 Jno. Sterrett for Gen'l Gist 85 00 
 
 ditto .... 15 00 
 Henry Wilson, paid 3 00 
 
 17g9. Messrs. David Shields, James Gox, Gerard Hopkins, 
 George Lirideuberger, John Deaver and others, aided by a general 
 Bubscription, procured an engine for the extinguishment of fires, 
 which was called " The Mechanical Company." This was the first 
 machine of the kind in Baltimore, and cost ninety-nine pounds, or 
 two hundred and sixty-four dollars. This company formed in this 
 city the leader in a long line of kindred associations, who devoted 
 themselves to a truly benevolent object, with a gallantry amounting 
 to heroism. 
 
 November 14th, a meeting of the merchants and others, inhabi- 
 tants of Baltimore Town and county, associators for non-importa- 
 tion of European goods, was held at Mr. Little's, with John Smith 
 chairman ; the committee of inquiry having reported that William 
 Moore, Jr., had imported a cargo of goods in the Lord Cambden, 
 Captain John Johnston, from London, of the value of £900 sterling, 
 which they were in doubt were not within the terms of the asso- 
 ciation. The following question was put, whether William Moore, 
 Jr., had imported the said cargo within the terms mentioned in the 
 agreement of the 30th of March last, to which he was a signer ? 
 Upon which question, the gentlemen present were unanimously of 
 opinion that the said cargo was imported, contrary to that agree- 
 ment. Of which determination William Moore being informed, he 
 alleged, as a justification of his conduct, that at the time he signed 
 the agreement, he objected to Mr. John Merryman, who then had 
 the carriage thereof, and who is now absent in London, that he 
 would not sign unless he had liberty to send off his orders for fall 
 
 goods, and to import the same. That some few days afterwards 
 [r. Merryman informed him, that the merchants of the town would 
 give leave to send off the orders, and receive the fall goods ; and 
 that in consequence of this information, he signed the agreement, 
 without any such condition, written or expressed, in the same op- 
 
 Sosite to his name. After which the question was put, whether 
 Lr. Morris should have liberty to land and vend his who4e cargo? 
 which was determined in the affirmative by the following vote : 
 
 For the Affirmative — Thomas Ewing, Alexander MacMachen, Ben- 
 jamin Rogers, Jonathan Hudson, Murdock Kennedy, Henry Brown, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 65 
 
 William Hammond, Andrew Buchanan, John Deaver, H. B. Gough, 
 Jonathan Plowman, Eichard Moale, Archibald Buchanan, Hercules 
 Courtenay, John Macnabb, Charles Rogers, John A. Smith, Thomas 
 Place. 
 
 For the Negative. — John Moale, Henry Thompson, William Lux 
 (E. R.), Robert Christie, Robert Alexander, John Smith, William 
 Smith, Alexander Lawson, Ebenezer Mackie, William Lux. The 
 committee of inquiry having also reported that Benjamin Howard 
 had imported a cargo of goods, of the value of £1700 sterling, in 
 the Lord Cambden, Captain John Johnston, from London, which 
 they were in doubt were not within the terms of the association of 
 the 30th March, upon which the following question was put : 
 whether Benjamin Howard be permitted to land and vend the said 
 cargo, he having alleged that he never signed the association of the 
 30th March, being then an inhabitant of Anne Arundel county, and 
 that he apprehended he was entitled to import within the terms of 
 the general association of the 22d June, to which he was a sub- 
 scriber, his orders for the said cargo having been transmitted the 
 1st May, resolved in the affirmative by the following vote: 
 
 For the Affirmative. — Thomas Ewing, Alexander McMachen, Ben- 
 jamin Rogers, Jonathan Hudson, Thomas Place, Henry Thompson, 
 Henry Brown, William Hammond, Andrew Buchanan. John Deaver, 
 H, D. Gough, Jonathan Plowman, Richard Moale, Archibald Bu- 
 chanan, Murdock Kennedy, John Moale, John Macnabb, Charles 
 Rogers, John A. Smith, Hercules Courtenay. 
 
 For the Negative. — John Smith, Robert Christie, William Smith, 
 Ebenezer Mackie, Alexander Lawson, William Lux. 
 
 1770. In this year a storm of wind carried away a part of the 
 roof of the First Presbyterian Church. 
 
 It would doubtless be interesting to many of the Roman Catho- 
 lics of the present day to know the history of their respective con- 
 gregations ; and it is not less due to the memory of the Christian 
 men who planted the seed of their religion, than it may be prof- 
 itable to the piety of their children in the faith, to record the 
 humble beginnings, the painful labors, the generous zeal and perse- 
 vering fidelity which led to those respectable establishments which 
 now adorn the State by their beauty, while they improve society 
 by their usefulness. With this view the writer proposes to furnish 
 some particulars of the origin of the two oldest Catholic congre- 
 gations in Baltimore, those of the Cathedral and St. Patrick's. In 
 the view of " Baltimore as it was in 1752," which we have men- 
 tioned before, a brick house with stone corners is represented. 
 Its location, as well as we can determine, is on or near the lot at 
 present occupied by Mr. Reverdy Johnson's mansion, opposite Bar- 
 num's Hotel, and was the dwelling of Mr. Edward Fottroll, a gen- 
 tleman from Ireland. This building was not designed or intended 
 for a church ; but the proprietor having returned to Ireland, where 
 he died, left it in an unfinished state, and it was a waste and de- 
 5 
 
66 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 serted house when some of the " Neutral French " or Arcadians, wlio 
 had been cruelly expelled from Nova Scotia by the British, ar- 
 riving in Baltimore in the most forlorn condition in 1756, took 
 refuge in this deserted house, occupying such rooms as were hab- 
 itable. No Catholic priest resided nearer than Daughoregan (Car- 
 roll's) Manor, about fifteen miles from Baltimore. The priest who 
 was stationed at the Manor occasionally visited Baltimore and cele- 
 brated mass. The Eev. Mr. Ashton, who was at that period the 
 residing priest of Carroll Manor, visited Baltimore once a month, 
 for the purpose of giving the few Catholics of Baltimore the con- 
 venience of attending divine service. On these occasions he brought 
 with him the vestments and sacred vessels used in the celebration 
 of mass. A room in the lower story of Fottrell's building was pre- 
 pared for the purpose. A part of this preparation consisted in first 
 expelling the hogs which habitually nestled there. A temporary 
 altar of the rudest description was erected each time. The con- 
 gregation sometimes consisted of not more than twenty, and sel- 
 dom exceeded forty persons. These consisted principally of the 
 " Neutral French " and some few Irish Catholics, among whom 
 were Messrs. Patrick Bennet, Eobert Walsh and William Stenson. 
 About the year 1770, the Catholics having increased in number, de- 
 termined to build a church. A lot for the purpose, fronting on 
 Saratoga and Charles streets, was obtained from Mr. Carroll, and on 
 the northwest side of it a very plain brick building was erected of 
 the modest dimensions of about twenty-five by thirty feet, which 
 was known as St. Peter's Church. Mr. John McNabb erected or 
 superintended the building until the walls and the roof were com- 
 pleted. It is probable that the church was then used for the pur- 
 pose of worship, although in an unfinished state. Before its com- 
 pletion the superintendent failed in business, owing a debt on ac- 
 count of the building of two hundred pounds in Maryland cur- 
 rency, (about five hundred and forty dollars). The principal 
 
 creditor, Mr. P , locked up the church and kept possession of 
 
 the key until 1774 or 1775. Grifiith, in his "Annals of Baltimore," 
 says, " By a ludicrous suit against Ganganelli, Pope of Home, for 
 want of other defendant, to recover the advances of Mr. McNabb, 
 who became a bankrupt, the church was sometime closed. This was 
 at the commencement of the Revolution, and the congregation as- 
 sembled in a private house in South Charles street, until possession 
 was recovered." The manner of re-opening St. Peter's was some- 
 what novel, and partook of the spirit of the times. A volunteer 
 company, probably in 1775, which was part of a military force or- 
 ganised to repel the apprehended attacks or incursions of Lord 
 Bunmore, Governor of Virginia, was in Baltimore, under the com- 
 mand of Captain Galbraith. The company was then employed in 
 guarding some Scotch malcontents from North Carolina. On Sun- 
 day morning some of the soldiers asked permission of the captain 
 to go to church. A majority of them decided on going to the Roman 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 67 
 
 Catholic Church, and on learning that it was closed and the key in 
 
 the possession of Mr. P , they marched in a body, with their 
 
 captain at their head, to the residence of this gentleman, and Cap- 
 tain Galbraith demanded the key of the church. It so happened 
 
 that Mr. P. had fallen under suspicion of being disaffected to 
 
 the cause of American independence, and, on seeing a body of 
 soldiers halted in front of his house, he apprehended they were 
 about to make him prisoner; but on learning their object, he 
 readily delivered the key to Captain Galbraith. The company 
 then moved off, opened the church, and after they had satisfied 
 their devotion, the Catholics retained possession of the key and the 
 church until the close of the Revolutionary war, after which period 
 the sum of two hundred pounds was raised by subscription and 
 paid to Mr. P. in discharge of the debt due to him, and he re- 
 linquished all claim upon the church. 
 
 There was no resident pastor at the church before the year 
 1784. The Rev. Mr. Phelan, an Irish priest, passed rapidly through 
 Baltimore, celebrated mass and preached in English in St. Peter's 
 Church, and also preached in French for the Acadians, who under- 
 stood English imperfectly. In the year 1782 Count Rochambeau, 
 returning with his army from Yorktown, halted in Baltimore, 
 where some of his troops remained until the close of the war. The 
 legion of the Duke De Lauzun encamped on the ground where the 
 Cathedral now stands, which, as well as that around St. Peter's, was 
 then covered with forest trees. The chaplains of the French army 
 frequently celebrated mass in this place. On one occasion a grand 
 mass was celebrated with great military pomp ; the celebrant was 
 an Irish priest, chaplain to General Count Rochambeau. The 
 bands of the French regiments accompanied the sacred service with 
 solemn music, the officers and soldiers attended in full uniform, and 
 a large concourse of the people of the town were present, so that 
 the small church was not only crowded, but the spacious yard in 
 front was also filled. St. Peter's remained in an unfinished state 
 until 1783. In the following year the Rev. Charles Sewell came to 
 reside in Baltimore, having been appointed pastor of St. Peter's, 
 and was the first resident Catholic priest. The congregation having 
 increased so much as to make a larger church necessary, an addi- 
 tion to St. Peter's was built, of larger dimensions than the original 
 church. The Rev. Mr. Sewell was the only pastor for two or three 
 years. This respectable priest had very moderate abilities as an 
 orator. In the year 1786 the Rev. John Carroll was stationed at 
 St. Peter's, and in conjunction with Mr. Sewell, attended to the la- 
 borious duties of the mission as parish priest for several years. 
 He preached his first sermon in Baltimore on the parable of the 
 ten virgins ; the classical purity of his composition, the sweetness 
 of his manner, and his earnest piety made a deep impression upon 
 his audience ; and on preaching a second time, he became a decided 
 favorite. His sermons were so much admired that many Protes- 
 
\ 
 
 68 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 tants attended them with great satisfaction. Before the Eevolution 
 the Catholics of America were dependent on the spiritual jurisdic- 
 tion of the bishop (Vicar Apostolic) of the London district ; but 
 after the Kevolution there was very little communication between 
 the bishop and the Catholics on this side of the Atlantic. Shortly 
 after the war the clergy of Maryland and Pennsylvania, convinced 
 of the necessity of a superior on the spot, requested permission ot 
 the Holy See to choose a superior from their own bod}'-; which 
 request having been acceded to, their unanimous suffrages centred 
 in the Eev. John Carroll, whose nomination was approved by the 
 Holy See, and ample power, even that of administering confirma- 
 tion, was immediately conferred upon him. 
 
 In the year 1789, the earliest general meeting of the Eoman 
 Catholic clergy of the United States of which we find any account, 
 was held in Baltimore. At that meeting it was decided that the 
 sovereign pontiff should be requested to establish an Episcopal 
 See in Baltimore, and the Kev. Dr. Carroll was recommended as a 
 suitable person for the office of chief pastor. It became necessary 
 for Dr. Carroll to go to Europe to receive consecration ; he accord- 
 ingly repaired to England, and presented himself for that purpose 
 to the Rt. Rev. Chas. Walmsley, bishop of Rama, senior vicar 
 apostolic of England. By invitation of Thomas Weld, Esq., the 
 consecration of the new bishop was performed during a solemn 
 high mass, in the elegant chapel of Lulworth castle, on Sunday, 
 the 15th August, 1790, and the munificence of that gentleman 
 omitted nothing that could possibly add dignity to so imposing a 
 ceremony. It was during his short stay in England that Bishop 
 Carroll met the Rev. Mr. iSTagot, who had been sent by the superior 
 general of the Sulpitians from Paris to London, to confer with him 
 upon the expediency of establishing a theological seminary in 
 America. The good bishop encouraged the pious design, and on 
 the 10th of July, 1791, Rev. Mr. Nagot, with several priests of the 
 society, arrived in Baltimore, and founded the Seminary of St. 
 Mary's. During their voyage they were accompanied by the cele- 
 brated Chateaubriand, then a young man on a visit to America. 
 It may be interesting to observe that at this time the whole thir- 
 teen original States were included in Bishop Carroll's diocese. 
 There were nineteen priests in Maryland and five in Pennsylvania. 
 
 In 1791 a diocesan synod was held by Bishop Carroll in Balti- 
 more, at which several decrees of discipline were enacted. This 
 synod was attended by twenty priests. Some time after this 
 period a very painful duty devolved upon the bishop by the mis- 
 conduct of a German or Dutch priest, named John Baptist Cousy, 
 who, being irregular, was suspended by him. Cousy was refrac- 
 tory, and having assembled some of his countrymen, said ma^s in 
 an old house formerly used as a theatre. Dr. Carroll at length 
 resolved to excommunicate him, and on the appointed day 
 preached on the occasion, taking his text from 2 Cor. iii., and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 69 
 
 manifested great sensibility. Sentence of excommunication was 
 formally pronounced against Cousy, whose followers immediately 
 deserted him. In St. Peter's Church, in the year 1800, the Eev. 
 Leonard Neale was consecrated bishop of Grortyna, and coadjutor 
 to the Rt. Rqv. John Carroll. 
 
 For many years St. Peter's was the cathedral church of Balti- 
 more, but the Catholics became so numerous that notwithstanding 
 the organization of St. Patrick's and St. John's congregations, St. 
 Peter's was crowded to excess on Sundays and holidays. Neces- 
 sity demanded the erection of a larger church, and the good bishop 
 laid the corner-stone of the present Cathedral on the 7tl;i of July, 
 1806, In 1808 Episcopal Sees were established at Boston, New 
 York, Philadelphia, and Bardstown, and Baltimore was erected 
 into a MetropoJitan Church, by which arrangement Dr. Carroll 
 was invested with the dignity of archbishop. On the former site 
 of St. Peter's is erected Calvert Hall, now a Catholic school for 
 boys. Full of years and good works, the venerable Ai*chbishop 
 Carroll surrendered his soul to his Maker on the 3d of December, 
 1815, in the eightieth year of his age. 
 
 The second Catholic church erected in Baltimore was St. Pat- 
 rick's. The original building has disappeared from its site in 
 Apple alley, near Wilks street. The congregation of St. Patrick's 
 Church dates as far back as 1792. The Catholics who lived in the 
 southeastern part of the city, known as Fell's Point, finding it very 
 inconvenient to attend worship at St. Peter's Church, which was 
 at nearly two miles' distance, procured the necessary approbation 
 of Bishop Carroll for the public exercise of divine service among 
 them, and for this purpose rented an unplastered room in the third 
 story of the house which was standing a few years since at the 
 northeast corner of Fleet and Bond streets. They fitted up this 
 room as a chapel, and the first mass was celebrated in it by the 
 Rt Eev. Bishop Carroll, assisted by the Rev. J. Tessier, afterwards 
 superior for many years of St. Mary's Seminary. The little con- 
 gregation was committed to the care of the Rev. Mr. Grarnier, who 
 soon devoted himself to his charge with the punctuality and zeal 
 of the true pastor. They next procured a room in the second 
 story of a house in Thames street, where religious worship was 
 performed for two or three years. In the year 1796 the number 
 of Catholics on the Point was so large that they determined to 
 build a church- A lot 60 by 100 feet was leased at a ground rent 
 of forty dollars per annum, and the church erected on Apple alley. 
 The whole length of the church was 42 feet, width 35 feet, and 
 height of ceiling 12 feet. 
 
 i77L Mr. William Eddis, in a letter dated January 18th, from 
 Annapolis to his friends in London, describes Baltimore as follows : 
 " This place, which is named Baltimore, in compliment to the Pro- 
 prietary's family, is situated on the northern branch of the river 
 Patapsco, about thirty miles higher up the bay of Chesapeake than 
 
70 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Annapolis, and at nearly the same distance by land. Within these 
 few years some scattered cottages were only to be found on this 
 spot, occupied by obscure storekeepers, merely for the supply of 
 the adjacent plantations. But the peculiar advantages it pos- 
 sesses, with respect to the trade of the frontier counties of Vir- 
 ginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, so strongly impressed the 
 mind of Mr. John Stevenson, an Irish gentleman who had settled 
 in the vicinity in a medical capacity, that he first conceived the 
 important project of rendering this port the grand emporium of 
 Maryland commerce. He accordingly applied himself, with as- 
 siduity, to the completion of his plan. The neighboring county 
 being fertile, well settled, and abounding in grain, Mr. Stevenson 
 contracted for considerable quantities of wheat, he freighted ves- 
 sels, and consigned them to a correspondent in his native country ; 
 the cargoes sold to great advantage, and returns were made 
 equally beneficial. The commencement of a trade so lucrative to 
 the first adventurers, soon became an object of universal attention. 
 Persons of a commercial and enterprising spirit emigrated from all 
 quarters to this new and promising scene of industry. Wharfs 
 were constructed ; elegant and convenient habitations were rapidly 
 erected ; marshes were drained ; spacious fields were occupied for 
 the purposes of general utility ; and within forty years from its 
 first commencement, Baltimore became not only the most wealthy 
 and populous town in the Province, but inferior to few on this 
 Continent, either in size, number of inhabitants, or the advantages 
 arising from a well-conducted and universal and commercial con- 
 nection." In a note he adds: "Soon after the appointment of 
 Mr. Eden to the government of Marj^land, Sir William Draper 
 arrived in that Province on a tour throughout the Continent. He 
 contemplated the origin of Baltimore, and its rapid progress, with 
 astonishment, and when introduced by the Governor to the 
 worthy founder, he elegantly accosted him by the appellation of 
 the American Eomulus." 
 
 Mr. Jonathan Hanson, son of the gentleman of that name who 
 had erected the third, fourth and fifth mills on the Falls, w^as ap- 
 pointed Inspector of Flour, which continued to be sold by weight 
 until after the Eevolution. 
 
 Messrs. Cumberland Dugan and Lemuel Cravath, from Boston, 
 the latter the first New-England gentleman who settled here, 
 traded largely hence. Mr. Dugan, who came from Ireland and 
 married in Boston, took the lot on Water street near Cheapside. 
 About this time Mr. William Moore built a stone house at the 
 southeast comer of South and Water streets. South street, origi- 
 nally an alley sixteen and a half feet broad, at the instance of N. 
 Kogers' guardians was widened from Baltimore street to the water 
 by the new inspection-house. 
 
 Samuel O wings and George Eisteau, Esqs., were elected dele- 
 gates in the places of Messrs. Eidgely and Ad^ir. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 71 
 
 Among those who arrived and carried on trade from Baltimore 
 about this period were Messrs. Hercules Courtenay, James Clarke, 
 Thos, Usher, James McHenry, David Williamson, David Stewart, 
 Daniel Carroll, David Plunkett, James Cheston, John Ashburner, 
 Matthew Eidley, William Eussell, Thomas Eussell, Jonathan Hud- 
 son, Eobert Walsh, Mark Pringle, James Somervel, Thomas Place, 
 John Eiddle, Charles Garts, William Neil, Johnson Grildert, John 
 McKim, George Woolsey, James Calhoun, William Aisquith, Joseph 
 Magoffin, Henry Schaeffer, George Lindenberger, Barnet Eichel- 
 berger, Francis Sanderson, Eichard Lemmon, Jacob Walsh, William 
 Wilson, George Presstman, Eichardson Stewart, Eobert Steuart, 
 Englehart Yeiser, Christopher Hughes, John Cornthwait, and 
 William Smith. The practising physicians in and near the town 
 were Doctors Lyon, Hultz, Stenhouse, Weisenthall, Pue, Steven- 
 son, Boyd, Craddock, Haslet, Gray, and Coulter. The members of 
 the bar who resided here were Eobert Alexander, Jeremiah T. 
 Chase, Benjamin Nicholson, Thomas Jones, George Chalmers, 
 Eobert Smith of W., Eobert Buchanan of W., W. Francis Curtis, 
 and David McMechin, Esqs. 
 
 ^.772. In this year the first efforts were made in Baltimore to 
 introduce the use of umbrellas as a defence from the sun and rain. 
 They were then scouted as a ridiculous effeminacy. On the other 
 hand, 'the phj^sicians recommended them to keep off vertigos, 
 epilepsies, sore-eyes, fevers, &c. Finally, as the doctors were their 
 chief patrons, they were generally adopted. They were of oiled 
 linen, very coarse and clumsy, with rattan sticks, and were imported 
 from India byway of England. Before their time some doctors and 
 ministers used an oiled linen cape hooked around their shoulders, 
 looking not unlike the big coat-capes now in use, and then called a 
 roquelaire. It was only used for severe storms. 
 N J 1773. The importance of the trade and intercourse had already 
 produced tbe establishment of a line of packets and stage-coaches, 
 by the head of Elk, to and from Philadelphia ; and a coffee-house 
 or hotel was opened at the Point.l^ 
 
 Until this period the hills on wnich the Cathedral and Hospital 
 are erected, and the grounds west of Greene street, where Mr. Lux 
 had established a rope-walk, and the south shore of the river from 
 Lee street, where Mr. Thomas Moore set up the frame of a vessel, 
 to the Fort point, were covered with forest trees or small planta- 
 tions. The grounds between the town and Point, called Philpot's 
 Hill, remained an open common. The last fair was held on Mr. 
 Howard's grounds, between Liberty and Greene streets, where 
 races were also run before the Eevolution. Most of the timber 
 fell a prey to the wants of necessitous inhabitants during the cold 
 winters of 1779 and 1783, and improvements did not commence, 
 even on Mr. Philpot's grounds, for some years after. 
 
 In May, Charles Eidgely, Thomas C. Deye, Aquilla Hall, and 
 Walter Tolley, Esqs., were elected delegates to the General As- 
 
 y 
 
72 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 sembly, and the subversion of the colonial government taking place 
 before the usual period of issuing writs for an election, which was 
 / three years, they were the last delegates under that government. 
 ^ Messrs. Moale and Steiger were authorised, at a session in June, 
 
 to add eighteen acres of ground lying between Bridge, now Gay 
 and Front streets. It was not carried into effect until eight years 
 after; but about eighty acres of Plowman, Philpot, and Fells' lands 
 were added to the town on the east. 
 
 The markets were regulated by law, and the commissioners au- 
 thorised to hire stalls, appoint a clerk, &c. 
 
 At this time Gay Street bridge was rebuilt of wood, and a new 
 one erected at Baltimore street, first of stone, which gave way when 
 finished, and then of wood; and for the first time on Water street, 
 now Lombard, another of wood. To the two last it was necessary 
 to raise causeways from Frederick street across the marsh. Mr. 
 Joseph Eathel issued proposals for a circulating library, but without 
 success. 
 
 Antecedent to the erection of Alms Houses in the State of 
 
 Maryland, the County Courts had levied tobacco for the relief of 
 
 the sick and infirm poor, from year to year, as other county charges 
 
 / were levied. The year before Baltimore County Alms House was 
 
 ^ authorised to be erected, 240 persons were relieved in the county, 
 
 then including Harford, and the amounts levied averaged 12J0O lbs. 
 
 of tobacco each — the levies per poll on 10,000 taxables being 
 
 sometimes in the name of persons who had the poor in charge, but 
 
 A generally in the name of the persons relieved at their own houses. 
 
 ^ f I At the session of Assembly in November 1773, an Act was passed, 
 
 i appointing Charles Eidgely, William Lux, John Moale, William 
 
 1 temith, and Samuel Purviance, of Baltimore Tow^n, and Andrew 
 
 I \Buchanan and Harry Dorsey Gough, trustees for the poor of Bal- 
 
 ytimore County, with corporate powers to fill their own vacancies, 
 and to elect one new member annually in the place of the first-named 
 in succession. Four thousand pounds in bills of credit, of a larger 
 loan made to the county, in common with other counties, were di- 
 rected to be paid the trustees, for the purpose of purchasing " in 
 Fee or Quantity " of land in the said county, not exceeding 100 
 acres, near and convenient to Baltimore Town, but not within a 
 half a mile thereof; and to agree and contract with a workman or 
 workmen, to undertake, erect, build, and in a workmanlike manner 
 to complete and finish, on the said land, when so purchased, good, 
 strong, sufficient and convenient houses, habitations, and dwellings, 
 for the reception of the poor of said county, and of such vagrants, 
 beggars, vagabonds, and other offenders, as shall be committed ; 
 and shall appropriate one part thereof, to be called the Alms House, 
 to and for the reception and lodging of the poor of said county ; 
 and another part or parts thereof, to bo called the Work House, to 
 and for the reception and lodging of all such vagrants and other 
 offenders ; and also to purchase sufficient beds, bedding, working 
 
CHKOKICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 73 
 
 tools, kitchen utensils, cows, horses, and other necessaries, of which > 
 vouchers were to be produced at Court. The people were taxed ^r 
 at the rate of 12 pounds of tobacco per poll annually to repay the 
 loan-office commissioners, and which in 1775-6 was levied by the 
 then sheriff, whose property on his return to England was confis- 
 cated to the State ; but the loan was still standing against the 
 county, and 15 pounds of tobacco per poll was authorised to be 
 levied by the Justices of the County Court, as had been provided 
 for individual poor before, " for the use, benefit and charge of main- 
 taining the poor, vagrants, &c., in the purchase of provisions and 
 other necessaries for use and labor ; in paying a Doctor for his 
 salary and medicines ; in providing men and women servants, to 
 be under the management and direction pf an overseer of such alms 
 and work house, hereafter to be appointed; and in purchasing 
 materials for the use and employment of the poor, and all beggars 
 &c., who shall be able to work and who shall be committed by 
 virtue of the act." The Trustees were directed to meet "on the 
 first Monday of May yearly, and at all such other times as they 
 shall judge necessary, at the Alms and Work house, to appoint a 
 fit person of said County to be overseer of the Alms and Work 
 house aforesaid, and such other proper officers and servants as to 
 them shall appear necessary, and in the first week in February, 
 May, August and November annually or oftener to make all such 
 good and wholesome ordinances, rules and by-laws as they shall 
 think convenient and necessary." It was made lawful for any one 
 Justice, and for any person authorised and appointed by such y 
 Justice, " to apprehend or cause to be apprehended any rogues, ^ 
 vagrants, vagabonds, beggars, and other idle dissolute and disor-^' 
 derly persons found loitering or residing in the said County, City 
 or Town corporate, who follows no labor, trade, occupation or busi- 
 ness, and have no visible means of subsistence whereby to acquire 
 an honest livelihood, thence to be kept. at hard labor for any term 
 not exceeding three months," which power was afterwards, on the 
 organization of a special Court of Oyer and Terminer for Baltimore 
 County, transferred with additional powers to said court; but on >/ 
 the adoption of the Penitentiary in September 1811, the County 
 work-house was used, as was the prison, for the detention of such 
 vagrants until they were duly convicted or acquitted. 
 
 The elevated and beautiful site of the Alms-house was first pur- 
 chased of Mr. William Lux for £350, containing twenty acres, 
 being nearly in form of a square, and situated northwest of the 
 town, at the head of North Howard street, and was on the square 
 formed by Eutaw, Biddle, Garden, and Madison streets. The 
 trustees erected the necessary buildings, then laid out the grounds, 
 planted them with trees in the most agreeable manner, excellent 
 water being procured from two wells about seventy feet deep each, 
 with pumps. On Wednesday, September 18th, 1776, a fire broke 
 out in the garret, caused by accident with some flax in the main 
 
\ 
 
 74 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 building. The wind blowing fresh from the westward, the fire 
 soon communicated to the dome and east wing, both of which 
 were nearly consumed before the engine from town arrived. By 
 the activity of the inhabitants, part of the west wing of the house 
 was preserved and most of the furniture. The main building was 
 immediately rebuilt, but the wing not until some years after. In 
 1792 nearly ten acres of land was purchased of Mr. Eussell, agent 
 of Mr. Lux, for the sum of £167 IBs. 5d., and added as a pasture, 
 by Messrs. P. Hoffman, W. McLaughlin, Alexander McKim, David 
 Brown, George Presstman, James McCannon, and Samuel Hol- 
 lingsworth, the then trustees, who with difficulty obtained the 
 acquiescence of the County Court, and to which ground the burial- 
 place was removed from the south side of Howard street when 
 that street was extended ten years afterwards. In pursuance of a 
 law passed in 1805, commissioners were appointed to open a road 
 in the extension of Howard street, to the north side of the Poor- 
 house ground, converting the square into two angles, and sepa- 
 rating about one-half of the garden from the other and from the 
 buildings, and the trustees were authorised to lease part of the 
 ground so separated from the rest. In the same year the manage- 
 ment of the Poor-house and funds of the poor was transferred to 
 the Justices of the Levy Court, at their own request, and they 
 proceeded to lay out and dispose of lots in pursuance of the 
 authority which had been given to the trustees, and which was 
 increased in the Court, to open other streets and lots on both 
 sides of the new road, by acts passed in 1807 and 1811, until 1816, 
 when the same Court was authorised to sell the house and all the 
 ground east of Biddle street, and to purchase land in the county 
 for a new alms-house. The Court advertised for land, but none 
 was tendered them which was considered sufficiently eligible and 
 cheap to induce them to abandon such extensive improvements so 
 conveniently placed as the present. 
 
 After a number of modifications in the system of relieving the 
 poor, the Legislature in 1799 authorised the trustees to pay a 
 pension, not exceeding thirty dollars each, to not more than ten 
 persons in one county, " whose peculiar circumstances may render 
 a situation in the Poor House particularly unsuitable," which 
 number of out-pensioners was extended to thirty persons in this 
 and other counties, and to forty persons, at forty dollars each, in 
 some about ten years after. In the meantime the Legislature was 
 importuned to special acts of relief, and this and some other coun- 
 ties were compelled by laws to provide for almost as many more 
 out-pensioners. 
 
 In 1819 or 1820 the city and county of Baltimore jointly, for 
 the sum of 844,000, purchased from the Mechanics' Bank of Balti- 
 more, " Calverton," formerly the country seat of Dennis A. Smith, 
 with its splendid mansion, to which the trustees added two wings 
 130 by 40 feet each, and other necessarj^ out-buildings, and thereby 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 75 
 
 formed the large and elegant alms-house, which in point of extent, ■) 
 convenience, and beauty of location, was not surpassed in its day 
 by any similar establishment in the United States. The old alms-- 
 house, between Eutaw and Howard streets, was demolished about 
 the year 1827. It contained 306 acres, and was situated about two 
 and a half miles from the court-house in a northwestern direction, 
 on the Franklin road. Iso part of the debt incurred in the pur- ^ 
 chase vvas paid until the year 1828, between which period and 1836 "5 
 the whole debt was cancelled. The purchase-mone}^ Avas paid out 
 of the proceeds of the old alms-house property,. and from the same 
 source also a very large proportion of the improvements, including 
 additional wings, &c. The entire cost of land and improvements 
 was about $94,odO. ^ 
 
 In 1866 Bay View Asylum, a new institution for the paupers 
 of the city which had been erected by the City of Baltimore, was 
 occupied. The grounds consist of forty-six acres, which were pur- 
 chased of the Canton Company, at the rate of $150 per acre. The 
 building is exceedingly imposing in appearance, and situated upon 
 a hill high enough to render it conspicuous for many miles. Over y 
 $500,000 have been expended on the premises, and every rare and^ 
 modern appliance afforded to render the asylum and its grounds - 
 equal to the best in the world. The wings and centre building 
 give an aggregate front of 71-4 feet, whilst it is three stories in 
 height, including the basement. The top of the cupola rises to the 
 height of 184 feet, whilst the base is estimated at 100 feet above 
 tide-water. More than seven millions of brick have been used in 
 the work of erection. The superintending architect of the build- 
 ing was John W. Hogg, Esq. The principal management of fitting >^ 
 it up for the occupation was performed by James McDougall, Sr., ^ - 
 "VV. W. Maughlin, William Callow, A. W. Poulson, and James F. ^ 
 Ross, Esqs., trustees appointed by the Mayor, whose labors, 
 though gratuitous, were of the utmost advantage to the city in 
 point of economy and com])leteness. It was under the able ad- 
 ministration of these geiitlenuu, that an asylum for the insane was 
 established in the building, which proved to be a saving to the city 
 of nearly $35,000 a year. 
 
 The sale of the old "Almshouse " property took place at the 
 Exchange Salesroom on Tuesday, April 18th, and drew together a 
 large number of capitalists and property-dealers. Mr. F. W. Ben- 
 nett, the auctioneer, first offered lot No. 1, containing Vl\ acres, 
 binding on the southwest side of the Calverton turnpike road at 
 the junction of the Potomac Eailroad. The first bid was $1500 
 per acre, but was finally knocked down to Thomas G. Scharf, Esq., 
 at $3600 per acre, he becoming the purchaser at that price, it being 
 $45,900 for the lot. Lot No. 2 was divided into three lots. The 
 first lot, comprising within its limits the almshouse buildings and 
 the stone quarry, and containing 36 i acres, was sold after much 
 effort to Messrs. William S. Raynor and James Bromell, at $2600 
 
\ 
 
 76 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 per acre, pr ?94,250 for the lot. The second portion of lot ISTo. 2, 
 containing 28 acres, was, sold to.Mi% A. §., Abell at $2610 per acre, 
 Dr"$73,b8d for, the lot. . The.third.portion of lot JSTp. 2, containing 
 271 acres, was sold to Mr. A. B. Patterson at $500 per acre, or 
 $13,-625 for the lot. Lot No. 3, containino; 67i acres adjoining lot 
 No. 2, was sold to Mr. A. S. Abell at $1700 per acre, or $114,750 
 for the lot. The sale amounting in the total to $341,605. 
 
 In the latter part of the yenv 1735 Mr. John Wesley and his 
 brother Charles consented to leave England, and to come over to 
 America as missionaries to the Indians, and on the 14th of Oc- 
 tober, 1735, they set off. After a passage of more than three 
 months, they landed on the 6th of February, 1736, at Tybee, near 
 Savannah, Georgia. On the 24th of December, 1737, Mr. Jo_hn. 
 Wesley sailed from. Charleston, South Carolina, for Englaifd, and 
 never returned again to America. Mr. Charles WesJ.ey embarked 
 for England in July, 1736, after ^ short stay of^arbout six months 
 in Georgia. Mr. George _Whitefield, who^<3^nie to America in May, 
 1740, passed through.Baltimore qn^seyeral visits to the members 
 of the Methodist society from Europe, settled in the United States 
 (then British Colonies), who were scattered about as sheep having 
 neither fold nor shepherd. . In the beginning of the year 1766 the 
 first permanent Methodist society was formed in th.@ city of New 
 York. Not long after this society was formed in New York, Eob- 
 ert Strawbridge, .from Ireland, who had settled in Frederick 
 county, in the State of Maryland, begaa to hold meetings in public, 
 aqd joined a^sQciety together near Pipe Creek., Mr. Strawbridge 
 was a useful man, and zealous in the cause, as he spent much of 
 his time in preaching the Gospel in different places before any reg- 
 ular preachers were sent over to this.country by Mr. Wesley. The 
 first Methodist meeting-house, that wasbuilt in tTie United States, 
 was in John Street, New York ; the second by Mr. Strawbridge 
 and his societ)'', near Pipe Creek in Frederick county, Maryland, 
 and was called the "Lpg Meeting House." On the 24th of Oc- 
 tober, 1769, Mr. Boardman and Mr. Pillmore landed at Gloucester 
 Point, below Philadelphia, from England, and were the first regular 
 itinerant Methodist pre^ichers that ever came to the United States. 
 On the 27th of October Mr. Francis Asbury and Mr. Eichard 
 Wright arrived in Philadelphia, having been sent over from Eng- 
 land by Mr. John Wesley to this country. They soon began to 
 extend their labors farther into the, country, i^nd in a short time 
 they preached in Baltimore, with .Mr. Ban kin, Webb, King, Wil- 
 liams, Pillmore and others. Mr. Asbury first preached in Balti- 
 more at Fell's Point on Saturday, November 28th, 1772. In No- 
 vember, 1773, Messrs. Jesse Hollingsworth, George Wells, Richard 
 Moale, Ge6rge Robinson, John Woodw^ard, and others, formed a so- 
 ciety on Fell's Point, and built the first Methodist meeting-house 
 in the city of Baltimore, in Strawberry alley. 
 
 On the 11th of February, 1774, William Moore and Philip 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 77 
 
 Rogers took up a subscripton towards building another church in 
 Baltimore Town, and secured a lot in Lovely lane, which lay im- 
 mediately south of Baltimore street, running from Calvert to South 
 street. The history of this first Methodist meeting-house west of 
 Jones Falls, and the second in Baltimore Town, and which has 
 long since been removed and its precise site scarcely known, re- 
 veals the following facts: On Monday, the eighteenth day of 
 April, 1774, the foundation of the house was laid, and the first 
 quarterly meeting that was ever held in the town of Baltimore 
 was on Tuesday the third of May in this year. In October of the 
 same year the building was completed, and Captain Webb, the 
 British officer, and faithful pioneer local preacher, delivered his 
 Gospel message to the congregation assembled therein. On the 
 21st of May, 1776, the first conference of Methodist preachers held 
 in Baltimore, took place in this meeting-house. The first three 
 conferences had been held in Philadelphia. The Methodists met 
 with some particular persecutions this year. Mr. Asbury says, on 
 the 20th day of June " I was fined near Baltimore five pounds for 
 preaching the gospel." It was with great difficulty the preachers 
 could travel their circuits, on account of the war which was 
 spreading through the land ; these persecutions were due perhaps 
 to the fact that the preachers were all from England, and some of 
 whom were so imprudent as to speak too freely against the pro- 
 ceedings of the Americans. During the Eevolutionary war a num- 
 ber of the Methodist preachers were brought into difficulties and 
 suiferings. In April, 1778, Joseph Hartley, one of the travelling 
 preachers, was apprehended in Queen Anne's county for preaching, 
 and afterwards in Talbot county was seized by the people and 
 shut up in jail. Freeborn Garretson, another travelling preacher, 
 was severely beaten in Queen Anne's county. Mr. Asbury says, 
 " On conscientious principles I was a non-juror, and could not 
 preach in the state of Maryland, and therefore withdrew to the 
 Delaware state, where the clergy were not required to take the 
 state oath, though with a clear conscience I could have taken the 
 oath of the Delaware state had it been required, and would have 
 done it, had 1 not been prevented by a tender fear of hurting the 
 scrupulous consciences of others." ^ 
 
 On the 24th day of April, 1780, the eighth conference met in '^ 
 Baltimore, where the northern preachers only attended. This con- 
 ference took under consideration the subject of slavery, and re- ^ 
 quired all the travelling preachers who belonged to the Baltimore ^ 
 Conference to promise that if they held slaves they would set them 
 free. They went further, and said that they believed that keeping 
 of slaves was contrary to the laws of God, of man, and of nature, 
 and that it was hurtful to society and contrary to the dictates of 
 conscience and pure religion. They also said, "We pass our dis- 
 approbation on all our friends who keep slaves." 
 
 December 27th, 1784, the thirteenth conference began in Bal- 
 
78 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 timore, and where the most important epoch in the history of 
 American Methodism occurred, which has given to the Lovely 
 Lane Meeting House and to the preachers assembled on that oc- 
 casion, a commanding position in the religious history of this 
 country. The Methodist societies in the United States were here 
 organized into the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States 
 of America, and Kev. Thomas Coke, LL. D., and Eev. Francis 
 Asburj^ became the first bishops of the Church. The rapid growth 
 of Methodism soon rendered the Lovely Lane Meeting House too 
 limited to accommodate the people, and arrangements were made 
 to locate the First Light Street Church on the northwest corner 
 of Light street and Wine alley. The building was commenced in 
 August, 1785, being 46 feet front by 70 feet deep. On May 21st, 
 1786, the church was dedicated to worship by Bishop Asbury; 
 subject in the morning, Psalm Ixxxiv. 10 ; in the evening 1st 
 Kings ix. 6-9, The subject of liberal education engaged the at- 
 tention of Bishops Coke and Asbury and their early fellow-laborers, 
 and at the close of the conference in 1785, " A plan for erecting a col- 
 lege, intended to advance religion in America, to be presented to 
 the principal members and friends of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church," was decided on, and signed by the two superintendents. 
 A site was selected in Abingdon, Harford county, Maryland, and 
 the two superintendents called the college, when finished, after their 
 own names, '' Cokesbury College." On the 8th, 9th and 10th days of 
 December, 1787, the college was opened, and Mr. Asbury preached 
 each day ; the dedication sermon on Sunday from 2 Kings iv. 40, 
 *'0 thou man of God, there is death in the pot." On the 4th of 
 Decembei-, 1795, the college was destroj^ed by fire. The Metho- 
 dists of Baltimore rallied to the relief of the Church to repair this 
 calamity. A large assembly or ball-room which stood on the lot 
 where the late Light Street Church stood, was purchased, and 
 Cokesbury College was re-opened under favorable auspices. A sad 
 trial awaited the First Light Street Church and the second 
 Cokesbury College. Mr. Patrick Colvin's mortal remains were 
 borne to Light Street church, December 4th, 1796. Eev. Henry 
 Willis was officiating on the occasion ; in the midst of the solemn 
 service a cry of fire was heard, the flames were issuing from a 
 contiguous building (see fire in the year 1796), and in a short 
 time the first Light Street Church and the second Cokesbury Col- 
 lege were smouldering ruins. It was remarkable that this destruc- 
 tive fire occurred precisely in one year after the loss of the first 
 college by conflagration. This catastrophe awoke valuable sym- 
 pathy among the citizens of Baltimore ; and the members and 
 friends of the church immediately projected the building of a new 
 and commodious edifice. A lot was secured from Mr. Daniel Grant 
 on the southwest corner of Light street and Wine allc}^, being the 
 opposite corner to the one previously occupied. The trustees, Mr. 
 Jamos McCannon, William Hawkins, Isaac Burneston, Samuel 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 7y 
 
 Owings, John Hagerty, Job Smith, Caleb Hewitt, AYalter Simpson, 
 and Philip Eogers paid for the lot £5,360 Maryland currency. On 
 October 29, 1797, being about ten months after the loss of the first 
 church. Bishop Asbury dedicated the new Light Street Church. 
 This church was removed upon the opening of German street. 
 
 In 1788 Methodism greatly increased in Baltimore, and in the 
 course of the summer a plan was adopted of preaching on the 
 common, or in the Lexington Market on Howard's Hill, every Sunday 
 afternoon after the services were ended in the churches. On the 
 18th of May 1800, Eichard Whatcoat was ordained a bishop at the 
 thir.d regular conference, held in Baltimore, by the laying on of 
 hands by Dr. Coke, Mr. Asbury, and some of the Elders. 
 
 In the year 1801, camp-meetings were first introduced in the 
 new pai*t8 of the country where the people were but thinly settled, 
 and no house could hold them when the people collected together. 
 The first camp-meeting that was ever held in the State of Mary- 
 land was in the woods, about fifteen miles from Baltimore, a little 
 to the east, on the Keisterstown road. This meeting was held 
 in September, 1803, and began on Saturday and ended on Monday. 
 That day was long remembered as " The happy Monday, the 
 blessed 26th of September, 1803." 
 
 Up to this time the newspapers of Philadelphia and Annapolis 
 were the sole media of information for Baltimoreans, and the 
 only means of advertising their wares or their wants. The Mary- 
 land Gazette, originally published in the interest of the Provincial 
 Government, by Jonas Green, at Annapolis, with the Pennsylvania 
 Journal and the Weekly Advertiser, the Pennsylvania Chronicle and 
 Universal Advertiser, and the Pennsylvania Packet, or the General 
 Advertiser, published at Philadelphia, seemed to have hitherto 
 satisfied every requirement. There was not a practical printer to 
 be found within the limits of the town ; and yet matters of the 
 gravest political importance were culminating, and many of the 
 leading minds in the colonies were becoming editors and pam- 
 phleteers. The Pennsylvania Chronicle was published weekly in 
 Philadelphia on Monday. The first number appeared January 
 6th, 1767, by William Goddard, at ten shillings per annum. This 
 was the fourth newspaper in the English language established at 
 Philadelphia, and the first with four columns to a page in the 
 colonies. The second and third years it was printed in quarto, 
 and the fourth year again in folio. It was ably edited, having the 
 celebrated Joseph Galloway, Esq., and Thomas AVharton, Esq., as 
 secret partners. It gained great circulation. It became at last 
 too Tory in its bias to stand the times. It continued till February, y 
 1773. A short time afterwards Mr. Goddard made a visit to Bal- y^ 
 timore, where he was urged by some prominent townsmen to 
 undertake the jDublication of a paper here, with assurances of 
 hearty co-operation and liberal support. This resulted in Mr. God- 
 dard's removal to Baltimore late in June, 1773, and in the general 
 
80 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 advertisement on the 15th of the month following, in the Mary- 
 land Gazette, of the prospectus of The Maryland Journal and Bal- 
 timore Advertiser, which was announced to appear in August. 
 Meanwhile an office was secured, a press erected, a handsome 
 outfit of type and material obtained, several old employees brought 
 hither from Philadelphia to work at the case, and every provision 
 made for a successful debut. The first issue of The Maryland 
 Journal and Baltimore Advertiser appeared on the morning of 
 Friday, August 20th, 1773, and was distributed throughout the 
 town and Fell's Point. It was in folio sheet, 18x24 inches, and 
 contained twelve broad columns. It was prinjied from a new and 
 beautiful Elzevir type, on heavy book paper. The press-work was 
 admirable. The armorial bearings of the Province, engraved by 
 Sparrow at Annapolis, formed the device with the title. Typo- 
 graphically the paper compared favorably with any printed in the 
 colonies. The motto selected for the Journal — and the papers of 
 that day invariably had mottoes — was the familiar couplet from 
 Horace : 
 
 Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci. 
 Lectorum deiectando, pariterque monendo. 
 
 Which may be thus freely translated : 
 
 He carries every point who blends the useful with the agreeable, 
 Amusing his reader while he instructs him. 
 
 The paper was published every week from the office in Market 
 street, three doors from the corner of South lane, then, as it now 
 is, the business heart of the town, at ten shillings per annum. 
 Late in October Mr. Goddard made a "tour to the northern 
 colonies," leaving his sister, Miss Mary K. Goddard, in charge of 
 the paper, a position which she most acceptably filled. The 
 founder of the first newspaper in Baltimore was also the founder 
 of our present national postal system. Mr. Goddard was the most 
 enterprising editor of his day. He had pledged himself to present 
 the news to his readers, and he determined to do it. But the mails 
 were under a systemized espionage : they were regularly tam- 
 pered with. All matter considered prejudicial to the interests of 
 the Koyal Government was suppressed. And, apart from these 
 considerations, the service was inefficient and the range of its 
 operations narrow. Already Mr. Goddard had established a special 
 post to Philadelphia in connection with his paper, the success 
 of which induced him to attempt the establishment of a complete 
 postal system throughout the colonies. With this end in view, he 
 started northward in February, 1774, leaving his sister for the 
 second time in full charge. Mr. Goddard returned July 1st, and 
 on the 2d announced in his paper, " that his proposal for estab- 
 lishing an American post-office on constitutional principles hath 
 been warmly and generously patronized by the friends of free- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 81 
 
 dom in all the great commercial towns in the Eastern colo- 
 nies." The same number gives at length the official plan 
 for establishing a new American post-office, signed William 
 Goddard, which within a month was in full operation, from 
 Maine to Georgia — certainly a note-worthy incident in con- 
 nection with the history of this paper. It may be mentioned, 
 also, that Miss Mary K. Goddard was appointed the Postmistress 
 in Baltimore, which position she held for fifteen years, and that 
 the mails were received and distributed at the Journal office. In y 
 November, 1775, paper became very scarce, and Mr. Goddard ^^ 
 established a paper factory near the town. In March, Mr. God- 
 dard was mobbed by the " Whig Club." [See mob in the year 
 1797.] On the 8th of June, 1779, Colonel Eleazer Oswald, a gal- 
 lant and distinguished officer, formed a business connection with 
 his friend Goddard, at Baltimore. In the Journal for July 6th, 
 1779, appeared the article, "Queries — Political and Militar}-," 
 which caused the mob as recorded in the year 1779. On the 19th 
 of February, 1783, the Journal published an extra, headed "The 
 Olive," announcing, in advance of any paper in the country, the 
 signing of the preliminary articles of peace at Paris, the news 
 having been brought direct by a Baltimore clipper. Miss Goddard 
 having continued ostensible "Printress" and "Editress" of the 
 Journal during the war, and until the 1st of January, 1784, when 
 her brother, who had been on a long absence north, returned to 
 Baltimore and resumed his original connection with the Journal^ 
 the number for Januarj^ 2d being published by William and Mary 
 K. Goddard. They jointly'conducted it until January 25th, 1785, 
 when Edward Langworthy, " a gentleman of character and abil- 
 ities," becomes a partner, and it is published by them regularly 
 until January 1st, 1787, when Mr. Langworthy retired, and Mr. 
 Goddard alone continued it. On the 7th of August, 1789, Mr. 
 James Angell, " a young man who hath embarked his all in this 
 establishment," becomes co-editor and partner. About this time a 
 personal controversy was carried on through the columns of the 
 Journal, between Leonard Harbaugh and Christopher Hughes, con- 
 tinuing for some time, and frequently filling from one to two columns. 
 Mr. Harbaugh, it seems, overwhelmed Mr. Hughes with satire and 
 ridicule, as the end will show. In answer to Mr. Hughes, the fol- 
 lowing appears in the Journal of Feb. 9th, 1790: "We hear that 
 the noted Kit Crucible, alias Kit Chartres, hath given his white- 
 faced Nag a Respite from his daily labor of carrying his master's 
 dead weight through the streets of Baltimore, and applies himself 
 closely, at his Forge, Anvil, and Vice (near Harbaugh's Wharf), in 
 melting down, casting and hammering into solid Ingots, his old But- 
 tons, Buckles, and Sp >ons, with his Clippings and Filings, for the 
 encouragement of a certain Attorney Incog, who hath become Cruci- 
 ble's Btilows Blower, in the present Exigency of his Affairs. Beware 
 of the Alloy." This card, it seems, was too much for Mr. Hughes, . 
 6 
 
82 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 for we find shortly after, the following in the same paper: "Kit 
 Hughes, the Silversmith, unable, it seems, to Eefute the Charges 
 of the ^Sturdy Carpenter,' hath essayed to confound them by clap- 
 ping a Writ on the Editors, for the free promulgation of accusa- 
 tions derogatory to his fair immaculate character, — they have 
 only publicly to present him their Compliments and assure him 
 they will do themselves the Honor cheerfully to attend his polite 
 and Pressing Invitation (per the High-Sheriif of the County) to the 
 General Court in May next, when, they doubt not, they shall 
 further illustrate a Character, already conspicuous, highly to the 
 satisfaction of the lovers oi real sport." From the Journal we also 
 get the following: "On Monday, March 17th, 1794, in Baltimore 
 County Criminal Court, an indictment against Goddard & Angell, 
 as the printers of a publication of Leonard Harbaugh against 
 Christopher Hughes, the Chief Justice, in a long and labored 
 charge to the Petit Jury, expressed in the most dogmatical manner 
 his decided opinion against the defendants, but his doctrine of the 
 law of libels appearing to the jury to be utterly inconsistent with 
 every principle of a free Constitution, they had patriotism enough 
 to scout it and to acquit the Printers. The following persons com- 
 posed the Jury: Kichardson Stewart, Caleb Hewett, Caleb Smith, 
 Joshua Porter, John Picket, Matthew Swain, Alexander Coulter, 
 John LaypoU, John McClellan, Jacob Eichelberger, George Wiley, 
 and Jacob Miller. Counsel for the' Printers, James Winchester 
 and liobert Smith." 
 
 Messrs. Goddard and Angell continued in partnership until 
 August 14th, 1792, when Mr. Goddard," w^ho became involved in 
 financial difficulties, sold his interest in the Journal to Mr. Angell, 
 The following extract is taken from the Journal of August 
 14th, 1792, -'Address to the friends and patrons of the Maryland 
 Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, and in relinquishing a business 
 reared under favor of the public, to its present consequence and 
 respectability, by long perseverance and incessant application, on 
 a small Capital of a si/i^/e solitary Guinea, after a total wreck of 
 my fortune in another state. It is, however, an alleviating circum- 
 stance, that by this measure, I am enabled to do justice to a worthy 
 friend, who, from my too sanguine anticipation of the growth and 
 importance of this really flourishing Town, spontaneously became 
 my security, in an unfortunate speculation for upwards of twenty- 
 five hundred pounds, and has actually advanced the money. From 
 an anxious desire fully to indemnity this disinterested gentleman, 
 who never wounded me by an unkind suspicion — an untimely im- 
 portunity, or, by a word, or even the countenance of dissatisfaction, 
 and from a consideration of my age (verging fast on 52 years) 
 the little probability that I should, by the most unwearied in- 
 dustry, be able, seasonably, to discharge this highest of all moral 
 obligations, I have, after mature deliberation, disposed of my whole 
 Printing concern (one of the most considerable in the United 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 83 
 
 States) for a valuable consideration, to my partner and brother-in- 
 law, Mr. James Angell." Mr. Goddard removed to near Providence, 
 R. I. On the 24th of January 1795, it is announced in the Journal 
 that Mr. Goddard had been elected to the Khode Island Legis- 
 laiui*e. Miss Goddard remained in Baltimore, where she kept a 
 book-store until 1802; she died on Monday the 12th of August, 
 1816, aged 80 years. 
 
 On the .1st of November 1793, Mr. Paul James Sullivan pur- 
 chased an interest in the establishment, and assisted Mr. Angell in 
 the editorial duties. On the first day of Mr. Sullivan's connection, 
 the Journal became a tri-weekly, and so continued until it became 
 a daily, a 3^ear later. Mr. Sullivan retired on the 11th of June, 
 and Mr. Angell alone carried on its publication until October 24th, 
 1794, when Mr. Francis Blumfield purchased and published it until 
 January 1st, 1795, Avhen Mr. Philip Edwards, editor of the Balti- 
 more Daily Advertiser, purchases an interest, and consolidates hia 
 paper with the Journal, which then begins its daily publication. 
 The paper was continued under the title of The Maryland Journal 
 and Baltimore Universal Daily Advertiser, June ISth, 1795, Mr. 
 Francis Blumfield retired from the establishment, and Mr. John 
 W. Allen took his place. Mr. Philip Edwards and Mr. J. W. 
 Allen remain but a short time associated in its conduct, for on the 
 18th of June, 1796, they dissolved partnership, and the Journal 
 *'after a continuation of 23 years is continued by Philip Edwards." 
 On the 2d of August 1796, a partnership commenced between Mr. 
 P. Edwards, and W. C. Smyth, under the firm of Edwards & Smyth. 
 They remained in partnership but a short time, for on the 8th of 
 September, 1796, the Journal was continued b}' P. Edwards. On 
 the 4th of December, 1796, the Journal office was burnt out, [see 
 fire 1796] and the paper suspended until the 2d of January, when 
 it Avas continued by Mr. D. Finchete Freebairn as editor and pro- 
 prietor. After the fire on the 9th of December, 1796, Mr. P. 
 Edwards published the following card in the Federal Gazette and 
 Baltimore Daily Advertiser: "To the Subscribers, Friends, and 
 Patrons of the Maryland Journal and Baltimore Daily Advertiser — 
 Citizens : The dreadful fire which happened on Sunday last, con- 
 tiguous to my printing office, obliged me to remove the apparatus, 
 and everything belonging to my business, so that I have not a 
 single press fit to work, and a considerable quantity of types, 
 thrown together in the utmost confusion. Being thus unfor- 
 tunately situated, I have through necessity, suspended the publi- 
 cation of the Maryland Journal,^&(i., but hope in a few days to be 
 enabled to commence again its publication ; and that my friends 
 and customers, considci'ing the great calamity which has taken 
 place, and the trouble and difficulties I have experienced, will 
 kindly wait a few days, assuring them that the utmost diligence 
 will be exerted on this occasion, and that I shall ever have a 
 grateful sense of their indulgence, and will endeavour, by every 
 
84 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 means in my power, to make them amends hereafter, whenever 
 any public matter of importance may occur. I am with great 
 respect the public's most obedient, and very humble servant, Philip 
 Edwards." 
 
 In the Jonrnal of Tuesday the 28th of February, Mr. D. F. 
 Freebairn " announces to the public, in particular to the patrons 
 of the Maryland Journal^ that its publication, by him, will ter- 
 minate with this month." He also says: " Was he to judge of the 
 public opinion from the encouragement he has received, he would 
 consider it as not favorable towards the continuance of its old and 
 faithful Mirror. As it is certain that its support has not been near 
 equal to the pains and expences of its publication." In the same 
 paper Mr. P. Edwards says: "The publication of the Maryland 
 Journal is necessarily suspended for a short time. Arrangements 
 are m.ade for its continuance, upon a plan which cannot fail of 
 rendering it acceptable to an enlightened public. The apparatus 
 are entirely new, and are daily expected to arrive. The subscriber, 
 therefore, under whose immediate care it will be conducted, solicits 
 the exercise of the public patience and candor, and informs the 
 patrons of the Journal, that in a few days they may expect its 
 appearance in a new and improved form. Timely and proper 
 notice will be given." On Tuesday, March 21st, 1797, the former 
 editor, Mr. Philip Edwards, "solicited by some of his friends, and 
 influenced by other private considerations, is determined once 
 more to attempt an establishment of this truly valuable paper." 
 The paper was issued upon the before-mentioned date, and named 
 simply the Maryland Journal. From the Maryland Journal of Thurs- 
 day, June 29th, 1797, we extract the following from a card pub- 
 lished by Mr. Philip Edwards, editor, &c. : — " I am now constrained 
 to inform them [the public] that such are the difficulties of my 
 present situation, that I find it necessary for me to decline the 
 publication of my paper altogether. It is with regret, much 
 regret, I relinquish a pursuit, from which I expected much satis- 
 faction ; but so it is — the Maryland Journal will be no longer con- 
 tinued after the 30th June (to-morrow), the last day of the present 
 month." 
 
 The Baltimore American and Daily Advertiser was first published 
 by Mr. Alexander Martin, at the time mentioned in a brief sketch 
 of the early history of the paper, published under the signature of 
 Mr. Martin in the American of June 9th, 1800, which is as follows: 
 " On the 14th May, 1799, the American first commenced. It had 
 then no subscribers previously engaged. Like a friendless stranger, 
 it threw itself upon the generosity of the public; nor were its 
 hopes misplaced. Many of the hospitable doors of the citizens 
 were thrown open for its reception ; and at this period, nine hun- 
 dred citizens daily take it in." There were two offices, for we find 
 in the first number the following notice :—" Subscriptions, Adver- 
 tisements, and Communications for this paper received at No. 15 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 85 
 
 Baltimore street, where all business connected with this establish- 
 ment will be attended to with the same promptitude as at the 
 Office of the publisher, Ko. 39 Bond street. Fell's Point." From. 
 that time to this — seventy-five years, lacking but a few months — 
 the regular publication of this paper, which bears the same name 
 now that it did then, has not for a day been interrupted — with a 
 single exception, and that was when its then patriotic editor strapped 
 on his sword, and every employee of the establishment shouldered 
 his musket and met the enemy on the battle-field of North Point! 
 To compensate his subscribers for the deficiency of size in his 
 paper, the editor issued thQ Honey Comb, a dainty little literary paper 
 of eight pages, beautifully printed, and full of interesting matter, 
 beginning on the 18th of August, and it was continued until the 
 14th of November, when the American was considerably enlarged 
 and otherwise improved. The office was also removed to Second 
 street, near South. On the 1st of January, 1803, Mr. Martin hav- 
 ing sold out his interest to Messrs. Pechin & Frailey, they became 
 the proprietors of the American^ and removed its office to No. 31 
 South Gay street, near the Custom-house. Mr. Martin settled 
 down permanently in Baltimore, opened a printing office, and on 
 January 1st, 1804, began the publication of the Rush-Light, a 
 satirical, political, and literary weekly journal, which, in Sep- 
 tember of the same year, began a series of papers upon Pechin, 
 sharply criticising him. The latter gentleman answers him, and 
 the Rush-Light goes out. On the 10th of August, 1805, Mr. Frailey, 
 a most efficient coadjutor, on account of ill-health withdrew, and 
 Mr. Pechin became full proprietor. 
 
 On the 1st of July, 1810, Mr. Pechin, who had associated with 
 himself Messrs. Dobbin & Murphy, the paper on that daj' bears at 
 its head the names of "W. Pechin, G. Dobbin & Murphy." On 
 the 23d of September, Mr. Pechin is nominated by the Democratic 
 Republicans of this city to represent them in the State Legislature, 
 and after an active canvass, on October 7th he was elected by a 
 large majority. On Tuesday, the 3d of December, Mr. George 
 Dobbin, one of the proprietors of the American, died in his 38th 
 year. The name of the firm remained unchanged. The share 
 owned by Mr. Dobbin was worked for the benefit of his widow 
 (who is still living), and when his son (the late Robert A. Dobbin) 
 arrived at manhood, he took his father's place as a partner. Early 
 in 1812 the office of the American was removed to No. 4 Harrison 
 street, and remained there for some years. On the 10th of Sep- 
 tember, 1814, announcement is made in the American that for a few 
 days the publication of the paper would be suspended. Messrs. Dob- 
 bin & Murphy, the printers, and Major Pechin, the editor, with every 
 attache of the paper, are enrolled among the volunteers, and were 
 immediately sent forward. On account of the indisposition of the 
 aged Colonel of the Sixth Regiment, the command devolved upon 
 Major Pechin, who promptly took the field at the head of 600 
 
86 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 men, rendering most efficient service. On the 20th of September, 
 the American resumed publication, since which time — 59 years 
 ago — with the exception of Sundays and two annual holidays, it 
 has been published regularly every morning. The number for 
 September 21st, 1814, gave to the people of America their national 
 anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner," written only a week be- 
 fore — a most interesting fact in the history of this paper. In 
 1815, Mr. Wm. Bose was taken into the firm, and his name first 
 appears at the head of the editorial columns in the issue of the 
 4th of July, 1815. The firm then was Pechin, Dobbin, Murphy k 
 Bose. 
 
 On the 17th of January, 1849, the American office was removed 
 from the building which it had occupied for nearly forty years 
 (No. 2 South Gay street), to its present location, Nos. 126 and 128 
 West Baltimore Street. On Saturday, March 9th, 1850, the first 
 number of the Weekly American was issued. The old firm of 
 Dobbin, Murphy & Bose. which had been in existence for nearly 
 half a centur}^, was dissolved on the 30th of June, 1853. Mr. 
 Dobbin purchased the interest of Mr. Murphy, and Charles C. 
 Fulton purchased the interest of Mr. Bose. For the next eleven 
 years the American was owned and published by Dobbin & Fulton. 
 From the time that Mr. Fulton became a member of the firm of 
 publishers, there was a change in the tone and spirit of the paper; 
 its scope of vision was vastly enlarged, and new life and vigor were 
 infused into the " news," " local," and editorial departments. His 
 experience as a journalist had taught him that money must bo 
 expended in the gathering of news, if a paper would afi'ord its 
 readers that which is latest and most striking, and that all outlays 
 in this direction brought ample returns. Acting upon this prin- 
 ciple, Mr. Fulton has succeeded in making the American one of 
 the most entertaining and instructive newspapers south of Mason 
 and Dixon's line, and placed it beside the great journals of New 
 York in enterprise and far-reaching vigilance. In September, 
 1862, Mr. Dobbin died, and Mr. Fulton purchased the interest in the 
 American which descended to his heirs, thereby becoming sole 
 proprietor. Mr. Fulton was always a great believer in " special 
 correspondence," and during the war the American was frequently 
 in advance of all other newspapers in the country'', in its letters 
 from the great battle-fields. He was with the army of the Potomac 
 himself during two of its most important campaigns, and the 
 readers of the American got the benefit of his candor, his accurate 
 habits of observation, and his indomitable enterprise in gathei'ing 
 and sending news while the incidents are fresh. The American 
 paid more attention to our naval operations during the war than 
 any other newspaper in the United States. Mr. Fulton's son 
 (Albert K. Fulton, one of the present proprietors of the American) 
 was an engineer on Admiral Farragut's flag-ship the Hartford, 
 and the American published the first, the fullest, and most graphic 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 87 
 
 descriptions of all the great naval engagements fought by that il- 
 lustrious commander. Mr. Fulton himself accompanied the first 
 " iron-clad " expedition against Fort Sumter, and was on board the 
 United States steamer Bibb when the attack was made. Con- 
 sidering that the American is published in a cit}^ in which for the 
 last fifteen years the preponderating political sentiment has been 
 against it, the w^onderful success it has achieved can only be at- 
 tributed to substantial merits which politics cannot atfect. y 
 
 The first number of Dunldp's Maryland Gazette or the Baltimore ^ 
 General Advertiser was issued on Tuesday, May 2d, 1775 — printed 
 by John Dunlap once a week, at his printing office in Market 
 street, at 10 shillings per annum. On Tuesday, September 15th, 
 1778, Mr. Dunlap sold out his interest in the paper to Mr. James 
 Hays, Jr., who changed the name to The Maryland Gazette and 
 Baltimore General Advertiser. On the 5th of January, 1779, this 
 paper was discontinued for want of support. 
 
 Another paper, called The Maryland Gazette or the Baltimore -v 
 General Advertiser, issued its initial number on Friday, May 16th, 
 1783 — published by John Hays every Friday, in Market street, op- 
 posite the dwelling of Mr. Archibald Buchanan — terms, 15 shil- 
 lings per annum. On the 27th of February, 1787, it was published 
 semi-weekly, Tuesdays and Fridays. 
 
 The initial number of The Baltimore Daily Repository (the first 
 daily paper published in Baltimore) was issued on Monday, October 
 24th, 1791, by David Graham, publisher, in Calvert street, between 
 Market street and the court-house. After April 29th, 1793, the paper 
 was published by Messrs. D. Graham, Z. Yundt, and W. Patton. On 
 the 28th of October, 1793, Mr. Graham retired, and the paper was 
 continued under the name of The Baltimore Daily Intelligencer^ by 
 Messrs. Yundt & Patton, at ^4 per annum, or twopence for a single 
 copy. On the 30th of October, 1794, Messrs. Yundt & Pat- 
 ton dissolve partnership, Mr. Patton retiring, the paper being 
 continued under the name of Federal Intelligencer and Baltimore 
 Daily Gazette, by Messrs. Yundt & Brown. " Through conve- 
 nience," the Federal Intelligencer and Baltimore Daily Gazette 
 changed its name on the 1st of January, 1796, to the Federal Gazette - 
 and Baltimore Daily Advertiser. Messrs, Yundt and Brown dis- 
 solved partnership on the 1st of January, 1807, the paper being 
 continued by John Hewes. In 1812 Mr. Hewes retires from the 
 Federal Gazette, <&c., which is continued by Mr. William Gwynn, who 
 purchased his interest. Mr. William Gwynn, after having issued the 
 Gazette twenty-one years and six months, sold all his interest on the 
 21st of July, 1834, to Mr. William Gwynn Jones, who as "editor and 
 proprietor" continued the paper from his office at the corner of St. 
 Paul street and Bank lane. On the 24th of May, 1835, Mr. Jones 
 was detected in robbing the post-office [as recorded in 1835], and was 
 convicted and sentenced to the' penitentiary, from which he was 
 pardoned out during the latter part of President Yan Buren's ad- 
 
\ 
 
 88 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ministration. After the arrest of Mr. Jones, Mr. William Gwynn 
 assumed control of the Gazette, which ceased publication on the 
 30th of December, 1837. 
 
 On the 2d of March, 1795, Mr. John W. Allen issued the first 
 number of the FelVs Point Telegraph, at the price of |2.50 per an- 
 num ; tri-weekly, Monday, Wednesday and Friday. 
 
 Messrs. Clayland, Dobbin & Co., on Monday, March 23d, 1795, 
 issue the first number of The Baltimore Telegraph, from their 
 printing office on the northwest corner of Market and Frederick 
 streets. This paper was afterwards continued by Mr. Thomas 
 Dobbin, in the rear of No. 1 Light street, under the name of The 
 Telegraph and Daily Advertiser. 
 
 The Eagle of Freedom was published by Messrs. Pechin & Wil- 
 mer in 1796. 
 
 The first regular issue of the American Patriot was on Saturday, 
 September 25th, 1802 — S. McCrea, printer and publisher, No. 67 
 South street. In a short time the ofiice was removed to Fell's 
 Point, and the name of the paper changed to the American Patriot 
 and FelVs Point Advertiser, S. Kennedy, printer and publisher. 
 
 The first number of the Baltimore Evening Post and Mercantile 
 Daily Advertiser was issued on Monday evening, March 25th, 1805, 
 by J. Cook & Co., corner of South and Water streets. In a short 
 time Messrs. Cook & Co. sold their interests to, Mr. George Bourne 
 and Hezekiah Niles. On the 10th of June, 1811, Mr. Niles sold 
 his interest to Mr. Thomas Wilson, who formerly edited a paper 
 called The Sun. 
 
 The first number of the North American and Mercantile Daily 
 Advertiser was issued in January, 1808, and was published by Jacob 
 Wagner, in an old frame building situated at the time on the 
 northwest corner of Gay and Second streets. On the 3d of Oc- 
 tober, 1809, it was consolidated with the Federal Republican, and was 
 issued on the 4th of October, 1809, as the Federal Pepublican and 
 Commercial Advertiser, by Messrs. Hanson & Wagner. The Federal 
 JRepuhlican was very violent in its politics as a Federal paper, and 
 on the 22d of June, 1812, the office in which it was printed was 
 entirely destroyed by a mob at night (as per reference to the year 
 1812). The publishers recommenced the publication in George- 
 town, D. C, and forwarded the printed copies by mail to this city. 
 As soon as it was known, the people gathered at the post-office, 
 then at the corner of St. Paul's and Bank lanes (Chas. Barrall, 
 post-master), and demanded the copies for the purpose of destroy- 
 ing them. Soon after this the publishers recommenced the publi- 
 cation in Baltimore in a house on South Charles, near Pratt street. 
 As soon as this was noised abroad, a crowd gathered, and a terrible 
 outbreak ensued, with the result as stated (in 1812). This was 
 the last of the Federal Republican, whose violent strictures against 
 President Madison, the war, and the soldiers who went forth to 
 the Canada borders, had caused this terrible riot, which for many 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 89 
 
 years after left a stigma upon the fair name of our city, which ^ 
 bore the sobriquet of " mob townr 
 
 On Friday, February 1st, 1802, the first number of The Repub- 
 lican or Anti-Democrat was published by Messrs. Prentiss and 
 Cole, No. 14 South Charles street, Monday, Wednesday and 
 Friday. This paper ceased December 30th, 1803. 
 
 The first number of the Mechanics' Gazette and Merchants' Daily 
 Advertiser was issued in March, 1815, from No. 28 South (iay 
 street, by Thomas Wilson & Co. 
 
 Niles' Register^ which had a character and circulation in every 
 part of the civilized world : was read in the palaces of kings, in 
 the haunts of commerce, and in the cabin of the pioneer; is referred 
 to as an authority in courts of justice and in legislative assemblies ; 
 and at this day constitutes the best and truest foundation extant 
 of the history of our country for the period over which it extends 
 — issued its first number in Baltimore, on Saturday, September ^.^'^ 
 7th, 1811, printed and published weekly by Hezekiah Niles, late 
 editor of the Baltimore Eveiiing Post, at $5 per annum. On the 
 3d of September, 1836, after the lapse of twenty-five years, II. Niles 
 gave up his business to his eldest son William Ogden Niles, who ^ 
 continued to publish the Register in an enlarged form and new dress. -• 
 On the 2d of September, 1837, Mr. Niles removed his j^rin ting- 
 office to Washington, D. C, and published the Register there, under 
 the name of JViles^ National Register. Hezekiah Niles, the founder 
 of the Register, died at Wilmington, Del., on the 2d of April, 
 1839, in the 63d year of his age. On the 4th of May, 1839, th»:<^ 
 office was removed again to Baltimore, and the Register was pub- 
 lished there until it ceased to exist. On the 19th of October, 
 1839, Mrs. Sally Ann Niles, who was administratrix of her hus- 
 band's estate, disposed of the Register to Jeremiah Hughes, form- 
 erly editor of a paper at Annapolis, who continued to publish the 
 Register until the 26th of February, 1848, when it ceased to exist. ^ 
 
 In the year 1811 the Baltimore Whig, then edited by Baptist^ 
 Irvine and Samuel Barnes, was the leading Democratic paper in 
 Baltimore. When the Presidential election was about to come off, 
 the Whig was induced by the malcontents of the Democratic 
 party to declare for Mr. De Witt Clinton against Mr. Madison, 
 much against the wishes of Mr. Barnes, who soon after sold the 
 paper and retired to Frederick, where he established a Democratic 
 paper in full faith with the party, which is still in existence, the 
 Political Examiner. Messrs. Cone and Norvell took charge of the 
 Whig, and endeavored to bring it again into the fold of the party 
 to which it originally belonged, but it was too late — the blow it 
 experienced by its desertion at an imminent period of the war was so 
 stunning that it soon had to succumb, and its subscription list and 
 several of the apprentices were united with the American. Norvell 
 was an able editor, and was afterwards elected one of the first 
 Congressmen from the State of Michigan, when that State was 
 
90 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 admitted into the Union. His associate. Mr. Spencer H. Cone, 
 whose sister Norvell married, hud been on the theatrical boards 
 before becoming an editor, but after his retirem.ent from the latter 
 position, he took orders in the Baptist Church, and for a great 
 many years, to the da}^ of his death, was the pastor of one of the 
 largest churches in New York of that denomination, and was one 
 of its most eloquent and respected ministers. Mr. Samuel Sands, 
 who is now editor and proprietor of the American Farmer, was one 
 of the apprentices in the Whig office, and after that paper sus- 
 pended went to the American office, and continued with that paper 
 until about the year 1820 or '21, and was in the office at the time 
 of the attack on Baltimore by the British, and had the honor of 
 being the first man who set in type our national song, the 
 " Star Spangled Banner." After "^the Whig abandoned Mr. 
 Madison, the influential members of the administration party 
 induced Isaac Monroe and Mr. Ebenezer French, then connected 
 with the Boston Patriot, to come to Baltimore and establish a new 
 paper in support of Mr. Madison's administraiion, and hence the 
 origin of the Baltimore Patriot, which commenced on the 28th of 
 September, 1812, and continued till after the breaking out of the late 
 war with the South, when it ceased to exist. In 1814 the name 
 was changed to the Baltimore Patriot and Evening Advertiser, pub- 
 lished by Monroe & French. At certain periods the Patriot was 
 published and edited by Messrs. J. Fand, J. N. McJilton, and 
 Messrs. John Wills and William H. Carpenter. 
 
 About the year 1821 Mr. Samuel Sands published the Saturday 
 Herald, which had been started by Eichard Matchett and edited 
 by Paul Allen. It was a weekly literary paper, and Mr. Allen used 
 it during the remarkable contest in our courts a?id in the Pres- 
 byterian Church, in defence of Eev. John M. Duncan. After Mr. 
 Allen's death, the Herald was discontinued, and Mr. Sands com- 
 menced the publication of a paper with Dr. Patrick Maccauley as 
 editor, intended to be of a similar character to the Albion published 
 in New York, with this exception that the latter was devoted to 
 British interests, whilst Mr. Sands' was to be of American. This 
 paper had but a short existence. About the time it was published 
 the great contest for the presidency commenced between J. Q. 
 Adams and Jackson, and the friends of the former established the 
 Marylander to support him for re-election. The first number was 
 issued on Wednesday, December 3d, 1827, and continued every 
 Wednesday and Saturday — Edward P. Koberts, publisher, Edward 
 C. Pinckney, editor, and Samuel Sands, printer. Mr. Pinckney 
 was the son of Hon. William Pinckney, the celebrated lawyer and 
 statesman, and was an elegant poet, some of his lyrics being among 
 the ^choicest in the language. When the election was over, and 
 Mr, Adams was defeated, the paper was discontinued ; but Mr. 
 Sands purchased the interest of Mr. Frank Davidge in the Com- 
 mercial Chronicle, which had been in existence since April, 1819, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 91 
 
 being first started by Scbaeifer and Maund, afterwards by Thomas 
 Maiind, William Pechin, and then by Gen. S. C. Leakin and Mr. 
 Davidge. At this time it was a neutral paper, devoted to commer- 
 cial matters. The Marylandefs subscription list was united to that 
 of the Chronicle^ and it was afterwards published by Leakin and 
 Sands under the title of the Commercial Chronicle and Daily Mary- 
 lander, as a political journal, and the organ of the Whig party. 
 Fo'r several years it was thus published, when Mr. S. Barnes, from 
 Frederick, bought out the interest of the junior partner. Mr. 
 Nelson Poe afterward published it, but it finally shared the fate of 
 many of its predecessors in this city, and ceased to exist. 
 
 About the year 1818, John S. Skinner, Esq., published a pe- 
 riodical political in its character, called the Censor. About a year 
 afterwards the paper was discontinued, and the first number of 
 the first agricultural journal ever published in this, and perhaps 
 any other country (the Ainerican Farmer), was sent forth, without 
 a single bona fide subscriber to it in advance. The paper took 
 with the public for whose interests it was commenced, and in a 
 few days had obtained a large subscription list ; it was published 
 weekl}', in quarto form, at $5.00 per annum. Mr. Skinner after a 
 few years sold a half interest in the paper to Mr. J. Hitchcock at 
 a large price, and not a very long time thereafter Mr. Hitchcock 
 purchased the other half. Mr. Hitchcock published the Farmer 
 but a short time after he had control of it, and it was discontinued 
 for about a year. He shortly after this commenced the issue of a 
 new journal of a similar character under the name of The Farmer 
 and Gardener, but before the end of the year sold out to Mr. Moore, 
 of the firm of Lindan and Moore. He published it for a while, 
 and then sold out to Mr. E. P. Poberts, who had been editor. Mr. 
 Roberts subsequently sold his interest to Mr. Samuel Sands, who 
 commenced its publication with Mr. John vS. Skinner, the original 
 founder, as the editor. From this time to the end of Mr. Sands' 
 connection with it, the paper flourished, and again obtained a 
 high position among the agriculturists of the land. Mr. Skinner 
 having received the appointment of Assistant Postmaster General, 
 he removed to Washington, and ceased his connection Avith the 
 Farmer. Mr. E. P. Roberts again assumed the editorship, and con- 
 tinued to the end of his life ; Mr. Sands being proprietor and pub- 
 lisher nearly all the time. An interest, however, in the meantime 
 was sold in the paper to Mr.'N. B. Worthington, and about three 
 years afterwards Mr. Sands sold him the other half and retired 
 therefrom. Mr. Sands, the ensuing year, commenced a new 
 paper called the Rural Register, which was published ibur years, 
 but the civil war in the South, where the most of his support was 
 obtained, interfered with it to such an extent that after the second 
 year of the war the Rural Register ceased to exist. The Farmer 
 had stopped in about six months after the war commenced. When 
 the war was over, the proprietors of the Farmer ^ Messrs. Worth- 
 
92 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ington and Lewis, resumed publication, but in a few years it was 
 permitted to go out of existence after having changed hands once 
 or twice since its renewal. After remaining suspended for fifteen 
 or eighteen months, the old publisher, Mr. Sands, in connection 
 with his son, recommenced its publication on the 1st of January, 
 1872, under the name of the American Farmer and Rural Register^ 
 and it has in less than two years attained again to the high char- 
 acter it formerly enjoyed under Mr. Skinner and its other proprie- 
 tor, Mr. Sands, and is now about entering on its third year, under 
 its present proprietors, editors and publishers, under the most aus- 
 picious circumstances. 
 
 In September, 1829, Mr. John S. Skinner commenced to publish 
 the American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine. In August, 
 1835, he dis2)0sed of his interest, and Mr. Gideon B. Smith became 
 editor; shortly afterw^ards it was published in New York. 
 
 The first one-cent paper published in Baltimore was the Balti- 
 more Daily Transcript ; the first number was issued in the afternoon 
 of Thursday, the 10th of March, 1836 — Messrs. S. P. Kenny and 
 A. G. Tenney, editors and proprietors. 
 
 Messrs. Cloud & Wilman, in February, 1832, issued the first 
 number of the Saturday Visitor, which was afterwards sold to Dr. 
 Snodgrass. Messrs. Charles F. and E. M. Cloud, in 1840, issued the 
 first number of the Argus ; in 1841 they purchased the Republican, 
 and consolidating the two papers, gave it the name of the Re- 
 publican and Argus. 
 
 The Metropolitan, a monthly magazine devoted to the Eoman 
 Catholic religion, education, literature and general information, 
 was founded in February, 1853 — Mr. John Murphy & Co., pub- 
 lishers. 
 . The first number of The United States Catholic Magazine and 
 ^ Monthly Review was issued in January, 1841, Mr. John Murphy, 
 printer and publisher, edited by Eev. Charles J. White. The Ycry 
 Kev. M. J. Spalding, .D. D., for three years was assistant editor. In 
 December, 1848, the last number w^as issued. 
 
 The first number of the Companion and Weeldy Miscellany was 
 issued, November 3d, 1804, by Edward Easy, Esq.— Messrs. Cole 
 & Hewes, printers and publishers. 
 
 The Red Book was published anonymously, October 23, 1819, 
 by Messrs. John P. Kennedy, Peter Cruse, and Josiah Pennington. 
 It was a spirited publication, much esteemed at the time, and is 
 now very rare. 
 
 The first number of the Spirit of Democracy was published by 
 Mr. E. M. Cloud, on the Ist of August, 1840. Issued tri-weekly — 
 Mr. T. L. Murphy, editor. 
 
 The Itinerant or Wesley an Methodist Visitor was first published 
 on Wednesday, November 12th, 1828. Issued every two weeks — 
 Melville B. Cox, editor. 
 
 The Enterprise was first published in 1847 by W. Taylor and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 93 
 
 N. Sardo. This paper republished the Baltimore letters, taken 
 from a newspaper published in New York in 1847, by Wm. Chase 
 Barne}^, called The Aristocratic Monitor^ which created much ex- 
 citement. These letters were on "Mushroom Hill" and its en- 
 virons, of " My Lady Fashionable," " The Prince of Morocco," " My 
 Lords of the Yard Stick and oth'er distinguished Aristocrats " in 
 Baltimore. A writer speaking of this paper says: " I find the 
 Monitor, ' The Aristocratic Monitor,' is everywhere. If I go into 
 a fashionable drawing-room, there is the Monitor; if I go into 
 bank to have a check cashed, there is the Monitor; if I go into a 
 store, there lies the Monitor ; the people go through the streets 
 reading — what ? Why, ' The Aristocratic Monitor.' " It was how- 
 ever a scurrilous publication, and was ere long discontinued. 
 
 Ill 1836 Messrs. Cloud & Pouder published the Daily Intel- 
 ligencer, 
 
 There have been numerous papers and magazines of every 
 shape and character issued in this city, some of which were suc- 
 cessful for a time, many unprofitable, and a few, by dint of capital, 
 perseverance, and success in meeting popular demands, have be- 
 come permanently established. Among the new daily and weekly 
 newspapers and magazines started in Baltimore, and long since 
 disappeared, we find the following : 
 
 In August, 1804, The Porcupine was established. In November, 
 1831, Mrs. Mary Barney issued the first number of her political 
 and literary monthl}^ called the National Magazine or Lady's Com- 
 panion. In 1834, Messrs. J. F. Weishampel, Sr., and T. J. Beach 
 published The Experiment. In 1827, The Emerald was established, 
 which was afterwards merged in the Minerva. Then there w^as 
 the Portico, a weekly published by a bookseller, Mr. Edward J. 
 Coale, an amiable and popular gentleman ; many able pens con- 
 tributed to this work, among them those of Edward C. Pinckney, 
 the poet, and Francis S. Key, the author of the " Star-Spangled 
 Banner." The first Sunday paper published in Baltimore was 
 called the Enterprise, by Wm. Taylor, in January, 1848. About 
 this time the Wreath, another weekly, was commenced. In 1829, 
 there were published the Mutual Rights and Christian Intelligencer, 
 the Itinerant Weekly, and the Saturday Evening Post. Then we 
 had the Jefferson Reformer, the Genius of Universal Emancipation, 
 the Republican, the Huntress, the Amethyst, the Athenaeum, the 
 Young Men's Paper, the American Museum, the Dispatch, the 
 Baltimore Times, the Saturday Herald, the Freeman's Bariner, the 
 American Whig, the Temperance Herald, the Odd Fellows' Magazine, 
 the Log Cabin; in 1848, the Buena Vista; in 1846, the Western 
 Continent, Park Benjamin and Carpenter & Thompson, editors and 
 publishers; the Monument, a weeklj^ journal, edited by J. N. McJil- 
 ton and D. Creamer, first number October 8th, 1836; the Baltimore'^ 
 Literary and Religious Magazine, Rev. Eobert J. Breckenridge and 
 Kev. Andrew B. Cross, ministers of the Presbyterian Church, 
 
94 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 editors, &c.; the Family Magazine, published in 1836, by T. A. Eich- 
 ards & Brother; the People's Friend, first number May 25th, 1816 ; 
 the Columbian Democrat; the Federal Republican and Baltimore Tele- 
 graph, by Paul Allen & Co.; the Baltimore Intelligencer, which ceased 
 January 5th, 1835 ; the Wanderer, by E. J. Matchett ; the Merchant, 
 in 1801, by General Duff Green'; the Kaleidoscope, the Baltimore 
 Visitor, the Literary Visitor, by Edward J. Cole ; the Maryland Col- 
 onization Journal, the Baltimore Iris ; in 1839, the Penny Magazine, 
 the Journal of the American Silk Society, Gideon B. Smith, editor; 
 the Baltimore Literary Monument, the Baltimore Post, ceased 
 Wednesday, April 22d, 1840; the Athenaeum and Visitor; the 
 Chronicle's subscrij)tion list Avas transferred to the American 
 January 1st, 1839. In 1840, w^e have the Daily Evening Gazette, a 
 Whig penny sheet, first number issued in August, Wm. Ogden 
 Niles, Esq., editor; in January, 1841, Juvenile Mirror, by Geo. H. 
 Hickman ; the Independent Press, a tri-weekly, first number issued 
 in April ; in August, the Clayite, an evening penny paper ; the Bal- 
 timore Counterfeit Detector, by H. Wigman ; in November, the Chris- 
 tian Family Magazine, Eev. Dr. Newell, editor; in November, the 
 Baltimore Privateer, the Baltimore Phoenix and Budget, published by 
 Messrs. Snodgrass, Sherwood & Co. In July, 1842, we have the 
 Baltimore Whig, by Mesrs. Sperry, Gallup and Eogers ; in 1844, the 
 American Whig, heretofore published weekly, was changed in July 
 to a penny daily paper, Samuel Sands, editor ; the Democratic Sen- 
 tinel, first number issued the 6th of April, 1844 ; in January, 1846, 
 the first number of The Flag of our Union was issued by Mr. W. 
 Bonnet, publisher; The Bankers'' Magazine and State Financial Reg- 
 '^ister, published and edited by J. Smith Ilomands, Esq.; the Tem- 
 perance Herald; in June, the Baltimore Daily News; in January, 
 1849, Mr. N. Sardo published a paper called the Paul Pry ; in 
 January, Mr. H. M, Garland published The Young America; in 
 May, b}' Mr. James Young, the Temperance Banner ; on the first of 
 October, by H. M. Garland, the Parlor Qazette and Ladies' Advertiser; 
 on the 30th of October, by Messrs. Martin & Co., The Daily City 
 Item ; by Mr. John S. Skinner, The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil; 
 the Baltimore Bank Note Reporter; in November, Mr. Beale H. Liich- 
 ardson purchased the interest of Mr. Charles F. Cloud in the 
 Republican and Daily Argus. 
 
 In January, 1850, Messrs. W. C. Peters & Co., publishers, issue 
 the first number of the monthly, Baltimore Olio and American 
 Musical Gazette. In December the Monumental Fountain, a tempe- 
 rance paper, by the Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance, 
 suspended. 
 
 On the 16th of September, 1851, The Flag of Liberty, a weekly 
 Whig paper, was commenced. On the 25th of September the 
 first number of The Daily Morning News, a Whig paper, iiy 
 Messrs. Peake, Walker & Co., was issued ; it ceased May 10th, 1852. 
 
 In 1852 The Evening Porcupine was published by an association 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 95 
 
 of journeymen printers. It was afterwards changed to a morning 
 Democrat paper, and the name changed to the Daily Advertiser. 
 In the same year was commenced The American Whig Review. 
 The first number of The Daily Times, by Messrs. F. K. Lipp & Co., 
 was issued on Monday, April 26th. The Farthenian, or Young 
 Ladies' Magazine, was conducted the same year by the pupils of 
 the Baltimore Female College. The Old Defender, a weekly Whig 
 paper, was first issued Saturday, August 21st, Mills, Troxall & Co., 
 publishers. 
 
 Messrs. Hoffman & Co., on Sunday morning, February 6th, 
 1853, issued the first number of the Sunday Morning Atlas. In 
 the same year the Daily Republic is issued, also American Daily 
 Times, Daily Globe, Literary Bulletin, and the Monumental Literary 
 Gazette, in December, by Messrs. Finley, Johnson '& Co. 
 
 In January, 1854, Messrs. Charles F. and K. M. Cloud issued 
 the first number of the Sunday Dispatch, which they sold in No- 
 vember to Messrs. William H. Gobright and J. Cloud Norris. in 
 the same year The True Union was published, also The True 
 American. y 
 
 In February, 1855, the first number of The Presbyterial Critic^ 
 and Monthly Review was issued ; also in the same year The Balti- 
 more Flag, and The American Democrat, September 10th. 
 
 In April, 1856, the first number of The Bible Times was issued; 
 also in the same year The Evangelical Lutheran and The Elevator. 
 
 On the 17th of April, 1857, the first number of The City Agent 
 was issued, and in the same year the Baltimore Stethescope, The 
 Traveller ; and on the 15th of August Our Opinion was published 
 by John T. Ford, and edited by Clifton W. Tayleure, who was at 
 this time connected with the Museum and theatre in the capacity 
 of dramatist. The Baltimore Illustrated Times and Local Gazette, 
 by Messrs J. C. Gobright and J. W. Torsch, was published the 
 same year. n^ 
 
 The first number of the Baltimore Christian Advocate appeared 
 in May, lc58. 
 
 In 1859 the first number of the Real Estate Register was issued 
 by Mr. Samuel Sands. In the same year there also appeared the 
 Weekly Bulletin, the Weekly Freeman, and Our Newspaper. On the 
 2d of April the first number of the Evening Star was issued ; in 
 the same year The Lily of the Valley, and The American Nautical 
 Gazette. 
 
 In May, 1864, Messrs. Simpson K, Donavin and Charles W. 
 Kimberly published the first number of the Baltimore Advertiser. 
 
 The first number of The Monitor was issued on Friday, June 
 2d, 1857. Published by Joseph Eobinson weekly, and edited by 
 Hugh Davey Evans. 
 
 On the 29th of February, 1836, Messrs. William M. Swain, 
 Arunah S. Abell, and Azariah H. Simmons, then in the city of 
 New York, entered into partnership as equal partners, both in law 
 
96 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 and equity, under the firm of Swain, Abell & Simmons, for the pur- 
 pose of j)ublishing, and in the publication of a daily penny paper, 
 (neutral in polities,) to be entitled " The Times, in the city of 
 Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania." Such was the beginning of 
 the memorable association of Swain, Abell & Simmons, which 
 lasted for nearly a quarter of a century, until dissolved by death, 
 and which resulted in the establishment of two of the most suc- 
 cessful, widely circulated and influential journals in the United 
 States, published in two of its largest cities, the Public Ledger in 
 Philadelphia, and The Sun in Baltimore. On Friday, March 25th, 
 1836, within less than a month after the partnership had been 
 formed, the first number of the Public Ledger made its appearance, 
 "price one cent, or six cents a week." It was at first coldly re- 
 ceived, and two of the parties became so much discouraged as to 
 propose a. discontinuance of publication. Mr. Abell, however, 
 urged so strenuously the policy of holding on, at least until their 
 funds were exhausted, that the confidence felt by his copartners 
 in the soundness of his judgment led them to defer to his wishes, 
 and the}^ did "hold on," with what splendid results need not now be 
 told. The business of the paper having been established upon a 
 sound and paying basis, and having no further misgivings about 
 the future success of the Ledger, it occurred to Mr. Abell, in the 
 spring of the fi)llowing year, to visit Baltimore for the purpose of 
 determining the feasibility of establishing a penny paper in that 
 city. A suggestion from him to that efl'ect meeting with the 
 hearty approval of his partners, Mr. Abell, in April, 1837, visited 
 the Monumental City for the first time. There were then pub- 
 / lished in Baltimore a number of respectable and well-conducted 
 journals, but not a single penny paper. They were all " six pennies." 
 To the editors of these journals Mr. Abell brought letters of intro- 
 duction, and he then formed the acquaintance, among others, of 
 Messrs. Dobbin, Murphy & Bose of the American, Mr. Gwynn of 
 the Federal Gazette, Mr. Ilarker of the Republican, Mr. Poe of the 
 Chronicle, Mr. Monroe of the Patriot, and Messrs. Streeter & Skin- 
 ner of the Transcript. It cannot be said, however, that any of 
 these gentlemen witli whom Mr. Abell conferred in regard to his 
 plans, held out much encouragement as to the success of a new 
 paper. In fact the times seemed singularly inauspicious for any 
 enterprise of the kind. The year 1837 was one of unprecedented 
 disaster and gloom in all commercial and business circles, and all 
 classes shared the general depression. Mr. Abell, however, felt 
 persuaded that a penny paper would make its way where other en- 
 terprises might fail. He returned to Philadelphia impressed with 
 this idea, and obtained the approval of his partners to hazard the 
 experiment, upon condition that he should assume the immediate 
 responsibility and personal control. This, although he had just 
 passed through a similar trial of patience and faith incident to 
 the first establishment of the Ledger, he consented to do. With 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 97 
 
 the same rapidity that had characterised their proceedings in 
 regard to that paper, when once their minds were made up, type 
 and materials were ordered, one of the best single cylinder presses 
 of that day worked by hand was purchased from the Messrs. Hoe, 
 an office taken at No. 21 Light street, and on the 17th of May, 
 1837, the first copy of The Sun was left at the door of nearly every"" 
 house in Baltimore. The Sun was well received. In less than 
 three months it had a larger circulation than the Ledger had at- 
 tained at the end of nine months. Within a year it circulated 
 .more than twice as many copies as the oldest established journal 
 in Baltimore. It is believed that its success was more immediate 
 and more rapid than has attended the advent of any similar en- 
 terprise in the United States. It was soon discovered that the 
 original quarters in Light street were entirely too contracted for . 
 the growing business of the paper. Mr. Abell accordingly pur- 
 chased the property at the southeast corner of Baltimore and Gay 
 streets, long familiarly known as the *' Old Sun Building," made 
 such alterations as were necessary to adapt it to its new use, and 
 in .1839 removed the whole establishment to that location. Soon, 
 however, the same want of increased accommodation to meet the 
 requirements of an increasing business, was again felt, and it was 
 . deemed desirable, that before making another change, a site should 
 be purchased and a building erected which should be expressly 
 designed for the purpose of the paper, and at the same time be an 
 ornament to the city which had so generously fostered and re- 
 warded the enterprise of the proprietors of The Sun. To Mr. 
 Abell was confided the task of selecting such a site. After mature 
 consideration, the lot at the corner of Baltimore and South streets, 
 in the very business heart of the city, was determined upon, and 
 Mr. Abell effected the purchase of this valuable property, then oc- 
 cupied by six old brick buildings, four on Baltimore and two on 
 South street, for a fraction less than $50,000. It happened that 
 just about this time Mr. James Bogardus, of Kew York city, a 
 man of undoubted genius as well as mechanical skill, was seeking 
 for an opportunity to test in practice his invention for the con- 
 struction of iron buildings. Ilis proposal had been but coldly re- 
 ceived in New York, and he was almost in despair of finding a 
 man intelligent enough to comprehend his plans, and liberal 
 enough to aid him in their realization, when fortunately he sub- 
 mitted his views to the proprietors of The Sun. They gave to the 
 I^lans of Mr. Bogardus the most serious and careful consideration, 
 and were soon convinced of their entire feasibility. Mr. Abell ac- 
 cordingly determined that the new building should be of iron, and 
 erected according to the plan of Messrs. Bogardus & Hoppin, of 
 New York, who were the contractors for the work, and whose in- 
 ventive genius, enterprise and perseverance gave the first cast-iron 
 edifice to the world. The architect whose taste conceived and 
 executed the original design, was Mr. Hatfield, of New York. The 
 7 
 
98 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 carpenter work and general superintendence of the building were 
 confided to Messrs. H. E. & J. Reynolds. The iron work was done by- 
 Messrs. Adam Denmead & Brother and Mr. Benjamin S. Benson, 
 of this city. When The Sun was first started, and for some time 
 afterwards, Mr. Abell had the personal assistance of Mr. Simmons, 
 who at that time resided in Baltimore. Subsequently Mr. Sim- 
 mons returned to Philadelphia, leaving The Sun in sole charge of 
 Mr. Abell, the two other partners devoting their attention to the 
 Ledger. This arrangement continued until the death of Mr. Sim- 
 mons, which occurred December 9th, 1855, and which dissolved 
 the original copartnership of Swain, Abell & Simmons. The two 
 surviving partners immediately formed a new association, under 
 the style of Swain & Abell, and continued as before the publication 
 of their two papers, and the business of the printing offices con- 
 nected with them. Although equally interested in each paper, it 
 naturally happened that as Mr. Swain lived in Philadelphia, and 
 Mr. Abell in Baltimore, the management of the Ledger and its 
 concerns fell to the charge of the former, and that of The Sun con- 
 tinued in the hands of the latter, an arrangement which was found 
 productive of entire harmony, and which removed all occasion for 
 interference or collision. Gradually, however, Mr. Swain's health 
 began to decline, until he was unable to give to the Ledger his 
 active personal supervision. The war too broke out, and Mr. 
 Abell's duties in Baltimore became exceedingly difficult and on- 
 erous. His own position and that of The Sun were not free from 
 danger, when public journals were suppressed and their editors in- 
 carcerated at the mere will of a military commander ; and to add 
 to his other perplexities, his partner in Philadelphia took the ex- 
 treme Northern view in the conflict between the sections. Under 
 these circumstances, Mr. Abell notified Mr. Swain of his willingness 
 to dispose of his interest in the Ledger, and finally, after consid- 
 erable negotiations and many delays, on the 3d of December, 1864, 
 the Ledger was sold to Mr. George W. Childs, the publisher, and 
 the Messrs. Drexel & Co., bankers, of Philadelphia. After the sale 
 of the Ledger, The Sun was conducted by Mr. Abell alone, as agreed 
 upon between his partner and himself, until February 16th, 1868, 
 when Mr. Swain departed this life in the sixtieth year of his age. 
 Since the death of Mr. Swain, Mr. Abell has sold his interest in the 
 Ledger Building and other real estate in the city of Philadelphia, 
 which he held in common with his late partner, to Mrs. Swain and 
 her two sons, and they in turn have sold to Mr. Abell all their in- 
 terest in the Sun Iron Building and other real and personal estate 
 in the city of Baltimore, thus completely severing the interests 
 which were formerly joint. In 1852 the founders and proprietors 
 commenced using two Hoe type revolving cylinder presses, each 
 rated at 10,000 copies per hour, and which were the first type-re- 
 volving presses successfully used in the world. Their use has 
 since spread throughout the world and into all great printing of- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. ' 99 
 
 fiees of this country and Europe. Prior to the introduction of the 
 magnetic telegraph, in a spirit of sagacious enterprise Mr. Abell or- 
 ganized, in connection with Mr. Craig, afterwards agent of the As- 
 sociated Press of New York, a carrier pigeon express for the trans- 
 mission of news between the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Bal- 
 timore and Washington. The pigeons for this service, about four or 
 five hundred in number, were kept in a house on Hampstead Hill, 
 near the Maryland Hospital for the Insane, and were carefully 
 trained. Foreign steamer news was frequently obtained in this way, 
 and on more than one occasion a synopsis of the President's message 
 was brought by the pigeons to Baltimore immediately after the de- 
 livery to Congress, and published in extras to the great surprise of 
 the public. This was the first pigeon express organized in this 
 country, and was regularly continued until superseded by the 
 telegraph. The first (President's) message of any considerable 
 length which was ever transmitted by the electric telegraph, 
 at once demonstrating and illustrating the success and the utility 
 of Morse's great invention, was sent across the wires, then newly 
 laid from Washington to Baltimore, addressed to The Baltimore Sun^ 
 and published in an extra Sun. It may be stated that Mr. Abell wasv^ 
 the first to introduce into Baltimore the " carrier system" for the 
 distribution of newspapers, which has since been found so convenient 
 both to publishers and subscribers, as well as remunerative to the 
 carriers themselves, who own their own routes and make their own 
 collections, that it hie been adopted by all the papers of the city. 
 There are few subjects, too, of vital concern to the commun- 
 ity in which The Sun has not led the way, and it may now 
 be said to have acquired an individual character of its own ; 
 it has traditions from which it never departs, grooves which it 
 rarei}^ leaves, a certain tone by which it is almost invariably dis- 
 tinguished. Here it may be remarked, and it is an illustration of' 
 what has just been said, that many of the persons employed about 
 The Sun ofilce have been there for years. For a long period the chief 
 editor was the late Thomas J. Beach, a writer of much force, Mr. 
 John T. CroAV, who was an associate with Mr. Beach, and who form- 
 erly edited and published a paper in Georgetown, D. C, where his 
 youth was spent, is editor-in-chief, and the editorials are distinguished! 
 for clearness and directness. He is evidently a close observer and 
 thinker, and does not permit the superficial treatment of any subject 
 of moment. The Sun continues to increase in business and prosper- 
 ity, and Mr. Abell has brought to his aid in its conduct latterly Mr. 
 George W. Abell and one or two others of his sons, who, having 
 the advantage of his teachings and example and association with 
 others long connected with the conduct of the journ.al, it may be 
 confidently assumed that the paper will be kept in the judicious 
 path it has always pursued so advantageously^ to the community. 
 The first number of the Baltimore Clipper was issued on Satur- 
 day morning, September 7th, 1839, from No. 10, Nor.th.Gay street, 
 
100 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 John H. Hewitt & Co., editors and proprietors. Tuesday, May 
 19th, 1840, Mr. Hewitt retired from the paper, having disposed of 
 his interest to Messrs. Bull & Tuttle. On the 10th of June, 1840, 
 the Clipper announced that "the daily circulation is five times 
 greater than that Of any other daily paper of Baltimore." On 
 Saturday, June 27th, 1840, the Clipper issued their first weekly 
 number, called the Octan. On Monday, Nov. 11th, 1844, the name 
 was changed from the Baltimore Clipper to that of the American Ee- 
 publican. On Friday, January 1st, 1847, the paper resumed its former 
 name of the Baltimore Clipper. Mr. Tuttle died Friday, June 17th, 
 1864, and on Monday, July 11th, 1864, Mr. Edmund Bull, surviv- 
 ing partner of Messrs. Bull & Tuttle, disposed of the Baltimore 
 Clipper to Mr. William Wales, who continued it until it ceased, 
 Saturday, September 30th, 1865. 
 
 Mr. Wales having entered into partnership with Mr. Wm. E. 
 Coale, issued on the following Monday, Oetobe-r 2d, the first num- 
 ber of the Baltimore Daily Commercial. In 1867, the Daily Com- 
 mercial was changed to an afternoon paper by the original pro- 
 prietors, until 1869, when Mr. Wales withdrew, returning to Min- 
 neapolis. The title was changed to Evening Bulletin, and on Sun- 
 day a Sunday Bulletin was issued. In 1870, the paper was pur- 
 chased by Dr. William II. Cole, a talented gentleman, formerly 
 connected with some of the leading papers of the country, and 
 who had been connected since 1867 wHh the Commercial and the 
 Bulletin, and who is now connected viiih ihQ Btiltimore Gazette; and 
 he, in company with Colonel E. M. Yerger, of Mississippi, started 
 the Evening Journal, under the firm name of E. M. Yerger & Co. 
 In 1871, Dr. Cole Avithdrew from the firm, and the paper was con- 
 tinued until July, 1871, by Col. Yerger, who discontinued it. 
 
 At the time of the purchase by Dr. Cole of the Bulletin, Mr. W. 
 K. Coale, its formerproprietor, together with Mr. W. M. Laffan, 
 a gentleman of marked literary attainments, who was assistant 
 editor, made the Sunday Bulletin a separate establishment. The 
 first number had been issued August 14th, 1870, on Sunday morn- 
 ing, and attained from the first a large circulation. The name was 
 changed on the 11th of May, 1871, to Baltimore Bulletin, its present 
 title, Mr. Lafi'an being opposed to the word Sunday in the title, it 
 being in nowise a Sunday paper. At the same time it took up 
 Keal Estate, and gave it close attention, besides publishing a record 
 of all transactions in the city and county. On the 3d of Sep- 
 tember, 1873, Mr. Coale retired from the firm, and his interest was 
 purchased by Mr. Laffan and Mr. Samuel S. Early, the latter a 
 gentleman well known in business circles, who had come to Balti- 
 more from Terre Haute, Indiana, to settle with his family. Mr. 
 Early's wealth and position, and the healthier management that 
 was immediately apparent in the conduct of the paper, gave new 
 life to it, and it became exceedingly prosperous and valuable. It 
 is independeat in politics, expresses i-adical opinions without re- 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 101 
 
 gard to persons or prejudices, and is a strong advocate of local and 
 general progress. W^ith the exception of real estate, it is mainly 
 devoted to literature. Among its numerous contributors may be 
 mentioned S. Teackle Wallis, Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, Edward 
 Spencer, Professor Gildersleeve, Mrs. Bellonoy, Mrs. Margaret J. 
 Preston, Dr. J. Williamson Palmer, Dr. George Reuling, Dr. Ed- 
 ward Warren, Miss Mary Luffan, of London, England, Miss Mar- 
 garet Fitz Gibbord, and others. 
 
 The proprietors, Messrs. E. V. Hermange & Co., of The Evening 
 JVews, a merry, pungent, spicy and sprightly evening paper, issued 
 their initial number on the 4th of November, 1872. The News, 
 from the first, has been a success; every day there are three edi- 
 tions published, and frequently four and five, when important 
 events occur to justify it. Mr. Hermange, before engaging in the 
 newspaper business on his own account, was connected with the 
 Baltimore Sun for sixteen years as clerk, night editor, and latterly 
 manager and general superintendent of The Sun book and job 
 
 i)rinting office, one of the largest in the country. The fact of Mr. 
 lermange being with his first and only employer for so many 
 years, — the knowledge he necessarily acquired whilst serving 
 him during that time, induced a few gentlemen w^ho knew well 
 bis character and abilities, to furnish the additional capital that he 
 r^'quired to establish a successful evening newspaper, and it is they 
 who compose the company- of E. Y. H. & Co. The JVews is inde- 
 pendent on all subjects, and its editorials are noted for their 
 spi'ightliness and vim. On the 9th day of February, 1874, Mr. 
 James R. Brewer, a gentleman of fine scholastic attainments, and 
 in every w^ay fitted for a live journalist, purchased a half interest 
 in the Evening News and assumed control of its editorial depart- 
 ment. 
 
 The first number of The Sunday Telegram was issued on Sun- 
 day, the 16th of October, 1862, by Messrs. J. Cloud Norris and 
 William R. Coale as publishers and proprietors. After publishing 
 the Telegram about three months, Mr. Norris purchased the in- 
 terest of Mr. Coale, and has continued sole owner and proprietor 
 from that time to the present. Mr. Norris was formerly con- 
 nected with Mr. Charles F. Cloud and William H. Gobright in the 
 publication of a paper called the Sunday Dispatch, and latterly the 
 Weekly Dispatch. The Sunday Telegram is the first successful 
 weekly published in Baltimore, and has the largest circulation. 
 The paper was formerly edited by Mr. William H. Gobright, 
 ^bnt for the last eight years Mr. James R. Brewer ably fills 
 that responsible position. While the progress of The Sunday 
 Telegram has been steady and its success uniform, it must 
 not be inferred that that progress has been unattended with 
 difficulties, or that that success has not been achieved over ob- 
 stacles. In the firm and conscientious discharge of his duties as a 
 public journalist, the proprietor of the Telegram has frequently in- 
 
102 ' CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 curred, during the dark hours of the last war, the hostility of the 
 violent and lawless elements of society which it was his business 
 to rebuke. He has been threatened with mob violence, but the 
 paper never swerved from its course in consequence of such 
 threats. After the war ceased the Telegram advocated the prin- 
 ciples of the Democratic party, from which it has never departed. 
 
 The Southern Magazine^ a monthly periodical, was founded in 
 January, 1868; its proprietors, Messrs. Turnbull and Murdoch, 
 having purchased the Richmond Eclectic, published by Drs. Hoge 
 and Brown, in Eichmond, Virginia. They gave the new journal 
 the title of The New Eclectic; and as at that time it was impos- 
 sible to secure a sufficient number of original contributors, its con- 
 tents were almost entirely composed of selections or translations 
 from the leading English, French and German journals. It is 
 worth while mentioning that at the commencement of their enter- 
 prise the publishers wrote to each of these foreign papers — 
 although the absence of international copyright made the obliga- 
 tion only one of courtesy — requesting permission to use their 
 materials, which was very obligingly granted. In March, 1869, 
 an arrangement was made with Gen. D. H. Hill, publisher of The 
 Land we Love, a monthly magazine, issued at Charlotte, JS". C, by 
 which that journal was combined with the New Eclectic. At the 
 close of 1870 Mr. Turnbull retired, and the magazine became the 
 property 6i Mr. Murdoch, Mr. Wm. Hand Browne, a highly edu- 
 cated and talented gentleman (who had for some time ably filled 
 the editorial chair), and Mr. W. S. Hill, formerly its general 
 agent. By this time the magazine had drawn around it a suffi- 
 cient staff of contributors to assume the rank of an original 
 journal, so the title was changed to that of The Southern Magazine. 
 In 1873 the house of Turnbull Brothers became the publishers, 
 Mr. Wm. Hand Browne remaining the editor. The Southern Maga- 
 zine is the only first-class literary monthly published south of 
 Philadelphia. As its title denotes, it is devoted to the interests 
 and development of the South, and the organ of the higher 
 thought and culture of the Southern people, most of whose lead- 
 ing thinkers, poets and scholars are numbered among its contribu- 
 tors. For its efforts to promote the well-being and intellectual 
 advance of the South, and to do justice to her history, the 
 Magazine was recently complimented by a public vote of thanks 
 of the Southern Historical Society, and a resolution that it be 
 adopted as the official organ of that body. 
 
 Lyford's Baltimore Price Current, published weekly by Wm. G-. 
 Lyford, editor and proprietor, commenced Saturday, March 3d, 
 1838, printed by Bull & Tuttle, northwest corner of Baltimore and 
 Gay streets. Mr. Lyford continued his publication until January 
 5th, 1850. 
 . On the 29th of June, 1850, the Baltimore Price Current and 
 Weekly Journal of Commerce made its first appearance, published 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 103 
 
 and edited by George U. Porter and Thomas W. Tobin, and 
 printed by James Young. In the early part of the war Mr. Tobin 
 died, and the Price Current has ever since been published by G-eorge 
 XJ. Porter. In July, 1862, Mr. Porter was arrested whilst at work 
 in his private office, and hurried off to Fort McHenry, for no al- 
 leged cause, denied an examination, and prevented from engaging 
 an attorney — Gen. Morris, who was in command at the time, 
 calling particular attention] to a printed order forbidding prisoners 
 from engaging counsel to defend them. After being confined for 
 fifteen days, he was taken to Fort Lafayette, in New York harbor, 
 and there detained for three months longer. There was no in- 
 terruption in the regular issue of the Price Current, nor has there 
 been since the date of its first issue. Mr. Porter has been con- 
 nected with the Merchants' Exchange since the 14th of August, 
 1841, and for the last twenty years has been the commercial re- 
 porter for the daily and weekly Sun, and for about five years also 
 filled the same position with the Baltimore Gazette; retiring from 
 the latter when it passed from the hands of Mr. W. W. Glenn. 
 
 The German Correspondent was founded February 1st, 1841, by 
 Mr. Frederick Eaine, its present proprietor. The place of publi- 
 cation was then at the northeast corner of Baltimore and Hol- 
 liday streets, in a building since demolished for the purpose of 
 widening the latter street. The establishment was moved in 1842 
 to Second street, opposite the Post-Office, thence to No. 75 Balti- 
 more street, below Tripolet's Alley (now Post-Office Avenue), 
 thence to Baltimore street opposite the Museum, thence to Gay 
 street opposite Christ Church, afterwards the " Old Sun Building," 
 corner of Baltimore and Gay streets, until lastly (1869) it found 
 a permanent resting-place in the magnificent marble building, 
 corner of Baltimore street and Post-Office Avenue, erected at a cost 
 of more than $200,000, b}'^ Mr. F. Raine for the purposes of his paper. 
 From 18^1 to 1842 the paper was published as a weekly, of rather 
 small dimensions, the original list of subscribers embracing only 
 some 80 names. It is also a remarkable fact that Mr. Raine at 
 that time composed, set-up the type, printed and carried the paper, 
 which to-day as a German public journal has no superior in the 
 country. In 1843 Mr. Raine ventured first upon a bi-weekly, then 
 upon a tri-weekly, and in 1844 upon a daily publication. Not 
 meeting the support he expected, the tri-weekly was resumed, 
 until 1848, when the daily became a fixed fact, and has as such re- 
 mained until the present date, being at present the largest two- 
 penny paper published in the State of Maryland. The German 
 population, comparatively small in 1841, has increased since to 60 
 or 70,000, and the Correspondent has been closely identified with 
 the progress of that class of our citizens and their development as 
 manufacturers, merchants, mechanics, agriculturists, &c. In its 
 early struggles to maintain itself, the Correspondent and its indus- 
 trious, energetic and enterprising founder, showed the same pluck 
 
104 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 and perseverance that characterize those of his competitors who 
 from 1841 until to-day have devoted themselves to journalistic en- 
 terprises in our city. Saij^acity and enterprise are exhibited in 
 its management, and the editorial columns are marked by ability 
 and sound sense. Mr. E. F. Leyh, a talented gentleman and a 
 writer of some renown, fills the editorial chair. 
 ^y The first number of The Catholic Mirror, a first-class weekly 
 religious paper, was issued on the 5th of January, 1850, Rev. C. J. 
 White, D. I)., editor. Present proprietors, Messrs. Kelly, Piet & 
 Company. 
 
 The Baltimore JVecker, a daily paper published in the German 
 language, was founded by Charles Henry Schnauffer in the fill 1 of 
 1851. Its founder was before that time one of the editors of the 
 Journal in the city of Mannheim, Baden (Germany), but by taking 
 part in the German revolution of 1848-49, was compelled to leave 
 his country. In September, 1854, C. H. Schnaufi'er, the original 
 founder, and a very popular German, died, when his widow, a tal- 
 ented lad}", continued the publication without interruption. In 
 1856, the Wecker was the only paper in Maryland which advocated 
 the principles of the Republican party. Shortly after the presi- 
 dential election in 1856, the office was attacked at night by a crowd 
 of lawless politicians, but were prevented by the police from doing 
 serious harm. About this time the Wecker came into the hands 
 of Mr. Wm. Schnauff'er, who added a weekly edition to the paper, 
 which soon commanded a large circulation in the counties. The 
 paper continued on its course until the ever-memorable 19th of 
 April, 1861, when, soon after the attack by the mob on the mili- 
 tary, the office of the Wecker (then on Frederick street) was visited 
 by the same, and completely wrecked, and the building seriously 
 injured. The paper was suspended, and the publisher, Mr. Wm. 
 Schnauffer, and the editors, whose lives were threatened, were 
 compelled to quit the city, leaving the establishment at the mercy 
 of the infuriated people. As soon as Gen. Butler took possession 
 of the city by the armed military, Mr. Schnauffer returned and 
 resumed the publication of his paper. The Wecker continued 
 throuijhont the war a firm supporter of the Union cause. In 1865, 
 G'H. F. Sigel entered into partnership with Mr. Schnauffer, which 
 continued lor two years, when the former gentleman went to New 
 York. Mr. Rapp becoming his successor. In the spring of 1873, 
 Mr. Wm. Schnauffer, after nineteen years' service in the establish- 
 ment, retired, leaving the paper in a flourishing condition in the 
 hands of Blumenthal & Co., who are continuing it on the same pro- 
 gressive principles inspired by its founder. 
 
 The JSouth, a very able afternoon paper, " devoted to the South, 
 Southern Rights and Secession," issued the first number on Monday, 
 April 22d, 1861 — Thomas W. Hall, Jr., Editor. From the first it 
 became exceedingly popular, and was eagerly sought after by all 
 classes of our citizens. The South flourished until Friday, Sep- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. ' 105 
 
 tember 13tb, 1861, when the printer announced in the afternoon 
 edition on a half sheet, under a flaming head of the "Freedom of 
 the Press," that the " usual hour for the arrival of the editor, 
 Thomas W. Hall, Jr., Esq., having passed this morning, an effort 
 was made to gain admittance to his editorial room. This was 
 easily accomplished, for on trying the door, it was found that the 
 lock had been forced, and that all his papers and documents of 
 value had been abstracted. The locks of Mr. Hall's desk and 
 private drawers had been picked with an expertness that would 
 do no discredit to the most accomplished convict, and all the letters 
 and scraps of papers contained in them carried off, as were also the 
 full files of the Exchange and South, the files of the American, Clipper 
 and Sun being left. Whilst looking on with wonder and amaze- 
 ment, the astounding iiLtelligence was brought in that Thomas W. 
 Hall, Jr., Esq., had been arrested ***** and it is only reason- 
 able to suppose that he is now an inmate of the American Bastile, 
 formerly known as Fort McHenry. As all communication between 
 the editor and the printer of the South is forcibly cut off, the latter 
 is constrained to announce to its numerous readers that its publi- 
 cation, for the present, must necessarily cease with the current 
 number." This was certainly, for the times, bold language of the 
 printer. On Thursday, the 19th of September, The South, after a 
 suspension of six days, was continued by Messrs. John M. Mills & 
 Co., on a half sheet. On Thursday, the 13th of February, 1862, the 
 paper was issued on a full sheet by Messrs. S. S. Mills & Bro., who 
 continued to publish it until Monday, the 17th of February, 1862, 
 when it was suppressed by the military authorities. 
 
 The first number of The Daily Times was issued on Thursday, 
 September 19th, 1861; Edward F. Carter and Wm. H. Neilson, 
 editors and proprietors. 
 
 After the war a weekly paper was started in Baltimore, called 
 The Southern Society, which was afterwards changed to the name of 
 The Leader, and was finally merged into The Statesman, which soon 
 ceased to exist. 
 
 The Episcopal Methodist was established in Eichmond, Virginia, 
 July, 1865 ; publishers and editors, Eev. D. S. Doggett, D.D., (now 
 Bishop of the M. E. Church South) and Rev. J. E. Edwards, D.D., 
 a leading member of the Virginia Annual Conference. The office 
 was transferred to Baltimore, and the first number issued the fii*st 
 Saturday of July, 1866, under the title of Baltimore Episcopal 
 Methodist. It was owned and published by Rev. John Poisal, D.D., 
 and edited by Rev. Thomas E. Bond, M. H., D. D. In November, 
 1869, Dr. Bond resigned his position as editor, and the editorial 
 as well as the business department was managed by Dr. Poisal. 
 On the 1st of May, 1872, Dr. Poisal sold out half his interest 
 to Rev. Wm. S. Baird, A.M. (a minister of thirty years' stand- 
 ing in the Baltimore Conference of the M. E. Church South), 
 by virtue of which sale Mr. Baird became joint proprietor 
 
106 * CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 and editor with Dr. Poisal. On the 1st of October, 1872, Dr. 
 Poisal sold his remaining interest in the paper to J. Everett 
 Martin, Esq., a graduate of Columbia College, D. C, and a lawyer 
 by profession. From that date until the present the Baltimore 
 Episcopal Methodist has been issued under the style of William S. 
 Baird and J. Everett Martin, proprietors and publishers, and Eev. 
 Wm. S. Baird, A. M., editor. The Baltimore Episcopal Methodist 
 is published in the interest of the M. E. Church South, and circu- 
 lates extensively throughout the whole South, and is the organ of 
 the Baltimore Conference. 
 
 The Baltimore Saturday ,Night was first issued January 9th, 
 1869, by James H. Wood, puBlisher, and has continued in the same 
 ownership until now. Mr. John Wills was its first editor, and 
 subsequently it numbered among its conductors Dr. Palmer, Mr. 
 A. J. Bo wen, and D. Preston Parr, Jr. The latter gentleman, late 
 editor of the Dispatch^ a poet as well as a general newspaper 
 writer, fills its editorial chair. The Saturday Night is independent 
 in politics, and literary, semi-social and artistic in tone. In 1871-2 
 a series of valuable articles on the connection of Baltimore with 
 the civil war, by Osmond Tiffany, a talented and much respected 
 gentleman, were published in the Saturday Night. They were 
 graphic in character, and considered very impartial and accurate 
 records by all parties. 
 
 The Baltimore Dispatch was first published by James E. Ander- 
 son, its initial number appearing March 30th, 1872. It was an 
 eight-page weekly, devoted to literature, art, and the reform of 
 municipal governmental abuses. From its second issue to its last, 
 which was on November 9th, 1872, it was edited by D. Preston 
 Parr, Jr., who fearlessly and independently opposed fraud and cor- 
 ruption, w^hether practised in high or humble position. Mr. Parr 
 first purchased a half interest, and afterwards the whole paper. 
 It was sharp, spicy and determined, and died only for lack of 
 means. 
 
 The first number of the Baltimore Underwriter was issued in 
 July, 1865, Dr. 0. C. Bombaugh editor and proprietor — a class 
 paper, published monthly — devoted to the interests of insurance. 
 Continued as a monthly to Jan. Ist, 1873, since which it is pub- 
 lished weekly — present publishers, Bombaugh & Eansom. 
 
 Die Maryland Staats Zeitung, a German daily paper, formerly 
 Der Neue Correspondent, was founded by three compositors of the 
 German Correspondent. On the 1st of April, 1869, it was pur- 
 chased and published by A. Douglas, who afterwards sold it to 
 Fred. Polmyer, August 15th, 1870, who conducted it as an evening 
 paper till the Ist of August, 1871, when it was discontinued. 
 
 The following German papers were started in Baltimore : In 
 1838, the Geschaftige Martha; in 1840, the Wahrheits Verbreitery 
 published by Samuel Ludwig ; in 1844, the Democratic Whig, by 
 William Eaine ; in March, 1853, the Novellen Zeitung, illustrated 
 
CHRONICLES OP BALTIMORE. 107 
 
 Sunday paper, by F. Eaine of the Grerman Correspondent ; in April, 
 1856, the Leit-Stern, illustrated paper, published by Messrs. L. 
 Wunderman & Co. ; in Oct., 1859, l)ie Turn Zeitung, by Mr. Eapp 
 of the Wecker ; in the same year, the Zwin Zeitung ; in 1865, i)er 
 Leuchtthurn ; in 1867. Die Belletristischen Blaetter, Messrs. W. 
 Minckler and Joseph Leucht, publishers ; in January, 1873, Die 
 Biene von Baltimore^ by Messrs. Juenger & Mueller. 
 
 Die Katholische Volks-Zeitung is the most successful Eoman 
 Catholic paper published in the United States. The first number 
 was issued on Saturday, May 8th, 1860, by the publishers, Messrs. 
 Kreuzer Brothers, Mr. John Schmidt, editor. By energy, industry, 
 and perseverance, the paper has now a weekly circulation of over 
 24,000 numbers, circulating in all parts of the United States and 
 Canada. 
 
 The first number of The Baltimorean, a first-class weekly paper, 
 was issued on the 8th of June, 1872. The proprietors are Messrs. 
 Crutchfield & Haas, practical printers and journalists. As a family 
 paper. The Baltimorean has no superior in the State, and we are 
 pleased to know that, within the comparatively brief space of two 
 years, it is permanently established. The proprietors have been 
 unremitting in their endeavors to please the public, and we hope 
 they will meet with a liberal and just reward, which they really 
 deserve. 
 
 The JEnguirer, a first-class weekly newspaper, established prin- 
 cipally for the discussion of questions relating to and affecting in- 
 surance interests; for the examination of the condition of Com- 
 panies, and the advisement of policy-holders and persons seeking 
 insurance, whether that of life, fire, marine, or accident, issued the 
 initial number on Saturday, December 14th, 1872. Mr. Nat Tyler, 
 formerly of the Kichmond Enquirer, and Mr. Frank Markoe, editors 
 and proprietors. 
 
 The People's Appeal, devoted to literature and independent poli- 
 tics, issued the first number Thursday, July 17th, 1873. 
 
 The Young Idea, a monthly literary journal, issued first number 
 in August, 1872. Edited and published by boys. 
 
 The Amateur Journal, devoted to literature, gossip, and general 
 amusement, issued first number in January, 1872. Published 
 monthly, by K. Emory Warfield, C. Taylor Jenkins, and John F. 
 Nichols; on the 1st of January, 1873, continued by AVarfield & 
 Jenkins. This paper was edited by boys. On Saturday, the 5th 
 of July, 1873, the name was changed to The Monumental Journal^ 
 the following young men being the editors and business man- 
 agers : H. F. Powell, W. Landstreet, Jos. H. Kieman, Jr., and 
 Geo. U. Porter, Jr. 
 
 Our Church Work. — The initial number of this weekly news- 
 paper was issued on Saturday, December 3d, 1870, Rev. Hugh Eoy 
 Scott, editor. 
 
 The first number of The Baltimore Herald was issued in March, 
 1873, Mr. Tom Wash Smith, publisher. 
 
108 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 The Southern Star was first issued January, 1873. Published 
 monthly, by Messrs. James IS. Calwell and Geo. D. Fawcett. 
 
 The Railway World and National Economist^ a weekly review of 
 manufactures, transportation, and the iron, metal, and railway 
 supply markets, was established in 1872. 
 
 The Monthly Argus, conducted by schoolboys, was established in 
 January, 1873. 
 
 There are also published in Baltimore, the Lutheran Observer, 
 the Baltimore Market Journal, the Good News, The Baltimore Matri- 
 monial Journal, The Episcopal Register, and several others, of which 
 we cannot now remember the names. 
 
 The first paper published by, and devoted exclusively to, the 
 colored race in Baltimore, was the '' Lyceum Observer, a compendium 
 of literature, romance, poetry, and general intelligence." It was 
 published by J. Willis Menard, in the year 1864, but was short- 
 lived. The next one that made its appearance was the Communi- 
 cator. It was published semi-weekly in 1865 and '&Q, by James 
 Thomson. There was another called the Daily Evening Ghronotype, 
 which was published in 1867, by Mansfield, Hobbs & Co. 
 
 On the 22d of February, 1868, (Washington's Birthday) ap- 
 peared the first number of The Daily Gazette. Its projectors and 
 proprietors were Messrs. Charles J. Kerr and Thomas M. Hall, 
 two talented young members of the Baltimore bar. A week or 
 two subsequently Mr. Wm. H. Carpenter became connected with 
 the paper, and at a little later period bought an interest in it! The 
 need of a paper boldly and fearlessly conducted was never greater 
 than at that time. Baltimore had long suff'ered under the reproach 
 of ruffianism. Even at an earlier day the stigma of " mob town " 
 had been applied to it. At no period of its history was " mob 
 rule " more predominant than in 1858. The police were insufficient, 
 and the municipal authorities were in accord with the worst 
 elements of the population. Brute force was in the ascendant; 
 clubs of desperate and reckless men banded together as " Plug 
 Uglies," " Blood Tubs," " Hip Raps," "Eough Skins," and by other 
 names equally significant of their character and evil qualities, held 
 possession of the city. Politically in affiliation with the faction in 
 power and controlling the municipal elections by terrorism, they 
 were too useful to be put down by those whom they served, and 
 too strong to be overawed by individual effort. Day after day, 
 night alter night, brawls and i-iotous demonstrations, and san- 
 guinary conflicts in which blood was shed and lives were lost, M^ere 
 common occurrences. It was against these desperadoes and those 
 who upheld them, that The Daily Exchange opened a vigorous as- 
 sault. For more than two years it maintained the dangerous con- 
 test. Its office was mobbed in open day, the screen on the counter 
 torn down, the clock smashed with brick-bats, and a pistol pointed 
 at the head of its business manager. Its editors were dogged in 
 the day-time by ruffians, and at night they gathered about the 
 
CHROI^IOLES OF BALTIMOEE. 109 
 
 - , 1 , ooms waiting an opportunity to Avreak their vengeance. 
 7V^^'^ ^J^^ery intimation of a probable attack, citizens, well-armed, 
 JSews bpQ^ ,^^ ^Y^Q rooms and constituted a formidable garrison of 
 ^Th^^Y^' ^* length, one Paul Placide, whilst in a passenger railway 
 /'^^j-^earing to assault, commenced to violently abuse Mr^ Henry M. 
 ^^^^zhugh, Avho had become one of the proprietors of the Exchange 
 ^^^ purchase from Mr. Kerr. Fitzhugh drawing a pist(il, made a 
 -^ash for Placide, who rushing from the car, was caught on the 
 Aidewalk, and would have been shot but for the interposition of others 
 J^passing along at the time. Placide soon afterwards commenced 
 suit against Fitzhugh for assault with intent to kill. The case was 
 ^ removed to Baltimore County Court, where Fitzhugh was defended 
 by S. Teackle Wallis and promptly acquitted by the jury. After 
 this the office of the Exchange and its editors suffered less moles- 
 tation. The unremitting efforts had ultimately aroused a spirit of 
 indignation in the community, to which many brilliant editorials 
 from the pen of Mr. S. Teackle Wallis largely contributed. A " Ee- 
 form " party was organized, the banded ruffianism which had so 
 long disgraced the city was overthrown, and peace and good order 
 restored and maintained by a law which took from the city the 
 control of the police and vested it in a Board of Commissioners. 
 Of this new police force Col. Geo. P. Kane was appointed marshal. 
 In the second year of the Exchange Mr. Frank K. Howard became 
 a partner by purchase, and when Mr. Hall retired, took his place 
 on the editorial staff. Of his contributions to the columns of the 
 Exchange, up to the time of his arrest and imprisonment in Fort 
 Warren, and also to the Gazette after the close of the 'war, we can- 
 not better speak than in the language of the noble tribute paid to his 
 memory in the Daily Gazette^ from the brilliant pen of Mi*. S. Teackle 
 Wallis, after his death in London in June, 1872. "Connected as we 
 were with Mr. Howard in the labors and responsibilities of jour- 
 nalism, amid dangers and trials such as rarely beset its path, we 
 are entitled to speak of his character and qualities, as only men can 
 speak of each other w^io have gone side by side through such an 
 experience. Testifying thus, and from our very hearts and 
 knowledge, it is our pride to say of him, that no manlier soul than 
 his, no steadier intellect or nobler purpose was ever consecrated to 
 the discharge of public duty. FtYQn in these times, when forget- 
 fulness of the past seems to be regarded as almost the only hope of 
 the future, there are hosts of Maryland men who remember with 
 gratitude and honor how bravely he fought the fight of public lib- 
 erty through the press ; how vigorously he upheld what he be- 
 lieved to be the right, and how he suffered all that oppression and 
 brutality could inflict, rather than abate one jot or tittle of his 
 hatred and defiance of the wrong. Time will be when the sayings 
 and doings of those days will have their true place in the historj^ 
 of the freedom of thought and speech. There will be no prouder 
 name then on the list of the champions of both, than that of our 
 
110 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. \, 
 
 Published 
 departed associate and friend. It is needless to say anytt. 
 our readers of Mr. Howard's ability as a writer. He had twiew of 
 mand of a vigorous and lucid style, to which culture hadiilway 
 grace without diminishing its strength. His power of state. 
 was remarkable; his logic was eminently clear and cogent, i in 
 there was a manly independence, an earnest directness and cand 
 in every line, which commanded the confidence of all who reaa, 
 and the respect of enemies as well as friends. Of the petty arts ot 
 journalism he knew nothing. He was incapable of imposture, and 
 despised it, as he despised clap-trap and demagogism in every form. 
 His humor was genial and effective, and he was a master of de- 
 nunciation, as it is used by gentlemen who know the dignity as 
 well as the force of the English tongue. Of the literature of that 
 tongue he was a loving, enthusiastic student; and if circumstances 
 had permitted him to dedicate his life to it, he might have at- 
 tained a high rank in poetry as well as prose. Of Mr. Howard's 
 personal qualities we cannot yet trust ourselves to speak. The re- 
 membrances which the moment of his death recalls cannot now be 
 written. There were none of those who knew him well who 
 did not love him; there are none who will not mourn the gifts and 
 the hopes which are thus early ended with him now." Scarcely 
 had the Reform party attained to power in Baltimore before that 
 intense agitation of the slavery question was begun, which after the 
 election of Mr. Lincoln to the presidency brought on civil war. 
 During the Presidential canvass, the Exchange supported the 
 candidacy of Mr. Breckenridge, and the vote of Maryland 
 was cast for him. But neither then nor subsequently did 
 the Exchange countenance secession as a remedy for the injuries 
 inflicted on the South, believing that the true policy of that section 
 was to fight its battles under the Constitution in Congress, and not 
 in the field of arms. But when all overtures for peace were at an 
 end, and no adjustment was possible but by the bloody arbitra- 
 ment of the sword, the Exchange, reflecting the sympathies and 
 opinions of nine-tenths of the people of Maryland, opposed what 
 Mr. Lincoln subsequently and truthfully declared to be a " most 
 cruel and unnecessary war." Soon after Mr. Lincoln's election, 
 Mr. Fitzhugh differing with his associates in respect to the policy 
 of the paper, sold out his interest to Mr. W. W. Glenn, so that 
 when the crash of war came, the proprietors of the Exchange were 
 Messrs. Glenn, Howard and Carpenter. Then followed a period of 
 wild turmoil, in the midst of which all the evil passions, with such 
 difficulty subdued by the strong arm of the Eeform party, were all 
 loose again in Baltimore. The city was included in a military de- 
 partment. The Exchange was harassed on all sides. It was 
 denied the use of the mails. This failing, its proprietors were ar- 
 rested and imprisoned. First Mr. Frank K. Howard, then Mr. W. 
 W. Glenn, and his arrest was followed by the suppression of the 
 paper. The office and all its j>rinting material were forthwith trans- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. Ill 
 
 ferred to other hands, and the paper re-issued as The Maryland 
 News Sheets its editor, Mr. Carpenter, being the only remaining 
 partner of the suppressed Exchange then at liberty. Presently 
 The News Sheet was denied the use of the mails, and Mr. Cai-penter 
 cited to appear before the commanding General. A strong protest 
 being made against the denial of mail facilities, and the late Henry 
 May interesting himself in the matter, the order was reversed. 
 After a little while the vindictiveness of its enemies again mani- 
 fested itself. The privilege of the mails was again refused ; Mr. 
 Carpenter was arrested at midnight, taken to Fort McHenry 
 (where he nearly died from ill treatment and exposure), and 
 thence to Fort Delaware. After an imprisonment of several 
 months he returned and resumed his editorial duties, but subse- 
 quently was compelled to seek refuge in the country, until by grace 
 of the General then in command he was allowed to return. Thus 
 suppressed several times, and restricted in its circulation south- 
 wardly, harassed in every possible way, the News Sheet was pub- 
 lished until the close of the war, when under the new name of the 
 Gazette, the former owners of the Exchange resumed possession of 
 their property, and recommenced their editorial labors. In 1870 
 Mr. Frank K. Howard sold out his interest to Mr. W. "VY. Glenn, 
 who in turn sold out in 1872 to Messrs. Welsh, Taylor & Carpenter; 
 Mr. Taylor subsequently transferring his interest to Mr. Charles J. 
 Baker. The style of the firm at the present writing is Welsh, 
 Baker and Carpenter, and the power and influence of the paper 
 are felt throughout all points of the State ; whilst the frequent 
 notices of the press, not less than the large circulation it has ac- 
 quired, bear testimony to the great ability with which it is edited 
 and conducted. 
 
 The history of the American Theatre is a subject of importance 
 as connected with the history of our literature and manners. 
 Dramatic poetry is one of the first of the fine arts. The histrionic 
 art, not complete in itself, because dependent on the poet, is still so 
 important as the handmaid of poetry, that its history, as a part of 
 the history of any country, is positively necessary to the under- 
 standing of its literature and its manners. The rise, progress, and 
 cultivation of the Drama mark the progress of refinement and the 
 state of manners at any given period in any country. Without 
 the aid of the actor there are thousands who would never have 
 heard the name of Shakspeare ; but who, by his aid, are fixmiliar 
 with the most sublime, moral, and beautiful sentiments that ever 
 adorned a language. That there are evils and perversions and 
 abuses attendant upon theatrical exhibitions, as on all sublunary 
 things, no one is more ready to admit than the writer ; but he firmly 
 believes that the theatre is in itself a powerful engine well adapted 
 to the improvement of man, and that it only wants the directing 
 hand of an enlightened society to make it the pure source of civil- 
 ization and virtue. In May, 1752, Mr. Lewis Hallam's company, 
 
112 CHROI^^ICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 under the appellation of the '' American Company," embarked in 
 London on board the " Charming Sally," Captain Lee, and after a 
 voyage of six weeks, a short passage in those days, the first com- 
 pany of players that crossed the Atlantic arrived safely at York- 
 town, Virginia. Williamsburg was then the capital of Virginia, 
 and thither the players proceeded from Yorktown. Upon applica- 
 tion made to Governor Dinwiddle, permission was granted to erect 
 or fit up a building for a theatre. Hallam found a building which 
 he judged to be sufficient for his purpose, and proceeded to meta- 
 morphose it into pit, box, gallery, and stage. This was the first 
 theatre opened in America by a company of regular comedians, 
 and on the fifth of September, 1752, at Williamsburg, the capital 
 of Virginia, the first play performed in America by a regular com- 
 pany of comedians was rej^resented to a delighted audience. The 
 piece was " The Merchant of Venice," and it was followed by the 
 farce of " Lethe." 
 
 , The first theatre, in point of time, erected in the United States 
 was in Annapolis. It was a neat brick building, tastefully ar- 
 ranged, and competent to contain" between five and six hundred 
 persons. It was built upon ground which had been leased from St. 
 Ann's Protestant Episcopal Church, w^hich lease expired about the 
 year 1820, and the church took possession of the theatre. It was sold 
 and pulled down merely to procure the materials of which it was built. 
 From the Maryland Gazette we find : — "By permission of his Honor 
 the President. At the new theatre in Annapolis, by the company 
 of comedians, on Monday next, being the 13th of this instant, July 
 1752, will be performed a comedy called the Beaux' Stratagem. 
 Likewise a farce called the Virgin Unmasked, to begin at precisely 
 7 o'clock. Tickets to be had at the printing office. Box 10 shil- 
 lings, pit 7 and 6 pence, gallery 5 shillings." Wynell and Herbert, 
 w^ho were the principal performers at the Annapolis theatre, came 
 over with Hallam's company, who arrived at Yorktown in June. 
 As the regular company did not play at Williamsport until the 5th 
 of September, ample time was left for Wynell and Herbert to have 
 gone to Annapolis for the purpose of performing plays, for w^e find 
 them playing at Williamsport in September in their subordinate 
 stations. It was the earliest temple reared in our country to the 
 dramatic muse, and perhaps the first spot upon which the char- 
 acters of Shakspeare w^ere exhibited to the western w^orld. 
 
 Theatrical performances have an early date in Baltimore. In 
 the year 1773 a large warehouse, which stood at the comer of Bal- 
 timore and Frederick streets, w^as occasionally converted into a 
 theatre, on the boards of which the company of Messrs. Douglas 
 and Hallam performed plays from time to time for the edification 
 of the colonists. The theatre-going spirit aj)pears to have been 
 active in those early days when Baltimore was but a small village, 
 for we are told that the encouragement received by the company 
 was sufficient to induce them to erect a small theatre at the inter- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 113 
 
 section of Water and Albemarle streets, where they performed 
 until the Eevolution commenced, when all amusements of the kind 
 being prohibited, they removed to the British West India Islands. 
 In 1781, however, the first theatre built of brick in Baltimore Avas 
 erected in East Baltimore street, nearly opposite the "Second 
 Presbyterian " church. The announcement of its completion was 
 published during Christmas week, and on the 15th of January, 
 1782, it was formally opened, with the following play-bill as pub- 
 lished in the papers of the day, and from which we give a fac- 
 simile : 
 
 (By Permission) 
 THE NEW THEATRE IN BALTIMORE. 
 
 Will Open, This Evening, being the 15th of January, 1782, 
 With an Historical Tragedy, called 
 
 KING RICHARD III. 
 
 Containing —The Distresses and death of King Henry VI. in the Tower; 
 The inhuman Murder ol" the young Princes; Tlie Usurpation of the Throne 
 by Richard ; The Fall of the Duke of Buckingham ; The landing of Richmond 
 at Millords Haven ; The Battle of Boswortli Field, and Death of Richard, 
 which put an end to the Contention between the Houses of York and Laar 
 caster ; with many other Historical Passages. 
 
 King Richard, by Mr. Wall. 
 
 ^^And TreS""^ ['^^ Gentlemen for their Amusement. 
 
 King Henry, by Mr. Tillyard ; Duke of Buckingham, by Mr. Shakespeare; 
 Prince Eilward, by a young Gentleman ; Duke of York, by Miss Wall; Lord 
 Stanley, Mr. Lindsay ; Catesby, by Mr. Killgour; Ratcliff, by Mr. Atherton; 
 Lady Anne, by Mr. Bartholomew ; Queen Elizabeth, by Mrs. Wall. 
 
 An Occasional Prologue by Mr. Wall, to which will be added 
 a Farce, called 
 
 MISS IN HER TEENS; 
 
 Or the Medley op Lovers. 
 
 Boxes ode Dollar; Pit Five Shillings; Galleries 9d. 
 The Doors to be open at Half-past Four, and will begin at Six o'Clock. 
 No persons can be admitted without Tickets, which may be had at the 
 Coffee House in Baltimore, and at Lindlay's Coffee House on Fells-Point. 
 %*No Person will on any pretence be admitted behind the Scenes. 
 
 At different periods there were added to the play-bills the fol- 
 lowing notices, viz : " Any (xcntlemen possessed of good Farces, 
 and will lend or dispose of them to the Managers, will greatly 
 oblige them." " Some Tunes having been called for by Persons in 
 the Gallery which have given Otfence to others, the Managers 
 have resolved, that no Music will be played, but such as they shall 
 order the Day before the Representation." "Children in Laps 
 will not be admitted." We give the annexed list of plays which 
 were performed here during the season, for the amusement of the 
 curious as well as for the gratification of the lovers of the drama : 
 8 
 
114 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 Tragedy. Farce. 
 
 Orphan ; or the Unhappy Marriage. The King and the Miller of Mansfield. 
 
 Gamester. The Citizen. 
 
 Venice Preserved; or a Plot Dis- Beaux' Stratagem, 
 
 covered. The Contrivances. 
 
 The Revenge, The Busy-Body. 
 
 Tamerlane the Great. Thomas and Sally. 
 
 Gustavus Vasa. The Ghost. 
 
 Mahomet the Impostor. The Mayor of Garratt. 
 
 Jane Shore. The Devil Upon Two Sticks. 
 
 Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The Wapping Landlady. 
 Romeo and Juliet. 
 
 After the Revolutionary War terminated Messrs. Hallam and 
 Henry returned to Philadelphia ; but the people received the run- 
 aways with frowns, and many would have willingly continued the 
 prohibition of stage-plays, which the caution of the first Conti- 
 nental Congress had so effectually recommended. After a short 
 stay in Philadelphia the company removed to Kew York, and 
 while there the managers caused a theatre to be erected in Balti- 
 more, between the town and Point, near Pratt and Albemarle 
 streets, on the lot where the old Trinity Church now stands. On 
 the 17th of August, 1786, the theatre was opened. This was a 
 new soil for the players to cultivate, and their harvest was propor- 
 tionably great. Their Southern friends receivQd them with smiles, 
 and they continued their efforts in the new theatre until the begin- 
 ning of October, when they proceeded to Richmond, Ya. The 
 Maryland Gazette of Tuesday, August 22, 1786, says : " On Thurs- 
 day last was opened the new Theatre on Philpot's Hill, belonging 
 to Messrs. Hallam and Henry, where the Old American Company 
 performed that celebrated Comedy, The School for Scandal. The 
 principal characters were so admirably well-sustained as to give 
 entire satisfaction to the audience, and, indeed, the exertions of 
 the whole company were such, that we have never before seen any 
 Theatrical Exhibition in this tow^n nearly equal to it. The new 
 Theatre is very commodiously built ; the scenery and other deco- 
 rations truly elegant, and well-designed, expressive of the just 
 taste of the managers, who have been at a great .expense in for- 
 warding the completion of their plan for the entertainment of the 
 public, whose indulgence and approbation we are persuaded will 
 adequately reward them for their labor and ingenuity. As their 
 stay will be short, they continue to perform four times a week." 
 
 John Henry joined Hallam soon after the return of the latter 
 to America, in 1785, and became his partner in business. Dunlap 
 says, " Henry was full six feet in height, and had been an uncom- 
 monly handsome man." His wife was a very meritorious actress. 
 He was greatly afflicted with gout sometimes, and was compelled 
 to keep a carriage to move about in. It was small, yet large 
 enough to carry himself and wife to the theatre. He was the only 
 actor in America then who kept a coach. Aware of the rather 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 115 
 
 hostile feeling of the public toward players, and anticipating the 
 Inevitable sneer about an actor keeping a carriage, he had painted 
 on the doors, in the manner of the coat-of-arms of the European 
 aristocracy, two crutches, in heraldic position, with the motto, 
 " This or these." " I put this marked motto and device on my 
 carriage," Henry said, " to prevent any impertinent remarks on an 
 actor keeping his coach." The wits would have taken care to forget . 
 that the actor could not walk. 
 
 In 1792 an important division took place in the old American 
 Company of Hallam & Henry. Mr. Wignell, the most important 
 member of the company, resigned his situation and entered into 
 partnership with Mr. Eeinagle, a professor of music in Philadek 
 phia. Their friends furnishing the means, and with the assistance 
 of a man by the name of Anderson, who associated himself with 
 them, and afterwards acted as their treasurer, they commenced to 
 build an elegant theatre in Philadelphia. Whilst the theatre was 
 being constructed, Mr. Wignell went to England to secure a com- 
 pany, and upon his return, Death, in the loathsome form of yellow 
 fever, had established himself in tbe beautiful city of Philadelphia, 
 in the citadel which had been prepared for the reception of Mirth 
 and her attendants. All the usual occupations of life had ceased, 
 and the streets were deserted. Wignell and Keinagle distributed 
 their forces, and in the meantime opened the old theatre in An- 
 napolis, and caused to be erected the old theatre on the site of the 
 present Holliday street. Before it was finished they returned to 
 Philadelphia and opened the splendid theatre prepared for them 
 on the 17th of February, 1794, and thence they came here to open 
 the "new theatre," of which we have the first mention in the 
 following advertisement : 
 
 " New Theatre. — Persons desirous of becoming subscribers to 
 the New Theatre of Messrs. Wignell & Eeinagle, are respectfully 
 informed that there are five shares unappropriated of One Hun- 
 dred Dollars each. Subscribers to draw interest at six per cent, 
 till the money is repaid, and to be entitled to a free ticket for the 
 first season for each share. Application to be speedily made to 
 Thorowgood Smith and llobert Uilmore, Esqs. 
 
 " Baltimore, August 19th, 1794." 
 
 Wignell & Keinagle's company consisted of the following named 
 actors and actresses, viz : Fennel, Chalmers, Moreton, Marshall, 
 Harwood, Whitlock, Green, Darley & Son, Francis, Bates, Blisset, 
 Warrell, Mrs. Whitlock, daughter of Eoger Kemble, Mrs. Old- 
 mixon, Mrs. Francis, Mrs. Marshall, Mrs. Broad hurst, Mrs. War- 
 rell, Miss Willems (afterwards Mrs. Green), Miss Oldfield, and 
 Mr. and Mrs. Morris, composing a force that defied opposition. 
 Of this " New Theatre " the editor of the Maryland Journal says : 
 " The inhabitants of Baltimore and its vicinity will soon have the 
 
116 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 opportunity of being gratified with the most refined and rational 
 amusement which a liberal mind is capable of enjoying. The ani- 
 mated sentiments of immortal authors, when clothed in the smooth 
 robe of pathetic eloquence, cannot fail to awaken the most dormant 
 of the human faculties, and, by exciting a laudable emulation, 
 rouse the noblest principles of the soul in imitation of the virtues 
 and glorious achievements of the heroes of the drama. In all 
 ages, since the first invention of dramatic entertainments, the 
 stage has been justly celebrated for its tendency to reform the 
 manners, and give an elegant polish to society ; its facility in ex- 
 posing the baser part of mankind cannot be too warmly admired, 
 and the beautiful representations of the rewards of virtue, which 
 every well written play exhibits, must cause the honest, generous 
 breast to glow with the strongest consciousness of rectitude and 
 additional self-satisfaction. The public may anticipate the full 
 enjoyment of all the ravishing sensations which the superior tal- 
 ents of able theatrical performers, assisted by the attractive 
 charms of melodious music, are capable of conveying to the soul. 
 The ingenious conduct of Messrs. Wignell & Eeinagle, the peculiar 
 taste displayed in their selections, and the shining abilities of 
 their company, have already merited and received the loudest ap- 
 plauses of a distinguished part of our country ; and from the con- 
 venient situation and accommodations of our New Theatre, but 
 particularly from the address of its managers, the public have 
 everything that is pleasing to expect." From the Maryland 
 Journal we also copy the following card, published by Wignell & 
 Eeinagle : 
 
 ISIEW THEATRE. 
 
 The Public are respectfully acquainted that the Entertainment for the 
 Season commences on Wednesday, the 24th instant [August], with the Comic 
 Opera of 
 
 LOVE IN A VILLAGE, 
 
 And a Comedy in two Acts, called 
 
 WHO IS THE DUPE? 
 
 ^* Places for the Boxes to be taken on Tuesday, at the office in the front 
 of the Theatre from the Hour of 10 till 2, and on the Day of Performance — 
 Boxes 7s. 6d.— Pit 5s. 7id. 
 
 Floreat Bespublica. 
 
 From the Maryland Journal of Wednesday, September 24th, 
 1794, we also get the following : 
 
 The Public are respectfully acquainted that the opening of the 
 
 NEW THEATRE 
 
 la unavoidably postponed until Thursday, the 25th instant, when a favorite 
 Comedy will be performed (for the first time here) called 
 
 EVERY ONE HAS HIS FAULT, 
 
 With an occasional Overture, composed by Mr. Reinagle. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 117 
 
 End of the Comedy, 
 
 A SCOTS PASTORAL DANCE, 
 
 In which will be introduced a New Highland Reel composed by Mr. Francis 
 
 called 
 
 THE CALEDONIAN FROLIC. 
 
 To which will be added A Comic Opera in two Acts called 
 
 THE FLITCH OF BACON; 
 
 Or, DuNMORE Priory. 
 
 |^"Love in a Village is obliged to be postponed on account of the indis- 
 position of Mrs. Warrell, &c. 
 
 Subscribers to the New Theatre are requested to send for their tickets of 
 admission to the store of Mr. Clarke, bookseller in Market Street, on Thurs- 
 day morning. 
 
 C^^Places for the Boxes to be taken on Tuesday at the office in front of 
 the Theatre, &c., &c. 
 
 Floreat Respiiblka. 
 
 Of which the editor of the Journal, of the 26th of September, 
 says : — " We have the pleasure of announcing to the public that 
 the opening of the New Theatre, last night, was attended by a 
 numerous and brilliant audience, who deservedly bestowed their 
 reiterated plaudits on the very skilful performance of the com- 
 pany." From the play-bills we get the following information: 
 " The scenery was designed and executed by Mr. Milbourne." 
 " Doors were opened at a quarter past five and performances com- 
 menced at a quarter past six." " The manager requests gentlemen 
 and ladies who procure tickets at the office of the Theatre, would 
 in future, always bring the exact change, as no change can 
 be given, owing to the confusion it occasions in the hurry of 
 business." " The ladies and gentlemen are requested to send their 
 servants to keep places by a quarter before five o'clock, and to 
 direct them to withdraw as soon as the company are seated, as 
 they cannot on any account be permitted to remain." We add the 
 following reminiscences, extracted from an old old newspaper which 
 was published by the Hon. John P. Kennedy anonymously: 
 " This playhouse stood in Holliday street, just where the present 
 /Theatre 'now stands. What a superb thing it was! — speaking 
 now as my fancy imagined it then. It had something of the 
 splendor of a great barn, weather-boarded, milk-white, with many 
 windows ; and to my conception, looked with a hospitable, pat- 
 ronising, tragi-comic greeting down upon the street. It never oc- 
 curred to me to think of it as a piece of architecture. It was 
 something above that — a huge, mystical Aladdin lamp that had a 
 magic to repel criticism, and filled with wonderful histories. 
 There Blue Beard strangled his wives and hung them on pegs in 
 the blue chamber; and the glorious Valentine overcame his 
 brother Orson by the clever trick of showing him his own image 
 
118 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 in a wonderful shield of looking-glass, which, of course, we believed 
 to be pure burnished silver ; and there Babes in the Wood went to 
 sleep under the coverlet provided for them by the charitable robins 
 that swung down upon wires, which we thought was even su- 
 perior to the ordinary manner of flying ; and the ghost of Gaifer 
 Thumb came up through the floor, as white as a dredge-box of 
 flour could make him — much more natural than any common ghost 
 we had seen. Alas ! what has become of Orcobrand's Cave and 
 the Wood Demon and the Castle Spectre, and all the rest of those 
 delightful old horrors which used to make our hair stand on end 
 in delicious ecstasy in those days ? This reflection gives me rather 
 a poor opinion of the modern drama, and so I do not look much 
 after it. In fact, I suspect this age to be greatly behind ours in 
 these terrible fascinations. Young America is evidently not so 
 easily scared as old America was. It has a sad propensity towards 
 fast trotters, and to that wretched business of driving buggies 
 which has spoiled the whole generation of young gentlemen, and 
 made a good cavalry officer, just now, an impossibility, or at least 
 a virtuous exception in one half of the country. The age is too 
 fast for the old illusions, and the theatre now deals in respectable 
 swindlers, burglars, and improper young ladies, as more consonant 
 with public favor than our old devils, ghosts and assassins, which 
 were always shown in their true colors, and were sure to be 
 severely punished when they persecuted innocence. The players 
 were part and parcel of the playhouse, and therefore shared in the 
 juvenile admiration with which it was regarded. In fact, there 
 was a misty confusion of the two which destroyed the separate 
 identity of either. The playhouse was a compound idea of a 
 house filled with mountains, old castles and cities, and elderly gen- 
 tlemen in wigs, brigands, fairies and demons, the whole making 
 a little cosmos that was only connected with the world by certain 
 rows of benches symmetricall/ arranged into boxes, pit and galleiy, 
 where mankind were drawn by certain irresistible affinities to 
 laugh and weep and clap their hands, just as the magicians within 
 should choose to have them do. Of course there was but one 
 playhouse and one company of actors. Two or more would have 
 destroyed that impression of the supernatural, or rather the extra- 
 natural, which gives to the show its indescribable charm. A cheap 
 and common illusion soon grows stale. Christy's Minstrels may 
 be repeated every night, and people will onlj^ get tired of the bad 
 jokes and cease to laugh ; but Cinderella and her glass slipper would 
 never endure it. The fairy bubbles would burst, and there would 
 be no more sparkling of the eyes of the young folks with the de- 
 light of wonder. Even Lady Macbeth, I believe, would become an 
 ordinary sort of person in 'a run ' — such as is common now. The 
 players understood this, and therefore did not allow themselves to 
 grow too familiar. One company served Baltimore and Philadel- 
 phia, and they had their appointed seasons — a few months or even 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 119 
 
 weeks at a time — and they played only three times a week. 'The 
 actors are coming hither, my lord,' would seem to intimate that 
 this was the condition of things at Elsinore — one company and a 
 periodical visit. There was a universal gladness in this old Balti- 
 more when the word was passed round — ' The players are come.' 
 It instantly became everybody's business to give them a good re- 
 ception. They were strange creatures in our schoolboy reckoning, 
 quite out of the common order of humanity. We ran after them 
 in the streets as something very notable to be looked at. It was 
 odd to see them dressed like gentlemen and ladies — almost incon- 
 gruous, we sometimes thought, as if we expected to see them in 
 slashed doublet and hose, with embroidered mantles and a feather 
 in their caps. ' There goes Old Francis ! ' was our phrase ; not that 
 he was old, for he was far from it, but because we loved him. It 
 was a terra of endearment. And as to Jeiferson ! Is there any- 
 body now who remembers that imp of ancient fame? I cannot 
 even now think definitely of him as a man, except in one particular, 
 that he had a prominent and rather arching nose. In regard to 
 everything else he was a Proteus — the nose always being the 
 same. He played everything that was comic, and always made 
 people laugh till tears came to their eyes. Laugh ! why, I don't 
 believe he ever saw the world doing anything else. Whomsoever 
 he looked at laughed. Before he came through the side scenes, 
 when he was about to enter O. P. or P. S., he would pronounce the 
 first words of his part to herald his appearance, and instantly the 
 w^hole audience set up a shout. It was only the sound of his voice. 
 He had a patent right to shake the world's diaphragm which 
 seemed to be infallible. 'No player comes to that perfection now. 
 Actors are too cheap, and all the hallucination is gone. When 
 our players came, with their short seasons, their three nights in 
 the week, and their single company, they were received as public 
 benefactors, and their stay was a period of carnival. The boxes 
 were engaged for every night. Families all went together, young ^ 
 and old. Smiles were on every face : the town was happy. The / 
 elders did not frown on the drama, the clergy levelled no canon 
 against it, the critics were amiable. The chief actors were invited 
 into the best company, and I believe their personal merits entitled 
 them to all the esteem that was felt for them. But, among the 
 young folks, the appreciation was far above all this. With them 
 it was a kind of hero-worship, prompted by a conviction that the 
 player was that manifold creature which every night assumed a 
 new shape, and only accidentally fell into the category of a common 
 mortal. And, therefore, it seemed so interesting to us to catcla one 
 of them sauntering on the street looking like other people. That 
 was his exceptional character, and we were curious to see how he 
 behaved in it — and, indeed, thought him a little awkward and not 
 quite at his ease in that guise. How could old Francis be expected 
 to walk comfortably in Suwarow boots and a stove-pipe hat — he 
 
120 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 who had, last night, been pursuing Columbine in his light suit of 
 triangular patchwork, with his wooden sword, and who so deftly 
 dodged the police by making a somersault through the face of a 
 clock, and disappearing in a chest of drawers, or who, the night 
 before that, was a French dancing-master, and ran away with a 
 pretty ward of a cross old gentleman who wanted to marry her 
 himself! " 
 
 Finally, this old wooden theatre, which had become too small 
 for the rapidly increasing population of the city, was to be replaced 
 by a new one. In the Baltimore American of Wednesday, Septem- 
 ber 4th, 1811, we find the following advertisement: 
 
 "New Theatre. — The subscribers, managers and proprietors 
 of the New Theatre of Baltimore, propose to build a new edifice on 
 the site of the present theatre, on an elegant, improved and en- 
 larged plan. To effect this object, equally desirable to themselves 
 and the public, it is proposed to raise a sum of money, on the se- 
 curity of the property, by subscription. Those who feel disposed 
 to assist and patronize the undertaking, are invited to examine the 
 proposed terms of the subscription, which are left at the office of 
 William Gwynn, Esq., in Chatham street, and will be found to be 
 highly advantageous to subscribers. Warren & Wood." 
 
 N^ On the 10th of May, 1813, the "New Theatre" (now called 
 Holliday street) was opened with the following ceremonies, as taken 
 from the programme of the day, published in the Baltimore American 
 of May 8th: 
 
 BALTIMORE THEATRE. 
 
 On Monday, the 10th of May, 
 The Theatre will open with an occasional Patriotic Address, commemora- 
 tive of the late brilliant Naval victories, to be spoken by Mr. Wood. 
 
 After which, Cumberland's Comedy of 
 
 THE WEST INDIAN. 
 Belcour. . . . . . Mr. Wood. 
 
 Captain Dudley Mr. Doyle. 
 
 His first appearance here. 
 
 To which will be added, a new farce, never acted here, called 
 
 THE SLEEP WALKER, OR, WHICH IS THE LADY ? 
 
 Somno, (the Sleep Walker) Mr. Jefferson. 
 
 Doors will be opened at half past 6, and performance commence at 7 
 
 o'clock 
 
 The theatre was built by Col. Mosher, after a design of Robert 
 Carey Long, architect. The managers were William Warren, 
 father of the present well-known comedian of the same name, and 
 William Wood, author of " Personal Recollections of the Stage." 
 The theatre not being finished, it w^as closed for the season Thurs- 
 day, June 10th, 1813. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 121 
 
 A short time after the retreat of the British forces from their 
 ■an success fill attempt upon Baltimore, " The Star-Spangled- Banner," 
 written by Francis S. Key, on the night of the 13th of September, 
 during the bombardment of Fort McHenry, was set to music and 
 sung by the Durang brothers (two of these volunteer actors) 
 on the stage of the Holliday street theatre, creating immense en- 
 thusiasm. So popular did it at once become that its repetition 
 was demanded every night for several weeks. This fact gave the 
 theatre a national reputation ; and after the war, all the leading 
 American, and every foreign actor who visited this country, ap- 
 peared on its boards. Here John Howard Payne, the author of 
 *' Home, Sweet Home," won the name of " The Young Eoscius ; " 
 here the great George Frederick Cooke, then at the zenith of his 
 power, gained fresh laurels ; here Edmund Kean drew the largest 
 audiences which had ever been seen in a Baltimore theatre ; here 
 the classical and scholarly Macready enchanted the most cultivated 
 citizens by his delineations of Shakspeare's most celebrated heroes ; 
 here the elder Booth displayed that amazing genius which made 
 hira the acknowledged head of the American stage ; here Forrest, 
 Ellen Tree, Fanny Keinble, Cooper, the elder Vandenhoff, Mur- 
 doch, Burton, Charles Kean, the elder Wallack, the elder Jefferson, 
 Madame Celeste, Fanny Elssler, Hackett, and other famous actors, 
 appeared from time to time. Later came Mr. Joseph Jefferson, 
 the younger Booths, Owens, Clarke, Boucicault, the Williamses 
 and Florences, Davenport, Holland, the younger Warren, Laura 
 Keene, Maggie Mitchell, Eistori, Charlotte Cushman, Matilda 
 Heron, and a host of others, including many of the prominent and 
 first singers of the world, including Bosio, Mario, Grisi, Sontag, 
 Piccolomini, Patti, Madame Bishop. 
 
 On Thursday evening, Sept. 10th, 1846, the theatre was closed 
 by an injunction granted by the Chancellor of the State, on appli- 
 cation of Mendes I. Cohen, one of the original stockholders. It 
 appears that the theatre was built originally by subscription, 126 
 shares having been sold at $200 each, but which were not sufficient 
 to complete the building, and consequently liens were held against 
 it for work done. Two several times it was offered for sale to 
 satisfy these liens, and at the last time offered in 1846, was pur- 
 chased by Jas. Y. Wagner, Esq., for $13,000, it being the only bid 
 offered. Mr. Cohen immediately took exception to the sale, on 
 the grounds of there being but one bid for the building, and of the 
 sale having taken place on Saturday, which, being a Jew, and his 
 Sabbath, he could not attend the sale. Mr. Cohen held fifty shares 
 of the stock, and formerly each share of stock was entitled to a 
 ticket of admission, and after the sale Mr. C. sold all his stock- 
 holder's tickets, which were refused admission, and hence the suit. 
 The court dismissed the injunction and confirmed the sale. 
 
 For years it remained closed entirely — unthought of, or un- 
 cared for, by responsible managers. Latterly efforts were at dif- 
 
V 
 
 v/ 
 
 122 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ferent periods made by managers of more repute than tact to con- 
 tinue it regularly, but their attempts invariably resulted disas- 
 trouslj". In the fall of 1854 it was purchased by an association of 
 liberal and wealthy gentlemen, who refitted and magnificently re- 
 furnished it at an actual expenditure of $12,000, and determined 
 upon leaving no effort untested for the establishment of the drama 
 in our city. They engaged, at enormous salaries, a full and for 
 the most part a talented dramatic corps, which they placed under 
 the absolute control of an experienced actor; but through misman- 
 agement, the season closed with an actual cash loss of $15,000. It 
 remained for Mr. John T. Ford and his confreres in management 
 to determine that our citizens would support a properly conducted 
 theatre. He assumed entire control of the theatre on the 12th of 
 August, 1855, and purchased the same fifteen years later, in 1870, 
 for $100,000. It was sold on Monday, April 2l8t, 1856, at the Ex- 
 change, at public sale, for the sum of $32,000, Mr. John Grayson 
 becoming the purchaser. Under Mr. Ford's efficient management 
 the establishment attained a degree of popularity and prestige 
 never before known in the theatrical annals of Baltimore. The 
 season of 1873-74, which w^as doomed to so sudden and disastrous 
 a termination, opened on Monday, August 11th, with the spec- 
 tacular drama of " The Ice Witch," and promised to be the most 
 brilliant and profitable it had ever experienced. On Monday, Sep- 
 tember 8th, "After Dark " was placed on the boards, and on Tues- 
 day night was again performed. That evening the curtain fell for 
 the last time on the stage of our " Old Drury," for in less than five 
 hours afterwards the fire broke out, which in a short time leveled 
 it with the ground. It may appear as a singular coincidence that 
 the last words spoken in the play of "After Dark " are, "After dark 
 the light has come." At this period (1874) Mr. John T. Ford has 
 associated with him his eldest son, Mr. Charles E. Ford, a gentle- 
 man well adapted to aid him in the management of his extensive 
 theatrical business, and is re-building the "Old Drury" on an en- 
 larged and more modern plan. 
 
 The following celebrated actors and actresses made their first 
 appearance at the Holliday Street Theatre: Mr. John W. 
 Albaugh commenced .his first regular season here August 22d, 
 1855 ; Mr. George Boniface in 1851, as Capt. Bleinheim, in " Eough 
 Diamond;" Thomas Authorpe Cooper in 1796; Mr. W. C. Drum- 
 mond made his American debut here in 1810, in "Cinderella"; 
 Eosalie Durand in 1854 ; Mr. Gallagher made his debut as a call- 
 boy ; Miss Effie Germon, in the season of 1857-58, as Sally Scraggs, 
 in "Sketches in India"; Mr. Charles Matthews, Sr., made his first 
 appearance on the American stage at the Holliday, on September 
 2d, 1822, in " The Trip to Paris," his receipts being $752 ; Mr. Mil- 
 liken in 1835; Mr. Mills made his first appearance in America at 
 the Holliday, October 4th, 1806, as " Bob Tyke "; Mrs. Joseph E. 
 Nagle made her debut at the same place, September 4th, 1847; 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 123 
 
 Mr. James A. Oates made his first appearance here in 1859 ; Maria 
 Pritchard was brought out as a star at the Holliday by John T. 
 Ford and Mr. Joseph Jefferson ; in 1843, Peter Eichings was man- 
 ager ; Henry J. Eiiey made his American debut here October 5th, 
 1830 ; Edward Sinclair Tarr, in Nov. 1861 ; Clifton W. Tayleure, 
 the dramatic author and actor, took his farewell of the stage at 
 the Holliday, May 3d, 1856. From 1854 to 1859 he was business 
 manager. In May, 1859, he was admitted to the Baltimore bar, 
 and practised law until 1861, uniting in the latter year the profes- 
 sion of journalism with that of the bar. From 1861 to 1864 he 
 was connected with the press of Baltimore and Eichmond. In 
 August, 1864, he became business manager for Mr. John E. Owens, 
 and accompanied him to England in 1865. At present he resides 
 in Kew York. Mr. Henry Wal.lack made his first appearance in 
 America at the Holliday in 1819. His average receipts were $441 
 per night. Mrs. Chester, in September, 1857 ; on the 2d of Novem- 
 ber, 1821, the elder Booth made his first appearance in Baltimore at 
 the Holliday, and created an unusual sensation in Eichard the 
 Third. His receipts averaged about $350 per night. During this 
 season Booth appeard as Lear^ Edgar, Charles Kemble, and Ed- 
 mund, Macready. The last night the receipts were not sufficient 
 to pay the expenses, and they were obliged to make up the de- 
 ficiency by paying $80 — which nearly absorbed all the earnings 
 of their former nights. Charles Kean played here in 1826, but 
 owing to the partisan feeling against him in relation to the Bos- 
 ton riot, he did not fill his engagement of eight nights, but re- 
 moved to Philadelphia. On the 15th of December, 1848, Forrest 
 was announced to act " Macbeth " at the Holliday Street Theatre, 
 and at the same time Macready was announced for the same part 
 at the Front Street Theatre, which created great excitement, 
 both theatres being crowded with the friends and admirers of 
 each. 
 
 1773. In this year Messrs. Griffith, Shields, Lemmon, Presstraan, 
 McKim, Cox, and others purchased a lot and erected a church on 
 the corner of Front and Fayette streets, where the Shot Tower 
 now stands, for the Baptist society. The Eev. John Davis, from 
 Harford, officiated occasionally; but on the 15th of January, 1785, 
 Mr. Lewis Eichards (who had been elected the presiding minister 
 the yjear previous), together with Mr. David Shields, George 
 Presstman, Francis Presstman, Jean Shields, Eacheal Coal, Thomas 
 Coal, Eichard Lemmon, Alexander McKim, William Hobby, and 
 Eleanor Thomas were constituted in a regular Baptist Church by 
 the Eev. John Davis, pastor of the Baptist church in Harford 
 County. There were attached to the church at the time a par- 
 sonage and graveyard. This church since its organization has had 
 only five pastors, including the present incumbent. Eev. Lewis 
 Eichards was pastor for thirty-three years, from its organization 
 in 1785 to 1818; Eev. Edward J. Eeis was associate pastor from 
 
124 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1815 to 1818, and full pastor from 1818 to 1821, in all six years ; 
 Rev. John Finlay from 1821 to 1834, thirteen years ; Rev. Stephen 
 P. Hill from 1834 to 1850, sixteen years ; Rev. John W. M. Wil- 
 liams, D. D., the present pastor, from January Ist, 1851, nearly 
 twenty-three years ; Rev. H. O. Wyer was elected pastor in 1834, 
 and accepted, but declined before entering upon his duties because 
 of ill-health. During the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Richards 293 per- 
 sons were received into the church by baptism and 115 by letter; 
 under the Rev. Mr. Reis 30 were received by baptism and six by 
 letter ; under the ministration of Rev. Mr. Finlay, 140 by baptism 
 and six by letter ; under Rev. Mr. Hill, 410 were added by baptism 
 and 159 by letter; and under the Rev. Mr. Williams, the present 
 pastor, 865 have been added by baptism and 302 by letter 
 and restoration. In the spring of 1834 the church held a 
 protracted meeting, conducted principally by Rev. W. F. Broad- 
 dus of Virginia, which was a great success, as were also those held 
 in October, 1839, by the Rev. Jacob Knapp, assisted by the pastor, 
 Mr. Hill. 
 
 In 1817 the original society erected their commodious circular 
 church on the corner of Sharp and Lombard streets, at a cost of 
 over $50,000. The debt incurred by the building of such a large and 
 costly house proved a serious hindrance to the prosperity of the 
 church for many years. In 1823 a resolution was passed to close 
 the house and give the keys up to the creditor, and but for his 
 generous spirit it would have been lost to the denomination. It 
 was not until 1852, during the pastorate of the present minister, 
 that the whole debt was paid and the ground-rent greatly reduced. 
 The property is now held in fee-simple. On the removal to Sharp 
 street the church and grounds on Front street were sold, and the 
 remains of the interred there removed to the cemetery southwest 
 of the city ; but soon after the old church is let to a third Baptist 
 congregation, the Rev. James Osborne officiating there. Several 
 colonies have gone out from the first church, which have become 
 large and influential bodies. Among them is the Seventh Bap- 
 tist Church, constituted in 1845 with ninety-two members. Its 
 meeting-house, on the northwest corner of Paca and Saratoga 
 streets, cost between thirty and forty thousand dollars. Rev. R. 
 Fuller, D. D., was pastor for twenty-three years; Rev. W. T. 
 Brantley, D. D., has been pastor for more than two years past. It 
 now numbers 556 members, a large number having left with the 
 former pastor to form the Eutaw Place church in 1871. This 
 church reports now 370 members. It has a beautiful white marble 
 edifice, costing with the ground $125,000. 
 
 The Lee Street Baptist church is also a colony of the old 
 First, constituted in 1854. It has 231 members ; Rev. John Pol- 
 lard pastor. Its house of worship was dedicated in June, 1864 ; 
 cost, $46,000. 
 Besides these there are in Baltimore the Second Baptist Church, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 125 
 
 Broadway, near Pratt, founded in 1797. The venerable John Healey 
 was pastor for more than fifty years ; Eev. E. N. Harris is the 
 present pastor. In 1854 they left their old meeting-house on Fleet 
 street, and entered their present handsome one on Broadway; 
 cost, $15,000. The High Street Church was constituted in 1835. 
 It first met in Carvert, near Saratoga street, but in 1844 moved to 
 High street. Eev. Franklin Wilson, D. D., was pastor for several 
 years, and saved the house from being sacrificed for debt. It cost 
 about ^$15,000. The Franklin Square Church was organized Octo- 
 ber, 1*854, with thirty members. It now has 330 ; pastor, Eev. 
 G. W. Sunderlin. Its meeting-house cost about $20,000. Besides 
 these there is one German Baptist church and three colored 
 churches in the city. One of these, on Leaden hall street, has a 
 house, dedicated in 1873, which cost $20,000, and is one of the 
 finest houses for colored people in Baltimore. 
 
 |774. Mr. Isaac Griest, Benjamin Griffith, Jesse Hollingsworth, 
 and thirteen gentlemen in the county, were appointed commissioners 
 under an Act of the Provincial Legislature, to direct the expendi- 
 ture of a sum of nearly $11,000 to make the three great roads 
 leading to the tow^n. 
 
 In consequence of the passage by the British Parliament 
 of the Boston Port Bill — a bill intended to shut out the people of 
 Boston from commercial intercourse with every part of the 
 world — the people of Boston assembled in town-meeting at 
 Fanueil Hall on the 13th day of May, 1774, and voted " that if the 
 other colonies would come into a joint resolution to stop all im- 
 portations from Great Britain, and every part of the West Indies, 
 till the act blocking up the harbor be repealed, the same will 
 prove the salvation of North America and her liberties." This 
 resolve was transmitted to the people of Baltimore, in a letter 
 written by Mr. Samuel Adams to Mr. Wm. Lux, of Baltimore. 
 Mr. Adams said : " The people receive this edict with indigna- 
 tion. It is expected by their enemies, and feared by some of their 
 friends, that this town singly, will not be able to support the 
 cause under so severe a trial. As the very being of every colony, 
 considered as a free peoj^le, depends upon the event, a thought so 
 dishonorable to our brethren cannot be entertained, as that this 
 town will now be left to struggle alone. The town of Boston is 
 now suffering the stroke of vengeance, in the common cause of 
 America. I hope they will sustain the blow with a becoming 
 fortitude, and that the effects of this cruel act, intended to in- 
 timidate and subdue the spirits of all America, will by the joint 
 efforts of all, be frustrated." In the Maryland Journal of the 28th 
 of May, 1774, a notice appeared, of which the following is a copy : 
 " On Tuesday last, a few hours after the arrival of an express 
 from Philadelphia relative to the situation of affairs at Boston, a 
 number of merchants and respectable mechanics of this. town met 
 at the Court-house, and appointed a committee to correspond with 
 
126 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 the neighboring colonies, as the exigency of affairs may make it 
 occasionally necessary." This committee was Robert Alexander, 
 /"^Robert Christie, Sr., Isaac YanBibber, Thomas Harrison, John 
 I Boyd, Samuel Purviance, Jr., Andrew Buchanan, Wm. Buchanan, 
 j John Moale, Wm. Smith, Wm. Lux, and John Smith. They met 
 at the Court-house on Tuesday, May 31st, 1774, Captain Charles 
 Ridgely acting as chairman. There were eight resolutions adopted. 
 The three first were dissented from by very inferior minorities ; 
 the remaining five w^ere unanimously adopted. The first resolu- 
 tion expresses it as the duty of every colony in America to "unite 
 in the most effectual means to obtain a repeal of the late act 
 of Parliament for blockading the harbor of Boston ; three 
 dissenters. The second concurred in the sentiment expressed by 
 the Boston resolve, that if the colonies came into a joint resolu- 
 tion to stop importations from, and exports to. Great Britain and 
 the West Indies, the same would be the means of preserving 
 North America and her liberties ; three dissentients. The 3d, 
 the inhabitants of the county will join in an association to etop 
 the intercourse at given days; nine dissentients. The 4th pro- 
 vides for the appointment of delegates to attend a general congress 
 from each county in the State, to be held at Annapolis, and dele- 
 gates to attend a general congress from the other colonies ; unan- 
 imously assented to. The 5th provides for breaking off all trade 
 and dealing with that colony, province or town, which refuses to 
 come into similar resolutions; unanimously assented to. The 
 6th appoints Capt. Charles Ridgely, Charles Eidgely, son of John, 
 / 'Walter Tolly, Jr., Thomas Cockey Dye, William Lux, Robert 
 Alexander, Samuel Purviance, Jr., John Moale, Andrew Buchanan, 
 I and George Risteau, as a committee to attend a general meeting at 
 I Annapolis, and that the same gentlemen together with John Smith, 
 Thomas Harrison, William Buchanan, Benjamin Nicholson, Thomas 
 Sollers, William Smith, James Gittings, Richard Moale, Jonathan 
 ^Plowman, and William Spear, be a committee of correspondence 
 to receive and answer all letters, and on any emergency to call a 
 general meeting, and that any six of the number have power to 
 act; unanimously assented to. The 8th is a vote of thanks. That 
 all these resolves did not meet with the unanimity which was ex- 
 pected at the time, may be accounted for from this fact, that as 
 some of them looked to a complete prohibition of all intercourse 
 with Great Britain and her West India possessions, it was a ruinous 
 interference with the most profitable branch of trade at that time 
 carried on from Baltimore. 
 
 On the 4th of June, 1774, the Baltimore committee transmitted 
 to the Boston committee the resolutions which had been adopted, 
 when the people of Baltimore were first made acquainted with the 
 distresses of Boston, accompanied with the following letter : 
 
 ^'Gentlemen — On the 25th ultimo, we received, (by express) from 
 Philadelphia, a copy of your letter of the 13th to the gentlemen of 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 127 
 
 that city, and a coipy of their reply thereto, together with the 
 votes of your town meeting, on the truly alarming situation of 
 your affairs by the late act of Parliament, for blocking up the 
 harbor of Boston. 
 
 " Could we remain a moment indifferent to your sufferings, the 
 result of your noble and virtuous struggles in defence of American 
 liberties, we should be unworthy to share in those blessings, which 
 (under Grod) we owe, in a great measure, to your perseverance and 
 zeal in support of our common rights, that they have not ere now, 
 been wrested from us, by the rapacious hand of power. 
 
 " Permit us therefore as brethren, fellow-citizens and Americans, 
 embarked in one common interest, most affectionately to sympa- 
 thize Avith you, now suffering and persecuted in the common cause 
 of our country, and to assure you of our readiness to concur in 
 every reasonable measure that can be devised for obtaining the mOst 
 effectual and speedy relief to our distressed friendsv 
 
 " Actuated by these sentiments, we immediately, on receipt of 
 the letters aforesaid, called a meeting of the principal inhabitants, 
 and appointed a committee of twelve persons to correspond with 
 you, the neighboring colonies, and particularly with the towns of 
 this province, to collect the public sense of this important concern. 
 
 " We procured a general meeting of the freeholders and gentle- 
 men of this county, the 31st ult., when the enclosed resolutions were 
 agreed on, with a spirit and harmony, which we flatter ourselves, 
 prevails very generally through all parts of this province. The 
 resolve of a general congress of deputies, in order to unite the 
 sense of the whole colony on this interesting occasion, will, we 
 have reason to hope, be attended with success. 
 
 "Having addressed every county for that purpose, and the 
 gentlemen of Annapolis concurring in the same design, as soon 
 as the result of this congress is determined, we shall make you 
 acquainted therewith. 
 
 "In order to inspire the same zeal in others with which we are 
 actuated for your cause, we have transmitted copies of the papers 
 we received to the gentlemen of Alexandria, I^orfolk and Ports- 
 mouth, in Virginia, and have taken the liberty of recommending 
 to our friends in Philadelphia the necessity of setting a good 
 example, as their influence would greatly preponderate in your 
 favor. Although the gentlemen of Philadelphia have recom- 
 mended a general congress for proceeding by petition or remon- 
 strance, we cannot see the least grounds of expecting relief by it. 
 The contempt with which a similar petition was treated in 1765, 
 and many others since that period, convince us that policy or 
 reasons of state, instead of justice and equity, are to prescribe the 
 rule of our future conduct, and that something more sensible than 
 supplications will best serve our purpose. The idea of a general 
 congress, held forth by our resolves, as merely to unite such colo- 
 nies as will associate in a general system of non-exportation and 
 
128 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 non-importation, both to be regulated in such degree and manner as 
 most suitable to the circumstances of each colony, and as to enable 
 us (if necessary) to hold out longer without aggrieving one more 
 than another. 
 
 " Permit us, as friends, truly anxious for the preservation of 
 your and our common liberties, to recommend firmness and mode- 
 ration under this severe trial of your patience, trusting that the 
 Supreme Disposer of all events will terminate the same in a happy 
 confirmation of American freedom. 
 
 " We are, with much sincerity, 
 
 " Your truly sympathizing friends, 
 
 " Samuel PuRViANCE, CAazrmaw. 
 " William Buchanan, 
 
 " in behalf of the Committee^ 
 
 We have already observed that the celebrated vote of the town 
 of Boston, w^hich took place on the 13th of May, 1774, together 
 with a letter from the town of Boston of said date, was forwarded 
 by express from Philadelphia to Baltimore, and received here on 
 the 23d of May, and that immediate action was taken upon it by 
 the people of Baltimore County. They addressed a letter on tho 
 4th of June to the committee of Philadelphia, responding in the 
 most enthusiastic manner to the vote which had been transmitted 
 to them; and from the language it makes use of respecting the pro- 
 priety of holding a general congress of deputies from all the 
 colonies, we infer that the honor of first suggesting such an as- 
 sembly to meet the great crisis which was then approaching, be- 
 longs as much to the people of Baltimore, as it has heretofore been 
 considered as in the exclusive possession of Virginia. Although 
 the resolutions of Yirginia which recommended it were dated 
 the 27th of May, yet the communication which announced it to 
 the other colonies was not dated until the 3l8t of May ; and on 
 Unit day, the people of Baltimore, at their deferred meeting, made 
 an equal recommendation of such a measure, and in conveying to 
 the other colonies their sense of its propriety they certainly speak 
 as if they were the first to present this great measure for their 
 approbation. They remark in this celebrated letter to the com- 
 mittee of Philadelphia : " The idea we have formed of a general 
 congress, as expressed in our fourth resolve, is by no means formed 
 upon the opinion, or the necessity of such a congress, for the pur- 
 pose of petitioning or remonstrating to the crown, or any other 
 branch of the legislature of Great Britain. The indignity oftered 
 by the ministry to every petition from America ; the affected 
 contempt with which they treated those transmitted in 1765, and 
 every other since that time, leave us not the least ray of hope that 
 any application in that mode would be productive of relief to the 
 Bufferings of Boston, whom we consider as a victim to ministerial 
 vengeance, for wisely and justly opposing them in their arbitrary 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 129 
 
 attacks upon American liberty. We have proposed the congress 
 to settle and establish a general plan of conduct for such colonies 
 that may think fit to send deputies. Their local circumstances 
 and particular situation may render some little diversity necessary, 
 especially should the same influence that has unhappily guided the 
 councils of Great Britain continue to prevail." 
 
 A copy of these resolutions was transmitted also to the com- 
 mittee of Annapolis. The committee on receiving them, assented 
 to the proposition they contained of calling a general congress, 
 and immediately thereafter addressed a communication to the 
 committee of correspondence for Virginia on the subject of these 
 resolutions. They say in their letter, "It is our most fervent wish 
 and sanguine hope that your colony has the same disposition and 
 spirit, and that by a general congress such a plan may be struck 
 out as may eff'ectually accomplish the grand object in view." The 
 committee of correspondence of Virginia reply to this suggestion 
 of the Baltimore committee on the 4th of August in the follow- 
 ing language : " The expediency and necessity, however, of a 
 general congress of deputies from the different colonies was so 
 obvious, that the meeting have already come to the resolutions re- 
 specting it." If there be merit in being among the first to sug- 
 gest a great and leading measure, which from its peculiar fitness 
 to produce the end contemplated by its creation, the recommenda- 
 tion of the general congress as suggested by the Baltimore com- 
 mittee pre-eminently entitles them to its claim. That congress, 
 according to these suggestions, did assemble, and from their de- 
 liberations resulted the declaration, that the thirteen colonies were 
 free and independent States, and as such were entitled to do all 
 those acts which of right may be adopted by independent nations 
 — a congress, as described by Lord Chatham, "for solidity of 
 reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion, under such 
 a complication of ditiicult circumstances, no nation or body of 
 men can stand in preference to the general congress of Philadel- 
 phia." The Baltimore committee appear to have lost no occasion 
 to keep alive the spirit of patriotism which had burned with in- 
 tensity in their bosoms from the moment they were made ac- 
 quainted with the arbitrar}^ legislation of Great Britain towards 
 the town of Boston. Wherever their voice could reach they were 
 not backward in sending it forth ; nor did they conceal their re- 
 grets whenever any response was made by any of the colonies to 
 their communications, which they thought fell short of their' 
 ardor. 
 
 The committees appointed by the several counties met at An- 
 napolis on the 22d of June, in which Baltimore County and Town 
 were represented by Captain Charles Ridgely, Thomas C. Dye, 
 Walter Tolley, Jr., Robert Alexander, William Lux, Samuel Pur- 
 viance, Jr., and George llisteau, Esqs. By them non-importation 
 resolves were entered into; collections were to be made for the 
 9 
 
130 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 relief of the Bostonians, and congressmen were appointed. The 
 Congress which met at Philadelphia on the 5th of September, 
 having adopted similar measures, i-ecommended the appointment 
 of town and county committees throughout the colonies; and on 
 the 12th of November, a meeting of the freeholders and other in- 
 habitants of Baltimore County and Town, entitled to vote, was 
 held at the Court-house, and the following gentlemen were chosen 
 to compose the committee for Baltimore Town, viz : — 
 
 Messrs. Andrew Buchanan, Messi-s. John Smith, 
 
 Kobert Alexander, Barnet Eichelberger, 
 
 William Lux, George Woolsey, 
 
 John Moale, Hercules Couricnay, 
 
 Johu Merryman, Isaac Griest, 
 
 Richard Moale, Mark Alexander, 
 
 Jeremiah T. Chase, ISamuel Purviance, Jr., 
 
 Thomas Harrison, Francis Sanderson, 
 
 Archibald Buchanan, Dr. John Boyd, 
 
 William Buchanan, George Linleuljerger, 
 
 William Smith, Philip Rogers, 
 
 James Calhoun, David McMechen, 
 
 Benjamin Griffith, Mordecai Gist, 
 
 Gerard Hopkins, William Spear. 
 John Deaver, 
 
 In all twenty-nine, and thirty-eight other gentlemen for the 
 county, of whom — 
 
 Messrs. Thomas C. Deye, Messrs. John Moale, 
 
 Samuel Worthington, Capt. Charles Ridgely, 
 
 Walter Tolly, Jr., Dr. John Boyd, 
 
 Benjamin Nicholson, William Buchanan, 
 
 or any three of them, were a committee to attend the committee 
 meetings at Annapolis, and — 
 
 Messrs. Robert Alexander, Messrs. Samuel Purviance, Jr., 
 John Moale, Jeremiaii T. Chase, 
 
 Andrew Buchanan, William Buchanan, 
 
 Dr. John Boj'd, William Lux, 
 
 or any four of them, a committee of correspondence for Baltimore 
 Town. Of the Baltimore committee, Mr. Samuel Purviance, Jr., 
 was elected chairman, and possessing much ardor in the cause 
 which his excellent talents enabled him to promote in an eminent 
 manner, .so continued until the new government \vas formed. Mr. 
 Purviance was the writer of the greater part of the correspond- 
 ence which emanated from the committee, of which he was chair- 
 man. His fate was an untimely one. In the year 1788 he was 
 descending the Ohio, in company with several others, when the 
 boat on board of which he was, was captured by a band of Indians ; 
 some of the party made their escape ; it was his misfortune to 
 have been secured by his captors, and led by them into the inte- 
 rior of their vast wilderness. From this moment, to him, his 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 131 
 
 country, his family and friends were lost forever. Mr. Jeremiah 
 T. Chase was the tirst secretary, but as other duties were confided 
 to him, he was succeeded by Mr. George Lux. 
 
 In December Messrs. Richard Moale, Wm. Spear, Isaac Yan 
 Bibber, and Isaac Griest were appointed a committee to report and 
 observe the arrival of all vessels into port. 
 
 The following letter was written by a gentleman of Baltimore 
 to his friend : 
 
 " Baltimore, July IQth, 1774. 
 
 "A vessel has sailed from the Eastern Shore of this Province 
 with a cargo of provisions as a free gift to our besieged brethren 
 at Boston. The inhabitants of all the counties of Virginia and 
 Mar^'land are subscribing with great liberality for the relief of the 
 distressed towns of Boston and Charlestown. The inhabitants of 
 Alexandria, we hear, in a few hours, subscribed three hundred and 
 fifty pounds for that noble purpose. Subscriptions are opened in 
 this town for the support and animation of the inhabitants of Bos- 
 ton under their present great conflict for the common freedom of 
 us all, which have already been so successful that a vessel is now 
 loading with provisions for that place, as a testimony of the affec- 
 tion of this people towards their persecuted brethren, now bravely 
 contending against fraud, power, and the most odious oppression, 
 which God grant may never rise triumphant over right, justice, 
 social happiness and freedom." 
 
 We find from a Boston paper, under date of August 29th, 
 1774 — " Yesterday arrived at Marblehead, Captain Perkins, from 
 Baltimore, with three thousand bushels of Indian corn, twenty 
 barrels of rye, and twenty-one barrels of bread, sent b}' the inhabi- 
 tants of that place for the benefit of the poor of Boston, together 
 with one thousand bushels of corn from Annapolis, sent in the same 
 vessel, and for the same benevolent purpose." 
 
 The Committee of Boston, writing to the Committee of Balti-^ 
 more, under date of July 16th, said : " The part taken by the 
 Province of Marj^land must henceforth stop the mouths of those- 
 blasphemers of humanity who have affected to question the exis- 
 tence of public virtue. So bright an example as you have set can- 
 not fail to animate and encourage even the lukewarm and indif- 
 ferent ; more especially such honest men as wish to be assured of 
 support before they engage in so weighty an enterprise. The 
 noble sacrifice you stand ready to make of the staple commodity 
 of your Province, so materially affecting the revenue of Great 
 Britain, and your generous interposition in our favor, have our 
 warmest acknowledgments." 
 
 In the course of this year, the office of deputy postmaster-gen- 
 eral was taken from Doctor Franklin by the ministry, and the 
 communications by mail exposed to the control of English agents. 
 Mr. William Goddard, editor and proprietor of the Maryland 
 
132 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Journal, in this town, devised and succeeded in establishing an in- 
 dependent line from Massachusetts, first to Virginia, and after- 
 wards to Georgia, and he was appointed surveyor of the post-roads 
 by Congress ; but they having restored his office to Dr. Franklin 
 the ensuing year, Mr. Goddard was disappointed, and, retiring 
 himself, made his sister the ostensible editor of the newspaper. 
 
 1775. May 5th, the Hon. Peyton Eandolph, Edmund Pendleton, 
 GeorgeWashington, Benjamin Harrison, and Richard Henry Lee, 
 Esqs., delegates from Virginia, and Richard Caswell and Joseph 
 Hewes, Esqs., delegates from North Carolina, arrived in tow^n on 
 their way to Philadelphia. They were met by three companies 
 of militia, and escorted to the Fountain Inn, where the companies 
 saluted the delegates with a triple discharge of their musketry. 
 On the following day four companies of the town militia were 
 drawn upon the Common, where they were reviewed by Col. 
 Washington, afterwards President, accompanied, by the other dele- 
 gates, who were pleased to express their satisfaction in the ap- 
 pearance and behavior of the officers and men. In the afternoon 
 the delegates, accompanied by the Rev. Clergy and principal gen- 
 tlemen of the town, preceded by Capt. Gist's independent com- 
 pany, and the officers of the other companies, walked from the 
 Fountain Inn to the new Court-house, where an entertainment was 
 provided. Among other toasts, the delegates were pleased to give 
 the following: "May the Town of Baltimore flourish, and the 
 noble spirits of the inhabitants continue till ministerial despotism 
 be at an end." The day w^as spent with great festivity ; joy beamed 
 in the countenances of the townsmen, who w^ere happy in the 
 honor of the company of the delegates, and pleased with the op- 
 portunity of showing them that respect which their conduct de- 
 servedly merited from all British America. 
 
 Messrs. Robert Buchanan, Robert Alexander, and David 
 McMechen were appointed a committee to establish a w^atch for the 
 security of the town. 
 
 Extracts from the proceedings of the Baltimore Committee of 
 Observation : 
 
 " Committee Chamber, April 3<i, 1775. 
 " Information being made to the Committee that a few indi- 
 viduals, inhabitants of this town, have of late worn pistols or pri- 
 vate arms, alleging in justification of their conduct, ' That a motion 
 had been made in the Committee to sacrifice some of the persons 
 in this town who differed from them, or were averse to the public 
 measures now carrying on in this Province, and that they wore 
 arms against any such attempts.' The Committee, to remove any 
 prejudice that may be taken by the public against them, and to 
 prevent the ill effects of such false and injurious reports, if circu- 
 lated without contradiction, do solemnly declare that no such mo- 
 tion was ever made, or any entr}^ relative to the same minuted 
 iQ their proceedin^a. A few members of the Committee were of 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 133 
 
 opinion that the names of such persons who, upon application, 
 had refused to contribute for the purchase of arms and ammuni- 
 tion, should be published, but even this measure was overruled in 
 the Committee as improper at that time. Our meetings have been 
 held public, nor has any person who thought fit to attend ever 
 been excluded. Our records are free and open for inspection. 
 From the public we receive our authority, not by personal solicita- 
 tion, but a- free and voluntary choice : to that tribunal we submit 
 our actions. Although we have uniformly persevered, and are 
 determined to persevere into carrying into execution the associa- 
 tion and measures of Congress, yet in no instance have we ex- 
 ceeded the line pointed out by that Assembly and our Provincial 
 Assembly; and abhorring every idea of proscription, the Com- 
 mittee call upon the persons who have circulated the aforesaid 
 report to disclose the author. 
 
 "A true extract from the minutes. 
 
 " E. Alexander, Secretary y 
 
 "April Ibth, 1775. 
 " The Committee of Observation for Baltimore County, reflect- 
 ing on the many mischiefs and disorders usually attending the 
 fairs held at Baltimore Town, and willing in all things strictly to 
 observe the j'egulations of the Continental Congress, who, in the 
 eighth resolution, have advised to discountenance and discourage 
 every species of extravagance and dissipation, especially horse- 
 racing, cock-fighting, &c., have unanimously resolved to recom- 
 mend it to the good people of this county, and do hereby earnestly 
 request that they will not themselves, nor will suffer any of their 
 families to attend, or in any wise encourage the approaching fair 
 at Baltimore Town; and all i)ersons are desired not to erect 
 booths, or in any manner prepare for holding the said fair. We 
 are persuaded the inhabitants of the town in particular will see 
 the propriety of this measure, and the necessity of enforcing it, as 
 the fairs have been a nuisance long before complained of by them, 
 as serving no other purpose than debauching tht morals of their 
 children and servants, affording an opportunity for perpetrating 
 thefts, encouraging riots, drunkenness, gaming, and the vilest im- 
 moralities. Sam. Purviance, Jr, Chairman''' 
 
 On the 17tl) of June, the British attacked the Provincials, and 
 the memorable battle of Bunker's Hill was fought. Then hesita- 
 tion ceased, and doubt everywhere gave place* to certainty. Con- 
 gress determined to carry on an offensive war; Boston was ordered 
 to be invested ; General Washington, nominated before that body 
 by Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, on the 15th of June, 1775, was 
 chosen commander-in-chief of the American forces. 
 
 July 13th, a special meeting of the committee of Baltimore 
 Town was held, William Smith, president, and twxnty-eight mem- 
 
134 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 bers. A letter from James Christie, Jr., merchant of this town, 
 directed to Lieutenant-Colonel Gabriel Christie, of his Majesty's 
 60th regiment, at Antigua, having been intercepted, was laid be- 
 fore the committee and ordered to be read, which was accordingly 
 done, and the following paragraphs were part of the contents : 
 "Baltimore, February 22d, 1775. — We are in such confusion here 
 with our politics, there is no depending on anything, and that 
 added to other things, we are little behind the New-Englanders, 
 mustering, purchasing arms, ammunition, &c. We have some 
 violent fanatical spirits among us w^ho do everything in their 
 power to run things to the utmost extremity, and they have gone 
 so far, that we moderate people are under a necessity of uniting 
 for our own defence, after having been threatened with expulsion, 
 loss of life, &c., for not acceding to what we deem Treason and 
 Rebellion. The Provost and family are very well; our public 
 affairs vex him, and he wishes himself away, but I know not when, 
 or if ever, that will happen. A part of yours, or any other regi- 
 ment, 1 believe, would keep us very quiet." The committee then 
 summoned Mr. Christie to attend them, but being confined to his 
 bed, he was unable to do it, and they sent Messrs. James Calhoun, 
 William Buchanan. Thomas Harrison, Thomas Jones, William 
 Goodwin, and Isaac Yanbibber to wait on him at his house, and 
 to inquire whether the said letter w^as w^ritten by him. The gen- 
 tlemen returned and reported that Mr. Christie had been shown 
 the letter, and acknowledged that it w^as written by him, but re- 
 quested that any further proceedings thereon might be postponed 
 until his health would permit his personal attendance. The com- 
 mittee, not thinking it proper to comply with his request, as Mr. 
 Christie had confessed that he w^rote the letter, immediately gave 
 him notice thereof; upon which the committee directed a guard of 
 nine men, under the command of an officer, to be placed round Mr. 
 Christie's house. On the following day the committee met accord- 
 ing to adjournment. Mr. Robert Christie attended, and declared 
 that Mr. James Christie was very sorry for the letter he had 
 written to Lieut.-;Col. Christie ; that he did not mean any harm by 
 it; and that he was very willing to acquiesce in the 'determination 
 of the committee. On motion resolved, that Doctor John Boyd 
 and Mr. John McLure (members of the committee) do wait on 
 Mr. James Christie, and inquire of him who those moderate people 
 were that united for their defence, as mentioned in his letter, and 
 that they take his answer in writing. The gentlemen returned 
 and reported that Mr. Christie declared there never was any asso- 
 ciation between him and his friends for the purpose alluded to, or 
 for any other purpose, and all that he remembers to have passed 
 on the occasion was, that some time last winter he was informed 
 that .he, with some of his friends, were to be made a public ex- 
 ample of for not uniting wuth the town in the present opposition, 
 and this being spoken of accidentally among two or three of his 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 135 
 
 friends, it was proposed whether an association for mutual defence 
 would be advisable, but no determination being then made, and 
 they soon after being convinced that no threats worth notice had 
 been thrown out against them, the matter dropped, and was never 
 afterwards thought of or attempted, and that it was at this time 
 of doubt and apprehension that he wrote the letter in question, 
 which accounts for that part of it alluded to in this inquiry. The 
 committee proceeded to take Mr. Christie's conduct with respect to 
 said letter into further and deliberate consideration, and were 
 unanimously of opinion, that by representing in said letter the 
 people of this town to be concerned in treasonable and rebellious 
 jjractices, and that a number of soldiers would keep them quiet, he 
 has manifested a spirit and principle altogether inimical to the 
 rights, privileges, and liberties of America. They do therefore 
 think it their duty to advertise the said James Christie, Jr., as an 
 enemy to this country, and all persons are desired to break off all 
 connection and intercourse with him. The committee do further 
 resolve, that, as the crime of which the said James Christie is 
 guilty, is of so dangerous and atrocious a nature, they will lay 
 the same before their delegates of the Continental Congress for 
 their advice, and in the meantime it is ordered, that as Mr. Christie 
 is confined to his bed, and cannot be removed with safety to a 
 place of security, the same guard be continued at his house to 
 prevent any escape attempted either by himself or the assistance 
 of his friends, and that Mr. Christie pay each man 5s. for each 24 
 hours, and the officer 7s. 6d. A report having been circulated that 
 a number of arms and a quantity of ammunition were secretly 
 lodged in the house of Mr. James Christie, and the same being 
 mentioned in the committee, they directed two of their members, 
 Captain Clopper and Mr. James Cox, to go immediately and search 
 Mr. Christie's house, which they accordingly did, and reported that 
 they had examined the house carefully in every part, attended by 
 Mr. Eobert Christie, Jr., and that they only found two guns and a 
 pair of pistols, and no ammunition, and were convinced no others 
 were in the house. Mr. Christie had b^en engaged in mercantile 
 business at Eock Kun, in Harford county, with Mr. John Wilson 
 and Kobert Christie, Jr. The day on which the committee gave 
 in their decision on his conduct, these two gentlemen dissolved 
 their partnership w4th him, determining not to be implicated with 
 him in his adherence to the Tory cause. Mr. Christie was kept 
 under the surveillance of his guard until the 24th of July, Avhen he 
 w^as discharged, upon giving an obligation, with five securities, not 
 to depart the Province without leave of said committee or the Con- 
 vention of Marj'land. As a part of the resolution in his case was, 
 to refer the question involved in it to the delegates to the General 
 Congress, Mr. Christie himself also referred his case to Congress. 
 That body referred him to the Provincial Convention of Maryland, 
 to whom, in consequence of this reference, he presented a memorial 
 
136 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 on the 9tli August, 1775. Taking his own testimony as furnished 
 by the memorial as conchisive against him as to the offence with 
 which he had been charged by the Baltimore committee, the Con- 
 vention resolved, "that the said James Christie is, and ought to 
 be considered as an enemy to America, and that no person trade, 
 deal, or barter with him thereafter, unless for necessaries and 
 provisions, or for the sale or purchase of any part of his real or 
 personal estate of which he may be at the time seized or possessed. 
 JResolved, that the same James Christie be expelled and banished 
 the Province forever, and that he depart the Province before the 
 first day of September next." The committee had accepted the 
 explanations given by several persons charged w^ith inimical acts, 
 but the people accused Mr. James Dangleish, a foreign merchant, 
 w^ho had declared his aversion to the cause, and therefore as soon 
 as he had been published as an enemy he fled for safety. The 
 laws against Eoman Catholic teachers still existing, some persons 
 actuated by worse motives broke up Mr. John Hefferman's school, 
 and he also left the place. Other persons were also exposed to 
 personal violence, as it was alleged, from the mistaken zeal of the 
 committee itself, or ignorance of the principles by which they 
 should be governed. 
 
 At an election on the 23d of September, held at the court-house, 
 agreeably to a resolution of the late Provincial Convention, the 
 following gentlemen were declared elected : — John Moale, Jeremiah 
 T. Chase, James Calhoun, Benjamin Nicholson, Andrew Buchanan, 
 Thomas Sollers, John Craddock, James Gittings, Eobert Alexander, 
 Samuel Purviance, William Wilkinson, Charles Eidgel}', Jr., of Wil- 
 liam, Walter Tolly, Jr., Darby Lux, John Cockey, William Smith, 
 William Buchanan, William Lux, John Boyd, John Smith, Zacha- 
 riah McCubbin, Jr., Capt. Charles Eidgely, Thomas Harrison, Ben- 
 jamin Griffith, William Eandell, Thomas Gist, Sr., Stephen Crom- 
 well, Isaac Grist, Thomas C. Dye, Mordecai Gist, John Stephen- 
 son, Ezekiel Towson, Jeremiah Johnson, William Aisquith, John 
 Howard, George Eisteau, Abraham Britton, and on casting up the 
 ballots the following gentlemen were declared delegates to the 
 convention for one year, viz : Eobert Alexander, Benjamin Nichol- 
 son, John Moale, Walter Tolly, Jr., Jeremiah Townly Chase. 
 
 Several members of the German or Dutch Presbyterian societj^, 
 attached to the Eev. William Otterbein, formed a separate reli- 
 gious society, which the}^ distinguished by the name of the " Ger- 
 man Evangelical Eeformed," and they purchased a lot on Conway 
 street, and worshipped in a small "house until they built their 
 church. 
 
 October 16th the committee " ordered that a quantity of 
 powder and lead be delivered to the captains of the companies 
 enrolled agreeably to the resolutions of the late convention, equal 
 to a half-pound of powder and two pounds of lead for each man 
 in the company, and that the same be made up into cartridges and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 137 
 
 returned to the several Captains, to be by them faithfully kept 
 and delivered out to the different men in such quantities and on 
 such occasions as they in their discretion shall think fit. Resolved, 
 That the privates of each company produce to their several Cap- 
 tains, on each day of mustering, the number of cartridges and 
 ball delivered to them ; and on default, that they pay one shilling 
 for each and every cartridge wanting of the quantity delivered 
 out. George Lux, Sect." 
 
 In October the whole countr^^ was in a state of political ex- 
 citement — the ferment was universal, and though perhaps but 
 few individuals of the great mass that were then in motion had 
 the remotest idea of a total disruption of the ties that connected 
 them with the mother-country, yet all were ready to fly to the 
 resort of arms in defence of their colonial rights, upon which the 
 Government of Great Britain had been gradually making en- 
 croachments, until her system had become insupportable, tyran- 
 nical, and oppressive. In the state of things that then existed it 
 was natural that commercial enterprise should be in a great 
 measure suspended. The mouth of the Chesapeake was watched 
 by British ships of war, and the merchants of Baltimore, doubtful 
 whether their most peaceful and legitimate intentions of trade 
 would be respected, for the most part laid up their vessels. ABer- 
 mudian sloop about this time was purchased, armed with ten guns, 
 and called the Hornet, under the command of Capt. William Stone, 
 with Joshua Barney as second officer or master's mate. A crew 
 had not yet been shipped, and the duty of recruiting one was as- 
 signed to Barney. Fortunately for his purpose, just at this 
 moment a new American flag, sent by Commodore Hopkins for 
 the service of the Hornet, arrived from Philadelphia. Nothing 
 could have been more opportune or acceptable. It was the first 
 " Star-Spangled Banner" that had been seen in the State of Mary- 
 land ; and next morning at sunrise Barney had the enviable honor 
 of unfurling it to the music of drums and fifes, and hoisting it 
 upon a staff, planted with his own hands at the door of his ren- 
 dezvous. The heart-stirring sounds of the martial instruments, 
 then a novel incident in Baltimore, and the still more novel sight 
 of the Rebel colors gracefully waving in the breeze, attracted 
 crowds of all ranks and eyes to the gay scene of the rendezvous, 
 and before the setting of the same day's sun, the young recruiting 
 officer had enlisted a full crew of jolly " rebels " for the Hornet. 
 Towards the latter end of November the Hornet and Wasp, the 
 two Baltimore vessels, lefl the Patapsco in company. They were 
 fortunate enough to descend the Chesapeake and pass the capes 
 without being perceived by the British cruisers. They found the 
 little fleet of Comm.odore Hopkins anchored at the mouth of the 
 Delaware. In a few days the fleet weighed anchor and sailed 
 for New Providence (one of the Bahama Islands), where, contrary 
 to expectation, the town and fort surrendered without firing a 
 
 y 
 
138 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Bhot. Commodore Hopkins, as had been anticipated, found an im- 
 mense quantity of ammunition, great guns, mortars, shells and 
 other valuable stores, which were brought away. 
 
 Before the 19th of April, when the batlle of Lexington took 
 place, the town had formed several companies of each description 
 of arms, and every exertion was made to procure ammunition. 
 Amongst others, General Buchanan, the Lieutenant of the county, 
 distinguished himself by his zeal, and took command of a com- 
 pany of gentlemen of riper years, and a company of their sons 
 and'others, mostly unmarried, who armed and equipped themselves 
 in an excellent scarlet uniform, put themselves under the com- 
 mand of Captain Gist, who afterwards became well-known as the 
 General Mordecai Gist of the Revolutionary army ; Lieutenant 
 Thomas Evving, and other officers, who, with some of the privates, 
 became distinguished in different commands in the regular service 
 afterwards, being trained by Eichard Cary, Adjutant, who had 
 arrived from New England, and had been a member of the Ancient 
 Artillery Company of Boston, then lately commanded by John 
 Hancock, Esq., first President of Congress. 
 
 Many vessels returning home were searched and stripped of 
 their arms and ammunition. It was about this time that the 
 water-battery on Whetstone Point was planned by Mr. James 
 Alcock, and begun under the superintendence of Messrs. Griest, 
 Griffith, and Loudenslager, while Captain N. Smith was put in 
 command of the artillery stationed at that post. Three massive 
 chains of wrought iron, passing through floating blocks, were 
 stretched across the river, leaving a small passage on the side 
 next the fort, and the channel was protected by sunken vessels. 
 
 November 13th the Continental Congress having recommended 
 that adventures be made for procuring arms and ammunition, and 
 it being necessary that a particular committee be appointed to 
 superintend the same, Messrs. Samuel Purviance, John Smith, Wil- 
 liam Buchanan, Benjamin Griffith, Isaac Griest, Thomas Gist, Sen., 
 and Darby Lux were appointed a committee for that purpose, 
 under oath to keep their proceedings secret. Lady Washington 
 and the lady of Gen. Gates arrived in town on the way to their 
 respective husband's camps ; they were escorted a few miles out of 
 town by a part of the Independent and Light Infantry companies, 
 with man}' other gentlemen. 
 
 Doctor Wiesenthal, Dr. Boyd, and Dr. Craddock publish a call 
 to the ladies of Baltimore to lend their assistance in furnishing 
 linen rags and old sheeting for bandages, &c. 
 
 In a regiment of regular troops commanded by Col. Small wood, 
 Messrs. Mordecai Gist, Samuel Smith, David Plunkett, Brian Phil- 
 pot, and William Ridgely, held commissions and raised men in 
 Baltimore. Congress had recommended a general fast for the 
 20th of July, and it was kept here by the meetings of religious 
 societies for worship. About this time there arrived and settled 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 139 
 
 here Messrs. Hugh Yonng, Alexander Donaldson, Christopher 
 Johnston, James Sterling, John Weatherburn, George Salmon, John 
 McFadon and others, who were foreigners, and Messrs. AVilliam 
 Young, Hezekiah Waters, Benjamin May, Peter Hoffman, George 
 Warner, Anthony Houck, and others from this or neighboring 
 provinces. 
 
 It has often been a disputed question when the first military 
 company was organised in Maryland, at the coming on of theEevo- 
 lution. The following letter, written to the Honorable Matthew 
 Tilghman in convention at Annapolis, will settle the point : 
 
 " Coffee House, 30//i December, 1775. 
 " Sir: — Permit me to' address you as President of that honorable 
 body, whose rules I consider as sacred, and to which I have ever 
 paid a ready and cheerful obedience. Prompted by the regard 1 
 owe my country, I did at the expense of my time and hazard of 
 my business, form a company of militia, earl}^ in December 1774 — a 
 company composed of gentlemen, men of honor, family, and fortune, 
 and though of different countries, animated by a zeal and reverence 
 for rights of humanity, they have acted superior to the narrow 
 attachments that influence contracted minds, whose sentiments are 
 determined by the place of their nativity. Unanimously approved of 
 by this company, I have been twice appointed to the honor of 
 being their commander, since the last of which, we remonstrated 
 to the Council of Safety, praying to be confirmed as an independent 
 company. Having received no answer, I am induced to believe, 
 that such an establishment ought not to be acceded to; but still 
 desirous of being serviceable to my country, I have entered my 
 name among the number of applicants who are soliciting prefer- 
 ment from the convention. That cruel and ^jijust system of policy 
 which has for many years influenced the British Senate, has long 
 since inclined me to lose sight of an honorable accommodation with 
 the mother countr}', unless resisted by a brave and manly oppo- 
 sition. This consideration led me to an early and constant attention 
 to militar}^ affairs; and allow me, sir, to assure j'ou, that I have 
 neither spared time nor expense in the acquisition of that kind of 
 knowledge. In private life I have ever been ambitious of being the 
 useful citizen. Emulous of that character, I wish to assume the 
 soldier; and if appointed to an office (not beneath what my former 
 rank entitled me to) I shall endeavor to acquit myself with honor 
 to those who are pleased to appoint me. 
 
 " I am, sir, 
 
 " Your most humble servant, 
 
 "Mordecai Gist." 
 
 To carry into execution the resolutions of the Continental Con- 
 gress, respecting the public defence, it became necessary to raise 
 in the Province the sum of ten thousand pounds, to be laid out in 
 
£ 8. d. 
 
 Middle River Lower 51 10 
 
 Patapsco Lower , ... 50 26 
 
 Pipe Creek 34 5 
 
 Westminster 51 00 
 
 Baltimore Town West 72 7 6 
 
 Deptford 30 2 6 
 
 Baltimore Town East 2G 12 6 
 
 J 
 
 140 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 the purchase of arms and ammunition. The convention of Mary- 
 land, in assigning to each county the quota that would be requisite 
 irom it to make this amount, assigned to Baltimore county as her 
 proportion £930. The Baltimore committee, to whom was en- 
 trusted the power of levying this amount on the inhabitants, 
 affixed to the different districts of the county, -the sums as follows: 
 
 £ e. d. 
 
 Gunpowder Upper 79 17 6 
 
 North Hundred 51 17 6 
 
 Mlddle«»ex 33 7 6 
 
 WyneRun 53 00 
 
 BMck River Upper 112 00 
 
 Back River Lower 39 5 
 
 Patapsco Upper. .......... 50 10 
 
 Delaware Lower. 63 00 
 
 Middle River Upper 43 10 930 00 
 
 Soldier's Delight 87 12 6 
 
 We cannot forbear noticing the honorable solicituder felt by the 
 committee, that their brethren of limited means should not be re- 
 quired to contribute any portion of the above taxation, for, in the 
 resolution which levied it, they say, "care ought to be taken, to 
 avoid laying any part of the burthen upon the people of narrow 
 circumstances, hoping that those whom Providence has blessed 
 with better fortunes, will, by their generosity, supply the necessity 
 of calling on those whose fortunes are confined to the mere neces- 
 saries of life." 
 
 Eddis, writing from Maryland in March, 1775, has given us a 
 lively picture of the transactions of this period. "From one ex- 
 tremity of this continent to the other, every appearance indicates 
 approaching hostilities. The busy voice of preparation echoes 
 through every settlement ; and those who are not zealousl}^ infected 
 with the frenzy, are considered as enemies to the cause of liberty; 
 and, without regard to any peculiarity of situation, are branded 
 with opprobrious appellations, and pointed out as victims to public 
 resentment. Yery considerable subscriptions have been made in 
 every quarter for the relief of the Bostonians ; large sums have 
 likewise been collected for the purchase of arms and ammunition ; 
 and persons of all denominations are required to associate under 
 militar}^ regulations, on pain of the severest censure," In another 
 of July, 1775, referring more particularly to the condition of this 
 Province, he remarks : " The inhabitants of this Province are in- 
 corporated under military regulations, and apply the greater part 
 of their time to the different branches of discipline. In Annapolis 
 there are two complete companies ; in Baltimore seven ; and in 
 ev^ery district of this Province the majority of the people are 
 actually under arms: almost every hat is decorated with a 
 cockade, and the churlish drum and fife are the only music of the 
 times." 
 
 1776. Baltimore, from its peculiar fitness for the building and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 141 
 
 equipment of Vessels, was selected as one of the sites for naval 
 constructions, and many vessels which afterwards became cele- 
 brated for the injury they inflicted on the enemy were built here. 
 The Virginia frigate, the Defence sloop, Buckskin^ Enterprise, Sturdy 
 Beggar, Harlequin, Fox, &c., were among the number, and the suc- 
 cess which sometimes attended their cruises contributed to aid 
 Congress with the means of carrying on the war. 
 
 Commodore James Nicholson on the 5th of June obtained his 
 commission from Congress, being the first ofiicer in rank in the 
 United States service, and soon after took command of the Vir- 
 ginia frigate. He was a native of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, 
 and gave early proofs of his peculiar fitness for the responsible 
 station to which he was now called. He served his country faith- 
 fully dui'ing the war, and was among the number of those distin- 
 guished seamen who contributed to build up a name for his coun- 
 try in maritime war which will be as imperishable as her glory. 
 He was the" father-in-law of the distinguished Mr. (xallatin, and 
 died in the year 1791. Two brothers were also naval ofiicers in 
 the service, Capt. John Nicholson and Capt Samuel Nicholson. 
 
 At an election held " in the town " in 1776 four hundred and 
 seventy two votes were taken, while the unadded "Fell's Point" 
 at that time contained a population of 821. The year before ^ 
 there were enumerated 564 houses, and 5934 inhabitants in 
 the town proper, so that with the addition of the 821 of -' Fell's 
 Point," or Heptford Hundred, as it was called, there were 
 6755 individuals girdled by the defences of Whetstone Point 
 and its floating chain. In the growth of Baltimore between 
 1752 and the date of the Eevolution we may observe that 
 quite a decided tendency was manifested in settlements east 
 of Jones' Falls. There are parts of Old Town and Fell's 
 Point which, to the present day, retain the outward character of 
 the oldest portions of the city. The streets there indicate by their 
 names the colonial era to which they belong. York and Lancaster, 
 Exeter and Albemarle, Queen and Granby, tell their own history. 
 The growth on the west of the Falls, though of a later period, 
 was much more rapid. At the date of the Revolution, Market 
 street, now Baltimore, oftered to view a respectable thoroughfare, 
 along which a double line of houses straggled as far as the south- 
 east corner on Market, now Baltimore and Liberty streets, where 
 Mr. Jacob Fite had built a house sufficiently large to accommo- 
 date the Continental Congress, which held its sessions there in 
 December, 1776. This house being then the farthest west, and one 
 of the largest in the Town, was called for a long time Congress Hall. 
 The streets after this period equally indicate their era. \Yq have, 
 in contrast to those we have before mentioned, the names of Con- 
 way and Barre, Fayette and Greene, Lexington and Eutaw, fra- 
 grant with the recollections of the Revolution. 
 
 Extract from the minutes of the proceedings of the Convention 
 
142 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 in Baltimore, May 28th : " Whereas his Britannic Majesty King 
 George has prosecuted, and still prosecutes a war against the 
 British colonies in America, and has acceded to acts of Parliament 
 declaring the people in the said colonies in actual rebellion ; and 
 whereas, the good people of this Province have taken up arms to 
 defend their rights and liberties, and to repel the hostilities carry- 
 ing on against them, and whilst engaged in such a contest, cannot 
 with any sincerity of heart pray for the success of his arms. 
 Therefore, resolved, that every prayer and petition for the King's 
 Majesty in the book of common prayer, and administration of the 
 sacraments and other rites and ceremonies of the Church of Eng- 
 land, except the second collect for the King in the common service, 
 be henceforth omitted in all churches and chapels in this Province, 
 until our unhappy differences are ended. G. Duvall, Clerk." 
 
 In June, Lieutenant Joshua Barney sailed for the West Indies 
 from Philadelphia in the Andrea Doria, a fine brig of 14 guns, 
 under the command of Captain Eobinson. On their arrival at St. 
 Eustatia, they fired a salute to the fort, which the Governor, with 
 more complaisance than prudence, returned — forgetting that he 
 thus took upon himself to acknowledge the independence of their 
 flag before their High Mightinesses at the Hague had decided, 
 whether to listen to the remonstrances of Sir Joseph Yorke or to 
 the solicitations of Dr. Franklin. For this premature instance of 
 courtesy, the Governor was afterwards displaced, on the complaint 
 of the English government ; the fact, nevertheless, that he did 
 return the salute of the Andrea Doria, contradicts the generally 
 received impression that Captain Paul Jones was the first Amer- 
 ican officer, to whom such an honor had been paid by a foreign 
 power. It was not until February, 1778, that Jones's salute was re- 
 turned by the French Admiral at Brest. 
 
 In March, Capt. Squires, the commander of the British sloop 
 of war Otter, who had been cruising about in various parts of the 
 bay, made a demonstration in the Patapsco river with various 
 boats, which produced great alarm in the town. Capt. Nicholson, 
 the commander of the Defence, a ship belonging to the State of 
 Maryland, was at that time in Baltimore. He soon got under 
 weigh to drive these marauders from the river, which he did in a 
 short time, and captured four or five of their boats. It was the 
 occasion of this alarm that gave rise to the necessity of throwing 
 up batteries on Fell's Point, the fortifying of Whetstone Point 
 with eighteen guns, &c., &c. These defences were considered at 
 the time as invaluable, and the aid which the militia of the sur- 
 rounding country afforded, called forth the grateful thanks of the 
 people. From Harford County a battalion marched to Baltimore, 
 whose services it afterwards became unnecessary to accept. Col. 
 liamsey, to whoso regiment the battalion belonged, in acknow- 
 ledging the receipt of the communication made to them by the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 14B 
 
 Baltimore committee expressive of their sense of the patriotism 
 of the battalion, says : " That battalion, Sir, esteem it but their 
 duty to march to the assistance of any part of the Province when 
 attacked, or in danger of it. But they march with greater alac- 
 rity to your assistance, from the pleasing memory of former con- 
 nections, and a sense of the value and importance of Baltimore 
 Town to the Province in general." Nor was this devotion to Bal- 
 timore confined in her hour of need to the citizens of her own 
 State. The borough of York wrote on the 10th of March to the 
 committee : " Our committee resolved instantly to raise a good 
 rifle company, to be ready to march on an hour's warning to your 
 Province, in case you should judge it necessary, and signify the 
 same to our commiteee." This is not a solitary instance of this 
 patriotic borough's offering her valuable aid to Baltimore. In the 
 war of 1812 a company sent by her united with the Baltimore 
 troops on the day of her celebrated battle with the British army 
 near North Point, and no troops on that day were more entitled 
 to the honor which their valor won, than those from York. 
 
 The committee presented an address to Captain Nicholson, 
 acknowledging the valuable services he rendered to the town by 
 driving Capt. Squires away from the river. His answer to them is 
 worthy of being transcribed here: "Gentlemen: — I return you 
 my most sincere thanks for your polite address. In support of the 
 rights and liberties of my country, I cheerfully undertook the ardu- 
 ous task of my present office, and am exceedingly happy in finding 
 ni}^ conduct stand approved by so respectable a body as the com- 
 mittee of Baltimore county. I am likewise to assure you that the 
 officers, volunteers, and others on board the Defence, consider your 
 address as doing them the highest honor. 
 " I am, gentlemen, 
 
 " Your obedient and humble servant, 
 
 "James Nicholson." 
 
 In the beginning of April, Capt. James Barron, commanding 
 one of the public vessels employed in the Chesapeake Bay for its 
 defence, fell in with and captured a small vessel, which had been 
 sent by Lord Dunmore, who was at that time on board one of 
 the British squadrons stationed in the bay, to Annapolis, for the 
 purpose of transmitting certain letters from Lord George Germain, 
 the British Secretary of State, to Governor Eden of Maryland. 
 These letters were placed in the hands of Alexander Eoss from 
 Pittsburg, a person who had been well-known as a violent British 
 partisan. The letters were sent by Capt. Barron to Gen. Lee, who 
 at that time was in Williamsburg, and who, on a consultation with 
 the committee of safety of that place, sent them to Mr. Samuel 
 Purviance, the chairman of the committee of safety at Baltimore. 
 That the public should be made early acquainted with the contents 
 of these letters, and that the person to whom they were addressed, 
 
14 i CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 should be dispossessed of all power to aid the British Government 
 in their views as set forth in these letters, Mr. Purviance, believing, 
 from the peculiar circumstances attending this case of Governor 
 Eden, that the powers he had- been invested with, as the chairman 
 of a committee, whose duty it had been from the commencement 
 of the disturbances, to hold such a supervision, as well over the 
 conduct of those who were the residents of the colony, as those who 
 might come among them, either as transient persons or traders, 
 would extend to such a case as the letter to Gen. Lee directed his 
 attention to, he instructed Capt. Samuel Smith, of Col. Small wood's 
 battalion, on the 14th of April, to go to Annapolis, and seize the 
 person and papers of Governor Eden, and detain him until the will 
 of Congress was known. The council of safety at Annapolis took 
 offence at this order of Mr. Purviance, and interfered to prevent 
 its execution. Their disapprobation of it proceeded less from an 
 objection to the measure itself, than from an implied disrespect of 
 their own authority. He was however requested by the convention 
 on the 24th of May to leave the Province ; and in accordance with 
 this request, Mr. Eden departed from Annapolis in the ship Fowey 
 on the 24th of June, 1776. 
 
 On the 6th of July, without waiting for the expected declaration 
 of Congress, and before its final ratification could have been^known, 
 the independence of the Province of Maryland was formally pro- 
 claimed by its own convention, in the following Declaration^ which 
 for the dignity of its sentiments, and the force and fervor of its 
 appeals, will not shrink from a contrast even with the far-famed 
 l)eclaration of American Independence. 
 
 "A Declaration of the Delegates of Maryland. 
 
 " To be exempt from parliamentary taxation, and to regulate 
 their internal government and polity, the people of this colony 
 have ever considered as their inherent and unalienable right. With- 
 out the former, they can have no property ; without the latter, 
 they can have no security for their lives or liberties. 
 
 " I'he Parliament of Great Britain has, of late, claimed an un- 
 controlable right of binding these colonies in all cases whatsoever. 
 To force an unconditional submission to this claim, the legislative 
 and executive powers of that state have invariably pursued, for 
 these ten years past, a studied system of oppression, by passing 
 many impolitic, severe, and cruel acts, for raising a revenue from 
 the colonists; by depriving them, in many cases, of the trial by 
 jury; by altering the chartered constitution of one colony, and the 
 entire sLoppage of the trade of its capital ; by cutting off all inter- 
 course between the colonies; by restraining them from fishing on 
 their own coasts; by extending the limits of, and erecting an 
 arbitrary government in the province of Quebec ; by confiscating 
 the property of the colonists taken on the seas, and compelling the 
 crewb oi their vcbsels, under the pain of death, to act against their 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 145 
 
 native country and dearest friends ; by declaring all seizures, de- 
 tention, or destruction of the persons, or property of the colonists, 
 to be legal and just. A war unjustly commenced, hath been prose- 
 cuted against the United Colonies, with cruelty, outrageous vio- 
 lence, and perfidy ; slaves, savages, and foreign mercenaries have 
 been meanly hired to rob a people of their property, liberties, and 
 lives; a people guilty of no other crime than deeming the last of 
 no estimation without the secure enjoyment of the former. Their 
 humble and dutiful petitions for peace, liberty, and safet}^, have 
 been rejected with scorn. Secure of, and relying on foreign aid, 
 not on his national forces, the unrelenting monarch of Britain hath 
 at length avowed, by his answer to the City of London, his deter- 
 mined and inexorable resolution of reducing these colonies to abject 
 slavery. 
 
 " Compelled by dire necessity, either to surrender our prop- 
 erties, liberties, and lives, into the hands of a British King and 
 parliament, or to use such means as will most probably secure to 
 us and our posterity those invaluable blessings : 
 
 "TTe, the Delegates of Maryland, in convention assembled, do 
 declare, that the king of Great Britain has violated his compact 
 with this people, and that they owe no allegiance to him. We 
 have, therefore, thought it just and necessary, to empower our 
 deputies in Congress, to join with a majority of the United Colon- 
 ies, in declaring them free and independent States, in framing such 
 further confederation between them, in making foreign alliances, 
 and in adopting such other measures as shall be judged necessary 
 for the preservation of their liberties ; provided the sole and exclu- 
 sive right of regulating the internal polity and government of this 
 colony be reserved to the people thereof. We have also thought 
 proper to call a new convention, for the purpose of establishing a 
 government in this colony. No ambitious views, no desire of inde- 
 pendence, induced the people of Maryland to form an union with 
 the other colonies. To procure an exemption from parliamentary 
 taxation, and to continue to the legislatupes of these colonies the 
 sole and exclusive right of regulating their internal polity, was our 
 original and only motive. To maintain inviolate our liberties, and 
 to transmit them unimpaired to posterity, was our duty and first 
 wish ; our next, to continue connected with, and dependent on Great 
 Britain. For the truth of these assertions, we appeal to that Al- 
 mighty Being who is emphatically styled thfe searcher of hearts, 
 and from whose omniscience nothing is concealed. Eelying on his 
 Divine protection and assistance, and trusting to the justice of our 
 cause, we exhort and conjure every virtuous citizen to join cor- 
 dially in defence of our common rights, and in maintenance of the 
 freedom of this and her sister colonies." 
 
 Thus fell, in this colony, to rise no more, the dominion of 
 England, and with it the government of the Proprietary : and from 
 their ruins arose an independent state. 
 10 
 
146 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 It appears to have been an important part of the duty of the 
 Committee of Observation to see that the military part of the 
 defence of Baltimore was properly officered, that the companies 
 were regularly filled up, and that they were to be in readiness to 
 take the field when the occasion called for their services. They 
 united in their appointments with others, and nominations when 
 made by them were generally confirmed by their associates in the 
 appointing power. In the discharge of the duty of which we 
 speak, the following instructions were given by the Committee in 
 September : " The colonels of the militia having this day received 
 an order from the convention to nominate and appoint officers in 
 this county for two additional companies of militia, to be immedi- 
 ately raised for the reinforcement of the Continental army, which 
 companies are to be enlisted until the first day of December next, 
 each man is to be allowed a month's advance and a bounty of £3, 
 and their pay is to commence from the time of enrolment. And 
 whereas, in many parts of this county the battalions are not 
 yet completed, nor the field-officers of the battalions already 
 formed, be desired to meet the Committee on Friday next, 
 at 10 o'clock, jointly to fix on the nomination of officers for the 
 said two companies of militia, when such gentlemen as are de- 
 sirous of commissions are requested to apply, and that the respec- 
 tive battalions and the companies of militia already formed be 
 desired to meet on Saturday next, when such as are inclined to 
 enter as volunteers will have an opportunity." 
 
 There was a part of the population who, when they were re- 
 quired to subscribe to an association which had been formed in the 
 Province at the recommendation of the general congress, refused 
 to do so. The object of this association was for the general de- 
 fence of the Province, and those who refused to unite in such a 
 design were generally considered as inimical to American liberty. 
 They were known by the name of non-associators, and as such 
 were subject to a fine of a given amount. A person by the name 
 of Eobert Dow seemed ^o be so much under the influence of con- 
 scientious motives that he could not reconcile it to himself to be- 
 come a patriot, and for his refusal to enlist under the sacred banner 
 of his country's cause he was fined five pounds. This appeared 
 to him to be a large sum to which his conscience subjected him, 
 and therefore plead earnestly that " he had a wife and six chil- 
 dren to maintain ; th^t he is unable to pay the fine, and therefore 
 requests the committee to mitigate it." The committee take this 
 laconic notice of it : " In committee, 29th of July, 1776, Eead and 
 rejected. Per order, W. Lux, Yice-Chairman." 
 
 Another resolution respecting arms was adopted February 27th. 
 " All persons in this county, possessed of any arms belonging to 
 the public, are hereby directed to deliver the same to the committee 
 of observation at Baltimore Town, as speedily as possible, the 
 council of safety having given them orders to collect and repair the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 147 
 
 same. It is hoped that the urgent necessity of an immediate com- 
 pliance with this requisition will induce every one who has any of 
 said arms, to attend thereto without delay. By order of the Com- 
 mittee, George Lux, Secretary." 
 
 On Monday, the 29th of July, the Declaration of Independence 
 w^as read at the court-house, in the presence of the independent and 
 artillery companies and the several companies of militia. It w^as 
 received with great acclamations of joy and satisfaction by those 
 present, accompanied with the discharge of cannon. At night the 
 town was illuminated, and at the same time the effigy of George the 
 Third was carted through the town, to the no small mirth of the 
 spectators, and afterwards committed to the flames. Mr. Eobert 
 Christie, Jr., who, as sheriff of the county, it had been supposed 
 was the proper person to read the Declaration of Independence to 
 the people at the court-house, refused to appear there for such a 
 purpose. In consequence of this refusal on his part, threats had 
 been made against him, which he deemed it prudent not to brave, 
 and therefore he withdrew from the town. As these threats indi- 
 cated a state of feeling in the public mind which the committee 
 thought boded no good to the common cause, they promptly met 
 them by such a conciliatory resolution as dispelled the threatened 
 evil. Extract from the minutes of the committee of observation 
 for Baltimore county, July 30th, 1776 : " The chairman being in- 
 formed by Eobert Christie, Jr., the sheriff of this county, that he 
 had reason to be apprehensive of violence being offered to him, the 
 said sheriff, on account of his not attending to read the Declaration 
 of Independence last Monday, agreeable to the desire of the com- 
 mittee, and that from those apprehensions he would be under the 
 disagreeable necessity of retiring to the country, and withdrawing 
 himself from the public service. Wherefore, resolved, that this com- 
 mittee do declare their utter disapprobation of all threats or vio- 
 lence being offered to any person whatever, as contrary to the 
 resolves of Congress and the sense of the convention of this Province. 
 That they conceive themselves bound to^rotect (as far as in their 
 power) the civil officers in the discharge of their duty. That they 
 do expect of, and call upon every good citizen and friend to his 
 country, to assist them in their endeavors to preserve the peace 
 and good order of society ^ and to prevent all riots and tumults, and 
 personal abuse and violence to individuals. That the good people 
 of Baltimore, having hitherto been so respectfully attentive to the 
 resolves of this committee, on all occasions, they flatter themselves 
 that due regard will be paid to this recommendation. Samuel 
 Purviance, Jr.. Chairman^ 
 
 The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence was the. 
 signal for the departure of the "Loyalists," and Baltimore afforded, 
 her faithless quota, among whom we find the names of Eobert 
 Alexander, who had once been a delegate to the Convention, and . 
 even to the Congress; of Daniel Chamier, who had been sheriff. ol\ 
 
148 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 the county ; of Doctor Henry Stevenson and Patrick Kennedy, 
 the former of whom had built a splendid mansion and laid out 
 superb grounds and gardens on the hills near the Falls, in the rear 
 of the Jail ; of Mr. James Sommerville, a respectable merchant, and 
 several others, who, in retiring from Maryland, determined that, if 
 they could not join the townsmen in the dispute, they would not 
 oppose them by violence. Some, it is said, ended their lives in 
 obscurity, and perhaps in poverty, abroad, while others took op- 
 portunities, during the war, to render kindly services to the soldiers 
 of liberty who fell into the hands of the British. A very few re- 
 turned after the peace, and remained in Baltimore or the State. 
 
 The following letter was written to Captain James Cox, who 
 commanded a company in Baltimore Town, by William Buchanan, 
 who commanded the battalion in said town : 
 
 " Baltimore, 13^A December, 1776. 
 " Sir : — By letter from General Buchanan of this date, I am di- 
 rected to order the several Companies of my Battalion, to hold 
 themselves in readiness to march for Philadelphia on the shortest 
 notice, from the Council of Safety, to him for that purpose, and 
 which I know is hourly expected. Every excuse of inconvenience, 
 interest, &c., must now cease. You will therefore, without a moment's 
 loss of time, acquaint your company thereof, that I may have the 
 pleasure of meeting you as complete as possible at the place of 
 rendezvous, of which you will have previous notice should there be 
 occasion. Should any effective men in your company be so lost to 
 virtue and his bleeding country as to refuse or skulk, under any 
 pretence whatever, I desire you will furnish me with the names 
 thereof I am, sir, your obedient servant, Wm. Buchanan." 
 
 The following very interesting letter is a copy of the original, 
 which is now in the possession of the Adjutant-General's office at 
 Annapolis : 
 
 " Camp of the Maryland Eegulars, 
 
 " Head Quarters, October 12th, 1776. 
 " Sir : — Through your hands I must beg leave to address the 
 Hon'ble Convention of Maryland, and must confess not without an 
 apprehension that I have incurred their displeasure, for having 
 omitted writing when on our march from Maryland for JN'ew York, 
 and since our arrival here ; nor shall I in a pointed manner urge 
 anything in my defence, but leave them at large to condemn or 
 excuse me, upon a presumption that they should condemn, they 
 will at least pardon, and judge me perhaps less culpable, when they 
 reflect in the first instance on the exertions necessary to procure 
 baggage wagons, provisions and house-room for 750 men, marched 
 the whole distance in a body, generally from 15 to 20 miles per 
 day, as the several stages made it necessary ; and in the latter I 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 149 
 
 trust they will give some indulgence for this neglect, for since our 
 arrival at New York it has been the fate of this Corps to be gen- 
 erally stationed at advanced posts, and to act a covering party, 
 which must unavoidably expose troops to extraordinary duty and 
 hazard, not to mention the extraordinary vigilance and attention 
 in the commandant of such a party in disposing in the best manner, 
 and having it regularly supplied ; for here the commanders of 
 regiments, exclusive of their military duty, are often obliged to 
 exert themselves in the departments of Commissary and Quarter- 
 Master General, and even directors of their regimental hospitals. 
 " Perhaps it may not be improper to give a short detail of oc- 
 currences upon our march to Long Island and since that period. 
 The enemy from the 21st to the 27th of August, were landing 
 their troops on the lower part of Long Island, where they pitched 
 a large encampment, and ours and their advanced parties were daily 
 skirmishing at long shot, in which neither party suffered much. 
 On the 26th the Maryland and Delaware troops, which composed 
 part of Lord Stirling's Brigade, were ordered over. Col. Haslet 
 and his Lieut.-Col. Bedford, of the Delaware Battalion, with Lieut.- 
 Col. Ware and myself, were detained on the trial of Lieut.-Col. 
 Ledwitz, and though I waited on General Washington and urged the 
 necessity of attending our troops, yet he refused to discharge us, 
 alleging there was a necessity for the trial's coming on, and that 
 no other field-officers could be then had. After our dismission 
 from the court-martial it was too late to get over, but pushing 
 over early next morning, found our regiments engaged. Lord Stir- 
 ling having marched them off before day to take possession of the 
 woods and difficult passes between our lines and the enemy's encamp- 
 ment ; but the enemy overnight had stolen a march on our generals, 
 having got through those passes, met and surrounded our troops on 
 the plain grounds within two miles of our lines. Lord Stirling 
 drew up his brigade on an advantageous rising ground, where he 
 was attacked by two brigades in front, headed by the Generals 
 Cornwallis and Grant, and in his rear the enemy's main body 
 stood ready drawn up to support their own parties and intercept 
 the retreat of ours. This excellent disposition and the superior 
 numbers ought to have taught our Generals there was no time to 
 be lost in securing their retreat, which might at least have been 
 effected, had the troops formed into a heavy column and pushed 
 their retreat ; but the longer this was dela3'ed it became the more 
 dangerous, as they were then landing more troops in front from 
 the ships. Our brigade kept their ground for several hours, and 
 in general behaved well, having received some heavy fires from the 
 artillery and musketry of the enemy, whom they repulsed several 
 times ; but their attacks were neither so lasting nor vigorous as was 
 expected, owing, as it was imagined, to their being certain of 
 making the whole brigade prisoners of war ; for by this time they 
 had so secured the passes on the road to our lines (seeing our 
 
150 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 parties were not supported from thence, which indeed our num- 
 bers would not admit of) that there was no possibility of retreat- 
 ing that way. Between the place of action and our lines there 
 lay a large marsh and deep creek, not above 80 yards across at the 
 mouth — (the place of action upon a direct line did not exceed a 
 mile from a part of our lines), towards the head of which creek 
 there was a mill and bridge, across which a certain Col. Ward 
 from New England, who is charged with having acted a bashful 
 part that day, passed over with his regiment, and then burnt them 
 down, though under cover of our cannon, which would have checked 
 the enemy's pursuit at any time; other ways, this bridge might have 
 afforded a secure retreat. There then remained no other prospect 
 but to surrender, or attempt to retreat over this marsh and creek 
 at the mouth, where no person had ever been known to cross. In 
 the interim I applied to Gen'l Washington for some regiments to 
 march out to support and cover their retreat, which he urged 
 would be attended with too great a risk to the party and the lines. 
 He immediately afterwards sent for and ordered me to march 
 down a New England regiment and Capt. Thomas's company, 
 which had just come over from New York, to the mouth of the 
 creek opposite where the brigade was drawn up, and ordered two 
 field-pieces down, to support and cover their retreat should they 
 make a push that way. Soon after our march they began to re- 
 treat, and for a small time the fire was very heavy on both sides, 
 till our troops came to the marsh, where they were obliged to 
 break their order and escape as quick as they could to the edge of 
 the creek under a brisk fire, notwithstanding which they brought 
 off 28 prisoners. The enemy takina: advantage of a commanding 
 ground, kept up a continued fire from four field-pieces, which were 
 well served and directed, and a heavy column advancing on the 
 marsh must have cut our people off, their guns being wet and 
 muddy, not one of them would have fired, but having drawn up 
 the musketry and disposed of some riflemen conveniently, with 
 orders to fire on them when they came within shot ; however, the 
 latter began their fire rather too soon, being at 200 yards' distance, 
 which notwithstanding had the desired effect, for the enemy imme- 
 diately retreated to the fast land, where they continued parading 
 within 800 yards till our troops were brought over. Most 
 of those who swam over, and others who attempted to cross 
 before the covering party got down, lost their arms and ac- 
 coutrements in the mud and creek, and some poor fellows 
 their lives, particularly two of the Maryland, two of the Dela- 
 ware, one of Attley's Pennsylvania, and two Hessian^ priso- 
 ners were drowned. Thomas's men contributed much in bringing 
 over this party. Have enclosed a list of the killed and wounded, 
 amounting to 256, officers inclusive. It has been said the enemy 
 during the action also attacked our lines; but this was a mistake. 
 Not knowing the ground, one of the columns advanced within 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 151 
 
 long shot without knowing they were so near, and upon our artil- 
 lery and part of .the musketry's firing on them they immediately 
 fled. The 28th, during a very hard rain, there was an alarm that 
 the enemy had advanced to attack our lines, which alarmed the 
 troops much, but was without foundation. The 29th it was found 
 by a council of war that our fortifications were not tenable, and it 
 was therefore judged expedient that the army should retreat from 
 the Island that night, to effect which, notwithstanding the Mary- 
 land troops had but one day's respite, and many other troops had 
 been many days clear of any detail of duty, they were ordered on 
 the advanced post at Fort Putnam, within 250 yards of the 
 enemy's approaches, and joined with two Pennsylvania reg'ts on 
 the left, were to remain and cover the retreat of the army, which 
 was happily completed under cover of a thick fog and a south- 
 west wind, both which favored our retreat ; otherwise the fear, 
 disorder and confusion of some of the Eastern troops must have 
 retarded and discovered our retreat and subjected numbers to be 
 cut off. After remaining two days in New York, our next station 
 was at Harlaem, 9 miles above, at an advance post opposite Mon- 
 tresove's and Bohana's Islands, which in a few days the enemy 
 got possession of without opposition ; from the former of which we 
 dail}^ discoursed with them, being- within two hundred yards, and 
 only a small creek between. It being judged expedient to aban- 
 don New York and retreat to our lines below Fort Washington, 
 the military stores, &c., had been removing some days, when on 
 ,the 15th Sept. the enemy effected a landing on several parts of the 
 Island below (and it is cutting to say without the least opposition). 
 I have often read and heard of instances of cowardice, but 
 hitherto have had but a faint idea of it till now. I never could 
 have thought human nature subject to such baseness. I could 
 wish the transactions of this day blotted out of the annals of 
 America — nothing appeared but flight, disgrace and confusion. 
 Let it suffice to say, that 60 light infantry upon the first fire put 
 to flight two brigades of the Connecticut troops — wretches who, 
 however strange it may appear, from the Brigadier-General down 
 to the private sentinel, were caned and whip'd by the Generals 
 Washington, Putnam, and Mifflin ; but even this indignity had no 
 weight — they could not be brought to stand one shot. General 
 Washington expressly sent and drew our regiment from its brigade^ 
 to march down towards New York, to cover the retreat and to de- 
 fend the baggage, with direction to take possession of an advan- 
 tageous eminence near the enemy upon the main road, where we 
 remained under arms the best part of the day, till Sergant's 
 Brigade came in with their baggage, who were the last troops 
 coming in, upon which the enemy divided their main body into 
 two columns ; one filing off on the North river endeavored to flank 
 and surround us, the other advancing in good order slowly up the 
 main road upon us ; we had orders to retreat in good order, which 
 
152 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 was done, our Corps getting within the lines after dusk. The next 
 day about 1000 of them made an attempt upon our lines, and were 
 first attacked by the brave Col. Knolton of IS'ew England, who 
 lost his life in the action, and the 3d Virginia regiment, who were 
 immediately joined by three Independent Companies, under Major 
 Price, and some part of the Maryland flying-camp, who drove 
 them back to their lines, it is supposed with the loss of 400 men 
 killed and wounded. Our party had about 100 killed and 
 wounded, of the former only 15. Since which we have been 
 viewing each other at a distance, and strongly entrenching till 
 the 9th October, when three of their men-of-war passed up the 
 North river above King's Bridge, under a very heavy cannonade 
 from our Batteries, which has effectually cut off our communica- 
 tion by water with Albany. I must now break off abruptly, being 
 ordered to march up above King's Bridge, the enemy having landed 
 6000 men from the Sound on Frog's Point. 50 ships are got up 
 there, landing more troops — there is nothing left but to fight 
 them. An engagement is generally expected and soon. Have en- 
 closed a copy of a general return of the battalion and Yeazy's 
 company, being all the troops I marched from Maryland, with the 
 accoutrements and camp equipage taken in Philadelphia, to be 
 rendered the Congress, together with our weekly general return. 
 The Independents are now about their returns of arms, accoutre- 
 ments and camp equipage brought by them from Maryland, but 
 not having time to finish, they must hereafter be returned to 
 Council of Safety. We have upw^ards of three hundred officers^ 
 and soldiers of the Maryland regulars very sick, which you will 
 observe by the return ; and I am sorry to say, it's shocking to 
 humanity to have so many of them ; this must hurt the ser- 
 vice upon the new enlistments. Major Price and Gist and Cap'n 
 Stone are in the Jerseys very sick, and Col. Ware and myself are 
 very unfit for duty, though we attend it ; many more officers are 
 very unwell. I am very respectfully, 
 
 " Your obedient and very h'ble servant, 
 
 " W. Smallwood. 
 
 " Sunday, 13th October, 1776. 
 ** Sir,— The troops having marched, and Col. Smallwood not 
 having time to make a fair copy of the rough draught, from which 
 the above is copied, desired me to do it, and sign his name, which 
 I have done accordingly, and am your obedient and very humble 
 servant, Chris'r Kichmond." 
 
 " P. S. — It is now near sunset, and we have heard no firing, or 
 any news of an action above King's Bridge, which has been hourly 
 expected. 
 
 " The Hon'ble Math'w Tilghman, Esq., 
 
 " President Convention Maryland.'' 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 153 
 
 When the constitution of 1776 was adopted, Baltimore had so 
 much increased in population that it was thought just that she 
 should be allowed the privilege of electing two delegates to the 
 General Assembly, the same number given to Annapolis. But the 
 members who formed the constitution seemed to have been suspi- 
 cious that the prosperity of Baltimore was an ephemeral one, and 
 that she might probably soon begin to decay like her neighbor 
 Joppa. They, therefore, added a proviso in these words : " If the 
 said inhabitants of the town shall so decrease, as that the number 
 of persons having a right of suifrage therein shall have been, for 
 the space of seven years successively, less than one-half the number 
 of voters in some one county in this State, such town shall thence- 
 forward cease to send two delegates or representatives to the House 
 of Delegates, until the said town shall have one-half of the number 
 of voters is some one county in this State." They had much more 
 confidence in the continued growth of Annapolis, and therefore 
 thought it entirely unnecessary to insert any such condition to the 
 enjoyment of her right of electing two representatives. Seventy- 
 eight years have since rolled round, and Annapolis, the former 
 " Athens of America," still adorns the banks of the beautiful 
 Severn ; but her commerce and prosperity are gone, and her pop- 
 ulation of three thousand is less than one-third that of the smallest 
 county; while "Baltimore Town" has now nearly one-third of a 
 million of inhabitants, more than were to be found in all Maryland 
 when the constitution of 1776 was adopted. Such is the uncer- 
 tainty of all human predictions, and such the wonderful changes 
 which the period of a single lifetime will bring forth in this 
 heaven-favored land. The people of this country are ever so 
 intent upon the employments of the present, and so eager to an- 
 ticipate the improvements of the future, that they are seldom 
 inclined to pause and look back upon the scenes of the past. 
 Though pride may tell us that we are wiser than our ancestors, we 
 can always be profited by the contemplation of their noble ex- 
 amples ; and gratitude should teach us never to forget the patriotic 
 services of those by whom the foundations of our country's pros- 
 perity were laid. 
 
 We have mentioned the fact that on the approach of the royal 
 troops toward the Delaware in 1776, Congress, then in session in 
 Philadelphia, adjourned to Baltimore. Their first meeting in this 
 city, pursuant to adjournment, was on the 20th of December. 
 They met and continued their session in a spacious three-story and 
 attic brick building, which stood until a few years since, on the 
 south side of Baltimore street from Sharp and Liberty streets. 
 The Eev. Patrick Allison, first minister of the Presbyterian Church 
 of Baltimore, and Eev. W. W. White, were appointed chaplains on 
 the 23d. On the same day a resolution was passed " That until 
 the apartments in the jail of the town of Baltimore be repaired 
 and put in such a condition as not to endanger the health of those 
 
154 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 who may be confined in them, the prisoners from the State of 
 North Carolina be removed from thence to different rooms in the 
 Court-house, or wherever else they can be procured, and there 
 safely locked up and secured," 
 
 While Washington was achieving the victory at Trenton, the 
 Continental Congress, sitting in this city, were taking measures to 
 strengthen his hands. The extreme jealousy of a military ascend- 
 ancy, which had restrained the majority in Congress from giving 
 the commander-in-chief such ample powers as necessity manifestly 
 demanded, now yielded to expediency, and by a resolution adopted 
 on the 27th of December, before they could possibly have heard of 
 the affair at Trenton, they constituted Washington in all respects 
 a dictator in the old Eoman sense of the term. The following is 
 the preamble and resolution : 
 
 ^^ December 27th, 1776. — This Congress, having maturely consid- 
 ered" the present crisis, and having perfect reliance on the wisdom, 
 vigor, and uprightness of General Washington, do hereby 
 
 ■ ^^Resolve, That General Washington shall be, and he is hereby, 
 vested with full, ample, and complete powers to raise and collect 
 together, in the most speedy and effectual manner, from any or 
 all of these United States, sixteen battalions of infantry, in addi- 
 tion to those already voted by Congress ; to appoint officers for the 
 said battalions of infantry; to raise, officer, and equip three thous- 
 and light-horse, three regiments of artillery, and a corps of 
 engineers, and to establish their pay ; to apply to any of the States 
 for such aid of -the militia as he shall judge necessary ; to form such 
 magazines of provisions, and in such places as he shall think 
 
 E roper; to displace and appoint all officers under the rank of 
 rigadier-general, and to fill up all vacancies in every other depart- 
 ment in the American army ; to take, wherever he may be, what- 
 ever he may want for the use of the army, if the inhabitants will 
 not sell it, allowing a reasonable price for the same ; to arrest and 
 confine persons who refuse to take the Continental currency, or 
 are otherwise disaffected to the American cause, and return to the 
 States of which they are citizens their names and the nature of 
 their offences, together with the witnesses to prove them. 
 
 " That the foregoing powers be vested in General Washington 
 for and during the term of six months from the date hereof, unless 
 sooner determined by Congress." 
 
 This resolve was transmitted to Washington by Eobert Morris, 
 George Clymer, and George Walton, the Committee of Congress 
 who remained in Philadelphia when that body adjourned to Balti- 
 more. "Happy is it for this country," they wrote to Washington, 
 " that the general of their forces can safely be intrusted with the 
 most unlimited power, and neither personal security, liberty, nor 
 property be in the least degree endangered thereby." 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 155 
 
 The following letter was sent by Congress, as a circular, to the 
 Governor of each of the States, accompanied by the above resolve: 
 
 "Baltimore, SOth December, 1776. 
 " Sir — Ever attentive to the security of civil liberty, Congress 
 would not have consented to the voting of such powers in the mil- 
 itary department as those which the enclosed resolves convey to 
 the Continental Commander-in-Chief, if the situation of public 
 affairs did not require at this crisis a decision and vigor which dis- 
 tance and numbers deny to assemblies far removed from each 
 other, and from the immediate seat of war. The strength and 
 progress of the enemy, joined to prospects of considerable rein- 
 forcements, have rendered it not only necessary that the American 
 forces should be augmented beyond what Congress had heretofore 
 designed, but that they should be brought into the field with all 
 possible expedition. These considerations induce Congress to 
 request, in the most earnest manner, that the fullest influence of 
 your State may be exerted to aid such levies as the General shall 
 direct, in consequence of the powers now given him, and that your 
 quota of battalions, formerlj^ fixed, may be completed and ordered 
 to headquarters with all the despatch that an ardent desire to 
 secure the public happiness can dictate. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, &c., 
 
 " John Hancock, President." 
 
 Congress authorized William Aisquith, John Griffith, Hercules'^ 
 Courtney, John Cockey, James Kelso, Eichard Cromwell, James 
 Calhoun, George Welsh, Theodore Barrel, William Young, George 
 Patterson, Darby Lux, Daniel Carroll, Thomas Donnellan, John 
 Boyd, Benjamin Leavy, Samuel Hillegas, and William Govett to 
 sign bills of credit or money. On the 31st of December Dr. 
 Mackenzie was authorized by Congress to purchase such medicines 
 as were wanted for the army stationed in Baltimore. Congress 
 continued in session in Baltimore until Friday, the 27th of 
 February, when it adjourned to Philadelphia, where the delegates 
 met on the following Wednesday, the 4th of March, 1777. 
 
 1 , 777. Early in February, the "Whig Club," a revolutionary 
 society composed, so far as we can understand it, of the more 
 radical members of the old committees, was formed in the town 
 of Baltimore, and was governed by the following rules : 
 
 "At a time when secret and disguised enemies, whom we have 
 fostered in our bosoms, are, in conjunction with a cruel and foreign 
 foe, doing everything in their power to effect our destruction, it 
 will not be thought strange that the true friends to their country, 
 who have stood, and are still determined to stand, forth, at the risk 
 of their lives and fortunes, in defence of her sacred rights, should 
 take every step in their power to strengthen the hands and en- 
 courage the spirit of their friends at this critical period. We would 
 
156 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 not mean to reflect on the present governing powers, or rob them 
 of liny of the prerogatives ; but it must appear evident to every 
 thinking man that it matters not how wise and salutary the regu- 
 lations of any State may be, unless they are justly executed, nor 
 can they be well executed, till great pains are taken to apprehend 
 and bring to justice, offenders, who very often escape deserved pun- 
 ishment from' an unwillingness in individuals to interfere ; nor is 
 it less certain that, however judiciously laws are framed, artful 
 villains will evade them, and dignified Tories, under the cloak of 
 moderation, find ways and means to counteract their intentions. 
 To remed}^ such evils, as far as in us lies, and to strengthen the 
 hands of our present government. We, whose names are hereunto 
 subscribed, do associate ourselves together, under the name of the 
 Whig Club, and do mutually pledge our faith to each other, that 
 we will, as members of the said Club, jointly and severally, do all 
 that in our power lies to save our invaded country, and do 
 promise and oblige ourselves, as members of the Whig Club, to 
 submit to and be governed by the following Eules : 
 
 "I. That the Club do, at this present meeting, proceed to elect 
 b}'' ballot a president, vice-president, and secretary, who shall con- 
 tinue in office during the space of two months, at the expiration 
 of which period a new election shall take place. 
 
 " II. That the secretary, when chosen, shall procure a proper 
 book, in which he shall enter the association and rules of this 
 Club ; and also such future proceedings as the Club may order to 
 be recorded. 
 
 " III. That the Club may adjourn to such times and places as 
 they shall think proper, and that the president is invested with 
 power to call them together before the day, of adjournment, should 
 occasion require it. 
 
 " lY. That no new business be proposed to the Club unless the 
 same be reduced to writing, and signed by the members proposing 
 it ; nor shall any member speak on business, without rising from 
 his feet, and addressing himself respectfully to the president. Np 
 member shall speak more than twice on the same subject without 
 leave. 
 
 "V. That all indecent behavior and personal altercation be 
 carefullj' avoided, and any member guilty thereof shall be punished 
 by fine, at the discretion of the president. 
 
 " YI. That no person accused as an enemy to America, shall be 
 convicted thereof without being heard in his defence, nor shall 
 such accusation be determined in the same sitting in which it is 
 brought; but the president, by directicm of the Club, shall appoint 
 the time of trial. No person shall be adjudged an enemy to his 
 country but by the voice of at least two-thirds of the members 
 present. 
 
 " YII. That no person be admitted a member of this Club with- 
 out an application in writing, signed by the person seeking admis- 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 157 
 
 sion, and that such application must be seconded by two members 
 at least, and approved by two-thirds of the Club, in order to be 
 effectual. 
 
 " VIII. That no person be admitted a member of this Club, 
 
 without taking the following oath, viz : I, , do swear 
 
 that I will, as far as in me lies, detect all traitors (and discover all 
 traitorous conspiracies against this State as established by the 
 authority of the people) without fear or affection ; that I will not 
 prosecute or complain against any person through envy, hatred, 
 or malice, or any private quarrel ; and, in all my determinations, I 
 will, to the best of my knowledge, be governed by virtue and 
 justice ; and that I will well and trul}^ keep secret the proceedings 
 of this Club so far as shall be directed me by the Club." 
 
 The Maryland Journal of February 25th published the follow- 
 ing article : 
 
 " For the Maryland Journal. — To the printer. — Through the 
 channel of your paper, I take the liberty to congratulate my 
 countrymen on the important intelligence this day received by 
 Congress. The terms of peace offered by General Howe to America, 
 manifest the magnanimity, generosity, humanity, and virtue of 
 the British nation. The offers of peace, and in return to require 
 only our friendship, and a preference in our trade and commerce, 
 bespeak the ancient spirit and love of liberty which was once the 
 acknowledged and boasted characteristic of an Englishman. My 
 soul overflows with gratitude to the patriotic, virtuous King, the 
 august, incorruptible Parliament, and wise disinterested ministry 
 of Britain. I am lost in the contemplation of their private and 
 public virtues. I disbelieve and forget — na}-, will readily believe 
 assertion, that the monarch of Britain is a sullen and inexorable 
 tyrant, the Parliament venal and corrupt, and the Ministry aban- 
 doned and bloody, as wicked and base calumnies. I am not able 
 to express the feelings of my soul on the prospect of immediately 
 seeing my native country blessed with peace and plenty. I am 
 almost induced to complain of Congress for concealing one moment 
 these glad tidings ; however I will anticipate the pleasure, and 
 claim thanks from all lovers of peace for thus early communicating 
 what may be relied on as literally true. 
 
 " Yours, &c., Tom Tell-truth. 
 
 "Baltimore, Feb. 20, 1777." 
 
 The publication of this article by Mr. Goddard, excited against 
 him no little feeling and excitement, and from the papers now in 
 our possession we glean the following facts. Mr. Goddard says : — 
 " That on Monday evening last, the third of March, Col. Eamsay, 
 attended by Mr. George Turnbull, called at my house in Baltimore 
 Town, and requested, in behalf of the Whig Club, of which he was 
 a member, that I would inform him who was the author of a piece 
 published in the last Maryland Journal, and on the signature of 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
158 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Tom Telltruth, which I refused to comply with for reasons assigned. 
 During the course of the evening of that day Capt. John Slaymaker, 
 attended by some other person unknown to me, came to my house 
 with a paper of which the following is a copy : 
 
 " * Eequested that Mr. William Goddard do attend the Whig 
 Club to-morrow evening at six o'clock, at the house of Mr. Eusk, 
 to answer such questions as may be asked him by the Club, reh\- 
 tive to a publication in the Maryland Journal of last week, under 
 the signature of Tom Telltruth, which has given great offence to 
 * many of your Whig readers. Legion. 
 
 ' Monday Evening, M March, 1777.' 
 
 *'The next evening a little after six o'clock Jno. Tors, Benjamin 
 Nicholson, Nathaniel Eamsay, Eobert Buchanan, Hugh Young, 
 James Smith, and one other person unknown to me, some of whom 
 had their side-arms, came into my house, and began the former 
 conversation as to the author of Tom Telltruth, whom they re- 
 quested me to make known ; but I declined for reasons before given, 
 on which they required me to attend the Whig Club. This I re- 
 fused, urging my indisposition ; but afterwards in the course of con- 
 versation 1 told them I would not go if I was well, because they 
 had no right to make the demand they had done. They then de- 
 clared their resolution to carry me before the Club ; and upon my 
 attempting to leave the room, forcibly detained me — and on this 
 11 attended them to the Club. There I saw a large concourse of 
 / people at the house of Mr. David Eusk, a mixture of all ranks and 
 /occupation. Commodore James Nicholson in the chair, David 
 Stewart, Esq., Secretary, Mr. Eobert Purviance, Capt. Nathaniel 
 Smith, and the gents who had been deputed to wait on me that 
 evening and the evening before, together with a great number of 
 others whose names I cannot now recollect, were present. They 
 put on the appearance of a legal assembly, ordered my hat to be 
 taken oif, and then proceeding respecting the author of Tom Tell- 
 truth to be read, then put the question to me whether I would 
 disclose the author or not, to which I refused to comply with. I 
 was then ordered to withdraw, and a party of men set over me as 
 a guard. I was detained in this manner some time in the Bar 
 Eoom, then I was ordered in again ; and had a'Eesolve read, which 
 1 took for granted had been prepared in my absence, to this eifect 
 that as I thought myself bound in honor not to disclose the author, 
 they gave me till Monday next to speak with them ; and immedi- 
 ately after the question was put whether I would at that time dis- 
 close the author. This I answered, that considering the violence 
 with which I had been treated I would not give myself any further 
 trouble about the affair ; at the same time proposed my willingness to 
 oblige any particular gentleman. I was again ordered to withdraw 
 guarded as before — remained in that situation some time, and was 
 ordered in again, and fresh proceedings were read that had been 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 159 
 
 prepared in my absence, representing the piece called Tom Tell- 
 truth as a performance of the most dangerous tendency, fixing me 
 as the author, and of course an enemy to this country, and ordered 
 me to leave the town the next day, and the county in three days. 
 I then requested a copy of their proceedings, and the same even- 
 ing about ten or eleven o'clock, a paper of which the following is a 
 copy, was brought to me by Capt. David Plunkett : 
 
 " ' In Whig Club, March 4:th, 1777. 
 " ^Resolved, That Mr. William Goddard, do leave this Town by 
 twelve o'clock to-morrow morning, and the County in three days. 
 Should he refuse due obedience to this notice, he will be subject to 
 the resentment of a Legion.' 
 
 " Before I left the place where the Club was held, I told them 
 I was not the author, that I disclaimed their authority, and would 
 not submit to their violent proceedings, recommended to them to 
 pursue their lawful occupations, resume their awl and needles, 
 retire to their counting houses, and cease to usurp the powers of 
 Government." 
 
 It seems that Mr. Goddard entirely disregarded their summons, 
 as the following extracts from the same papers will show. Mr. 
 Goddard says : " That on Tuesday morning last [25th March], 
 about nine o'clock, a company of men, some of them armed with 
 swords and some having sticks, came to my house and took pos- 
 session of the doors and staircases, after which several gents, 
 headed by Commodore Nicholson, came up stairs into the printing- 
 office where I then was. The gents remained on or near the stair- 
 case, Commodore Nicholson entered the room and seized on me, 
 on which a struggle ensued. The door was shut by a workman 
 of mine, which was burst open by the gents who stayed behind, 
 who were pressing forward to assist Commodore Nicholson. 
 Several of the company seized me, and whilst in that situation I re- 
 ceived several blows given with their fists. My workmen in the 
 office were treated in the same manner, thrown down and much 
 abused. The workmen, I believe, were struck in that manner be- 
 cause they were busy in attempting to shut the persons out who 
 were coming in. I was then dragged down stairs, when Commo- 
 dore Nicholson, being apprehensive of firearms, searched my 
 pockets, and so did several others. The names of the persons 
 who then entered my house and treated me and my workmen as 
 above, were to the best of my remembrance as foUoweth : Commo- 
 dore James Nicholson, Benjamin Nicholson, Esq., Col. Nath'l 
 Eamsey, Mr. James Cox, David Stewart, Esq., Mr. David Plunkett, 
 Mr. George Turnbull, Mr. Daniel Bowley, Mr. John Gordon, Mr. 
 George Welsh, Mr. Mark Alexander, Mr. Hugh Young, Mr. John 
 McClure, Mr. David Poe, Mr. Daniel Lawrence, Capt. Hallock and 
 Campbell. I was then carried out into the street, and surrounded 
 
160 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 by a great number of peopje, most of whom I believed belonged 
 to the Whig Club, and carried thence to the tavern kept by Mr. 
 David Eusk, and into the room where the Whig Club generally 
 meet, where I was treated with great indignity by several present. 
 The company were greatly increased, and I, besides those already 
 mentioned, remember Mr. Benjamin Griffith, Capt. Nathaniel 
 Smith, Lieut. Thomas Morgan, John McCabe, Cornelius Grarratson, 
 Job Garratson, James Smith, son of William, and William Ais- 
 quith. After I had been for some time in the Club room, Commo- 
 dore Nicholson proposed a private conference in another room, 
 into which a number withdrew, leaving me in the outer room 
 under guard. After deliberation they returned, and Commo- 
 dore Nicholson, as chief or head of the assembly, told me they 
 had come to a determination that I should either engage to depart 
 the State immediately, or be subjected to suffer their original de- 
 signs. I then told them before I could make my choice, I should 
 know what their original designs were. The Commodore observed 
 that was yet a secret ; however, my person was unsafe, and they 
 were prepared to execute their purposes. I then asked how long 
 they would give me to make preparation. Six hours were men- 
 tioned, at the same time it was doubted whether at their previous 
 meeting, the State, or the town and county only were intended, 
 and finally determined that the town and county only were in- 
 tended. They also gave me leave to stay till night, but to be no 
 longer seen there until the new form of government, or a new 
 form of government, had taken place, or until the wheels of gov- 
 ernment were in motion. 1 then told them as I considered myself 
 unsafe (to which some of the company immediately replied that I 
 was) I w^ould consent to depart, hoping that another form of gov- 
 ernment would speedily take place. 1 was then released from the 
 crowd, and suffered to go home to prepare for my journey. I 
 stayed at home till night, then put myself under the protection of 
 Capt. Galbraith, who commanded the guard in Baltimore Town 
 that night, and in the morning set oft' to Annapolis." 
 
 Miss Goddard went to Capt. Galbraith, the commander of the 
 guard in town, and requested that he would assist in rescuing her 
 brother from the mob. He replied that he could do nothing 
 "without the directions of the chairman of the Committee," and 
 further said, that he " had dispatched one of his people for orders." 
 Miss Goddard, who expressed much uneasiness on account of her 
 brother, and apprehensive relief would come too late, said she 
 " would go herself for orders." Mr. Eobert Welsh, who was oppo- 
 site Mr. Goddard's house, says he came up to Capt. Smith who was 
 passing by with Mr. Murdoch Kennedy, and asked the Caj^tain if 
 
 3^ou ? addressmg 
 Welsh, " you ought to be the best judge of that." Upon which Capt. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 161 
 
 Smith said, "I know of no way. D my blood ! if my commission 
 
 was worth ten thousand a year I would throw it up before I would 
 fire upon any of those gentlemen." Mr. Murdoch Kennedy said 
 " he heard Mr. Daniel Bowley and Mr. David McMechan say, let us 
 get the cart ; and he afterwards saw a cart of Andrew Stiger's 
 brought before the Club House door." 
 
 Mr. Goddard makes no reference to this mob in the Journal^ 
 but at once made a complaint against the Club before the Legisla- 
 ture of the State, who promptly passed resolutions : " That every 
 subject in this State is entitled to the benefit and protection of the 
 laws and government thereof. That this house highly disapprove 
 of any body of men assembling or exercising any of the powers of 
 government without proper authority from the Constitution. 
 That the proceedings of the persons in Baltimore Town, associated 
 and styled the Whig Club, are a most daring infringement and 
 manifest violation of the Constitution of this State, directly con- 
 trary to the Declaration of Rights, and tend in their consequences 
 (unless timely checked) to the destruction of all regular govern- 
 ment. That the Governor be requested to issue his Proclamation 
 declaring all bodies of men associating together or meeting for the 
 purpose of usurping any of the powers of government, and pre- 
 suming to exercise any power over the persons or property of any 
 subject of this State, or to carry into execution any of the laws 
 thereof, unlawful assemblies, and requiring all such assemblies and 
 meetings instantly to disperse. That the Governor be requested to 
 aff'ord the said William Goddard the protection of the law of the 
 land, and to direct the Justices of Baltimore County to give him 
 every protection in their power against all violence or injury to his 
 person or property. That Mr. Speaker be requested to communi- 
 cate the above resolutions to the Governor, and that the above reso- 
 lutions be published in the Maryland Gazette.'' In conformity to 
 these resolutions. Governor Thomas Johnson issued the following 
 proclamation on the 17th of April, censuring the Club, and sus- . 
 taining Mr. Goddard — the first vindication of the liberty of the ^ 
 press in Maryland: 
 
 " Annapolis, April 17th. 
 
 " By His Excellency Thomas Johnson, Esq., Governor of Maryland. 
 "A Proclamation. 
 " Whereas, the Honorable House of Delegates have unanimously 
 requested me to issue my Proclamation, declaring all bodies of men 
 associating together, or meeting for the purpose, and usurping any 
 of the powers of government, and presuming to exercise any 
 power over the persons or property of any subject of this State, or 
 to carry into execution any of the laws thereof, unlawful assem- 
 blies, and requiring all such assemblies and meetings instantly to " 
 disperse. Wherefore, I have issued this, my Proclamation, hereby 
 declaring all bodies of men associating together, or meeting for the 
 11 
 
162 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 purpose of usurping any of the powers of government, and pre- 
 suming to exercise any powers over the persons or property of any 
 subject of this State, or to carry into execution any of the laws 
 thereof on their own authority, unlawful assemblies. And I do 
 hereby warn and strictly charge and command all such assemblies 
 and meetings instantly to disperse, as they will answer the con- 
 trary at their peril. And that due notice may be had of this, my 
 Proclamation, and that no person may pretend ignorance thereof, 
 the several sheriffs within this State are hereby commanded to 
 cause the same to be made public in their respective counties. 
 
 " Given at Annapolis, this seventeenth day of April, seventeen 
 hundred and seventy-seven. Tho. Johnson. 
 
 " By his Excellency's command, 
 
 " K. EiDGELY, Sec.j God save the State." 
 
 On the 11th of February, the Assembly directed a proclama- 
 tion to be issued against the disaffected in Worcester and Somerset 
 Counties, who, only repressed for a time by the active measures 
 of the Committee of Safety for the Eastern Shore, had again 
 broken out in open insurrection and erected the standard of Great 
 Britain. They exhorted them to return due obedience to the laws 
 of their country and immediately disperse, and offered pardon to 
 all who would repair to the commanding officer in the counties of 
 Somerset and Worcester within forty days, and there deliver up 
 all their fire and side arms, and take the oath of allegiance, ex- 
 cepting, however, fourteen of the leaders. As the disturbed con- 
 dition of these counties appeared to require active measures to over- 
 awe the malcontents, on Sunday, Feb. 9th, a detachment of Vir- 
 ginia troops, who were in Baltimore on their way to join General 
 Washington's army in New Jersey, and a part of the militia of 
 the town, embarked and sailed from Fell's Point for the scene of 
 the disturbance, in order to assist in quelling the insurgents. An- 
 other body, with a company of artillery, was to join them from 
 Annapolis, the whole under the command of Gen. Smallwood and 
 Col. Gist, who were then in the State superintending the forma- 
 tion of the new Line. The promptness of these measures secured 
 submission. The disaffected were disarmed — the most influential 
 sent in custody to other and more loyal counties, and their estates 
 placed in the hands of commissioners for safe-keeping. The Inde- 
 pendent Company of Baltimore bad the honor of lowering the 
 abandoned King's colors. 
 
 The establishment of the new government was attended by no 
 internal difficulties of importance. Charles Carroll, Esq., barris- 
 ter, of Mount Clare, one of the late Convention and Council of 
 Safety, was selected a member of the first Senate of the State, and 
 the town and county respectively returned the delegates who had 
 represented them in the Convention. Mr. Carroll, barrister, was 
 appointed Chief Justice of the General Court, but did not accept. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 163 
 
 Most of the gentlemen who were in the commission of the county 
 and town were reappointed county justices by the new govern- 
 ment. Andrew Buchanan, Esq., being the presiding justice, was 
 also Lieutenant of the county militia. Seven of the justices were 
 constituted an Orphans' Court, and Thomas Jones, Esq., Eegister of 
 Wills. Thomas Jennings was appointed Attorney-General, but de- 
 clining, was succeeded by James Tilghman and B. Galloway, Esqs., 
 successively, and in 1778 Luther Martin, Esq., being appointed, 
 settled in Baltimore. Mr. W. Gibson is appointed Clerk of the 
 County Court. Mr. Lawson, former County Clerk, retiring to the 
 Eastern Shore, returned after the Eevolution, and resided here 
 until his death. Mr. Eobert Christie, appointed Sheriff in 1774, 
 was superseded, and at the election in accordance to the constitu- 
 tion, Henry Stevenson, Esq., was elected. Mr. Christie in the 
 meantime was compelled to leave the town, but declaring the pub- 
 lic was indebted to him, and appointed Mr. Moses Galloway to 
 settle his affairs, and went to England. The auction business was 
 carried on by Mr. James Long and Mr. Thomas Brereton. 
 
 The conscientious scruples of the ministers of the late estab- 
 lishment, relative to the form of prayer for the new instead of the 
 old government, the Quakers, and Methodist preachers and 
 others, were subjected to pay the treble tax imposed on non-jurors, 
 or leave the county, as most of the rectors and ministers of the 
 establishment did. 
 
 By an Act of the Legislature passed this year, Baltimore town 
 and county were to furnish 281 militia, which was about one 
 eleventh of the whole population. On the 2l8t of August, Lord 
 Howe's fleet, composed of three hundred sail of men-of-war and 
 transports, &c., came to anchor just below Bodkin Point, where 
 they continued until next day, when they weighed anchor and 
 sailed for Elk Eiver; they ultimately reached Philadelphia. The 
 Governor of Maryland issued a proclamation requiring and com- 
 manding the county Lieutenants, &c., to march at least two full 
 companies of each battalion of the militia, to the neighborhood of 
 the Susquehanna river in Cecil and Harford counties, where they 
 were to receive orders. " To defend our liberties requires our ex- 
 ertions ; our wives, our children, and our country, implore our as- 
 sistance — motives amply sufficient to arm every one who can be 
 called a man." The call was obeyed. Capt. Strieker's independent 
 company, trained as infantry, mounted their own horses, pro- 
 ceeded to watch the enemy on the bay side, and arrived before 
 them at the head of it ; joined the main army, including the Mary- 
 land Line near Newport ; but were then ordered back by the com- 
 mander-in-chief, to assist in protecting their homes. 
 
 The following order was written by Wm. Buchanan, Lieut, of 
 the County, to Capt. James Cox : 
 
 "Baltimore, June 30th, 1777. 
 
 " Sir : — In consequence of a very pressing requisition from^ the 
 
164 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Congress, for a reinforcement to General Washington from the 
 Militia of Maryland, and orders from the Council of Safety to 
 Brigadier-General Buchanan, I have it in orders from him, to hold 
 my battalion in readiness to march with all possible expedition 
 for that purpose. I therefore desire a meeting of the battalion, on 
 the usual ground on Tuesday, the fourth of February, precisely at 
 ten o'clock, when (all excuses apart) you will not fail to attend 
 with every effective enroller in your company. The emergency is 
 such that arguments are useless, to such as have the least sense of 
 duty they owe the country, themselves and family ; and with such 
 as neither reason nor duty will prevail, other measures must be 
 taken ; but I flatter myself there are very few such in the batta- 
 lion I have the honor to command. 
 
 " I am, Sir, your humble servant, Wm. Buchanan." 
 
 On the 11th of September was fought the battle of Brandy- 
 wine, at which the Maryland Line was present and shared the dis- 
 asters of the day. General Smallwood, with the Maryland militia, 
 including Captains Sterritt, Cox and Bailey's companies from Bal- 
 timore, joined General Wayne the 21st of September, immediately 
 after Grey's sanguinary night attack on the Americans at the 
 Paolia. 
 
 Those companies, in which many citizens, who left numerous 
 families dispersed about the county, or exposed to the depreda- 
 tions of the maritime forces of the enemy in the bay, went in 
 the ranks as volunteers, shared in the rout of Wayne, and in the 
 more equal conflict at Germantown on the 4th October, at which 
 place the patriotic Cox, with several of his townsmen, laid down 
 their lives in their country's cause. At the same time Colonel 
 Samuel Smith, commanding a small detachment of Continental 
 troops at Fort Mifflin, with the aid of Commodore Hazlewood's 
 flotilla, in which Lieutenant Barney then served, was successfully 
 opposing the passage of Howe's fleet, which had returned from 
 the Chesapeake into the Delaware, for which Congress voted the 
 Colonel a sword ; however, the fort was not long tenable, and it 
 was abandoned some days after he had been wounded and retired 
 across the river. 
 
 Extracts from very important and interesting letters never 
 before published, relating to some of the important engagements 
 in which the Maryland troops bore such an important part: 
 
 Mrs. Mary Cox to her Husband. 
 
 " Baltimore Town, Sept. 8th, 1777. 
 " Jfy Dear : — * * * * I am greatly alarmed at the usage 
 the inhabitants meet with that fall into the regulars' hands. I 
 greatly want your advice in regard to moving my things before 
 trouble comes, for then there will be such confusion that I may 
 only escape with my life ; for it is allowed by all, that the enemy 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 165 
 
 will visit us before they leave our bay. Don't laugh at my fears, 
 for they are not groundless, as you well know I am a person of 
 great fortitude ; but fortitude without reason is mere chimera, 
 therefore do let me have your advice as soon as possible. A plot 
 was laid for destroying our magazines at Carlisle and York, but 
 the All-wise Providence has frustrated the design. There are 
 several concerned already secured. Our light-horse has just set 
 out in search of the sj^ies. There are a number of the leading 
 men in Philadelphia put in prison, and are now on their way to 
 Virginia under a strong guard. * * * * My Dear, in all j^our 
 hurry mind the one thing needful — an interest in Jesus Christ, 
 which is the desire and prayer of your affectionate wife. 
 
 " Mary Cox." 
 
 " Downing's Town on the Lancaster Road, 
 ''Sept 20th, 1777. 
 
 ''Bear Wife: — I take this opportunity to acquaint you that I 
 am yet well and hearty, and I thank God for all his mercies. We 
 marched 20 odd miles yesterdaj' , which, marching in brigade, made 
 it a little severe on the men, and fagged them. We are now about 
 marching, and expect to join General Wayne this day. Col. Gist 
 has joined us, which makes us upwards of 2000 strong. The 
 enemy are pushing for Philadelphia as hard as they can, but I 
 hope they will not get there. Howe stole a march on Gen. Wash- 
 ington the night before last, which 1 fear will prove to his disad- 
 vantage. A few days will determine the fate of Philadelphia. 
 * * * * Last night we had two more deserters, Michael Dif- 
 fendaffer and John Tinges. * ♦ * * May Heaven guard and 
 protect us all, and return us safe to our respective homes. * * * 
 
 " James Cox." 
 
 " Head-Quarters Parkiomin, Oct 7th, 1777. 
 
 " Bear Cousin : — The disagreeable task is devolved on me, to 
 let you know (though doubtless the news will have reached you 
 before this will come to hand), that your loving husband, and Amer- 
 ica's best friend, on the fourth instant, near Germantown, nobly de- 
 fending his country's cause, having repulsed the enemy, driving 
 them from their breastworks, received a ball through his body, by 
 which he expired in about three-quarters of an hour afterwards. 
 He was carried off the field to a house, his most valuable things 
 secured, and as our people lost the ground, we were obliged to 
 leave him there ; the people of the house promised to have him in- 
 terred. Mr. Lindenberger about the same time was wounded 
 through the arm, but being only a flesh wound, is not dangerous. 
 The bearer, Mr. Lemon, will be able to give you a more particular 
 account of that day's action. May the great God support you and 
 your dear family under your present distress, and give you enough 
 
166 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 of Christian fortitude and resignation, of which nature has not 
 been sparing. 
 
 " I am your loving and affectionate cousin, Geo. Welsh." 
 
 Gen. Small wood, writing to Gov. Johnson, said : " Capt. Cox, of 
 Baltimore, a brave and valuable officer, with Lieut. Crost, of John- 
 son's regiment, and several other brave officers and men^ were 
 killed within twenty paces of the enemy's lodgment before they 
 were dispossessed of it." Capt. Cox was in his day, the most fashion- 
 able tailor in Baltimore town. On the 19th of September he was 
 promoted to Major, but before he received his commission he was 
 unfortunately killed. His widow, for many years, carried on a 
 fashionable millinery establishment, and died on the 20th of Feb- 
 ruary, 1789, in reduced circumstances. The following very inte- 
 resting letter, never before published, was written by Col. John H. 
 Stone, afterwards Governor of Maryland, to William Paca, Esq., 
 of Chestertown, also at a latter period Governor : 
 
 " Camp in Philadelphia, County Schuylkill, 
 
 " September 23d, 1777. 
 " Bear Sir — I received yours by Mr. Foreman, and w^ill give you 
 an account of the engagement of the 11th instant. In the morning 
 about six o'clock, the enemy appeared on the opposite side of the 
 Brandywine, on which a brisk cannonade ensued, but with little 
 execution on either side. The enemy did not appear numerous, and 
 began to intrench themselves, by which we readily concluded their 
 main body was taking another route. To be certain of this, light 
 horse were dispatched to scour the country; but unfortunately for 
 us, their discoveries did not give us the proper intelligence. Gen'l 
 Washington ordered Gen'l Maxwell to cross the ford with his light 
 corps and attack the enemy, which he did with success. His Ex- 
 cellency then gave orders for the greatest part of the army to 
 cross the several fords, but before this order was put in execution 
 it was countermanded. In this situation things remained till near 
 three o'clock in the afternoon, when certain accounts were brought 
 to his Excellency, that the enemy had crossed the Brandywine 
 four or five miles above the right of our army ; their numbers were 
 not known. Three divisions of our army were immediately ordered 
 to march and meet them, but the enemy had got possession of the 
 most advantageous grounds, and drawn within one and a half 
 miles of our right before we marched. Gen'l Sullivan, Lord Stir- 
 ling, and Gen'l Greene's division marched to oppose the enemy, and 
 perhaps might have routed them if things had been properly man- 
 aged. Our division marched to join Lord Stirling, who was on 
 the ground where the enemy appeared, and where they seemed to 
 intend their attack ; by the time we reached the ground, they had 
 begun to cannonade the ground allotted for us, which was very 
 bad, and the enemy within musket shot of it, before we were 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 167 
 
 ordered to form the line of battle. I marched in front of Gen'l 
 Sullivan's division, when I received orders from him to wheel to 
 the left and take possession of a rising ground about 100 yards in 
 our front, to which the enemy were marching rapidly. I wheeled 
 off, but had not marched to the ground before we were attacked 
 on all quarters, which prevented our forming regularl}^, and by 
 wheeling to the left it doubled our division on the brigade imme- 
 diately in the rear of the other. Thus we were in confusion, and 
 no person to undue us to order, when the enemy pushed on and 
 soon made us all run off. Of all the Maryland regiments only two 
 ever had an opportunity to form. Gist's and mine ; and as soon as 
 they began to fire, those who were in our rear could not be pre- 
 vented from firing also. In a few minutes we were attacked in 
 front and flank, and by our people in the rear. Our men ran off 
 in confusion, and were very hard to be rallied. Although my men 
 did not behave so well as I expected, yet I can scarcely blame 
 them, when I consider their situation ; nor are they censured by 
 any part of the army. My horse threw in the time of action, but 
 I did not receive any great injury from it. Lord Stirling's divi- 
 sion, who were attacked at the same time we were, and routed at 
 the same time. We retreated about a quarter of a mile and 
 rallied all the men we could, when we were reinforced by Greene's 
 and Nath's corps, who had not till that time got up. Greene had 
 his men posted on a good piece of ground, which they maintained 
 for some time, and 1 dare say did great execution. At this time 
 the enemy, who were left at the fords, crossed, which was after 
 five o'clock, when firing began from almost every quarter, and I 
 expected a general and bloody action. The enemy, however, 
 moved with caution, which gave those who were obliged to give 
 way, an opportunity to make their retreat with safety. Never 
 was a more constant and heavy fire while it lasted ; and I was 
 much amazed when I knew the numbers that were killed and 
 wounded. We did not lose 1000 men, oflficers and all, to speak say. 
 1 lost 23 privates and two serg'ts killed, wounded and taken, and 
 one captain (Ford) wounded ; he will recover. Never was a more 
 favorable opportunity for us : fortune seemed in the morning to 
 count us to victory and honor ; but the scene was much changed 
 in the evening. Had our intelligence been as good as it ought to 
 have been, or had we crossed the fords when Gen. Washington 
 first ordered it, it is almost as certain as that two and two make four, 
 that the whole British army would have been routed, and, perhaps, 
 this war ended. Gen. Howe played a deep but dangerous card. 
 He left about 2000 men to guard the fords opposite to us, and 
 marched their main army round for more than ten miles, so that 
 the two parties had not any connection or dependence on each 
 other. If we had crossed, the 2000 men must inevitably have 
 fallen into our hands, which would have reduced the enemy's 
 strength to meet, that before this time they would all either have 
 
168 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 been captives or driven from this land ; upon the whole, I do not 
 think we have lost anything by that day. My manner of carry- 
 ing on this war would be so different from the present system that 
 I should frequently expect to be driven from the ground. We 
 ought to attack them everywhere we meet them. By this method 
 it would make our men soldiers, and be constantly reducing the 
 enemy, and ensure us success in a few months. We are now 
 within 4 miles of Pottsgrove, on the Schuylkill ; the enemy are 
 about as many miles below on the other side. You may expect to 
 hear of an engagement every day. Gen. Wayne and G-en. Small- 
 wood's camps were surprised a few nights ago, by a party of the 
 British light-horse. Our men were put in confusion, but no great 
 damage done. From your humble serv't, 
 
 "J. H.Stone." 
 
 Mr. John Pearce built for Messrs. John Sterett and others, the 
 topsail schooner Antelope, and armed with fourteen guns, was put 
 under the command of Jeremiah Yellott, which made a great many 
 narrow escapes and some captures, but always fortunate voj^ages. 
 The Felicity, commanded by Capt. Frederick Folger, who had 
 been first officer of the Antelope, was scarcely less successful. The 
 ship Buckskin, Capt. Jones, and the Nonesuch, Capt. C. Wells, and 
 some other vessels, safely went to and returned from France. A 
 part of a committee of Congress, then at Little York, constituted 
 a navy board, of which William Smith, Esq., was a member, as- 
 sembled here. The Virginia frigate, of 28 guns, was built on the 
 Point, west side of the public wharf, by Mr. Wells. 
 
 Wm. Buchanan, Esq., was appointed by Congress, commissary 
 general of purchases for the Continental army. James Calhoun, 
 Esq., his deputy, made purchases of supplies here. 
 
 In this year died, at an advanced age, at his seat in the county, 
 Cornelius Howard, Esq., who laid out that part of the town called 
 Howard's Hill, leaving three sons, the eldest of whom was Col. 
 John E. Howard, and two daughters. 
 
 1778. Count Pulaski was appointed a brigadier in the Conti- 
 nental army, on the 15th of September, 1777, just after the battle 
 on the Brandywine, in^which he participated, and was honored with 
 the command of the cavalry. He resigned this honor within a few 
 months, and asked and obtained permission from Congress to raise 
 and command an independent corps, to consist of sixty-eight horse 
 and two hundred foot. The mode of raising these was left to the 
 direction of General Washington. This corps was chiefly raised, 
 and fully organized in Baltimore in March, 1778. Pulaski visited 
 La Fayette, while that wounded officer was a recipient of the pious 
 care and hospitality of Moravians at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. 
 His presence, and eventful history, made a deep impression upon 
 the minds of that community. When it was known that the brave 
 Pole was . organizing a corps of cavalry in Baltimore, the 7iuns of 
 
/ 
 
 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 169 
 
 Bethlehem prepared a banner of crimson silk, with designs beauti- 
 fully wrought with the needle by their own hands, and sent it to 
 Pulaski, with their blessing. The memory of this event is em- 
 balmed in verse by Longfellow, known as the "Hymn of the Mo- 
 ravian Nuns at the Consecration of Pulaski's Banner." Pulaski 
 received the banner with grateful acknowledgments, and bore it 
 gallantly through many a martial scene, until he fell in conflict at 
 Savannah in the autumn of 1779. His banner was saved by his 
 first lieutenant (who received fourteen wounds), and delivered to 
 Captain Bentalou, who, on retiring from the army, took the banner 
 home with him to Baltimore. It was used in the procession that 
 welcomed La Fayette to this city in 1824, and was then deposited 
 in Peale's Museum. On that occasion it was ceremoniously re- 
 ceived by several young ladies. Mr. Edmund Peale presented it 
 to the Maryland Historical Society in 1844, where it is now care- 
 fully preserved in a glass case. But little of its former beauty re- 
 mains. It is composed of double silk, now faded to a dull brownish 
 red. The designs on each side are embroidered with yellow silk, 
 the letters shaded with green. A deep green bullion fringe orna- 
 ments the edges, and the size of the banner is twenty inches square. 
 It was attached to a lance when borne to the field. On one side of 
 the banner are the letters U. S., and in a circle around them the 
 words "TJnita Yirtus Fortior," — United valor is stronger. On the 
 other side, in the centre is the All-seeing Eye, with the words 
 " Non alius regit " — No other governs. 
 
 On the twenty-eighth of June, the British were unsuccessfully 
 attacked, but finally retired from the fields of Monmouth, in Jersey, 
 where the Maryland Line shared the danger and the glory of the 
 day. Washington on this occasion seeing Lieut.-Col. Kamsay's 
 Maryland battalion, called to him that he " was one of the oflicers 
 he should rely upon to check the enendy that day." In the militia 
 of the town, Messrs. John McClellan, Benjamin Griffith, George 
 Lindenberger, James Calhoun, David Bowley, Mark Alexander, 
 Stephen Stewart, James Young, Isaac Griest, Briton, Dickinson, 
 Henry Schaeifer, and George Wells, held commissions, most of 
 whom had been at camp with Captains Moore, Sterrett, Cox, or 
 Bailey. ^ 
 
 On the organization of the Court of Appeals, Thomas Jones, 
 Esq., was appointed one of the Judges, and William Buchanan, 
 Esq., youngest son of Doctor George Buchanan, deceased, succeeds 
 ,to the office of Eegister of Wills the next year, in place of Mr. 
 Jones. 
 
 British goods having become scarce, several manufactures, 
 which had been prohibited in the colonies, were now established in 
 or near this town. Among others, a bleach-yard by Mr. Eiddle ; 
 a linen factory by Mr. McFadon ; a paper mill by Mr. Goddard ;"a 
 slitting mill by Mr. Whitcroft ; a card fiictory by Mr. McCabe ; a 
 woollen and linen factory by Mr. Charles Carroll ; a nail factory 
 
170 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 each by Mr. Geo. Matthews and Mr. Eichardson Stewart. Mr. 
 i Charles Williams carried on the dyeing business, and Mr. William 
 \ Stenson, who had sometime kept a coffee-house near the corner of 
 ; Holliday and East, now Fayette streets, opened another on a mo- 
 j dern and extensive scale, at the southwest corner of South and 
 N^ Baltimore streets. 
 
 The intelligence of the alliance which had taken place between 
 France and the United States, in virtue of the treaty entered into 
 between the two powders, was received in Baltimore on the 5th of 
 May, and in demonstration of the joy it created, the towm was 
 splendidly illuminated on the night of that day. This alliance 
 gave a different aspect to our affairs. Wherever there w^as des- 
 pondency, it yielded to confidence ; and the contest was ever after- 
 wards maintained, under the deep conviction that the indepen- 
 dence of America w^as established on a basis that could only be 
 shaken, by one of those convulsions which, in the order of Provi- 
 dence, overturn the mightiest empires. 
 ,/^ During the very heat of the war, twenty gentlemen came to 
 ^ Baltimore as residents, among whom we find the names of Messrs. 
 Eichard Curson, William Patterson, Pobert Gilmor, Charles Tor- 
 rence, Andrew Boyd, Aaron Levering, Henry Payson, Joseph Wil- 
 liams, Peter Frick, George Eeinecker, Michael Diffenderffer, Chris- 
 topher Eaborg, John Leypold, Abraham Sitler, George Heide, John 
 Shultze, Baltzer Schaeffer and others, who, by their w^ealth, credit 
 \and enterprise, contributed to revive the business of the place. 
 
 On the 31st of March, the Virginia frigate, the first built in 
 this city, made an attempt to get to sea in the night, in w^hich she 
 would certainly have succeeded, in spite of the vigilance of the 
 enemy's squadron, but that the pilot ran her on the middle ground, 
 between the Capes ; and on the first of April she was taken pos- 
 session of by His Majesty's frigate the Emerald, Captain Caldwell. 
 Captain Nicholson, the commander, escaped in the ship's barge ; 
 but Lieut. Barney, with his brother William, who was an officer of 
 the marines, and the rest of the crew fell into the hands of the 
 enemy. 
 
 1222. The following letter, never before published, was written 
 by General Washington to the Governor of Maryland. It certainly 
 shows that his capacious and ever-active mind, embraced all the 
 extensive limits of his country — not excepting the then insignifi- 
 cant town of Baltimore, which, perhaps owing to his discernment, 
 was prevented from falling into the hands of the enemy : 
 
 " Head Quarters, Middlebrook, 1st March, 1779. 
 ^ " Dear Sir: — Sir Henry Clinton, in order to supply the British 
 prisoners at Fort Frederick and Winchester with necessaries and 
 money, has twice requested a passport for a vessel to go with the 
 same to the port of Baltimore. As it is necessary that the prisoners 
 should be supplied, I have granted permission to a schooner 
 
/ 
 
 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 171 
 
 to proceed to Hampton road — where the cargo is to be received 
 into some of the bay craft, and sent to Alexandria or George- 
 town, under the conduct and escort of our own people, and from 
 thence to its place of destination. I refused the passport to Balti- 
 more especially, as it was twice pressed upon me — as that port did 
 not aj^pear to be the nearest to Fort Frederick and Winchester, 
 and as it might be made use of for the purpose of exploring a 
 navigation with which they may be in some measure unacquainted. 
 I have been thus particular lest, under a color of hard weather, the 
 vessel should run toward Baltimore. 
 
 " I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 " Geo. Washington." 
 
 ( A committee of merchants was formed at the beginning of the 
 year, w^hose duty it seems to have been to provide a suitable defence 
 for the private navigation of the Chesapeake bay. Galley's were 
 provided, and the direction of them had been confided to Commodore 
 Nicholson, who, a short time before, had lost the Virginia frigate 
 at the mouth of the capes, in attempting to elude the vigilance of a 
 British squadron stationed there, and who in consequence had no 
 immediate command. The command of the galley Conqueror was 
 bestowed upon him by the committee, with the approbation of the 
 Governor. The gentlemen who were united with the Commodore 
 as officers on board this galley, deemed it proper to petition the 
 committee on the subject of the relation which they would hold to 
 the committee in case of their capture. They thought it but reason- 
 able, in case such an event should occur, that their wages should 
 go on. They present a gloomy prospect of their situation in such a 
 case. The horrors of a prison-ship were more intimidating to 
 them than the cannonading of an enemy; and it was against these 
 that they wanted some provision made. " But," in the language of a 
 patriotism which peculiarly characterizes the seamen of America, 
 "should we receive no redress, it shall not in the least detain our 
 services from the cause in which we are now engaged." Their pe- 
 tition was granted, and the Conqueror began her cruise. For three 
 months she was stationed at and near Cape Henry, and in other 
 parts of the bay. The protection she and the others of the squad- 
 ron gave to the navigation of Baltimore, is almost incredible. 
 Commodore Nicholson was one of those men who never flagged in 
 any duty he undertook, and the skill with which all his maritime 
 operations were conducted, was an earnest of that which, in later 
 days, has so pre-eminently characterized the American seaman. 
 
 On the 4th of February, Mr. Sterritt's extensive brewery, with 
 the warehouse on the southwest corner of Frederick and Second 
 streets, then occupied by Mr. Hugh Young, were set on fire, de- 
 signedly as was supposed, and both entirely consumed. 
 
 Early in the year the Maryland Line was formed into two 
 brigades, the second of which was put under the command of Col. 
 
172 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Gist, promoted Brigadier-General. Benjamin Nicholson, Esq., Col- 
 onel of the town militia, resigned the command to Colonel Smith 
 — this being the only corps kept up after peace. 
 
 There were published in Goddard's Maryland Journal of July 
 6th, 1779, a number of queries, styled "political and military," evi- 
 dently tending to bring in question the military qualifications of 
 General Washington for the august station he then occupied, and 
 to create a prejudice against the French nation, which a short 
 time before had entered into an alliance with the United States. 
 As the following " queries " have often been quoted in history, but 
 never published in full, we give them as they appeared in the 
 Maryland Journal : 
 
 " Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, — 1779. 
 " Some queries, political and military, humbly offered to the con- 
 sideration of the public. 
 
 " I. Whether George the First did not, on his accession to the 
 throne of Great Britain, by making himself king of a party, in- 
 stead of the whole nation, sow the seeds not only of the subver- 
 sion of the liberties of the people, but of the ruin of the whole 
 empire ? 
 
 "II. Whether, by proscribing that class of men to which his 
 ministry were pleased to give the appellation of Tories, he did not, 
 in the end, make them not only real Tories, but even Jacobites ? 
 
 " III. Whether the consequence of this distinction, now be- 
 come real, was not two rebellious ; and whether the fruit of those 
 rebellions, although defeated, were not septennial Parliaments, a 
 large standing army, an enormous additional weight and pecuniary 
 influence thrown into the scale of the crown, which in a few years 
 have borne down not only the substance, but almost the form of 
 liberty, all sense of patriotism, the morals of the people, and, in the 
 end, overturned the mighty fabric of the British Empire ? 
 
 " ly. Whether the present men in power in this State do not 
 tread exactly in the steps of this pernicious ministry, by proscrib- 
 ing and disfranchising so large a proportion of citizens as those 
 men whom they find in their interest to brand with the determin- 
 ation of Tories ? 
 
 " Y. Whether liberty, to be durable, should not be constructed 
 on as broad a basis as possible? And whether the same causes, in 
 all ages, and in all countries, do not produce the same effects ? 
 
 " YI. Whether it is not natural, and even justifiable, for that 
 class of people (let the pretext be ever so plausible) who have been 
 stripped of their rights as men, by the hard hand of power, to 
 wish for and endeavor to bring about by any means whatever, a 
 revolution in that State, which they cannot but consider as an 
 usurpation and tyranny ? 
 
 " YII. Whether a subject of Morocco is. not (when we consider 
 human nature) a happier mortal than a disfranchised citizen of 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 173 
 
 Pennsylvania, as the former has the comfort of seeing all about 
 him in the same predicament with himself; the latter, the misery 
 of being a slave in the precious bosom of liberty — the former 
 drinks the cup, but the latter alone can taste the bitterness of it? 
 
 " YIII. "Whether an enlightened member of a French Parlia- 
 ment is not a thousand times more wretched than a Eussian 
 serf or peasant ? As to the former, the chains, from his sensibility, 
 must be extremely galling ; and on the latter, they fit as easy as 
 the skin of his back. 
 
 " IX. Whether it is salutary or dangerous, consistent with or 
 abhorrent from, the principles and spirit of Liberty and Eepubli- 
 canism, to inculcate and encourage in the people an idea, that their 
 welfare, safety and glory depend on one man? Whether they 
 really do depend on one man ? 
 
 "X. Whether, amongst the late warm, or rather loyal ad- 
 dresses, in this city, to his Excellency General Washington, there 
 was a single mortal, one gentleman excepted, who could possibly 
 be acquainted with his merits ? 
 
 " XI. Whether this gentleman excepted, does really think his 
 Excellency a great man, or whether evidences could not be pro- 
 duced of his sentiments being quite the reverse ? 
 
 " XII. Whether the armies under Gates and Arnold, and the 
 detachment under Stark, to the northward, or that immediately 
 under his Excellency, in Pennsylvania, gave the decisive turn to 
 the fortune of war? 
 
 " XIII. Whether, therefore, when Mons. Gerard, and Don Juan 
 de Miralles, sent over to their respective courts the pictures of his 
 Excellency General Washington at full length, by Mr. Peale, t^ere 
 would have been any impropriety in sending over, at the same 
 time, at least a couple of little heads of Gates and Arnold, by M. 
 de Simitierre ? 
 
 " XIV. On what principle was it that Congress, in the year 
 1776, sent for General Lee quite from Georgia, with injunctions to 
 join the army under General Washington, then in York Island, 
 without loss of time ? 
 
 " XY. Whether Congress had reason to be satisfied or dissatis- 
 fied with this their recall of General Lee, from what subsequently 
 happened on York Island, and at the White Plains? 
 
 "XVI. Whether Fort Washington was or was not tenable? 
 Whether there were barracks, casemates, fuel, or water within 
 the body of the place ? Whether, in the outworks, the defences 
 were in any decent order? And whether there were even plat- 
 forms for the guns ? 
 
 " XVII. Whether, if it had been tenable, it could have answered 
 any one single purpose? Did it cover, did it protect a valuable 
 country ? Did it prevent the enemy's ships from passing or repass- 
 ing with impunity ? 
 
 " XVIII. Whether, when General Howe manifestly gave over 
 
174 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 all thoughts of attacking General Washington in the last strong 
 position in the rear of White Plains, and fell back towards York 
 Island, orders should not have been immediately dispatched for the 
 evacuation of Fort Washington, and for the removal of all the 
 stores of value from Fort Lee to some secure spot more removed 
 from the river ? Whether this was not proposed, and the proposal 
 Blighted ? 
 
 " XIX. Whether the loss of the garrison of Fort Washington, 
 and its consequent loss of Fort Lee, with the tents, stores, &c., 
 had not such an eifect on the spirits of the people as to make the 
 difference of twenty thousand men to America? 
 
 "XX. Whether, in the defeat of Brandy wine, General Sulli- 
 van was really the person who ought to have been censured? 
 
 " XXI. Whether, if Duke Ferdinand had commanded at Ger- 
 mantown, after having gained by the valor of his troops and 
 the negligence of his enemy a partial victory, he would have con- 
 trived by a single stroke of the bathos, to have corrupted this par- 
 tial victory into a defeat ? * 
 
 " XXII. Whether our position at Yalley Forge was not such, 
 that if General Howe, or afterwards General Clinton, had been 
 well-informed of its circumstances, defects and vices, they might 
 not, at the head of ten, or even of eight thousand men, have reduced 
 the American army to the same fatal necessity as the Americans 
 did General Burgoyne ? 
 
 "XXIII. Whether the trials of General St. Clair, of which 
 court-martial General Lincoln was president, and that on General 
 Lee, were conducted in the same forms and on the same principles ? 
 Whether, in the former, all hearsay evidences were not absolutely 
 rejected, and, in the latter, hearsay evidence did not constitute a 
 very considerable part? 
 
 " XXIY. Whether if the Generals Schuyler and St. Clair had been 
 tried by the same court-martial as General Lee was, and instead 
 of Congress, General Washington had been the prosecutor, those 
 gentlemen (unexceptionable as their conduct was) would not have 
 stood a very ugly chance of being condemned ? And whether if 
 instead of General Washington, Congress had been the prosecutor, 
 General Lee w^ould not probably have been acquitted with the 
 highest honor? 
 
 "XXY. Whether it must not appear to every man w^ho has 
 read General Washington's letter to Congress on the affair at 
 Monmouth, and the proceedings of the court-martial by which 
 General Lee was tried, that if the contents of the former are a test, 
 not only General Lee's defence must be a tissue of the most abom- 
 
 *"In one of the numerous publications whicii have lately infested Philadel- 
 phia, it was brought as a crime against Mr. I)e .ne that he had directly or indlrectlv 
 made some overtures to Prince Kerdtnand of Brunswick to accept the command of 
 the American army, who must of course Imve superseded General Washin^U)n 
 This crime appeared to all the foreign officers who are acquainted with the 
 Prince's reputation of a soldier, in so very ridiculous a lisht that theyoui never 
 think or speak of it without being thrown into violent fits of luught'er." 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 175 
 
 inable audacious lies, but that the whole string of evidences, both 
 on the part of the prosecution and prosecuted, must be guilty of 
 rank perjury, as the testimonies of these gentlemen, near forty in 
 number, delivered on oath, scarcely in one article coincide with the 
 detail given in his Excellency's letter?" 
 
 On the publication of the " Queries " great excitement was pro- 
 duced against the author, and a demand was made for him upon 
 Mr. Goddard by many citizens. Mr. (jroddard at first refused 
 to give his name, but when he found that the citizens were deter- 
 mined to know who was the calumniator of the venerated chief, Mr. 
 Goddard gave the name of General Charles Lee as the author, 
 and disavowed for himself any intention to reflect on Gen. Wash- 
 ington. He signed a paper, and in the next issue of his Journal 
 published the following: 
 
 "A publication entitled, <Some Queries, political and military, 
 humbly offered to the consideration of the public,' having appeared 
 in the Maryland Journal^ of the 6th inst., derogatory of the French 
 nation ; tending to distract the minds of the people ; and in par- 
 ticular aimed at the reputation of the Commander-in-Chief of the 
 American Army — the inhabitants of this town, resenting this 
 publication, and considering it as calculated for invidious and 
 malevolent purposes, called on the printer for the author of the 
 piece which had given offence; and have directed to be published, 
 in the same paper, his acknowledgment on the occasion, with 
 the annexed letters from General Lee^ the author of the aforesaid 
 Queries : 
 
 " I, William Goddard, do hereby acknowledge, that by publish- 
 ing certain 'Queries, political and military,' in the Maryland 
 Journal of the 6th inst., I have transgressed against truth, jus- 
 tice, and my duty as a good citizen, and in reparation, I do most 
 humbly beg his Excellency General Washington's pardon, and 
 hope the good people of this town will excuse my having pub- 
 lished therein, a piece so replete with the nonsense and malevolence 
 of a disappointed man. W. Goddard. 
 
 " Baltimore Town, July 9, 1779." 
 
 " Needwood, June 7th. 
 
 " Dear Sir: — As I am acquainted with your just way of think- 
 ing, liberality and impartiality, and as 1 think the time has ar- 
 rived when the people will bear the truth, I enclose to you some 
 Queries, which I believe you have seen before. If you are of opin- 
 ion that they will be of use, I could wish you would insert them 
 in your paper, with the following introduction : 
 
 " Baltimore, (the date you may put youself.) 
 " Mr. Goddard : — The following Queries, political and military, 
 were sometime ago handed about Philadelphia. The import of 
 some of 'em is so curious, that they may, perhaps, afford amuse- 
 
176 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 ment, if not information to your readers. I am, Sir, your most 
 obedient servant. 
 
 " Now I think of it, I beg you will consider me as a subscriber 
 to your paper, and direct one weekly, inclosed to Mr. Woolford, at 
 Shepherds-Town, Berkley County, Virginia. Is Col. Oswald with 
 you? If he is, I beg my love to him; and be assured that I am 
 dear Sir, yours most truly, Charles Lee." 
 
 " To Mr. Goddard : 
 
 " Shephards-Town, June nth. 
 
 " Dear Sir : — I understand that my friend Col. Oswald is en- 
 tered into partnership with you. Without this consideration, I 
 should have done your press all the service in my power, as I 
 have a very particular regard for yourself personally ; but I have 
 now a double motive. I have many papers which will be of ser- 
 vice to you, and you may be assured that to you alone they shall 
 be consigned. I hope that you will not think it improper to insert 
 the Queries 1 enclose. You have, and ought to have the first repu- 
 tation for impartiality, as a printer on the Continent. 
 
 " Adieu, dear Sir, Charles Lee." 
 
 On the 8th of June Colonel Eleazer Oswald, late of the Conti- 
 nental army, entered into partnership with Mr. Wra. Groddard in 
 the publication of the Maryland Journal, and for a long time the 
 paper continued to publish " cards," among them we reproduce the 
 following : 
 
 " To the Printers. 
 
 "Sir: — A knot of base slanderers, who infest the town of Bal- 
 timore, now, unhappily, become a theatre of anarchy and licen- 
 tiousness, being deeply engaged in the inhuman business of mur- 
 dering my character — a knot who are composed, principally, of 
 vermin who have crept out of the putrid carcase of that many-headed 
 monster Legion, who was executed, pursuant to a memorable sen- 
 tence passed in this Capital upwards of two years ago, I hope you 
 will do me the justice to publish, in your next paper, the following 
 memorial, which now lies before his Excellency the Governor of 
 this State and his Honorable Council, containing a concise and just 
 view of the late disgraceful outrages which have been committed in 
 Baltimore Town. I am irresistibly impelled to make this request, 
 by an ardent desire implanted in my breast by the Great Author of 
 JNature, to secure the esteem of the virtuous members of society; 
 which, I flatter myself, no part of my conduct hitherto hath justly 
 forfeited. The result of my application to the supreme authority 
 of the State, will, as early as it is possible, be laid before the pub- 
 lic ; and I doubt not but it will add to the dignity of Govern- 
 ment, as well as prove * a terror to evil-doers.' 
 
 " I am. Sir, your most obedient humble servant, 
 
 " Annapolis, July Uth, 1779. W. Goddard." 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 177 
 
 "To His Excellency Thomas Johnson, Esq., Governor of the 
 State of Maryland, and to his Honorable Council, the memorial of 
 William Goddard, late of Baltimore, printer, humbly sheweth : 
 
 " T^at your memorialist being deeply impressed with the im- 
 portance of supporting the liberty of the press, which the 38th 
 section of the Bill of Eights of this State asserts, * ought to be 
 inviolably preserved,' and from a candid examination of the trial 
 of Major-General Lee, being fully convinced of the injustice done 
 him, not only by the sentences of the court-martial, but in its con- 
 firmation by Conirress, judged it his indispensable duty, as an 
 honest man, to admit without partiality, into the Maryland Journal^ 
 &c., of the 6th instant, at the request of that gentleman, a number 
 of ' Queries Political and Military,' which your memorialist con- 
 sidered, merely as introductory to a full vindication of the unfor- 
 tunate General's character. Actuated by the purest principles of 
 justice on the one hand, and love to his country on the other, and 
 far from wishing, if it were possible, to injure the reputation of 
 that distinguished character, now gloriously struggling in the 
 cause of freedom and virtue, at the head of the army of the United 
 States, or to give just cause of offence to any worthy man whatso- 
 ever, your memorialist felt no other emotion on the occasion than 
 what must necessarily arise in every generous mind on a consid- 
 eration of the unhappy difference subsisting between the two per- 
 sonages he has mentioned, and whom, with proper allowances for 
 the frailties incident to humanit}', he esteems as brave and wise 
 man. 
 
 "Not imagining, for a moment, that in a country of civilized 
 enlightened people, contending for the rights of mankind, there 
 could be found a set of men so irrational, so inconsistent and de- 
 praved as to attempt to abridge or subvert the liberty of the press, 
 which is justly valued as the palladium of all our rights, by pre- 
 venting the decent investigation of the conduct of public men, the 
 free discussion of public measures, or the vindication of an injured 
 character. Your memorialist hath, however, unhappily found him- 
 self egregiously mistaken ; for, on the appearance of the Queries 
 aforesaid, an angry Cabal, who, fearing they knew not what, im- 
 mediately formed themselves in Baltimore town, for the cruel pur- 
 pose of wreaking their vengeance on the head of your memorialist, 
 the innocent, but devoted printer, who was ridiculously accused, 
 before a deluded rabble, of printing nonsense for the destruction of 
 General AVashington and his country. Folly, passion, and preju- 
 dice usurping the empire of reason and justice, a band of ruffians, 
 composed of Continental recruits, mulattoes, or negroes, fifers and 
 drummers, to the number of about thirty, headed by Thomas 
 Cromwell, John Bayley, and Stephen Shermadine, Continental of- 
 ficers, were detached from the headquarters of your memorialist's 
 prosecutors, to invade the sanctuary of his dwelling and seize on 
 his person. Under the shade of night, on the 8th instant, at a late 
 12 
 
178 CHRONICLES OF BALTTMOEE. 
 
 hour, when Kature herself seemed hushed in silence and repose, 
 this motley crew burst into the house of your memorialist, and en- 
 tering his bedchamber, demanded his surrender and appearance be- 
 fore their main body, then assembled at the coffee-house ^or the 
 trial and punishment of your memorialist. Your memorialist had 
 only time to snatch a sword from its scabbard, and take a proper 
 position for defence, when he was pressed upon by this lawless 
 baud, who added insult to injury. Your memorialist, knowing 
 himself to be amenable to no illegal tribunal, refused to obey the 
 menacing summons he had received, and calling on his friend Col- 
 onel Oswald to bear witness, he entreated Captain Cromwell, the 
 leader of the party, not to put him to the fatal necessity of laying 
 him dead at his feet, which should be his or any man's fate who 
 should attempt to seize on your memorialist. The solemnity of 
 this declaration, added to the view of the weapon, seemed to stag- 
 ger the res'^lution of the besiegers. At this critical moment, ex- 
 pecting to be overpowered by increasing numbers, your memo- 
 rialist declared his readiness to meet respectable citizens who had 
 anything to say to him by daylight, and that he would cheerfully 
 appear at the coffee-house the next morning, and give every satis- 
 faction that could be expected by rational men, or becoming a man 
 of honor to give ; at the same time utterly refusing to sign a 
 stupid paper, reprobating his own conduct, which was read to him 
 by the said Captain Cromwell. The proposition of your memo- 
 rialist being, through fear, accepted, a Convention was agreed on, 
 in the presence of Colonel Oswald, that your memorialist should 
 •appear at the coffee-house at 9 o'clock the next morning, and that 
 the detachment, without further hostility, should immediately re- 
 rtire, which they did accordingly. 
 
 "The next morning (being the 9th inst.) your memorialist, 
 ?from an anxious desire to preserve the public tranquillity, and to 
 ;prevent the effusion of human blood, waited on William Spear, 
 George Lindcnberger, Abraham Yanbibber, and James Calhoun, 
 Esquires, magistrates in the Town of Baltimore, and after repre- 
 senting to them the outrages of the preceding night, the prospect 
 of their repetition, and the painful necessity your memorialist was 
 under of appearing in arms for the defence of his person, he en- 
 treated their interposition for the support of law and govern- 
 ment, in his person most inhumanly violated. Messieurs Spear and 
 l/indenberger both solemnly engaged to exert their authority as 
 magistrates; the latter making this condition, that your memoria- 
 list should appear unarmed. Yanbibber declined interfering, al- 
 leging his youth and inexperience in office. Calhoun, instead of 
 doing his duty as he promised, shut the door of justice against 
 your memorialist. Confiding in the promises of the two first 
 mentioned magistrates, your memorialist laid aside his arms, and 
 observing a number of people collected at Calhoun's door, opposite 
 the intended scene of action (Calhoun and Spear being present), 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 179 
 
 he ventured to approach them. Your memorialist had scarcely- 
 got on the threshold of Mr. Justice Calhoun, when he found him- 
 self surrounded by a frantic mob, whose resentment had been 
 artfully «ex cited against him by a variety of suggestions as false as 
 they were cruel. Calhoun at this delicate crisis, so far from exer- 
 cising the power vested in him, ordered your memorialist from his 
 door, and thus gave him up a sacrifice to the surrounding mob. 
 Spear, observing his son-in-law Colonel Samuel Smith placing him- 
 self at the head of the mob, left your memorialist a prey to their 
 fury. 
 
 " The inexperienced infant. Justice Yanbibber, though he re- 
 fused to act in the honorable character of magistrate for the 
 most noble purpose, degraded himself so far as to appear 
 before the mob as an evidence against y-our memorialist, to relate 
 a private conversation he had accidentally heard between Colonel 
 Jenifer and him, a conversation which was perfectly innocent, 
 though aggravated and distorted into criminality. Your memori- 
 alist was then left to the mercy of the judges and executioners he 
 has already described, who stood ready to cart him through the 
 streets with a halter about his neck, and with many other circum- 
 stances of inhuman insult and indignity. Unrestrained by law or 
 the feelings of humanity, they proceeded to interrogate your 
 memorialist, to extort under the above-mentioned penalties the 
 secrets of his business, and even to pillage his house of his private 
 correspondence, which, however, atibrded no materials for their 
 purpose. To elude the proposed indignities and outrages against 
 his j)erson, his friends advised him to submit to their arbitrary de- 
 mands, and even to sign a paper, containing the most ridiculous 
 and absurd concessions, altogether foreign to the language of his 
 pen and his heart, and for which he is persuaded his Excellency 
 General Washington will execrate these self-constituted advocates 
 and champions. Tour memorialist flattering himself that in such 
 a situation no man of honor would censure for his condescension, 
 he reluctantly submitted to the detestable tyranny he was under. 
 ^y these means your memorialist happily extricated himself from 
 their power, while he observed with anguish of soul two of his 
 less fortunate neighbors, whose sensibility of heart got the better 
 of their prudence, dragged (amidst the din of insulting music) in 
 carts through the streets, with halters about their necks, and occa- 
 sionally cudgelled for the diversion of the inhuman part of the 
 spectators. One of these hapless men, an officer in the militia, 
 having effected his escape, fled to his own house for refuge. His 
 faithful wife in attempting to secure him was beaten and abused, 
 with circumstances of barbarity that must have melted the flinty 
 heart of a savage. 
 
 " When your memorialist considers the 17th section of our Bill 
 of Rights, he humbly thinks he has just excuse of complaint 
 against the magistrates he hath named for their criminal delin- 
 
180 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 quency ; he doth therefore impeach them before your Excellency 
 and your Honorable Council for the offences he hath enumerated, 
 and which he stands ready to prove by witnesses of unexceptional 
 characters, -whenever the parties can be brought face to face. 
 
 " Your memorialist, for the benefit of himself and the commu- 
 nity he lives in (the majority of whom approve his conduct and 
 reprobate that of his persecutors, though awed into silence by 
 their rage and licentiousness), begs leave further to represent to 
 your Excellency and your Honorable Council, that all law and 
 government are now at an end in Baltimore Town, and that the 
 persons and property of your memorialist and other peaceable 
 and faithful subjects of this State, friends to American freedom, 
 are continually exposed to the wanton fury of men who, hurried 
 by passion and blinded by prejudice, see not their own or their 
 country's good, and are deaf to all laws, divine and human. Your 
 memorialist therefore, thinking his case peculiarly distressing, en- 
 treats your Excellenc}'' to extend to him the benefit and protection 
 of the law of the land for the security of his person and property. 
 This being the unhappy situation of that part of the government 
 committed to your Excellency's rule, your memorialist doubts not 
 from the idea he entertained of your justice and magnanimity, as 
 well as that of the Honorable Council, that your Excellency's ad- 
 ministration will be rendered memorable and glorious by your 
 present exertions to secure to your injured countrymen, the invalu- 
 able blessings of law and liberty. William Goddard. 
 
 "Annapolis, July 13th, 1779." 
 
 " I do hereby certify, on my word and honor, that the Memo- 
 rial this day presented to his Excellency the Governor and Council 
 of this State, by Mr. William Goddard, contains a faithful and 
 just narrative of the late outrages and injustice which, to the dis- 
 grace of humanity, lately took place in Baltimore Town, having 
 been an eye-witness to the shameful scene. 
 
 " Eleazer Oswald. 
 
 "Dated at Annapolis, this 14th day of July, 1779." 
 
 Gen. Lee, if not hostile before, became after the battle of Mon- 
 mouth, the undisguised enemy of General Washington, and seemed 
 to have embraced every occasion to manifest this hostility towards 
 him. These queries were about the first of his vindictive ebulli- 
 tions, and the attempt to make them subserve his purpose in Balti- 
 more, was met in the manner which Mr. Goddard related in his 
 memorial to the Governor. Growing out of this difliculty, the fol- 
 lowing sharp correspondence took place between Col. Oswald, Mr. 
 Goddard's partner, and Gen. Samuel Smith, which Mr. Oswald 
 afterwards published : 
 
 " Baltimore, Sunday morning, 8 o'clock, 11th July, 1779. 
 "aSiV — Not doubting but my friend and partner, Mr. Goddard, 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 181 
 
 will obtain from the energy of the laws of this State and the jus- 
 tice and firmness of its supreme magistrates, the redress which, 
 for the benefit of that community of which he is a member, he is 
 perseveringly seeking, not only for the violence and outrage com- 
 mitted on his person and property by a ' band of ruffians ' under 
 your direction, but for your villainous attempt, at the head of the 
 band I have mentioned, to subvert the freedom of the press, by 
 compelling him to deliver up his private correspondence with 
 General Lee, and extorting from him the name of the author of 
 certain ' Queries, Political and Military,' with concessions for their 
 publication — concessions which, I am persuaded, not a man of 
 your confederacy would have presumed singly, or on equal terms, 
 to have proposed to him — 1 now seriously call on you, sir, per- 
 sonally, for that satisfaction which one gentleman has a right to 
 demand of another for gross insults and injuries. Being a stranger 
 in the town, you, in a base and ungenerous manner, under cover of 
 a deluded mob devoted to your service, made an unprovoked attack 
 on my reputation, which, I flatter myself, stands in as fair a point 
 of view as Colonel Samuel Smith's, notwithstanding he is styled 
 the ' Mud-Island Hero,' and wears a double portion of laurels, com- 
 posed of the brave Major Tbayre's and his own. Add to this the 
 efforts you have made and are still meanly pursuing to destroy my 
 future prospects in business in this town, which, thank God, did 
 not depend on you or your infamous associates. Nothing, sir, but 
 the outrages of the mob you had the glory of leading, whom you 
 consider as your weapons and your fort, prevented me from doing 
 myself immediate justice. But, as it is my unalterable determina- 
 tion that no man shall insult me with impunity, I therefore think 
 it becomes my honor, on this occasion, to call upon you to meet 
 me as early as possible, armed with pistols, and attended by your 
 friend only, at any place you may appoint, to enter into such an 
 ecclaircissement as will then be suitable to the affair in question, 
 and which I consider indispensable. For my part, I am this mo- 
 ment ready to attend you to the field, or to meet you in a private 
 
 room, as may be most agreeable to yourself My friend 
 
 will wait on you at the twelfth hour from the delivery of this, for 
 your explicit answer. 
 
 " I am, sir, your humble servant, 
 " To Col. Samuel Smith. Eleazer Oswald." 
 
 " The foregoing letter having been delivered, Col. Smith rode 
 out with my friend, to the place where I was waiting his answer. 
 Here he endeavored to palliate his offences by various mean arts 
 and low subterfuges, but appeared averse to decide our dispute by 
 arms. After some conversation, he acquainted me that he would 
 send an immediate answer to the post-office. "We then parted. 
 Soon after we met again in the street, and, taking a walk on 
 Church Hill, he handed me the following letter, which is indeed 
 too ridiculous to need a comment : 
 
182 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 "Sir — I received your note by Mr. Micnaraara, in which you 
 say I insulted you and must give you satisfaction. That I cannot 
 do in your present situation, perhaps (altho', if possible, I am de- 
 termined never to fight a duel), yet had you addressed me uncon- 
 nected with Mr. Goddard, I might have thought myself obliged to 
 accept your invitation, however it might have been against my 
 inclination. At present I cannot think it consistent to wait on 
 you. I should be sorry to think I had insulted you intentionally. 
 " Yours, Sam. Smith. 
 
 '' Col. Oswald." 
 
 " On perusal of the above letter, I acquainted Col. Smith that 
 its contents were totally unsatisfactory, and that nothing short of 
 the most ample concessions for the injustice he had done me, should 
 swerve me from my purpose of exposing him to the world, since 
 he had declined fighting me. He then asked me whether I in- 
 tended to publish the transaction, which, on assuring him I would, 
 he requested I would suspend it for a few days, to give him an op- 
 portunity to consider farther of my demand. To this I consented, 
 80 far as not to publish the affair in Tuesday's paper. As my re- 
 putation may suffer by a longer silence, I think it now becomes me 
 to lay this short statement of what hath happened before the pub- 
 lic, leaving Colonel Smith to exercise his address and ingenuity, 
 in strengthening his nerves and in redeeming his character, though 
 it appears at present to be a worthless one. A celebrated writer 
 having justly observed that he is but a dauber whp writes rogue 
 and rascal under his picture. I shall therefore, after exhibiting 
 this portraiture of Col. Smith, submit it to the public to fix those 
 epithets upon him which they shall think he merits. 
 " I am, the public's devoted humble servant, 
 " Annapolis, \hth July, 1779. Eleazer Oswald." 
 
 Mr. William Goddard, on the 17th of July, published another 
 declaration, in which he said : " By publishing certain queries, po- 
 litical and military, iii the Maryland Journal of the 6th inst., I have 
 not transgressed against truth, justice, or my duty as a good citizen ; 
 and, as I have never given just cause or offence to his Excellency 
 Gen. Washington, or the good people of this town, I have no re- 
 paration to make them, or pardon to solicit." 
 
 A society was formed by the principal merchants, and contri- 
 butions were made by them in October, to the amount of £93,000, 
 to be employed in reducing the price of salt by retail, which article 
 they bought and sold at about forty-five pounds, or 120 dollars 
 per bushel, paper money, reserving only the expenses. 
 
 David McMechen and Mark Alexander, Esqs., succeeded Messrs. 
 Smith and Chase as delegates, and Joseph Baxter, Esq., is elected 
 sheriff, in place of Mr. Stevenson, whose term had expired. 
 
 Mr. Edward Biddle, one of the representatives of Pennsylvania 
 in Congress, died here while on a visit to his relatives. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 183 
 
 We find the following publication in the Maryland Gazette of 
 Jan. 5th, 1779, in relation to Capt. Norwood, who was court- 
 martialled and dismissed from service for disobedience of orders. 
 It was followed by another of March 1st, 1780, which shows the 
 feeling of certain Continental officers towards Gen. Smallwood: 
 
 " For the Maryland Gazette : 
 
 "Mr. Printer: — As I have been dismissed from a service to 
 which a love of country had attached me, and apprehensive the 
 public would not (without evidence to the contrary) discriminate 
 between me and those who have been dismissed for dishonorable 
 conduct, I beg leave to assure them through your paper, that I 
 have suffered this heavy misfortune for only saying General Small- 
 wood was a partial man and no gentleman. The following certifi- 
 cate voluntarily given me, will satisfy them of the general tenor of 
 my conduct, and I reserve myself to a proper time, to lay open to 
 the world the whole proceedings of the several Courts which have 
 led to my dismission, where, I am sorry to say, such a system of 
 despotism wall appear to be springing up in our army, that an 
 officer who does his duty ever so exactly, and has neglected to pay a 
 servile court to a haughty superior, holds his commission by a very 
 precarious tenure. I am, Sir, yours and the public's most humble 
 servant, " Edward Norwood. 
 
 " Dec. 2Sth, 1778." 
 
 " The officers of the 2d Maryland brigade do testify that Captain 
 Norwood, (who is discharged the service by the sentence of a court- 
 martial on a disagreement with Gen. Smallwood) during the cam- 
 paigns in which he served with us, has ever conducted himself in 
 such a manner as to command our w^armest friendship and esteem, 
 as an officer and a man of honor ; and that notwithstanding his 
 dismission, is and ought to be, esteemed as a gentleman, and valued 
 as a warm friend and advocate for the liberties of his country. 
 
 "Second Eegiment: Thomas Price, Col.; Lilbourn Williams, 
 Capt. ; James McCalmont, Surgeon ; Hezekiah Ford, Ensign ; Edward 
 Edgely, Adjutant; John Gassaway, Lieut.; Edward Dyer, Lieut, 
 and B. Q. M. ; Benjamin Price, Lieut. ; John Bead, Ensign ; James 
 Ewing, Lieut. 
 
 "Fourth Eegiment: Josias Carvel Hall, Col.; Samuel Smith, 
 Lieut.-Col,; John E. Howard, Major; Alexander L. Smith, Capt.; 
 Thomas Lansdale, Capt. ; Joseph Burgess, Capt. ; Edward Oldham, 
 Capt.; James Smith, Lieut.; John S. Belt, Lieut.; Edward Spur- 
 rier, Lieut. ; Thomas Cromwell, Lieut. ; Adam Hoops, Lieut. ; 
 Stephen Shelmedine, Lieut.; John Hamilton, Ensign; Nathaniel* 
 Twining, Ensign ; John Bowen, Ensign ; Parker H. Lee, Ensign ; 
 John Hartshorn, Adjutant; Eichard Pindell, Surgeon; William 
 Eiley, Lieut. 
 
 "Sixth Eegiment: Otho H. Williams, Col; Benjamin Ford, 
 
184 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Lieut.-Col. ; Andrew Hynes, Capt. ; Henry Dobson, Capt. ; James 
 Bruif, Lieut. ; Joshua Miles, Capt.; Jacob Norris, Lieut.; Richard 
 Donovan, Adjutant; George Jacobs, Lieut.; Benjamin Wright, 
 Lieut.; Charles Beaver, Lieut.; Thomas Parran, Surgeon. 
 
 " German Regiment : Ludwick Weltner, Lieut.-Col. ; Daniel 
 Buchores, Major ; George Hubley, Capt. ; Peter Boyer, Capt. ; 
 Charles Baltzel, Capt.; Bernard Hubley, Capt.; Michael Boyer, 
 Capt. ; Martin Shughart, Lieut. ; Christian Myers, Capt. ; James F. 
 Armstrong, Chaplain." 
 
 " Camp, March Ist, 1780. 
 « To William Smallwood, Esq., Brigadier-General : 
 
 ^^Sir : — We have no doubt but the joint assertion of a small 
 number of inferior officers will be as much credited, by that part 
 of mankind who have spirit to think for themselves, as the mere 
 ipse dixit of a brigadier ; therefore, choose only to remark, that 
 your scurrilous observations on the testimony we gave of our 
 favorable opinion of Capt. Norwood, discovers the malevolence and 
 presumption, more than the probity and liberality of your mind. 
 " With due respect, we are yours, Otho H. Williams, Benjamin 
 Price, Benjamin Ford, Edward Edgerly, John E. Howard, Hezekiah 
 Foard, Harry Dobson, William Reily, James Bruff, Adam Hoops, 
 Thomas Parran, John Hamilton, R. Donovan, John Hartshorn, 
 Lil Willi Ams, Richard Pendleton, John Gassaway. 
 
 "N. B. — The other gentlemen, whom you took occasion to 
 abuse in your ungentlemanly performance of 105 pages, are out of 
 camp." 
 
 The winter of 1779 to '80 being the severest known in Baltimore 
 
 up to this time, navigation was closed by ice until the 9th of 
 
 March. The suffering poor were relieved at their own houses by 
 
 v^distributions of meal and fuel ; £9000 being subscribed by the 
 
 more fortunate inhabitants for their relief. 
 
 Thomas SoUers, Esq., was appointed naval officer, and was 
 authorised to grant registers for vessels. 
 
 Matthew Ridley, Esq., of the house of Ridley and Pringle, was 
 authorised to borrow and negotiate a loan in Holland for the use 
 of the State. Such were the difficulties attending the transition of 
 our currency to another, that seizures of provisions for the troops 
 were authorised, which in ordinary times would have been intoler- 
 able; and the rate of the levy which, in the early part of the year, 
 had been fixed at one-fourth of the whole valuation of the taxable 
 property, was reduced to one and one-half per cent, with the op- 
 tion of paying wheat at seven shillings and sixpence, tobacco at 
 twenty shillings, &c., and a scale of depreciation for the settlement 
 of public and private contracts was established on equitable prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 It appears that no body of men ever watched over the interests 
 of a community of which they were members, with a more sleep- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 185 
 
 less or intense anxiety, than did the merchants of Baltimore dur- 
 ing the Eevolutionary struggle. They were among the first to 
 suggest the measures which were necessary to be adopted to meet 
 the crisis; they were never backward with their means in giving 
 efficacy to these measures, and the march of armies, the equip- 
 ment of vessels of war, were accelerated by their unceasing ex- 
 ertions. Indeed, such was the reputation they had acquired for 
 their patriotism abroad, that when it was determined that a de- 
 tachment of troops from Gen. Washington's army should be sent 
 to the south, under the command of Marquis de la Fayette, Con- 
 gress confided in the merchants of Baltimore supplying them with 
 such flour as they might want in case 'of need, passing through 
 Baltimore, which was on their way. Mr. Pickering, at that time 
 Quartermaster-Greneral, and Mr. Charles Stewart, Commissary- 
 G-eneral, in a letter addressed to Mr. Samuel Purviance, advising of 
 this intended movement of the army, under the command of the 
 Marquis, says : " We shall make no further apology at present for 
 giving you this trouble, as we are assured of your readiness to do 
 essential service to your country on every occasion." The army 
 of the Marquis came to Baltimore, on its way to Virginia, and re- 
 ceived not only the flour which the above letter looked to have 
 supplied here, but a considerable sum of money was raised by sub- 
 scription, and paid over to him for the purpose of purchasing ma- 
 terials for the clothing of his army. It is due to the memory of 
 the ladies of that day, in our town, to record the fact, that that 
 clothing was principally made up by their fair hands. When the 
 Marquis reached Baltimore, his destitution was not confined to the 
 want of flour, but for nearl}^ all the equipments without which no 
 army can ever be efficacious. There was but little money at that 
 time in the State treasury, and the supply which was furnished by 
 the patriotic gentlemen of Baltimore, is thus acknowledged in a 
 letter from Thomas Sim Lee, Esq., Governor of Maryland, ad- 
 dressed to Eobert Purviance, Matthew Eidley, and William Pat- 
 terson, Esqrs. : " We very much applaud the zeal and activity of 
 the gentlemen of Baltimore, and think their readiness to assist the 
 executive, at a time when they were destitute of the means of 
 providing those things, which were immediately necessary for the 
 detachment under the command of the Marquis de la Fayette, 
 justly entitle them to the thanks of the public." 
 
 The movements of Earl Cornwallis in August gave reason to 
 apprehend that he meant to make an invasion of Maryland and 
 possess himself of Baltimore. In consequence of this apprehen- 
 sion, there assembled in the town a force of about 2800 men. 
 These came from this and adjacent counties, within two days after 
 the alarm. Advice was soon after received that the destination of 
 Cornwallis was to Virginia, in consequence of which these troops 
 were dismissed. This was the last serious alarm which excited 
 the people of Baltimore during the war. The events which oc- 
 
186 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 curred soon after in Virginia gave a hope that the end for which 
 they struggled was near at hand. 
 
 General Lincoln had been obliged to surrender Charleston 12th 
 May, 1780, and the three Southern States seemed to have been en- 
 tirely lost to the Union, when General Gates took command of the 
 Southern army, including all the troops from Delaware and Mary- 
 land south ; and notwithstanding the determined valor of these 
 troops, the disasters at Camden and other places, where the Mary- 
 land Line suffered severely, made it necessary to recall Major- 
 General Gates, and place that department under the command of 
 Major-General Kathaniel Greene. The new commander-in-chief 
 of the Southern army passed through Baltimore with M. Gen. 
 Baron Steuben on the 6th of November. 
 
 The following letter was written by Major David Poe, Quarter- 
 master in Baltimore, of whom Gen. Lafayette always spoke so 
 kindly in his visits to this city : 
 
 " Baltimore Town, 18th February, 1780. 
 
 "Sir : — I make bold to trouble you with a few lines, to let you 
 know that my situation at present is difficult in purchasing forage 
 to supply the public demand in this place. I have bought 
 some grain and hay within these few days, but am under some 
 apprehension that I may be troubled for acting, as I have not re- 
 ceived your Excellency's license since the late law passed. I beg 
 that you would let me know by the bearer if I may expect them 
 or not, that I may conduct myself accordingly. I have purchased 
 what is done with my own money, and need not apply to the 
 Quartermaster-General for cash until I have your license. This 
 post requires a large quantity of forage to supply it, besides 
 many more articles in the department a wanting, so that 
 a supply of cash in a short time will be necessary. The 
 recruits at this place are in great want of camp-kettles ; 
 there is not one belonging to the United States in this town. 
 If you would please to send an order to Capt. Keyport to 
 deliver a few in his charge, belonging to the State, it would 
 give content among the men. Eelying on your assistance in the 
 above matter, 
 
 " I am, with due respect, your Excellency's most obedient and 
 humble servant, David Poe. 
 
 " Thomas Sim Lee, Esq." 
 
 Mr. Poe was a faithful officer, and was held in great estimation 
 by all who had business to transact with him. Such was his devo- 
 tion to his country that it was almost proverbial; and so unabated 
 was it, long after the peace was proclaimed, that by the public 
 sentiment he became a brevetted general, and in his latter days 
 was better known as General Poe than by any other name. 
 
 During this year the Legislature made provision for the defence 
 of the bay by equipping one large galley, one sloop or schooner, and 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 187 
 
 four large barges, and for recruiting the army, besides calling out 
 1200 militia volunteers. They also contributed largely among 
 themselves to supply the soldiers with necessaries for a campaign, 
 as the following subscription list will show : 
 
 "Annapolis, June IQthj 1780. 
 " The General Assembly having, by the act for a loan, called 
 on the citizens of this State to advance paper money, tobacco, or 
 specie, to assist their country in the present hour of distress and 
 difficulty, we, the subscribers, members of the Senate and House 
 of Delegates, have subscribed the sum of paper money, tobacco, or 
 specie, to our names respectively annexed, according to our abili- 
 ties and circumstances, to be paid on or before the twentieth day 
 of July next : 
 
 Specie. 
 
 
 Paper Money. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Dan of St. Thomas Jenifer, 
 
 $2,000 
 
 5 hhds. 
 
 Mat. Tilghman, 
 
 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, 
 
 
 4 hhds. 
 
 
 10 hhds. 
 
 T. Stone, 
 
 £ 500 <;. 
 
 3 hhds. 
 
 Brice B. Worthington, 
 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 Wm. Hindman, 
 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 Richard Barnes, 
 
 
 10 hhds. 
 
 Joseph Sim, 
 
 600 c. 
 
 4 hhds. 
 
 Upton Sheredine, 
 
 750 
 
 
 Jona Beall, 
 
 
 6 hhds. 
 
 Samuel Chew, 
 
 
 10 hhds. 
 
 Philip Key, 
 
 1500 
 
 10 hhds. 
 
 Thos. F. Euleston, 
 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 John L. Wilmer, 
 
 2000 
 
 
 John Mackall, 
 
 
 8 hhds. 
 
 Pere Letherbury, 
 
 875 
 
 
 Wm. Stevenson, 
 
 500 
 
 
 Nics Worthington, 
 
 
 8 hhds. 
 
 Wm. Fitzhugh, 
 
 
 8 hhds. 
 
 J. Hall, 
 
 375 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 Nichs Maccubbon, Jr., 
 
 1125 
 
 
 Charles Williamson, 
 
 600 
 
 
 Alex. Ham. Smith, 
 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 Frisby Freeland, 
 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 JohnDigges, 
 
 
 1 hhd. 
 
 Warren Dent, 
 
 
 5 hhds. 
 
 Samuel Hanson Jones, 
 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 Rezin Hammond, 
 
 150 
 
 
 H. Banning, 
 
 200 
 
 Ihhd. 
 
 Js. Gibson, 
 
 
 1 hhd. 
 
 C. Birkhead, 
 
 
 1 hhd. 
 
 Jno. Winder, 
 
 500 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 Tim. Kirk, 
 
 187 10s. 
 
 
 David Crawford, 
 
 1000 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 Beni. Hale, 
 J. Magruder, 
 
 800 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 
 1 hhd. 
 
 W. Bruff, 
 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 John Brown, 
 
 1125 
 
 
 R. T. Earle, as soon as he receives 
 
 his money 
 
 
 from the French Agent, 
 
 1250 
 
 
 $3 00 
 
188 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Paper Money. Tobacco. Specie. 
 
 Jacob Ringgold, 
 
 
 3 hhds. 
 
 Alln. Quynn, 
 Peter Cliaille, 
 
 1000 
 
 
 750 
 
 
 Jas. McComas, 
 
 
 Ihhd. 
 
 Benjamin Bradford Norris, 
 
 250 
 
 
 John Taylor. 
 
 375 
 
 
 Matthew Swriver, 
 
 375 
 
 
 W. Keene, when I receive my money for my 
 
 
 
 provision cert.— 
 
 375 
 
 
 Hugh McBryde, 
 
 750 
 
 
 David McMeckin, 
 
 500 
 
 
 Mark Alexander, 
 
 2000 
 
 4 hhds. 
 
 John StuU, 
 
 750 
 
 
 Jos. Spriffg, 
 
 1000 
 
 
 James Chasline, 
 
 750 
 
 
 Edward Buriiiss, 
 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 Thomas Cramphin, Jr., 
 
 
 4 hhds. 
 
 William Bayly, 
 
 225 
 
 2 hhds. 
 
 Jno. Smoot, 
 
 750 
 
 Ihhd. 
 
 £3 
 
 1780. In this year an Act was passed by the General Assembly, 
 " to seize, confiscate and appropriate, all British property within 
 this State." Owing to the large number of valuable lots in Balti- 
 more and estates in the neighborhood confiscated under this law, 
 internal improvements received valuable aid by the sales. Among 
 the records we find the following names and property of individuals 
 formerly residing in Baltimore Town, which was confiscated. The 
 lot on which Eeverdy Johnson's mansion and the Gilmour House 
 now stand, then belonging to the estate of Edward Fottrell, was 
 divided into six lots, fronting on Calvert street 33 feet each, with 
 a depth of 181 i feet, was sold at public auction, on the 4th of April, 
 1781 ; Mr. John McLure purchasing two lots for the sum of £780; 
 General Gist purchasing four lots for £1340 ; realizing for the en- 
 tire front £2120. The two squares of ground fronting on the east 
 side of Calvert street, running from Baltimore to Lombard streets, 
 were divided into thirteen lots and sold on the same date, realizing 
 for the whole £6790 — Messrs. David Poe, Henry Wilson, Captain 
 John Swan, Luther Martin, Dr. Fred Eidgely, John Sn^^der, 
 Michael Diffenderfer and Capt. Aquila Johns being the purchasers. 
 The square of ground on the south side of Pratt street, running 
 from Charles to Light street, was divided into three parts and sold 
 same date, realizing for the whole £1500 ; Capt. John Dorsey being 
 the purchaser. " Twenty acres meadow near Jones Falls, late the 
 property of Ed. Fottrjell," was sold same date to Messrs. Benjamin 
 Griffith, Phillip Halland, Eichard Lemmon, for the sum of £2590 ; 
 " eight acres meadow, late the property of James Christie, Jr.," 
 same date sold to Matthew Eidley, for the sum of £1020. "An 
 undivided half of the wharf and warehouse, late the property of 
 Messrs. Christies," same date sold to Capt. Aquila Johns for the 
 sum of £2560. During the year 1781, the entire property on 
 " Whetstone Point," then called Upton Court, containing four hun- 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 189 
 
 dred acres, and belonging to the " Principio Company," was sold. 
 The terms of all the above sales were ''one half in specie, one half 
 in paper at its valae, one half in ten days, residue in six weeks." 
 Among those whose property was confiscated, we find the names 
 of Eichard Button's estate at the Point, Dr. Patrick Kennedy, 
 John Lynde, John Lorah, John Macinheimer, William Smith, " a 
 rope-walk supposed to contain three acres, with all buildings," James 
 French, William Frost, two squares of ground on the west side of 
 Frederick street, from Baltimore street to the Falls, Daniel Dulany, 
 Capt. Joe Kichardson, Dr. Henry Stevenson, Eobert Ballard, 
 Charles Wells, John Lynch, Daniel Carroll, John Weatherburn, 
 Anthony Bacon, John Eversfield, George and Andrew Buchanan, 
 James Brown & Co., Mackie, Spiers & Co., Mackie, Spiers, French 
 & Co., heirs of Samuel Hyde, the heirs of Thomas Bladen, and 
 Mark Alexander. 
 
 1781. The inhabitants of the town, on the 7th of August, held a 
 meeting at the court-house, to carry into execution the circulation 
 of the new paper money, known as the " red money," and John 
 Dorsey, Eichard Eidgely, Daniel Bowly, Isaac Gist, John McClellan, 
 James Calhoun, David McMechen, Mark Alexander, Joseph Don- 
 aldson, James Tibbert, John Dorsey and David Stoddart were ap- 
 pointed a committee to execute it. A complaint was lodged by 
 Thomas White against Daniel Deady, shopkeeper, for attempting 
 to depreciate the new money, by asking four to one, after he had 
 signed the association to take it equal to gold or silver. The 
 charge being supported by the oath of the said Thomas White, 
 it was resolved " that the said Daniel Deady be held up to the 
 public as a violator of the said association, and as a man whose 
 conduct is destructive to public good, and that the same be pub- 
 lished in the Maryland Journal, &c." 
 
 During the year. Fell's Prospect was first laid off by the com- 
 missioners, and added to the town on the east, and the 18 acres of 
 Messrs. Moale and Steiger, lying between Bridge, now Gay, and 
 French streets, for which authority had been given eight years 
 before. 
 
 The weight of flour per barrel was now fixed at the present 
 standard of one hundred and ninety-six pounds nett, with some 
 other regulations respecting that staple. 
 
 On the 4th of September, about 10 o'clock in the morning, a 
 Cutter called the Serpent, belonging to his Most Christian Majesty, 
 commanded by M. Amie de la Lanne, arrived in our harbor, with 
 despatches for General Washington, from the Count De Grasse, 
 who arrived in the Chesapeake on the 26th ult., with a formidable 
 fleet of French men-of-war, consisting of 28 sail of the line, 4 
 frigates, and the cutter above mentioned. 
 
 General Washington, on the 8th September, accompanied by 
 Adjt.-General Hand and other officers of distinction, arrived in 
 town, and stopped at the Fountain Inn on their way to Virginia. He 
 
190 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 was received in the vicinity, and escorted to bis quarters by Capt. 
 Moore's troop of ligbt dragoons. Tbe Baltimore artillery com- 
 panies gave bis Excellency a bandsome salute, and tbe inhabitants 
 in general seemed to vie witb eacb other in testifying their respect 
 and affection for his person and character. In the evening every 
 part of the town was elegantly illuminated ; Fell's Point in par- 
 ticular made a most brilliant appearance. A banquet was given at 
 Lindsey's Coffee House in consequence of tbe arrival of tbe French 
 fleet, and many toasts were drunk. On this occasion, tbe following 
 address was presented to Greneral Washington, and bis answer pub- 
 lished a few days after : 
 
 *'His Excellency George Washington, Esq., General and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the armies of tbe United States of America. — 
 May it please your Excellency, the citizens and inhabitants of Bal- 
 timore, impressed witb tbe warmest sentiments of respect and 
 esteem, and witb tbe most lively sense of the important services 
 rendered by you to them and their country, beg leave, through us, 
 to congratulate your Excellency upon your arrival in this town, 
 and to express the general joy diffused through every breast at 
 the return of your Excellency to this place. 
 
 " It has been with tbe highest satisfaction we have found our 
 most sanguine expectations from your military talents exceeded by 
 tbe abilities you have displayed during a series of various fortune, 
 as well in tbe day of battle as the hour of distress ; your fortitude 
 and perseverance under all our calamities, the wisdom of your 
 counsels, the judicious and mild regulation of tbe army, your 
 sacred attention to the civil powers of tbe respective States, and 
 the great address with which our military operations have been 
 conducted under your Excellency's direction, demand the warmest 
 effusions of gratitude that can flow from tbe hearts of a free 
 people. Permit us also to congratulate your Excellency upon tbe 
 many signal successes that have lately attended tbe American 
 arms in the Southern States, obtained with such distinguished 
 honors to our gallant officers and soldiers, and on tbe arrival of 
 tbe fleet of our magnanimous ally, aided by whose noble and gene- 
 rous exertions, we look forward witb pleasing hopes to the day of 
 peace, when we may freely enjoy the bounties witb which All- 
 gracious Heaven has enriched our country. 
 
 " May your present operations prove successful, and may the 
 grand work in which you are engaged be happily terminated. 
 Our prayers are for your Excellency's preservation, that you may 
 continue approved by heaven, esteemed by virtuous men, and 
 dreaded by tyrants ; and on the restoration of public tranquillity, 
 that you may in peaceful retirement enjoy that satisfaction of 
 mind which tbe sense of great and noble deeds always inspires j 
 and may posterity, in tbe full possession and exercise of that free- 
 dom which your sword has assisted to establish, venerate and do 
 ample justice to your virtue and character to the last ages. With 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 191 
 
 sentiments of the most profound esteem and respect, we are, in be- 
 half of the citizens and inhabitants of Baltimore, your Excel- 
 lency's most obedient and most humble servants, 
 
 " Wm. Smith, 
 # " Samuel Purviance, Jr., 
 
 " John Moale, S- Committee" 
 
 " John Dorset, 
 
 " James Calhoun, 
 
 " To the citizens and inhabitants of the town of Baltimore. — 
 Gentlemen : — With the warmest sense of gratitude and affection, I 
 accept your kind congratulations on my arrival in this town. 
 Permit me, gentlemen, to assure you, that from the pleasure which 
 I feel in having this opportunity to pay my respects to the worthy 
 inhabitants of the town of Baltimore, I participate in your sensa- 
 tions of joy. If during the long and trying period in which my 
 services as a soldier have been employed for the interests of 
 the United States of America and for the establishment of their 
 rights, I have acquitted myself to the acceptance of my fellow- 
 citizens; if my various fortunes, if my attention to the civil 
 powers of the States, have subserved the general good of the 
 public in these things, I feel myself happy, and in these consider- 
 ations I rejoice in your felicity. 
 
 '* The happy and eventful successes of our troops in the South- 
 ern States, as they reflect glory on the American arms, and partic- 
 ular honor on the gallant officers and men immediately concerned 
 in that department, tills my heart with pleasure and delight. 
 
 "The active and generous part our allies are taking in our 
 cause, with the late arrival of their formidable fleet in the bay of 
 the Chei^apeake, call for our utmost gratitude, and with the smiles 
 of heaven on our combined operations, gives us the happiest pre- 
 sage of the most pleasing events — events, which in their issue, may 
 lead to an honorable and permanent peace. 
 
 " I thank you most cordially for your prayers and good wishes 
 for my prosperity. May the author of all blessings aid our united 
 exertions in the cause of liberty and universal peace ; and may the 
 particular blessing of heaven rest on you and the worthy citizens 
 of this flourishing town of Baltimore. 
 
 "I am, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, 
 
 " Geo. Washington." 
 
 Towards the close of the summer of 1779, the country was 
 greatly agitated by the existence of financial embarrassments. 
 Meetings were held in the chief cities on the subject. Congress 
 was powerless to stay the downward tendency of the paper cur- 
 rency; it continued to depreciate, and prices to rise. Early in 
 1780, forty paper dollars were worth only one in specie. The com- 
 missaries found it extremely difficult to purchase supplies for the 
 army, for the people refused to exchange their articles for the al- 
 
192 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 most worthless paper. Direct taxes had been unsuccessfully tried 
 to replenish the treasury, and as supplies could not be obtained, a 
 speedy dissolution of the army and abandonment of the rebellion 
 seemed inevitable. Congress was obliged to open new resources 
 for the supply of the army, and required eafh State to furnish a 
 certain quantity of beef, pork, flour, corn, forage, and other articles, 
 which were deposited in such places as the Commander-in-chief 
 should determine. The States were to be credited for the amount 
 at a fixed valuation in specie. This scheme was utterly imprac- 
 ticable, from the want of authority to enforce the demands, and 
 the distance of several States from the army, and Congress speedily 
 abandoned it. The following bill of items is preserved, and illus- 
 trates the value of the Continental bills in 1781 : 
 
 Captain A. McLane 
 
 Bought of W. NiCHOLLS, 
 
 January 5th, 1781. 
 1 pair boots, $ 600 
 
 6| yds. calico, at 85 ds. ...--- 753 
 
 6 yds. chintz, at 150 ds. 
 
 900 
 4f yds. moreen, at 100 ds. ...--- 450 
 
 4 hdks., at 100 ds. ....... 400 
 
 8 yds. quality binding, 4 de. - - - - - - 33 
 
 1 skein of silk, ...... IQ 
 
 $3,144 
 If paid in specie, £18 10s. 
 
 Received payment in full for Wm. Nicholls, 
 
 JoNA Jones. 
 
 Sept. 9th, the Count de Eochambeau, Major-General and com- 
 mander of the French troops in America, (under the orders of 
 General Washington) with his suite, arrived in Baltimore, and 
 after a short stay, proceeded southward. This great officer re- 
 ceived every mark of respect from the inhabitants that his short 
 stay admitted. The same evening Brig.-Gen. Marquis de Chastellux, 
 of the French army, also arrived. Within the week several hun- 
 dred wagons and carts loaded with the baggage, provisions, &c., of 
 the allied army, passed through town on their way to Annapolis, 
 to embark for Yorktown. A brigade of New York State troops, 
 under the command of Gen. James Clinton, embarked and sailed 
 from Fell's Point. Mr. James Kigsbury unfortunately received a 
 mortal w^ound in the discharge of one of the cannon that were fired 
 as a salute to the Count de liochambeau. 
 
 David McMechan and Henry Wilson were el jcted delegates to 
 represent the town in the General Assembly. 
 
 Messrs. John Cornthwait, Gerard Hopkins, George Mathews, 
 John and David Brown, and others of the Society of Friends, who 
 until now had held their meetings at the house on the Harford road, 
 buy a spacious lot, and build a meeting-house between Baltimore 
 and Pitt streets, where they inter their deceased members. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 193 
 
 The following letter was written by Gen. La Fayette to Gov. 
 Thomas Sims Lee, when the former was on his march southward : 
 
 " Elk, April 10, 1781. 
 
 " Sir : — I have received your Excellency's favor of the 8th in- 
 stant, and most sincerely lament the depredations committed by 
 the enemy. This cruel and savage way of making war is the more 
 exasperating, as it is out of our power either to punish or prevent 
 these devastations. Every town lying on the bay or the rivers is 
 so defenceless and exposed, that each of them requires a force to 
 defend it superior to what the enemy will send for its reduction. 
 So far as relates to armed vessels and privateers, I should think 
 that militia could be collected to oppose the landing of a few 
 sailors. As to the movements of the British troops, they are so 
 rapid, and it is so impossible to defend both shores of every river, 
 that with the least judgment they may elude our opposition. 
 
 " I have made preparations for an immediate movement, and if 
 no obstacles occur, shall march to-morrow with the whole detach- 
 ment. The new latitude added to my instructions gives me the 
 liberty of doing what I could not even think of when at Annapolis. 
 The same zeal 1 had to execute my first orders will prompt me 
 to advance rapidly into the Southern States. However inadequate 
 I am to the defence of Annapolis, Baltimore and Alexandria at 
 once, I will hasten to the point that will be nearest to those three 
 places. I request your Excellency to furnish me speedy minuted 
 and frequent intelligence. 
 
 " It will be necessary that a collection of wagons and horses be 
 made at Baltimore, in order to relieve those which we take from 
 this place. I beg leave to requetst your Excellency will please to 
 order that a quantity of live cattle and flour be also collected at 
 that place ; the rapidity of our movements wholly depends upon 
 the precautions that will be taken for our transportation and subsis- 
 tence. I hope, sir, that precautions will be taken for the safety of 
 our stores now at or near Indian Landing. General Smallwood will 
 certainly dispose of them in the best manner, but I request yoii 
 will acquaint him that if I proceed southward, I will want the 
 musket cartridges. 
 
 " When I was coming up the bay, two men came on board mj^ 
 vessel, which then was full of my troops, and a part of the fleet 
 and detachment under my command. Having been induced to mis- 
 take us for British, they gave us every intelligence in their power; 
 ofl'ered to guide us to several places on the shore, and in telling us 
 they had been on board the Hope, and had supplied the enemjr 
 with provisions, offered to pilot us to a place where they had a 
 sloop loaded with flour, and ready to slip ofl" to Portsmouth. One 
 of them went with Major McPherson, whom they, took, as well as 
 every one of us, to be British spies ; the other was put in irons 
 immediately after the departure of his comrade in a barge with 
 13 
 
194 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 my aide-de-camp. As soon as Major McPherson arrives, I will 
 have both of them tried and executed, as they come within the 
 description of spies, giving intelligence to the enemy, and going to 
 them for imparting the remarks they have made among us, with 
 an oifer to guide them to attack our people in consequence of the 
 intelligence which they have collected among us for that purpose. 
 Maj. McPherson being gone with the spy and six soldiers (sup- 
 posed by that man to be British), I have not yet heard from them. 
 They were to land in Gunpowder creek, and I request your Ex- 
 cellency will please to send there, as I am uneasy on that matter, 
 and I am afraid something has happened to McPherson. 
 
 " In requesting my best regards to be presented to Mrs. Lee, I 
 have the honor to be, &c., La Fayette." 
 
 When La Fayette halted in Baltimore, on his way to join the 
 army at the South, a ball was given in honor of his arrival. One 
 of the ladies, observing that he appeared sad, inquired the cause. 
 " I cannot enjoy the gayety of the scene," the Marquis replied, 
 " while so many of the poor soldiers are in want of clothes." "We 
 will supply them," was the prompt response. The next morning 
 the ball-room was turned into a clothing manufactory. Fathers 
 and husbands furnished the materials ; daughters and wives plied 
 the needle at their grateful task. Mrs. David Poe [see La Fay- 
 ette's visit, 1824], with her own hands, it is said, cut out five hun- 
 dred garments and superintended the making of them. Such were 
 the women of the Eevolution. La Fayette, a short time after this, 
 sent the following grateful letter, never before published, to the 
 Committee of Observation in Baltimore : 
 
 "Mr. Lyon's Plantation, 20 miles from Williamsburg, 
 
 ''July the 3d, 1781. 
 *' Gentlemen— 'By Major McHenry you will receive some papers 
 that relate to the affair in which you have so kindly assisted me, 
 but I claim the pleasure personally to express my obligations to 
 you, and by you to be convinced that you have excited the most 
 grateful and everlasting sentiments in my heart. Permit me to 
 request my respectful thanks may be presented to the ladies of 
 Baltimore — I am proud of my obligations to them — not only from 
 a general respect to the fair sex, but more particularly because I 
 know the accomplishment of those to whom I am indebted. I am 
 bappy in the ties of gratitude that bind me to them, and beg leave 
 once more to assure you of the regard and attachment I have the 
 honor to bear. 
 
 " Your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 " La Fayette." 
 
 The followmg address was presented, on the 5th of November, 
 by the citizens of Baltimore, to the Marquis De La Fayette, who 
 passed through the town : 
 
CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 195 
 
 " It is with peculiar satisfaction that the citizens of Baltimore 
 embrace the present moment to express a gratitude which they 
 will always owe to Maj.-Gen. the Marquis de la Fayette, and to 
 congratulate him personally on the late important events in Vir- 
 ginia and South Carolina, so glorious and consequential to America. 
 Among the first in our cause, you early found a way to our affec- 
 tions, with him who has struggled with our various difficulties 
 since their beginning. At a time when we gained an ally, your 
 good offices could not but increase a cordiality which must render 
 our union with France permanent. In particular, we cannot suffi- 
 ciently acknowledge our sense of your late campaign in Virginia, 
 where, with a few regulars and militia, you opposed the British 
 commander, from whose large army and military talents this State 
 had serious cause of apprehension. These things, sir, have ren- 
 dered you dear to us, and we feel the highest gratification in 
 seeing once more in our town the man who will always hold a 
 first place in our hearts." 
 
 To which Major-Gen. De La Fayette answered as follows : 
 
 *^ In the affectionate attentions of the citizens of a free town, 
 I would find a reward for the services of a whole life. The honor 
 to have been among the first American soldiers, is for me a source 
 of the greatest happiness. I participate with you in the glorious 
 events that have taken place under his Excellency General Wash- 
 ington's immediate command, and under Gen. Greene. I enjoy the 
 effects these will have on the success of our noble cause, and par- 
 ticularly the advantages which they will aff'ord to this State. The 
 time when I had the honor to command the army in Virginia, 
 which you are pleased so politely to mention, has only shown that 
 the courage and fortitude of American troops are superior to every 
 kind of difficulty. My campaign began with a personal obligation 
 to the inhabitants of Baltimore ; at the end of it I find myself 
 bound to them by a new tie of everlasting gratitude. 
 
 "La Fayette." 
 
 General Washington and lady arrived in Baltimore the 19th day 
 of November, from Virginia, and the next morning proceeded on 
 their way to Philadelphia. 
 
 The 13th December was appointed and kept as a day of general 
 thanksgiving. 
 
 The period limited for the first Senate was now expiring, and 
 at the election held this year, Charles Carroll, Esq., barrister, was 
 re-elected to the new Senate, with Messrs. John Smith and James 
 McHenry, of this town. 
 
 Thomas C. Deye, John B. Howard, Charles Ridgely of Wil- 
 liam, and Samuel Worthington, Esqrs., were elected delegates for 
 the county. 
 
 Henry Wilson, Esq., succeeded Mr. Alexander as one of the 
 members for the town. 
 
196 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Extracts from the letters of Geo. P. Keeports,, purchasing 
 agent in Baltimore Town, to Gov. Thomas Sims Lee in 1780-81 : 
 
 " There is about 40 dozen df excellent stockings to be had if 
 wanting, at £185 per doz." " I have searched the town over, and 
 cannot find any trimmings. There may be had about two pounds 
 scarlet buff and blue-colored sewing-silk at £220 per lb., which is 
 all I can find." " Mr. John Hudson has a quantity (about 600) 
 blankets ; they are very thick and a good quality, but some rather 
 small — not more than five feet square. His price is £125 per 
 piece." " I have bought 20 pairs of shoes at $50 per pair, to supply 
 the immediate wants of the recruits. I have engaged buttons for 
 the officers with one Mr, Evans, who makes very fine buttons, 
 and marks them with the number of the regiment and the letter 
 M. The coat-buttons at £18 per dozen, and waistcoat-buttons at 
 £16 per dozen." Mr. Evans afterwards raised his prices to £22 10s. 
 for coat-buttons and £18 per dozen for jacket buttons. " There may 
 be about 800 yards more Olnaburgs had at $19 per yard, and some 
 more shoes by paying the money down." " Hired two wagons — 
 all I could get in town — one at £35 and the other at £40 per 
 day." Pewter, $40 per lb. ; lead, $30 per lb. ;• and shoes, $140 
 per pair. The following scale of depreciation is also preserved : 
 
 Value of $100 in Specie in Continental Money. 
 
 Months. 17T7. 1778. 1779. 1780. 1781. 
 
 January 105 325 742 2934 7400 
 
 February 107 350 868 8322 7500 
 
 March 109 370 1000 8736 
 
 April 112 400 1104 4000 
 
 May 115 400 1215 4600 
 
 June 120 400 1342 6400 
 
 July 125 425 1477 8900 
 
 August • 150 450 1630 7000 
 
 Seutember 175 475 1800 7100 
 
 October 275 500 2030 7200 
 
 November 300 545 2308 7300 
 
 December 310 634 2593 7400 Nothing. 
 
 1782._ The following notice from the Maryland Journal is the 
 first intimation we have of the wishes of the citizens of Baltimore 
 town to be incorporated as a city. This was defeated, however, by 
 the laboring classes. " April 2d, notice is hereby given to all 
 whom it may concern, that the inhabitants of Baltimore intend 
 petitioning the ensuing General Assembly, to incorporate said 
 town." 
 
 The following mills were appointed by William McLaughlin, 
 commissary of provisions for Baltimore county, to receive wheat 
 that may be paid in the discharge of taxes: Benjamin Griffith's, 
 Col. James Gittings', Benjamin Eogers*, Capt. Charles Eidgely's, 
 Thomas Matthews', Jacob Lemmon's, Arthur Chinwith's, Samuel 
 Owings', Doc. William Lyon's, Solomon Allen's, and Henry 
 Brown's. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 197 
 
 On the 2l8t of April, Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon 
 the Eev. Patrick Allison, by the University of the City of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 On the 13th of June, a proclamation was issued by Thomas 
 Sim Lee, Esq., Grovernor of Maryland, announcing the birth of a 
 Dauphin of France, and appointing the 25th of the same month as 
 the da}^ for the celebration of the auspicious event. "I cannot 
 doubt," says the Governor, "that the citizens of this State will 
 unite in the joy which an occasion so nearly affecting the happi- 
 ness of our ally will not fail to inspire, while they experience a 
 new source of satisfaction on the birth of a prince from whom we 
 have every reason to expect a continuance of the blessings of our 
 alliance — the same lively attention to the injured and oppressed, 
 and all those great qualities which have excited our admiration 
 and gratitude, and which so eminently distinguished his illustrious 
 father." The day selected by the Governor was celebrated in 
 Baltimore by an elegant dinner, provided at a place called the 
 "Independent Spring," at which were present the Chevalier 
 D'Anmour, the French consul, and a number of strangers and 
 French gentlemen. After dinner, many toasts were drunk, and 
 the entertainment was closed with that harmony and good humor 
 which in a peculiar manner distinguished the day. This was in 
 honor of the unfortunate Louis XVI L, the victim of the subse- 
 quent French Revolution. 
 
 On account of the great suffering by the Maryland Line in the 
 Southern army for the want of the necessaries of life, the following 
 very interesting letter was written by Gen. Williams to Gov. Lee : 
 
 " Annapolis, 1th July, 1782. 
 
 ^^ Sir : — My attachment to the service of my country, and the 
 interest I feel in whatever concerns the honor and happiness of 
 my fellow-soldiers, are the only considerations which induce me to 
 communicate to your Excellency the complaints of the Maryland 
 Line now with the Southern army. 
 
 " It is known and acknowledged that the troops of this State, 
 ever since the commencement of the Revolution, have participated 
 in the greatest fatigues and perseverance, and that in the extremity 
 of their sufferings their complaints have always approached the 
 ear of civil authority with humility and respect. 
 
 " It is also known that since the Maryland troops have served 
 in the Southern States (which is now more than two years), they 
 have upon the most arduous occasions given the highest satisfaction 
 to the Generals who have successively commanded the Southern 
 army, and particularly to their present enterprising commanding 
 officer, General Greene, under whom they have performed the most 
 gallant services. And that they are the only troops who have con- 
 stantly kept the field under every difficulty, since the spring of 1780, 
 without a shilling of pay real or nominal, without a supply of 
 
198 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 clothing at any time equal to their necessities ; and without any- 
 other subsistence than what, with the assistance of the rest of the 
 army, they have occasionally collected, by force of arras, in a country 
 once entirely in subjection, and in a very great degree attached to 
 the enemy. 
 
 " No distresses, no dangers have ever shaken the firmness of 
 their spirits, nor induced them to swerve from their duty. They 
 have a long time patiently suffered the neglect of their country, 
 not without murmuring, it is true, but without mutiny or disaffec- 
 tion, to a cause which they are endeavoring to maintain with 
 their blood. But what man or body of men will long forbear to 
 express their apprehensions of injustice when they find some of 
 their companions disbanding themselves and receiving a compensa- 
 tion for past services ; and others reinlisted, or new levies, in the 
 same service, receiving large bounties in specie, for three years, 
 which they who have already served twice that time have never 
 received nor expected ; and that every corps by which they have 
 been reinforced, from time to time, has received more or less cash 
 for pay, subsistence, &c., before they could be induced to march 
 from the State in which they were incorporated. 
 
 " A part of the troops now with the Southern army has, I am 
 well informed, received pay for several months, and some corps 
 belonging to the Northern army have received pay from the States 
 in which they were raised. 
 
 " These considerations, and similar ones which might be added, 
 will and do naturally occasion jealousies which may in their con- 
 sequences produce very unhappy effects. 
 
 " I would not be understood to insinuate that the officers have 
 not virtue enough to submit to every species of neglect, injustice, 
 and partiality that can be imposed, sooner than concur in anything 
 fatal to the community they serve ; but the common soldiers, who 
 are men of less consideration, will compel them to waive the exer- 
 cise of their authority, or reduce them to the unhappy necessity 
 of maintaining a slavish discipline by examples dreadful to hu- 
 manity. 
 
 "I therefore most humbly solicit, in behalf of both officers and 
 soldiers, that your Excellency, with the concurrence of your Coun- 
 cil, will be pleased to address the honorable the Congress to in- 
 struct the minister of finance to appropriate a part of the specie 
 tax to be levied in this State, to the payment of the Maryland 
 troops ; and that the same may be put into the hands of a proper 
 person for that purpose, so soon as it is collected. 
 
 " I cannot doubt, if this should be granted, and the good people 
 of Maryland should be advertised of the purpose for which the 
 money is to be raised, that speedy voluntary payments will an- 
 ticipate the necessity of executing property for the tax according 
 to the act of Assembly, and prevent those calamitous consequences 
 that may attend a continuance of their grievances. 
 
CHBONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 199 
 
 " I beg that the occasion may be my apology for giving your 
 Excellency this trouble. 
 
 " With the greatest respect and esteem, I am your Excellency's 
 most obedient and most humble servant, 
 
 " O. H. Williams. 
 
 " His Excellency Governor T. S. Lee," 
 
 Count de Eochambeau, on the 10th of July, with his suite, 
 arrived in Baltimore from Virginia, and the next morning set off 
 for Philadelphia. The elegant answer of this great and gallant 
 officer to an affectionate and polite address of the corporation of 
 the city of Williamsburg, on his leaving that place, contains the 
 following paragraph : '' Happy to serve my sovereign, in giving 
 effect to those noble and distinguished principles which attach 
 him to the cause of America, I feel an additional satisfaction in 
 having fought in Virginia, under the auspices of a Virginia Gen- 
 eral, whose glory, equally celebrated in both hemispheres, shines 
 with particular lustre in his native country." 
 
 The Chesapeake bay was visited by ships of war of France and 
 England alternately ; some armed barges were particularly trouble- 
 some to the coasters. On the 5th of July, Capt Simmons, in the 
 brig Ranger ^ goi"g out of the Potomac, with his pikes beat off and 
 killed Barry and wounded Whaland, two famous barge men ; but 
 on the 30th of November, three of them attacked, and after killing 
 Captain Whalley, killed and wounded sixty-five out of seventy- 
 five men ; the brave survivors being without small cartridges, 
 which had taken fire early in the action, were captured, with the 
 State's galley. This was said to be, and with great propriety no 
 doubt, the most bloody conflict which had taken place during the 
 war. 
 
 Samuel Sterett, Esq., was appointed Secretary to the President 
 of Congress. 
 
 A deputation of the merchants of Baltimore, on the 29th of 
 July, waited upon his Excellency Count de Eochambeau, then in 
 this city, and presented him with the following address : 
 
 " We, the merchants of this Town of Baltimore, impressed with 
 a grateful sense of the important services rendered by your Ex- 
 cellency, and the gallant forces under your command, to the 
 United States, and more particularly to the State of Maryland, 
 beg leave to wait upon your Excellency, and return you our most 
 sincere thanks, in this public manner, for the distinguished aid and 
 protection which you have, from time to time, so willingly afforded 
 to the commercial interests of this State ; and to inform your Ex- 
 cellency that we are happy in the opportunity of paying you this 
 tribute so justly due to distinguished merit. And permit us, sir, on 
 this occasion, to observe that when the distresses of this country 
 rendered an application to the French nation for assistance neces- 
 sary, the wisdom of your Sovereign pointed out your Excelleoicy 
 
200 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 as the grand instniment to assist in our salvation ; and with grati- 
 tude, we remark that the objects of your appointment have been 
 fully answered, and the events that have taken place since your 
 happy arrival in America, and in which you acted so distinguished 
 a part, fully evince the propriety of your Sovereign's choice, and 
 the magnanimity of his intentions toward us — for we have seen 
 a British army, numerous and well appointed, become prisoners of 
 war to the united exertions of the combined armies of France and 
 America, an event that was considerably accelerated by the great 
 experience and military talents of your Excellency, and the value 
 of the officers and soldiers under your command, and which, we 
 trust, will tend eventually to the establishment of the rights and 
 liberties of this country, the purposes for which you have so gen- 
 erously drawn your sword. 
 
 " And we beg leave also, amidst the general joy diffused by the 
 "birth of a Dauphin bf France, to congratulate your Excellency on 
 that auspicious event ; and it is our fervent wish and prayer, that 
 Jie may long live to tread the footsteps of his illustrious father, in 
 being the friend of the distressed, and the advocate of the liberties 
 of mankind. In hopes that your Excellency will enjoy health and 
 happiness, while you reside among us, and on return to your 
 native country, may you be rewarded by your sovereign in pro- 
 portion to your merits and services. We remain, with sentiments 
 of gratitude and esteem, on behalf of the merchants of Baltimore, 
 your Excellency's most obedient servants, 
 
 " Samuel Purviance, 
 
 " ElCHARD CURSON, 
 
 " Samuel Smith, 
 " Mark Pringle, 
 " William Patterson. 
 " Baltimore, July 29, 1782." 
 
 To which His Excellency was pleased to return the following 
 answer : 
 
 "To' the merchants of the town of Baltimore: 
 " Gentlemen : — The intentions of the King, my master, towards 
 his faithful allies, being his auxiliary troops, should not only 
 protect the liberties of the United States, but watch over their 
 commercial interests, as often and as much as it would be in their 
 power. I have felt a peculiar pleasure to have been able to render 
 Bome services to your State. The noblest reward for me is, without 
 doubt, the approbation of such a respectable body of citizens. 
 The praises which you are able to bestow on my conduct, and that 
 of the officers and soldiers under my command, are due, in a great 
 measure, to his Excellency General Washington, and his army, to 
 whose exertions wo have had the honor to co-operate, in the re- 
 duction of the British army at Yorktown. My Sovereign will 
 certainly be impressed with a grateful sense of the general joy 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 201 
 
 which has been diffused among the people of all ranks in the 
 United States, upon the birth of an heir to his kingdom. I shall 
 not fail to make him acquainted with your patriotic and generous 
 wishes. I embrace with pleasure, gentlemen, this occasion, to 
 render you my sincere thanks for the readiness with which you 
 have taken in your houses our staff-officers and others, whose duty 
 and station render the convenience of a house absolutely necessary 
 to them. I flatter myself that they will maintain, with you, that 
 good understanding and harmony of sentiments which we have 
 been happy enough to experience till now, from your fellow-citizens 
 in the different States. Le Cte. de Eochambeau." 
 
 At the first session of the Assembly this year, Col. Howard laid 
 off part of the tract adjoining his father's first addition and that 
 before made by Mr. Hall, and annexed to the town all the grounds 
 east of the street, to which the Colonel gave the name of Eutaw 
 street. Beyond that, and on the street which he called Lexington 
 street, he laid off a spacious lot for a public market, which was im- 
 proved and appropriated to that purpose twenty years after. The 
 Colonel appropriated another spacious lot of ground bounded by 
 German, Eutaw and Paca streets and Cowpen alley, for the use of 
 the State, should the Greneral Assembly accept and make it the 
 seat of government within that period. Though an effort was made 
 to carry the removal in the House of Delegates at the same session, 
 it was rejected by a vote of twenty to nineteen, and has failed as 
 often as it was proposed as well during the twenty years limited 
 as afterwards ; and whether it is or is not a matter of less interest 
 to the citizens, it is cfertain that they now view it with more indif- 
 ference than they do the proportion of representation allowed them. 
 Until this time none of the streets of Baltimore Town, except here 
 and there on the sidewalks, were paved, and the main street espe- 
 cially, from the depth of soil, was actually impassable some part of 
 the spring and fall seasons, from the market-house at Gay street to 
 Calvert street. Mr. Robert Gilmor, before his death, said that when 
 the army passed through Baltimore in 1781, a mounted drummer 
 boy nearly swamped in Baltimore street opposite to North street, 
 in a deep mud-hole from which the rider and his horse were with 
 difficulty extricated. 
 
 In this year the streets were begun to be paved, especially the 
 main or Market street. Sidewalks were laid, and the width of the 
 cellar doors and of the old-fashioned porches of front doors limited, 
 so that the* burghers could not take up too much space allowed for 
 pedestrians, while enjoying their evening chat or pipe before their 
 dwellings. Wharves, too, were built, and laws made to guard the 
 streets from nuisances, and the harbor from street drainage, while 
 the streets themselves were only to be used by vehicles of a certain 
 breadth of wheel. To defray these expenses, an auction tax was 
 laid on the sales of the only auctioneer in the town, Thomas Yates; 
 
202 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 a tax was also imposed on public exhibitions and on assessed prop- 
 erty ; and that common panacea, an annual lottery, was authorized, 
 to bring up the arrears of deficiencies in municipal expenses. The 
 executive of this system was a board of commissioners, with ample 
 powers to aid the town commissioners, so that the new board, in 
 fact the first " Civic Fathers " of Baltimore, composed of William 
 Spear, James Sterrett, Engelhardt Yeiser, George Linden berger, 
 Jesse Hollingsworth, Thos. Elliott and Peter Hoifman, was made a 
 sort of body politic and corporate, authorized to fill their own 
 vacancies, appoint a treasurer, collect fines for the use of the town, 
 appoint constables, and to report their accounts to the town com- 
 missioners. At the ensuing session of the Legislature it was 
 thought that the powers thus conferred on a self-appointing and 
 irresponsible body were too extensive ; and accordingly provision 
 was made for the removal of the first set, and the selection of 
 others every five years by elected electors. In recording these 
 primordial city foundations, it is due to the memory of our ex- 
 cellent ancestry in town government, to record the names of Wil- 
 liam Smith, John Moale, Eichard Eidgely, Daniel Bowly, Hercules 
 Courtney and John Sterrett, who then filled the important function 
 of town commissioners of Baltimore. 
 
 A line of stage coaches were established between Baltimore and 
 Philadelphia, by Mr. Gabriel P. Yanhorne, with Mr. Nathaniel 
 Twining, and others. They afterwards extended the line to Alex- 
 andria. The town was then said to contain 8000 inhabitants, and 
 eight places of worship, viz : Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Luthe- 
 ran, Dutch Calvinists, Roman Catholics, Baptists, Quakers and 
 Methodists, one for each society. 
 
 ^r. Charles Eidgely, of John, and others, at the November ses- 
 sion of the Assembly, procured the addition to the town of those 
 grounds called Gist's Inspection and Timber Neck, lying south of 
 the former additions and upon the middle branch ; and Mr. Benja- 
 min Eogers, and others, those which lay between Fell's Prospect 
 and Harris's creek. These were the last specific additions by act 
 of Assembly, and the power given to the corporation to admit 
 other grounds by the consent of the owners, being exercised only 
 in one instance relating to some lots on North Howard street, be- 
 tween Saratoga and Mulberry street, no change of limits was ef- 
 fected for many years, nor until the population of the precincts 
 had become equal to the third of the city itself 
 
 The Hon. Thomas Sim Lee, Governor of this State, and his 
 lady, accompanied by several other persons of distinction, arrived 
 in Baltimore on the 3d of August from Annapolis, and on the next 
 morning was saluted (on his entrance into the French camp) by a 
 discharge of twenty-one pieces of cannon. In the afternoon the 
 French forces, consisting of upwards of 5000 men, were reviewed 
 by his Excellency the Count de Eochambeau, &c., in the presence 
 of his Honor the Governor, several strangers of distinction, an(^ a 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 203 
 
 numerous concourse of respectable citizens. The appearance and 
 behavior of these veteran soldiers reflected the highest honor on 
 their officers as well as themselves, and gave the greatest satis- 
 faction to the spectators. 
 
 Count Eoohambeau returning with his army from Yorktown, 
 halted in Baltimore, and some of his troops remained until the 
 close of the war. Besides the cavalry and infantry of the legion 
 of the Duke De Lauzun, the division included the regiments of 
 Bourbonnois, Deux Fonts, Saintonge, and Soissonnois. The 
 officers, among whom were Count Dillon, Baron Yiomenil, General 
 Lavalette, &c., were lodged with private families. The legion en- 
 camped on the ground where the Cathedral now stands, and the 
 rest of the troops on that eminence near the York Eoad which 
 the deceased John McKim improved and occupied. 
 
 Samuel Worthington, Esq., was elected in the place of Mr J. 
 B. Howard for the county, and Wm. Fell, son of Edward Fell, 
 Esq., in the place of Mr. Wilson, late delegate for the town, and 
 William McLaughlan, Esq., was elected Sheriff. 
 
 On the 22d of August the cavalry and infantry of the legion, 
 the regiment of Bourbonnois, Deux Fonts, Saintonge, and Soissonois, 
 composing the greater part of the French troops, marched north- 
 ward in five divisions. The good wishes of all ranks of citizens 
 accompanied them-. Gen. Count de Eochambeau, on the 24th of 
 August, accompanied by several officers of distinction, left Balti- 
 more for Fhiladelphia. Before leaving, the merchants presented 
 him with the following address : 
 
 ^^Sir : — The merchants of Baltimore are too sensible of the har- 
 mony which has subsisted between the troops which your Excel- 
 lency commands and all orders of the inhabitants, not to feel 
 anxious to make known their satisfaction before your departure. 
 We do not pretend to be judges of the discipline of armies, but 
 from the brilliant and signal services which your army has ren- 
 dered this country ; from the watchful attention which the sol- 
 diery have had over every species of our property ; from the de- 
 corum and order which they have uniformly preserved both in the 
 camps and in the town ; and from the great politeness of the 
 officers on every occasion, we cannot but acknowledge ourselves 
 deeply impressed with the most lively ideas of its perfection, and 
 with a gratitude which from its nature must be perpetual ; and we 
 are happy in this opportunity to declare, that had the prejudices 
 against the French nation been real which the English have so 
 pertinaciously attributed to the Americans, the residence of your 
 Excellency and the army in this place must have convinced us how 
 little credit ought to be given to the popular maxims of a people 
 who have never been sincerely our friends. Permit us, Sir, to 
 assure you, that the only regret which we experience is on the 
 prospect of the removal of the army, and our incapacity to make a 
 
204 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 proper return for its great services and distinguished care of the 
 
 privileges of citizens. 
 
 " In behalf of the merchants, we have the honor to be, with the 
 
 greatest respect, your Excellency's most obedient servants, 
 
 "William Smith, 
 "Samuel Smith, 
 " Thorogood Smith." 
 
 " To the merchants of the City of Baltimore : 
 
 " Gentlemen : — It cannot but be very agreeable to me and the 
 troops under my command, to perceive that the discipline observed 
 by them and the inhabitants of this city, the harmony and good 
 understanding which we have always been anxious to maintain 
 with our allies. Your willingness to receive us in your houses, 
 your attentive politeness to us, have been a sufficient return for the 
 services which we have been so happy as to render you. We have 
 had our full reward, in fulfilling to our mutual satisfaction the in- 
 tentions of our sovereign. Le Cte. de Eochambeau." 
 
 After the departure of the main army, there remained about 
 500 French troops in and near the town, under the command of 
 General La Yalette. 
 
 The loans obtained abroad, and the payment of gold and silver 
 to the French troops, procured a supply for circulation, and the 
 Bank of North America being opened, the paper was superseded 
 altogether. 
 
 At this period, Delaware bay and river were infested by numer- 
 ous " refugee barges and privateers," which were committing the 
 most extensive depredations, not only upon the commerce of Phil- 
 adelphia, but upon the peaceable inhabitants along the shores of 
 every accessille stream that emptied into these waters. In order 
 to drive off these plunderers — who were protected by the presence 
 of several of His Majesty's ships — and to offer that assistance to 
 their distressed citizens which it was not in the power of the Gen- 
 eral Government to afford, the State of Pennsylvania had determined 
 to fit out, at its own expense, a number of armed vessels, the ope- 
 rations of which were to be confined within the great thorough- 
 fare to their capital. At this time Lieutenant Barney arrived at 
 Philadelphia, and was honored with the command of one of the 
 vessels to be equipped — a small ship, mounting 16 six-pounders, 
 and carrying 110 men, called the Hyder Ally. On the 8th of April, 
 he received instructions to convoy a fleet of merchantmen to the 
 capes, but on no account proceed to sea. The convoy dropped 
 down to Cape May road ; and while lying there, waiting for a fair 
 wind to take them to sea, two ships and a brig were discovered 
 standing for them. Capt. Barney, perceiving them to be a part of 
 the enemy's force, made the signals to this convoy to get under 
 way immediately and return up the bay — orders they were not 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 205 
 
 slow to obey, covered in their retreat by the Hyder Ally. An ac- 
 tion speedily ensued between the Hyder Ally and one of the ves- 
 sels, which proved to be the sloop-of-war General Monk, mounting 
 20 nine-pounders, and carrying one hundred and thirty-six men, 
 under the command of Captain Eogers, of the Eoyal Navy — nearly 
 double his own force of metal, and nearly one-fourth superior in num- 
 ber of men ! In attemjiting to lutf athwart the hawse of the 
 enemy, the Hyder Ally ran foul, and in that position, within pistol 
 shot, the two vessels fought desperately for half an hour, when the 
 Monk struck her colors. Cooper, in his Naval History, says : " This 
 action has been justly deemed one of the most brilliant that ever 
 occurred under the American flag. It was fought in the presence 
 of a vastly superior force that was not engaged, and the ship taken 
 was in every essential respect superior to her conqueror." We 
 will here add that the General Monk was foniierly the American 
 ship General Washington, captured by Admiral Arbuthnot, and 
 placed in the King's service under a new name. Both vessels ar- 
 rived at Philadelphia a few hours after the action, bearing their 
 respective dead. The General Monk lost 20 men killed, and had 
 33 wounded. Among the former were the first lieutenant, purser, 
 surgeon, boatswain and gunner; among the latter were Captain 
 Rogers himself, and every officer on board, except one midshipman ! 
 The Hyder Ally had/owr men killed, and eleven wounded. The old 
 name was restored to the prize, and Barney made a cruise in her 
 on a secret mission to the West Indies. Off Turk's Island he fell 
 in with a privateer brig of 16 guns, under enemy's colors. After an 
 exchange of several broadsides, one of the enemy's shot cut away 
 his ihainmast at the moment the privateer was hauling down her 
 colors. The privateer took advantage of this, and made her escape. 
 As soon as Captain Barney found that there would be an engage- 
 ment, he turned to one of his passengers, who was calmly walking 
 the deck, and requested him to go below, where he would be out of 
 danger. The gentleman looked at him, with a slight curl of indig- 
 nation moving his upper lip, but did not move. Soon afterwards, 
 in the preparation for action, Barney observed him at the arms- 
 chest, deliberately examining the muskets, which he took up one 
 after another, brought to his shoulder, examining the flints, and 
 snapped to see if they made good fire, until at length he found one 
 that seemed to please him ; he then fixed a cartridge-box over his 
 shoulder, very coolly tied a handkerchief around his head, and was 
 the first man that fired into the enemy. During the whole of the 
 fighting he took his post in that part of the ship which was most 
 exposed to the enemy's fire, and in the very heat of it, his musket 
 having made a false snap, he seated himself with the most jDcrfect 
 sangfroid upon the arms-chest, took a knife or key from his pocket, 
 and picked his flint until he brought it again to a proper edge. He 
 fired oftener than any other man on board, and looked the whole 
 time as cool and unconcerned as if he had been sitting at his own 
 
206 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 fire-side. This man was James H. McCulloch — the same patriot 
 and hero who met the enemy at JNorth Point in 1814, was 
 wounded and taken prisoner, and afterwards the venerable and 
 universally respected Collector of the port of Baltimore. 
 
 On the 7th of October, agreeably to the constitution and forms 
 of government, an election for delegates, &c., was held in the dif- 
 ferent counties of this State. David McMechan and Wm. Fell 
 were elected from Baltimore Town. 
 
 Died at Annapolis, on the 29th May, aged eighty-two years, 
 Charles Carroll, who was proprietor of that part of Cole's Harbor 
 which the commissioners purchased of him forty-two years before, 
 for the first town. On the 14th of October, in this town, at an 
 advanced age, Thomas Harrison, one of the town commissioners 
 in 1745. At Mount Clare, near town, the 23d of March, Charles 
 Carroll, barrister, one of the framers of the Constitution and sena- 
 tors of the State ; and on the 30th, at his seat in the county, Walter 
 Tolley, formerly a member of the House of Delegates, and of the 
 convention of 1774. 
 
 In December, Mr. Daniel Grant removed from the Indian 
 Queen Tavern on the corner of Hanover and Baltimore streets, 
 into " his large, new, and elegant house, in Light lane, between 
 Market street and Ellicott's wharf, where the Fountain Inn is opened 
 for the reception and entertainment of such gentlemen and ladies, 
 travellers or others, as shall be pleased to honor his house with 
 their company." 
 
 17§3. Hostilities were suspended on 11th of April, by Congress, 
 and the joyful news of peace and independence was celebrated in 
 Baltimore on the 21st, with great enthusiasm. At night the town 
 was brilliantly illuminated. On the 2d of May, the following ad- 
 dress was presented to Brigadier-Gen. La Yalette, commandant of 
 the remnant of the French troops who for some time were 
 stationed in Baltimore : 
 
 "/Sir; — We, the merchants, and others, citizens of Baltimore, 
 could not see you leave this town, to embark for France, without 
 expressing our acknowledgment for the good behavior of the 
 troops under your command, and the politeness their oflScers have 
 discovered on every occasion. To the national reasons this country 
 had for a union with yours, the residence of the French army has 
 added others, the highest personal esteems and the sincerest at- 
 tachments. The blessings of peace, we are persuaded, will not 
 prevent frequent reviews of the events of the war ; and these will 
 serve to perpetuate our union and to preserve our attachments. 
 Whether we consider the acts of Louis the Sixteenth, or the 
 achievements of his army, we shall find cause for admiration and 
 
 fratitude. Even in the first moments of the war, and while the 
 oldness of our undertaking astonished all Europe, and made the 
 oldest statesmen tremble for our safety, gentlemen of your nation, 
 fired at the prospect of a virtuous people struggling against op- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 207 
 
 pression, embarked for America, some of whose lives have been 
 sacrificed for our liberty, and all of whose services have assisted to 
 establish our independence. We trust. Sir, that we shall never 
 learn the art to forget these things, or the various obligations of 
 the federal republics to your prince and to his people. Permit us 
 to wish you, and the officers, and your troops, a safe return to 
 France, and those rewards which all have so highly merited. 
 
 " With the greatest respect, we have the honor to be, in behalf 
 of the merchants and others, citizens of Baltimore, Sir, your most 
 obedient servants, 
 
 "Samuel Purviance, 
 " James Calhoun, 
 "KicHARD Carson." 
 
 The General answered as follows: 
 
 *' Gentlemen : — Nothing could flatter me more than the polite 
 and obliging address which you honor me with, and both pride and 
 gratitude will prompt me to make known the kindness and civili- 
 ties I have received from you during my station in this town. 
 Perfectly acquainted with the sentiments of all the French of- 
 ficers under my command, I also offer you their sincere thanks for 
 the flattering opinion you are so kind as to entertain of them. We 
 look upon ourselves infinitely happy to have had it in our power 
 to contribute to your glorious successes, and fulfill the intention of 
 his most Christian Majesty ; and we pray you to believe that we 
 tlvnk ourselves sufficiently rewarded by the assurance you give us, 
 that we have secured some right to your esteem. Permit us, gen- 
 tlemen, to lay hold of this opportunity, to assure the illustrious 
 commander-in-chief of your armies, that it is with sincere regret 
 we feel ourselves separated from him, and to express the deepest 
 respect for his virtues and military talents. As to myself, gentle- 
 men, I shall never forget the happy days I have passed amongst 
 you, and I beg you will believe that their remembrance will be for- 
 ever dear to my memory. 
 
 " I am with respect, gentlemen, your very humble and most 
 obedient servant, Le Chevalier de la Yalette." 
 
 On Sunday, June 12th, Major Burnet, aide-de-camp to General 
 Greene, accompanied by Major Edwards, passed through town on 
 his way to Philadelphia with dispatches for Congress, announcing 
 the evacuation of Charleston, S. C, by the British, on the 14th of 
 December, 1782, and on the 13th of January the "Delaware State 
 regiment, with lank-lean cheeks and war-worn coats, passed through 
 this town from South Carolina, on their way home." 
 
 Messrs. Samuel Smith, Samuel Purviance, Daniel Bowley, John 
 Sterrett, Thomas Eussell, Kichard Eidgely, Kobert Henderson, 
 Thomas Elliott, and William Patterson were appointed wardens 
 of the port of Baltimore for five years, to b^ renewed by election 
 
208 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 of the electors of the special commissioners every five years in suc- 
 cession. They elected Mr. Purviance chairman, and were author- 
 ized to make a survey and chart of the basin, harbor, and the 
 Patapsco river. Also to ascertain the depth and course of the 
 channel, and provide for cleaning the same; and the sum of one 
 penny per ton was imposed upon every vessel entering or clearing, 
 which was raised to two cents, and sanctioned by Congress, after 
 the adoption of the Constitution, to defray the expense. They 
 were also authorized to make rules respecting wharves and wharf- 
 age, and keeping them in repair. There was still no public wharf, 
 but that of about 100 feet on Calvert street, and no private 
 wharves extending above 200 feet, except those of Messrs. Spear, 
 Smith, and Buchanan; so that the space occupied by the water at 
 that time was perhaps equal to double the surface of the present 
 basin and dock. Messrs. John and Andrew EUicott purchased the 
 water lot and extended a wharf on Light street, for the filling of 
 which they used a drag, and, with a team of horses, drew the oozy 
 sediment from the bottom of the river. They also procured iron 
 scoops to be used by hand or windlass, with which the same opera- 
 tion was performed, and was improved upon by Messrs. Cruse and 
 Colver, with the use of horses. This primitive and rude process 
 was the simple mud-machine of our ancestors. 
 
 A company, chiefly composed of Baltimoreans, was very soon 
 formed and incorporated to make a canal on the Susquehanna ; 
 and in the year 1799, another corporation, was created to unite 
 the waters of the Chesapeake and Delaware by the same meaijs. 
 
 The defects of the original plan of the town now became more 
 burthensome, and on the petition of a number of inhabitants, a law 
 was passed authorizing the commissioners of the town to make 
 Hanover lane the width of sixty-six feet, being an extension to 
 the street of that name in Mr. Howard's addition, assessing the 
 damages sustained and the benefits from which the same should 
 be paid. By the consent of the proprietors of the grounds, the 
 commissioners also opened Holliday street of the width of eighty 
 feet; Lemmon street thirty-three feet; Orange lane eighteen 
 feet ; and widened East lane, now Fayette street, from Holliday 
 to Gay street, to forty feet. Holliday street was extended north- 
 wardly fifty feet wide, in 1810. In 1787, Light lane was widened 
 to thirty-eight feet and a half; a street called Walnut street, then 
 bounding the town southwesterly, was entirely closed, and Forrest 
 street, now Sharp street alley, north of Baltimore street, which 
 had been laid out sixty-six feet, was limited to a lane of eighteen 
 feet. In 1792, Tammany and Chatham streets, now part of 
 Fayette street, were opened to the width of forty feet ; Charles 
 street was extended across two or three docks from Camden to 
 Barre street in 1796, and the docks filled up; and from thence 
 Goodman street, now Charles Street, was opened south. Sharping 
 Une was widened to forty-nine and a half feet from Gay to South 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 209 
 
 streets, and called Second street, of which it was an extension, in 
 1798. 
 
 An attempt to establish a bank failed; but a better project — 
 to light the streets — succeeded, as well as the plan of a day police, 
 and a night watch to guard the villagers while they slept. Our 
 8000 townsmen of that day were, however, so exemplary in their 
 demeanor, both in daylight and darkness, that but three con- ^ 
 stables were required for hours of business, and but fourteen^ 
 watchmen for the night. 
 
 In the course of this year regular lines of stage coaches were 
 established to Fredericktown and Annapolis. 
 
 Col. Howard commenced his improvements at Belvedere, and 
 William Gibson his dwelling west of the town. The greater part 
 of the Baltimoreans who went to the wars and held commissions 
 returned as permanent residents to the town, and were soon fol- 
 lowed by such persons as General Otho Holland Williams, Colonel 
 Ramsey, Colonel McHenry, General Swann, Colonel Bankson, the 
 Tilghmans, Strickers, Clemms, Ballards, and Harrises, Martin 
 Eichelberger, Yeiser, Samuel Sadler, John Lynch, Clement Skerrett, 
 John Brevet ; also Paul Bentalon, who was first a captain of 
 cavalry in Pulaski's Legion, and had become chief officer and com- 
 mander of the survivors of that gallant corps, and in whose arms- 
 the brave Pulaski died after the siege of Savannah. Some French^ 
 gentlemen established commercial houses during or after the war,, 
 viz : Moubos, Latil, Zacharie, Pascault, Dumeste, Delaporte ;, and 
 the Chevalier D'Anmour, the French Consul for Maryland and 
 Virginia, made his residence in -Baltimore. Directly after the y" 
 peace several merchants from other parts of this State settled 
 here, who were Messrs. Slubey, James Carey, W. Potts, William 
 West, Haxall, Y^n_Wyck, Contee, Dall, Stouffer, Starck, Kimmel, 
 Isaac Solomon, George Evans, ElisKa Tyson, Barton, William 
 Young, Henry Johnson, and Johonnot; and a number of European 
 gentlemen, among whom were Messrs. S. Wilson, R. Oliver, A. 
 Campbell, Jamej^Buchanan, Riddell, S. Liggatt, J. Salmon, Carrere, 
 G. Salmon, Mayer, A^_^ewart, A. Bohinson, Grundy, J. Hollins, 
 Caton, Coopman, Hodgson, Buckler,"'~McKolson, Brune, Neilson, 
 Schroeder, Seekamp, Ghequiere, Brantz,"~^tien, Konecke, Yon 
 Kapff, Labes, McCausland, Hackett, " Zollickoffer, and Messonier, * 
 and established houses of trade. 
 
 Bj the Minerva, Capt. Zelt, Harmony, Capt. Lysle, Paca, Kell, 
 and other vessels, there were brought here a great many Irish 
 and German redemptioners, and a society for the aid of the Ger- 
 mans not speaking the language of the country was formed. 
 
 Those Justices w^ho resided in or near the town, and most fre- 
 quently occupied the bench, were A. Buchanan, Jo hn M oale, W. 
 Buchanan, J. Yanbibber, A. Yanbibber, GeoTLindenberger, James 
 CalE^n, William Russell, Thomas Russell, James McHenry, Peter 
 Sheppard, Henry Wilson, Thomas Elliott, John Merryman, Robert 
 14 
 
210 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Lemmon, Thomas Sellers, and Jesse Busey, Esqs. j and the gentle- 
 men of the bar, besides the Attorn ey-Greneral, Samuel Johnson, 
 Kichard Eidgely, Aquilla Hall, Eobert Smith, Zeb Hollingsworth, 
 .James Carroll, W. H. Dorsey, William Moore, Einald Johnson, 
 Archibald Eobinson, Eobert Milligan, Eobert Goldsborough, Henry 
 Eidgely, Peter Carnes, and Thomas Gittings, Esqs. The doctors 
 at this period were Johnson, Goodwin, Troup, Andrews, Coale, 
 Gilder, Brown, Littlejohn, Eoss, A. Wiesenthall, and Buchanan. 
 
 In May, James McHenry was appointed a member of Congress 
 in the place of Edward Giles, deceased. Zachariah Allen was ap- 
 pointed Notary Public, being the first here ; and in October, John 
 Sterrett was elected a delegate to the Assembly in the place of 
 Mr. Fell. 
 
 On Wednesday, Nov. 5th, were executed, near this town, John 
 Lee and Eobert Conaway, for felony, and on the 12th, Francis 
 Piers (a Spaniard) for murder. 
 
 Arrived here on the 6th of November, the ship Duke of JOeinster, 
 Capt. Devereux, from Dublin, having on board redemptioners and 
 servants. 
 
 Now that the war was over, the remnants of the old Line and 
 the regiments, having already, upon the scene of their Southern 
 exploits, been presented, through Gen. Greene, with the thanks of 
 both Houses of the Legislature for their gallantry and good con- 
 duct, turned their footsteps towards their native State, to be dis- 
 banded, and to carry to their homes their honorable scars and 
 constitutions broken by fatigue. General Nathaniel Greene speak- 
 •ing of these noble patriots, says in his letter to Gov. Lee : " Many 
 of your officers are on their return home. I should be wanting in 
 gratitude not to acknowledge their singular merit and the import- 
 ance of their services. They have spilt their blood freely in the 
 service of their country, and have faced every danger and difficulty 
 without a murmur or complaint. I beg leave to recommend Col. 
 Williams, who has been at the head of your Line, to the particular 
 notice of your State, as an officer of great merit and good conduct. 
 A very considerable number of those (Maryland Line) returned 
 are not, nor ever will be, fit for service again. They are incapable 
 of doing active duty, and ought to be turned over to the Invalid 
 Corps." 
 
 On the 4th of November, Mr. Sterett's brewery was burned 
 down. Overcome by this second distressing calamity, in which the 
 citizens warmly sympathized with the then venerable 8ufi"erer, Mr. 
 Sterett declined business during the remainder of his life. But Mr. 
 Thomas Peters moved from Philadelphia, and erected the brewery 
 near Lombard street bridge in the course of the year, which was 
 also destroyed by fire some years after and rebuilt. 
 
 In the last week of December there were cleared out two 
 ships, three brigs and two schooners, a proof of enterprize which 
 did not escape the penetrating eye of General Washington, who, in 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 211 
 
 answer to the address of the citizens, on the 18th of December, at 
 a public dinner given to him in this city when on his way to 
 Annapolis to resign his commission to Congress there assembled, 
 that body being threatened at Philadelphia by the discontented 
 troops of that State about to be disbanded, he expressed his pious 
 good will, a good will which Heaven seems to have blessed in our 
 favor : 
 
 " Sir : — The town of Baltimore feels a universal joy on your 
 Excellency's arrival, and willing to testify in an acceptable manner 
 the most grateful senses of your eminent services and superior 
 abilities, we are intrusted to congratulate your Excellency on the 
 glorious and happy conclusion of an unequal, precarious and bloody 
 war, through which you have successfully commanded the armies 
 of the United States, established the liberties and independence of 
 your native country, and gained to yourself the unrivalled appella- 
 tion of its most illustrious citizen. May your Excellency long 
 survive the fatigues and calamities of war ; may health, ease and 
 domestic tranquillity smooth your path of life, and Heaven here- 
 after grant the only adequate reward of your exalted merit. 
 
 " We have the honor to be, with perfect respect and esteem, 
 your Excellency's most obedient and most humble servants, 
 
 " William Smith, 
 " Samuel Purviance, 
 " John Sterrett, 
 " O. H. Williams." 
 
 His Excellency's answer : 
 
 " Gentlemen : — The acceptable manner in which you have wel- 
 comed ray arrival in the town of Baltimore, and the happy terms 
 in which you have communicated the congratulations of its inhabi- 
 tants, lay me under the greatest obligations. Be pleased, gentle- 
 men, to receive this last public acknowledgment for the repeated 
 instances of your politeness, and to believe it is my earnest wish 
 that the commerce, the improvements and universal prosperity of 
 this flourishing town, may, if possible, increase with even more 
 rapidity than they have hitherto done. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, with the greatest esteem, gentlemen, 
 your most obedient and humble servant, 
 
 " G. Washington. 
 
 " To William Smith, 
 " Samuel Purviance, 
 " John Sterrett, 
 " O. H. Williams, 
 
 > Esquires. 
 
 Maj.-Gen. G-reene, accompanied by Maj. Hyrne, arrived here 
 on the 30th of September, from Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 elegant entertainment was provided for him at Grant's tavern, by 
 the citizens of the town, where a numerous company attended, and 
 
212 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. ^ 
 
 spent the day with the greatest joy and happiness, in the course 
 of which many interesting and pleasing reflections and observa- 
 tions were made complimentary to their " illustrious guest." On 
 this occasion the following address was presented : 
 
 '*To the Honorable Major-General Greene: 
 " Sir : — The citizens of Baltimore, being strongly impressed 
 with a grateful sense of the important services which you have 
 rendered to your country, are happy in an opportunity of con- 
 gratulating you on your safe return to this place. We, who have 
 the happiness of expressing their sentiments on this pleasing oc- 
 casion, shall not attempt to recite the honors of your brilliant and 
 successful campaign, already written in indelible characters on the 
 hearts of your grateful countrymen. We trust they will be faith- 
 fully transmitted to posterity in the brightest pages of our history, 
 which shall record the important circumstances of the glorious 
 Eevolution, to which your services have so greatly contributed. 
 It afi'ords us particular satisfaction when we reflect, that the gal- 
 lant officers and soldiers of this State have had so great a share in 
 the brilliant achievements of your peaceful command. 
 
 "With every sentiment of personal respect for you and those 
 brave men, and wishing both a lasting enjoyment of health, peace, 
 and independence, we have the honor to be, in behalf of the citizens 
 of Baltimore, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servants, 
 
 " William Smith, 
 " William Spear, 
 " Samuel Purviance, 
 " Abraham Yanbibber, 
 " Samuel Smith." 
 
 The General's answer : 
 
 " Baltimore, 30th September, 1783. 
 
 " Gentlemen : — Nothing can be more welcome than your kind 
 congratulations upon my return, or anything more flattering 
 to the feelings of a soldier than your sentiments of the Southern 
 operations. Every opportunity of expressing my obligations to 
 the officers and troops of this State, affords me the highest 
 satisfaction. They have been companions with me in the hours 
 of adversity, and have greatly contributed to all our little suc- 
 cesses. Your professions of respect and generous wishes for my 
 happiness, excite the most lively emotions of a grateful mind, 
 and I beg leave to off*er my warmest acknowledgments upon this 
 occasion, and to add my good wishes for the prosperity and hap- 
 piness of this town. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, gentlemen, your most obedient and 
 humble servant, Nathaniel Greene." 
 
 - On the 27th of July, Brigadier-General Mordecai Gist, with 
 the remnants of the Maryland Line, consisting of about 500 men, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 213 
 
 arrived in Ealtimore, from Annapolis, having arrived there in 
 transports from Charleston, S. C. 
 
 On the 19th of October, 1781, after a three weeks* siege, Corn- 
 wallis surrendered himself and his army prisoners to George 
 Washington. By that surrender the War of the Eevolution was 
 virtually ended, and the independence of the American Colonies 
 finally consummated. In the glorious struggle which obtained 
 that independence, no State bore a more conspicuous part than our 
 own Maryland, and no county of Maryland was more distinguished 
 through the gallant deeds of her patriotic sons than that of Balti- 
 more. Throughout the whole contest Maryland had been distin- 
 guished for its zeal in support of the common cause, ever coming 
 forward with readiness at the call of the Commander-in-Chief In 
 spite of the difficulties with which it was surrounded, it had fur- 
 nished during the war to the Continental army fifteen thousand 
 two hundred and twenty-nine men, in addition to those enlisted in 
 the independent corps, the State companies, the marine and naval 
 force, and five thousand four hundred and seven militia. No 
 troops in the Continental army had rendered better service, en- 
 dured more fatigue, or won greater glory than the Maryland Line. 
 In proportion to their number, no body of men suffered more 
 severely. They were the first to use the bayonet against the ex- 
 perienced regulars of the enemy, and that in their earliest battle ; 
 and throughout the succeeding struggles of the war, they were 
 most often called on to lead with that effective weapon into the 
 ranks of the foe. They seldom shrank from the encounter. At 
 Long Island a fragment of a battalion shook with repeated charges 
 a whole brigade of British regulars ; at White Plains they held 
 the advancing columns at bay ; at Harlaem Heights they drove 
 the enemy from the ground; at German town they swept through 
 the hostile camp with their fixed bayonets far in advance of the 
 whole army ; and at Cowpens and at Eutaw their serried ranks 
 bore down all opposition with unloaded muskets ; and at Guilford 
 and at Camden, though victory did not settle on their banners, 
 they fought with a courage which won the admiration and sur- 
 prise of their enemies : everywhere they used the bayonet with 
 terrible effect. Entering into the war two strong battalions, they 
 were soon reduced to a single company. Again swelled up to seven 
 regiments, they were again thinned by their losses to a single regi- 
 ment, and before the campaign had well passed they were once 
 more promptly recruited to four full battalions of more than two 
 thousand men. There is something strangely affecting in the lan- 
 guage of the Maryland Council of Safety on announcing to our 
 delegate in Congress that the State quota of troops had been 
 raised, when we recall the heroic devotion and the sad fate of the 
 noble youths who filled their ranks : " We shall have near four 
 thousand men with you in a short time. This exceeds our propor- 
 tion for the flying camp ; but we are sending all that we have that 
 
214 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 /> 
 
 can be armed and equipped ; and the people of New York, for 
 whom we have great affection, can have no more than our all." 
 Maryland was the first to nominate George Washington as Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the American forces, and she ever sustained 
 him with a devotion unsurpassed even by the State of his birth. 
 
 The richest wealth of any people is the fame of their great 
 men. All other evidences of their existence may pass away — 
 this only is immortal. Carthage has long since mouldered into 
 the dust, but the name of her Hannibal still lives and reminds us 
 of what his country once was. Sparta is no more, but the name 
 of her Leonidas preserves the remembrance of her ancient glory. 
 Athens has dwindled to an unimportant village, but the fame of 
 her Solon, her Demosthenes, her Themistocles, and many others 
 •distinguished in letters or in arms, remind her that she was once 
 the freest and most enlightened nation of antiquity. And so with 
 ancient Eome, the names of her Cicero and her Brutus, of her 
 Caesar and her Scipio, hand down to modern times the remem- 
 brance that a city built along the shores of the muddy Tiber, and 
 now too weak to defend herself against the invasion of any petty 
 army of French or Austrians who may choose to take possession, 
 that this feeble city was once the proud mistress of the civilized 
 world. It is the duty of every people to cherish the memory of 
 its great men, whether their distinction has been won by efforts of 
 intellect or by deeds of heroism in arms. The renown of a great 
 statesman, an accomplished scholar, an eloquent orator, or a suc- 
 cessful warrior, forms a portion of the reputation of his country, 
 and every citizen should feel a just pride in endeavoring to per- 
 petuate its remembrance. Full justice has never been done to the 
 memory of the noble heroes whom Maryland contributed to the 
 army of the Eevolution. The first histories of that eventful 
 struggle — prepared at times when the materials for accurate nar- 
 ratives were accessible — were generally the productions of citi- 
 zens of the Northern States. The men of the South, prompt in 
 action, had less taste than their Northern iieighbors for writing 
 accounts of their achievements, and fewer facilities for publishing 
 such histories, even if they had been disposed to write them. The 
 result was that the historians of the North, without meaning to 
 do injustice to the patriot warriors of the South, gave especial 
 prominence to the achievements of those who belonged to their 
 own section. While enlarging with a just pride upon the gallant 
 deeds of their own ancestors and neighbors, they passed over in 
 comparative silence those performed by the soldiery from other 
 sections of the confederacy. Thus every school-boy in Maryland 
 for the last fifty years has been taught to admire the heroism of a. 
 Montgomery, a Greene, a Gates, a Putnam, a Sullivan, and a 
 Wayne, while the equally glorious services of the patriot soldiers 
 of his own State, of a Smallwood, a Gist, a Howard, a Smith, and 
 a Williams, have scarcely been heard of, or communicated as if 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 215 
 
 they were of a character which made them comparatively unim- 
 portant. It is fall time that this injustice should be repaired. 
 There was a Smallwood, than whom a more gallant officer was not 
 to be found in the whole American army. He served throughout 
 the war, and led the Maryland columns in many a victorious 
 charge. Directly after the close of the contest, the Legislature of 
 his State testified their admiration of his services by thrice elect- 
 ing him her Chief Executive. He now sleeps under the sod of his 
 native county, near the waters of the Potomac, with not even a 
 stone to mark the spot where the remains of a hero are laid. 
 There was a Willi-ams, who began his career at the first dawn of the 
 Bevolution as a lieutenant in a rifle company raised in Frederick, 
 and marched around Boston. He came out of the war a brigadier- 
 general, and no soldier ever won promotion by more arduous, 
 patriotic and gallant achievements. There were many others 
 from other parts of the State whose names are worthy of our re- 
 membrance and admiration ; of these we have not space to give 
 them in a work of this kind. But there were men, not less dis- 
 tinguished than any of those alluded to, who stood during the war 
 among the columns of the American army as the immediate repre- 
 sentatives of the patriotism and bravery of the town of Baltimore. 
 And the names of such men should not be forgotten, nor their ser- 
 vices fail to be remembered. In December, 1774, a convention 
 of delegates from all parts of Maryland assembled at Annapolis, 
 and recommended to their fellow-citizens to prepare for the con- 
 test which they foresaw was soon to be commenced. A few weeks 
 afterwards, in response to the call, a band of patriots assembled 
 within the limits of Baltimore, and organized as the " Baltimore 
 Independent Company." It was the first Revolutionary corps orga- 
 nized in Maryland, and a young man, little over thirty years of age, 
 a native of Baltimore, was chosen its Captain. That young man 
 was Mordecai Gist. Three months afterwards news arrived that 
 the war had actually begun, and that blood had already been shed 
 at Lexington and at Concord. On the 27th of August, 1776, Gen- 
 eral Howe's army of British and Hessians, thirty thousand strong, 
 were on Long Island advancing to attack the city of New York. 
 Gen. Washington was there, determined to defend it ; but the 
 forces under his command were but little more than half as nu- 
 merous as those of the invaders. A large portion of the American 
 army under Putnam were stationed around Brookljm, to resist the 
 enemy and prevent his nearer approach to New York. Far in ad- 
 vance of the main body of Putnam's army was stationed its right 
 wing under Stirling, placed there to defend the widest and most 
 practicable of the three routes to Brooklyn. In this wing is found 
 a battalion of Marylanders. At dawn of day the dense columns 
 of the British forces advance upon the American lines. After sus- 
 taining for a time the attack of superior numbers, the left wing of 
 the Americans is forced to retreat, and soon the centre, under Sul- 
 
216 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 livan, also gives way. "Driven out from the woods upon the open 
 plain in groups of fifty or sixty men, and in full view of the troops 
 which garrisoned the forts, the flying Americans were met by 
 squadrons of British dragoons, followed by columns of infantry, 
 which completely blocked their line of retreat. Hurled back again 
 upon the Hessian line by the dragoon charges which smote and 
 crushed them, without discipline, or officers who could restore it, 
 exposed to equal lines of fire in front and rear, many of these de- 
 tached squads attempted to surrender, flinging down their arms, 
 or reversing them, to indicate submission ; but they were inclosed 
 by an infuriated enemy, indifferent to these tokens of surrender, 
 and were inhumanly cut to pieces." The British advance and oc- 
 cupy the grounds between the American right wing and their en- 
 trenchments at Brooklyn. And there stands Stirling's little di- 
 vision, almost completely surrounded by an enemy more than five 
 times its numbers. The only chance of escape is to ford a broad 
 and dangerous creek before considered impassable. In a valuable 
 woi'k published by the Long Island Historical Society, called the 
 *' Battle of Long Island," the following appears : 
 
 " Fired with a common emulation of slaughter, Hessian and 
 British troops were now pressing forward to inclose Stirling's di- 
 vision between them and Grant, in the same fatal embrace which 
 had crushed the life out of Sullivan's corps. The right wing of the 
 enemy, commanded by Lord Cornwallis in person, was hastening 
 forward to occupy the junction of the Porte and Growanus roads. 
 Cornwallis had proceeded as far as the Cartelyon House, which is 
 beyond a doubt the dwelling sometimes spoken of as a 'stone' and 
 sometimes as a ' brick ' house, of both of which materials it is con- 
 structed. This house Cornwallis proceeded at once to occupy as a 
 redoubt. It thus became apparent to Lord Stirling that his posi- 
 tion was no longer defensible. What an appalling change from the 
 confidence and elation of an hour before ! The gigantic extent and 
 the consummate skill of the British combination was aj^parent to 
 the General at a glance. The noble soul of the generous soldier at 
 once impelled him to the great sacrifice which, at such an hour, is 
 ftll that is left for a defeated commander. The onset of the victo- 
 rious foe must be checked while his retreating columns toiled 
 through the salt marshes and across the deep tide-water creek in 
 their rear. To the heroic mind of Stirling there was no necessity 
 for reflection upon the decision. In such minds instinct is a safer 
 guide than is the maturest judgment in others. The decision is a 
 species of inspiration. Fortunately for his purpose, the noblest in- 
 struments for his design were at hand. The Maryland regiment, 
 now commanded by Major Gist, some portions of which had, from 
 the peculiar formation of Stirling's line, fought on the right wing, 
 although part of the left, was still nearly intact, and was burning 
 with j)atriotism and the desire for distinction. This body of young 
 menj sons of the best families of Catholic Maryland, had been emu- 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 217 
 
 lous of the praise of being the best drilled and disciplined of the 
 Revolutionary forces ; and their high spirit, their courage, their 
 self-devotion, as well as the discipline of which they were proud, 
 were now to be proved in the fierce furnace of battle. Flinging 
 himself at the head of these brave lads, who on that day for the 
 first time saw the flash of an enemy's guns, Stirling determined to 
 stem the advance of the foe. The little band, now hardly number- 
 ing four hundred men, prepared for an assault upon five times their 
 number, of the best troops of the invading army, who were inflamed 
 with all the arrogance of successful combat. Forming, hurriedly, on 
 ground in the vicinity of Fifth avenue and Tenth street, the light 
 column advanced along the Gowanus road into the jaws of battle, 
 with unwavering front. Artillery 'ploughed the fast-thinning 
 ranks with the awful bolts of war, infantry poured its volleys of 
 musket-balls in almost solid sheets of lead upon them, and from 
 the adjacent hills the deadly Hessian Yagers sent swift messengers 
 of death into many a manly form. Still, above the roar of cannon, 
 musketry and rifles, was heard the shout of their brave leaders, 
 'Close up! Close up!' and again the staggering yet unflinching 
 files, grown fearfully thin, drew together, and turned their stern 
 young faces to their country's foe. At the head of this devoted 
 band marched their General, to whom even victory had now be- 
 come less important than an honorable death which might pur- 
 chase the safe retreat of his army. Amid all the terrible carnage 
 of the hour there was no hurry, no confusion, only a grim despair, 
 which their coura.ire and self-devotion dignified into martyrdom. 
 The advanced bodies of the enemy were driven back upon the 
 Cartelyon House, now become a formidable redoubt, from the 
 windows of which the leaden hail thinned the patriot ranks as 
 they approached. Lord Cornwallis hurriedly brought two guns into 
 position near one corner of the house, and added their canister and 
 grape to the tempest of death. At last the little column halted, 
 powerless to advance in the face of this murderous fire, yet disdain- 
 ing to retreat with the disgrace of a flight. Again and again these 
 self-devoted heroes closed their ranks over the bodies of their dead 
 comrades, and still turned their faces to the foe. But the limit of 
 human endurance had for the time been reached, and the shattered 
 column was driven back. Their task was not, however, yet fully 
 performed. As Stirling looked across the salt meadows, away to 
 the scene of his late struggle at Bluckie's Barracks, and saw the 
 confused masses of his countrymen crowding the narrow causeway 
 over Freeke's mill-pond, or struggling through the muddy tide- 
 stream, he felt how precious to their country's liberty were the 
 lives of his retreating soldiers," and again nerved himself for a combat 
 which he knew could only prove a sacrifice. Once more he called 
 upon the survivors of the previous dreadful assault, and again the 
 noble young men gathered around their General. How sadly he 
 must have looked upon them, scarcely more than boys, so young, 
 
218 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 80 brave, and to meet again the pitiless iron hail I The impetus 
 and spirit of this charge carried the battalion over every obstacle, 
 quite to the house. The gunners were driven from their battery, and 
 Cornwallis seemed about to abandon the position ; but the galling 
 fire from the- interior of the house and from the adjacent high 
 ground, with the overwhelming numbers of the enemy who were 
 now approaching, again compelled a retreat. Three times more 
 the survivors rallied, flinging themselves upon the constantly 
 reinforced ranks of the enemy ; but the combat, so long and so un- 
 equally sustained, was now hastening to its close. A few minutes 
 more of this destroying fire, and two hundred and fifty-six of the 
 noble youth of Maryland were either prisoners in the hands of the 
 enemy, or lay side by side In that awful mass of dead and dying. 
 The sacrifice had been accomplished, and the flying army had been 
 saved from complete destruction. Amid the- carnage Stirling was 
 left almost alone, and scorning to yield himself to a British subject, 
 he sought the Hessian General De Heister, and only to him would 
 he surrender his sword. On the conical hill, within the American 
 lines, stood the Commander-in-Chief, G-en. Washington ; and, as he 
 witnessed the assault, the repulse and the massacre, he exclaimed 
 in agony of heart, ' Great God ! what must my brave boys suff'er 
 to-day.' From the eminence on which he stood, the termination of 
 the last struggle of the brave Marylanders was plainly and pain- 
 fully visible to him. On the shore of Gowanus Bay sleep the re- 
 mains of this noble band. . . . Eebel tongues have chanted the refrain 
 of ' Maryland, my Maryland ; ' but they cannot rob the nation of 
 the sad sweet thought : ' She is Maryland, our Maryland. Her dead 
 on the field of battle are our dead, her fame and her glory are 
 our pride and our rejoicing. We weep over her fallen in the cause 
 of liberty, and we do not cease to honor them because of their 
 kinsmen who would have robbed her of her fame by allying her to 
 the coalition of liber ticides. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.'' 
 In a letter written Sept. 1st, 1776, the writer says : " The 
 Maryland battalion lost two hundred and fifty-nine men, amongst 
 whom twelve were officers : Capts. Yeasy and Bowie, Lieuts. But- 
 ler, Sterrit, Dent, Coursey, Morse, Prawl, Ensigns Corts and Fer- 
 nandis. Who are killed and who prisoners is yet uncertain." From 
 the Brooklyn Union of Jan. 17th, 1867, we take the following: 
 " This is the old stone house which stands on the south-east corner 
 of Third street and Fifth avenue, (Prospect Park) which was at 
 the time of the battle a British redoubt, and marks the spot where 
 Stirling and his heroic band of Marylanders made the stand which 
 saved the remnant of the American army flying across the Gow- 
 anus marshes, though it cost the lives of nearly all. Here is a 
 place with a kind of Thermopylae glory hovering about it. We 
 shall be negligent of our duty if in some way it is not preserved 
 to the people. We hope that the Commissioners will also be 
 authorised to raise a plain but suitable monument to the noble 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 219 
 
 band of Southerners who there laid down their lives in support of our 
 common liberties." It was the first time that the American Con- 
 tinentals had dared to meet in the fierce encounter of bayonets 
 the regulars of Great Britain, and it was Mordecai Gist who first 
 taught his countrymen that they were equal to the sustainment of 
 such a conflict. Shortly afterwards Gist was made a Colonel, and 
 in 1779 a Brigadier-General. At Germantown he was in the 
 thickest of the fight ; and on the disastrous field of Camden it 
 was Gist who stood side by side with the noble De Kalb, and held 
 the enemy in check long after Gates with the rest of the American 
 forces had retreated from the field. Lee, in his memoirs of the 
 campaigns of the South, says : " Eawdon could not bring the 
 brigade of Gist to recede ; bold was the pressure of the foe — firm 
 as a rock the resistance of Gist." Here, as at Brooklyn, Gist's com- 
 mand formed a part of the right wing of the patriot army, and 
 here, as there, he was the last officer to retire from the field, and 
 was able to do so and escape capture only by cutting his way, 
 with a mere handful of devoted followers, through the midst of 
 the enemy's ranks. Had the rest of the army displayed half the 
 same gallantry as the Marylanders, the battle of Camden, instead 
 of a defeat, would have been one of the most glorious victories of 
 the American arms. There fell the brave De Kalb, covered 
 with wounds, and his dying moments were spent in expressing his 
 praise of the noble Maryland regiments, and his admiration of Gist 
 and its other gallant officers. 
 
 Among those officers, standing foremost in every charge upon 
 that bloody field, and among the last to leave it, was another son 
 of Baltimore, and one of whose achievements on many other oc- 
 casions she has just cause to be proud. "We speak of the gallant, 
 the lion-hearted Howard. John Eager Howard was born in Bal- 
 timore County, on the 4th of June, 1752, At twenty-four years 
 of age he joined the American army as a Captain in the regiment 
 of Col. J. Carville Hall, raised from Baltimore and Harford 
 Counties. Soon after we find him in the army of Washington at 
 the battle of White Plains. At the battle of Germantown, in the 
 absence of its Colonel, detained by sickness, the youthful Howard 
 had command of his regiment, and led it again and again into the 
 thickest of the fight. He was with Washington at Monmouth, 
 with Gates at Camden, with Greene at Guilford, Hobkirk's Hill, 
 and Eutaw; and at Cowpens, though not first in command, was the 
 most prominent hero of the day. No American officer during 
 those seven years was more frequently engaged in desperate con- 
 flicts with the enemy, and by none were performed more numerous 
 acts of heroic daring. The distant cannonade was not the kind of 
 warfare pleasing to his ardent temperament ; he delighted to 
 meet the foe in the close encounter of crossed bayonets. At Cam- 
 den, Cowpens, Guilford, and Eutaw, he gave evidences of his un- 
 equalled skill in the use of that dangerous weapon. At Camden, 
 
220 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 after Gates had fled from the field, Howard at the head of his regi- 
 ment charged upon the ranks of the enemy, drove them before 
 him with his keen bayonets, and was near retrieving the fortunes 
 of the day. At Cowpens, cheering on his men, he rushed like a 
 thunderbolt upon the British infantry while advancing as if to 
 certain victory. The shock was terrible — the foe were unable to 
 stand before it. Tarleton's best troops recoiled — fled — and Howard 
 stood master of the field. He had charged without orders; and as 
 he stood with the swords of seven British officers in his hands, 
 whom he had just taken prisoners, Morgan rode up to him and 
 said : " You have done well, for you are successful ; had you failed, 
 I would have shot you." After this victory at Cowpens, G-en. 
 Greene gave orders that the Maryland Line should use the bayonet 
 in every battle. At Guilford these orders were nobly executed, 
 and Howard, with his Maryland bayonets, again drove before him 
 the choicest veterans" of the British army. At Eutaw, when a 
 large portion of his army began to waver and fall back, Greene 
 ordered the Marylanders and Yii*ginian8 to reserve their fire and 
 charge with the bayonet. That desperate charge, made in the 
 face of a close and murderous fire, decided the fortunes of the day. 
 Howard's regiment was received by the " Buffs," a choice Irish 
 corps ; and here was witnessed the fiercest encounter of that hard- 
 fought field. Eanks mingled together ; bayonets were crossed ; 
 and for a time there was between these two brave bands the 
 most bloody hand-to-hand struggle. But the " Buffs " were at last 
 forced to give way. General Greene rode up and complimented 
 Howard's regiment and its commander in the warmest terms. In 
 his dispatches, giving an account of the battle, Greene said: 
 " Nothing could exceed the gallantry of the Maryland Line. Cols. 
 Williams and Howard, and all the officers, exhibited acts of uncom- 
 mon bravery, and the free use of the bayonet, by this and some 
 other corps, gave us the victory." After the close of the Eevolu- 
 tion, the State of Maryland testified her appreciation of Col. How- 
 ard's gallant services by thrice electing him her Governor, and after- 
 wards twice sending him to represent her in the Senate of the 
 United States. General "Washington invited him to a seat in his 
 Cabinet as Secretary of War, which high honor he magnani- 
 mously declined. During the war of 1812, Howard was still living. 
 When the British army, flushed with their easy victory at Bladens- 
 burg, were threatening an attack upon Baltimore, some of the more 
 timid of its inhabitants proposed to purchase the safety of their 
 property from impending destruction by an inglorious capitulation. 
 Howard answered the proposition indignantly, with a response 
 worthy of his own character and of lasting remembrance : " I 
 have," said he, " as much property at stake as most persons, and I 
 have four sons in the field ; but sooner would I see my sons welter- 
 ing in their blood, and my property reduced to ashes, than so far 
 disgrace the country." 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE . 221 
 
 There was another of Baltimore's representatives in the armies 
 of the Eevolution, whose name should not be forgotten. Though 
 not born on her soil, he had lived there from his earliest boyhood. 
 Directly after the first news of the conflict at Lexington, the Com- 
 mittee of Safety of Baltimore, headed by its chairman, Mr. Pur- 
 viance, took the bold resolution of forthwith arresting the British 
 Governor of Maryland (Eden) then at Annapolis. They looked 
 around for some daring spirit willing to execute their perilous 
 command, and found the agent whom they sought in the person 
 of Samuel Smith, then commander of one of the newly raised patriot 
 companies. Capt. Smith, then a youth of twenty-two, proceeded 
 at oncre to the execution of the orders of the committee. But these 
 orders were disapproved by the general committee of the State, 
 and Capt. Smith was ordered to return to Baltimore. This gallant 
 youth, soon after promoted to a colonelcy, won unfading laurels by 
 his noble defence of Fort Mifflin, or the Mud Fort, ou the Schuyl- 
 kill, through a seven weeks' siege, against the powerful land and 
 naval forces of the British, seeking to open the communication 
 between Philadelphia and the Atlantic. He endured with Wash- 
 ington's army the privation's of the winter's camp at Valley 
 Forge, and his undaunted courage was displayed on the fields 
 of Brandy wine and Monmouth. After the adoption of the Federal 
 Constitution he was frequently elected to represent his district in 
 the National Congress ; and, for the almost unexampled period of 
 twenty-three years, filled with great distinction the exalted position 
 of Senator of the United States from Maryland. In 1814, when the 
 land and naval forces of Great Britain made their attack upon 
 Baltimore, General Smith was the commanding officer charged 
 with the responsible duty of its defence ; and it was owing chiefly 
 to the prudence and firmness displayed by him on that occasion 
 that the invaders were repulsed, and the fair Monumental City 
 saved from the same fate which had just before befallen the 
 national capital. 
 
 These patriot heroes are now no more. Gist and Howard, Wil- 
 liams and Smith, and the other gallant leaders of the old Maryland 
 Line, have all gone, one by one, to their final resting-place. But 
 the work which they aided to accomplish still survives. American 
 liberty, achieved by their valor and consecrated by their blood, 
 still blesses their native land — the richest patrimony which they 
 could bequeath to their descendants ! 
 
 John Jacob Astor, born in Germany, in the village of Waldorf, 
 near Heidelberg, July 17th, 1763, died in New York, March 29th, 
 1848. At the age of 20 years, in 1783, a few months after the re- 
 cognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, 
 he sailed for Baltimore, taking with him a few hundred dollars' 
 worth of musical instruments to dispose of on commission. The 
 vessel had reached Chesapeake Bay when a storm threatened ship- 
 wreck. Astor surprised the passengers by appearing on deck 
 
222 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 arrayed in his best suit, but gave a satisfactory answer to their 
 inquiries. " If," said he, " I save my life, it shall be in my best 
 clothes ; if I perish, it is no matter what becomes of them." On 
 the voyage he made acquaintance with a shrewd and communica- 
 tive furrier, in accordance with whose suggestions he removed to 
 New York, where he exchanged his musical instruments for furs, 
 with which he immediately hastened back to London, where he dis- 
 posed of them to great advantage. At his death his fortune was 
 the largest ever accumulated in America: estimated at not less 
 than $20,000,000. He gave many liberal donations during his life- 
 time, and his will contained numerous charitable provisions. The 
 .crown of his beneficence is, however, the Astor Library in the City 
 of New York, to which he bequeathed $400,000 for its establish- 
 ment. # 
 
 We will now (so far as facts will enable us) present some 
 memorials of the habits and state of society as they existed in 
 former years, and chiefly such as they were when everything par- 
 took of colonial submission and simplicity, when we had not learnt 
 to aspire to great things. To this end we shall here show the 
 state of the past " glimmering through the dream of things that 
 were." 
 
 It is said of the primitive state of society, prior to the Eevolu- 
 '^ion, that great encouragement and ready pay were given to all 
 conditions of tradesmen and workingmen. None need stand idle. 
 /Lawyers' and physicians' services were little required, as all were 
 peaceable and healthy. Women's wages were peculiarly high, for 
 two reasons : the sex were not numerous, which tended to make 
 ^^'them in demand, and therefore to raise the price of their labor. 
 Besides, as these generally married by the time they were twenty 
 years of age, they sought to procure a maid-servant for themselves 
 in turn. Old maids were not to be met with, neither jealousy of 
 husbands. The children were generally well favored and beautiful 
 to behold, and without the least blemish. Numerous traditionary 
 accounts attest the fact that there was always among the early 
 settlers a frank and generous hospitality. Their entertainments 
 were devoid of glare and show, but always abundant and good. 
 v^The old people all testify that the young of their youth were much 
 more reserved and held much more restraint in the presence of 
 their elders and parents than now. Bashfulness and modesty in 
 the young were then regarded as virtues, and the present freedom 
 before the aged was not then countenanced. Young lovers then 
 listened gravely, and took side-long glances when before their 
 parents or elders. It was the custom in early days for the young 
 part of the family, and especially of the female part, to dress up 
 neatly towards the close of the day and sit in the street porch. 
 It was customary to go from porch to porch in neighborhoods and 
 sit and converse. Young gentlemen in passing used to affect to 
 say that, while they admired the charms of the fair who were thus 
 
CHROKICLES OF BALTIMORE. 223 
 
 occupied, they found it a severe ordeal, as they thought they 
 might become the subject of remark. This, however, was a mere 
 banter. Those days were really very agreeable and sociable. To 
 be so easily gratified with a sight of the whole city population 
 must have been peculiarly grateful to every travelling stranger. 
 This custom still prevails during the periods of our hot summer 
 seasons, when the whole population is out of doors in the evening, 
 a sight which always excites the attention of strangers from the 
 North. It was customary for persons to live on the same spot 
 where they pursued their business, a convenience and benefit now">/ 
 BO generally departed from by the general clasg of traders. Then 
 wives and daughters very often served in the stores of their 
 parents, and the retail dry-goods business was mostly in the hands 
 of widows or maiden ladies. In early days, if a citizen failed in 
 business it was a cause of general and deep regret. Every man 
 who met his neighbor spoke of his chagrin. It was a rare occur- 
 rence, because honesty and temperance in trade were then univer- 
 sal ; and none embarked then without a previous means adapted to 
 their business. Dinners and suppers went the round of every 
 social circle at Christmas, and they who partook of the former 
 were also expected to remain for the supper. Afternoon visits 
 were made, not at night, as now, but at so early an hour as to per- 
 mit matrons to go home and see their children put to bed. Wo 
 have often heard aged citizens say that decent citizens had a uni- ^__^ 
 versal speaking acquaintance with each other, and everybody -v/M 
 promptly recognized a stranger in the streets. The tradesmen ^^ ' 
 before the Kevolution (we mention this fact with all good feeling) 
 were an entirely different generation of men from the present. 
 They did not then, as now, present the appearance in dress of gen-^^^ 
 tlemen. Between them and what were deemed the hereditary ^^ 
 gentlemen there was a marked difference. " The gentry think 
 scorn of leather aprons," said Shakspeare. In truth, the aristocracy 
 of the gentlemen then was noticed if not felt. In that day the 
 tradesmen and their families had far less pride than now. While 
 at their work, or in going abroad on week days, all such as fol- 
 lowed rough trades, such as carpenters, masons, coopers, black- 
 smiths, &c., universally wore a leathern apron before them, and 
 covering all their vest. Dingy buckskin breeches, once yellow, 
 and check shirts and a red flannel jacket were the common wear of 
 most workingmen ; and all men and boys from the country were 
 seen in the streets in leather breeches and aprons, and would have 
 been deemed out of character without them. In those days, 
 tailors, shoemakers, and hatters waited on customers to take theirj 
 measures, and afterwards called with garments to fit them on be- 
 fore finished. In the olden time all the hired women wore short 
 gowns and linsey-woolsey or worsted petticoats. Some are still 
 alive who used to call master and mistress, who will no longer do 
 it. Before the Kevolution no hired man or woman wore any shoes 
 
224 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 SO fine as calf-skin j that kind was the exclusive propertj^ of the 
 Vgentry ; the servants wore coarse neat's leather. The calf-skin 
 shoe then had a white band of sheep-skin stitched into the top 
 edge of the sole, which they preserved white as a dress-shoe as 
 long as possible. 
 X Men and women then hired by the year — men got £16 to £20, 
 
 ^'and a servant woman £8 to £10. Out of that it was their custom 
 to lay up money, to buy before their marriage a bed and bedding, 
 silver tea-spoons, and a spinning-wheel, &c. It was usual in the 
 Gazettes of 1760 to 1780, to announce marriages in words like these, 
 to wit : " Miss Jane Low, or Miss Sarah Stevens' a most agreeable 
 lady with a large, 'or handsome fortune," or if a widow, " Mrs. 
 Galloway, a widow gentlewoman of great worth and merit." 
 The wedding entertainments of olden time were very expensive 
 and harassing to the wedded. The house of the parents would be 
 filled with company to dine ; the same company would stay to tea 
 and supper. For two days punch was dealt out in profusion. The 
 gentlemen saw the groom on the first floor, and then ascended to 
 the second floor, where they saw the bride ; there every gentle- 
 man, even to one hundred in a day, kissed her. 
 
 A distinguished writer says : *• It may surprise some of the pres- 
 ent generation to learn that some of those aged persons whom they 
 may now meet, have teeth which were originally in the heads of 
 others. I have seen a printed advertisement of the year 1784, 
 wherein Doctor Le Mayeur, dentist, proposes to the citizens of 
 Philadelphia, to transplant teeth, stating therein, that he has 
 successfully transplanted 123 teeth in the preceding six months. 
 At the same time he offers two guineas for every tooth whieh may 
 be ofl*ered to him by persons disposed to sell their front teeth, or 
 any of them. This was quite a novelty in Philadelphia ; the . 
 present care of the teeth was ill understood then. He had, how- 
 ever, great success in Philadelphia, and went ofl" with a great deal 
 of our patricians' money. Several respectable ladies had them 
 implanted. I remember some curious anecdotes of some cases. 
 One of the 'Mischianza' belles had such teeth. They were, in 
 some cases, two months before they could eat with them. One 
 lady told me she knew of sixteen cases of such perse ns among 
 her acquaintance." Tooth-brushes were not even known, and the 
 genteelest then were content to rub the teeth with a chalked rag or 
 with snuff. Some even deemed it an effeminacy in men to be seen 
 cleaning the teeth at all. 
 
 Of articles and rules of diet, so far as they differed from ours in 
 the earliest time, we may mention coffee as a beverage was used 
 but rarely ; chocolate for morning and evening, or thickened milk 
 for children. Cookery in general was plainer than now. In the 
 country morning and evening repasts were generally made of milk, 
 having boiled therein, or else thickened with, pop-robins — things 
 made up of flour and eggs into a batter, and so dropped in with 
 the boiling milk. 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 225 
 
 It will much help our just conceptions of our forefathers and 
 their good dames to know what were their personal appearances. 
 Men wore three-square or cocked hats, and wigs, coats with large 
 cuffs, big skirts lined and stiffened with buckram. None ever saw 
 a crown higher than the head. The coat of a beau had three or 
 four large plaits in the skirts, wadding almost like a coverlet to 
 keep them smooth, cuffs very large up to the elbows, open below 
 and inclined down, with lead therein ; the capes were thin and 
 low, so as readily to expose the close-plaited neck-stock of fine 
 linen cambric and the large silver stock-buckle on the back of the 
 neck ; shirts with hand ruffles, sleeves finely plaited, breeches 
 closely fitted, with silver, stone, or paste gem buckles ; shoes or 
 pumps with silver buckles of various sizes and patterns, thread, 
 worsted and silk stockings. The poorer class wore sheep or buck- 
 skin breeches close set to the limbs. Gold and silver sleeve-but- 
 tons set with stones or paste of various colors and kinds, adorned 
 the wrists of the shirts of all classes. The very boys often wore 
 wigs, and their dresses in general were similar to that of the men. 
 The women wore caps (a bare head was never seen), stiff stays, 
 hoops from six inches to two feet on each side, so that a full- 
 dressed lady entered a door like a crab, pointing their obtruding 
 flanks end foremost ; high-heeled shoes of black stuff, with silk 
 or thread stockings, and in the miry time of winter they wore 
 clogs, galoshes, or pattens. The days of stiff coats, sometimes 
 wire-framed, and of large hoops, were also stiff and formal in man- 
 ners at set balls and assemblages. The dances of that day among 
 the politer class were minuets, and sometimes country dances ; 
 among the lower order hipsesam was everything. 
 
 As soon as the wigs were abandoned and the natural hair was 
 cherished, it became the mode to dress it by plaiting it, by queuing 
 and clubbing, or by wearing it in a black silk sack or bag adorned 
 with a large black rose. In time the powder, with which wigs 
 and the natural hair had been severally adorned, was run into dis- 
 repute by the then strange innovation of " Brutus heads ; " not 
 only then discharging the long-cherished powder and perfume, and 
 tortured frizzle-work, but also literally becoming " Eound Heads," 
 by cropping off all the pendant graces of ties, bobs, clubs, queues, 
 &c. At one time young men of the highest fashion wore swords; 
 so frequent, it was, as to excite no surprise when seen. They 
 wore also gold-laced cocked hats, and similar lace on their scarlet 
 vests. Their coat-skirts were stiffened with wire or buckram, and 
 lapped each other at the lower end in walking. In that day no 
 man wore drawers, but their breeches (so called unreservedly) 
 were lined in winter, and were tightly fitted. Yery few then 
 could get coats to set in at the back. Laced ruffles depending over 
 the hand were a mark of indispensable gentility. The coat and 
 breeches were generally desirable of the same material, of " broad- 
 cloth " for winter, and of silk' camlet for summer. No kind of 
 15 
 
226 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 cotton fabrics were then in use or known ; hose were, therefore, 
 of thread or silk in summer, and of fine worsted in winter ; shoes 
 were square-toed, and were often " double channelled." To these 
 succeeded sharp toes as peaked as possible. When wigs were 
 universally worn, gray wigs were powdered, and for that purpose 
 sent in a wooden box frequently to the barber to be dressed on his 
 block-head ; but " brown wigs," so called, were exempted from 
 the white disguise. Coats of red cloth, even by boys, were con- 
 siderably worn, and plush breeches and plush vests of various 
 colors, shining and slipping, were in common use. Everlasting, made 
 of worsted, was a fabric of great use for breeches and sometimes 
 for vests. The vest had great depending pocket-flaps, and the 
 breeches were very short above the stride, because the art of sus- 
 pending them by suspenders was unknown. It was then the boast 
 of a well-formed man that he could by his natural form readily 
 keep his breeches above his hips, and his stockings without gart- 
 ering above the calf of the leg. With the queues belonged frizzled 
 side-locks, and toupes formed of the natural hair, or, in defect of a 
 long tie, a splice was added to it. Such was the general passion 
 for the longest possible whip of hair, that sailors and boatmen, to 
 make it grow, used to tie theirs in eel-skins to aid its growth. 
 Nothing like surtouts were known, but they had coating or cloth 
 great-coats, or blue cloth and brown camlet cloaks, with green 
 baize lining to the latter. In the time of the Eevolution, many of 
 the American officers introduced the use of Dutch blankets for 
 great-coats. The sailors in the olden time used to wear hats of 
 glazed leather or of woollen thrumps, called chapeaux, closely woven 
 and looking like a rough-knap ; and their " small clothes," as we 
 would say now, were immense wide petticoat-breeches, wide open 
 at the knees, and no longer. At one time our workingmen in the 
 country wore the same, having no falling flaps, but slits in front ; 
 they were so full and free in girth that they ordinarily changed 
 the rear to the front when the seat became prematurely worn out. 
 In sailors and common people, big silver brooches in the bosom 
 were displayed, and long quartered shoes with extreme big buckles 
 on the extreme front. Gentlemen in the olden time used to wear 
 mufflers in winter ; it was in effect a little woollen muff of various 
 colors, just big enough to admit both hands, and long enough ta 
 screen the wrists, which were then more exposed than now ; for 
 they then wore short sleeves to their coats, purposely to display 
 their fine linen and plaited shirt-sleeves with their gold buttons, 
 and sometimes laced ruffles. The sleeve cuffs were very wide, and 
 hung down depressed with leads in them. It was not uncommon 
 to see aged persons with large silver buttons to their coats and 
 vests — it was a mark of wealth. Some had the initials of their 
 names engraved on each button. Sometimes they were made out 
 of real quarter dollars, with the coinage impression still retained ; 
 these were used for the coats, and the eleven-penny bits for 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 227 
 
 vests and breeches. Others often used conch-shell buttons, silver 
 mounted. 
 
 When the ladies first began to lay off their cumbrous hoops 
 they supplied their place with successive succedaneums, such as 
 these, to wit: First came bishops, a thing stuffed or padded with 
 horse-hair ; then succeeded a smaller affair under the name of cue 
 de Paris, also padded with horse-hair. Next they supplied their 
 place with cut cork, and with silk or calimanco, or russell thickly 
 quilted and inlaid with wool, made into petticoats; then these 
 were supplanted by a substitute of half a dozen petticoats. Then 
 we had the " skimmer-hat," made of a fabric which shone like 
 silver tinsel ; also the " horse-hair bonnets," the " musk-melon," 
 the " calash bonnet," " wagon bonnet," and the " straw bee-hive 
 bonnet."" The ladies once wore " hollow-breasted stays " ; then 
 came the " straight stays." At one time the gowns worn had no 
 fronts. The design was to display a finely quilted Marseilles, silk, 
 or satin petticoat, and a bare stomacher on the waist. In other 
 dresses a white apron was the mode ; all wore large pockets under 
 their gowns. As a universal fact, it may be remarked that no other 
 color than black was ever made for ladies' bonnets when formed ©f 
 silk or satin. Fancy colors were unknown, and white bonnets of 
 silk fabric had never been seen. The first innovation was the. 
 bringing in of blue bonnets. 
 
 It was very common for children and workingwomen to wear- 
 beads made of Job's tears, a berry of a shrub. The use of lace- 
 veils to ladies' faces is but a modern fashion, since 1800. In olden 
 times none wore a veil but as a mark and badge of mourning, and 
 then as now, of crape in preference to lace. It was no unusual 
 thing for ladies to attend balls, parties, &c., in full dress on horse- 
 back. Ancient ladies in early life wore blue, red and green stock- 
 ings of very striking appearance. Until the period of the Eevo- 
 lution every person who wore a fur hat had it always of entire 
 beaver. Every apprentice at receiving his " freedom " received a 
 real beaver, at a cost of six dollars ; their every-day hats were of 
 wool, and called felts. 
 
 In the old time shagreen-cased watches of turtle-shell and 
 pinchbeck were the earliest kind seen ; but watches of any kind 
 were much more rare than now. It was so rare to find watches 
 in common use that it was quite an annoyance at the watch- 
 maker's to be so repeatedly called on by street passengers for the 
 hour of the day. Gold chains would have been a wonder then ; 
 silver and steel chains and seals were the mode, and regarded good 
 enough. 
 
 The use of boots has come in since the War of Independence ; 
 they were first with black tops after the military, strapped up in 
 union with the knee-bands; afterwards bright tops were intro- 
 duced. Ladies shoes were then made mostly of white or russet 
 rands, stitched very fine on the rand with white waxed thread; 
 
228 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE 
 
 and all having wooden heels, called crosscut, common and court 
 heels ; next came in the use of cork, plug, and wedge, or spring 
 heels. The sole-leather was all worked with the flesh side out. 
 The materials for the uppers were of common woollen cloth, or 
 coarse curried leather, afterwards of stuffs, such as cassimere, 
 everlasting, shalloon, and russet; some of satin and damask, 
 others of satin lasting and florentine. All elderly gentlemen had 
 gold-headed canes ; it was their mark of distinction. 
 
 Before the war of Independence, marble mantels and folding 
 doors were not known, neither were sofas, carpets, side-boards, or 
 girandoles. A white floor sprinkled with clean white sand, large 
 tables and heavy high-back chairs of solid walnut, or mahogany, 
 decorated a parlor sufficiently enough for anybody. Sometimes a 
 carpet, not, however, covering the whole floor, was seen upon the 
 dining-room. There was a show-parlor up stairs, not used but 
 upon gala occasions, and then not to dine in. Pewter plates and 
 dishes were in general use. China on dinner-table was a great 
 rarity, in fact from the old documents prior to 1700 we find no 
 mention of China dishes at all. Plate, more or less, w^as seen in 
 most families of easy circumstances, not indeed in all the various 
 shapes that have since been invented, but in massive silver waiters, 
 bowls, tankards, cans, &c. Class-tumblers were scarcely seen. 
 Punch, the most common beverage, was drunk by the company 
 from one large bowl of silver, pewter, or china, and beer from a 
 tankard of silver. When china was first introduced among us in 
 the form of tea-sets, it was quite a business lo take in broken 
 china to mend. It was done by cement in most cases; but gene- 
 rally the larger articles, like punch bowls, w^ere done with silver 
 rivets or wire. 
 
 The use of stoves was not known in primitive times, neither in 
 families nor in churches. Prior to 1800 there was not over half a 
 dozen four-wheeled carriages kept in the city. Even the character 
 sof the steeds used and preferred for riding and carriages has un- 
 dergone the change of fashion too. In old time the horses most 
 valued were pacers, now so odious deemed ! To this end, the 
 breed was propagated with care, and pace races were held in 
 preference. Formerly, livery stables and hacks (things of modern 
 introduction) were not in use. Those who kept horses and 
 vehicles were much restricted to those only whose establishments 
 einbraced their own stables. The few who kept their horses with- 
 out such appendages placed them at the taverns. They who de- 
 pended upon hire were accustomed to procure them of such per- 
 sons as had frequent use for a. horse to labor in their business, 
 who, to diminish their expense, occasionally hired them in the 
 circle of their acquaintance. 
 
 The conveniences of pumps were rarely seen for many years in 
 the primitive city ; even wells for the use of families were gen- 
 erally public and in the streets. In early days of the city almost 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 229 
 
 all the houses of good condition were provided with balconies, now 
 80 rare to be seen, one of which still remains in Bank lane, between 
 St. Paul and Calvert streets. Before the invention of " ten plate 
 stoves " and the like, the more prudent or feeble women carried 
 with them to church in winter seasons "foot-stoves," on which 
 to place their feet to keep them warm. They were a small square 
 box of wood or tin, perforated with holes, in which was placed a 
 small vessel containing coals. 
 
 The present generation is scarcely aware of how little their 
 forefathers knew of many vegetables, fruits, and flowers which 
 are now seen to be so abundant. These have been success- 
 fully increased among us by the many gardeners, florists, &c. 
 Tomatoes, ochra, and artichokes were first encouraged by the 
 French emigrants, and had but very slow favor from ourselves. 
 Afterwards came in cauliflowers, head salad, egg plants, oyster 
 plants, cantelopes, mercer and foxite potatoes, rhubarb, sweet corn, 
 &c. The seed of the cantelope was brought to this country from 
 Tripoli, and distributed by Com. James Barron. Formerly we had 
 only a few fox and other grapes ; we have since several foreign 
 varieties, and have discovered and propagated among ourselves 
 the Elsinboro, Catawba and Isabella. Once we had only one sort 
 of small strawberries, and now we have many kinds and large. We 
 had only the small blue plum, and now we have them and gages 
 of great size. We have now greater varieties of pears, peaches, 
 apricots, and apples. The peaches were wholly unmolested by the 
 worms. Our former garden flowers and shrubberies were confined 
 to lilacs, roses, snow balls, lilies, pinks and some tulips. Jerusalem 
 cherries was a plant once most admired, aud now scarcely seen. 
 Now, we have greatly increased our garden embellishments, by 
 such new things as altheas, seringas, cocoras, geraniums, verbenas, 
 and numerous new varieties of roses, including champigneas and 
 cluster roses, with many nevv beauties in the class of tulips and 
 other bulbous roots. In olden time, the small flower-bed stood 
 " solitary and alone " in most family gardens, and sun flowers, 
 and gay and rank hollihocks, and other annual productions, were 
 the chief articles for a greater display. Morning glories and the 
 gourd vino were the annual dependence for cases of required 
 shade. 
 
 The dancing assembly among the gentry had high vogue after 
 the Eevolution. The subscription was £3 15s. ; admitting no 
 ■gentleman under 21 years, nor lady under 18 years. The supper 
 consisted of tea, chocolate and rusk. Everything was conducted 
 by rule of six married managers, who distributed places by lot, 
 dnd partners were engaged for the evening, leaving nothing to 
 the success of forwardness or favoritism, (jrentlemen always drank 
 tea with the parents of the ladies who were their partners, the day 
 after the assembly — a sure means of producing a more lasting ac- 
 quaintance, if mutually desirable. It is worthy of remark, now 
 
230 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 that we have such elegaut devices in the form of visiting and ad- 
 mission cards, that nearly all the cards of those early days were 
 written or printed upon common playijig cards ; this from the cir- 
 cumstance that blank cards were not then in the country, and none 
 but playing cards were imported for sale. We have, at least, a 
 dozen in our possession which are very curious. One of these is an 
 invitation from a leading gentleman of that day requesting Miss 
 Cox's company, written on the back of the queen of hearts — no 
 doubt a proper compliment to a charming belle of the past. 
 Another is an invitation of the "Juvenile Amicable Society" to the 
 same young lady, printed on the back of the deuce of diamonds, 
 requesting her company " at a ball to be held at six o'clock P. M., 
 at the room formerly occupied by the Sociable Society, in Lovely 
 lane," signed by E. Towson and T. Fisher, managers, and dated 
 March 22, 1793. Miss Cox, November 22, 1792, received an invi- 
 tion " to Mr. Curlej^'s ball, at 6 P. M.," printed on the back of the 
 four of spades. The " honor of Miss Cox's company " is also re- 
 quested in red letter printing and border on the back of the six 
 of diamonds, date not specified. On the" 30th of April, 1794, Miss 
 Cox is invited to Mr. Mansell's ball by J. Nichols, J. Scott, J. Whit- 
 tington, J. Binggold, printed in black on the nine of hearts. One 
 invitation of the Baltimore Dancing -Assembly, November, 1797, is 
 printed on plain card-board, from which it appears that Miss Cox's 
 company " is requested for the season at Mr. Bryden's Fountain 
 Inn," signed by M. Pringle, C. Kidgely of H., W. Yan Wyck, E. 
 Kruson, Jr., S. Walker, J. Carruthers, J. Sterett and J. S. Buchanan, 
 managers. It was one of the features of the times that guests 
 often rode to balls in full dress on horseback. A favorite place of 
 assembly was in the hall then opposite to and controlled by the 
 Fountain Inn, on Light street, next door to the old Light Street 
 Methodist church, both of which have been swept away. It was 
 not unfrequent that the gay people of the world and the austere 
 men and women of religion held assemblies on the same evening 
 next door to each other, the singing of praise and the growl of the 
 bass viol intermingling in curious discord. Two other prominent 
 assembly rooms were on Lovely lane, which, since the late South- 
 ern war, have been obliterated by German street. Lovely lane 
 was the site of many of the fine residences of Baltimore in the 
 village days. 
 
 Mr. Eddis, in his letters written before the Eevolution from An- 
 napolis to London, says : " Besides our regular assemblies, every 
 mark of attention is paid to the patron saint of each parent do- 
 minion ; and St. G-eorge, St. Andrew, St. Patrick, and St. David, 
 are celebrated with every partial mark of national attachment. 
 General invitations are given, and the appearance is always nu- 
 merous and splendid. The Americans on this part of the continent 
 have likewise a saint, whose history, like those of the above vener- 
 able characters, is lost in sable uncertainty. The first of May is, 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 231 
 
 however, set apart to the memory of Saint Tamina, on which oc- 
 casion the natives wear a piece of a buck's tail in their hats, or in 
 some conspicuous situation. During the course of the evening, and 
 generally in the midst of a dance, the company are interrupted by 
 the sudden intrusion of a number of persons habited like Indians, 
 who rush violently into the room, singing the war-song, giving the 
 whoop, and dancing in the style of those people ; after which cere- 
 mony a collection is made, and they retire well satisfied with their 
 reception and entertainment." 
 
 In a pleasant colloquial lecture, entitled " Baltimore Long 
 Ago," delivered a few years since, Mr. John P. Kennedy reverts to 
 the aspect and social traits of his native city, in the days of his 
 youth, with much zest and humor : 
 
 " It was a treat to see this little Baltimore town just at the ter- 
 mination of the War of Independence," he writes, " so conceited, 
 bustling and debonair, growing up like a saucy chubby boy, with 
 his dumpling cheeks and short grinning face, fat and mischievous, 
 and bursting incontinently out of his clothes in spite of all the 
 allowance of tucks and broad salvages. Market street had shot, 
 like a Nuremberg snake out of its toy box, as far as Congress Hall, 
 with its line of low-browed, hip-roofed wooden houses in disor- 
 derly array, standing forward and back, after the manner of a reg- 
 iment of militia with many an interval between the files. Some 
 of these structures were painted blue and white, and some yellow ; 
 and here and there sprang up a more magnificent mansion of brick, 
 with windows like a multiplication table and great wastes of wall 
 between the stories, with occasional court-yards before them ; and 
 reverential locust trees, under whose shade bevies of truant school- 
 boys, ragged little negroes and grotesque chimney-sweeps, * shied 
 coppers ' and disported themselves at marbles. 
 
 " In the days I speak of, Baltimore was fast emerging from its 
 village state into a thriving commercial town. Lots were not yet 
 sold by the foot, except perhaps in the denser marts of business ; 
 rather by the acre. It was in the rus-in-urbe category. That fury 
 for levelling had not yet possessed the souls of City Councils. We~-^ 
 had our seven hills then, which have been rounded off since ; and 
 that locality which is now described as lying between the two 
 parallels of North Charles street and Calvert street, presented a 
 steep and barren hill-side, broken by rugged cliffs and deep ravines, 
 washed out by the storms of winter into chasms which were 
 threaded by paths of toilsome and difficult ascent. On the summit 
 of one of these cliffs stood the old church of St. Paul's, some fifty 
 paces or more to the eastward of the present church, and sur- 
 rounded by a brick wall that bounded on the present lines of Charles 
 and Lexington streets. This old building, ample and stately, 
 looked abroad over half the town. It had a belfry tower detached 
 from the main structure, and keeping watch over a grave-yard full 
 of tomb-stones, remarkable to the observation of the boys and 
 
232 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 girls, who were drawn to it by the irresistible charm of a popular 
 belief that it was ' haunted,' and by the quantity of cherubim 
 that seemed to be continually crying about the death's-heads and 
 cross-bones at the doleful and comical epitaphs below them — 
 images long since vanished, without a trace left ; devoured by the 
 voracious genius of brick and mortar. The rain-washed ravines 
 from this height supplied an amusement to the boys which seemed 
 to have been the origin of a sport that has now descended to their 
 grandchildren in an improved and more practical form. These 
 same hills are now cut down into streets of rapid descent, which 
 in winter, when clothed in ice and snow, are filled with troops of 
 noisy sledders, who shoot with the speed of arrows down the 
 slippery declivity. In my time the same pranks were enacted on 
 the sandy plains of the cliff, without the machinery of the sled, 
 but on the protected breeching of corduroy; much to the discon- 
 tent of mothers who had to repair the ravage, and not always 
 without the practice of fathers upon the same breeching by way 
 of putting a stop to this expensive diversion. After all, give me 
 the antiques ! Perhaps it is in the vanity of mine age that I speak 
 it ; but in sober seriousness, the belles of the days of the old court- 
 house, and the court-house days themselves, have had more spice 
 than all the rest besides. Those glorious days when Old Francis 
 played Harlequin and bounded after Columbine through hogsheads 
 of fire, and when the cobbler lived in his little shop, like the tub 
 of Diogenes, on the brow of the precipice which overhung the 
 Falls. 
 
 " This was a famous building, this old court-house, which to 
 my first cognizance suggested the idea of a house perched upon a 
 great stool. It was a large dingy square structure of brick, ele- 
 vated upon a massive basement of stone, which was perforated by 
 a broad arch. The buttresses on either side of the arch supplied 
 space for a stairway that led to the Hall of Justice above, and 
 straddled over a pillory, whipping-post, and stocks which were 
 sheltered under the arch, as symbols of the power that was at 
 work up stairs. This magisterial edifice stood precisely where 
 the Battle Monument now stands on Calvert street. It has a 
 notable history, that old court-house. When it was first built it 
 overlooked the town from the summit of the hill some fifty feet 
 or more above the level of the present street, and stood upon a cliff 
 which, northward, was washed at the base by Jones Falls — in that 
 primitive day a pretty rural stream that meandered through 
 meadows garnished with shrubbery and filled with browsing cattle, 
 making a pleasant landscape from the court-house windows. The 
 new court-house arose, a model of architectural magnificence to 
 the eye of that admiring generation, only second to the national 
 Capitol, and the old one was carted away as the rubbish of a past 
 age. Calvert street struggled onward to the granite hills. People 
 wonder to hear that Jones Falls ever rippled over a bed now laden 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 233 
 
 with rows of comfortable dwellings, and that cows once browsed 
 upon a meadow that now produces steam-engines, soap and candles, 
 and lager beer." 
 
 The following extracts from the reminiscent discourse of Mr. 
 Kennedy bring clearly to our minds the life and manners of that 
 day, and the changes which the author lived to witness and record : 
 " As communities grow in density and aggregation, the individu- 
 ality of men diminishes. People attend to their own concerns and 
 look less to their neighbors. Society breaks into sets, cliques, and. 
 circles, and these supersede individuals. In the old time, society 
 had its leaders, its models and dictators. There is always the 
 great man of the village — seldom such a thing in the city. It was 
 the fashion then to accord reverence and authority to age. That 
 is all gone now. Young America has rather a small opinion of its^^ 
 elders, and does not patronize fathers and'mothers. It knows too 
 much to be advised, and gets by intuition what a more modest 
 generation found it hard enough to get by experience. If we could 
 trace this notion through all its lodgments, we should find that this 
 want of reverence and contempt of obedience is the deepest root 
 of this mad rebellion. Baltimore had passed out of the village 
 phase, but it had not got out of the village peculiarities. It had 
 its heroes and its fine old gentlemen, and its accomplished lawyers, 
 divines and physicians, and its liberal, public-spirited merchants. ^^ 
 Alas ! more then than now. The people all knew them and treated 
 them with amiable deference. How sadly we have retrograded 
 in these perfections ever since! Society had a more aristocratic 
 air than now — not because the educated and wealthy assumed 
 more, but because the community itself had a better appreciation 
 of personal worth, and voluntarily gave it the healthful privilege ofv^ 
 taking the lead in the direction of manners and in the conducting 
 of public afiairs. This was, perhaps, the lingering characteristic of 
 colonial life, which the Eevolution had not effaced, — the, as yet, 
 unextinguished traditional sentiment of a still older time, of which 
 all traces have been obliterated by the defective discipline of suc- 
 ceeding generations. 
 
 " I have a long score of pleasant recollections of the friend- 
 ships, the popular renowns, the household charms, the bonhomie^ 
 the free confidences and the personal accomplishments of the day. 
 My memory yet lingers with affectionate delay in the wake of past 
 notabilities, male and female, who have finished their voyage, and 
 long ago, I trust, found a safe mooring in that happy haven where 
 we fondly expect to find them again when we ourselves shall have 
 furled our sails and secured an anchorage on that blessed shore. 
 In the train of these goodly groups came the gallants who upheld 
 the chivalry of the age — cavaliers of the old school, full of starch 
 and powder: most of them the iron gentlemen of the Eevolution, 
 with leather faces — old campaigners renowned for long stories ; not 
 long enough from the camp to lose their military brusquerie and 
 
234 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 dare-devil swagger ; proper roystering blades, who had not long ago 
 got out of harness and begun to affect the elegancies of civil life. 
 Who but they! — -jolly fellows, fiery and loud, with stern glance of 
 the eye and brisk turn of the head, and swashbuckler strut of 
 defiance, like game-cocks, all in three-cornered cocked-hats and 
 powdered hair and cues, and light-colored coats with narrow capes 
 and marvellous long backs, with the pockets on each hip, and small- 
 clothes that hardly reached the knee, with striped stockings with 
 great buckles in their shoes, and their long steel watch-chains that 
 hung conceitedly half-way to the knee, with seals in the shape of a 
 sounding-board to a pulpit; and they walked with such a stir, 
 striking their canes so hard upon the pavement as to make the 
 little town ring again. I defy all modern coxcombry to produce 
 anything equal to it — there was such a relish of peace about it, 
 and particularly when one of these weather-beaten gallants ac- 
 costed a lady in the street with a bow that required a whole side 
 pavement to make it in, with the scrape of his foot, and his cane 
 thrust with a flourish under his left arm till it projected behind, 
 along with his cue, like the palisades of a chevaux-de-frise ; and 
 nothing could be more piquant than the lady as she reciprocated 
 the salutation with a curtsey that seemed to carry her into the 
 earth, with her chin bridled to her breast and such a volume of 
 dignity." 
 
 " This avenue [Market street] was enlivened with apparitions 
 of grave matrons and stirring damsels, moving erect in stately 
 transit like the wooden and paste-board figures of a puppet-show 
 — our present grandmothers, arrayed in gorgeous brocade and 
 taffeta, luxuriantly displayed over hoops, with comely boddices, 
 laced around that ancient of armor the stay, disclosing most 
 perilous waists, and with sleeves that clung to the arm as far as 
 the elbow, where they took a graceful leave in ruffles that stood off 
 like the feathers of a bantam. And such faces as they bore along 
 with them ! so rosy, so spirited and sharp ! with the hair all drawn 
 back over a cushion, until it lifted the eyebrows, giving an amaz- 
 ingly fierce and supercilous tone to the countenance, and falling in 
 cataracts upon the shoulders. Then they stepped away with such 
 a mincing gait, in shoes of many colors, with formidable points to 
 the toes, and high tottering heels fancifully cut in wood; their 
 tower-built hats garnished with tall feathers that waved aristo- 
 cratically backward at each step, as if they took a pride in the slow 
 paces of the wearer. 
 
 " It was a comfort itself to see a good housewifely matron of 
 that merry time trudging through town, in bad weather, wrapped 
 in her great roquelaire, with both arms thrust into a muff, and a 
 huge tippet wound about her neck in as many folds as the serpent 
 of Laocoon, with her beaver hat flapped down over her ears, and 
 her feet bound in pattens that lifted her some inches above all im- 
 pediments of ice and rain, clanking on the pavement with the foot- 
 fiall of the ' Bleeding Nun.' 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 235 
 
 " Even the seasons were on a scale of grandeur unknown to our 
 day. There were none of your soft Italian skies and puny affec- 
 tation of April in December. But winter strutted in like a peremp- 
 tory swaggerer into a bar-room, that knew his rights and kept 
 possession in good earnest, flinging his snowy cloak upon the 
 ground to lie there until he chose to take it up and continue his 
 journey. And the nights seemed to be made on purpose for 
 frolics — they were so bright and brisk — while the mad-cap spirits 
 of the time, crowded in sleighs, sped like laughing phantoms 
 through every highway, echoing back the halloes of groups of boys 
 and vacant apprentices who shouted from the corners as they 
 passed amid volleys of snow-balls, and the horse-bells jangling out 
 the music of revelry from many a distant quarter, told of the uni- 
 versal thoughtlessness and mirth that maj'ked the career of the 
 old-fashioned winter." 
 
 1 784.^ The winter of 1783-4 proved exceedingly severe ; the bay 
 waVclosed by ice almost to the mouth of it, and the harbor, which 
 closed the 2d of January, was not clear to admit vessels until the 
 25th of March — nor then, but with much labor in cutting passages — 
 which was sixteen days later than in 1780. At both periods much 
 injury was sustained by the shipping in the bay and on the coast, 
 and considerable sums were collected to relieve the poor. It was 
 stated that the winter had been very moderate in Nova Scotia, 
 while at New Orleans the river Mississippi was fast closed with 
 ice, which had not been known there before. During the year, the 
 Roman Catholic congregation having much increased, the Rev. Mr. 
 Charles Sewall settled in Baltimore, and a considerable addition 
 was made to their church on Saratoga street. 
 
 William Murphy, a bookseller, succeeded in establishing a cir- 
 culating library on the south side of Baltimore street, one door 
 east of Calvert, which was soon after purchased and continued by 
 Mr. Hugh Barkley. 
 
 Peter Carnes, Esq., exhibited the novel spectacle of raising a 
 balloon from Howard's Park. 
 
 Up to this period, the old and single market-house at the corner 
 of Gay and Baltimore streets had sufficed for Baltimore, but now 
 the inhabitants of Old Town and Fell's Point, those on Howard's 
 Hill, and those in the centre of the settlements, began to dispute 
 about the site for enlarged accommodations for the traffic in pro- 
 visions. It was soon seen that one market would no longer satisfy 
 the three widely-separated classes of population, and it was there- 
 fore wisely resolved that each should be accommodated. In early 
 times it had been intended to get rid of " the marsh " on Mr. Har- 
 rison's property at the junction of Harrison and Baltimore streets, 
 by thoroughly excavating it so as to form a dock connecting with 
 the Basin, and extending the whole distance thence to our prin- 
 cipal street. This scheme was now abandoned, and the executors 
 of Mr. Harrison offering to appropriate the space in Harrison 
 
236 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 street, the inhabitants of the neighborhood subscribed money to 
 erect a market-house on the site of our present Maryland Insti- 
 tute. It was accordingly resolved to build one market-house in 
 Hanover street, one at Fell's Point, and the chief and largest of the 
 three on Harrison street upon the bed of the old swamp. These 
 improvements were undertaken and completed at once. A great 
 benefaction was conferred upon the town by the draining of the 
 marsh, which was successfully accomplished. A large force of ma- 
 sons and carpenters was employed to raise the building, and lo ! 
 where the bulrush and the water-lily grew, and the wild fowl fed, 
 and the ortolan and rail flocked amongst reeds, a grand structure 
 arose and loomed upon the sight of admiring citizens. A vast 
 roof, supported on brick pillars, spread out its broad shelter over a 
 pavement of brick ; and behold, a new architectural glory ! Full 
 many a good-living, pi*t)vident townsman, fond of creature com- 
 forts, and skilful to discern their qualities, has, since that day, re- 
 plenished his basket and store with the choicest of this world's 
 dainties at the stalls of the Marsh market; officially this is known 
 as the Centre market, but the draining of the swamp lingered so 
 strongly upon the memory of the last generation, and so struck its 
 fancy, that they were not willing to give up a name which so sig- 
 nificantly suggested its origin. The three market-houses yet sur- 
 vive, enlarged and improved, to contribute to the comfort of the 
 city, and to remind us of the thrift and foresight of our ancestors. 
 
 A new survey was now ordered to be made of the town, and 
 the inhabitants began to discuss the necessity of a charter. 
 
 Messrs. Garts and Leypold erected a sugar refinery on Peace 
 alley, the east side of Hanover street, between Conway and Cam- 
 den streets ; and John Frederick Amelung arrived with a number 
 of glass manufacturers from Germany, and erected an extensive 
 factory on the Monocacy, and in 1799 was established by his son 
 on the south side of the basin. 
 
 We have heretofore mentioned that young Barney was the 
 first individual to unfurl the banner of the Union in his native 
 State, in October, 1775; it is a remarkable coincidence that he 
 was also the last officer to quit its service, in July, 1784, having 
 been for many months before the only officer retained by the 
 United States. His native city, Baltimore, was the scene of both 
 incidents. 
 
 Mr. James Eumsey, of Cecil county, procured the exclusive 
 privilege of this State for making and vending boats to be propelled 
 with or against currents by steam, then lately invented. During 
 this year a man navigated a large canoe from the Susquehanna into 
 the basin, by turning a crank with a water-wheel on each side, 
 which mechanism, as then applied, is like the construction of our 
 present steamboats. Five years after Mr. Cruse erected a steam 
 mill near Pratt street wharf, but the experiment failed. 
 
 The Marquis de la Fayette visiting General Washington, was 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 237 
 
 entertained in Baltimore by a public dinner on the first of Sep- 
 tember, and received and answered the following congratulatory ad- 
 dress from the citizens ; at which time the Legislature declared 
 the Marquis and his heirs male forever citizens of Maryland : 
 
 ^^Sir: — While the citizens of Baltimore embrace the present 
 occasion of expressing their pleasure in again seeing you among 
 them, they feel the liveliest emotions of gratitude for the many 
 services you have rendered their country. They can never forget 
 the early period in which you engaged in our cause, when our dis- 
 tressed and precarious situation would have deterred a less noble 
 and resolute mind from so hazardous an enterprise : nor the per- 
 severance and fortitude with which you shared the fatigues and 
 sufferings of a patriotic army. They especially shall never cease 
 to remember that the safety of their town is owing to those 
 superior military virtues which you so conspicuously displayed 
 against a formidable enemy during your important command in 
 Virginia. But your love for this country has not terminated 
 with the war. You have laid us under fresh obligations by your 
 successful representations, to free trade from those shackles that 
 abridge mutual intercourse. To that profound veneration and 
 gratitude which we entertain for the singular interposition of your 
 nation and its illustrious monarch, we have only to add our sincere 
 wishes that you may long enjoy that glory which you, in particu- 
 lar, have so justly merited. 
 
 " In the name and behalf of the citizens of Baltimore, we have 
 the honor to be, with sentiments of the greatest respect, Sir, your 
 most obedient servants, 
 
 "John Smith, 
 " Samuel Purviance, 
 "James Calhoun, 
 "Tench Tilghman, 
 "Nicholas Eogers." 
 The General's answer: 
 
 " Gentlemen : — Your affectionate welcome makes me feel doubly 
 happy in this visit, and I heartily enjoy the flourishing situation 
 in which I find the town of Baltimore. Amidst the trying times 
 which you so kindly mention, permit me with a grateful heart to 
 remember, not only your personal exertions as a volunteer troop, 
 your spirited preparations against a threatening attack, lut also a 
 former period when, by your generous support, an important part 
 of the army under my command was forwarded — that army to 
 whose perseverance and bravery, not to any merit of mine, you are 
 merely indebted. Attending to American concerns, gentlemen, it 
 is to me a piece of duty as well as a gratification to my feelings. 
 In the enfranchisement of four ports and their peculiar situation, 
 it \vas pleasing to France to think a new convenience is thereby 
 offered to a commercial intercourse, which every recollection must 
 
238 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 render pleasing, and which from its own nature and a mutual good- 
 will, cannot fail to prove highly advantageous and extensive. 
 Your friendly wishes to me, gentlemen, are sincerely returned, 
 and I shall ever rejoice in every public and private advantage that 
 may attend the citizens of Baltimore. 
 
 " With every sentiment of an affectionate regard, I have the 
 honor to be, gentlemen, your obedient humble servant, 
 
 "La Fayette." 
 
 During the year it was found necessary to secure the ground 
 in front of the First Presbyterian Church, on the corner of l!^orth 
 and Fayette streets, with a brick wall. It was at first sloped and 
 graded, and enclosed with a wood, paling, and then the brick wall 
 was erected, and the steps and paved walks were made. 
 
 A company was incorporated to cut a canal from the basin at 
 Charles street to the cove in Eidgely's Addition, and which could 
 have been then effected, as was then supposed, by the brick-makers 
 of the vicinity, free from expense to the public, if not opposed by 
 some of the proprietors of the ground through which the canal 
 would pass. 
 
 In November the General Assembly passed an Act for the estab- 
 lishment and regulation of a night watch, and the erection of lamps 
 in Baltimore town. 
 
 1785. John O'Donnell, Esq., arrived from Canton in the ship 
 Pallas, on the 9th of August, with a full cargo of China goods, be- 
 ing the first direct importation from thence into this port, the value 
 of which he realised here. Mr. O'Donnell gave the name of Can- 
 ton to that section of Baltimore still called so from its Chinese 
 rival. 
 
 Eegular packets to and from Norfolk, Ya., were established by 
 Capt. Joseph White, and others of this place, during this year. 
 
 Mr. Harrison's wharf before spoken of, was extended each side 
 of South street, by Daniel Bowley, one of his executors, and it 
 thence became known by the name of Bowley's wharf. Messrs. 
 Purviance, McLure, Thomas, and Samuel Hollingsworth, William 
 Smith, and Jesse Hollingsworth's wharves, and the private wharves 
 generally, with Cheapside, were extended, and piles, with the ma- 
 chine for driving them, were introduced by the builders of wharves. 
 
 During this year, steps were taken by the First Presbyterian 
 Church for procuring the burial-ground on the corner of Greene 
 and Fayette streets. 
 
 Eichard Eidgely, Esq., who had moved from Anne Arundel 
 County, and been some time a member of the Baltimore bar, was 
 appointed one of the delegates of this State in Congress. 
 
 Col, Howard, and George Lux, Esq., presented the commis- 
 sioners a lot of ground on the west side of the town, for the inter- 
 ment of strangers, which is sanctioned by Act of Assembly. 
 
 No companies were yet chartered for insuring vessels and pro- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 239 
 
 perty at sea, but policies prepared by Hercules Courtenay were 
 subscribed by merchants and other individuals, to very large 
 amounts. Similar insurances were effected afterwards on policies 
 prepared by Capt. Keeports. 
 
 Capt. Philip Graybell was elected sheriff for the ensuing year, 
 by a poll for the town and county of 984 votes, after a severe con- 
 test with Henry Stevenson, who had 859 votes, and Capt. Edward 
 Oldham 837, and several other candidates ; but no opposition was 
 made to the return of the sitting members of the Assembly. 
 
 The general meetings of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, 
 in Maryland continued to be held at West Kiver and Treadhaven 
 until the 4th of the 6th month, 1785, when, in accordance with a 
 minute of adjournment of the previous yearly meeting at Third- 
 haven, as it was now called, it was for the first time held at Balti- 
 more Town. It had now become strictly an annual or yearly 
 meeting, and was held the next year, 1786, at Thirdhaven ; in 
 1787 again at Baltimore Town ; in 1788 at Thirdhaven ; and in 
 the 6th month, 1789, for the third time at Baltimore Town, and 
 from that period has continued to be held in this city, the 
 autumn being chosen for the time, instead of early summer 
 as heretofore. The present meeting-house, at the corner of Ais- 
 quith and Fayette streets, was built in 1780, and the particular 
 meeting moved thereto in January, 1781, from an older house 
 which stood on the site of the Quaker burying-ground on the 
 Harford turnpike, a short distance beyond the present city limits. 
 The older meeting was called " Patapsco," and the lot of ground 
 it occupied was given by Joseph Taylor. This meeting is first 
 mentioned in the old manuscripts in 1703 ; but it was then prob- 
 ably held at a private house. Mr. John Giles, the first of the family 
 of that name, who have since occupied a prominent position in 
 the State of Maryland, settled near the present site of Baltimore 
 about 1700, and at his house the Quakers held their meetings. 
 His son, Jacob Giles, erected a large brick dwelling about three 
 miles from Havre de Grace, which is still standing, and in its octa- 
 gon hall the Friends of Harford County held their meetings for 
 many years. 'No vestige of the building known as Patapsco Meet- 
 ing now remains ; but the ground is still used as a cemetery by 
 both of the sections into which the Society is now divided. Aged 
 persons recollect the earliest yearly meetmgs in this city, when 
 the throngs attending were so great that a large tent was erected 
 for their accommodation on the then green lots south of the present 
 site of the Second Presbyterian Church, at the corner of East 
 Baltimore and Lloyd streets. The Quaker meeting-house on the 
 south side of Lombard street, between Howard and Eutaw streets, 
 was erected in 1805, and the one at the northwest intersection of 
 Saratoga and Courtland streets was erected in 1830. 
 
 1 7^. At the extreme northern end of Calvert street, one sees 
 at this date, 1873, on a bank elevated some twenty feet or more 
 
240 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 above the level of the street, a spacious and venerable mansion. 
 It consists of a stately pile in the centre two stories in height, 
 with a colonnade or portico in the rear, connecting wdth a wing on 
 either hand, these wings themselves as large as many of the modern 
 dwelling-houses. This.noble residence at once arrests the eye, stand- 
 ing as it does at cross angles with the lines of the adjacent streets ; it 
 further interests the visitor as a building which dates back to Revo- 
 lutionary days, erected as it was by Colonel John Eager Howard, 
 one of the famous officers of the " old Maryland Line." Shorn of 
 its former wide domain, it still seems to bid defiance to the enclos- 
 ing city, from which it was once remote, although it is evident 
 that its destruction is only a question of time. Some prosaic city 
 surveyor will at length condemn it, for the line of Calvert street 
 passes directly through the site of the house ; and some ruthless 
 commissioner of paving will drive his carts and set his curb-stones 
 beneath the spot on which the mansion stands. Bounded by the 
 square formed by North, Chase, and Eager streets, and on the 
 north by an alley; with some few lordly forest-trees still remain- 
 ing like guardians of the past, is all that yet belongs to the once 
 princely estate of " Belvedere." 
 
 When Col. Howard, at the successful close of the Revolutionary 
 war, came back to his ancestral seat, laying aside the sword for 
 the peaceful pleasures of the country gentleman, he determined on 
 building a " proper house and home," and accordingly the north 
 wing of the present mansion was erected in 1786. The family re- 
 sided in this and the southern wing for some years, the centre or 
 main house not being completed until 1794. The front of the 
 mansion faced the northwest, the colonnade in the rear looked to 
 the southeast, but in all directions noble vistas of park scenery 
 opened to the view. The vast estate, part of the original " How- 
 ard's Patent," stretched from near the line of Pratt street to South 
 street and Eutaw streets inclusive, thence northerly to the lines 
 of Jones Falls ; and although the growing " Baltimore Town " 
 had greatly encroached on this domain, still at the period when 
 Col. Howard built his house it w^as a country seat, the forest trees 
 covering all the lines of the present North, Mulberry, and Eutaw 
 streets ; while to Jones Falls and far beyond no speculators in cor- 
 ner lots had dreamed of a city. In 1781 the Duke de Lauzan's 
 legion encamped where the Cathedral now stands, and even a num- 
 ber of years later one of the principal gates to Belvedere was on 
 the line of Franklin street, and about where the Maryland Club 
 now stands. Had the Howard family been possessed of the com- 
 mercial spirit of the Rothschilds or the Marquis of Westminster, 
 their estates this day would be worth many millions of dollars, 
 for all the great lines of Eutaw, Howard, Park, Cathedral, Charles, 
 St. Paul's, Calvert and North streets, with the crossing avenues, 
 peopled by the wealthiest men of Baltimore, would produce pro- 
 digious sums in ground rents alone. But in this country at least. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 241 
 
 it is rare that vast landed estates are managed with that skill and 
 foresight which ensure wealth to successive generations. 
 
 Uniting the triumphs of the patriot soldier to princely fortune, 
 Colonel Howard was most happy in his domestic relations. His 
 wife, Margaret Chew, was the daughter of Mr. Benjamin Chew, of 
 Philadelphia, who was of loyalist principles during the Hevolution. 
 She was a lady of much animation of character and of genial man- 
 ners, so that Belvedere was celebrated during her lifetime for the 
 kindly welcome of its hostess to all who had the right of entree. 
 It is an interesting fact, and one by no means generally known, 
 that the most friendly relations existed between her and the cele- 
 brated and unfortunate Major John Andre, Adjutant-General of the 
 British army, and the lamented victim of Arnold's treason. Major 
 Andre visited her father's house on terms of the most cordial inti- 
 macy, and he wrote for her a full account of the " Meschianza," or 
 the celebrated tournament and festival which the British officers in 
 Philadelphia planned and consummated for the amusement of their 
 fair admirers. This description of the revel, entirely in Major 
 Andre's own handwriting, is now in possession of Col. Howard's 
 grandson, Mr. Wm. George Eead of Baltimore. 
 
 Not less hospitable than his wife. Col. Howard took the great- 
 est delight in his friends and in stranger visitors. Very few 
 houses in the country, and certainly none in Maryland, have re- 
 ceived as many distinguished personages as Belvedere. It was 
 long before the days of steamboats and railroads, and hospitality 
 was then part of the religion of wealth. Not only all the best so- 
 ciety of Baltimore itself thronged the halls of the mansion, but all 
 worthy strangers from the North or South, representatives of noted 
 families, were entertained there. The friends and fellow-soldiers of 
 the Eevolution were welcomed ever; there were Generals Williams, 
 Smith, Small wood, Gist, &c., of the old Maryland Line ; Judge Samuel 
 Chase, the bosom friend of Col. Howard ; the illustrious Carroll, 
 destined to be the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence; the Catons, afterward united to British nobles; and all 
 the flower of Maryland. Then there were as stranger sojourners 
 the Middletons, the Pinckneys, the Lowndeses, the Hugers and the 
 Rutledges of the South; the Quincys, the Adamses, the Winthrops 
 and the Otises of the North. La Fayette, on his second visit to 
 America in 1823, was entertained at an elegant dejeuner; and 
 scarce a Senator or Pepresentative of note from the Eastern States, 
 on their periodic visits to Washington, but delighted to visit this 
 chosen seat. The earlier Archbishops of Baltimore, and eminent 
 Protestant clergymen. Bishop Kemp and Dr. Allison, and the bril- 
 liant lights of the Baltimore bar, Pinkney, Harper, Wirt, Winder 
 and Taney, were frequent guests. Indeed nearly every celebrity, 
 whether of local or foreign reputation, found a welcome. The later 
 heroes of the war of 1812 won the cordial friendship of the old 
 victor of Cowpens and Eutaw, and it was not until 1827 that he 
 ceased fopever to dispense his hospitality. 
 16 
 
242 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 His son, the late General Benjamin C. Howard, inherited Bel- 
 vedere, and for a number of years continued the same generous 
 mode of living to which he was born. At length in 1841, the 
 estate passed out of the possession of the family, being purchased 
 by the late John S. McKim. By this time it had become much 
 curtailed: the enclosing city, like an enemy investing a fortress, 
 mined and entrenched and carried by assault outwork after out- 
 work, still drawing his lines continually closer around the doomed 
 citadel, the grand old mansion. Only some twenty years have 
 elapsed since the great forest trees filled what is now Charles 
 street north of Madison street ; and on the very line of Charles 
 street, near the corner of Bead street, the ancient spring-house 
 and dairy of Belvedere were buried intact, when the grade of the 
 modern avenue left them some fifteen feet beneath the surface. 
 
 All the modern glories of "Druid Hill " can never compensate the 
 venerable and middle-aged Baltimoreans for the delights of dear old 
 " Howard's Park." The haunts of our childhood, the sweet lawns and 
 the shaded dingles, the rambles on the hill-sides, the picnics in the 
 dells, the leafy nooks where lovers whispered, and the broad spaces 
 where troops manoeuvred, are known no more forever ; and even the 
 very bounds of the estate can hardly now be recalled to memory. 
 In close proximity to Belvedere was the ruined Chase house, 
 destroyed by fire very many years before, picturing in its de- 
 solation those lines of Eogers : 
 
 " Mark yon old mansion frowning thro' the trees, 
 Whose hollow turret wooes the whistling breeze. 
 The mouldering gateway strews the grass-grown court, 
 Once the calm scene of many a simple sport; 
 When all things pleased, for life itself was new, 
 And the heart promised what the fancy drew." 
 
 Those too were the days of processions and encampments and 
 fourth of July orations, when the speakers really believed in the 
 
 f lories of the Eepublic, and all these things belonged to " Howard's 
 •ark ; " as well as the great political gatherings, including the 
 famous " Jackson Barbecue," when an ox was roasted whole, and 
 even the little truant school-boys were welcome to carve and come 
 again. But now, in closing the sketch of this interesting and 
 historic mansion, which must erelong wholly disappear, it is 
 with a feeling of deep regret that so much of the brilliant life 
 which illumined its salons for half a century had not been 
 chronicled in a complete and worthy manner by the late Gen. 
 Benjamiri C. Howard, as he intended doing; and that except 
 in our imperfect record, the long array of noble names con- 
 nected with Belvedere must fade away. 
 
 After Mr. Harrison's addition to the town in 1747, it became 
 the practice to dispose of lots by leases for long terms, mostly 
 ninety-nine years, renewable for ever. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 243 
 
 The youth of Baltimore intended for the learned professions 
 hitherto were sent abroad, and mostly to schools in Pennsylvania ; 
 but now an academy was established under the patronage of the 
 Kev. Doctors Carroll, West and Allison, on Charles street, where 
 Edward Langworthy taught the classics, and Andrew Ellicott of 
 Joseph, Surveyor of the United States, the mathematics, natural 
 philosophy, &c., which unfortunately was not long continued. 
 
 James McHenry resigned his seat in the Senate early in 1786. 
 He was succeeded by Daniel Bowley, and at the senatorial election 
 afterwards, John Smith was re-elected, with Captain Charles 
 Eidgely, Col. John E. Howard, and Richard Eidgely electors 
 for this county and town ; and in 1788, James Carroll, who had 
 moved here from Annapolis, was chosen to fill a vacancy, and 
 in November, 1789, Daniel Bowley was again chosen to fill another 
 in the Senate. 
 
 Died on Wednesday, February 22d, Richard Moale, in the 46th 
 year of his age. 
 
 Jesse Hollingsworth, Esq., was elected one of the delegates in 
 the place of Mr. Sterrett. 
 
 On the 12th of March, 1786, died at his residence in the county, 
 Andrew Buchanan, many years Presiding Justice of the County 
 Court, General of the militia, and a most meretorious citizen and 
 merchant of Baltimore. William Fell, Esq., son of Edward who 
 laid out the Point, and lately a delegate in the Assembly, also, 
 died. 
 
 Owing to the great impositions which daily arose from the ex- 
 portation and sale of unsound salted provisions, and there not 
 being any regulations for the prevention of such frauds, the 
 General Assembly passed an Act for the inspection of salted pork, 
 beef and fish exported and imported from and to the town of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 According to the Gazette of this year, there were entered in 
 the port of Baltimore 50 ships, 57 brigs, and 160 schooners and 
 sloops ; there were cleared for foreign ports 20 ships, 57 brigs, and 
 150 schooners and sloops. 
 
 On Friday, the 3d of March, a number of the citizens of Balti- 
 more Town assembled at Grant's tavern, and formed a society 
 for the purpose of " encouraging and improving agriculture and 
 other branches of rural economy." Harry Dorsey Gough was ap- 
 pointed president, and Zebulon Hollingsworth secretar}^ After 
 the adoption of a constitution, the following committee was ap- 
 pointed to prepare an address to the public, after which the meet- 
 ing adjourned : Hqn. Daniel Bowley, Hon. Benjamin Nicholson, Col. 
 Nicholas Rogers, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Hon. Richard Ridgely, 
 Harry Dorsey Gough, Samuel Purviance. 
 
 The Association of Tradesmen and Manufacturers in Balti- 
 more Town, from a true patriotic spirit, determined to clothe 
 themselves with home' manufactures. To promote a valuable but 
 
244 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 much neglected manufacture, they ordered a considerable number 
 of buckskin breeches to be made for the use of the Association, 
 " who hope to find American woollen and linen sufficient to clothe 
 their families." 
 
 The following is taken from The Maryland Grazette, of October 
 10th, 1786 : " It would far exceed the limits of our time and paper 
 to give an ample detail of the devastation made by the dreadful 
 swelling of the rivers and runs, by means of the late rains, on 
 Thursday evening last, October 5th, in that part of this town near 
 Jones's Falls, and in the country adjacent. Indeed, there are few 
 pens in any degree capable of giving a just description of so awful 
 a scene, and which so strikingly evidences the power of that great 
 Being who bade the waters flow. At present we can only observe, 
 in general, that this alarming flood, which deluged several streets 
 in the town, hath far exceeded, by its destructive progress, any 
 event of the kind that hath taken place in these parts in the 
 memory of the oldest inhabitant living, and that the damage to 
 this town, in houses, stores, bridges, wharves, merchandise, and 
 other valuable property, and to the country within the compass of 
 25 miles, in mills, mill-dams, bridges, lumber, stock, &c., &c., &c., is 
 estimated, by competent judges, at one hundred thousand pounds, 
 specie, at least. But the loss of the lives of several hapless people, 
 who were hurried into eternity by the resistless force of the mighty 
 waters, is an aff'ecting addition to the calamity. It is much to be 
 lamented that the new German Calvinist Church, an elegant dome, 
 vwhich hath lately arisen to adorn the town, near the spot where 
 Market street bridge lately stood, was amongst the buildings which 
 were materially injured by the recent flood." Among the unfortu- 
 nate persons who perished, we find the names of the following: 
 Mr. Alexander Grant, cooper ; Mr. John Boyce, attorney-at-law ; 
 and Mr. Edward Eyan, butcher. 
 
 Colonel Tench Tilghman took an early and active part in the 
 great contest that secured the independence of the United States 
 of America. He was aide-de-camp to his Excellency General 
 George Washington, commander-in-chief of the American armies, 
 and was honored with his friendship and confidence in an unusual 
 degree. He died after a short illness in this city on the 18th of 
 April, 1786, in the 42d year of his age, and his remains were interred 
 in St. Paul's churchyard. Several of General Washington's 
 correspondents spoke of his death with much warmth of feeling. 
 Eobert Morris said : " You have lost in him a most faithful and 
 valuable friend. He was to me the same. I esteemed him verj' 
 much, and I lament his loss exceedingly." Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Tilghman, whilst aide to Washington, rode express to Philadelphia 
 to cany the dispatches of the chief, announcing the joyful tidings 
 to Congress of the surrender of Cornwallis. It was midnight 
 when he entered the city, October 23d, 1781. Thomas McKean 
 was then president .of the Continental Congress, and resided in 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. . 245 
 
 High street, near Second. Tilghman knocked at his door so vehe- 
 mently that a watchman was disposed to arrest him as a disturber 
 of the peace. Mr. Kean arose, and presently the glad tidings were 
 made known. The watchmen throughout the city proclaimed the 
 hour, adding " and Cornwallis is taken ! " The annunciation ring- 
 ing out upon the frosty night-air, aroused thousands from their 
 beds. Lights were seen moving in almost every house, and soon 
 the streets were thronged with men and women all eager to hear 
 the details. It was a night of great joy in Philadelphia, for the 
 people had anxiously awaited intelligence from Yorktown. The 
 old State House bell rang out its notes of gladness, and the first 
 blush of morning was greeted with the booming of cannon. Con- 
 gress assembled at an early hour,, and the grave orators of that 
 august body could hardly repress their huzzas. Secretary Thomp- 
 son read the letter from Washington announcing the capitulation 
 of Cornwallis. On motion of Edmund Eandolph, Congress re- 
 solved to go in procession at two o'clock the same day, October 
 24th, to the Dutch Lutheran Church, " and return thanks to Al- 
 mighty God for crowning the allied armies of the United States 
 and France with success." 
 
 1787. In this year Messrs. Septimus Noel, Isaac Yanbibber, 
 Robert Henderson, Thomas Johnson, Jeremiah Yellot, James 
 Clarke and Thomas Elliot, were constituted a board to examine 
 and license pilots, with power of renewals, &c., and the rates of 
 pilotage were established. 
 
 The Grand Jury, Stephen "Wilson, Esq., foreman, had re- 
 presented the state of the roads as a public grievance, and 
 that the usual method of repairs was insufficient. The evil 
 had increased, and the Frederick, Eeisterstown and York roads 
 were laid out anew, for which special and permanent taxes 
 were laid and turnpike gates established with rates of toll, 
 towards defraying the expense of the county in making and 
 repairing them. 
 
 It was also in 1787 that Baltimore street was extended west- 
 wardly beyond Col. Howard's addition, and an attempt was made 
 to raise a company to introduce into the town a copious supply 
 of wholesome water by pipes, but was not effected for several 
 years. 
 
 Mr. Asbury and the council of the Methodist Church make 
 some progress in establishing Sunday schools for persons of all 
 descriptions, free of expense. 
 
 To procure the country a greater unanimity in council, the 
 protection of domestic manufactures and security to its revenue 
 and intercourse with foreign nations, a new form of confederacy 
 was happily resorted to, and the Constitution of the present General 
 Government, which was formed in 1787, was signed by James 
 McHenry, Esq., of this city, one of the members of the convention, 
 though opposed by his colleague Mr. Martin. 
 
246 . CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 On the Ist of January, 1787, died John Sterett, late Delegate 
 and formerly Captain of the Independent Company. 
 
 Captain Gr. P. Keeports is appointed Notary Public. Samuel 
 Chase, Esq., having moved from Annapolis, is elected delegate in 
 the place of Mr. Hollingsworth, and Col. Howard appointed mem- 
 ber of Congress. 
 
 On the 3l8t of *I)ecember, Mr. D. Stodder is robbed between 
 town and Point, and after pursuit, five persons were taken and 
 tried, and two, Ponelly and Mooney, were condemned and executed. 
 
 On the 15th of May, an Act was passed by the General Assembly 
 " for the more effectual remedy to extinguish fire in Baltimore 
 Town." By this Act, every householder was obliged to keep two 
 leather buckets hung up near the door of his house, arid the 
 commissioners of the town were authorised to dig wells and erect 
 pumps on the sides of the streets. 
 
 On Saturday, November 24th, was launched at Harris Creek, in 
 this town, by Mr. Stodder, the ship Goliath, of six hundred tons, 
 the property of Abraham Yanbibber, who destined her for the 
 East India trade. 
 
 Mr. Oliver Evans' newly invented steam carriage, elevator and 
 hopper-boy, were patented by "the Assembly, and the two last gener- 
 ally introduced into the mills about Baltimore, although some of 
 the mill-owners claimed originality. 
 
 At a meeting of the committees from the several fire companies 
 in Baltimore Town, viz. : The Mechanical, Mercantile, Union, and 
 Friendship, at the house of Mr. Daniel Grant, on Saturday evening, 
 March 17th, 1787, William Smith, Esq., in the chair, they ''Resolved, 
 That this committee recommend to the inhabitants of this town, 
 that they put lights in their windows in time of fire in the night, 
 not onl}^ near where the fire is, but generally throughout the 
 town, for the convenience of those who are repairing to the fire. Re- 
 solved, That it be recommended to every housekeeper, where one of 
 the family is not enrolled in some fire company, to provide, as soon 
 as possible, two good leather buckets, marked with the owner's 
 name, and that they send them to the place of fire immediately on 
 the alarm being given. Resolved, That each fire company appoint 
 any number of men of their own company, for lane-men, who 
 shall each be distinguished by a white staff eight feet long, whose 
 business it shall- be to form lanes for the purpose of handing the 
 water. Resolved, that each fire company appoint any number of 
 men of their own company, for property-men, who shall each be 
 distinguished by having the crown of his hat painted white, and 
 whose business it shall be to take the charge of property to be re- 
 moved in time of fire. The secretary of each company is desired 
 to transmit to each secretary of other companies, a list of the 
 names of those who shall be appointed to the offices of lane-men 
 and propert3^-men of his company. John Weatherburn, Secretary." 
 About this year a military coraj)any was raised by Captain, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 247 
 
 afterwards Col. Mackenheimer, of the ContiDental army, which 
 company was afterwards commanded for many years by Captain 
 John Schrim. The uniform was light-blue, faced with white. 
 They paraded on the ground now covered by the Front Street 
 Theatre, and when the Western insurrection broke out, they vol- 
 unteered their services in a body, and served through that short 
 campaign, occupying the honorable post, it is said, of Washington's 
 body-guard. They took the name of " The First Baltimore Light 
 Infantry," which name they retained for a great number of j^ears, 
 and occupied the right of the first battalion of the old 5th regi- 
 ment. About the year 1792 several companies were raised. 
 Among these were the Independent Company, Capt. Strieker ; the 
 Mechanical Company, Captain Coulson ; the Baltimore Sana 
 Culottes, Capt. Jas. A. Buchanan ; a Eifle Company, Capt. Jessup ; 
 and some other names not now known. These, when the State 
 militia was organized, constituted the Fifth Eegiment. About the 
 same time another association was formed, which had the name 
 of" The First Baltimore Battalion," under the command of Major, 
 subsequently Col. Lowry. This contained a company of grena- 
 diers, Capt. Hugh Thompson ; two companies of batmen (as they 
 were called) wearing cocked-hats ; and a company of light in- 
 fantry, Capt. Wm. Kobb. This association adopted a beautiful 
 French uniform — blue, faced with red and edged with white, 
 white vest and breeches, black knee-bands, short-laced boots, and 
 white cotton hose. There was associated with them a troop of 
 horse, commanded by Captain Jehu Bowen ; uniform green, faced 
 with red. This body on parade made a splendid appearance, and 
 were drilled twice a week in citizen's dress, on the west side of 
 Harford run, near old Trinity Church — this afterwards became 
 the 27th Eegiment. The first rifle company adopted the dress of 
 Morgan's Eiflemen of the Continental army — hunting shirt, with 
 a profusion of fringe. The second rifle company was raised by 
 Capt. Eeese, father of Mr. John Eeese, who was for many years 
 President of the Firemen's Insurance Company; uniform green 
 faced with yellow. There was also at this time a splendid troop 
 of horse, commanded by Captain Euxton Moore ; uniform blue 
 and buff. In this troop were several gentlemen who had belonged 
 to Pulaski's Legion. The uniform of the Sans Culottes, after- 
 wards called the Independent Blues, was copied from the marine 
 uniform of the frigate Astrea, then lying in our port. It was worn 
 buttoned close to the body, with the cartouche-belt inside. It was 
 the first company that adopted pantaloons, breeches and stockings 
 being then universally worn. 
 
 In the year 1794 the Western insurrection broke out, and a re- 
 quisition for Baltimore troops was made by the Governor, in con- 
 sequence of a report that the insurgents, as they were called, had 
 assembled in considerable numbers near Cumberland, and that their 
 design was to seize the arms belonging to the State, deposited in 
 
248 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 an arsenal near Frederick. The order came on Sunday while the 
 people were at their several places of worship; and Gen. Samuel 
 Smith, who was in the First Presbyterian Church, was called out 
 by an express. 'When the service was over the drums were beat- 
 ing to arms, and the troops were ordered to assemble on the 
 parade-ground near Harford run ; the Governor's letter, was read, 
 and the several companies volunteered on the spot. Those of the 
 Fifth Eegiment were ordered to parade at the court-house on Mon- 
 day morning at nine o'clock, and to furnish themselves with knap- 
 sacks and blankets. They paraded according to order, and took 
 up the line of march under the command of Colonel Strieker ; the 
 Twenty-seventh Eegiment followed on Tuesday morning. Knap- 
 sacks of coarse linen were made on the spur of the occasion (for 
 the troops were not at that time furnished with them), and 
 marked with the members' respective names in ink. 
 
 In the year 1798, on a prospect of a war with France, a con- 
 siderable revival took place among the volunteers ; old companies 
 were filled up and new ones were formed. A meeting of the Sans 
 Culottes was called, the name changed to " The Baltimore Inde- 
 pendent Blues," and a number of new members added. Captain 
 buchanan having been promoted to a major, Lieutenant Eeuben 
 Etting was chosen captain, and Standish Barry lieutenant, and 
 Swallen Barry ensign. Shortly after a band was formed in the 
 company, which made it very popular, and it continued to increase 
 more and more until the attack on the Chesapeake in 1806, when 
 another revival took place, and shortly after it became necessary 
 to form it into two companies. Additional officers were elected, 
 and the company provided themselves w4th painted knapsacks, 
 numbered and lettered. It was in the year 1798, when on his way 
 to Trenton to organize the army, that the troops were reviewed 
 by General "Washington. The line was formed in Market (now 
 Baltimore) street, the l.eft resting on the corner of Light street, 
 and the right near South street. The General, accompanied by 
 Generals Smith and Swann, passed the line on foot. He was not 
 in uniform, but in a plain suit of black, with his hair in a black 
 silk bag with a rosette. The line afterwards passed him while 
 standing on the steps of the Fountain Inn, then kept by Briden. 
 
 178B^ The ship Chesapeake^ of Baltimore, was the first Ameri- 
 can vessel allowed to hoist the colors of the United States in the 
 river Ganges, and to trade there. This was in the fall of 1788. 
 Lord Cornwallis was then Gov.-General of the British possessions in 
 India, and being, at the time of the ship's arrival, at a great dis- 
 tance in the interior, he was applied to by letter, to know in what 
 manner the flag of the new nation of America was to be received. 
 He answered, on the same footing with those of other nations. 
 
 On Saturday, May 17th, Capt. John de Corse was killed in a 
 schooner belonging to him, employed as a packet between this city 
 and Chestertown. Two men, Patrick Cassidy and John Webb, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 249 
 
 were shortly after arrested for the commission of the deed, and 
 were executed. 
 
 The Legislature elected Col. Howard, Governor of the State in 
 November, 1788, and he was re-elected the two succeeding years. 
 
 James McHenry and Doctor John Coulter were elected to the 
 Assembly after a warm contested election, 600 to 500 votes, and 
 Thomas Eutter was elected sheriff. 
 
 On the 6th of July, the lightning killed a woman and two chil- 
 dren between town and Point. 
 
 A criminal court was organized for the county and town, con- 
 sisting of five justices, Samuel Chase beinsj appointed chief justice, 
 John Moale, William Eussell, Otho H. Williams, and Lyde Good- 
 win ; and last of whom were George Salmon, George G. Presbury, 
 Job Smith, and Nicholas Kogers. William Gibson, clerk of the 
 county, was clerk and the sheriff for the time being, and sheriff of 
 this court also. This court appointed the constables, and super- 
 intended the night-watch, &c., &c. 
 
 On the 17th of September, 1787, the delegates from the several 
 States, who had been appointed to meet in convention at Phila- 
 delphia for the purpose of forming a constitution for the United 
 States, completed their work, and sent it forth to their respective 
 constituents for approval or rejection. In the State of Maryland, 
 there was found a powerful party opposed to the adoption of the 
 constitution, and in the election of delegates to a State convention, 
 by whom the important question of concurrence was to be decided, 
 the contest between the Federalists^ or those who were in favor of 
 adopting the constitution, and the Anti-Federalists, or those who 
 were for rejecting it, was carried on with a warmth and violence 
 that threatened to break asunder all social ties and relations. 
 General Washington, writing to Thomas Johnson of Maryland, 
 says : " I have but one public wish remaining. It is, that in peace 
 and retirement, I may see this country rescued from the danger 
 that is pending, and rise into respectability, maugre the intrigues 
 of its public and private enemies." At length the day of election 
 came, and the Federalists were victorious ; a delegate (Mr. Mc- 
 Henry) friendly to the proposed constitution was elected to the 
 convention by a large majority, which was considered a triumph 
 over the enemies of the country. On the 28th of April, 17^, the 
 State convention, after an able and animated debate, which forms 
 a rich and lasting monument of the talents that then adorned and 
 enlightened the councils of Maryland, passed a resolution to adopt 
 the constitution without amendments. In July of the same year, 
 eleven of the States having in the meantime declared in favor of 
 the adoption, the instrument was confirmed and ratified by Con- 
 gress. The people everywhere testified their joy at this happy 
 event by some public demonstration ; in Baltimore, a procession 
 was formed on Philpot's Hill under the direction of Captains Moore 
 and Plunket, in which both parties, forgetting their recent feuds, 
 
250 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 joined in fraternal harmony. The mechanical trades, the liberal 
 professions, all united in the procession, and respectively displayed 
 their appropriate banners. Commodore Barney performed a con- 
 spicuous part on this occasion. He had a small boat fifteen feet in 
 length, completely rigged and perfectly equipped as a ship, which 
 was called the Federalist^ which being mounted upon four wheels 
 and drawn by the same number of horses, took its place in the 
 procession ; he commanded the ship, and was honored with a crew 
 of captains, who at his word and the boatswain's pipe went through 
 all the various manoeuvres of making and taking in sail, to the 
 great delight of the crowded windows, doors, and balconies by 
 which they passed. The ship was immediately followed by all the 
 captains, mates and seamen at that time in the port of Baltimore. 
 It was paraded through all the principal streets of Fell's Point, and 
 the other portions of the city, and f^Y\sMy anchored on the beautiful 
 and lofty bank southwest of the Basin, which from that occurrence 
 received, and has ever since borne the name of " Federal Hilly 
 On this spot a dinner had been provided, at which four thousand 
 persons sat down together, and made the welkin ring with shouts 
 of *' huzza for the constitution ! " This idea of carrying a full rigged 
 ship in procession, originated entirely with Captain Barney. 
 The evening was ushered in by a bonfire on Federal Hill, and fire- 
 works. After the pageant was over, it was resolved to present 
 the ship to General Washington in the name of the merchants and 
 ship-masters of Baltimore. It was launched and navigated by 
 Commodore Barney, down the Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of 
 the Potomac, and thence up the river to Mount Yernon. General 
 Washington received it with the following letter : 
 
 " To William Smith and others, of Baltimore : 
 
 " Mount Yernon, Sth June, 1788. 
 " Gentlemen : — Captain Barney has just arrived here in the 
 miniature ship, called The Federalist, and has done me the honor to 
 offer that beautiful curiosity as a present to me on your part. I 
 pray you, gentlemen, to accept the warmest expressions of my 
 sensibility for this specimen of American ingenuity, in which the ex- 
 actitude of the proportions, the neatness of the workmanship, and 
 the elegance of the decorations, which make your present fit to be 
 preserved in a cabinet of curiosities, at the same time that they 
 exhibit the skill and taste of the artists, demonstrate that Amer- 
 icans are not inferior to any people whatever in the use of me- 
 chanical instruments, and the art of ship-building. The unanimity 
 of the agricultural State of Maryland in general, as well as of the 
 commercial town of Baltimore in particular, expressed in their re- 
 cent decision on the subject of a general government, will not, I 
 persuade myself, be without its due efficacy on the minds of their 
 neighbors, who, in many instances, are intimately connected, not 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 251 
 
 only by the nature of their produce, but by the ties of blood and 
 the habits of life. Under these circumstances, I cannot entertain 
 an idea, that the voice of the Convention of this State, which is 
 now in session, will be dissonant from that of her nearly allied 
 sister, who is only separated by the Potomac. You will permit 
 me, gentlemen, to indulge my feelings in reiterating the heart-felt 
 wish, that the happiness of this country may equal the desires of 
 its sincerest friends, and that the patriotic town, of which you are 
 inhabitants, and in the prosperity of which I have always found 
 myself strongly interested, may not only continue to increase in 
 the same wonderful manner it has formerly done, but that its trade, 
 manufactures, and other resources of wealth, may be placed per- 
 manently in a more flourishing situation than they have hitherto 
 been in. I am, with respect, &c., 
 
 " Geo. Washington." 
 
 Intelligence having been received in Baltimore town on Satur- 
 da}^ June 28th, of the adoption of the Federal Constitution by the 
 Virginia Convention, the news was received with the greatest 
 demonstrations of patriotic joy. A discharge of artillery took 
 place on Federal Hill, and on board several vessels in the harbor, 
 with a display of fire-works from the court-house. After which a 
 number of citizens partook of an elegant entertainment at the 
 Fountain Inn, where a number of patriotic toasts were drunk on 
 the happy occasion. 
 
 On Wednesday, July 23d, this town was the scene of one of 
 the most violent storms ever experienced here. The wind at E. 
 N. E., blew with unabated fury, accompanied with heavy rain for 
 upwards of twelve hours, which occasioned a most dreadful inun- 
 dation of the sea, that deluged all the wharves, stores, and low 
 grounds near the basin and at Fell's Point ; producing a scene of 
 devastation and horror never before known. " The industrious 
 merchant beheld with unavailing regret the fruits of his toil and 
 enterprise, in one moment, destroyed by the rage of combined ele- 
 ments. Immense quantities of sugar, rice, salt, dry-goods, and 
 other valuable merchandise were entirely ruined. The damage 
 cannot at present be ascertained with precision, but it is estimated 
 at fifty thousand pounds, specie." Mr. James Mackintosh unfortu- 
 nately lost his life in crossing a wharf overflowed with water. He 
 was swept by the force of the waves into an adjacent dock where 
 he perished. It is asserted that 40 sail of vessels, large and small, 
 were on that day forced ashore at Norfolk, Ya. 
 
 j78^ General Washington, having been unanimously chosen 
 President of the United States, arrived in Baltimore on his way to 
 Congress at New York, on the 17th of April, with Charles Thomson, 
 Esq., and Colonel Humphries. He was met some miles from town 
 by a large bodj^ of respectable citizens on horseback, and conducted, 
 under a discharge of cannon, to Mr. Grant's tavern through crowds 
 
252 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 of admiring spectators. At six o'clock, a committee chosen in 
 consequence of a late notification to adjust the preliminaries 
 for his reception, waited upon him with an address which is 
 given hereafter. A great number of citizens were presented, 
 and were graciously received by this illustrious and truly great 
 man. Having arrived too late for a public dinner, he accepted 
 an invitation to supper, from which he retired a little after 
 ten o'clock. The next morning he was in his carriage at half 
 past five o'clock, when he left town under a discharge of cannon, 
 and attended as on his entrance, by a body of citizens on horse- 
 back. These gentlemen accompanied him seven miles, when 
 alighting from his carriage, he would not permit them to pro- 
 ceed any further, but took leave, after thanking them in an 
 afi'ectionate and obliging manner for their politeness. 
 
 Address to the President of the United States of America : 
 " Sir : — We feel the honor you have this day conferred on 
 the town of Baltimore by favoring it with your presence, in- 
 finitely heightened and enhanced by the desirable event which 
 has produced it. Happy to behold your elevation, permit us 
 to reassure you of our purest love and affection. In consider- 
 ing the occasion that has once more drawn you from scenes 
 of domestic ease and private tranquillity, our thoughts naturally 
 turn on the situation of our country previous to the expedient 
 of the late general convention. When you became a member 
 of that body which framed our new and excellent constitution, 
 you dissipated the fears of good men who dreaded the disunion 
 of States, and the loss of our liberties in the death of our en- 
 feebled and expiring confederation. And now. Sir, by accepting 
 the high authorities of President of the United States of America, 
 you teach us to expect every blessing that can result from the 
 wisest recommendations to Congress, and the most prudent 
 and judicious exercise of those authorities ; thus relieving us 
 in the one instance, from the most gloomy apprehensions, as 
 when, in a different capacity, you recrossed the Delaware; 
 and in the other opening to our view the most animating 
 prospects, as when j^ou captured Cornwallis. But it is from 
 the tenor of your whole life, and your uniform and upright 
 political principles and conduct, that we derive the fullest as- 
 surance that our hopes will be realized. 
 
 "Believing that a faithful performance of public engagements 
 is essential to the prosperity of a people, and their implicit reliance 
 oji the promises of government to its stability, we recollect with 
 pleasure your well-known sentiments on this subject; and have 
 no doubt but the other branches of Congress will concur with 
 you in placing public credit on the most solid foundation. We 
 have also every reason to conclude, that under the administration 
 of a Washington, the useful and ingenious arts of peace, the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 263 
 
 agriculture, commerce and manufactures of the United States 
 will be duly favored and improved, as being far more certain 
 sources of national wealth than the richest mines, and surer 
 means to promote the felicity of a people than the most 
 successful wars. Thus, Sir, we behold a new era springing out 
 of our independence, and a field displayed where your talents 
 for governing will not be obscured by the splendor of the 
 greatest military exploits. We behold, too, an extraordinary 
 thing in the annals of mankind: a free and enlightened people, 
 choosing by a free election, without one dissenting voice, the 
 late Commander-in-Chief of their armies, to watch over and 
 guard their civil rights and privileges. 
 
 " We sincerely pray that you may long enjoy your present 
 health, and the citizens of the United States have frequent 
 opportunities to testify their veneration of your virtues, by 
 continuing you through many successive elections in the 
 first station of human honor and dignity. In these expressions 
 of affection and attachment, we are sensible we do not speak 
 the wishes of a town only, but the united feelings of a whole 
 people. 
 
 " In behalf of the citizens of Baltimore, we have the honor to 
 be, &c., &c., 
 
 " James McHenry, R. Smith, 
 
 " Nicholas Eogers, O. H. Williams, 
 
 " Joshua Barney, Thorowgood Smith, 
 
 " Paul Bentalau, William Clemm, 
 
 "John Bankson, J. Swan." 
 
 "Isaac Griest, 
 
 President Washington gave to the committee, the following 
 answer : 
 
 " Gentlemen : The tokens of regard and affection which I have 
 often received from the citizens of this town, were always accept- 
 able, because I believed them always sincere. Be pleased to re- 
 ceive my best acknowledgments ior the renewal, of them on the 
 present occasion. If the affectionate partiality of my fellow-citi- 
 zens has prompted them to ascribe greater effects to my conduct 
 and character than were justly due, I trust the indulgent sentiment 
 on their part will not produce any presumption on mine. 
 
 "I cannot now, gentlemen, resist my feelings so much as to 
 withhold the communication of my ideas respecting the actual 
 situation and prospect of our national affairs. It appears to me 
 that little more than common sense and common honesty in the 
 transactions of the community at large, would be necessary to 
 make us a great and happy nation. For if the general govern- 
 ment, lately adopted, shall be arranged and administered in such a 
 manner as to acquire the full confidence of the American people, I 
 
254 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 sincerely believe they will have greater advantages from their 
 natural, moral and political circumstances, for public felicity, than 
 any other people ever possessed. In the contemplation of those 
 advantages, now soon to be realized, I have reconciled myself to 
 the sacrifice of my fondest wishes, so far as to enter again the 
 stage of public life. I know the delicate nature of the duties inci- 
 dent to the part which I am called to perform, and I feel my in- 
 competence, without the singular assistance of Providence, to dis- 
 charge them in a satisfactory manner. But having undertaken the 
 task from a sense of duty, no fear of encountering difiiculties, and 
 no dread of losing popularity, shall ever deter me from pursuing 
 what I conceive to be the true interests of my country." 
 
 In a report made on the 26th of May by Kobert Walsh, 
 John Hammond, Leonard Harbough, George Franciscus, and 
 Michael Diffenderffer, Commissioners of Baltimore town, we 
 find — " For amount of expenses paid from 10th January, 1788, 
 to 18th May, 1789, for paving and repairing the streets, buildings, 
 and repairing bridges, surveys, clerk and collectors' wages, &c., 
 £2,799." 
 
 James McHenry and Samuel Sterritt were elected without 
 opposition delegates to the General Assembly, 
 
 The wife of General Washington arrived in Baltimore town on 
 Tuesday evening, May 19th, and set out early next morning to join 
 her husband in New York. She was met at Hammond's Ferry by 
 several of the citizens, and received with great demonstrations of 
 affection and respect as her short stay admitted. Fire- works were 
 discharged before and after supper, and she was serenaded by " an 
 excellent band of music conducted by gentlemen of the town. We 
 shall only add, that, like her illustrious husband, she was clothed 
 in the manufacture of our country, in which her native goodness 
 and patriotism appeared to the greatest advantage." 
 
 Died on Mondaj^, June 1st, Dr. Charles Frederick Wiesenthal, 
 in the 63d year of his age, after having practised physic in this 
 town for 34 years. 
 
 During this year the inhabitants of the town had recourse to 
 lotteries on every occasion, to raise means for private and public 
 improvements. We find the following, with the sums proposed to 
 be raised : 
 
 The Episcopal Parsonage house £3000 
 
 Pratt Street Wharf 600 
 
 George Dowing's Plate Lottery 1400 
 
 Fell's Point— Paving Streets. .' 6500 
 
 German Parsonage house 1750 
 
 Grist Mill to be worked by a Steam Engine 2000 
 
 Circulating Library 2727 
 
 Centre Market 2727 
 
 Presbyterian Clmrch 2780 
 
 Baltimore Canal (f^traightening Jones Falls) 965 
 
 George Dowing's Second Lottery • 2000 
 
 Set of Bells, German Reformed Church 637 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 255 
 
 The physicians of Baltimore, agreeably to notice, met on the 
 6th of November for the purpose of forming themselves into a 
 body which they agreed to distinguish by the name of " The 
 Medical Society of Baltimore," when the following gentlemen 
 were elected officers for the first year : President, Doctor Edward 
 Johnson ; Secretary, Treasurer and Librarian, Dr. Andrew Wiesen- 
 thal ; Court of Correspondence, Dr. John Boyd, Eeuben Gilder, 
 George Buchanan, George Brown. The body of Cassidy, lately 
 executed, was obtained for dissection, but was discovered by the 
 populace, and taken from the gentlemen who were then studying 
 anatomy and surgery in the town. Dr. George Buchanan de- 
 livered a course of lectures on obstetrics. The ensuing year 
 Dr. Andrew AYiesenthal delivered a course of lectures on anatomy ; 
 George Brown, on the theory and practice of physic ; Lyde Good- 
 win, on the theory and practice of surgery; and, by Samuel Coale, 
 on chemistry and materia medica. 
 
 During this year a great many persons joined the Methodist 
 congregation, and for the first time a preacher is stationed here, 
 and a church built on Exeter near Gay street, which met with 
 great success. 
 
 Messrs. Englehard Yeiser and others, owning the grounds, 
 cut a new channel for Jones F'alls from the lower mill at Bath 
 street across the Meadow to Gay street bridge, of which channel 
 the bounds are fixed by ordinance of the city in 1803, and the old 
 course of the Falls by the court-house gradually filled up. After 
 which it became a dispute to whom the ground thus made be- 
 longed, which was finally divided between the parties owning the 
 adjoining lands where there were distinct owners. 
 
 The first anti-slavery society in the State of Maryland — the 
 fourth in the United States, and the sixth in the world — was in- 
 augurated in Baltimore, September 8th, 1798 ; the first society 
 having been formed in Philadelphia, April 14, 1775; the second 
 in New York, January 25, 1785 ; the third in London, July 17, 
 1787; the fourth in Paris, February, 1788; and the Delaware 
 society the same year. " The Maryland Society for Promoting 
 the Abolition of Slavery, and the Belief of Free Negroes and others 
 unlawfully held in Bondage," was organized by the election of the 
 following officers: President, Philip Rogers ; Vice-President, James 
 Carey ; Secretary, Joseph Townsend ; Treasurer, David Brown ; 
 Counsellors, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Archibald Robinson ; Honor- 
 ary Counsellors, Samuel Chase, Luther Martin ; Electing Commit- 
 tee, James Ogleby, Isaac Greist. Geo. Matthews, George Presst- 
 man, Henry Wilson, John Bankson, Adam Fonerden, James Eichel- 
 berger, William Hawkins, William Wilson, Thomas Dickson, Ger. 
 Hopkins ; Acting Committee, John Brown, Elisha Tyson, James 
 McCannon, Elias EUicott, William Trimble, George Dent. In the 
 library of the Boston AthensBum there is a pamphlet from the 
 library of General Washington which is so rare that after a search- 
 
256 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 of over fifteen years there is but one other copy known to be in 
 existence. Its title is : " An oration upon the moral and political 
 evil of slavery. Delivered at a public meeting of the Maryland 
 Society for promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the relief of 
 free JSegroes and others unlawfully held in Bondage. Baltimore, 
 July 4, 1791. By George Buchanan, M. D., Member of the Ameri- 
 can Philosophical Society, Baltimore. Printed by Philip Edwards, 
 MDCCXCIII." Twenty pages, octavo. A Fourth-of-July oration 
 in Baltimore, on the moral and political evils of slavery, only four 
 years after the adoption of the Constitution, is an incident worthy 
 of historical recognition and a place in anti-slavery literature. 
 The following extracts will give an idea of its style and range of 
 thought : 
 
 " God hath created mankind after His own image, and granted 
 them liberty and independence ; and if varieties may be found in 
 their structure and color, these are only to be attributed to the na- 
 ture of their diet and habits, as also to the soil and the climate 
 they may inhabit ; and serve as flimsy pretexts for enslaving them. 
 "What ! will you not consider that the Africans are men ? That they 
 have human souls to be saved? That they are born free and in- 
 dependent ? A violation of these prerogatives is an infringement 
 upon the laws of God. Possessed of Christian sentiments, they 
 fail not to exercise them when opportunity offers. Things pleas- 
 ing rejoice them and melancholy circumstances pall their appetites 
 for amusements. They brook no insults, and are equally prone to 
 forgiveness as to resentments. They have gratitude also, and will 
 even expose their lives to wipe off the obligation of past favors ; 
 nor do they want any of the refinements of taste, so much the 
 boast of those who call themselves Christians. The talent for 
 music, both vocal and instrumental, appears natural to them ; 
 neither is their genius for literature to be despised. Many instances 
 are recoided of men of eminence among them. Witness Igna- 
 tius Sancho, whose letters are admired by all men of taste ; Phillis 
 Wheatley, who distinguished herself as a poetess; the Physician 
 of New Orleans ; the Virginia Calculator; Banneker, the Maryland 
 Astronomer, and many others, whom it would be needless to men- 
 tion. These are sufficient to show, that the Africans whom you 
 despise, whom you inhumanly treat as brutes, and whom you un- 
 lawfully subject to slavery, are equally capable of improvement 
 with yourselves. This 3^011 may think a bold assertion ; but it is 
 not made without reflection, nor independent of the testimony of 
 many who have taken pains in their education. Because you see 
 few, in comparison to their number, who make any exertion of 
 ability at all, you are ready to enjoy the common opinion that 
 they are an inferior set of beings, and destined to the cruelties and 
 hardships you impose upon them. But be cautious how long you 
 hold such sentiments ; the time may come when you will be obliged 
 to abandon them. Consider the pitiable situation of these most 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 257 
 
 distressed beings, deprived of their liberty and reduced to slavery. 
 Consider also that they toil not for themselves from the rising of 
 the sun to its going down, and you will readily conceive the cause 
 of their inaction. What time or what incitement has a slave to 
 become wise? There is no great art in hilling corn or in running 
 a furrow ; and to do this they know they are doomed, whether 
 they seek into the mysteries of science or remain ignorant as they 
 are. To deprive a man of his liberty has a tendency to rob his 
 soul of every spring to virtuous actions ; and were slaves to be- 
 come fiends, the wonder could not be great. * Nothing more as- 
 eimilates a man to a beast,' says the learned Montesquieu, 'than 
 being among freemen, himself a slave ; for slavery clogs the mind, 
 perverts the moral faculty, and reduces the conduct of man to the 
 standard of brutes.' What right have you to expect greater things 
 of these poor mortals ? You would not blame a brute for commit- 
 ting ravages upon his prey ; nor ought you to censure a slave for 
 making attempts to regain his liberty, even at the risk of life itself. 
 Such are the eftects of subjecting man to slavery, that it destroys 
 every human principle, vitiates the mind, instills ideas of unlawful 
 cruelties, and subverts the springs of government. What a dis- 
 tressing scene is here before us ! America, I start at your situa- 
 tion ! These direful effects of slavery demand your most serious 
 attention. What! shall a people who flew to arms with the valor 
 of lioman citizens when encroachments were made upon their 
 liberties by the invasion of foreign powers, now basely descend to 
 cheritvh the seed and propagate the growth of the evil which they 
 boldly sought to eradicate ? To the eternal infamy of our country 
 this will be handed down to posterity, written in the blood of 
 African innocence. If your forefjithers have been degenerate 
 enough to introduce slavery into your country to contaminate the 
 minds of her citizens, you ought to have the virtue of extirpating 
 it. In the first struggles for American freedom, in the enthusiastic 
 ardor of attaining liberty and independence, one of the most noble 
 sentiments that ever adorned the human breast was loudly pro- 
 claimed in all her councils. Deeply penetrated with the sense of 
 equality, they held it as a fixed principle, 'that all men are by 
 nature, and of right ought to be free; that they were created 
 equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, 
 among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.' 
 Nevertheless, when the blessings of peace were showered upon 
 them ; when they had obtained these rights which they had so 
 boldly contended for, then the}^ became apostates to their principles, 
 and riveted the fetters of slavery upon the unfortunate African. 
 Fellow-countrymen, let the hand of persecution be no longer raised 
 against you ; act virtuously, ' do unto all men as you would that 
 they should do unto you,' and exterminate the pest of slavery from 
 the land." 
 
 This remarkable oration suggests some interesting questions 
 17 
 
258 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 of historical inquiry. How far do these opinions represent the 
 current sentiments of that time on the subject of slavery? It 
 will be seen that thfey are of the most radical type. We are not 
 aware that Wendell Phillips or Wm. Lloyd Garrison ever claimed 
 that the negro race was equal in its capacity for improvement to 
 the white race. Forty-four years later (October 2l8t, 1835), Mr. 
 Garrison was waited upon, in open day, by a mob of most respect- 
 able citizens, while attending a meeting of the Boston Female 
 Anti-Slavery Society, dragged through the streets of Boston with 
 a rope around his'body, and locked up in jail by the mayor of that 
 sedate city to protect him from his assailants. On the 4th of July, 
 1834, a meeting of the American Anti-slavery Society was broken 
 up in New York, and the house of Lewis Tappan was sacked by 
 mob violence. A month later, in the city of Philadelphia, a mob 
 against anti-slavery and colored men raged for three days and 
 nights. On the 28th of July, 1836, a committee of thirteen citi- 
 zens of Cincinnati, appointed by a public meeting, of whom Jacob 
 Burnet, late United States Senator and judge of the Supreme 
 Court of Ohio, was chairman, waited upon Mr. James G. Birney 
 and other members of the executive committee of the Ohio Anti- 
 slavery Society, under whose direction the " Philanthropist," an 
 anti-slavery newspaper, was printed there, and informed them that 
 unless they desisted from its publication the meeting would not be 
 responsible for the consequences. Judge Burnet stated that the 
 mob would consist of five thousand persons ; and that two-thirds 
 of the property-holders of the city would join it. The committee 
 gave Mr. Birney and his friends till the next day to consider the 
 question, when they decided to make no terms with the rioters, 
 and to abide the consequences. That night the office was sacked 
 and the press of the " Philanthropist " was thrown into the Ohio 
 river. But here was an oration delivered in the city of Baltimore 
 in the year 1791, advancing the most extreme opinions, and it 
 created not a ripple on the surface of Southern society. That the 
 opinions of the oration did not offend those to whom it was ad- 
 dressed, the official action of the society, which is printed on the 
 third page, attests. It is as follows : "At a special meeting of the 
 Maryland Society for promoting the abolition of slavery and the 
 relief of free negroes and others unlawfully held in bondage, held at 
 Baltimore, July 4th, 1791, unanimously Resolved^ That the pres- 
 ident present the thanks of the society to Dr. George Buchanan, for 
 the excellent oration by him delivered this day, and, at the same 
 time, request a copy thereof in the name and for the use of the 
 society. Signed — Samuel Sterett, president; Alex. McKim, vice- 
 president ; Joseph Townsend, secretary." The oration was dedi- 
 cated " To the Honorable Thomas Jefferson, Esq., Secretary of 
 State." 
 
 Dr. George Buchanan was bom in Baltimore county, Septem- 
 ber 19th, 1763, and for many years was a practising physician in 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 259 
 
 Baltimore city. He was a son of Andrew Buchanan, who was also 
 born in Maryland, and was General in the Continental troops of 
 Maryland during the Eevolution. Dr. George Buchanan studied 
 medicine, and took a degree at Philadelphia. He then went to 
 Europe and studied medicine at Edinburgh, and later at Paris, tak- 
 ing degrees at both places. Eeturning to Baltimore, he married 
 on Thursday, June 18th, 1789, Letitia, second daughter of the 
 Hon. Thomas McKean, an eminent jurist, who was a member of 
 the Continental Congress, one of the signers of the Declaration of 
 Independence, and was (xovernor of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 
 1806. In 1806 Dr. Buchanan removed to Philadelphia, and died 
 the next year of yellow fever, in the discharge of his official duties 
 as Lazaretto physician. His eldest son was paymaster McKean 
 Buchanan, senior paymaster of the United States navy, since 
 deceased. His youngest son was Franklin Buchanan, Captain in 
 the United States navy till he resigned, April 19th, 1861, and went 
 into the Confederate navy. He was, with the rank of Admiral, 
 in command of the iron-clad Merrimac, and was wounded in the 
 conflict of that vessel with the monitor Ericsson at Hampton 
 Eoads, March 9th, 1862, and was later captured by Admiral Far- 
 ragut whilst in command of the Confederate fleet in Mobile bay. 
 The first convention held by the abolition societies of the 
 United States met at Philadelphia in the city hall, January 1st, 
 1794, and was several days in session. The " Maryland Society " 
 was represented by the following delegates : Samuel Sterett, James 
 Winchester, Joseph Townsend, Adam Fonerden, and Jesse HoUings- 
 worth. The " Chestertown " (Md.) society was represented by 
 Joseph Wilkinson, James Maslin, and Abraham Ridge ly. A con- 
 vention met in the depth of winter, and as travelling was then ex- 
 pensive and difficult, it is evidence of a deep interest in the subject 
 that the delegates attended. On the 7th of January, 1795, the 
 abolition societies again met in Philadelphia, and continued in ses- 
 sion till the 14th of that> month. The Maryland society was re- 
 presented by Samuel Sterett, Adam Fonerden, Joseph Townsend, 
 Joseph Thornburgh, George Buchanan, John Bankson, and Philip 
 Moore; the Chestertown society by Edward Scott and James 
 Houston. The fourth annual convention of the abolition societies 
 of the United States was held in the Senate chamber at Philadel- 
 phia, May 3d, 1797. The Maryland society was represented by the 
 following delegates, viz : Francis Johonnett, Jesse Tyson, Gerard 
 T. Hopkins. The several societies reported their membership in 
 1797, and we find the Maryland society to have two hundred and 
 thirty-one members, and the third largest in the United States. In 
 1827 there were one hundred and thirty abolition societies in the 
 United States, and only four in New England and New York. Of 
 these societies, eight were in Virginia, eleven in Maryland, two in 
 Delaware, two in the District of Columbia, eight in Kentucky, 
 twenty-five in Tennessee, with a membership of one thousand, and 
 
260 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 fifty in North Carolina, with a membership of three thousand 
 persons. 
 
 Mr. Eobert Smith was elected one of the eight electors for 
 President and Vice-President of the United States. Mr. Wm. 
 Smith was elected a delegate to Congress. 
 
 The following advertisement appeared in the Maryland Journal 
 and Baltimore Advertiser of Peb. 10th, 1789: "We learn with 
 pleasure that the merchants and others of this place are sub- 
 BCribing to a provisional loan for the purpose of erecting in this 
 town, a house for holding the sessions of Congress, and other 
 proper buildings for the great offices of the United States. This 
 loan, we understand, is to be handed to our Kepresentatives, to be 
 communicated by them to Congress on the first meeting." 
 
 1790. As a relief to the pecuniary distresses of the inhabitants, 
 an association was formed by Messrs. Caton, Yanbibber, A. McKim, 
 Townsend and others, to carry on the manufacture of cotton upon a 
 small scale, and some jeans and velvets were also made. 
 
 At the November session of the Legislature, Messrs. Samuel 
 Smith, William Patterson, Jeremiah Yellot, Englehardt Yeiser, 
 Eobert Gilmor, Thorowgood Smith, Charles Garts, Thomas Hol- 
 lingsworth, James Edwards, James Carey, Otho H. Williams, and 
 Nicholas Sluby, were authorized to take subscriptions for the Bank 
 of Maryland. $200,000 were subscribed in shares of $100 each, in 
 fourteen days, being two-thirds of the capital, which was paid in 
 during the ensuing year, and the institution went into operation 
 upon a portion of the capital — William Patterson being elected 
 president, and Ebenez,er Mackie cashier. The entire capital of 
 $300,000 was afterward paid in. The State granted peculiar ad- 
 vantages to this institution, which was perpetual, and reserved no 
 part of the stock or direction. The exorbitant dividends made by 
 this bank indicated the want of another, notwithstanding the loans 
 afforded by the office of the United States Bank, which had opened 
 a branch here in 1792, of which Mr. George Gale was president, 
 and David Harris cashier; but by their means, a much larger sum 
 was obtained, with much less difficulty, for a new one. Accordingly, 
 in 1795, the " Bank of Baltimore " was chartered, after an, inef- 
 fectual attempt to increase the capital of the first bank. The 
 capital of this was $1,200,000; George Salmon president, and 
 James Cox cashier. The charter of this bank was limited to 
 twenty years, and the State reserved the right to subscribe for 
 6000 shares at $300 each, and appointed two of seventeen directors 
 annually chosen. The charter of this bank has been a model for 
 others, and has been itself renewed. By an act passed the same 
 session, Messrs. John Hollins and Joshua Barney were appointed 
 auctioneers, and commenced business under the firm of John 
 Hollins & Co., after which the limitation was removed, and, by the 
 charter, the auctions are licensed by the city. 
 
 On the 7th of May, the first session of the Circuit Court of the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 261 
 
 United States for this district was held here, by John Blair, of 
 Virginia, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and William 
 Paca, District Judge. 
 
 Samuel Sterrett was elected one of the six representatives in 
 Congress. David McMechen and Col. Samuel Smith were re- 
 turned to the House of Delegates without opposition. Charles 
 Eidgely, one of the framers of the Constitution, died at his resi- 
 dence near town on the 28th of June. 
 
 On Wednesday, September 8th, President Washington and his 
 wife, attended by their suite, arrived here from Philadelphia on 
 their way to Mount Yernon. On their entrance into town they 
 were received and saluted by a federal discharge from Captain 
 Stodder's artillery company, and such other public demonstrations 
 were manifested by the citizens as showed the most unfeigned af- 
 fection and veneration for the illustrious travellers. On Thursday 
 forenoon the President was waited on by a number, of the citizens, 
 whom he received with his usual politeness and attention, and at 
 four o'clock he honored the merchants with his company at an 
 elegant entertainment prepared at Mr. Grant's tavern, at which 
 his suite and several other gentlemen were present. During the 
 same week General Gates and wife also passed through this town 
 from Virginia, on their way to take possession of their new resi- 
 dence on the banks of the East river, in the vicinity of the city 
 of New York. 
 
 About this time papering the walls of the houses was first_in- 
 troduced; whitewash having been previousl y used,^ 
 
 1791> Messrs. Kobert Gilmor, John O'Donnell, Stephen Wilson, 
 Charles Ghequiere, John Holmes, and others erected a powder- 
 house on Gwinn's Falls, which was continued by the same or 
 others until the 17th of September, 1812; it was blown up a 
 second time and not rebuilt. Other mills were built on th€ same 
 stream at different times, some of which blew up, and on each oc- 
 casion several lives were lost. 
 
 Benjamin Nicholson was appointed Chief Judge of Baltimore 
 Town, with General Williams and James Carroll as associates. Judge 
 Nicholson died one year after his appointment, and was succeeded by 
 Joshua Seney, who resigned in 1796, and Henry Eidgely succeeds. 
 In 1792 Col. Howard and William Eussell were appointed the as- 
 sociate judges of this court, and successively Samuel Sterrett, 
 William Owings, William Winchester, Edward Johnson, and Elias 
 Glenn, the two last, with Judge H. Eidgely, forming the court 
 when reorganized in 1805. 
 
 Messrs. William Buchanan, Campbell Smith and George Chase 
 took commissions under the General Government for the defence 
 of the frontiers. On the 4th of November Gen. St. Clair with a 
 part of his army were surrounded by an immense number of In- 
 dians near the Miami, but defended themselves with great bravery, 
 and finally fought their way through the enemy, but lost in killed 
 
262 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 and wounded above 800 men. Ensign Chase of Baltimore was 
 killed and Captain Buchanan wounded. Capt. Smith was after- 
 wards wounded under Gen. Anthony Wayne. 
 
 James Calhoun and William Eussell and Colonel N. Eogers 
 were appointed Justices of the Orphans' Court for the ensuing 
 year. Colonel Smith and Mr. Mechen were again returned to the 
 Assembly, and Eobert Gorsuch was elected Sheriff. 
 
 Samuel Sterrett, agent of Messrs. Yanstaphorst & Co., pro- 
 cured from the State and paid them the amount borrowed during 
 the Eevolutionary War. 
 
 At the periodical election of 1791, John O'Donnell was chosen an 
 elector of the Senate, and John E. Howard, Samuel Chase and James 
 McHenry were elected members of the Senate of Maryland. Mr. 
 Chase declined, and Daniel Bowley was chosen in his place, and 
 he resigning in 1793, was succeeded by Eobert Smith. 
 
 On the 27th of December the General Assembly authorized 
 Elisha Tyson, William and Charles Jessop, John Ellicott, George 
 Leggett, Eobert Long, Jacob Hart, and John Strieker, to lay out 
 a road, not exceeding forty feet wide, from their mill-seats on 
 Jones Falls in Baltimore County to Baltimore Town, now known 
 as the Falls road. 
 
 On the 30th of December Alexander Eigdon, John Stump, 
 John Carlile, John Weston, Samuel Eaine, John Treadway, and 
 James Johnson were appointed commissioners by the General As- 
 sembly to lay out the Philadelphia, Belair and Harford roads as 
 public roads. 
 
 On Friday morning, April 29th, in "Howard's Park," Mr. 
 David Sterrett, aged 26 years, was killed in a duel with Mr. 
 Thomas Hadfield. 
 
 yin the course of the year 1791, there arrived in the port of 
 
 Baltimore as follows: 68 ships and barques, 159 scows and brigs, 
 
 94 schooners, 45 sloops, and 370 coasters, making in the whole 746 
 
 vessels entered at the Custom House ; and there were cleared out 
 
 >^f that office 387 for foreign ports, and 662 coasters. ^)(^ 
 
 1792. A number of respectable retailers having met on the 4th 
 of July and considered the great inconvenience attending the 
 circulation of copper cents, agreed that it would be improper 
 to pass them in future for less than four to one. 
 
 In pursuance to notice, the citizens of the town met on the 
 27th of July and adopted resolutions expressive of their dis- 
 approbation of the proposed treaty with Great Britain (Jay's.) 
 David McMechen, Solomon Etting, Alexander McKim, David 
 Stodder, James A. Buchanan, Adam Fonerden, and John Steel 
 were appointed a committee to forward the same to the> President 
 of the United States, General Washington. 
 
 Died, Thursday, March 8th, Captain Jacob Keeports, in the 
 74th year of his age. He was formerly purchasing agent for 
 the State in Baltimore during the Eevolutionary War. 
 
CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 263 
 
 On the 23d of December, the General Assembly passed an Act 
 allowing the Maryland Insurance Company a number of privileges, 
 amongst which was an Act, " To supply the town with water by 
 pipes from a sufficient reservoir or source," and that it may be 
 distinguished by the name and style of The Baltimore Water 
 Company. An Act was also passed to enable John McKim and 
 John Brown, of Baltimore County, to convey a tract of land 
 containing about thirty acres, called Darley Hall, in Baltimore 
 County, " to the use of the religious society of people called 
 Quakers, in Baltimore town." An Act was also passed on the 
 22d of December, regulating the width of chimneys, and im- 
 posing a penalty on all chimneys catching fire within the town — 
 of three pounds if a three-story house, of twenty shillings if a two- 
 story house, and fifteen shillings ff a house of one story. 
 
 The first New Jerusalem Church was, by permission, opened in 
 the Court House of this towm, by the Kev. Mr. Wilmer, amidst a 
 large assemblage of hearers of various denominations. The Hon. 
 Judge Chase was present, as well as several other liberal and en- 
 lightened gentlemen of the bar. 
 
 ^Several of the inhabitants petitioned to the General Assembly 
 " that there are no other commodious ways for the inhabitants of the 
 western part of Baltimore Town, and the parts adjacent, to ap- K'iiy-^ 
 proach the Centre market, but through Baltimore, commonly called ^ 
 
 Market street, which is so often crowded with carts, wagons, and 
 drays, that there is not sufficient room for the inhabitants to pass 
 and repass to and from the said market, without incommoding and 
 mutually obstructing each other^nd have prayed that an Act may 
 pass, empowering and appointing commissioners to extend and 
 open the following streets to communicate with each other : that 
 is to say, Fayette street, in Howard's addition to the said town, 
 to King Tammany street, from thence to Chatham street, and from 
 thence to Calvert street, and that by opening the said streets, 
 nearly a direct communication with the aforesaid market will be 
 obtained." This act was passed on the 22d of December, and 
 Messrs. Stephen Wilson, Charles Crookshanks, Hercules Courtenay, 
 John Holmes and John Mickle were appointed commissioners to 
 lay off and open the following streets of the width of forty feet : 
 that is to say, from Fayette street, which ran west from Liberty 
 street, to King Tammany street, which ran from Liberty to Charles 
 street, where Chatham street began, and thence east to Calvert 
 street. From time immemorial there had been a road leading from 
 Baltimore Town to the town of Frederick, by Dillon's field, EUi- 
 cott's upper mills, Cummings' new buildings. Fox's, the Eed-House 
 tavern. Cook's tavern and the Poplar Spring, but it had never been 
 made a public road by law, and sundry inhabitants of Baltimore, 
 Anne Arundel, and Frederick counties, who had been deprived of 
 the benefit and utility of the same, to their great injury and in- 
 convenience, petitioned the General Assembly to establish the road 
 
264 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 as a public one, which was granted; and on the 22d of December, 
 Charles Alexander Warfield, Levin Lawrence, and Thomas Hobbs, 
 were appointed commissioners for the aforesaid road for Anne 
 Arundel County, and Thomas Worthington, Zachariah Maccubbin, 
 and Daniel Carroll for Baltimore County, who were empowered to 
 lay out said road 40 feet wide, &c. 
 
 In October, Mr. Potts resigned the office of Attorney of the 
 United States for this district, and was succeeded by Zebulon Hol- 
 lingsworth. 
 
 In this year the clergymen and ministers of the different sects 
 or churches were incorporated, to receive alms for the poor of 
 every society. The Eoman Catholic clergy were incorporated 
 trustees of that Church this year ; also the German Eeformed. In 
 1797, the German Evangelical Eeformed and Presbyterian Churches, 
 and in 1798 the Baptist congregation and the vestry of every 
 parish ; in 1800 the Methodist and Lutheran, and in 1802 every 
 Christian Church in the State. 
 
 Col. Samuel Smith was elected one of the eight members of Con- 
 gress the State was entitled to. Messrs. William Smith and J. E. 
 Howard were elected two of the ten electors of President for this 
 State. 
 
 Seldom more than three of the Justices attended the Orphans' 
 Court, and the Governor and Council were directed to appoint that 
 number only, any two of whom to act; and, by special commission, 
 Colonel N. Eogers, G. Salmon, and William McLaughlan were ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 John O'Donnell was elected delegate to the Assembly. 
 
 On Wednesday, Oct. 10, President Washington, with his wife 
 and suite, arrived in Baltimore from Mount Yernon, on his way to 
 Philadelphia, and the same evening favored a number of merchants 
 and other gentlemen with his company at an elegant supper at 
 Mr. Grant's, at which many patriotic toasts were drunk, amid the 
 discharge of artillery by Capt. Stodder's company. The next 
 morning the President started on his journey, escorted by Capt. 
 Mackenheimer's light infantry company and many citizens. 
 
 Mordecai Gist was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1743. His 
 ancestors, early emigrants to Maryland, were English. He was 
 educated for commercial pursuits, and was engaged in the vocation 
 of a merchant when the storm of the Eevolution began to lower. 
 The young men of Baltimore associated under the title of the 
 ^'Baltimore Independent Company," and elected Gist captain. 
 This was the first company raised in Maryland for the defence of 
 popular liberty. Gist was appointed major of a battalion of Mary- 
 land regulars in 1776, and was with them in the battle near Brook- 
 lyn, at the close of the summer of that year. In January, 1779, 
 Congress appointed him a brigadier in the Continental army, and 
 he was honored with the command of the 2d Maryland brigade. 
 He fought bravely, and suffered defeat in the battle near Camden, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 265 
 
 in 1780. Gist was present at the surrender of Cornwallis, and 
 afterward joined the Southern army under Greene. When that 
 commander remodeled the army in 1782, while lying near Charles- 
 ton, he gave General Gist the command of the "light corps." It 
 was a part of his command, under Colonel Laurens, that dealt one 
 of the last blows upon the enemy, in an engagement upon the 
 banks of the Combahee. At the close of the war he retired to a 
 plantation which he bought near Charleston, where he resided 
 until his death, which occurred in Charleston on the 2d of August, 
 1792. General Gist had but two children, sons ; one he named 
 Independent, and the other States. 
 
 William Smallwood was a native of Maryland, and was among 
 the patriots of that colony who earliest expressed their attachment 
 to Eepublican principles. He was appointed a Brigadier by the 
 Continental Congress in October, 1776, and Major-General in Sep- 
 tember, 1780. He was in the battle near Brooklyn, in August, 
 1776, where his command suffered severely. It was chiefly com- 
 posed of young men from Maryland, many of them members of 
 the most respectable families of the State. He was in the Brandy- 
 wine and Germantown battles in 1777. He accompanied Gates to 
 the South, and shared in the mortification of defeat near Camden. 
 It was a month after that event that Congress promoted him to 
 Major-General. He was elected a delegate in Congress for Mary- 
 land in 1785, and the same year was chosen to succeed William 
 Paca as Governor of the State. He was succeeded in office by 
 John Eager Howard in 1788. General Smallwood died on the 12th 
 of February, 1792, at the " Wood-Yard," in Prince George's County, 
 aged about 60 years. A distinguished writer says: "Colonel 
 Smallwood's battalion was one of the finest in the army, in dress, 
 equipment, and discipline. Their scarlet and buff uniforms and 
 well-burnished arms contrasted strongly with those of the New 
 England troops," and were "distinguished at this time," says Gray- 
 don, " by the most fashionable cut coat, the most macaroni cocked 
 hat, and hottest blood in the Union." Another writer says : " Small- 
 wood's regiment arrived in Philadelphia about the middle of July, 
 1776, the day after the York, Pennsylvania, militia got there. I 
 happened to be in Market street when the regiment was marching 
 down it. They turned up Front street, till they reached the Quaker 
 meeting-house, called the Bank meeting, where they halted for 
 some time, which I presumed was owing to a delicacy on the part 
 of the officers, seeing they were about to be quartered in a place of 
 worship. After a time they moved forward to the door, where the 
 officers halted, and their platoons came up and stood with their 
 hats off, while the soldiers with recovered arms marched into the 
 meeting-house. The officers then retired, and sought quarters 
 elsewhere. The regiment was then said to be eleven hundred 
 strong; and never did a finer, more dignified, and braver body of 
 men face an enemy. They were composed of the flower of Mary- 
 
266 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEB. 
 
 f 
 
 land, being young gentlemen, the sons of opulent planters, farmers 
 and mechanics. From the Colonel to the private, all were attired 
 in hunting -shirts. I afterwards saW this fine corps on their march 
 to join General Washington. In the battle of Long Island, Small- 
 wood's regiment, when engaged with an enemy of overwhelmingly 
 superior force, displayed a courage and discipline that sheds upon 
 its memory an undying lustre, while it was so cut to pieces that 
 in October following, when I again saw the regiment, its remains 
 did not exceed a hundred men. The wreck of the once superb 
 regiment of Smallwood fought in the battles of the White Plains, 
 and the subsequent actions in the Jerseys, and in the memorable 
 campaign of 1776, terminating with the battle of Princeton, Jan- 
 uary 1777, where the remains of the regiment, reduced to a little 
 more than a company, were commanded by Captain, afterward 
 Governor Stone, of Maryland." Another distinguished writer says: 
 ^'Smallwood's battalion of Marylanders were distinguished in the 
 field by the most intrepid courage, the most regular use of the 
 musket, and the judicious movements of the body. When our 
 party was overpowered and broken by superior numbers surround- 
 ing them on all sides, three companies of the Maryland battalion 
 broke the enemy's lines and fought their way through. Captain 
 Yeazey and Lieutenant Butler are among the honorable slain. 
 The Mar^iand battalion lost 200 men and twelve officers — severe 
 fate. It is said our whole loss is five or six hundred." 
 
 1793. The agents of the French Convention at Cape Francois 
 having tendered liberty to such slaves as should take arms against 
 the French government of Hispaniola, General Galbaud and Ad- 
 miral Gambis attacked the town, and it was plundered and burnt 
 by the seamen and negroes on the twenty-first of June ; and on the 
 ninth of July, fifty-three vessels bearing about 1000 white and 500 
 people of color flying from disaster, arrived in Baltimore. Many 
 were quartered in the houses of the citizens, and a committee was 
 appointed to solicit subscriptions for their relief, consisting of 
 ^y Robert Gilmor, George Presstman, Philip Eogers, Samuel Hol- 
 lingsworth, Jeremiah Yellott, James Carey, James McHenry, 
 Eobert Smith, Zebulon Hollingsworth, Thomas McElderry, Ste- 
 phen Wilson, John O'Donnell, Adam Fonerden, and Thomas 
 Coulson. The Yice-Consul of the Republic also appointed the 
 following gentlemen to co-operate with him: Col. Daniel Smith, 
 Mr. David Plunkett, Mr. Samuel Sterrett, Mr. Toucher, Mr. Caza- 
 nave, and Mr. Bentalou. They succeeded in raising above $12,000 
 for the relief of such as were destitute. Those more fortunate who 
 brought capital entered into trade, others introduced new arts of 
 cultivation in the neighborhood, and with succeeding arrivals from 
 the southern and western parts of the island, contributed to in- 
 crease the wealth as well as the population of the town. 
 
 A French sloop-of-war, mounting eighteen guns, brought in 
 with her as a prize a Dutch ship, which she. intercepted on her 
 
 I 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 267 
 
 passage to this port. There were also several other prizes brought 
 in by the French fleet, among which was a Dutch ship loaded with 
 coffee, &c., &c. 
 
 Philadelphia being visited by the "yellow fever," Governor Lee 
 interdicted all direct intercourse with that city and the admission 
 of infected vessels, and appointed Doctors John Ross and John 
 Worthington to be health officers ; a temporary hospital to be 
 procured for mariners of such vessels ; and a duty, confirmed by 
 Congress, of one cent per ton was granted towards the expense. 
 
 Messrs. Daniel Bowley and Thomas Yates commenced their 
 improvements on the water between the Falls and Harford run. 
 Messrs. Cumberland Dugan and Thomas McElderry commenced 
 their wharves below the Centre Market, extending from Lombard 
 street to the north side of the channel, a distance of 1600 feet. 
 Nine years after, Judge Chase commenced his wharf, binding on 
 the west side of the Falls. 
 
 Since the last notice in 1783, there had been a great accession 
 of settlers, amongst whom were Messrs. Hugh Thompson, Edward 
 Ireland, William Lorman, Thomas Tenant, John Holmes, Joseph 
 Thornburgh, Dr. Andrew Aitkin, Eobert Miller, John Donnell, 
 Luke Tiernan, Solomon Birkhead, Solomon Betts, James H. 
 McCulloh, Steuart Brown, Leon Changeur, John Carrere, Henry 
 Didier, A. McDonald, J. P. Pleasants, Barclay and McKean, S. 
 Etting, James Corrie, James Annstrong, &c. 
 
 The subject of a city charter, which had generally occupied 
 the writers in the papers and the citizens for nearly ten years, 
 was taken up by the Legislature in 1793, and an Act passed on the 
 28th of December for consideration ; but the inhabitants of the 
 Point, and the mechanics, the carpenters, and republican societies, 
 then lately formed for other purposes, took part in opposition, and 
 it was not carried into effect. 
 
 There was an effort made by a number of merchants to open 
 an exchange for the transaction of business, and the buildings at 
 the southwest corner of Lombard and Commerce streets were fitted 
 up and used for the purpose, but after some time was discontinued. 
 
 The Vice-Consul for Maryland, Edward Thornton, takes up his 
 residence in Baltimore. 
 
 By an Act of Assembly passed December 28th, Messrs. John 
 Eager Howard, John O'Donnell, William Smith, Henry Dorsey 
 Gough, Samuel Owings of Samuel, Charles Ridgely of William, 
 Daniel Bowley, and Andrew Eobinson were appointed commis- 
 sioners, with full power to purchase ten acres of land, in or near 
 Baltimore Town, and to lay out the same into small lots, with 
 proper enclosures and stalls for the reception of cattle, and Thurs- 
 day in every week to be held as a market day for the sale of horses, 
 sheep, hogs and live cattle of every kind, and a general market to 
 be held two or more days in each year. 
 
 Men of the present age, seeing the immense use of cigars, 
 
268 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 might think they were always so used ; but not so. They began 
 with the fevers which were very prevalent about this time, and 
 were first used along the streets, to keep off the yellow fever. 
 
 1794. Freemasons' lodges in America are of recent date in com- 
 parison with other countries. Upon application of a number of 
 brethren residing in Boston, a warrant was granted by the Eight 
 Honorable and Most Worshipful Anthony Lord Yiscount Mon- 
 tague, Grand Master of Masons in England, dated the 30th of 
 April, 1733, appointing the Eight Worshipful Henry Price Grand 
 Master of North America, with full power and authority to ap- 
 point his deputy and other Masonic officers necessary for forming 
 a grand lodge, and also to constitute lodges of Free and Accepted 
 Masons as often as occasion should require. In consequence of 
 this commission the Grand Master opened a grand lodge in Boston 
 (which is sometimes called " The Grand Lodge oi Modern Masons") 
 on the 30th of July, 1733, in due form, and appointed the Eight 
 Worshipful Andrew Bealcher Deputy Grand Master, the Worship- 
 ful Thomas Kennelly and John Quann Grand Wardens. The 
 grand lodge being thus organized, under the designation of 8t. 
 John's Grand Lodge^ proceeded to grant warrants for instituting 
 regular lodges in various parts of America ; and from this grand 
 lodge originated the first lodges in Massachusetts, New Hamp- 
 shire, Ehode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- 
 land, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Barbadoes, Anti- 
 gua, Newfoundland, Louisburg, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Surinam, and 
 St. Christopher's. In 1775 hostilities commenced between Great 
 Britain and America ; Boston became a garrison, and was aban- 
 doned by many of its former inhabitants. The regular meetings 
 of the grand lodges were terminated, and the brethren of St. 
 John's Grand Lodge held no assembly until after the re-establish- 
 ment of peace. There was at that time also a grand lodge held at 
 Boston upon the ancient establishment, under the designation of 
 *' The Massachusetts Grand Lodge," which originated as follows : 
 In 1755 a number of the order residing in Boston, who were An 
 cient Masons, in consequence of a petition to the Grand Lodge of 
 Scotland, received a dispensation, dated November 30th, 1752, 
 from Sholto Charles Douglas, Lord Aberdour, then Grand Master, 
 constituting them a regular lodge, under the title of " St. An- 
 drew's Lodge, No. 82," to be held at Boston. This establishment 
 was discoui-aged and opposed by the St. John's Grand Lodge, who 
 thought their privileges were infringed upon by the Grand Lodge 
 of Scotland ; they therefore refused to have any intercourse with 
 St. Andrew's Lodge for several years. The prosperous state of 
 St. Andrew's Lodge soon led its members to make great exertions 
 for the establishment of an ancient lodge in America, which was 
 soon eff'eeted in Boston by the assistance of travelling lodges be- 
 longing to the British army who were stationed there. On 
 the 27th of December, 1769, when the order was assembled to 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORB. 269 
 
 celebrate the Festival of the Evangelists, a commission vraa re- 
 ceived from the Eight Honorable and Most Worshipful Greorge 
 Earl of Dalhonsie, Grand Master of Masons in Scotland, dated the 
 30th of May, 1769, appointing Joseph Warren to be Grand Master 
 of Masons in Boston, and he was, according to ancient usage, duly 
 installed into that office. The Grand Master then appointed and 
 installed the other grand officers, and the grand lodge was at this 
 time completely organized. Between this period and the year 
 1791 this grand lodge granted warrants of constitution for lodges 
 to be held in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Ver- 
 mont, and New York. In the year 1773 a commission was re- 
 ceived from the Eight Honorable and Most Worshipful Patrick 
 Earl of Dumfries, Grand Master of Masons in Scotland, dated 
 March 3d, 1772, appointing the Eight Worshipful Joseph Warren, 
 Esq., Grand Master of Masons for the Continent of America. In 
 1775 the meetings of the grand lodge were suspended by the town 
 of Boston becoming a garrison. At the battle of Bunker Hill, 
 on the 17th of June, 1775, Masonry and America met with a 
 heavy loss in the death of Grand Master Warren, who was slain 
 contending for the liberties of his country. His death shed a 
 gloom throughout the community. He was exceedingly beloved 
 by all classes for the mildness and affability of his deportment and 
 the virtues of his private life. As a statesmen he was able and 
 judicious ; as an orator eloquent ; as a man, of uncompromising in- 
 tegrity and undaunted bravery; and the first officer of rank that 
 fell in the contest with Great Britain. The glory of Bunker Hill 
 is interwoven with the reputation of Major-General Warren. 
 
 Soon alter the evacuation of Boston by the' British army, and 
 previous to any regular communication, the Masons, influenced by 
 a pious regard to the memory of their late Grand Master, were in- 
 duced to search for his body, which had been rudely and indiscrimi- 
 nately buried in the field of slaughter. They accordingly repaired 
 to the place, and by direction of a person who was on the ground 
 at the time of his burial, a spot was found" where the earth had 
 been recently turned up. Upon moving the turf and opening the 
 grave, which was on the brow of a hill, and adjacent to a small 
 cluster of sprigs, the remains were discovered in a mangled condi- 
 tion, but were easily ascertained by an artificial tooth ; and being 
 decently raised, wei-e conveyed to the State House in Boston, from 
 whence, by a large and respectable number of Masons, with the 
 late grand officers attending in procession, they were carried to a 
 Btone chapel, where an animated eulogium was delivered by Perea 
 Morton of the Masonic order. The body was then deposited in 
 the silent vault. 
 
 On the 8th of March, 1777, the Masons who had been dispersed 
 in consequence of the war, again assembled and proceeded to the 
 formation of a Grand Lodge, and elected and installed the most 
 worshipful Joseph Webb their Grand Master. On the 5th of 
 
270 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 December, 1791, a committee was appointed agreeably to a vote of 
 the second of March, 1791, "to confer with the officers of St. 
 John's Grand Lodge upon the subject of a complete Masonic union 
 throughout the commonwealth," which was consummated on the 
 19th of June, 1792, when the officers of the two grand lodges met 
 in conjunction, agreeably to previous arrangements, and installed 
 the Most Worshipful John Cutler Grand Master ; and resolved, 
 " that this Grand Lodge organization as aforesaid, shall forever 
 hereafter be known by the name of The Grand Lodge of the 
 Most Ancient and Honorable Society of Free and Accepted Masons 
 for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.'' 
 
 The Grand Lodge of New Hampshire was first formed the 8th 
 of July, 1789 ; Ehode Island was organized on the 25th of June, 
 1791 ; Connecticut was constituted on the 8th day of July, 1789, 
 by fifteen lodges which then existed in the State ; Vermont was 
 constituted at Eutland, on the 14th day of October, 1794; New 
 York was first constituted by a warrant from the Duke of Athol, 
 dated London, 5th of September, 1781 ; New Jersey was constituted 
 at the city of New Brunswick, on the 18th of December, 1786. On 
 the 24th of June, 1734, upon the petition of several Masons resid- 
 ing in Philadelphia, a warrant of constitution was granted by the 
 Grand Lodge of Boston, for holding a lodge in that place ; ap- 
 pointed the Et. Worshipful Benjamin Franklin their first Master ; 
 which is the beginning of Masonry in Pennsylvania. The Grand 
 Lodge of England granted a grand warrant, bearing date the 20th 
 of June, 1764, to the M. W. William Bell and others, authorising 
 them to hold a Grand Lodge for the State of Pennsylvania. The 
 Grand Lodge of Delaware was established at the Town Hall, in 
 the borough of Wilmington, on Friday, June 6th, 1806 ; Virginia 
 began its operations October 30th, 1778; the Grand Lodge of 
 Kentucky was established on the 30th of October, 1800 ; the Grand 
 Lodge of North Carolina was first constituted by virtue of a 
 charter from the Grand Lodge of Scotland, 1771 ; the Grand Lodge 
 of the State of South Carolina was instituted and established at 
 Charleston on the 24th of March, 1787 ; the Grand Lodge of Ohio 
 was instituted the first Monday of January, 1808 ; and the Grand 
 Lodge of Georgia on the 16th of December, 1786. 
 
 Until the year 1783, the lodges in Maryland, which had become 
 numerous, derived their authority from and were subordinate to 
 the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania ; on the 17th day of June, in the 
 same year, a convention was called, who held their session at Tal- 
 bot court-house, to take into consideration the propriety of estab- 
 lishing a statistical jurisdiction. Among other proceedings a reso- 
 lution was unanimously passed, that the convention deemed it a 
 matter of right, and that they ought to form a Grand Lodge for 
 the State of Maryland, independent of any other jurisdictiou. At 
 a grand convention held at the same place, on the 31st of July, in 
 the same year, the respective representatives being clothed witti 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 271 
 
 full powers, proceeded to the formation of a Grand Lodge, by elect- 
 ing grand officers, when the following gentlemen were selected, viz : 
 John Coates, G. M. ; James Kent, D. G. M. ; Thomas Boiirke, S. G. W. ; 
 William Forrester, J. G. W. ; Charles Gardiner, G. S. ; and William 
 Perry, G, T. The Grand Lodge of Maryland continued to hold 
 their sessions at the town of Talbot, until the year 1794, when 
 Masonry having by this time extended its influence throughout the 
 State, a number of lodges having been established in the town of 
 Baltimore and on the western shore of the State, it became con- 
 venient to remove the Grand Lodge to Baltimore. The first session 
 under the new arrangement was held in the month of May, 1794, 
 and has since continued to meet here. 
 
 Under the auspices of the Eev. John Crawford, M. D., who for 
 a long series of years presided as Grand Master, Masonry continued 
 to flourish. The death of this venerable seer was attended with 
 such circumstances as will not soon be eradicated from the minds 
 of his brethren, who, with the community at large with whom he 
 associated, were wont to respect him for his Christian and Masonic 
 virtues ; perhaps, since the days of the' celebrated Howard, that 
 man has not appeared on the stage of life whose character has so 
 nearly approached that celebrated philanthropist as Dr. Crawford. 
 The circumstances alluded to are as follows : At the last session he 
 delivered, as was his custom, an original charge, lengthy and lumin- 
 ous, the production of his own rich imagination, couched in the 
 most affectionate and parental language, at the conclusion of 
 which he intimated to his brethren his wish to retire from office, 
 pleading his long services and advanced age. He then resigned 
 the Oriental chair to his associate, and passing through the adja- 
 cent room, gave the Tyler an aff'ectionate shake by the hand, ob- 
 serving that the door which had just closed upon him would never 
 again be opened for his reception, wishing him at the same time 
 happiness here and hereafter. The first act of the Grand Lodge, 
 and it was the spontaneous act of each individual composing it, 
 was to give him a unanimous vote of continuance; but Heaven 
 had decreed what the venerable man seemed to have a full presenti- 
 ment of, that his work was finished ; for the same Grand Lodge 
 who heard his valedictory address, who unanimously recalled him 
 to the chair, were called upon before the session adjourned to 
 follow his remains to the tomb. He was born in Ireland on the 
 3d of May, 1746, and rendered up his soul to his Creator on the 
 9th of May, 1813. 
 
 A company of mounted volunteers put themselves under the 
 command of Capts. Plunket and Moore, of which Samuel HoUings- 
 worth, who had been an officer in the troop, became commander. 
 A volunteer company of artillery was formed, commanded by 
 Captain Stodder, and a company of riflemen by Captain James 
 Allen. 
 
 The neutrality being much infringed by the maritime powers 
 
272 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 at war, the President announced a general embargo for thirty 
 days by Congress; and the news was received here with much 
 satisfaction on the twenty-eighth of March — on the expiration of 
 which, a Captiiin Ramsdel], who in a fit of intoxication had hoisted 
 his colors half-mast, was violentl}^ seized by the populace and tarred 
 and feathered, as well as a young ship-carpenter named Sintorn, 
 who had been an apprentice of Mr. Stodder. 
 
 • The extraordinary pretensions and naval power of the British 
 rendered them most obnoxious, and it was thought a war with 
 them could scarcely be avoided ; but as the surest means of pre- 
 serving peace with honor, the President invited serious preparations 
 here, both for offence and defence, whilst his minister, Mr. Jay, 
 with the terms of accommodation prescribed, was waiting in 
 London their acceptance. The fort at Whetstone Point was 
 repaired by the inhabitants of the town, and the Star Fort of brick- 
 work added. The ground was afterwards ceded to the United 
 States, and the work called Fort McHenry, in honor of Colonel 
 James McHenry of Maryland, then Secretary of War. 
 
 Agreeably to the Act of Congress of the year before, and the 
 provisions made by the Legislature, Governor Stone appointed 
 Colonel Smith Major-General of the Third Division, — Colonel Hall 
 and Howard declming ; and Colonel Swann and Charles Kidgely of 
 Hampton, Brigadier-Generals; the first for the Third Brigade and 
 the latter for the Eleventh Brigade of Maryland Militia, and a 
 general enrolment takes place. In 1807, a new law was passed, 
 and General Swann's declining health obliged him to resign, when 
 Colonel Strieker was appointed Brigadier-General in his place, 
 the cavalry being placed under their own field officers. In 1809 
 General Eidgely resigned, when he was succeeded by Tobias E. 
 Stansbury. 
 
 Captain Barney having resigned the office of Clerk of the Dis- 
 trict Court, took command of a merchant vessel, in which he was 
 made prisoner by the British. They took him to Jamaica, con- 
 demned his vessel, and affected to try him for piracy ; but he was 
 acquitted at the moment he was demanded by the President, and 
 indemnity was received for the vessel afterwards. Capt. Barney 
 was selected to command one of the frigates to be built by the 
 General Oiovernment, but not being satisfied in respect to rank, he 
 declined soon after, and went to France, where he entered into the 
 service of that republic. Commanding, in 1797, on the St. Domingo 
 station, he visited the Chesapeake, eluded the British and returned 
 to the capes in safety. Capt. Barney was succeeded by Philip 
 Moore as Clerk of the District Court. 
 
 The Government intending to fit out several vessels of war at 
 this port, Capt. Jeremiah Yellot was appointed navy agent, and Mr. 
 David Stodder builder. 
 
 The Criminal Court was abolished in this year, the Justices of 
 the county court being then Joshua Seney, Chief Justice ; William 
 BuBsell, and William Owings, associates. 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEB. 273 
 
 President Washington having called upon Maryland for her 
 quota of militia to quell the " Whiskey Insurrection of Pennsyl- 
 vania," over five hundred men from Baltimore assembled at Cum- 
 berland under the command of Maj.-Gen. Smith, the whole under 
 the command of Gen. Eichard Henry Lee, or Light Horse Harry 
 of the Eevolution, as he is sometimes called. The march of the 
 army produced a salutary effect ; a bloodless victory was every- 
 where obtained, many of the ringleaders were taken, and the in- 
 surrection having been completely crushed, the troops .were dis- 
 missed to their homes. Gen. Lee acknowledged the services of the 
 Marj land troops in the following letter to Governor Lee, which 
 has never before been published : 
 
 " Headquarters, Nov. 2Qth, 1794. 
 
 " Sir : — The period having arrived when the army entrusted to 
 my direction by the President of the United States, having accom- 
 plished the object of their advance into this country, are about to 
 return home, i should commit violence on my own feelings were 1 
 not to express to your Excellency my very high ideas of their 
 merit. Suddenly brought into the field, they were unprepared for 
 the hardships which they encountered. Nevertheless disregarding 
 the distress to which they were consequently in a greater degree 
 exposed, they continued to evidence, with firmness and zeal, the 
 purity of the principles by which they were moved, and terminated 
 their campaign in perfect correspondence with the patriotism which 
 impelled them to exchange domestic enjoyments for the toils and 
 privations inseparable from military life. To all is due the tribute 
 of applause which ever attends the faithful and animated discharge 
 of duty ; but to one class something more is due. Those inesti- 
 mable and friendless citizens who till the ranks seem to have been 
 scarcely noticed in the legal provisions for compensation. 
 
 " If the example exhibited by my companions in arms is deemed 
 worthy of attention, I derive great consolation from my hopes 
 that the State Legislature will take into consideration the inequality 
 which at present exists in the pay allowed to the officers and to 
 the soldiers ; and so far as respects the faithful army under my 
 orders, will be pleased to manifest their sense of the conduct of 
 the troops, by rendering the pecuniary compensation of the soldier 
 proportionate to that given to the officer. The justice and policy 
 of such interposition are alike evident, and will be peculiarly ac- 
 ceptable. 
 
 " Another point, in which both officers and soldiers are inter- 
 ested, claims, in my humble opinion, legislative notice. Although 
 the wise and temperate system adopted by the President of the 
 L^nited States averted the heaviest of all human calamities, and 
 saved the effusion of blood, yet the suflerings which the army 
 experienced from the extreme severity of the weather have 
 deprived many families of their dearest friend and chief support. 
 18 
 
274 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEB. 
 
 To alleviate their miseries, by extending to them, with equity and 
 liberality, the public aid, is the only possible retribution which can 
 be made by the community, and I flatter myself it is only necessary 
 to make known the existence of such cases to secure to the sufferers 
 the requisite legal provision. 
 
 " I forbear to gratify my affectionate attachment to my fellow- 
 citizens in arms, with me, by yielding to my solicitude for their 
 welfare, and subjoining the many observations which my knowledge 
 of their virtue and sufferings crowds upon my mind, in the confi- 
 dence that their conduct best bespeaks their worth, and that the 
 Greneral Assembly will take pleasure in manifesting their respect 
 to real merit. 
 
 " I have the honor to be with great respect, your most obt. 
 servt, EcH. Hy. Lee." 
 
 The following unpublished letter was written to Gov. Lee by 
 Alexander Hamilton, then Secretary of War : 
 
 " War Department, November 24ithj 1794. 
 
 "Sir : — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of a letter 
 of the 18th instant from the Executive Council of Maryland, and 
 to congratulate you and them on the disappearance of the insur- 
 rection in Maryland. 
 
 " The President has seen with great satisfaction the laudable 
 vigor with which it was met by the Government, the excellent 
 disposition manifested by the citizens, and the speedy termination 
 of the disturbance. Such an example cannot but have the best 
 effect. 
 
 •' Though severity towards offenders is to be avoided as much 
 as can consist with the safety of society, yet impunity in such 
 cases is apt to produce too much promptitude in setting the laws 
 at defiance. Repeated instances of such impunity in Pennsylvania 
 are perhaps the principal cause of the misfortune which now af- 
 flicts itself, and through it the United States. The disturbers of 
 the peace familiarly appeal to the past experience of unpunished 
 offences as an encouragement to the perpetration of new ones. 
 This general reflection will no doubt be duly adverted to by the 
 judiciary and other authorities of Maryland. 
 
 " With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be. Sir, 
 your most obedient servant, Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 " His Excellency Thomas Sim Lee, Governor of Maryland" 
 
 Before the departure of the troops from Baltimore to suppress 
 the " Whiskey Insurrection," the yellow fever made its appear- 
 ance in the town, and Messrs. Gustavus Scott, George Salmon, Jos. 
 Townsend, Alexander McKim, Jesse Hollingsworth, Thomas John- 
 son, and Thomas Dixson were appointed a Committee of Health. 
 There were 344 deaths by the feVer and other diseases during the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 275 
 
 months of August and September. The malady did not cease until 
 the 15th of October. Capt. James Allen, who had conducted his com- 
 pany of riflemen as far as Frederick to protect the State Arsenal 
 from the insurgents, returned an invalid, and with other meritorious 
 citizens fell a victim to the fatal disease. The Commissioners of 
 Health selected a site for the hospital from Capt. Yellot, which 
 was improved and continued to be used as a hospital for strangers 
 and seafaring men until 1808, when it was leased on certain con- 
 ditions to Doctors Smyth and Mackenzie. It was at this period, 
 and particularly on account of the fever, that many citizens fled 
 from the town with their families, where it appears the fever did 
 not reach them, and some of them erected country residences 
 which now ornament the vicinity. 
 
 On the 25th of December the General Assembly passed "An 
 Act to alter such parts of the Constitution and form of govern- 
 ment which prevented persons conscientiously scrupulous of tak- 
 ing an oath from being members of the Legislature, electors of 
 the Senate, or to hold offices of profit and trust." By this Act a 
 member of either of the religious sects or societies called Quakers, 
 Menonists, Tunkers or Nicolites, or New Quakers, by affirming 
 may hold office, &c. 
 
 Otho Holland Williams was born in Prince George's county,, 
 Maryland, in March, 1749. His^ancestors were Welsh, and came 
 to America soon after Lord Baltimore became proprietor of the 
 province of Maryland. He was left an orphan at twelve years of 
 age. He was a resident of Frederick county when the war of tho 
 Eevolution began, when he entered the military service as lieu- 
 tenant of a rifle corps under Colonel Michael Cresap, and with that 
 officer he went to Boston in 1775. He was afterwards promoted 
 to the command of his company. In 1776 he was promoted to 
 major, and fought at Fort Washington with distinction. In that 
 engagement he was wounded and captured, and for fifteen months 
 experienced the horrors of the provost prison of New York. He 
 was afterwards exchanged for Major Ackland, captured at Sara- 
 toga. During his captivity he was appointed to the command of a 
 regiment in the Maryland Line. He was Gates' adjutant-general 
 during the campaign of 1780. When Gates collected the remnant 
 of his army, scattered at Camden, the Marylanders were formed 
 into two battalions, constituting one regiment. To Williams was 
 assigned the command, with John Eager Howard as his lieutenant. 
 When Greene assumed the command of the Southern army he 
 perceived the value of Williams, and appointed him adjutant- 
 general. In Greene's memorable retreat, and the subsequent battle 
 at Guilford, Williams greatly distinguished himself, and at Eutaw 
 Springs he led the celebrated charge which swept the field and 
 gained the bloody victory. Congress promoted him to the rank of 
 brigadier, and at the close of the war he received the appointment 
 of collector of customs at Baltimore, which office he held until his 
 
276 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 death, which occurred on Tuesday, the 15th of July, 1794, at Mil- 
 lerstown, in Virginia, when on his way to the Sweet Springs for 
 the benefit of his health, in the 46th year of his age. His body 
 was conveyed to Springfield, now Wiliiamsport, and deposited in 
 the family graveyard. Gen. Williams left a widow and four small 
 children, all sons. Upon Major Otho Williams receiving the ap- 
 pointment of Colonel, he wrote the following characteristic letter 
 to Governor Johnson : 
 
 " Fred'k Town, March 6th, 1778. 
 
 " Sir : — The very honorable appointment which the Assembly 
 of the State of Maryland hath been pleased to make me, adds an 
 obligation to my natural duty and inclination to serve my country 
 with my best abilities. I have not been able to obtain a state 
 of the resfiment which I expect the honor to command, but from 
 the best information learn there is not above one hundred effec- 
 tive men with Lt.-Col. Ford, and those very indifferently clothed. 
 The laws for recruiting and equipping men in this State (of them- 
 selves deficient) I find very badly executed, and I could wish it in 
 my power to afford some assistance, which I cannot possibly do 
 until I am instructed where to get cash and how to subsist the re- 
 cruits till they are equipped and fit for duty. It would give me 
 great pleasure to be advised on this subject. I heartily desire to 
 join the army as soon as possible, out certainly it had better be re- 
 inforced by a regiment without a colonel than by a colonel without 
 a regiment. 
 
 " I am your Excellency's most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 " Otho H. Williams. 
 
 " His Excellency Thomas Johnson, Esq., Governor of Md." 
 
 General Williams was one of the most distinguished oflicers of 
 the Eevolutionary period, and was beside, in private life, a truly 
 lovable and interesting character. He was a man of very decided 
 genius, of noble and magnanimous nature, singularly handsome in 
 person, a warm friend, and fondly affectionate in all his family re- 
 lations. He was succeeded as Collector of the Port by Eobert 
 Purviance. 
 
 George G. Presbury was appointed one of the justices of thq 
 Orphans' Court. 
 
 Alexander McKim and James Winchester are elected delegates 
 to the Assembly, and Henry Stevenson is again elected Sheriff'. 
 
 Died, on the ninth of June, John Smith, one of the framers of 
 the Constitution, and lately a Senator in the State Legislature. 
 
 Col. Nathaniel Eamsay becoming Naval Officer in the place of 
 Mr. Purviance, promoted to Collector, Jacob Graybell is appointed 
 Marshal of this district. He was succeeded by Messrs. Eeuben 
 Etting, Thomas Enter, and Col. Paul Bentalou. 
 
 On the 26th of December the General Assembly passed an Act 
 to incorporate " The Baltimore Equitable Society " for insuring 
 houses from loss by fire. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 277 
 
 1795. Died at New York, on Wednesday, September 30th, Col. 
 Eleazer Oswald, lately one of the editors of the Maryland Journal. 
 He served in the army of France under Dumonriir, and gained 
 merited applause at the famous battle of Jemmape. He also 
 served gallantly in the Continental army. 
 
 y In this year. Judge Jones, who resided at North Point on the 
 Patapsco, counted, in passing to Baltimore, no less than 109 ships, 
 162 brigs, 350 sloops and schooners, and 5,4fi4 of the "bay craft," 
 or small coasters so well known in the traffic between the eastern 
 and western shores of the Chesapeake. The shad, herring, oyster 
 and other fisheries had grown to consequence, as may be judged 
 from the large number of these smaller vessels Vand, according to 
 the published reports, the value of merchandise entered at our 
 Custom House for exportation from 1st October 1790 to 1st 
 October 1791, was $1,690,930 ; same period in 1792, $1,782,861 ; in 
 1793, $2,092,660; in 1794, $3,456,421; in 1795, $4,421,924;— making 
 in all $13,444,796; while the exports from the whole State of Mary- 
 land for the same time were $20,026,126 ; showing that our town 
 already exported two-thirds of the whole amount sent forward by 
 t*he State. 
 
 The demand abroad for our flour stimulated the " milling 
 interests," and the abundant water-power on Jones Falls was 
 taken advantage of by the ei^ection of a new mill within a 
 mile of navigation, while Gwynn's Falls was also improved by a 
 mill-race, with sufficient fall in succession for at least three mills 
 within three miles of the city's wharves. In consequence of these 
 enterprises of the Penningtons, EUicott's, Taggerts, Tysons, and 
 Hollingsworths, the manufacture of flour was greatly increased, 
 80 that but little wheat in bulk was subsequently exported from 
 our city. Nor should we forget in this enumeration of the material 
 progress of Baltimore, that our merchants and intellectual men 
 did not neglect their minds, nor the minds of their children, in 
 this prosperous period. The Eight Kev. Bishop Carroll, the Eev. 
 Doctors Patrick Allison and Joseph G. J. Bend, Doctor George 
 Brown, Messrs. Eichard Caton, Thomas Poultney, James Carroll, 
 George W. Field, Eobert Gilmor, Nicholas Brice, David Harris, 
 and others, established the old Library Company, and made that 
 splendid collection of the best works of the day and age which, 
 within a few years past, was merged, and is still preserved in the 
 collections of the Maryland Historical Society. 
 
 John B. Bernabeau was appointed French Consul for Maryland, 
 and resided here. 
 
 David McMechan was Elected one of the delegates to the Gen- 
 eral Assembly in the place of Alexander McKim. 
 
 An Act was passed by the General Assembly, on the 24th of 
 December, to incorporate the Bank of Baltimore ; and on the same 
 day the Maryland Fire Insurance Company was also incorporated. 
 
 On the 27th of July, a town meeting was held at the court- 
 
278 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEB. 
 
 house, and a committee was chosen to address the President on 
 the subject of a treaty with England, adverse to the ratification. 
 The answer of the President referred the citizens to his answer to 
 the select men of Boston ; in which, being disposed to adopt the 
 treaty, he appeals to the principles of conscious rectitude contained 
 in his answer to the address of this town on his first election to 
 the Presidency, and hopes that experience will justify him. 
 
 1796. The following letter was written by President Washing- 
 ton to Col. James McHenry, of Baltimore, formerly private secre- 
 tary on his staff during the Eevolution : 
 
 " Philadelphia, 20th January, 1796. 
 
 " My Dear Sir : — ^Let this letter be received with the same friend- 
 ship and frankness with which it is written. Nothing would add 
 more to the satisfaction this would give me, than your acceptance 
 of the offer I am going to make. Without further preface, then, 
 will you suffer me to nominate you to the office of Secretary of 
 War? That I may give evidence of the candor I have professed 
 above, I shall inform you that, for particular reasons, more fit far 
 an oral than a written communication, this office has been offered 
 to General Pii^ckney, of South Carolina, Colonel Carrington, of 
 Yirginia, and Governor Howard, of Maryland, and that it would 
 now give me sincere pleasure if you would fill it. After making 
 this declaration, I can press you no farther ; but I press for an im- 
 mediate answer, as the public service is suffering much for want of 
 a head to the department of war. If you consent to this nomina- 
 tion, prepare to come on as soon as it is made, for the reason just 
 mentioned ; although, at this season of the year, and in the present 
 state of the roads, you should not find it convenient to bring Mrs. 
 McHenry and your family along with you. Sound, I pray you, 
 and let me know without delay, if Mr. Samuel Chase would ac- 
 cept a seat on the supreme judicial bench of the United States, 
 made vacant by the resignation of Mr. Blair. If his decision is in 
 the affirmative, he will at once perceive the necessity of being here, 
 if possible, by the first Monday in the next month, at which time 
 that court is to sit in this city. Although these subjects are both 
 of an interesting nature, I will add no more on them at present, 
 but assure you of the sincere friendship and affectionate regard of, 
 &c., George Washington." 
 
 Mr. McHenry and Mr. Chase both consented to the proposal, 
 and were accordingly appointed. 
 
 The Baltimore Library Company opened their library for the 
 use of the members on the evening of October 22d, at the house 
 of Mr. Williams, Lemon street. 
 
 Messrs. Thompson and Walker issue the first directory published 
 in Baltimore, containing the names, occupations and places of 
 abode of the inhabitants of Baltimore Town and Fell's Point. 
 Messrs. Pechin & Co., printers. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 279 
 
 On the 20th of November, 1783, the officers of the Maryland 
 Line," agreeably to the request of Major-General Smallwood, met 
 at Mr. Mann's tavern, in Annapolis. In consequence of the ab- 
 sence of General Smallwood and General Gist, the two senior offi- 
 cers, the meeting was adjourned to the evening of the following 
 day. The aforesaid officers not appearing. General Otho Holland 
 Williams was called to the chair, and Lieutenant-Colonel Eccleston 
 appointed secretary. The institution of the order of " The Society 
 of the Cincinnati " was read and adopted, when they proceeded to the 
 election of officers. Whereupon Major-General Smallwood was 
 elected president ; Brigadier-General Gist, vice-president ; Briga- 
 dier-General Williams, secretary ; Colonel Eamsey, treasurer ; and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Eccleston, assistant treasurer. The represen- 
 tatives elected to the General Society were General Smallwood, 
 General Williams, Governor Paca and Colonel Eamsey. The first 
 meeting of the members of the society in Baltimore was held at 
 the " Indian Queen " hotel, which stood on the southwest corner 
 of Sharp and Baltimore streets, then kept by Mr. William Evans, 
 on the 4th of July, 1796. At this meeting Colonel John H. Stone 
 was re-elected president, and Colonel John Eager Howard, vice- 
 president ; Eobert Denny was re-elected secretary and treasurer. 
 The officers of the Maryland society at the present day are : Tench 
 Tilghman, president ; William Williams, vice-president ; W. Carvel 
 Hall, treasurer ; and Eichard J, Manning, secretary. 
 
 On Sunday, December 4th, Baltimore Town witnessed such a 
 scene as to threaten at one time the destruction of a greater part 
 of it. About four o'clock in the afternoon a fire broke out in a 
 frame building on the west side of Light street, occupied as a 
 shop by Dr. Goodwin. The flames immediately caught the frame 
 buildings of Messrs. Wilkinson & Smith's cabinet manufactory on 
 the south side, and Mr. Hawkins' two three-story brick houses. 
 On the north they communicated to the " magnificent structure," 
 the Baltimore Academy, and the Methodist meeting-house. The 
 fierce element had now got to such a height as to put it out of the 
 power of the citizens to save the six buildings on fire ; and there- 
 fore, to prevent its spreading still further, they threw down the 
 roof of the Eev. Mr. Reed's house and demolished some back 
 buildings, by which means the flames were got under control. 
 " Mr Bryden's Fountain Inn, directly opposite, was with difficulty 
 preserved by wetting the roof, and spreading wet blankets by a 
 gentleman traveller, (Mr. Francis Charlton, of Yorktown, Ya.) on 
 a shed adjoining the inn, which was on fire several times previous 
 to this" experiment." The fire originated with some boys, who 
 set fire to some shavings in the back part of the house. 
 
 Judge Seney resigned, and Henry Eidgely was appointed Chief- 
 Justice of the judicial district. Dr. Andrew Wiesenthall is ap- 
 pointed one of the Judges of the Orphans' Court. 
 
 The Charitable Marine Society was formed and incorporated 
 
280 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 in the name of Thomas Elliott, David Porter, Thomas Cole, 
 Daniel Howland, and others, masters of vessels, or their friends. 
 
 At length, on the last day of the year 1796, a law is passed to 
 constitute the town a city, and incorporate the inhabitants by the 
 name of " The Mayor and City Council of Baltimore " ; and that 
 the best means were sought by our legislators to restrain the 
 errors and promote the happiness of a numerous and mixed so- 
 ciety, is proved by the enlightened views which they have con- 
 cisely expressed in the following preamble : " Whereas, it is found 
 by experience that the good order, health and safety of large 
 towns and cities cannot be preserved, nor the evils and accidents 
 to which they are subject avoided or remedied, without an internal 
 power competent to establish a police, and regulations fitted to 
 their particular circumstances, wants and exigencies." It required 
 no little exertion of the talents and influence of Messrs. McMechen, 
 McHenry, Eobert Smith, and Winchester, the Senators and Dele- 
 gates at the time, to reconcile the citizens to the charter, such as 
 it was, especially those of the Point, or Deptford Hundred, who 
 were conciliated by an exception from any tax towards deepening 
 the upper harbor or basin. Still the Act was introduced as an ex- 
 periment for a year only, and another was passed the ensuing 
 session to give it perpetual duration, with an enumeration of some 
 of the principal powers. 
 
 James Winchester was chosen Elector of the Senate for the 
 City. Col. Howard and Charles Eidgely of Hampton were elected 
 members of the Senate of the State, but the Colonel having been 
 appointed a member of the Senate of the United States, is suc- 
 ceeded by David McMechen. Eobert Smith was elected to the 
 House of Delegates in the place of Mr. McMechen. 
 
 An Act of Assembly was passed on the 30th of December, 
 authorising the filling up of the west side of the Basin from Forrest 
 (now Charles) to the east side of Light etreet, and the extension of 
 Lee, Barre, Conway, and Camden streets to Light. Also on the 
 31st of December, an Act was passed by the General Assembly to 
 lay out and establish a turnpike road from the City of Washington 
 to Baltimore town. 
 
 1797. *' In virtue of an appointment by the Governor and Council, 
 bearing date the 5th day of January, 1797, to divide the City of 
 Baltimore into eight wards, agreeably to the Act to erect Baltimore 
 town, in Baltimore county, into a city, and to incorporate the in- 
 habitants thereof, we have made, and do declare the following 
 division of the said city into eight wards, — viz.: 
 
 " The first ward to comprise all that part of the City Of Balti- 
 more to the westward of Hanover street and McClellan's alley, in- 
 cluding the west side of said street and alley, and all the west side 
 of Charles street north of the place where said alley intersects it. 
 
 *'The second ward: the east side of Hanover street and McClel- 
 lan's alley, to the west side Light street and St. Paul's lane in- 
 clusive. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 281 
 
 " The third ward : the east side of Light street and St: Paul's 
 lane, to the west side of Calvert street inclusive. 
 
 " The fourth ward : the east side of Calvert street to the west 
 side ox' South street and North lane inclusive. 
 
 " The fifth ward : the east side of South street and North lane, 
 to the west side of Gay street inclusive. 
 
 " The sixth ward : the east side of Gay street to Jones Falls 
 inclusive. 
 
 " The seventh ward: the east side of Jones Falls and the north 
 side of Wilkes street inclusive. 
 
 " The eighth ward : all that part of Fell's Point to the south- 
 ward of "Wilkes street, including the south side of said street. 
 
 " Given under our hands in the City of Baltimore, this 9th day 
 of January, 1797: 
 
 "John Stricker, Alexander McKim, 
 
 "Philip Eogers, James Calhoun, 
 
 "Emanuel Kent, James Stodder." 
 
 Agreeably to the Act of Assembly for incorporating the City 
 of Baltimore, the inhabitants of the several wards met on the 16th 
 of January, 1797, for the purpose of electing two councilmen for 
 each ward and eight electors for the choice of a Mayor; when 
 the following gentlemen were returned as duly elected : 
 
 First Ward Councilmen: — James Carey, Ephraim Eobinson. 
 Elector, George Eeinecker. 
 
 Second Ward : — Dr. George Buchanan, Samuel Owings. Elec- 
 tor, William Gibson. 
 
 Third Ward: — Zebulon HoUings worth, James McCannon. 
 Elector, Jesse Hollingsworth. 
 
 Fourth Ward : — Hercules Courtenay, William Wilson. Elector, 
 Jeremiah Yellott. 
 
 Fifth Ward : — Thomas Hollingsworth, Adam Fonerden. Elec- 
 tor, Philip Eogers. 
 
 Sixth Ward: — James A. Buchanan, Peter Frick. Elector, 
 Englehard Yeiser. 
 
 Seventh Ward: — James Edwards, David Brown. Elector, John 
 Brown. 
 
 Eighth Ward: — Joseph Biays, William Trimble. Elector,*John 
 Coulter. 
 
 The General Assembly, on the 20th of January, passed an Act 
 incorporating " The Library Company of Baltimore," now merged 
 in the Maryland Historical Society. On the same day the As- 
 sembly incorporate "The Presbyterian Church, in the city of Balti- 
 more," with a committee consisting of William Smith, Eobert 
 Purviance, James Calhoun, David Stewart, Eobert Gilmor, Samuel 
 Smith, William Patterson, Christopher Johnson, George Brown, 
 John Swann, William Eobb and James A. Buchanan. 
 
 A meeting was held on the 21st of February, of the electors of 
 
282 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 a Mayor and eight members for the Second Branch of the City 
 Council, when the following gentlemen were declared to be duly 
 elected : James Calhoun, Mayor. First Ward, William Goodwin ; 
 Second Ward, Col. Nicholas Eogers ; Third Ward, John Merryman ; 
 Fourth Ward, Henry JSTicholls; Fifth Ward, Eobert Gilmor; Sixth 
 Ward, Eichard Lawson ; Seventh Ward, Edward Johnson ; Eighth 
 Ward, Job Smith, who chose John Merryman their President. On 
 the same day the citizens for the several wards held an election for 
 sixteen members of the First Branch of the City Council, when the 
 following gentlemen were elected : First Ward, James Carey and 
 Ephraim Eobinson : Second Ward, Samuel Owings and Dr. George 
 Buchanan ; Third Ward, Zebulon HoUingsworth and James McCan- 
 non; Fourth Ward, Hercules Courtenay and David McMechen; 
 Fifth Ward, Thomas HoUingsworth and Adam Fonerden ; Sixth 
 Ward, Baltzer Schaeifer and Peter Frick; Seventh Ward, James 
 Edwards and Frederick Schaeffer ; Eighth Ward, Joseph Biays and 
 Will'am Trimble. Hercules Court6nay,Esq., was chosen President 
 of this Branch. 
 
 On the 20th of January the General Assembly passed an Act " to 
 lay out and establish a turnpike road from the City of Baltimore 
 through Frederick-town in Frederick county, to Elizabeth-town 
 and Williams-port in Washington county." Luke Tiernan, Peter 
 Hoffman, and Hezekiah Claggett, were appointed managers for 
 taking subscriptions for stock in Baltimore City. 
 
 One of the first acts of the Corporation was an expression of 
 approbation, gratitude, and good wishes toward Gen. Washington, 
 passing through the city homeward after the expiration of the 
 second period of his presidential term, in an address dated the 14th 
 of March, of which the following is a copy : 
 
 " To George Washington, Esq. : 
 
 " Sir : — To partake of the prosperity arising from your un- 
 wearied attention to the welfare of your country — ^to admire that 
 firmness which has never been disconcerted in the greatest diffi- 
 culties, and which has acquired vigor in proportion to the exi- 
 gency — to feel that honorable ascendency you have obtained in 
 the well-founded opinion of your fellow-citizens, by a wise adminis- 
 tration, and the exercise of the virtues of a private life, and to 
 suppress our admiration and acknowledgment, would be wanting 
 to our own individual sensation, and the just expectation of those 
 we represent. 
 
 " Permit, therefore, the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 
 amongst the first exercises of their corporate capacity, to gratify 
 themselves and their constituents, in the sincere expressions of 
 regret for your retirement ; their lively gratitude for your public 
 services, their affectionate attachment to your private character, 
 their heartfelt farewell to your person and family, and their un- 
 
OHEONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 283 
 
 ceasing solicitude for your temporal and eternal happiness. In 
 behalf of the corporation of the city of Baltimore, 
 
 " James Calhoun, Mayor." 
 
 To which was returned the following reply : — 
 *' To the Mayor and City^ Council of Baltimore : 
 
 ^^ Gentlemen: — 1 receive with grateful sensibility the honor of 
 your address. 
 
 " To meet the plaudits of my fellow-citizens for the part I have 
 acted in public life, is the highest reward, next to the consciousness 
 of having done my duty, to the utmost of my abilities, of which 
 my mind is susceptible; and I pray you to accept my sincere 
 thanks for the evidence you have now given me of your approba- 
 tion of my past services. For these regrets which you have ex- 
 pressed on the occasion of my retirement to private life, and for 
 the affectionate attachment you have declared for my person, let 
 me reciprocate most cordially all the good wishes you have been 
 pleased to extend to me and my family, for our temporal and 
 eternal happiness. " George Washington." 
 
 Eichard H". Moale was appointed by the Mayor and City Council 
 to " receive for safe-keeping the records, papers, proceedings, and 
 accounts of the commissioners of Baltimore town, port wardens, &c., 
 until the corporation shall further order." William Gibson was 
 appointed to " receive for safe-keeping all the moneys in the hands of 
 the commissioners of Baltimore town, &c., until the corporation 
 shall further order." 
 
 At the navy-yard of David Stodder, Harris Creek, on the 9th 
 of September, was launched the United States frigate Constellation, 
 of 36 guns. Capt. Thomas Truxton was appointed to command 
 her. 
 
 )( Captain David Porter, Sr., established the signal-house on 
 Federal Hill, opposite, but near to, and in sight of the town, by 
 which the approach of public and private vessels to the Bodkin and 
 North Point is immediately known.>(^ 
 
 In this year a subscription was gotten up for a hall for dancing, 
 and the building was erected and is still standing on the north-east 
 corner of Fayette and Holliday streets, from a design by Colonel 
 N. Eogers — Messrs. Kobert C. Long, James Donaldson, Hessington, 
 and Lander, builders — which was called the "Assembly Eoom." 
 
 Mr. George Keating, published a small plan of the city, and two 
 years after another was published by Mr. Charles Yarle, which in- 
 cluded some of the environs, with views of the buildings. Messrs. 
 Dugan and McElderry commenced their improvements in Market 
 Space. 
 
 Colonel Howard having completed the senatorial term, is re-ap- 
 pointed Senator of the United States for the ensuing six years. 
 Adam Fonerden, Esq., is elected a delegate to the Assembly in the 
 place of Mr. McMechen ; and Cornelius H. Gist is elected sheriff. 
 
284 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Died in this city, on the 19th of March, at an advanced age, 
 Daniel Dulaney, barrister, formerly secretary of the Province and 
 member of the Council, and of the Upper House under the Proprie- 
 tary government. 
 
 An Act was passed on the 20th of January, by the General 
 Assembl}', incorporating the Eejsterstown Turnpike Company, and 
 authorizing Samuel Smith, Joseph Thornburgh, Jesse Hollingsworth, 
 and Philip Grable, to receive subscriptions to the stock in Balti- 
 more City. 
 
 On the same day, the General Assembly appointed Samuel 
 Owings, James Carroll, John Merryman, James Carey, and Nicholas 
 Eogers, commissioners for the purpose of erecting a new jail, and they 
 purchased ground and built on the site of the present one. An Act 
 was passed at the next session to sell the ground now occupied by 
 the City Court, formerly old Masonic Hall, and the proceeds to 
 be applied in the erection of the new jail on the east side of Jones 
 Falls. It was finished and occupied in 1802. 
 
 1798. The difficulties which had arisen in Europe out of the 
 French Revolution, soon extended themselves in this country. The 
 cloud soon passed away, and nothing was heard but distant rum- 
 blings. 
 
 On the 7th of IsTovember, Gen. Washington, who had accepted 
 the command of the army again, designated Col. Howard to be one 
 of the Brigadier-Generals, and arrived here and reviewed General 
 Swann's brigade. On this last visit of the beloved chief and brother, 
 the R. W. Mr. William Belton, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge 
 of Maryland, presented a copy of their constitution then just re- 
 vised, and an address, to which the General returned an answer 
 highly commendatory of the benevolent purposes of the institu- 
 tion. 
 
 Two new companies of volunteer cavalry were raised, one on 
 the Point, commanded by Captain James Biays, and one in town 
 by Captain Paul Bentalou. 
 
 In July, Congress voted an addition to the army and naval 
 forces, and authorized the seizure of French vessels which were 
 armed. The ships Baltimore and Montezuma^ merchant vessels of 
 this port, were fitted out with twenty guns each, the first com- 
 manded by Captain Isaac Philips, and the last by Captain Alex. 
 Murray. On the 16th of November, the Baltimore having 
 convoyed a number of American vessels near Havana, was met by 
 a British squadron under Admiral Loring, who invited Captain 
 Philips on board his ship, and in his absence, had above fifty men 
 brought away from the Baltimore^ as British seamen, which Cap- 
 tain Philips resented strenuously and offered up his ship. Upon 
 this Loring returned all the men but five, and Captain Philips be- 
 ing without a commission for his ship, and thinking the Government 
 would find some better means of redress, hoisted his flag and pro- 
 ceeded, but was dismissed the service on his return without atrial 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 285 
 
 by an order of the Secretary of the Navy. John Eogers and An- 
 drew Sterett were appointed Lieutenants in the navy, and David 
 Porter, Jr., Midshipman, were on board the Constellation and con- 
 tributed by their gallant behavior to the capture of the Insurgente 
 French frigate, on the 9th of February, 1799. Besides the above 
 Baltimore gentlemen, there also entered the navy about this period, 
 Messrs. John Ballard, William Peterken, Charles Ridgely, John 
 and Joseph Nicholson, and George Levely ; and another ship was 
 fitted out and called the Patapsco, to be commanded by Captain 
 Greddes. 
 
 To relieve the county courts from duties not judiciary, Levy 
 courts were organized by law, and eleven justices appointed for 
 this city and county, who took charge of the property and finances. 
 The tobacco inspectors formerly nominated by the vestries, and 
 latterly by the courts of justice, are now by this court, as are the 
 county constables and overseers of the roads. The Legislature 
 also passed an Act to prevent abuses in the practice of medicine 
 and surgery, the want of which had been announced ten years be- 
 fore, incorporating the faculty, prohibiting any from commencing 
 practice thereafter without a license from a board of examiners. 
 This restriction was so far modified in 1816 as to permit the gradu- 
 ates of reputed seminaries or colleges to practice without other 
 license. 
 
 The form and dimensions of brick for building or sale were es- 
 tablished. 
 
 The property of the city subject to taxes was valued at £699,- 
 519 9su 2d., pursuant to a general assessment law, and five com- 
 missioners for the city, and five for the county, appointed. 
 
 At a town meeting on the 7th of September, it was resolved 
 that a subscription should be opened for money to aid the distressed 
 inhabitants of Philadelphia, then afflicted by the yellow fever, and 
 on the 15th the Mayor suspended communication between the two 
 cities. 
 
 Wm. Wilson and Archibald Buchanan, Esqs., are elected dele- 
 gates. 
 
 On the 5th of July, John Moale, Esq., many years presiding 
 justice of the county court, and member of the convention in 1774 
 for the county, departed 4his life at an advanced age ; on the 
 eleventh of September, also at an advanced age, Alexander Lawson, 
 Esq., formerly clerk of Baltimore county court; and on the 
 twentieth of October, at his then residence in Queen Anne 
 County, Joshua Seney, Esq., late chief-justice of this district, and 
 formerly member of Congress. 
 
 An Act was passed by the General Assembly, on the 15th of 
 January, to extend and open Sharping lane, now called Second 
 street, to the breadth of forty-nine feet six inches from Gay to 
 South street. 
 
 1799. Agreeably to the powers of the corporation, an addition 
 
286 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 was made to the city of a small parcel of ground situated north of 
 Saratoga street, and the bounds of Harford street and Canal were 
 fixed, together with the channel of the Basin. 
 
 On the 28th of May a very destructive fire broke out on the 
 west side of South street, in the bake-house of Patrick Millian, and 
 consumed fourteen warehouses, and much valuable property be- 
 tween that street and Bowley's wharf. The following persons 
 were the principal losers : James Piper, William Jessop, William 
 Woods, Y. Kapff & Anspach, Benjamin Williams, Eogers & Owens, 
 Solomon Betts, James Corrie, Eedmond Berry, M. Larew, William 
 Eyland, John McFadden, A. W. Davey, Mrs. Lawson, John Strieker, 
 Pat. Millian, Jarard Toepken, J. Masey, Lewis Pascault. 
 
 In this year the Eev. John Hargrove, who had espoused the 
 doctrines of Baron Swedeijborg, and others of that faith, erect the 
 New Jerusalem Temple at the corner of Baltimore and Exeter 
 streets, which was dedicated the ensuing year. 
 
 Heretofore the citizens had witnessed much confusion and tur- 
 bulence by the multitudes of people assembled at elections for ih& 
 town and county. The Legislature therefore changed the constitu- 
 tion in this respect, by dividing both into districts, the wards of 
 the city serving for districts ; two years after, the manner of vot- 
 ing was limited to ballots, instead of voice, and these seasons ceased 
 to be riotous as they had been. 
 
 At the session of 1799, a new Court of Oyer and Terminer is 
 organized for Baltimore city and county, and Walter Dorsey ap- 
 pointed chief-justice; George Presbury and Job Smith, associate 
 justices. In 1808 Judge Dorsey resigns, and is succeeded by John 
 Scott, who, dying in 1813, is succeeded by Luther Martin. In this 
 year James Winchester was appointed judge of the district court, 
 in place of Mr. Paca deceased. . 
 
 The Insurgents^ a French frigate, was captured by Captain 
 Truxton, U. S. N., brought here and fitted out, but was, with 
 Capt. Patrick Fletcher and all the crew, lost at sea the ensuing 
 winter. 
 
 On the petition of the proprietors, Pratt street from Franklin 
 Lane was directed to be opened to the Falls, and it was then opened 
 from Frederick street, and a bridge erected by ordinance of the 
 corporation to connect Pratt street witlj the one called Queen, now 
 Pratt street, east of the Falls. Pratt street had been opened west- 
 wardly as early as 1795, and in 1811 a law was passed for extend- 
 ing it eastwardly across Cheapside, Hollingsworth, and EUicott's 
 docks, but this was not effected until another one was passed in 
 1816, including that part of the new street only which runs from 
 Light street to Franklin lane, — when another, law was passed to 
 open and extend North lane, which was called Belvedere, now North 
 street ; and another, to extend Lombard street eastwardly, which 
 was not carried into eifect for a number of years after. In 1807 
 an Act was passed to open Centre street eastwardly from Howard 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 287 
 
 street to the Falls, and a bridge was built there; and in 1811, St« 
 Paul's, now Saratoga street, was extended from Charles to Fish, 
 now Saratoga, in front of the African Bethel Church. In 1809 
 Mr. Christopher Hughes obtained a license to extend his grounds 
 on the south side of the Basin, northward to Lee street, and from 
 Forest, now Charles, to Johnson street eastwardly. 
 
 The port wardens had determined the width of the Falls, before 
 the city was chartered, at 60 feet above Baltimore Street bridge 
 and 80 feet below it, and now complete the survey of the harbor, 
 which the corporation confirmed in 1805 and 1807 ; and in 1815, a 
 resolution was passed to sanction the deepening of the bed and 
 walling in the sides of the Fails. 
 
 Archibald Buchanan and George Johannot, Esqs., are elected to 
 represent the town in the House of Delegates. 
 
 On the 15th of December, the sad news arrived of the decease 
 of General Washington, which happened the day before, and on the 
 1st of January, 1800, funeral rites were celebrated. The military, 
 including the regulars then stationed at Fort McHenry, and the 
 citizens, including many from the county, formed a procession at 
 the head of Baltimore street, when an appropriate address was de- 
 livered by the Eev. Dr. Allison. From thence the procession re- 
 turned to Christ Church, and when the bier had entered, the 
 funeral service Was performed by the Kev. Dr. Bend before an 
 immense concourse, deeply afi'ected at the loss which they had 
 sustained, and anxious to manifest the grateful sentiments by which 
 they were animated towards the memory of the hero who had so 
 often testified his regard for them, and rendered the most important 
 services to their country. 
 
 On Monday, June 3d, the United States sloop-of-war Mary- 
 land was launched from the ways at Price's ship-yard. Fell's 
 Point. This vessel carried 20 guns, and was built by the merchants 
 of Baltimore and presented to the United States Government. 
 
 On Tuesday, June 4th, the Baltimore races commenced at the 
 new course on Whetstone Point. There was an immense number 
 of spectators present of both sexes and all conditions. Mr. Hanson's 
 horse Hamlet was the winner of the four-mile race in seven 
 minutes and forty-seven seconds. 
 
 On Friday, June 20th, was launched from the ways at De Eoch- 
 broom's ship-yard. Fell's Point, the U. S. sloop-of-war Chesapeake, 
 
 On Monday morning, July Ist, a number of seamen, lately be- 
 longing to the Constellation^ to evince their respect to their former 
 lieutenant, John Kogers, carried him through the principal streets 
 of Baltimore on a chair elegantly decorated. On passing Market 
 street (Broadway), Fell's Point, the procession was saluted by a 
 discharge of cannon. 
 
 On the 24th of July, the following gentlemen having been ap- 
 pointed a committee on behalf of the citizens of Baltimore, pub- 
 lished an appeal to raise by subscription among the citizens of the 
 
288 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEB. 
 
 city sufficient means to finish the fortification (Fort McHenry) at 
 "Whetstone Point : Eobert Gilmor, George Sears, Bobert Oliver, 
 William Patterson, David Stewart, Jeremiah Yellott, Mark Pringle, 
 Archibald Campbell, Thomas Coale. 
 
 A summary description of Baltimore as taken from an old paper 
 of the year: 
 
 " Baltimore, the largest and most flourishing commercial city 
 in the State of Maryland, is situated in a county of its own name, 
 and on the N. W. branch of- Patapsco river. It extends from Har- 
 ris's creek on the S. E., until it reaches a branch of the western 
 branch, over which there are three wooden bridges. In the city 
 the streets extend from east to west, along the north side of the 
 basin, and these are again intersected by others at right angles, 
 extending north from it; except a few which run in different di- 
 rections. At Fell's Point the streets also in general extend from 
 east to west, and are crossed by others at right angles ; but imme- 
 diately on the Point there are a few which run in various directions, 
 as circumstances would admit of On the side* Jones Falls, there 
 are some which extend parallel to it, and vary their course from 
 the former. The number of streets, lanes and alleys, is about 
 130 ; but several of these are yet without a building. The build- 
 ings are. principally placed between Howard street and the Falls. 
 The main street is 80 feet Avide, and extends from east to west 
 about three-quarters of a mile, and is called Baltimore street. 
 Pratt, Water, Second and East street (Fayette) have the same di- 
 rection, and are from 40 to 60 feet wide. These are intersected at 
 right angles by Market street, 150 feet wide, Frederick, Gay, South, 
 Calvert, Charles, Hanover, and Howard streets, which are from 66 
 to 80 feet wide, and compactly built. There are others partly 
 built, as Holliday street 100 feet wide, where the new theatre 
 stands-, Lovely and St. Paul's lanes thirty feet wide, &c. The 
 public buildings are a court-house, jail, market-houses, a poor- 
 house, which stands on the northwest side of the town, besides 
 three banks and exchange, and a theatre already mentioned; 
 these last are private property. The Bank of Maryland stands 
 in South street, between Walnut street and Lovely lane, and was 
 incorporated in 1791 ; its capital is $300,000. The branch Bank 
 of the United States stands at the corner of Second and South 
 Gay streets. The Baltimore Bank stands in Baltimore street — 
 No. 154. The court-house is a brick building erected upon an 
 arch in the north end of Calvert street. In the next square, a 
 little to the northwest, is the jail (now record-office). The houses 
 for public worship are eleven, viz : one for Episcopalians, one for 
 Presbyterians, one for German Lutherans, one for German Cal- 
 vinists, one for the Keformed Germans, one for Nicolites or New 
 Quakers^ one for Baptists, one for Boman Catholics, and two for 
 Methodists, one of which stands at Fell's Point. The Precsbyte 
 rian church stands in East street (northwest corner of North and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 289 
 
 Fayette streets), has a handsome portico, and is supported by six 
 pillars in front. It is well-finished, and is one of the most elegant 
 churches in America. The houses as numbered in 1787 were 1955 ; 
 about 1200 of these were in the town and the rest at Fell's Point. 
 The number of houses at present is about 3500: the greater part 
 of these are brick, and many of them handsome and elegant. 
 The number of warehouses is about 170, chiefly placed contiguoTis 
 to the harbor; and the number of inhabitants, according to the 
 census taken in 1791, was 13,758, of whom 1255 were slaves; but 
 this must be far short of the present number. 
 
 " The basin is on the south side of the town, in which the water 
 at common tides is from eight to nine feet deep. The harbor at 
 Fell's Point is deep enough to admit ships of 500 tons burthen. 
 The situation of part of the town is low, and was unhealthy until 
 a large marsh was reclaimed about twenty-seven years ago, since 
 which time the town has been as healthy as any other in the 
 United States. Where the marsh formerly was there is a market 
 space 150 feet wide, which we have mentioned above ; on each 
 side is a row of buildings, with the market-house in the centre. 
 Perhaps the increase of houses, and consequently of smoke, to- 
 gether with the improvements which have been made in paving 
 the streets and keeping them clean, may also have contributed in 
 rendering it so healthy. The articles manufactured here are sugar, 
 rum, tobacco, snuff, cordage, paper, wool and cotton-cards, nails, 
 sa idles, boots, shoes, ship-building in all its various branches, be- 
 sides a variety of other articles. "Within eighteen miles of the 
 town there are fifty capital merchant-mills, one powder-mill, and 
 two paper-mills, besides several furnaces and two forges. Twelve 
 of the merchant-mills are within four miles of the town, on Jones 
 Falls, and four others are about the same distance on two other 
 streams. Adjoining the town is a large mill, with four pairs of 
 stones six feet in diameter, capable of manufacturing 150 barrels 
 of flour in a day ; the water-course is about a mile in length, one- 
 third part of which is cut out of the solid rock : in this distance 
 the water gains sixty-five feet fall. The rapid increase of Balti- 
 more has even surprised its friends, and it now ranks as the third 
 commercial port in the Union. There were belonging to it in 
 1790, 27 ships, 1 scow, 31 brigantines, 34 schooners, and 9 sloop s : 
 total 102 vessels, containing 13,564 tons. In the year ending the 
 last day of December, 1797, the shipping amounted to 59,837 tons. 
 The exports in 1790 amounted to $2,027,770, and the imports to 
 $1,945,899 ; balance in favor of Baltimore, $81,971. In the year 
 ending September, 1794, the exports amounted to $5,0^,248, and 
 in 1798, ending September 30th, $12,000,000 and upwards. Mr. 
 Morse, in his Gazetteer^ says of Baltimore : 
 
 " On what authority he makes the first part of his publications 
 we know not. In looking into his own observations, we find he 
 contradicts himself; for he allows a greater population to Charles- 
 19 
 
290 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ton, which, when the census was taken in 1791, was the fourth in 
 size, and contained about three thousand people more than Balti- 
 more. We believe Baltimore has, since that period, increased more 
 in wealth and population than any town in the United States; but 
 whether it exceeds Charleston in population at the present day, he 
 has no authority we presume for saying it, because no census was 
 taken since 1791, and therefore it must be, with him, mere con- 
 jecture. With respect to his asserting it is ' in commerce the fifth 
 in rank in the United States;' he in this discovers either a want of 
 recollection, or a total ignorance of the subject. In looking over 
 the exports of the United States, published by Mr. Coxe, commis- 
 sioner of the revenue, in 1796, for five years ending September 
 30th, 1795, we find, in a commercial view, Pennsylvania ranks first, 
 New York second, Massachusetts third, Maryland fourth, and South 
 Carolina fifth. Massachusetts has more sea-ports than any State 
 in the Union, from which commerce is carried on with foreign 
 countries. These necessarily lessen the exports of Boston, so that 
 we find in 1794, Baltimore exported to the amount of $2,512,545 
 more than Boston, and $1,447,856 more than Charleston, the ex- 
 ports of which exceed Boston $1,064,689; yet Boston he ranks as 
 the third commercial town in the Union. Perhaps he will, in the 
 next edition of his Gazetteer, make another advance towards truth, 
 and place Baltimore in its proper rank as the third commercial 
 city in the United States. It is peopled from various parts of the 
 Union, and from difi'erent countries in Europe. The inhabitants 
 by mixing together in a social and friendly manner, have a polite- 
 ness in their address and conversation which renders them pleasant 
 and agreeable companions. It contains more men of wealth and of 
 probity in commercial transactions, in proportion to its population, 
 than any of the seaport towns in the Union. This is demonstrated 
 from its exports being greater than either Boston or Charleston, 
 each of whose population was more numerous in. 1791. Its exports 
 are much larger in proportion to its population than either Phila- 
 delphia or New York; for if population be the standard of wealth, 
 each of these cities ought to export twice the amount that Balti- . 
 more does. This reasoning is obvious, and proves what we have 
 stated, that Baltimore possesses a larger proportion of men of 
 wealth or of probity in commercial aff*airs than any of the seaport 
 towns, as its trade is so much greater in proportion to its popu- 
 lation; for it is self-evident that all commercial transactions are 
 carried on by means either of wealth or of credit, which last is 
 founded on probity and punctuality ; and when the commerce of a 
 people surpasses the ordinary proportion, it is of itself a proof that 
 they possess either one or other of these in a great degree. 
 
 " Baltimore was incorporated and declared a city I)y an Act of 
 the Legislature of Maryland, passed on the 31st day of December, 
 1796. It is governed by a Mayor, and City Council consisting of 
 two Branches. The First Branch is composed of two members 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 291 
 
 from each ward; at present there are sixteen members in this 
 Eraneh. The Second Branch consists of eight members. A mem- 
 ber of the First Branch must be twenty-one years of age, a citizen 
 of the United States, three years resident in Baltimore before his 
 election, and rated on the assessor's books at one thousand dollars. 
 The voters for this Branch must have the same qualifications as 
 those who vote for members of the General Assembly of Maryland. 
 The election is annual, and made viva voce, A member of the 
 Second Branch must be twenty-five years of age, a citizen of the 
 United States, four years a resident in the city previous to his 
 election, and rated on the assessor's books at two thousand dollars. 
 The members of this Branch are chosen every second year by the 
 First Branch. The Mayor, who is elected by the First Branch 
 also, continues in office two years, must be twenty-five years of age, 
 ten years a citizen of the United States, and five years a resident 
 of the place before his election. His salary is fixed by an ordi- 
 nance of the corporation: last year it was two thousand four 
 hundred dollars. He appoints all officers of the corporation j the 
 Second Branch, in case of a vacancy, nominates two citizens, one 
 of whom the Mayor commissions." 
 
 1800. President Adams passed through the city on the 15th of 
 June, from the seat of government, then lately moved to Washing- 
 ton, and the corporation presented him an address of congratula- 
 tion. 
 
 Doctor John B. Davidge, who had been educated in Europe, 
 and some time settled in Baltimore, commenced a course of lec- 
 tures on the principles and practice of Midwifery, to which the 
 next session he added practical surgery, and the third session 
 demonstrative anatomy. These lectures were delivered at his 
 residence ; and though they were never attended by a dozen 
 students, the Doctor erected an anatomical hall near the south- 
 east corner of Liberty and Saratoga streets, being joined by Doctor 
 James Cocke in the lectures on anatomy and physiology, and 
 by Doctor John Shaw, who delivered lectures on chemistry at his 
 own dwelling. The anatomical lectures had scarcely commenced 
 in the new hall when a clamor was raised by some ignorant neigh- 
 bors ; it was demolished bjjr the populace, and the Doctor's prepa- 
 rations destroyed, upon which, 'and for two or three years after, the 
 anatomical and surgical lectures were delivered at the county alms- 
 house. 
 
 Mr. Marcus McCausland erects a brewery in HoUiday street, 
 and a new powder magazine is erected on the south side of the 
 river by the corporation. 
 
 A number of gentlemen form a society, which they call '* The 
 Society of St. George," to relieve emigrants from England; and 
 the Kt. Eev. Bishop Carroll, the Eev. Dr. Bend, Mr. James Priestly, 
 Doctor Crawford, and others form a society by the name of " The 
 Maryland Society for promoting useful knowledge," both of which 
 societies were discontinued after a few years. 
 
292 CHRONICLES - OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Eobert Smith and James H. MeCulloch, Esqs., are elected dele- 
 gates, and James Wilson, Esq., sheriif. 
 
 By the new census, the city, without the precincts, contained 
 white males, 11,294; females, 9,606; other free persons, 2,771; 
 frlaves, 2,843; precincts supposed, 5,000; total, 31,514, being an in- 
 crease of 18,011 persons in the last ten years. 
 
 In this year an agreement was made by the First Presbyterian 
 Church and the city authorities with reference to opening North 
 lane and reducing the ground. This ground had been used for a 
 number of years for burial purposes. The congregation reserved 
 the right to continue the parsonage in the bed of the present 
 North street as long as it suited them, not exceeding ten years. 
 They retained it till 1805. 
 
 An Act was passed by the Legislature, on the 19th of Decem- 
 ber, " to enable the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore to intro- 
 duce water into the said city." 
 
 1801. Innoculation with vaccine matter having been discovered 
 as a preventative from small-pox by Dr. Jenner five years before, in 
 1801 Mr. William Taylor, merchant, received from his brother, Mr. 
 John Taylor, then in London, a quantity of matter for propagation ; 
 and being delivered through Dr. M. Littlejohn, physician of Mr. 
 ^Taylor, to Dr. James Smith, he introduced it generally and 
 successfully. Upon the application of Dr. Smith, the Legislature 
 of Maryland became the first to sanction the distribution ; and in 
 1809 he is granted a lottery to raise a certain compensation for 
 the distribution of matter gratuitously during six years; and in 
 1810, the Rev. Dr. Bend, Wm. Gwynn, Dr. Smith, and others form 
 a society for promoting vaccination generally ; but this society was 
 discontinued and another erected in 1822, of which Dr. James 
 Stewart was President. 
 
 In 1801, the Legislature authorised the building of a Lazaretto, 
 which was accordingly put up by the corporation on the point 
 opposite Fort McHenry, which has since become one of the bounds 
 of the city eastward. 
 \y/ Messrs. Emanuel Kent, Elisha Tyson, William Maccreery, 
 ^ Eichardson Stewart, and others, formed a society to furnish 
 medicinal relief to the poor gratuitously, which, in 1807, was 
 incorporated by the name of the " Baltimore G-eneral Dispensary," 
 and relief for drowning persons provided, there having been since 
 the foundation and to that time 6263 patients. This society, for a 
 charitable purpose of all others the most interesting perhaps, has, 
 by great exertions, outlived most of its contemporaries. 
 
 The following letter was written by President Thomas Jeiferson 
 to General Samuel Smith, tendering him the appointment of Sec- 
 retary of the Navy in his Cabinet, which he accepted for a short 
 time. When he retired, his brother, Eobert Smith, was appointed 
 in his place : 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 293 
 
 " Washington, March 9th, 1801. 
 
 " Dear *Sir : — By the time you receive this, you will have been 
 at home lonsj enough, I hope, to take a view of the possibilities and 
 of the arring3ments which may enable you to dispose of your 
 private affairs as to take a share in those of the public, and give 
 us your aid as Secretary of the Navy. If you can be added to the 
 administration I am forming, it will constitute a mass so entirely 
 possessed of the public confidence that I shall fear nothing. There 
 is nothing to which a nation is not equal, when it pours all its 
 energies and zeal into the hands of those to whom they confide the 
 direction of their force. You will bring us the benefit of adding in 
 a considerable degree the acquiescence at least of the leaders who 
 have hitherto opposed us. Your geographical situation too is 
 peculiarly advantageous, as it will favor the policy of drawing our 
 naval resources towards the centre, from which their benefits and 
 protection may be extended equally to all the parts. But what 
 renders it a matter not only of desire to us, but permit me to say, 
 of moral duty in you is that, if you refuse, where are we to find a 
 substitute ? You know that the knowledge of naval matters in 
 this country is confined entirely to persons who are under other 
 absolutely disqualifying circumstances. Let me then, my dear Sir, 
 entreat you to join in conducting the affairs of our country, and to 
 prove, by consequence, that the views they entertained in the 
 change of their servants are not to be without eftect. In short, if 
 you refuse, I must abandon, from necessity, what I have been so 
 falsely charged of doing from choice, — the expectation of procuring 
 to our country such benefits as may compensate the expenses of their 
 navy. I hope therefore you will accede to the proposition ; every- 
 thing shall be yielded which may accommodate it to your affairs 
 Let me hear from you favorably and soon. Accept assurances 
 my high and friendly consideration and esteem. 
 
 "Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 " To Gen'l Samuel Smith." 
 
 John Scott, who had lately removed from Kent County, and 
 Thomas Dixon, are elected delegates to the Assembly. James H. 
 McCuUoch was chosen elector for the city. 
 
 1802. Mr. Benjamin Henfrey, an Englishman, had lately dis- 
 covered and attempted to bring into use a species of coal from 
 Gen. Ridgely's lands, about six miles northeast of the town, but 
 did not succeed. Mr. Henfrey was, however, more successful soon 
 after in discovering a method of creating light by gas from wood. 
 He exhibited experiments here, and actually lighted Richmond, 
 Virginia, before any similar discovery was known. 
 
 On the 28th of August, 1802, during a hailstorm, the flag-staff 
 at Fort MoHenry and a house in Gay street were struck by light- 
 ning. 
 
 A number of the members of St. Paul's Church, attached to the 
 
.294 CHEONIOLES OF BALTIMOBE. 
 
 Eev. Geo. "Dashield, commenced a church called St. Peter's, which 
 stood until lately at the S. E. corner of German and Sharp streets, 
 and soon after erected in the rear of the same a free school for chil- 
 dren of that society. 
 
 After the census of 1800, Maryland was entitled to nine repre- 
 sentatives in Congress, and the electoral districts were again altered 
 by Act of Assembly. Baltimore city and county became the fifth ^ 
 to elect two, one to be a resident of each, jointly elected ; and Gen- 
 eral Smith and Col. Nicholas A. Moore were elected ; but the Gen- 
 eral being appointed a Senator of the United States, William Mac- 
 creery is elected to Congress in his place. James Purviance is elected 
 a member of the Assemblj^ in the place of Mr. Scott. 
 
 On the 21st of August, departed this life, aged 62 years, the 
 Eev. Dr. Patrick Allison, founder of the First Presbyterian Church 
 .y iu this city, who was succeeded by the Eev. James Inglis, a very 
 eminent minister. Died, also in this city, on the 2d of November, 
 aged 63 years, Edward Langworthy, deputy naval officer, and for- 
 merly member of Congress from the State of Georgia. 
 / The first regular meeting of The Female Humane Association for 
 ^/the relief of indigent women was held at the residence of Bishop 
 Carroll, on the 7th of January. 
 
 1803. A new Act having passed for the inspection of tobacco 
 in 1801, the public warehouse on the Point having become insuffi- 
 cient for the quantity of that article brought to Baltimore, the 
 Levy Court had been authorised to license another warehouse in 
 1799, at the instance of Judge Chase, on terms he disapproved 
 and declined. But James Calhoun obtained another license on 
 similar terms, and erected one at the southwest corner of Pratt 
 and Light streets in 1803, and a similar license was granted to 
 Messrs. Dugan and O'Donnell to erect another at the end of their 
 wharves. 
 
 In this year the Eight Eev. Bishop Carroll, and Mr. James 
 Priestly, who had been sometime Principal of a respectable semi- 
 nary in Paul's lane,, and others, procured a charter for the Balti- 
 i more College, which, b}^ aid of a lottery, was erected on a plain but 
 convenient style, on Mulberry street, the Bishop being appointed 
 president of the trustees. 
 
 The 7th day of February was remarkable in this city for a great 
 fog in the atmosphere; and toward night, a porter employed at 
 Messrs. Peters and Johnson's brewery being found in the basin with 
 his horse and dray, was supposed to have missed the way, and 
 driving over the end of Bowly's wharf was drowned. 
 
 Thomas Dixon and Cumberland Dugan were elected delegates 
 to the Assembly, and Thomas Baily sherifi: Thomas Eutter was 
 appointed a Justice of the Orphans' Court. 
 
 In the Federal Gazette of Tuesday, the 27th of December, we 
 find the following marriage notice : " Married on Saturday evening 
 last, by the Eeverend Bishop Carroll, Mr. Jerome Bonaparte, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 295 
 
 youngest brother of the First Consul of the French Eepublic, to 
 Miss Elizabeth Patterson, eldest daughter of William Patterson, 
 Esquire, of this city." 
 
 1804. Experiments having been made in some other places to 
 reduce the number of public offences committed, by substituting 
 confinement and labor, instead of public and degrading punish- 1^'" 
 ment, which it was thought had proved successful, the Legislature 
 had as early as 1801 published a plan for a similar change in the 
 criminal law of this State, to supersede the " wheelbarrow law," 
 as it was commonly called, and now resolved to erect a penitentiary 
 in Baltimore. Messrs. John E. Howard, Thomas Dixon, Josias 
 Penington, Thomas McElderry, Robert C. Long, Levi Hollings- 
 worth, Daniel Conn, Samuel Sterett, and George "Warner, commis- 
 sioners, purchase ground and erect buildings on Madison street 
 near the York road, Mr. Conn being the architect and builder. In 
 1809 a new criminal code was adapted to the institution, leaving 
 the commission of murder, arson, rape, and treason only, liable to 
 the punishment of death. 
 
 In this year the Union Bank of Maryland is organized and 
 chartered ; William Winchester is chosen president, and Ralph 
 Higginbotham cashier. In 1807 the directors build a spacious 
 banking-house on the S. E. corner of Fayette and Charles streets, 
 of which Mr. Robert C. Lon^ was architect, and Mr. W. Stewart 
 and Col. Mosber builders; Messrs. Chevalier Andrea and Franzoni 
 performed the sculpture. The proposed capital was $3,000,000 ; 
 and 82,312,150, including $42,400 by the State, were paid; but 
 shares to the amount of $224,250 were purchased by the corpora- 
 tion itself, and losses sustained previously, a law was obtained in 
 1821 reducing the capital 25 per cent. In the meantime, the Me- 
 chanics' Bank is incorporated in 1806, and in 1812 they erected their 
 banking-house at the southeast corner of Calvert and East, now 
 Fayette street. The capital intended for this bank was one mil- 
 lion, of which, $640,000 were paid, including $94,625 by the State, 
 all of which, in consequence of losses sustained, were reduced 40 
 per cent, by Act of 1821. 
 
 Edward Johnson is chosen elector of President, and Andrew 
 Ellicott and John Stephens delegates. 
 
 l3ied at New York, in his 69th year, Commodore James Nichol- 
 son, formerly of this town, and commander of the public ships 
 Defence^ Virginia, Trumbull, &c., in the war of Independence ; and 
 on the 19th of September, aged 72 years, William Buchanan, Esq., 
 formerly one of the justices of the county, and Commissary Gen- 
 eral of purchases for the Continental army. 
 
 On the 30th of April, Samuel Smith, W. Cooke, E. Ellicott, ^ 
 Robert G. Harper, Thomas McElderry, Alex. McKim, and John E. 
 Howard, agreed to form themselves into a company for the purpose 
 of introducing a supply of water into the city of Baltimore, to be 
 called " The Baltimore Water Company," with a capital of $250,- 
 
296 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 000 ; for which they received an act of incorporation in the year 
 1805. So great was the demand at one time for the stock of this 
 company, that shares were sold at more than nine hundred per 
 cent, above par, which produced a scene of speculation for a few 
 days almost equal to the great South Sea bubble in England. At 
 an election held on the 24th of May for directors, the following 
 
 fentlemen were duly elected to serve till the first day of May, 1805 : 
 ohn McKim, Sr., Solomon Etting, T. A. Buchanan, John Bonnell, 
 Jonathan Bllicott, and William Cooke. 
 
 1805. By a new organization of thecourts of justice at the session 
 of 1804 and 1805, the general court was abolished, and the chief-justices 
 of the district courts were constituted a court of appeals. The State 
 was divide<i into six districts, of which Baltimore and Harford coun- 
 ties were the last. Eobert Smith was appointed chief-justice, but he 
 did not accept ; and Joseph H.Nicholson, of Queen Anne county, was 
 appointed, and came here to reside. The associates of this court 
 were gentlemen of the law, viz : Benjamin Kumsey and Thomas 
 Jones. The counties ceased to have separate associate justices. Zeb 
 Hollingsworth was appointed in the place of Mr. Kumsc}", who 
 did not accept. Judge Jones died in 1812, and was succeeded by 
 Theodoric Bland. Thomas Dixon is appointed Judge of the Or- 
 phans' Court. 
 
 At the session of 1805, Messrs. Thomas McElderry, Henry Pay- 
 eon, William Jessop, Alexander McKim, John McKim, Jr., Thomas 
 Dixon, Thomas Butter, Eobert Stewart, and William C. Goldsmith, 
 are appointed commissioners to build a new court-house, and hav- 
 ing decided on erecting the same on part of the old public ground 
 on North Calvert street, corner of Lexington, the same is begun 
 according to the designs of Mr. George Milleman, who was builder, 
 and executed the wood-work ; Mr. William Steuart executed the 
 stone work, and Col. James Mosher the brick work. The county 
 records were removed, and the courts held sessions there in 1809, 
 when the old arched court-house was taken down. When the old 
 court-house was taken down, the gentlemen who had erected 
 fine residences around it feared that the site might be re-occupied 
 by an unsightly building; and Messrs. John Comegys, James A. 
 Buchanan, David Winchester^ and others, memorialised the Legis- 
 lature in 1809 for leave to raise $100,000 for the erection of a 
 monument to the memory of Washington. This was the origin 
 of^;he present Washington monument, built however on land 
 
 granted for the purpose by Washington's friend and fellow-soldier, 
 lolonel John Eager Howard, and not, as originally proposed, in the 
 square. It seems that when the dwellers in that neighborhood re- 
 flected on the risks incurred from having so tall and isolated a 
 column near their houses, and moreover that, if not built with 
 rock-like staunchness, it might some day fall down and crush them, 
 or that the lightnings of heaven might be attracted by the bare 
 monument from passing thunderstorms, they preferred to leave the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTTMOBE. 297 
 
 square a vacant space, until it was adorned with the shorter and 
 less dangerous shaft raised by our townsmen in memory of their 
 defenders in the second war against Great Britain. The erection^ 
 of these " fine dwellings " near the future square, attests the re- 
 moval of the principal merchants and traders from Fell's Point, 
 where, up to, and even beyond, the period of the Eevolution most 
 of them had dwelt, as most convenient for their interests and bus- 
 iness. Indeed, we remember perfectly, it was long afterwards that ~ 
 our fathers could be persuaded to abandon Camden, Conway, 
 Barre, Hanover, south Charles and Water streets, and all the best 
 vicinities of the Basin or the Patapsco, and begin even to believe 
 in the upper parts of Baltimore as suitable for trade or dwellings. 
 The men of those days, on arriving at the town, used to land at 
 "The Point," and were entertained in some of its comfortable 
 homesteads, among the hospitable gentlefolks to whom they were 
 introduced by correspondence, until able to obtain dwelling-houses 
 or lodgings for themselves and families elsewhere in this conglome- 
 rate of settlements. Between town and Point there was a vast 
 space with few houses, and mostly covered with corn-fields or 
 forest trees ; so that, (on a sort of waste land) the original theatre 
 of Hallam & Henry was built on a common beyond what was af- 
 terwards known as " The Causeway," which was long infamous for 
 its vile inhabitants and sailor brawls. At that time the waters of 
 the Basin flowed up to this notorious causeway, close to the brewery 
 known as " Claggett's," on Pratt street ; while on its banks, as 
 well as in the marsh below the market, multitudes of blackbirds, 
 snipe, and other water-fowl were shot by the sportsmen of that 
 day. The road between the two sides of the Falls to Water 
 street, at Frederick, was then so frequently overflowed as to re- 
 quire two or three long bridges to cross the swash made by the 
 tide. At the foot of Gray street, within fifty yards of Lombard 
 street, the waters of the Patapsco rippled on a sandy margin, and 
 there was little interruption to the original shore-line from thence 
 to the commencement of Commerce street and the foot of South 
 street (which was then at the present line of Lombard street,) and 
 80 on to Light street, and southwardly to the " City Spring," ex- 
 isting not long since on south Charles street near Camden. Thence 
 the shores curved to the foot of Federal Hill at "Hughes' Quay." 
 Mr. Robert Gilmour, who died in 1849, said that when a boy he has 
 " crabbed " with a forked stick the whole of this distance. Hisv 
 parents embarked for Europe in 1782, at a little dock which came 
 up to Exchange Place, within thirty feet of its present southern 
 limit, and close by the fine house which Mr. Gilmour afterward 
 built on the south side of Exchange Place. 
 
 The corporation was empowered to exclude Roger's addition" on 
 the east from the operation of city taxes and ordinances, which 
 was never carried into effect. 
 
 The City Delegates in the Legislature introduced a bill to alter 
 
 U- 
 
298 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 A 
 
 he Constitution of the State, so as to give the city an additional 
 representation ; but on the second reading it was rejected by the vote 
 of every member present in the House of Delegates^ being sixty-two, 
 except the two from the city itself. 
 
 In January St. Mary's College of Baltimore was raised to 
 the rank of University by the Legislature of Maryland, and em- 
 powered to hold public commencements, and to admit any of its 
 students to any degree or degrees in any of the faculties, arts and 
 sciences and liberal professions which are usually permitted to be 
 conferred in any colleges or. universities in America or Europe. 
 Since the establishment of St. Mary's College (now called Seminary 
 of St. Sulpice) in 1791, it has given to the American Eoman Catholic 
 Church a long list of clergymen distinguished for their talents, 
 learning, and piety. The names of Flaget, David, Marechal, Du- 
 bourg, Eccleston and Chanche, recall the brightest ornaments 
 of the episcopacy; while those of JSTagot, G-arnier, Tessier, 
 Eichard, Wheeler and Fredet, exhibit an equal claim to respect 
 in the sacerdotal order. Catholic literature is particularly in- 
 debted to the learning and zeal of Rev. Pierre Fredet, who was 
 born about the year 1801, in the town of Sebasat near Clermont, 
 in Avergne, a celebrated province of France, and closed his earthly 
 career on the Ist of January, 1856, in Baltimore city. Mr. Fredet, 
 from the time of his arrival in America (in 1831) to that of his last 
 illness — a period of twenty-four years — was attached to St. Mary's 
 Seminary at Baltimore as professor of various branches of eccle- 
 siastical learning, especially that of moral theology ; but he ren- 
 dered more important services as professor of history, and was the 
 only one, if we mistake not, that ever taught this essential branch 
 of study in that academy. His two excellent volumes of Ancient 
 and Modern History are enduring monuments of his learning and 
 skill. The latter was published in 1842, and was followed a few 
 years after by the former work. The fact of their having been 
 adopted as text-books in the Catholic institutions of learning in the 
 United States, and particularly in the Catholic University of Ire- 
 land and many leading schools of Europe, is sufficient evidence of 
 their high character. He was likewise the author of and contributor 
 to a number of valuable miscellaneous works. 
 
 The exports from Maryland — of which nearly all are from Bal- 
 timore — from October, 1805, to 1806, amounted to $3,661,131 dom- 
 estic produce, 810,919,774 of foreign goods, or a total of $14,580,905, 
 — and the receipts into the Treasury of the United States from this 
 city for the year 1806 amounted to $1,224,897. 
 
 Part of this year Eobert Smith held the office of Attorney- 
 General of the United States, but returned to the Navy Depart- 
 ment, and in 1809 was appointed Secretary of the State — having, 
 in the mean time, that is in 1806, been appointed Chancellor of 
 the State, and Chief Judge of this District Court, but declined. 
 
 1806. On the 22d of January, L'Eole, a French seventy-four, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEB. 299 
 
 part of a squadron commanded by Admiral Willaumez, which was 
 dispersed by a storm on the co(ist, after eluding two British squad- 
 rons, came into the bay with other ships under Commodore Khrome, 
 and stripped of her guns ; she being a wreck was sold. 
 
 Messrs. Sower and Hewes established a type-foundry on Lex- 
 ington street, which becoming the property of other gentlemen, 
 was transferred to Biddle street. 
 
 Wm. Pinkney was appointed Attorney-General on resignation 
 of Mr. Martin, in 1805, but fixed his residence here this year, and 
 resigned, when he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to the 
 Court of Great Britain. 
 
 At Chawan, his residence in the county, departed this life, on 
 the 5th of April, James Winchester, Judge of the United States 
 District Court, and formerly member of the General Assembly ; 
 and the same year was succeeded by James Houston, of Kent 
 county; and on the 9th of October, at an advanced age, died Eobert 
 Purviance, collector of the port of Baltimore. David Christie, 
 Esq., of Harford county, is appointed collector in the place of Mr. 
 Purviance, and the next year James McCulloch, Esq., is appointed 
 upon the death of Mr. Christie. 
 
 Alexander McKim is chosen elector of the Senate for the city, 
 and Tobias E. Stansbury and Moses Brown, Esqs., for the county. 
 James H. McCulloch and Thomas McElderry are elected Senators, 
 and next year Elias Glenn in place of Mr. McCulloch, resigned; 
 and to fill another vacancy in 1808 Thomas B. Dorsey, Eobert 
 Stewart, and Edward Aisquith are elected delegates, and John 
 Hunter sheriff. 
 
 The ceremony of blessing and laying the first corner-stone of 
 the Eoman Catholic Cathedral Church, was performed according 
 to the rites prescribed in the Koman Pontifical, on the 7th of July, 
 in presence of a vast concourse of citizens. At half-past eight 
 o'clock in the morning, the Eight Eeverend Bishop Carroll, in his 
 episcopal robes, with crosier and mitre, preceded by a procession 
 of twenty priests and junior ecclesiastics — the priests with sur- 
 plices and stoles, and the others in surplices — proceeded from the 
 west front up the intended nave of the church to the large wooden 
 cross, previously planted on the spot, where the high or principal 
 altar now stands, and the Bishop having there recited the part of 
 the office appropriated to the consecration of that spot, the pro- 
 cession returned in the same order to the west front, and blessed 
 the first foundation stone on the south-west corner of the building, 
 sprinkling it with the blessed water, whilst the attending clergy 
 repeated the 126th psalm, " Unless the Lord build the house, &c. ; 
 then kneeling, he began the litany, which was continued to the end 
 by the same clergy. The stone being blessed and placed in its 
 proper situation, the procession moved round the entire founda- 
 tions of the church, repeating the 50th psalm, whilst the Bishop 
 following, sprinkled them with blessed water, and invoked, at three 
 
300 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 equal divisions, the blessings of Almighty God upon the undertak- 
 ing. On returning to the place where the stone was laid, the hymn 
 of invocation of the Holy Ghost, "Yeni Creator Spiritus," was in- 
 toned and sung to the end; and the ceremony concluded with a 
 prayer, requesting the assistance and direction of the same Divine 
 Spirit. The Bishop made a short address to the spectators, re- 
 minding them of the arduous undertaking which was begun for the 
 glory of God and the promotion of true religion and sincere piety. 
 He encouraged them to imitate the zeal of their predecessors in 
 erecting temples to the Divinity, by which they had contributed 
 to perpetuate the faith of Jesus Christ amidst all the adversities 
 and storms with which it had been assailed, and particularly ad- 
 monished them to make themselves worthy of the favor of heaven, 
 by imitating the virtues of those who left behind them such lasting 
 proofs of their sincere attachment to the doctrines of their heavenly 
 teacher. A bed was formed in the foundation stone for receiving a 
 copperplate with a Latin inscription, thus translated: "The first 
 stone of the Cathedral Church, to be erected for the honor of 
 Almighty God, under the title of Jesus and Mary, was placed this 
 7th day of July, 1806, by the E. E. John, Bishop of Baltimore." 
 The square of ground on which the church is built was obtained 
 of Col. Howard, on terms which justly entitled him to be con- 
 sidered a large contributor. The outside walls of the Cathedral are 
 of gray granite from the vicinity of Bllicott's Mills, on the Patapsco, 
 and were carried up to the entablature in a few years, when the 
 war, with other causes, suspended its progress. 
 
 1807. A company is organized to procure regular supplies of 
 Calcutta and China goods, of which Eobert Gilmor is president, 
 James Buchanan vice-president, and Mr. Thomas Higginbotham 
 secretary. The ships London Packet, Captain Solomon Eutter, and 
 William Bingham, Captain John Cunningham, are sent out ; on 
 their return during the embargo, the company divided a handsome 
 interest and was dissolved. 
 
 The frigate Chesapeake, lately built in this port, and destined to 
 compose part of an American squadron against the Barbary powers, 
 was attacked off the capes, on the 23d of June, by part of a British 
 squadron then lying in the bay, and being overpowered, .was 
 searched and some of her crew taken out and claimed as British 
 deserters. On the arrival of the news, which created great excite- 
 ment, a town meeting was held, and an address strongly reprobat- 
 ing this violence, was sent to the President, who soon after inter- 
 dicted all intercourse with the British ships, by proclamation. 
 
 On the 24th of August, the ship Othello, Captain Glover, from 
 Livei-pool, was boarded and taken in the Patuxent, by an armed 
 boat fitted out from Baltimore by some French seamen, but, op- 
 posed by contrary winds, they abandoned her to the captain. As 
 soon as the circumstances were known. Commodore Porter, with 
 Captains Samuel and Joseph Sterrett's companies, accompanied by 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 301 
 
 some other volunteers, go in pursuit and bring back the pirates* 
 There being no law at the time to punish them, thej were dis- 
 charged. 
 
 On the 2d of November, soon after the acquittal of Aaron Burr, 
 late vice-president, charged with treason and tried before Chief 
 Justice Marshall and the district judge at Richmond, the populace 
 of this city paraded the streets with the effigies of Chief-Justice 
 Luther Martin, one of the counsel, of Burr and Blennerhasset, which 
 they afterwards committed to the flames as an evidence of their dis- 
 satisfaction with the issue of the trial. 
 
 Congress lay a general embargo, which is received and enforced 
 here on the 23d of December ; it was unlimited " in duration, and 
 continued until the 16th of March, 1809. 
 
 Zealous to extend the medical school they had commenced, 
 Doctors Davidge, 6haw, and Cocke applied to the Legislature for 
 the privilege of establishing a college, and license to raise funds 
 by lottery to erect suitable buildings, which is granted ; and their 
 hall in Lombard street, of which Mr. E. C. Long was architect, 
 and with Messrs. Towson and Mosher, builders, is cummenced. 
 The college as originally organized, was composed of Doctors 
 Davidge and Cocke, joint professors of anatomy, surgery and 
 physiology ; Doctor George Brown, of the practice and theory of 
 medicine ; Doctor Shaw, of chemistry ; Doctor Thomas E. Bond, 
 of materia medica ; and Doctor William Donaldson, of the institute of 
 medicine. Doctors Brown, Bond, and Donaldson declined, and Doc- 
 tor Nathaniel Potter was elected professor of the practice and 
 theory of medicine ; Doctor Samuel Baker, materia medica. Soon 
 after entering upon their duties Doctor Shaw departed this life, 
 and Elisha De Butts was elected professor of chemistry in his 
 place. 
 
 Thomas B. Dorsey is elected a member of Assembly in the place 
 of Mr. Aisquith. 
 
 Died, at his residence in the county, at an advanced age, on the 
 7th of May, Thomas Cockey Dqjq^ formerly member of the House 
 of Delegates, of which he was many years Speaker, and one of the 
 framers of the Constitution; and at Farley, his residence near 
 town, on the 12th of November, Daniel Bowley, formerly one of 
 the members of the Senate of Maryland. 
 
 In November the General Assembly incorporated " The Balti- 
 more Fire Insurance Company." 
 
 The receipts from the customs at Baltimore this year amounted 
 to $1,440,527 ; the postage paid $29,950 ; and the hospital money to 
 be paid to the Treasury of the United States for the Mariners' 
 Fund, $4,504. 
 
 The long prevalence of high winds and the badness of the 
 roads — the severity of the preceding winter having exhausted 
 the stock of fire-wood on hand — on Saturday and Sunday, April 
 6th and 7th, the demand for fire-wood had never been equalled in 
 
/: 
 
 302 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 the city. $18, $20, nay, it is said that $30 per cord were paid for 
 it, such was the distress of the citizens. 
 
 In this year, frame-buildings were prohibited from heing erected 
 in the central and improved parts of the city, by ordinance, a pro- 
 hibition which has been extended since. 
 
 1808. The City Hospital is leased by the Mayor and City Council 
 nX to Doctors McKenzie and Smyth and their survivors, for the term of 
 15 years, on certain improving conditions, which term was extended 
 in 1814 to 25 years, they having erected additional buildings. Upon 
 the death of Dr. Smyth, the lease was confirmed in favor of Dr. 
 McKenzie's son by Act of Assembly. The doctors obtained facil- 
 ities from the State in loans and lotteries, and erected a centre 
 building of brick four stories high, Messrs. Mileman and Dail 
 architects, with Messrs. W. Steuart, Mosher and Allen builders. 
 
 The "Tammany," a political club, was organized and in 1810 
 another under the name of " Washington " was established, the 
 latter maintaining a free school for some time, but both societies 
 have ceased. 
 
 On the 17th of May, the convention of Bishops, clergymen, 
 and laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States 
 assembled in this city by adjournment from the convention at New 
 York in 1804. 
 
 On the 14th of March, Judge, a convict brought from the roads 
 to lodge in jail, and several others, by means of false keys, open 
 their cells, seize upon the arms, and wound Mr. Green the keeper 
 and several debtors, one mortally, and make their escape. Four of 
 them, Daniel Dougherty, Wm. Eobinson, Wm. Morris and Caleb 
 Dougherty were retaken, condemned, and executed on the 22d of 
 April in the jail lot. 
 
 A society is formed to carry on the manufacture of cotton goods 
 on a very extensive scale, and works are erected for the purpose 
 on Patapsco river, near Ellicott's Mills, being chartered by the 
 Legislature, and called " The Union Manufacturing Company." 
 Next year the " Washington " company was chartered, their works 
 being on Jones Falls ; the " Powhattan Works " on Gwinn's Falls, 
 and the Athenian company for the sale of domestic goods was es- 
 tablished in 1810. In 1814, Messrs. Kobert and Alexander McKim 
 erect works on French street, by steam power, and the Franklin 
 company erect works on Gwinn's Falls ; and in 1816 the Independ- 
 ent and Warren companies, the latter having erected very ex- 
 tensive cotton works on the Gunpowder, near the York road. 
 
 The amount of property in the city according to a new assess- 
 ment made this- year subject to city taxes, was $2,522,870. 
 
 Several pipes of gin imported from Holland having been taken 
 to England on the passage and subjected to new duties there, were 
 on the 4th of October, by consent of the owner, taken to the com- 
 mons and publicly burned, in the presence of fifteen thousand per- 
 sons who had assembled to burn the gin that had paid tribute to 
 England. 
 
CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 303 
 
 On the 18th an English journeyman shoemaker, name Beattie, 
 having used some expressions on politics which offended his fellow- ^ 
 workmen, they tar and feather him, and drive him in a cart from 
 the corner of South and Baltimore streets to the Point, and back 
 again, followed by Mr. Smith the Mayor, who, with a number of 
 citizens, at length arrest one of the journeymen and several other 
 persons ; some of them after giving bail, were tried and condemned 
 to three months' imprisonment and a fine of 850 each, but were all 
 pardoned and the fines remitted by the Governor of the State. 
 
 On the 8th of February, the property qualifications of ihe^ 
 members of the First Branch of the City Council were reduced to 
 6300, and the Mayor and Second Branch to $500. 
 
 Edward Johnson is elected Mayor of the city, and also elector 
 of President and Vice-President. Alexander McKim is elected to 
 Congress, and Theodoric Bland member of Assembly, in place of 
 Mr. Dorsey. John Scott is appointed Chief-Justice of the Criminal 
 Court, in the place of Judge Dorsey, resigned. 
 
 An appropriation of 610,000 was made during the year, and the 
 Mayor and City Council build a stone bridge over Jones Falls, at 
 Baltimore street. The materials of the first stone bridge remain- 
 ing in the bed of the Falls, it was found impracticable to sink a cof- 
 fer-dam, which rendered it necessary, to pile the foundation, abut- 
 ments and pier. This bridge of two arches, built of common 
 quarry stone from Jones Falls, furnished with side-walks and iron 
 railings, was 40 feet wide and 80 feet long, and cost $22,000. 
 Messrs. Lester and Dickinson builders. 
 
 In November, William Cooke, John McKim, James A. Buchanan, 
 John Bonnell, Solomon Etting, James Mosher, Jonathan EUicott, 
 John Hollins, and other citizens, form themselves into a company 
 known as the " Baltimore Water Company," for the purpose of in- 
 troducing a copious supply of wholesome water into the city of 
 Baltimore, and obtain an Act of incorporation from the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 1809. The natural springs of water with which the soil origi- 
 nally abounded, being threatened with destruction by other im- 
 provements, Jesse Hollingsworth and Peter Hoffman solicited and 
 obtained power to purchase the ground and spring on North Cal- 
 vert street for the corporation j and with Mr. John Davis, were 
 appointed to erect a public fountain there. Eight years after, 
 money was appropriated by the city government for the purchase 
 and improvement of the springs in the southern and eastern parts 
 of the city, known by the name of Cloppe's and Sterett's springs, 
 and soon after a fountain of running water, supplied by the water 
 company, was fixed at the Centre market at the expense of the 
 city. 
 
 A number of private beneficial societies of tradesmen and others 
 had been instituted, some of which were discontinued; but in 1809 
 a charter was granted for "The Carpenters' Humane Society."v^ 
 
304 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ^ Another society was chartered in 1811 by the name of "The Hu- 
 mane Impartial Society." In 1814 "The Beneficial Society" was 
 chartered, and two years after " The Union Beneficial Society," 
 whtn " The Saint Andrew's Society," formed in 1806, was char- 
 tered. The next year, " The Hibernian," formed in 1803, and 
 " German Society," of which there was one in 1784, were incorpo- 
 rated; the object of the three last being chiefly intended to assist 
 emigrants lately come into the country, or who may hereafter 
 come. 
 
 The charter of the "Bank of the United States" expiring with- 
 out a prospect of being renewed, pecuniary difficulties were expe- 
 rienced or anticipated, and the several banks, named the " Com- 
 mercial and Farmers," the "Farmers and Merchants," the "Frank- 
 lin," and the "Marine" banks were organized and chartered. The 
 capital of these four banks was $1,709,100 actually paid, including 
 $83,150 by the State; and two years after the "City Bank" with 
 $39,405, all private stock. This institution, got up without the 
 State's sanction, as some others of the kind had been, produced an 
 alarm in the Legislature which was injurious to them all, and was 
 a presage of its destiny. On granting it, the State tendered the 
 banks an extension of their charters until 1835, provided they 
 made a turnpike road to Cumberland with the profits of the tolls, 
 &c., which was accepted. JNext year they were required to pay 
 $200,000, or be subjected to a tax of 20 cents per $100 of the capital, 
 which last they also accepted, even those banks whose capitals 
 were reduced. A proposed consolidation of all the banks contained 
 in an Act of 1815, was rejected. 
 
 In the course of this year a treaty with England, agreed on at 
 Washington, was rejected by the British Government, and the frigate 
 Africaine brought over Francis J. Jackson to succeed Mr. Erskine 
 as Minister. Some of the crew deserted the frigate at Annajoolis, 
 and coming here, were arrested and imprisoned at the instance of 
 the British Consul ; but much clamor was excited, the seamen were 
 brought before Judge Scott upon a habeas corpus and discharged. 
 
 General Smith was re-elected a Senator of the United States; 
 William G. D. Worthington was elected a delegate in the place of 
 Mr. Steuart ; and William Merryman sheriff. 
 
 1810. By the census of this year Baltimore and its precincts 
 contained 46,555 inhabitants, of which number 4,672 were slaves. 
 
 Peter Little is elected a member of Congress for the city and 
 county, and James Martin is elected a delegate to the Assembly. 
 Cornelius H. Gist is appointed Justice of the Orphans' Court. On 
 the 28th of May, Thomas McElderry died, and on the 15th of July, 
 David McMechen, both formerly members of the Senate of the 
 State; and on the 13th of August, Thorowgood Smith, late Mayor 
 of the city, and formerly one of the county justices. 
 
 On the 13th of April, 1809, 76 feet of ground was purchased by 
 the city on North Calvert street, and also by the same on the 30Lh 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 305 
 
 of January, 1810, 50 feet more, which together is now known as 
 the " Calvert Street Spring," for the sum of $7,500 for the two 
 lots. The improvements cost $20,393.36 additional. 
 
 1811. The City Council determine to proceed in erecting si^b- 
 stantial bridges, and authority is given to the Mayor and City 
 Commissioners to borrow from the banks $26,000 towards bridges 
 to be built of stone at Pratt and Gay streets. The Pratt street 
 bridge was undertaken by Lewis Hart for $20,000, 84 feet long 
 and 50 feet wide, having three arches made and finished as the 
 other was. The Gay street bridge, erected a year after by Mr. 
 John Kennedy, was 60 feet long and 50 feet wide, with two 
 arches, made and finished cost $16,000. The current revenue suf- 
 ficed to pay the cost of these bridges, including the money bor- 
 rowed, for as yet there was no permanent city debt. 
 
 On the 18th of November, fifty-one convicts were transferred 
 from the roads to the penitentiary, by their own option, and on 
 the 24th of January following the first person is received there 
 pursuant to sentence. 
 
 Williani Pinkney, Esq., returned from England, leaving John 
 Spear Smith Charge-d'affaires. On the first of April Eobert 
 Smith resigned the ofiice of Secretary of State, and was oflfered the 
 Embassy of Eussia, but declined. 
 
 James L. Donaldson and William Pechin are elected Delegates 
 to the Assembly. Edward Johnson is chosen by the city an Elec- 
 tor of the Senate ; and William Pinkney, Wm. McCreery and Levi 
 Hollingsworth are elected Senators, and afterwards, in the places 
 of Messrs. Pinkney and McCreery, N. Williams and Dr. Thomas 
 Johnson. 
 
 Died at his residence in Anne Arundel county on the 22d of 
 June, Henry Kidgely, formerly Chief-Justice of the County Court 
 of this district. 
 
 Samuel Chase was born on the 17th of April, 1741, in Somerset 
 county, Maryland, and was the only child of Reverend Thomas 
 Chase, afterwards Pastor of St. Paul's Church. He received a good 
 classical education under the tuition of his father, and studied law 
 under the superintendence of John Hammond and John Hall of 
 Annapolis, where he commenced its practice. He soon became a 
 popular and distinguished man. In 1774 he was chosen a member 
 of the Continental Congress. He was re-elected in 1775, and re- 
 mained a member of that body until 1778, In the language of 
 party he was styled the " Demosthenes of Maryland," and it was re- 
 ported of him that he anticipated in Congress the regular proposi- 
 tion of independence by the most impassioned and vehement excla- 
 mation, that " by the God of Heaven, he owed no allegiance to the 
 King of Great Britain." In the year 1786 Judge Chase removed 
 from Annapolis to Baltimore. The occasion, or at least a part of 
 his inducement, was the pressing invitation and generous proposal 
 of his friend Col. John E. Howard, who offered him a square of 
 20 
 
306 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 fronnd, without any other consideration for it than the actual resi- 
 ence of himself and family upon it. The square was laid out, to 
 be bounded by Eutaw, Lexington, Fayette, and Paca streets ; the 
 conveyance was made, and Mr. Chase afterwards built on the cor- 
 ner of Lexington and Eutaw streets the house of his permanent 
 abode, where he lived and died. In 1788 he was appointed Chief 
 Justice of the Criminal Court of Baltimore county district. In 
 1791 he was appointed Chief Justice of the State. In 1796 he was 
 appointed by President Washington a Judge of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, which he filled for fifteen years. In 
 1804 he. was impeached, solely on political grounds, through the 
 hostility of John Eandolph, and the Senate acquitted him in March, 
 1805. He was assisted by four able counsellors and faithful friends, 
 Messrs. Martin, Harper, Hopkinson and Key, by whom the defence 
 was managed with skill and dignity. The speeches of Mr. Hopkin- 
 6on and Martin have not been excelled in powerful and brilliant 
 eloquence in the forensic oratory of our country. He died on 
 Wednesday the 19th day of June, 1811, in the 71st year of his 
 age. 
 
 1812. A numerous meeting of the Democratic citizens was held 
 on the 16th of May at the Fountain Inn, in the city of Baltimore, 
 according to public notice. Joseph H. Nicholson was called to the 
 Chair, and Edward Johnson was appointed Secretary. The Chair- 
 man, upon being requested to state the object of the meeting, rose, 
 and after tendering his acknowledgments for the distinguished 
 iionor which had been conferred on him by placing him in the 
 chair, he said : 
 
 " 'No one could be insensible to the great crisis to which the 
 affairs of our common country are rapidly approaching. The two 
 great belligerent powers of Europe, who have embroiled one-half 
 of the civilized world in their quarrels, unwilling that any nation 
 should continue to enjoy its prosperity, have for some years past 
 extended to us that system of rapine and plunder which, in the 
 ordinary course of human events, ought only to have been directed 
 against others. Our citizens have been forcibly impressed and de- 
 tained in the most odious servitude ; our commerce has been im- 
 peded in every channel through which it has been accustomed to 
 flow ; and injury and insult has been heaped upon us until it has 
 begun to be almost questionable even among ourselves whether we 
 have spirit to resist. One of these nations has indeed of late 
 held out to us a semblance of justice ; but it was much to be feared 
 that even this would prove vain and illusory. The period, how- 
 ever, could not be very distant when, by the return of our mes- 
 sengers from Europe, we should learn whether the solemn stipula- 
 tions in which we had heretofore confided were any longer de- 
 serving of confidence. But the other has not even pretended to 
 do us justice. Our Government, sincerely desirous of maintaining 
 peace, has remonstrated until their remonstrances are regarded 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 307 
 
 with indifference; our ministers, sent abroad for the purpose, have 
 continued to appeal until their appeals are answered by insult ; 
 and negotiation has been carried on until negotiation has become a 
 term of national reproach. Under these circumstances it is for us, 
 my countrymen, in common with the rest of the American people, 
 to decide uj^on the course which ought to be pursued. The time 
 has at length arrived when we must determine whether by tame- 
 ness and submission we shall sink ourselves below the rank of an 
 independent nation, or whether by a glorious or manly effort we 
 shall permanently secure that independence which our forefathers 
 handed down to us as the price of their blood and their treasure. 
 The Government of our choice — I thank God, of our yet free and 
 unbiased choice — has resolved upon its course, and is preparing 
 for the conflict. We have assembled here to-night for the purpose 
 of determining whether we will give it our support in the mighty 
 struggle into which it is about to enter. This, my countrymen, is 
 the awful subject for deliberation, and on such a subject can there 
 be any difference of opinion? Shall we suffer any matter of local 
 concern to withdraw from a cause like this ? Is there an Ameri- 
 can heart that does not pant with resentment? Is there an 
 American sword that will not leap from its scabbard to avenge the 
 wrongs and contumely under which we have so long suffered ? 
 No, my countrymen ! it is impossible ! Let us act with one heart,, 
 with one hand; let us show to an admiring world that however 
 we may differ among ourselves about some of our internal con- 
 cerns, yet in the great cause of our country the American people 
 are animated by one soul and by one spirit." 
 
 The following resolutions, with the preamble, were then unani- 
 mously adopted : 
 
 " Whereas, The critical situation of the affairs of our country 
 with a view to its foreign relations is at this moment of the utmost 
 concern, and it may be important that the sentiments of the 
 friends to the integrity of the Union and of the Government as 
 administered, should be, wherever practicable, publicly declared 
 with reference to public measures, upon which depend the future 
 safety and prosperity of the United States ; therefore, 
 
 " Resolved^ That it be, and hereby is recommended, that meet- 
 ings of the Democratic citizens of the city of Baltimore be held 
 in their respective wards on Tuesday evening next at seven o'clock, 
 at their usual places of ward-meetings, and in each ward elect five 
 delegates to meet the general committee, at the Fountain Inn, in 
 Light street, on Thursday evening next at seven o'clock, to take 
 into consideration the means most likely to conduce to the support 
 and aid of Government in their efforts to maintain, protect and de- 
 fend national rights, honor and independence. 
 
 " Resolved, That our Democratic brethren in the eastern and 
 western precincts be, and are hereby invited to hold meetings on 
 Tuesday evening next, at 7 o'clock, at Chamberlain's tavern and 
 
308 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Gorsuch's tavern respectively, at the time and place already de- 
 termined upon in the preceding resolution for the delegates of the 
 several wards in the city. 
 
 " Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be published. 
 
 " Joseph Nicholson, Chairman. 
 
 " Edward Johnson, Secretary." 
 
 At a meeting of the general committee of Democratic delegates 
 from the several wards and precincts of the city of Baltimore, held 
 on Thursday evening, 21st May, at the Fountain Inn, in pursuance 
 of the resolutions adopted at a numerous meeting of the Demo- 
 cratic citizens on Saturday evening, all the delegates present, 
 Joseph H. Nicholson was called to the chair, and John Montgom- 
 ery appointed secretary. The following resolutions, with the pre- 
 amble, were unanimously adopted : 
 
 " We, the delegates of the city and precincts of Baltimore, in 
 general committee assembled, for the purpose of taking into con- 
 sideration the present situation of public affairs, do resolve unani- 
 mously : 
 
 " Ist. That in the conduct of Great Britain towards the United 
 States for some years past, we can perceive nothing but a deter- 
 mined hostility to our national rights. She forcibly impresses our 
 seamen, and detains them inhumanly in an odious servitude ; she 
 obstructs our commerce in every channel through which it has 
 been accustomed to flow ; she has murdered our citizens within 
 our own waters, and has made one attempt at least to dissolve the 
 union of these States, thereby striking at the foundation of our 
 government itself 
 
 " 2d. That the Government of the United States has manifested 
 fthe strongest desire to maintain peace and harmony with all na- 
 ttions, not only by observing a course of equal and exact justice to 
 all, but by proposing to those with whom any differences have 
 arisen, terms the most honorable and conciliatory. 
 
 " 3d. That inasmuch as Great Britain has rejected those terms, 
 and still persists in violating every principle heretofore held sacred 
 among nations, no alternative is left to the United States but to 
 choose between war and degradation. In the choice of these it 
 is impossible freemen should hesitate, and in the prosecution of 
 such a Avar we pledge ourselves to support our government at 
 every hazard. 
 
 "4th. That the conduct of France, and of other powers in 
 alliance with her and under her immediate influence, towards the 
 United States, has been scarcely less atrocious than that of Eng- 
 land ; and if the pending negotiations should terminate without 
 an honorable adjustment of existing differences, we have full con- 
 fidence that our Government will direct the most active hostilities 
 to be commenced .against her for a redress of our grievances and 
 the maintenance of .our rights ; at the same time we wish it ex- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 309 
 
 plicitly understood, that in our well-founded complaints against 
 foreign nations, Kussia and Sweden are not to be included. 
 
 " Ordered : That the above resolutions be signed by all the 
 members of the general committee, and that they be transmitted 
 by the chairman to the President of the United States. 
 
 " Joseph H. Nicholson, A. E. Levering, David Fulton, Charles 
 Bohn, William B. Barney, John Montgomery'', Christopher Hughes, 
 Jr., Benjamin Berry, Nathan Levering, J. W. McCulloch, William 
 Camp, J. S. HoUins, Joseph Jamison, James Hutton, Peter Diffen- 
 derffer, S. Briscoe, E. G. Woodyear, Hezekiah Niles, James Arm- 
 strong, Joseph Smith, Daniel Conn, John Kelso, Hezekiah Price, 
 George Milleman, James C. Dew, J. A. Buchanan, Lemuel Taylor, 
 Luke Tiernan, William Wilson, J. L. Donaldson, L. HoUingsworth, 
 James Martin, James Wilson, G. J. Brown, Eichard Mackall, Ed- 
 ward Johnson, George Stiles, James Williams, William McDonald, 
 William Pechin, James Biays, David Burke, Thorndike Chase, 
 Timothy Gardner, Thomas Sheppard, George Warner, N. F. Wil- 
 liams, J. H. McCulIoch, Theodoric Bland, Christian Baum." 
 
 The following resolution was then submitted and adopted : 
 
 " Eesolved by the General Committee of the City and precincts 
 of Baltimore, that it be, and hereby is, recommended to the Demo- 
 cratic citizens of the several counties of this State, to assemble and 
 take into consideration the situation of public affairs, for the pur- 
 pose of expressing an opinion thereon. Ordered, that the proceed- 
 ings and resolutions adopted be published. 
 
 "Joseph H. Nicholson, Chairman. 
 
 "John Montgomery, Secretary." 
 
 Congress declared war against Great Britain on the 18th of 
 June, and the following article from the Federal Republican of 
 Saturday, the 20th of June, was supposed to have excited the 
 people in this city to commit violence ; for on the Monday follow- 
 ing, the printing-office occupied by the editors of that paper, on the 
 north-west corner of Gay and Second streets, was pulled down, and 
 their press destroyed : 
 
 " * Thou hast done a deed whereat valor will weep.' Without funds, 
 without taxes, without an army, navy, or adequate fortifications — 
 with one hundred and fifty millions of our property in the hands 
 of the declared enemy, without any of his in our power, and with 
 a vast commerce afloat, our rulers have promulged a war against 
 the clear and decided sentiments of a vast majority of the nation. 
 As the consequences will be soon felt, there is no need of pointing 
 them out to the few who have not sagacity enough to apprehend 
 them. Instead of employing our pen in this dreadful detail, we 
 think it more apposite to delineate the course we are determined 
 to pursue as long as the war shall last. We mean to represent in 
 as strong colors as we are capable, that it is unnecessary, inex- 
 pedient, and entered into from a partial, personal, and as we be- 
 
310 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 lieve, motives bearing upon their front marks of undisguised foreign 
 influence, which cannot be mistaken. "We mean to use every con- 
 stitutional argument and every legal means to render as odious 
 and suspicious to the American people, as they deserve to be, the 
 patrons and contrivers of this highly impolitic and destructive war, 
 in the fullest persuasion that we shall be supported and ultimately 
 applauded by nine-ninths of our countrymen, and that our silence 
 would be treason to them. We detest and abhor the endeavors of 
 faction to create civil contest through the pretext of a foreign war 
 it has rashly and premeditately commenced, and w^e shall be ready 
 cheerfully to hazard everything most dear, to frustrate anything 
 leading to the prostration of civil rights, and the establishment of 
 a system of terror and proscription anno'unced in the Government 
 paper at Washington as the inevitable consequence of the measure 
 now proclaimed. We shall cling to the rights of freemen, both in 
 act and opinion, till we sink with the liberties of our country, or 
 sink alone. We shall hereafter, as heretofore, unravel every intrigue 
 and imposture which has beguiled or may be put forth to circum- 
 vent our fellow-citizens into the toils of the great earthly enemy 
 of the human race. We are avowedly hostile to the presidency of 
 James Madison, and we never will breathe under the dominion, 
 direct or derivative, of Bonaparte, let it be acknowledged when it 
 may. Let those who cannot openly adopt this confession, abandon 
 us; and those who can, we shall cherish as friends and patriots, 
 worthy of the name." 
 
 In the Federal Gazette of Wednesday, June 24, We find the 
 following : 
 
 "Under an impression that the citizens who assembled yesterday 
 at the Mayor's office would have made a statement, somewhat like 
 official, of the transactions of Monday evening, we postponed giving 
 an account of that very extraordinary and alarming proceeding. 
 It is our painful duty to record, that on Monday last, between 
 eight and nine o'clock in the evening, a number of persons, citizens 
 of Baltimore, armed with axes, hooks, and other instruments of 
 destruction, assembled at the office of the Federal Republican in 
 Gay street, a wooden building belonging to Eobert Oliver of this 
 city, broke into the house, threw the types, printing-presses, paper, 
 &c., into the street, and destroyed them, and levelled the house to 
 its foundation. One of the persons thus engaged, while in the act 
 of knocking out a window, fell with it into the street and was killed 
 on the spot. The Mayor of the city, the Judge of the Court of 
 Oyer and Terminer, and several magistrates and military officers, 
 were present and witnessed this dreadful outrage, which their 
 peaceful efforts were insufficient to prevent, although it was generally 
 known during the preceding day that the attack was meditated." 
 Extracts from the Federal Republican of Monday, July 27th : 
 " Five weeks have elapsed since the suspension of this journal 
 by the demolition of the office whence it issued in Baltimore. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. Bll 
 
 Most of the overt and prominent circumstances connected with 
 the outrage have already reached the public ear, but others of 
 deeper interest have been concealed or permitted to remain in ob- 
 scurity. To suppose that any part of our publications, immediately 
 preceding the attack, formed the motive to the destruction, is 
 decidedly erroneous. The fact of such incendiary meditation was 
 communicated to us nearly two months before the crime was perpe- 
 trated. A conspiracy against the editors was then known to have 
 been digested. It was positively asserted, and reiterated with 
 exultation by certain disorganizing prints, that war would be de- 
 clared before the 4th of July, and it was distinctly declared tha,t 
 on that day the office would be demolished, and the proprietors 
 
 thrown into the fangs of a remorseless rabble These are 
 
 some of the grounds for ascribing the origin of the tumults in 
 Baltimore to an index at the seat of the general government, 
 whence ought to flow the benign blessings of social happiness, 
 
 Of the officers residing in Baltimore, of the State and of 
 
 the corporation, most if not all of whom were present at the bur- 
 glary, the Mayor is pre-eminently distinguished for the acquies- 
 cence with which he has beheld the ruin of property, the repeated 
 nocturnal violations of dwelling-houses, the most savage threats 
 against persons guiltless of a crime, the usurped regulation of the 
 port, the prostration of the laws of the State and of the Union — 
 without the smallest exertion to enforce his authority. Upon this 
 subject there can be no delicacy or reserve. We therefore lay the 
 enormities which have proceeded in rapid progression and inflicted 
 an incurable wound upon Baltimore, expressly to the charge of the 
 Mayor. This police officer, whose oath could not have been for- 
 gotten, was so little sensible of the dignity of his office, so indiffer- 
 ent to the peace and safety of the community, so regardless of the 
 permanent interest of the city, which he knew must be very materi- 
 ally impaired by a character for tumult, disorder and assassination, 
 which he has suffered to be stamped upon it, that for weeks he 
 permitted the mob to rage unrestrained, as if studious, by his con- 
 nivance, to render it in the eyes of the world the indisputable 
 arbiter of the city ; and when he at last interposed, it was to pre- 
 vent the threatened demolition of one of the temples of the 
 Almighty! .... That the Governor has taken no steps to 
 check or discountenance the continued disorders in the emporium 
 of the State, must be ascrihable to his knowledge of the real authors 
 of the riot, and the political motives by which they were actuated. 
 . . . The Federal Republican^ which this day ascends from the 
 tomb of ' matyred sire,' will steadily pursue the course dictated 
 with its latest accents." 
 
 Owing to the publication of this article, the newspaper-office 
 was mobbed, as will be seen by the following communications: 
 
312 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 " To Edward Johnson, Esq., Mayor of the City of Baltimore : 
 
 " The joint committee of the two Branches of the City Council, 
 appointed to inquire into the causes and extent of the late commo- 
 tions in the city, having, as enjoined upon them, requested the aid 
 of thirteen other of their fellow-citizens, ten of whom attended in 
 the discharge of the duty assigned them, in pursuance thereof re- 
 port : that on Saturday, the 20th of June, a publication appeared 
 in the newspaper entitled the Federal Bepublican, printed in this 
 place, which excited great irritation in the city ; that on the Mon- 
 day following, the printing-office occupied by the editors of that 
 paper was pulled down and their press destroyed. This commo- 
 tion had subsided, and the transaction was under legal investiga- 
 tion by the Criminal Court, until Sunday the 26th of July, in the 
 evening of which day, Alexander C. Hanson, one of the editors, 
 with several of his friends from other counties, and one from 
 another State, came into town, unknown to the inhabitants (or 
 known only to a few of them) and took possession of a brick house 
 on Charles street, that had been the late dwelling of Mr. Wagner, 
 his partner. The committee further report, that from written 
 documents, since found and communicated to them by the Mayor, 
 which are subjoined to this report, it appears that the plan of re- 
 newing the paper, and of arming for the defence of the house from 
 which it was intended to be issued, had been deliberately formed 
 and organized some time previous, in the county, without the 
 knowledge of the citizens of Baltimore, and all the details settled 
 and adjusted by persons who must have been acquainted with mili- 
 tary service. That having so taken possession of the house, they 
 fortified it strongly, and prepared arms and ammunition to defend it; 
 that on the next morning the editor issued from that house his 
 paper, containing severe animadversions upon the Mayor, people, 
 and police of Baltimore, which the editor caused to be circulated 
 throughout the city. In the course of the same day it was known 
 to many persons that Mr. Hanson, one of the editors, was in the 
 house, and from the preparations for defence that were observed to 
 be making therein, it was conjectured that he. expected to be at- 
 tacked. Curing the day, many other persons of the city went to 
 the house, and some remained there associated with those within. 
 Toward evening, many boys had collected in the street, opposite 
 the house, and their noise exciting some apprehension, a neighbor- 
 ing magistrate endeavored to disperse them, and had nearly suc- 
 ceeded, when about 8 o'clock a carriage stopped at the door of the 
 house, and a number of muskets and other articles were seen to be 
 taken out of it and conveyed through an armed guard into the 
 house. The boys then returned, recommenced their noise, accom- 
 panied with abusive language to the persons in the house, and began 
 throwing stones at the windows. At this time, and for an hour or 
 more thereafter, there did not appear more than five or six men 
 who could be supposed to have any connection with or control 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 313 
 
 over the bojs ; about this period a person on the footway, endeav- 
 oring to persuade the^ boys from their mischief, was severely 
 wounded in the foot by something weighty thrown from the house. 
 The boys were repeatedly told, from the persons within, to go 
 away and not molest them, that they were armed and would de- 
 fend themselves. The boys still continuing to throw stones, two 
 guns were fired from the upper part of the house, charged, as it is 
 supposed, with blank cartridges, as no injury was done by them. 
 The assemblage of people in the 8tr3et at this time greatly in- 
 creased, and the threats and throwing of stones at the house be- 
 came more general and violent ; the sashes of the lower windows 
 were broken, and attempts made to force the door by running 
 against it. Ten or twelve guns were fired from the house in quick 
 succession, by which several persons in the street were wounded 
 and one killed. About this period, application was made for 
 military aid to prevent further mischief Whilst the military were 
 assembling in pursuance of an order from the General, issued in 
 compliance with a requisition from the legal authority, frequent 
 firing took place from the house, and three guns were fired at it. 
 Some short time afterwards a gun was fired from the house, which 
 killed a Doctor Gale in the street about twelve feet from the house; 
 this circumstance greatly increased the irritation of those in the 
 street, who soon after brought a field-piece in front of the house, 
 but by the interposition of several citizens, were restrained from 
 firing upon the house under an assurance that the pei*sons in it 
 would surrender themselves to the civil authority. The military 
 soon after appeared, and placing themselves in front of the house, 
 no further injury occurred. A negotiation took place from those 
 within the house, and upon being assured that a military guard 
 would be furnished, and every effort used by the Mayor and General 
 to ensure their safety from violence, they surrendered themselves 
 to the civil authority about seven o'clock on the morning of 
 Tuesday, and were conducted to jail and committed for further ex- 
 amination. They were Alexander C. Hanson, Gen. Henry Lee, 
 James M. Lingan, William Schroeder, John Thompson, William B. 
 Bend, Otho Sprigg, Henry Kennedy, Eobert Kilgour, Henry Nel- 
 son, John E. Hall, George Winchester, Peregrine Warfield, George 
 Eichards, Edward Gwinn, David Hoffman, Horatio Bigelow, 
 Ephraim Gaither, William Gaither, Jacob Schley, Mark U. Pringle, 
 Daniel Murray, and Richard S. Crabb. After the removal of the 
 persons, the interior of the house was greatly injured, and the fur- 
 niture in it destroyed and dispersed. 
 
 " The Committee further report, that during the course of the 
 day the Mayor applied to the Sheriff to use particular precaution 
 in securing the doors of the jail, which he promised to do ; and 
 about one o'clock application was made by the Mayor and other 
 justices to the Brigadier-General to call out the military to pre- 
 serve the peace and quiet of the State. Orders were issued call- 
 
314 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ing out a regiment of infantry, two troops of cavalry, and two 
 companies of artillery, to parade at an appointed time and places. 
 The Mayor, the General, and many citizens repaired to the jail in 
 the afternoon, at which a number of persons had assembled, the 
 much greater part of whom were peaceable and orderly citizens. 
 Those of a different temper of mind, upon being remonstrated 
 with, appeared to yield to the admonitions of others, and to be ap- 
 peased with the assurances given that the party in jail should not 
 be bailed or suffered to escape during the night. It became the 
 prevailing opinion about the prison that no mischief would be at- 
 tempted that night ; in consequence of which, and of the insuffi- 
 ciency of the force assembled, the military, by the order of the 
 General, with the approbation of the Mayor, were dismissed, and 
 many persons left the prison and went to their homes. Shortly 
 after dark the number of the disorderly increased, and an inten- 
 tion was manifested of breaking into the jail. The Mayor, with 
 the aid of a few persons, succeeded for some time in preventing 
 the prison door from being forced open. They being overpowered 
 by the increased numbers and violence of the assailants, the Mayor 
 was forced away; and the door having been previously battered, and 
 again threatened, was opened by the turnkey. Upon the entry of 
 the assailants they forced the inner doors, and pressed into the 
 room in which the persons above-mentioned were confined. Here 
 a scene of horror ensued which the Committee cannot well de- 
 scribe. The result was that one of the persons (General Lingan) 
 was killed, eleven others dreadfully beaten, eight of whom were 
 thrown together in front of the jail, supposed to be dead. 
 
 " The Committee being (by the authority under which they 
 act) directed to the collection and report of facts, have carefully 
 avoided the expression of an opinion on any of the causes or ex- 
 tent of the unhappy commotions herein reported. Other facts 
 (but we know of none material) may have attended the above 
 transactions, which the limited powers of the City Council do not 
 enable them to impart to the Committee the full authority to 
 develop. 
 
 " Adam Fonerden, Wm. Steuart, James Carey, Thomas Kell, 
 Committee of the First Branch City Council. 
 
 " James Calhoun, John C. White, Wm. McDonald, Henry Pay- 
 son, Committee of the Second Branch City Council. 
 
 " The undersigned, being requested thereto, joined the above 
 committee in the discharge of their duty, and unite with them in 
 the foregoing report : 
 
 "James Buchanan, Peter Little, Wm. Gwynn, Lemuel Taylor, 
 S.Sterett, William Wilson, W. Cooke, Thorndike Chase, Eobert 
 Gilmor, John Montgomery." 
 
 From the Federal Rtpublican : 
 
 " An exact and authentic narrative of the events which took 
 place in Baltimore on the 27th and 28th of July last, carefully 
 collected from some of the sufferers and from eye-witnesses : 
 
CHBONIOLES OF BALTIMOKB. 315 
 
 " State of Maryland, s. s. Eockville, Aug. 12, 1812. 
 
 " Personally appeared, on this 12th day of August, 1812, before 
 John Fleming, Justice of the Peace for Montgomery county, the 
 following persons, — Peregrine Warfield, Eichard J. Crabb, Charles 
 J. Kilgour, Henry Nelson, Ephraim Gaither, Eobert Kilgour, John 
 H. Payne, H. C. Gaither, and Alexander C. Hanson, who being 
 sworn on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, do declare and 
 depose in the manner of form following, — to wit : 
 
 "That these deponents are some of the surviving persons who 
 were devoted, or meant to be devoted, to the brutal and murderous 
 fury of the mob in the late massacre in the jail at the City of Balti- 
 more. That these deponents having seen the following statement 
 submitted to them of that horrid atrocity, and the proceedings 
 connected with it, do swear, that as far as their individual suffer- 
 ings or particular opportunities of observation may enable them 
 to testify, they believe the facts and circumstances detailed in the 
 following statement to be truly and accurately stated — these de- 
 ponents not intending hereby to preclude themselves from a further 
 narrative or disclosure of such other circumstances and special 
 injuries and sufferings as are within the particular knowledge of 
 each of them respectively, or which they may have individually 
 experienced and endured. 
 
 " Sworn to before John Fleming. 
 
 "State of Maryland, Montgomery County, s. s. I hereby 
 certify, that John Fleming, gent, before whom the aforegoing affi- 
 davit appears to have been made, and whose name is thereto sub- 
 scribed, was at the time a Justice of the Peace in and for the county 
 aforesaid, duly commissioned and sworn. ISeal.'] In testimony 
 whereof, I have hereto subscribed my name, and affixed the public 
 seal for Montgomery County, this 12th day of August, A. D. 1812. 
 
 '•' Upton Beall, 
 " Clerk of Montgomery County Court. 
 
 " On the night of the 22d of June, the entire printing appara- 
 tus of the Federal Republican was demolished by a mob in Balti- 
 more, in the presence of the Mayor, the Judge of the Criminal 
 Court, and several other magistrates and police-officers, whose 
 authority was not exerted to save it and preserve the peace of 
 the city. One of the editors (Mr. Wagner) narrowly escaped with 
 his life, after being pursued by ruffians who avowed their fell pur- 
 pose of assassination. Mr. Hanson, the other proprietor of the 
 paper, heard of the depredations committed by the mob the even- 
 ing after, and went to Baltimore the next day, accompanied by his 
 friend Captain Eichard J. Crabb, to make arrangements for re- 
 establishing the paper. Finding it impossible to render any ser- 
 vice, the laws being effectually silenced, and his friends unanimously 
 urging his departure, he left town in a few hours, having first 
 
316 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 walked the streets as usual, and made all the arrangements that 
 could be made, in conjunction with his friends and agents, for re- 
 viving the paper with all possible dispatch. Upon his return home 
 to Eockville, Montgomery County, Mr. Hanson communicated to 
 some of his most intimate friends his determination to recommence 
 the paper in Baltimore, and declared he never would visit Balti- 
 more again until he could go prepared to assert his rights and re- 
 sist oppression. He was aware that the execution of this plan 
 would be accompanied with much difficulty and danger, but his 
 friends admired and approved it the more on that account, and 
 volunteered to accompany him to Baltimore, to participate his dan- 
 gers or successes, in maintaining the rights of person and property 
 and defending the liberty of the press. They were in number: 
 General James M. Lingan (murdered). General Harry Lee, Cap- 
 tain Eichard J. Crabb, Dr. P. Warfield, Charles J. Kilgour, Otho 
 Sprigg, Ephraim Gaither, and John Howard Payne. Several others 
 were to have gone, but were prevented ; and on the night of the 
 attack, the party was joined by three other volunteers from the 
 country, who were not fully apprised by Mr. Hanson of his de- 
 termination, but received their information in confidence from 
 others. Major Musgrove, Henry C. Gaither, and William Gaither. 
 On the evening of the attack they were joined by about twenty 
 gentlemen living in Baltimore, one or two only of whom were in- 
 vited to the house by Mr. Hanson. When the office was first de- 
 molished, Mr. Wagner, one of the proprietors, lived in a house in 
 Charles street. On that event he removed his family from the 
 house, but did not relinquish it or remove his furniture. In this 
 situation it remained until the 26th of July, when the paper having 
 been re-established in Georgetown, and the proprietors having re- 
 solved to attempt its re-establishment in Baltimore, one of them, 
 Mr. Hanson, came and occupied this house (having first taken a 
 lease), as a place from which the distribution of the paper might 
 be made. He was attended by the friends before mentioned, who 
 were to remain as his guests until their business called them home. 
 They thought it probable that an attempt would be made to pre- 
 vent the distribution of the paper, and they might even be at- 
 tacked in the house for that purpose ; but they hoped, by the ap- 
 pearance of determined resistance, to deter the assailants from 
 actual violence, till the civil authority should have time to interpose 
 and prevent mischief Should they be disappointed in this hope, 
 and find themselves in danger from the unrestrained violence of a 
 mob, they were resolved, and were prepared, to stand on the defen- 
 sive, and to repel force by force. Eeliance upon the civil authority 
 they earl}^ perceived to be fruitless, for on application to the Mayor 
 by the owner of the house, he peremptorily declined all interfer- 
 ence, and left town, as it was understood, to prevent his repose 
 from being disturbed. The civil authority refusing to interfere 
 when applied to by Mr. White, the son, and Mr. Dennis J^owland, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 317 
 
 the soD-in-law of the owner of the house, there was nothing left 
 but to resist the mob in the house j and while this resistance was 
 made with a mildness and forbearance scarcely ever equalled, and 
 which excited the wonder of the spectators, several messages were 
 sent to Brigadier-General Strieker to disperse the mob and prevent 
 the effusion of blood, which would otherwise be unavoidable. If 
 it be objected that the scheme was rash or imprudent, all must ad- 
 mit it was strictly and dearly lawful. Mr. Hanson had an undoubted 
 right to distribute the paper in Baltimore, from this or any other 
 house in his occupation, and to defend his person and property by 
 force in case they were assailed by unlawful violence and left un- 
 protected by the civil authority. 
 
 " On Monday, the 27th of July, the distribution of the paper 
 was commenced, and proceeded without molestation or tumult till 
 evening. But soon after twilight, a mob collected before the house, 
 and soon began to act in a very threatening and riotous manner. 
 The gentlemen in the house, with great mildness, patience and 
 forbearance, repeatedly advised and requested them to disperse, 
 assuring them that the house was armed, and would be defended, 
 and that the consequences of attacking would be dangerous. This 
 however had no other effect than to increase the boldness and vio- 
 lence of the mob, as well as its numbers. A vigorous attack on 
 the house was soon commenced. Stones were thrown in showers 
 at the front windows, all of which were soon broken, and not only 
 the glass, but the sashes and shutters were demolished, and an at- 
 tempt was made to break down the street door, which was 'at 
 length actually broken and burst open. All these acts of violence 
 were accompanied by loud and reiterated declarations by the mob 
 of a determination to force the house and expel or kill those who 
 were engaged in its defence. The scenes continued for more than 
 two hours, without the least interference of the Mayor, or any 
 appearance of an intention to interpose. At length the persons 
 thus threatened and assailed, finding that little hope remained of 
 protection from the local authorities, and that forbearance, expos- 
 tulation and entreaty served only on their part to increase the 
 audacity of the mob, resolved to try the effect of intimidation. 
 Orders were therefore given to fire from the windows of the second 
 story over the heads of the mob, so as to frighten without hurting 
 them. This was done. The mob was at first intimidated by this 
 blank fire, but soon finding that no hurt was done by it, they re- 
 turned and recommenced the attack with increased violence. The 
 windows having been all before broken, and the front room on the 
 lower floor abandoned, the mob prepared to enter b}' the door and 
 take possession, of the house. The gentlemen from within there- 
 fore prepared themselves for the worst, and resolved that when 
 things should be pushed to extremities, they would make a serious 
 fire on the assailants. Some gentlemen were stationed on the stairs 
 in the entry, opposite the front door, and the entry itself was bar- 
 
318 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ricaded as well as could be done with chairs, tables, and other 
 furniture. Other persons were posted at the windows in such a 
 manner as best to command the approach to the doors. They re- 
 newed their warnings and entreaties to the mob, but with no other 
 effect than before, and in this situation they remained until effectual 
 resistance should become absolutely necessary. Still the civil 
 authority did nothing, save the fruitless efforts of Judge Scott, 
 who was ultimately obliged to leave the street. The military was 
 equally supine or indifferent. It was now about eleven o'clock. 
 The violence of the attack increased, and in a short time a part 
 of the mob, with a Dr. Gale, their apparent leader and instigator 
 (who had harangued them in the street), at their head, made an 
 attempt to enter the passage and advance towards the stairs. Or- 
 ders were now given to fire from the windows and staircase. By 
 this fire Dr. Gale was killed, and carried off by his companions and 
 followers. Several were wounded in the street. The mob fled in 
 every direction, carrying with them the wounded and the body of 
 Dr. Gale, but before they fled they fired frequently into the house-, 
 where the marks of their shot are to be seen, and a pistol aimed at 
 the breast of General ^e'e flashed while he was expostulating with 
 the mob. One of the defenders of the house (Ephraim Gaither) 
 was wounded at the time of the fire from the street, but how, or 
 with what has not been ascertained. He bled profusely, and had 
 a convulsion in the morning while standing at his post upon duty. 
 This was the time for the gentlemen in the house to make their 
 escape. Could they have seen that their enterprize had become 
 impracticable, they might have made good their retreat. But they 
 judged otherwise. They thought rather of their rights than that 
 of the prudence of a further effort to assert them, and resolved 
 still to defend the house, indulging the hope too that no further 
 violence would be attempted after this experience of its conse- 
 quences, or that the civil authority would effectually interpose. 
 The mob came very cautiously and almost by stealth in front of 
 the house after the effectual fire. They still, however, remained 
 in the street and increased their number gradually, a drum parad- 
 ing the streets to beat up recruits, and continued to throw stones 
 in front and back of the house. 
 
 " Between two and three o'clock, the military having been 
 ordered out. Major Barney appeared in the street at the head of a 
 small party of cavalry. The mob again fled at his approach, cry- 
 ing out as they heard the tramping of horses, ' The troop is com- 
 ing, the troop is coming.' Near the front of the house Major 
 Barney halted and addressed them. On this they again returned. 
 He told them he was their^friend, their personal and political friend ; 
 that he was there to protect person and property, to prevent 
 violence, *to secure the party in the house,' and that those in the 
 street must disperse. They then asked him by what authority he 
 came. He answered by order of the Brigadier-General Strieker. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 819 
 
 They demanded a sight of the order, which he consented to show 
 them, and for that purpose went round the corner into an alley 
 where they assembled round to see it. He said something in a 
 low voice, on hearing which the mob gave three cheers. What 
 did he then say to them ? This can be answered only from con- 
 jecture and from what happened afterwards. Many of the gentle- 
 men in the house, judging from subsequent events, believe that he 
 communicated to the mob the plan of assassination, which was 
 put into execution, and which they suppose to have been then 
 already formed with his knowledge and participation. But this 
 supposition would ascribe to that officer a degree of ferocious prof- 
 ligacy which ought not to be imputed to him or any other man 
 without the clearest proof. The subjoined extract from the Whig 
 explains Major Barney's conduct : 
 
 (ii ^^Q regret that our committee have not, after so much pains 
 SiTid promise, stated some particulars minutely ; particulars necessary 
 to be known, we mean the circumstances of the negotiation (as it 
 were) between Major Barney and the populace. They agreed to 
 I'est satisfied if the murderers should be carefully kept from escap- 
 ing, and be surrendered into the hands of the civil authority ; in 
 other words, be committed to jail for trial. To the fulfilment of this 
 was Major Barney pledged.' 
 
 " His instructions were nevertheless for the safety and honor 
 of the gentlemen in the house. There can be no question he had 
 orders while he protected the house from further attack to secure 
 the party in it, so as to prevent them from escaping, and to bring 
 them to trial for the deaths which had taken place or were ex- 
 pected, and that he communicated this part of his orders to the 
 mob. This supposition is favored by what he was heard to say on 
 his first approach — that ' he was there to take possession and 
 secure the party in the house.' And when the gentlemen, dis- 
 trusting his views in consequence of what they had observed, de- 
 manded an explanation, he assured them that he had no orders or 
 instructions hut such as were consistent with their safety and honor, but 
 he was obliged to talk^otherwise to the mob to deceive and keep 
 them quiet. The mob made no further attempt on the house, in 
 front of which Major Barney and his cavalry remained constantly 
 wrangling and talking with the mob, who soon prepared for a more 
 effectual attack by bringing up a field-piece. With this they at- 
 tempted to fire on the house, but were always prevented by Major 
 Barney, who more than once mounted on the -cannon, declaring 
 that if they fired they should fire on him, that they would kill 
 their own friends ; all which trouble he might have saved himself, 
 if he pleased, by remounting his horse and dispersing the mob 
 which fled at his first approach. This state of things continued 
 till about 6 o'clock A. M., when Mr. Johnson, the Mayor, arrived 
 from the country, whither messengers had been despatched for 
 him by those out of the house ; and Brigadier-General Strieker, 
 
320 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOKB. 
 
 who commands the militia of the town, appeared before the door 
 and commenced a parley with the party within. Being admitted 
 into the house, they represented to the party defending the irrita- 
 tion which prevailed in the town, the exasperation of the public 
 mind, and the impossibility of maintaining defence against the 
 force which would soon come in aid of the attack. The Mayor 
 asked for and addressed Mr. Hanson with warmth and great 
 agitation ; spoke of a civil war, saying, we are impressed with the 
 belief that a civil war is inevitable, and I consider this a party-thing 
 and the commencement of it. He complained also of the Government's 
 being implicated in the dispute between parties and the paper, and 
 added, such opposition must or will be noticed. To all which Mr. 
 Hanson replied that he would not enter into a political dispute 
 with the Mayor ; that he had a right to defend his house, which was 
 bis castle, and his person, and that he and his friends were compe- 
 tent to the protection of both ; that it was the Mayor's duty to 
 disperse the mob. The Mayor and General Strieker then declared 
 their own inability to protect the party in the house while there, 
 and proposed that they should surrender themselves into the hands 
 of the civil authority, and be taken to the public jail as a place of 
 safety, promising an effectual escort on the way, to be composed of 
 Mr, Hanson's own frieads, in town if he pleased, and also an effec- 
 tual guard at the jail, till they could be released on bail. 
 
 " To this many of the party, particularly Mr. Hanson, strongly 
 objected. He was indignant at the proposal to go to jail. ' To 
 jail ! ' said he — ' for what? For protecting my house and property 
 against a mob who assailed both for three hours without being 
 fired upon, when we could have killed numbers of them ! You 
 cannot protect us to jail, or after we are in jail I ' Mr. Hanson 
 then, after the Mayor and General went into the front room to 
 converse with General Lee, exhorted his friend never to surrender, 
 declaring that no reliance could be placed on the assurances of 
 such men, who were his bitter enemies, and who, however willing 
 they might be, were unable to afford effectual protection, as was 
 proved by their inability to disperse the mob then assembled be- 
 fore the house. He repeated over and over, that if they surren- 
 dered they would all be sacrificed ; and from his knowledge of the 
 men they had to deal with, particularly John Montgomery, who 
 had just before passed into the room, he expected they would all 
 be given up to be massacred, either on the way to the jail or in 
 the jail. Mr. Hanson then stated his objections to the Mayor and 
 General Strieker,' who in answer gave the most solemn assurances 
 on their faith as officers and their honor as men to afford the 
 promised protection or die in the attempt. General Strieker as- 
 sured them on his honor that he would never quit them while 
 there was danger, and if they were attacked he would rescue or 
 fall with them. These assurances were repeated frequently with 
 the most solemn asseverations and appeals to God. Mr. Hanson 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 321 
 
 having said something to his friends in regard to the house and 
 furniture, a pledge was instantly given by the Mayor to leave a 
 guard to defend both. General Lee and other gentlemen at- 
 tempted to get better terms of capitulation, such as marching out 
 ■with arms in their hands to assist in protecting themselves, and 
 riding on their horses among the cavalrj^ and in carriages. The 
 Mayor and General went out to see if the mob would consent to 
 any other terms. While gone Mr. Hanson made two propositions 
 to different gentlemen of his party, the one to hold the Mayor 
 and Brigadier-General as hostages for their safety, and the other 
 offering to give himself up to the mob, who would then be appeased, re- 
 peating his belief that every man would be sacrificed if they sur- 
 rendered. When the Mayor and General Strieker returned, they 
 informed the party in the house that no other terms could be ob- 
 tained from the mob than those first proposed, and urged their im-* 
 mediate acceptance, declaring that a delay of five minutes might 
 be fatal. Mr. Hanson still vehemently opposed surrendering, and 
 said he had nothing to say to the mob, but would negotiate only 
 with the civil authority in order to prevent the effusion of blood, 
 which he was as anxious to do as any one. General Lee, who had 
 been chosen to command the party, was then sought for in the 
 front room up stairs. He was of opinion that the proposition of 
 the Mayor and General Strieker ought to be accepted, and endeav- 
 ored to gain over Mr. Hanson to his opinion, by expressing the 
 warmest confidence in their sincerity and honor, and their compe- 
 tency to aff'ord full protection to and at the jail. General Lee pro- 
 bably saw that the defence was wholly desperate. 
 
 " The numbers in the house had diminished from about thirty to • 
 
 twent}', by sending out detachments for various purposes who V 
 
 could not return, and from other causes not now satisfactorily 
 known. This remaining number was barely sufficient to man the 
 essential stations. There were none to relieve them. The effects 
 of fatigue and want of sleep began to be felt. Those of hunger and 
 thirst must soon be added, for their stock of provisions and water 
 was small, and a supply was impossible. To a military man of 
 judgment and experience like General Lee, these circumstances 
 would naturally appear in all their force. He saw the defence 
 necessarily and rapidly becoming weaker, while there was reason 
 to believe that the attacking force would greatly and rapidly aug- 
 ment. Being a soldier too himself, he could not doubt a soldier's 
 honor, nor believe that Gen. Strieker, who had served like himself 
 in the war of our Revolution, could abandon those who surrendered 
 their arms on the faith of his word. Gen. Lee therefore gave his 
 opinion early and strongly in favor of a surrender. Several others, 
 no doubt from similar motives, and some in deference to his opinion, 
 declared for the same course. But Mr. Hanson, more ardent because 
 younger, smarting under wrongs unredressed, and flushed by the 
 hope of gaining in the end a glorious victory, and less confiding 
 21 
 
322 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 because better acquainted with the weakness, timidity and dispo- 
 sition of the persons on whom they were invited to rely, strongly 
 and pertinaciously opposed this sentiment to the last, contending 
 that if the defence was really impracticable, which he by no means 
 believed, it was better to die there with the arms in their hands, 
 than to surrender for the purpose of being led through the streets 
 like malefactors, and in the end massacred by the mob, against 
 which he insisted that no effectual protection would be afforded or 
 ought to be expected. The opinion of Gen. Lee, however, finally 
 prevailed, and the whole party, to the number of between twenty 
 and thirty, surrendered themselves into the hands of the civil 
 authority. An escort of horse and foot was provided by General 
 Strieker, and they were conducted from the house to the jail. This 
 took place between 8 and 9 o'clock in the morning. 
 
 " In going to the jail, they were to pass by a large pile of paving 
 stones, which had been provided for paving the streets. While 
 the negotiation for the surrender was going on, a plan was laid, to 
 massacre the party at this pile of stones, and a companj^from Fell's 
 Point, headed by a Mr. Worrel, was to join the mob at that place 
 for the purpose. The plan was to drive off or knock down the 
 escort with the stones, and then beat the prisoners to death. But 
 the pile of stones was passed a few minutes before the party from 
 the Point arrived, and thus the scheme was frustrated, not without 
 two of the gentlemen receiving severe blows with stones said to 
 be aimed at Mr. Hanson. This important fact was related on the 
 same day to a gentleman by one of the chiefs of the mob, who very 
 coolly added : ' It is only a short delay, for we shall take them out 
 of the jail to-night and put them to death.' This intention was 
 publicly and frequently avowed in the course of the day, and ex- 
 press invitation to that effect was given in the principal Democratic 
 paper of the city, and the preparations for carrying it into effect 
 were openly made. A particular incident will show how well it 
 was known, or how confidently expected. A youth of the name 
 of McCubbin, a clerk in the counting-house of Hollins and McBlair, 
 had opened the counting-house in the morning as usual, and after 
 attending to his ordinary business, was led by curiosity or accident 
 into the neighborhood of the jail at the moment when the party 
 from the house entered it. Being with the crowd, he was hurried 
 into the jail by mistake, and was actually locked up with the j^arty. 
 Messrs. Hollins and McBlair, finding his situation, and knowing 
 what would probably happen at night, exerted themselves to the 
 utmost, with some of their friends, to effect his release, which they 
 effected a little before night with very great difficulty. Those 
 gentlemen despairing, it must be presumed, of success, made no 
 effort, as far as is known, to prevent the catastrophe. Some of 
 their friends, however, and particularly Col. James A. Buchanan, 
 exerted themselves to the utmost, as it is said and believed, but to 
 no purpose. General Strieker and Mr. Johnson being informed of 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 323 
 
 the intended massacre, an order was obtained in the legal form to 
 call out the military for the protection of the jail. This order was 
 given to Gen. Strieker by Mr. Johnson, on the certificates and re- 
 quisition of two magistrates. Gen. Strieker accordingly ordered 
 out the fifth regiment (commanded by Col. Joseph Sterrett, a brave 
 man, and to be relied on in all situations,) but directed expressly 
 that they should be furnished with blank cartridges only. This part 
 of the order might very well deter, and no doubt did deter many of 
 the well-disposed militia from turning out. They might well sup- 
 pose that the order might by some means become known to the 
 mob, who far from being intimidated by the appearance of soldiers 
 known to be unarmed, would naturally consider it, as it was, a 
 pledge for their perfect impunity, and might probably slaughter 
 the soldiers themselves. The general exasperation, moreover, 
 which prevailed on account of the events of the morning, which, 
 as always happens on such occasions, had been wholl}^ misrepre- 
 sented, and were almost universally misunderstood, was so high 
 that great numbers of the militia and some entire companies, espe- 
 cially one of the cavalry, absolutely refused to turn out ; many, it 
 may be supposed, were prevented by their fears. Yet notwith- 
 standing all these unfavorable circumstances a number did appear,, 
 which is stated by some to have been sixty, and by others not more 
 than thirty. Col. Sterrett was at the head of this fragment of his 
 regiment ; Col. Samuel Sterrett, who commands one of the compa- 
 nies, was also at his post; so was Major liichard K. Heath. The 
 other officers who appeared are not recollected. The Brigadier- 
 General himself, after his solemn pledge of his word and honor as 
 an ofiicer and a man in the presence of God, did not appear. He 
 was not seen with the troops, and if seen in the streets at all, it 
 was in his common dress with a rattan in his hand. He nowhere 
 showed himself as the commander of the militia, made no call in person 
 on the troops or the citizens to rally around him, but contented 
 himself with barely doing what was required of him, according to 
 the strict letter, by ordering out a part of the militia, and rendered 
 that order futile and nugatory, or worse, by combining it with an 
 order to come without effective arms. This part of his order was 
 however disobeyed by many, if not all of the militia who came 
 out: resolved not to be exposed to massacre by this unaccountable 
 conduct of theirgeneral, they furnished themselves as well as they 
 could with ball-cartridges. 
 
 " In the afternoon, while the troops were ordered out, and while 
 they were assembling, Mr. Johnson, Mayor, went to the jail, ac- 
 companied by Mr. Hargrove, register of the city, and together 
 with Gen. Strieker, Judge Job Smith, Mr. Wilson, magistrate, Mr. 
 Calhoun, brigade inspector, visited the gentlemen in the jail, to in- 
 form them of the efforts that were making, and would be made for 
 their protection. They renewed their solemn assurances of pro- 
 tection, and told the party to rest satisfied, as the military would 
 
324 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 be out in a very short time, when there would be no danger of an 
 attack upon the jail. A butcher by the name of Mumma, and two 
 others, understood to be prominent in the mob, entered the room 
 in company with the Mayor and remained after him. While the 
 interview between the Mayor, General, &c., and the gentlemen con- 
 tinued, this butcher was employed in observing and most atten- 
 tively remarking their countenances and their dress. As many of 
 them were strangers in Baltimore, his object no doubt was to enable 
 himself to identify them, and point them out to his associates, 
 when the massacre should commence. This very butcher did stand 
 at the first iron grate and knock down the gentlemen as they were 
 brought out. It was by him, so stationed, that Mr. Hanson was 
 first recognized and shockingly beaten. In the course of the after- 
 noon the gentlemen were apprised from various quarters of the 
 fate which awaited them at night, and particularly a gentleman 
 of the Democratic party (who is nevertheless a man of honor, 
 courage and humanity), after struggling in vain to provide means 
 of protection, or to avert the danger, informed them of all they 
 had to expect. 
 
 " The door of the room in which they were confined was very 
 strong; composed of thick iron bars fastened together, so as to 
 make a grate, it enabled them to see what was done on the 
 outside, while if kept locked, it was capable of affording them a 
 very considerable defence. That they might make the most of 
 this feej^le resource, in the apprehended absence of all others, they 
 sent for the turnkey, and requested him to lock the door and give 
 them the key. This he promised, but did not perform. They sent 
 to him again and reminded him of his promise, which he repeated 
 and again neglected. They saw no more of him until the slaughter 
 commenced. 
 
 " The militia having assembled in front of their Colonel's quar- 
 ters in Gay street, at a very considerable distance from the jail, 
 the General, instead of putting himself at their head, endeavoring 
 to increase their numbers and leading them to the jail, left them 
 standing in Gay street; and hearing that the mob had assembled 
 at the jail in great numbers, he and the Mayor, accompanied by 
 John Montgomery, Attorney-General of the State, went to them a 
 little before sunset to expostulate with them on the impropriety of 
 their conduct and persuade them to disperse. The object which 
 the mob then thought proper to avow openly, was to prevent the 
 gentlemen from being admitted to bail. An assurance being given 
 to them bj^ the Attorney-General and the Judge that bail should 
 not be received before next day, they are said to have declared 
 themselves satisfied and to have promised to disperse. Some of 
 them, no doubt, made such a declaration and promise, with what 
 intentions will soon appear. General Strieker and Mr. Johnson, 
 Mayor, thought fit to be satisfied with these assurances. Some of 
 their friends, supposed to be men of influence among the mob, are 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 325 
 
 said to have obtained similar assurances, and to have been equally 
 satisfied. Be that as it may, the Brigadier-G-eneral, the Mayor of 
 the city, and the Attorney-General of the State left the jail with 
 the mob still assembled before it, and went into the city proclaim- 
 ing that everything was settled and all danger at an end. On 
 this ground Gen. Strieker dismissed a body of militia under Major 
 Heath, which he met on his way from the jail, notwithstanding the 
 advice and remonstrance of Major Heath, who exhorted them to 
 go once more to the jail before they were dismissed and see whether 
 all was safe. From Major Heath he proceeded to Colonel Sterrett, 
 and ordered him to dismiss the party which was under arms in 
 Gay street, an order which Mr. Sterrett obeyed with a heavy 
 heart. Gen. Strieker then proceeded through the town to his own 
 house, which is in a part still more distant from the jail, and on his 
 way he proclaimed that everything was settled, all danger over, 
 and no further need of any protecting force. By this means he 
 dispersed a number of citizens who had assembled with a view of 
 giving their aid. When he reached his own house he shut himself 
 up and ordered himself to be denied, or was out of the way. 
 
 " The dismissal of the military was instantly made known to the 
 mob at the jail by their associates stationed for that purpose, and 
 they regarded it, as was natural, as the signal for attack. They 
 immediately made a furious attack on the outward doors of the 
 jail, which being observed by a gentleman who happened at that 
 moment to pass on horseback, he rode full speed to Gen. Strieker's 
 house, to give him the information. He was told that Gen. Strieker 
 was not at home. Inquiring where he was, and expressing a strong 
 desire to see him, in order to give him the information, the gentle- 
 man w^as told that 'Gen. Strieker could not be seen ; and that if he 
 could, it would be unavailing, for he had already done all he could 
 or would do.' The gentleman then went in quest of the Mayor, who 
 fearing or being informed of what happened, had gone to the jail 
 with two or three men supposed to have influence with the mob, 
 whom he had engaged to assist him. With them he attempted to 
 prevent the doors from being forced open ; but his attempts were 
 fruitless, and at length his assistants, fearing for his safety and 
 their own, almost forced him away. The attack then proceeded 
 without further hindrance or fear of interruption ; and when the 
 violence of the attack upon the outward door to the east increased, 
 a voice from within was heard sa^^ing, ' Come round to the other 
 door!' — which they were seen to do by some of (the gentlemen in 
 prison. There can be no doubt that it was in the power of Gen. 
 Strieker to prevent or easily repel this attack. Had he put on his 
 uniform, mounted on horseback, put himself at the head of such of 
 the military as had assembled, called for more force, exhorted the 
 citizens to volunteer, and marched to the jail with all the force 
 which he could thus collect — had he, as his duty and plighted 
 honor required, taken post at or in the jail, even with the small 
 
326 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 body of militia which had assembled, the mob would unquestionably 
 have been deterred or repulsed. But he was blind to all such con- 
 siderations, and left the mob to their course by dismissing the 
 military, and infusing a false and fatal security into the citizens. 
 But above all, after the massacre, when it was discovered that some 
 of the persons thrown into the pile of the supposed slain were not 
 quite dead, and might be restored, intelligence of the fact was 
 carried to town. Upon receiving the information, a distinguished 
 gentleman went to Gen. Strieker's house and had him called out 
 of bed. He communicated to the General the joyful tidings, and 
 added, 'the physicians will go out to preserve all they can, if you 
 will furnish a guard or go with them.' The General said he was 
 fatigued, had lost his rest the night before, and it was an improbable 
 tale that any of the prisoners were alive. The gentleman urged and 
 remonstrated, offering to bring him a horse immediately, but the 
 General flatly declined, and returned to his bed to find repose. 
 God of Heaven ! did he sleep? — he 'who hath murdered sleep!' 
 slaughtered honor, patriotism and courage, ensnared by treachery; 
 betrayed the brave, and handed them over to the executioner, to be 
 tortured in a manner until now unknown in the annals of all time, 
 to satiate the bloody appetites of cannibals and tigers in human 
 form. Have not ages of wickedness and barbarity and guilt been 
 crowded into days? An all-wise and good Providence will avenge 
 these horrid enormities. 
 
 *'• The mob gained possession of the principal entrance into the 
 prison, but there were still two very strong doors to be forced be- 
 fore they could reach the party within. One of these doors de- 
 tained them more than a quarter of an hour. Whether it was finally 
 forced or unlocked is not known. When they reached the last door, 
 after a few slight blows it was unlocked. Bentley, the jailor, was 
 the first man who entered the room, to the best of these deponents' 
 recollection, and was instantly followed by the mob ; he was prob- 
 ably compelled to unlock the door. From this it appears that a 
 very small military guard posted in the first entry of the jail, es- 
 pecially with the Brigadier-General and the Mayor at their head, 
 w^ould have been a sufficient protection. This was the post in 
 which the plighted faith and honor of Gen. Strieker should have 
 placed him ; but his pledge was forgotten or neglected, and the 
 post was left whoU}^ unguarded. 
 
 "When the victims saw the danger approach nearer and 
 nearer they calmly prepared ibr their fate, but resolved to make 
 every possible effort for effecting their escape. They had three or 
 four pistols among them, and one or two dirks. It was proposed 
 ae soon as the last door should be forced they should shoot as 
 many of the assailants with these pistols, for which there was no 
 second charge, as possible. Mr. Hanson dissuaded from this 
 course, saying it would be of no avail to kill one or two of the 
 mob, and would only increase their fury and render escape more 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 327 
 
 difficult. He strongly recommended that they should all rush 
 among the mob, put out all the lights, create as much confusion as 
 possible, and by that means many would escape. As for himself, 
 he would be recognized ; but every man must do the best to save 
 himself. All seemed at once to embrace the plan ; but when the 
 mob were about entering the last door, Mr. Murray and Mr. Thomp- 
 son presented their pistols, the former saying very familiarly, 'My 
 lads, you had better retire, I can shoot either of you.' It was re- 
 plied, ' I can kill you,' by the mob. Murray rejoined, ' I can kill 
 any one of you first.' Mr. Thompson was also disposed to fire, but 
 General Lee and Mr. Hanson urged to the contrary, and the mob 
 coming in, were rushed upon, and the confusion commenced. 
 
 " The plan proposed by Mr. Hanson availed many of his friends, 
 who escaped almost, and some entirel}^ unhurt, to the number of 
 nine or ten, who made their way through the crowd in the confu- 
 sion that ensued. But it was useless to himself, because he was 
 known to Mumma the butcher, who recognized and knocked him 
 down after he had made good his way to the lobby, as it is called, 
 or hall of the jail. He was then dreadfully beaten, trampled on, 
 and pitched for dead down the high flight of stairs in front of the 
 jail. The purpose for which Mumma came into the prison room 
 in the evening now appeared. He was posted at the door to 
 mark the victims as they came out, and designated them for 
 slaughter by giving each a blow or two, which was the signal for 
 his associates, who proceeded to finish what he had begun. The 
 fate of Mr. Hanson befel General Lee, General Lingan, Mr. Hall, 
 Mr. Nelson, Mr. Kilgour, Major Musgrove, Dr. P. Warfield, and 
 Mr. Wm. Gaither, all of whom were thrown down the steps of the 
 jail, where they lay in a heap nearly three hours. 
 
 "During this whole time the mob continued to torture their 
 mangled bodies, by beating first one and then the other, stickin 
 pen-knives into their faces and hands, and opening their eyes an 
 dropping hot candle-grease into them, &c. Mr. Murray, Mr. 
 Thompson and Mr. \Yinchester were carried in a different direction 
 and not thrown into the heap of supposed slain. Major Musgrove 
 was the last who remained in the prison room when the mob broke 
 in. While the slaughter of his friends was going on in the passage 
 in his view, he calmly walked about the room waiting for a fate 
 which he saw no possibility of averting. At length one of the 
 assassins came and called him out. He went, and was attacked in 
 the entry, knocked down and beaten till he was supposed by 
 the butchers to be dead. Some of the victims were rendered wholly 
 insensible by the first blows which they received. Others who 
 preserved their senses and recollection, resolved to feign death, in 
 hopes of thus escaping farther injury. The brave Gen. Lingan lost 
 his life by his endeavors to save it. He so much mistook the char- 
 acter of the monsters as to suppose them capable of some feelings 
 of humanity. He reminded them that he had fought for their 
 
328 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 liberties throughout the Eevolutionaiy war, that he was old and in- 
 firm, and that he had a large and helpless family dependent on him 
 for support. These remarks served only to attract their attention 
 to him and to inform them that he was still alive. Every suppli- 
 cation was answered by fresh insults and blows. At length, while 
 Ke was still endeavoring to speak and to stretch out his hands 
 for mercy, one of the assassins stamped upon his breast, struck 
 Ijim many blows in rapid succession, crying out, ^the damned old 
 rascal is hardest dying of all of tliem^ and repeating the opprobrious 
 epithet oi Tory I These blows put an end to his torment and his 
 Ufe. In a few minutes after his removal into jail he expired with- 
 out a groan. His name will be immortal as his soul. While Gen. 
 Lee's mangled body lay exposed upon the bare earth, one of the 
 monsters attempted to cut off his nose, but missed his aim, though 
 he thereby gave him a bad wound in the nose. Either the same 
 person or another attempted to thrust a knife into the eye of Gen. 
 jDee, who had again raised himself up. The knife glanced on the 
 cheek-bone, and the General being immediately by the side of Mr. 
 Hanson, fell with his head upon his breast, where he lay for some 
 minutes, when he was kicked or knocked off. A quantity of his 
 blood was left on Mr. Hanson's breast, on observing which one of 
 the mob shortly afterwards exclaimed exultingly, 'See Hanson's 
 brains on his breast ! ' 
 
 ''During these horrid scenes, several of the gentlemen, Mr. Nel- 
 son, Dr. Warfield, Mr. Kilgour, Mr. J. E. Hall, and Mr. Hanson, 
 perfectly retained their senses. They sustained without betraying 
 any signs of life, or gratifying their butchers with a groan or 
 murmur, all the tortures that were inflicted on them. They heard 
 without showing any emotion, the deliberations of the assassins 
 about the manner of disposing of their bodies. At one time it 
 was proposed to throw them all into the sink of the jail. Others 
 thought it best to dig a hole and bury them all together immediately. 
 Some advised that they should be thrown into Jones Falls, a stream 
 which runs in front of the jail. Some that they should be cas- 
 trated. Others again were for tarring and feathering them, and 
 directed a cart to be brought for that purpose to carry them about 
 town. Others insisted upon cutting all their throats upon the 
 spot, to make sure of them. And lastly, it was resolved to hang 
 them next morning and have them dissected. Pointing to 
 Hanson, and jobbing him severely with a stick on the privates, one 
 exclaimed, ' this fellow shall be dissected.' Being particularly de- 
 sirous of insulting and mangling the body of Mr. Hanson, but 
 finding great difficulty in identifying it, they at length thought 
 of examining his sleeve-buttons, supposing they should there 
 find the initials of his name. It was insisted by some one present 
 that he knew Hanson well, and it was not him but Hoffman. Be- 
 fore they seemed to have settled the dispute, their attention was 
 attracted to some other object. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 329 
 
 " Dr. Hall, personally unknown to all but one, it is believed, of 
 the sufferers, was instrumental in rescuing them from the mob, 
 which he did by a stratagem which will endear him to all good men 
 and brighten his course through life. He, with the aid of others 
 not now known, induced the mob to place the supposed dead bodies 
 under his care until morning, and he conveyed them into the jail 
 to the room whence they were first taken. There he was assisted 
 by Drs. Birkhead, Smith, Owen, and a gentleman who assumed the 
 name of Dr. Page, but is better known by the title of the ' Boston 
 Beauty,' and was extremely active in assisting Dr. Hall to admin- 
 ister drinks and opiates. Having examined their wounds, some 
 of the doctors went to town privately for carriages to carry off the 
 bodies. By management they had induced nearly all the mob to 
 retire till morning. Some of them no doubt being fatigued, retired 
 to rest and refresh themselves. A large part followed Mr. Thomp- 
 son, who had been carried off in the manner stated in his narrative. 
 Some perhaps felt sated with the cruelties already committed, and 
 withdrew. The remainder were in a measure exhausted, and the 
 two Democratic physicians, Drs. Hall and Owen, had the address 
 ultimately to prevail on all of them to leave the jail for the present. 
 While the ph^'sicians were gone for carriages, Mr. Hanson proposed 
 to Drs. Hall and Owen to convey him if possible to Mr. Murray's, 
 about three miles off, where his family was on a visit. He said it 
 was likely he might live until morning, when if he remained in 
 jail he would be again taken by the mob. He was told carriages 
 would soon be at the jail, but upon discovering impatience. Dr. 
 Owen went out to see if he could be safely carried off at once. 
 When he returned, Bentley came with him, and Mr. H. again urged 
 his removal, upon which Bentley objected, saying that he had no 
 right to permit the prisoners to go away, as they were in custody. 
 He was answered by Mr. H. that the jail being broken open and 
 the prisoners rescued by the mob and brought back for security, 
 without being recommitted, he could not be blamed. Bentley re- 
 plied ' very well, do as you please.' A person then presented him- 
 self and offered to carry Mr. H. off, who fell and fainted several 
 times upon attempting to rise. Dr. Owen recommended and gave 
 him a glass of brandy, which he took, and was quickly invigorated, 
 and enabled with the aid of his deliverer to stand up and walk. 
 He asked to be carried to Gen. Lingan, over whose dead body he 
 stood for a moment, and was hurried off. When he got to the out- 
 ward jail door he was taken on the back of his deliverer, who ran 
 with him to the Falls, conveyed him over, and helped him over into 
 a small garden opposite, where he was told to lie until called for. 
 After Ijnng some time wrapped up in a blanket he heard a wrangle 
 at the jail, and concluded it was the best time to crawl away as 
 well as he could, which he did to a place of safety, whence he was 
 conveyed in the morning at daylight some distance from town. 
 Mr. !Nelson and Mr. J. E. Hall left the jail at the same time Mr. 
 
330 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Hanson did. The former, though among the most injured, found 
 his way to a secure retreat within a few hundred yards of Mr. H., 
 and was taken in a cart covered w^ith hay to the same house in the 
 countiy, where the wounds of both of them were dressed, and they 
 were taken to Anne Arundel county without delay. Mr. Hall got 
 unassisted to the house of a humane gentleman up the Falls, near 
 the jail. This gentleman dressed his wounds, put him to bed, and 
 early in the morning sent him further into the country. The names 
 of all the others who escaped in this manner are not yet known. 
 By whom or with what intention he is ignorant, but Mr. Murray 
 was carried by some persons and laid on the ground by the Falls. 
 They left him there, probably supposing he was dead, and all went 
 away but one. That person, after all the rest were gone, approached 
 Mr. Murray and laid his hand upon him. He took the hand of 
 the man and pressed it. He started with surprise and dread at 
 feeling his hand pressed by what he had supposed to be a corpse. 
 Murray then begged his assistance to escape, which he promised, 
 adding that he was one of the mob, but thought 'there should be 
 fair play.' He then assisted Murray to rise, and conducted him to 
 a neighboring hovel, whence at Murray's request he went into 
 town to inform his friends where he was and conduct them to the 
 place. This office he faithfully and successfully performed, though 
 80 much intoxicated as to be hardly able to Walk. Murray's friends 
 thus conducted, came and removed him to a place of safety. 
 
 " Gen. Lee was taken to the hospital, where his wounds were 
 dressed bj' the physician, and he received ever.y assistance of which 
 his deplorable and mangled situation admitted. Hence he was 
 next day conveyed to tbe country, and arrived at Little York, 
 where he is said to be doing well. Major Miisgrove, it is under- 
 stood, was also taken to the hospital, and carried the next da}^ four 
 miles above Ellicott's Mills, on the Montgomery road. A mortifica- 
 tion having taken place in some of his wounds after he reached 
 home, his life was for a time despaired of; but the skill and atten- 
 tion of Dr. Charles A.Warfield, Dr. Matthews and Dr. Allen Thomas, 
 have preserved this gallant officer, and he is now out of danger. 
 
 " Dr. Peregrine Warfield, Mr. Charles J. Kilgour and Mr. William 
 Gaither, all of them much mangled, were conveyed, without molesta- 
 tion, in a hack brought by the physicians about four o'clock in the 
 morning, to Ellicott's Mills, and thence to the house of the father 
 of Dr. P. W., about twenty -four miles from town. They are all 
 recovering. 
 
 " It would remain now to relate the last act of this horrible and 
 bloody tragedy, which includes the fate of Mr. Thompson, now safe 
 and recovering in Little York, Pennsylvania. He was the unhappy 
 victim reserved, for what special cause is unknown, by the butchers 
 for their infernal pastime. His narrative, already before the public, 
 saves us the pain of describing the unheard-of tortures which 
 untamed ferocity delighted to inflict on him. His prayers to put 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 331 
 
 an end to his sufferings by death were inhumanly rejected as often 
 as repeated. 
 
 " Such are the particulars of this atrocious and bloody affair 
 which it has hitherto been possible to collect in an authentic shape, 
 and a parallel to which is scarcely to be found in the annals of 
 revolutionary France, even after the actors in similar scenes there had 
 become hardened by custom and familiar to deeds of horror, cruelty 
 and crime. The bloodhounds of republican France massacred by 
 thousands those obnoxious to their vengeance, but they dispatched 
 their victims quickly, rarely ever resorting to such lingering tor- 
 tures as the exclusive republicans of this boasted land of liberty 
 and happiness have the credit of inventing. It is proposed, as soon 
 as practicable, to obtain from each of the gentlemen a separate 
 statement on oath o^ what he suffered himself, and of all that passed 
 within his observation. Meantime, the above statement must re- 
 ceive universal credit, every material circumstance being embraced 
 in the introductory affidavit. The intended statements will be 
 published in order to give a fuller view of these horrible scenes. 
 While they hold up to merited detestation those who, b}^ their 
 active co-operation, connivance, or their dastardly and treacherous 
 supineness, contributed to produce the catastrophe, they will serve 
 as a beacon to warn the civil and military authority of other 
 places of the danger of temporising with the most ferocious, ruth- 
 less and bloody of all monsters, a mob ; while they teach an in- 
 structive lesson to the honest, but deluded citizen, seduced by the 
 syren charms of democracy. The persons named in the above 
 affidavit have read with mingled regret and indignation the partial, 
 mutilated and unjust report of the local authorities in Baltimore, 
 while they have seen annexed to it with grief and amazement the 
 signatures of some worthy and hitherto firm and independent 
 citizens. Understanding that the justification made for the barbar- 
 ous cruelties which treachery and black malignity procured to be 
 inflicted upon them, is that an extensive conspiracy was formed to 
 murder or otherwise molest the citizens of Baltimore, the above 
 named do, therefore, solemnly swear that no such conspiracy or 
 association even was ever formed, but merely a determination 
 entered into by less than a dozen gentlemen in the country to 
 protect the person and property of Mr. Hanson, and defend the 
 liberty of the press with their lives if necessary. This determina- 
 tion remains unaltered. The letters of Col. Lynn, whose advice 
 was volunteered, John Hanson Thomas and Mr. Taney, have been 
 disingenuously perverted to an unjust and infamous purpose. 
 
 " Eockville, August 12th, 1812." 
 
 " Narrative of John Thompson, one of the persons intended to be 
 massacred with General Lingan and others, in the jail of Balti- 
 more, on Tuesday, the 28th of July, 1812: 
 
 " On Monday, the 27th of July last, 1 was invited by Mr. Han- 
 
332 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 son to his house, and in tha evening about twilight I went there, 
 and found from 15 to 16 gentlemen in his house, most of them 
 known to me. I was told that an attack upon the house was 
 threatened that night, which they had made preparations to resist 
 and defeat. I saw some muskets, pistols, and swords in the house, 
 for the purpose of defence. After being there some time, I under- 
 stood an arrangement had been made, that in case of an attack, the 
 direction of the defence was appointed to Gen. Lee. About 8 
 o'clock, a number of persons were collecting at the front of the 
 house, who were very noisy, and began to throw stones at the 
 windows, and they broke several of them. The house was in front 
 completely closed, the door and inside window-shutters being 
 shut, till the stones broke the glass and burst open the shutters. 
 Mr. Hanson spoke from the second story to the mob, and told them 
 if they did not desist they would fire upon them, and he warned 
 the spectators to go away. Gen. Lee in the house told them not 
 to fire unless it should be absolutely necessary and the doors were 
 forced. The mob continued to increase and to throw stones more 
 violently, which broke the windows of the first and second stories. 
 Gen. Lee directed a volley to be fired from the upper story over 
 the heads of the people in the street, to frighten them away 
 without injuring them. This was executed and nobody was hurt. 
 The mob huzzahed, were still more violent, and broke open the 
 lower door. They were then fired upon, and a man fell at the 
 door upon the inside thereof, who was immediately taken up and 
 removed by some of the mob. This must have happened about 
 10 o'clock, or after. Judge Scott made his appearance and came 
 into the house, the door having remained open after it was broken. 
 He requested us to leave the house. He was told we should do no 
 such thing; that we could not be secure unless the civil authority 
 interfered ; that we were lawfully employed with Mr. Hanson in 
 protecting him and his house against violence, and whenever the 
 mob would disperse or the civil authority interfere, we would retire 
 to our homes, and not before. 
 
 " During the night we continued to defend ourselves, and never 
 fired but after some new and violent attack. I believe it probable 
 several were wounded. The mob during the night retired and 
 gathered again, and attempted some fresh damage. Just about, or 
 before daylight, the mob brought a field-piece, which was planted 
 near the house and in front of it, but was prevented from being 
 discharged by the arrival of Capt. Barney's troop ot horse, and six 
 of them being dismounted, took possession of the front room on the 
 first floor, and of the back yard, Hanson and his friends occupied 
 the same places which they had done during the night. So things 
 remained, until Edward Johnson the Mayor, General Strieker, John 
 Montgomery the Attorney-General, James Calhoun, Lemuel Taylor, 
 and several others, arrived and proposed that we should leave the 
 house. We answered we had no objections to leave the house. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. ^ 333 
 
 provided the mob would retire, or we could get home with safety. 
 The Mayor said the mob could not be dispersed, nor would they be 
 satisfied without we went to jail, and that we should be protected 
 from them in going to jail, and while in it. To this proposal most 
 of us expressly objected. Gen. Lee principally carried on the con- 
 versation on our part with the Mayor and Gen. Strieker. The 
 Mayor, Gen. Strieker, and Attorney-General severally declared and 
 assured us, that we should be protected as well in going to the jail 
 as in it, and the Mayor pledged his life and his honor that we 
 should be safe, and that he would die with us should we be hurt. 
 Gen. Strieker expressed himself in similar terms. Also Mont- 
 gomery, Taylor, Calhoun, and their companions gave us assurance 
 of safety if we went to jail. After these assurances, and finding 
 the civil authority would not make any exertion to disperse the 
 mob, we consented, with the advice of Gen. Lee, to deliver ourselves 
 up to the civil authority. The Mayor declared his opinion that we 
 would not be safe in the jail without a guard, and he and Gen. 
 Strieker promised there should be one. 
 
 "About 8 or 9 o'clock on Tuesday forenoon we left the house, 
 and went under the care and custody of the Mayor who preceded 
 us, and we were placed between two lines of. infantry, consisting, 
 as it appeared, of about 50 militia: about 20 dragoons mounted ad- 
 vanced before us to the jail. Gen. Strieker marched on foot with 
 the infantry, and an immense concourse of people were in the 
 streets, some of whom went along, and were abused in the most 
 opprobrious language. Some stones were thrown with violence at 
 us : one struck Mr. Kilgour and cut him badly in the forehead, and 
 another struck Mr. Bigelow and nearly knocked him down. The 
 distance from Hanson's house to the jail was about one mile. At 
 our arrival at the jail-door, and as we entered it, several of us were 
 struck by some of the mob whom we found there. Being delivered 
 into the custody of John H. Bentley, the jailor, some time in the 
 forenoon, we were put in a room in the common criminal depart- 
 ment, where we remained the rest of the day. The dragoons and 
 infantry left the jail soon after we were placed in it, and they did 
 not return, nor was there an}^ military guard afterwards. In the 
 afternoon the Mayor came to us in the jail and assured us that 
 there should be a guard, and that preparations were making to 
 send one. He told us he would lose his own life before we should 
 be hurt. Gen. Strieker was also at the jail, outside of it. The 
 Mayor having been with us about 20 minutes, went away, leav- 
 ing us in the belief that there would be a guard of armed militia 
 sent to protect us in the juil. During the afternoon we were told 
 several times by persons admitted to see us, that the militia were 
 calledout and assembling. 
 
 "Late in the afternoon two butchers, one named Mumma and 
 the other Maxwell, came into our room ; the former having a key 
 in his hand. Mumma asked the names of several of the prisoners 
 
334 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 — I told him. Mr. Hoffman said he wondered Mr. Bentley should 
 suffer so many men to come into their room who had no business 
 there. Mumma answered that he came there on Mr. Bentley's busi- 
 ness. They were personally known to me and some of my fellow- 
 prisoners. We suspected their intentions were not good, and I in- 
 quired of Mr. Bentley if Mumma was a friend of his. Bentley 
 answered 'he pretends to be so.* I replied, 'you ought to know 
 him well before you trust the key. of our room in his hands,'' and I 
 proposed that he should lock the door and give me the key through 
 the grate. On the inside the door cannot be unlocked, and there 
 was the outer door locked. Bentley refused, saying, 'I cannot do 
 so, as you are a prisoner under my care.' The door was immedi- 
 ately locked by somebody, and the mob very soon began to assemble 
 from various quarters, but no troops were arriving. This excited 
 much alarm in our room, it being after sunset, and we apprehended 
 we were to be sacrificed. 
 
 "About dark the back door of the jail was beset by the mob, 
 who entered it without breaking it by force. By whom it was 
 opened I do not know but by hearsay. They began to break 
 down the wood and iron gratings in the passage leading to our 
 room, which took them at least three-quarters of an hour. They 
 had the light of torches. The grating of our room was opened 
 instantly without any exertion, which makes me believe it was 
 opened by some one having the key, and I believe either by 
 Mumma or Maxwell. The first person I recognized at the grating 
 was Henry Keating, who keeps a printing-office, and him I should 
 have killed with my pistols but for Gen. Lee, who laid hold of my 
 arm and begged me not to fire, and also prevented Mr. Murray 
 from firing. It had been agreed that Mr. Murray and myself, 
 being the strongest men, should first rush out and make the best 
 of our way, and every person was to escape as he could. Some of 
 the mob rushed into the room, and Mr. Murray and myself rushed 
 out, both of us armed — I had a pistol in each hand, and he a dirk 
 and pistol. We made our way through the passage and hall with- 
 out injury till I was at the front outer door, when I was struck on 
 the back of my head with a heavy club by some man I had passed, 
 wjaich threw me forward from the head of the steps, and I fell 
 headlong down about twelve feet. There I saw a gang of ruffians' 
 armed with clubs, ready to destroy whomsoever should pass down 
 the steps, and six or seven of them instantly assaulted me while 
 down, and beat me about the head until 1 was unable to rise. 
 Some of them dragged me twenty or thirty yards while others 
 were beating me with clubs. They then tried to make me stand 
 on my feet, and looking round I perceived Lemuel Taylor, and I 
 called upon him to prevent those men from taking my life. He 
 told the men to desist, and said they had beat me enough, and 
 begged them not to take my life. They said they would kill 
 me. He again repeated that I was beat enough, and desired that 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 335 
 
 I should be let alone, and he would be security for my forthcoming 
 in the morning. They disregarded what he had said. They 
 dragged me along, and it was proposed to tar and feather me, and 
 as I went along they continued to strike me with sticks and clubs. 
 One fellow struck at me with an axe, who missed me. When they 
 had dragged me a considerable distance, and into Old Town, 
 they met with a cart and put me into it, and dragged it along 
 themselves to a place where they got tar. I had left my coat in 
 the jail, and they tore my shirt and other clothing, and put the 
 tar on my bare body, upon which they put feathers. They drew 
 me along in the cart in this condition, and calling me traitor and 
 Tory and other scandalous names, they did not cease to beat me 
 with clubs and cut me with old rusty swords. I received upon 
 my head, arms, sides, thighs, and back upwards of eighteen cuts 
 of the sword. On mv head one cut was very deep, besides which 
 my head was broken m more than twelve places by other instru- 
 ments, such as sticks and clubs. I received a few blows in my face, 
 and very many severe bruises on different parts of my body. My 
 eyes were attempted to be gouged, and preserved by means of the 
 tar and feathers, though they were much injured. 
 
 " About the same time as I was lying in the cart, a fellow struck 
 both of my legs with a bar of iron, swearing, damn my eyes, ' I 
 will break your legs.' I drew my legs up, and he was led to think 
 and to say he had broke them. Shortly after I received a blow 
 with a club across my eyes, upon which I lay as if dead, supposing 
 it would stop their further beating me. Eemaining so for some 
 time, I was struck upon my thighs, which I bore as if dead. A vil- 
 lain said he would see if I was dead, and he stuck a pin into my body 
 twice, at which time I did not flinch, but I still remained senseless 
 as if dead. Another said he would show if I was dead ; he pulled a 
 handful of tar and feathers, and set fire to it, and stuck it on my 
 back, which put into a blaze what was on my back. 1 turned 
 over suddenly and rolled upon the flame, which put it out before 
 it reached too great a height, but I was burnt in several parts. I 
 then raised upon my knees and addressed them: 'For God's sake 
 be not worse than savages ; if you want my life, take it by shooting 
 or stabbing.' Often I begged them to put an end to it. Upon 
 this one said, 'don't burn him;' another said, 'we will hang him.' 
 One in the shafts of the cart turned round and said to me, ' if you 
 will tell the names of all in the house, and all you know about it, 
 we will save your life.' Believing all the damage was done which 
 could be done by them, I did not hesitate to say I would. They 
 took me out of the cart upon the causeway at Fell's Point, and 
 carried me to the Bull's Head tavern. There I gave them the 
 names of all the persons in the house (most of them already known 
 to them,) which they took in writing, and the reason of our being 
 in the house was to defend Mr. Hanson and his house against 
 violence with which he had been threatened. They detained me 
 
336 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 about an hour at this tavern, and offered me some whiskey, of 
 which I took several glasses, being extremely thirsty and weak 
 from the loss of blood. They then made me walk with several 
 persons on each side upholding me, towards the watch-house, 
 where they said I should be kept till the morning, and that I 
 should swear to what I had said before a magistrate by 9 o'clock, 
 or if I did not they would hang me. 
 
 " On my way I was unable to proceed, and stopped twice to 
 rest. When I first stopped, some of them said they had got all 
 they could out of me and they would now hang me. I rose and 
 went on, and some who were against hanging me followed, and I 
 was obliged by weakness to stop again, when it was proposed again 
 to hang me ; and one person said they would cut off my head and 
 stick it on a pole. The vote was taken and carried for hanging me, 
 but some said they should not hang me, that my life had been pro- 
 mised upon condition of disclosing what I knew, and that the in- 
 formation I might give them would be of use to them. I was then 
 moved to the watch-house, and delivered to the captain of the 
 watch about two o'clock in the morning, who was tqld they held 
 him responsible for my body at 9 o'clock. I laid myself on the 
 floor, a doctor was sent for by the captain of the watch, who came, 
 and having removed the tar and feathers, sewed up the wounds on 
 my head and dressed them. Between 9 and 10 o'clock the mob 
 was gathered at the watch-house, and some were for hanging me, 
 saying that I had not sworn to what I had told them before a 
 magistrate before 9 o'clock, as had been stipulated, and one of 
 them said the rope was ready. I observed it was not my fault, 
 that I was not able to go to a magistrate, and that I was ready to 
 swear to it if they would bring one. They then brought a magis- 
 trate of the name of Gait, who took my affidavit, in which was 
 stated the names of the persons in the house, the causes of their 
 meeting, and the name of the person under whom they were acting 
 in the house. It was read aloud, and at this period the Mayor, 
 Lemuel Taylor and some others arrived, who said they would take 
 me to the hospital out of the hands of these men. Mr. Taylor 
 said he had no idea of seeing me alive. The doctor had lent me a 
 shirt, and I was now provided with apair of trowsers. The Mayor 
 sent for a carriage, but the mob said 1 should not ride in it, that a 
 cart was good enough for me, and a cart was brought, into which 
 I was placed, — stretched out in the cart and exposed to a hot sun I 
 
 "About 11 o'clock I was carried to the hospital, the distance of 
 a mile, the Mayor accompanying me, amidst the noise of a great 
 concourse of people. There I heard the groans of Gen. Lee, in a 
 room adjoining who had been said to be dead. After the crowd 
 had dispersed, some of my friends, who did not think mo safe, sent 
 me a carriage, into which I was put without losing a minute, 
 and Gen. Lee was put into the same carriage. "We were hurried 
 away into the country, in our wounded, bruised and mangled con- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 337 
 
 dition. We arrived at Yorktown, Pa., on Saturday evening, the 
 first of August, where we received the humane and friendly sym- 
 pathies and attentions of the inhabitants, and the medical aid of 
 two gentlemen of the faculty. 
 
 " Possessed of a strong constitution and in the prime of life, I 
 cherish the hope that I shall survive all the bruises and wounds 
 which have been so cruelly and maliciously inflicted by a wicked 
 and lawless mob, and that I shall be again restored to the full use 
 and enjoyment of my bodily powers. 
 
 " triven under my hand this 6th of August, 1812. 
 
 " John Thompson." 
 
 Gen. James Macubbin Lingan was a native of Maryland, de- 
 scended from a respectable family, and was brought up in a store 
 in Georgetown. At the commencement of the American Eevolu- 
 tion he obtained a commission in the army — was at the battle of 
 Long Island, where the Maryland Line suifered so severely, and 
 was one of those spared to aid in the defence of York Island. He 
 escaped the balls of the Hessians who drove in the advanced jDOsts 
 of Fort Washington, and became a prisoner when that fortress 
 surrendered, and partook of the sufferings which followed. When 
 the new constitution went into operation he was appointed collec- 
 tor of the port of Georgetown by Washington, the friend of the 
 patriot and soldier. Gen. Lingan was one of the most upright of 
 men, and it may justly be said he knew no guile. He was beloved 
 by his neighbors, and respected by all who knew him. In regard 
 to personal courage he appeared to know no fear. This was evinced 
 in the hour of his death. After having received the fatal blow, he 
 reached out his hand to one of his companions, saying, " Farewell, 
 I am a d3ang man, make your escape — return home and take care 
 there " — no doubt referring to his wife and fatherless children, who, 
 it is said, he left in destitute circumstances. On Tuesday, the first 
 of September, funeral honors were paid to the memory of General 
 Lingan in Georgetown. So numerous were the mourners, that it 
 was found necessary to substitute for a church which had been 
 originally selected, a shady eminence in the neighborhood. The 
 procession was composed of clergymen of diff'erent denominations, 
 several companies of soldiers, a band of Kevolutionary heroes, then 
 followed strangers of distinction, and an immense number of citi- 
 zens from the counties of Montgomery, Baltimore, Frederick, 
 Charles, Prince George's, St. Mary's, and from the cities of George- 
 town, Washington, and Alexandria. The oration of George VV. 
 Parke Custus, the orator of the day, was extemporaneous, and 
 riveted the attention of the audience ; the solemn stillness which 
 reigned was only interrupted by sighs and tears. We quote the 
 following from his address : " O Maryland ! would that the waters 
 of thy Chesapeake could wash this foul stain from thy character I 
 O Maryland ! would that the recording angel who carries thy 
 22 
 
338 CHEONIOLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 black deed to heaven's chancery on high, could drop a tear upon 
 it and blot it out forever! But no! A voice cries from the tomb 
 of the brave. It rises to theJGod of nature and humanity, and de- 
 mands a vengeance on the murderer! " 
 
 Major Henry Lee commanded the party. Light Horse Harry 
 Lee, at the early age of nineteen, was devoted to liberty's battles. 
 Greene considered him as a man nature had formed for war, and 
 his achievements as commander of the Partisan Corps in the Southern 
 army were eminent and deserving. Since the Eevolution he filled 
 high civil and, military stations. He distinguished himself as the 
 Governor of the State of Virginia, and as a member of the National 
 Legislature. He stated it to be " the duty of the historian and 
 the sages of all ages to let no occasion pass of commemorating this 
 illustrious man — Washington." That Lee was a man of letters, a 
 scholar who had ripened under a truly classical sun, we have 
 only to turn to bis work on the Southern War, where he was in- 
 deed the magna pars fui of all which he relates — a work which 
 well deserves to be ranked with the commentaries of the famed 
 master of the Eoman world, who, like our Lee, was equally re- 
 nowned with the pen as the sword. But there is a line — a single 
 line — in the works of Lee which would hand him over to immor- 
 tality though he had never written another. ^^First in war, first in 
 peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen,'' will last while lan- 
 guage lasts. What a sublime eulogium is pronounced in this noble 
 line ! so few words, and yet how itlustrative are they of the vast 
 and matchless character of Washington. Gen. Henry Lee was 
 the father of Gen. Eobert E. Lee, late the commander of the Con- 
 federate Army. He went to the West Indies with the hope of 
 improving his health, but never recovered. Early in 1818 he re- 
 turned to the United States. He stopped at the house of Mrs. 
 Shaw, the daughter of his old friend and companion-in-arms, Gen. 
 Greene, on Cumberland island, off the coast of Georgia, where he 
 died on the twenty-fifth of March, at the age of sixty-two years. 
 
 Extracts from a letter dated Yorktown, 7th August, 1812, 
 in regard to the injuries sustained by General Lee from the mob : 
 " On the crown of his head there was a wound about one inch 
 square, which must have been made with a stick or club. It had 
 been sewed up ; the bone of the head is not fractured, and this 
 wound seemed to cure fast. On his left cheek there is a deep cut 
 as if made with a pen-knife; his nose was slit with a knife as far 
 as the bridge, and having been immediately sewed up, seems to be 
 united and is doing well, and the nose has its natural form. His 
 right eye has been dreadfully bruised, and is still closed; it is 
 believed the sight will be preserved. The upper lip has been stitched 
 up. He sees out of the left eye, which also was severely braised ; 
 and both pides of his head, his whole face and his throat, from his 
 ears to the breast-bone, are shockingly bruised and much swollen. 
 This arose from efforts to strangle him, and to this cause his ina- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 339 
 
 bility to speak or to swallow any solid food at this period is at- 
 tributed. There are some bruises from the club on his left thigh, 
 which are not to be regarded now." ' 
 
 The grandfather of Mr. Hanson was appointed by the Mary- 
 land Legislature a member of the Revolutionary Congress, and 
 afterwards became president of Congress, then the first magistrate 
 of the country, being the third elected under the old confederation. 
 Mr. Hanson's father was high in the confidence of Washington, re- 
 sided a long time in his family, was for several years his private 
 secretary, and was afterward chosen by the General as one of his 
 aides ; but sickness prevented him from accepting the offer, although 
 the place was several months kept open for him. When the war 
 ended, the father of Mr. Hanson was appointed judge of the general 
 court, and afterwards Chancellor of Maryland, which situation he 
 retained until his decease. The father of Dr. \Yarfield was the first 
 citizen of Maryland who openly proposed a separation from the 
 parent-country. He also directed the celebrated burning of the 
 tea in 1774, at Annapolis. Captain R. J. Crabb is the son of Gen. 
 Crabb. one of the heroes of the Revolution. The other gentlemen 
 are worthy to be ranked with the patrician youth of ancient re- 
 publics ; they were men of the first respectability. 
 
 Presentments were found against many individuals of each 
 party, but all were acquitted and discharged ; those who defended 
 the house in Charles . street, at Annapolis, where their trial was 
 removed from Baltimore, the others in the city. 
 
 The citizens now petition to have the jail inclosed, and a wall 
 was erected of stone eleven feet high. 
 
 The example set by the mob, or advocates of the war in Balti- 
 more, was followed by military mobs of volunteers at Norfolk and 
 Buffalo. In spite of threats from Washington, &c., the Federal 
 Republican continued to be published at Georgetown. Numerous 
 public meetings, as well within as without the State, expressed 
 their indignation at the atrocities of the Baltimore mob, which left 
 a stigma on the city, which bore for a long time the name of " mob- 
 town." These outrages, no doubt, contributed not a little to the 
 political revolution which, within three months, gave the Federal- 
 ists a very large majority in the Maryland Assembly ; large enough, 
 notwithstanding a Senate unanimously Democratic, chosen the pre- 
 vious year, to secure them a majority on joint ballot, and the choice 
 of a Federal Governor, Council and United States Senator. Hanson 
 himself was chosen at the same time a member of Congress 
 
 On the night after Whitsunday, eight or nine desperadoes having 
 procured some powder, blew up the interior wall of their cell, and 
 rushed out of the jail, but w^ere mostly retaken and sent to the 
 penitentiary. 
 
 There marched from Baltimore on Monday, October 5th, a hardy 
 company of volunteers, consisting of 100 rank and file, under the 
 command of Stephen H. Moore, to form a junction with Colonel 
 
340 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Winder's regiment, bordering on Canada. They were fitted out in 
 the most substantial manner by the citizens of Baltimore with 
 every necessary, and were besides presented with an elegant flag 
 by the patriotic ladies of the seventh ward. 
 
 On the 21st of November the extensive and valuable brewery 
 of Messrs. Johnson & Co. was destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt 
 soon after. 
 
 An unfortunate rencontre took place in the Chesapeake Bay 
 between the Nonsuch and Joseph and Mary, two Baltimore priva- 
 teers, in November, in which three or four persons were killed and 
 several wounded. The mistake was not discovered until the latter, 
 after a severe contest, had struck her colors to the former. 
 
 An Act was passed by the Legislature on the 15th of Decem- 
 ber, " annulling the marriage of Jerome Bonaparte and Elizabeth 
 Bonaparte of the city of Baltimore." 
 
 "In June volunteering for the army was so great by regiments 
 and companies in this city that the superior officers were com- 
 pelled to suppress it, and give precedence to the oldest regiment. 
 
 As soon as war was declared Messrs. Wm. H. Winder, George 
 E. Mitchell, Jacob Hindman, Nathan Towson, K. C. Nicholas, Ben- 
 jamin Nicholson, Stephen Presstman, and Francis Belton took 
 commissions in the army. 
 
 Col. Winder on the 18th of November eff'ected a landing on 
 the enemy's shore in Canada, but was recalled, and soon after ap- 
 pointed brigadier-general. 
 
 1813. Early in this year the bay was entered by a part of the 
 British squadron, under the command of Admiral Warren. It was 
 not thought proper to wait the preparations which might be made 
 by the Government, and the corporation appointed a committee of 
 8uppl3^ consisting of Messrs. Mosher, Tiernan, Payson, J. C. White, 
 J. A. Buchanan, L. Sterett, and Thorndike Chase, who were au- 
 thorized to expend the sum of $20,000 in the means of defence ; 
 but that being insufficient, a meeting of the citizens in their wards 
 and precincts was called, and forty gentlemen selected, who advise 
 a loan not exceeding $500,000, with an addition to the committee 
 of supply, and Messrs. J. E. Howard, G. Warner, J. Kelso, Gilmor, 
 Deshon, Patterson and Burke, are appointed. 
 
 On the 27th of April, General Pike took York, on Lake On- 
 tario, but lost his life, as did Lieutenant Nicholson ; Capt. Moore 
 was wounded. On the 5th of June, at night. Generals Chandler 
 and Winder were attacked at Stony Creek, in Canada, and after 
 beating off" the enemy, fell amongst them and were taken prisoners. 
 On this occasion Messrs. Hindman, Towson and Nicholas distin- 
 guished themselves, and were promoted. 
 
 > Mr. Flanigan, at the end of McElderry's wharf, built for Messrs. 
 Wm. McDonald & Co. the first steamboat ever built in this city, 
 which they called the Chesapeake, and which was put on the line 
 from Baltimore to Philadelphia, by way of French Town, &c.)^ 
 
OHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 341 
 
 rMv. Charles Gwinn introduced steam power for a flour-mill in 
 his warehouse at the end of Commerce street wharf, and Mr. Job 
 Smith also in a saw-mill on Chase's wharf y 
 
 Messrs. Worthington, Jessop, Cheston, and others, procured the 
 water rights of Gwinn's Falls, and built mills within a few perches 
 of each other, which they called the Calverton mills. 
 
 At the session of May, the Assembly were petitioned by the 
 city government to assume the debts contracted for public defence; 
 which the Legislature refused. 
 
 Luther Martin was appointed Chief Justice of the Criminal 
 Court in the place of Judge Scott, deceased. 
 
 Commodore Barney was appointed to the command of a flotilla, 
 and was joined here by Messrs. Solomon flutter, R. M. Hamilton, 
 T. Dukehart, and others, and being fitted out early in the spring 
 following, proceeded down the bay to meet the enemy. 
 
 Twice in each week a battalion of infantry, with a company of 
 artillery, marched to Fort McHenry for discipline, under the im- 
 mediate inspection and direction of Major-General Smith, well 
 known for his conduct on Mud Island in 1777. It appears from 
 his address to the troops, that the public safety was well attended 
 to. He observed " that the militia of Baltimore city and county 
 stood high in the estimation of the General Government, and of 
 the people generally ; that as regulars could not be well spared for 
 the protection of the diflerent seaports, the Executive of the United 
 States had to rely on the militia of such places for their immediate 
 defence ; that in placing this reliance on the patriotic militia of this 
 city he would not be deceived, for the alacrity with which they 
 had attended to the first calls for disciplining was sufficient evi- 
 dence that they would always be found at their posts in time 
 of need. The Executive of Maryland," said he, " has done his 
 duty : he has adopted every means in his power for the defence 
 of this important port ; it remains for us to do ours." The 
 General's whole address was feeling, animated and impressive, and 
 the plaudits of the soldiers evinced that they participated in his 
 sentiments. The enemy appeared on the 16th of April at the 
 mouth of the Patapsco. It was astonishing to perceive the anima- 
 tion of the people on the firing of the alarm gun ; only one spirit pre- 
 vailed. There was no fear but the fear of being too late on duty; 
 no party but to repel the enemy. A fine water-battery had been 
 built, and many additional cannon (42 pounders) were mounted 
 and furnaces erected for heating shot, and great zeal was mani- 
 fested to give the enemy a warm reception. Both sides of the 
 river were defended by troops of horse and companies of artillery, 
 infantry and riflemen. On the 22d of April the enemy's squadron 
 remained oif Baltimore inactive, except in predatory excursions, 
 by which they got little else than hard knocks. But the measures 
 for defence went on with great activity. Col. Wadsw^orth of the 
 United States engineers arrived here to superintend the fortifica- 
 
342 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 tions. From unpublished letters in our possession, and the news- 
 papers, we extract the following facts : " Fort McHenry is assum- 
 ing a formidable appearance. The first Marine Artillery of the 
 Union, a body of invaluable men, masters and mates of vessels, to 
 whom we are indebted for the transportation and mounting of 20 
 great guns for a new battery there. The fort is garrisoned by the 
 regulars under Major Bell, and two companies of artillery with a 
 regiment of infantry, in turns for a week at a time." 
 
 May 5th. — " Between eleven and 12 o'clock the alarm guns, 
 were fired, and the city was thrown into great bustle and apparent 
 confusion. But in a few minutes, regiment after regiment and 
 company after company were marching the streets in regular order 
 towards the supposed point of attack. It was calculated that up- 
 wards of 5000 men were under arms, and in their proper places, 
 an hour after the alarm was given. The savage burning of Havre de 
 Grace led the people to calculate what they might expect from the 
 mercies of the enemy. The 5th regiment had just returned from 
 a week's duty at the Fort (their place being supplied on the morn- 
 ing of that day by the 6th). Making a forced march, after halting 
 a few minutes for orders, they pushed for North Point, distant 15 
 miles, as did the 39th, and some artillery and troops of horse. The 
 27th w^as under arms ready for orders, and the 51st or Precincts 
 regiment. At two o'clock it w^as reported the alarm was a false 
 one, and the fact being ascertained, the soldiers were dismissed. 
 Some persons removed from Baltimore within the past few days, 
 and many women and children have been sent away. Twenty 
 large barges, from 40 to 75 feet long, are built or building for the 
 special defence, also several gun-boats." 
 
 August 6th — " On the elevated grounds east of and adjacent 
 to Baltimore (now Patterson's Park) there are collected a fine park 
 of artillery, say from 35 to 40 pieces ; 18's, 12's, 6's, and 4's, all on 
 flying or field carriages." 
 
 August 10th — ''A fine regiment from the Baltimore County 
 brigade, under the command of Col. Jamison, arrived. The cavalry 
 of the Baltimore city and county brigades of Maryland militia, 
 under the command of Lieut.-Colonels Biays and Moore, assembled 
 on Hampstead Hill, and proceeded to North Point, to make them- 
 selves better acquainted with the ground, if the enemy attempts a 
 landing." 
 
 Extract from a letter written by Capt. Booker, commander of 
 the Eichmond and Washington volunteers, to Thomas Eitchie of 
 Baltimore, dated August 23d: "Never were soldiers more hos- 
 pitably treated than our volunteers are by the citizens of Balti- 
 more. The treatment is such as to excite and deserve the ac- 
 knowledgments of all the men." 
 
 Christopher Hughes was appointed secretary to the ministers 
 sent to negotiate with Great Britain. 
 
 A Bible Society was formed and chartered, James McHenry 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 343 
 
 being President, Alexander Fridge, Treasurer, the Eev. Doctors 
 Kurtz and Inglis, Corresponding Secretaries, and the Rev. Alex- 
 ander McCair, Eecording Secretary. In 1821, another Bible Society 
 was formed as an auxiliary of the American Bible Society, of 
 which auxiliary society Robert Smith was chosen President, Mr. 
 Roswell L. Colt, Treasurer, Mr. T. Parker, Corresponding Sec- 
 retary, and Mr. Charles G. Robb, Recording Secretary. There had 
 been established in the meantime a Ladies' and Young Men's 
 Bible Societies, and a common prayer-book and tract societies. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Warner was appointed by the city government an 
 assayer of manufactured plate. 
 
 Mr. Rembrandt Peale, having some years before exhibited the 
 skeleton of a mammoth in Baltimore, fixed his permanent residence 
 here, and purchasing a small collection of natural curiosities of 
 Mr. James Savage, commenced the building of a museum and gal- 
 lery of the fine arts in HoUiday street, now occupied as the Council 
 chambers, &c. 
 
 Departed this life on the 17th of November, aged 87 years, 
 nearly forty of which he had been the pious and respected minister 
 of the Grerman Evangelical Reformed Congregation, the Rev. Wil- 
 liam Otterbein. 
 
 Extracts from valuable letters which were written during the 
 year, and which give many important facts relating to the war of 
 1812 never before published: 
 
 " Philadelphia, 27th March, 1813. 
 
 ^^Dear Sir : — I have written to Major Beall to have such work 
 done at Fort McHenry as is necessary to its repair and better 
 state. The Major is also desired to platform the batteries in front 
 of the Fort, and to mount in them not exceeding thirty heavy 
 cannon, attaching the requisite furnaces. For a more extended 
 defence of Baltimore Harbor, including the rear of Fort Mcllenrj^, 
 Patapsco river, the Cove, the Point between the Fort and Flag- 
 staff Point, and the Point opposite F'ort McHenry on the north- 
 east side of the harbor, I have recommended to the Hon. Secretary 
 of War, to have twelve eighteen-pound cannon mounted on travel- 
 ling field-carriages, completely appurteiumced, attaching to them 
 two furnaces. This train to be disposed so as to run four of 
 the pieces with a furnace to any position on the Fort McHenry 
 side, and eight of them with furnace to the Point opposite Fort 
 McHenry, to be used .as the position of the enemy may require. 
 Bridges should be constructed over every creek or river in the 
 route from Baltimore to any point of attack, removable at 
 will. The furnaces can be placed in a ravine or behind an embank- 
 ment to be secure from the enemy's shot. The house near Fort 
 McHenry should be removed. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, dear Sir, your most obedient, humble 
 servant, " J. Gr. Swift, Col. Eng. 
 
 " Major-General Sam'l Smith, Baltimore.'' 
 
344 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 " To Committee of Public Supplies : 
 
 ^^ Gentlemen : — I pray you toman and dispatch the barge be- 
 longing to the merchants as low down the river as will enable her 
 commander to see the top of Eidgely's house on North Point, and 
 on observing a signal from the steeple, to hoist a flag of any kind, 
 fire a gun, and return to the fort, the commander to note the signal 
 hoisted. 
 
 " I am, gentlemen, your obedient servant, 
 
 " Head-Quarters, 16th April, 1813. S. Smith." 
 
 "Head Quarters Third Division, 21th Aprils 1813. 
 "Edward Johnson, Esq., Mayor of the City of Baltimore : 
 
 "As a measure of precaution in case of an attack by the enemy 
 upon our city Col. "Wadsworth has suggested the expediency of hav- 
 ing in readiness our fire engines and fire companies, so that in such 
 an emergency they may be employed with the best practical effect. 
 This idea I have the honor of submitting to your consideration, with 
 an assurance of my disposition to co-operate with you in what- 
 ever plan may thereon be adopted by the Mayor and City Council. 
 
 " S. Smith, M. G. Third Division." 
 
 On the 8th of May, 1813, Col. E. Y. Nicholls, in a letter to Gen. 
 S. Smith, assumes command of Fort McHenry, and on the 10th, 
 in answer to Gen. Smith in relation to the relief of the militia in 
 the fort from military duties, as the enemy had moved below An- 
 napolis, he said :".... I know the alacrity with which the militia 
 of Baltimore turn out in case of danger, and should their aid at 
 any moment be required am convinced we should receive it. The 
 orderly and soldierlike conduct of the several militia companies 
 which have been at this post during my short command demand 
 my approbation and thanks." 
 
 On the 18th of May, David Harris, in a letter to Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral John Strieker, says: "In a late conversation you suggested 
 that a certain number of pikes would be useful, and I am persuaded 
 that five or six to each gun might be well employed against either 
 cavalry or infantiy, and would add much to the confidence of the 
 men in their efforts to maintain possession of their field-pieces when 
 in action." In a postscript, he adds : " The liberality of the banks and 
 insurance officers of the city has afforded us a large quantity of 
 ammunition for the purpose of enabling us. to practice at a target. 
 The proficiency of the officers and men has already been so great 
 as to surprise experienced soldiery." 
 
 On the 30th of August, Mr. Wm. Jones, Secretary of War, in a 
 letter to Gen. Samuel Smith, says: "I am much obliged by your 
 favor of the 27th, with a copy of the signals of the enemy's squad- 
 ron, received from a deserter. They are, however, only the general 
 manoeuvering signals, and appear to be irregular and defective, but 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 345 
 
 may be so far of use as to enable the observer to anticipate in part 
 the intended movement. The probability is, however, that the de- 
 sertion of a signal man may induce suspicion and a change of the 
 numbers or significations.." In another letter written on the 2d of 
 September, he says : " 1 am much obliged by your favor of yester- 
 day, covering a copy of signals from Gibraltar, which, together with 
 a valuable acquisition received at the department from the south- 
 ward by yesterday's mail, completed a mass of information on that 
 subject of considerable importance. The latter corroborates the 
 copy of the signals furnished by the deserter, and supplies the defi- 
 ciency in that copy." 
 
 On the 8th of December, 1774, a meeting of deputies from all 
 the counties of Maryland was held at Annapolis, chiefly for the 
 purpose of adopting measures to support the proceedings of the 
 "Continental Congress." After passing several patriotic resolu- 
 tions, the Convention agreed to recommend to the several counties 
 to raise the sum of £10,000 for public purposes, by subscription or 
 "such other voluntary manner" as might be thought most proper. 
 The ripportionment of this sum amongst the counties at that period, 
 according to their then supposed wealth, compared with their quotas 
 of the United States tax, as determined by Congress in the Act 
 levying the same in 1813, is a statistical curiosity : 
 
 Countiea. 
 
 St. Mary's 
 
 Charles 
 
 Calvert •. 
 
 Prince George's 
 
 Anne Arundel 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Frederick 
 
 Washington 
 
 Alleghany 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Harford 
 
 Worcester 
 
 Somerset 
 
 Dorchester 
 
 Caroline 
 
 Talbot 
 
 Queen Anne's 
 
 Kent 
 
 Cecil 
 
 AsseBsment In 1774. 
 
 Assessment In 1818, 
 
 $600 00 
 
 $3,950 00 
 
 800 00 
 
 6,740 00 
 
 866 00 
 
 2,410 00 
 
 833 00 
 
 7,690 00 
 
 866 00 
 
 9 810 00 
 
 
 5,110 00 
 
 1,833 66 
 
 14,170 00 
 
 
 7,372 00 
 
 
 2,210 00 
 
 933 00 
 
 48,670 00 
 
 466 00 
 
 5,350 00 
 
 533 00 
 
 4,910 00 
 
 533 00 
 
 5,540 00 
 
 480 00 
 
 5,510 00 
 
 858 00 
 
 2,250 00 
 
 400 00 
 
 4,140 00 
 
 533 00 
 
 5,630 00 
 
 566 00 
 
 4,213 00 
 
 400 00 
 
 5,950 00 
 
 The counties printed in italic were formed since 1774. Mont- 
 gomery was erected from Anne Arundel and Frederick counties, 
 and Washington and Alleghany were taken entirely from Frederick. 
 The various comparisons growing out of this table, every one will 
 make for himself The rapid rise of Baltimore^ however, claims at- 
 tention. In 1774, St. Mary's and Caroline together were supposed 
 more valuable. In 1813 Baltimore was esteemed about eight times 
 more valuable than these counties, and was assessed for more tax 
 
346 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 than St. Mary's, Charles, Calvert, Prince George's, Anne Arundel, 
 Montgomery and Frederick, which were rated at five times her value 
 by the Convention of 1774. 
 
 1814. In this year the corj^oration purchase the water rights, and 
 soon after commence the public dock between town and Point, 
 directing the course of the Falls into the dock, and putting a draw 
 at the entrance of it. 
 
 Commodore Perry, on the 31st of January, while on his w^ay to 
 Newport, R. I., where he was stationed, stopped in Baltimore three 
 days. On the evening of the first day he visited the circus. That 
 spacious building was incompetent to receive the mighty crowd 
 that rushed to greet him. The house was crammed long before the 
 entertainment began ; and when the hero of Lake Erie entered, he 
 was received with deep, loud and continued cheering. On the fol- 
 lowing day, in accordance to previous arrangements, he was enter- 
 tained at Barney's " Fountain Inn." Everything w^as furnished 
 " that was luscious and good, that was pleasing to the palate or 
 delightful to the eye, in bounteous profusion." A public dinner 
 was also given to Cen. Winder on the 28th of February, w^ho was 
 on his way to the seat of government to obtain terms of an ex- 
 change for himself and others. 
 
 Messrs. Peter Little, William Steuart, W. Lemmon, Stephen 
 GrifiSth, William Neilson, Sheppard C. Leakin, George Keyser, 
 John Buck, Charles Stansbuiy, and others, take commissions in 
 the army. The United States Government build here, under the 
 direction of Capt. Eobert T. Spence, the sloop-of-war Erie^ which 
 is commanded by Capt. C. S. Eidgely ; the Ontario, Jesse D. Elliott ; 
 and the frigate Java by Commodore Perry : but they did not get 
 to sea until after the peace. 
 
 Cols. Hindman and Towson of the artillery contributed essen- 
 tially to the success of the American arms at the battles of Chippewa 
 and Bridge water, on the 5th and 25th of July. 
 
 A splendid public dinner was given to Commodore John Eod- 
 gers, on the 7th of April, at Barney's Fountain Inn. The company 
 was numerous and of the first respectability. The Mayor, Edward 
 Johnson, presided, assisted by Major McKim and N. Williams. The 
 toasts were eminently patriotic. 
 
 The banks in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore suspend 
 specie payments. 
 
 The following account of the battle of "North Point" is ex- 
 tracted from Niles' Register : 
 
 " Having triumphantly despoiled the capital of the Union, Gen. 
 Eoss turned his eyes upon this flourishing and wealthy city, which 
 he had fixed upon for his winter quarters ; and boasted, that with 
 the force he had, he would go where he pleased through Maryland. 
 Thus forewarned, considerable additions were made to the defences 
 of the place. Some of the troops of Gen. Winder's command were 
 collected, Eodgers and Perry were here, and a good many noble 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 347 
 
 volunteers flocked in from the adjacent parts of our own State and 
 from Virginia and Pennsylvania. The Baltimore brigade was 
 taken en masse into the service of the United States ; and the 
 whole submitted to the direction of Major-General Smith, of the 
 Maryland militia. 
 
 " On Saturday, the 10th of September, we had information that 
 the enemy was ascending the bay, and on Saturday morning his 
 ships were seen at the mouth of our river, the Patapsco, in number 
 from 40 to 50. Some of his vessels entered the river, while others 
 proceeded to North Point (at the mouth of the Patapsco,) distant 
 12 miles from the city, and commenced the debarkation of their 
 troops in the night, which was finished early next morning. In 
 the meantime the frigates, bomb-ketches, and small vessels ap- 
 proached and ranged themselves in a formidable line to cannonade 
 the fort and the town. The frigates were lightened before they 
 entered the river, and the ships of the line lay off North Point to 
 overawe us and protect the whole force. 
 
 " The force that landed consisted of about 9000 men, — viz., 
 5000 soldiers, 2000 marines, and 2000 sailors — the first under 
 Major-General Koss, the latter commanded by the famous Ad- 
 miral Cockburn. The troops were a part of Wellington's *in- 
 vincibles.' Some works were erected not far from North Point 
 to arrest their progress; but their incipient state forbade a 
 stand being made at them, and the enemy marched four miles 
 towards us uninterrupted, except by a few flying shots from 
 the cavalry. Here the}' were met by Gen. Strieker with his en- 
 tire Baltimore brigade, (except that he had only one company 
 of the regiment of artillery,) consisting of Col. Biays* cavalry, the 
 rifle corps, and the 5th, 6th, .27th, 39th, and 51st regiments of in- 
 fantry, commanded respectively by Lieut.-Cols. Sterett, McDonald, 
 Long, Fowler, and Ame}^ In the 5th was incorporated an elegant 
 uniformed company of volunteers from York, Pa., under Captain 
 Spangler, and in the 39th Captain Metzger's fine company of 
 volunteers from Hanover, Pa., and Capt. Quantril's from Hagers- 
 town, Md., and in the 6th Capt. Dixon's volunteers from Marietta, 
 Pennsylvania. All the rest were city troops; and the whole, in- 
 cluding Capt. Montgomery's company of artillery, (with six four- 
 pounders,) amounting to about 3200 men. 
 
 " The rest of our forces were judiciously stationed in or near 
 the various defences, &c. About one o'clock a party of 150 or 200 
 men, consisting of Capt. Levering's and Capt. Howard's companies 
 of the Fifth Regiment, and Capt. Aisquith's rifle corps, were de- 
 tached from the line to feel the enemy and bring on the battle ; 
 they were accompanied by a few artillerists with one of their 
 pieces. Before they expected it they were attacked by the British 
 in very superior numbers, and driven in with some loss, after a 
 few fires, to the main body. As the enemy advanced the artillery 
 opened a destructive fire upon them, which was returned from two 
 
348 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 nine-pounders, and the action became general along the line of the 
 5th and 27th, which were in front. The 39th and 51st were in 
 the rear of these, and the 6th advantageously posted still nearer 
 the city to pi-otect and cover the whole. The fire from the two 
 first-named regiments, as well as from the artillery, was very 
 active and uncommonly certain for about an hour. Of the 5th 
 much was expected, but the 27th behaved at least as gallantly. 
 The men took deliberate aim, and the carnage was great — the 
 * invincibles ' dodging to the ground and crawling in a bending 
 posture to avoid the militia — the 'yeomen' they were taught so 
 much to despise. When the 5th and 27th (between which was 
 placed the artillery) were outflanked by the much greater force of 
 the enemy, they retired in better order than could have been ex- 
 pected under a galling fire, and they retired reluctantly at the re- 
 peated command of their officers ; the artillery had been drawn 
 off a little while before. The right of the 39th was gallantly en- 
 gaged, but the 51st took no part in the action, and it was not at 
 that time and place expected that the 6th would share in it, else 
 (under its veteran colonel, a soldier of the Revolution, and one 
 who met the same foe under Pulaski) it would no doubt have dis- 
 tinguished itself 
 
 " The cavalry, though they performed very severe and impor- 
 tant duties, had but little to do in the battle. The whole number 
 of our men actually engaged did not exceed 1700. Nearly as 
 much, perhaps, being done at this point as was expected, our force 
 retreated towards the city. The enemy followed slowly, and on 
 Tuesday night approached within about two miles of our in- 
 trenchments. Measures were taken to cut them off" and punish 
 their temerity; but before General Winder with the Virginia 
 militia and a squadron of United States cavalry could bring his 
 plans fully to bear, the British, suspecting the design, or not liking 
 the appearance of our works, decamped suddenly in the night, and 
 embarked with such precipitation that, though closely pursued, a 
 few prisoners only were taken ; but the pursuing force merited 
 and have received the thanks of their general, and the whole body 
 collected is entitled to the gratitude of Baltimore and their coun- 
 try for the suff'erings they so patiently and patriotically endured, 
 being compelled to sleep, if sleep was allowed, in the open air, 
 with the heavens for their canopy, for four nights, during the chief 
 
 ?art of which it rained pretty constantl}^ and sometimes heavily, 
 'hey also received their refreshments irregularly, the whole being 
 packed up in prudent preparation of events that might have 
 happened. 
 
 "But the attack on Fort McHenry was terribly grand and mag- 
 nificent. The enemy's vessels formed a great half-circle in front of 
 the works on the 12th, but out of reach of our guns, and also 
 those of the battery of the Lazaretto, on the opposite side of the 
 great cove or basin around the head of which the city of Balti- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 349 
 
 more is built. Fort McHenry is about two miles from the city, a 
 light little place, with some finely planned batteries, mounted with 
 heavy cannon, as the British very well know. At six o'clock on 
 Tuesday morning six bomb and some rocket vessels commenced 
 the attack, keeping such a respectful distance as to make the fort 
 rather a target than an opponent; though Major Armstead, the 
 gallant commander, and his brave garrison fired occasionally to let 
 the enemy know the place was not given up ! ! Four or five bombs 
 were frequently in the air at a time, and making a double explosion, 
 with the noise of the foolish rockets and the firings of the fort, 
 Lazaretto and our barges, created a horrible clatter. (Many of 
 these bombs have. since been found entire ; they weigh, when full 
 of their combustibles, about 210 or 220 lbs., and they threw them 
 much farther than our long 42 pounders would reach). Thus it 
 lasted until about three o'clock in the afternoon, when the enemy 
 growing more courageous, dropped nearer the fort, and gave the 
 garrison and batteries a little of the chance they wanted. 
 
 " The bails now flew like hail-stones, and the Britons slipped 
 their cables, hoisted their sails and were otf in a moment, but not 
 without damage. When they got out of harm's way they renewed 
 the magnanimous attack, throwing their bombs witk an activity 
 excited by their mortification. So they went on until about one 
 o'clock in the morning, our batteries now and then firing a single 
 guYi. At this time, aided by the darkness of the night and screened 
 by a flame they had kindled, one or two rocket or bomb vessels 
 and many barges, manned with 1200 chosen men, passed Fort 
 McHenry and proceeded up the Patapsco, to assail the town and 
 fort in the rear, and perhaps efi*ect a landing. The weak-sighted 
 mortals now thought the great deed was done — they gave 
 three cheers, and began to throw their missive weapons. But 
 alas! their cheering was quickly turned to groaning, and the cries 
 and screams of their wounded and drowning people soon reached 
 the shore ; for Forts McHenry and Covington, with the city battery 
 and the Lazaretto and barges, vomited an iron flame upon them, 
 in heated balls, and a storm of heavy bullets flew upon them from 
 the great semi-circle of large guns and gallant hearts. 
 
 " The houses in the city were shaken to their foundations, for 
 never, perhaps, from the time of the invention of cannon to the 
 present day, were the same number of pieces fired with so rapid 
 succession ; particularly from Fort Covington, where a party of 
 Rodgers' really invincible crew was posted. Barney's flotilla men, 
 at the city batteiy, maintained the high reputation they had be- 
 fore earned. The other vessels also began to fire, and the heavens 
 were lighted with flame, and all was continued explosion for about 
 half an hour. Having got this taste of what was prepared for 
 them (and it was a mere taste) the enemy precipitately retired 
 with his remaining force, battered and crippled, to his respectful 
 distance j the darkness of the night and his ceasing to fire, (which 
 
350 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 was the only guide our people had) preventing his annihilation. 
 All was for some time still — and the silence was awful ; but being 
 beyond danger, some of his vessels resumed the bombardment, 
 which continued until morning — in all about 24 hours, during 
 which there were thrown not less than 1500 of these great bombs, 
 besides many rockets and some round shot. They must have suf- 
 fered excessively in this affair — two of their large barges have 
 been found sunk, and in them were yet some dead men. But 
 what the loss really jwas it is probable we never shall know. They 
 also were at other times injured by Fort McHenry, the Lazaretto, 
 atid the barges. I myself believe I saw several shots take effect 
 during Tuesday afternoon. 
 
 " The preservation of our j)eople in the fort is calculated to ex- 
 cite in a wonderful manner our gratitude to that Great Being 
 without whose knowledge a sparrow does not fall to the ground. 
 Only four were killed and about twenty wounded, and two or 
 three hundred dollars will repair all the damages the fortresses 
 sustained. Lieut. Clagget, of Capt. Nicholson's company of artil- 
 lery, was the only officer killed in the fort. His friend. Sergeant 
 Clemm, of the same corps, received his death at the same time. 
 They were rocpectable merchants. 
 
 " The Admiral fully calculated on taking the fort in two hours. 
 Its surrender was spoken of as a matter of course. He said that 
 when it was taken, and the shipping destroyed, 'Ae would thihk 
 about terms for the city.' All about and in the fort is such ample 
 evidence of his zeal to perform his promise, that it seems impos- 
 sible to believe that greater damage was not done than really sus- 
 tained. The gallant and accGmj>lished Armstead, through watching 
 and excessive fatigue (for he had other great duties to do besides 
 defending his post) flagged as soon as the fight was done, and now 
 lies very ill ; but not dangerously, we trust, though severely afflicted. 
 Many of his gallant companions were also exhausted, but have gen- 
 erally recruited their strength. 
 
 " To return to the field engagement : the force of the enemy in 
 the battle may have amounted to 4,000 men. They were fine look- 
 ing fellows, but seemed very unwilling to meet the ' Yankee ' bullets 
 — their dodging from the cannon, and stooping before the musketry, 
 has already been noticed. The prisoners and deserters say that, 
 for the time that the affair lasted and the men engaged, they never 
 received so destructive a fire ; and this may well be, for our men 
 fired not by word of command only, but also at an object. Of the 
 21st British regiment, about 500 were landed ; on the morning of 
 the 13th they found 171 killed, wounded and missing. Their whole 
 Joss may be safely estimated at from 5 to 700 men. Major-General 
 Ross, who did ' not care if it rained militia,' the incendiary of the 
 Capital, paid the forfeit of that act by his death. He was killed in 
 the early part of the action ; and there is reason to believe that 
 two or three other officers, high in command, met the same fate. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 351 
 
 Eoss was a brave man and an able commander — and if he had been 
 engaged in another system of warfare, would have claimed our re- 
 spectful remembrance. We may admire, but we cannot esteem his 
 memory. The character of Moore, in Schiller's play of the Robbers^ 
 notwithstanding its grandeur, disgusts by the business to which his 
 great talents and accomplishments were devoted. So it was with 
 Ross. His orders, perhaps, may afford some sort of an excuse for 
 his violation of the rules of civilized war. His death was probably 
 the immediate cause why an attack upon our works was not made. 
 General Brooks, on whom the command devolved, would not risk 
 the enterprise. 
 
 " Our whole loss in the affair was about twenty killed, ninety 
 wounded and forty-seven prisoners and missing; (twenty-two of 
 the wounded were paroled on the field, forty-seven are on board of 
 the fleet — many of them gentlemen of the first respectability — and 
 it is believed will be sent to Halifax, though all possible means to 
 effect their release was used. By a flag they were all liberally sup- 
 plied.) The officers killed were James Lowry Donaldson, Esq., Ad- 
 jutant of the brave 27th regiment, and one of the representatives 
 of this city in the House of Delegates of Maryland — he fell while 
 encouraging his brethren in arms ; and Lieut. Andre, of the 'Gray 
 Yagers,' a valuable young man. Major Moore, of the 27th, was 
 severely but not dangerously wounded ; Major Heath of the 5th 
 had two horses shot under him, and Major Barry of the same 
 regiment was also killed. The cavalry lost several horses, and 
 some of them on the lookout were taken prisoners. For the 
 present we shall only add that Brigadier-General Strieker, whose 
 urbanity has long endeared him to the citizens under his command 
 and the people at large, behaved as became the high charge en- 
 trusted to him as a soldier. He has the entire confidence of his 
 brigade. Eobert G. Harper, Esq., who volunteered his services as 
 an aide-de-camp, also greatly exerted himself in the hottest part of 
 the fire to encourage and give steadiness to our troops. 
 
 *' The enemy's bomb-vessels, we are told, are much wrecked 
 by their own fire. This may well be supposed when the fact is 
 stated that at every discharge they were forced two feet into the 
 water by the force of it, thus straining every part from stem to 
 stern. 
 
 *' Never was the mortification of an invader more complete 
 than that of our enemy. Beaten by the militia and defeated by 
 the fort, he went away in the worst possible humor, and a total 
 loss that may amount to not less than 800 men." During the 
 fearful night of the bombardment, Francis S. Key, a distinguished 
 son of Maryland, was a prisoner in the British fleet. Having gone 
 on board in the cartel ship Minden, in the company of Col. John S. 
 Skinner, under the protection of a flag of truce, to effect the release 
 of some captive friends, (Dr. Beanes, a highly esteemed physician 
 of Upper Marlborough in Maryland,) he was himself detained 
 
352 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 during the expedition. They were placed on board the Surprise^ 
 where they were courteously treated. Finally they were trans- 
 ferred to their own vessel, the Minden, which was anchored in sight 
 of the Fort. Of vivid and poetic temperament, he felt deeply the* 
 danger which their preparations foreboded, and the long and ter- 
 rible hours which passed in sight of that conflict whose issue he 
 could not know. It was under these circumstances that he com- 
 posed " The Star Spangled Banner," descriptive of the scenes of 
 that doubtful night and of his own excited feelings. As the struggle 
 ceases, upon the coming morn, uncertain of its result, his eye seeks 
 for the flag of his country, and he asks in doubt : 
 
 " Oh 1 say, can you see by the dawn's early light 
 What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming : 
 Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight 
 O'er the rampart we watched, were so gallantly streaming ? 
 The rocket's red glare — bombs bursting in air, 
 Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there. 
 Oh 1 say, does that star-spangled banner still wave 
 O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave? " 
 
 And then, as through "the mists of the deep" dimly loomed that 
 gorgeous banner fluttering in the first rays of the morning sun, 
 he exclaims triumphantly — 
 
 " 'Tis the star-spangled banner 1 oh, long may it wave 
 O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave." 
 
 This outburst of the patriot and poet's heart thrilled through the 
 souls of his brethren. They took it up — it swelled from millions 
 of voices; — and "The Star-spangled Banner," written by a son of 
 Maryland, within sight of the battle-fields won by the citizen sol- 
 diers of Maryland — with the sound of their victorious cannon still 
 ringing in her ears — became the proud national anthem of the 
 whole Union. 
 
 The crude substance of this song was written on the back of a 
 etter which the author happened to have in his pocket. On the 
 night after his arrival in Baltimore he wrote it out in full, and the 
 next morning he read it to his uncle. Judge Nicholson, who was 
 one of the gallant defenders of the fort, and asked his opinion of 
 it. The Judge was so pleased with it that he took it to the print- 
 ing-office of Capt. Benjamin Edes, on North street near Baltimore. 
 Mr. Edes was then on duty with the gallant Twenty-seventh Regi- 
 ment, of which Capt. Lester was a member. The Judge then took 
 it to the office of the Baltimore American, and directed copies to be 
 struck off in small hand-bill form. Mr. Samuel Sands, who was 
 then an apprentice-boy in the office, but now editor of the Ameri- 
 can Farmer, set up the song in type, printed it, and distributed it 
 iamongthe citizens. It was first sung in a restaurant in this city, 
 next to the Ilolliday Street Theatre, by Charles Durang, to an as- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 353 
 
 semblage of patriotic defenders of the city, and after that, nightly 
 in the theatre. It created intense enthusiasm, and was everywhere 
 sung in public and in private. 
 
 •During the bombardment of Fort McHenry, at a time when the 
 explosions were the most tremendous, a rooster mounted a parapet 
 and crowed heartily. This excited the laughter and animated the 
 feelings of all present. A man who was severely indisposed and 
 worn down with fatigue, declared that if ever he lived to see Bal- 
 timore, the rooster should be treated with pound-cake. Not being 
 able to leave the fort, the day after the bombardment he sent to 
 the city, procured the cake, and had fine sport in treating his 
 favorite rooster. 
 
 From the official report of Commodore Eodgers, who commanded 
 the naval force stationed in Baltimore on the 12th and 13th of Sep- 
 tember, to the Secretary of the Navy, dated the 23d of September, 
 we find the following distribution of the force under his com- 
 mand : 
 
 "1 stationed Lieut. Gamble, first of Guerriere, with about 100 
 seamen, in command of seven-gun battery on the line between the 
 roads leading from Philadelphia and Sparrow's Point. Sailing- 
 master De La Bouch, of the Brie, and Midshipman Field, of the 
 Guerriere, with 20 seamen, in command of a two-gun battery, 
 fronting the road leading from Sparrow's Point. Sailing-master 
 Ramage, of the Guerriere, with 20 seamen, in command of a five- 
 gun battery, to the right of the Sparrow's Point road. And Mid- 
 shipman Salter, with 12 seamen, in command of a one-gun battery 
 a little to the right of Mr. Hamage. Lieut. Kuhn, with the de- 
 tachment of marines belonging to the Guerriere, was posted in the 
 entrenchment between the batteries occupied by Lieut. Gamble 
 and Sailing master Ramage. Lieut. Newcomb, third of the Guer- 
 riere, with 80 seamen, occupied Fort Covington, on the Ferry 
 Branch, a little below Spring Gardens. Sailing-master Webster, of 
 the flotilla, with 50 seamen of that corps, occupied a six-gun bat- 
 tery on the Ferry Branch, known by the name of Babcock. Lieut. 
 Frazier, of the flotilla, with 45 seamen of the same corps, occupied 
 a three-gun battery near the Lazaretto. And Lieut. Rutter, the 
 senior officer of the flotilla, in command of all the barges, which 
 were moored at the entrance of the passage between the Lazaretto 
 and Fort McHenry in the left wing of the water-battery, at which 
 was stationed Sailing-master Rodman and 54 seamen of the flotilla. 
 Sailing-master Rodman was stationed in the water-battery of Fort 
 McHenry with 60 seamen of the flotilla." Com. Rodgers says : " The 
 enemy's repulsion from the Ferry Branch on the night of the 13th : 
 inst., after he had passed Fort McHenry with his barges and some 
 light vessels, was owing to the warm reception he met from the 
 Forts Covington and Babcock, commanded by Lieut. Newcomb 
 and Sailing-master Webster, who with all under their command 
 
 erformed the duty assigned to them to admiration 
 
 23 
 
364 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 It becomes a duty to notice the services of that gallant and 
 meritorious officer, Captain Spence, of the navy, by whose exertions, 
 assisted by Lieut. Kutter with the barges, the entrance into the 
 basin was so obstructed in the enemy's presence, and that too in a 
 very short time, as to bid defiance to his ships, had he attempted 
 to force that passage." 
 
 Tbe different Masonic lodges of this city formed in procession 
 on Monday, the 16th of May, at the riding-school in George street; 
 from whence, accompanied by a band of music and a company of 
 military, the}- proceeded to the First Presbyterian Church, in East 
 street (Fayette.) After divine service, the procession moved to 
 " a spot of ground near the southwest corner of the new court-house, 
 in St. Paul's lane, where, according to the ceremonies of that most 
 ancient and honorable fraternity, the foundation was laid of a 
 new and superb Masonic hall." Max Godfrey, Esq., was archi- 
 tect, and Col. William Steuart and Col. Jacob Small builders. 
 Upon the completion of the new Masonic Hall this building was 
 Bold to the Mayor and City Council for the sum of $50,000, and is 
 now used for a court-house. 
 
 NAVAL HISTORY OF BALTIMORE IN THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 On the 18th of June, 1812, Congress passed an Act declaring 
 war between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 and the dependencies thereof, and the LTnited States of America 
 and their territories; and authorized the President to use the 
 whole land and naval forces of the United States to carry the same 
 into effect, and to issue to private armed vessels of the United 
 States commissions, or letters-of-marque and general reprisals, &c. 
 It is well kriown to those Americans who lived through the war 
 of 1812, and to all the reading portion of our extensive country, 
 that the privateers and letters-of-marque were the great thorn in 
 the side of our inveterate enemy ; that they harassed and annoyed 
 their adversaries in every quarter of the globe, and even at the 
 entrance of their own ports in old England itself. They fought 
 and captured ships and vessels off the North Cape, in the British 
 and Irish channels, on the coasts of Spain and Portugal, in the East 
 and West Indies, off the capes of Good Hope and Horn, and in the 
 Pacific Ocean. In a word, they were harassing and annoying 
 British trade and commerce wherever a ship could float ; they took 
 and destroyed millions of property, and were, beyond all doubt, the 
 happy instruments under God in bringing about a permanent peace 
 with a proud, haughty, overbearing nation. About four months 
 after the declaration of war, Baltimore had sent to sea forty-two 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 355 
 
 armed vessels, carrying about three hundred and thirty guns, and 
 from 2,800 to 3,000 men. And here we would observe, that Balti- 
 more took the lead in fitting out privateers and letters-of-marque, 
 and was more active and }3atriotic in annoying the enemy than any 
 other city in the United States. On the 10th of July, the British 
 government schooner Whiting, Lieut. Maxey, with dispatches from 
 his Government to the Government of the United States, was taken 
 while lying in Hampton Eoads, (he not having heard of the war), 
 without resistance, by the privateer Dash, Captain Carroway, of 
 Baltimore. The Dash at this time was ready for sea, and bound 
 on a cruise for British merchantmen. 
 
 On the 18th of July the letter-of-marque schooner Falcon, be- 
 longing to Baltimore, on her passage from Boston to Bordeaux, 
 with four guns and sixteen men, when on the coast of Franca, was 
 engaged with the British cutter Hero, with five guns and fifty 
 men, for two hours and a half, and finally beat her off, with 
 considerable loss on both sides, after repulsing the enemy three 
 times in his attempt to board. On the next day the Falcon was 
 attacked by a British privateer of six guns and forty men, and 
 although considerably injured by her engagement with the cutter 
 the day previous, the privateer commenced a heavy fire on the 
 Falcon, which she bravely returned for an hour and a half, when 
 the captain and several of the crew of the Falcon being wounded, 
 she was carried by boarding while her colors were still flying. 
 
 On the 26th of July the first English vessel arrived at Balti- 
 more a prize to the privateer Dolphin ; she was loaded with sugar, 
 and her cargo was valued at 618,000. In August the British 
 schooner Fanny, from St. Croix for St. Andrews, in ballast, was 
 sent into Baltimore by the Dolphin ; valued at 318,000. Ship Bra- 
 ganza, from Port-au-Princc for London, mounting twelve guns, 
 burthen four hundred tons, deeply laden with coffee and logwood, 
 was captured and sent into Baltimore by the Tom of this port, 
 after a running fight of fifty-five minutes. Brig William, from 
 Bristol, England, for St. Johns, with a cargo of coal, butter and 
 sundries, was sent into Boston by the Kossie, Commodore Barney, 
 of Baltimore. One ship, five brigs, and a schooner, all laden with 
 fish and timber, captured by tho Rossie and burned. Ship Jennie, 
 twelve guns and eighteen men, from Liverpool for St. Johns, with 
 salt, was sent into Salem by the Rossie. One brig and a schooner, 
 captured by the Rossie, and sent to Newfoundland with the crews 
 of the above vessels, one hundred and eight in number, on parole 
 and receipt for exchange. Commodore Barney sent his compli- 
 ments to Admiral Sawyer, desiring the poor fellows might be fairly 
 treated, and promising a larger supply very soon. Schooner Per- 
 severance, from St. Augustine for Nassau, in ballast, was sent into 
 Charleston by the Nonsuch of Baltimore. Ship Sir Simon Clark, 
 sixteen guns, thirty-nine men, from Jamaica for Leith, with a 
 cargo of sugar, rum, coffee, etc., worth from $100,000 to $150,000, 
 
356 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 was sent into Norfolk by the Globe of Baltimore. She was gal- 
 lantly carried by boarding, after a brisk cannonade of a few 
 minutes. The British ship had four men killed, with the captain 
 and three others severely wounded. The second lieutenant and 
 drummer were killed on board the Globe, and one wounded. Pri- 
 vateer Globe brought into Hampton Eoads a very large British 
 ship, showing twenty-two guns. She was from Jamaica, bound 
 for Glasgow, and richly laden. The ship came up the bay, and 
 the Globe proceeded again to sea as quickly as possible. The 
 schooner Ann, another prize to the Globe, carrying four guns, 
 laden with logwood and mahogany, arrived at Baltimore. It is 
 stated that several of the crews of these prizes entered as seamen 
 on board of the Globe. 
 
 Extracts from the log-book of the schooner Highflyer of Bal- 
 timore-: " On the 26th July, off the Double-headed Shot Keys, at 
 half-past four P. M., discovered a sail standing north and west ; 
 gave chase. At seven P. M. came up with and boarded the 
 schooner Harriet, in ballast from New Providence, bound to 
 Havana. She carried three black men and one boy, two gentle- 
 men and one lady passengers. Put on board Captain Taylor as 
 prize-master, and ordered her for the first port in the United 
 States. The next day the captain of the Harriet informed Capt. 
 Gavet that there was money concealed on board. We boarded her 
 and found S8000 in specie. On the 21st, brought to and boarded 
 the British ship Diana, Captain Harvey, one of the Jamaica fleet 
 bound to Bristol, burthen 353 tons, laden with rum. sugar, coffee, 
 etc. Took out her crew, sent a prize-master and ten men on board, 
 and ordered her for the first port in the United States. At the 
 same time two other sail in sight. At six A. M. bore down on 
 them, fired three or four shots at them, which were returned by 
 both ships. 22d, at two P. M., engaged the two ships at half-gun 
 shot, and after firing on them upwards of sixty shots, the breeze 
 blowing fresh, not thinking it safe to board them, at four P. M. 
 hauled off. Next day, at four P. M., wind moderating, bore down 
 and engaged the sternmost ship, called the Jamaica of Liverpool, 
 Captain Neil, of seven guns, twenty-one men, 365 tons, in com- 
 pany with the ship Mary and Ann of London, Captain Miller, 
 mounting twelve guns, eighteen men, and 329 tons burden. When 
 within musket shot we commenced a brisk fire from our great 
 guns and musketry, which was returned with great courage and 
 resolution from both ships. The engagement lasted twenty 
 minutes, when we boarded and carried the Jamaica, the Mary and 
 Ann striking her colors at the same time. Manned both ships, 
 put Mr. Brown (prize-master) and eight men on board the Mary 
 and Ann, and Mr. Grant and fourteen men on board the Jamaica, 
 and ordered them for the first port in the United States. Both 
 ships were richly laden with sugar, rum, coffee, logwood, &c. 
 Several of their seamen and ours were wounded, but none killed. 
 The prizes arrived safely." 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 357 
 
 Extracts from the journal of the privateer Globe of Baltimore: 
 "July 31st saw a sail, to which we gave chase, and in about three 
 hours were within gun-shot, when we commenced firing. She 
 hoisted British colors, and returned fire with her stern-chasers — two 
 long nines — which w^as continued for about forty minutes against 
 our long nine (midships), that being the only gun we could get to 
 bear, as it was blowing fresh and she crowded all sail. When we 
 got close enough we be^an to fire broadsides (charged with round 
 shot double-shotted, and then with langrage and round) which she 
 returned, broadside for broadside. When we got within musket- 
 shot and fired several volleys into her she struck, after a brisk en- 
 gagement of an hour* and a half She proved to be the English 
 letter-of-marque ship Boyd, from New Providence for Liverpool, 
 laden with coffee, dye-woods and cotton, mounting ten guns, viz., 
 two long nines, two short twelves, and six long sixes. Put a prize- 
 master and eight men on board, and ordered her to Baltimore. 
 Arrived at Philadelphia. On the 14th of August saw a sail ahead, 
 to which we gave chase, and captured without resistance. She 
 proved to be the British schooner Ann, from the city of St. Do- 
 mingo for Guernsey, laden with mahogany and logwood, mounts 
 four guns, and carries nine men (arrived)." 
 
 In August the ship Elizabeth, ten guns, twelve pounders, from 
 Jamaica for England, laden with 323 hogsheads of sugar, some 
 tierces and barrels of do., with a quantity of coffee and ginger, &c., 
 was sent into Charleston by the Sarah Ann, of Baltimore, after a 
 smart action, in which four men were wounded on board of the 
 ship, and two on board of the privateer. Schooner James, from 
 Porto llico for Martinique, in ballast, was sent into Baltimore by 
 the Dolphin, of this port. The Dolphin also destroyed several 
 droggers. Schooner Minorca, from Jamaica, for Cuba, was sent 
 into Savannah by the Wasp of Baltimore. 
 
 On the 30th of August, Commodore Barney arrived at New- 
 port, in his schooner Eossie, from a short but successful cruise of 
 forty-five days, along the eastern coast of the United States. Dur- 
 ing his absence he captured fifteen vessels, nine of the number he 
 burned or sunk. The vessels captured amounted to about 2,914 
 tons, and were manned by 166 men. The estimated value of these 
 vessels was $1,289,000. Commodore Barney remained in this port 
 about eight or ten days to water, provision, and refresh the crew 
 of his privateer, for another cruise. 
 
 Ship Hopewell, fourteen guns, twenty-five men, from Surinam 
 for London, burthen upwards of 400 tons, laden with 710 hhds. of 
 sugar, 54 hhds. of molasses. 111 bales of cotton, 260 bags and casks 
 of coffee and cocoa, captured by the Comet of Baltimore, was sent 
 into this port after an obstinate engagement, in which one man 
 was killed and six wounded on board of the ship ; two of the 
 privateer's men were wounded. Th3 Hopewell was worth $150,000. 
 Ship Kitty, captured by the Eossie of Baltimore and sent into an 
 
358 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 eastern port. Ship Mary Ann, from Jamaica, for London, a very 
 valuable vessel, carrying twelve guns and eighteen men, deeply 
 laden with sugar, &c., was sent into Charleston by the Highflyer 
 of Baltimore. Sent into Baltimore the first-class British ship 
 Henry, 400 tons burthen, coppered to the bends, mounting four 
 twelve pounders and six six pounders, bound from St. Croix for 
 London. She was captured by the privateer Comet, Captain Boyle, 
 of Baltimore. The Henry's cargo consisted of 700 hogsheads of 
 sugar and thirteen pipes of old madeira wine ; this vessel and 
 cargo produced a clear profit to the captors of more than $100,000. 
 Schooner Hussar, sent into Savannah by the Liberty of Baltimore, 
 laden with turtle, &c., supposed as present^ for Admiral Warren 
 and his officers. Three vessels captured by the Dolphin of Balti- 
 more, and burned. Ship John, fourteen guns, thirty-five men, four 
 hundred tons burthen, from I)emerara for Liverpool, laden with 
 742 bales of cotton, 230 hogsheads of sugar, 100 puncheons of rum, 
 50 casks and 300 bags of coffee, with a large quantity of old cop- 
 per and dye-wood, worth at least $150,000, was sent into Baltimore 
 by the Comet of this port. Privateer schooner Frances, of Nassau, 
 N. P., four guns and thirty men, a fine, fast sailing vessel, was sent 
 into Baltimore by the Dolphin, of the same port. Brig Point 
 Shares, from St. Johns, New Brunswick, for Barbadoes, was cap- 
 tured b}^ the letter-of-marque schooner Baltimore, of Baltimore, 
 on her voyage to France, and sent into port. The brig was laden 
 with fish. Schooner Fame, from Trinidad for Cayenne, laden with 
 ^^y-g<>od8, oil, &c., was sent into Savannah by the Nonsuch of 
 Baltimore. Schooner Dawson, captured off the Island of Jamaica, 
 laden with sugar, rum, and coffee, was sent into Savannah by the 
 Wasp of Baltimore. 
 
 The gallant Commodore Barney returned home to Baltimore 
 in his privateer schooner Eossie on the 10th of November, from a 
 successful cruise, and we herewith extract from his journal: "July 
 22d — Seized the brig Nymph, of Newburyport, for breach of the 
 non-importation law. July 23d— Was chased by a frigate, fired 
 twenty-five shots at us, outsailed her. July 30th— Chased by a 
 frigate, outsailed her. July 31st— Took and burned the ship 
 Princess Eoyal. August 1st— Took and manned the ship Kitty. 
 August 2d — Took and burnt the following : brig Fame, brig Devon- 
 shire, schooner Squid, and took the brig Brothers, put on board of 
 her sixty prisoners and sent her to St. Johns, to be exchanged for 
 as many Americans. August 3d— Took and sunk the brig Henry, 
 and schooner Eace Horse ; burned schooner Halifax, manned the 
 brig William, and gave the schooner Two Brothers forty prisoners, 
 and sent them to St. Johns on parole. August 9th — Took the ship 
 Jenny after a short action ; she mounted twelve guns ; sent her to 
 the United States (arrived). August 10th — Seized the brig Ee- 
 becca, of Saco, from London, for a breach of the non-imporfation 
 law (arrived). August 28th— Seized the ship Euphrates, of New 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 359 
 
 Bedford, for breach of the non-importation law (arrived). Sep- 
 tember 9th — Chased by three ships of war, which did not continue 
 long, for we outsailed them without difficulty. September 12th — 
 Chased by a frigate six hours; outsailed her." On the 16th of Sep- 
 tember, Cora. Barney fell in with his Britannic Majesty's packet 
 ship Princess Amelia, when a severe action commenced between 
 the two vessels at close quarters. It lasted nearly an hour ; and 
 during the greatest part of the time within pistol shot distance. 
 Com. Barney's first lieut , Mr. Long, and six of his crew were 
 wounded. The Rossie suffered considerably in her rigging and 
 sails, but nothing in her hull. The loss of the Princess Amelia was 
 her captain, sailing-master, and one man killed, .the master's mate 
 and six seamen wounded. The packet was terribly cut to pieces 
 in her hull, sails, and rigging. "October 8th — Took (in company 
 with the Globe) the schooner Jubilee, and sent her into port. Oc- 
 tober 22d — Seized the ship Merrimack, for a breach of the non-im- 
 portation act. The result is 3,698 tons of shipping, valued at up- 
 wards of $1,500,000, and 217 prisoners." 
 
 On the 28th of September the privateer Nonsuch, of Baltimore, 
 Captain Levely, carrying twelve twelve-pound carronades, and be- 
 tween eighty and ninety men, fell in with a ship and a schooner 
 under British colors off Martinique — the ship carrj-ing sixteen 
 eighteen-pound carronades, and two hundred men, including sol- 
 diers ; and the schooner six four-pounders, and sixty men. "When 
 within reach of the ship she gave us a broadside. We bore down 
 upon her and hoisted American colors, and returned ten broad- 
 sides, accompanied each time with a heavy volley of musketry, the 
 ship and schooner keeping up a heavy fire upon us with their great 
 guns and musketry. The engagement lasted three hours and 
 twenty minutes, when the bolts and breachings of our guns fore 
 and aft were carried away both sides. We could then only use our 
 musketry, or we should certainly have captured them both. We 
 dismounted several of the ship's guns, and damaged her very much 
 in her hull and rigging. From the confusion which appeared on 
 board, we judge that we must have killed and wounded a consid- 
 erable number of men ; she bore away for Martin ico ; we being 
 much crippled in our sails and rigging could not pursue her. The 
 Nonsuch lost during the action one officer killed (Mr. Wilkinson) 
 and three seamen (Samuel Christian, Lewis Riley, and David 
 McCarthy), they had also six seamen wounded. The British lost 
 seven killed and sixteen wounded." 
 
 Brig Francis, from St. Johns, Porto Eico, for Martinique, laden 
 with bullocks, was sent into Charleston by the Nonsuch, of Balti- 
 more. Brig Porgie, from Antigua, laden with rum and molasses, 
 was sent into Norfolk by the Highflyer, of Baltimore, on her 
 second cruise. Ship John Hamilton, 550 tons, mounting ten guns, 
 twelve-pounders, and thirty men, from Honduras for London, laden 
 with 700 tons of mahogany, was sent into Baltimore by the Dol- 
 
360 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 phin privateer of this port, after a smart action, but without loss 
 . of a single life on either side, though several were wounded — a 
 fine prize. Packet Townsend, from Falmouth, (England), for Bar- 
 badoes, heavily armed, was captured by the Tom of Baltimore, 
 V after a severe engagement, in which the captain of the Townsend 
 land four of her men were killed and several wounded. The Tom 
 was but little injured, and had only two men wounded. The mail 
 was thrown overboard, but recovered by the Bona, and brought to 
 Baltimore a few days after. Brig Burchall, a packet from Barba- 
 ,does for Demerara, with an English commissary and his lady on 
 board, was captured by the Highflyer of Baltimore, and sent into 
 this port. The Highflyer also captured a number of droggers 
 (coasting vessels), plying between the islands of the West Indies; 
 she released one of them with the commissary and seventy-two 
 prisoners, and sent her as a flag of truce into Demerara. The 
 Governor (Carmichael) returned a complimentary letter to her 
 captain for his kind treatment to them. Brig Active of ten guns, 
 and very valuable, was sent into Charleston, S. C.,bythe High- 
 flyer of Baltimore. Ship Betsey, guns, for Glasgow, supposed 
 
 to have a quantity of specie on board, was sent into Wilmington, 
 
 N. C, by the Eevenge of Baltimore. Schooner laden with 
 
 dry-goods, &c., from Jamaica for the Spanish Main, very valu- 
 able, was sent into Savannah by the Liberty of Baltimore. The 
 prize carried two guns, and had thirty men ; the privateer had only 
 one gun and forty men. The prize was worth $60,000. Schooner 
 Swift of Plymouth, (England), from St. Michaels, was taken by 
 the Eolia of Baltimore, and burnt. In a severe gale of wind. Cap- 
 tain Dewley was compelled to throw overboard all his guns but 
 one, but the crew, sixty in number, determined to continue the 
 cruise. 
 
 Kear Madeira, from the 12th to the 15th of December, without 
 the loss of one man, the Eolla captured, manned, and ordered for 
 the first port, the following immensely valuable vessels, being a 
 part of the Cork fleet ;— Ship Mary, fourteen guns, of Bristol, laden 
 with hardware, crates, &c. Ship Eliza, of ten guns, of Bristol, 
 laden with 20,000 bushels of wheat. Ship Eio Nouva, eighteen 
 guns, of London, laden with dry goods. Ship Apollo, ten guns, 
 deeply laden with king's stores. Brig Boroso, six guns, of Cork, 
 
 Jaden with dry goods, beef, and candles. Schooner , of 
 
 Aberdeen, given up to discharge the prisoners. Grand total', seven 
 vessels, fifty-eight cannon, 150 prisoners, and property worth be- 
 tween two and three millions of dollars. 
 
 Sloop Eeasonable, from Porto Eico for Martinique, was chased 
 on shore on the north-east end of the former by the Liberty of 
 Baltimore, and destroyed. Schooner Maria, from Jamaica for the 
 Bay of Honduras, in ballast, was taken by the Liberty of Baltimore, 
 and ransomed. While Capt. John Murphy, in the privateer Globe 
 of Baltimore, was cruising ofi" the coast of Portugal, he fell in with 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 361 
 
 an Algerine sloop-of-war, when a severe engagement ensued be- 
 tween them. Although the action was continued for a period of 
 three hours at half gunshot distance, it is strange to relate that 
 the Globe lost not a man, and had but two wounded. The shot of 
 the Algerine almost invariably passed over her adversary, the Globe 
 having received no less than eighty-two shots through her sails. 
 How much the sloop-of-war suffered was not ascertained, but from 
 all appearances she must have been terribly hulled and cut to 
 pieces. The Globe hauled oft* to i-epair damages, and the Algerine 
 was unwilling to renew the conflict, so that both parties probably 
 esteemed it a drawn battle, and accordingly separated. 
 
 1813. Port of New York, April 24th. — Arrived, letter-of-marque 
 schooner Ned, Captain Dawson of Baltimore, forty-two days from 
 La Teste (through Long Island Sound.) In lat. 44° 54' N., long. 
 15° W., fell in with the English letter-of-marque brig Malvina, of 
 Aberdeen, mounting 10 guns — six and nine-pounders ; and after a 
 close action of fifty-two minutes, succeeded in capturing her. The 
 captain of the Malvina was killed ; the Ned had seven men badly 
 wounded. Put Capt. Penderson as prize-master, and a crew on 
 board of her, and ordered her into an American port. On the 18th 
 Inst., the Ned was chased off" the Chesapeake by a seventy-four and 
 a frigate; on the 19th was chased off the Delaware; on the 20th, 
 was chased oft" Sandy Hook ; and on the 2l8t, got in at the east 
 end of Long Island, through four or five ships-of-war. Schooner 
 Farmer, of Nassau, N. P., laden with cotton, captured by the Spar- 
 row, of Baltimore, but given up. Schooner Pearl, from Curacoa 
 to St. Croix, with a cargo of corn meal, was sent into Savannah 
 
 by the Liberty of Baltimore. Sloop , a Bi-itish privateer 
 
 of guns, was captured by the Liberty and divested of her 
 
 armament and valuable articles, and then given up for want of 
 
 room for the prisoners. Brig , from Lisbon to London, with 
 
 a cargo of cotton, was taken by the letter-of-marque schooner 
 Sabine, of Baltimore, on her way to France, and burnt. Brig 
 Kingston Packet, with a valuable cargo of rum, &c., was brought 
 into Ocracock, North Carolina, by the Globe of Balto. Ship Loyal 
 Sam, 10 guns, from Nassau, N. P., for England, was captured by 
 the letter-of-marque schooner Siro, of Balto., on her passage from 
 France, and ordered to a southern port. The Loyal Sam had 
 623,500 in specie on board, and a quantity of indigo which came 
 safe to Portland, where the Siro arrived soon after. 
 
 Ship Venus, fourteen guns, from Cadiz for Newfoundland, with 
 a full cargo of salt, was sent into Beaufort, S. C, by the Globe, of 
 Baltimore. Brigadier-General Prevost, from Halifax for Demerara, 
 was captured by the Rolla, of Baltimore, and sent into New Orleans. 
 Schooner Elizabeth, from Lisbon for London, was captured by the 
 Globe of Baltimore and burnt. Ship Pelham, fi-om Lisbon for 
 Figaro, laden with rum, was captured by the Globe and burnt. 
 The Globe captured at this time and ordered into port several 
 
362 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 valuable vessels. Bark , captured and burnt by the Dolphin, 
 
 of Baltimore, on her second cruise. Armed schooner Dorcas, taken 
 by the Liberty, of Baltimore, divested of her dry-goods, &c., and 
 released. 
 
 The letter-of- marque schooner Lottery of Baltimore, with six 
 guns and thirty-five men, on the 15th of February, 1813, while at 
 anchor in Chesapeake bay (being outward bound), was captured by 
 nine British barges containing 240 men, after fighting them off for 
 an hour and a half; it was supposed that more Englishmen were 
 killed and wounded than the whole crew of the letter-of marque. 
 Captain Southcomb, of the Lottery, being badly wounded, the 
 enemy boarded the schooner and pulled down the colors themselves. 
 
 Captain W. S. Stafford, of the privateer Dolphin, of Baltimore, 
 had been for some days cruising off the coasts of Spain and Portugal, 
 and when off Cape St. Vincent on the 25th of January. 1813, he fell 
 in with a large ship and a brig and gallantly engaged them both. 
 The combat was sustained with considerable spirit until the captain 
 of the Hebe and eight men were wounded ; they both struck their 
 coloi-s, and were manned for the United States. The privateer lost 
 four men in this gallant affair. The force of the Dolphin was ten 
 guns and sixty men. The Hebe carried sixteen guns and forty men, 
 the brig ten guns and twentj^-five men ; making together twenty-' 
 six guns and sixty-five men. They were both richly laden, and 
 were very valuable prizes. The Dolphin then proceeded home- 
 ward. She passed through the British squadron in Chesapeake 
 Bay, and arrived safe at Baltimore on the 15th of February, after 
 a very fortunate cruise. 
 
 On the 14th of January, Captain Boyle, in the privateer 
 schooner Comet, when off the coast of Pernambuco, discovered 
 four sail standing out of the harbor. They proved to be three 
 English vessels, consisting of a ship of fourteen guns and two brigs 
 of ten guns, under convoy of a Portuguese brig, national vessel, 
 mounting twenty 32'8 and 165 men, making in all a, force of fifty- 
 four guns. After a desperate conflict the Comet compelled the 
 British vessels to surrender. Soon after the fight and capture of 
 the three British vessels, the gallant Boyle fell in with and captured 
 the Scotch ship Adelphi, belonging to Aberdeen. She was from 
 Liverpool bound for Bahia, of 361 tons, mounting eight long twelve- 
 pounders, laden with salt and dry-goods. The Comet was subse- 
 quently chased by the famous British frigate Surprise, which she 
 easily outsailed, and continued on her cruise down among the West 
 India Islands. On the 6th of February fell in with two brigs, and 
 after a short chase captured them. One proved to be the Alexis, 
 of Greenock, from Demerara, loaded with sugar, rum, cotton and 
 coffee, mounting ten guns; the other was the Dominica packet, of 
 Liverpool, from Demerara bound for St. Thomas, laden with rum, 
 sugar, cotton and coffee, mounting ten guns. A short time after 
 Captain Boyle was chased by the man-of-war brig Swaggerer, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 363 
 
 which he outsailed with ease, and captured the schooner Jane from 
 Demerara for St. Thomas, loaded with rum, sugar and coffee. Soon 
 after the capture of these prizes Captain Boyle returned home, and 
 arrived safe in Baltimore on the 17th of March, passing through 
 the British blockading squadron, bidding defiance to their vigilance 
 and numbers. 
 
 The schooner Louisa, of 202 tons, one gun, and 26 men, from St. 
 Vincents for St. Johns, was captured and sent into Newport by the 
 letter-of-marque schooner Enterprise of Baltimore, having on board 
 100 hogsheads of rum and 30 barrels of sugar. Brig from New- 
 foundland, laden with fish, was sent into Bordeaux by the letter- 
 of-marque schooner Pilot, of Baltimore. The Pilot also captured 
 the schooner Lily, from Port-au-Prince, for London, but given her up 
 after taking out some sugars, &c. The brig Mary Ann, from St. 
 Lucie for St. Johns, N. B., laden with 180 puncheons of rum and 
 147 hogsheads of molasses, was captured by the same and ransomed 
 
 for $4,000. Brig from Lisbon for London, laden with wool, 
 
 rice, and cotton, was captured and burnt by the letter-of-marque 
 schooner Grampus, of Baltimore, on her passage from France. 
 
 Thirteen merchant vessels were captured on the coast of Spain 
 by the Leo of Baltimore, and burnt. The schooner Sparrow, of 
 Baltimore from New Orleans, bound to New York laden with 
 sugar and lead, was chased on shore near Long Branch, where the 
 enemy took possession of her, but were driven off by the militia 
 from off shore. The cargo was saved, the vessel bilged. 
 
 Captain W. S. Stafford, famous for his defence of the Dolphin 
 privateer in the Chesapeake the summer before, was attacked close 
 in with Charleston bar^ on the 27th of November, by five boats from 
 a British brig-of-war. When close upon him, he tore one of the boats 
 to pieces with grape-shot, and gave the rest employment in saving 
 their comrades. The valuable ship Manly, four guns, laden with 
 wine, oil, &c., from Halifax, for the West Indies, was sent into 
 Charleston, S. C, by the Revenge of Baltimore. A brig laden with 
 sugar and molasses, captured by the Caroline, of Baltimore, was 
 recaptured by the British oft' Charleston. The Lion privateer, of 
 Baltimore, arrived at L'Orient, in France, with about $400,000 on 
 board, after having destroyed fifteen or twenty English vessels off 
 the coasts of Spain and Portugal. The schooner Messenger, from 
 the West Indies, laden with rum and molasses, was sent into Wil- 
 mington, N. C, by the Comet, of Baltimore. The schooner Gram- 
 pus, of Baltimore, whilst cruising among the Canary Islands, cap- 
 tured the British brig Speculation, from Lanzarote, bound to Lon- 
 don; she proved to be worthless and was given up to the prisoners. 
 Soon after Captain Murphy gave up his prize, a British sloop-of- 
 war hove in sight, and was so well disguised as a merchantman, 
 that Capt. Murphy was decoyed quite under her guns before he 
 discovered his mistake. He was taken by surprise when the man- 
 of-war opened her ports and gave the Grampus a terrible broad- 
 
364 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 side from ber main deck battery, wben witbin balf pistol-sbot dis- 
 tance. Captain Murpby was killed, and several of tbe crew killed 
 and wounded. Tbe Grampus suffered greatly in ber sails and rig- 
 ging, but by tbe greatest exertions escaped. 
 
 Scbooner , laden witb sugar, coffee. &c., was sent into Sun- 
 bury by tbe Patapsco letter-of marque, of Baltimore. On tbe 3d 
 of November, tbe privateer scbooner Globe, of Baltimore, Captain 
 Eicbard Moon, bad a desperate engagement witb two Englisb 
 packets at balf pistol-sbot distance. Tbe largest brig mounted 
 eigbteen guns, and tbe otber sixteen twelve-pounders. Tbe former 
 surrendered, but owing to tbe disabled condition of tbe Globe 
 managed to get away. Tbe loss of tbe Globe was eigbt killed and 
 fifteen wounded. The force of tbe Globe was a " long tom " amid- 
 ships, and eigbt twelve-pound carronades, witb a complement of 
 ninety men, including officers and marines. Tbe enemy it was sup- 
 posed lost 27 men killed and wounded, besides being terribly cut 
 up in tbeir bulls, sails and rigging. 
 
 Brig Criterion, a traitor vessel, laden witb 80 bogsbeads of 
 rum, was captured b}^ tbe Caroline, of Baltimore, and sent into 
 Stonington, Conn. Tbe Vigilant, a tender to tbe Admiral of tbe 
 "Windward Island station, was captured by tbe Comet, of Balti- 
 more, and sent into Wilmington, N. C. Scbooner , laden witb 
 
 sugar and coffee, was sent into Savannab by tbe Patapsco, of Bal- 
 timore. Nine vessels were captured by tbe Comet, of Baltimore, 
 divested of tbeir valuable articles and sunk. Sbe also captured and 
 manned four prizes and sent tbem to tbe United States. Sbe bad 
 a terrible battle witb tbe sbip Hibernia, of 800 tons, 22 guns, and 
 a large complement of men, but was beaten off. Tbe figbt lasted 
 about eigbt bours. Tbe privateer bad three men killed and six- 
 teen wounded ; tbe sbip bad eigbt killed and thirteen wounded. 
 The Comet also captured another British vessel, which being short 
 of provisions, put into Porto Eico for a supply; was given up by 
 tbe Government to the English claimant. The Comet in this cruise 
 captured nineteen prizes. The Chasseur at this time made six 
 
 prizes. Sbip , laden witb drj'-goods, &c., was captured by 
 
 tbe letter-of-marque schooner Delisle of Baltimore, on her passage 
 from Bordeaux to New Orleans, and sunk. 
 
 The Tuckahoe letter-of-marque of Baltimore captured tbe 
 schooner Sea-Flower on ber passage to Aux Coyes, and burned also 
 tbe schooner Hazard, from Nassau to St. Domingo. Tbe Tuckahoo 
 also captured another Englisb vessel (whose name is n6t given), 
 which prize she manned and sent into port. The Tuckahoe nar- 
 rowly escaped capture off the east end of Long Island, having 
 been chased for several days by sundry English frigates and brigs- 
 of-war. She, however, by superior sailing and good management 
 eluded their grasp, and got safe into Boston in March, 1814. 
 
 1814. The privateer Caroline, of Baltimore, captured tbe Eng- 
 lish brig Elizabeth, for Kingston, (Jamaica), and sent ber into 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 365 
 
 Charleston. Schooner with dry-goods and other valuable 
 
 articles was captured by the Kemp, of Baltimore, and carried into 
 Cape Francois, where the prize and her cargo were disposed of. 
 Fifteen vessels were captured by the Comet of Baltimore, in the 
 West Indies, were divested of their valuable articles and destroyed, 
 excepting two which were sent into North Carolina. The Kemp, 
 of Baltimore, captured on the third day after she left the Chesa- 
 peake the brig Louisa, laden with oil and fish, and sent her into 
 Elizabeth City, Ya. Ship Hebe from Halifax for Bermuda, with 
 coal, lumber, &c., was captured by the Surprise of Baltimore, and 
 sent into a southern port. Brig Ceres, in ballast, was captured in 
 the Bay of Biscay, by the Grampus of Baltimore, on her way 
 home and burnt. 
 
 The letter-of-marque Siro of Baltimore, bound to France, was 
 captured by the English and sent into Plymouth, England. The 
 privateer York, of Baltimore, when off the coast of Nova Scotia, 
 on the 18th of April, had a severe engagement with the British 
 transport ship Lord Somers. During the action, Captain Staples, 
 of the York, and five of his men were killed, and twelve wounded. 
 In this disabled condition, the privateer was obliged to haul off 
 and give up the contest. 
 
 Brig from Lisbon for Passage, with provisions for the 
 
 English troops, was captured and destroyed by the Expedition of 
 Baltimore. The very valuable schooner Adeline was captured by 
 a British frigate, but recaptured by the Expedition. The Chasseur 
 of Baltimore captured the schooner Miranda, sloop Martha, and 
 seyeral other vessels, which were destroyed, &c. One of them had 
 on board a quantity of money in gold. Brig Experience from 
 Jamaica was captured by the Caroline of Baltimore, but lost on 
 
 the Island of Cuba. Schooner laden with rum, cocoa, &c., 
 
 was sent into the Delaware, by the Perry of Baltimore. Schooner 
 Francis, with bullocks for the British army, was captured off tho 
 French coast by the letter-of-marque schooner Midas of Baltimore, 
 on her passage home and burnt. Brig Bellona, laden with madeira 
 wine and fruit, was captured by the Globe of Baltimore. Schooner 
 Diligence, from Halifax, was captured by the York of Baltimore, 
 and destroyed. Ship Bonita captured by the Delisle of Baltimore, 
 and destroyed. Brig Eobert, with fish and lumber, irom St. Johns 
 for Jamaica, was captured by the Zebec Ulter of Baltimore, and 
 sent into Charleston. Brig Swift, four guns, and eighteen men, 
 bound for Halifax, captured by the same. Brig Lord Nelson of 
 Belfast captured by the same. Schooner Nancy and two others 
 
 captured and burnt. Schooner in ballast, by the same, given 
 
 up to prisoners. Privateer schooner Amnesty, one gun, twenty- 
 four men, captured by the same and burnt. Besides the before- 
 mentioned vessels, two other small vessels were taken by the same 
 and burnt. The Zebec also made prizes of five or six other British 
 vessels, which were permitted to proceed. A brig of fourteen 
 
366 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 guns was manned and ordered for France, and two others were 
 sent to the United States. 
 
 Brig Camelion, from the "West Indies, laden with rum and molas- 
 ses, was sent into port by the Mammoth of Baltimore. Two vessels 
 captured by the Caroline of Baltimore, were destroyed. She captured 
 three other vessels which were manned and sent into port. Brig 
 Kutozoif of six guns, from Laguayra, laden with coffee, cocoa, and 
 hides, was captured after a severe action, and carried by boarding; 
 was sent into Frankfort, Maine, by the Surprise of Baltimore, 
 She M^as worth $50,000. British ship Joanna, of Malta, from Con- 
 stantinople for Lisbon, with a cargo of wheat and barley, worth 
 $30,000, was captured by the Chasseur of Baltimore, and sunk. 
 The Chasseur captured several other valuable vessels on the same 
 cruise. Schooner Hope from St. Johns, with fish, was sent in by 
 the Pike of Baltimore ; also the ship Mermaid was sent in by same. 
 Ship Commerce, with supplies for the British army, was captured 
 by the Lawrence of Baltimore and sent to Portland, Maine. Brig 
 Melpomene of six guns, was sent in by the Chasseur of Baltimore. 
 The Chasseur also captured and sent in an elegant London packet 
 ship, twelve guns, laden with 400 pipes of brandy and wine. 
 
 Brig Liddelle from Liverpool, with salt, was captured by the 
 Amelia of Baltimore, and made a cartel of. Brig Jessie, of six guns, 
 from London, captui*ed by same and burnt. Schooner Ann cap- 
 tured by same, and sent as a cartel to Halifax. The Amelia ar- 
 rived at New York after a cruise of 85 days, during which time she 
 had taken 1400 tons of shipping, with property valued at $1,000,000. 
 She also made 80 prisoners. Schooner Octavia was sent into a 
 southern port by the Harrison of Baltimore. The private armed 
 schooner Perry, of Baltimore, was out ninety days on a cruise, dur- 
 ing which time she captured 22 British vessels, 18 of which she de- 
 stroyed and sent 4 to the L^nited States. July 23d. — The privateer 
 Surprise of Baltimore arrived at Newport, R. L, from a cruise of 
 103 days, a part of which time she was in the British and Irish 
 channels and near the Western isles. She was chased 16 times, and 
 made in all 13 prizes, some of which arrived safe ; several others 
 were burnt. 
 
 The Zebec Ulter of Baltimore, in passing through Long Island 
 Sound, was attacked by two British boats: she captured one with 
 eight men, the other made her escape. The commander of the 
 barge was killed. The British brig Astrea, with 10 guns and 20 
 men, laden with fish, was taken by the Midas of Balto., and sent 
 into Savannah. The Midas also captured a small English schooner 
 privateer, called the Dash, with a crew of 40 men and several 
 guns. She also captured 3 coasting-vessels laden with 700 bales of 
 cotton. Schooner Union, with fish, &c., was sent into port by the 
 Amelia of Baltimore. Sloop Friendship, with dry goods and $7000 
 in specie, was captured by the Revenge and destroyed. Schooner 
 Alert captured by the same and destroyed. Schooner Mary Ann 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 367 
 
 taken by the same and given to prisoners. Sloop Active captured 
 by the Fairy of Baltimore and burnt. Schooner Eambler, with 
 dry goods, sent into Wilmington, N. C, by the Perry of Baltimore. 
 Schooner Fox, captured off the Irish coast by the Surprise of Bal- 
 timore, was made a cartel of, to dispose of her prisoners. Brig 
 James and David in ballast, captured by the same. Brig Fidelity 
 taken by the same and burnt. 
 
 On the 18th of June the privateers Grampus, Patapsco of Bal- 
 timore, and the schooner Dash of Boston, were all chased by Capt. 
 Chapen in the La Hogue, seventy-four, in Boston Bay, but all es- 
 caped. Brig Fortitude from Eio Janeiro, with a full cargo of hides, 
 coffee, dye-wood, &c., was sent into Maine by the Surprise of Bal- 
 timore. Ship Pizarro from Liverpool, with dry goods, &c., was sent 
 into Savannah by the Midas of Baltimore; also brig Esperanza by 
 the same ; brig Elsinore sent into port by the same. 
 
 The privateer Harrison of Baltimore captured the following 
 
 vessels: ship Julia, brig Mary Ann, schooner John Duncan, 
 
 Louisa. After removing from the prizes goods to the amount of 
 
 3100,000, they were destroj'ed. Schooner , with a large 
 
 amount of specie on board, was captured by the same and sent to 
 the United States. 
 
 Brig Betsy was sent into Boston by the York of Baltimore. 
 Ship Alfred sent into port by the Harpy of Baltimore. Ship An- 
 tonia, under Eussian colors, sent in by same. Two brigs in ballast 
 captured by same and burnt. 
 
 In September the Harpy fell in with the British packet Prin- 
 cess Elizabeth, and after a warm but short action the packet sur- 
 rendered. She had three men killed and several wounded. The 
 Princess Elizabeth was armed with 10 guns and 38 men. She had 
 on board as passengers a Turkish Ambassador for England, and an 
 English officer, aide to a British General, and a second lieutenant 
 of a " 74." The privateer divested the packet of $10,000 in specie, 
 five pipes of Madeira wine, and her armament, and ransomed the 
 vessel for $2000, and then allowed her to proceed on her course to 
 England. 
 
 East India Company's ship Countess of Harcourt, 520 tons, 6 
 heavy guns and 90 men, outward bound, laden with dry goods, 
 brandy, rum, &c., separated from the fleet in a gale, was captured 
 in the British Channel by the Sabine of Baltimore and sent into 
 port. This was a very valuable prize to her captors. His Majesty's 
 packet, the cutter Landraile, — guns, 33 men, was captured after 
 a hard battle in the British Channel, by the Syren of Baltimore. 
 Two brigs were also captured by the same, one burnt, the other re- 
 leased. Brig Betsy and Mary captured by the Kemp of Baltimore 
 and burnt. Shij) Calypso, with $3000 in specie, by the same. Brig 
 New Frederick captured by same. 
 
 His Majesty's transport brig Doris, captured by the Grampus 
 of Baltimore, was sent into Marblehead. The Doris was from 
 
368 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Senegal bound to Portsmouth, England, and had on board 30 or 40 
 soldiers, also two elegant horses, one hyena, two jackals, &c., 
 presents for the Prince Eegent. 
 
 The Mammoth, off the coast of Newfoundland, had an action 
 with an English transport ship with three or four hundred troops 
 on board. She hauled off and continued on her cruise. The York 
 of Baltimore arrived at Boston, filled with the richest spoils of 
 several vessels; among them the East India ship Coromandel, of 
 500 tons. The privateer Surprise of Baltimore arrived at Salem, after 
 a fortunate cruise of one month, during which time she captured 
 twenty British vessels, some very valuable. British brig Pike cap- 
 tured by the privateer Pike of Baltimore, and burnt. Schooner 
 captured by the same, and made cartel of. Schooner In- 
 dustrious Bee captured by the same and burnt. Schooners Yenus, 
 Lord Nelson, and brigs Jane, Orient, were also captured by the 
 Pike. She also captured several other vessels, which were re- 
 leased or made cartels of. The Pike was finally chased ashore on 
 the Southern coast, and taken possession of by some of the 
 enemy's boats. A part of the crew, however, escaped ; the re- 
 mainder, forty-three in number, were made prisoners. She paroled 
 250 prisoners during her cruise. 
 
 The ship Samuel Cummings, 400 tons, laden with sugar and 
 cofi'ee, was taken by the Pike, but was wrecked on the Southern 
 coast. Brig Endeavor, a transport vessel, was taken by the Surprise 
 of Baltimore, and destroyed on Eockaway beach, near New York, 
 by the British men-of-war. 
 
 Cutter Jubilee, from Tenerifi'e, with wine, captured by the Whig 
 of Baltimore and made a cartel of. Schooner Alexandria, in bal- 
 last, captured by the same and burnt. Also captured British brigs 
 Irish Minor, Princess Mary, Eliza, and ships Esperance, London, 
 and Postethwell. The Whig made several other prizes on this 
 cruise, and arrived at New York with some goods and tw^enty- 
 three prisoners. She also made some prizes in company with 
 the David Porter of Boston. 
 
 Brig Fire-Fly, from Smyrna for London, with a full cargo of 
 drugs, wines and silks, was brought into Wilmington, N. C, by the 
 Sabine of Baltimore. She took goods to the amount of $100,000. 
 Brig Mary and Eliza was captured by the Argo of Baltimore, and 
 burnt. Brig Argo of Dublin was captured by the Surprise of Balti- 
 more. Brig , laden with rum and molasses, captured by the 
 
 Grampus of Baltimore. The Mammoth captured the sloop Farmer, 
 and brigs Bi-itannia, Ceres, and three other brigs in ballast. The 
 privateer York of Baltimore captured the following vessels, viz : 
 British brigs Harvest, William, ten guns and fourteen men, Eover 
 and sloop Eegulator, all of which had valuable cargoes. The 
 privateer Leo of Baltimore captured several vessels at sea, and 
 was finally captured herself whilst in distress off the coast of Spain 
 by a British frigate. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 369 
 
 1815. The privateer York of Baltimore having returned homo 
 from a successful cruise on the coast of Brazil and among the 
 islands in the West Indies, her prizes were valued at least a million 
 and a half of dollars. 
 
 The following prizes were taken by the very fortunate privateer 
 vessel Surprise of Baltimore, and burnt; Brigs Charlotte, Lively, 
 William Maid, Polly, ship Milnes, and schooners Prince Eegentand 
 Sally. The English privateer Lively, one gun and seventeen men, 
 was brought into Salem. Ship Caledonia from Cork, worth $250- 
 000, was divested of her goods to the value of $50,000. Brigs 
 Eagle, Traveller, Wellington (four guns and fifteen men) and Eliza 
 were made cartels of to release the prisoners. The Surprise also 
 captured the brig Albion, schooner Charlotte Ann, and recaptured 
 the boat Ann. During her last cruise, which only occupied one 
 month, she captured twenty sail of British merchantmen, including 
 one small privateer. She made 197 prisoners, released 160, and 
 brought into port thirty-seven. Ketch Expedition, with seventy- 
 five pipes of wine and 1,150 quintals of barilla, was sent into New 
 York by the Grampus of Baltimore. Brig Catharine and William, 
 prize to the Grampus, was lost near Beaufort, S. C. Cutter Flying- 
 Fish captured by the Sabine and sent in. Brig Aaron captured 
 by the same and sent into port. Two ships taken by the Syren of 
 Baltimore off the British coast, and destroyed. 
 
 The Amelia of Baltimore captured the following vessels : Brigs. 
 
 Colier, Harmony, Ann, Elizabeth, and ship , of eight guns. 
 
 She had a short combat with the Neptune. Brig Sir John Sher- 
 brook, twelve guns, was captured by the Syren of Baltimore. Ann 
 and Eliza w^as captured by the Mammoth, and destroyed. The 
 following vessels were also captured by the same: Brigs Uniza, 
 Sarah, Sir Home Popham, and schooners Two Brothers, Rapid, and 
 ship Champion. The Mammoth also captured and ordered into 
 port the bark Mary, brigs Alexander and Charlotte, and the ship 
 Mentor, with valuable cargoes, and gave up the schooners Thomas 
 and Good Intent and brigs Joseph and Eliza. She made in 
 all twenty -one prizes and paroled about 300 prisoners. This 
 privateer arrived at Portsmouth, N. H., full of rich spoils from the 
 enemy. 
 
 The Harpy of Baltimore sailed from Portsmouth, N. H., and 
 returned there after a cruise of twenty days, laden with the 
 choicest spoils of the foe, and sixty prisoners. She captured the 
 schooner Britannia, and burnt her and the brig Halifax, packet, 
 with a valuable cargo. Also the transport-ship Amazon, six guns 
 and eighteen men, an elegant vessel with a cargo of provisions. 
 Also, the transport-ship Budges, 440 tons, six eighteen-pound carron- 
 ades, and a large cargo of rum, &c. The prizes of the Harpy were 
 valued at $500,000. 
 
 The valuable brig Europa, of eight eighteen-pound carronades, 
 two long nines and twenty-two men, with 175 tons of sweet oil, 
 24 
 
370 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 was sent into port by the Patapsco of Baltimore. Brig Canada, 
 ten guns, was sent into Wilmington by the Lawrence of Baltimore. 
 The English brig William, from the coast of Africa, laden with 
 194,087 pounds of gum, estimated to be worth $60,000, was sent 
 into Newbern, N. C, by a Baltimore privateer whose name is not 
 given. The privateer Syren of Baltimore, returning from a cruise, 
 was lost on making the Delaware, being run ashore by the pilot, 
 where she was attacked by three barges from a razee at anchor, 
 which were kept at bay for two hours. The privateer was set on 
 fire by the crew and escaped. Brig Cossack was sent into Boston 
 by the Surprise of Baltimore. This vessel had been captured by 
 the Grand Turk, of Salem, recaptured by the Bulwark seventy-four, 
 and retaken by the Surprise. Schooner Mary captured by the 
 Surprise, and sunk. Schooners Eugene and Stinger captured by 
 
 the Midas of Baltimore, and destroyed. British schooner 
 
 captured by the Eesolution of Baltimore, and sent into Charleston, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 On the 3d of December, the privateer Kemp of Baltimore, on 
 a cruise to the West Indies, descried a small fleet of merchant ships, 
 eight in number, under convoy of a frigate. The privateer attacked 
 the fleet, and carried off after a severe contest four of the largest 
 vessels ; one of the brigs and her cargo was estimated to be worth 
 $300,000. The privateer schooner Caroline of Baltimore captured 
 the British brig Stephen, fourteen guns and thirty men. Brig 
 Lord Wellington was captured by the letter-of-raarque Diamond of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 The privateer Amelia of Baltimore arrived safe at Philadelphia 
 in April, 1815, with a full cargo of valuable goods taken from the 
 enemy. During her cruise she captured ten British vessels ; some 
 she destroyed and some she ordered into port. The Amelia carried 
 but six guns and seventy-five men. The captured vessels amounted 
 to 2,270 tons, 112 prisoners, and thirty-two carriage guns. She was 
 frequently chased by the enemy, and once for fifty-three hours, but 
 was fortunate enough to evade all her pursuers. 
 
 Cutter Eliza and Peggy was captured by the Lawrence of Balti- 
 more ; also captured cutter Dart, ship Christian, and schooner 
 Atalanta. The privateer Lawrence arrived at New York on the 
 25th of January. During her cruise she took thirteen prizes, eight 
 of which were manned ; some of them were very valuable. She 
 made 106 prisoners, and her prizes in the aggregate amounted to 
 more than 3,000 tons. 
 
 British brig Lord Wellington was captured by the Expedition 
 of Baltimore and burnt. Ship Jane was captured by the Harpy, 
 of Baltimore, and burnt, also brig William Nelson, brig Louisa, 
 and schooner Nine Sisters. The Harpy captured the English ship 
 William and Alfred, ship Jane, and the valuable ship Garland. The 
 Harpy arrived at Salem in April, 1815. She had on board a valu- 
 able cargo of rich merchandise of every description, taken from 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 371 
 
 several of her prizes made while cruising on the coast of England, 
 in the Bay of Biscay, and along the coast of Spain and Portugal. 
 She had among other articles upwards of £100,000 sterling in 
 British treasury notes and bills of exchange. She was a noble ves- 
 sel of 349 tons, carrying 14 heavy guns, and about 100 men. 
 
 The privateer Harrison arrived at Wilmington, N. C, with a 
 full cargo of goods taken from the enemy, with the loss of her 
 captain in an engagement with a British sloop-of-war, after 
 the capture of several vessels. Brig Peter was captured and sent 
 into North Carolina by the Lawrence, of Baltimore. Brig John, 
 and brig Nancy, were captured by the Perry, of Baltimore, which 
 arrived in the Delaware about the 1st of February, with a full 
 cargo of chosen spoils. She was chased some eight or ten times 
 by brigs, sloops-of-war, frigates, and razees, but laughed at them 
 all. 
 
 English brig was sent in by the Kemp, of Baltimore. 
 
 Sloop Enterprise was captured by the Whig, of Baltimore, as were 
 also bri^ Brunswick, Eace Horse, and schooner Britannia. Brig 
 Athill, eight guns, was captured by the Lawrence, of Baltimore, 
 and sent into Brest, France. 
 
 We find it stated, that on the 24th of December, 1814, the Bal- 
 timore privateer Surprise was at Brest, and there fired a salute, 
 which was answered by the French Admiral with 11 guns. British 
 schooner Lucy Ann was captured by the Surprise, as was the 
 brig Forth. As the Surprise left the port of Brest she was chased 
 for several hours by a British sloop-ot-war, who fired fifty guns at 
 her without effect. On the 28th of January the Surprise captured, 
 after a short engagement, the English ship Star, mounting eight 
 twelve-pound guns, with 26 men. The prize was sent into New 
 York, and proved to be an exceedingly valuable one, being valued 
 at $300,000. It consisted of the following articles: 1180 bags of 
 sugar, 5,021 bags of coffee, 45 tubs of camphor, 297 bags of sago, 
 224 cwt. of sapan wo(5d, 22 bales of nankeens, 83 cases of cinna- 
 mon, and 45 cases of tortoise-phell. 
 
 I'he Chasseur, of Baltimore, captured the very valuable vessels, 
 ship Mary and Susan, of 470 tons, the schooner Arrow, and the 
 ship Adventure. Ship Emulation was captured by the Syren. The 
 Kemp arrived safe in Baltimore loaded with goods, after capturing 
 a British brig mounting 14 guns and 40 men, after a warm action 
 of forty minutes, when the enemy struck his colors. Brig Alex- 
 ander was captured by the Leo, of Baltimore. Brig Eagle cap- 
 tured by the Lawrence. Ship Anne, 417 tons, captured by the 
 Zebec Ultor, of Baltimore, and sent into New York. The Zebec 
 TJltor also captured the brigs Maria Annabella, Mohawk, and th^ 
 sloops Twins and I'Esperauce, and sloop Constitution. 
 
 The Chasseur was a very formidable vessel, carrying sixteen 
 long twelve-pounders, with a crew of one hundred men, including 
 officers, seamen and marines. On her last trip she captured the 
 
372 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOBE, 
 
 following vessels (by no means all) : Sloop Christiana, brigs Rein- 
 deer, Marquis of Cornwallis, Albert, Harmony, Eclipse, Commerce, 
 Antelope, Atlantic, and Amicus, schooner Favorite, and ships Carl- 
 bury, James, and Theodore. The whole number of vessels cap- 
 tured by Capt. Boyle on this cruise was eighteen, and many of 
 them very valuable. He brought into port ibrt^^-three prisoners, 
 and paroled one hundred and fifty. During Captain Boyle's cruise 
 in the British Channel and around the coast of Great Britain, he 
 made many hairbreadth escapes. 
 
 At this period it was the general custom for the British Ad- 
 mirals on our coast to issue what the Americans called paper 
 blockades, declaring the whole coast of North America in a strict 
 state of blockade. Several of these blockade-proclamations had 
 recently been issued by Admiral Sir John Borlaise Warren, and Sir 
 Alexander Cochrane. As a burlesque on these paper-blockades, 
 Captain Boyle, while in the British Channel, issued the following 
 proclamation and sent it by a cartel to London, with a request to 
 have it posted up at Lloyd's Coffee House : 
 
 ^^ By Thomas Boyle, Esq., Commander of the privateer armed brig 
 Chasseur, &c., &c. — Proclamation : 
 
 "Whereas it has become customary with the Admirals of Great 
 Britain, commanding small forces on the coast of the United States, 
 particularly Sir John Borlaise Warren and Sir Alexander Cochrane, 
 to declare all the coast of the United States in a state of strict and 
 rigorous blockade, without possessing the power to justify such a 
 declaration, or stationing an adequate force to maintain said block- 
 ade. I do therefore, by virtue of the power and authority in me 
 vested (possessing sufficient force) declare all the ports, harbors, 
 bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands and seacoast of the 
 United Kingdom of G-reat Britain and Ireland, in a state of strict 
 and rigorous blockade. And I do further declare, that I consider 
 the force under my command adequate to maintain strictly, rigor- 
 ously, and effectually, the said blockade. And I do hereby require 
 the respective officers, whether captains, commanders, or cpm- 
 manding officers, under my command, employed or to be employed 
 on the coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, to pay strict at- 
 tention to the execution of this njy proclamation. And I do hereby 
 caution and forbid the ships and vessels of all and every nation, 
 in amity and peace with the United States, from entering or at- 
 tempting to enter, or from coming or attempting to come out of 
 any of the said ports, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, 
 or seacoasts, under anj^ pretence whatsoever. And that no person 
 may plead ignorance of this mj proclamation, I have ordered the 
 gime to be made public in England. 
 
 " Given under my hand, on board the Chasseur, day and date 
 as above. Thomas Boyle. 
 
 " (By command of the commanding officer) 
 
 "J. J. Stanbury, Secretary." 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 373 
 
 On the 26th of February, Capt. Boyle in the Chasseur, after a 
 severe contest, captured his Britannic Majesty's schooner St. Law- 
 rence, commanded by Lieut. J. C. Gordon, formerly the famous 
 privateer Atlas of Philadelphia, built on the Chesapeake, and 
 mounting 15 guns with a complement of 75 men, and had on 
 board a number of soldiers, marines, and some gentlemen of 
 the navy passengers, bound express to the squadron off New 
 Orleans. She had, by the report of her commander, 6 men killed 
 and 17 wounded, most of them badly, and several of them mortally. 
 She was a perfect wreck, cut to pieces in the hull, and scarcely a 
 rope left standing, and had not an officer on board that was not 
 either killed or wounded. The Chasseur had five men killed and 
 eight wounded — Capt. Boyle among the latter, slightly. The Chap- 
 seur arrived in Baltimore on the 15th of April, 1815, full of rich 
 goods. On entering the port, the Chasseur saluted Fort McHenry 
 in a handsome style, and her brave captain and crew were welcomed 
 by all classes of the community. The Chasseur was a fine large 
 brig, and familiarly called " The Pride of Baltimore." She was 
 indeed a fine specimen of naval architecture, and perhaps the most 
 beautiful vessel that had floated on the ocean. She certainly 
 carried dismay and terror to her enemies. 
 
 The Saranac of Baltimore captured and sunk a small English 
 schooner, a tender to the ''74" Dragon, and also captured and sunk 
 a British packet in the West Indies. British brig Poll}^ was cap- 
 tured and sent into Cadiz by the privateer Amelia of Baltimore. 
 
 The war continued about three j^ears, and the result, as near 
 as we have been able to ascertain, was a loss to Great Britain of 
 about two thousand ships and vessels of every description, includ- 
 ing men-of-war and merchantmen. A Northern writer, speaking 
 of this period, says : — " When I call to mind the spirit and acts of 
 the Baltimoreans during our last war with England, 1 am inspired 
 with a feeling of esteem and veneration for them as a brave and 
 patriotic people that will endure with me to the end of my 
 existence. During the whole struggle against an inveterate foe, 
 they did all they could to aid and strengthen the hands of the 
 general government, and generally took the lead in fitting out 
 efficient privateers and letters-of-marque to annoy and distress the 
 enemy, and even to ' beard the old lion in his den,' for it is well 
 known that their privateers captured many English vessels at the 
 ver}^ mouths of their own ports in the British Channel. When 
 their own beautiful city was attacked by a powerful fleet and army, 
 how nobly did they defend themselves against the hand of the 
 spoiler ! The whole venom of the modern Goths seemed concen- 
 trated against the Baltimoreans, for no other reason but that they 
 had too much spirit to submit to insult and tyrannical oppression. 
 Many of the eastern people made a grand mistake in counting on 
 the magnanimity of the British nation to do them justice by mild 
 and persuasive arguments. In making these remarks in praise of 
 
374 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Baltimore, I do not mean to disparage the noble patriotism of 
 many other cities of our glorious Union ; but I do mean to say that 
 if the same spirit that fired the hearts and souls of the Baltimo- 
 reans had evinced itself throughout our entire country, it would 
 have saved every American heart much pain and mortification, and 
 would, in my opinion, have shortened the war." 
 
 The whole number of privateers and private-armed ships that 
 were commissioned as cruising vessels, and all others actively en- 
 gaged in commerce during our war with Great Britain in the 
 years 1812, 1813, and 1814, were two hundred and fifty sail. They 
 belonged to the diff'erent ports in the United States as follows : 
 
 From Baltimore, 58; from New York, 55; from Salem, 40; 
 from Boston, 32 ; from Philadelphia, 14 ; from Portsmouth, N. H., 
 11 ; from Charleston, 10; from Marblehead, 4 ; from Bristol, R. I., 
 4; from Portland, 3 ; from Newburypprt, 2; from Norfolk, 2; from 
 Newbern, N. C, 2 ; from New Orleans, 2 ; from New London, 1 ; 
 from Newport, E. I., 1 ; from Providence, JR. I., 1 ; from Barn- 
 stable, Mass., 1 ; from Fair Haven, Mass., 1 ; from Gloucester, 
 Mass., 1 ; from Washington City, 1 ; from Wilmington, N. C, 1 ; 
 from other places, belonging to Eastern ports, 3 ; Total, 250. 
 
 Observing with great regret the neglect of proper provision 
 for the education of poor females, Kev. John Francis Moranville, 
 pastor of St. Patrick's Church, determined to establish a school to 
 supply the deficiency. He organized an association of charitable 
 ladies, under the name of " St. Patrick's Benevolent Society," who 
 by monthly contributions supplied funds for the support of the 
 school and for the relief of the suflfering poor. This society was 
 founded in June, 1815, and the school went into operation the 
 same year. At this period public schools under the State and 
 city authorities had not yet been established; nor had any of 
 those admirable schools since conducted b}^ the Sisters of Charity 
 been instituted in Baltimore. St. Patrick's free school admitted 
 poor children without distinction of creeds. 
 
 Eight Eeverend John Carroll, D. D., was the first Bishop of 
 the Eoman Catholic Church in the United States. He was born 
 at Upper Marlborough, Maryland, on the 8th of January, 1735. 
 At the age of thirteen years he was sent to the College of St. 
 Omer in French Flanders, where he remained until he was trans- 
 ferred to the Jesuits' College at Liege six years afterward. He 
 was ordained a Jesuit priest in 1769, became a teacher in the Col- 
 lege of Liege, and in 1773, when the Jesuits were expelled from 
 France, he was obliged to abandon a professorship at Bruges, to 
 which he had lately been appointed, and retire to England. He 
 travelled much, and returned to his native country in 1775. He 
 accompanied Dr. Franklin, Samuel Chase, and Charles Carroll of 
 Carrolltonon a political mission to Canada, with the view of induc- 
 ing the French Canadians to join the Americans, or at least to ob- 
 serve a neutrality. In the spring of the following year, and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 375 
 
 throughout the War of Independence, he was attached to the 
 patriot cause. In 1786 he was appointed Yicar-General of the 
 Koman Catholic Church in America. In 1790 he was consecrated 
 a bishop, and the following j^ear founded the college at George- 
 town. On the invitation of Congress, he delivered a eulogy 
 on Washington in St. Peter's Church, Baltimore, on the 22d of 
 February, 1800. In 1808 Dr. Carroll was made archbishop, with 
 four suffragan bishops. With ever}^ additional duty his zeal for 
 his Zion seemed to increase, and be labored faithfull}^ until his death, 
 which occurred at Baltimore, on the 3d of December, 1815, when 
 he was eighty years of age. 
 
 On Saturday, January 7th, Col. Michell and Lieut. -Col. Towson, 
 both of the U. S. artillery, partook of a splendid entertainment 
 gotten up in honor of them by the citizens of Baltimoi'c at Bar- 
 ney's Inn. About 160 gentlemen attended, and among the invited 
 guests were Major-Gen. Scott, Brig.-Gen. Strieker, Lieut. -Col. 
 Armistead, and all the principal military and naval officers in the 
 city. Edward Johnson, Esq., Mayor, presided, assisted by the 
 gentlemen composing the committee of arrangements, five Demo- 
 crats and five Federalists — " all republicans." 
 
 After the funds of the city treasury had been exhausted, indi- 
 viduals advanced large sums for the public defence. But the 
 banks w^ere called upon by the Committee.of Safety, and loans were 
 made, which enabled them to expend $79,000 on public account, 
 and this, when assumed by the city, became the nucleus of the 
 present debt. In the year 1816 the rate of tax was 12^ cents on 
 each 6100, or one-eighth of one per centum on the amount of as- 
 sessment. 
 
 The news of peace, with the repulse of the British at New 
 Orleans, was received here with every demonstration of joy, and 
 in accordance with the proclamation of the Mayor, all the houses 
 were splendidly illuminated on the evening of the 15th of 
 February. 
 
 In accordance with the previous arrangements, the managers 
 of the Washington Monument met in Howard's Park at 12 o'clock, 
 on Tuesday the 4th of July, and in presence of from 25,000 to 
 30,000 of their fellow-citizens, amongst whom were a number of 
 the reverend clergy, the president and members of the Cincinnati 
 of Maryland, his Excellency the Governor, R. W. G. M. and mem- 
 bers of the Grand Lodge of Maryland and the subordinate lodges 
 of Baltimore, the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, officers 
 of the army and navy, Major-General K. G. Harper and aides, and 
 the 3d brigade of Marjdand militia under the command of Brig- 
 adier-General Sterett, they proceeded to perform the pleasing 
 duty assigned them by the Legislature of Maryland, of laying the 
 first corner-stone of a monument, to be erected in the city of Bal- 
 timore, to the memory of General Washington, the father of the 
 republic. In an elevated situation near the spot prepared for lay- 
 
376 CHRONIQ^ES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ing the corner-stone, was exhibited an excellent likeness of the 
 deceased hero and sage, an original portrait painted by Eembrandt 
 Peale; and immediately under the picture, a correct and beautiful 
 representation of the monument to be erected, as designed by Mr. 
 Mills, painted by Mr. Hugh Findley. These were richly decorated, 
 and formed altogether an appropriate trophy for the occasion. At the 
 beginning of the ceremony, the ensigns from the attending volunteer 
 corps displayed their flags, on which were painted the arms of the 
 United States around the trophy. The ceremonies, of the day 
 were commenced by some national airs from a volunteer band of 
 amateurs, Mr. Bunzie leader. A salute of 39 guns, commemorative 
 of the number of years which were on that day completed since 
 the declaration of Independence. Washington's march by the 
 band. James A. Buchanan, Esq., president of the board of managers, 
 then addressed the audience. At the conclusion of the address, 
 praj'er was offered by the Eight Eev. Bishop Kemp. The presi 
 dent, accompanied by the board of managers, then descended to 
 the place where the corner-stone was suspended, and by their sec- 
 retary invited his Excellency Levin Winder, R. W. G. Master of 
 Masons, Col. J. E. Howard, president, and General S. Smith, vice- 
 president of the Cincinnati, and Edward Johnson, Mayor of the 
 city of Baltimore, to witness the laying of the stone. To whom 
 when assembled, the president made the following address : 
 
 " I have, gentlemen, been requested by the board of managers 
 to ask your participation with them on this interesting occasion; 
 and, Worshipful Sir, (addressing R. W. G. Master) to present you 
 with these implements, (handing the square, plumb and level) used 
 by your ancient fraternity, with which you will be pleased to pro- 
 ceed and ascertain the fitness of this stone." 
 
 The R. W. G. Master replied : " Honorable Sir, on behalf of 
 the free and accepted Masons of this State, I accept with pleasure 
 your invitation ; and it will afford us peculiar satisfaction to render 
 all the assistance within our power, so that the stone may be laid 
 agreeably to the ancient usages of the Order, especially as the 
 object of the building to be erected is to hand down to the latest 
 posterity, the virtues and patriotism of the greatest of men ; who, 
 during his valuable life, honored our Order by becoming a zealous 
 and faithful member of the fraternity." His Excellency the R. W. G. 
 Master then proceeded to try the fitness of the stone ; and, addres- 
 sing the President, pronounced the same " true and trusty." The 
 architect, assisted by Messrs. William Steuart ajid Thomas Towson, 
 the operative masons, under the direction of the president, placed 
 the stone in its proper position. The Secretary then deposited in 
 the stone a copper plate, on one side of which was engraved : 
 
 On the 4th of July, A. D. 1815, was laid this 
 
 Foundation Stone 
 
 Of a monument to be erected lo the memory of 
 
 GEOliGE WASHINGTON. 
 
CHE0NICLE8 OF BALTIMOEB. 
 
 377 
 
 On the reverse : 
 
 John Comegys, 
 James A. Buchanan, 
 Robert Gihnor, Jr., 
 Isaac McKim, 
 William H. Winder, 
 David Winchester, 
 Fielding Lucas, Jr., 
 James Calhoun, Jr., 
 James Cocke, 
 Jolm Frick, 
 James Williams, 
 
 Managers. 
 
 James Barroll. 
 
 Washington Hall, 
 Lenmel Taylor, 
 George Hoffman, 
 Edward J. Coale, 
 James Partridi^e, 
 Nicholas G. Ridgely, 
 Robert Milh-r, 
 Nathaniel F. Williams, 
 L^^vi Hollingsworih, 
 William Gwynn, 
 Benjamin H. Millikin, 
 
 Eli Simkins, Secretary. 
 
 Robert Mills, Architect. 
 
 The site presented by John Eager Howard, Esq. Edward Johnson, Mayor 
 of the city. 
 
 A sealed glass bottle was also deposited, containing a likeness of 
 Washington, his valedictory address, the several newspapers printed 
 in this city, and the different coins of the United States. On the 
 stone was engraved — 
 
 William Steuart and Thomas Towson, Stone Cutters; bater Stevenson, 
 
 Stone Mason. 
 
 The President, accompanied by the R. W. G. Master, the Presi- 
 dent and Vice-President of the Cincinnati, and the Mayor of the 
 city, proceeded and settled the stone. The Grand Master then 
 pronounced, "May the Grand Architect of the Universe grant a 
 blessing on this foundation-stone which we have now laid, and by 
 His Providence enable us to finish this and every other work which 
 may be undertaken for the benefit of the republic and the perpe- 
 tuity of our free institutions." The R. W. G. Master then received 
 the several vessels containing corn, wine and oil, and addressed the 
 President said : " Sir, as the scattering of corn and the pouring out 
 of wine and oil on such occasions are a part of our ancient ceremo- 
 nies, with your assent I will perform that duty." The President 
 signified his assent, when the Grand Master scattered the corn and 
 poured out the wine and oil on the stone, saying, " May the All- 
 Bountiful Author of I^ature bless this city with an abundance of 
 corn, wine and oil, and with all the necessaries, conveniences and 
 comforts of life; and may the same Almighty power preserve the 
 city from ruin and decay, to the latest posterity." The R. W. G. 
 Master, then addressing the Rev. John Hargrove, Grand Chaplain, 
 said : " Have we here the first and greatest light of Masonry ?" He 
 replied, " It is in my hands. Right Worshipful." The R. W, G. 
 Master asked "What instruction does it give on this occasion?" 
 The Grand Chaplain read the following select passages from the 
 Holy Writings: "Thus saith the Lord God, behold I lay in Zion 
 for a foundation a stone, a tried stone a precious corner-stone, a 
 sure foundation, &c. Judgment also will I lay to the line and 
 
378 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 jigji^epusnesg unia the plummet." (Isaiah xxviii. 16-17.) " For 
 behold the stone which I have laM before Joshua; upon one stone 
 shall be seven eyes; behold I will engrave the engraving thereof, 
 saith the Lord of Hosts." (Zech. iii. 9.) " Bless ye the Lord, all 
 ye servants of the Lord ; lift up your hands in the sanctuary and 
 bless the Lord; the Lord that made heaven and earth bless thee 
 out of Zion." (Psalm cxxxiv.) Grand honors by the Masons. 
 
 The president then addressed Mr. Mills : "The managers ap- 
 pointed by the Legislature of Maryland to superintend the erection 
 of this monument, intended to hand down to the latest generation 
 the love of country, the disinterestedness, the valor, and the patriot- 
 ism of one of the greatest and best of men that ever lived in any 
 age, having the most unbounded confidence in your skill and 
 integrity as an architect, do now entrust you with -these symbols 
 (handing the S. L. P.) by which you are to prosecute according to 
 that design,, (pointing to a representation of the monument as de- 
 signed by Mr. Mills, painted by W. H. Warren) a monument which 
 may do honor to yourself as an architect, as w^ell as those who 
 have confided in you, and be in some degree commensurate with its 
 object." Mr. Mills replied: "The honor, sir, you have been 
 pleased to confer upon me, I hope to prove that I duly appreciate, 
 by a faithful performance of the duties incumbent on me as an 
 architect. I feel a double inducement to use my best exertions to 
 execute faithfully, and with ability, the important duty intrusted to 
 me, from the recollection that the work to be performed is the 
 execution of a monument to perpetuate our country's gratitude to 
 the Father of her Liberties, and that you have given a preference 
 to native genius in the choice of a design for the work." The Rev. 
 Dr. Inglis then pronounced prayer and benedicion. After which 
 followed music, first solemn, then national. Grand salute of 100 
 guns, the band plajnng Yankee Doodle. The whole ceremonies of 
 the day were concluded by three volleys from the whole line of 
 infantry. The evening sky was beautifully bespangled by rockets 
 thrown xrom Fort McHenry and the Columbian Gardens. 
 
 Attempts had been made to regulate the meetings for business 
 of the merchants before, but in 1815 a more decisive plan of effect- 
 ing this object was undertaken by Messrs. William Patterson, 
 Robert G. Harper, Dennis A. Smith, John Oliver, Thomas Ten nan t, 
 Robert Smith, Henry Payson, Isaac McKim, Henry Thompson, and 
 others who purchased the grounds fronting on Gay street, from 
 Second to Lombard streets, and began building in solid brick-work" 
 and rough-cast the building known as the Exchange according to a 
 design of Benjamin H. Latrobe. Col. Jacob Small, carpenter, Col. 
 Wm. Stewart, stone cutter, and Mr. T. Henning, bricklayer, were 
 the builders. A part of the grounds being the N. W. corner of Gay 
 and Lombard streets, was purchased, finished, and occupied by the 
 United States as a custom-house, and the S. W. corner of Gay and 
 Second streets was in like manner taken by the Bank of the United 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 379 
 
 States, but now occupied by the Merchants' Bank. The company- 
 was incoi*porated from its origin and organized in 1821, Eobert 
 Gilmor president, William Cooke secretary. 
 
 The Committee of Vigilance and Safety of the city of Balti- 
 more, on the 1st of March, deeplj' impressed with the grateful re- 
 collection of the distinguished gallantry of their late fellow-citizens 
 who fell nobly fighting in defence of their country on the ever- 
 memorable 12th and 13th of September, 1814. unanimously resolved 
 upon the erection of a monument to perpetuate their memories, and 
 appointed James A. Buchanan, Samuel Hollings worth, Richard 
 Frisby, Joseph Jamieson, and Henry Payson, five of their mem- 
 bers, to carr}^ into effect the said resolution. "And that the corner- 
 stone be laid on the 12th of September next, that there be then 
 a grand procession, that the relatives of the deceased be invited to 
 attend, and that a suitable address be delivered on the occasion." 
 
 Agreeably to the foregoing resolution, on the 12th of September, 
 a procession was formed in Great York street (now East Balti- 
 more street,) which proceeded by the intended route to Monument 
 square. The funeral car, surmounted by a plan of the intended 
 monument as designed by Mr. Maximilian Godefroy, and executed 
 by Mr. John Finley assisted by Mr. Rembrandt Peale, was drawn 
 by six white horses, caparisoned and led by six men in military 
 uniform, and guarded by the Independent Blues, commanded by 
 Capt. Levering. On the arrival at the square, the band, under 
 direction of Professors Neninger and Bunzie, performed the 
 music selected for the occasion. The Right Rev. Bishop Kemp 
 then addressed the Throne of Grace in prayer, when the corner- 
 stone of the monument was laid by the architect and his assistants, 
 under the direction of General Smith, General Strieker, Colonel 
 Armstead, and the Mayor. The book containing the names of the 
 subscribers to the building of the monument, the newspapers of the 
 preceding day, gold, silver, and copper coin of the United States, 
 were deposited therein, together with a plate of copper on which 
 was engraved — 
 
 September XII. 
 
 A. D. MDCCCXV. 
 
 In the XL. year of Independence. 
 
 James Madison being President of the U. S. 
 
 To the memory of the brave defenders of this city, who gloriously fell in the 
 
 Battle at North Point on the XII. September, 1814, 
 
 And at the bombardment of Fort McHenry on the XIII. of the same month; 
 Edward Johnson, Mayor of the City. 
 
 Maj.-Gen. Samuel Smith, Brig.-Gen. John Strieker, and Lieut.-Col. G.Armistead 
 of the U. S. Artillery, 
 
 Laid the corner stone of this Monument of public gratitude and the 
 deliverance of this city, 
 
380 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Raised by the munificence of the citizens of Baltimore, and under the superin- 
 tendence of the Committee of Vigilance and Safety. 
 
 J. Maximilian M. Godefroy. Architect. J. G. Neale, S. Baughman,and E. Hore, 
 Stone-cutters. W. Attley, Stone-mason. 
 
 The Eev. Dr. Inglis then delivered the address, after which the 
 Major announced to Gen. Harper that the laj^ing of the corner- 
 Btone was completed, when a federal salute was fired by the de- 
 tachment of artillery, and the assembly was dismissed. Minute- 
 guns were fired, and the bells of Christ Church were rung muffled 
 during the moving of the procession, and all business was suspended 
 for the day. 
 
 The following inscriptions appear on the different sides of this 
 monument: 
 
 BATTLE OF NORTH POINT, 
 
 12th of September, A. D. 1814, and of the Independence of the United States 
 
 the thirty-ninth. 
 
 . BOMBARDMENT OF FORT McHENRY, 
 
 September 13, A. D. 1814. 
 
 John Lowry Donaldson, Adjutant, 27th Regiment. 
 
 Gregorius Andre, Lieut. 1st Rifle Battalion. 
 Levi Clagett, 3d Lieut, in Nicholson's Artillerists. 
 
 G. Jenkins, H. G. McComas, D. Wells, 
 
 J. Richardson, J. Burneston, R. K. Cooksey, 
 
 W. Alexander, G. Faliier, J. Wallack, 
 
 T. V. Beeston, J. Jephson, J C. Byrd, 
 
 D.Howard, E Marriott, W Ways, 
 
 J. H. Marriott of John, J. Dunn, C. Bell, 
 
 J. Armstrong, P. Byard, J Clemm, 
 
 M. Desk, B. Reynolds, T. Garrett, 
 
 J. Craig, J. Gregg, J. Merriken, 
 
 R. Neale, A. Randall, . C. Cox, 
 
 J. Evans, J. H. Cox, U. Pro?ser, 
 
 J. Haubert, J. Wolf, B. Bond. 
 D. Davis, 
 
 1816. Messrs. Richard Caton, Benjamin and James Ellicott, 
 Levy Hollingsworth, and others, obtained licenses from several pro- 
 prietors, and employed John Lead better to bore for coal in the 
 neighborhood of Saratoga and North streets, but without success. 
 
 Subscriptions to the new Bank of the United States were opened 
 for a capital of twenty-eight millions,and $4,014,100 was subscribed 
 here in the name of 15,610 persons, principals and proxies. A 
 branch office was opened early in the next year, of which James A. 
 Buchanan was appointed by the parent board president, and James 
 "W. McCulloch cashier; and then the banks generally resumed 
 specie payments, which had been suspended since 1814. 
 
 The Mayor and City Council resolved " to employ on behalf of 
 the city of Baltimore, on such terms as they may deem -proper, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. ' 381 
 
 any artist in the United States to execute two superb paintings, 
 one of the Battle of North Point near Baltimore on the 12th Sep- 
 tember, 1814, the other of the Bombardment of Fort MeHenry on 
 the 13th September, 1814. The said paintings to be as nearly as 
 may be of the following dimensions, viz : fifteen feet long by ten feet 
 high." In addition to the paintings mentioned, the City Council 
 passed a resolution requesting Maj.-Gen. Samuel Smith, Brig.-Gen. 
 Strieker, and Lieut.-Col. Armistead to sit for their respective por- 
 traits ; also a vote of thanks to Brig.-Gen. Winder and Commo- 
 dore Eogers for the important services rendered by them during 
 the late attack of the enemy upon Baltimore. 
 
 On the 11th of May, John E. Howard, Thos. Tennant, William 
 Lorman, Isaac McKim, Eobert Gilmor, Jr., and F. Lucas, Jr., a 
 committee appointed by the citizens, proceeded to Fort McHenry 
 and presented to Lieut.-Col. Armistead a superb silver punch-bowl, 
 representing one of the largest bomb-shells thrown into the fort 
 by the British. The vase was accompanied by silver cans and 
 ladle, the latter in the form of a shrapnel-shell, and the whole 
 placed on a large silver tray. The same committee presented an 
 elegant sword to Lieut. Webster, famous for the services he ren- 
 dered at the " six-gun battery," and afterwards one to Lieut. New- 
 comb of " Fort Covington." 
 
 At the session of 1816 the Legislature passed an Act to annex 
 the Precincts, as they were called, to the city of Baltimore, against 
 the consent of nine-tenths, perhaps, of the people of both. ^7,/ 
 this procedure the city acquired a population of 16,000 or 17,000*^ 
 souls, and still had only two members in the House of Delegates 
 — a fortieth part of the power of legislation, and a fifth, if not a 
 fourth, of all the white persons in the whole State. The mere ad- 
 dition thus made to Baltimore city for population or value of 
 property was far greater than that of any one of seven or eight 
 of the counties of the State, and equal or superior to that of two 
 several pairs of united counties. But each county sent four mem- 
 bers to the Legislature. 
 
 On the decease of the Right Rev. Bishop Clagett, this year, 
 Rev. Dr. James Kemp becomes Bishop of the Diocese, and the 
 first Bishop of the Protestant Epiocopal Church residing in Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Messrs. John E. Howard, William Patterson, William Gibson, 
 William Lorman, Solomon Etting, George Warner, Owen Dorsey, 
 Geo. Winchester, James Mosher, VV. McMechen, John Hillen, Joseph 
 Townsend, and Henry Thompson are appointed commissioners to 
 survey and lay off streets, lanes and alleys added to the city. 
 
 Messrs.. Jonathan Meredith, Thomas Kell, and D. Hoffman are 
 appointed insolvent commissioners, to examine applicants and 
 grant provisional relief. 
 
 Capt. George Stiles was elected Mayor of the city. 
 
 On'the 16th of May, departed this life James McHenry, one of 
 
382 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 the framers of the Constitution of the United States, a secretary 
 to Gen. Washington in the war of Independence, and of the De- 
 partment of War in 1798. On the 14th of August, at an advanced 
 age, James Calhoun, first Mayor of Baltimore ; and on the 7th of 
 October, at his residence in the county, Col. N. E. Moore, com- 
 mandant of cavalry and late member of Congress. 
 
 On the 26th of December, an elegant public entertainment was 
 
 fiven to the gallant Commodore Decatur, at Barney's Fountain 
 nn, in the handsomest style of that day. General S. Smith, in the 
 absence of the Mayor, presided. Among the many toasts given, 
 Com. Decatur gave the following: "The citizens of Baltimore: 
 their patriotism and valor defeated the veteran forces of their 
 enemy, who came, saw, and fled I " 
 
 The Maryland Hospital was incorporated on the 29th of Janu- 
 ary, and on February 1st, the St. Andrew's Society of Baltimore, 
 and on the same day the Medical Society of Maryland. 
 
 The following very interesting letter, giving some of the un- 
 published history of the war of 1812, was written by Major-Gen- 
 eral Samuel Smith, to Acting Secretary of War George Graham, 
 Esq.: 
 
 " Washington, 30th JDecember, 1816. 
 
 " George Graham, Esq., Acting Secretary of War : 
 
 " I have the honor to inform you that I have deposited with the 
 accountant of the War Department the accounts of the Mayor and 
 corporation of the city of Baltimore, for expenditures paid by 
 them, principally in 1813, viz : For repairs in Fort McHenry,. for 
 new platforms for the guns of the water-battery, gun-carriages 
 for fome of the cannon appertaining to the fort, and for the guns 
 borrowed from the French Consul, for balls for the same, for 
 ammunition, for erecting furnaces, for booms in front of the fort 
 to prevent a surprise by night, for a small flotilla to row guard 
 by night some distance in advance to give notice by signal 
 of the approach of the enemy, for a seaman's corps to man 
 the same and the great guns, which being mounted on ship- 
 carriages and worked with tackles, could not be worked by com- 
 mon artillerists, for labor in removing the earth and throwing 
 up works within the precincts of Fort McHenry, for liquor to the 
 persons employed, and for a variety of charges incidental to the 
 preparations necessary for the defence of Fort McHenry ; all of 
 which were made conformably to orders given by -General Swift 
 (chief-engineer to Major Beall, the commanding officer of that gar- 
 rison), or by directions of Col. Wadsworth. 
 
 " Those expenses were admitted by General Armstrong to be 
 charges against the United States, and would have been paid by 
 his order, but on the agent (James W. McCulloch) presenting the 
 papers to the accountant, they were found to be unprepared for 
 Bettlement, and were all sent back to be better arranged, except 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 383 
 
 for the pay due the militia, which had been advanced by the city, 
 and which the paymaster by order of the Secretary of War re- 
 funded. I repeat that General Armstrong had agreed to pay all 
 those charges, and nothing but the informality of the papers prevented 
 the adjustment and payment of those accounts. The muster and 
 pa3"-rolls of the militia, which had been paid by the city, being in pro- 
 per form, were presented at the same time, and the amount repaid to 
 the city. Those expenditures were made at my request, and under 
 my orders as Major-General commanding at Baltimore; they were 
 addressed to the committee appointed by the Mayor and corpora- 
 tion, because there was at that time no Quartermaster-General at 
 that port or other military officer authorized to act. Had such 
 officers been appointed, all such accounts as came within their 
 powers would have been paid by them, which I shall show was 
 the case ; when a j>ro tern, quartermaster was appointed on my 
 pressing solicitation. The following view may not be deemed un- 
 necessary to a complete understanding of the subject : 
 
 "On the 11th of March, 1813, the Governor of Maryland visited 
 Baltimore with a view to ascertain its situation as to defence, and 
 at his request I addressed him a letter. On the 12th or 13th he 
 issued a general order directing me to purchase powder, ball, &c., 
 &c., to a small amount, which has been paid for by the State, and 
 in which he ordered me ' to take the earliest opportunity of mak- 
 ing the necessary arrangements of the militia for the defence of 
 the port of Baltimore.' In consequence of this order I commenced 
 immediately to make the necessary preparations to repel the 
 enemy in case of an attack. My letter-book, which I submit to 
 your perusal, will show you copies of Gov. Winder's orders, by cor- 
 respondence between the Secretary of War and Navy departments 
 and myself, by which you will see that my comipand was by them 
 fully acknowledged, both of those gentlemen having directed 
 the officers under their command to co-operate with me, which 
 order was obeyed by Major Beall of the land troops, and Captain 
 Gordon of the navy. General Armstrong's letter of 15th of May, 
 1813, admits that I was in full command, and therefore my right 
 to do what was necessary is fully admitted. At my solicitations, 
 Mr. James W. McCulloch was appointed in April, 1813, as acting 
 Deputy-Quartermaster-General, and in that capacity was directed 
 by General Armstrong to obey my orders ; that he did so, will be 
 Been by his letter to me, by my order to him of 27th April, 1813, and 
 by his accounts herewith settled at the War Department ; my or- 
 ders being his only vouchers. I state those facts to show that I 
 acted, was obeyed, and recognized as in full command, and there- 
 fore fully authorized to make every necessary preparation for the 
 defence of the port where I commanded. Colonel Wadsworth, 
 then at the head of the Ordnance Department, was sent as engi- 
 neer to direct any new works that might be deemed necessary. 
 He directed a very extensive work to protect the gate, and caused 
 
384 CHRONICLES OF BALTTMOEE. 
 
 Fort Covington to be erected ; and on his first arrival he promised 
 (the enemy then in sight) that the gim-carriages and ball for the 
 French guns should be paid for as well as those for the guns be- 
 longing to the fort ; however, after the enemy had gone, he de- 
 clined taking that responsibility on himself, and referred to the 
 Secretary of War, who assured me that they should be paid for. 
 The guns are still mounted, and the balls are still in the fort, ex- 
 cept those expended in practising and in resisting the bomb-vessels 
 when the attack was made upon the fort. Seven of those balls 
 pierced one of them, and compelled her to take a safe distance ; 
 indeed, I may attribute the preservation of the fort to those French 
 guns and bails. The enemy knew they were mounted, and knew 
 they carried balls of 41 lbs. weight, and that furnaces had been 
 prepared to make them red hot. 
 
 *' When I assumed the command I visited Fort McHenry. I 
 found that one of the platforms was rotten ; that the water bat- 
 tery was totally destroyed ; that the ground between the fort and 
 the water was in its natural state, affording a good cover to an at- 
 tacking enemy ; that some of the carriages within the fort on the 
 battery were unfit for service; that there were no furnaces; in fine, 
 that the fort was not in a condition to repel a serious attack. On 
 my representation to the Secretary of War, Col. Swift was sent to 
 Baltimore. He gave us but one day, but during that day he sketched 
 directions to Major Beall, which were highly approved of by me, 
 and were executed under the Major's superintendence ; but much of 
 the expense was paid for by the city. Those orders directed an 
 extensive line of water batterj^, which made it necessary to remove 
 an immense quantity of earth, to lay a long line of platforms for 
 the guns, on which 1 caused to be mounted the French guns, bor- 
 rowed from the Consul. On the approach of the enem}^, I caused 
 hulks to be ballasted, prepared and moored head and stern, to be 
 sunk if necessary to prevent the enemy from passing the fort. 
 They were not sunk, but their preparation, removal, and injury sus- 
 tained, was paid for by the city, and is certainly a just charge 
 against the United States. One of the charges is for flints, pow^der 
 and ball, and the making of cartridges. This was absolutely neces- 
 sary. There was no public supply; a small quantity only had been 
 deposited at the fort, and I had no other means of providing am- 
 munition but tbrough the aid of the city. Care was taken to pre- 
 serve the carti'idges, and they w^ere used at Bladensburg and at 
 North Point. Entrenching tools were indispensable, and were in 
 part supplied by the city, and part from the public stores. It is 
 proper lor me to state, that in the year 1813, in which the great 
 amount of expenses were incuried, there was no work to which 
 the city aided (out of Fort Mcllenry) except a small work for six 
 guns which was thrown up by the brick-makers without charge, 
 and that there cannot be a charge to any great amount on that ac- 
 count. That battery destroyed one of the enemy's barges in their 
 night attack and compelled them to retreat. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 385 
 
 " I beg leave to refer you to General Armstrong's letter of 22(i 
 of April, 1813, in which he informed me that he appointed Mr. 
 McCuUoch deputy Quartermaster-General, and in which he says: 
 ' That the committee of public supplies had rendered all the ser- 
 vices that he could have obtained from a more early appointment 
 of a quartermaster, and that he will of course direct him to pay all 
 the expenditures made by them, which may come within the pur- 
 view of his duty,' thus recognising the essential services of the 
 committee, and authorising the payment of such expenses paid by 
 them as came within the quartermaster's department, some of 
 which were paid by Mr. McCulloch. He implicitly admitted thereby 
 that other fair charges on other departments would be paid, and 
 that such was his intention is evident from his requesting me to 
 desire the Mayor to send forward the accounts for adjustment. I 
 repeat that these not being paid was owing to their informality. 
 The committee were not well informed as to what items did come 
 under the purview of the Quartermaster's authority, and only pre- 
 sented a part. The same principle expressed by the Secretary as 
 good reason for paying the items coming under the power of the 
 D. Q. M. G., is equally applicable to the payment of ordnance 
 stores, employment of hulks, and for powder, lead, &c., &c., to wit : 
 'That the committee have rendered all the services that could 
 have been rendered by officers properly authorized.' Had the 
 proper officers been appointed in 1813 as was in 1814, all or nearly 
 all the expenditures made and paid by the committee would have 
 been paid by them, and certainly not with more economy. Gen- 
 eral Armstrong writes, 3d April, 1813 : ' You are making your- 
 selves ready comparatively with little expense to the United States, 
 and will no doubt be prepared to meet the enemy.' In that letter he 
 complains of a want of money. The committee supplied that want. 
 
 " In fine, I feel confident that on a perusal of my correspondence 
 with the Secretaries of War and -Navy, you will have no doubt that 
 I was acting with their full concurrence, and that the committee 
 under my orders as commanding general acted as the officers of 
 Quartermaster and Commissary of Purchases would have done 
 had any been then appointed. That all they did was economically 
 done cannot be doubted, and of this fact I can assure you, that the 
 work done and preparation made in 1813 was the cause of its pre- 
 servation when attacked in 1814, and that the preparations made 
 in 1813 enabled us to meet the enemj' when he attacked us by land 
 in 1814. The city was saved by the preparations of 1813, and I can- 
 not doubt but the debt then contracted by the city will be honor- 
 ably discharged by a settlement at the War Department. I have 
 the honor to be 
 
 " Your obedient servant, Samuel Smith. 
 
 " P. S. — It may be proper to state that in April, 1813, Admiral 
 Cockburn appeared off the mouth of the Patapsco, and threatened 
 25 
 
386 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 an attack on Fort McHenry. He sent a flag under a pretext of 
 sending a letter to the Secretary of State, but in truth to get a 
 view of the fort and to sound the river. The flag was met at the 
 distance of four miles by my aide-de-camp, and detained by Capt. 
 Chay ter, who commanded one of the flotilla barges at that distance, 
 until my answer returned. He asked whether we had mounted 
 the guns of the French 74, and was answered that we had mounted 
 the heaviest : and this information it was afterwards said in the 
 fleet prevented *an attempt being then made. In August, 1813, on 
 Admiral Harvey appearing at a landing at Kent Island, I was 
 called into the service of the United States by Greneral Armstrong 
 whilst in Baltimore on his way to the Noi-th, and on the 26th of 
 August, 1814, I was ordered into service as M. G. of the Quota." 
 
 On the 19th of June an ordinance was passed by the Mayor and 
 City Council, granting permission to the Gas Light Company of 
 Baltimore to more effectually light the streets of Baltimore. The 
 Company obtained their charter on the 5th of February, 1817. 
 The original corporators were Kembrandt Peale, William Lorman, 
 James Slosher, Eobert Carey Long, and William Gwynn. Mr. 
 Gwynn was then editor of the old Baltimore Gazette, and aided 
 largely by his pen in writing the infant project into public favor. 
 The first building in this city lighted with gas was Peale's Museum 
 on Holliday street, (now Old City Hall.) This was Mr. Peale's in- 
 dividual enterprise, and visitors paid a small fee to see the new 
 light. The experiment suggested the idea of lighting the city by 
 the same, means, and a charter was accordingly obtained from the 
 Legislature, one hundred shares being set apart at the time to be 
 assigned to Eembrandt Peale as a compensation in full for the 
 privilege of using the invention of Doctor Benjamin Kugler of 
 Philadelphia, for manufacturing, collecting, and using carburetted 
 hydrogen gas. The Company got fairly under way about 1820, 
 its first president being William Lorman. The gas-works were 
 located at the corner of North and Saratoga streets, and the 
 first public building lighted with gas by the Company was 
 the old "Mud" or "Belvedere" Theatre, at the north-west 
 corner of North and Saratoga streets. The first private 
 dwelling lighted with gas was that of the late Jacob J. Cohen 
 on North Charles street; the second, that of the late Hugh 
 Birckhead, in the same street. Froni that time the consumption of 
 gas steadily increased, until, instead of the three original takers in 
 1820, there were, in 1870, 15,301 consumers of gas in the city. 
 Besides this, the Company also supplies 3400 city-lamps for light- 
 ing the streets. 
 
 1817. On the 11th of February, the Hibernian Society of Balti- 
 more was incorporated, and on the 16th of February the Second 
 Dispensary was incorporated by the Legislature. 
 
 At this period, Sunday-schools were organized by the religious 
 fiocieties generally, and the members of the Catholic Church es- 
 
CHROKIOLES OF BALTIMOKE. 387 
 
 tablished a free school for both sexes, which was forthwith incor- 
 porated. Mr. John McKim, deceased this year, had requested his 
 heirs to appropriate six hundred dollars of ground rents per annum 
 for the support of a free school under the direction of the Friends' 
 Society. This institution, founded by John McKiqa and supported 
 by his endowment, now occupies the beautiful structure erected by 
 his son Isaac McKim, at the corner of Baltimore and Aisquith 
 streets. It is built in imitation of the temple of Theseus at Athens. 
 
 On the 5th of March, at night, the wing occUpied by the crimi- 
 nals in the penitentiary, containing about 300, was set on fire and 
 nearly consumed, but'no lives were lost. 
 
 At a meeting of sundry persons convened at the house of Henry 
 Payson, Esq., on the 10th day of February, 1817, for the purpose \^ 
 of taking into consideration the expediency of forming a religious 
 society, and of building a new church for the accommodation of 
 Christians who are Unitarians, and who cherish liberal sentiments 
 on the subject of religion, Henry Payson was called to the chaii", 
 and Nathanael Williams appointed secretary. The object of the 
 meeting having been stated and discussed, it was unanimously re- 
 solved, that it was expedient and desirable to form a society for the 
 purposes aforesaid ; and a plan or constitution of government being 
 proposed, as provided by an Act of the General Assembly of Mary- 
 land, entitled " An Act to incorporate certain persons in every 
 Christian Church or congregation in this State," the same was 
 debated and adopted. From this assembly of gentlemen, most of 
 them originally from New England, the First Independent or Uni- 
 tarian Church of Baltimore took its origin. A lot on the north- 
 west corner of Charles and Franklin streets was shortly afterward 
 purchased, and Maximilian Godefroy, a distinguished architect 
 of the day, was employed to design and build a church. The 
 corner-stone of the present noble edifice was accordingly laid with 
 due ceremony on June 5th, 1817, and the building having been 
 sufficiently advanced for public worship, it was solemnly dedicated 
 to the service of Almighty God on the 29th of October, 1818. On 
 November Ist of the same year, the first Sunday services were 
 held in it; the Eev. Mr. Colman officiating in the morning, and^-^ 
 the Rev. Br. Freeman in the evening. The Eev. Jared Sparks of ^ 
 Cambridge, Mass., was engaged to preach for some weeks, and on v 
 the 31st of January, 1819, he was unanimously called to the pastor- 
 ate of the church. He accepted the invitation, and was ordained 
 accordingly on May 5th. The sermon on this occasion was preached 
 by the celebrated Dr. William Ellery Channing of Boston, Mass., 
 the most distinguished champion of the Unitarian faith, and it was 
 regarded as one of the most powerful efforts of his life. Mr. 
 Sparks was a man of much ability as a writer and thinker, and 
 greatly beloved for his fine social qualities. During his ministry he 
 entered into a controversy with Rev. Dr. Wm. E. Wyatt of St. Paul's 
 Church, who had warmly attacked the principles of the Unitarian 
 
v^ 
 
 388 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 
 
 faith ; and Mr. Sparks replied in a series of articles defending Uni- 
 tarianism with signal skill. His pastorate lasted until July, 1823, 
 when he resigned his charge, partly on account of ill health and a 
 desire of change of pursuits. He left the ministry altogether, al- 
 though he always remained a Unitarian, and henceforth devoted 
 himself to literary labors. He became widely-known as one of the 
 foremost of American historians by his " Life and Letters of George 
 Washington," "Life and Letters of Franklin," and "Correspon- 
 dence of the Eevolution." He was editor of the North American 
 Review arid of " Sparks' American Biography," for three years Pro- 
 fessor of History in Harvard University, and'became also its presi- 
 dent. He died universally respected and beloved on March 14th, 
 1866, in the seventy-seventh year of his age. He retained always 
 an affe.ctionate interest in the city and people of Baltimore. " The 
 amount of Mr. Sparks' literary labor and its popular estimation, 
 may be judged from the fact that more than six hundred thousand 
 volumes of his various publications have been published and dis- 
 posed of." 
 
 After the retirement of Mr. Sparks the church struggled on 
 for some years without a settled minister, various clergymen sup- 
 lying the pulpit from time to time until April 23, 1828, when the 
 •ev. George W. Burnap, who had for nearly a year previous been 
 preaching in the church, was ordained as its pastor. Mr. Burnap 
 was a young man when he entered on his ministry, and he con- 
 tinued to be the devoted and zealous shepherd of his flock for a 
 period of near thirty-two years. During this period he became 
 widely known as a writer in controversial theology, and also pub- 
 lished a number of volumes, such as " Lectures to Young Men," 
 "Lectures to Young Women," &c., &c., which gave him a deserved 
 and handsome reputation in literature. He was universally be- 
 loved for his f)ure and unselfish character, and w^as on terms of 
 cordial friendship with many of the orthodox clergy in Baltimore. 
 During the latter part of his ministry some persons seceded from 
 the church, and established another congregation under charge of 
 
 Kev. Bowen, preaching at the old Masonic Hall. Mr. 
 
 Bowen continued the pastor of this second society until some time 
 after the outbreak of the Rebellion, when he entered the Federal 
 army as chaplain. Dr. Burnap died suddenly on September 8th, 
 1859, to the great grief of his congregation. 
 
 The Rev. ^. H. Chamberlain, of Canton, Mass., was elected 
 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. Burnap, and 
 he was duly installed on March 28th, 1860. About a year after 
 he was settled the Civil War broke out, and a number of per- 
 sons left the church on account of politics. Mr. Chamber- 
 lain continued in charge until January Ist, 1863, when he resigned 
 the pastorate, chiefly on account of a change in his religious views. 
 His resignation was accepted, and he subsequently united himself 
 to the Episcopal Church, and was ordained to its ministry. Dur- 
 
CHEONIOLES OF BALTIMORE. 389 
 
 ing Mr. Chamberlain's ministry the Unitarian Church was injured 
 by a fire, burning a number of the pews, &c., caused by a defect in 
 the furnace. 
 
 The Eev. John F. W. Ware, of Cambridge, Mass., was invited 
 on January 12, 1864, to become the pastor of the church, and ac- 
 cepting the call, he, without any formal installation, began duty 
 on May 15, 1864, He was a forcible and able pulpit orator, but 
 becoming dissatisfied with his situation, he resigned his charge on 
 June 29, 1867. He continued for some time, however, to preach 
 elsewhere in the city, and his Sunday evening discourses at Ford's 
 Opera House attracted much attention. After Mr. Ware's depar- 
 ture there was another interregnum for some time in the affairs of 
 the church, various ministers conducting the services, and among 
 them the Eev. Orville Dewey, D.D. A choice was at length made 
 of the Eev. Edward C. Guild, of Boston, Mass., who entered upon 
 his duties on September 19, 1869. He continued in charge until 
 May 27, 1872, when, greatly to the regret of his flock, he sent in 
 his resignation, remaining, however, as the pastor until September 
 1st. The Eev. Charles E. Weld, B. D., who had just graduated at 
 the Divinity School of Cambridge, Mass., was invited to become 
 the minister in place of, Mr. Guild on October 27, 1872. He ac- 
 cepted the position thus tendered, and was accordingly ordained 
 as the pastor of the church on Thursday, January 2d, 1873. Mr. 
 Weld is a descendant of the celebrated Dr. Jonathan Edwards, of 
 Northampton, Mass., the famous orthodox divine. Mr. Weld 
 brings to his charge the finest mental accomplishments, while his 
 pulpit oratory is remarkable for depth of thought and fascination 
 of style. Under his ministry the congregation has already largely 
 increased, and the affairs of the church are more prosperous than 
 ever before. 
 
 A society was formed in aid of the Colonization Society, which 
 was established at Washington, to procure the voluntary trans- 
 portation of free blacks to the coast of Africa. Col. Howard, who"^^ 
 was vice-president of the parent society, was chosen president of 
 this one. Luke Tiernan, treasurer, and Edward J. Coale, secretary. 
 
 On the 18th of June departed this life at Georgetown, aged 70 
 years, the Most Eev. Leonard Neale, second Archbishop of Balti- 
 more ; and was succeeded by the Eev. Ambrose Mareschal, who 
 was consecrated on the 14th of December of the following year. 
 Bishop Neale was distinguished for sound judgment, profound learn- 
 ing, heroic zeal, and unaffected humility. He was born at Port 
 Tobacco, in the Province of Maryland, on the 15th of October, 1746, 
 of wealthy and respectable parents, whose ancestors emigrated to 
 this country with Lord Baltimore, in the year 1632, from Ireland. 
 
 On Friday night, the 8th of August, the rain descended with 
 exceeding violence. It was almost an incessant and increasing 
 torrent or deluge of water, until about 1 o'clock P. M. on Satur- 
 day. By this time Jones Falls, which runs through the city of 
 
390 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Baltimore, and divides that part familiarly called " Old Town " from 
 the rest, had swelled to a great height. This stream is about 14 
 miles long, with a very rapid descent; passes through a hilly 
 country, and affords, perhaps, more mill-seats than almost any creek 
 of its length in the United States ; nearly all of which are very 
 highly improved. In general, it may be at any pointforded without 
 reaching above a horse's knee, and within the compact parts of 
 the city is confined by stone-walls built on piles, by houses on its 
 banks, or wharved to a space of 60 feet wide above Baltimore 
 Street bridge, but of some greater width below to the basin. At 
 1 o'clock the wooden bridge at Centre street (the highest on the 
 stream witbin the newly extended limits of the city-limits) was 
 lifted from its abutments and happily deposited in £^ garden below. 
 Many of the mill-dams above had, by this time, been swept away, 
 and their accumulated waters were added to the torrent. The 
 next bridge, at Bath street, also of wood, shared the fate of 
 the former, but passed in an undivided body down the stream and 
 lodged against the stone bridge at Gay street. Here it instantly 
 collected an immense mass of floating timber, parts of houses, &c., 
 and formed a complete dam. The water then spread over the low 
 grounds west of the Falls, and impetuously passed down Fish street 
 (now Saratoga) to Harrison and Frederick streets, — that part of 
 the city called the " Meadow " being overflowed to the depth of 
 10 to 15 feet. The greatest force of the torrent in this part fell 
 against the brick houses near the intersection of the south side of 
 Gay with Frederick and Harrison streets, and especially in the 
 latter, where some frame buildings were in a moment swept off, 
 and those of brick hardly resisted the force of the stream, their 
 foundations being near rooted up. Harrison is a very wide street, 
 extending northwardly from what is called the " Market Space," 
 or place where the principal market-house of the city is located, 
 and afforded V3nt for an immense quantity of water, in many 
 places more than six feet deep, and of such power at the head of 
 the market-house as to render it unsafe for man or horse to cross 
 it, — though, except for about half an hour, when the flood was at 
 its greatest height, it was forde4 by carts loaded with people; but 
 a coach, in attempting it, was swept off and lodged against the posts 
 at the market, the horses very narrowly escaping. Market Street 
 bridge, built of stone and not being dammed as that at Gay street, 
 was protected by the diversion that the damming of the latter 
 caused, stood the current which passed under it with the rapidity 
 of an arrow. Before this, the two light foot-bridges between 
 Market and George Streets (now Lonibard Street) bridges, had 
 given way, — and George Street bridge of wood, old, and designed 
 to have been speedily supplied by one of stone, soon shared the 
 same fate ; it lodged crosswise against the stone bridge at Pratt 
 street, and soon formed another complete dam. The water then 
 took an additional rise, but rather momentary, of about three feet 
 
. CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 391 
 
 in less than three-quarters of a minute ; and a large quantity of 
 property, until then but partially injured, was sacrificed. This was 
 the lowest bridge on the Falls, and the water, after passing it, 
 spread over the low grounds in its course to the basin, and did but 
 little comparative damage. Of all the bridges on the Falls, that 
 at Market street only escaped uninjured. Those at Gay and Pratt 
 streets were so much injured that they could only be passed on 
 foot in safety, and were required to be rebuilt, — one arch of each. 
 
 It is utterly impossible to embody on paper the scene that this 
 deluge presented. Houses, horses, cattle, with many swine, carts, 
 drays, and other carriages, with perhaps thousands of cords of 
 wood, and immense quantities of heavy timber of all sorts and de- 
 scriptions, and some entire trees, with a multitude of articles of 
 household furniture and mechanical industry, hogsheads and barrels 
 of whiskej", flour, &c., &c., and, on two or three occasions, human 
 beings, were seen mingled in tremendous confusion, dashing against 
 each other, and impelled with irresistible force. Women and 
 children in the upper stories of their houses were sending forth 
 their shrieks, and calling for assistance from their frail fellow-men 
 gallantly risking their lives to rescue them, but without much suc- 
 cess until after the flood was at its greatest height, which was 
 about three o'clock. When we recollect the awful force of the 
 water, and measure the depth that it had, we are humbled with a 
 sense of gratitude that so few persons were lost — not exceeding six 
 in the whole. There was much doubt and considerSible dispute 
 whether this freshet was so great as that suffered in 1786. " We 
 of ourselves know nothing of the latter, but from all that we 
 can hear, are inclined to believe that a greater quantity of water 
 came down then than on Saturday last, but that this freshet was 
 higher in several places (owing to the encroachments upon the 
 water-course and other obstructions of the stream) by 3 J or 4 feet 
 than the former ; but, possibly, lower in others, more immediately 
 on the banks of the Falls." 
 
 On Mondaj^ July 28th,' "The First Mechanical Volunteers," 
 one of the companies attached to the fifth regiment, erected on the 
 spot where the advanced party under Major Heath was engaged 
 with the British forces on the battle-field at North Point, a mon- 
 ument to the memory of Aqu ilia Randall, one of the members who 
 fell in that engagement. • The company, headed by their comman- 
 der Capt. B. C. Howard, marched from the city at an early hour, 
 and were joined on the ground at ^11 o'clock by Col. Heath, Lieut.- 
 Col. Barry, Major Steuart, and several other officers of the regi- 
 ment. The ceremony of putting up the monument was then com- 
 menced, and in a very short time completed under the direction of 
 Mr. Towson, Lieut, of the company. Having completed the ne- 
 cessary labors of the undertaking, the company was then drawn 
 up in front of the monument ; the officers of the regiment attend- 
 ing by invitation were posted in front of the comj^any, and Cap- 
 
392 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 tain Howard delivered a modest but impressive address. After 
 firing three volleys over the monument, the company was dismissed 
 to partake of a handsome collation. 
 
 On the 12th of October, Andrew Clemments, an industrious 
 French farmer, at the north extremity of Gay street, was killed by 
 another Frenchman, Jean Lemarde, in his employ, on the way from 
 market, and his body was concealed in the garden. On November 
 21st, Lemarde was convicted, and on November 23d he attempted 
 suicide by opening a vein in his arm. On the 9th of December, 
 after his sentence to death, he hanged himself in his cell by mak- 
 ing a rope of his shirt. He left the following writing : " A Chinese 
 condemned to death by a special court, it is to his honor to be his 
 own executioner. That which is virtue with one nation is vice 
 with another. The sun enlightens all. What were you before you 
 existed ? Nothing. What will you be .when you cease to exist ? 
 Nothing. So ends Jean Lemarde, aged 47 years, nine months and 
 nine days. Died victim." 
 
 At the anniversaries of the battle of North Point and of the 
 bombardment of Fort McHenry, the companies which had assisted 
 in the defence of Fort McHenry visited that now very respectable 
 fortress, where they partook of a splendid repast in the presence 
 of Commodore Eogers and Lieutenant-Colonel Armistead. The 
 happy occasion was embraced to present to the gallant Commodore 
 Kogers a rixjh service of plate, prepared for him by the citizens of 
 Baltimore, in testimony of his services at the time of need. 
 
 The powder mills belonging to Messrs. Levering and others, 
 about seven miles from Baltimore, blew up on October 4th, with 
 terrible effect. There were three explosions in succession, by which 
 four men were killed and several badly wounded. 
 
 On the 29th of September, Messrs. Eichard Caton, Isaac Mc- 
 Kim, and John Hoffman, on the part of a number of citizens, 
 presented to Commodore Stephen Decatur, then in the city of 
 Washington, a splendid service of plate, as a testimonial of their 
 respect for his private virtues, and gratitude for his distinguished 
 public services. 
 
 Died on Friday morning, the 24th of October, Col. Nathaniel 
 Eamsay of Baltimore, who in the Eevolutionary war distinguished 
 himself as a brave, meritorious, and humjine officer. He was loved 
 and esteemed by all the army, particularly by the great, good and 
 discerning man. General Washington. At the battle of Monmouth, 
 when our army was pressed bynhe enemy advancing rapidly. Gen. 
 Washington asked for an officer. Col. Eamsay presented himself; 
 the General took him by the hand and said, " If you can stop the 
 British ten minutes (till I form) you will save my army." Col. 
 Eamsay answered, "I will stop them or fall." He advanced with 
 his party, engaged and kept them in check for half an hour, nor 
 did he i^etreat until the enemy and his troops were mingled ; and 
 at last, in the rear of his troops, fighting his way, sword in hand, 
 fell pierced with many wounds, in sight of both armies. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 393 
 
 The different Marine Insurance Companies determined to have 
 the shoals of the river sounded, and buoys fixed to be a guide to 
 the shipping, which was undertaken by Capt. Lewis Brantz, and 
 the corporation caused the soundings to be carried throughout the 
 harbor. But the (xeneral Government afterwards assumed the 
 charge of the buoys, and in 1820 erected a light-house at the 
 Bodkin, and another at North Point. 
 
 1818. Departed this life on Saturday the 25th of April, Lieut.- 
 Colonel George Armistead, of the United States army, the defender 
 of Fort McHenry on the memorable 13th September, 1814, in 
 the 39th year of his age, and was consigned to the tomb on Sun- 
 day, with every respect that a grateful people could bestow. Dur- 
 ing the solemnities of the occasion, a detachment of the 1st regi- 
 ment of artillerists of the 3d brigade fired minute guns from 
 Federal Hill. The procession was the largest ever witnessed in 
 this city on a similar occasion. 
 
 The eastern mail was robbed a few hours after it left the city, 
 on the night of the 11th of March, and Hare and Alexander were 
 convicted of the deed in the United States Court, and having put 
 the driver in jeopardy of his life, were hung in the jail yard, on 
 Thursday the 10th of September. On this occasion, the mode of 
 execution from a cart was changed to a drop or scaffold, with a 
 trap door, and so continued in later executions. 
 
 " The Savings Bank " was incorporated, conducted by twenty- 
 four managers, of whom Captain Daniel Howland was chosen 
 president. 
 
 Joshua Barney was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on the 6th of 
 July, 1759. He went to sea when a small boy, and at the age of 
 fourteen years was second mate of a vessel, and at sixteen was 
 commander. After many adventures abroad, he arrived in the 
 Chesapeake in October, 1775. The following June he was ap- 
 pointed a lieutenant in the United States navy, and was the first 
 to unfurl the American flag in Maryland. He was a very active 
 oflScer during the whole war. He brought the first news of peace 
 with Great Britain on the 12th of March, 1783. Continuing in 
 service, he was one of the six commanders appointed under the 
 Act of 1793, but he declined the honor. He went to France with 
 Monroe, and was the bearer of the American flag to the National 
 Convention. He entered the French service in command of two 
 frigates. He resigned his French commission in 1802, and re- 
 turned home. He again entered the naval service of the United 
 States in 1812, and distinguished himself during the war that 
 ensued. He died of bilious fever at Pittsburg on the 1st of De- 
 cember, 1818, at the age of fifty-nine years and six months. 
 
 A most destructive fire happened in Baltimore on Thursday, 
 the 22d of October. It was discovered in one end of the old 
 tobacco inspection warehouse on Philpot and Queen streets (now 
 Pratt), Fell's Point. Owing to a very strong northwest wind 
 
394 CHEONIOLES OF BALTIMOKE. 
 
 at the time, the conflagration soon increased, and spread very 
 rapidly to the east and south, and in a short period a ijumber of 
 warehouses were in flames, including two frame dwellings occupied 
 by Messrs. James Morrison and John Eobinson, also three other 
 frame dwellings and a blockmaker's and ship-joiners's shop. 
 The fire then extended to the opposite side of the street, and 
 burnt three brick dwellings occupied by Messrs. Samuel Ken- 
 nard, Joseph Coleman, and George Wagner. Six of the frame 
 and two of the brick houses belonged to Wm. Patterson. 
 
 The loading of tobacco in the rivers being almost wholly dis- 
 continued, the quantity brought to Baltimore was greatly in- 
 creased, and a market continually open through intermediary 
 dealers. Messrs. Amos and George Williams obtained a license to 
 erect an inspection warehouse on O'Donnell's wharf The next 
 year the public warehouse at the Point was accidentally burned 
 down, and in 1820 Mr. Moses Shepherd had another warehouse 
 licensed for him on Light street wharf, w^hen the warehouses of 
 Mee^srs. O'Donnell and Williams were united under one inspec- 
 tion. The year after Messrs. Samuel E. Smith and Christopher 
 Hughes obtained licenses to erect a warehouse each on or near 
 Light street wharf, the first of which was built accordingly ; and 
 two years after Mr. William Patterson obtained another license for 
 a warehouse on his wharf near Commerce street. 
 
 The number of public carriages licensed and in use at this time 
 was of hackney-coaches 100, of carts 350, drays 200, and of scows 
 or lighters about 20. 
 
 1819. In the summers of 1819 and 1821, the city of Baltimore 
 was visited by that dreadful scourge yellow fever. Its ravages were 
 principally confined to that section of Baltimore called Fell's Point. 
 The utmost effort of medical skill was unable to arrest its pro- 
 gress. The young and vigorous, as well as the aged and infirnj, 
 were alike victims of the fatal malady. Business was in a great 
 measure suspended. Most of those whose means enabled them to 
 remove from the " infected district," as it was designated, sought 
 refuge in the country, or in distant parts of the city. The poor 
 v^ and sick were almost the only inhabitants of a portion of the city 
 that had been distinguished for its active enterprise and the thrifty 
 .industry of its population. Want of employment deprived many 
 ^^ families of that support which willing industry had never failed to 
 provide. The utmost efforts of the well were required through- 
 out the day and night in attending the sick. Here a father of a 
 family was nursed by a devoted wife, whose little ones required all 
 her care: there a wife was indebted to a hardy and athletic hus- 
 band, who w^ould have toiled with pleasure during the long summer- 
 day for his loved ones, but was sadlv deficient in the gentle blan- 
 dishments of a nurse. Sometimes both were stricken down, and 
 the care of parents devolved upon inexperienced childhood. Often 
 the sad scene was varied by death, and the sick survivors saw the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 395 
 
 objects mo8t dear to them on earth borne to the silent grave with- 
 out being able to pay the last sacred rites to parent, child, or 
 cherished partner. The physicians, with the lofty intrepidity of 
 their profession, exhausted their skill and their strength in assidu- 
 ous attention to the sufferers, seconded by some few generous spirits 
 who dared to be nurses in the midst of pestilence. Death struck 
 down some of the physicians, and the streets became more deserted 
 and the sufferers more desolate. The destitute condition of the 
 sufferers awakened the warm sympathy of their more favored 
 fellow-citizens, and Baltimore, ever distinguished for its generous . 
 impulses, made provision for the sick in the Maryland Hospital, 
 and established an encampment on the hills on the north-eastern 
 side of the city, to which the poor were removed and were provided 
 with provisions at the public expense. In the same tents, and on the 
 very spot where they had encamped a few years before in military 
 array, many of the inhabitants of Fell's Point now found refuge 
 from an enemy far more dreaded than " an army with banners." 
 And the beauteous spectacle was exhibited of citizens the most 
 distinguished for virtue, talents and wealth, devoting their utmost 
 energies to alleviate the sorrows of those who were houseless and 
 penniless. Among the survivors the effects were visible long after 
 the epidemic had ceased. As winter approached, widowed mothers V. 
 and orphan children occupied the places of once cheerful and happy 
 families. Men who had been accustomed to earn a comfortable \ 
 subsistence for themselves and families by their industry, were now 
 to be seen with enfeebled constitutions and broken spirits mourning 
 the loss of the wife of their bosom, or of children who had been 
 their comfort. With some, want of employment, with others, in- 
 ability to work, made assistance from the benevolent necessary."^ / 
 The distresses of the citizens were greatly increased by the failure / 
 of the " City Bank," and mismanagement of the office of the United %•/ 
 States and other banks, accompanied by the fall in the price of 
 flour and tobacco in foreign markets, affecting the prices of all kinds 
 of property here. 
 
 After several previous unsuccessful attempts to organize, in the 
 city of Baltimore, an association for the promotion of science, in 
 the year 1819 a few gentlemen formed a society, which met in ^ 
 humble room over a stable, in the rear of the houses on the north- 
 west corner of Lexington and St. Paul streets. Amopgst its mem- 
 bers were Eobert Gilmor and Drs. Ducatel, Prick, George Wil- 
 liamson and Macaulay. Notwithstanding the zeal of its mem- 
 bers, the society was very short-lived. Its funds, however, were 
 carefully husbanded ; and subsequently, amounting to over $1200, 
 they were given to the Academy which was formed in 1822. This 
 was the first successful attempt to establish a scientific institution. 
 Dr. L. H. Gerardin, a distinguished French savant, who was also 
 Principal of Baltimore College, was chosen as the first president. 
 He died iir the year 1825. During his presidency, the Academy 
 
396 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 met at Baltimore Colleo^e, and subsequently over the Post-office, at 
 the north-east corner of Fayette and North streets. On the 16th 
 of February, 1826, the members were incorporated, under the name 
 of the " Maryland Academj^ of Science and Literature." After this, 
 the Academy removed to the Athenaeum, at the south-west corner 
 of Lexington and St. Paul streets. Here the collections were greatly 
 increased, a valuable museum was formed, and the members were 
 active and zealous, till the 7th of February, 1835, when the build- 
 ing, and with it the greater part of the library and collections of 
 the Academy, were destroyed by fire (see fire 1835). After this, 
 the Academy became almost extinct. There are still living three 
 venerable gentlemen who, fifty years ago, were members of this 
 society ; viz., Philip T. Tyson, Josias Pennington and G-eorge W. 
 
 , Andrews. In 1836 the Academy was again revived, and the 
 meetings were held over the Post-office, in its old room. Dr. 
 Patrick Macaulay was chosen president. In 1837 was published 
 the first and only volume of the "Transactions of the Maryland 
 
 \/Academy of Science and Literature." After a short and languish- 
 ing existence of about 8 years, the Academy was dissolved in 1844, 
 and its books and collections were distributed amongst its members. 
 After 1844, unless we except the Geological and Phrenological So- 
 cieties, nothing was attempted in Baltimore for the cultivation of 
 science. Both these associations were very short-lived. On the 
 ^ 7th May, 1855, the Maryland Historical Society established a 
 " Committee on Natural History." This Committee met at the 
 rooms of the Historical Society every fortnight, until the close of 
 the year 1862. On the 22d January, 1863, a meeting was held at 
 the house of Philip T. Tyson ; and the present " Maryland Academy 
 of Sciences " was organized, by the adoption of a Constitution, and 
 the election of Mr. Tyson as its president. The meetings of the 
 Academy were held every fortnight at the house of some member 
 of the Academy, until April, 1867, when they were held at the 
 building of the Faculty of Art and Sciences of the University of 
 Maryland, No. 32 Mufberry Street. On the 15th March, 1867, 
 the Academy was incorporated, under the name of the Maryland 
 Academy of Sciences. A room was subsequently rented in 1868, 
 in the Chatard Building, southwest corner of Lexington and 
 Charles streets; and a museum and a library were commenced. 
 In 1873 the Academy obtained a lease on a lot of ground on Mul- 
 berry street, from the Uniyersity of Maryland, on which is now 
 being erected a commodious building for a museum and hall, for 
 the meetings of the Academy. In 1873, a new constitution and 
 by-laws were adopted ; and all things seem to encourage the 
 hope that this Academy will be more prosperous than any that 
 have preceded it. 
 
 Gen. Andrew Jackson arrived in Baltimore from Philadelphia 
 on the 27th of February, and his approach was announced by dis- 
 charges of artillery from a detachment of Captain Wilson's Inde- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 397 
 
 pendent Blues, stationed on Federal Hill. On landing, he was re- 
 ceived by Captain Barrett's fine company of Eegular Blu^-^s, and 
 very handsomely escorted to his quarters at Williamson's hotel. 
 During the day he was waited upon by a great number of our most 
 respectable citizens, who were received with great affability and 
 frankness. At one o'clock the members of the City Council and. 
 the officers of the corporation, with the Mayor at their head, visited 
 him, and presented an appropriate address, to which Gen. Jack- 
 son made a flattering response. ^ 
 
 Died on the 16th of June, after a most painful and lingering 
 illness, Capt. George Stiles, late Mayor of Baltimore, in the 59th 
 year of his age. Also on the Ist of July, Majo-r-General Levin 
 Winder, in the 63d year of his age, a soldier of the Eevolution, 
 late Governor of Maryland, and recently Grand Master of Masons 
 therein. 
 
 A society was organized for the gratuitous distribution of soup 
 to the necessitous, and soon after another one for the prevention y^ 
 of pauperism generally. On the 25th of October, the encampment 
 near the city of those fearing the yellow-fever was broken up, and 
 the people returned to their former homes. The generous people 
 of Taneytown and its neighborhood, in Frederick county, trans- y 
 mitted to the commissioners of the poor twenty barrels of flour 
 and a large invoice of clothing and other articles for the use of 
 those who needed them. 
 
 On the 15th of August died, much lamented, the learned and 
 eloquent Rev. Dr. James Inglis, pastor of the First Presbyterian^^ 
 congregation, who was succeeded by the Hev. William Nevins. 
 
 On the 17th of March, certain persons in Baltimore suspended 
 a " stuffed paddy " from the masthead of a schooner lyin^ at one 
 of our wharves. A number of the natives of Ireland collected and 
 cut down the mast, and otherwise injured the vessel ; the civil au- 
 thorities promptly interfered, and the chiefs of the party were 
 secured and held to answer for the ofl'ence at the next sitting of 
 the city court. 
 
 1820. The liberal citizens of Baltimore contributed to the suffer- 
 ers by the great fire in Savannah, Ga., the sum of $5,232. 
 
 The late James Dall, of Baltimore, bequeathed to the president 
 and directors of the Bank of Maryland the sum of $5,000, in trust 
 to establish a free school in this city on the plan of the Boston 
 schools. 
 
 The Exchange Building was regularly opened for business in 
 June, and the great hall was filled with the most important mer- 
 chants of the city, who agreed to meet at a certain hour in each 
 day for the despatch of business. The building created universal 
 admiration, and was considered to be one of the handsomest es- 
 tablishments of the kind in the world. 
 
 On Monday, Nov. 13th, the pews of the Cathedral were offered 
 at auction, when one-half were sold, producing upwards of $40,000. 
 
398 CHROHICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 On the 2d of March, John F. Ferguson, William Murphy, Thos. 
 O'Brian, Charles \yeaver, Isaac AUister, John Jackson and Israel 
 Denny, who seized upon the privateer Irresistible in the port of 
 Margaretta, in 1819, and brought her to the United States, and on 
 the voyage also they were charged with the commission of certain 
 acts of piracy of which they were convicted, were brought before 
 his Honor Judge Bland, who, after a short but impressive address, 
 pronounced upon them the sentence of death. The awful sentence 
 of the law was only carried out on two of them, John F. Ferguson 
 and Israel Denny, who were executed on Thursday, April 13th. 
 
 As the Eastern mail, due at Baltimore, did not arrive on the 
 25th of May on regular time, a suspicion was entertained that 
 it had been robbed. The alarm was instantly raised, and parties 
 of citizens went out immediately to scour the country in all direc- 
 tions. The driver, mail and carriage were found about eight and 
 a half miles from the city, in a thicket near the Philadelphia road, 
 where a quantity of brushwood had been laid to obstruct it. The 
 driver (John Heaps) was discovered with his arms extended and 
 fastened to the trees, murdered by a bullet wound and two stabs 
 in his breast, the mail-bags cut open and rifled, and the fragments 
 of letters strewed upon the ground. On the afternoon of the 
 same day two persons were arrested in Baltimore and committed 
 to jail, charged with the murder and robbery, one of them named 
 Perry Hutton, the other named Morris N. B. Hull. On their per- 
 sons were found more than $6000, and . their trunks being ex- 
 amined, upwards of $10,000 more were recovered. At the time of 
 their trial they made a full confession of their guilt to Judge 
 Bland of the United States District Court, and on the 14th of July 
 were hung in the jail-yard. 
 
 With this trial was connected a singular transaction, the only 
 one of its kind, we believe, that ever occurred in this country. 
 We have an account of it from one who was not himself an eye- 
 witness, but had it described to him by one of the participants. 
 
 While the trial was pending, and before Hutton had made his con- 
 fession, there was a great desire felt by the excited public that on© 
 or the other would admit the deed. The evidence so far had been 
 altogether circumstantial, and while there was a general belief in 
 the guilt of the accused, the erroneous popular view of the more 
 conclusive natur.e of direct testimony made every one feel that a 
 confession from either would be a most satisfactory thing. To 
 obtain this recourse was had to a device founded upon a form of 
 ordeal used in the Dark Ages ; not publicly, but by a few persons 
 with the connivance of some of the authorities. 
 
 A room in the jail was prepared for the purpose. It was hung 
 with black, and in the centre, on a table covered with black cloth, 
 was laid the corpse of the murdered man, the breast bare, and a 
 few lights around it. This was concealed by a screen from the 
 sight of any one entering the room. The prisoners were brought 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 399 
 
 separately out of their cells at night, without any intimation of 
 the purport of this summons, were led into the room and to the 
 screen, when suddenly each was placed before the table, and a 
 stern voice, breaking the silence, commanded, " Lay your hand 
 there ! " upon the breast of the corpse. 
 
 In ancient times this ordeal had arisen from a superstition that 
 the corpse of the victim wohld bleed again at the touch of the 
 murderer's hand, and it is not unlikely that this belief may yet 
 linger in some of the dark holes and corners of the earth. Per- 
 haps those who tried tha experiment thought that the accused 
 men might dread "the judgment of God" thus solemnly appealed 
 to; but it is more probable that they only hoped that the sudden 
 shock might frighten them from their caution and surprise them 
 into a confession. 
 
 Hutton, it is said, was so overcome by the sight that he shook 
 in every limb, was near fainting, and could barely force himself 
 to touch the body. Hull, on the contrary, showed not the slightest 
 emotion ; he calmly and with a graceful gesture laid his hand 
 lightly upon the breast of the corpse, and looked steadily at those 
 around, the least moved of any there. So the test was without 
 result so far as any immediate disclosure was concerned, unless in- 
 deed it led to Hutton's confession afterwards; but we have thought 
 it worth recording as the first and last'instance, so far as we are 
 aware, of the blood-ordeal in America. 
 
 % In 1823 the mail was again robbed on the same road, for which 
 three persons, employed in the neighborhood, were sentenced by 
 the United States Court to confinement for several years. 
 
 The Bellona powder mills, near the city, again exploded on the 
 morning of the 29th of August; three men were killed and several 
 dreadfully wounded. 
 
 A meeting of the presidents of the several banks of the city 
 was held on the 7th of September, and it was resolved, after the 
 16th inst., that they will not " either issue or reissue any notes 
 less than five dollars, and will not receive in payment or on de- 
 posit such notes other than their own." 
 
 On the morning of the 28th of August some of the prisoners 
 in the Maryland Penitentiary made a desperate attempt to escape ; 
 one was killed and several severely wounded by the ofiicers and 
 their guard. 
 
 Kembrandt Peale of Baltimore is engaged on his celebrated 
 picture, the " Court of Death," from Bishop Porteus' poem. 
 
 John Montgomery, Esq., is elected Mayor of the city. 
 
 1821. On the Slst of May, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, which 
 was begun in 1806, was consecrated by the Most Eev. Archbishop 
 Mareschal, assisted by the Bishop of Philadelphia and the Bishop of 
 Boston. This building, suspended by the war, was recommenced 
 in 1817, by funds arising from a sale of the old cemetery on Charles 
 street, part of their grounds obtained for the cathedral itself on 
 
400 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Franklin street, and a lottery, together with individual, contribu- 
 tions. 
 
 On the 21st of August, departed this life, in the seventy-second 
 year of his age, Gen. John Swann, formerly Brig.-Greneral of the 
 third brigade, and a meritorious officer of the cavalry of the Eevo- 
 lutionary army. 
 . Four persons were killed and two badly wounded by an explo- 
 sion of the stamping mill at the "Bellona powder works, near Balti- 
 more, on Monday, October 15th ; among the former was the man- 
 ager of the works. 
 
 1822. It is fortunate for the popular fame of Marshall, that besides 
 rearing the monument of his constitutional decisions, he served in 
 the army of the Eevolution and wrote the life of Washington. 
 The reputation of Kent and Story is held by their graceful addi- 
 tions to the literature of their profession. Wirt was an able 
 Attorney-General, but he will be better known as a pleasing author, 
 and through the genial biography of Kennedy. William Pinckney, 
 the eminent lawyer of Maryland, has perhaps more than any of 
 those we have mentioned, a strictly professional reputation. He 
 was born at Annapolis, Maryland, March 17, 1764. His father, 
 Jonathan Pinckney, an Englishman by birth, is enrolled among 
 the Loyalists of the Eevolution. It \^^as characteristic of the inde- 
 pendence of the son, that even in boyhood he chose the opposite and 
 patriotic side. We next hear of him at Baltimore engaged in the 
 study of medicine with a leading practitioner, a pursuit which does 
 not appear to have held him long from the main occupation of his 
 life. Falling in with Samuel Chase, the subsequent Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, he commenced the study of his profession under his 
 excellent direction, at the age of nineteen, and after a course of 
 three years was called to the bar in 1786. Leaving Annapolis, 
 Pinckney began practice in Harford county on the Susquehanna, 
 from which district he was sent in 1788 to the State Convention 
 which ratified the constitution of the United States ; and, in the 
 same year, a representative to the House of Delegates, of which 
 he continued a member from the county till his return to Anna- 
 polis in 1792. He was in the meantime married, at Havre de Grace, 
 to Miss Ann Maria Eodgers, the sister of Commodore Eodgers. 
 For three years from 1792 he was a member of the executive 
 council of Maryland, when he was chosen a delegate to the Legis- 
 lature from Anne Arundel county. He w^as in 1796 appointed by 
 President Washington a commissioner on the part of the United 
 States under Jay's British Treaty of 1794, to determine the claims 
 of American merchants to compensation for losses and damages 
 sustained by acts of the English Government. He remained in 
 England till 1804, engaged, besides the duties of the commission, 
 in the adjustment of an important claim in chancery of the State 
 of Maryland. On his return to America in 1804, he resumed the 
 practice of the law at Baltimore. In the following year he was 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 401 
 
 appointed Attorney-General of the State. In 1806 be was again 
 sent to England as commissioner jointly with Mr. Monroe, respect- 
 ing the continued aggressions of that power. On the retirement 
 of Monroe in 1807 he was left minister resident in London, in which 
 capacity he remained till he earnestly solicited his recall from Mr. 
 Madison in 1811. On his arrival in Maryland he was elected a 
 member of the State Senate, and at the close of the year received 
 the appointment from President Madison, of Attorney-General of 
 the United States. He was an earnest advocate and supporter of 
 the war of 1812. He defended the policy of the Government by his 
 pen, and when his region was invaded, marched at the head of a 
 company of riflemen to Bladensburg, in its defence, and was wounded 
 in tht tight. In 181-4 he resigned his post as Attorney-General. 
 In 1815, he was chosen a representative in Congress from the city 
 of Baltimore. He resigned his seat before the expiration of his 
 term, on his appointment by President Monroe as minister to 
 Russia and special envoy to Naples. He returned to Baltimore in 
 1818, and resumed his old practice at the bar. He was retained in 
 the Supreme Court in 1819 by the Bank of the United States, in 
 maintaining its claim of exemption from State taxation. In 1820;. 
 Pincknej' was elected to the United States Senate. He continued^ 
 meanwhile, his labors in the Supreme Court, and it was while in 
 these double employments of the Senate and bar, preparing new 
 debates, that his health suddenly failed him. He suffered a severe 
 attack of illness in the middle of February, 1822, which in a short 
 time terminated his life on the twenty-fifth of that month. 
 
 There must have been something highly impressive in Pinckney*8 
 conduct at the bar, to secure the high terms in which, with a full 
 exercise of criticism, he is spoken of by his contemporaries. Story 
 asserts that " no man could hear him for any length of time with- 
 out being led captive by his eloquence." In an analysis of his style, 
 the same judicious authority tells us of his "marvellous felicity " 
 in a " complete mastery of the whole compass of the English lan- 
 guage," giving to his style " an air of originality, force, copious- 
 ness and expressiveness which struck the most careless observer." 
 Koger B. Taney says : '* When William Pinckney returned from 
 England and resumed the practice, the reign of Luther Martin was 
 at an end. He was a perfect contrast to Martin. He was very 
 attentive to his dress, indeed more so than was thought suitable 
 for his ago and station. It approached to dandyism, if it did not 
 reach it. . He was always dressed in the extreme of the newest 
 fashion, and for some time after his return, took notes at the bar 
 and spoke with gloves on nice enough to wear in a ball-room. I 
 have lieard almost all the great advocates of the United States, 
 both of the past and present generation, but I have seen none 
 equal to Pmckney. He was a profound lawyer in every depart- 
 ment of the science, as well as a powerful and eloquent debater." 
 His death was announced in the House of Representatives by Mr. 
 26 
 
402 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Eandolph, of Yirginia, who eaid : " I rise to announce to the Honse 
 the not unlooked'-for death of a man who filled the first place in 
 the public estimation, in the first profession in that estimation, in 
 this or any other country. We have been talking, of General 
 Jackson, and a greater than he is not here, but gone forever. I 
 allude, sir, to the boast of Maryland, and the pride of the XJnit-ed 
 States — the pride of us all, but more particularly the pride and or- 
 nament of the profession of which jon, Mr. Speaker (Mr. Philip 
 P. Barbour), are a member, and an eminent one." Chief-Justice 
 Marshall remarked to Judge John Scott, an eminent lawyer at 
 Eichmond, in the presence of that distinguished lawyer Walter 
 Jones, that Mr. Pinckney was the greatest man he had ever seen in 
 a court of justice, and Mr. Jones remarked, "Yes ; no such man has 
 ever appeared in any country more than once in a century." *'He 
 was a great man," wrote Wirt on his death — " on a set occasion, 
 the greatest, I think, at our bar." " He was desirous of fame," 
 says Story, " of that fame which alone is enduring, the fame which 
 reposes on sound learning, exalted genius, and diligent, nay, inces- 
 sant study." For these things, and as an able, honoi-ed represen- 
 tative of the State at home and abroad, his career will reward the 
 most patient investigation. Luther Martin was now a wreck. 
 His vast learning was hidden in the oblivious darkness of an extin- 
 guished intellect. And so generous, and withal so improvident, 
 had been this great lawyer, that after all the great professional 
 harvests he had reaped, the Legislature of Mar^^land, in February, 
 1822, passed the following joint resolution : '^Resolved, That each 
 and every practitioner of law in this State shall be, and he is here- 
 by compelled, from and after the passage of this resolution, to ob- 
 tain from the clerk of the county court in which he may practise, 
 a license to authorize him so to practise, for which he shall pay 
 annually, on and before the first day of June, the sum of five dol- 
 lars : which said sum is to be deposited by the clerk of the county 
 court from which he may procure such license, in the treasury of 
 the Western Shore or Eastern Shore as the case may be, subject to 
 the order of Thomas Hall and William H. Winder, Esqs., who are 
 hereby appointed trustees, for the application of the proceeds 
 raised by virtue of this resolution to the use of Luther Martin : 
 provided that nothing herein contained shall be taken to compel a 
 practitioner of law to obtain a license in more than one court, to 
 be annually renewed, under penalty of being suspended from the 
 bar at which he may practise. And provided, that this resolution 
 shall cease to be valid at the death of the said Luther Martin." 
 
 At this time there are thirteen cotton-mills in the vicinity of 
 Baltimore, which drive at least 32,880 spindles. Two woollen mills, 
 one copper-rolling-mill — which is the only one of note in the United 
 States — three extensive rolling-mills which manufacture annually 
 at least 1500 tons of iron into rods, hoops, bolt and sheet-iron, be- 
 sides at least 30 of the best and most improved merchant-mills 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 403 
 
 within the limits and environs of the city, that nnanufacture about 
 300,000 barrels of flour annually. r 
 
 Died at nis seat near the city, at an advanced age, Col. Nicholas 
 Rogers, formerly one of the justices of the county and Orphans' 
 Court, and aide of Major-General Baron de Kalb in the war of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 The commissioners for opening streets employed Mr. T. Popple- 
 ton, who published a plat of the whole city, harbor, &c., embellished 
 by views of all the principal buildings. 
 
 A society is formed to loan useful books to the youths of the 
 city, called the Apprentice's Library, of which Col. James Mosher 
 is chosen president. 
 
 On Sunday the 23d of June, there happened the greatest fire 
 ever known in this city up to this time. It commenced in a lumber 
 yard in the rear of McElderry's wharf, and soon communicated to 
 two adjacent yards. The three yards were computed to have had 
 not less than two million feet of lumber in them. All this stock 
 of combustible material was soon in a blaze, and with it from 25 to 
 30 buildings, most of them large and valuable warehouses on the 
 wharf filled with goods. Seventeen were destroyed in one range. 
 The contents of some of these were also nearlj'' consumed, and 
 many thousand dollars' worth of goods were thrown into the dock, 
 as if for the desperate purpose of lessening the amount of com- 
 bustible matter. This vast body of fire defeated the most power- 
 ful efforts to check it for about four hours. It is hard to imagine 
 the quantity of heat thrown out, but the curbstones of a narrow 
 street that separated the board-yards from the warehouses were 
 dissolved by it, and blocks of marble and free-stone in a stone- 
 cutter's yard to the value of $3000 were destroyed, converted into 
 lime or cracked to pieces. 
 
 The statue was placed on the " Battle Monument " on the 12th 
 of September, according to the plan and ceremonies adopted by 
 the Building Committee. 
 
 On the 2d of December 533 paupers of the city and county 
 were removed to the new Alms House at Calverton, two miles west 
 of the city. 
 
 Edward Johnson, Esq., is again elected Mayor of the city. 
 
 The following letter was written by the Hon. Williatn Wirt to 
 his daughter: 
 
 " Baltimore, November 24th, 1822. 
 
 "Jf?/ Dear Catharine — Yesterday morning I arose before day, 
 shaved and dressed by candle-light, took my cane and walked to 
 market. There are two market-houses, each of them about three 
 or four times as long as ours in Washington. The first one I came 
 to was the meat market ; the next, which was nearest the basin, 
 was the fish and vegetable market. O ! what a quantity of superb 
 beef, mutton, lamb, veal, and all sorts of fowls — hogsheads full of 
 
404 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 wild ducks, geese, pheasants, partridges; and then, on one side of 
 the raarket-house, leaving only a narrow lane between them, a 
 line of wagons and carts, groaning under the loads of country pro- 
 ductions ; these wagons and carts on one side and the market- 
 houses on the other, forming a lane as long as from our house to 
 St. John's Church. I must not forget to mention the loads of 
 sweet-cakes of all sorts and fashions that covered the outside 
 tables of the market-houses, and the breakfasts that were cooking 
 everywhere, all around, for the country people who came many 
 miles to market. You may conceive the vast quantity of provi- 
 sions that must be brought to this market, when j^ou are told that 
 sixty thousand people draw their daily supplies from it, which is 
 more than twice as many people as there are in Washington, 
 Georgetown, Alexandria, and Richmond, all put together. Well, 
 and so after I had walked all round and round and through the 
 market-house, I left it and bent my steps towards the country, and 
 walked two miles and a half out to Mr. Thompson's to breakfast. 
 It had been cloudy and rainy for several days, but the night be- 
 fore had been clear, and although the road was still wet, the morn- 
 ing above head was bright and beautiful. After walking about a 
 mile, I came to the summit of a hill that overlooks the city, and 
 there I stopped a moment to take breath and look back on it. 
 The ground had begun to smoke from the warmth of the rising 
 sun, and the city seemed to spread itself out below me to a vast 
 extent — a huge dusky mass, to which there seemed no limit. But 
 towering from above the fog was the Washington Monument (a 
 single beautiful column 160 feet in height, which stands in How- 
 ard's Park, and is rendered indescribably striking and interesting 
 from the touching solitude of the scene from which it lifts its 
 head), and several noble steeples of churches interspersed through- 
 out the west of the city, whose gilded summits were now glitter- 
 ing in the sun. Casting the eye over Baltimore, it lights upon the 
 Chesapeake bsLj, and after wandering over that flood of waters, it 
 rests on Fort McHenry and its star-spangled banner. This is the 
 fort where our soldiers gained so much glory last war, and the 
 very banner with regard to which Mr. Key's beautiful song of the 
 ' Star-Spangled Banner ' was written. 
 
 "After feasting my eye for some time on the rich, diversified, 
 and boundless landscape that lay before me, meditating on the 
 future grandeur of this city and the rising glories of the nation, I 
 turned around my face to resume my walk into the country, when 
 all its soft beauties burst, by surprise, upon me. For, while I had 
 b.een looking back on the town, bay, and fort, the sun had risen, 
 and was now so high that its light was pouring full upon hill and 
 valley, field and forest, blazing in bright reflection from all the 
 eastern windows of the hundreds of country-houses that crowned 
 the heights around me, and dancing on all the leaves that waved 
 and wantoned in the morning breeze. No city in the world has a 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 405 
 
 more beautiful country around it than Baltimore, in the direction 
 of the west, north, and east. In the direction of Washington it is 
 unimproved, but in the other points all that could have been ex- 
 pected from wealth and fine taste has been accomplished. The 
 grounds, which were originally poor, have been made rich ; thoy 
 lie very finely, not flat and tame, nor yet abrupt and rugged, but 
 rising and falling in forms of endless diversity, sometimes soft and 
 gentle, at others bold and commanding. This beautifully undu- 
 lating surface has been improved with great taste, the fields richly 
 covered with grass, the clumps of trees, groves and forests pruned 
 of all dead limbs and all deformities, and flourishing in strong and 
 healthy luxuriance. The sites for the houses are well selected, — 
 always upon some eminence, embosomed amid beautiful trees, from 
 which their white fronts peep out enchantingly, for the houses are 
 all white, which adds much to the cheerfulness and grace of this 
 unrivalled scenery. I hope one of these days to show it to you in 
 person, and then you will be able to imagine what a delightful 
 ramble I had to Mr. Thompson's yesterday morning. I took them 
 quite by surprise, but it was a most agreeable one, and they were 
 rejoiced to see me. Mr. Thompson inquired most kindly after all 
 in Washington, and giving me a good country breakfast (most de- 
 lightful butter), brought me back to town in his gig, where we 
 arrived by nine o'clock, an hour before court. Was not this an 
 
 industrious morning ? 
 
 ******** 
 
 " Your affectionate father, 
 
 " Wm. Wirt." 
 
 1823. A company lately incorporated, erect a shot-tower on the 
 west side of North Gay street, which was raised 187 feet above 
 ground by Jacob Wolfe, "builder, under the direction of Col. Joseph 
 Jamieson, president of the company. 
 
 A number of gentlemen associate together to establish an 
 Athenaeum, and the institution is commenced by the purchase of 
 books, etc. 
 
 This is a time — before the introduction of railways — when it is 
 proper to make mention of some three or four old Baltimore in- 
 stitutions, which are fast fading away in the world's progress; we 
 mean the vast blue, white-canvassed Conestoga wagons, their g'rand 
 Pennsylvania horses, the stage coaches, and the taverns or inns, with 
 their conspicuous " signs," their substantial fare, wide yards and 
 liberal stables ; and the frocked wagoners and teamsters who drove 
 or tended their stalwart beasts for burthen or for market. These 
 taverns and their signs were frequent reminders to Englishmen of 
 the country inns found in every British town and hamlet; and 
 alas ! but few of them remain among us of the present generation. 
 These were still the times of horseback and saddle-bag travelling. 
 Most of our citizens who have not passed far beyond middle life, 
 
^; 
 
 406 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 will still remember the " Golden Horse " which swung so gaudily at 
 the northwestern corner of Franklin and Howard streets ; and 
 the " White Swan," which still floats, like a dim ghost of its former 
 self, on the sign, a square beyond, at the southeastern corner of 
 Franklin and Eutaw streets ; while the " Golden Lamb " reclined 
 on its rich yellow fleece until a few years ago, at the northwestern 
 corner of Paca and Franklin streets, until it was supplanted by a 
 confectionery; or the "Black Horse," and some other country 
 inns, beyond the turn of Franklin street into Pennsj^lvania avenue. 
 Then there wasXthe " Hand Tavern " and yard, still surviving 
 on Paca, near Lexington street, giving refuge to the market people 
 and their wagons and cattle ; and the chained " Black Bear " Inn, 
 designed for the same purposes, next to the corner of Howard, on 
 Saratoga streetJwhere the Bevans now cut and carve their marble 
 mantels and tombs. The more aristocratic " General Wayne " Inn, 
 Cugle & Frost's stylish " hostelrie " for Western travellers, horse- 
 dealers and cattle-drovers, was at the corner of Paca and Balti- 
 more streets,Xwhere the Eevolutionary hero still faintly survives 
 on the weather-beaten sign which was raised to its present place 
 near fifty years ago. The "May Pole" was still further south of 
 this on Paca and German streets, and the "Three Tuns Tavern" 
 yet beyond, at the corner of Paca and Pratt streets. These were 
 the main houses of entertainment, cattle-yards and stables, for 
 horse-dealers, wagoners, and cattle men, west of the Falls ; while 
 Old Town had its famous "Bull's Head," on Front street, the 
 " Kising Sun," on High street, and the well-known " Habbersett's," 
 whose hospitable doors and excellent tables were always open to 
 the dealers and farmers of Harford county especially. The old 
 "Fountain Inn," with its limpid, gushing sign, was always the pet 
 of the Eastern-Shoremen, (so accessible as they came up Light 
 street from the Basin,) long after it ceased to be the pet of the 
 Presidents, after Jefl'erson's day and the rise of the " Indian Queen," 
 under Gadsby's auspices, and, long subsequently, to " Barnum's " 
 in the square, and " The Eutaw House," which were the two first 
 inns that wholly discarded the old-fashioned index of a " sign." 
 There was also the famous " Globe Inn " on Baltimore and Howard 
 streets. s^At most of these, in the days of turnpikes, the daily, tri- 
 weekly, or weekly stage-coach called regularly, with sounding 
 horn, to take up the passengers "booked" at the officeY The 
 western taverns were filled with staunch, rough teamsters and 
 drovers, and the tavern yards generally occupied by fat cattle for 
 the shambles, and splendid horses for sale, trade or swap; while 
 westwardly from Howard street, along Franklin to its junction 
 with Pennsylvania avenue, and out the avenue to George street, 
 and often beyond it, in the busy season, one half of this great 
 highway was nightly blocked up by the ponderous Conestoga 
 wagons, and their supurb teams feeding or munching in a trough 
 fastened to the wagon-poles. Next day they delivered their flour, 
 
OHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 407 
 
 whiskey and provisions along Howard and other streets, and 
 quickly reloaded with groceries, drj^ and fancy goods for the West, 
 and speedily set forth with their four or six-in-hand team, each 
 animal tinkling his jolly crest of a dozen bells along the narrow 
 defiles of the AUeghanies, the drivers cracking their huge, savage 
 whips, giving notice of each other's approach in the many passes 
 of the mountains or valleys. 
 
 But Baltimore was to take a fresh start in the race of prosperity. 
 She had been temporarily disheartened and crippled, but not des- 
 troyed ; for her natural resources could not be taken away, and 
 the people who had improved them in earlier days were still at 
 band to engage in new operations. The men of enterprise and 
 talent were still there, and though not so young or hopeful, were 
 nevertheless not without zeal and enterprise, tempered by experi- 
 ence. They saw that a change had come over the spirit of Ameri- 
 can trade, not only by the cessation of war at home and in Europe, 
 but that great material imjiroveraents in transportation, steam, 
 and the rivalries of successful trade were operating on the minds 
 of younger men of equal intelligence, in other sections of the na- 
 tion ; and that, when success creates rivals, peace not only affords 
 but stimulates the means for successful rivalry. They savv that 
 labor, patience, capital, were to take the place of that rapid, daring 
 war-commerce which had so magically assisted the fortunes of 
 Amei-ican, and especially Baltimore merchants, for twenty or 
 thirty years. They saw that enterprise, to be repaid, must be 
 content with slower processes, and that the clipper of our bay 
 was no longer the Aladdin of their counting-houses. With this 
 patience at heart, though .of course reluctantly admitted, an aus- 
 picious change took place in the commercial affairs of Baltimore ^ 
 between 1820 and 1825. Capital and enterprise again became 
 active. The extensive establishments and ventures became more 
 limited, but were still more significant in both foreign and do- 
 mestic trade. Baltimore was then, undoubtedly, still the largestV 
 flour market in the world, sending forth in 1822 205,345 barrels, 
 and 244,950 in 1823. Of tobacco we shipped to foreign countries 
 19,250 hogsheads in 1822, and 21,733 hogsheads in 1823 ; as well 
 as large quantities of provisions and manufactured goods. The 
 shipments of 1822 and 1823 showed that we had no crushing ri- 
 valry to contend with in trade that circumstances have so greatly 
 chunged- 
 
 Our ships went principally to the Spanish Main, to Buenos 
 Ayres, to Brazil, to Chili, Peru and Mexico, and this species of 
 commerce in succeeding years has fixed itself upon a fair basis of 
 equulity, so far as our enterprise and capital were able to support 
 it in competition with other ports. Our people seem to have been 
 impressed with the idea, since then, that the first duty of Balti- 
 more was to recover possession of the internal trade of the country ; 
 and hence probably more reliance has been placed on the magical 
 
408 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 change which the "Internal Improvement" system was to pro- 
 duce, as soon as fresh modes of communication were opened with 
 the growing West and its dependencies. The idea seems to have 
 been that if we could soonest reach the vast Western trade by the 
 shortest route, we should command it ; and that Baltimore would be 
 re-established, and advance to continental supremacy. While 
 waiting these long years for the fruition of this hope, it is possible 
 that the commerce and manufactures of our city have not ad- 
 vanced as rapidly as they might have done under different inspira- 
 tions ; yet certain it is, that ever since 1825-8 the minds of our 
 people have been greatly concerned with canals and railways, and 
 the supreme results they were to produce for Baltimore and Mary- 
 land. 
 
 On the 2l8t of December, a town-meeting was held in the ro- 
 tunda of the Exchange, (now our post-office building) to take the 
 opinion of the people on the subject of canals, and especially to dis- 
 cover whether the citizens preferred a canal to be made first to the 
 Susquehanna river or to the Ohio. A great majority, it seems, 
 preferred the canal to the Susquehanna. Accordingly an act was 
 passed by the Assembly then in session, authorizing the corporation 
 of the city to make a canal to the head of tide-water on the Sus- 
 quehanna, and thence to the Conewaga falls in Pennsylvania, if 
 such an extension should be permitted by the Legislature of that 
 State. Another act was also passed incorporating a company to 
 make a canal from the tide-water of the Potomac to the Ohio 
 river, if assented to by the National Government and the States 
 through which the canal would pass. G. Winchester, Esq., Judge 
 Bland, and John Patterson, Esq., were commissioned by the State 
 to survey a route for the Susquehanna canal. 
 
 John Oliver, Esq., of Baltimore, lately deceased, left the sum of 
 $20,000 to the Hibernian Society, of which he was president, for 
 the purpose of establishing a free school in this city, for the educa- 
 tion of poor children of both sexes, without distinction as to their 
 religious tenets. 
 
 The trustees of the Orphaline Charity School, aided by liberal 
 donations from several individuals, purchase of the trustees of the 
 Baltimore College a part of their grounds on Mulberry street, and 
 erect a spacious school-house. 
 
 1824. In the Assembly, the act of the Virginia Legislature, in- 
 corporating the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, was con- 
 firmed ; and in 1825, stock to the amount of the State's interest in 
 the Potomac Canal Company, with 5000 additional shares, were to 
 be vested in the new company on the part of Maryland. A simi- 
 lar number of shares were to be taken in the Susquehanna Company, 
 then again incorporated, the old Susquehanna Canal Company's 
 interest being secured in the new one. 
 
 On the- 10th of August, the corner-stone of the Baltimore Athe- 
 nsBum was laid, with appropriate ceremonies, at the S. W. corner 
 of St. Paul and Lexington streets 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 409 
 
 On the 24th of August a deputation from the corporation of 
 Baltimore, consisting of Messrs. Beale Randall, E. L. Finley, and 
 Edward G. Woodyear, arrived in New York, and were presented 
 by the Mayor of that city to Marquis de la Fayette, in the City 
 Hall. On being introduced, Mr. Finley presented to the General the 
 resolutions adopted by the City Council of Baltimore, welcoming 
 him amongst them as the " guest of the city of Baltimore." 
 
 Agreeably to the arrangements made, the elegant steamboat 
 United States, commanded by Capt. Tripp, left Baltimore on Wed- 
 nesday, the 6th of October, to receive Gen. La Fayette at French- 
 town. She was fitted out and furnished in the most splendid man- 
 ner, and among her passengers were the committee from the cor- 
 poration, consisting of John B. Morris, Wm. Patterson, Beale Ran- 
 dall, Benjamin C. Howard, John Reese, Samuel Moore, Edivard G. 
 Woodj-ear, and E. L. Finley, and Cols. Lloyd and Dickinson, aides to 
 the Governor. The military committee consisted of Maj.-Gen. 
 Harper and suite, and Cols. Steuart, Robinson, Sheppard, Milten- 
 berger, Heath, Edes, Leakin, and Stiles, and Lieut.-Col. Barry and 
 Major Hoffman. Gen. Smith and Col. Bentalou attended, to re- 
 present the Cincinnati. Among the invited gentlemen present was 
 the venerable Mr. Du Bois Martin, a citizen of Baltimore, who 
 provided and commanded the vessel which first landed La Faj-ette 
 in America. When the boat arrived at Frenchtown, the Governor's 
 aides, accompanied bj^ a squadron of cavalry, proceeded to meet 
 the General at the Delaware line. In the meantime Mr. Adams, 
 Secretary of State, arrived on his way to Washington. He had 
 been previously invited, and cheerfully joining himself to the party, 
 was introduced to all present. The General having been detained, 
 did not arrive at the Maryland line till after one o'clock in the 
 morning. He was there presented by Louis McLane, chairman of 
 the Delaware committee, to the aides of the Governor of Maryland. 
 The first aide announced to the General in very appropriate and 
 warm terms, in behalf of Gov. Stevens, a cordial welcome to the 
 State of Maryland ; and informed him that they were ready to 
 escort him to headquarters, which was established at Fort McHenry^ 
 Baltimore. The aides of the Governor then conducted the General 
 on board the steamboat, where the deputations received him upon 
 deck. Mr. John B. Morris, president of the First Branch City 
 Council, and chairman of the committee, advanced to the guest, 
 and addressed him in a manner that evinced at once that he felt 
 what he spoke from the bottom of his heart. The General having 
 but just left his Delaware friends, and meeting so suddenly this re- 
 ception, it affected him most sensibly. He pressed his hand to his 
 heart and said, " I am grateful." He was then introduced by Mr. 
 Morris to the gentlemen of the corporation — then to General Har- 
 per, who addressed him on the part of the military. General 
 Smith and Col. Bentalou stepped forward and announced to him 
 the object of their mission, and the joy they felt in meeting him 
 
410 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 again. The General embraced them in the warmest and most af- 
 fectionate manner, and inquired particularly after his old friends 
 and associates " in times that tried men's souls." The meetinaj of 
 the General with the amiable, retiring and venerable Mr. Du Bois 
 Martin was of a most touching character to the sensitive mind ; 
 they held each other by tbe hand and conversed together in French 
 for a considerable time. After the introductions were gone through, 
 Captain Tripp announced that he had an entertainment ready for 
 the company. They all followed the General to the cabin, and a 
 little after 3 o'clock the General repaired to the ladies' cabin, pre- 
 pared for his lodging-room, and invited Mr. Adams to accompany 
 him. 
 
 During the night the rain poured down in torrents; but just 
 as the, boat entered the Patapsco the threatening clouds dispersed, 
 the morning sun shone forth its brightest effulgence and seemed 
 to bid " Welcome to La Fayette." On approaching the fort, the 
 steamboats Maryland^ Virginia^ Philadelphia, and Eagle, all beauti- 
 fully dressed, with jS^ags and streamers flying, came down the river, 
 full of anxious citizens, to meet the boat United States, and passed 
 transversely around her. As they did so, the people on board 
 waved their h-ats and gave the most hearty, enlivening, and oft- 
 repeated cheering. The five boats in regular order, the United 
 States leading the van, proceeded for the fort, where they came 
 alongside alternately, the passengers saluting the General, which 
 he received, uncovered, in the most cordial and delicate manner. 
 " The whole scene was most interesting — it was splendid — we 
 cannot describe it. The imagination must take the place of the 
 pen." 
 
 The landing was a very interesting scene. The first barge, 
 commanded by Capt. Gardner, and manned by some of our most 
 respectable ship-masters, was the first that made for the shore. 
 It contained Gen. La Fayette, Mr. Secretary Adams, Gen. Smith, 
 Mr. Du Bois Martin, and Mr. Morris. In the second boat, George 
 Washington La Fayette (the General's son). Monsieur La Vasseur, 
 Col. Paul Bentalou, Mr. Wm. Patterson, and the Governor's aides. 
 The other members of the deputation followed in succession. The 
 General was received at the platform of Fort McHenry by Col. 
 Hindman of the army of the United States, and Edward G. Wood- 
 year, a member of the Committee of Arrangements. The officers 
 of the army and navy now in Baltimore, the citizen volunteers at 
 Fort McHenry during the bombardment, the Committee of Vigi- 
 lance and Safety of 1814, and the officers of the 36th and 38th 
 United States regiments of infantry had their stations, and the 
 General })assed through their line on his march up to the " star 
 fort." Upon entering the gate the troops of the garrison pre- 
 sented arms, then opened to the right and left, which brought to 
 bis view the tent of Washington ; upon which Governor Stevens 
 advanced from the tent, and greeted him with a hearty Welcome 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 411 
 
 address to the State of Maryland. Upon its conclusion the Gov- 
 ernor conducted him to the tent, where he found the Society of 
 the Cincinnati, the patriarchs of the Eevolution. Here he was 
 received and embraced by all of them. The scene was one of the 
 most impressive and heart-touching that was ever witnessed. All 
 were convulsed into tears, but they were tears of joy and gratula- 
 tion. As soon as the feeling of the occasion had a little subsided, 
 Col. Howard presented an address, to which the General made the 
 following reply : 
 
 " The pleasure to recognize my beloved companions in arms ; 
 the sound of names whose memory is dear to me : this meeting 
 under the consecrated tent where we so often have pressed around 
 our paternal commander in-chief, excite emotions which your sym- 
 pathizing hearts will better feel than I can express. This fort also, 
 most nobly defended in the last war, while it brings the affecting 
 recollection of a confidential friend in my military family, associates 
 with it the remembrance of the illustrious defence of another fort, 
 in the Revolutionary war, by the friend now near me, (Gen.. Smith). 
 It has been the lot of the Maryland Line to acquire glory in in- 
 stances t)f bad as well as good fortune, and to whom can I better 
 speak of the glory of that Line than in addressing Col. Howard ? 
 My dear brother soldiers, my feelings are too strong for utterance, 
 I thank jon most affectionately." 
 
 In uttering his affectionate and feeling reply, the General testi- 
 fied by his manner how deeply his heart was engaged in the solemn 
 and interesting occasion. The meeting of La Fayette with the 
 venerable Charles Carroll, Col. John E. Howard, Generals Stewart, 
 Strieker, Eeed, Benson, and other Eevolution ary soldiers, in the 
 tent of Washington, had a most powerful effect on the feelings of 
 all. He grasped their hands, he folded them in his arms, and with 
 his eyes brimful of tears, and others who like him had fairly stood 
 in the hottest of the fight in many battles, were dissolved by the 
 pressure of the recollections that thickened upon them. He recog- 
 nized several oFthem, especially Sergeant Everhardt, who had once 
 been instrumental in saving his life in battle. Within the tent was 
 a part of the camp equipage of Washington, containing knives, 
 plates, &c., which were exposed to view. On one side of the tent 
 was placed an American cannon, and on the other side a French 
 one, both of which had been used at the siege of Yorktown. After 
 the presentation of Gen. Macomb, Cols. Jones and Hook, and Maj. 
 Vandeventer of the U. S. army, with Captains Nicholson and 
 Claxton of the navy, George Washington Custis, the owner of the 
 tent, and several ladies, the entire party sat down to an elegant 
 collation. Upon leaving the fort the General was escorted into a 
 splendid barouche, drawn by four elegant black horses, attended by 
 grooms in full livery. Seated with him were Charles Carroll of 
 Carrollton, Gen. S. Smith, and Col. John E. Howard. The General's 
 son, Mons. Le Yasseur, and Governor Stevens occupied the next j 
 
412 CHR0NI0LE5 OF BA.Lri\IORB. 
 
 a third contained Gen. Strieker, Col. Bentalou and Mr. DeBois 
 Martin, and the committee of arrangements and the Society of Cin- 
 cinnati followed in carriages. As he passed Federal Hill, a de- 
 tachment of artillery saluted him with twenty-four guns. 
 
 The General entered the city at Forrest (now Charles) street, 
 and at the intersection of Montgomery street he passed under a' 
 beautiful arch of forty feet span, flanked at each end by another 
 of fifteen feet span. On the smaller arches were the mottoes 
 ' Brandywine, Yorktown, and on the principal arch. Welcome La 
 Fayette. The General was then conducted through- Light, Lee, 
 Sharp, Pratt, and Paca streets, and was greeted everywhere with 
 the huzzas of the citizens and the waving of handkerchiefs, from 
 every position which afforded the least prospect of beholding him. 
 At the intersection of Paca and Baltimore streets the following 
 arrangement was made : The General remained in the front 
 barouche alone, the gentlemen who accompanied him thus far now 
 taking their seats in the second and third barouches. As he en- 
 tered Baltimore street, the elevated ground rendered him a con- 
 spicuous object for many squares below, and thousands of voices 
 now set up a united shout of welcome. At the intersection of 
 Baltimore and Eutaw streets was erected, fronting to the west, 
 the city arch. This elegant structure was composed of three 
 semi-circular arches. The centre arch was forty feet in chord over 
 the coachway ; the lateral ones were about twelve feet in chord, 
 all springing from the same line, and on piers or pedestals of suit- 
 able proportions. The outer line of each archivalte was formed 
 by a wreath of laurel, from which (at about one foot apart) radi- 
 ated well polished baypnets. On the vertex of the great arch was 
 the great star of fellowship, in a blue field, encircled by thirteen 
 silver stars, from which radiated the national ensigns, &c., &c., &c. 
 After passing under the city arch, the General entered upon the 
 right of the splendid line of artillery, infantry, and riflemen, sta- 
 tioned in the order designated by the Major-General of the divi- 
 Bion. The General received the salutes of the different corps as 
 he passed the line uncovered; while, from the windows and other 
 positions along the streets, thousands of handkerchiefs were waved • 
 by the ladies, adorned in their loveliest smiles and gayest attire. 
 
 Continuing along the line, the General came to a beautiful 
 structure, which the citizens of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth 
 wards had erected in honor of him, at Baltimore street bridge. 
 At a short distance from the eastern side of the bridge rose to a 
 lofty and imposing height a noble civic arch of thirty-six feet span 
 in the clear, raised upon square Doric columns fifteen feet high, 
 the imposts being carried over the foot-way on either side, with 
 the Doric drop. On the face of the right column, ornamented in 
 oil painting, were the names of the thirteen original States, and 
 on the left column the names of the most distinguished Eevolu- 
 tionary Generals. The whole face of the arch, with its soffit, was 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 413 
 
 handsomely ornamented in oil paintings. On the west front of 
 the crown of the arch was a portrait of Washington, surmounted 
 by a sculptured gilt-eagle; on the east side was a motto of ""Wel- 
 come to our guest," surmounted also by an elegantly sculptured 
 eagle. In the centre of the imposts over the foot-ways were por- 
 traits of Washington, La Fayette, and Warren, and the whole 
 decorated in the most elegant and tasteful manner with flags and 
 festoons of drapery. From the centre of the arch hung a large 
 transparent painting, fifteen feet by ten, on one side of which was 
 represented the surrender at Yorktown, including a full length 
 portrait of La Fayette ; on the opposite side was an allegorical 
 painting, representing Fame presenting to History a wreath, and 
 communicating to her the event of the Declaration of Independence. 
 Between the figures was a mound, surmounted by a square 
 pedestal, emblematic of our simple form of government. "Upon 
 the pedestal was a bundle of reeds, erect, bound together with a 
 fillet, upon which was inscribed the names of the prominent sup- 
 porters of liberty at that period, &c. On the bridge was erected, 
 at equal distances, thirteen arches to represent the old thirteen 
 States; these were decorated with a profusion of variegated 
 lamps, which, with the transparencies on the principal arch, were 
 to be illuminated in the evening. 
 
 When the General arrived at the end of the line he was again 
 received by the escort of the city troops, the Cincinnati, and the 
 corporation committee. He was then conducted through Balti- 
 more, Bond, and Pratt streets, throughout which the same testi- 
 monies of joy and gratitude were exhibited towards him. On " 
 entering Gay street, he passed in view of the boys belonging to the 
 different schools, with their teachers at their head, drawn up six 
 deep, in uniform dress, and wearing La Fayette badges. 
 
 Passing up Gay street, the General alighted at the principal en- 
 trance of the Exchange, and was conducted into the great hall, 
 where the Mayor and City Council were in waiting to receive him. 
 The seats on the floor of the hall were occupied by distinguished 
 strangers, deputations from neighboring cities and towns, Revolu- 
 tionary soldiers, and officers of the army and navy. The galleries 
 were occupied by ladies. The General was conducted to an ele- 
 vated platform at the we>*t end of the hall, the floor of which was 
 covered with crimson cloth, and at either end was a marble bust of 
 Washington and Hamilton. Upon this elevation the General was 
 received by the Mayor with an address. To which the General 
 made a repl}^, in which he said: — "It is under the auspices of Bal- 
 timore patriotism, by the generosity of the merchants, by the zeal 
 of the ladies of this city, at a critical period when not a day was 
 to be lost, that I have been enabled in 1781 to begin a campaign, 
 the fortunate issue of which has still enhanced the value of the 
 service then rendered to our cause." 
 
 We will here subjoin a list of those noble citizens of Baltimore 
 
414 
 
 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 (at that time an obscure village) adverted to by La Fayette, and the 
 amount subscribed by each, at one of the most critical moments of 
 our Revolutionary^ history. When the Congress was sorely pressed 
 for money, and the army in want of almost everything necessary 
 to its comfort and efficiency, they noblj'' came forward and ad- 
 vanced to General La Fayette, on his simple obligation, a sum of 
 money to enable him to procure clothing for his suffering army : 
 
 Jacob Hart $276 14 
 
 Richard Carson 234 06 j 
 
 Nathaniel Smith 93 56^ 
 
 Nicholas Rogers 102 89 
 
 Ridgely and Pringle. ... 234 06^ 
 
 Stephen iStewart 379 18 
 
 William Neill 411 87 
 
 Daniel Bowley 234 06^ 
 
 Hugh Young 458 70 
 
 Samuel & R. Purviance. . 468 13 
 
 Russell and Hughes. 236 06^ 
 
 Russell and Gilman Il7 03i 
 
 James Calhoun |272 52 
 
 James McHenry 110 76i 
 
 John Sterrett 250 16i 
 
 Charles Carroll 124 76 
 
 John Smith, Jr 351 10 
 
 William Smith 468 13 
 
 Alex Donaldson 117 03^ 
 
 Stewart and Salmon 468 13 
 
 William Patterson 468 13 
 
 John McLure 468 13 
 
 Thomas Russell 210 60 
 
 Samuel Hughes 702 20 i 
 
 When the reply of the General was delivered, the members of 
 the corporation were respectively introduced, after which a num- 
 ber of the soldiers of the Revolution who had been mustered by 
 Col. Mosher. The scene was highly interesting : tears of delight 
 lolled down their furrowed cheeks. The Mayor also introduced 
 to the General, Alexander McKim, William Patterson, Samuel Hol- 
 lingsworth, and Nathaniel Levy, as a small remnant, as he ob- 
 ,served, of the gallant and patriotic troop of " First Baltimore Cav- 
 alry" who voluntarily repaired to the standard of La Fayette on 
 his call upon Maryland for soldiers, and fought under him in Vir- 
 ginia during the campaign in 1781. 
 
 After a short interval the General again entered his barouche, 
 and was escorted to an elevated pavilion at the intersection of 
 Light and Baltimore streets, accompanied by the Governor, mem- 
 bers of the Cincinnati, Mayor and members of the corporation, 
 where he received the passing salute of all the troops under arms, 
 commencing with cavalry. It was perhaps the most splendid 
 military display that our country can easily furnish, Baltimore 
 having long been remarkable for the number and the beauty of 
 her volunteer corps, which on the present occasion were joined by 
 our old friends from York, Pennsylvania, and several companies 
 from Frederick, Annapolis, Elkridge, Prince George's, &c., horse 
 and foot. 
 
 An association of youths, called the De Kalb Cadets, were ad- 
 mitted into the line on the left of the National Guards. The mar- 
 shals of the association had each a scroll in his hand, bound with 
 blue ribbon, upon which was inscribed the word " gratitude." As 
 tney arrived in succession at the pavilion, each marshal deposited 
 his scroll at the feet of the General. He repeatedly opened and 
 Closed his arms, as if in the act of pressing them to his heart ; 
 
CHRO^'ICLES OF BALTIMORE. 415 
 
 and when the procession had ended, suddenly turned away and 
 burst into tears. He was then escorted to his lodgings at 
 the Fountain Inn, where he reposed awhile, being much ex- 
 hausted. In about two hours, being somewhat refreshed, he, with 
 the Ma}'or, passed through the multitude assembled round the 
 house, shaking hands with a great number of people. lie then 
 retired, to rest, and afterwards dined with the committee of the 
 corporation with about one hundred invited guests. 
 
 In the evening there was a general illumination ; many trans- 
 parencies were exhibited and great taste displayed in the orna- 
 ments of the windows. The streets were thronged with people 
 until past ten o'clock, when the citizens and strangers generally 
 went to rest. Never did an illumination pass off with more honor 
 to a city than this. The General passed through the streets incog. ^ 
 and expressed his delight at the appearance of the people and 
 highly praised their orderly deportment. 
 
 The next day he received visitors at the Exchange and dined 
 with the corporation, &c., &c., and in the evening visited the Grand 
 Lodge; after which he attended the splendid ball given in Holli- 
 day Street Theatre, which had been fitted up for the occasion. 
 After the introduction of the surviving officers and soldiers of the 
 Kevolution who resided in and near Baltimore, to General La Fa- 
 yette on Friday, he observed to one of the gentlemen near, " I have 
 not seen among these my friendly and patriotic commissary, Mr. 
 David Poe, who resided in Baltimore when I was here, and out of 
 his own very limited means supplied me with five hundred dollars 
 to aid in clothing my troops, and whose wife, with her own hands, 
 cut out five hundred pairs of pantaloons, and superintended the 
 making of them for the use of my men." The General was in- 
 formed that Mr. Poe was dead but that his widowwas still living. 
 He expressed an anxious wish to see her. The good old lady 
 heard the intelligence with tears of joy, and the next day visited 
 the General, by whom she was received most affectionatel}' ; he 
 spoke in grateful terms of the friendly assistance he had received 
 from her and her husband : " Your husband," said he, pressing his 
 hand on his breast, " was my friend, and the aid I received from 
 you both was greatly beneficial to me and my troops." The effect 
 of such an interview as this may be imagined but cannot be de- 
 scribed. On the 11th General La Fayette left the city with an 
 escort for Washington. 
 
 John Montgomery is elected Mayor. 
 
 On the 16th of February Elisha Tyson died, who had reached ^^ 
 the age of threescore and fourteen. He was the great champion 
 of the rights of the sable sons of Africa; and it is thought that 
 not less than 3000 persons of color attended his remains to the 
 grave. 
 
 William H. Winder was born February 18th, 1775, in Somerset 
 County, Maryland. He received his early education at Washington 
 
416 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Academy, Somerset county, and finished at the TJniversity of Penn- 
 sylvania, and commenced the study of law with his uncle, John 
 Henry, completing his studies in Annapolis in the office of Gabriel 
 Duval, afterwards one of the judges of the Supreme Court. In 
 1798, at the age of twenty-three, he was elected to the Legislature. 
 In 1799 he married his cousin Gertrude, daughter of William Polk, 
 of Somerset, Judge of the General Court for the Eastern Shore. 
 In 1802 he removed to Baltimore, and his talents soon placed him 
 in the foremost rank of his profession. In March, 1812, he was 
 appointed lieutenant-colonel. In the ensuing spring he was com- 
 missioned as brigadier-general, with a warm acknowledgment of 
 his valuable services from the Secretary of War. At Stony Creek 
 he was taken prisoner, but soon after was paroled. Immediately 
 upon his release he was appointed adjutant-general, and when the 
 danger to the Capital became imminent, he was invested with the 
 command of the Tenth District, for which post he had the honor 
 to be selected by Mr. Madison himself. He was defeated at Bladens- 
 burg, with an army numerically about equal to the British, but 
 with the exception of four hundred men, a mere mob — thrust upon 
 him at the last moment, some arriving fifteen minutes before the 
 action, none before the 18th — some without ammunition, without 
 arms, some with arms that had been condemned. The Capital fell 
 into the hands of the enemy. After the retreat of the British 
 from Baltimore, General Winder received orders to proceed to the 
 Niagara frontier, where his services were deemed important. A 
 committee having been appointed by Congress to investigate the 
 cause of the disaster at Bladen sburg, their report bore unfavorably 
 upon the conduct of General Winder, absent at the time. He ap- 
 plied immediately to the President for a court of inquiry, which 
 was granted, and General Scott, Colonels Fenton and Drayton, 
 were appointed a court, and met in Baltimore, January 26th, 1815. 
 After a recital of the means at his disposal, they concluded their 
 report thus: "They nevertheless feel it to be their duty to sepa- 
 rate the individual from the calamities surrounding him, and to 
 declare that, to the officer on whose conduct they are to determine, 
 no censure is attributable; and, on the contrary, when they take 
 into consideration the complicated difficulties and embarrassments 
 under which he labored, they are of opinion, notwithstanding the 
 results, that he is entitled to no little commendation. Before the 
 action he exhibited industry, zeal and talent, and during its con- 
 tiiiuaiicc a coolness, promptitude and personal valor highly honor- 
 able to iiiinsclf and worthy of a* better fate." At the close of the 
 war iiu icsigned his commission and returned to the practice of 
 his p^ofe^<8ion. At the time of his death, which occurred on the 
 24th of May, 1824, in the 49th year of his age, his practice was 
 the lal7;y^l at the Baltimore bar, and one of the largest in the 
 United StaUs .Supreme Court. He was interred with the highest 
 Masonic, civic and iniliiaiy honors, and it was estimated there were 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 41 
 
 n 
 
 15,000 persons assembled to pay the last tribute of respect to his 
 memory. 
 
 On Monday evening and Tuesday morning, June 28th and 29th, 
 we had about the most severe, if not the severest, thunder-storm 
 that was ever witnessed in this city. A number of houses were 
 struck with lightning and one man killed ; but it is chiefly to 
 record the following singular circumstance : — A flash struck the 
 auction store then at the corner of Charles and Baltimore streets. 
 One part of the shaft followed the main branch of the gas pipe on 
 the northern side of Baltimore street in an easterly direction, and 
 for the distance of about four squares extinguished all the gas 
 lamps in its passage, scarcely doing any other injury; another part 
 of the shaft followed the main branch of the gas-pipe in a westerly 
 direction, as high as McClellan's Alley, extinguishing in like 
 manner every gas lamp in its passage on the northern side of Balti- 
 more street, doing no other injury, comprehending, in the whole 
 extent, nearly eight squares on Baltimore street. The gas lamps on 
 the south side of Baltimore street were perfectly unaffected by the 
 flash. In one of the stores adjacent to the auction room, entirely 
 lighted by gas, the total darkness so soon followed the bright blaze 
 of the electric fluid, that the persons therein entertained for a short 
 time the horrible idea that they had become blind. 
 
 An Act was passed by the Legislature extending the jurisdiction^ 
 of City Justices of Peace in matters of small debts to one hundred 
 dollars, and to Justices generally, a new jurisdiction in action of 
 trespass not exceeding fifty dollars damages. 
 
 On the 13th of February there was a town meeting held at the 
 Exchange, to protest against the caucus of Congressmen to nomi- 
 nate candidates for President and Vice-President, and in the 
 course of the summer ward meetings were held by the friends 
 of General Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams. 
 
 On the 18th of April the boiler of the steamboat Eagle^ return- 
 ing from the Patuxent and Annapolis, exploded, and Henry M. 
 Murray, State District Attorney, passenger, and some hands were 
 severely injured. Mr. Murray languished until the 28th, when he 
 died from the accident, which was the first fatal explosion in the 
 Chesapeake. 
 
 On the 19th of December, died of a paralysis under which he 
 had suffered many years, William Buchanan, of George, Eegister 
 of Wills of this county. 
 
 1825. In March General Jackson arrived in Baltimore, and in 
 the evening attended a ball given in his honor at Barnum's. On 
 Saturday morning he presented, by request, a stand of colors to 
 the Forsyth company of riflemen, a valuable and numerous corps ; 
 from tw^elve to two o'clock he received all such as were pleased to 
 wait upon him, with his accustomed courtesy. The press of the 
 ])eople to take him by the hand was great; a collation was pro- 
 vided in an adjoining room, of which many hundreds partook. In 
 27 
 
418 CHROKICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 the evening he visited the theatre, where he was received with 
 distinguished marks of respect. On the following morning he 
 departed for his residence in Tennessee, being escorted, for some 
 distance out of the city, by a number of gentlemen on horseback. 
 
 The following companies and societies received this year acts 
 of incorporation : The Academy of Sciences, Eobert Gilmor, presi- 
 dent; The Maryland Institute of Arts, W. Stewart, president; 
 The Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland Steam Navigation 
 Company ; The Fireman's Insurance Company ; The Lafayette 
 Beneficial Society; The Patapsco Fire Engine Company; The 
 jEtna Company for the manufacture of iron, and the Seamen's 
 Union Bethel Society. 
 
 Some of the uniformed volunteer militia of the city, consisting 
 of a regiment of infantry, riflemen, cavalry and artillery each, are 
 formed into a brigade by law, and Col. George H. Steuart is ap- 
 pointed their General. 
 
 Robert Goodloe Harper was born near Fredericksburg, Vir- 
 ginia, in 1765. In 1785 he graduated at Princeton. After leaving 
 college he proceeded to Philadelphia, and from thence sailed for 
 Charleston, South Carolina, where he in a short time was elected 
 to the Legislature. In 1794 he was elected to the National House 
 of Representatives, serving with distinction until 1801. In 1801 
 he retired from Congress. He married Catharine, daughter of 
 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and removed to Baltimore. He was 
 employed as counsel for Judge Samuel Chase in his famous trial of 
 impeachment, in connection with J. Hopkinson and Luther Mar- 
 tin. He also defended Aaron Burr. He participated in the de- 
 fence of Baltimore against the attack of the British in 1814, and 
 during the war attained the rank of Major-General. In 1815 he 
 was elected to the United States Senate, and took an able and 
 active part in the debates. In 1819-20 he visited Europe with his 
 family. His own reputation and the celebrity of his father-in-law 
 gave him ready access to the most illustrious society of the con- 
 tinent. He returned to Baltimore, resuming the practice of his 
 profession, and taking a very active interest in the Maryland Colo- 
 nization Society. He died very suddenly on the 14th of January, 
 1825. He had only the day before argued a case in court for three 
 hours with his usual ability, and gave no sign of the slightest in- 
 disposition up to the very moment of his death. He attended a large 
 party the evening before his decease, and appeared in most lively 
 spirits. The succeeding morning, after breakfast, while standing 
 before the fire and reading a newspaper, he fell and instantly ex- 
 pired. General Harper's mind was of singular clearness, and his 
 power of statement was considered almost unequalled. His private 
 virtues endeared him to a wide circle of friends, and his public 
 Bcrvices rendered him an honor to the State and to the nation. 
 
 Died suddenly, on the 23d day of June, in the 67th year of his 
 age, Gen. John Strieker, a soldier of the Revolution, and comman- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE 419 
 
 der of the third brigade at the battle of North Point on the 12th 
 of September, 1814, and at the time of his death president of the 
 Bank of Baltimore. He was one of the most amiable and best of 
 men. His remains were interred with military honors. 
 
 Mrs. Ellen Moale died in this city in March. She was the first 
 white child born within the city of Baltimore, which at the period 
 of her death contained 70,000 souls. 
 
 December 14th being the day appointed for the meeting of the 
 delegates from the several counties of Maiyland, to deliberate 
 upon measures best calculated to promote the internal improve- 
 ment of the State, at eleven o'clock the delegates appointed 
 by the several counties hereinafter mentioned, assembled in the 
 chamber of the first branch of the City Council of Baltimore, ap 
 propriated for their accommodation by the Mayor of the city. The 
 meeting was called to order by the Honorable John R. Plater of St. 
 Marj-'s county, when on motion of Governor Sprigg, of Prince 
 George's county, the venerable Charles Carroll of CarroUton was 
 unanimously appointed to preside over the deliberations of the 
 convention. On motion of Daniel Jenifer, Esq., of Charles county, 
 John S. Skinner, Esq., of the city of Baltimore, was appointed 
 secretary, and Thomas Phenix, of said city, assistant secretary. 
 The roll being called, the following gentlemen answered to their 
 names, viz: from Frederick County, John McPherson, William 
 Tyler, Grafton Duvall, Richard Potts, John Nelson, John Thomas, 
 John Lee. Alleghany County, John McMahon, John McHenry, 
 John Hoye, John Tepleman, Andrew Bruce, Robert Swan. Wash- 
 ington County, William Gabby, Thomas Buchanan, Wm. Fitzhugh, 
 John Blackford, William Price, Thos. C. Brent, Franklin Anderson. 
 Anne Arundel County, Thomas Snowden, Daniel Murray, Charles 
 Carroll of CarroUton, Geo. Howard of Waverly. Harford County, 
 Israel D. Maulsby, John Forward, George M. Gill, Alexander 
 Norris, Charles S. Sewell. Baltimore County, Tobias E. Stansbury, 
 R. T. Spence, Elias Brown, James Howard, John Spear Smith, 
 George Harrj-man, Joseph R. Foard. Baltimore City, John E. 
 Howard, Thomas Ellicott, Isaac McKim, George Hoffman, William 
 Lorman, John P. Kennedy. Annapolis City, Dennis Claude, James 
 Murray, J. J. Speed, Thomas H. Carroll, Jeremiah Hughes. Prince 
 George's County, Sam'l Sprigg, John R. Magruder, Robert W.Bowie, 
 John C. Herbert, Wm. T. Wootten, Wm. Bowie of Walter, Geo. 
 Semmes. Montgomery County, Geo. C. Washington, Wm. Darne, 
 Richard Holmes, Archibald Lee. St. Mary's County, John R. 
 Plater, Peter Gough, Gerard N. Cassin, Joseph Stone, Enoch J. 
 Millard, H. G. S. Key. Charles County, Nicholas Stonestreet, 
 Daniel Jenifer, William D. Merrick, Gwinn Harris, Henry Brawner, 
 John Fergusson. The deliberations of the convention were opened 
 by Mr. Potts of Frederick county, who after a few preliminary 
 remarks submitted a set of resolutions, which were concurred in. 
 The committee to whom was referred the subject of internal im- 
 
420 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOBE, 
 
 provement, and the consideration of the ways and means in their 
 judgment best calculated to effect the great and common object 
 of the people of Maryland, submitted a report that the practicability 
 ofa canal from Baltimore to intersect and unite with the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio canal, thence to Pittsburg, and thence to Lake 
 Erie, no longer admitted of a doubt, but should be carried out. 
 )i)uring the year a line of packets was established between 
 l^ 7^ Baltimore and Charleston, Savannah, and ^ew Orleans.^/ 
 
 Messrs. D. Barnum, W. Shipley, and J. Philips, Jr., commenced 
 to erect the present "Barnum's City Hotel," at the corner of 
 Fayette and Calvert streets. 
 
 1826. At the election for City Councilmen • in October, two 
 gentlemen of the Jewish persuasion were chosen by the suffrages 
 of a large part of the citizens of their several wards — Messrs. S. 
 Etting and J. I. Cohen. They were the first Jews ever elected by 
 the people in Maryland, being until lately denied the rights of citi- 
 zens by the Constitution of the State. Mr. Etting was afterwards 
 elected President of the First Branch of the City Council. 
 
 The first exhibition of the Maryland Institute was held on 
 Tuesday, November the 7th, at a hall in South Charles street. 
 
 On the 12th of May Mr. Beacham launched from his ship-yard 
 a beautiful sixty-four gun ship for the Brazilian Government. 
 
 Soon after sunrise on the 20th of July, the tolling of the bells 
 of the city announced the commencement of the ceremonies 
 which a grateful people were about to offer as a testimony of their 
 profound grief for the death of the illustrious fathers of the Eevo- 
 lution, Adams and Jefferson, who died at their respective homes 
 on the fourth, at very advanced ages. The flags of the shipping 
 and public places — the closed doors of all the mercantile estab- 
 lishments — the dark shrouding of the chaste and beautiful Battle 
 Monument, from the beaks of whose eagles hung in sweeping folds 
 large pieces of mourning drapery, conspired to raise the deepest 
 emotions of sorrow for the afflictive national bereavement ; and the 
 subsequent solemn and impressive spectacle promoted those feel- 
 ings of grief and respect which are the surest pledges of attach- 
 ment ofiered by the living to the memory of the dead. A proces- 
 sion was formed, first of a troop of horse, and immediately behind 
 it followed a long line of carriages containing the clergy of the dif- 
 ferent denominations. Then, drawn by six noble black horses, with 
 plumed heads and housings of black cloth, came the funeral car, 
 bearing upon it two large flat coffins shrouded in black, &c. After 
 the car, as chief mourners, came Carroll of Carrollton, accom- 
 panied by Col. John E. Howard and Gen. Samuel Smith. After 
 these came the State authorities ; then came old grey-headed men, 
 who could tell of '76 asof yesterday ; then the officers of the differ- 
 ent courts and municipal authorities ; then society after society ; 
 then long lines of youths and children ; then seamen, with their 
 flags enveloped in crape ; then came the crowd of citizens of all 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 421 
 
 ages and conditions, filling the street from side to side, children 
 leading their parents, parents leading their children ; then, closing 
 the procession, on came the deep ranks of soldiers. At last the 
 head of the column reached Howard's Park, and turning into the 
 Belvedere gate, wound through the woods until, after passing the 
 crown of the hill, it descended into the natural amphitheatre be- 
 low. In the centre of this, surrounded by twenty thousand people 
 who looked down upon it, was the platform for the ceremonies ; 
 this crowd, collected under the broad shadow of the oaks, all look- 
 ing to one object, all listening to one theme — the eulogy of Adams 
 and Jefferson. At the sound of the trumpet the opening prayer 
 was delivered by Bishop Soule ; then followed the oration of Gen. 
 Smith, and the ceremonies were concluded with a prayer by Mr. 
 Duncan. 
 
 Col. Jacob Small is elected Mayor. 
 
 Died at his residence near Baltimore, on the 26th of September, 
 Captain Eobert Trail Spence, of the United States Navy. He had 
 just been appointed to the command of the West India squadron. 
 Ho was a polished gentleman and a gallant sailor. And in this 
 city, from a fall in a warehouse, Col. Paul Bentalou. 
 
 By the official report this year of the managers of the Maryland V^ 
 Penitentiary, it appears that there were 340 persons confined in 
 this institution. The nett capital of the institution was $203,840.18. 
 The profit for the year was $12,347.12. From this latter sum, 
 however, is to be deducted $8,000 paid annually by the State 
 towards the salaries of the keepers, &c., which leaves a clear gain 
 of nearly $4,500 for the year. 
 
 Luther Martin, a very distinguished lawyer who graced the 
 bar of Maryland, was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 
 3744. In 1762 he graduated at Princeton Collesce with the hii^hest 
 honors. In 1771 or 1772 he was, through the aid of the distin- 
 guished George Wythe and John Kandolph, admitted to the Vir- 
 ginia bar. He sojourned for a session at Williamsburg, and then 
 took up his residence in Somerset, Maryland, and established 
 rapidly a very lucrative practice. He continued to attract the 
 public as an able and brilliant lawyer, and in 1774 he was ap- 
 pointed one of the convention which .assembled at Annapolis to 
 resist the pretensions of the mother country. In February, 1778, 
 through the influence of Judge Samuel Chase, Martin was ap- 
 l^ointed Attorney-General of the State of Maryland. In 1794 his 
 friend Judge Chase, of the Supreme Court of the United States, 
 having been impeached in the House of Representatives, on charges 
 contained in eight articles, for malfeasance in office, Martin de- 
 fended him in connection with Robt. Goodloe Harper and J. Hop- 
 kinson. His argument on that occasion was one of the most powerful 
 ever heard in an American court-room, and is still referred to with 
 wonder. Judge Chase was acquitted. It was the fortune of 
 Martin to be engaged in another cause of wider celebrity, and also 
 
422 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 again with Mr. Harper, in the trial of Aaron Burr for high trea- 
 son. In 1807 Burr was brought to trial before the Circuit Court 
 of the United States at Eichmond, Ya., for ^reasonable designs, 
 " in preparing the means of a military expedition against Mexico, 
 a territory of the King of Spain, with whom the United States 
 were at peace." During this memorable trial Martin exerted all 
 his genius in defending Burr, who, as is well known, was acquitted. 
 In 1814 Mr. Martin was appointed Chief Justice of the Court of 
 Oyer and Terminer for Baltimore city and county, and held the 
 office until he resigned. In 1S18 he was again appointed Attorney- 
 General of the State of Maryland and District Attorney for the 
 city of Baltimore ; but by this time the advances of age and disease 
 had impaired his vigor and his intellect, so that he was unable to at- 
 tend personally to his duties. His powers at length were shattered 
 by a stroke of paralysis, and owing to his pecuniary embarrassments 
 he removed to New York, accepting the friendly hospitality of 
 Aaron Burr, who repaid the services which Martin had rendered 
 him in former years, until at the age of eighty-two the cele- 
 brated lawyer died, on the 10th of July, 1826. It is to be regretted 
 ihut one so gifted should have been afflicted with habits of ex- 
 travagance and intemperance, which, while offering warnings to 
 others, rendered his own life often unhappy, and in his old age 
 clouded his noble intellect and reduced him to extreme penury. 
 
 1827. Upon the principles contemplated by the will of the late 
 John Oliver, Esq., a lot is procured on North street by the Hiber- 
 nia Society, and a spacious school house erected, finished and occu- 
 pied accordingly. 
 
 Dr. Nathaniel R. Smith is appointed to the chair of Surgery in 
 the Medical Universit3\ 
 
 Mr. William Patterson offered to the corporation, by letter dated 
 the 24th of January, two squares of ground on Hampstead Hill, 
 with additions since made by purchase, which is now known as 
 " Patterson Park," for the use of the citizens as a public walk. On 
 the 1st of March it was resolved to accept the same, and Jacob 
 Small, Mayor, and Solomon Etting, President of the First Branch 
 City Council, and Philip Moore, President of the Second Branch 
 City Council, tender the thanks of the citizens through tte corpo- 
 ration for his generous and liberal gift. 
 
 James Kemp, Bishop of the P. E. Church, died on the 16th of Oc- 
 tober, aged 62 years. He was much regretted by his pastoral flock, 
 and highly respected by all who knew him for his private charities, &c. 
 
 The City Council, on the 9th of January, unanimously passed a 
 bill adopting the law of the Legislature relative to the establish- 
 ment of public schools. 
 
 On Sunday morning, March 18th, a fire broke out in the ware- 
 house of Mr. Webb in Howard street, which, with the warehouse 
 adjoining, and the chief part of their contents, were destroyed. 
 John Kankard and Frederick Knij) were instantly killed by the 
 falling of the gable end wall of one of the warehouses. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 423 
 
 On Tuesday, March 20th, subscription books were opened for 
 stock to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and were closed on the 
 Slst. There were taken forty-one thousand seven hundred and 
 eighty-one shares, inclusive of the five thousand allotted to, and 
 taken by, the corporation of Baltimore. The amount of money, 
 therefore, subscribed by this city alone was four millions one 
 hundred and seventy-eight thousand dollars, divided among twenty- 
 two thousand names. 
 
 On the 16th of May, the ladies of the city get up a fair in hand- 
 some stj'le at the Masonic Hall, St. Paul street, for the relief of the 
 suffering inhabitants of Greece, realizing over 61,600. 
 
 The Baltimore Light Infantry Company, under the command 
 of Captain John H. B. Latrobe, left the city on the 29th of April 
 on a visit to the city of Philadelphia, at which place they received 
 a warm and cordial w^elcorae. This company was the right-flank 
 or first company of the 5th regiment, which took so distinguished 
 a part in the defence of Baltimore during the attack made by the 
 British troops in 1814, and was the first volunteer company of 
 citizen soldiery who visited a neighboring city on a friendly visit 
 from this city. 
 
 John Eager Howard w^as born on the 4th of June, 1752, in 
 Baltimore county, in this State. His grandfather, Joshua Howard, 
 an Englishman by birth, having while yet very young left his father's 
 house in the vicinity of Manchester to join the army of the Duke 
 of York, subsequently James IL, during Monmouth's insurrection, 
 was afterwards afraid to encounter his parent's displeasure, and 
 came to seek his fortune in America. This was in the year 1685-86. 
 He obtained a grant of the land in Baltimore county on which 
 Col. Howard was born, and which is still in the family, and married 
 Miss Joanna O. Carroll, whose father had lately emigrated from 
 Ireland. Cornelius, one of his sons by this lad}^, and father of the 
 subject of this brief sketch, married Miss Ruth Eager, the grand- 
 daughter of George Eager, whose estate adjoined and now makes 
 a considerable part of this city. The Eagers came from England, 
 probably soon after the charter to Lord Baltimore, but the records 
 afford little information prior to 1668, when the estate near Balti- 
 more was purchased. 
 
 John Eager Howard, not educated for any pai'ticular profession, 
 was determined to that of arms by the circumstances of his country. 
 One of the first measures of defence adopted by the colonies against 
 the mother country was the assemblage of bodies of the militia, 
 termed flying camps. One of these was formed in Maryland in 1776, 
 and Mr. Howard was appointed to a captaincy in the regiment of 
 Colonel J. Carvil Hall. His commission, signed by Matthew Tilgh- 
 man, the President of the Convention of Maryland, is dated the 
 25th of June, 1776, a few days after he had completed his twenty- 
 fourth year. This corps was dismissed, however, in December of 
 tne same your, Congress having required of each of the States to 
 
424 C1IE01?ICLES OF BALTIMORE . 
 
 furnish a certain portion of regular troops as a more effective 
 system of defence. On the organization of the seven regiments 
 which were to be furnished by Maryland, Captain Howard, who 
 bad been retained by the wish of the commissioners empowered to 
 appoint officers rather than his own, was promoted to a majority 
 in one of them, the Fourth, under his former commander Colonel 
 Hall. His commission is dated the 10th of April, 1777. On the 
 Ist of June, 1779, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth, 
 and in the following spring he was transferred to the Sixth ; and, 
 finally, after the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, he succeeded to the com- 
 mand of the Second, in consequence of the death of Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Ford, who never recovered of a wound received in that 
 battle. To the services of Colonel Howard during these years and 
 throughout the war, we have before referred. " He deserves," said 
 Greene, "a statue of gold no less than Eoman and Grecian heroes." 
 "At the battle of Cowpens," says Lee, "he seized the critical 
 moment, and turned the fortune of the day. He was alike con- 
 spicuous, though not alike successful, at Guilford and the Eutaws ; 
 and at all times and on all occasions eminently useful." Colonel 
 Howard continued in his command till the army was disbanded, 
 when -he retired to his patrimonial estate near this city. He soon 
 after married Margaret Chew, the daughter of Benjamin Chew, of 
 Philadelphia ; a lady whose courteous manners and elegant hospi- 
 tality "will long be remembered. In November, 1788. Col. Howard 
 was chosen the Governor of Maryland, which post he filled for 
 three years ; and having in the autumn of 1796 been elected to the 
 Senate of the United States to fill the vacancy occasioned by the 
 resignation of Mr. Potts, he was the same session chosen for the 
 full term of service, which expired on the 4th of March, 1808. He 
 was commissioned a major-general of militia in 1794, but declined 
 the honor. Washington invited him to a seat in his cabinet at 
 the head of the War Department in 1795. That honor he also 
 declined. He lost his wife in 1824 ; and on the 12th of October, 
 1827, he too left the scenes of this earth, at the age of 75 years. 
 Honor, wealth, and the ardent love of friends were his lot in life, 
 and few men ever went down to the grave more truly lamented 
 than John Eager Howard. His remains were committed to the 
 tomb, attended by an immense civil and military procession ; and 
 the general gloom that pervaded the city testified the great respect 
 and esteem for his worth and services. Hon. John Quincy Adams, 
 the President of the United States, being in the city, attended the 
 funeral. 
 
 On the 14th of October President John Quincy Adams arrived 
 in Baltimore on his return to the seat of government, and was in- 
 duced to prolong his visit until Wednesday the 17th. On Tuesday 
 morning, accompanied by a large party of citizens, the President 
 visited the the battle-ground at North Point, and in the afternoon, 
 from 2 o'clock until 4, received the visits of the citizens; among 
 

 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 425 
 
 other visitors were the consuls of different nations, and the Eev. 
 Mr. Eccleston, vice-president of St. Marv's Collei^e, attended bjr up- 
 wards of one hundred students from that institution. At four 
 o'clock he dined with the Cincinnati of Maryland, and the officers 
 and soldiers wounded in the battle of North Point. The entertain- 
 ment w^as handsome and creditable to Mr. Barnum. From seven 
 to nine o'clock he received the visits of his fellow-citizens, of whom 
 he took leave in a brief and cordial address. 
 
 The profits of the Maryland Penitentiary for the 3'ear 1825 X/' 
 amounted to $12,347.21 ; 1826, $12,843.28 ; and of this year, nearly 
 $20,000. 
 
 The corps of engineers detached by the General Government 
 to survey the route of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad left Balti- 
 more on the 20th of November. 
 
 1828. Mr. Evan Poultney opens a banking house in Baltimore 
 street in June, being the first institution of this kind opened in 
 the city. 
 
 Messrs. Luke Tiernan, E. H. Osgood, Joshua Mezick, and others, 
 form a company, and obtain a charter to make a screw dock for 
 repairing ships' bottoms, the same being erected at Mr. Eamsay's 
 wharf, Thames street, Fell's Point. 
 
 Messrs. Gideon Lee, Peter Cooper, Francis Price, Ely Moore, 
 James Eamsay, and others of New York, and Messrs. W. Patter- 
 son, Columbus O'Donnel, Ebenezer Z. Finley, W. Gwjmn, and 
 others, of Baltimore, purchase the lands east and west of Harris's 
 Creek, with the water rights on the north side of the north branch 
 of the Patapsco, from the neighborhood of the Point to the Laza- 
 retto, and obtain charter rights by the name of the Canton Com- 
 pany, of which Mr. Gwynn is chosen president. 
 
 On the opening of subscriptions in March for the Baltimore and 
 Susquehanna Eailroad, much more than the requisite number of 
 shares were taken in the city, besides a few shares at York, although 
 the Legislature of Pennsylvania had refused to aid or countenance 
 the undertaking by a continuance of the contemplated road within 
 that State. 
 
 The circular brick tower erected by the Phoenix Company for 
 making shot, at the corner of Front and Fayette stret^t, reacWd 
 the intended elevation, being two hundred and thirtj-fbur feet 
 three inches high from the pavement. Its diameter at the bottom 
 is forty feet, and at the top twenty. The stone foundation wall is 
 ten feet thick at the bottom, and six at the top. The brick work, 
 which commences at the surface, is four feet and a half thick, of 
 which thickness it continues for the height of nearly fifty feet ; 
 when it diminishes four inches in every story, being twenty inches 
 thick at the top of the parapet, three feet in height, which crowns 
 the summit. This huge structure, which is an excellent piece of 
 brick-work, was commenced on the second of June, 1828, and fin- 
 ished on the 25th of November same year, and was built without 
 scaffolding. 
 
 -h 
 
 !ot^-^KVa^>R^ %L/-A-A^^^^e'v-^ Nv.^urvAAA.^-^ 
 
426 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 The celebration of the Fourth of July, and the ceremonies at- 
 tending the commencement of the Baltimore and Ohio raih-oad, 
 brought to town a great concourse of strangers a day or two before 
 the celebration. On the afternoon and evening immediately pre- 
 ceding, all the roads to town were thronged with passengers, while 
 in the cit}^ itself, the lively and incessant crowds in Baltimore 
 street; the movements of various cars, banners, and other decora- 
 tions of trades, to their several points of destination ; the erection 
 of scaffolds, and the removal of window sashes, gave many " notes 
 of preparation " for the ensuing fete. Fortunately, the morning of 
 the fourth rose not only bright but cool, to the great comfort of 
 the immense throng of spectators that, from a very early hour, 
 filled every window in Baltimore street, and the pavement below, 
 from beyond Bond street on the east, far west on Baltimore street 
 extended, a distance of about two miles. What the numbers were 
 we have no means of ascertaining; fifty to seventy thousand spec- 
 tators must have been present, among the whole of whom was 
 witnessed a quietness and good order seldom seen in so immense a 
 multitude. The procession left Bond street a little before eight 
 o'clock, and moved up Baltimore street in the order previously ar- 
 ranged and published. The good ship the " Union," completely 
 rigged on Fell's Point, was on the extreme left of the line, and as 
 the various bands of music, trades, and other bodies in th-^ proces- 
 sion passed before it, it was evident from their greetings that they 
 regarded this combined symbol of our confederacy and navy with 
 especial approbation. 
 
 About ten oclock the procession reached the spot on which the 
 foundation stone of the railroad was to be placed, a field two miles 
 and a quarter from town, south of the Frederick turnpike road, 
 and near Carroll's upper mills on Grwynn's falls. Through the 
 middle of this field runs, from north to south, a ridge of an eleva- 
 tion of perhaps thirty feet, in the centre and on the summit of 
 which was erected a pavilion for the reception of Charles Carroll 
 of Carrollton, the president and directors of the railroad company, 
 the engineers, the mayor and city council, and the orator of the 
 day. Among the guests of the pavilion were also the Speaker of 
 the House of Representatives of the United States, Governor Coles 
 of Indiana, the members of Congress and the Legislature, the Cin- 
 cinnati and the Revolutionary soldiers, Col. Grenier and Gen. De- 
 vereux. On either side of the pavilion and along the line of the 
 ridge was ranged the cavalry. In front of it towards the east, and 
 on the brow of the ridge, was the excavation for the reception 
 of the foundation stone, beneath which, and parallel with the ridge, 
 lay a long and level plain in which the procession formed on its 
 arrival, facing towards the pavilion. The cars were drawn up in a 
 l>ody on the left and inclining towards the. rear of the pavilion. 
 The Masonic bodies formed a large and hollow square round the 
 iirat btone. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 427 
 
 The ceremonies were commenced with prayer by the Eev. Dr. 
 "Wyatt, Masonic Grand Chaplain, the vast audience uncovering 
 their heads, when Mr. Heath, after an eloquent preface, read the 
 Declaration of Independence. The Carrollton March, composed 
 by Mr. Clifton, was then performed. Mr. John B. Morris de- 
 livered an eloquent address from the president and directors of the 
 Company. Upon the conclusion of the address, two boys dressed 
 as Mercuries advanced to the canopy, and prayed that the prin- 
 ters might be furnished with a copy of the remarks and address just 
 delivered, that they might be printed and distributed to the people. 
 A deputation from the blacksmiths' association next advanced and 
 presented Mr. Carroll the pick, spade, stone-hammer and trowel, 
 prepared by them for the occasion, and made an address. The 
 deputation from the stonecutters now came forward, and the car 
 containing the foundation stone was driven to the spot. While 
 the stone was preparing, Mr. Carroll, accompanied b}^ the grand 
 marshal of the day and Mr. John B. Morris, and bearing in his 
 band the spade just presented, descended from the pavilion and ad- 
 vanced to the spot selected for the reception of the foundation 
 stone, in order to strike the spade into the ground. He walked 
 with a firm step and used the instrument with a steady hand, 
 verifying the prediction of a song published on the morning of the 
 fourth : — 
 
 " The hand that held the pen 
 Never falters, but again 
 Is employed with the spade, to assist his fellow-men." 
 
 The stone was then dexterously removed from the wagon in 
 which it had been conveyed to the ground, and placed in its bed. 
 The Grand Master, attended by the P. G. Chaplain of Maryland, 
 and by the Grand Master of Pennsylvania and Virginia, then 
 applied his instruments to the stone, and after handing them for 
 the same purpose to the other Grand Masters, and receiving their 
 favorable report, pronounced it to be " well formed, true and 
 trusty." The Grand Chaplain invoked the benediction of heaven 
 upon the success of the enterprise, the prosperity of the city, and 
 the future life of the venerable man who had assisted in laying the 
 stone. The ceremony was concluded in the usual manner, by 
 pouring wine and oil and scattering corn upon the stone, with a 
 corresponding invocation and response, followed by the grand Ma- 
 sonic honors. 
 
 The following inscription was on the stone: — " This stone, pre- 
 sented by the stone-cutters of Baltimore in commemoration of the 
 commencement of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, was here placed 
 on the 4th of July, 1828, by the Grand Lodge of Maryland, assisted 
 by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the 
 Declaration of American Independence, and under the direction of 
 the president and directors of the Kailroad Company." On each 
 
428 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 side of the stone was this inscription : — " First stone of the Balti- 
 more & O. E. E." In a cavity of the stone was deposited a glass 
 C3iinder hermetically sealed, containing a copy of the charter (the 
 first railroad charter obtained in the United States) of the company 
 as granted and confirmed by the States of Maryland, Virginia, 
 Pennsylvania, and the newspapers of the day, together with a 
 scroll containing these words : 
 
 "This stone is deposited in commemoration of the commence- 
 ment of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad, a work of deep and vital 
 interest to the American people. Its accomplishment will confer 
 the most important benefits upon this nation, by facilitating its 
 commerce, diff'using and extending its social intercourse, and per- 
 petuating the happy union of the confederated States. The first 
 meeting of the citizens of Baltimore to confer upon the adoption 
 of proper measures for undertaking this magnificent work, was on 
 the 2d day of February, 1827. An Act of incorporation by the 
 State of Maryland was granted February 28th, 1827, and was con- 
 firmed by the State of Virginia March 8th, 1827. Stock was sub- 
 scribed to provide funds for its execution, April 1st, 1827. The 
 first board of directors was elected April 23d, 1827. The company 
 was organized April 24th, 1827. An examination of the country 
 was commenced under the direction of Lieut.-Col. Stephen H. Long, 
 and Capt. William G. McNeill, TJ. S. topographical engineers, and 
 William Howard, U. S. civil engineer, assisted by Lieuts. Barney, 
 Trimble, and Dillehunt, of the XJ. S. artillery, and Mr. Harrison, 
 July 2d, 1827. The actual surveys to determine the route were 
 begun by the same officers, with the additional assistance of Lieuts. 
 Cook, Gwynn, Hazzard, Fessenden, and Thompson, and Mr. Gruion, 
 Nov. 20th, 1827. The charter of the company was confirmed by 
 the State of Pennsylvania, February 22d, 1828. The State of Mary- 
 land became a stockholder in the company, by subscribing for half 
 a million dollars of its stock, March 6th, 1828. And the construc- 
 tion of the road was commenced July 4th, 1828, under the manage- 
 ment of the following named Board of Directors: — Philip Evan 
 Thomas, president; Charles Carroll of Carrollton, William Patter- 
 son, Eobert Oliver, Alexander Brown, Isaac McKim, William Lor- 
 man, George Hoffman, John B. Morris, Talbot Jones, William 
 Stewart, Solomon Etting, Patrick Macauley ; George Brown, 
 treasurer." A national salute was then fired by the artillery 
 stationed on a neighboring hill to the north. At night a display 
 of fire-works took place on Federal Hill. 
 
 In December, Mr. Eoss Winans (then of new Jersey) exhibited 
 in Baltimore the model of a rail wagon running upon its way, 
 weighing, as is stated, about 125 lbs. On this little wagon were 
 deposited 5 cwt., or ten "fifty-sixes," on these two men were many 
 times placed, and the whole was drawn by a piece of twine or pack- 
 thread playing over a pulley, by which a half pound weight was 
 suspended, and which was publicly handled by many gentlemen, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 429 
 
 among whom was the venerable Carroll of Carrollton. Thus, this 
 piece of pack-thread and half-pound powder several hundred times 
 drew across a large room the car weighing 125 lbs., 10 fifty-sixes, 
 560 lbs., and two persons 300 lbs.— total 985 lbs. 
 
 On the 4th of July the rival enterprise of the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal, in which this State is greatly interested, was com- 
 menced with similar ceremonies, President Adams himself first 
 breaking ground. 
 
 Died on the 29th of January, in the 60th year of his age, the 
 Most Rev. Ambrose Mareschal, Archbishop of Baltimore. He was 
 a man universally esteemed for his piety, benevolence and learning ; 
 tolerant in his principles, he respected the religious tenets of 
 others, and was only anxious to excel in doing good. 
 
 ^n addition to the Baltimore and Ohio and Baltimore and Sus- 
 quehanna Eailroad Companies, two lines of steamboats wciv es- 
 tablished this year, one to Washington and Alexandria, and the 
 other between this city, Norfolk, Petersburg, and Eichmond, Va. 
 
 The winter of 1827-8 being exceedingly mild, and no ice being 
 made in the neighborhood, many full cargoes were received for 
 sale from several ports in Maine, and proved profitable; this was 
 the first introduction of Northern ice in this city. 
 
 It being known that the Hon. Henry Clay would arrive in 
 Baltimore on Monday, May the 12th, the steamboat Patuxent, 
 crowded with citizens, proceeded down the river to meet the 
 boat United States, When the boats approached each other, and 
 it was ascertained that Mr. Clay was a passengei', nine cheers from 
 the Patuxent gave to that gentleman the first intimation of the 
 presence of so many of his friends. The Patuxent now changed 
 her course, and taking the lead of the United States, afforded the 
 committee and citizens an opportunity of being on the wharfs 
 to receive Mr. Cla}^ at his landing. Mr. Clay landed in the pres- 
 ence of a dense crowd, and was immediately conducted to Bar- 
 num's Hotel. The next day, from 11 o'clock in the morning until 
 2, and from 7 until 9 in the evening, he received the visits of all 
 w^ho were pleased to call upon him, and during these five hours 
 there was one continued throng of people passing through the 
 room which he occupied. Mr. Clay having declined a public din- 
 ner, partook of one in company with the committee who attended 
 upon him, and the chairmen of committees of the several wards. 
 
 Oil Monday, May 26th, (General Swift and George Winchester 
 left Baltimore to make a reconnoissance of the country between 
 this city and the Susquehanna, preparatory to the commencement 
 of a survey for the proposed Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad. 
 On the ibllowing day Wm. F. Small, civil engineer, left the city for 
 the same purpose. 
 
 Baltimore was visited by a violent storm on the evening of 
 Wednesday, June 4th. The peals of thunder were tremendous, 
 and for several hours incessant flashes of lightning illuminated the 
 
• 430 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 heavens, while the rain poured down in torrents. The lightning 
 struck at least twenty different points, but did not cause any mate- 
 rial injury. Between the Severn and Patapsco rivers some hail 
 as large as hen-eggs were picked up ; one measured five and a half 
 inches in circumference some considerable time after it was found. 
 In Calvert County a colored man exposed to the hail was so much 
 hurt as to occasion his death. 
 
 A numerous meeting of the citizens of Baltimore was held at 
 the assembly-room of the Fountain Inn, November 26th, in pur- 
 suance of public notice, to memorialize Congress to abolish auctions 
 and auctioneers. Mr. Philip E. Thomas was called to the chair, 
 and John T. Barr and Evan Poultney were appointed secretaries. 
 Mr. George Warner, Hugh W. Evans, John T. Barr, Wm. Norris, 
 and Daniel Eaymond were appointed a committee to prepare a 
 memorial to Congress, which was done. 
 
 For several years previous to 1826, a number of intelligent and 
 zealous citizens of Baltimore feeling great solicitude for the educa- 
 tion of the rising generation, determined to make provision for es- 
 tablishing a system of public instruction. These generous men 
 gave all their energies and feelings to the cause, and enlisted in its 
 behalf an influence that procured the passage of a law by the Leg- 
 islature of the State, in February of the year 1826, authorizing the 
 '^city of Baltimore to establish a system of public schools. In 1827 
 the City Council took some favorable action in the matter, but no 
 schools were put in operation until the year 1829, when four 
 schools were opened, one male and one female in the eastern, 
 and the same number in the western part of the city. The first 
 
 ^^ one was opened on the 24th of September. These schools were 
 opened in rented houses entirely unfitted for the purpose, and very 
 slender means were furnished the commissioners for their support ; 
 nevertheless they succeeded to the satisfaction of their friends. 
 
 V- In the years 1838 and 1839, many modifications and improvements 
 were made in the school system. The monitorial method, which 
 had heretofore been pursued in the schools, was abolished, and as- 
 sistant teachers appointed ; a more extensive course of instruction 
 was adopted, and the central high school established. In the years 
 
 V^ from 1840 to 1843, five additional schools were added to the system. 
 In 1844 a building was purchased for the use of the central high 
 school; two female high schools were established, one in the east- 
 ern and one in the western part of the city. In 1847 female 
 teachers were employed in the male schools with decided success. 
 Primary schools were opened in 1848, and the public schools first 
 established were elevated to the grade of grammar schools, and 
 suitable studies were introduced into them. During the years 1849 
 and 1850, nine primary schools were established, and additional 
 accommodations and conveuiences were furnished for male and 
 female grammar schools already in operation. 
 
 1829. William Wirt, Esq., late Attorney-General of the United 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 431 
 
 States, moves to and settles with his family in this city in April, 
 where he had often displayed his talents at the bar before. 
 
 The Baltimore bar, at that date, exhibited in its composition a 
 eomewhat remarkable aspect. It had but very recently been dis- 
 tinguished by an extraordinary assemblage of the highest order of 
 talent: men who, singly, would have shed lustre upon any pro- 
 fessional assemblage in the country, and who, united on this theatre, 
 composed a constellation which attracted universal notice. Luther 
 Martin, William Pinkney, Robert Goodloe Harper, Eoger B. Taney 
 and William H. Winder were all names of commanding eminence. 
 William Wirt came in amongst these to add new radiance to a 
 galaxy already of the brightest. For a season they were all con- 
 temporaries ; but for a brief season only. Nearly all these lights 
 went out together. Of the six, Mr. Wirt and Mr. Taney were all 
 that remained within the year of Mr. Wirt's settlement in Balti- 
 more. A younger generation stood between them. A long interval, 
 we may say without depreciation of the merits of the successors, 
 separated the present from the past. Meredith, Johnson, Glenn, 
 McMahon, Mayer, and others kindred in character and ability, 
 were comparatively young men, and were now to step into the 
 places of their file-leaders who had fallen in the battle of life. That 
 column has since advanced to occupy an honorable ground in the 
 van of a large array of talent and worth. Mr. Wirt and Mr. Taney 
 stood amongst them and at their head, instructors to guide, models 
 to be imitated, gifted with all qualities to stimulate the ambition 
 of generous minds striving after an honorable fame. 
 
 On the 8th of August, 1729, an Act of Assembly was passed, 
 entitled " An Act for creating a town on the north side of Patapsco, 
 in Baltimore county, and for laying out into lots 60 acres of land, 
 in and about the place where one John Fleming now lives." And 
 Saturday being the centenary anniversary of this interesting event, 
 which the citizens had resolved to celebrate with proper ceremo- 
 nies, it was embraced by the directors of the Baltimore & Sus- 
 quehanna railroad company as a proper occasion to lay the corner- 
 stone of the great work, thus adding another to the many facili- 
 ties which have contributed to advance Baltimore from the brief 
 period of her existence, with a population of 43 inhabitants and a 
 boundary of 60 acres, to the third city in the Union, containing at 
 this time a population of 80,000, and an area of 9,300 acres. 
 
 The ceremonies of the day were commenced by an assemblage 
 of citizens at seven o'clock in Monument Square, where seats in 
 front of the Court-House had been provided for the Revolutionary 
 soldiers. Governor and other officers of the State, city, navy, army, 
 and foreigners of distinction, sheltered by a canopy decorated in 
 the most tasteful manner; when, after an appropriate and impres- 
 sive prayer by the Rev. Mr. Snethen, they were addressed by Geo. 
 W. Read, Esq., the orator selected for the occasion, in an eloquent 
 and patriotic speech, in which he took a rapid and interesting view 
 
432 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 of the rise and progress of the city. At the conclusion of the 
 oration, a procession was formed at the Masonic Hall, under the 
 direction of the Grand Lodge of Maryland, which had been re- 
 quested by the directors of the railroad company to lay the corner- 
 stone, consisting of the grand and subordinate lodges, the grand 
 R. A. Chapter, the Knights Templar, the directors and engineers 
 of the railroad, and several youthful associations. The procession 
 moved at about half past nine o'clock, and passed through several 
 of the principal streets. Having arrived at the site selected for 
 laying the stone, the Governor, etc., took seats on an elegant plat- 
 form erected for their accommodation. The chaplain of the Grand 
 Lodge, the Eev. Dr. Williams, then addressed the Throne of Grace 
 and begged a blessing on the great undertaking. George Winches- 
 ter, the president of the company, then delivered an address ex- 
 planatory of its objects and views; and having concluded. Colonel 
 Wm. Steuart, the Deputy-Grand Master, in the presence of the 
 Masonic brethren and the thousands assembled to witness it, per- 
 formed the ceremony of laying the corner-stone. The mallet or 
 gavel employed on this occasion was the one used by the Father 
 of his Country in laying the corner-stone of the Capitol at Wash- 
 ington. The Eev. Mr. Eeynolds, of Harrisburg, Pa., next offered 
 up a beautiful and impressive prayer. He was followed by the 
 Grand Marshal, who read the inscription on the composition plate. 
 On one side were engraved these words : " In commemoration of 
 the commencement of the Baltimore and Susquehanna railroad, 
 this stone was placed, on the 8th day of August, A. D. 1829, by 
 the Grand Lodge of Maryland, under the direction of the presi- 
 dent and directorsofthe railroad company, being the first hundredth 
 anniversary of Baltimore, which was laid under an act of assem- 
 bly of the province of Maryland, passed on the 8th day of August, 
 A. D. 1729." On the other side was inscribed the following: "In 
 the 54th year of the Independence of the United States. Andrew 
 Jackson, President of the United States; Daniel Martin, Governor 
 of Maryland; Jacob Small, Mayor of the city of Baltimore; Geo. 
 Winchester, Pi-esident of the railroad company. Directors: James 
 L. Hawkins, Sheppard C. Leakin, Justus Hoppe, James B. Stans- 
 bury, Eobert Purviance, John Kelso, Thomas Finlay, Jas. Howard, 
 William Jenkins, James C. Gittings, Henry Didier. William F. 
 Small, Engineer. Engraved by J. Pratt." When the Grand Marshal 
 bad finished reading the plate, a glass jar containing the news- 
 papers of the day and the current American coins, was deposited 
 in the stone, which was properly cemented. The ceremonies were 
 closed by an oration from E. L. Fin ley, Esq., which was worthy of 
 the occasion, and delivered with such power and effect as elicited 
 the most intense atteJiLion from the numerous auditors, who ex- 
 pressed the highest gratification at the able manner in which he 
 tulfilled the duty assigned him. The procession returned to the 
 city about 4 o'clock, and at night a ttpiendid display of fire-works 
 terminated the ceremonies. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 433 
 
 On the 29th of October, the Eoman Catholic Council being then 
 in session in this city, pursuant to a resolution, the prelates who 
 composed the council went in a body to pay their respects to the 
 venerable Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the surviving signer of the 
 glorious charter of their country's freedom, and one of the most 
 aged and exemplary members of their church. They were most 
 hospitably entertained, and delighted with the good old patriot and 
 his amiable family. 
 
 On appropriating to State purposes the proceeds of licensed 
 lotteries generally, the Legislature granted certain portions, 
 amounting, with the profits of former lotteries, to $178,000, for the 
 completion of the Washington monument in this city ; enacting 
 that the structure should be considered the property of the State, 
 and that it should have an inscription expressive of the gratitude 
 of Maryland to the hero and statesman whose honor and memory 
 the monument was intended to perpetuate. This enabled the man- 
 agers to proceed with the work, and on the 25th of November was 
 raised the last piece of the statue, comprising the bust, &c., to the 
 summit of the monument. It was cut out of fine white marble 
 from the quarries on the York road, and presented by Mrs. F. T. 
 D. Taylor, of Baltimore County, that lady having patriotically 
 given it without charge. The statue is 16 feet high, and was, 
 wrought in three separate pieces from one block of 36 tons, by 
 Henrico Cancici, Esq., an Italian sculptor of merit, each block, 
 weighing about 5^ tons when worked ; it was elevated successfully 
 by means of a pair of shears attached to the cap of the column by 
 pulleys and capstan, planned and directed by Capt. James l3. 
 Woodside, of Washington. 
 
 Charters are granted for a congregation of Jews ; the Baltimore 
 and Eappahanock Steam Packet Company, the Sugar Kefining 
 Companj-, and the Howard Fire Company, thus increasing the 
 number of hose and fire companies in the city to fourteen. 
 
 In December, Charles Carroll of Carrollton performed the cere- 
 mony of laying the last stone of the viaduct at Gwynn's Falls, and 
 the i^resident and directors unanimously resolved that this noble 
 structure be named "The Carrollton Viaduct." And on the 4th 
 of December the magnificent bridge over the Patapsco was made 
 passable, and the compliment of first crossing it on horseback was 
 reserved for the venerable and valued citizen William Patterson, 
 who preceded the president and directors and a number of other 
 citizens assembled on the interesting occasion. On this occasion 
 twent^^-seven persons were drawn in one car by a single horse at 
 the rate of 9 or 10 miles an hour, to the end of the rail line. An- 
 other car, one of Winans', in returning carried thirty-seven persons, 
 among them several ladies, — one horse being used. Some interest- 
 ing experiments took place on the Baltimore & Ohio R. R. on the 
 28th of December, and were continued during the week. Among 
 the number we find the following: — Two dogs attached to a car 
 28 
 
434 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 trotted off with a load of six persons. A car was fitted with a sail, 
 and though the breeze was gentle, six persons were carried in it at 
 a rapid rate. On the 22d of January, 1830, a car which had been 
 constructed to be propelled by a sail, was carried along at the rate 
 of 20 miles an hour, the whole length of the rail. 
 
 The following letter was written by Mrs. Mary Barney to Gen. 
 Jackson, which will show the " politics of the day." Mrs. Bar- 
 ney was the wife of the naval officer at Baltimore, removed, whose 
 place was supplanted by the appointment of Mr. Carr, at that 
 time editor of the Baltimore Republican^ whose nomination was con- 
 firmed in the Senate by a majority of one vote only. This letter 
 was 80 much thought of at the time, that large editions of it were 
 printed on satin and circulated throughout the United States : 
 
 " Baltimore, June 13th, 1829. 
 
 « Sir : — Your note of the 22d April, addressed to me through 
 your private secretary, accompanying the return of my papers, 
 which expresses your ' sincere regret that the rules which you had felt 
 bound to adopt for the government of such cases did not permit the 
 gratification of my wishes,* aifords no palliation of the injury you 
 have inflicted on a meritorious officer and his helpless family : it 
 is dark and ambiguous. Knowing that the possession was not 
 alone sufficient justification for the exercise of power, unwilling 
 that your character for firmness should suffer by the imputation 
 of caprice, or that your reputation for humanity should be 
 tarnished by an act of wanton cruelty, you insinuate a cause, you 
 hint at a binding rule, and lament that my husband is within its 
 operation. If it were not unworthy the character of Gen. Jack- 
 son, I ask you, was it not beneath the dignity of the President of 
 these United States to insinuate, if bold assertion had been in his 
 power? When you had adopted for your government this inexor- 
 able rule, was it not cruel in you to conceal it from those on whom 
 it was to operate the most terrible calamities ? Why should the 
 President of a free country be governed by secret rules ? Why 
 should he wrap himself up in the black robes of mystery, and, 
 like a volcano, be seen and felt in his effects, while the secret 
 causes which work the ruin that surrounds are hid within his 
 bosom ? Is this rule of which you speak a law of the land ; is it 
 a construction drawn from any article of the Constitution ; or is 
 it a section of the articles of war? Is it a rule of practice which, 
 having been acted upon by any of your illustrious predecessors, 
 comes down with the force of authority upon you ? Did it govern 
 the conduct of that great man in whose mould (according to vour 
 flatterers) you were formed ? If so, why should you conceal it ? 
 The Constitution, and the laws, civil and military, will justify you 
 and all who obey them; and the robes of power which you wear 
 cannot be stained by an act which finds a precedent in the conduct 
 of any of your predecessors. Is it any old principle of new appli- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 435 
 
 cation in the art of government, which, having escaped the search- 
 ing mind of Washington and the keen vision of succeeding Presi- 
 dents, has been grasped by your gigantic mind ? Or is it a new, 
 wholesome principle patented to you, and for which you alone are 
 to receive all the rewards (of glory at least) which succeeding 
 ages never fail to bestow on the first inventor of a public blessing? 
 
 " The office harpies who haunted your public walks and your 
 retired moments from the very dawn of your administration, and 
 whose avidity for office and power made them utterly reckless of 
 the honorable feeling and just rights of others, cried aloud for ro- 
 tation in office. Is that magical phrase, so familiar to the dema- 
 gogues of all nations and of all times, your great and much-vaunted 
 principle of reform ? If it be,. by what kind of rotary motion is it 
 that men who have been but a few years or a few months in 
 office are swept from the boards, while others (your friends) re- 
 main, who date their official calends perhaps from the time of 
 Washington ? What sort of adaptation of skill to machinery is 
 that which brushes away those only who were opposed to your 
 election, and leaves your friends in full possession ? 
 
 " Your official organ would impose upon the public the belief 
 that you had adopted the Jeffersonian rule of honesty and ca- 
 pacity, and that incumbents as well as applicants were tested by 
 that infallible touchstone. The alleged delinquencies of one or two 
 public officers have for this been a color, and the dye of their 
 avowed iniquity has been spread with industrious cunning over 
 the skirts of every innocent victim; even of those few who have 
 been thus charged, their misconduct (reported) was unsuspected 
 until the prying eyes of their successors came to inspect the official 
 records of their proceedings, when their delegated ingenuity, as in 
 duty bound, could do no less than find them guilty, and therefore 
 could not have been the cause of their dismissal. Yours, therefore, 
 is not the Jeffersonian rule. You ask, respecting incumbents and 
 applicants, other questions than ' is he honest, is he capable f ' and 
 the answer to your question decides the applicability of your rule. 
 By thus ascertaining what your secret rule is noty we may easily 
 come to the discovery of what it is. Supposing you serious when 
 you sa}^ you are controlled by a ride, and that you do not move 
 blindl}' like other storms, but that you have eyes which see and 
 ears which hear, and hence that 1 have not yet described your 
 rule, there remains, however, but one motive which could possibly 
 have governed you — punishment of your political opponents and re- 
 wards for your friends. This is your rule, and however you may 
 wish to disguise it, or to deceive the world into the belief that your 
 secret principle is something of a nobler sort, the true one is visible 
 to every eye, and like a red meteor beams through your midnight 
 administration, portending and working mischief and ruin. It was 
 prescribed to you before you had the power to pursue it by one to 
 whom you are allied by happy congeniality, whom you have 
 
436 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 neither the ability nor the wish to disobey, before whose omnipo- 
 tent breath your presidential strength lies nerveless as infancy; 
 who, while he suffers your heart to pursue its wonted palpitations, 
 seems to have locked up the closet which confines your intellect. 
 In this imprisonment of your mental powers you see with his eyes 
 and hear with his ears. It is a misfortune for this great nation 
 that you were born for him and he for you. At one and the same 
 time he is your minion and your monarch, your priest and your 
 demon, your public counsellor and jowv bosom friend. I blush for 
 my country when I see such unnatural formations, such a can- 
 cerous excrescence fastened upon the body politic, and the foot- 
 stool of the President converted into a throne for a slave. 
 
 "The injustice of your new principle of 'reform' would have 
 been too glaring had it been at once boldly unfolded, and hence 
 is it that it was brought out by degrees. At first it was pretended 
 that those only who had made use of ofiice as an engine for elec- 
 tioneering purposes were to be 'reformed away.' But when it 
 was discovered that there were in place very many of your own 
 friends who had been guilty of this unconstitutional impropriety, 
 as you have been pleased to call it, who, contrary to any feeling of 
 gratitude or sense of duty, had stung the bosom which warmed 
 and the hand which fed them, making use of their office in the gift 
 of Mr. Adams as the means of furthering your designs upon the 
 Presidency to his exclusion, and that your rule was a ' two-edged 
 sword ' which, if honestly borne, would ' cut upon both sides,' it 
 was so carefully withheld, and finally gave way to a much more 
 comprehensive scheme of reform. 
 
 "It was next declared that those in office who, in violence of 
 opposition, had offended you in one particular (I need not name 
 it) should meet with condign punishment. Indeed, you intimated 
 in your private conversation with my husband that those who 
 had passed that Eubicon had sealed their destruction. But the 
 misfortune attending this rule was that there were none in office 
 upon whom it could operate. Has the charge alluded to been fixed 
 upon any individual of the multitude of those who have been re- 
 formed away ? Was it ever even whispered in regard to my unfor- 
 tunate husband? You know that it was not. 
 
 " But I boldly declare that such a rule is altogether unworthy 
 of the presidential office of a magnanimous nation ! What ! wield 
 the public vengeance for your private wrongs ! Hurl from the 
 armory of the nation the bolt of destruction on your private foes I 
 Was the power, dignity, and wealth of the Union concentrated in 
 your person so misused? Had a foreign prince or minister com- 
 mitted a like offence, with the s^me propriety might you have 
 made it a cause of public quarrel, and sent from the ocean and the 
 land hecatombs of appeasing ghosts. 
 
 "The whole circumference of your rule at length expanded 
 Itself full to the public view; the reign of terror was unfolded, and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 437 
 
 a principle, unprecedented even in the annals of tyranny, like a 
 destroying angel ranged through the land, blowing the breath of 
 pestilence and famine into the habitations of your enemies. 
 
 " Your enemies, sir ? No ; your political opponents. You called 
 them, enemies ; but were they so ? Can there be no difference of 
 opinion without enmity ? Do you believe that every man who voted 
 for Mr. Adams, and who had not received from you some personal 
 injury, preferred him because he hated you? Think you, sir, that 
 there is no medium between idolatry and hate? It is not because 
 you think there is no such medium, but because your elevated am- 
 bition will allow of none. This makes you look upon all those 
 who voted against you as your bitter foes. 1 most firmly believe 
 that, saving those whom you had personally made your enemies, 
 every honest man in giving his suffrage to Mr. Adams obeyed the 
 dictates of his judgment, and that many did so in violence to their 
 warmer feelings towards you. 
 
 " My husband, sir, never was your enemy. In the overflowing 
 patriotism of his heart he gave you the full measure of his love 
 for your military services. He preferred Mr. Adams for the Presi- 
 dency, because he thought him qualified, and you unqualified for 
 the station. He would have been a traitor to his country, he would 
 have had even my scorn, and have deserved yours, had he supported 
 you under such circumstances. 
 
 " He used no means to oppose you. He did a patriot's duty in 
 a patriot's way. For this he is proscribed — punished I Oh, how 
 punished! My heart bleeds as I write. Cruel sir, did he commit 
 any offence worthy of punishment against God or against his 
 country, or even against you ? Blush while you read this question ; 
 speak not, but let the crimson negative mantle on your cheek ! No, 
 Sir; on the contrary, it was one of the best acts of his life. When 
 he bared his bosom to the hostile bayonets of his enemies, he was 
 not more in the line of his duty than when he voted against you ; 
 and had he fallen a martyr on the field of fight, he would not more 
 have deserved a monument than he now deserves, for having been 
 worse than martyred in support of the dearest privilege and char- 
 tered right of American freemen. 
 
 " Careless as you are about the effects of your conduct, it would 
 be idle to inform you of the depth and quality of that misery which 
 you have worked in the bosom of my family : else would I tell a 
 tale that would provoke sympathy in anything that had a heart, 
 or gentle drops of pity from every eye not accustomed to look upon 
 scenes of human cruelty * with composure.' Besides, you were 
 appraised of our poverty, you knew the dependence of eight little 
 children for food and raiment upon my husband's salary. You 
 knew that advanced in years as he was, without the means to 
 prosecute any regular business, and without friends able to assist 
 him, the world would be to him a barren heath, an inhospitable 
 wild. You were able, therefore, to anticipate the heart-rending 
 
438 ' CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 scene which you may now realize as the sole work of your hand. 
 The sickness and debility of ray husband now call upon me to vin- 
 dicate his and his children's wrongs. The natural timidity of niy 
 sex vanishes before the necessity of my situation ; and a spirit, Sir, 
 as proud as yours, although in a female bosom, demands justice. 
 At your hands I ask it. Eeturn to him what you have rudely torn 
 from his possession ; give back to his children their former means 
 of securing their food and raiment ; show that you can relent, and 
 that your rule has had at least one exception. The severity 
 practised by you in this instance is heightened because accom- 
 panied by a breach of your faith solemnly pledged to my husband. He 
 called upon you, told you frankly that he had not voted for you. 
 What was your reply ? It was, in substance, this : ' that every 
 citizen of the United States had a right to express his political 
 sentiments by his vote ; that no charges had been made against 
 Major Barney : if any should be made, he should have justice done, 
 he should not be condemned unheard.' Then, holding him by the 
 hand with apparent warmth, you concluded — ' Be assured. Sir, I 
 shall be particularly cautious how I listen to assertions of appli- 
 cants for office.' With these assurances from you, Sir, the President 
 of the United States, my husband returned to the bosom of his 
 family. With these rehearsed, he wiped away the tears of appre- 
 hension. The President was not the monster he had been repre- 
 sented. They would not be reduced to beggary ; haggard want 
 would not be permitted to enter the mansion where he had always 
 been a stranger. The husband and the father had done nothing 
 in violation of his duty as an officer. If any malicious slanderer 
 should arise to pour his poisonous breath into the ears of the Pre- 
 sident, the accused would not be condemned unheard, and his in- 
 nocence would be triumphant — they would still be happj^ It was 
 presumable also that, possessing the confidence of three successive 
 administrations (whose testimony in his favor I presented to you) 
 that he was not unworthy the office he held, besides the signatures 
 of a hundred of our first mercantile houses, established the fact of 
 his having given perfect satisfaction in the manner he transacted the 
 busine'^s of his office. In this state of calm security, without a 
 moment's warning, like a clap of thunder in a clear sky your dis- 
 missal came, and in a moment the house of joy was converted into 
 one of mourning. 
 
 " Sir, was not this the refinement of cruelty ? But this was not 
 all. The wife whom you have thus agonized drew her being from 
 the illustrious Chase, whose voice of thunder early broke the spell 
 of British allegiance, when, in the American Senate, he swore by 
 Heaven that he owed no allegiance to the British crown — one, 
 too, whose signature was broadly before your eyes, affixed to the 
 charter of Independenc3. The husband and the father whom you 
 have thus wronged was the first-born son of a hero whose naval 
 and military renown brightens the page of your country's history 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 439 
 
 from 76 to 1815, with whose achievements posterity will not con- 
 descend to compare yours ; for he fought amidst greater dangers, 
 and he fought for Independence. By the side of that father, in 
 the second British war, fought the son ; and the glorious 12th of 
 September bears testimony to his unshaken intrepidity. A tvife, a 
 husband, thus derived; a "family of children drawing their exist- 
 ence from this double Revolutionary fountain, you have recklessly, 
 causelessly, perfidiously, and therefore inhumanly, cast helpless and 
 destitute upon the icy bosom of tiie world ; and the children and 
 grandchildren of Judge Chase and Commodore Barney are poverty- 
 stricken upon the soil which owes its freedom and fertility, in part, 
 to their heroic patriotism. 
 
 "Sir, I would be unworthy the title of an American matron, or 
 an American wife, if I did not vindicate his and my children's 
 wrongs. In this happy land the panoply of liberty protects all, 
 without distinction of age or of sex. In the severity practised to- 
 wards my husband (confessedly without cause), you have injured 
 me and my children ; you have grievously injured them, without 
 achieving any correspondent good to individuals, to your country, 
 or yourself. Silence, therefore, would be criminal even in me ; and 
 when the honest and regular feelings of the people of this country 
 (who cannot be long deluded) shall have been restored, and when 
 party frenzy, that poison to our national happiness, liberties and 
 honor, shall have subsided, I have no doubt that the exterminating 
 fij^stem of * reform ' will be regarded as the greatest of tyranny, 
 though now masked under specious names and executed with some 
 of the formalities of patriotism and of liberty. It is possible this 
 communication from an unhappy mother, and from a female, who, 
 until now, had many reasons to love her country, will be regarded 
 by you as unworthy of notice; if otherwise, and your inclination 
 corresponds with your power, you have still the means of repairing 
 the injury you have done. 
 
 " I am, Sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 "Mary Barney." 
 
 The " New Theatre and Circus,'* (now called Front Street,) was 
 first opened on Thursday evening, September 10th, under the most 
 favorable circumstances. The assemblage of spectators was " larger 
 than previous experience led persons to befieve Baltimore could 
 supply," the number of those present being estimated at about 
 3,000 persons. It was opened under the management of Mr. W. 
 Blanchard, a gentleman at the time well-known throughout this 
 country and Canada as the manager of a first-class equestrian 
 corps. The performances were opened with a prize address, written 
 by Mrs. Eobert Morris, of Philadelphia, and read by Mrs. Hill, of 
 the company, from the London and New York theatres. After the- 
 equestrian performanc.es, there was performed a musical farce en- 
 titled " The Spoiled Child." Doors opened at half-past six, and. the 
 
440 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE 
 
 curtain rose at quarter-past seven. Boxes 50 cents, pit 25, ani 
 colored gallery 25 cents. The following actors and actresses made 
 their first appearance at this theatre: Miss Addie Anderson for the 
 first time as Mazeppa. Mrs. Frank Drew was born near Belair, 
 Md., and made her debut here in 1842 as Duke of York to 
 the elder Booth's " Ei chard Third." Mrs. Henry Eberle made 
 her debut in December, 1840, as Peggy in "Eaising the Wind." 
 Mr. J. K. Field made his first appearance in America here in 1838; 
 Mr. Samuel W. Glenn made his first appearance here on November 
 20th, 1848, as John Jones in the farce of that name. Mr. John S. 
 Goodman made his first appearance here. J. Adams Graver also in 
 1853. Miss Cornelia Jeiferson also as the Duke of York. Henry 
 Charles Jordan, who was born in Baltimore, made his debut here 
 May 1st, 1841, as Marlin Sj^ike in the " Scourge of the Ocean." 
 Mr. James Wills in 1831. 
 
 At a meeting held on Thursday, October the 6th, at the Athe- 
 Dffium, in the city of Baltimore, for the purpose of forming a Tem- 
 perance Society, the Hon. Judge Brice was called to the chair, and 
 Mr. Francis H. Smith appointed secretary. Doctor Bond pre- 
 sented and read a report from the committee appointed at a former 
 meeting, to draft a constitution for the society. On motion, the 
 preamble and each article of the constitution were severally read, 
 discussed and adopted, and the whole finally passed unanimously. 
 
 A most gratifying spectacle w^as witnessed in Baltimore on the 
 afternoon of Monday, August 17th, in the assemblage " of the 
 teachers and scholars belonging to the Sunday-schools attached to 
 the different churches in the city. They amounted in all to about 
 5000, and proceeded to Howard's Park," where addresses w^ere de- 
 livered, after which the children sang several hymns. 
 
 Died on the 18th of April, Edward Johnson, Esq., in the 62d 
 year of his age, one of the most benevolent men that ever lived, 
 remarkable for his fidelity to his friends, though kind unto all 
 men. He filled the office of a delegate to the General Assembly, 
 ■was twice or thrice an elector of our Senate, and as often an elector 
 of President and Vice-president of the United States, and six or seven 
 times chosen Mayor of the city, the duties of all which he performed 
 much to the satisfaction of the people, and without the suspicion 
 of one improper motive. And on the 17th of July, Gen. Charles 
 Kidgely of Hampton, in the 70th year of his age. He was lately 
 Governor of Maryland. From early age possessed of a princely 
 estate, few individuals, perhaps, ever more enjoyed what are called 
 the good things of this life and abused them so little. He eman- 
 cipated all his numerous slaves who had not reached the age of 45, 
 but the males under 27 and the females under 25 were to remain 
 until they arrived at these ages. 
 
 On the 29th of December, the Steam Sugar Eefinery of D. L. 
 Thomas, Esq., was destroyed by fire, bringing ruin and desolation 
 on a worthy citizen and family. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 441 
 
 The Sisters of Providence, a religious society of Catholic colored 
 women, established a school for colored girls in Baltimore on the 
 5th of June. Their school and St. Francis' chapel stood in Rich- 
 mond street on the site of Park street extended, and were pulled 
 down to make way for the new avenue in 1871. 
 
 In August several disgraceful riots occurred among the laborers V 
 of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company. On Friday, August 
 14th, one man was killed near the city and several wounded in a 
 broil ; and on Sunday the dwelling of Thomas Elliott, one of the 
 contractors, was broken up by a body of men, and Mr. E. severely 
 wounded. 
 
 1830. The "Old Baltimore Museum" may be styled one of the 
 old landmarks of Baltimore, and possesses reminiscences connected 
 with remarkable events. This institution, which, like most of the 
 other museums in this country, owed its formation to the inde- 
 fatigable efforts of a member of the Peale family, is situated at the 
 northwest corner of Baltimore and Calvert streets, and occupied 
 the upper part of the late large building that has recently been 
 damaged by fire. In September 1828 the site was occupied by 
 three frame stores and dwellings, which were sold at public auction 
 and purchased by Mr. John Clark, a prominent lottery broker, for 
 the sum of S27,200. The lot at the corner, fronting 19 feet on 
 Baltimore street and 63 feet on Calvert street, sold for $12,400 ; 
 the adjoining lot, 21 feet front on Baltimore street, sold for $7,500 ; 
 and the lot immediately adjoining the last mentioned, 21 feet on 
 Baltimore street, sold for $7,300. Mr. Clark soon after tore down 
 the old buildings and erected the present Museum building. The 
 marble front of the first story and the large arched window were 
 put in by him, as an ornamental facade to his banking-house. The 
 Cohens at that time had their banking-house on the opposite or 
 north-east corner, and these were the most prominent banking- 
 houses. The post-oifice was close by, on Calvert street, under Bar- 
 num's Hotel. In December, 1829, Mr. Clark rented the upper part 
 of the Museum building to Mr. Peale as a museum, who removed 
 from the old building on Holliday street, now occupied by the City 
 Council, where he had for many j'ears carried on a museum and a 
 gallery of the fine arts. Peale's Museum was reopened in the new 
 building for the first time on Friday evening, January 1st, 1830. The 
 following prices of admission were charged : Tickets for a family, 
 $10 per year ; for a gentleman and lady per year, $5 ; single ad- 
 mission, 25 cents ; children half-price. 
 
 For many years the Museum was used for the exhibition of cu- . 
 riosities, stuffed birds and animals, wax figures, pictures, &c., &c., 
 and was known as Peale's Museum. As an investment the enter- 
 prise did not prove a success, and the collection passed into the 
 hands of stockholders. In 1833 it was under the control of trus- 
 tees, and managed immediately by Mr. J. E. Walker, who was con- 
 sidered at the time an untiring and able caterer for the amusement 
 
442 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 of the public. In 1844 Mr. Edmund Peale took the management 
 of the concern, and meeting with more success than his predeces- 
 sors, he was enabled in a short time to purchase part of the stock, 
 and eventually the whole of it. He instituted dramatic entertain- 
 ments, which previous to his management were but occasional. 
 The institution soon became very popular, though not greatly 
 profitable, for the capacity of the Saloon, as the theatrical part of 
 the Museum was then called, was quite small and in the fourth 
 story of the building. It seated not more than five hundred per- 
 sons. The stage was managed by Messrs Sefton and Chipendale. 
 Mr. John E. Owens was the comedian, Messrs. Gallagher, Johnston, 
 
 Gamen, Henry, Machin, Eussell (now Mrs. John Hoey, of 
 
 New York), Wilkinson, Watts, Gannon, who was a great favorite, 
 Ludlow St. Clair, Misses Fanny and Emma Juce, formed the stock 
 company. T. D. Eice, familiarly called Daddy Eice, Barney Wil- 
 liams, Walcot, Brougham, and the great Western were the stars. 
 
 In 1845 Mr. P. T. Barnum, the great showman, through the 
 agency of Mr. Fordyce Hitchcock, purchased the Museum from 
 Mr. Peale, and placed it under the management of his uncle, Mr. 
 Alonson Taylor. Mr. Taylor only lived six months after. At his 
 death the place was put in charge of Mr. Charles S. Getz, at 
 present our renowned scenic painter, who painted his first scene 
 for this building, and who conducted it until it was purchased by 
 Mr. Albert N. Hann, in behalf of the " Orphean Family," a musi- 
 cal troupe, who during their management produced a number of 
 English operas. Josh Silsbee, the " Yankee comedian," formed a 
 partnership with Hann in the spring of 1847, and the place was 
 remodelled and brought one story lower, giving it a much greater 
 capacity, enabling the management then to engage a larger num- 
 ber of actors and to produce a much finer entertainment. In 1849 
 Silsbee was induced to start a similar place in Philadelphia, when 
 he sold his share to Mr. John E. Owens ; the firm then was Hann 
 & Owens. 
 
 In 1850 Mr. Owens became the sole proprietor. In 1851 he 
 sold his interest to Mr. Henry C. Jarrett, now one of the most 
 successful theatrical managers in the country, at present running 
 Ni bio's Theatre in New York, under the firm name of Jarrett & 
 Palmer. In 1856 Mr. Jarrett sold out to Mr. Geo. Zeigler. By 
 this time the Museum had become a wreck, the collection was 
 purchased by Mr. Charles S. Getz, who distributed the works of 
 art and the curiosities that were left among different institutions 
 throughout the country. In the financial storm which swept the 
 country in 1835 Mr. Clark ceased to become the owner of the 
 building. It passed into the hands of the United States General 
 Insurance Company, which failed in company with many other in- 
 stitutions. The affairs of this company were wound up by the late 
 Judge John Glenn, who bought up most of the stock jointly for 
 himself and Mr. Josiah Lee, banker. After the death of these two 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 443 
 
 gentlemen, the interest of Mr. Josiah Lee was bought about 1854 
 by W. W. Glenn, Esq. The building in the rear, formerly occupied 
 by the Farmers' and Merchants' Bank, had also been purchased in 
 joint account, thus making the size of the whole lot 61 by 104 
 feet. The whole property was purchased by Mr. Glenn for $80,000 
 in fee. In March, 1874, he sold the entire property to the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Eailroad Company for $225,000, who intend erect- 
 ing on the site a magnificent building for the Company's use. 
 
 Among the stars who performed at the Museum were the elder 
 J. B. Booth, James W. Wallack, Jos. E. Murdoch, J. E. Scott, 
 Charles Webb, Geo. Famen, Edwin Dean, Joe Cowell, Chas. Burke, 
 Joseph Jeiferson, Edwin Adams and John S. Clarke, played, in the 
 stock. The lady stars were Miss Charlotte Cushman, Mrs. Famen, 
 Miss Julia Dean, Mrs. Bowers (in the stock). Miss Davenport, Agnes 
 Eobertson, Mrs. Sinclair, Forrest, the Batemans, and many others 
 of note. The following actors and actresses made their first ap- 
 pearance here: John W. Albaugh, February Ist, 1855, as Brutus, 
 under the management of Mr. Joseph Jefferson. His first regular 
 season commenced at the Holliday Street Theatre, August 22d, 
 1855. Charles Boniface had his regular engagement here in 1849. 
 Mr. S. K. Chester, whose right name is S. C. Knapp, made his 
 debut here November 12th, 1856, as Lehaire in "Eustace Baudin." 
 Mrs. Fred. B. Conway made her first appearance heie in 1849. Mr. 
 A. H. Davenport made his debut in November, 1848, as Willis in 
 " Paul Pry," at the Athenaeum, where he played for two months, 
 and then went to the Museum. Miss Mary Ann Graham was con- 
 nected with the Museum in 1856, and man-ied Mr. Clifton W. Tay- 
 leure, when she retired from the stage. Mrs. John Hoey made her 
 first appearance in America on the stage of the Museum in 1839, 
 which was then under the management of De Selden, as Eliza in 
 " Nature and Philosophy," her sister Charlotte playing Colin. Mr. 
 Henry C. Jarrett's first essay at management was made in the 
 purchase of the Museum in December, 1851, from John E. Owens. 
 Mr. George Clifford Jordon, who was born in Baltimore, made his 
 debut at the Museum under the management of John E. Owens. 
 Mr. John E. Owens was born in England, and was brought by his 
 parents when three years of age to Baltimore. After a residence 
 here o.f ten years he removed to Philadelphia. In 1849 he became 
 joint manager of the Museum with Mr. Hann, and the succeeding 
 year assumed control of the establishment. Before this he played 
 at the Museum for $15 a week. On the 8th of December, 1845, 
 he made his first appearance in the Museum as a star in Gretna 
 Green and State Secrets to a $70.50 house. On his benefit night, 
 December 13th, he played to a $124.62 house. James Wallack, 
 Mrs. Wallack, and J. B. Booth the elder, played one night to a $30 
 house. On the 19th of April, 1845, Mr. Booth played Beauty and 
 the Beast for his benefit to a $102 house. Barney Williams was 
 far from a success at his commencement. On the 16th of Decern- 
 
^ 
 
 444 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ber, 1845, he made his first appearance in Baltimore on this stage 
 in the play of " Bumpology and the Irish Tutor," to a $46.50 
 house, and at his benefit the receipts were only $55.87. The stars 
 usually played on shares; if they had a bad run, the proceeds of a 
 benefit generally gave them money enough to get away from the 
 city with their wardrobe. Mr. John Brougham also made his first 
 appearance in Baltimore on the Museum stage. He played on the 
 16th of September, 1845, to a $45 house, and at his benefit his re- 
 ceipts were only $70. 
 
 On the 22d of May, the president and directors of the Balti- 
 more and Ohio E. E. Co. invited the members of the Legislature 
 and other officers of the State, with the Mayor and City Council, 
 the editorial corps, and some distinguished strangers and others, 
 to proceed with them on their road to Ellicott's Mills. There were 
 about 100 in all, in four carriages each drawn by one horse. In 
 one of them Mr. Charles Carroll of Carrollton returned as far as 
 Elk Eidge, where he took the stage and proceeded to Washington, 
 being the first person who used this road as on a journey for busi- 
 ness not connected with its immediate concerns. On the 24th of 
 May the cars commenced their regular journeys for business, 
 charging for the round trip 75 cents. On the 28th day of August, 
 the main key-stone of the arches of the fine granite structure pass- 
 ing over the Frederick turnpike road at Ellicott's Mills, was ad- 
 justed in the presence of the directors of the company and many 
 citizens assembled to witness the ceremony. Eobert Oliver was 
 called upon by the master-builder to assist in adjusting the stone ; 
 after which, the president of the company, Philip E. Thomas, ad- 
 dressed the spectators in a happy manner, during which he said: — 
 "The directors of the Baltimore & O. E. E. Co., having deemed it 
 advisable to dignify the several most important structures upon the 
 road by the names of those citizens under whose influence and pat- 
 ronage this great work has been sustained, the first viaduct was 
 honored with the name of the oldest and most revered of our citi- 
 zens, the last survivor of that illustrious band who signed the in- 
 strument which declared us an independent nation. To the second 
 was assigned the name of a liberal, patriotic, and highly esteemed 
 fellow-citizen,WilliamPatterson. The noble edifice of which we have 
 just witnessed the completion, 1 have been instructed to designate by 
 the name of a fellow-citizen no less distinguished for his liberality, 
 public spirit, and generous support of the magnificent enterprise 
 m which we have embarked. This structure will accordingly here- 
 after be distinguished by the name of the Oliver Viaduct." 
 
 Died in Baltimore, on the 8th of May, Samuel Hollingsworth, 
 Esq., in his 74th year, a native of Maryland, and the last survivor 
 of eleven sons and two daughters, all of whom lived to an advanced 
 age. Mr. Hollingsworth took up arms at an early period of the 
 Eevolution ; was in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, &c., and as 
 first lieutenant of a troop of horse, rendered many subsequent 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 445 
 
 services. He was a much valued and high-spirited citizen and a 
 zealous patriot. 
 
 The Carmelites or Teresian nuns, whose convent is on Aisquith 
 street, is* the oldest in the United States, excepting the Ursuline 
 Convent at New Orleans. Eev. Charles Neale brought over four 
 religious Sisters, April 19, 1790, and built them a house at Port 
 Tobacco at his own expense. They were Mother Bernadine Mat- 
 thews, Superior, her sisters Aloysius and Eleanor Matthews, from 
 Hogstraet, and Sister Mary Dickinson, from the convent at Antwerp. 
 Mother Mary Dickinson became Superior in 1800, and remained so 
 till her death, March 27th, 1830. The convent was then removed 
 to Baltimore in September of the year following. 
 
 Baltimore has always been remarkable for enterprise ; and from 
 the beginning her enterprise never lost sight of the fact that she 
 was nearer to the navigable waters of the West than any other of 
 the Atlantic cities. This advantage was availed of in the construc- 
 tion, first of turnpikes, and then of canals, looking towards the 
 setting sun. Although no one then anticipated the growth of the 
 country beyond the AUeghanies, as it has since been developed, yet 
 everybody felt that there were good things in store there ; and 
 New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Baltimore all es5>ayed to grasp 
 them. JSew York had her Erie Canal, which aimed at flanking the 
 mountains in the country of the great lakes. Philadeljihia bravely 
 attacked them in front, and so did Baltimore. Boston watched for 
 a place to pass them anyhow. Eailroads were then not thought of. 
 Canals were the means relied on ; and besides the New York Canal, 
 there was a canal constructed in Pennsylvania which actually 
 aftbrded a water communication, imperfect it is true, but still a 
 communication, between the East and West. Baltimore had a 
 hope, at one time, of doing the same thing in the same way ; but 
 the report of General Bernard having proved that a canal in this 
 direction was impracticable, except at a cost infinitely beyond our 
 means, our people may be said to have sat down, like the Israelites 
 of old by the waters of Babylon, and wept. yEmigration was not 
 only "spoken of" among the merchants, but emigration, in some 
 cases, actually took place to New York and Philadelphia. We are 
 speaking now of the years 1824 and 1825. K, The visit of La Fayette 
 to Baltimore in 1824, and the gorgeous hospitality with which he 
 was received, threatened to be the fitful flash of the last remnant 
 of our enterprise, before its light and its warmth were finally ex- 
 tinguished. 
 
 Prior to General Bernard's report, a great discussion before the 
 people had been held at the Exchange as to the best canal route 
 between Baltimore and the West; and two distinguished lawyers — 
 the late General Eobert Goodloe Harper and Mr. George Winches- 
 ter — discussed the merits, respectively, of the Potomac and the 
 Susquehanna. But the discussion proved to have been an idle one ; 
 inasmuch as, without the means of building a canal in either direc- 
 
446 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 tion, it was of but little moment which was the best route. And 
 80 all became dispirited ; and, if they did not actually see the grass 
 growing in our streets, they at any rate began to fancy the spaces 
 between the stones and the bricks in the pavements were becoming 
 unnaturally green. Just about this time, however, railroads were 
 first spoken of. During the fall of the year 1826, Philip E. Thomas, 
 a gentleman of fortune, and president of the Mechanics' Bank of 
 Baltimore, and George Brown, a director in that institution, had 
 frequent conferences in relation to the loss that Baltimore had sus- 
 tained in consequence of a large portion of its trade with the West 
 having been drawn to the cities of Philadelphia and ]Sew York by 
 the public works of Pennsylvania and the Erie Canal, and the 
 result of their deliberations was a firm conviction that, unless some 
 early means could be devised to draw back this trade, it would 
 ultimately be lost to the city forever. Previous to these conversa- 
 tions between Messrs. Thomas and Brown, no railroad had been 
 constructed either in Europe or this country for the general con- 
 veyance of passengers or produce between distant points. A few 
 railroads had been constructed in England for local purposes, such 
 as the conveyance of coal and other heavy articles from the mines 
 or places of production to navigable water, but for general purposes 
 of travel and transportation they were regarded as an untried ex- 
 periment. 
 
 It is amusing, with the knowledge we now have of such things, 
 to look back to the fancies of 1825 and 1826. In the latter year, a 
 sufficient feeling had been gotten up by these enterprising and 
 public-spirited citizens to invite some twenty-five of the most in- 
 fluential merchants of Baltimore, with some other citizens, to meet 
 them at the residence of Mr. Brown on the 12th day of February, 
 1827, the call being " to take into consideration the best means of re- 
 storing to the city of Baltimore that portion of the Western trade which 
 has lately been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation, 
 and by other causes^' The meeting accordingly assembled, and was 
 well and influentially attended. William Patterson, Esq., was ap- 
 pointed chairman, and David Winchester secretary. Various docu- 
 ments and statements, illustrating the efficiency of railroads for the 
 conveying of articles of heavy carriage at a small expense, were 
 presented to the consideration of the meeting by Messrs. Thomas 
 and Brown, and the superior advantage of this mode of trans- 
 portation over turnpike roads or canals, being, according to these 
 statements, satisfactorily shown, a resolution was adopted referring 
 them to a committee, whose duty it should be to examine the same, 
 together with such other facts and experiments as they might be 
 able to collect, with instructions to report their opinion thereon, 
 and recommend such a course as it might be deemed proper to 
 pursue. The committee, appointed in accordance with this resolu- 
 tion, consisted of Philip E. Thomas, Benjamin C. Howard, George 
 Brown, Talbot Jones, Joseph W. Patterson, Evan Thomas and John 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 447 
 
 V. L. McMahon. The meeting adjourned, to meet again on the 
 ensuing Monday, the 19th of Februar^^ when a report, comprising 
 thirty-four closely printed pages, was presented for the considera- 
 tion of the meeting by Philip E. Thomas, chairman of the com- 
 mittee, embracing much valuable information. The report was 
 unanimously adopted, and on mature consideration a set of resolu- 
 tions were also adopted by the meeting. The following gentlemen 
 were then appointed a committee to prepare an application to the 
 Legislature of Maryland for an act of incorporation : Charles 
 Carroll of CarroUton, Philip E. Thomas, William Patterson, Wil- 
 liam Lorman, Isaac McKim, George Warner, Eobert Oliver, Ben- 
 jamin C. Howard, Charles Eidgely of Hampton, Solomon Etting, 
 Thomas Tenant, W. W. Taylor, Alexander Brown, Alexander 
 Fridge, John McKim, Jr., James L. Hawkins, Talbot Jones, John 
 B. Morris, James Wilson, Luke Tiernan, Thomas Ellicott, Alexan- 
 der McDonald, George Hoffman, Solomon Birckhead and William 
 Steuart. 
 
 The distinguished Marylander and eminent lawyer, John V. L. 
 McMahon, who was a delegate from the city of Baltimore in the 
 Legislature of the State, drew up the original charter of the road, 
 and through his indefatigable exertions he succeeded in obtaining 
 its passage. This document, which is the fir»t railroad charter ob- 
 tained in the United States, indicates the penetrating knowledge 
 and forethought of the author as to the powers that would be re- 
 quired by such a corporation ; and has been used as a model for 
 most of the subsequent charters obtained from the Legislatures of 
 the various States for the construction of roads that were started 
 as soon as the practicability of the railroad system was fully demon- 
 strated by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. 
 
 On the 24th day of April, 1827, the first railroad company in 
 the United States was launched into existence, with a capital of one 
 and a half million of dollars, with liberty to increase it ; and the 
 city of Baltimore and the State of Maryland were authorized to 
 subscribe to the stock. The following gentlemen were elected as 
 the first board of directors, by whom PhilipB-.-Thomas was chosen 
 president, and George Brown treasurer : Charles Carroll of Car- 
 roUton, George Hoftman, William Patterson, Philip E. Thomas, 
 Eobert Oliver, Thomas Ellicott, Alexander Brown, John B. Morris, 
 Isaac McKim, Talbot Jones, William Lorman and William Steuart. 
 Of this noble band of public benefactors, to whom Baltimore is so 
 deeply indebted for their far-seeing enterprise, and the energy, 
 perseverance and unflagging determination with which they prose- 
 cuted it, devoting their united labors and means to the undertak- 
 ing, but one now survives, viz. John B. Morris, who has just cause to 
 regard the work finished as a munificent legacy to the State and 
 cit}^, upon which he may safelj^, and with great and just pride, rest 
 his reputation for future generations. 
 
 Then came a scene which almost beggars description. By this 
 
448 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 time public excitement had gone far beyond fever heat and reached 
 the boiling point. Everybody wanted stock. The number of 
 shares subscribed were to be apportioned if the limit of the capital 
 should be exceeded ; and every one set about obtaining proxies. 
 Parents subscribed in the names of their children, and paid the 
 dollar on each share that the rules prescribed. Before a survey 
 had been made — before common sense had been consulted even, 
 the possession of stock in any quantity was regarded as a provi- 
 sion for old age ; and great was the scramble to obtain it. The 
 excitement in Baltimore roused public attention elsewhere, and a 
 railroad mania began to pervade the land. But Baltimore led all 
 the rest — there can be no doubt of that. 
 
 Then came the surveys. A mission of engineers was sent to 
 England while the surveys were going on at home. Everything 
 was done with an eager enthusiasm that was unexampled even in 
 our enterprising annals. The directors availing themselves of the 
 public feeling, gratified their subscribers by permitting them to 
 double their stock. And yet, with the best skill of the country at 
 work, the vaguest ideas prevailed. Presently the surveys were so 
 far completed that the choice of a route might be made. At this 
 time the wise men of the City Council came to the aid of the 
 company's engineering talent, and refused to pay a dollar of their 
 subscription of $500,000 unless the road was located at an eleva- 
 tion of sixty-six feet above tide ; and the railroad company — which 
 would otherwise in all probability have brought the work in to 
 the city line, which, after a lapse of forty years, it has just com- 
 pleted from the deejD cut to Ostend street — was forced to come to 
 Pratt street at its junction with Amity alley, where Mount Clare 
 station now covers acres of ground with its shops and engine 
 houses. 
 
 It was a great idea in those days to tunnel under Howard 
 street, come out in Centre street, then a part of Howard's Park, 
 and crossing the Falls, reach the shipping at Fell's Point with the 
 wealth-diffusing railroad, which people regarded as the rose of a 
 vast watering-pot, the smallest of whose tricklings was to fertilize 
 the spot it fell upon, whatever its previous desolation and aridity. 
 The fact is, that almost every one seemed to be impressed with 
 the idea that the closer the railroad could be brought to his alley 
 gate the better for his property. People often ask now-a-days 
 why the railroad did not take the route so lately adopted, and 
 whose excellence was so ap^mrent. Mr. Pichard Caton once began 
 to build a road out of his own means. They ask why the com- 
 pany made the great embankment west of Mount Clare ; why it 
 built that costly structure of hewn granite, the Carrollton Viaduct, 
 and the almost equally costly but less imposing bridge across 
 Gwynn's Kun. The reason is here given. The conscript fathers 
 of the city so ordained in their utter ignorance, and the compan}-, 
 hardly then much wiser, were too poor to make i.ny efiicient re- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 449 
 
 Bistance to an ineffable absurdity, to which the conduct of the 
 three wise men of Gotham affords the nearest parallel. And here, 
 on the 4th of July, 1828, in bright sunshine, assembled the glitter- 
 ing procession which buried it in the ground. First came Masons 
 with banners and music. Then came the trades with anvil-ring- 
 ing, with type-setting, with vats smoking, with labor of all kinds 
 in full operation, and with banners and music too. Then came the 
 good ship the Constitution^ with the sails all set, with streamers 
 floating, and with guns run out, as if to war against the world 
 that would assail the sacred instrument of which it was the em- 
 blem. Then came Charles Carroll of Carollton, the last surviving 
 signer of the Declaration of Independence, a spare, attenuated old 
 man, verging on his fourscore years and ten. small in size, but ac- 
 tive in his movements, with eyes still bright an(^ sparkling, with a 
 voice thin now and feeble, but clear and distinct, as in emphatic 
 utterances the venerable and venerated man prophesied the suc- 
 cess of the great work on whose corner-stone he that day struck 
 the gavel and applied the square. 
 
 Mr. John W. Garrett, the present head of the company, with 
 broad and comprehensive intelligence, unequalled energy, and un- 
 failing perseverance, has already carried the work which he con- 
 trols far be3^ond its original confines, extending its power acrqss 
 the Ohio on the one side, and on the other side by a European 
 organization, making the Old World even pay tribute to the energy 
 and enterprise of this portion of the New. 
 
 As soon as the grading was completed for a mile west of Mount 
 Clare, the iron strap, then called a rail, was laid down and a car 
 was built, not unlike a country market-wagon, without a top, and 
 mounted upon wheels whose flanges were on the outside. In this 
 car Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Alexander Brown, William Pat- 
 terson, Philip E. Thomas and others of the directors of the com- 
 pany, with some leading citizens of Baltimore, made trips back- 
 wards and forwards, drawn by a single horse, with the same elation 
 that we now see among the boys who are lucky enough to secure 
 a free ride on the platform of a passenger car as it passes along the 
 streets. After the directors were served, the public were permitted 
 to enjoy the same luxury, twelve and a half cents a head for the round 
 trip. And this was the first money ever earned on a railroad, con- 
 structed for general purposes, in America. Maunch Chunk was a coal 
 road, and Qaincy a granite-quarry road ; but the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Eailroad was, in every sense of the word, a railroad. In the 
 beginning, no one dreamed of steam upon the road. Horses were 
 to do the work ; and even after the line was completed to Frederick, 
 relays of horses trotted the cars from place to place. In this 
 way the Eelay House, at the junction of the Washington Branch, 
 obtained its name. One great desideratum was to reduce the fric- 
 tion of the axles in their boxes; and about this time Mr. Eoss 
 Winans made his appearance in Baltimore, and instantly became a 
 29 
 
450 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 celebrity with his friction-wheel — unquestionably an ingenious and 
 beautiful contrivance. Mr. Winans went to Europe with his in- 
 vention and was there plundered of the most valuable portion of it 
 — "the outside bearing" — through the bad faith of those whom he 
 permitted to try it in public as an experiment. The outside 
 bearing, of which he is unquestionably the inventor, in its applica- 
 tion to railroad carriages, is now the only bearing used throughout 
 the world. Not only was friction sought to be avoided by im- 
 
 E roving the machinery to be used on the road, but the road itself 
 ecame the subject of experiment; and miles and miles of iron 
 straps were laid on stone curbs, to the great edification of the pub- 
 lic. To ride in a railroad car in those days was, literally, to go 
 thundering along, the roll of the wheels on the combined rail of 
 stone and iron being almost deafening. In due season, however, it 
 was discovered that the wheels were hammering the iron straps 
 out of existence. 
 
 When steam made its appearance on the Liverpool and Man- 
 chester railroad, it attracted great attention here. But there was 
 this difficulty about introducing an English engine on an American 
 road. An English road was virtually a straight road ; an American 
 road had curves sometimes of as small radius as two hundred feet. 
 For a brief season it was believed that this feature of the early 
 Anierican roads would prevent the use of locomotive engines. The 
 contrary was demonstrated by a gentleman still living in an active 
 and ripe old age, honored and beloved, distinguished for his private 
 worth and for his public benefactions ; one of those to whom wealth 
 seems to have been granted by Providence that men might know 
 how wealth could be used to benefit one's fellow-creatures. We 
 refer to Mr. Peter Cooper, of New York, Mr. Cooper was satisfied 
 that steam might be adapted to the curved roads which he saw 
 would be built in the United States, and he came to Baltimore, 
 which then possessed the only one on which he could experiment, to 
 vindicate his belief He had another idea, which was that the 
 crank could be dispensed with in the change from a reciprocating 
 to a rotary motion ; and he built an engine to demonstrate both 
 articles of his faith. The machine was not larger than the hand- 
 cars used by workmen to transfer themselves from place to place, 
 and the boiler was not as large as the kitchen-boiler attached to 
 many a range in modern mansions. It was of about the same diam- 
 eter, but not much more than half as high. It stood upright in the 
 car, and was filled, above the furnace, which occupied the lower 
 section, with vertical tubes made of gun-barrels. The cylinder was 
 but three and a half inches in diameter, and speed was gotten up 
 by gearing. No natural draught could have been sufficient to keep 
 up steam in so small a boiler, and Mr. Cooper therefore used a 
 blowing-apparatus, driven by a drum attached to one of the car- 
 wheels, over which passed a cord that in its turn worked a pulley 
 on the shaft of the blower. The contrivance for dispensing with a 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE 451 
 
 crank came to nothing. Among the first buildings erected at 
 Mount Chire was a large car-house, in which railroad-tracks were 
 laid at right angles with the road track, communicating with the 
 latter by a turn-table — a liliputian aifair indeed, compared to the 
 revolving platforms, its successors, now in use. Iji this car-shop 
 Mr. Cooper had his engine, and here steam was first raised, in the 
 presence of Mr. George Brown, the treasurer of the company, his 
 father Mr. Alexander Brown, Mr. Philip E. Thomas, and one or two 
 more. Mr. Cooper with his own hands opened the throttle and 
 admitted the steam into the cylinder, the crank-substitute operated 
 successfully with a clacking noise, while the machine moved slowly 
 forward, with some of the bystanders who had stepped upon it. 
 And this was the first locomotive for railroad purposes ever built 
 in America, and this was the first transportation of persons by 
 steam that had ever taken place on this side of the Atlantic. 
 
 Mr. Cooper's success was such as to induce him to try a trip to 
 Ellicott's Mills, and an open car, the first used upon the road al- 
 ready mentioned, having been attached to his engine, and filled 
 with the directors and some friends, the first journey by steam in 
 America was commenced. The trip was most interesting, The 
 curves were passed without difficulty at a speed of fifteen miles an 
 hour. The grades were ascended with comparative ease; the day 
 was fine, and the company in the highest spirits. The return from 
 the Mills — a distance of thirteen miles — was made in fiftj'-seven 
 minutes. This was on the 28th of August, 1830. But the triumph 
 of this " Tom Thumb" engine was not altogether without a draw- 
 back. The great stage-proprietors of the day were Stockton and 
 Stokes ; and on this occasion a gallant gray of great beauty and 
 power was driven by them from town, attached to another car on 
 the second track — for the company had begun by making two 
 tracks to the Mills — and met the engine at the Kelay House on its 
 way back. From this point it was determined to have a race 
 home ; and, the start being even, away went horse and engine, the 
 snort of the one and the putf of the other keeping time and tune. 
 At first the gray had the oest of it, for his steam could be applied 
 to the greatest advantage on the instant, while the engine had to 
 wait until the rotation of the wheels set the blower to work. The 
 horse was perhaps a quarter of a mile ahead when the safety-valve 
 of the engine lifted, and the thin blue vapor issuing from it showed 
 an excess of steam. The blower whistled, the steam blew off in 
 vapory clouds, the pace increased, the passengers shouted, the en- 
 gine gained on the horse, soon it lapped him, the silk was plied, the 
 race was neck, and neck, nose and nose, then the engine passed the 
 horse, and a great hurrah hailed the victory. But it was not re- 
 peated, for just at this time when the gray's master was about 
 giving up, the band driving the pulley which drove the blower 
 slipped from the drum, the safety-valve ceased to scream, and the 
 engine for want of breath began to wheeze and pant. In vain Mi*. 
 
452 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Cooper, who was his own engineman and fireman, lacerated his 
 hands in attempting to replace the band upon the wheel ; in vain, 
 he tried to urge the fire with lightwood ; the horse gained on the 
 machine, and passed it ; and although the band was presently re- 
 
 E laced and steam again did its best, the horse was too far ahead to 
 e overtaken, and came in the winner of the race. But the real 
 victory was with Mr. Cooper notwithstanding. 
 
 A competitor that steam had to contend with on the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Kailroad was a "horse power." A horse was placed in 
 a car and made to walk on an endless apron or belt, and to com- 
 municate motion to the wheels, as in the horse-power machine of 
 the present day. The machine worked after a fashion well enough, 
 but on one occasion, when drawing a car filled with editors and 
 representatives of the press, it ran into a cow, and the passengers 
 being tilted out, rolled down an embankment, were naturally enough 
 unanimous in condemning the contrivance. And so the horse-power 
 car, after countless bad jokes had been perpetrated on the cowed 
 editors, passed out of existence, and, until now, probably out of 
 mind. Following vhe horse-power car came the Meteor. This 
 was a' sailing vehicle, the invention of Mr. Evan Thomas, who was 
 perhaps the first person who " talked railroad " in Baltimore. It 
 required a good gale to drive it, and would only run when the wind 
 was what sailors call abaft or on the quarter. Head winds were 
 fatal to it, and Mr. Thomas was afraid to trust a strong side-wind, 
 lest the Meteor might upset. So it rarely made its appearance, 
 except a northwester was blowing, when it would be dragged out 
 to the further end of the Mount Clare embankment, and come back 
 literally with flying colors. It was an amusing toy, nothing more, 
 and it is referred to now as an illustration of the crudity of the 
 ideas prevailing forty-five years ago in reference to railroads. 
 
 An advertisement of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Com- 
 pany ottering a premium for. the best locomotive adapted to its 
 curved road, brought several competitors into the field, the best of 
 whom was Mr. Phineas Davis of York, Pennsylvania, whose engine 
 became the model of the first engines which were regularly used 
 on the road. Mr. Davis' boiler was a double cylinder — the fire- 
 place being on the inside, and the fire surface was increased by a 
 cheese-like projection downwards above the fire-. It was the first 
 engine in this country whose wheels were coupled, so as to have a 
 double and not a single pair of drivers. When the Peter Cooper 
 boiler was put into this plan of engine, it made what are known as 
 the " grasshopper engines," some of which are still in use after 
 forty years of service, as regulators in the company's stations. 
 
 Space does not allow us to go over in detail the various attempts 
 at locomotive enginery which came into existence only to disappear. 
 As it was with engines, so it was with cars. Those who travel in 
 the eight and six teen-wheel cars of the present day, can scarcely 
 believe the tedious process by which such results have been arrived 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 453 
 
 at. As already said, the first car was like a market-cart on rail- 
 road wheels. The next car was a nine-passenger coach, simi- 
 larly mounted, with the old-time leathern braces and C springs. 
 For a long while this fashion prevailed; and gaudily painted ve- 
 hicles, built by Mr. Richard Imlay, were occasionally exposed for 
 public admiration in Monument Square before being placed upon 
 the railroad. In winter these were lined with green baize curtains, 
 and the seats, instead of being crosswise, were placed around them. 
 And this continued till Mr. Ross Winans planned the first eight- 
 wheeled car ever built for passenger purposes, and called it by the 
 appropriate name of the " Columbus." To him is unquestionably 
 due the first organization of this sort made in the world. The 
 Columbus was a large box, such as any competent mechanic, other 
 than a coach-maker, could build. It was supported on trucks at 
 either end — had seats on top, which were reached by a ladder at 
 one of the corners of the car, which were cut off, so to speak, and 
 where the doors were. It was followed by several extraordinary 
 looking contrivances, one of which the workmen nicknamed " the 
 sea serpent," while another was called the "dromedary." Each of 
 these was an improvement on its predecessor. Then came a car 
 which embodied the perfected idea called the "Winchester," and 
 then came what was known as the " Washington " cars, which 
 were the eight-wheeled cars of the present day. 
 
 The question has sometimes been mooted whether Baltimore and 
 its great Western railroad are really entitled to the credit of first 
 using a locomotive engine in America. There can be, however, no 
 doubt of the fact. Mr. John H. B. Latrobe is a living witness of it ; 
 and the testimony is documentary. It was after the demonstration 
 by Peter Cooper that the Baltimore and Susquehanna railroad 
 Company, now the Northern Central, imported the locomotive 
 Herald from England. A volume might be written of such recol- 
 lections as the foregoing. 
 
 In October, 1849, Mr. Louis McLane resigned his position as 
 president of the road, over which he had presided for eleven years, 
 and Thomas Swann, Esq., for several months previous one of the 
 most active, energetic, and able of the Board of Directors, was 
 immediately chosen his successor, with a unanimity that clearly 
 evinced the high estimation in which he was held by his associates. 
 Mr. Swann, as early as 1851, promised to stand with his guests of 
 the city of Baltimore and the States of Virginia and Maryland on 
 the banks of the Ohio, at Wheeling, on the 1st of January, 1853, 
 and on that day, after years of delay, surrounded by embarrass- 
 ments and staggering under the vastness of the undertaking — with 
 a credit almost exhausted, its few remaining friends scattered 
 and disheartened, a communit}^ over-taxed, and an opposition 
 rendered formidable by the honesty of the convictions under which 
 they acted — this great work entered upon its extiension from Cum- 
 berland to the city of Wheeling, a distance of more than two hun- 
 
451 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 dred miles, which it soon accomplished, fulfilling his predictions to 
 the letter. 
 
 Benjamin II. Latrobe, the chief engineer, has achieved — in 
 tracking this great national highway through mountain gorges 
 that Avere almost impenetrable to the foot of man — an imperish- 
 able renown. The work will stand through all future ages as a 
 monument of his skill as an engineer, arid of that indomitable per- 
 severance which conceives nothing impossible, and that knows 
 " no such word as fail." The undertaking was one of magnitude 
 and boldness. Mr. Latrobe is as distinguished for his modesty, 
 urbanity and social charms as for his eminence as an engineer. 
 He was educated for a lawyer, but his inclinations were found 
 after a few years' practice to run in a counter direction, and being 
 already an accomplished draughtsman and a mathematician, he 
 first entered on his new profession under Jonathan Knight, who 
 was the chief engineer of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad during 
 the first fourteen years of its existence. 
 
 John H. B, Latrobe, Esq., the distinguished legal counsellor of ' 
 the company, and brother of the chief engineer, was educated for 
 an engineer, but maturity brought to him a taste for metaphysics 
 and law, and they have both chosen the path intended for them 
 as shining marks in their respective professions. The knowledge 
 of law has, however, been of great service to the company in the 
 performance of his duties by the first as an engineer, whilst the 
 knowledge of engineering possessed by the other has been of equal 
 advantage in protecting the varied interests of the company from en- 
 croachment. It was during the first year of the company's exist- 
 ence that John H. B. Latrobe was retained as its legal counsellor. 
 He was at that time a very young man, and had just entered upon 
 the practice of his profession. His manifold and important ser- 
 vices, and his zealous devotion to the interests of the road, in 
 whose behalf he has so fully exercised his great abilities, have 
 long since established the wisdom that led to his appointment. 
 The clearness of his perception, the systematic precision of his 
 mind, and the untiring industry and almost military discipline 
 with which he marches through his multifarious labors, have 
 enabled him to bestow much attention to public interests as well 
 as to perform his professional duties. Mr. Latrobe is known to 
 possess the most varied abilities. As a lawyer, a mathematician, au 
 artist, a man of liberal and enlarged views, a friend to public im- 
 provement, and a true philanthropist, he has everywhere met with 
 the public recognition which he so richly deserves. Although con- 
 stantly-pressed with private professional pursuits of a»more general 
 and profitable character, Mr. Latrobe has always seemed to regard 
 the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad as a favored client, sharing with 
 its originators and founders in the pride with which they have 
 watched its progress and witnessed its completion. 
 
 Periods of the various openings of the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Kailrottd : 
 
.CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 455 
 
 Opened to Ellicott's Mills by horse power, 24*h May, 1830. 
 
 " Ellicott's Mills by sleam, 30th August, 1830. 
 
 " Frederick *' 1st Dec., 1831. 
 
 " Point of Rocks " 1st April, 1832. 
 
 " Harper's Ferry " Ist Dec, 1834. 
 
 " Bladensburg " 20th July, 1834. 
 
 " Washington " 25th August, 1834. 
 
 " oppos'e Hancock " 1st June, 1843. 
 
 " Cumberland " 5th Nov., 1842. 
 
 " Piedmont " 21st July, 1851. 
 
 " Fairmount " 22d June, 1852. 
 
 " Wheeling " 1st Jan., 1853. 
 
 At this time the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad was the longest 
 in the world. 
 
 The cause which led Mr. Peter Cooper to deviate from the path 
 of his legitimate business to become the builder of the first Ameri- 
 can locomotive, is explained by the perusal of his letter to Mr. 
 William H. Brown, in answer to some inquiries upon that subject : 
 
 " New York, May ISth, 1869. 
 " Mr. William H. Brown : 
 
 '^My Dear Sir : — In reply to your kind favor of the 10th inst., 
 I write to say that 1 am not sure that I have a drawing or sketch 
 of the little locomotive placed by me on the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Eailroad in the summer of 1829, to the best of my recollection. 
 
 " The engine was a very small and insignificant afi'air. It was 
 made at a time when I had become the owner of all the land now 
 belonging to the Canton Company, the value of which I believed 
 depended almost entirely upon the success of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Eailroad. At that time an opinion had become prevalent 
 that the road was ruined for steam locomotives by reason of the 
 short curves found necessary to get around the various points of 
 rocks found in their course. Under these discouraging circum- 
 stances many of the principal stockholders were about abandon- 
 ing the work, and were only prevented from forfeiting their stock 
 by my persuading them that a locomotive could be so made as to 
 pass successfully around the short curves then found in the road, 
 which only extended thirteen miles to Ellicott's Mills. 
 
 " When I had completed the engine I invited the directors to 
 witness an experiment. Some thirty-six persons entered one of 
 the passenger cars and four rode on the locomotive, which carried 
 its own fuel and water, and made the first passage of thirteen 
 miles, over an -average ascending grade of eighteen feet to the 
 mile, in one hour and twelve minutes. We made the return trip 
 in fifty-seven minutes. * 
 
 " I regret my inability to make such a sketch of the engine as 
 I would be willing to send you at this moment without further 
 time to do so. 
 
 " Yours with great respect, Peter Cooper." 
 
456 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 On the 28th of June the ground of the old '^City Hall," on the 
 east side of Holliday street, was purchased by the city for the 
 sum of $1610, subject to a ground rent of $306 ; the improvements 
 cost $8,124.04. 
 
 The first fatal accident on the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad oc- 
 curred in September. The driver of a car laden with 37 persons, 
 because of some bad conduct of the horse, which he was attempt- 
 ing to correct, lost his seat, and falling on one of the rails, was so 
 dreadfully cut and bruised by the wheels that he immediately died. 
 The receipts on the road for the first sixteen weeks amounted to 
 nearly $17,000. 
 
 The events of the French revolution were celebrated by a mili- 
 tary and civic procession in Baltimore, on Monday, October 25th. 
 After having passed through several of the principal streets, the 
 procession halted in Monument Square, where a beautiful oration 
 was delivered by Mr. William Wirt. After he had taken his seat, 
 Gen. Samuel Smith rose and delivered a short address. Mr. John 
 S. Skinner, then, as secretary to the meeting, read certain resolu- 
 tions, with an address to the people of France, all of which were 
 concurred in, and the meeting adjourned. 
 
 After the ceremonies were concluded, the Typographical Asso- 
 ciation, to the number of about eighty persons, proceeded to the 
 execution of a resolution, adopted on a former occasion, of deposit- 
 ing their own proper flag with Mr. Hezekiah Niles, editor of the 
 Register, as the senior employer in the city, together with the tri- 
 color, which they had provided and displayed in the procession by 
 the side of the " Star Spangled Banner " of their own country. 
 Capt. Hickman and his veteran company of the 5th Eegiment, with 
 Capt. Deems with his company of Baltimore Yagers, with the 
 splendid military band attached, under the direction of Capt. 
 itoundtree, honored the occasion by a tender of their services, 
 which were gratefully accepted on the part of the craft by their 
 Marshal. After being joined by the "Mechanical Volunteers" 
 (This company, it is said, was the body-guard of Washington at the 
 battle of Germantown, and honored with the same station in 1794, 
 when engaged in the " Whiskey Insurrection,") who unexpect- 
 edly but very agreeably expressed a wish to unite in the ceremo- 
 nies, proceeded to the Central Fountain in Calvert street, followed 
 by the Printers' Association, headed by Mr. Niles, who was sup- 
 
 Sorted by Mr. Murphy, one of the editors of the American, and 
 Ir. A. J. W. Jackson, one of the oldest journeymen of the profes- 
 sion, flanked by Mr. Samuel Sands, the Marshal, and his assistants, 
 Messrs. J. N. Millington and Bailey, with the flag of the craft, and 
 4;ho8e of the United States and France floating in harmony. The 
 whole marched to Mr. Niles' dwelling in St. Paul street, near which 
 a largo number of ladies and other persons had assembled. Mr. Niles, 
 with Mr. Murphy on his right, and Mr. Jackson on his left, took a 
 place on the lower step of entrance into his house, and, the parties 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 457 
 
 being uncovered, Mr. Sands, bearing the flag of fraternity, and sup- 
 ported by his assistant marshals, advanced, and delivered a beautiful 
 and eloquent address. Upon the conclusion of Mr. Sands' address the 
 flags were presented, and being united formed a kind of arch over 
 the head of Mr. Niles, who descended from the step and replied in 
 a long and eloquent address. The three flags were now passed into 
 the second story of Mr. Niles' house, where they were received by 
 the ladies of the family and others assembled to witness the cere- 
 mony, and with delicate kindness festooned them over his editorial 
 chair. The printers and the military then, in numbers suited to 
 the capacity of the room, entered and partook of some slight re- 
 freshments, during which some good toasts were given by several 
 gentlemen. The printers then re-formed and marched to Barrett's 
 tavern, where resolutions were adopted returning thanks to Mr. 
 Niles, tbe military companies, Mr. Barrett for the use of his rooms, 
 and Mr. Samuel Sands, the marshal. 
 
 1831. The "Odd-Fellows" of Baltimore celebrated their anni- 
 versary in this city on the 26th of April, and dedicated tbeir new 
 and magnificent hall in Gay street. About 500 were computed to 
 be in the procession, with their banners and other ornaments, and 
 made a very respectable and imposing show. One oration was de- 
 livered in Trinity Church by James L. Kidgely, and another after 
 the dedication of the hall by T. Y. W"alsh. The number of this as- 
 sociation in Baltimore at this time was supposed to exceed 1500. 
 
 On the 29th and 30th of June, a contractor on the 3d division 
 of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, about twent^^-five miles from 
 the city, absconded, leaving his laborers unpaid. The laborers took v/ 
 the law into their own hands and commenced to destroy the 
 property of the company, because their employer had wronged, 
 them I They were between 200 and 300 strong, and with piek-axe8,\^ 
 hammers and sledges, made a furious attack on the rails, sills and 
 whatever else the}^ could destroy. The sheriff of the county and 
 his posse were resisted by these ignorant or wicked men, and a 
 requisition was made on Brigadier-General Steuart for a detach- 
 ment of the volunteers under his command ; and, though it rained 
 very hard, a sufficient number of soldiers started in the cars from 
 the depot at about ten o'clock in the night of the 30th of June, and 
 reached the scene of violence before daylight the next morning. 
 The rioters suffered themselves to be arrested by the military with- / 
 out opposition, but some of them precipitately fled. In the after-'*^ 
 noon forty of those reported to be principals w^ere brought into 
 Baltimore and lodged in jail, and eighteen or twenty w^ere arrested 
 and brought in next day b}^ a detachment which remained behind 
 for the purpose. The prisoners, being brought before Judge Han- 
 son on a subsequent day, were severally examined and nearly all 
 discharged. 
 
 The Baltimore and Susquehanna railroad was opened for public 
 travel on the 4th of July — the rails, on one track, being laid for 
 more than six miles, through the valley of Jones Falls. 
 
458 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Died on the 4th of July, James Madison, late President of the 
 United States. Honors were paid to th^ memory of the deceased 
 by hoisting the flags at half-mast, the tolling of bells, firing of 
 minute-guns, and the passage of resolutions by the local authorities 
 and other bodies of citizens. 
 
 On the 8th of June, the following experiment was tried on the 
 Susquehanna railroad : it consisted in placing the horses between 
 two cars, where they were confined by means of shafts extending 
 from one car to the other, resting at each end upon the pivot piece 
 80 as to allow them free play in passing the curves. The shafts were 
 made of strong timber, so that the horse or horses " cannot possibly 
 get off the road ; and to guard against the horse stumblmg, a broad 
 belt of leather is passed from shaft to shaft underneath the animal, 
 of sufficient strength to prevent his going down ; for greater se- 
 curity, two bows of iron are made to pass from the shafts over the 
 back of the horse. By all these means the horse, though entirely 
 free in his action, is confined above, below and on each side, so that 
 it is impossible for him to get off the track of the road." 
 
 The abduction of Morgan, and the extraordinary proceedings 
 which followed it, had produced remarkable excitement, especially 
 in the Northern and Western States. It is a curious history which 
 will ever occupy a notable page in the annals of the time, and is 
 too well known to need repetition here. Like other exciting topics 
 which have taken hold of the public mind in this country, it led to 
 the organization of a distinct political party — the "anti-Masonic." 
 The zeal to destroy Masonry rose above all other subjects of public 
 concern ; and a large body of respectable and judicious men were 
 found in several States, who were willing to forego all the ordinary 
 » inducements to the old political organization, and to embody them- 
 selves into a party to accomplish this one object. This "anti- 
 Masonic " party, it was said, at the period to which we refer, sup- 
 posed themselves able to command a vote of half a million in this 
 countr3\ Sincere and zealous in their purpose, unquestionably 
 honest and patriotic in all that they contrived and intended to do, 
 and, as we have already said, intelligent, thoughtful and able in the 
 general complexion of the men at their head, they had arranged a 
 convention of delegates to be chosen from the several States, who 
 were to meet by appointment in Baltimore in September, to select 
 a candidate for the Presidency. In pursuance of this arrange- 
 ment, about one hundred and twelve delegates assembled in Balti- 
 more at the Athenaeum, on Monday, the 26th of September. It 
 was distinguished for its talent, and for the weight of characttr 
 which it presented. It was looked upon with curious and deep 
 interest throughout the whole country ; with approbation by many, 
 but with a settled and stern, though silent hostility, by that numer- 
 ous and respectable class of citizens which, in every State, yet con- 
 stituted the body of the Masonic fraternity. On the 28th of Sep- 
 V^ tember the convention tendered to Mr. William Wirt, then a resi- 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 459 
 
 dent of Bjiltimore, the nomination for the Presidency of the United 
 States. Mr Amos EUmaker, of Pennsylvania, was selected by them 
 as the candidate for the Yice-Presidency. On the evening of the 
 same day Mr. Wirt sent a communication to the convention ac- 
 cepting the nomination. This paper explained the grounds of his 
 acceptance, and forms an important document in an interesting 
 passage of political history. This letter was received with entire 
 approbation by the convention, and a resolution was therefore 
 adopted, recommending "to their fellow-citizens throughout the 
 United States, a cordial and vigorous supj^ort of Mr. Wirt at the 
 next election, as the anti-Masonic candidate for the office of Presi-- 
 dent of the United States." The result of the election next year-x 
 was that, out of two hundred and eighty-six electoral votes which J 
 were cast in the colleges. General Jackson received two hundred./ 
 and nineteen, Mr. Clay forty-nine, Mr. Floyd, who took the vote I 
 of South Carolina, eleven, and Mr. Wirt seven — these seven being j 
 the votes of the State of Vermont. -^ 
 
 The National Eepublican Convention met in the city of Balti- 
 more at the Athenaeum on Monday, December 12th, about 140 
 members in attendance. Governor Barbour, of Virginia, president. 
 On Tuesday Henry Clay was unanimously nominated by the con- 
 vention as a candidate for the office of President of the United 
 States. On Wednesday Mr. John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, was 
 nominated as candidate for Vice-President. On motion of Mr. 
 Halstead, of New Jersey, thanks were unanimously voted to Luke 
 Tiernan, Hezekiah Niles, Nathaniel F. AVilliams, William II. Free- 
 man, Charles F. Mayer, Joshua Med tart, and James Harwood, of the 
 National Pepublican Committee, and to John B. Morris, Henry V. 
 Sommcrville, N. F. Williams and James Harwood, the committee 
 of arrangements on the part of the citizens. 
 
 1832. The centennial anniversary of the birth of Gen. George 
 Washington was celebrated in this city on the 22d of February 
 with more than ordinary delight to the citizens. Every avenue 
 leading to Monument Square was crowded with thousands of anxious 
 spectators in the early part of the day, and every window was 
 filled with elegantly attired females, each indicating by her looks 
 the deep interest ehe felt in this public manifestation of a whole 
 nation's attachment to the memory of the purest patriot that ever 
 adorned the pages of history. The procession moved from the 
 square at the time appointed, and passed in front of the residence 
 of the venerable Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who was unable to 
 attend. They arrived at the Front Street Theatre or Circus, where 
 Wm. H. Collins, Esq., read Washington's Farewell Address, pre- 
 ceded by a few appropriate remarks ; after which J. H. B. Latrobe, 
 Esq., addressed the assembly "in a strain of chaste and fascinating 
 eloquence which rivetted the attention and excited the admiration 
 of all present." The Mayor and Council of Frederick and other in- 
 vited guests were entertained by the Mayor and Corporation of 
 Baltimore at Barnum's City Hotel. 
 
460 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMOEB. 
 
 The health officer, who visits all vessels arriving at the port of 
 Baltimore, reports the arrival of 1,429 foreigners in 1827 ; 1,843 in 
 1828; 1,581 in 1829; 4,100 in 1830; 4,381 in 1831; 7,946 in 1832. 
 These numbers do not, probably, include the whole, because the 
 health officer not being required to visit vessels arriving during the 
 winter months, makes no report of passengers who reach this port 
 during that season. 
 
 The Jackson General Convention met at the Athenaeum, May 
 the 21st, and the next day nominated as the Democratic candidate 
 for Vice-President, Martin Van Buren, of New York. At this con- 
 vention the two-third rule was adopted, which has since been ad- 
 hered to. The Jackson Convention also met a part of the time in 
 " Warfield's Church," in St. Paul's street, near Saratoga, which 
 deistical church-building was afterward incorporated with Mr. N. 
 C. Brooks' Baltimore Female College. During the proceedings of 
 the convention an alarm was given, and one or two men jumping 
 out of the window were somewhat injured. 
 
 On the 23d of May the Young Men's Convention, then in session 
 at Washington, appointed a committee of one from each State to 
 wait on Charles Carroll of CarroUton to testify the sense of grateful 
 respect entertained by the country for the last of the illustrious 
 band of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. In con- 
 formity with their appointment, nearly all the members of the 
 committee assembled in Baltimore, and, accompanied by several 
 members of the convention, proceeded in a body to his residence, 
 and were introduced to him separately by Mr. Brantz Mayer; 
 after which Mr. Mayer, chairman of the committee, addressed him 
 in a few appropriate remarks. After Mr. Mayer had concluded, 
 Mr. Carroll declared himself highly gratified by the expression of 
 the feelings of the young men of the United States, and hoped they 
 might enjoy uninterruptedly through life, and transmit unimpaired 
 to their posterity, the noble institutions of this happy land. . 
 
 On the 15th of July a furious fire broke out in the extensive 
 lumber-yard of Wm. Carson & Co., on Buchanan's wharf, and soon 
 reached the great range of warehouses on Smith's wharf The 
 whole stock of lumber, except a small portion thrown in the dock, 
 was consumed, and five warehouses, with the chief part of their 
 contents. The warehouses were occupied by Messrs. Whites, Buck 
 & Hedrick, Manning & Hope, Mr. Hugh Boyle, and Mr. Lester. 
 Two persons were killed and four others very badly wounded by 
 the falling walls. 
 
 V During the year Baltimore passed through her season of trial 
 by a visitation of that awful disease " cholera." The Mayor and the 
 officers of health made all preparations for it which the nature of 
 circumstances and the means placed in their hands would permit. 
 However, it raged during the summer season, and during the month 
 of September the number of deaths in Baltimore bj^ cholera was 
 
 V / J . At the Alms House its ravages were terrible. On the 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 461 
 
 breaking out of the disease the inmates were about 500, of which 
 number the deaths were 125. When the dreadful scourge which 
 bad depopulated our cities visited Philadelphia, the civil authorities 
 of that city expressed a wish to have the assistance of the Sisters V'^ 
 of Charity. The wish was made known to this community by the 
 Eight Eev. Dr. Kenrick, and by return of mail thirteen heroines 
 were landed in Philadelphia, ready to rush with joy to the assist- 
 ance of those from whom the rest of the world seemed to fly with 
 horror. In Baltimore the same request was made, and was met 
 with equal heroism. It was here that was immolated the first 
 victim of charity, in the person of Sister Mary Frances, the v^ 
 daughter of the late Benedict Boarman of Charles County, Mary- 
 land, once admired in the extensive circle in which she moved. On 
 the morning -of the d^y on which she died, she fainted from 
 weakness occasioned by the premonitory symptoms of cholera. 
 While preparing to take the remedies which had been prescribed 
 for her, a patient — a colored woman — was brought into the hos- 
 pital. The case seemed desperate and to require immediate assist- 
 ance, and the heroic Sister forgot herself to give relief to the 
 patient. But her delicate frame was too weak, and the disease 
 too strong, and in a few hours the cherished, accomplished, and 
 pious Mary Frances was a lifeless corpse. The death of this Sister 
 did not deter the others. There was- no panic or alarm, not even • 
 concern, but -with a devotedness which can scarcely be conceived 
 or credited, her place was sought with emulation, and the cata- 
 strophe only increased their courage. The next victim was Sister 
 Mary George, the daughter of Jacob Smith, a wealthy farmer in 
 Adams Co., Pennsylvania. She dedicated herself at an early age 
 to the service of her neighbors, and was soon called to receive the 
 crown which her devoted charity deserved. She died in Baltimore 
 of the epidemic, in the 19th year of her age. Several other mem- 
 bers of this heroic band were attacked either in the cholera bos- • 
 pitals or in the county and city alms house, where the epidemic 
 was most fatal. They cannot be better pictured than in the words 
 of the honorable Maj^or of the city of Baltimore in a letter he 
 wrote to the citizens on this occasion. " To behold," says he, '' life 
 thus immolated in so sacred a cause, produces rather a sensation of 
 awe than of sorrow, a sentiment of resignation to the Almighty 
 fiat rather than a useless regret at the afflicting event." Their re- 
 mains were attended to the grave by the Mayor and the members 
 of the Board of Health, and other officers Of the corporation. 
 During the prevalence of the disease Archbishop Whitfield 
 tendered his spacious mansion on the corner of Charles and 
 Mulberry streets, to be used as a hospital for the sick. 
 
 The following letter was sent by the Mayor of Baltimore to 
 Eev. A. J. Elder ; 
 
 " Mayor's Office, Baltimore^ Nov. 3d, 1832. 
 
 " Eev. A. J. Elder : Dear Sir : — The duties assigned me as 
 
462 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Mayor of Baltimore being concluded this day, I cannot retire to 
 the quietude of private life without acknowledging the obligation 
 which the Board of Health and myself are under to you, Sir, for 
 your persevering attention to our afflicted fellow-citizens, and 
 through you to those invaluable Sisters of Charity, whose bene- 
 volent conduct has been of such essential utility in alleviating the 
 horrors incident to the fatal epidemic, which, a short period since, 
 raged in our city. But their attention to the sick was not the only 
 service rendered by the /Sisters of Charity. They voluntarily fur- 
 nished clothing at their own expense to the destitute orphans of 
 
 \^ those who fell victims to the cholera; thus exhibiting the purest 
 system of unostentatious charity that could have been devised. 
 At the hospitals their labor and attention became so important, and 
 their exertions so incessant, that even they were often ph3'sically 
 exhausted and required the helping hand of others. At this time 
 
 Ny the Sisters of Charity at the Orphan Asylum and the Infirmary 
 freely tendered their sisterly assistance to smooth the path of 
 anxiety and care of those especially devoted to the hospitals. But it 
 surely is a solemn consideration that the Sisters of Charity will 
 retire with two less of their number than when they commenced 
 their labor of love in Baltimore. The rapacious and desolating 
 scourge, with indiscriminate violence, seized Sisters Mar'y Frances 
 and Mary George, and transferred their administering spirits to 
 regions of peace and tranquillity. We humbly bow in submission 
 to the Divine dispensation, confiding in the Evangelist who saith, 
 * Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord.' The Board of Health 
 and myself have deemed it an imperious duty, in behalf of the citi- 
 zens of Baltimore, to express our warmest gratitude and deepest 
 sense of obligation for those services which were given without 
 compensation — thereby leaving us doubly your debtors. Be pleased 
 therefore, my dear Sir, to tender the sincere and grateful thanks 
 of the Board of Health and myself, to Sisters Barbara, Clare, Loe- 
 cadia, Julia, and Euprozene, at hospital No. 2; to Sisters Mary 
 Paul, Dometella, Mary Jane, and Mary James, at hospital No. 3 ; 
 to Sisters Ambrosia, Superiorof the Infirmary, and also to Henrietta, 
 Dorothea, Hillaria, Octavia, Delphine, and Chrysostom, of that in- 
 stitution ; to Sisters Felicity, Superior of the Orphan Asylum, and 
 also to Camilia, Bernerdine, Marcellina, Brozilia, and Alphonso, of 
 that institution. And although they will receive no pecuniary re- 
 muneration from us, yet I humbly hope their reward is registered 
 in heaven. 1 remain, dear Sir, yours and the Sisters of Charity's 
 obliged friend and humble servant, William Stewart, 
 
 "Mayor of the City of Baltimore." 
 
 At a meeting of the citizens of Baltimore, without distinction 
 of parties, held at the Exchange on Thursday, the 27th of Decem- 
 ber, in pursuance of the call of the Mayor to take into considera- 
 tion the ordinance and proceedings of the convention lately held 
 
CHRONICLES OP BALTIMORE. 463 
 
 in South Carolina, on the subject of nullification : the meeting 
 was organized at the suggestion of the Hon. Judge R. B. Magru- 
 der, by the appointment of the Hon. Jesse Hunt, Mayor of the 
 city of Baltimore, as president. On motion of the Hon. P. Lau- 
 renson, William Patterson and Robert Oliver were appointed vice- 
 presidents. On motion of Gen. Geo. H. Steuart, E. L. Fin ley and 
 J. S. Nicholas were appointed secretaries. The president then 
 announced the object for which the meeting was called, and that 
 he was ready to receive the suggestions of any of the citizens pre- 
 sent. The Hon. Isaac McKim then read and submitted a series of 
 resolutions, which were unanimously adopted, and from which we 
 extract the following : " That the proceedings of the State conven- 
 tion of South Carolina, and the political principles avowed in the 
 extraordinary and unprecedented document, styled an ordinance, 
 are disapproved by this meeting as tending to disturb the harmony 
 of government, menacing the integrity of the Union, violating 
 good faith, and impairing, if not destroying, the general prosperity. 
 That we highly and entirely approve the opinions and sentiments 
 avowed in the proclamation of the President of the United States. 
 In this important public act we recognize the wisdom of the states- 
 man, the firmness and inflexible integrity of the patriot, and the 
 deep feeling of solicitude becoming a father of his country, in 
 the existing crisis of difficulty and danger — with him we proclaim, 
 the Union must be preservedy 
 
 The first train of cars from the " Point of Rocks " arrived in 
 Baltimore on the 20th of April, laden with between 300 and 400 
 barrels of flour. 
 
 There were building in the ship-yards of Baltimore, in August, 
 eight ships, six schooners, and one steamboat. 
 
 Charles Carroll, surnamed of CarroUton, and the son of Charles 
 Carroll and Elizabeth Brook, was born on the twentieth of Sep- 
 tember, 1737, at Annapolis, in the State of Maryland. In 1745, 
 then eight years of age, he was sent to France to be educated. At 
 the age of twenty he commenced the study of law in London. He 
 returned to Maryland in 1764, just in time to enter heart and soul 
 into the strife which his countrymen were waging against tyranny. 
 He had struggled against the stamp tax ; he now took his place 
 again by the side of his brethren, in the opening contest against 
 Parliament. With Daniel Dulany himself he grappled, and the 
 controversy was the most marked of* the day. It was carried on 
 under the names of the " First Citizen," and " Antilon." His ar- 
 ticles were able and eloquent, as able and eloquent as those of his 
 great and learned opponent, who had long stood the leading mind 
 of Maryland ; and they were more etfective. He conquered, for he 
 fought on the side of liberty. 
 
 The talent and firmness evinced by Mr. Carroll in his contest 
 with Dulany raised him at once to a high station in the confidence 
 of the people ; and we find him, during the years 1773-4-5, actively 
 
464 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 
 
 engaged in all the measures which were taken in opposition to the 
 course of Great Britain's colonial policy. In January, 1775, Mr. 
 Carroll was chosen a member of the first committee of observation 
 that was established in Annapolis, and in the same year he was 
 elected a delegate to represent Anne Arundel County in the pro- 
 vincial convention. In February, .1776, he was appointed a com- 
 missioner by Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, with Dr. 
 Franklin, Archbishop Carroll, and Samuel Chase, to proceed to 
 Canada to induce the inhabitants of that country to join the United 
 Provinces in opposition to Great Britain. On the 4th of July, 1776, 
 Mr. Carroll was appointed for the first time a delegate to Congress 
 on his return from Canada, and on the 18th of July took his seat 
 in that body. The engrossed copy of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence was placed on the desk of the Secretary of Congress on 
 the second of August, to receive the signatures of the members, 
 and Mr. Hancock, president of Congress, during a conver- 
 sation with Mr. Carroll, asked him if he would sign it. "Most 
 willingly," was the reply, and taking a pen, he at once put his name 
 to the instrument. " There go a few millions," said one of those 
 who stood by ; and all present at that time agreed, that in point 
 of fortune few risked more than Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 
 
 Mr. Carroll continued in Congress until the year 1778, when 
 the treaty with France removing from his mind all doubt as to 
 the ultimate success of the war of the Eevolution, and his duty as 
 a Senator of Maryland requiring his attendance in Annapolis, he 
 resigned his seat, and for the future devoted himself to the local 
 politics of his native State. In the year 1781 he was re-elected to 
 the Senate of Maryland, in which he had been the first under the 
 new constitution, and in which he had already served five years; 
 and in December, 1788, was chosen Eepresentative of Maryland in the 
 Senate of the United States, immediately after the adoption of the 
 Federal Constitution. In 1791 Mr. Carroll vacated his seat in the 
 Senate of the United States, and in the same year was once more 
 chosen to the Senate of Maryland. In 1796 he was again re- 
 elected ; and in 1797 was one of the commissioners appointed to 
 settle the boundary line between Virginia and Maryland. Mr. Car- 
 roll continued an active member of the Senate of his native State 
 until 1801, when he retired from public life, and lived in the enjoy- 
 ment of accumulated honors and social arid domestic happiness, 
 until November 14th, 1882, when he passed away in the ninety- 
 sixth year of his age, in this city, as though he was going to sleep, 
 his strength haying gradually decreased until exhausted, and life 
 was extinguished, as it were, without an effort; and when he passed 
 away to the sleep of peace, the tears, not alone of Maryland, but 
 of the whole nation, flowed for the last survivor of the signers of 
 the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 ^ On the 13th of November, 1832, a number of gentlemen con- 
 vened at the office of the American Farmer, for the purpose of form- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 465 
 
 ing a Horticultural Society, when B. I. Cohen, Esq., was called to 
 the chair, and J. Irvine Hitchcock appointed secretary. H. F. 
 Dukehart, Gideon B. Smith, and George W. Dobbin were appointed 
 a committee to draft the constitution and by-laws. A second meet- 
 ing was held on the 20th, when the committee reported the draft 
 of a constitution and by-laws, which, with some modifications, were 
 adopted. At a subsequent meeting a number of gentlemen were 
 elected officers. 
 
 1833. The Hon. John Eandolph of Eoanoke, Va., reached this 
 city on the 19th of May from Washington, and proceeded to Phila- 
 delphia on the 20th, where he died on the 24th. He travelled in 
 his old-fashioned English coach and four, with a postillion on one 
 of the leading horses, and "Juba" on the box. His passage 
 through Pratt street to the City Hotel was the occasion of some 
 little inconvenience and irritation to him. By the time he reached 
 the hotel, the crowd was so dense in front of it that his entrance 
 at the principal door was impossible. At length the remarkable 
 equipage proceeded to the door on Fayette street, and he was con- 
 veyed from the coach into the hotel in the arms of " Juba," his 
 favorite servant. 
 
 The Cathedral was robbed on the 18th of April of sundry candle- 
 sticks, crucifixes, &c. 
 
 The Eoman Catholic Council opened its session in this city, in the 
 Cathedral, on the 20th of October. The most Eev. Dr. Whitfield, 
 Archbishop of Baltimore, presided. 
 
 The corner-stone of St. James' Eoman Catholic Church was 
 laid on Wednesday afternoon, May Ist, at the corner of Monument 
 and Aisquith streets, by the Most Eeverend Archbishop Whitfield. 
 
 A new line of steamers between this city and Philadelphia, via 
 the canal, commenced operations on Saturday, May 4th. 
 
 During President Jackson's visit to Baltimore in June, he had 
 an interview with the celebrated Indian chief Black Hawk and 
 other Indians, who arrived here on the same day he did. So great 
 was the pressure of the immense crowds of persons who attended 
 to get a sight of Black Hawk and his companions that it was 
 thought necessary to remove them to Fort McHenry, previous to 
 which, however, they were conveyed in carriages through the 
 principal streets of the city. 
 
 The Horticultural Society of Maryland held their first exhibi- 
 tion on Wednesday, June 12th, at the Athenaeum. The Hon. John 
 P. Kennedy delivered the opening address to a large auditory of 
 ladies and gentlemen. 
 
 An earthquake was felt in Baltimore on Tuesday, August 27th. 
 
 The Hon. Henry Clay arrived in Baltimore on Tuesday, Oct. 
 8th, and received the visits of a large number of the citizens. He 
 was invited to a public dinner, which he found necessary to de- 
 cline. 
 
 Extracts from the papers of November 13th ; " Being up this 
 30 
 
466 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 morning at five o'clock, I witnessed one of the most grand and 
 alarming spectacles which ever beamed upon the eye of man. 
 The light in my room was so great that I could see the hour of 
 the morning by my watch which hung over the mantle, and sup- 
 posing that there was fire near at hand, probably on my own 
 premises, I sprung to the window, and beheld the stars, or some 
 other bodies presenting a fiery appearance, descending in torrents 
 as rapid and numerous as I ever saw flakes of snow or drops of 
 rain in the midst of a storm. Occasionally a large body of appa- 
 rent fire would be hurled through the atmosphere, which without 
 noise exploded, when millions of fiery particles would be cast 
 through the air. To the eye it presented the appearance of what 
 may be called a raining of fire, for I can compare it to nothing 
 else. Its continuance, according to my time, was, from the moment 
 when I first discovered it, twenty minutes ; but a friend, whose 
 lady was up, says it commenced at half-past four ; that she was 
 watching the sick bed of a relative, and therefore can speak posi- 
 tive as to the hour of its commencement. If her time was cor- 
 rect, then it rained fire fifty minutes. The shed in the adjoining 
 yard to my own was covered with stars, as I supposed, during the 
 whole time. A friend at my elbow, who also witnessed it, in 
 whose veracity I can place the most implicit reliance, confirms my 
 own observation of the phenomenon, and adds, that the fiery par- 
 ticles which fell south descended in a southern direction, and those 
 north took a northern direction. He thinks it commenced earlier 
 than the period at which I first witn'essed it, and that it lasted 
 longer; that when his clock chimed six there were still occasional 
 descents of stars." 
 
 " While most of our fellow- citizens were comfortably wrapped 
 in the arms of Somnus, we beheld one of the most sublime and 
 awful spectacles which nature can present. At five o'clock this 
 morning the sky was perfectly serene, and not a cloud was to be 
 seen. On a sudden the heavens became illuminat ed by thousands 
 of shooting-stars going in the direction of the northwest. The 
 phenomenon lasted without intermission for nearly thirty minutes. 
 The meteors were of various sizes, some larger, some smaller, 
 some forming long trains, which remained for several seconds in 
 the heavens. They were observed not in one part of the sky only, 
 but the north, the south, the east, and the west were equally 
 spangled. At twenty minutes past five a meteor, we would sup- 
 pose about six inches in diameter, exploded with considerable 
 noise almost perpendicularly over the northwest part of the city. 
 The blaze was splendid, so as to give the sky the appearance of 
 sunrise. It shot in the direction of the northwest, leaving a 
 stream of light, which assumed a serpentine form, apparently of 
 thirty feet in length, and lasted more than one minute. We were 
 amused at the difi'erent eff'ects produced upon the few beholders. 
 borne in dreadful aflfright predicted the end of the world, others of 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 467 
 
 more stern souls were sure that it at least prognosticated some 
 dreadful war, whilst the philosopher, smiling at their simplicity, 
 calmly viewed the phenomenon, wonderful as it was." 
 
 Nelson Wallis and Aurelia Chase, both colored persons, were 
 executed in Baltimore on Friday, the 20th of December, the first 
 for rape of a very atrocious character, and the second for deliber- 
 ately poisoning her mistress. 
 
 On the 27th of September, at about 11 o'clock A. M., the new 
 and extensive planing mills and lumber-yard of Messrs. Rowland & 
 Woollen on Lombard street, opposite the Medical College, took fire, 
 and were entirely consumed, with a great quantity of dressed and 
 undressed plank. It was the most rapid fire that this city ever 
 witnessed — as may be supposed from the fact that three horses, 
 attached to a wagon which was loading in the yard, with the 
 wagon, were consumed, being instantly enveloped in flames^ One 
 of the firemen, Mr. Columbus Vinkle, was killed, being run over 
 by the suction engine of the Howard Company. 
 
 During the year a number of gentlemen held several meetings 
 at Elisha Snikes' Temperance House, on Thames street. Fell's Point, 
 and after some preliminary arrangements, organized the first Tribe 
 of Bed Men, now known as " Logan Tribe, No. 1, Improved Order 
 of Red Men." On the 20th of May, 1835, the Great Council of 
 Maryland was organized by Messrs. George A. Peters, William F. 
 Jones, Charles Skillinan, Joseph Branson and Edmund Lucas, in the 
 city of Baltimore. 
 
 1834. The annunciation on the 24th of March by the directors 
 of the Bank of Maryland, declaring its inability to prosecute 
 its business an}^ longer, fell with a heavy shock on this com- 
 munity. At a meeting of the officers of the several banks of 
 the city, convened at the Union Bank, to take into consideration 
 the state of affairs arising from the closing of the business 
 of the Bank of Maryland, William Lorman, president of the 
 Bank of Baltimore, was called to the chair, and Nicholas Brice, of 
 the Farmers and Merchants' Bank, acted as secretary. The presi- 
 dent of the Union Bank informed the meeting that the Bank of 
 Maryland had made a deed of trust, which they were prepared to 
 deliver, conveying all the property of the bank to him in trust for 
 the general and equal benefit of its creditors, &c. It was unani- 
 mously resolved by the presidents and cashiers present, that in 
 their opinion it is advisable that Mr. Ellicott accept the deed of 
 trust, &c. On the 28th of March a very numerous meeting of the 
 creditors of the Bank of Maryland was held at the Exchange. Wm. 
 Patterson was called to the chair, and the Hon. Nicholas Brice 
 appointed secretary. A committee of fifteen was appointed to ad- 
 vance the interest of said creditors, and to bring the afi'airs of said 
 Bank of Maryland to a just and speedy settlement. 
 
 Upon the arrival in this city of Messrs. McDuffie, Preston, 
 Binney and Webster, on Saturday and Sunday, April 19th and 20tM 
 
468 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 they were met on the wharf by 5000 citizens, who escorted them, 
 amidst great enthusiasm, to the Exchange and Barnum's, where 
 the gentlemen delivered brief addresses. 
 
 Mr. Alexander Brown, the founder of the house of Alexander 
 Brown & Sons, was born in the north of Ireland, in 1764, and mar- 
 ried at Bally mena, Ireland, where all his children were born, and 
 where he was engaged in business. In the year 1800, leaving his 
 younger children, George, John A., and James, to be educated in 
 England, he came, with his wife and eldest son William, to Balti- 
 more. He brought with him a small capital, and immediately en- 
 gaged in the business of importing and selling Irish linens. In the 
 year 1810 the eldest son William went to Liverpool, and there 
 established with his brother James the firm of William & James 
 Brown & Company, which subsequently became Brown, Shipley & 
 Co., a. branch of which has since been established in London. 
 William Brown died in Liverpool in 1864 possessed of great wealth, 
 after having for many years represented the county of Lancashire 
 in the British Parliament, and having been created a Baronet in 
 1862. He endowed a free public library and the erection of a noble 
 building for its accommodation in Liverpool. In the year 1811 the 
 firm of Alexander Brown & Sons was formed in the city of Baltimore, 
 and still continues to exist, being now composed of George S. Brown 
 and William H. Graham, son and son-in-law of George Brown. 
 In 1818 John A. Brown established a branch of the house in Phila- 
 delphia, under the name of John A. Brown & Co., and, in 1825, 
 James Brown settled in New York, and established the firm of 
 Brown Brothers & Co. George Brown continued to reside in Balti- 
 more with his father. John A. Brown retired in 1839, and the 
 business is now carried on in Philadelphia, as well as in New York, 
 under the firm of Brown Brothers & Co. While Mr. Alexander 
 Brown lived, Baltimore continued to be the headquarters of all the 
 houses, and several times a year, and on every important occasion, 
 it was the custom of all the brothers in this country to meet 
 together and take counsel with their father and each other. Mr. 
 Alexander Brown died on the 3d of April, 1834, of pneumonia, which 
 he contracted at a meeting of merchants, over which he presided, at 
 the Exchange, on the occasion of a panic which then prevailed, 
 growing out of the failure of the Bank of Maryland. 
 
 On the 23d of April, a great meeting of the people was held in 
 Monument Square, to adopt certain proceedings with a view of ex- 
 pressing the opinions of the citizens on the late protest of the 
 President of the United States. General Wm. McDonald presided, 
 assisted by many vice-presidents, &c. The multitude were addressed 
 by John P. Kennedy, Charles C. Harper, Joshua Jones and John 
 V. L. McMahon, Esqs. And it is not a little remarkable that each 
 of these gentlemen, in times not long past, were among the most 
 zealous and distinguished supporters of the President of the United 
 States, (Andrew Jackson). A series of resolutions was passed, re- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 469 
 
 pudiating the doctrines of the protest, and sustaining the Senate 
 and others, and for the formation of a " State Whig Society," &c. 
 We regret to add, that some violent actions took place with an 
 evident design to disturb or break up the meeting, by persons who 
 had not been invited to attend it ; but they were resisted and put 
 down.. On the evening following, in South street, some young 
 " Whigs " met to form a military association, and were attacked 
 by the " Democrats," but the Mayor and his posse interfered, and 
 not much harm was done. 
 
 The United States Insurance Company suspended payment on 
 the 30th of April. 
 
 In the month of May, John B. Morris and E. W. Gill, Esqs., 
 trustees for the benefit of the creditors of the Bank of Maryland, 
 made a report concerning the affairs of that institution, which 
 Thomas Ellicott, the other trustee, declined to unite in. The 
 result seems to be this — that the supposed available means of the 
 bank were $1,001,661, with doubtful and disputed claims in its 
 favor amounting to $683,569 more ; whereas the circulation, certifi- 
 cates and other claims against the bank, amounted to $1,683,218. 
 
 The city of Baltimore designated Thursday, July 10th, to ex- 
 press by suitable testimonies its feelings on the occasion of the 
 death of the illustrious La Fayette. The ceremonies were imposing 
 in the highest degree, and peculiarly appropriate to the solemn 
 event which the whole population united in commemorating. At 
 daybreak minute-guns were fired by a detachment of artillery, 
 which were responded to by the melancholy toll of the bells of 
 the different churches. All the vessels in port and all the public 
 places had their flags at half-mast, and many of those of the 
 latter were trimmed with the sable tokens of mourning. At a 
 few minutes after nine the funeral procession, led by the chief 
 marshal, Henry Thompson, assisted by his aides. Cols. Heath and 
 Thomas, commenced its movement along Baltimore street, start- 
 ing from the bridge at Christ Church. Murray's excellent band of 
 music was in front playing . appropriate funeral marches. The 
 military corps followed, having on their right the fine-looking de- 
 tachment of United States artillerists under command of Captain 
 Thompson. The volunteer infantry and rifle regiments followed, 
 ^o these succeeded, in a barouche, the officiating clergymen, the 
 Kev. Dr. Henshaw and the Eev. E. J. Breckinridge ; the orator of 
 the day, Francis H. Davidge, Esq., and Gen. Samuel Smith, presi- 
 dent of the Society of Cincinnati. The pall-bearers followed, also 
 in barouches, viz : William Patterson, James H. McCuUoch, Wm. 
 McDonald, Eobert Smith, Eobert Oliver, Nathan Levy, David 
 Harris, William' Lorman. The sarcophagus came next, drawn by 
 four led horses, all caparisoned in deep mourning. It was 
 covered with black cloth, and placed upon a car resting upon four 
 massive wheels. The design and symbols were after the Egyptian 
 style. Each end of the car terminated in a large scroll, with an 
 
470 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 a»ppropriate symbol on it. That on the front was a shield with an 
 alligator, intended to represent that in the western hemisphere 
 La Fayette first shed his blood in defence of the rights of man. 
 On the other scroll was the representation of a horse, emblematic 
 of Europe, in which quarter of the globe he also contended for 
 liberty. On the other side of the sarcophagus were these inscrip- 
 tions : " On the Ist September, A. D. 1757, Born." " On tlie 2l8t 
 May, A. D. 1834, Died." Between the inscriptions was the figure 
 of a lachrymal urn. On each end of the sarcophagus was a 
 winged globe, the emblem of eternity. Following the sarcopha- 
 gus was a white horse, caparisoned as the charger of a deceased 
 general officer, and led by an attendant in mourning. Then came 
 as mourners a body of French gentlemen, bearing at their head 
 the French and American national standards shrouded in black, 
 the Mayor and officers and members of the city corporation walk- 
 ing next in order. Then followed the Trades' Union and the 
 numerous mechanical associations represented in it. The original 
 Pulaski's banner was catried on this occasion at the head of the 
 Trades' Union. The juvenile associations of Fell's Point came 
 next, followed by the Washington Hose and Mechanical Fire Com- 
 panies, and after them came the medical students and polemic as- 
 sociations, all with banners and badges, the teachers and scholars 
 of the male public-schools Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. The Order of Inde- 
 pendent Odd-Fellows, comprising the various lodges and orders of 
 that institution, followed. The Grand Lodge was the last in line 
 on foot, and the procession was finally terminated by the " En- 
 campment of Patriarchs " in full suits of mourning, all mounted 
 on horses elegantly caparisoned in mourning. 
 
 The procession moved slowly through the densely crowded 
 streets to the sound of the muffled drums and the dirges of the 
 several bands of music, to the appointed place in Howard's Park. 
 The customary honors to the military rank of the deceased were 
 
 ?aid in the most impressive manner amid the deepest attention, 
 'he most striking and solemn period was, however, when the 
 address to the throne of Grace was commenced by the Eev. 
 Mr. Henshaw. At the word, the whole vast multitude stood un- 
 covered and in silence around the bier. Thousands and tens of 
 thousands of faces were seen rising on every side above each other 
 to the farthest distance, all full of solemnity and feeling. The 
 mourning banners that rose above the naked heads, the melancholy 
 note of the distant bell, the solemn minute-gun heard duly from 
 afar in the strange silence, the black bier in the midst, and the 
 solitary voice of the minister speaking of death and the departed, 
 formed a combination of aifecting and impressive incidents well 
 calculated to touch and elevate the feelings. When the prayer 
 was concluded, the venerable General Samuel Smith addressed 
 the people in eulogy of the character and services of La Fayette. 
 The orator of the day, Francis H. Davidge, Esq., followed, and ad- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 471 
 
 dressed an attentive audience for upwards of an hour, in a eulogy 
 detailing the career of La Fayette and his claims upon American 
 gratitude. When Mr. Davidge concluded his oration, the Eev. Mr. 
 Breckinridge offered an appropriate and fervent prayer, with 
 which the ceremonies at the park were closed. The procession 
 then took up the line of march to its place of meeting for dis- 
 missal. 
 
 Mr. E. B. Taney, late Secretary of Treasury, returned to Balti- 
 more on the 11th of July, and was escorted into the city by a 
 cavalcade of about 200 gentlemen, when he met a large number 
 of his political friends at the Columbian Garden. The party was 
 addressed by Mr. Taney, Mr. Benton, of the Senate, and Mr. Allen, 
 of the House of Eepresentatives, from Ohio. There was a heavy 
 storm of wind and rain from the north, which carried away the 
 awnings over the tables and completely drenched the company 
 while Mr. Benton was speaking. 
 
 A meeting of the citizens was convened on the 8th of Novem- 
 ber, at the Exchange, in pursuance of public notice given by the 
 Mayor, at the request of " the convention appointed to promote 
 the trade and commercial interests of Baltimore," for the purpose 
 of considering the proceedings of a meeting held in Cumberland, 
 Alleghany county, in relation to the extension of the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio Canal. Jesse Hunt, Esq., Mayor of the city, was called 
 to the chair, and John S. Hollins and Benjamin I. Cohen appointed 
 secretaries. The objects of the meeting were then stated by Chas. 
 F. Mayer, with appropriate and impressive remarks ; and at the 
 conclusion he submitted a preamble and resolutions, which, being 
 considered, were unanimously adopted. 
 
 On the 18th of November, Mr. Gorman, one of the contractors 
 of the Washington railroad, about eighteen miles from this city, 
 was assailed in his own shanty by eight or ten men, supposed to be 
 some of those at work on the road. Mr. John Watson, a superin- 
 tendent, was also in the shanty on a casual visit. Both gentlemen 
 were forcibly dragged out, beaten severely, and left in a state of 
 insensibility. These outrages thus perpetrated by these cruel riif- 
 fi^tns were not sufficient, it seems, to satisfy their blood-thirsty 
 cravings. About midnight the next day they surrounded the office - 
 where Mr. Watson was lying wounded, and after breaking open 
 the door, they deliberately murdered him in a most barbarous and 
 shocking manner, the back of his head Vjeing cut open and the 
 brains scattered about. Mr. William Messer, one of Mr. W's as- 
 sistants, who was present in the office when the attack on it 
 was made. Was dragged out and shot dead. Another of the super- 
 intendents, Mr. Gallon, was also shot dead ; several other per- 
 sons were injured, but none dangerously. The miscreants, after the 
 murders, proceeded to rob the premises. On the 25th a detach- 
 ment of the first brigade marched to the scene of disturbance and 
 arrested nearlj^ 300 Irish laborers, and conveyed them under guard 
 to the jail in this city. 
 
 ^y 
 
472 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Died on the 19th of October, in the 64th year of his age, the Most 
 Eev. James Whitfield, Archbishop of Baltimore. His career in his 
 elevated station was marked with prudence and zeal. His fortune 
 was considerable, and it was generously consecrated to the purposes 
 of religion. The Cathedral experienced his liberality, and the 
 beautiful edifice of St. James in our city is a lasting monument 
 of his munificence. 
 
 Died on the 28th of December, Eobert Oliver, Esq., in the 77th 
 year of his age. He was much valued for his liberality, benevo- 
 lence and public spirit, and one of the 'most enterprising of our 
 merchants, and strongest of capitalists. 
 
 William Wirt died on Tuesday morning, February 18th, in 
 Washington, D. C. Hon. Daniel Webster in his address to the 
 Supreme Court, which adjourned in honor of his memory, says : 
 " It is announced to us that one of the oldest, one of the ablest, 
 one of the most distinguished members of this bar has departed 
 this mortal life. Wm. Wirt is no more ! He has this day closed 
 a professional career amongst the longest and most brilliant which 
 the distinguished members of the profession in the United States 
 have at any time accomplished. Unsullied in everything which 
 regards professional honor and integrity, patient of labor, and rich 
 in those stores of learning which are the rewards of patient labor, 
 and patient labor only ; and if equalled, yet certainly allowed not 
 to be excelled, in fervent, animated, and persuasive eloquence, he 
 has left an example which those who seek to raise themselves to 
 great heights of professional eminence will hereafter emulously 
 study. Fortunate, indeed, will be the few who shall imitate it 
 successfully! " The funeral took place on the 20th. The highest 
 honors were rendered to it. Both Houses of Congress adjourned 
 to enable their members to attend the body to the tomb. Such a 
 proceeding had never yet been accorded by the J^Tational Legisla- 
 ture, except to deceased members of one or the other House. In 
 the procession were seen the President of the United States, the 
 Vice-President, the heads of departments, the diplomatic corps, the 
 bench and bar of the Supreme Court, the members of the two 
 Houses of Congress, officers of the army and navy, and a large 
 concourse of private citizens. The body was conducted to the 
 National Cemetery, and around the tomb were gathered the most 
 illustrious of the land. Adams, Jackson, Calhoun, Yan Buren, 
 Marshall, Story, Clay, Webster, Southard, Taney, Binney, Sergeant, 
 Woodbury, Everett, (Jass, Generals Scott, Macomb, Eogers, and 
 Chauncey, and many others whose renown in council, in court, in 
 camp and on sea have added lustre to the history of the nation, 
 were the witnesses to the laying down of the remains of William 
 Wirt in their last resting-place. 
 
 A new locomotive engine, built by Mr. Charles Eeeder, of this 
 city, for the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad, while on its trial-trip on 
 Tuesday, November 11th, in conveying a heavy train of cars, ex- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 473 
 
 ploded, by which the engineer was killed and the fireman badly 
 wounded. This was the first locomotive explosion on this road. 
 
 The Maryland Savings Institution suspended operations on the 
 6th of May, which caused a severe run upon the Savings Bank of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 The Baltimore Republican of Saturday, May 10th, has the follow- 
 ing : — " Attention ! ! ! Those young men of Baltimore who are 
 willing to pledge life^ fortune, and sacred honor in the support of 
 their patriotic Chief Magistrate, against the lawless course of a fac- 
 tious Senate, are requested to assemble on Thursday evening next, 
 the 15th inst., at half-past seven o'clock, at the Columbian Gardens. 
 The object of the meeting will be explained in an address from a 
 friend to the cause of equal rights and universal suffrage'' The meet- 
 ing was large and resulted in the passage of a few stereotype-like 
 resolutions. 
 
 Pursuant to a call from the Jackson Eepublican Convention of 
 the city of Baltimore, a meeting of the friends of the national ad- 
 ministration assembled in Monument square, on the evening of 
 Wednesday, May 7th. On motion of Col. U. S. Heath, the meet- 
 ing was organized, and William Frick, Esq., was called to the chair. 
 The president stated the object of the meeting, when resolutions 
 offered by Col. B. C. Howard were adopted. The meeting was ad- 
 dressed by Col. B. C. Howard, Samuel Brady, William George Eeed, 
 John Nelson, and Col. U. S. Heath. 
 
 The most remarkable instance of rapid sailing recorded, is prob- 
 ably the case of the brig John Gilpin, of Baltimore, a thorough 
 clipper of course, which vessel left Baltimore in the year 1832, and 
 arrived in Batavia after a passage of 82 days ; piroceeded from 
 thence to Canton in 11 days, from Canton to Manilla in 5 days, 
 from Manilla through the Straits of Sunda, round south of New 
 Holland, to latitude 48 or 50 degrees to Valparaiso, in 85 days, and 
 from Valparaiso to Lima in 6 days and 1*7 hours — making an 
 aggregate distance of 34,920 miles in 189 days 17 hours, averaging 
 a fraction more than one hundred and eighty-three miles per 
 day. 
 
 1835. On the 7th of February we had two fires in Baltimore. 
 The first broke out in the extensive chair-factory of Mr. Daily, on 
 Market street, adjacent to Jones Falls; and being of a combustible 
 nature, was entirely consumed. And a little after 11 o'clock A. M., 
 same day, it was discovered that the very large building, the Athe- 
 na;um, at the corner of St. Paul's and Lexington streets, was on fire. 
 It being dreadfully cold the hydrants had to be thawed by fire ; 
 and the apparatus from the preceding fire was in a bad state 
 of fitness for action. This great building with all its contents, ex- 
 cept in the offices in the basement and on the second floor, were 
 consumed. It was chiefly occupied by lawyers' offices and differ- 
 ent societies. The beautiful and costly philosophical apparatus of 
 the Mechanical Institute, (not long since imported from France) 
 
474 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 with two or three society libraries, (one of them very extensive), 
 and that of the Maryland Academy of Arts, with its valuable cab- 
 inets, (not perhaps to be replaced), a splendid organ in the saloon, 
 with other costly articles and fixtures, were all lost. And on the 
 13th of February, the court-house, (which at the time was. per- 
 haps the largest and the best building of its kind in America), was 
 nearly destroyed by fire. The city and county, and Orphans' 
 court, with the grand jury, &c., were in session when it was dis- 
 covered, and all the important records were either removed or re- 
 mained in safety in the fire-proof rooms in the first story. The 
 fire was checked on the second floor, so that the city court-room, 
 though not fire-proof, was preserved by the perseverance of the 
 firemen ; but all above that floor was destroyed. The burning of 
 the cupola was a grand but distressing object to look at, and had 
 it happened in the night, would have illuminated the whole city. 
 During the same week attempts were made to fire the Eev. Mr. 
 Duncan's church in Lexington street, the Female Orphan Asylum in 
 Franklin street, the Friends' meeting-house in Lombard street, the 
 Baltimore Gazette office, the middle district police station, the 
 Museum, the Liberty and Union engine-houses, the Exchange, and 
 several other large establishments. The Mayor offered a reward 
 of $500 for the incendiary or incendiaries, or either of them, but 
 no distinct trace was ever discovered of the persons who were 
 supposed to have caused the fires. 
 
 On the 25th of February, the range of stables in the rear of 
 the Western Hotel, at the corner of Howard and Saratoga streets, 
 being on fire, the firemen attended with their usual promptitude 
 and zeal, and it was soon discovered that the destruction would be 
 complete ; but in the midst of their operations, one of the stable 
 walls fell, and instantly killed four firemen and badly wounded 
 several others. The following are the names of the persons killed: 
 William McNelly, Stewart D. Downes, Michael Moran and William 
 Macklin. The fire department met and took charge of the inter- 
 ment of the remains of these unfortunate men, and, after a long 
 procession, with imposing and appropriate ceremonies, assisted by 
 a large body of " Odd Fellows," deposited them in the earth, in 
 the most feeling and respectful manner. 
 
 On the 4th of May, books were opened for subscription to the 
 shares of the Merchants' Bank of Baltimore, and in ten days 364,133 
 shares were subscribed. On each share $10 were paid, making the 
 gross amount received $3,641,330, thus showing the spirit of specu- 
 lation which had entered into everything at this date. 
 
 The Bank of Maryland (the history of which is that of one of 
 the most stupendous and general frauds ever committed, bearing 
 specially hard upon the industrious poor) was shut up in March 
 1834, and, though about seventeen months had elapsed, no satis- 
 factory statement of its afi'airs were laid before its creditors, being 
 obstructed by the "law's delay" and other causes that were not 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 475 
 
 understood by the people at large. In the meantime, however, 
 the late president of the bank (Evan Poultney) and others were 
 battering one another by heavy pamphlets, with which the public 
 were made weary and disgusted. But the creditors refrained and 
 bore these things as they ought ; and the citizens remained quiet, 
 though the loss of character effected by the miserable failure of 
 the bank, affected the interests of the city much more than the 
 amount of money the creditors of the bank had lost. Within the 
 year, by the bankruptcy of the Susquehanna Bank, the Bank of Mary- 
 land, the Maryland Savings Institution, the United States Insur- 
 ance Company, the reduced value of the stock in others, as much 
 as 25 per cent, in some cases, and the failure of two or three other 
 rag-shops, the people were plundered of more than two millions 
 of dollars, perhaps three millions. They bore all this with as- 
 tonishing meekness. On Monday, the 3d of August, another 
 weighty pamphlet appeared, and this, with certain comments upon 
 it by Mr. Poultney, are put forward as the cause of the riots that 
 followed, for a " feverish " state was soon visible. On the evening 
 of the 6th, a small number of persons assembled opposite the 
 splendid residence of Mr. Eeverdy Johnson on Monument Square. 
 They dispersed, however, after breaking a few panes of glass, at 
 the request of the Mayor, who was induced, however, by the signs 
 that appeared, to issue the following call for a public meeting : 
 
 "Mayor's Office, August 7th, 1835. — In compliance with the 
 wishes of a large number of my fellow-citizens, I hereby request 
 the citizens of Baltimore to assemble in town meeting, at the Ex- 
 change, at four o'clock this afternoon, for the purpose of- adopting 
 such measures as may be deemed proper to insure the preservation 
 of the public peace. Jesse Hunt, Mayor.'* 
 
 And thus was given an importance and notorietyto the matter 
 which many thought did not belong to it. The meeting, however, 
 was held, and Jesse Hunt was appointed president, and S. C. 
 Leakin, Wm. Krebs, C. O'Donnell, Dr. T. E. Bond and W. G. 
 Bead, Esq., were appointed vice-presidents, and William H. 
 Norris secretary. On motion of J. G. Proud, the five vice-presi- 
 dents were appointed a committee to report suitable resolutions 
 for the consideration of the meeting. The committee, after having 
 retired, reported a number of resolutions, which were adopted. 
 On motion of James H. Thomas, Esq., it was " Eesolved, That, in 
 the opinion of this meeting, it would promote the peace of the 
 city if the present trustees would relinquish the trust held by 
 them, and transfer over to the creditors of the Bank of Maryland 
 the books and papers connected therewith." The meeting then 
 adjourned. The motion of Mr. Thomas was passed by acclamation, 
 and here it is proper to say that the trustees alluded to were John 
 B. Morris and E. W. Gill, Esqs. Mr. Thomas Ellicott, the other 
 
476 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 trustee, had long before made known his willingness to relinquish 
 his trust and throw the whole concern into the hands of the 
 creditors of the bank, but Messrs. Gill and Morris thought they 
 could not do so without encountering a pecuniary responsibility 
 that they were unwilling to meet — the best legal advice having 
 been taken ; nor were they satisfied that such was the wish of a 
 majority of the creditors of the bank. 
 
 On Friday evening, the 7th of August, the Mayor was on the 
 ground in Monument Square, attended by the city bailiffs, the 
 watchmen, and many citizens for his support. The crowd was 
 much larger than on the preceding night, and more panes of glass 
 were broken. They were addressed by the Mayor and by Gen. W. 
 Jones, of Washington, who happened to be in the city. They were 
 respectfully listened to, and the crowd dispersed at about 11 o'clock. 
 At about seven o'clock on Saturday night the Mayor, having pre- 
 viously called together a considerable number of citizens, it was 
 agreed to station several hundred of them, each provided with a 
 staff or insignia of office, to guard every avenue leading to Eeverdy 
 Johnson's residence in Monument Square. About thirty of this 
 guard were mounted on horses. By dark, multitudes of people had 
 assembled. The principal point of concentration, at this time, was 
 in Baltimore street, at the intersection of North Calvert street, 
 which leads to the square. Here the crowd made frequent rushes 
 upon the guard. Brickbats and stones were showered upon the guard 
 like hail, and ultimately by the guard returned. A number of the 
 latter were severely bruised and wounded. They, however, kept 
 their posts, and a large portion of the rioters, finding it impossible 
 to get access to Mr. Johnson's house, started off to the house of Mr. 
 John Glenn, on North Charles street, which was not guarded, and 
 commenced throwing stones and missiles at the windows and front 
 door. The house was of brick, strongly built, and the door was 
 barricaded in anticipation of an attack. For a brief space of time 
 the assailants were diverted from their assaults upon the house by 
 a number of the mounted guard rushing down and firing upon 
 them. The assailants, however, soon renewed their attacks upon 
 the house, and after a continued effort of near half an hour, it was 
 taken possession of, and all the furniture it contained was broken 
 up and thrown into the street and utterly destroyed. The work 
 of demolition was renewed some time during Sunday by numbers 
 of young men and boys, who got in and continued through the 
 afternoon to break up the woodwork and to beat down the jambs 
 of the outer wall. A portion of the front wall of the second and 
 third story was thrown down, and the house exhibited the appear- 
 ance of a wreck. The guard stationed in different parts of the city, 
 finding themselves so severely attacked, armed themselves with 
 muskets. At about one o'clock on Sunday morning a company of 
 some twenty-five or perhaps thirty armed citizens marched against 
 the rioters in Charles street. They were received with a shower 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 477 
 
 of stones, and in return fired into the crowd they opposed. They 
 loaded and fired several times. The police and guard also fired 
 upon their assailants at their several stations a number of times. 
 On Sunday night the attack was renewed upon Keverdy John- 
 son's house, which was soon entered, and its furniture, a very ex- 
 tensive law library, and all its contents were cast forth, and a bon- 
 fire made of them in front of the house. The whole interior was 
 torn out and cast upon the burning pile. The marble portico in 
 front and a great portion of the front wall were torn down by 
 about 11 o'clock. Previous to this, however, an attack was com- 
 menced upon the house of John B. Morris in South street. His 
 dwelling was entered and cleared, and the furniture and other con- 
 tents piled up in the street and burnt. In the course of the pro- 
 ceedings the house took fire inside, as Eeverdy Johnson's was also 
 near doing from the bonfire near it. In both instances the en- 
 gines were brought promptly to the spot, and the fire put out, so 
 that the neighboring dwellings should not suffer. From John B. 
 Morris's house they proceeded to that of the Mayor of the city, 
 Jesse Hunt, Esq., broke it open, took out the furniture, and burnt 
 it before the door. They also destroyed the furniture of Evan T. 
 EUicott, and much injured his dwelling in Pratt street. They pro- 
 ceeded to the new house of Hugh McElderry in North Calvert 
 street, now finishing, broke the front windows, entered the door 
 and began to destroy the house, when the builder appeared, and 
 stated that as it was not finished the key had not been given up, 
 and that all the injury it might sustain would fall upon him, and 
 thus complete his ruin. Upon this assurance they desisted and 
 retired. All the property destroyed was supposed to have 
 belonged to the directors of the Bank. The mob also at- 
 tacked Captain Willey's hardware store in Franklin street, and 
 commenced destroying its contents, but desisted at the urgent 
 solicitations of Mr. Lynch, who assured them that he, and not 
 Mr. W., was the owner, and that Capt. Willey had left town. The 
 house of Dr. Hintze was assailed, but his lady making her appear- 
 ance, and declaring that the property was her own, she having re- 
 ceived it from her father's estate, they listened to her appeal and 
 departed without doing any injury. Capt. Bentzinger's house was 
 also attacked, and all his furniture destroyed. This, as well as 
 the attack on Capt. Willey and Dr. Hintze, was because of their 
 opposition to the rioters. The very valuable libraries of Mr. 
 Johnson and Mr. Glenn were destroyed, worth many thousand 
 dollars each. All their stock of wines, and many other valuable 
 articles, fell a prey to the crowd, and were offered for sale at small 
 prices. The difi'erent stations where guards were posted to pre- 
 vent access to the square, were all more or less frequently the 
 scene of alarm and contention, and with the discharge of firearms, 
 the shouts of the multitude, and the rapid passage of the horse- 
 men, the night had a truly fearful aspect. The watch-house on 
 
478 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 North street, the receptacle for the prisoners, was the scene of in- 
 cessant din and commotion. At daybreak on Sunday niorning 
 the prisoners, fifty-five in number, were conveyed to jail. On 
 Sunday the power of the city was in strange hands, and the 
 Mayor posted up an address for the people to " remain at home, 
 &c," which he thus explains on Monday : 
 
 " Mayor's Office, Baltimore, August 10th. — Having stated in a 
 publication of yesterday, in reference to the melancholy occur- 
 rences of the past nights, that firearms were resorted to against 
 my judgment and advice ; and having learned with extreme pain, 
 that the language used by me has induced some persons to suppose 
 that the use of firearms was entirely unauthorized by any compe- 
 tent power, I deem it an imperative act of justice, at the first 
 moment of being informed of the interpretation which I supposed 
 this part of my publication of yesterday might bear, distinctly to 
 state that the persons who used firearms were fully authorized so 
 to do, but again repeat the order was not issued by me. 
 
 " Jesse Hunt, Mayor.'' 
 
 And thus was the city yielded ; and, in consequence, the prisoners 
 made on Sunday morning were released, as they certainly would 
 have been on Sunday night by their colleagues. On Sunday, the 
 people, without a head, had nothing to do but to look on and 
 tremble. No one felt himself safe, as everything was given up. 
 Anarchy prevailed. The law and its officers were away. But 
 Monday morning changed the aspect of things. It now appeared 
 that the people were called upon to defend, not only their property, 
 but also their lives ; and it was manifest that there was a general 
 but gloomy resolution entertained to do both. Things had re- 
 verted to their original elements ; there was no law, and a head 
 was wanted to bring order out of confusion. This was easily found 
 in Gen. Samuel Smith, who being elected chairman by a great as- 
 semblage at the Exchange, accepted the trust reposed in him, and, 
 with the alacrity of youth, though in his 83d year, took his seat, 
 and told the assembly that the time for resolving had passed away, 
 and that for action had arrived. The flag of the Union had been 
 previously raised, and with it at their head, the people marched 
 to Howard's Park, when being addressed briefly by Gen. Smith 
 and others, and told what they ought to do, they speedily retired 
 to prepare themselves instantly to obey. The orders were to arm 
 and to repair to the City Hall. The fire companies were also called 
 out, and appeared on the ground in great force. The Mayor hav- 
 ing retired from his seat, (which he formally resigned the next 
 day), the president of the First Branch of the Council, General 
 Anthony Miltenberger, ex officio, took his place, and aided by Gen. 
 Smith, issued the necessary orders. On Monday evening a large 
 display of citizens in arms attended at the Mayor's office ; they were 
 stationed in different parts of the city with the firemen, ready also 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 479 
 
 for action. Peace prevailed during the night. The streets were as 
 quiet as the grave, except in the heavy tread of detachments of 
 armed men to reconnoitre its different parts. A body of one hun- 
 dred United States regular troops reached the city from Washing- 
 ton, and a number from Fort Severn, Annapolis. They were not 
 needed, as order prevailed, and the laws were respected. 
 
 Those proscribed by the mob having fled the city for safety, a 
 meeting was held by the First Company of Baltimore Independent 
 Volunteers, who unanimously adopted and signed the following re- 
 solutions by all the members of the company : " Eesolved, that the 
 First Company of the Independent Volunteers view with horror 
 and detestation the late illegal and riotous proceedings which have 
 taken place in the city of Baltimore. Eesolved, that Messrs. Ee- 
 verdy Johnson, John Glenn, Evan T. Ellicott, David M. Ferine, 
 Hugh McElderry, John B. Morris, and Eichard M. Gill be, and they 
 are hereby invited to return to our city, and that we pledge our- 
 selves to support them and all others who have been proscribed by 
 the late mob both in their persons and their property against all 
 illegal combinations. And further resolved, that in order to accom- 
 plish this object we will remain united as a company, and that we 
 will hold ourselves in readiness to join in their defence whenever 
 our services may be required." Eeverdy Johnson, Esq., took refuge 
 in Fort McHenry. 
 
 The following persons were arrested and subjected to fines and 
 imprisonment for participation in the riots : Joseph Walters, Jesse 
 Massey, Jackson Bowen alias John Bo wen, James Spencer, Peter 
 Harman, Benjamin A. Lynch, William Harrison, John McKewin, 
 David Biggart, Samuel Farr, and James C. Jones. They were 
 afterwards pardoned by the Governor. 
 
 ^ The Baltimore and Washington Eailroad was formally opened 
 on the 25th of August. V It was a grand and glorious sight. The 
 procession consisted of seventeen cars loaded with about fifty happy 
 persons each, which were drawn by four locomotive engines : the 
 George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James 
 Madison. Arriving at Bladensburg, they met another train of 
 cars from Washington also drawn by a locomotive, and filled with 
 public functionaries and other invited guests, and were congratu- 
 lated on the result of the labors of the railroad company. The 
 whole party then proceeded to Washington, and soon arrived at 
 the depot at the foot of Capitol Hill, where a vast crowd of people 
 were assembled, and rent the air with acclamations at this victory 
 of science over time and space. 
 
 Gen. Samuel Smith was elected on the 7th of September, almost 
 unanimously, Mayor of the city, in opposition to Moses Davis, to 
 fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Jesse Hunt. 
 
 Wm. Adams, a negro, who was condemned for the murder of 
 Captain Tilden, was executed on Friday morning, May 29th, in the 
 jail-yard. For about ten minutes he addressed the crowd, which 
 was very large, and composed principally of females. 
 
480 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 On Saturday, May 30th, thirty-four acres of ground, jmrt of the 
 McHenry estate, situated on West Baltimore street, corner of 
 Fremont, now occupied by Mr. Thomas Winans, was purchased 
 for fifty-two thousand dollars. And on the same day, the edifice 
 known as the " Baltimore Assembly Kooms," corner of Holliday 
 and Fayette streets, was sold at auction for ten thousand dollars 
 to B. I. Cohen. 
 
 Our city was visited, on Saturday afternoon, June 27th, by a 
 violent storm of rain accompanied by heavy wind and thunder. 
 Two houses on Albemarle street covered with tin were unroofed, 
 without further injury, and one of the chimneys left standing in 
 the court-hoase after its recent conflagration was thrown down — 
 possibly struck by lightning, as some of the persons in the house 
 were induced to believe, its fall being immediately after a vivid 
 flash. In its fall the chimney broke down a temporary roof erected 
 to protect from the rain the offices on the first floor, which were 
 used by the county clerk, and the ruins of the chimney and roof 
 fell on the staircase and partly into the hall of the building. It 
 was here that the most serious injury was caused. Mr. Thomas 
 Marshall, son of the venerable Chief-Justice of the United States, 
 had arrived in the city a few hours before on his way to Philaael- 
 phia to visit his sick parent. He was walking with a friend in the 
 street near the court-house when the rain commenced, and both 
 sought shelter in the hall from the storm. Mr. Marshall unfortu- 
 nately occupied a position immediately within the reach of the 
 falling ruins, which were precipitated on his head, and wounded 
 him so severely that he expired on Monday following, at the house 
 of his friend and relative Dr. Alexander. Mr. Marshall graduated 
 at Princeton in 1803, and was endowed by nature with a rich and 
 brilliant intellect, and was esteemed as a gentleman of great worth 
 and usefulness. He possessed a large landed estate in Yirginia, 
 and was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. 
 
 Mr. Niles, in his Register of September 5th, speaking of the 
 times, says : " During the last and present week we have cut out 
 and laid aside more than five hundred articles relating to the 
 various excitements now acting on the people of the United States, 
 public and private! Society seems everywhere unhinged, and the 
 demon of blood and slaughter has been let loose upon us ! We 
 have the slave question in many different forms, including the pro- 
 ceedings of kidnappers and man-stealers, and others belonging to the 
 free negroes ; the proscription and prosecution of gamblers ; with 
 mobs growing out of local matters — and a great collection of acts of 
 violence of a private or personal nature, ending in death ; and regret 
 to believe, also, that an awful political outcry is about to be raised 
 to rally the poor against the rich! We have executions and 
 murders and riots to the utmost limits of the Union ! The charac- 
 ter of our countrymen seems suddenly changed, and thousands in- 
 terpret the law in their own way — sometimes in one case, and then 
 in another, guided apparently only by their own will ! " 
 
OHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 481 
 
 ^Messrs. Clark & Kellog established a new line of packets to run 
 between Baltimore and New Orleans, y 
 
 A bold attempt was made on Saturday night, October 31st, to 
 rob the Merchants' Bank of Baltimore. Soon after midnight the 
 watchmen of the bank heard a noise, and upon one of them going 
 to the south side of the Exchange, he heard a movement within 
 the Maryland Insurance Office, followed by the throwing up of one 
 of the front windows on Gay street. The rogue it appears jumped 
 from the window, but did not clear the iron railing of the area in 
 front, and thus sprained his ankle severely. His groans soon at- 
 tracted the other watchman, and as the latter came up, the robber 
 attempted to knock him down with a short elastic stick loaded at 
 each end with lead, which he had attached to his wrist. The 
 watchman, however, received no injury, and the rogue was secured. 
 On gaining admission to the insurance office, it was found that the 
 villain, by means of false keys, had opened the large book-safe or 
 vault in the office, and had been industriously at work in endeavor- 
 ing to effect an entrance through the brick wall at its north end 
 into the bank. He was provided with every implement which 
 a regular workman would require in removing a wall or opening 
 locks. 
 
 On Sunday night, December 6th, ten of the prisoners confined 
 in the Baltimore City jail effected their escape. 
 
 Mr. William Gwynn Jones, editor and. proprietor of the Balti- 
 timore Gazette^ was detected on Friday, May 24th, in robbing the 
 post-office of many letters (about 100), being seized in the act of 
 taking them away. He enjoyed a fair character, and had privileges 
 in the post-office which were never again extended to any one. 
 It appears that he had carried on this business a considerable time, 
 recklessly destroying post notes and drafts requiring endorsements, 
 and causing much trouble and loss greater than the amount of the 
 money that he obtained, — which latter, as he said, was about two 
 thousand dollars. His family was highly respectable. 
 
 The following is his conviction in the United States Circuit 
 Court : "The United States vs. William Gwynn Jones. Fourth Cir- 
 cuit District of Maryland, November term, 1835 : — The Grand Jury 
 preferred against the traverser three bills of indictment for steal- 
 ing letters and packets out of the post-office in this city, in violation 
 of the 22d section of the post-office law. The first contained 
 sundry counts charging the party with taking letters enclosing 
 money. The second contained sundry counts for taking letters 
 containing drafts, &c., and packets. The third contained different 
 counts for taking letters not containing articles of value. To those 
 three indictments the traverser plead guilty. His Honor Judge 
 Glenn this day (10 inst.) pronounced sentence : On the first indict- 
 ment that the traverser be imprisoned for five years ; on the second, 
 that he be imprisoned for four years ; and on the third, that he be 
 imprisoned for twelve months and pay a fine of five dollars. And 
 31 
 
482 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 further, that during these several imprisonments he be kept at hard 
 labor in the Penitentiary of the State of Maryland. 
 
 "N. Williams, District Attorney for the United States." 
 
 It is supposed that William Gwynn Jones also set fire to the 
 Athenaeum and the Court House. 
 
 The aged, patriotic and universally esteemed citizen, William 
 Patterson, Esq., departed this life on Saturday, February 7th, 1835, 
 in the eightj^-third year of his age ; a soldier of the Revolution, a 
 liberal contributor to his adopted country in the time of its need, 
 the oldest of the merchants of Baltimore, and probably, also, 
 the most wealthy of that worthy class of our population. He 
 possessed a high public spirit, with much private kindness and 
 charity; and, with respect to either, was always among the fore- 
 most to do good. He had no enemies ; many, very many friends. 
 In the Orphans' Court we find the following sketch of his life at- 
 tached to his will, which was written by him, August 20th, 1827, 
 and signed in the presence of John B.Morris, R. Wilson, Hamilton 
 Graham, and S. Y. Soloman. It w^as recorded on the 12th day of 
 February, 1835, and is a curious and instructive document, well 
 worthy of examination : 
 
 "Having lived beyond the common period allotted for man 
 (being now in the seventy-fifth year of my age), and having seen 
 much of the world, it may be gratifying to some and useful to 
 others of my descendants, to give them some account of myself, as 
 well as to notice some cursory remarks that have struck me in the 
 course of my life ; and I have therefore thought it not inconsistent 
 or improper to commence this my last will and testament with the 
 following sketch. My family were of the Episcopal Church, the 
 established religion of Ireland, in which I was born and brought 
 up with great care and attention ; and from the religious impres- 
 sions which I then received I am, under the guidance of a divine 
 and kind providence, indebted for my future conduct and success in 
 life. My father was a farmer in the country with a large family. 
 His name was William. My mother's name was Elizabeth (her 
 maiden name was Peoples). They were both descended from a mix- 
 ture of English and Scotch families who had settled in Ireland 
 after the conquest of that country. I was born on the first of 
 November, old style, in the year seventeen hundred and fifty-two, 
 at the place called Fanat, in the County of Donegal, Ireland, and 
 was sent by my family at the early age of fourteen years to Phil- 
 adelphia, tor the purpose of being brought up to mercantile pur- 
 suits, where I arrived in the month of April, 1766, and was placed 
 in the counting-house of a Mr. Samuel Jackson, an Irish merchant, 
 who was pretty extensively concerned in the shipping business, 
 and who, in company with others of his friends, usually built a new 
 ship or vessel every year. This gave me an early knowledge and at- 
 tachment to that business, a passion that has followed me through 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 483 
 
 life ; and although I may be said to have been fortunate, I would 
 not advise any young friend to engage in or to follow the shipping 
 business without great caution, and in a limited degree to gain ex- 
 perience, without which it is impossible to succeed. Commerce in 
 the shipping line is one of the most dangerous pursuits that can 
 possibly be engaged in. I have known the trade of this country 
 for upwards of sixty years, and I am persuaded that in that time, 
 not one in fifty shipping merchants have succeeded, either in New 
 York, Philadelphia or Baltimore ; this is a lamentable consideration, 
 but I believe no less true. 1 became interested in sea vessels at 
 Philadelphia as far back as the years 1773 and '74, and have con- 
 tinued very largely in the business ever since, with various success. 
 I have lived and transacted business as a shipping merchant under 
 four different governments, namely : the British at Philadelphia 
 before the Kevolution, the Dutch at St. Eustatia, and the French 
 at Martinique, both in the early part of the Eevolution ; and lastly 
 at Baltimore, from the time of my arrival in the year 1778 to the 
 present time, when the American Revolution commenced, in which 
 I took great interest. It appeared to me that one of the greatest 
 difficulties we should experience was the want of powder and arms, 
 in consequence of the great precautions taken by the British gov- 
 ernment to prevent their being brought to this country from other 
 places. This induced me in the year 1775 to embark all the property 
 I then possessed in parts of two vessels and their cargoes, destined 
 from Philadelphia to France, for the sole purpose of returning with 
 powder and arms, and in one of which I embarked myself One only 
 of those vessels got safe back to Philadelphia, where she arrived in 
 the month of March, 1776, with the cargo intended, and in a most 
 critical time, when it was said that General Washington, then before 
 Boston with the army, had not powder sufficient to fire a salute. 
 On my way from Europe I stopped at the Island of St. Eustatia, 
 in the month of Februarry, 1776, where I was persuaded by some 
 of my friends to remain and carry on business with America; and 
 which I was the more induced to do on account of the great inter- 
 course that soon took place, affording the Americans the opportu- 
 nity of collecting and shipping arms and ammunition, and almost 
 everything necessary for carrying on the war. 
 
 " I remained at St. Eustatia for about eighteen months, and find- 
 ing that the Dutch Government (although perfectly well disposed) 
 were not able to protect the Americans and their trade against the 
 British, I thought it most advisable to remove from thence to Mar- 
 tinique, where I continued in business until my return to Baltimore.. 
 The scene of my commercial business in the West Indies centred at 
 St. Eustatia, St. Martin's, and St. Pierre Martinique. Governor de 
 Graff commanded at the former, Governor Ilylegaratthe second, and 
 the Marques de BuUie at the latter; they are all since dead, but it is 
 due to their memories to observe that ihey one and all contributed 
 greatly in promoting the interest of America, in affording every 
 
484 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 facility in their power to the Americans who lived under their gov- 
 ernments. Governor de Graff in particular was called home to 
 Holland to answer for the partiality shown to Americans. Having 
 had some valuable friends and connections in Europe and America, I 
 established myself with great advantage at St. Eustatia and Mar- 
 tinique, where I soon made what was then considered a fortune. 
 Bay sixty to eighty thousand dollars ; but as the trade with America 
 was attended with great hazard and no insurance could be effected, 
 I lost by British captures and sea losses, in little more than a month, 
 nearly one-half of what I was then worth. This of course gave 
 me considerable concern, and brought me to the determination that 
 if I should live to come to America (being then in bad health) that 
 I would certainly realize one-half at least of what I might possess, 
 and sport with the other half in commerce as a prudent gambler 
 would do at games of chance ; for I did then, and still do consider 
 commerce in the shipping line as a hazardous and desperate game 
 of chance. 
 
 "I arrived in Baltimore from Martinique in the month of July, 
 1778, and brought with me, in fast-sailing vessels, cash and mer- 
 chandize more than a hundred thousand dollars value, rated at the 
 standard value of gold and silver; for Continental paper was then 
 the only currency in circulation, and was at a depreciation of four 
 pence, at which rate I sold some gold brought in with me from the 
 West Indies. The first thing I thought of after my arrival was to 
 put my former resolution into practice, by investing about one-half 
 the proceeds of my property in real estate, and this I accomplished 
 as soon as practicable ; and the purchases I then made remain in 
 my possession to the present day, having made it a rule never to 
 purchase real property on speculation with a view to sell again, 
 and never but when I had the money to spare without running into 
 debt ; and by adhering to this rule I have from time to time in- 
 creased my purchases of real property as f-dst as I made money by 
 commerce, never risking more at any time than one-half what I 
 was worth, considering that were I even to lose that half I had 
 •till left a sufficiency to make myself and family comfortable and 
 independent. A merchant possessing a fortune should never put 
 more at risk than one-half what he is worth, and should he have 
 the misfortune to lose that half (which is more than probable), he 
 ought to retire immediately from business, or it is fifty to one that 
 he will lose the other half and be left a beggar. Want of this pre- 
 caution has been the cause of many failures after pecfple had made 
 fortunes, but unfortunntcly merchants consider themselves entitled, 
 or rather disgraced, unless they will trade not only up to their 
 capital, but as far beyond it as they can obtain credit. What better 
 18 this than a gambler staking his money on games of chance and 
 doubling his bets every time he wins. It is true that chance may 
 favor him for a time ; luck, however (as it is termed by the thought- 
 less), must change, and he is soon broke and ruined j and such is the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 485 
 
 fate of merchants who make use of all their capital and credit in 
 commerce in the shipping line, nor have I ever known one to succeed 
 on this principle for any length of time. 1 am perfectly sensible 
 that had I placed my spare money at interest instead of investing it 
 in real estate, that it would have been much more productive in my 
 own life-time. This, however, was not my object, because my life was 
 uncertain, and I might have a young family to take chance in the 
 world. Considering mj^self, therefore, acting for my posterity, I have 
 thought it better to leave them real estate than money and stocks ; 
 the two latter being too easy parted with, whilst the former is more 
 likely to stick by them, and is the last thing that young people 
 think of selling after everything else is disposed of. 
 
 "In the course of an active and extensive pursuit in commerce 
 for more than half a century, it now affords me some pleasure to 
 believe and to say, that in the course of that time I have made 
 the fortunes of some, saved others from ruin, and have found em- 
 ployment and bread for thousands of my fellow-mortals ; and I 
 can further say with satisfaction, that no one could ever come to 
 me and say, 'Neighbor, or friend, you got the advantage of me ; 
 I was uninformed of the late news and the rise of the market ' ; 
 nor could any one ever say to me, ' You acted unfriendly or un- 
 generously by me, first in taking advantage of my necessities by as- 
 sisting me for the moment, and afterwards in obtaining my prop- 
 erty at a sacrifice for much less than it was worth.' It has ever 
 been a rule with me, never to purchase or sell property of any 
 kind but where the seller and buyer were on a perfectly equal 
 footing as to information. Everything I possess was pur- 
 chased openly and fairly in the market, and thank God! I have 
 thus far lived, and I hope to die, with a clear conscience. In 
 order to get through the world with ease and satisfaction in large 
 concerns, it is not only necessary to be always just, but often gene- 
 rous; nor is there anything lost by this, when it is considered 
 that those who act on this principle will generally have a prefer- 
 ence in all their dealings with others. 
 
 " In earl}^ life at Philadelphia I experienced considerable in- 
 convenience in not being able to find young people suitable for 
 companions. They were almost all more or less tainted with folly 
 or vice, and did not seem to suit my turn of mind. This obliged 
 me to associate with people much older than myself, and to take 
 to the study of books to fill up my time, both of which I found of 
 great advantage, as it led to warm friendships that lasted through life 
 without a single exception. At this time I applied myself pretty 
 much io the study of natural philosophy, for which I had a great 
 propensity; and had I then possessed an independence of two thou- 
 sand dollars a year, Neptune should never have sported with my 
 fortune and feelings in future life. 
 
 " On my arrival in the West Indies in the year 1776, it opened 
 quite a now scene to me, for which I was little qualified ; for I had 
 
486 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE 
 
 previously lived all my life among religious people of correct prin- 
 ciples, and it was quite the contrarj^ with most of my new ac- 
 quaintances and those I had to transact business with. No one 
 eame there to settle for life; all were in quest of fortune to retire 
 and spend it elsewhere. Character was little thought of. Of 
 course it required the utmost circumspection and caution to steer 
 clear of difficulties. A kind, superintending Providence in this, as 
 in many other concerns of my life, enabled me, however, to sur- 
 mount every diificuhy, young and inexperienced as I then was. 
 A few days after m}^ arrival at St. Eustatia I was invited to spend 
 the evening with one of the most respectable families of the place, 
 consisting of three gentlemen and three ladies, two of the latter 
 being single. Cards were introduced, and we plaj^ed at whist 
 during the evening. No money was introduced, nor was an}^ sum 
 mentioned for the game, which induced me to believe that it was 
 altogether for amusement. But next morning the head of the 
 family called on me with a pile of dollars, and said it was the re- 
 sult of my winnings the evening before, and offered to pay me, 
 which I refused to accept, observing that I never played for 
 money, at least for not more than a trifle to keep up the attention 
 of the game. This established my character against gaming, and 
 I then resolved with myself that I never would game or play so 
 as to lose or gain more than ten dollars at any one time, and this 
 resolution I have kept faithfully ever since ; and had I not taken 
 and kept it, I probably might have been ruined, as was the case 
 of some others of my acquaintances in the West Indies. 
 
 " 1 have never sought for offices of honor or profit ; when I 
 have in any waj^ acted in a public capacity, it was from a sense of 
 duty which I could not well avoid, for I considered that every good 
 citizen should contribute more or less for the good of society when 
 he can do it without too much loss or inconvenience to himself. I 
 ftlways considered it a duty to my family to keep them as much as 
 
 Eossible under my own eye, so that 1 have seldom in my life left 
 ome either on business or pleasure. Since 1 had a family, my 
 great desire to keep my sons in view induced me to pass them all 
 (seven in number) through my own counting-house : this was a 
 kind of useful finish to their education, as it gave them a know- 
 ledge of accounts and businens, and qualified them for future life, 
 be their pursuits what it might. And ever since I had a house it 
 has been an invariable rule with me to be the last up at night, and 
 to see that the fires and lights were secured before I retired myself; 
 from which I found two advantages : one was that there was little 
 or no risk from fire under my own roof, and the other that it in- 
 duced my family to keep regular hours. I inherited nothing of 
 any consequence of my forefathers, nor have I benefitted ai)ything 
 froni public favors or appointments. What I possess is solely the 
 fruits of my own industry and labor, and what I shall leave my 
 descendants ought to satisfy them in a country and under a govern- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE 487 
 
 ment like ours, where industry, frugality, and merit are the only 
 sure and certain road to respect and consequence. 
 
 "I think it was Doctor Franklin who observed that he would 
 have no objection to live his life over again, provided it was so 
 ordered. In this I cannot altogether agree with the doctor. My 
 life has been attended with too much care and anxiety, and had I 
 the option, I cannot say that I would desire it; yet if I had my life 
 to live over again, I am not conscious that I could improve it in 
 any particular or at any period." 
 
 He adds, he thought it necessary to say this much for the bene- 
 fit of his descendants, and by way of justification for the contents 
 of his following will. Here follows his will, which is a very long 
 and curious one, from which we make the following extracts: — In 
 addition to the two squares of ground (Patterson Park) lately con- 
 veyed by him to the Mayor and City Council, he devised to the 
 same and their successors 150 shares of U. S. Bank stock in trust, 
 first, for erecting a temple of liberty on the two squares above 
 mentioned ; also two monuments, " one to the memory of Chris- 
 topher Columbus, who found the way to this Western World, and 
 the other to the memory of the good Marquis (now General) La 
 Fayette, who risked his life and sacrificed his fortune, and who 
 contributed so largely to the independence of this country, con- 
 vinced as I am (having witnessed the progress of the Revolution 
 from beginning to end) that it was through his means and interest 
 that France joined and continued with us in the Revolutionary 
 War, and without their aid and assistance at the time we could 
 not otherwise have obtained our independence when we did. But 
 as the value of those 150 shares of U. S. Bank stock must fall 
 greatly short of the objects I have in view of erecting a temple 
 of liberty and the two monuments," he earnestly requests and 
 recommends of the trustees of this fund for the time being, that 
 the said 150 shares of stock be kept and continued at interest, 
 together with the dividends and interest that may be received from 
 time to time, until the principal and interest shall so accumulate as 
 to reach and produce the sum of half a million of dollars, which he 
 estimated would take place in about sixty years ; after which the 
 interest only of this sum shall be expended annually, first, in the 
 erection of the temple of liberty ; and when completed, then in the 
 erection of the two monuments. And after the completion of these, 
 the annual interest of the fund of $500,000 to be employed in pre- 
 serving the navigation of the harbor of Baltimore yearlj^, and every 
 year w^ithout breaking in or touching on the principal so long as 
 the fund shall exist. Or in case the interest may not be required 
 for the preservation of the navigation, then it may be employed to 
 any other useful purpose of public improvements. He also devised 
 that the trustees for the said fund " shall at the expiration of two 
 years after his decease, and every five years thereafter, cause a gold 
 medal of the value of one hundred dollars to be provided and given 
 
488 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 to the author of the best piece, essay or production on Liberty, not 
 exceeding one hundred lines in either prose or verse, by a native 
 American." 
 
 Speaking of his daughter, Miss Elizabeth Patterson, who mar- 
 ried Jerome Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, the 
 first Consul of France, he says : " The conduct of my daughter 
 Betsey has through life been so disobedient, that in no instance 
 has she ever consulted my opinion or feelings; indeed, she has 
 caused me more anxiety and trouble than all my other children 
 put together, and her folly and misconduct has occasioned me a 
 train of expense that first and last has cost me much money. 
 Under such circumstances it would not be reasonable, just or proper 
 that she should at my death inherit and participate in an equal 
 proportion with my other children, in an equal division of my estate. 
 Considering, however, the weakness of human nature, and that she 
 is still my daughter, it is my will and pleasure to provide for her 
 as follows," Here follows her division, which proved to be, however, 
 a very large fortune. 
 
 "A figure most grotesque and weird," says Dr. John W. Palmer 
 in Lippincotfs Magazine^ " was that of ' Old Hagar,' the colored 
 centenarian of South Baltimore and Old Town, whose sudden ap- 
 parition, ae the careless passenger encountered it, had all the 
 startling impressiveness of an omen and memento mori. Gowned 
 and capped in white in and out of season, hooded and veiled in 
 black, supported by a long staff in one hand and an umbrella in 
 the other, and bearing always a black bag and a book, she shuffled 
 shaking, her shoulders keeping company with her knees. As she 
 hobbled, witchlike, she mumbled formless ditties, whereof the tunes 
 were of cradles and the words of tombs. To the old crones she 
 was as a hag of evil eye, and to the children a fairy godmother; 
 while to the dodging superstition of the negroes her staff became a 
 wizard's wand, her black bag a budget of charms and spells and 
 incantations, and her book a vade-mecum of the black art, com- 
 piled by the fiend himself. Yet 'twas but a catechism of a psalter 
 of St. Paul's Church, from whose charitable purse her helpless age 
 drew stated pittance of alms ; and that uncanny pouch held only 
 roots and herbs, and other trash of virtue for the healing of her 
 untoid ailments — especially the ' misery ' in her back and the short- 
 ness of her wind. 'But she slept in her coffin.' True! That was 
 a way she had, and it prejudiced her repute among the orthodox, 
 who all said ' I told you so,' when on Saturday night, March 14th, 
 she was burned to death in her fantastical bunk, at the age of one 
 hundred and four." She lived in a frame house in Apple alley, 
 near Fleet street. 
 
 The National Democratic Convention met in this city on the 
 20th of May, and nominated as their candidate for President 
 Martin Van Buren, and Col. Richard M. Johnson for Yice-President. 
 
 1836. On the 6th of August, Richard Lemmon, Robert Barry, 
 
CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 489 
 
 and James Cheston, appointed by the Governor of Maryland com- 
 missioners under the Act passed by both branches of the Legislature 
 of Maryland at the December Session, 1835, entitled " An Act to 
 provide indemnity to the sufferers by certain riots in the city of 
 Baltimore," returned the awards of the damages made by them, and 
 specifying the names of the parties injured, and the amount of loss 
 or injury sustained by them respectively, — viz. : 
 
 Reverdy Johnson $40,632 50 
 
 John B. Morris and Lydla Hollingsworth 16,825 92 
 
 Evan T. Ellicott 4,747 55 
 
 Eleanor Bond 1,643 44 
 
 John Glenn ... 37,270 65 
 
 Elizabeth Patterson 400 00 
 
 J.J.Audubon 120 00 
 
 Ebenezer L. Finley 912 76 
 
 $102,552 82 
 
 James H. McCulloch, the venerable collector of the port of 
 Baltimore, died at his residence near this city on the 10th of 
 November. In the Eevolutionary War he was a brave and active 
 partisan, and in the late war with Great Britain, though his locks 
 were hoary with age, he shouldered his musket, and at the battle 
 of North Point fought with an invincible spirit. 
 
 A bill was passed this session of the Legislature to increase 
 the delegation from Baltimore from two to four members. 
 
 On Monday, March 28th, Elias Glenn, United States district 
 judge for the State of Maryland, administered, in the presence of 
 many members of the bar and a number of citizens, to Mr. Eoger 
 B. Taney his oath of office as chief justice of the United States 
 court and presiding judge of this circuit. Mr. Taney was nomi- 
 nated on the 28th of December, 1835, and confirmed by the 
 Senate of the United States on the 15th of March, 1836. Yeas 29 
 — Nays 15. 
 
 The ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the new City and 
 County Eecord Office, on the Court House lot at the S. E. corner 
 of Lexington and St. Paul streets, was performed on Wednesday 
 morning, June 28th, by Solomon Etting, president of the board of 
 commissioners for repairing the Court House, &c., assisted by 
 General Samuel Smith, the venerable Mayor, in presence of Chief 
 Justice Taney, the judges of the different courts and other city and 
 county officers, and a numerous assemblage of citizens and strangers. 
 
 Thursday, the 26th of August, being the day designated for the 
 performance of funeral obsequies in honor of the memory of James 
 Madison, the streets were filled at an early hour with crowds of 
 citizens repairing to their several places of meeting, and by persons 
 attracted % a desire of beholding the anticipated spectacle. At 
 the head of the column of march there came a detachment of mili- 
 tary, whose appearance was soldier-like and imposing. Next came 
 
490 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, arranged in lodges, and 
 bearing the numerous insignia of the Order shrouded in crape, 
 which served to add to the solemn effect of the scene. Then fol- 
 lowed an appropriate funeral car of Egyptian design, covered with 
 a black pall and drawn by six white horses dressed in black hous- 
 ings and led by grooms in white. On each side of the car rode the 
 encampment of patriarchs, and in its rear a military escort. After 
 these succeeded a barouche and four black horses, in which sat his 
 Honor the Mayor (Gren. Samuel Smith), the orator of the day (Jo- 
 seph Willey, Esq.), and the attendant clergy. After these equipages 
 came in succession the various associations of the Trades' Union, 
 each preceded by its distinguished banner dressed in mourning. 
 The rear of the procession was brought up by the order of Eed 
 Men. During the march, bands of music judiciously disposed 
 along the line played appropriate airs. The procession reached 
 its destination in Howard's Park, where appropriate ceremonies 
 were held. During the day the stores along the line of procession 
 were generally closed. 
 
 In this 3'ear, Mr. Horace Abbott, who was born in Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, in July, 1806, ,removed to Baltimore and 
 secured the " Canton Iron Works," then owned by Peter Cooper, 
 Esq., of New York. At these works Mr. Abbott forged the first 
 large steamship shaft wrought in this country. This shaft was 
 for the Eussian frigate Kamtschatka, built in New York for the 
 Emperor Nicholas I., and such was the interest manifested in this 
 huge production of wrought iron, as it was then considered, that 
 it was exhibited at the Exchange in New York, and was doubtless 
 the means of stimulating others to feats of enterprise and skill. 
 In 1850 Mr. Abbott built a rolling-mill capable of turning out the 
 largest rolled plate then made in the United States. On one occa- 
 sion, in 1863, he completed an order for 250,000 pounds of rolled 
 iron in forty-eight hours, and received from the Secretary of the 
 Navy a letter in commendation of his fidelity and energy. When 
 Captain Ericsson designed the first Monitor he was apprehensive 
 that this country contained no mills of sufficient capacity to furnish 
 armor plate of the requisite thickness and dimensions for this form 
 of iron-clad, and was under the impression that he would be com- 
 pelled to order them from England. Before doing so, however,- he 
 applied to Mr. Abbott, who, realizing the emergency, but feeling 
 equal to the task, promptly undertook to furnish whatever was 
 needed. The plates were manufactured and delivered in a shorter 
 time than had been anticipated. The Monitor was completed and 
 ready for sea in time to engage the hostile ram Merrimac in 
 Hampton Eoads, and prevent her from accomplishing her mission 
 of destruction among the wooden craft of the navy, then lying in 
 the roads. In her encounter with her formidable adversary, the 
 Monitor was so effectually protected by her armor that not a plate 
 was pierced or injured, and a new era was inaugurated in the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 491 
 
 history of naval architecture and warfare. Subsequently Mr. 
 Abbott furnished the armor-plates for nearly all of the vessels of 
 the monitor class built on the Atlantic coast, and also for the 
 Roanoke^ Agamenticus^ Monadnock, and other large iron-clads. 
 
 Gen. Harrison reached this city on Thursday afternoon, Sep- 
 tember 22d, from Washington, accompanied by a committee of 
 citizens of Baltimore and Washington. He was met at Carroll's 
 bridge by a large concourse of citizens on horseback, who formed 
 themselves into an escort, and in Pratt street the line of proces- 
 sion was greatly augmented by the body of citizens on foot assem- 
 bled there to receive him. After proceeding through Pratt, Bond, 
 and Baltimore streets, the General alighted at the Eutaw House, 
 where the address of welcome was delivered by Judge Hanson, to 
 which he made an eloquent reply. 
 
 On Tuesday, March 15th, it was resolved by the Mayor and 
 City Council of Baltimore to subscribe to the capital stock of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company the sum of three millions 
 of dollars, in the name of the Mayor and City Council of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 On the 7th of May, a number of gentlemen of Baltimore gave 
 a public dinner at Mr. Page's hotel, to Mr. Henry S. Fox, his Brit- 
 annic Majesty's minister in this city, in celebration of the media- 
 tion of Great Britain between the United States and France. Mr. 
 Eobert Gilmor presided, assisted by J. Meredith, J. P. Kennedy, 
 Dr. Macauley, and J. S. Nicholas as vice presidents. 
 
 5C1837. On the 12th of May^he banks of this city, following 
 tnose of Philadelphia and New York, suspended specie payments. V 
 The interruption of specie payments during these disastrous years, 
 gave opportunities for all sorts of speculations and inventions for 
 the supply of what could or would pass among the people for 
 money. This was the reign of foul rags, coarsely called "shin- 
 plasters," which were as plentiful and as troublesome as the frogs 
 in Egypt. The speculative inventors palmed them on the credu- 
 lous public, and, of course, failing, inflicted serious losses on the 
 communit}'. ''Orders" for money were issued also by the corpo- 
 ration of Baltimore and by the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Com- 
 pany, and for a long time furnished the only reliable fractional 
 currency during the specie suspension. But through all these 
 perilous times, Baltimore sustained hei*self bravel}' and success- 
 fully, improving the city, and doing a fair share of general busi- 
 ness, and, while other cities reeled before the storm, passed through 
 it without serious calamity. 
 
 George Peabody, of Baltimore, was appointed by the Governor 
 and Legislature of Maryland a commissioner to negociate the eight 
 million loan, in the place of Samuel Jones, Jr., who declined to 
 accept. 
 
 By far the most extensive and destructive calamity with which 
 the city of Baltimore has ever been visited up to this time, was ex- 
 
492 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 perienced on "Wednesday night, July 14th. The heavy showers of 
 rain which descended on that night caused a sudden rise of the 
 waters of Jones Falls, tearing up the mill-dams and wooden bridges 
 which cross the upper part of that stream, and bringing them 
 down against the stone bridges within the city limits. That at 
 Gay street had a single arch, that at Baltimore street had two 
 arches, and that at Pratt street three arches. The last named was 
 the first to become obstructed by the descending timbers, and that 
 at Baltimore street was soon after in the same condition. The 
 bridge at Gay street apparently passed all the smaller fragments, 
 until the new wooden bridge at Centre street was swept bodily 
 from its abutments and lodged against it. These obstructions 
 forced the waters into new channels, and consequently rendered 
 the destruction of property greater in the vicinity of the bridges. 
 The first bridge of any consequence over the Falls was about two 
 miles from the city, where the road crosses that stream, at the first 
 turnpike gate. The gate-keeper, roused by the noise of the waters, 
 left his house with his family, and immediately awakened the occu- 
 pants of three frame-dwellings adjoining his own. He had scarcely 
 succeeded in getting all the families out before the bridge was swept 
 off, carrying with it the four dwellings. At the Lanvill cotton 
 factory much damage was done by the rise of the water, and the 
 mill-dam swept away. The dam at Belvedere bridge, which sup- 
 plied the reservoirs of the Water Company, was carried away, but 
 the bridge remained uninjured. The small mill at Madison street 
 and several small tenements adjoining were immersed, but little 
 • damage was sustained. Adjoining them was the extensive mail 
 coach factory of Messrs. Stockton and Stokes ; the extensive tan- 
 nery of Mr. George Appold was inundated, but sustained little in- 
 jury. The abutments on each side of the Madison Street bridge 
 were so much damaged that it was not considered safe to cross it. 
 More or less damage was done to all the property binding on the 
 Falls, by having the fences and out-houses carried away. At 
 Centre street the large wooden bridge recently erected was swept 
 off entire. The torrent here left its ac/customed bed, and coming 
 down in a direct line over the wall which ordinarily confined it, 
 forced its way through some small tenements on the north side of 
 Centre street, and thence directly across the street into the extensive 
 distillery premises of Messrs. J. C. White and Sons. Considerable 
 damage was done to the works, and some of the numerous build- 
 ings were prostrated ; but the greatest loss was in the live-stock — 
 no less than thirty to forty valuable horses and fifty to sixty cows 
 having been drowned. The waters rose to the floors of the second 
 stories, and in the Falls the flood was here about twenty feet above 
 its bed. At the intersection of Centre and North streets, a small 
 wooden house standing by itself was swept away. The inmates, 
 an elderly Irishman and his wife, were both drowned. 
 
 The water from Centre street spread over the low grounds as 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 493 
 
 far west as Calvert street, inundating all that part of the city 
 formerly known as the Meadow, and doing an immense deal 
 of damage. The new Universalist Church at the corner of Calvert 
 and Pleasant streets had a foot or two of water in its basement 
 story. The City Spring was inundated about a foot above the 
 paved footways within the enclosure ; as were also the dwellings, 
 &c., in the neighborhood. In the gas-house the water was about 
 six feet. The African Protestant Episcopal Church at the corner 
 of North and Saratoga streets had about five feet of water above 
 the floor. The City Hall was visited with water in the offices on 
 the first floor. The Presbyterian Church at the corner of HoUiday 
 and Saratoga streets was materially damaged in the interior. The 
 water rose to the cushion on the pulpit desk, and a part of the 
 pews were removed from their places. The sexton of the church, 
 a German named John Wiest, lived in a small house adjoining it. 
 The whole family, consisting of Wiest, his wife and three children, 
 were asleep ^n a lower back apartment, and, sad to relate, were all 
 drowned. The water rose to the ceiling of the room. The exten- 
 sive soap and candle factories in this quarter, conducted respectively 
 by Messrs. Francis Hyde & Son, Samuel G. Hyde, and T. N. Smith 
 & Co., suffered extensive damage, as well from the derangement of 
 their works as by the loss in raw material and finished stock. The 
 Falls in the rear of the factory of the latter was about sixteen feet 
 above the ordinary level. Bath street was under water from Cal- 
 vert street to the Falls. The bridge at this point was carried away, 
 and the banks on both sides swept. In Bath street near Holliday, 
 a large mass of lumber, &c., collected, which caused the water to 
 sweep away the fronts of the houses adjacent. At the corner of 
 Bath and North streets the water was six or seven feet high. 
 The bridge at Pleasant street was carried away. 
 
 Along Saratoga street, east of Holliday, the premises on the 
 north side running back to the Falls were greatly damaged by 
 the flood. The waters here were about ten feet high, and sought a 
 channel towards Gay street, running with great velocity into Har- 
 rison and Frederick streets, and tearing the pavements into deep 
 gullies. The occupants of houses in the vicinity of Gay street 
 bridge were severe sufferers. Many of them had the -goods in 
 their stores totally ruined. The house of Mr. Eoche, adjoining 
 the bridge, was nearly demolished by the flood and floating timber. 
 The water swept over the bridge. In Harrison street the water 
 was about eight feet deep, and swept along with resistless fury. 
 In Baltimore street the water extended nearly to the bridge on 
 the east, and above Frederick street on the west, filling the cellars 
 and inundating the stores. An immense quantity of timber and 
 fragments of bridges which came down the stream collected at 
 Baltimore street bridge, and so choked up the arches that the 
 water rose to within a few feet of the pavement. About four 
 o'clock the accumulation became so great that the structure was 
 
494 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 unable to resist the tremendous pressure against it, and a portion 
 of the upper side of the centre pier gave way and fell in to the 
 distance of six or eight feet from the edge, carrying away the 
 whole of the stone parapet and iron railing. The foot-bridge lead- 
 ing from the Bazaar in Harrison street across the Falls to Front 
 street was swept away in the early part of the freshet. 
 The timber, planks, &c., which were carried down the current of 
 Harrison street made a lodgment in large quantities against the 
 railing of the Centre Fountain, and finally tore a portion of the 
 railing and overturned the marble fountain from which the spring- 
 water flowed. On both sides of Market Space all the stores were 
 filled with water, and large quantities of merchandise injured. In 
 many of the stores the water reached the ceilings, destroying com- 
 pletely every article in them. The foot-bridge leading across the 
 Falls from the fish market was carried away. In Concord street the 
 water was eight feet deep. On the Falls avenue the water stood 
 about four feet deep. Between Water and Pratt streefts a number 
 of carts and drays and some lumber were swept away. The stone 
 bridge at Pratt street being below all the wooden structures which 
 were carried away, and being composed of three arches, inter- 
 cepted everything brought down by the current, until an immense 
 mass, consisting of fragments of mill-dams, bridges, fences, sheds, 
 &c., was piled up against it. Like the stone bridge above, it 
 could not resist the immense pressure, and nearly one-half of 
 the structure gave way and fell. 
 
 On the eastern side of the Falls, directly on the banks, various 
 out-houses. &c.) were carried away ; and in the vicinity of Gay 
 street bridge, the tannery of Wm. Miller was swept clean. A num- 
 ber of instances of providential escapes are related, which we have not 
 space to insert. One of them, however, was the case of a boy five 
 years of age who was discovered floating on a bed, and was rescued 
 from the flood in North street ; he was supposed to be the only sur- 
 vivor of a family who occupied a house that was entirely carried 
 away. Another instance was that of a young man who was sleeping 
 soundly in the basement under Washington Hall. He was awak- 
 ened by the friendly paw of a faithful dOg, when his bed was nearly 
 afloat, the sudden rising of the flood leaving scarcely a minute of 
 time for his escape from a watery grave. About two miles up the 
 Falls, a family who "had just finished a shanty for their residence 
 were warned of their danger by kind neighbors, but they told their 
 advisers to " mind their own business, that they would look out for 
 themselves," and in a few moments afterwards the shanty with its 
 inmates were carried off by the current, and it is supposed they 
 were all drowned. A boy of twelve or fourteen years of age had 
 fallen from the drift which clogged Baltimore street bridge, into 
 the swollen and whirling current of the river, and being unable to 
 swim was passing rapidly and helpless down the stream, only the 
 top of his head above water, and had once entirely disaj^peared, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 495 
 
 when two young men bravely dashed into the stream, and just as 
 the drowning youth was about to be drawn under the drift or lum- 
 ber, &c., which clogged in like manner the bridge below on Pratt 
 street, he was snatched, exhausted and almost lifeless, from death 
 and restored to his family. The following persons lost their lives 
 by the freshet as well as we can ascertain, viz : Christopher Wiest, 
 
 wife and three children, Saratoga street ; Dougherty, corner 
 
 Concord and Water streets ; Catharine Donnelly, Pratt street ; 
 James Doyle, Long Wharf; Jacob Ockley, Falls road ; a woman 
 and daughter, names unknown ; James Kelly, Henry Linehan, Mr. 
 Donnelly and five persons on the Falls road, names unknown. 
 
 On the 29th of June, the City Council of Baltimore passed an 
 ordinance authorizing the issue of certificates for small sums to the 
 amount of $350,000. This in addition to the amount of $100,000, 
 heretofore put in circulation. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 Company also commenced the issue of change notes on the 20th 
 of June. 
 
 John McDonogh, of New Orleans, by letter under date of Juno 
 22d, sends his check for $500 to the relief of the sufferers by the 
 late flood. 
 
 On the 1st of August, 1818, and the 29th of August, 1837, the 
 city jjurchased the ground now known as the " Eastern Spring," 
 for the sum of $15,000; the improvements cost $11,651.29. 
 )\ 1838. On the 5th of February, articles of union were agreed 
 upon and executed between the Wilmington and Susquehanna 
 Eailroad Company, the Baltimore and Port Deposit Eailroad 
 Company, and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail- 
 road Company — the three roads extending from Philadelphia to 
 Baltimore — by which they became one corporation, under the 
 name of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad 
 CompanyV 
 
 The British steam packet City of Kingston left this port at noon 
 on Sunday, May 20th, for London direct under the command of 
 Captain Crane. The City of Kingston was sent out originally to 
 the West Indies, and plied some time as a mail and passenger 
 packet between Jamaica and Barbadoes, but the business having 
 proved unprofitable to the owners in London, she was ordered back 
 to that port. The City of Kingston was brig-rigged, and carried 
 three hundred tons of coal, and was the first steam vessel from 
 Baltimore to Europe direct. 
 
 On Tuesday evening, May 23d, a dark cloud passed over the 
 city from the west, attended by a copious shower of rain and a 
 gust of wind. The latter was so violent as to prostrate chimneys 
 and unroof houses in various portions of the city. Nearly the 
 whole roof of Christ Church, corner of Fayette and Gay streets, 
 was blown off and torn to pieces, as were also the roofs of the 
 warehouses of Messrs. Joseph Robinson, Thomas Palmer & Co., 
 C. W". Spilcker, Walter Crook, Jr., E. Jenkins & Sons, Jos. Taylor 
 
496 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 & Son, Isaac Eeynolds, and the roofs of four warehouses in Eutaw 
 street, belonging to Jacob Albert & Co., and the roof of the upper 
 reservoir of the gas company on Liberty street. The Hollins 
 Btreet market house was blown down. Part of the roofs of the 
 Baltimore Museum and the Eutaw House were blown off, and a 
 portion of the wall of the Front Street Theatre, and many houses 
 were blown down. 
 
 Died on the 9th of June, in the 72d year of his age, Thomas 
 "W. Griffith, Esq. Mr. Griffith had for many years been a highly 
 respectable magistrate, first for the county and afterwards for the 
 city of Baltimore. In discharging his duty as such, it is saying no 
 more than truth to award him the praise of having uniformly fol- 
 lowed, and that too with a zeal as intelligent as it was commend- 
 able, the path of rectitude. Upon his fellow-citizens, both at home 
 and abroad, he has other claims, having dedicated the leisure that 
 was left him from the distracting calls of his public office, to the 
 production of two books, by both of which the present generation 
 is benefitted, and the future historian or annalist will find himself 
 assisted. His "History of Maryland," and his ''Annals of Balti- 
 more " are meant. These productions were the fruit of an active 
 mind abhorring indolence. Mr. G. was early in life appointed 
 Consul to Havre by General Washington. 
 
 Between four and five o'clock on the morning of the 3d of 
 February, the whole of the extensive building in Front street, 
 known as the Baltimore Theatre and Circus, was entirely enveloped 
 in flames, which burst in great fury from every window and door 
 of the vast edifice. Before the fire was discovered it appeared to 
 have reached every part of the building, and prevented the possi- 
 bility of saving a single article. The building was occupied by the 
 well-known company of Mr. Cooke, whose whole stock, fixtures, 
 machinery, wardrobe, decorations and property of his extensive 
 company were entirely consumed, including his stud of nearly fifty 
 magnificent horses. The fire was supposed to have been the result 
 of accident. On the south side, separated by an alley, stood an 
 antiquated two-story brick house, known as "Gough's Mansion 
 House," which was owned and occupied by Mr. Patrick Murphy 
 as a tavern. This house caught fire and was entirely burnt, to- 
 gether with several old back buildings. 
 
 Mr. Isaac McKim, a member of the House of Eepresentatives, 
 died in this city on Sunday morning, April 1st. His commercial 
 enterprises were eminently successful, and he dispensed his great 
 wealth with the most enlightened liberality ; and especially in the 
 erection and endowment of one of the most beautiful and perma- 
 nent free schools in this or any other country. The public authori- 
 ties of Baltimore, with a large number of senators and represen- 
 tatives and the citizens generally, paid every respect to his memory, 
 and all seemed impressed with the great loss that the community 
 sustained by his death. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 497 
 
 The Convent of the Visitation, with the academy under its 
 direction, was founded in November, 1838. Eleven sisters were 
 transferred from the convent of Georgetown for the purpose of com- 
 mencing the new establishment, and took possession of a house on 
 the corner of Green and Mulberry streets. An extensive lot was 
 shortly after procured on the corner of Park and Centre streets. 
 
 1839. On the 16th of December, a meeting of gentlemen desirous 
 to establish, if possible, a manual labor school in the vicinity of 
 Baltimore, was held in the First Baptist Church, at the corner of 
 Sharp and Lombard streets. On motion of Mr. George W. Norris, 
 Br. Dunbar was called to the chair, and John L. Carey appointed 
 secretary. Mr. Winston, Superintendent of the Boston Farm 
 School, was present, and made a full and very interesting state- 
 ment in regard to the establishment, history and results of the in- 
 stitution under his charge. The meeting was also addressed by C. 
 Gilman. 
 
 The Mercantile Library Association was established on the 
 14th of November, with the following officers : J. Morrison Harris, 
 President; George L. Wight, Vice-President ; Geo. K. W. Allnutt, 
 Secretary ; F. Dunnington, Treasurer. Directors — Wm. M. Lati- 
 mer, John S. Sumner, Josiah N. Jones, Henry J. Eogers, Laurence 
 Thomsen, Wm. A. Dunnington, George Cliffe, O. B. Wight, John 
 E. Davis, Librarian. 
 
 Gen. Samuel Smith, one of the most distinguished soldiers of 
 the Eevolution, died in this city on Monday afternoon, the 22d of 
 April, 1839, in the 87th year of his age. He had been riding in 
 his carriage, and on his return to his dwelling, lay upon the sofa 
 with the view of resting himself, and when the servant who had 
 been attending him entered the apartment a short time afterwards 
 he was found dead. His career was glorious and useful, and he 
 died full of years and honors. General Smith was born in Carlisle, 
 on the 27th of July, 1752. His father being a merchant, he was 
 destined for the same profession, and in early life (about 19) w^as 
 sent to England to be educated in a counting-house ; but not sat- 
 isfied with the restraint imposed upon the clerks in the house in 
 which he lived, he freighted the vessel in which he went out and 
 sailed for a port in Italy. The vessel being cast away on that 
 coast, he travelled over most of the Continent, and returned to the 
 United States in the same vessel with the accomplished but unfor- 
 tunate Andr^. Gen. Smith, then a very young man, was solicited 
 by the Committee of Safety of Baltimore to command a company 
 sent by water to Annapolis to arrest or capture the Provincial 
 Governor Eden. The Governor made his escape. Smith engaged 
 in the Eevolutionary struggle, and at its commencement entered 
 the service as a captain in Colonel Smallwood's regiment. He was 
 in the battles of Brandywine, Monmouth, White Plains, and Long 
 Island, and his company covered the retreat of the army through 
 the Jerseys. He commanded at Mud Fort, or Fort Mifflin, at the 
 32 
 
498 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 
 
 raoiith of the Schuylkill, where such a gallant and desperate defence 
 was made against the British fleet, resulting in the blowing up of 
 two frigates. In this engagement he was disabled by a spent ball, 
 which gave a shock to his frame from which he did not soon re- 
 cover. After the close of the Eevolutionary struggle he entered 
 actively into commercial pursuits, and may be said to have been 
 the founder of the commerce of the city, and was the mainstay of 
 the commercial interests of the whole country in Congress for 
 forty years. 
 
 When Mr. Jefferson came into the Presidency he pressed Gen. 
 Smith to accept the office of Secretary of the Navy, which he de- 
 clined, consenting, however, to act in that capacity until some 
 suitable person could be selected to fill it permanently. He served 
 as Secretary for six months or more, but would not receive any 
 compensation for his services. He generally while in Congress 
 filled some high station, being chairman* of the Committee of 
 Ways and Means in the House, and of that of Finance in the Senate. 
 When Baltimore was threatened with foreign invasion he accepted 
 the command of the defending army, and pledged his own private 
 fortune and that of a friend who went before him to his great ac- 
 count. During the whole term of his command here neither he 
 nor his staff received any pay. His first term of service in Con- 
 gress commenced in 1793, and he continued in the House or Senate 
 till the 4th of March, 1833. Congress voted and presented him a 
 sword for his gallant defence of the Mud Fort. His last public 
 service was in the capacity of Mayor of this city. 
 
 On the 25th the funeral obsequies took place. The procession 
 left the dwelling of the deceased in Exchange Place at the appointed 
 hour (half-past four), and moved up Gay to Baltimore street, the 
 cavalry in front, followed by the infantry regiments and com- 
 panies of artillery. In compliance with the invitations which had 
 been sent to them by the municipal authorities, the President of 
 the United States and heads of departments at Washington, his 
 Excellency the Governor of Maryland, and other distinguished 
 personages were in attendance, the President riding in an open 
 barouche, accompanied by his Excellency Governor Grason, the 
 Mayor of the city, and the Hon. Mr. Forsyth, Secretary of State 
 of the United States. A second barouche followed, in which were 
 seated the Hon. Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the Treasury of the 
 United States, the Hon. J. E. Poinsett, Secretary of the Navy, 
 and the Hon. Felix Grundy, Attorney-General of the United 
 States. The hearse containing the body was drawn by four white 
 horses, and flanked on either side by mounted dragoons. It was 
 Ibllowed by a long train of carriages containing the pall-bearers, 
 the committee of arrangements of the City Council, the Cincin- 
 nati Society, and others. Following them were the City Guard of 
 Baltimore without arms, after whom came members of the City 
 Council, the officers of the corporation, the judges of the courts and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 499 
 
 members of the bar, the professors of the University of Maryhin(\ 
 officers of the army and navy, officers of the customs, members of 
 Congress, and members of the State Legishiture, consuls and 
 others. On entering Baltimore street that portion of the proces- 
 sion which had started from the late residence of the deceased was 
 joined by the fire department, dressed in the uniform of their re- 
 spec^^ive companies, the line being swelled as it proceeded west- 
 ward by the addition of crowds of private citizens. During the 
 ceremonies the bells of the churches were tolled, minute-guns were 
 fired, and the flags of the shipping in the harbor and on the public 
 edifices were displayed at half-mast throughout the day, as they 
 had been the day preceding. 
 
 On Saturday, July 13th, Greenmount Cemetery was dedicated 
 in the presence of the Mayor, the members of the City Council and 
 a vast concourse of persons. At the appointed hour the ceremo- 
 nies commenced with the performance of a beautiful and appro- 
 priate chorale, from the oratorio of St. Paul, beginning " Sleepers 
 awake ! a voice is calling," by the musical association, accompanied 
 by a full orchestra. So soon as the sound of the music had died 
 away, the Eev. Dr. Wyatt, rector of St. Paul's, arose, and whilst the 
 attendant multitude stood uncovered, offered up to the throne of the 
 Most High a prayer. The prayer was succeeded by a very beauti- 
 ful hymn composed for the occasion by J. H. B. Latrobe, Esq. At, 
 the termination of the hymn, Mr. J. P. Kennedy made an address,, 
 in commemoration of which it would be difficult to say too much.. 
 Mr. Kennedy having resumed his seat, a hymn was sung, composed 
 for the occasion by F. H. Davidge, Esq. A benediction, pronounced 
 by the Eev. Mr. Hammond, closed the impressive ceremonies of the 
 occasion. 
 
 Great excitement was occasioned in Baltimore on Sunday the 
 18th day of August, in consequence of the escape of a nun from 
 the Carmelite nunnery in Aisquith street, who took refuge in a 
 neighboring house, and was from thence conveyed to the hospital 
 department of the Washington Medical College, by the Maj'or of 
 the city, who had been called upon during the excitement occa- 
 sioned by the event. In consequence of the exaggerated rumors 
 which had arisen, it was feared by some that an attempt would be 
 made during the night to destroy the nunnery, for a large crowd 
 had collected in the afternoon, and there were some indications of 
 a riotous spirit. But the Mayor with that promptitude and energy 
 for which he was so justly distinguished, called upon the regiment 
 of city guards, which promptly repaired to the vicinity of the spot, 
 and held themselves in readiness to act on the first emergency. 
 Their presence, and a proper disposition of the police, completely 
 overawed all who were disposed for mischief, and the night passed 
 away quietly. The following physicians afterwards signed a cer- 
 tificate establishing the insanity of the nun (Miss Isabella Neale), 
 whose escape occasioned the excitement: J. H. Miller, M. D., pres- 
 
500 CHRONICLES OF BALTTMOEE. 
 
 ident of the faculty of Washington University of Baltimore, P. 
 Chatard, M. D., John C. S. Monkiir, M. D., Samuel K. Jennings, 
 M. J)., Edward Foreman, M. D., and John E. W. Dunbar, M. D. 
 
 It having been determined by the military and citizens of Bal- 
 timore to erect a monument, of appropriate size and material, upon 
 the ground on which the battle was fought, in defence of the city 
 on the 12th of September, 1814, the twenty-fifth anniversary of 
 the engagement was fixed upon as a suitable period for laying the 
 corner-stone of the structure. About 9 o'clock the military moved 
 upon Baltimore street, with their right resting on Calvert street, 
 where the line of procession was formed, under the orders of Maj.- 
 Gen. George H. Steuart, chief marshal, the commanding and 
 other officers of the third division, Maryland militia, on the right 
 of whom were placed the officers and soldiers of the Eevolution ; 
 officers and soldiers wounded at North Point and Fort McHenry ; 
 officers and soldiers who served in defence of Baltimore ; officers of 
 the militia of Maryland, in uniform ; the Mayor of the city, orator, 
 and officiating clergyman ; the reverend clergy ; the Governor of 
 Maryland; heads of departments of State government; Judges of 
 the United States; Judges of Maryland ; Senators and members of 
 Congress; Senators and delegates of Maryland ; members of City 
 Council and officers of corporation ; strangers of distinction ; offi- 
 cers of the army and navy ; the various military corps comprising 
 the first light division with other corps present, and citizens. Thus 
 formed and constituted, the procession was put in motion about ten 
 o'clock and marched to Fell's Point, and embarked on board the 
 steamers Carroll, the Rappahannock, the Alabama, the .Belief, the 
 Virginia, the Fredericksburg and the Georgia. As the boats passed 
 Fort McHenry, over whose walls the stars and stripes floated, the 
 bands struck up the Star-Spangled Banner, and the welkin rang 
 with cheers. The steamers soon entered Bear Creek and reached 
 the landing, and then commenced the debarkation of the troops 
 and citizens; this was soon accomplished and all repaired to the 
 battle ground. The ceremony of laying the corner-stone was 
 finished by some appropriate remarks made by Gen. William Mc- 
 Donald, then the oration by Gen. B. C. Howard, and a neat and 
 devout prayer to the throne of grace by Eev. Dr. Johns. 
 
 \0n the reception of the news of the suspension of specie pay- 
 ments by the Philadelphia banks, the officers of the Baltimore 
 \<\Qf\ banks met on the 10th of October and resolved to adopt the same 
 plan to ward off the danger that threatened them by heavy drafts 
 from other cities. X 
 WjV 1840. On the 4th of May, the hotels, boarding houses, and 
 
 many private houses of Baltimore were crammed from cellar to 
 roof to accommodate the influx of strangers attending the Whig 
 convention. At an early hour the people began to gather in the 
 neighborhood of Baltimore street, and a moving mass might be 
 Been from the G -^iieral Wayne Inn down to the bridge over Jones 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 501 
 
 Falls. At a few minutes after ten o'clock the procession com- 
 menced moving from the upper part of Baltimore street, led by 
 several barouches, each drawn by four white horses, the foremost 
 containing Gen. S. C. Leakin, Mayor of the city, Hon. Daniel 
 Webster, and other distinguished personages. Then followed the 
 delegations from the different States, commencing with the 
 Northern States, each having their appropriate banners, trophies, 
 &c. There were several log-cabins, decorated with all the fixtures 
 belonging to the mansions of the pioneers of the West — such as 
 stags' antlers, beaver traps, &c. Hard cider flowed freely, and 
 hunting-shirts were everywhere visible. In a short time they all 
 arrived at Canton, the place of destination. The first order of 
 meeting, after being full}^ assembled upon the ground, was the 
 formal introduction of distinguished men from the different States. 
 After this, it was regularly opened by a most eloquent praj'er from 
 the Rev. Dr. Bascomb. The assembly was then addressed by the 
 Hon. Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John Sargeant, William C. 
 Preston, Henry A. Wise, and other distinguished gentlemen. The 
 assembly was one of much show, flying banners, clashing cymbals, 
 restive horses, prett^;jm-ls, whole-souled politicians, log-cabins, and 
 hard cider. Judging froTlFthe general appearance the number of 
 persons assembled were twenty thousand. 
 
 On Monday night, February 10th, the Cathedral was robbed of 
 one pair of silver candlesticks, two silver crucifixes, two gold 
 chalices, and a '' monstrance," or glory of gold and silver. 
 
 In May, the -'Fourth Provincial Council" of the Catholic 
 Church was held in this city. 
 
 The steamboat Paul Jones, Capt. McNally, arrived at her wharf 
 on Tuesday evening, June 2d, from Havre de Grace, having in tow 
 the canal boats Judge Porter, Capt. Glass, of Louisburg ; Judge 
 Burnsides, Capt. Kellot, of Howard ; and Baltimore, Capt. Norton, 
 of Columbia, all of which were fully laden with wheat, flour, bacon, 
 &c. These were the first boats which arrived here by the com- 
 pletion of the Tide- Water Canal. 
 
 The National Democratic Convention met in this city on the 
 5th of May at the Assembly Rooms, and nominated as their can- 
 didate for President Martin Yan Buren; the Vice-President was 
 left to the States. 
 
 The ceremony of placing the corner-stone of the "Church of 
 the Ascension " devoted to the Protestant Episcopal service, was 
 performed on the evening of Monda}'', June 15th. This church is 
 situated in Lexington near Pine street. The ceremony of laying 
 the stone was opened by the Rev. Mr. Kepler, followed by Rev. Mr. 
 Peck, and he by Rev. Dr. Henshaw, who performed the ceremony 
 of placing the stone. The ceremonies were concluded by a hymn, 
 and fervent prayer by Rev. Dr. Johns, the devout and eloquent 
 pastor of Christ Church. 
 
 On Thursday morning, July 9th, eleven of the prisoners con- 
 
/ 
 
 502 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 fined in the jail attempted to make their escape, by removing a 
 portion of the brick chimney or lire-places from rooms 1, 2, 3. 
 
 In July Miss Fanny Ellsler appeared at the Holliday Street 
 Theatre and created great excitement ; some of the single seats 
 brought as high as $3.50 each, being a premium of $2.50. On one 
 occasion the horses were taken from her carriage, and she was 
 drawn to her lodgings by enthusiastic young men. 
 
 Durino" the year the following banking institutions suspended 
 operations: Keal Estate Savings Institution, Foreign Domestic 
 Exchange Institution, Patapsco, Savings, Mechanics, Baltimore 
 Savings'"Institution, Central Savings and City Trust. 
 
 The corner-stone of St. Yincent de Paul's Church was laid with 
 much ceremony by Archbishop Eccleston, assisted by other bishops 
 and priests, on the 21st of May, and was dedicated to service 
 Sunday, November 7th, 1841. 
 
 Since the days of Jefferson and the elder Adams, there had not 
 been, in all probability, an election so warmly and stubbornly con- 
 tested as that between Harrison and Yan Buren. From the con- 
 fines of the Union to its very centre, the note of preparation was 
 heard ; the parties arraying themselves with unusual system and 
 precision, and a maddening excitement appeared to have existed 
 which has never yet met with a parallel in the history of our 
 countrj^. Business appeared to be paralyzed ; the most important 
 commercial transactions were suspended until after the contest ; 
 the public institutions, lyceums, places of amusement and recrea- 
 tion were neglected, and even the sanctity of the domestic hearth 
 was invaded by the monster, party rancor ! On Monday, the 2d 
 of November, the great political question which so long had agitated 
 the country was brought to a close ; never, since the establishment 
 of our constitution, had this mighty land experienced so much com- 
 motion and excitement. Yan Buren's majority in this city was 31, 
 but Harrison carried the State and was elected President. On the 
 evening of the 3d of November a serious riot took place in the 
 neighborhood of the Patriot office by which a number of re- 
 spectable citizens were severely injured. The Whigs, as usual, 
 collected in front of the Patriot office, when the alarm of fire was 
 given. This was the signal ; the engines rattled down Baltimore 
 street towards Old Town, and on their return they attempted to 
 force their way through the crowd, which attempt was resisted, 
 and a regular brick-batting then commenced, and a number of fire- 
 arms were discharged. After the riot had partially subsided, Mr. 
 Brady, the Mayor, appeared and publicly addressed the people, 
 advising, them to return to their homes and observe the peace of 
 the city. His advice was promptly obeyed. Gen. S. C. Leakin, Dr. 
 Deloughery, and several other gentlemen were severely hurt. 
 
 At about half-past 3 o'clock on Monday morning, March 30th, 
 the inhabitants in the neighborhood of Gay street were alarmed by 
 the cry of fire. The flames at the time of the alarm were break- 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 508 
 
 ing through the roof and windows of the workshop in the rear of 
 Edwin S. Tarr's cabinet warerooms, in North Gay street, next to 
 the German Lutheran Church. In a short time the roof*^t)f the 
 church caught fire from the intense heat, and the venerable edifice 
 soon became a heap of ruins. Owing to a heavy fall of rain which 
 prevailed during the whole time the fire was raging, the fire did 
 not extend. The church was built in 1808, and cost $40,000. An 
 organ valued at $1400 was destroyed. 
 
 During the year " Old Christ Church," situated on the north- 
 west corner of Front and Baltimore streets, was torn down and 
 the old materials sold at auction to the highest bidder. 
 
 ' On AYednesday, May 13th, the President and Directors of the 
 Susquehanna railroad, besides a large number of citizens, celebrated 
 the completion of said railroad to Wrightsville, Pa. 
 
 1841. In consequence of difficulties with the Mechanics' Bank, 
 the Franklin Bank, on the 2d of January, 1841, suspended business; 
 but resumed some time after with great loss to the stockholders. 
 
 A town meeting was held on the 12th of April in the rotunda 
 of the Exchange, to aaopt measures to testify respect for the char- 
 acter of the late President, Wm. Henry Harrison. Columbus 
 O'Donnell called the meeting to order, and nominated Col. Samuel 
 Moore as president, who was unanimously chosen. Eobert Gilmor 
 and Col. Solomon Ilillen, Jr., were appointed vice-presidents, and 
 Samuel T. Thompson and William H. Cole, Jr., secretaries. It 
 was resolved that a committee, consisting of one from each ward, 
 be appointed to retire and draft resolutions. The committee was 
 appointed and retired, and on its return, read a number of resolu- 
 tions expressive of the feelings of the citizens of Baltimore for the 
 melancholy bereavement sustained in the death of the illustrious 
 President. It was also resolved that a committee be appointed by 
 the chair consisting of two from each ward, to compose the com- 
 mittee of arrangements for a public, civic, and military procession, 
 bearing all the insignia of mourning and commemorative of his 
 death, &c. ; and that the procession and funeral ceremonies take 
 place on Monday, the 26th of April. The procession far exceeded 
 general expectation, surpassing any procession heretofore witnessed 
 in this city. The feeling which impelled this honorable manifes- 
 tation was universal. The people of Baltimore appeared as but one 
 family, testifying their sorrow for a recent bereavement. Not only 
 were the individuals decorated with appropriate badges of mourn- 
 ing, but nearly the whole city was clothed in black. Most of the 
 public edifices, the engine houses, and the stores and dwellings 
 throughout the whole extent of Baltimore and other streets 
 through which the procession passed, had their fronts shrouded 
 in mourning. The colors of the shipping and various public edi- 
 fices were hoisted at half-mast, and the bells tolled throughout the 
 ceremonies, whilst minute-guns were fired from detachments of 
 artillery. The stores throughout the city were closed, and there 
 
504 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 was an entire cessation of business of every kind. The procession 
 w-as foimed on Baltimore street, the right resting on Charles street. 
 TheTtumber of persons in line has been variously estimated at from 
 ten to fifteen thousand. After passing through the several streets 
 designated, it arrived at Mount Yernon place. Within the railing of 
 the Washington Monument a stand had been erected for the officiat- 
 ing clergymen and the orator. The ceremonies were opened by a 
 fervent prayer by the Eev.Mr. Johns, who was succeeded by Jonathan 
 Meredith, who delivered an appropriate and eloqaeni funeral oration; 
 then followed the requiem, and the closing prayer by the Eev. Mr. 
 Sargent. The concourse of strangers was great, and the assemb- 
 lage at Mount Yernon Place was immense. 
 
 On Monday evening, January 25th, twenty-two of the crimi- 
 nal prisoners confined in the jail attempted to make their escape. 
 
 On Monday, February 1st, the banks resumed specie payments ; 
 and after a resumption of six days, again suspended on Monday, 
 February 7th. 
 
 Another attempt to escape was made oi? the afternoon of Sat- 
 urday, March 6th, by fifteen persons confined in one of the wards 
 of the jail. The sewer extendipg under ground to the Falls was 
 the means of egress that they first selected — this sewer being 
 necessarily accessible to the occupants of the prison apartments — 
 but the attempt to escape through that outlet was detected by the 
 warden, Mr. l)isnoy, before they could effect an entrance into its 
 interior. Being foiled in this attempt, they retreated to their 
 ward, the inner door of which they strongly barricaded b}^ means 
 of a bench and spikes, and bade defiance to the officers, threaten- 
 ing death to any who might enter, and fiercely declaring their de- 
 termination to persist in their efforts to escape until they should 
 succeed. Boiling water and missiles, thrown through the gratings, 
 were also employed by them to prevent an entrance of the officers. 
 The warden dispatched a messenger for a portion of the city 
 police, whose arrival had no effect in calming the tumult and ex- 
 citement of the prisoners, which had now extended to the inmates 
 of the adjacent wards, and, as the only means of quelling the re- 
 volt, it became necessary to fire upon the chief insurgents, and one 
 of the number was killed. The others then yielded, and were 
 securely ironed. 
 
 One of the most ancient houses, perhaps, in the city was that 
 known as the " mud house," which was situated on East Lombard 
 street, near Albemarle. " The date of its erection cannot probably 
 be ascertained, but some idea may be formed of its antiquity from 
 the circumstance of its being tenanted more than sixty years ago, 
 by an old ferryman, who lived by carrying passengers from that 
 vicinity across the river, which, in those days, reached as high up 
 as Baltimore street. It was subsequently inhabited for a long 
 time by an aged man, known by the sobriquet of *Mud Jim,' 
 which was given him in respect to the character of the material 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 505 
 
 of which his dwelling was constructed." After breasting the 
 storms of more than threescore winters, this rudely constructed 
 mansion at last was compelled to yield to the " spirit of improve- 
 ment," and was, on Wednesday, March 31st, removed to make way 
 for another more in accordance with the genius and luxurious 
 habits of the present day. 
 
 On Sunday morning, April 11th, three prisoners confined in 
 the jail effected their escape by breaking through the wall and 
 getting into the sewer, as on former occasions, thereby passing to- 
 wards the Falls, where their final release was obtained by making a 
 hole through the wall and passing out. 
 
 The Baltimore City Fire Department had a grand parade on 
 Thursday, November 18th, in which the following companies par- 
 ticipated : Mechanical, instituted 1763, incorporated 1828 ; Union, 
 Friendship, Deptford, Liberty, Independent, Vigilant, New Market, 
 Columbian, First Baltimore, United, Franklin, Washington, Pa- 
 tapsco, Howard, and Watchman. 
 
 1842. The ceremony of laying the corner-stone of St. Alphonsus' 
 Church was performed on May 1st, by Archbishop Ecoleston, as- 
 sisted by Rev. Messrs. Coskery, White, and others. It was dedica- 
 ted on the 14th of March, 1845. 0*n Sunday, August Ist, 1869, the 
 church being out of debt, it was consecrated. 
 
 The Baltimore Steam Packet Company, on Thursday the 15th 
 of April, had just finished a beautiful steamboat called the Medora, 
 and her engine having been completed, she was to have started on 
 a trial excursion down the bay. The boat was a model of work- 
 manship, and her engine of great power. She was intended to run 
 in the line of boats between Baltimore and Norfolk. The boat was 
 lying at the wharf on the south side of the basin, attached to the 
 establishment of Mr. John Watchman, and at 3 o'clock, the hour 
 for starting on the excursion, a number of citizens, including the 
 officers of the boat, had assembled on board. With a view to pre- 
 vent too great a crowd on board, the boat had been hauled out 
 about thirty feet from the wharf, and those who were invited to 
 the excursion were conveyed to her in small boats. About half- 
 past three o'clock the bell rung and the engine was started. At 
 this moment, and when the wheels had only made two revolutions, 
 the boiler exploded, throwing the smoke-pipes, the forepart of the 
 upper deck and the persons who stood on it, some forty or fifty 
 feet in the air, tearing open the sides of the vessel round the boiler, 
 and scattering fragments of the wood and iron all around, and rais- 
 ing the immense iron boiler up and throwing it crosswise on the 
 deck. The scene presented by the boat aff'orded at once a mourn- 
 ful evidence of the immense power of steam, and of the ruin of 
 which it can be the instrument. Large oak beams were splintered 
 to pieces; iron bars that would have withstood the strength of a 
 hundred men, w^ere broken and wrenched into many shapes; the 
 lighter wood-work of the deck was blown almost to atoms. As 
 
506 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 soon as the explosion took place, the boat was enveloped in a cloud 
 of scalding steam, and it was from inhaling this that many were 
 killed, and to this danger those in the forward part of the vessel 
 were all exposed. Others were killed by the flying timbers, and 
 many seriously hurt by being externally scalded by the steam. 
 Those who were on the upper deck, aft of the engine, escaped en- 
 tirely from the effects of the explosion ; but in the consternation 
 which the explosion caused, several of those, thus safe from the 
 flteam, jumped overboard. Another great cause of the loss of life 
 was the sudden sinking of the boat. The sides of the boat around 
 the boilers having been blown away, the water rushed in, and she 
 sunk about sixty feet from the wharf, the water reaching to near 
 the upper deck. With commendable speed the physicians and 
 surgeons of the city hastened to the place as soon as they heard 
 of the disaster, and among those who were present there were ob- 
 served Drs, Collins, Smith, Whitridge, Baxley, Dunbar, Theobold, 
 Roberts, Riche, Miller, Hintze, Buckler, Bryerly, Monkur, McGuire, 
 Riley, Kinneman, Albers, Baker, Cohen, Chew, and there were 
 doubtless many others. Col. S. Hillen, the Mayor of the city, was 
 among the first to reach the scene, and with the high constable 
 and other city officers, rendered most efficient aid in rescuing the 
 survivors and in getting the killed from the wreck and water. The 
 following list comprises the names of the dead as far as we can 
 learn : John C. Moale, general agent of the company, William 
 Moale his son, Joseph Lecompte, Capt. John Tickers, John Young. 
 Benjamin French, John Boon, John Burns, Andrew F. Henderson, 
 Richard Linthicum, Robert Boyle, John Speddy, George End ley, 
 Thomas Eldridge, John Harper, John Haley, John Boston, William 
 Lewis, George Geddes, S. W. Hackney, M. D., James W. Lavers, 
 James Mitchell, John Kemp, John Yeager, Jackson Reeder and 
 Duncan Ferguson. The following are the names of those who 
 were more or less injured, many of whom were in a very danger- 
 ous state : Captain Sutton, Francis Bezyt, Stripple, Joseph 
 
 Craig, John Mitchell, James Crawford, R. H. Middleton, George 
 Reynolds, John Henderson, Levin Boston, Albert Ramsay, George 
 Hoofnagle, Zachariah Nichols, Thomas Smith, Alexander Spavin, 
 George Hyde, Samuel Glenn, Henry Snyder, Wesley Culley, George 
 
 Glarey, John Kaylor, William Binion, Brenan, James Wilson, 
 
 William Roberts, William Tumbleson, James Ridgely, Lawrenson 
 Reigan, James Clark, George Hyam, Thomas Eldridge, Daniel 
 Stevens, Isaiah Wagner, Louis Wagner, brothers, David Frazier, 
 Martin Hickle^^, Patrick Collins, James Montgomery, William 
 Allen, and two sons. Captain Coffee, steamboat Georgia. Sum- 
 inar}' account of those on board : Dead, 27 ; wounded, 40 ; unin- 
 jured, 15 ; making in all on board 82. 
 
 Oui- city was visited by a severe easterly storm of wind and 
 rain on Wednesday, August 24th, which commenced in the morning 
 and continued with but little intermission throughout the day and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 507 
 
 night. Towards night the violence of the storm increased, accom- 
 panied by a good deal of lightning and thunder. About the middle 
 of the night it cleared off, but the change was of short duration. 
 Towards the morning of Thursday, the sky was again veiled by 
 heavy clouds which soon discharged their waters in torrents. The 
 wind, which had by this time shifted to the southeast, and the 
 tide, which was on the rise, came in with such rapidit}^, that in a 
 short time it began to overflow the wharves in the vicinity of Pratt 
 street. It covered all the wharves bordering on Pratt street, from 
 Light street down to Marsh Market Space, from the lower end 
 nearly up to Pratt street, and on each side to a level with the sills 
 of the store doors. Jones Falls overflowed in several places. At 
 one time the water in Pratt street* near the head of the basin 
 where the Philadelphia cars passed, was nearly level with the 
 floors. 
 
 On the 4th of July the Baltimore Committee, numbering about 
 forty gentlemen, bearing the flag to be presented to the " Fencibles," 
 escorted by two companies from Baltimore, the Independent Greys 
 and the National Guards, arrived in Lancaster, Pa., and were 
 handsomely received bj^ the military of that city. 
 
 On Thursday, the 10th of November, a train of cars containing 
 the president and directors of the Baltimore and Ohio K. E., and a 
 few gentlemen invited to accompany them, left the depot in Pratt 
 street at 7 o'clock A. M., to traverse the entire length of the road 
 from Baltimore to Cumberland, the road being completed to that 
 point. The day was pleasant, and the expedition throughout proved 
 to be very agreeable. 
 
 On Sunday, October 23d, in accordance with an invitation given 
 by Messrs. G. W. Webb, Wm. J. Heuisler and others, the following 
 gentlemen assembled at St. Peter's Schoolhouse on Poppleton 
 street for the purpose of forming a Young Catholic Friend's 
 Society: — Rev. E. McColgan, Owen O'Brien, George N. Eosen- 
 steel, Michael J. Kelly, Wm. J. Heuisler, John A. McGreevy, 
 George W. Webb, C. H. Eaborg, M. D., L. A. Puzenent, Joseph A. 
 Sawyer, C. E. J. Gebhard, Daniel Saxton, Joseph Victory, Joseph 
 Cappeau, Jr. Mr. Heuisler having explained the object contem- 
 plated, on motion of Mr. Kelly the Eev. Mr. McColgan was called 
 to the chair, and Mr. Cappeau appointed secretary. The following 
 gentlemen were then appointed a committee to draft a constitution 
 and by-laws: — Messrs. M. J. Kelly, Owen O'Brien, George W. 
 Webb, William J. Heuisler, and J. A. Sawyer. The meeting then 
 adjourned, subject to the call of the above committee. In Nov- 
 ember the society was organized with the following officers: — 
 President, John A. McGreevy; Vice-President, Owen O'Brien; 
 Eecording Secretary, John E. Toole ; Corresponding Secretary, 
 Joseph Victory ; Treasurer, Edward F. Brady ; Bookkeeper, 
 Joseph Cappeau, Jr. ; Steward, Francis X. Lipp ; Trustees, William 
 J. Heuisler, Lawrence A. Puzenent, Dr. Christopher H. Eaborg, 
 John Fox, and James F. Neale. 
 
608 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ^ Robert Smith was educated as a lawyer, and filled many im- 
 portant offices, and in 1788 was chosen one of the electors of the 
 first President and Yice-President of the United States, and was 
 the last survivor of that electoral college. In 1793 he was elected 
 to the Senate of Maryland, and in 1796 to the House of Delegates. 
 In 1801 he was appointed Secretary of the Navy, and during part 
 of the year 1805 he held the office of Attorney-General of the United 
 States, but he returned to the Navy Department. In 1806 he was 
 appointed Chancellor of the State of Marjdand, and Chief Judge of 
 the District of Baltimore, but declined. In 1809 he was made 
 Secretary of Stat6. He resigned on the 1st of April, 1811, and was 
 then ofi'ered the embassy to Eussia, which he declined. In 1813 
 he was elected Provost of the University of Maryland, but re- 
 signed the office not long afterward. He was chosen President of 
 the American Bible Society in 1813. In 1818 the first agricultural 
 society formed in Baltimore was established, with Mr. Smith as 
 president. This was the last public function which he exercised. 
 He died in the full enjoyment of well-earned honors and ample for- 
 tune in December, 1842, aged 84 years. 
 
 1843. Agreeably to announcement, a splendid dinner was given 
 to the Hon. Daniel Webster on the 18th of May by the merchants 
 of the city. It was prepared by Mr. Coleman of the Exchange 
 Hotel, in the very best manner. Mr. Webster being toasted, he 
 rose and spoke about an hour in vindication of agriculture, com- 
 merce, and the protection of home industry, and concluded by de- 
 claring that in the great matter of commerce with the world we 
 might have rivals, but certainly no superior, and that this could only 
 be made more prosperous, successful and perpetual by protecting 
 home industry and commerce. 
 
 On the 23d of May, Rev. Bishop Hughes of New York, assisted 
 by the Right Rev. Bishop Kendrick of Philadelphia, laid the 
 corner-stone of St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, situated on 
 the corner of HoUins and Poppleton streets. This church was 
 dedicated Sunday, September 22d, 1844. Most Rev. Archbishop 
 Eccleston, and Bishops J. J. Chance, John Hughes, and other 
 reverend gentlemen, participated in the ceremonies. 
 
 In conformity with arrangements previously announced, the 
 dedication of the new Odd- Fellows' Hall took place on the 18th of 
 September, and was a most imposing and brilliant ceremony 
 throughout. The States of Delaware, of Pennsylvania, of Vir- 
 ginia, and of Connecticut, of New Jersey, and of New York, with 
 lodges from the District of Columbia and various towns in our 
 own State, were present with their rich regalia, splendid ban- 
 ners, elegant trappings, symbols, devices, &c., all dancing in the 
 bright rays of the sun, presenting a magnificent array. 
 
 A most bold and daring attempt was made on Thursday, August 
 Ist, in the presence of a large number of passengers, to assassinate 
 the Hon. Charles A. Wickliffe, Postmaster-General, who was on his 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 509 
 
 return from Old Point to this city on board the steamboat Georgia^ 
 Capt. Coffee. It seems that Mr. Wickliffe, his two daughters, and 
 a niece, and a young man named J. Clayton Gardner, a son of Col. 
 Gardner, of Washington, came on board at Old Point on their way 
 to Washington, via this city. During the passage between that 
 place and the mouth of the Potomac river, Mr. Wickliffe and 
 Gardner (who was represented as a disappointed office-seeker) were 
 seen in casual conversation, which soon terminated without at- 
 tracting any attention from the passengers. When the boat waa 
 off the mouth of the Potomac, dinner was announced. Mr. W. 
 then took his niece by the arm to go to dinner, his two daughters 
 walking immediately in front; and just as he was about passing 
 Gardner, who was lying down asleep, he touched Gardner with his 
 hand, and said " Dinner," for the purpose of waking him, when 
 that individual sprang to his feet, drew a large dirk knife, and 
 plunged it into the right breast of Mr. W., the blade striking against 
 the bone, and turning downwards about an inch, but most for- 
 tunately not striking deep enough to prove dangerous. Immedi- 
 ately on the wound being inflicted, A. K. Wooley, of Kentucky, 
 seized Gardner and prevented his 'doing further injury, and with 
 the aid of other passengers had him immediately confined. Upon 
 the arrival of the boat he was arrested for examination. 
 
 A dreadful accident occurred on the Susquehanna railroad on 
 Tuesday, September 12th, as the cars were proceeding to York, Pa., 
 containing the Old Defenders and their escort. The axle of tho 
 second car broke, causing the others to lap over and throwing two 
 from the track. Seven persons were severely wounded, and others 
 slightly. Mr. McCabe, one of the wounded, died a few days after- 
 wards. 
 
 Commodore Alexander Claxton, who died on the 7th of March, 
 1841, at Talcahuana, on board of the United States ship Constitu- 
 tion, while in command of the U. S. squadron in the Pacific ocean, 
 and whose remains were brought home in the ship-of-war Dale^ 
 was buried in Greenmount Cemetery, in the city of Baltimore, on 
 Monday morning, October 29th, with every mark of respect due to 
 a sincere and devoted friend of his country, an honor to her navy, 
 a chivalrous soldier, and a high-minded and generous citizen. 
 
 The ceremonies on November 6th, attending the embarkation 
 of about eighty colored emigrants, male and female, sent out by 
 the Maryland Colonization Society, to the Colony of Cape Palmas, 
 in the new and beautiful barque 1/atrobe, Capt. John E. Allen, were 
 of a most impressive and solemn character. 
 
 On Tuesday, November 21st, the court-house was densely 
 crowded to witness the prosecution of the case of the State vs. 
 Adam Horn, alias Andrew Hellman, indicted for the murder of his 
 wife Malinda Horn, in Baltimore county, on or about the 23d of 
 March, 1843; Mr. I. Nevitt Steele prosecuting attorney for the 
 State, with Messrs. J. M. Buchanan, C. F. Mayer, C. Z. Lucas, and 
 
510 CHRONICLKS OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 John Snyder for the defence. This important trial ended on 
 Monday evening, November 27th. The jury, after an absence of 
 only twenty minutes, rendered a verdict of guilty of murder in the 
 first degree. The scene in the court-room at the time of its rendi- 
 tion was exciting in the highest degree; the immense throng, in 
 their eager desire to give vent to their feelings of joy at the result, 
 evinced their approbation in loud tokens of applause. Sentence of 
 death was pronounced by Judge Magruder on Monday, December 
 4th, 1843. He was hung Friday, January 12th, 1844. 
 
 t In November, Mr. Samuel M. Shoemaker, of Baltimore, entered 
 into partnership with Mr. Alvin Adams, of Boston, Mr. W. B. Dins- 
 more, of New York, and Edward S. Sanford, of Philadelphia, to 
 organize an express line between the above-named cities and Bal- 
 timore. This they succeeded in doing, and opened their office on 
 Light, near Baltimore street, and conducted the business under the 
 name of Adams & Go's Express, though Messrs. Sanford and Shoe- 
 maker were the real proprietors. In a few months after they had 
 started their line between Philadelphia and Baltimore, Mr. Shoe- 
 maker and his associates extended their arrangements so as to 
 include Eichmond, Virginia, and Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Shortly after, in conjunction with Messrs. Green & Co., who owned 
 an express line between Baltimore and Wheeling, they organized 
 the great Western Express between Baltimore and St. Louis, Mis- 
 souri. In 1854 they entered into arrangements with the proprie- 
 tors of other express lines between Boston and Philadelphia, which 
 6nally resulted ifi the formation of one great company, organized 
 under the laws of the State of New York, and which has since 
 borne the familiar name of " The Adams Express Company." The 
 extent of the business which this company transacts, North, South, 
 East, and West, needs no explanation. » 
 
 William Jenkins was born at "Long Green," Harford county, 
 in 1767, and died in Baltimore on the 21st of February, 1843, from 
 the results of a paralytic attack. For over a half century he car- 
 ried on in Baltimore the tanning business with great success, and 
 he is justly spoken of as "the father of the leather trade of this 
 city." 
 
 1844. A meeting took place on the 27th of January, in the 
 Colonization Society rooms, in what was known at that day as the 
 " Post Office Building," at the northeast corner of Fayette and 
 North streets, for the purpose of forming a Historical Society, 
 John J. Donaldson in the chair, and F. W. Brune, Jr., secretary. 
 A committee consisting of Messrs. Brantz Mayer, Fielding Lucas, 
 Jr., Eobert Leslie, Sebastian F. Streeter, and Dr. S. Collins was 
 appointed, who reported a constitution and by-laws for the So- 
 ciety, which were adopted. Messrs. J. H. B. Latrobe, Geo. W. 
 Brown, and Eobert Leslie were appointed a committee to nomi- 
 nate officers to be chosen at a subsequent meeting. 
 
 At the first regular meeting of the Historical Society of Mary- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 511 
 
 land, held on Thursday, February 1st, the following gentlemen were 
 elected to serve as officers during the ensuing year : — Gen. J. Spear 
 Smith, President; J. Y. L. McMahon, Esq., Vice-President; Brantz 
 Mayer, Esq., Corresponding Secretary ; Sebastian F. Streeter, Esq., 
 Eecording Secretary; J.J.Donaldson, Esq., Treasurer; Dr. Ste- 
 phen Collins, Librarian. 
 
 Agreeably to the announcement previously given, the dedica- 
 tion of the Methodist church, corner of Charles and Fayette 
 streets, took place on the 25th of March. The services were com- 
 menced by the singing of a hymn, given out by Bishop Waugh. 
 Bishop Soule then addressed the congregation, taking for his text 
 the first four verses of the first ch pter of the Second Epistle of 
 Peter. Bishop Waugh closed the ceremonies by a most fervent 
 prayer. 
 
 The Whig National Nominating Convention assembled on May 
 Ist in the IJniversalist Church, Calvert street. Henrj" Clay of 
 Kentucky was nominated by acclamation the Whi^ candidate for 
 the Presidency, and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey as 
 candidate for the Yice-Presidency. May 2d was a gala day in the 
 Monumental City — a great Whig nationaljubilee. The grand civic 
 procession of the Whig Young Men's National Convention of Eatifi- 
 cation was truly a magnificent and highly imposing affair, far sur- 
 passing any similar popular demonstration ever made in our 
 country. The great and mighty throng which had for more than 
 a week previous been pouring into our city like an irresistible ava- 
 lanche, from the sunny fields of the South, the far distant prairies 
 of the West, the green mountains and rural towns, hamlets and 
 villages of the North and East, the industrious farmer from his 
 plough, the worthy and ingenious mechanic and artizan from his 
 workshop and bench, the generous merchant and shopkeeper from 
 his counting room and store, the hardy and brave sons of the 
 ocean — in a word, all classes and conditions of society Avhich go to 
 constitute this republic one of the noblest and greatest in the 
 world, were on the move at an early hour, making preparations 
 for the ceremonies of the day, and wending their way to Balti- 
 more street, the great point of attraction, in order to obtain a view 
 of the procession, if not to join it. The multitude, like a swelling 
 tide, was so great that every window, balcony, porch, and every 
 accessible eminence were literally crammed and jammed. Still 
 the mighty mass continued to increase ; male and female, the ven- 
 erable patriarch bending beneath the snows of threescore and ten 
 years, with the light-hearted and lisping child by his side, the 
 blooming maid and the staid mother, all continued to pour forth 
 in one universal stream, and to swell into an innumerable throng 
 the great and mighty multitude. The decorations on Baltimore 
 street were on a grand scale ; a most beautiful arch had been 
 erected at the intersection of Calvert street, and also one at 
 Hanover street. We cannot describe the grandeur and the mag- 
 
512 
 
 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 nificence of the scene as the procession passed down Baltimore 
 street amidst the enthusiastic and prolonged shouts of acclamation 
 from the assembled multitude. The beautiful ship " Tariif," full- 
 rigged and manned, with her colors flying at her masthead, the 
 implements of husbandry, and the machinery of the manufacturing 
 and other industrial interests, busily occupied in their respective 
 vocations, all combined to add to the magnificence of the scene. 
 Upon arriving at Canton the vast concourse ratified the nomina- 
 tions made the day before, and were then addressed by the Hon. 
 Daniel Webster, Thomas Ewing, Messrs. Crittenden, Metcalf, Ecy- 
 nolds, Eeverdy Johnson, T. Yates Walsh, Clayton Botts, and others. 
 
 On the 29th of May the Democratic National Convention, then 
 in session in this city at the Odd-Fellows' Hall, Gay street, 
 nominated James K. Polk as their candidate for President, and the 
 next day nominated George M. Dallas for Yice-President, in the 
 place of Mr. Silas Wright, who was nominated, but refused to accept. 
 
 The Tyler National Convention assembled on the 27th of May 
 at Calvert Hall, which had been fitted up for the occasion, and 
 nominated John Tyler as their candidate for President. 
 
 On the 10th of September Messrs. Coates & Glenn's lumber- 
 yard and several stores and dwellings were destroyed by fire. 
 
 Hon. Eichard B. Magruder, one of the associate judges of the 
 Sixth Judicial District of Baltimore County Court, died suddenly 
 Monday morning, February 12th. 
 
 The interesting ceremonies of laying the corner-stone of the 
 Third German Keformed Church, situated on the corner of Paca 
 and Saratoga streets, was celebrated on Tuesday afternoon, April 
 9th, in the presence of a large concourse of people, by the Rev. S. 
 Gutelius, assisted by the Eev. Mr. Heiner. Addresses were de- 
 livered by the Eev. Dr. Berg of Philadelphia, and Eev. Mr. Heiner 
 of this city. 
 
 The aged and highly esteemed citizen David Barnum, pro- 
 prietor of the City Hotel, died on Friday morning. May 10th. 
 
 The convenient, comfortable, and cheap vehicles, "Omnibuses," 
 commenced running in May from one extremity of the city to the 
 other. 
 
 The magnetic telegraph running from Washington city to the 
 railroad depot in Pratt street, was completed on or about the 20th 
 of May. The wire was secured against the weather by a covering 
 of rope-yarn and tar. The nominations made. May 29th, in the 
 Democratic National Convention, were forwarded to Washington 
 by means of this telegraph. The following alphabet was used : 
 
 A) 
 B) 
 
 D) 
 
 S) 
 F) 
 
 (GJ) 
 
 (H) . . . 
 (lY) . . 
 
 K) -.. 
 
 L) 
 
 (M) 
 
 (N) . 
 
 HI 
 
 SZ) 
 
 (T) 
 
 (U) 
 
 (V) 
 
 (W) 
 
 (X) 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 513 
 
 The first exhibition of Laughing Gas took place at the Assem- 
 bly Booms on Wednesday evening, May 29th, under the charge of 
 Dr. Colton, as applied in dentistry in extracting teeth without 
 pain. 
 
 The corner-stone of Mount Calvary Protestant Episcopal 
 Church was laid on Tuesday, September 10th, on the north- 
 west corner of Eutaw and Madison streets. The ceremonies were 
 conducted by the Eight Eeverend Bishop Whittingham, assisted 
 by other clergymen. 
 
 On the 3d of December " Jackson Square " was donated to the 
 city. 
 
 1845. Tuesday the 1st of July was the day especially set apart 
 by the people of Baltimore for the observance of the funeral obse- 
 quies of the departed ex-President Andrew Jackson. The occasion 
 was one of deep solemnity, and it was marked throughout with all 
 those evidences of appropriate proceeding which imparted to it a 
 character imposing and solemn in the highest degree. Everywhere 
 along the route designated by the chief marshal, the houses were 
 in mourning. All party distinctions seemed to be forgotten in the 
 common desire to honor the memory and services of the distin- 
 guished deceased, and the request that a general suspension of 
 business should take place, was universally regarded. The proces- 
 sion moved to Mount Vernon Place, where an immense stand was 
 erected, and after an eloquent prayer by the Kev. Dr, Wyatt, the 
 orator of the day, the Hon. Benjamin Chew Howard, delivered an 
 eloquent and powerful address. When Gen. Howard resumed his 
 seat, one of the bands played an appropriate solemn air. Then 
 followed a dirge composed for the occasion by the Rev. J. N. 
 McJilton, which w^as sung by the Baltimore Musical Association. 
 A benediction pronounced by the Rev. G. D. Purviance, and vol- 
 leys of musketry, closed the ceremonies of the day. 
 
 Died, on the 18th of August, General William McDonald, in the 
 87th year of his age. General McDonald commanded the sixth 
 regiment at the battle of Baltimore in 1814, and received the warm 
 commendations of the commanding General for his intrepid and 
 soldier-like conduct on that occasion. He was also a soldier of the 
 Revolution, and distinguished himself in several engagements with 
 the enemy. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin I. Cohen, well known throughout the country as 
 c^e of the firm of J. I. Cohen, Jr., & Brothers, bankers and stock 
 brokers, died in September after a long illness. 
 
 The splendid and commodious hotel, the " Eutaw House," was 
 sold at auction on Thursday, October 16th, at the Exchange, for 
 $58,500, exclusive of the furniture. Purchasers, Messrs. Robert 
 Garrett & Sons. 
 
 The Savings Bank of Baltimore purchased the residence of the 
 late Colonel Thomas Tenant, at the northwest corner of Gay and 
 Second streets, in October, for $10,000. 
 33 
 
514 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOBE, 
 
 The Baltimore Shot Tower in North Gay street, above Fayette, 
 was taken down in January. 
 
 The following message was transmitted through the telegraph 
 on Friday, February 14th, from Washington by Prof. Morse, to his 
 agent, Mr. Rogers, in this city : " Please express my regrets to the 
 editors of the papers for whom the telegraph has reported, that 
 the apj)ropriation being expended, I am compelled to stop opera- 
 tion. We shall all be without pay after the 15th inst." 
 
 St. Alphonsus Church was dedicated on Friday morning, March 
 14th, with imposing ceremonies, by the Most Rev. Archbishop Ec- 
 cleston, assisted by several of the clergy, in the presence of a large- 
 and crowded auditory. 
 
 Richard Caton, Esq., who married the eldest daughter of Chas. 
 Carroll, of Carrollton, departed this life Monday, May 19th, in the 
 83d year of his age. 
 
 The steamboat Paul Jones, Capt. Moffitt, from Havre-de-Grace, 
 bound for this port, and having in tow eight canal boats, exploded 
 her boiler Tuesday morning, Juno 3d, between North Point and 
 Bear Creek, and four persons were killed. 
 
 Judge Brice, in the Baltimore City Court on Tuesday, March 
 18th, pronounced sentence of death upon Henry McCurry, recently 
 convicted of the murder of Mr. Paul Roux, while temporarily 
 stopping in this city, and on Friday, June 27th, he was hung in the 
 jail 3^ard. 
 
 On the 5th of March, " Franklin Square " was purchased by the 
 Mayor and City Council from Mr. Canby for $10,000. 
 
 1846. Judge Elias Glenn, one of our oldest and most respected 
 citizens, died on Tuesday, January 6th, in the 77th year of his 
 age. He was long and favorably known as one of the brightest 
 ornaments of the Baltimore bar. 
 
 The Roman Amphitheatre, in North Calvert street, was opened 
 for the first time on Monday, October 26th, by the eque«trian 
 troop of Messrs. Sands, Lent & Co. The house was full from pit 
 to dome, many having to go away unable to obtain an entrance. 
 The building was erected for Messrs. Sands, Lent & Co. by R. C. 
 Long, architect, H. & J. Reynolds, builders, E. Dryer & Lewis, 
 decorators and painters. It was capable of holding 5000 persons 
 comfortably. 
 
 Ellen Webb, familiarly known to all who visited the court-house 
 in her day, as "Aunt Nelly," died on Sunday afternoon, Novemb^ 
 22d. "Nelly Webb " came to the United States during the Revo- 
 lutionary war, the wife of a sergeant in the British army under 
 Lord Cornwallis. She was at that time but seventeen years of 
 age, and was present at the battle of the Cowpens, January 16th, 
 1781, Guilford Court-house, N. C, March 15th, 1781, and at York- 
 town, Va., October 19th, 1781, at the latter battle of which she, 
 with the rest of the British army, were made prisoners of war. 
 At what time she came to Baltimore it is not possible to learn, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 515 
 
 but for over half a century she had been known as the "Aunt 
 Nelly " of the court-house. She was a most eminent and eccentric 
 vender of pies, apples, cakes, and nuts. 
 
 Mount Calvary Church. This beautiful edifice, situated at the 
 corner of Madison and Eutaw streets, was consecrated Thursday 
 morning, February 19th, the Right Rev. Bishop Whittinghara 
 offi»;iating on the occasion. The sermon was preached by the Rev. 
 Mr. Atkinson. The music was by the choir of St. Paul's Church. 
 The installation of the pastor, the Rev. Mr. Miller, took place the 
 day following, with the usual impressive services of the Episcopal 
 Church. The lot on which the church is built was given for the 
 purpose by John B. Morris, Esq. 
 
 On Wednesday evening. May 13th, 18-16, in pursuance of a call 
 in the. public prints for a meeting of the citizens of Baltimore, 
 favorable to the raising of volunteers to reinforce Gen. Taylor, 
 &c., an immense concourse of persons assembled at " Union Hall," 
 corner of Baltimore street and Tripolett's alley, (now Post-Office 
 avenue), the place designated for the meeting. On motion of Capt. 
 James Stewart, the meeting was organized by calling Capt. B. F. 
 Mauldin to the chair, and appointing Capt. B. F. Owen secretary. 
 A series of resolutions were offered and adopted ; at this point, the 
 meeting having become so immense, the whole street being blocked 
 up, a motion was made and carried to adjourn to Monument Square. 
 As soon as they arrived in the Square, they were addressed by 
 Coleman Yellott, Francis Gallagher, and William P. Preston, Esqs., 
 in eloquent and soul-stirring speeches. 
 
 The distinguished gentleman and ripe scholar, Mr. William 
 George Read, was the youngest son of Jacob Read, of Charleston, 
 South Carolina. He was born September 11th, 1800, and in 1820, 
 in a class of fifty-seven, graduated at the Harvard University with 
 the first honors. In 1822 he removed to Baltimore and studied law 
 in the office of Robert Goodloe Harper. He married on the 7th of 
 Ma}^ 1825, Miss Sophia Catherine Howard, second daughter of 
 Colonel John E. Howard. From 1827 Mr. Read became a perma- 
 nent resident of Baltimore, devoting himself to his professional 
 and literary pursuits. He also took an ardent interest in politics, 
 and for fifteen years his interest in political questions never flagged, 
 and it was his voice that was ever the first to proclaim from 
 the windows of the office of the old Republican and Argus paper 
 the news of some great victory, to the assembled crowds of cheer- 
 ing and enthusiastic Democrats ; yet he never consented to accept 
 office from the people, asking only to be permitted to serve and adr 
 vise them, thus presenting the rare spectacle of a disinterested 
 politician. Mr. Read's personal courage was unquestioned. Dur- 
 ing the dangerous riots of 1835 he placed himself at the head of a 
 few brave spirits who volunteered to defend the Convent of the 
 Carmelite Nuns, in Aisquith street, which was threatened with an 
 attack by a fanatical mob. Summoned as a witness in the matter 
 
516 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 before the House of Delegates, he was questioned: "What did you 
 intend doing if the mob had broken into the Convent ? " and the 
 late Judge Glenn described the eifect as " electric," produced by his 
 firm reply — " to have died on the threshold ! " He was a devoted 
 Eoman Catholic, a brilliant lawyer and an accomplished scholar, 
 a warm friend and a humble Christian. He died on the 7th of 
 April, 1846. ^ .^ 
 
 The Baltimore shipmasters and builders, mates and pilots, send 
 an address to President James K. Polk, 'asking that Baltimore be 
 selected as the location for building ships of war. The address 
 was borne to Washington on the 18th of May, by Captains Wm, 
 Mason, Matthew Kelly, Philip M. Hale, Michael McDonald and 
 Geo. Baker, the committee appointed for the purpose. 
 
 On Saturday afternoon. May 23d, an immense " war meeting " 
 was held in Monument Square. The meeting was called to order 
 by Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., Esq., who nominated his Honor Mayor 
 Davies as chairman, and T. Parkin Scott and Thomas Yates 
 Walsh, Esqs., as secretaries. The following named gentlemen were 
 appointed vice-presidents : 1st Ward, Capt. James Frazier ; 2d, 
 Col. John E. Stansbury ; 3d, Capt. Eobert Hutson ; 4th, Joshua 
 Vansant; 5th, Col. Sol.Hillen ; 6th, Henry McElderry ; 7th, Henry 
 F. Turner; 8th, Marcus Wolf; 9th, Gen. John Spear Smith ; 10th, 
 Nathaniel Williams; 11th, Hon. John P. Kennedy; 12th, Chas M. 
 Keyser; 13th, Hugh Birkhead; 14th, John King; 15th, William 
 J. Wight; 16th, Geo. W. Krebs ; 17th, Charles Eeeder, Jr. ; 18th, 
 Gen. Geo. H. Steuart ; 19th, David Stewart ; 20th, Geo. K. Dodge ; 
 from the county Samuel Brady, William Tagert, William P. Pres- 
 ton and William G. Howard, Esqs. Col. Davies, in a short and ap- 
 propriate address, stated the object of the meeting ; after which 
 bobert M. McLane, Esq., offered a preamble and resolutions, which 
 he prefaced by a patriotic speech. The 'resolutions were unani- 
 mously adopted. After the adoption of the resolutions the Hon. 
 Reverdy Johnson took the stand, and delivered one of the most 
 eloquent and patriotic addresses that was ever listened to. At the 
 conclusion of Mr. Johnson's address, his Honor the Mayor intro- 
 duced to the meeting Gen. Samuel Houston, United States Senator 
 from the State of Texas. The announcement of the name of the 
 hero of " San Jacinto " was received by the meeting with prolonged 
 cheers. Hon. Wm. L. Yancey, member of Congress from Alabama, 
 closed the meeting by an eloquent address. During the delivery 
 of the address of Gen. Houston, news from Mexico was received 
 and read to the meeting by Col. Davies. At the mention of the 
 death of the gallant Kinggold, every head was uncovered, and 
 many a manly cheek was suffused with tears. 
 
 On Thursday morning, June 4th, the company called " Balti- 
 more's Own " left this city in the 9 o'clock train of cars for Wash- 
 ington, where they were mustered in the District battalion. Col. 
 W, H. Watson. They elected the following officers: Captain, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 517 
 
 John R. Kenly ; F. B. Schaeffer, Ist Lieutenant ; Oden Bowie, 2d 
 Lieutenant; Sergeants, E. W. Aisquith, Wra. H. Hickman, G. 
 Oliver Lansdale, and Thomas Tyson. They were escorted to the 
 cars by the Eagle Artillery, Capt. Kane, accompanied by the band 
 of the ** Greys," and moved oif from the depot amid the deafening 
 cheers of the crowd congregated to see them depart. Previous to 
 their departure, Capt. Kenly was presented with a beautiful pair 
 of epaulettes byG. D. Spurrier, in behalf of the officers of the third 
 division of Maryland militia. He was also subsequently presented 
 with a handsome sword by Capt. Geo. P. Kane, on the part of the 
 Eagle Artillery, as a testimonial of their respect and esteem. 
 
 The news from Mexico was received in this city on the 11th of 
 October, that Monterey, after three days' hard fighting, had capit- 
 ulated. The rejoicing for this great victory was alloj'ed by the 
 mournful intelligence of the death of so many brave officers and 
 men, among the former the gallant Col. Watson of the Baltimore 
 battalion. He fell fighting bravely at the head of his men, in at- 
 tempting to storm a battery of artillery and musketry, which was 
 pouring a deluge of grape and cannister shot at the distance of 
 sixty yards. The announcement of the death of Col. Watson cast 
 a gloom over the entire city. In the gallant Watson our State 
 Buffered the loss of as brave a heart as ever beat, and the Balti- 
 more bar, of which he was one of the brightest ornaments, a valu- 
 able member. 
 
 The mortal remains of Maj. Samuel Einggold were brought to 
 this city on the 17th of December and placed on a catafalque at 
 the Exchange, under military escort; and on the 22d he was buried 
 with grand and imposing military honors. He died on the field 
 of Palo Alto, at the moment of a victory which his skill and 
 courage contributed to achieve. Almost his last words were 
 uttered to exhort others to perform their duty. In the death of 
 Maj. Einggold, Maryland lost one of her brightest and most 
 chivalric sons, and his country the services of as brave a heart as 
 ever palpitated, and as true a patriot. The annunciation of his 
 death cast a gloom over our city and State, and, with praiseworthy 
 unanimity, it was resolved to pay to his remains the highest mark 
 of respect. For the few days which his body remained in the 
 rotunda of the Exchange it was visited by thousands of both 
 sexes, who pressed eagerly to drop the sympathizing tear over the 
 bier of one who, whilst living, was all that was manly, brave, gen- 
 erous, and patriotic. Citizens from a distance vied with those of 
 Baltimore in testifying their respect to the deceased; and the 
 streets, during the procession on the 22d, presented a throng of 
 spectators and a parade of military seldom before witnessed. It 
 was a grand and imposing spectacle, worthy of the heroic spirit 
 to whom it was offered, as the tribute of grateful hearts. 
 
 Official report of Captain James E. Stewart, commanding officer 
 of the battalion of Baltimore and Washington volunteers : 
 
518 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 
 
 " Camp near Monterey, Mexico, September 26^A, 1846. 
 
 "Tho battalion of Maryland and 1). C. volunteers, under the 
 command of Lieut.-Colonel Watson, connected with tho first regi- 
 ment of infantry, the whole under the command of Lieut.-Colonel 
 Watson, were ordered to march at about 8 o'clock on the morning 
 of the 2 let, for the attack on Monterey. The battalion were out 
 in their full strength, save Company C, Captain Bronaugh, which 
 was ordered to remain on guard-duty at camp, and Lieut. Owen, of 
 Company A, with a detachment of twelve men, w^ere ordered on 
 picket-guard by General Twiggs. The battalion marched towards 
 the city, and charged in the most gallant manner on a battery 
 under a galling fire, in which it sustained some loss. The point of 
 attack was then changed by order of Colonel Garland, and we en- 
 tered the city exposed to a destructive fire from several batteries, 
 supported by a large number of infantry, which raked the streets. 
 We remained in the city for nearly half an hour, when we were 
 ordered to retire. In doing so, the battalion became separated. 
 Colonel Watson fell by a musket-shot whilst gallantly leading on 
 to a second assault on the city. A portion of the battalion was 
 then formed under Captain Kenly, and remained on the field of 
 battle until it was ordered back to camp b}^ General Twiggs, having 
 been under a heavy fire nearly nine hours, losing in action, killed 
 six, wounded eighteen. I take pleasure in noticing the gallant 
 conduct of the battalion throughout. 
 
 " James E. Stewart, Captain Commanding." 
 
 We will here add that Captain Kenly, after the battalion came 
 out of the town, finding himself the senior ofiicer present, as- 
 sumed command, and kept it in action and fought with it until 
 ordered at nightfall to return to camp. The battalion lost nine 
 killed. General Taylor speaking of this battle in his congratu- 
 latory order, says: "The General begs to return his thanks to his 
 commanders, and to all his officers and men, both of the regular 
 and volunteer forces, for the skill, the courage, and the persever- 
 ance with which they have overcome manifold difficulties, and 
 finally achieved a victory shedding lustre upon the American arms. 
 A great result hatf been obtained, but not without the loss of many 
 gallant and accomplished officers and brave men. The army and 
 country will deeply sympathize with the families and friends of 
 those who have thus sealed their devotion with their lives." 
 
 On the 24th of November, Brevet-Major Eobert C. Buchanan, 
 of the Fourth Infantry U. S. A., a native of Baltimore and a citi- 
 zen of Washington, was assigned by order of General Twiggs to 
 the command of the battalion of Baltimore and Washington volun- 
 teers. The battalion having distinguished itself in many hard- 
 fought battles, and gained a name worthy of the State from which 
 it came, and the term of enlistment having expired, was honorably 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 519 
 
 discharged at Tampico on the 30th of May, 1847. The following 
 letter was written at the time to the Mayor of Baltimore by Major 
 Buchanan : 
 
 " Tampico, May 31sf, 1847. 
 " Bear Sir : — The term of service of the Baltimore Battalion 
 having expired, it becomes necessary to make a suitable disposition 
 of the flag under whose folds it so gallantly fought and so faith- 
 fully sustained the toils and privations incident to the last twelve 
 months' campaign. Tfee officers of the battalion desire that it 
 should be presented to the corporation of the city, to be kept in 
 the City Hall as a memorial of their regard for Baltimore. In this 
 arrangement I most heartily concur. It therefore becomes my 
 agreeable duty to forward the flag to you, the chief magistrate of 
 the city, with the request that it may be disposed of in accordance 
 to the wishes of the donors. By our fellow-citizens it may well be 
 regarded with feelings of pride, as having been the standard of a 
 body of their friends which, for good discipline, soldierly deport- 
 ment, and efficiency for hard service, stood in a most enviable 
 position. The Eio Grande, Monterey, Victoria, and Tampico will 
 all bear witness to the services of the battalion. Sorgeant-Major 
 William T. Lennox, who carried the flag in the battle of Monterey, 
 after Hart was wounded, and who has been the color bearer 
 since that time, will be intrusted with the duty of delivering 
 it to you. I am, Sir, with much respect, 
 
 " Robert C. Buchanan, 
 " Brevet-Major Fourth Infantry, commanding Battalion. 
 " To Hon. Jacob Gr. Davies, Mayor of Baltimore, Maryland." 
 
 In Brevet Major-General -John E. Kenly's "Memoirs of a 
 Maryland Volunteer in the \yar with Mexico," we find the follow- 
 ing letter from Major-General William H. Emory, United States 
 Army : 
 
 " Headquarters Department op the Gulp, 
 " New Orleans, September 30, 1872. 
 
 "Jfy Dear General Kenly : — Your letter of the 16th September, 
 and that preceding, followed me as far as Syracuse, New York, and 
 back to this place, where they only reached me to-day. I 
 hasten to reply, and take great pleasure in stating that the Mary- 
 land regiment for the time it was under my command, during and 
 toward the close of the war with Mexico, acted uniformly with 
 great gallantry, steadiness, and good conduct. When I took com- 
 mand of the re^ment as Lieutenant-Colonel I had just returned 
 from the expedition engaged in the conquest of New Mexico and 
 California, under the lamented General James W. Kearney. There 
 I served with what was then considered one of the crack regiments 
 of the army, the old First Dragoons, and of course my ideas of 
 discipline and efficiency were pitched pretty high ; yet I was not 
 
520 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMOKB. 
 
 disappointed in either the discipline or the efficiency of the gallant 
 Maryland regiment, with which your name is so honorably identi- 
 fied. Excuse the shortness of this note. Believe me, very faith- 
 fullyyours, W. H. Emory, 
 
 ^^ Brevet Major-General U. S. A. 
 ** General John E. Kenly, Baltimore, Md." 
 
 On the 12th of January, 1847, the Legislature adopted resolu- 
 tions expressive of the loss sustained by Maryland of Col. True- 
 man Cross, of Major Samuel Einggold, of Colonel William H. 
 Watson, of Major William Lear, of Captain Eandolph Eidgely, 
 of Passed Midshipman John Einggold Hynson, and her other 
 brave sons who fell in conflict with Mexico. These mighty suns 
 have run their course — have sunk to rise no more forever ; but the 
 brilliancy of their parting rays shall fade away only when Mary- 
 land's proud escutcheon shall become too tarnished to reflect them. 
 Deeply do we mourn their loss, and yet such is our selfishness, 
 such our pride, that if to us were given by a breath the honor 
 won to our name must needs be blotted out, who is there nmong 
 us but would pause ; and if in such a moment it were possible their 
 own proud spirits might decide, would they not with one voice 
 and one breath exclaim, Touch not the honor now sacred to old 
 Maryland, we rest in peace ! Amid the din of battle and the 
 clash of arms death came without a sting, the grave without a 
 victory. Of the living we speak not — their names are stamped 
 on Mexico and Monterey. Their own brave deeds will ever tell 
 their proudest eulogy, and all the efforts of fancy would but cast a 
 veil over their brilliancy. 
 
 In this year the grounds of the " Marine Hospital " were pur- 
 chased for $2500. 
 
 1847. On Sunday, the Slst of January, the brig G. H. Rogers, 
 Capt. Wilson, arrived with the remains of Col. William H. Watson, 
 Capt. Eandolph Eidgely, Lieut. Eugene Boyle, Lieut. Graham, and 
 Messrs. George W. Pearson and Herman S. Thomas, under the 
 charge of Lieut. Samuel S. Mills. The intelligence soon spread 
 throughout the city, and hundreds were seen hastening down to 
 the wharves, while several of the bells in the city commenced 
 tolling. A salute was fired by the Junior Artillerists, Capt. Mc- 
 Dowell, and various other demonstrations of respect, especially on 
 the part of the military, who immediately assembled at their re- 
 spective armories to make arrangements for escorting the remains 
 of the gallant dead from the boat. The funeral obsequies on the 
 8th of February, in honor of the lamented Watson and the gallant 
 Eidgely, were a magnificent but melancholy pageant. The national 
 flag, shrouded in mourning, was hoisted at half mast at sunrise, 
 from all the public buildings in the city, the principal shipping in 
 port, the observatory on Federal Hill, the several armories of the 
 military, the engine-houses of the fire companies, and from various 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 521 
 
 other places, while in numerous instances appropriate inscriptions 
 in honor of the gallant dead were to be seen suspended from the 
 windows of the houses on the line of procession ; in addition to which 
 the booming cannon of the Eagle Artillerists, fired at intervals by a 
 detachment of that corps detailed for the purpose, added no little 
 to the sublimity of the mournful occasion. 
 
 Joseph Alexander (colored) was executed on the 26th of Feb- 
 ruary, in the jail-yard, for the murder of the colored boy Wash- 
 ington Sheppard. 
 
 The illumination on the evening of the 21st of April in honor 
 of the victories achieved by our gallant army and navy in every 
 quarter of the Eepublic of Mexico, was one of the most brilliant 
 and beautiful scenes which had been witnessed in Baltimore since 
 the memorable reception of General La Fayette when he visited 
 this country in 1824. The streets were thronged with an almost 
 uninterrupted mass of human beings, especially Baltimore street, 
 which was the great centre of attraction. From the windows 
 streamed forth thousands of lights ; public buildings and private 
 houses were resplendent with beautiful and showy transparencies 
 and appropriate mottoes ; from every flag-staif and from the ship- 
 ping in the port floated the "Star-Spangled Banner," the vic- 
 torious flag of a free people ; from the top of Washington Monu- 
 ment and Washington College shot forth the glittering, daz- 
 zling, and brilliant Drummond light, lighting up all parts of the 
 city within the focus of its rays. 
 
 On the 29th of April a meeting of merchants and business men 
 favorable to the formation of a company to construct two steam 
 tow-boats for the use of the trade between this city and the Tide- 
 Water Canal at Havre-de-Grace, was held at Franklin Hall. Mr 
 Eichard Lemmon, on motion of William Bose, was called to the 
 chair, and Mr. William Peterkin appointed secretary. After the 
 object of the meeting was stated, Mr. Thomas Wilson presented a 
 preamble and resolutions, providing for the immediate formation 
 of a company, which were unanimously adopted. 
 
 On the 1st of June the Metamora Tribe No. 1, of the improved 
 order of Eed Men, laid the corner-stone of their new hall on Lom- 
 bard near Hanover street. The ceremonies were quite interesting, 
 and attracted a large number of persons. This hall was dedicated 
 on Thursday, September 30. 
 
 The venerable old colored man, known to every man, woman, 
 and child in the city at this time as "Old Moses," died on Wednes- 
 day morning, June 16th, at his residence in Front street, very sud- 
 denly. He was quite aged, and was much respected by every 
 person who knew him. 
 
 Dr. Palmer, in an article published \n Lippincotf s Magazine^ says : 
 " Moses" was a negro of unmixed African blood, and with a com- 
 plexion dear to the pride of Dahomey; burly too and of imposing 
 stature, swathed in a vast white apron, Old Moses was a conspic- 
 
522 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 uous presence, not to be overlooked by housekeeper or cook with 
 hospitable thoughts intent on oysters or ice-cream. In his declin- 
 ing years he affected a red wig, very ropy as to its texture and 
 streaky as to its hue, which, by an effect to be felt rather than de- 
 fined, imparted to his general make-up a spurious Choctaw aspect, 
 thus convejnng to many of his friends the erroneous impression 
 that some Juan of the noble line of " Lo " had been surreptitiously 
 concerned in his parentage. He had a great gift of whistle, 
 whereat we boys did whistle and admire, for he whistled with his 
 tongue out, and the tongue was half folded like a leaf. I have 
 studied it patiently by the hour, and practised it passionately by 
 the day ; and he, gravely complaisant, gratified by the apprecia- 
 tion my fine ambition evinced, condescended again and again to 
 explain to me his method, and demonstrate the acoustic advantage 
 of what I may term the lingual attachment. But in vain — I could 
 never get the hang of it; and to-day, contemplating ray honorable 
 defeat, my consolation is that in all these post-Moses years I have 
 found but one individual who could whistle with the lingual at- 
 tachment, and he was a red-headed negro, also named Moses, Who 
 doubtless came by the gift in the natural way. His music was 
 commonly of the sacred order, derived from the familiar and rous- 
 ing psalmody of the Methodist practice ; but he occasionally diver- 
 sified this with robust performances in the patriotic or sentimental- 
 domestic line, and his rendition of a medley (dreadfully popular at 
 that time) from such purely national works as "Hail Columbia," 
 "The Star-Spangled Banner," " Yankee Doodle," "Home, Sweet 
 Home," "Old Grimes," "Days of Absence," and "Away with 
 Melancholy ! " was effective and inspiring. His cry was a rapture 
 of advertisement at once original and irresistible, and at the 
 sound of it from porches and garden-gates and alleys out came the 
 children as to the fatal piping of the pied wizard of Hamelin : 
 
 " Out came the children running ; 
 
 All the little boys and girls, 
 
 With rosy cheeks and flaxen curls, 
 
 And Fparkling eyes and teeth like pearls, 
 Tripping and skipping, ran merrily after 
 The wonderful music with shouting and laughter." 
 
 " La, lilla, lilla, lilla, lilla, lilla, lilla, 1 — a, lemon ice-cream ! lemon 
 i— ce curreem I " (Here a few bars of " Old Hundred," vocal, piano.) 
 "Lemon ice-cream! curreem, curreem I La, lilla, lilla, lilla, lilla, 
 lilla, lilla, 1-a-a-a-a! '' (shake.) " Lemon ice-cream ! " (" Blow ye 
 the Trumpet, Blow! " sijffiement with attachment, forte, followed by 
 a fantastic melange of " Hail Columbia," " Old Oaken Bucket," and 
 " Polly, put de Kittle On," vocal and instrumental, a<i lib.) " Poor 
 old Moses ! poor old fellah ! Jist a-comin' roun' onct moah to e — 
 commerdate de ladies and gentium wid de elegint nice oysters! 
 Oysh, oysh, shock oy — sh I Oh, my charmin' oysters ! my 'light- 
 ful Iresb oysters I 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 523 
 
 " My oysters are fresh, 
 An' jis' from de shell ; 
 I can't tell de reason 
 My oysters won't sell." 
 
 " Sho — hock oysters ! My cbarmiii', nice oysters ! " But alack ! 
 poor human nature ! Alas ! that a life so useful, so cheerful, so 
 melodious, a spirit wherein all the graces of piety, patriotism and 
 domestic peace were sweetly blended should have licked his wife ! 
 " Every morning, whether she had offended or not," that was the 
 shocking scandal. Every morning ere he took up literally the 
 yoke and burden of the day, and with the professional freezers or 
 cans, and dippers and pint-pots, went forth on the professional cir- 
 cuit, he conscientiously strapped the tough partner of his joys. 
 He did it "on principle," he explained, as a preventive measure. 
 " It warn't as ef he had anything agin her, not to say wishus ; but 
 him a-shufflin' roun' all day, and she a lone 'ooman, onpertected, 
 and a lot o' ornery niggahs from de alley triflin' roun' de back 
 doah, dere warn't no knowin' what kind of deblish spells dey 
 might put on to de feeble-minded critter to make her disgrace de 
 fam'ly, and she wid quality washin' took in, ef he didn't adwise 
 her." 
 
 On the 10th of July the flag of the Baltimore battalion — the 
 flag that was first planted on the walls of Monterey — was formally 
 presented to the corporation by Captain James E. Stewart. The 
 ceremony took place in front of the City Hall, and was witnessed 
 by a large number of citizens and strangers. The Mayor, Jacob 
 G. Davies, received the flag in a very appropriate address, and at 
 its conclusion, loud calls were made for Capt. Kenly, who addressed 
 the crowd in a soul-stirring speech of some twenty minutes. 
 
 We will here remark that never before were there so many actsvy"'^^ 
 of incendiarism and firemen's riots as at this time. Scarcely a ^ 
 paper is issued in which is not contained an account of one or more 
 fires, evidently the act of some vile incendiary. There were no 
 less than five on November 28th, all in the same hour and at dif- 
 ferent points of the city. These fires were evidently designed for 
 the purpose of causing disgraceful riots between rival fire com- 1 
 panics. On Saturday night, the 25th of September, the apparatus 
 of the New Market and United fire companies proceeded towards 
 Federal Hill at an alarm of fire; when at the corner of Light and 
 York streets a collision took place between parties running with 
 the New Market and United combined, on one side, and the 
 Watchman fire company on the other side. The fight was con- 
 tinued from 10 J to 12 o'clock — along Light street, from York to 
 Camden, and along Barre street, from Light to Sharp streets, 
 during which bricks were torn up from the side-walks and show- 
 ered like hail, pistols were fired in every direction. The New 
 Market reel and suction were captured, and the former thrown 
 into the dock from the east end of York street ; the suction was 
 
524 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 rescued from those who had it in possession, who were about 
 tumbling it into the dock also. The officers of the Baltimore 
 United Fire Department, with Joshua Vansant, Esq., at their head, 
 assisted the city police and night-watch in suppressing the riot. 
 
 On the evening of the 1st of December, a meeting was held at 
 Washington Hall for the purpose of forming an association for the 
 promotion of the " Mechanic Arts." It was organized by the ap- 
 pointment of Mr. Jesse Hunt chairman, and Mr. Jno. B. Easton 
 secretary. John H. B. Latrobe, Esq., then addressed the meeting 
 in an eloquent manner, in which he alluded to the history of the 
 former associations for the promotion of the mechanic arts which 
 existed in our city from 1826 to 1834, and brought forward many 
 excellent reasons why a similar institution should be formed now. 
 Mr. James Milholland offered resolutions, which were unanimously 
 adopted. 
 
 The Presbyterian church at the northwest corner of Franklin 
 and Cathedral streets was dedicated on Sunday, February 21st. 
 The dedication sermon was preached by Dr. Backus, and by the 
 pastor elect, Eev. Dr. Plummer, in the evening. 
 
 A gloom was thrown over the city of Baltimore on Sunday, 
 June 6th, on the announcement that the esteemed citizen. Major 
 James O. Law, was dead. The deceased, aside from his great per- 
 sonal popularity among all classes of society, had filled with be- 
 coming dignity the office of Mayor of this city, was formerly a 
 prominent merchant, and at the time of his death, flour inspector 
 genei'al. He was born in this city on the 14th day of March, 
 A. D. 1809. 
 
 The Seventh Baptist church was dedicated Sunday, August 2d, 
 Eev. Dr. Fuller, the pastor, preaching on the occasion. 
 
 The Belair market-house was commenced in June. 
 
 On the 5th of July an alarming riot took place between the 
 citizens of Annapolis and a portion of the passengers of the 
 steamer Jewess. The steamer left Baltimore on an excursion to 
 St. Michael's ; when about twenty miles down the river it was 
 found that in consequence of the crowded state of the boat, it 
 would be dangerous to cross the bay to the Eastern Shore, and ac- 
 cordingly, after consultation, it was determined to run into An- 
 napolis. After a short time a fight was started on the wharf be- 
 tween some citizens of the town and some of .the young men who 
 were on the boat. In a few minutes the fight became general, and 
 for the time assumed a fearful character. Stones, bricks, and mis^ 
 siles in abundance were thrown indiscriminately upon the boat, 
 striking ladies and children as well as others. This so incensed 
 the male portion of the passengers that they broke into the room 
 in which the rifles of Capt. McAllister's company were placed, and 
 loading them with ball cartridges, fired among the crowd upon the 
 wharf, wounding five persons. The citizens of Annapolis, seeing 
 their friends thus shot down, procured two small cannon, one a 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 525 
 
 six and the other a four-pounder, and, after placing them on the 
 common near the wharf, were about to discharge them at the boat, 
 jwhen Col. Kane, with General Watkins and Judge Brewer, suc- 
 j ceeded in preventing it by placing themselves before them. This 
 proved a fortunate circumstance, as the boat immediately started 
 for Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. Solomon Etting died on the 6th of August, in the 83d year 
 • of his age. He was a native of York, Pa., but had been a resident 
 ! of Baltimore for sixty years. 
 
 On the 4th of February, 1847, an Act of Incorporation was 
 passed by the General Assembly of Maryland, " That Samuel F. B. 
 ; Morse, B. B. French, George C. Penniman, Henry J. Rogers, John 
 S. McKim, J. R. Trimble, William M. Swain, John O. Sterns, A. 
 Sidney Doane, and their associates, who have acquired from said 
 Morse the right to contract and carry on the Electro Magnetic 
 Telegraph, by him invented and patented, through this State on 
 the route leading from the city of Washington to the city of New 
 York, are hereby created a body politic for the purpose of erecting 
 and maintaining a line of said telegraph on the route aforesaid, 
 and transmitting intelligence by means thereof, under the name 
 and style of the Magnetic Telegraph Company." 
 
 On the 10th of May, " Union Square " was donated to the city 
 of Baltimore by the Messrs. Donnells ; a short time after, the waste 
 water from the spring was sold to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad 
 company, for $4,000. 
 
 1848. Agreeably to previous announcement, the first Fair ever 
 held in this city for the exhibition and encouragement of the 
 mechanic arts generally, was commenced on Thursday morning, 
 May 18th, in the saloon of Washington Hall, adjoining Baltimore 
 Street bridge. 
 
 On Thursday morning. May 25, the new massive cast-iron 
 bridge which crossed Jones Falls at Fayette street, broke in 
 the centre and fell with a tremendous crash into the water 
 beneath. 
 
 A number of the Baltimore troops, under the command of Major 
 Kenly, arrived in Baltimore on Thursday afternoon, July 20th, from 
 the battle-fields of Mexico. 
 
 The melancholy duty of committing to their mother earth the 
 mortal remains of the late Capt. Boyd and Lieut. Taneyhill, both of 
 whom fell whilst nobly and bravely defending their country's flag 
 in an engagement near Haujutta, Mexico, on the 12th of July, 
 1847, was performed on Monday, September 27th, by an immense 
 concourse of their fellow-citizens, friends, acquaintances, and be- 
 reaved relatives. 
 
 The Baltimore Athenseum was opened, and the edifice inaugur- 
 ated by the address of Mr. Brantz Mayer, on Monday evening, 
 October 23d, in the presence of a large and brilliant audience of 
 ladies and gentlemen. The address, which was listened to with 
 
526 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. ' 
 
 profound attention, was an able and eloquent production worthy 
 the high attainments of its talented author. The Athenaeum is the 
 free gift of the citizens of Baltimore to the Maryland Historical 
 Society, and is occupied by the Maryland Historical Society, Old 
 Baltimore Library Company, now merged in the former society, 
 and the Mercantile Library Association. Forty thousand dollars 
 were contributed to build the Athenaeum by citizens of Balti- 
 more, and of the sura by far the largest portion was solicited 
 and obtained by the late Osmond C. Tiffany, an eminent mer- 
 chant, originally from New England, but who settled in Balti- 
 more in 1816, and died in 1851. Mr. Charles M. Eaton also ren- 
 dered good service in this matter, very frequently accompanying 
 Mr. Tiffany in his visits of solicitation. 
 
 On the 9th of April, Mr. Joseph K. Bandall leased the upper 
 floors of the large building at the N. E. corner of Baltimore and 
 Charles street, belonging to Mr. Wm. W. McClellan, and altered 
 the premises into a theatre, which he called the "Howard Athe- 
 naeum and Gallery of Arts," which was opened on Monday even- 
 ing, June 12th, under the proprietorship of Mrs. Charles Howard, 
 and direct management of Messrs. Howard & Hewitt. The or- 
 chestra was under the direction of Mr. Sandy Jamison. The per- 
 formance commenced with an opening address delivered by Mrs. 
 Howard, followed by a play called the " Kivals ; " then followed a 
 dance by Miss Albertine, after which the performances were con- 
 cluded by a farce called the " Two Queens." In 1853 Mr. John E. 
 Owens assumed charge of the theatre, opening on the 25th of 
 April with Mr. and Mrs. Barney Williams. On the 5th of May, 
 the property was leased to George Joseph Arnold, who enlarged 
 the theatre, and called it " Arnold's Olympic." Arnold, in turn, 
 transferred his leasehold interest to " The Kemble Company of 
 Baltimore," (composed of Wm. Key Howard, Wm. E. Travers, 
 Geo. P. Kane, Wm. Sperry and others), who had originally fur- 
 nished the means for Arnold to enlarge it. On Christmas eve the 
 theatre was re-opened by Laura Keene, with the finest company 
 which had ever appeared in Baltimore. They held the boards 
 until the close of the season, drawing most fashionable audiences. 
 Early in the winter of 1854, Mr. John E. Owens became manager, 
 so continuing until June 10th, 1855. On the 1st of July, 1855, 
 Mr. Joseph Jefferson and John Sleeper Clarke rented the theatre. 
 In October, 1856, Mr. McClellan altered the property into offices 
 and warerooms as at present. Mr. Edwin Adams made his first 
 great hit at this theatre. The following actors made their first ap- 
 pearance at this theatre : John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated 
 President Abraham Lincoln, made his debut as Eichmond in " Eich- 
 ard the Third." Ho and his brother Edwin F. Booth were born 
 near Belair, in Harford County, the first in 1838, and the latter in 
 November, 1833. Mr. John S. Clarke was born in Baltimore in 
 1833. He made his first public appearance on any stage at the 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 527 
 
 Howard AlhenaBum, Boston, but his first appearance was as a 
 member of the Thespian Association in this city, Mr. Edwin ' 
 
 Booth being the leading man. "While connected with this associ- 
 ation, Mr. Clarke acted all the tragic parts, believing that his forte 
 was tragedy, Mr. Booth playing comedy. Mr. Eichard P. Jones 
 made his first appearance on the stage as an actor at this theatre, 
 February 10th, 1855. Among those who made their first appear- 
 ance in Baltimore upon the theatrical stage, we find Thomas Ap- 
 thorpe Cooper in 1796 ; John Claude ; Mrs. John Johnson, Novem- 
 ber 5th, 1795, as Lady Teazle ; Mr. John Mills in America, Octo- 
 ber 4th, 1806 ; Mr. Warren 1776, and Frederick Wheatley. 
 
 An immense town meeting was held in Monument Square on 
 Wednesday evening. May 3d, by the citizens of Baltimore, for the 
 purpose of giving expression to the feelings of pride and exultation 
 at the intelligence of the recent revolution in France. Addresses 
 were delivered by Eeverdy Johnson. \ Chas. F. Mayer j Cbarles B. 
 Leloup, George Fein, Wm. P. Preston, and Thomas Svvann. 
 
 The Democratic National Convention, to nominate candidates 
 for President and Vice-President of the United States, met in this 
 city on the 22d of May, in the basement of the Universalist Church, 
 Calvert street. On the 24th, during the proceedings, a crashing ^ 
 sound was heard in the gallery, that was crowded most densely 
 with spectators, which was followed by a most alarming scene for 
 a moment; under the impression on the part of all in the house 
 that the whole gallery was coming down. A rush was made in 
 every direction for an opening to escape from the catastrophe, 
 which it was supposed was about to happen. So great was the 
 fright that many jumped out of the windows, others tumbled over 
 each other in their effort to reach the door, while several jumped 
 from the upper end of the gallery down upon the platform erected 
 for the ofiicers. Others thought the church was on fire, and cries 
 of fire in some parts of the house rendered the panic still greater. 
 After much exertion upon the part of the president and the com- 
 mittee of arrangements, order was partially restored. It was then 
 stated by some that only a pew had broken ; by others, that the 
 gallery had settled somewhat in one corner ; the convention finally 
 took a recess, and examined the gallery. The convention on the 
 25th nominated Gen. Lewis Cass, United States Senator from 
 Michigan, as their candidate for the Presidency, and Gen. IVilliam 
 O. Butler, of Kentucky, as their candidate for the Vice-Presidency. ^ 
 
 One of the most destructive fires with which our city has been \r 
 visited, occurred on the afternoon of the 28lh of May. It broke 
 out about three o'clock, in the extensive cotton factory of Mr. 
 Knox, situated in Lexington street, above Fremont. There were 
 at. least sixty dwellings consumed. The origin of this dreadful 
 calamity was the work of an incendiary. 
 
 About half-past five o'clock on the afternoon of the 30th of May, 
 the whole city was startled by a violent shock, as if by an earth- 
 
528 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 quake, which immediately gave rise to the most painful and ex- 
 aggerated statements. But on the arrival of the York train of 
 cars, intelligence was received that the shock was caused by the 
 explosion of the powder mill of Mr. Beatty, some six miles from 
 the city on the Susquehanna railroad, by which two lives were lost, 
 and much damage done to the property in the surrounding neigh- 
 borhood. This same mill exploded in November, 1846. 
 
 On the 25th of May, the Western telegraph line to Cumberland 
 was opened for business. 
 
 On the 4th of October, after the result of the election for sheriff 
 had been ascertained, a party of rowdies, bearing with them a 
 transparency purporting to belong to the 7th ward Cass and Butler 
 club, created a wanton and unprovoked riot in Baltimore street, 
 and immediately made a violent attack on the Baltimore Clipper 
 office, smashing in windows, breaking the doors, endangering the 
 lives of the hands while at work, and doing much other damage. 
 The mob, before the attack on the Clipper office, showered upon 
 the Patriot office a volley of brick-bats and other missiles which 
 broke more or less all the windows in the building, and also the 
 windows of Mr. G. S. Griffith, Messrs Ades & Albert, Mr. W. 
 Moulton, and Mr. Taylor's periodical depot. 
 
 On the 10th of October our city was again disgraced by another 
 shameful riot, which occurred in the eastern section of the city. 
 About 8 o'clock a large number of persons, having with them a 
 portion of the apparatus of the Watchman Fire Company, pro- 
 ceeded to Caroline street above Baltimore, and for reasons 
 best known to themselves, commenced a violent attack upon the 
 tavern of Mr. John Appleby, at the corner of Caroline and Hamp- 
 Btead streets, demolishing nearly every window in his house, one 
 of the bricks striking Mr. A. a severe blow on the forehead. 
 Pistols were freely used. Finding his house surrounded by a host 
 of wretches who seemed bent on its destruction, Mr. Appleby 
 thought proper to defend himself as he best could, and accordingly 
 fired several shots at them from his windows, some of which took 
 effect on his assailants and caused them to retreat. During the 
 progress of the row the pavements in the neighborhood were torn 
 up with axes to supply ammunition. We regret to say seven men 
 were shot. 
 
 Mr. Kobert Gilmore, one of the oldest merchants in this city, 
 died on the morning of the 30th of November after a protracted 
 illness. Mr. G. was extensively connected with mercantile atfairs, 
 and died regretted and esteemed by a large number of friends. 
 
 1849. February 7th was a day of intense excitement in this 
 city, it being the day set apart for the great prize-fight between 
 Hyer and Yankee Sullivan, in which, contrary to general expecta- 
 tion, Sullivan was dreadfully whipped by Hyer, who sustained but 
 comparative little injury, winning the stakes ($10,000) in sixteen 
 minutes. The police force, under High Constable Giffbrd, started 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 529 
 
 in hacks for Carroll's Island to operate by land in that direction. 
 The Independent Greys, Capt. Hall, and the Independent Blues, 
 Capt. Shutt, were on brief notice ordered out, " armed and 
 equipped as the law directs," all under the command of Major 
 Watkins. The steamer Boston having been chartered by Attorney- 
 General Kichardson to carry the military to the " seat of war," 
 started off about 12 o'clock on the night of the 6th, and reached 
 the field of battle about daylight. The police and military arrived 
 on Poole's Island about 3 o'clock on the morning of the fight, but 
 both of the principals escaped. The fight took place notwith- 
 standing all the efforts to prevent it, on Rock Point, in Kent 
 County, Maryland. As it was, none of those who were on board 
 the boat, and those of the police who so nobly endured the most 
 laborious and painful hardships to prevent the fight, will ever 
 forget this memorable " expedition to Poole's Island." 
 
 The National Council of the Bishops of the Koman Catholic 
 Church commenced its session at the Cathedral on the 6th of May. 
 The Most Rev. Archbishop Eccleston of Baltimore presided. 
 
 On the 20th of July Conrad Vintner, the murderer of Mrs, 
 Elizabeth Cooper, near Parkton, Baltimore County, was executed 
 in the jail-yard. 
 
 During the summer of 1849 the cholera prevailed to an alarm- 
 ing extent at the almshouse. The first death from the epidemic 
 occurred on the 11th of July, and the last one on the 4th of 
 August. The total number of cases during its existence was 158, 
 and the total number of deaths 94. 
 
 The funeral ceremonies which took place in this city on the 
 evening of the 25th of July in honor of the late ex-President Polk, 
 drew together in Monument Square one of the largest assemblages 
 ever before convened in Baltimore. It was a spontaneous out- 
 pouring apparently of our whole population, Whigs and Demo- 
 crats, male and female, of all classes and conditions of societv. 
 The orator of the day was Hon. John C. Legrand ; the officiating 
 clergymen Rev. Dr. Johns and Rev. T. B. Sergeant. 
 
 On the 17th of September, about four o'clock, a large number 
 of persons assembled on W. Lexington street near Franklin square, 
 to witness the ceremony of laying the corner-stone for the " Indi- 
 gent Widows' Asylum," about being erected under the auspices of 
 the Female Humane Impartial Society of Baltimore. The ceremo- 
 nies were opened by an impressive prayer by the Rev. S. P. Hill. 
 The Rev. Joseph P. Smith, pastor of Second Presbyterian Church, 
 then delivered an eloquent and appropriate address. The Rev. Mr. 
 Trapnall, of St. Andrew's (Episcopalian) Church, followed in 
 another address. The corner-stone was then laid by Mr. Dixon, 
 the architect, after which a liberal collection was raised. The 
 ceremonies concluded by a prayer from the Rev. Mr. Nadali, of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. This institution was dedicated with 
 religious services on Tuesday, October 28th, 1851. Doctor Fuller 
 34 . 
 
530 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 commenced the exercises with prayer, followed by Eev. Dr. Eoberts. 
 Eev. John C. Backus delivered the address, followed with prayer 
 by Eev. Messrs. Bolton and Heiner. 
 
 Edgar Allan Poe, although not actually born in Baltimore, was 
 the descendant of a family long settled in this city, and is there- 
 fore universally looked upon as a Baltimorean. His mother was 
 temporarily absent from her home at the time of his birth. It is 
 not positively certain whether he actually saw the light first in 
 Boston or Eichmond. It is, however, certain that there is an error 
 of two years in all his biographies as to the day of his nativity. 
 He was born on the 20th of January, 1809. His father was David 
 Poe, Jr., son of that David Poe of whose services to the country 
 during the Eevolutionary War, as deputy Commissary General of 
 Supplies, we have heretofore spoken in this work. His mother 
 was Mrs. Hopkins, an actress, an Englishwoman by birth, whose 
 maiden name was Elizabeth Arnold. His father and mother dying 
 when he was an infant, he was adopted by Mr. John Allan, a rich 
 and childless Scotchman, of Eichmond, whose wife became passion- 
 ately attached to him. He had every possible opportunity for educa- 
 tion — having been placed at school in England under the charge of the 
 Eev. Dr. Buzby. Afterwards he was sent to the University of Vir- 
 ginia, where his classmates, amongst others, were St. Geo. W, 
 Teackle, the late Judge Collins Lee, and the Hon. E. M. T. Hunter, 
 of Virginia. In consequence of some irregularities he left the 
 University before graduating. His foster-father obtained for him 
 an appointment of cadet at West Point, but he was unfitted for the 
 discipline of a military school and did not remain long there. Mrs. 
 Allan having died and Mr. Allan having married a young lady who 
 soon brought him children of his own, the adopted son disagreed 
 with his early patron and friend and was left to his own resources. 
 The story of his visit to Greece and St. Petersburg which is found 
 ii^all his biographies, is a pure invention, as he never was in Europe, 
 except whilbt he was at Dr. Buzby's academy. 
 
 From the time of his estrangement from Mr. Allan he was 
 obliged to rely for support upon his exertions as a writer. In 1829 
 he published Tamerlane and Al Aaraf, which, whilst they exhibit 
 many marks of his peculiar genius, did not attract general atten- 
 tion. In 1838, a committee consisting of John P. Kennedy, John 
 H. B. Latrobe, and another gentleman, were requested by the pub- 
 lishers of the Baltimore Saturday Visitor to award prizes of one 
 hundred dollars each, which they had offered for the best poem and 
 prose story. The names of the competitors were not known until 
 the prizes had been awarded to the respective pieces, when it was 
 found that Poe was the successful competitor for both. It is not 
 within the scope of this work to trace him through his literary 
 labors. He was successively editor of the Southern Literary Mes- 
 senger at Eichmond, of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine in Phila- 
 delphia, and an afc?sistant of Morris and Willis upon the Home 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 531 
 
 Journal. He also established, in conjunction with Charles F. 
 Briggs, a short-lived weekly paper, called the Broadway Journal. 
 He was equally distinguished as a writer of prose and poetry. 
 Some of his tales display, in a high degree, invention and imagina- 
 tion, but the impression they have upon the mind is often gloomy 
 and unsatisfactory. " The Eaven " is universally regarded as a 
 worK which could only have been produced by a genius at once 
 original and sublime. It has been translated into many languages, 
 and is spoken of by the most discriminating critics as entirely sui 
 generis. 
 
 His death was as melancholy as his life. In September, 1819, 
 he went to Richmond, Va., where he delivered a lecture on tem- 
 perance. He there met a lady to whom he had been attached in 
 early life. He had become a widower — his amiable and beautiful 
 wife, Virginia Ciemin, having died some years before; and the lady 
 had lost her husband. Their old partiality'' was revived, and it 
 was arranged that they should be married. He set out early in 
 October, 1849, for New York to make arrangements for his mar- 
 riage. Arriving in Baltimore, he was induced by the solicitation 
 of a friend to take a glass of wine. His temperament was such 
 that one or two glasses produced upon him all the consequences 
 usually following excessive indulgence. For one or two days his 
 whereabouts cannot be traced, but on the fourth of October he 
 was carried, in a condition of unconsciousness, to the Washington 
 University Hospital. On the seventh of that month he regained, 
 for a few moments, the possession of his faculties, looked round 
 and inquired where he was. The answer brought to his mind, no 
 doubt, the terrible consciousness of what he had probably forfeited 
 by yielding to temptation, and he died in a few moments — there 
 is every reason to believe, from the overwhelming conflict of his 
 emotions. He lies buried amongst his kindred, near the western 
 wall of Westminster graveyard, corner of Greene and Fayette 
 streets, and no stone or monument yet marks his resting-place. 
 
 Gen. Tobias E. Stansbury died at his residence in Baltimore 
 county, on Thursday, October 25ih, in the 93d y^ar of his age. 
 
 On the 11th of December the Eev. Theobold Matthew, so exr 
 tensively known as the advocate and propagator of Temperance, 
 arrived in this city in the morning train from Philadelphia. He 
 was received at the outer depot with every demonstration of re- 
 spect by a large number of persons who had assembled there, and 
 was from thence conveyed in a carriage to the residence of the Eev. 
 Mr. Dolan, adjoining St. Patrick's Church, Broadway, where he so- 
 journed during his stay in this city. Among the many who visited 
 him was his Honor Mayor Stansbury, who welcomed him to the 
 city, and who expressed the hope that his sojourn here would be 
 rendered pleasant and agreeable. Mr. A. Hyam took the tempe- 
 rance pledge from Father Matthew, and his certificate was num- 
 bered 5,774,059, being the whole number of persons who had. re- 
 
532 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 ceived the pledge from the reverend father from the beginning 
 of his labors up to this time. Mr. Hyam was chief officer of 
 the Sons of Temperance in this city, and administered the pledg:e 
 of his order to Father Matthew, who expressed himself highly 
 honored. 
 
 Proverbial as our country is for impulse and enterprise, these 
 feelings have never been so fully illustrated as since the discovery 
 of gold in the recently acquired territory of California. " The 
 fever is up," and thousands went on their way to "the modern El 
 Dorado." The adventurers were not confined to the reckless and 
 the improvident — to individuals bankrupt in character and in 
 fortune ; but among them were choice spirits — active, earnest, in- 
 dustrious and high-minded young men, who saw in this discovery 
 " a golden opportunity," and who were determined to take ad- 
 vantage of a tide that appeared so especially calculated to lead on 
 to fortune. Many, no doubt, departed with delusive hopes and ex- 
 travagant expectations. Others, excited and bewildered, dashed 
 into the enterprise without an adequate calculation as to all the 
 risks and trials, the perils by sea and land, the dangers to health, 
 the difficulties of the way, and the fearful sickness which is apt to 
 Bteal upon the heart when friends, home, and beings loved dearer 
 than life, are far, far away. There were others again who calcu- 
 lated the chances, who embarked in a cool, calm and somewhat re- 
 luctant spirit, but still with a determination to tax every energy to 
 realise something in the way of pecuniary independence. Several 
 vessels departed from the port of Baltimore during this year. 
 Crowds on these occasions thronged the wharves, the light laugh 
 and the merry jest were heard from the lookers-on, and among tbe 
 adventurers were not a few who smiled a last farewell, and joined 
 in the hearty shout that thrilled like the peal of a trumpet as the 
 vessels were parted from their fastenings. But there were other 
 and sadder scenes. Gentleness and love had their homes in some 
 of those daring hearts, and the voice trembled with emotion and 
 the Gjo filled with tears as a fair white hand was clasped for the 
 last time, or a sacked kiss was impressed upon cheeks that paled at 
 the thoughts and associations of that tender, passionate, and yet 
 sorrow-fraught moment. The mother parted from her son, the 
 husband from his wife, the lover from his betrothed ; and the very 
 eff'ort to subdue and suppress emotion, to check and restrain the 
 overflowings of the heart, only rendered the agony deeper. The 
 first ship off was the Greyhound, on the 10th of January, com- 
 manded by Capt. Claypoole, and owned by William Chesnut. She 
 carried out thirty-nine passengers. The Greyhound was followed 
 by the following vessels, all destined for the same country, Cali- 
 fornia : Schooner Sovereign, Capt. Peterson ; ship JCylon, Capt. 
 Millington ; barque John Potter, Capt. Watts ; ship Jane Parker, 
 barque Kirkland, barque Tarquin, ship Juniata, Capt. Smith ; 
 barque Hebe, Capt. Stetson j barque Jo/iw Mayo, Capt. Par ring ton ; 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 533 
 
 brig Richard W. Brown, Capt. Speed ; brig Bathurst, Capt. Hooper ; 
 schooners Ferdinand, Capt. Parker; Wdmington, Capt. Gosnell; 
 brig St. Andrew, Capt. Paul ; brig Arabian, Capt. Slemmer; ship 
 Andalusia, schooner Creole, Capt. Allen ; brig Ospray, Capt. Orem ; 
 barque Martin W. Brett, ship Aquetnet, Capt. Mosher ; ship Henry 
 Pratt, Capt. Muling. A number of persons went from this city on 
 their way to California by the overland route, through Indepen- 
 dence, Missouri. 
 
 The new Jewish temple of the Har Sinai Yerein, situated on 
 north High, near Fayette street, was dedicated on Friday, Septem- . 
 ber 7th. The ceremonies were conducted under the direction of 
 Messrs. L. Lowman, Samuel Dellvie, and William Mosher, the com- 
 mittee of arrangements. The introductory prayer was read by 
 Mr. William S. Raynor, in German. The consecration sermon was 
 preached by liev. Mr. Braun ; and Mr. Joachimsen, Esq., of New 
 York, delivered an oration in English. 
 
 1850. Mr. Henry Mankin established a regular line of packets be- 
 tween Baltimore and Liverpool in January. The Mayor of Baltimore 
 called on the citizens to assemble in town meeting at Monument 
 Square, on Monday evening, March 4th, to give *' expression of Bal- 
 timore city for the Union ! " The whole number of persons assembled 
 was estimated at 5000, which considering the severity of the 
 weather was an immense meeting. Joshua Yansant called the 
 meeting to order, and nominated a large number of officers. 
 Speeches were made by Col. Stansbury, Hon. Wm. Fell Giles, and 
 Wm. H. Collins, Esq. 
 
 On Tuesday, April 2d, Messrs. Gibson & Co., auctioneers, sold 
 at the Exchange the property known as the " Wheatfield Inn," 
 situated on the west side of Howard street, north of Baltimore, 
 now known as the Howard House, fronting 51J feet, with a depth 
 of 140 feet. Purchased by Eobert Garrett and Sons for $25,000. 
 
 The scene throughout the city of Baltimore on Saturday, July 
 13th, the day set for the commencement of the funeral obsequies 
 at Washington to the memory of President Zachary Taylor, who 
 died in Washington, July the 9th, was of the most impressive and 
 solemn character. The deep and mournful tolling of the church 
 and fire bells — the constant booming of distant minute-guns — the 
 waving of craped flags from every prominent point in the city and 
 harbor — the insignia of mourning displayed in front of public 
 houses and stores, all told that our citizens were deeply impressed 
 with the great loss which the nation had sustained in the death of 
 that brave and good old man. Gen. Zachary Taj'lor, and that they 
 were resolved to sanctify his memory in their hearts' warmest af- 
 fections. The day will long be remembered as one of unusual 
 solemnity in Baltimore. 
 
 On Saturday, July 13th, about half-past eleven o'clock at night, 
 a fire broke out in the extensive lumber-yard of Mr. John J. Grif- 
 fith, East Falls avenue, which, owing to the dry and combustible 
 
634 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 nature of the material, spread with great rapidity, resulting in one 
 of the most destructive fires that had been witnessed in this city. 
 The wind at the time was blowing quite fresh from the west ; and 
 by the time any of the apparatus could get to work, the whole 
 line of the lumber-yard of Mr. Griffith along the Falls, from Fawn 
 street up, was in one sheet of flame. Soon after the fire spread to 
 the adjoining lumber-yard of Mr. James Harker, working up north- 
 wardly toward the steam saw and planing mill of Mr. H. Herring. 
 Despite the exertions of the firemen, the fire gradually gained upon 
 them, until the entire block from the Falls to President street and 
 from a short distance below Fawn street, including a portion of 
 Messrs. King and Sutton's lumber-yard, and two dw^elling houses 
 belonging to Mr. Richard Cross, up to Stiles street, were in flames. 
 Mr. Herring's saw-mill, through the incessant labors of the firemen, 
 withstood the flames, only a small portion of the building being 
 burnt. As usual at this period, the lumber-yard was set on fire by 
 an incendiaiy. 
 
 On the 20th of July the corner-stone of Grace Church (Protes- 
 tant Episcopal) was laid with the usual ceremonies by the Eev. 
 Dr. Atkinson, assisted by the Rev. Messrs. Killen, Leakin, Pig- 
 gott, Moore, Berger, Stewart and Hall. 
 
 On the 21st ot October the ceremony of laying the corner-stone 
 of a monument to com'memorate the virtues and the noble deeds of 
 the two brave youths, Wells and McComas, who lost their lives in 
 the memorable battle of J^Jorth Point, was performed under the 
 most favorable auspices. Governor Thomas laid the stone, being 
 escorted to the ground by the militia and various civic societies of 
 the city. Rev. Henry Slicer followed with an eloquent prayer, 
 after which Col.B. U. Campbell was introduced to the assemblage, 
 and proceeded to deliver an oration full of eloquence and replete 
 with interest. 
 
 After long expectation, the great songstress Jenny Lind arrived 
 in this city on theSlh of December. In anticipation of her arrival, 
 several thousand persons had assembled at the depot and Barnum's 
 to get a sight of her. During the afternoon and evening she was 
 waited upon by a number of ladies, receiving all in a graceful 
 manner. At night she was serenaded by the " Independent Greys 
 Band." The announcement that the tickets, or rather seats, for 
 the first concert would be disposed of at auction, drew an immense 
 crowd at the Front Street Theatre, the place of sale. About ten 
 o'clock Mr. Gibson, of the firm of Gibson and Co., auctioneers, 
 mounted a stand in the centre of the stage and announced that 
 the sale would now commence, and proceeded to state the terms. 
 The price of tickets of admission to all parts of the house had been 
 fixed at ^3. The first choice was now put up : "What's bid for 
 the first choice?" A breathless silence prevailed for a moment, 
 and then was heard a first voice say "ten dollars;" 820, $30, and 
 ^40 followed in quick succession. 650 was then bid ; and after 
 
CHBO^ICLES OF BALTIMORE. 535 
 
 being dwelt upon for several minutes, was raised to seventy-five. 
 One hundred followed quickl}^, and at this price the seat was 
 knocked down to the bidder, Mr. J. H. Whitehurst, the well-known 
 " daguerreotypist." The announcement brought from the house 
 " three cheers for Whitehurst ! " and cries of " show him up ! " But 
 Mr. W. was not present, having been represented by an agent. 
 The aggregate amount of the sales, including price of tickets and 
 premiums, reached $12,000; average price of the tickets was about 
 $7. On the night of the concert, the scene within the theatre was 
 one beyond the power of description. Every nook and corner 
 where a man could stand was filled, just room enough being left 
 on the stage for the orchestra and the fair Nightingale. A more 
 brilliant audience — -more beauty and fashion — never assembled 
 within the walls of any building in this city. The doors were 
 opened at six o'clock, and the crowd commenced pouring in in a 
 continuous stream till 8, the time for the commencement of the 
 concert. Front street was blocked up with carriages, omnibuses, 
 and a dense mass of spectators, so that it was extremely difficult 
 to get near the door. For her fourth and last concert a charge of 
 twelve and a half cents was made at the door for all persons who 
 went into the auction at the theatre to purchase tickets. The re- 
 ceipts of the four concerts were about $60,000, a very snug sum 
 for the singing of some two dozen songs. How much the specu- 
 lators made on them is hard to tell, but it could not be less than one 
 fourth more. 
 
 1851. Archbishop Eccleston, of Baltimore, died at Georgetown 
 on the 22d of April, 1851. Bishop Eccleston was held in the 
 highest esteem, not only by the particular branch of the religious 
 denomination of which he was the honored head, but by the citi- 
 zens generally. He was a prelate of distinguished talents, eminent 
 piety, and great influence. He was born in Kent county iu June, 
 1801, and was therefore nearly fifty years of age. 
 
 On the 15th of September, a meeting of some five or six thous- 
 and persons was held in Monument square to give an expression 
 of the sentiments and feelings of Baltimoreans relative to the 
 recent outrage and murder at Christiana, Pennsylvania. The meet- 
 ing was organized b}' Hon. John H. T. Jerome, president, with a 
 large number of vice-presidents and secretaries. Messrs. Z. Col- 
 lins Lee, Coleman Yellott, Francis Gallagher, Samuel H. Tagart, 
 and Col. George W. Hughes eloquently addressed the meeting. 
 The accounts of the terrible aff'air having reached the city on the 
 12th of September, were briefly this: Mr. Edward Gorsuch, a 
 wealthy, well-known and highly esteemed citizen of the upper part 
 of Baltimore county, residing at Coal Bottom, about 22 miles from 
 the city, on the York road, missed two valuable slaves, and ascer- 
 taining that they had taken refuge at a small town in Lancaster 
 Co., Pa., named Christiana, some 20 miles from Lancaster, deter- 
 mined to proceed thither and repossess himself of them. In com- 
 
636 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 pany with his son Mr. Dickinson Gorsueh, and several of his 
 neighbors, Dr. Pearce, Mr. Nathan [Nelson, Mr. Nicholas Hutch ins, 
 and his nephew, Mr. Joshua Gorsuch, he proceeded to Philadelphia, 
 and there obtaining the services of a deputy United States Marshal, 
 started for the village above-named. They arrived there the next 
 day about daylight, and proceeded to the house of Levi Pownell, 
 where Mr. Gorsuch expected to find his slaves. The house seemed 
 occupied by negroes. Mr. Gorsuch immediately requested his 
 slaves, who looked from the windows, to come down, but they 
 refused, and threw an axe at him. About the same time two 
 white men appeared on horseback, and simultaneously gangs of 
 negroes surrounded the Deputy Marshal and his companions. The 
 blacks then fired and killed Mr. Edward Gorsuch, and desperately 
 wounded his son Dickinson, and slightly wounding Dr. Pearce. 
 Throughout the whole county of Baltimore, as also in this and 
 other parts of the State, the murder created an intense feeling of 
 revenge. 
 
 According to previous announcement, the interesting ceremony 
 of laying the corner-stone of the new hall about being erected by 
 the "Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts," 
 on the site heretofore occupied by the first of the Centre market- 
 houses, took place on the 13th of March, in the presence of a large 
 concourse of citizens. The exercises were commenced by a fervent 
 prayer to the Throne of Grace by the Eev. Dr. Fuller, at the con- 
 clusion of which the building committee, headed by its chairman, ^ 
 Wm. Bailey, Esq., proceeded to lay the corner-stone, the formula 
 used being similar to that used by the Masonic order. Upon the 
 conclusion of this part of the ceremony the band performed the 
 national anthem of Hail Columbia, and Joshua Yansant, Esq., 
 president of the institute, introduced to the audience S. Teackle 
 Wallis, Esq., the orator of the occasion, who proceeded to deliver 
 the address. At the conclusion of Mr. Wallis's address, the pro- 
 ceedings were closed by a prayer and benediction by the Eev. Dr. 
 J. G. Burnap, followed by music from the band. On the 20lh of 
 October the building was opened with a great exhibition, and on 
 the 21st the Hon. Jno. P. Kennedy delivered the annual address 
 to the vast assemblage that thronged the hall in every part. The 
 first pile for this building was driven on Monday, January 13th, 
 and the first stone laid Friday, January 24th, 1851. 
 
 The corner-stone of the House of Eefuge, located at the inter- 
 section of the Frederick Eoad and Gwynn's Falls, was laid with 
 appropriate ceremonies on the 27th of October. A staging was 
 erected near the southwestern corner of the building, which was 
 occupied by Gov. Lowe, Chief Justice Taney of the United States 
 Supreme Court, the Mayor, members of the Council, the choir, and 
 a number of other invited guests. The ceremony was commenced 
 b}^ the choir singing " Before Jehovah's Awful Throne," accom- 
 panied by instrumental music from the Quartezians, consisting of 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 537 
 
 Messrs. J. F. Dix, Andrew Eeese, Jacob Deems, Jr., and H. S. 
 Spillman. The choir was principally from the ilev. Dr. Fuller's 
 church, led by Mr. John Mason. The Rev. Dr. Johns then offered 
 up an eloquent and appropriate praj^er. Gov. Lowe, Mayor 
 Jerome, and Geo. Brown, Esq., president of the House of Refuge, 
 then proceeded to lay the stone. Having returned to the stand, 
 after singing by the choir, Mr. Charles F. Mayer was introduced, 
 and delivered an address which was most eloquent and appro- 
 priate, and was listened to with great interest and satisfaction by 
 the attentive auditory. Rev. J. G. Hamner closed the ceremonies 
 of the afternoon by prayer and benediction. This institution was 
 incorporated February 8th, 1831, and the charter amended March 
 27th, 1850. 
 
 On the l&t of November the interesting ceremony of laying 
 the corner-stone of St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church, on 
 the east side of Care}^ street, between Saratoga and Lexington 
 streets, took place in the presence of about five hundred persons. 
 The Rt. Rev. Bishop Whittingham officiated in person, assisted by 
 twelve of the reverend clergy of this diocese. Rector, Rev. 
 Francis Asbury Baker. The lot on which the church is 
 erected was presented to the congregation by John Glenn, Esq. 
 
 Died, on the 10th of February, Attorney-General George R. 
 Richardson ; and also James Wilson, Esq., of the well-known firm 
 of William Wilson & Sons. 
 
 The New Assembly Rooms, at the corner of Hanover and Lom- 
 'bard streets, were finished in February for Col. John Eager 
 Howard, and were opened on the 5th of March by Madame Annja 
 Bishop with her concert troupe. The shot-tower on South Eutaw 
 street was torn down in March, and the bricks used in the 
 building of five warehouses on the south side of Baltimore street, 
 between Eutaw and Paca streets. 
 
 The corner-stone of the Methodist Episcopal Church situated 
 on the corner of Franklin and Poppleton streets, was laid on Mon- 
 day afternoon, March 24th, with the usual ceremonies. The exer- 
 cises were opened by Rev. A. A. Reese, and concluded by the Rev. 
 I. P. Cook. St. Mark's Protestant Episcopal Church was conse- 
 crated on Thursday morning, July 17th. The Rt. Rev. Bishop Whit- 
 tingham officiated, assisted by the Rev. Mr. McFarland, the pastor 
 of the church. 
 
 In June the Post-Office Department at Washington rented the 
 Exchange building for a post-office, and after expending consider- 
 able means in fitting it up, removed there on Thursday, August 
 2l8t, from the corner of North and Fayette streets. 
 
 A crowd of several hundred persons from Federal Hill paraded 
 through the principal streets of the city on Friday evening, 
 August 29th, with a band of music, accompanied by an old worn- 
 out horse, bearing on his back an efRgj intended to represent the 
 Hon. A. F. Owen, the American consul at Havana. The " pa- 
 
538 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 geant " attracted no little curiosity, and was followed by an im- 
 mense crowd, who finally wended their way back to the Hill, 
 where the effigy was committed to the flames amidst the greatest 
 apparent enthusiasm. These proceedings were caused by the exe- 
 cution of fifty American citizens in Havana for participation in the 
 revolution in Cuba. 
 
 The first annual exhibition of the Maryland Horticultural 
 Society was held in the saloon of Carroll Hall in September. 
 
 The first of the contemplated course of lectures was delivered 
 on Tuesday evening, December 16th, at the hall of the Maryland 
 Institute, by the Hon. Joseph R. Chandler, of Philadelphia. 
 
 During the past five years the number of houses annually 
 erected in the city has been as follows: 1847, 2006 ; 1848, 1920; 
 1849, 1894; 1850, 1827; 1851, 1815. . 
 
 The distinguished Hungarian patriot and exile, Louis Kossuth, 
 arrived in this city on Saturday afternoon, December 27th, and re- 
 ceived one of the most enthusiastic receptions that has ever been 
 extended by the people of Baltimore to any individual since the 
 memorable visit of the great " Friend of America," La Fayette. 
 Notwithstanding the extreme cold, the shocking condition of the 
 streets from ice and snow, and the shortness of the time given for 
 the making of preparations, the great Magyar was greeted by a 
 numerous procession of military and civic associations, constituting 
 a most imposing demonstration of welcome. As soon as the cars 
 arrived bearing Kossuth, he stepped into a barouche by the side of 
 Mayor Jerome and bowed to the people. The carriages were then . 
 put in motion, and bore him to the right of the military. Here 
 the barouche, with the carriages following, halted, whilst the mili- 
 tary escort filed past him in review ; after which the procession 
 moved forward. Kossuth was dressed in a black velvet sack cloak, 
 with full sleeves, and wore a Hungarian hat with black plumes. 
 He stood erect in the carriage by the side of Mayor Jerome, and 
 bowed repeatedly in answer to the cheers that greeted him in his 
 progress at every point. Following Kossuth came a long line of 
 carriages, containing Madame Kossuth, Madame Pulusky and the 
 members of his suite ; the members of the City Council of Balti- 
 more, committee of reception on the part of the citizens, and a 
 delegation from the City Council of Philadelphia, who, together 
 with the sub-committees of reception on the part of the City Coun- 
 cil and of the citizens of Baltimore, accompanied the distinguished 
 guest to this city. On reaching the Eutaw House, Kossuth was 
 escorted to his apartments by Mayor Jerome, and shortly afterwards, 
 in answer to the vociferous calls of the people without, appeared 
 on the portico, and delivered a few remarks. In the evening the 
 Mayor delivered his welcome address to Kossuth in the Maryland 
 Institute ; upon the conclusion of which Kossuth delivered a long 
 and eloquent reply. Adddesses were also delivered by Judge 
 Legrand, Wm. P. Preston, and R. T. Merrick. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 539 
 
 The General Assembly of Maryland, on the 6th of May, incor- 
 porated the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Company. 
 
 1852. The Roman Catholic national council met in this city on 
 the 9th of May, consisting of six archbishops, twenty-seven 
 bishops, and a large number of provincials, superiors, clergymen 
 and seminarians. The Most Rev. Archbishop Hughes preached the 
 opening sermon of the council. 
 
 The Democratic National Convention convened at the hall of 
 the Maryland Institute on the Ist of June, pursuant to appoint- 
 ment, and on the 5th nominated General Franklin Pierce, of New 
 Hampshire, as the Democratic candidate for President, and Wm. 
 R. King, of Alabama, candidate for Vice-President. 
 
 The Whig National Convention assembled in this city on the 
 16th of June, at the hall of the Maryland Institute, and on the 2l8t 
 of June nominated Gen. Winfield Scott, of New Jersey, on the 
 fifty-third ballot as the Whig candidate for President of the United 
 States, and subsequently Wm. A. Graham, of North Carolina, was 
 nominated for Vice-President. On the evening of the 21st, one of 
 the largest and most enthusiastic meetings that ever collected in 
 Monument Square was assembled there, to ratify the Whig nomi- 
 nations made that day. It was estimated that there were 20,000 
 people present. Hon. John H. T. Jerome was chairman. The 
 meeting was addressed by Messrs. Gardner of Alabama, Preston of 
 Virginia, Williams of Kentucky, Yerger of Mississippi, and Gov. 
 Jones of Tennessee. 
 
 On the 29th of June, a telegraphic despatch was received in 
 this city at a quarter before twelve o'clock, announcing the death 
 of the great statesman, orator and patriot, the Hon. Henry Clay, 
 at the National Hotel, Washington city, D. C. Immediately on 
 receipt of this melancholy information the bells commenced tolling, 
 and a gloomy feeling pervaded the community. Flags, draped in 
 mourning, were flung out, and the business men generally promptly 
 resolved to suspend all transactions, and close their respective stores 
 and counting-rooms for the rest of the day. The 1st of Juh^ was 
 indeed a gloomy day in the city ; business was paralyzed, and the 
 .people's whole mind and conversation were turned upon the solemn 
 ceremonies about to take place ; in connection with which, the life 
 and services of the distinguished subject of these solemnities were 
 the engrossing topics of conversation ; men of all parties com- 
 mingled in crowds, and freely joined in expressions of sorrow 
 and deep-felt grief. About six o'clock, the car containing the re- 
 mains of the illustrious statesman reached the outer depot at the 
 corner of Poppleton and Pratt streets, and the coffin containing 
 the remains was removed from the car and placed in a richly- 
 trimmed hearse, and escorted by a large procession of military, &c., 
 to the rotunda of the Exchange, where it was placed upon a beauti- 
 ful catafalque richly dressed with drapery. The lid of the coffin 
 was thrown open, admitting to view, through a glass plate, the face 
 
540 CHKONIOLES OF BA.LTIMORE. 
 
 of the deceased, and thousands of the citizens availed themselves 
 of the opportunity to get a last look at the features of one of the 
 greatest patriots and statesmen that ever lived. On the morning 
 of the 2d the coffin was conveyed out of the Exchange to the 
 hearse, and driven with the escort to the Philadelphia depot. 
 After a short detention the cars moved off, and all that was mortal 
 of Henry Clay had left Baltimore forever. 
 
 On the morning of the 13th of July it began to rain very hard 
 about half-past nine o'clock, and continued to pour down in torrents 
 for the space of an hour and a half. Harford Eun, in the north- 
 eastern section of the city, however, seems to have been the only 
 stream the rapid rising of which caused any considerable destruc- 
 tion of property. The bridge across the run at Broadway, near 
 Gay street, was swept away, and came thundering down the stream, 
 and striking against the bridge which crosses at Bond street, tore 
 it from its fastenings. The current then kept upon its onward 
 course, bearing the bridges upon its bosom, until it got into the 
 midst of a cluster of about a hundred new houses, erected along 
 the line and in the immediate neighborhood of Dallas and Gay 
 streets. The two floating bridges, together with a vast amount of 
 drift-wood, fences, <&c., came in violent contact with the Dallas 
 street bridge, and with a tremendous crash it gave way. Two of 
 the bridges kept on in the current of the stream, and were stranded 
 after floating a short distance ; the other bridge turned oft' from 
 the main channel, and brought up in the midst of the houses above 
 mentioned, and after knocking the sides and corners of two or 
 three of them away, was stayed in its course by actually piercing 
 into one of the houses. The bridges crossing Caroline and Spring 
 streets shared the same fate as those mentioned. Six new houses 
 on Spring street, near Madison, were undermined by the water, 
 gave way, and fell to the ground. A man named Phillips was 
 driving two cows in from the pasture, when the banks of the run 
 overflowed above Broadway. The water swept towards the 
 animals at a rapid rate, and after vainly endeavoring to urge them 
 on, the driver was compelled to abandon them to their fate, and 
 betake himself to flight for his own safety. The cows were over- 
 taken by water and swept off and drowned. At a house in the 
 vicinity of Dallas street, a cradle with a small child in it floated out 
 of the window of the first floor, and was caught as it went surging 
 along by a neighbor, and the child rescued and restored to its 
 parents uninjured. 
 
 The " Loyola College," situated on Calvert, near Madison street, 
 was opened on the 15th of September, and in April, 1853, was 
 raised by the Legislature of Maryland to the rank of a university. 
 The course of studies is that pursued in other colleges of the 
 country, and more particularly of the Society of Jesus. In addi- 
 tion to the fifteen hundred volumes in the students' libraries, the 
 institution possesses a library of twenty thousand volumes, in- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 541 
 
 eluding a valuable collection of rare and interesting works, a gift 
 of the late Eev. James Dolan. 
 
 On the 18th of November, a number of gentlemen connected 
 with the various Evangelical Associations of this city, met in the 
 lecture-room of the First Presbyterian Church, corner of North 
 and Fayette streets. The object of the meeting was to take 
 measures for the formation of a Baltimore City. Young Men's 
 Christian Association. Mr. M. M. Yeakle was called to the chair, 
 and John W. Ball appointed secretary. After a couple of hours 
 spent in a very entertaining discussion, in which a number of rev- 
 erend gentlemen and others participated, a committee of five was 
 appointed, consisting of the Eev. Franklin Wilson, the Eev. Mr. 
 Balton, and Messrs. E. M. Lockwood, Wm. B. Canfield and John 
 C. Bridges, with instructions to take the necessary steps to aid in 
 carrying out the objects of the contemplated association. 
 
 St. Michael's E. C. Church, situated at the corner of Pratt and 
 Eegister streets, was dedicated on Sunday morning, January 11th. 
 The Eight Eev! Archbishop Kenrick officiated. 
 
 The Hon. Judge Upton S. Heath died on Saturday morning, Feb- 
 ruary 21st, in the 67th year of his age. He had been for sixteen 
 years Judge of the District Court of the United States for the 
 district of Maryland, 
 
 The corner-stone of the Baltimore Orphan Asylum, on Strieker 
 street, near Saratoga, was laid on Thursday, June 10th, with appro- 
 priate ceremonies, by Eev. Drs. Fuller, Poisal, and Killen. It was 
 formally opened Thursday, November 10th, 1853. 
 
 A special train containing John Smith Hollins, Mayor-elect, 
 a large number of the members of the City Council, and other in- 
 vited guests, left this city on Friday morning, October 22d, in a 
 special car from Calvert Station, to witness the opening of the 
 Hanover Branch Eailroad. 
 
 The earthly remains of the great tragedian, Junius Brutus 
 Booth, arrived in Baltimore Thursday evening, December 9th, 
 from Louisville, Ky., where he died on the 2d, whilst on his way 
 to this city on a visit to his family. For more than thirty years 
 he was the most popular representative of Shakspeare's characters 
 in this country. Ho was born in London, May 1st, 1796, and made 
 his first apj^earance upon the American stage as a " star " at Peters- 
 burg, Ya., under the management of James H. Caldwell, in 1821, 
 as "Eichard the Third." He resided in this city on Exeter street. 
 
 On Saturday, December 11th, seven prisoners confined in the 
 jail effected their escape. 
 
 1853. In the month of April the Eev. Francis A. Baker resigned 
 the rectorship of the Protestant Episcopal chapel, known as St. 
 Luke's, to connect himself with the Eoman Catholic church. This 
 event created the greatest excitement amongst the congregation 
 over whom Mr. Baker was pastor, they having looked upon him 
 with peculiar feelings of veneration and love from his spotless 
 
 '•r;5^ 
 
542 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Christian character. On the fact being made known to the con- 
 gregation, men and women wept like children. By his change of 
 laith, which came upon him after long deliberation, he certainly 
 had nothing to gain in a worldly point of view. No clergyman in 
 this city enjoyed more thoroughly the love and aifection of his 
 flock than Mr. Baker, and the desertion of the doctrines of the 
 church he had. for a number of years so successfully been teaching, 
 created as great a sensation in the religious community as had 
 occurred in this city for many years. 
 
 On the morning of the 6th of August, Thomas Connor, con- 
 victed of the murder of Capt. Wm. Hutchinson, of Accomac county, 
 Va., in the early part of October, 1852, paid the penalty of his 
 crime by death on the gallows. The ceremony on the gallows was 
 short, consisting of reading a few praj'ers, on the conclusion of 
 which the sheriff and the Rev. Mr. Foley and Eev. Mr. Hickey 
 bade him farewell, and descended ; a few moments after the drop 
 fell. To the horror of all, the rope, which was insufficient to bear 
 the weight of his body, broke, and the miserable man was precipi- 
 tated with considerable force to the ground. He struck the ground 
 on his feet, and fell over on his right side, sustaining, however, 
 very little injury beyond being slightly stunned. The officers 
 gathered around the fallen man and raised him to a sitting posture, 
 when he exclaimed in a full clear tone, " Gentlemen, I am innocent 
 of murder in the first degree." He wept bitterly, saying that he 
 did not wish to live. He begged over and over again to take him 
 "up there" where he just came from. Another rope was pro-' 
 cured, and when all wks fixed the trap fell, and Connor swung in 
 the air, having fallen about three feet. The awful sight was wit- 
 nessed by an immense concourse of men, women and children. It 
 was estimated there were 20,000 persons collected on the vacant 
 lots and the roofs of the surrounding houses, one-third at least of 
 whom were females. On the breaking of the rope a feeling of 
 deep regret pervaded the immense crowd; large numbers, whose 
 curiosity had been fully satisfied by witnessing this awful catas- 
 trophe, returned to their homes without waiting to witness the 
 further execution of the law, whilst some few unfeeling and igno- 
 rant persons commenced shouting and clapping their hands. 
 
 On Thursday, May 5th, the corner-stone of St. Matthew's 
 Lutheran church of this city, on Central avenue, north of Balti- 
 more street, was laid with the usual solemnities and in the presence 
 of a large audience. The ceremonies were conducted by Eev. Mr. 
 Neuhaus, Eev. Mr. Schwartz, Eev. Dr. Benj. Kurtz, Eev. Mr. Siess, 
 Eev. Chas. Weyl, and Eev. Mr. Branden. 
 
 The Hon. John Glenn, Judge of the United States District 
 Court of Maryland, died on Friday, July 8th, at his country seat, 
 near Catonsville. During his short career upon the bench, hia 
 decisions were marked with an ability and impartiality that gave 
 universal satisfaction. The Hon. Wm. Fell Giles was appointed 
 to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Glenn. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 543 
 
 Loudon Park Cemetery was dedicated Thursday, July 14th. 
 Charles F. Mayer, Esq., delivered the opening address. 
 
 Considerable excitement was raised in this city in July, occa- 
 sioned by Mayor HoUins prohibiting " Blind Johnny " to preach 
 in the market houses. A mass-meeting was held in Monument 
 square, and addresses were delivered by a large number of citizens. 
 A committee was appointed requesting the Mayor to resign, who 
 declined. 
 
 The first "Know-Nothing" mass meeting was held in Monu- ,, . 
 ment square on Thursday evening, August 18th, and was attended Lr 
 by nearly 5000 persons. 
 
 The corner-stone of the Union Square Methodist Episcopal 
 church was laid on Tuesday, September 20th, with appropriate 
 ceremonies, in which the llevs. T. B. Sergeant, A. A. Reed, John 
 Bear, and Isaac P. Cook were engaged. 
 
 The corner-stone of St. Ignatius Koman Catholic church was 
 laid on Sunday, September 25th, before a large assemblage of 
 persons. The ceremonies were conducted by Archbishop Kenrick. 
 
 The corner-stone of the Second Baptist church was laid on 
 Monday, October 3d, the ceremonies being conducted by the Eevs. 
 Geo. F. Adams, Williams, Simpson, and Fuller. 
 
 1854. Nathan Towson was born in Baltimore County in 1784, 
 and was appointed Captain in the second regiment of artillery in 
 March, 1812. In a few days after his appointment he gathered 
 around him in Towsontown, a brave band of his fellow country- 
 men, whose hearts beat in sympathy with his own, and then and 
 there was organized that company which soon afterwards carried 
 terror into the enemy's ranks, all along the Canada frontier. He 
 aided Lieutenant Elliott, of the navy, in capturing the Caledonian 
 and Detroit, two British vessels, from under the very guns of Fort 
 Erie in October, 1812, and for his gallant conduct upon this occa- 
 sion he was breveted a Major. We must pass over the other con- 
 tests in which he was honorably engaged ; his services at Queens- 
 town, his brave defence of Black Eock, his gallantry displayed 
 at the capture of Fort George, at the defence of Fort Erie and at 
 Stony Creek. In Fort Erie a bastion was named in his honor, after 
 the Americans took possession of it early in July, 1814. But there 
 were two engagements during that war which the pen of Ameri- 
 can history should ever delight to record — for they covered the 
 American name with glory, and first taught our vaunting enemy 
 that there still existed among our countrymen the same undaunted 
 bravery which they had displayed forty years before, at Saratoga, 
 Eutaw, and Yorktown. It was on the afternoon of a hot summer 
 day, the 5th of July, 1814, upon an open plain on the Canada 
 shore, that the glorious battle of Chippewa was fought. There 
 nineteen hundred Americans, under the heroic Scott, met in close 
 encounter, and vanquished tw^enty-one hundred of the best regu- 
 lars of the British army. The only artillery under Scott's com- 
 
544 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 mand was the company of Towson ; and throughout that fierce 
 engagement its guns poured upon the enemy's ranks a constant 
 Btorm of canister, which mowed them down like grass, and mate- 
 rially contributed to their final defeat. Gen. Wilkinson, writing 
 an account of this battle, says: "A warm, close, and bloody conflict 
 of small arms and field artillery ensued, in which it was the good 
 fortune of the gallant Towson to silence the enemy's chief battery. 
 The oblique attack of the artilh^ry and the perpendicular fire of 
 the American line were insupportable, and valorous troops yielded 
 the palm and retreated precipitately, leaving their killed and 
 wounded on the field. Here, as at Minden, the fate of the day was 
 settled by the artillery ; and the American Towson may deservedly 
 be ranked with the British Phillips, Drummond, and Foy." For 
 his conduct upon this occasion he was breveted Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 Three weeks afterwards, amid the roar and almost within the spray 
 of the mighty cataract of Niagara, was fought the memorable battle 
 of Lundy's Lane — except Buena Yista, the bloodiest and most des- 
 perate ever iought by an American army against a foreign enemy. 
 From sunset until alter midnight the hostile ranks were closely 
 mingled together in the murderous struggle, which left upon the 
 field, killed or wounded, nearly one-fourth of their whole numbers. 
 Among the American forces were found Brown and Scott and 
 Bipley, and Jessup, Miller, and Worth ; and there, too, in the very 
 thickest of the fight, was the brave Towson, pouring leaden death 
 upon the foe. A continued sheet of flame marked the presence of 
 his artillery, known then and ever after as "Towson's Light- 
 House." The oflScial dispatch of the commanding ofiicer says : 
 " Towson's company was the first and last engaged, and during 
 the whole conflict maintained that high character which they had " 
 previously won by their skill and valor." Both of his Lieutenants 
 and twentj^-seven of his thirty-six men were either killed or 
 wounded upon the spot. Speaking of his conduct upon another 
 occasion, General Eipley said : " I cannot refrain from adverting 
 to the manner in which Captain Towson's artillery was served ; I 
 have never seen it equalled. This officer has so distinguished him- 
 self, that to say simply that he is in action is a volume of eulogium; 
 the army only to be informed he is there, by a spontaneous assent 
 are at once satisfied that he has performed well his part. I have 
 no idea that there is an artillery officer in any service superior to 
 him in the knowledge and performance of his duty." He was re- 
 tained in the service at the close of the war, and was made Pay- 
 master-General in 1819. In 1834 he was breveted Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral ; and for his distinguished services in the Mexican war he was 
 breveted Major-General in March, 1849. He died in Washington 
 city on the 20th of July, 1854, at the age of seventy years. His 
 remains lie interred on a pleasant slope in Oak Hill Cemetery, 
 Georgetown, District of Columbia, by the side of those of his wife. 
 General Nathan Towson is now no more, but his gallant achieve- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 545 
 
 ments will not be forgotten. His native State and county will 
 never cease to remember with pride that his is one of the most 
 glorious names which ever adorned the rolls of the American 
 army. 
 
 In May Mayor HoUins gave his approval to the ordinance 
 authorising the purchase or lease of the square of ground bounded 
 by Fayette, Lexington, Holliday, and North streets, for the erec- 
 tion of a new City Hall. The terms of the lease were that the city 
 was to issue stock to Messrs. Brown and White, the owners, to the 
 amount of $104,000, bearing six per cent, interest, redeemable at 
 the pleasure of the Mayor and City Council. There was also a 
 further ground rent upon the lot of $180 per annum, making the 
 total cost in fee $107,000. The city was not to take possession until 
 the year 1858. 
 
 5^ One of the most terrible railroad accidents that ever transpired 
 in our country took place on Tuesday afternoon, July 4th, 1854, on 
 the Baltimove and Susquehanna Eailroad, by which over thirty 
 persons were killed and nearly one hundred wounded, some of 
 them slightly. The scene of the accident was a curve of the road 
 about midway between the Eelay House and Eider's Grove, at 
 which latter spot the " Grand American Celebration " took place. 
 It was doubtless the largest 4th of July celebration ever held in 
 the neighborhood of Baltimore, the assemblage amounting, it was 
 estimated, to about ten thousand persons. The Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence was read by Wm. P. Preston, and addresses were de- 
 livered by a number of other gentlemen. Three trains full of 
 ladies and gentlemen with children left our city during the day to 
 participate in the celebration. Eeturning, one of the trains left for 
 Baltimore at two o'clock, another started at five, and the third, to 
 which the accident occurred, at about fifteen minutes later. It 
 seems that the accommodation train for York with four passenger 
 cars attached, under the direction of Wm. Scott, conductor, started 
 on its way up shortly before 5 o'clock, instructed to lay off at 
 Green Spring Switch until one of the excursion trains should pass. 
 This he did, and the second return train passed as directed. The 
 accommodation train then started, and, dreadful to relate, an ex- 
 cursion train from the Grove had also started. They met about 
 three-quarters of a mile above the Eelay House, at the turn of an 
 abrupt switch, and came together with a fearful crash. About half 
 a dozen cars were crushed and shivered to atoms, and a large 
 number of their unhappy inmates either killed upon the spot or 
 dreadfully injured.' The scene was described as harrowing to the 
 last degree. Several of those killed and wounded were so caught 
 in the wreck of the broken cars that they could not be released 
 for a considerable time. Axes and crow-bars were brought into 
 requisition, and those alive and unhurt made superhuman efforts 
 for their relief. An eye-witness says : " The scene, as first pre- 
 sented, was altogether the most horrible we ever witnessed, and 
 ^ 35 
 
546 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 we hope never to see again. On both sides of the wreck, turn 
 which way you would, there lay the inanimate and stiffening 
 forms of those who were so lately breathing as freely as ourselves. 
 Some had their arms crossed upon their breasts by friendly hands, 
 and most had their straw-hats placed over their ghastly faces. The 
 wounded cried continually for water — 'Water!' The physicians 
 on the ground labored indefatigably for the relief of the suiferers ; 
 and, for lack of materials, used slats from the car-windows for 
 splints, and for bandages shreds of shirts, drawers, their own hand- 
 kerchiefs, and in several cases extra skirts handed over by the 
 ladies." Immediately upon the authorities at Calvert Station 
 being informed of the disaster, they despatched assistance to the 
 spot. The train with the survivors and the killed and wounded 
 came in at half-past twelve o'clock. The scene at the depot was 
 harrowing in the extreme. An immense crowd of those who had 
 friends and relatives at the Grove was assembled, and the state of 
 terrible suspense was painful to behold. Wives and mothers, 
 brothers and sisters, ran up and down the platform, eagerly ques- 
 tioning as to the killed and wounded; anxious, yet dreading the reply 
 which might inform them of the melancholy fate of some one near 
 or dear. The bodies were taken out of the car where they had 
 been placed piled one upon another, presenting a ghastly spectacle, 
 and laid upon the platform, where inquests were held over them by 
 Coroners Stevens and Goldsmith. Most of them had been instantly 
 killed by the crash, some of them being horribly crushed and muti- 
 lated in a manner to sicken the beholder of the spectacle. The 
 wounded were made as easy as possible ; and, in most of the cases, 
 their friends were at the depot, and had them immediately 
 removed. 
 
 One of the most destructive fires with which our city has been 
 visited broke out shortly before 12 o'clock on Thursday night, 
 October 19th. It is supposed that the fire originated in the 
 engine-room of Crook & Duffs sash factory, on East Falls avenue, 
 near Stiles street. Owing to the inflammable nature of the con- 
 tents of the establishment, the flames spread with a fierceness and 
 rapidity that defied all eff'orts made for their suppression, and the 
 factory was soon reduced to a heap of smouldering ruins, together 
 with a large amount of ready-made work. The extensive steam 
 works and sash factory of Messrs. Lapourelle & Maughlin, nearly 
 adjoining, on the corner of Stiles street and East Falls avenue was, 
 next reduced to ruins, together with all the machinery, ready-made 
 work, &c. The lumber-yard of Griffith & Cate, with the extensive 
 stock on hand, was also completely destroyed. Five dwelling 
 houses, extending from President street to a court in the rear, were 
 also burnt out. The fire also communicated to the rear of James 
 Bates' establishment, also a vessel-load of coal belonging to him 
 was consumed, with fixtures, hoisting-wheels, &c. The spice-mill 
 of Crawford & Berry, the coal office of Mr. Cliff, cooper-shop of 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 547 
 
 Mr. John Causin, and several tenement houses occupied by colored 
 people, were burnt out, as also were several sheds, &c. The fire 
 department was promptly on the spot and did all that could be 
 done to quench the flames, but owini; to the large piles of lumber 
 on the wharf of the Falls, great difficulty was experienced in ob- 
 taining water. At one time it was feared that the conflagration 
 would sweep the whole of that section of the city, the flames being 
 dashed about in huge masses, and the roofs of many of the houses 
 that actually escaped material damage showing symptoms of soon 
 being given up to the devouring element from flakes of fire that 
 had fallen upon them, or from the intense heat of the burning 
 buildings, lumber, coal, &c. 
 
 On the afternoon of Saturday, December 9th, another destruc- 
 tive fire broke out in the warehouse of J. McGowan & Sons on 
 Baltimore street, one door east of Paca, and before the flames 
 could be arrested seven large warehouses were destroyed, besides 
 which three others were injured to a very great extent, inflicting 
 a loss estimated at $200,000. The stores were occupied by Messrs. 
 J. McGowan & Sons, wholesale grocery and liquors, Messrs. Knabe 
 & Grahle, piano manufacturers, Messrs. Mills & Bro., stoves and 
 tinware, Messrs. Newsham & Co., iron-railing manufacturers, 
 Messrs. Mills & Murray, feed store, Messrs. Rothrock and Peacock, 
 tinners and roofers, Mr. Caspear, cedar-cooper, Mr. E. P. Osier, 
 cedar-cooper. On Paca street the stores of Messrs. Kahler and 
 Smith were also on fire. At one time it was feared that the 
 Eutaw House would be destroyed, but the employees well saturated 
 the roof with water, and thus prevented the disaster that might 
 otherwise have ensued. 
 
 The corner-stone of the First Constitutional Presbyterian 
 church, situated on the corner of Greene and German streets, was 
 laid on the afternoon of Tuesday, May 2d, Rev. John C. Smith 
 officiating. Addresses were delivered by Rev. A. H. Boyd, Rev. 
 Thomas A. Brainard, and Rev. B. Sunderland ; Rev. Mr. McCain 
 offering the benediction. This church was dedicated Sunday, July 
 8th, 1855. The ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the Ger- 
 man Methodist Episcopal church on Broadway, took place on 
 Monday, June 5th. The corner-stone of the Franklin Square 
 Baptist church was laid on Tuesday, September 12th, with appro- 
 priate religious ceremonies. Addresses were delivered by Rev. J. 
 W. M. Williamson and Rev. Dr. Fuller. 
 
 Judge John Purviance, the contemporary of Harper, Pinkney, 
 Wirt, and Taney, and frequently their colleague in the important 
 cases of the day, died in September, in his 8l8t year. 
 
 1855. On Saturday, May 26th, a very destructive fire broke 
 out between seven and eight o'clock, at which time the bells 
 sounded an alarm, and the firemen promptly repaired to the scene 
 ^ disaster, but were unable, in consequence of the great headwaj^ 
 the fire had gained, to subdue it until four large warehouses, to- 
 
s/ 
 
 548 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 gether with their contents, had fallen a prey, and several others, 
 with the stock in then), considerably damaged. The fire originated 
 in the cellar of the wholesale clothing warehouse of Messrs. 
 Duiley, Massey & Maupin, Baltimore street, one door east of 
 Howard. The flames next communicated to the houses occupied 
 by Messrs. Devries, Stephens & Thomas, wholesale dry goods 
 merchants, on the corner of Baltimore and Howard streets, then 
 to Norris, Caldwell & Co., grocers, and Messrs. Fisher, Boyd & Co. 
 On Howard street the stores of Messrs. Mayer & Brother, John 
 Gushing, and Mr. Enoch Bennett were greatly damaged, if not 
 completely ruined. 
 
 The Union Protestant Infirmary was opened on Mondaj^, 
 January 8th, for the first time, with religious ceremonies, the Eevs. 
 Franklin Wilson, Mr. Hoge, Dr. Fuller, Williams, and Edwards 
 officiating. 
 
 The trial of, the steam fire-engine " Miles Greenwood," built in 
 Cincinnati for the corporation of Boston, came off on Thursday, 
 February 2d. This was the first steam fire-engine in this city. 
 
 The "Emanuel Church" was dedicated on Thursday, March 
 8th. The dedicatory sermon was preached by Eev. John Johns, 
 Bishop of Virginia. The following reverend gentlemen partici- 
 pated : Rev. Dr. H. Y. D. Johns, Eev. Dr. Cox, Eev. Mr. Swope, 
 and the Eight Eev. W. E. Whittingham. Col. Bernard U. Camp- 
 bell, of the Baltimore branch of Brown, Brothers & Co., of London, 
 died in 'this city on Friday, April 27th. 
 
 The most disgraceful riot on the part of firemen that had oc- 
 curred within the city since the riots of 1838, transpired on Satur- 
 day night, August 18th, 1855. It appears that the New Market 
 fire company, in colleague with the United, had formed a plot 
 whereby they designed giving the Mount Vernon Hook and Ladder 
 company a severe thrashing, and accordingly the bell of the New 
 Market sounded an alarm of fire at ten o'clock on that night, and 
 the members ran with the apparatus in a northerly direction. 
 Upon returning, the New Market fell in behind the Hook and 
 Ladder at the corner of Franklin and Park streets, when bricks 
 were thrown at them. This continued until the companies reached 
 Lerew's alley, where pistols were fired and a skirmish of short 
 duration ensued ; after which they proceeded along Franklin street, 
 until about midway between Howard and Eutaw streets, the Hook 
 and Ladder ahead and New Market following. At this juncture 
 the United turned out of Eutaw street into Franklin, immediately 
 in front of the Hook and Ladder company, and the onslaught 
 commenced upon them from the front and rear. Pistols were fired, 
 bricks thrown, and axes, picks and hooks used in the most des- 
 perate manner. Life seemed to have little valuation to those con- 
 cerned. The Hook and Ladder company, however, thus hemmed 
 in, with the aid of the police fought until their assailants were glad 
 to scamper off. Daring the melee two men were mortally wounded, 
 and a greater number severely. 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 549 
 
 Hon. William Frick, Judge of the Superior Court, died at the , 
 Warm Sulphur Springs, Ya., on Sunday, July 29th, aged 65 years. /"^ 
 The deceased spent a large portion of his life in prominent public 
 positions, the duties and responsibilities of which had been dis- 
 charged in a manner highly acceptable to those by whom they had 
 been delegated. His first public position, after several years' suc- 
 cessful practice in the courts of this State, was as State Senator 
 from this city, that being succeeded by the office of collector of 
 this port, under the administration of Martin Van Buren. He was 
 subsequently appointed Judge of the Baltimore county courts by 
 the late Ex-Governor P. F. Thomas, which place he held until the 
 adoption of the new constitution, when he was chosen by his fellow- 
 citizens as the first Judge of the Superior Court of this city, which 
 post he honorably filled to the date Of his death. 
 
 1856, This city was visited by a violent storm of wind and [ y : 
 rain on the night of Wednesday, August 13th. It was a veritable 
 tornado, leaving very visible traces of its passage by the destruc- 
 tion it occasioned, which was not less than $100,000. At the 
 corner of Madison a»d Calvert street a row of four-story brick 
 houses in course of erection by Mr. Michael Roach were struck by 
 lightning, and four of them almost totally ruined. The roofs of 
 warehouses of the following gentlemen were blown off: Mr. Solo- 
 mon King, Mr. Larrabee, Mr. George, Kensett <fe AVheeler, Middle- 
 ton k Dorsey, David T. Bayly, Love, Martin & Co., Montel & Bro., 
 William Crane & Sons, and J. Lyie Clark & Co. There were nu- 
 merous instances of minor damages throughout the city : signs 
 were blown down, awnings torn to atoms, telegraph-poles pros- 
 trated, window-glass broken, tre^ torn up, all attesting the mighty 
 force exerted by the wind. 
 
 On the 12th of September a bloody and disgraceful riot took \ a 
 place at the Seventeenth Ward House, kept by James Clark, on \ 
 Light street, nearly opposite Warren. The house was attacked 
 by the "Eip-Rap" and " Wampanoag " Clubs, and then com- 
 menced a bloody and desperate affray, which will long be re- 
 membered as one of the most bloodthirsty ruffianisms of the times. 
 The streets where the contest took place presented the appearance 
 as if cart-loads of bricks had been strewn about. Women were 
 running about looking for their husbands and brothers, and the 
 curiosity which attracted many to the scene was the occasion 
 of many being wounded. During the melee one man was killed 
 and some twenty badly wounded, some of them fatally. This reck- 
 less and sanguinary fusilade continued for nearly half an hour, when 
 the police gradually dispersed the crowd and the firing ceased. 
 
 Baltimore was again disgraced by another such scene of vio- 
 lence and blood, which occurred on Wednesday, the 8th of October, 
 being the election for Maj^or and City Council, when Mr^JOhomas 
 Swann was elected Mayor by 1575 majority over Mr. Robert C. ly 
 Wright. About 12 o'clock a desperate struggle took place between r 
 
550 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 the " Rip-Rap " Club and the Kew Market Fire Company in the 
 Lexington Market, which was a bloody and protracted battle. The 
 firing was as regular as if it were by platoons. A great many 
 persons were wounded and carried from the ground, and the drug 
 Bhops near the scene of action were filled with the wounded and 
 dying. The New Market Company were driven from the market- 
 house and dispersed. Their engine-house was entered by the 
 >/ " Rip-Eaps " and found deserted, which they sacked. Disturbances 
 broke out in various parts of the city, but none equalled that 
 which we have mentioned. 
 
 The " Exchange Buildings " were sold to the United States 
 Government in February for $267,000, and the old " First Presby- 
 terian Church," situated at the northwest corner of North and 
 Fayette streets, for $50,000. ' 
 
 The dedication of the Red Men's Hall on Paca street took 
 place on Wednesday, September lOtb. The ceremonies were con- 
 ducted by William G. Gorsuch, Louis Bonsai, Isaac Petit, E. H. 
 Reip, George W. Lindsay, William H. Hayward, Samuel Meeking, 
 and Howard Meixsell. R. Stockett Matthews, the orator of the 
 day, delivered an exceedingly appropriate and beautifully couched 
 oration. 
 
 The " Old Line Whigs" National Convention met at the Mary- 
 land Institute on AVednesday. September 17th, and endorsed Mil- 
 lard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson as their candidates 
 for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency of the United States. 
 / Our city, on the 4th of November, was again made the theatre 
 / of the most prolonged and desperate rioting. Armed and organ- 
 ized associations, belonging to both political parties, resorted to 
 firearms, with which they were liberally provided, and fought with 
 ferocious and daring recklessness. Individual combats and minor 
 affrays occurred at a number of polls, but the most serious took 
 place in the vicinity of the second and eighth ward polls. In both 
 of these riots eight persons were killed and about 150 were 
 wounded. During the morning there was considerable ill-feeling 
 displayed at the second ward polls, but up to three o'clock no seri- 
 ous disturbance occurred. At that hour a furious fight broke out, 
 said to have originated from a stone being thrown into the crowd 
 surrounding the window. Pistols were immediately drawn and 
 fired by both parties. The Democrats drove the Know-Nothings 
 from the polls and up High street. The alarm was carried to the 
 fourth ward polls, and a strong body of Know-Nothings started 
 from there. In the vicinity of the second ward polls they were 
 met and driven back. Further reinforcements were then received 
 and the battle renewed. A good proportion of both parties by this 
 time were provided with muskets, whilst others used pistols, and 
 others skirmished with knives and clubs. Both parties fought with 
 determination, and in many instances exposed themselves with the 
 most reckless disregard of danger. The battle-ground was spread 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 551 
 
 over portions of Fawn, Stiles, Exeter and High streets, and Eastern 
 Avenue, and the spectacle presented was a terrible and revolting 
 one. As either party gained a temporary advantage, men would 
 be seen running, with others shooting at them; the wounded were 
 limping off and being carried away by their companions, whilst 
 others begrimed with smoke and powder, and in some cases 
 covered with blood, still kept up the fight, now firing singly and 
 then again in volleys. In the surrounding neighborhood the ut- 
 most degree of excitement and consternation prevailed. Children 
 were hastily gathered, the houses closed, and the occupants in 
 many instances sought their garrets and cellars to be out of harm's 
 way. The Democrats were finally overpowered, driven away from 
 the polls, and retreated, still fighting, down Eastern Avenue. In 
 the neighborhood of the Causeway they again made a stand, and 
 there a guerilla warfare, carried on from the alleys and street 
 corners, continue4 for more than an hour. About 3 o'clock in the 
 afternoon a report was brought to the police stationed at the 
 eighth ward, that there was fighting at the sixth ward, and 
 assistance was asked to quell it. The police started, and with 
 them several hundred of the crowd assembled around the polls, 
 who in a few moments were armed with muskets, and ac- 
 companied by two gangs of boys, each dragging small brass 
 cannon on wheels. They passed along the side of the Belair 
 market, and towards Orleans street, when they were met by a con- 
 course of equally as wild infuriated men and youths, armed with 
 muskets and pistols. A fight then commenced, the eighth ward 
 Democrats taking shelter in the market-house, and the sixth and 
 seventh ward Know-Nothings firing from the fish-market and the 
 corner of Orleans street. They finally rallied on the eighth ward 
 party and drove them up through the market, accompanied by 
 perfect volleys of musketry and the occasional discharge of a swivel. 
 The fighting through the market was continued with but little in- 
 termission up to dark, when both parties retired. The scene in 
 the vicinity of the Belair market was of the most sanguinary char- 
 acter throughout the afternoon. At times one party would appa- 
 rently obtain the better of the other, and they continued to drive 
 each other back and forward through the market-house. The 
 sixth ward party were reinforced shortly after the battle com- 
 menced by a detachment of the seventh ward and other Know- 
 Nothing clubs, who brought with them a small cannon on wheels. 
 The Democrats got possession of this cannon at one time, and were 
 about carrying it oif, when it upset and the cannon fell off the 
 wheels. Whilst the fight was going on in the Belair market, word 
 was sent to the central station for aid. High constable Herring, 
 deputy Brashears, and Sergeant Tayman, with a squad of twenty 
 men, repaired to the scene. On arriving at the market they found 
 the eighth warders with a cannon in position preparing to fire. They 
 attempted to take possession of the piece, but were immediately 
 
552 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 surrounded by an infuriated crowd armed with muskets. They at- 
 tempted to make arrests, but were foiled by the number and fierce- 
 ness of the assailants, but succeeded, however, in carrying off the 
 cannon. 
 
 1857. On Friday evening, January 30th, George Peabody, Esq., 
 was received at the rooms of the Maryland Historical Society, 
 where he met with much of the cultivation and refinement of the 
 city, and was entertained by a sumptuous banquet provided with 
 the most lavish hand. On Monday evening he met another wel- 
 come at the Maryland Institute — embracing all classes and all 
 phases of our business and social life, with its large and expanding 
 popular usefulness. The Mayor and members of the City Council, 
 and other city officers, and a large number of distinguished citizens, 
 were present. 
 
 Mr. Robert Garrett, the aged and highly esteemed citizen, of 
 the mercantile house of Robert Garrett and Sons, died suddenly 
 with apoplexy at the Eutaw House on Tuesday morning, Febru- 
 ary 3d, in the 74th year of his age. In all relations of his life he 
 was regarded as an exemplary Christian, kind-hearted, and liberal 
 in cases of distress amongst the poor, and ever willing to extend a 
 helping hand to those of his fellow-merchants requiring it from the 
 vicissitudes frequently accompanying a mercantile life. 
 
 In a letter from Mr. Geo. Peabody to the trustees for the estab- 
 lishment of an institute in the city of Baltimore, dated February 
 12th, 1857, he donates $300,000 for the purpose. The gentlemen 
 named by Mr. George Peabody as the trustees of the institute he 
 has so munificently endowed, met together on Thursday, the 19th 
 of February, and twenty -four out of the twenty -five signified their 
 acceptance of the trust, as will* be seen by the following letter : 
 
 " Baltimore, February 19^A, 1857. 
 ^' To George Peabody, Esq. 
 
 " Sir : — The undersigned acknowledge the receipt of your letter 
 addressed to us on the twelfth of this month, and with a grateful 
 sense of this evidence of your confidence and regard, accept the 
 office of receivers and dispensers of the munificent fund which you 
 therein dedicate to the erection and endowment of an institute in 
 the city of Baltimore. On behalf of those for whom this great 
 benefaction is designed, we offer you most cordial thanks, with 
 our admiration of the noble and generous heart which could con- 
 ceive and execute so comprehensive a scheme for the improvement 
 and gratification of thousands unknown and unborn. We will en- 
 deavor to manifest a just appreciation of our obligations to you, by 
 prompt and unremitted efforts to carry out the views and sugges- 
 tions contained in your letter. And we earnestly hope you may be 
 permitted for many coming years to have the satisfaction of wit- 
 nessing the accomplishment of all you propose and desire in found- 
 i:)g so splendid a monument of enlightened philanthropy and 
 patriotism. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 553 
 
 "John M. Gordon, Samuel "W. Smith, Chauncey Brooks, Wm. 
 F. Murdoch, Enoch Pratt, J. Mason Campbell, Geo. W. Brown, 
 Galloway Cheston, Geo. P. Tiffany, Charles Bradenbaugh, Edward 
 M. Greenway, Jr., Wm. C. Shaw, Wm. E. Mayhew, John P. Ken- 
 nedy, Chas. J. M. Eaton, Thomas S_wann,^ eorge Brown, John B. 
 Morris, S. Owings Hoffman, G. W. Burnap, Wm. D.: HU C. Wright, 
 Josiah Pennington, Wm. McKim, David S. Wilson." 
 
 Mr. Peabody also named Mr. Wm. Prescott Smith, but he de- 
 clined. 
 
 Mr. Moses Sheppard died in the city of Baltimore on the 1st of 
 February, aged 84 years. He has transmitted his name to posterity, 
 and enshrined his memory in the hearts of all who cherish a regard 
 for afflicted humanity, by his munificent gift that founded" the 
 asylnm for indigent insane which bears his name. This institution 
 is located about one mile from Towsontown, between the York and 
 Charles street roads. There are three hundred and seventy acres 
 of ground attached to it. The building is 375 feet front, built of 
 stone and brick, and will amply accommodate one hundred and 
 fifty patients. The far-seeing mind of its founder directed that 
 nothing of its endowment should be used in its construction or 
 management except the interest. This amount is about thirty- 
 five thousand dollars per annum, the appraised value of the 
 estate being about $560,000. The grounds cost $65,000. The 
 board of trustees, to whom the management of this fund and the 
 erection of the institution are committed, consists of J. Saurin 
 Norris, president ; D. M. Perine, E. H. Townsend, Dr. Wm. Riley, 
 Gerard T. Hopkins, Wm. H. Graham, and Gerard H. Reese. 
 
 In accordance with previous notice, the remains of the late Dr. 
 Elisha Kent Kane, the universally lamented explorer of the Arctic 
 regions, and intrepid soldier in the war with Mexico, arrived in our 
 city on the morning of the 10th of March from Wheeling, in charge 
 of the committee of reception on the part of the membership of 
 the Maryland Institute. At half-past three o'clock the body was 
 removed from the hall at Camden Station, and placed upon a caisson 
 belonging to the artillery of Fort McHenry, and the line of pro- 
 cession taken up along Eiitaw street to Baltimore, and thence to 
 the Maryland Institute. The streets began to fill at an early hour, 
 along the line which the procession was to take, and before two 
 o'clock Baltimore street, from the Institute to Eutaw street, and 
 from Eutaw street to the Camden depot, was crowded with a dense 
 mass of human beings, filling the sidewalks and the doors and 
 windows, and even the roofs of the houses. It seemed as if the 
 whole population had been poured forth to testify by their presence 
 their homage to departed worth. There was a general suspension 
 of business and closing of the stores on the streets through which 
 the procession was to pass, and many of the houses and stores were 
 draped in mourning, and flags displaj'ed at half-mast throughout 
 the city. The solemn tolling of the bells, and the booming of 
 
554 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 cannon at intervals, added to the impressiveness of the occasion. 
 On arriving at the Institute, the sarcophagus was conveyed to the 
 large hall, and placed upon a suitable platform erected in the centre 
 of the apartment, appropriately draped in black, with a United 
 States flag at each corner dressed in mourning. After the pro- 
 cession was dismissed, the Independent Greys mounted guard over 
 the bier, and the hall remained open until a late hour; and during 
 that time was visited by a great number of persons. The body 
 was taken to Philadelphia the next day in charge of a Baltimore 
 committee, accompanied by the Philadelphia and other committees. 
 A few minutes after eight o'clock on the evening of the 14th of 
 April, the bell of the Mechanical company sounded an alarm of 
 fire'due west, and upon repairing of the companies in the direc- 
 tion pointed, it was found that the large and handsome five-story 
 warehouses Nos. 37, 39, and 41 South Charles, a few doors north 
 of Lombard street, had been set on fire, and were burning briskly. 
 Flames were first seen illumining the windows near the stairway 
 which runs sideway of the buildings, and owing to the large 
 quantity of inflammable material, the three houses soon became 
 enveloped in flames. The fire communicated from the rear of the 
 stores on Charles street to the large four-story iron store of E. L. 
 Parker & Co., on Lombard street, which, with its contents, was 
 entirely destroyed. The fire then spread to the three-story stores 
 east of Parker's building. The first store was occupied by Hodges 
 & Emack, hardware merchants, the next by Hanly & Bansemer, 
 as a wholesale grocery, and the third by Gilpin, Bailey & Canby, 
 as a wholesale drug store. They were entirely consumed, with 
 their contents. A small two-story building, between Parker's and 
 Hodges & Emack's stores, was also consumed. The upper house 
 of the three on Charles street was occupied by J. S. Kobinson, 
 paper dealer, and L. Harrison & Co., cap manufacturers. The 
 middle building was occupied by Messrs. E. Edwards & Co., the 
 lower portion was used by Messrs. B. S. & W. A. Loney. The 
 lower house was occupied by Messrs. Norris & Bro. About half- 
 past ten o'clock, while a number of persons were on the first floor of 
 the grocery store of Handy & Bansemer, the upper part of the 
 building, as well as those on both sides, being in flames, the floor 
 above fell, enveloping them in flames and covering them in the 
 ruins. A number were gotten out shortly after, seriously burned 
 and injured. A search for dead bodies was made, and during two 
 days fourteen were recovered from the ruins. The calls for aid 
 by those who were thus caught by the falling wall were said to 
 have been appalling, while the view of others with their hair and 
 clothes on fire struggling to escape presented a heart-rending 
 sight. All the next day the streets surrounding the ruins were 
 full of spectators who came to gaze upon the scene of the most 
 severe catastrophe of the kind which has ever occurred in Balti- 
 more. The dead recognized were Joseph R. Bruce, Joseph Ward, 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 555 
 
 George Boyle, Jacob Marshek, James Hasson, Wm. E. Abell, James 
 Payne, Herman BoUman, Theodore Bran, James Hupsy, Thomas 
 Buckley, and Jos. Litzinger. Out of the thirteen bodies taken to 
 the station-house there was but one that had the head attached 
 to it. 
 
 The conductors and others having charge of the burthen trains ^- 
 over the first and second divisions of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- \/^ 
 road stopped work on the 29th of April, and refused to do duty. 
 The men allowed themselves to become the slaves of such ex- 
 treme passion and hardihood as to attempt by force to secure 
 their ends. During the week the woods from Baltimore to 
 the Relay House were interspersed with bonfires, around which 
 they sat in anticipation of the approach of the freight trains ; but 
 none were sent out without the same was accompanied by an 
 armed body of men determined to fight their way against the des- 
 perate opposition presented. The crisis took place about four 
 o'clock on the afternoon of the 1st of May. At that hour Sheriff 
 Pole, of Baltimore County, with a posse of officers, appeared at 
 the Camden Station, and were placed in an old passenger-car, which 
 being attached to one of the tonnage trains, was started for the 
 main stem near Gwynn's Falls. Here several trains from Mount 
 Clare depot were drawn up, and proceeded along immediately 
 after the pioneer train. They encountered no resistance until 
 nearing the deep cut at Jackson's bridge. Here a man was seen 
 ahead of the engine waving his hat for the engineer to stop ; but 
 no heed was paid him, the train continued on, and the man, who 
 endeavored to stop it, jumped from the track barely in time to save 
 himself from being caught and crushed beneath the " cow-catcher." 
 This ineffectual effort to check the train was a signal for the dis- 
 graceful onslaught which followed. Pistols, short rifles and 
 missiles of different kinds were discharged and hurled at the engi- 
 neer and sheriff's posse, whilst they in return fired some thirty ^ ' 
 muskets heavily loaded amongst the rioters, several of whom were 
 severely wounded. The car was pretty well peppered with balls, 
 and several of the inmates narrowly escaped death. Upon passing 
 under the bridge rocks were hurled down upon the cars, crushing 
 them in several places. This train passed on, but the three that 
 followed were not so successful. They were surrounded by the 
 rioters at the bridge, who jumped upon them, put down the brakes, 
 uncoupled the cars, and threw the coupling-pins awaj'^. They 
 were not further interfered with, and the train returned to Mount 
 Clare. The disgraceful proceedings of Friday, May 1st, were con- 
 tinued on Saturday, and to some extent during Sunday, along the line 
 of the road from the city limits to EUicott's Mills. Governor Ligon 
 having arrived in town, he was waited upon at Barnum's Hotel on 
 Saturday morning by the officers of the road, and after consulta- 
 tion with them, issued a proclamation " warning all persons to 
 keep away from the neighborhood of these disturbances." At four 
 
556 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 o'clock Saturday afternoon, in pursuance of power invested in the 
 officers of the road by the Governor, the Baltimore City Guards, 
 under the command of Capt. Warner, and the Independent Greys, 
 commanded by Captain Brush, made their appearance at the Cam- 
 den Station, where they were placed, together with a number of 
 the Sheriffs posse, in passenger cars, in advance of three very 
 lengthy burthen trains. To the extreme end of the burthen trains 
 were attached the paymaster's car and a small " bunk car," denomi- 
 nated "Sebastopol" by the county sheriff's posse and others occu- 
 pying it. Thus prepared, the entire trains, locked together, 
 moved off, under the command of Col. Shutt and Capt. Eawlings, 
 conductors. In addition to the companies of military the following 
 staff officers of the Fifth Eegiment were present : Col. J. Alden 
 Weston, Adjutant Johannes, Paymaster Tyson, Quartermaster 
 McKim, and Surgeon Stewart. Gen. Egerton and Major Mont- 
 gomery were also in attendance as volunteers. There were vast 
 crowds of spectators along the road as far as, and for some dis- 
 tance beyond, the city limits ; but no difficulty was met with until 
 reaching the deep cut at Jackson's bridge. Here, as on the pre- 
 vious day, a volley of rocks was hurled at the cars, whilst the 
 sharp reports of revolvers indicated that more deadly weapons 
 were being used against the inmates of the train. Upon nearing 
 the bridge over the road the rioters threw rocks from the bridge, 
 but they were too small to crush the cars, and consequently no 
 injury followed. In passing this bridge shots were fired by the 
 military stationed upon the engines and by the Sheriff's officers, 
 but none of the rioters were injured. After proceeding about a 
 mile further, the train, in passing through another deep cut, was 
 again the recipient of a sharp fire, and several on board narrowly 
 escaped. The rioters in this instance fared worse than those pre- 
 viously encountered. Several were seen limping from the scene, 
 whilst one mauj named Henrj^ Howser, was killed instantly. One 
 ball entered his forehead just above the left eye, and penetrated 
 through the brain towards the back part of the scalp, whilst 
 another ball barely escaped his windpipe and entered his neck. 
 He fell and expired in a few minutes. He was formerly engaged 
 as fireman on the road, and lived in the vicinity of Mount Clare. 
 From this point no further obstacles of a similar nature were met 
 with ; but on reaching Lee's water-station the train was brought 
 to a standstill, from the fact of the engine and tender of an east 
 bound burthen and stock train having been thrown from the track 
 by a heavy stone placed thereon. The fragments of the engine 
 after some time were removed from the track, and it proceeded on 
 to EUicott's Mills. It left the Mills at ten o'clock, with the run-off 
 stock train in advance, and returned as far as the country-seat 
 formerly occupied by Carroll Spence, Esq., about two miles from 
 the city, without any injury whatever. At this point some of the 
 ;s bad spiked the track, which was done by fastening a rail 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 557 
 
 inside of and parallel with those forming the regular track. 
 Upon striking the rail the engine ran off, and four or five bur- 
 then cars were thrown from the track, wounding several of the 
 military who were on the engine. No engine being ready at hand 
 to bring them to town, they concluded to walk, and reached Mount 
 Clare depot as the clock struck two Sunday morning. No dispo- 
 sition was manifested to interfere with any of the trains after- 
 wards, as the difficulty was amicably settled. 
 
 In April La Fayette Square was purchased from Messrs. Knell, 
 Eice, Hoff, and others, by the Mayor and City Council for the sum 
 of fifteen thousand dollars. 
 
 The banks of Baltimore suspended specie payments on Monday, 
 September 28. 
 
 Hon. Louis McLane died on Wednesday, October 7th, at his re- 
 sidence in Baltimore, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. He 
 was the son of Allan McLane, a distinguished officer in the Eevo- 
 lutionary War ; and was born in the village of Smyrna, Kent county, 
 Delaware, on the 28th of May, 1784. In the year 1798, being then 
 only fourteen years of age, he served with great credit as a mid- 
 shipman on board the frigate Philadelphia^ then on her first cruise, 
 and under the command of Stephen Decatur, the father of Commo- 
 dore Decatur. In 1801, yielding to the desire of his family, he left 
 the navy; and having completed his education at Newark College, 
 is his native State, he began the study of the law in 180-1 under 
 the instruction of James A. Bayard, of Delaware. He was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1807, and rapidly attained a high place in his 
 profession. In the war of 1812 he was a volunteer in a company 
 commanded by Caesar A. Eodney, who had been the Attorney-Gen. 
 of the United States under Mr. Jefferson, and marched with that 
 company to the relief of Baltimore when it was threatened by the 
 British. * The great capacities of Mr. McLane now began to attract 
 public attention in another direction, and in 1816 he was elected 
 to the House of Kepresentatives from Delaware ; and so largely 
 had he won the confidence of his constituents that he remained a 
 member of that body until 1827, when he was chosen by the Legis- 
 lature a Senator of the United States. In May, 1820, he was ap- 
 pointed by President Jackson to be the minister of the United 
 States to Great Britain, where he remained two years, and on his 
 return he was called by the same President to take a place in the 
 cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury. He served in this place until 
 1833, when he became Secretary of State; and in June, 1834, he 
 retired from political life. In 1837, when the financial condition of the 
 country was such as to require his services among ourselves, Mr. 
 McLane was prevailed upon to accept the presidency of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad Company, and removing to this State, he dis- 
 charged the duties of this laborious office until 1847. In this time he 
 was requested by President Polk to occupy, during the pendency of 
 the Oregon negotiations, the mission to England, and this duty being 
 
558 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 accomplished, he again returned to Maryland. In 1850 he was 
 solicited and prevailed upon by his fellow-citizens in Cecil county, 
 in this State, where he resided, to serve as their representative in 
 the convention called to reform the constitution of Maryland. 
 After performing this service he finally retired from public life. 
 Mr. McLane was a chief actor in all the great political events which 
 marked the first half of this century. He was the companion, fel- 
 low-laborer, and friend of those who have with him won the re- 
 membrance of our countrymen as the statesmen of America. 
 
 The corner-stone of the Union Protestant Infirmary, situated 
 on the corner of Mosher and Division streets, was laid on Tuesday, 
 October 13th, with appropriate ceremonies. The following gen- 
 tlemen participated : Kev. William Hamilton, Eev. Kobert L. 
 Dashiells, Eev. Mr. Cabe, Eev. Dr. J. C. Backus, and Eev. Gr. Owen. 
 
 Died on Monday, December 28th, Col. Jacob G. Davies, late 
 Mayor of the city. 
 
 On Saturday, July 18th, a large number of the corporate author- 
 ities of our sister cities of St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Chillicothe, to- 
 gether with a large number of prominent and distinguished citizens 
 of the West, arrived here as the guests of the city. 
 
 The election for members of the City Council was not allowed 
 kJ to pass off quietly on the 14th of October, and scenes of riot and 
 '^ bloodshed occurred in several sections of the city. In the eighth 
 ward Sergeant William Jordon of the police force was killed. The 
 election was a mere mockery of the elective franchise, accompanied 
 throughout the city by riot and bloodshed. In some of the wards 
 naturalized citizens were not allowed to vote. Owing to the man- 
 ner in which the election was conducted by the party in power, 
 during the day a number of the Democratic candidates withdrew 
 from the contest, and quite a number of the judges of election re- 
 signed. To give an idea of the manner in which the election was 
 carried on, we have the following result : The Know-Nothing ticket 
 polled 11,898 votes; the Democratic ticket polled 2792 votes; 
 majority for the Know-Nothings 9106 votes. The Democratic 
 y ticket polled in the 20th ward one vote, in the 11th ward two, in 
 // the 14th eight, in the 17th ten, and in the 8th 1013 votes. Gov. 
 V Ligon in his message to the Legislature gives a narrative of the 
 political events which transjMred in the city of Baltimore at this 
 time, from which we extract the following : "At the municipal elec- 
 tion in Baltimore, held in October, 1856, an organized force was 
 made apparent at the polls, which in its direct influence was im- 
 mediately felt by naturalized citizens. This class of voters was to 
 a considerable extent excluded from the exercise of suffrage ; many 
 of them beaten, and others overaw'ed and deterred by violence 
 from visiting the polls. Such were the representations made to 
 me, asserted by a portion of the press of the city, and measurably 
 conceded by all. In the course of the day, bloody and destructive 
 riots took place, and the subsequent record comprehended a list of 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 559 
 
 killed and wounded truly appalling. The city was temporarily 
 outlawed by its fury, and it is beyond all question with me, that 
 could the executive authority have commanded military power at 
 the moment of the emergency, it would have been my duty then to 
 have interposed, and overwhelmed a lawless demonstration clearly 
 defiant of the municipal police. As the time approached for ttie 
 Presidential election in November, 1856, apprehension generally 
 prevailed that a recurrence of similar scenes was inevitable. Po- 
 litical sentiment and party animosity were alike demonstrative and 
 violent, and peaceable and orderly citizens, and especially natural- 
 ized citizens, were utterly hopeless of those decencies and proprie- 
 ties essential to the freedom of suffrage. In short, the large body 
 of citizens composing the Democratic party within the city of 
 Baltimore saw the day of election approach, under the assurance 
 that they would not be suffered to record their votes, and on the 
 other hand would be exposed to the consequences of the most 
 reckless frauds. ** *** **** 
 
 " On the eve of the Presidential election I proceeded to Balti- 
 more and sought an interview with the Mayor of the city (Thos. 
 Swann), in the vain hope of such a co-operation of influences, and 
 moral and material power, as would ensure the peace of the city, 
 prevent bloodshed, and secure to every citizen, without respect to 
 party, the exercise of his political rights. My overtures were 
 repulsed with cold civility. I was thrown upon my personal and 
 official responsibility, before an important and respectable com- 
 munity, for the initiative in a measure which the exigency of the 
 time demanded, and the Executive of the city was indisposed to 
 adopt. The day of election was then too near at hand for me to 
 mature, under my official authority and by my independent act, a 
 force adequate to the probable necessity which menaced the occa- 
 sion. I • accordingly left the full measure of accountability with 
 the Mayor and his subordinates. How fearful that accountability 
 was, the sanguinary deeds of that election day have sufficiently 
 proved. Again party animosity ran riot throughout the city ; the 
 most desperate encounters took place, in which hundreds of in- 
 furiated partizans were engaged ; arms of all kinds were employed, 
 and bloodshed, wounds and death, stained the record of the day, 
 and added another page of dishonor to the annals of the distracted 
 city. I retired from the scene convinced that all this might have 
 been prevented, and not without a painful sense of duty unful- 
 filled. 
 
 "A year glided away, and with the fall of 1857 the political 
 elements were again stirred for the election contests of the season. 
 In the meantime the civil condition of the city had become more 
 sensibly demoralized. The press, without distinction of party, 
 was teeming with every day's report of wrong, outrage, violent 
 encounters of partizans, desperate assaults and homicides. These 
 things thus grouped are but the catalogue of deeds transpiring in 
 
560 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 rapid succession, and culminating in frequency and ferocity as the 
 day of municipal election drew near. The day of election came and 
 passed, and although the bloody scenes of the preceding year were 
 not re-enacted, violence was everywhere in the ascendant; out- 
 rages were perpetrated with entire impunity, and many thousands 
 cf the citizens were, by causes beyond their individual control, 
 deprived of the exercise of suffrage. In a word, the Democrats of 
 the city, both native born and naturalized, were, to an extent that 
 a few years since would have been absolutely incredible, virtually 
 disfranchised. The experience of that day was presented to me 
 by several eminent citizens of Baltimore as suflScient proof that 
 the municipal authorities were wholly inadequate, from some cause, 
 to cope with a fierce organization which held absolute control of 
 the polls. I was assured and convinced the people of Baltimore 
 were inextricably involved within the grip of a dilemma. On one 
 side was a party disfranchised by lawless violence, with which it 
 was unable to cope ; on the other, a party sustained by violence 
 which even the most honest and ujDright of its members were un- 
 able to repress and restrain ; while the city authorities themselves 
 were either unable to grapple effectually with the diabolism broken 
 loose in the community, or unwilling to provoke the retaliatory 
 spirit of a desirable but furious ally. 
 
 " Such was the condition of affairs in Baltimore when the most 
 urgent appeals were made to me to exert the authority vested in 
 the Executive of the State for the protection of her citizens against 
 intestine disorder, and to see that the laws were executed. 1 did 
 not feel at liberty to hesitate longer in the performance of a duty 
 evidently incumbent upon me. It was not for me to consider the 
 contingencies of political antagonism or a perverted public senti- 
 ment. My duty was plain, and I had no alternative but to perform 
 it, and to leave the sequel to the people themselves. I realized no 
 accountability in an utter failure to rally a single man to the 
 service to which he might be called. It was my duty to present 
 such a statement of facts as had been laid before me, to exhibit the 
 remedy, and to use the proper means for the application of it. To 
 this end, responding to the entreaties of gentlemen earnest in their 
 avowals of co-operation to any necessary extremity, and in full 
 compliance with my own sense of duty, I visited Baltimore. Im- 
 mediately upon my arrival 1 addressed the Mayor of the city, and 
 invited his counsel and co-operation in devising and putting into 
 practical effect means adequate to the impending emergency. 
 Again were my overtures repulsed, and this time the executive 
 authority of the State coolly and gratuitously disputed. The 
 object which I had in view requiring in my judgment the most 
 prompt ai'd rigorous measures, would not admit of the delay inci- 
 dent to an empty controversy about well established authority. 
 Accordingly, in the execution of my purpose, i at once initiated 
 preliminary measures towards the summary and effective organiza- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 561 
 
 tion of the militia, and on Thursday morning, October 29th, issued 
 a proclamation informing the people of Baltimore what I had done, 
 and further contemplated for the preservation of the peace, and to 
 secure to the legal voters of the city their rights against violence 
 and intimidation. Orders were issued to Major-Greneral Greorge 
 H. Steuart to hold his command, the 1st Light Division, M. V., 
 ready for service at a time specified, and to Major-General John 
 Spear Smith to enrol and embody without delay six regiments of 
 not less than six hundred men each, to be ready for service at the. 
 same time. These orders were responded to by the general officers 
 with immediate measures in pursuance of the purpose in view. 
 Having thus initiated proceedings, I took occasion to reply at some 
 length to the very remarkable propositions advanced by the Mayor 
 of Baltimore in his letter to me, and renewed my solicitation that 
 he would co-operate with me in a harmonious effort to assert the 
 supremacy of the laws. The Mayor rejoined briefly, declining to 
 discuss any point at issue, remarking that the responsibility ^vas 
 with me — a fact which I had well considered from the first, and 
 had resolved to bear with me to the end. 
 
 '* The measures which had been set on foot progressed during 
 Friday and Saturday, the 30th and 31st of October, and reports 
 were made to me from time to time. From these 1 had no diffi- 
 culty in gathering the conviction that, whatever effort might bo 
 made by the military officers to embody the proposed force, the 
 result would be unsatisfactory and in&dequate. This was of course 
 a sufficient cause of official embarrassment, and a result entirely at 
 variance with what I had been led to expect. Misrepresentation 
 and voluble abuse from the press, together with the assiduous 
 diffusion of the most erroneous sentiments respecting the executive 
 authority and the proceedings I had taken, no doubt had their 
 effect upon the public mind. There was, moreover, and had been 
 for so long a time, a peculiar tolerance of the lawless element to 
 be subdued, and a species of infatuation pervading a large portion 
 of the community which effected or amounted to a morbid igno- 
 rance of its true character, in consequence of which the class of 
 citizens from whom military service was mainly to be expected 
 exhibited first indecision and at last unwillingness to respond to 
 the call which had been made upon the community I need hardly 
 say, that however a portion of the people or of the press found 
 cause to rejoice in this state of things, and its obvious consequences, 
 I was made painfully sensible of a total perversion of political 
 sentiment, and an indifference to the security of equal rights wholly 
 inconsistent with the spirit of our institutions. I had been invited > 
 to exert the extreme executive authority in a community notoriously t<^ 
 without sufficient or effective municipal power, for the protection 
 of its citizens against outrage and violence, and for the execution 
 of its own laws; and when in obedience to my own sense of duty 
 I assumed the unwelcome task, I found a complaining people more 
 36 
 
562 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 willing to submit to the grievances which oppressed them, to the 
 lawlessness which disfranchised them, to the terrors which over- 
 awed them, than to rally in their strength and vindicate their out- 
 raged rights and insulted honor. Justly and truly indignant at 
 such a result, I resolved to maintain my own, and pursue the pur- 
 pose I had undertaken. In this resolve I was sustained by a few 
 gallant, earnest and faithful men, and by the spirit with which one, 
 at least, of the military officers was responded to in the district as- 
 signed to him. In this case there was an enrolment of volunteers, 
 prompt, earnest and effective. And so long as there was but a 
 maniple of true men, willing to stand for their rights and honor, 
 I determined that they should, at least, have the full sanction of 
 what I had done, and my personal interest in the matter until the 
 emergency was past. 
 
 " On Sunday, the 1st of ISTovember, for the first time, a detailed 
 exhibit was made to me of the special and extraordinary arrange- 
 ments matured by the Mayor for the maintenance of the peace and 
 the protection of the citizens in the exercise of their rights at the 
 approaching election. The submission of these arrangements toy 
 my consideration then, which were withheld from me on my first 
 arrival in the city, was the result of some consultations brought 
 about through the intervention of several gentlemen representing 
 the respective views of the Mayor and myself. This plan was in 
 terms plausible j it had the appearance of sincerity of purpose, and 
 I doubt not was offered in good faith. I must confess, however, 
 that had the proceedings I had commenced been sustained with all 
 the vigor the occasion required, I could not have withheld the con- 
 ciliatory step I deemed it proper to take in view of the arrange- 
 ments submitted for my consideration by the Mayor, and especially 
 as each of the gentlemen with whom I was in consultation seemed 
 to be entirely confident of the sufficiency of the arrangements 
 which had been now adopted. Under this impression I was urged 
 to withdraw my proclamation and to rescind all military orders. I 
 positively refused under any circumstances to comply with any pro- 
 position which included such a stipulation. First, because it had the 
 appearance, at least, of a surrender of my constitutional authority 
 at a time when violent opposition to the laws was openly threat- 
 ened ; and secondly, because I knew not what exigency might 
 arise on the day of election. But in deference to the opinions ot 
 gentlemen in whom I then had and still have great confidence, who 
 were citizens of Baltimore, and who knew more of the local con- 
 dition of affairs than myself, I consented to an announcement, that 
 in view of the sufficiency of the arrangements just made, ' I did 
 not contemplate the use of the military force which I had ordered 
 to be enrolled and organized,' on the day of election. 
 
 " In this state of public affairs the day of election approached. 
 A form of suffrage was observed under circumstances defiant of the 
 execution of the laws. Eiot, in its vociferous and most formidable 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 563 
 
 aspect, did not occur, but I was made the recipient of almost cease- 
 less complaints of outrage, violence, and organized ruffianism at 
 the polls, whereby multitudes of citizens, native and naturalized, 
 were deterred from voting. I was powerless for their protection. 
 The opportunity was past in which, as a lawful and enrolled force, 
 they could have exhibited a moral as well as material power 
 against their assailants. They were at the mercy of a mob, and 
 without protection from the civil power. Abundant evidence from 
 respectable citizens in all parts of the city could be obtained. to j 
 prove a state of society verging upon the fiercest anarchy, out- / 
 rages almost incredible in a civilized community, and the ubiquity 
 of an organization which prevailed by violence to the exclusion of 
 voters at will, and controlled means and resources for the most 
 pernicious and daring frauds. It is beyond all question that such 
 wrongs were perpetrated on that election day as have no parallel 
 in the election annals of our country, but in Baltimore itself j and 
 this, too, under the official assurance of municipal authority, and 
 of a police organization and a plan of operations adequate to the 
 emergency." . ^<;-'<?' 
 
 1858. The steam fire-engine built for the first Baltimore com- / ^ ^ ° 
 pany, and afterwards called the "Alpha," arrived in this city on 
 the morning of the 18th of May, by one of the Ericsson line of 
 steamers, from Philadelphia. This was the first steam fire-engine 
 owned in this city by the Baltimore fire department. 
 
 In June the Mayor and City Council adopted the use of the 
 police and fire alarm telegraph. 
 
 Our city was visited on Saturday afternoon, June 12th, with a 
 flood almost equal to that of the year 1837. The amount of prop- 
 erty destroyed could not be estimated. The rain commenced on 
 Friday afternoon, and continued without intermission until four 
 o'clock on Saturday afternoon. The principal sufferers in the city 
 were, as usual, those persons who resided and did business on Har- 
 rison and Saratoga streets and the ea&t side of Centre Market 
 Space. All the houses on the line near the bridge were inundated, 
 some to such an extent that the inmates removed their furniture 
 into the second stories. Several of the police officers procured a 
 small boat and rendered great assistance to persons unable to get 
 out of their houses. Charles street bridge was washed down the 
 stream, being the only one in the city that was carried away. 
 
 In January Mrs. Thomas Winans established a soup-house near 
 her mansion, on West Baltimore street, from which the poor were i^ 
 furnished daily with soup, bread, and in some instances fuel. This 
 noble work of charity was under her own supervision, and very 
 often as many as six hundred daily received the renovating bever- 
 age from her hands. 
 
 September 2d will long be remembered by our citizens, espe- 
 cially by those of German origin, as in point of interest the grandest 
 gala-day which we have had in our city for a long time. It was 
 
564 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 to them indeed a social reunion of no common interest, being not 
 merely a festival of i^leasure, but a fitting tribute to the memory 
 of one of the brave sons of their own fatherland, "Baron Steuben,'' 
 who nobly shared with our great Washington and other patriots 
 of the Eevolution in the struggle for American liberty. Although 
 the majority of the immense concourse present were Germans, 
 there were in attendance large* numbers of native-born citizens 
 who mingled freely in the festivities of the day, as members of 
 one common brotherhood. From 7 o'clock in the morning our 
 streets were enlivened with the music of the bands and the rapid 
 march of the different societies as they severally proceeded to 
 Broadway, the place appointed for forming the procession. This 
 was accomplished about 9 o'clock, when the line, which was over 
 a mile in length, moved up Baltimore street, and thence through 
 several streets out to the festive grounds of " Kullman's Gardens," 
 on the Frederick road. The opening address was delivered in 
 German by Kev. H. Scheib ; then followed the orator of the day, 
 Hon. Joshua Vansant. 
 
 Never has the victory which was achieved by our arms at the 
 battle of North Point been more generally or appropriately cele- 
 brated than on Monday, the 13th of September. The day had 
 been properly selected by the Wells and McComas Monument As- 
 sociation for the reinterment of the mortal remains of these brave 
 young men. The ceremonies pertaining to the funeral obsequies 
 were of a character reflecting creditably upon those who planned 
 them, and under whose supervision they were performed. The 
 several streets through which the procession passed were densely 
 crowded with citizens ; while this was so much the case in the 
 vicinity of the Maryland Institute that it was with extreme diffi- 
 culty the procession could form. The line having at length been 
 formed on Baltimore street, the coffins were removed from Mary- 
 land Institute hall, where they had lain in state, and placed upon 
 the funeral car. The line then moved up Baltimore street, and 
 thence through several streets to Ashland square, the place of in- 
 terment. On arriving at the square, the car was placed in front 
 of the stand, but the vast concourse of people here assembled pre- 
 cluded the possibility of the military forming around the tomb as 
 was designed, and they were necessarily compelled to form on the 
 adjacent streets. The ceremonies were then commenced by the 
 Eev. Jno. McCron, who delivered a chaste and impressive prayer. 
 jlaj^ mS wann was ne;^t introduced, and delivered an address. At 
 its close, the orator of the day, the Hon. Jno. C Legrand, was 
 presented to the vast multitude, and his address was listened to 
 with an unusual interest and attention, and was received with 
 marked favor. Immediately after the close of the oration of 
 Judge Legrand, the stand went down with a crash, which for a 
 few moments caused great consternation, but fortunately no one 
 was seriously injured thereby. 
 
CHROmCLES OF BALTIMORE. 565 
 
 Another foul and unprovoked murder was committed about 
 half-past 11 o'clock on September 22d, in the western section of 
 the city, which during these times stained the record of almost 
 every day with blood. It appears that there was a party going 
 on in a private house on Biddle street, between Pennsylvania 
 avenue and Marsh street, and at about fifteen minutes after 11 o'clock 
 two men named John Eisenhart and David Houck rapped at the 
 door and demanded admittance, which was refused. They then 
 insisted on coming in, upon which the proprietor called for the 
 officers ; and officers Benjamin Benton and Eigdon hearing the 
 noise, came up and arrested Eisenhart and Houck on the charge 
 of disorderly conduct in the street. They had proceeded but a 
 short distance with their prisoners when a man named Henry 
 Gambrill approached them, and demanded of the officers that they 
 should release their men, which they refused to do, when Grambrill 
 immediately drew his revolver and fired, the contents taking effect 
 in the head of officer Benton, killing him instantly. Gambrill then 
 ran off, and went to the public-house of James Morgan, on the 
 corner of Eutaw and Eoss streets, and from thence to his own 
 house near by, where he changed his clothing. He was arrested 
 shortly after. 
 
 In September the ordinance passed both branches of the City 
 Council for a Paid City Fire Department. 
 
 On Monday night, September 27th, a party of rowdies attacked 
 the German Correspondent newspaper office, corner of Baltimore 
 and Gay streets, stoning the building and breaking a number of 
 window panes. One of the missiles passed close by the head of 
 one of the compositors, who made a narrow escape from serious 
 injury. 
 
 The 13th of October was the day assigned for the mockery of our 
 municipal election. No serious results ensued, as but few save the 
 dominant party ventured to visit the polls. The candidates were 
 Thomas Swann ^who represented the Know-Nothin gparty. and Col. 
 Shutt, who was the independent candidate for Mayor.^ Mr. Swann 
 received 24,008 votes ; Col. Shutt received 4,858 votes; Mr. Swann's 
 majority 19,149. At an early hour in the day it became manifest 
 that no free or fair expression of the popular will, with respect to 
 the choice of municipal officers, would be permitted by the bands 
 of armed and lawless ruffians who took and maintained possession 
 of the polls. The police made no effort fb protect citizens in the 
 exercise of their rights of suffrage, but remained unconcerned spec- 
 tators of the violence to which they were subjected. Under these 
 circumstances, at the hour of noon. Col. Shutt, the independent 
 candidate for the Mayoralty, finding it impossible for those favor- 
 able to his election to approach the ballot-box without the risk of 
 incurring great personal danger, issued the following address : 
 
 " Fellow-citizens, it being now clearly manifest that a deliberate 
 purpose actuates the Mayor of this city to countenance the general 
 
 1/ 
 
 \y 
 
666 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 combination which now prevails between his police and the armed 
 bands of lawless men who have since the opening of the ballot- 
 boxes held possession of the polls, to the exclusion of all voters 
 opposed to Mayor Swan n, and it being urged upon me by many of 
 our best citizens that any persistent attempts to vote upon the part 
 of my friends can only be attended with loss of life and the gene- 
 ral disorder of the city, I feel it my duty to yield to their judg- 
 ments, and withdraw my name as a candidate for Mayor. A. P. 
 Shutt, Wednesday, October 13th, 12 o'clock M." 
 
 On Friday night, November 5th, about 8 o'clock, another most 
 villainous murder was perpetrated upon police officer Eobert M. 
 Kigdon, at his dwelling, No. 468 West Baltimore street. Mr. Eig- 
 don left the western police station for his home, having been pre- 
 viously cautioned by Captain Lineweaver, who had heard that 
 threats had been made against his life, to be on his guard, and to 
 remain at home until the excitement attending the rendition of 
 the verdict against Henry Gambrill had subsided; the feeling 
 against the deceased, and the threats of vengeance upon him hav- 
 ing grown out of his having testified so positively in the case to the 
 guilt of Gambrill for the murder of officer Benton, as heretofore men- 
 tioned. Upon leaving the station-house he proceeded home, and had 
 been there but a shorttime when the assassination took place ; whilst 
 he was standing leaning against the mantle in the sitting-room of his 
 house in conversation with his wife, who was sitting near by, while 
 a small child, whom he had found in the street and .taken into his 
 family, was playing at his feet. Within two feet of where he was 
 standing, a small window opened into the yard in the rear of the 
 dwelling, and the assassins had gained access to the yard by way 
 of the alley, and fired through this window, the weapon used be- 
 ing an old fowling-piece cut down to a length of about eighteen 
 inches, and heavily loaded with slugs. Simultaneously with the 
 discharge of the weapon Eigdon exclaimed " I am shot ! " and in- 
 stantly fell to the floor ; the only subsequent signs of life he gave 
 being the utterance of a single groan of agony. At the time of 
 the commission of the murder, officer John Cook was opposite to 
 the dwelling on Baltimore street, and hearing the report of the 
 pistol, ran across ; but before he reached the premises a man came 
 out of the alley, running with a revolver in his hand, and upon 
 the officer attempting ta arrest him. he turned and fired twice at 
 him without effect, when he again started at full speed up Balti- 
 more street. Officer Cook followed in pursuit, and after being thus 
 fired at, drew his own revolver and also fired two shots at the fug- 
 itive. At the intersection of Baltimore and Pine streets the man 
 again turned and fired at the officer, which shot the latter re- 
 turned but again without effect. This exciting chase was continued 
 until they reached Penn street, where the officer came up close 
 enough to knock the fellow down with his pistol. Officers Jami- 
 son and Higgins here came up and aided in conveying the prisoner 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 567 
 
 to the western station-house, when he was recognized to be a man 
 named Peter Corrie, a butcher, residing on the Hookstown road. 
 Upon the prisoner being arraigned at the station-house he made a 
 full confession of his participation in the horrible tragedy, pro- 
 testing that he did not commit the murder, but had gone to the 
 place with Marion Cropps, who fired the pistol, he having waited 
 at the mouth of the alley whilst Cropps had gone up to the window 
 and fired the fatal shot. A warrant was issued for the arrest of 
 Cropps, and he was found at the tavern of Erasmus Levy, on Hol- 
 liday street, near Baltimore. 
 
 In accordance with an invitation on the part of the members 
 of the City Council, Dr. Thomas Buckler on the 23d of November 
 addressed the First Branch chamber upon the' project of " filling 
 up of the harbor or back basin from Light street to a line con- 
 tinuous with the west side of Jones' Falls, at the same time level- 
 ing and grading Federal Hill, and then carrying Calvert, South, 
 Commerce, Gay and Frederick streets. Marsh Market Space, Con- 
 cord street, and West Falls avenue across and over the basin and 
 Whetstone Point to the Patapsco river, between Fort McHenry 
 and the Ferry Bar, and to open Camden, Conway, Barre, Lee, 
 York, Hill, Great Hughes, and Montgomery streets eastwardly, to 
 intersect West Falls avenue at or near Fell's Point." J)i\ Buckler 
 incurred much ridicule from the wiseacres of the city for his views, 
 which, however, in time are sure to be adopted. The vile nuisance 
 of the stagnant basin has been growing worse and worse ever 
 since. Dr. Buckler within the present time, 1873, published a 
 stirring pamphlet in support of his theory. 
 
 A conviction that some movement to secure the peace and 
 restore the reputation of the city was necessary had become 
 general, and several prominent citizens, foremost among whom was ^ 
 Mr. George William Brown, united to form a " Reform Associa- U*"^ 
 tion," the object of which was by regular meetings and appeals 
 through the press to organize the friends of law and order into a 
 body sufficiently influential and powerful to secure quiet and fair- 
 ness at the polls, which at this time were the scenes of the most 
 disgraceful fraud, violence and disorder. In addition to the ordi- 
 nary acts of riot and intimidation, honest gentlemen as well as un- 
 fortunate wretches were frequently seized and "cooped" in vile 
 dens, drugged and stupefied with whiskey, and then carried round 
 in omnibuses and "voted " in ward after ward, the police offering 
 no opposition and judges of election receiving the votes. Fire- 
 arms were openly displayed and frequently used, resulting in at 
 least one murder. A singular but effective means of annoyance 
 and intimidation was brought into play by the use of small awls, 
 which ruffians in a dense crowd thrust into the persons of their 
 adversaries in a manner which easily escaped detection. Accord- 
 ingly a great mass meeting of the people came off in the afternoon 
 of the 8th of September, in Monument Square. Not less than 
 
568 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 10,000 people were on the ground. At four o'clock the committee 
 arrived and took their seats upon the platform. Wm. Woodward, 
 Esq., was, on motion of Chas. B. Hinks, appointed chairman, and 
 speeches were made hy Messrs. Geo. Wm. Brown, James Hodges, 
 and Geo. M. Gill. This was the first organization of what was 
 formerly knowm as the " Eeform " party. 
 
 The cashiers of all the Baltimore banks met on Friday after- 
 noon, March 5th, in the cashier's room of the Union 3ank, and 
 after due deliberation, unanimously agreed to establish a " clearing- 
 houKe," to go into operation Monday, March 8th. 
 
 The General Assembly of Maryland incorporated on the 24th 
 of February, "The Maryland Club," on the 9th of March ".The 
 Peabody Institute," and on the same day incorporated the " Tow- 
 sontown Eailroad Company." 
 
 1859. Mr. Thomas Winans' "Cigar Ship" made quite a suc- 
 cessful trial trip on Thursday afternoon, January 20th, going as far 
 as North Point. 
 
 It would be difficult to conceive of a popular excitement more 
 intense in feeling, though subdued in the manner of its manifes- 
 tations, than that which pervaded the city on the 8th of April. 
 The day will long be rem.embered in this community as the day 
 upon which the supremacy of the law was vindicated by the exe- 
 cution of four convicted murderers, viz : Henry Gambrill, Marion 
 Cropps, Peter Corrie, and John Stephens alias Cyphus, for the murder 
 of Benjamin Benton, Robert M.Eigdon, and William King (colored). 
 Three of the murderers were young men of respectable parentage, 
 but who had been led to commit the crimes for which they had 
 been condemned to suffer an ignominious death by giving free rein 
 to their unbridled passions, and through the baneful influence ex- 
 erted upon them by evil associates. Friends powerful and influ- 
 ential in certain quarters had for weeks persistently yet vainly 
 sought to move the Governor of the State to exercise a prerogative 
 which, while it might have been an act of mercy to the condemned, 
 would have inflicted a most serious injury upon society. An ex- 
 tension of the time originally fixed for the execution of the law 
 was twice granted by the Governor, but beyond this he finally 
 declined to interpose. The number of spectators assembled to 
 witness this tragic spectacle has been roughly Estimated at thirty 
 thousand. 
 
 The ordinance granting permission to William H. Travers and 
 others to construct a city passenger railway in our city, was finally 
 passed the City Council on Monday, March 14th. 
 
 On the 16th of April, the ceremony of laying the corner-stone 
 of the Peabody Institute building was performed in the presence 
 of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 The first operation of the police and fire alarm telegraph took 
 place on Monday afternoon, June 27th. It was a test of the power 
 of the telegraphic wires in ringing the bell connected with the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 569 
 
 engine house of the " Alpha," on Paca street, near Fayette. The 
 entire line was completed June 30th. 
 
 On the 12th of Jul}^ the first car was placed on the City Pas- 
 senger Eailway on Broadway, and a considerable number of persons 
 assembled to witness the start. During the entire morning the 
 car on every trip was crowded to excess with men and boys, par- 
 ticularly the latter, who were present by hundreds ; and those of 
 them who could not get a seat inside, clung to the platforms and 
 sides of the car. On the 27th of October the cars ran from one end 
 of the line to the other. . 
 
 At an early hour on the morning of the 17th of October, our 
 city ^as thrown into a state of excitement by the publication of a 
 despatch from Frederick, stating that a negro insurrection had 
 broken out in the town of Harper's Ferry, that the insurgents had 
 taken possession of the place, seized upon the armory, and were 
 proceeding to imprison the citizens and liberate the slaves of the 
 adjacent country. The intelligence at first seemed so improbable 
 that little credit was given to it ; but the reception of other des- 
 patches of the same purport, and non-arrival of the train from the 
 West due at 5 A. M., gave color of truthfulness to the statement, 
 and the newspaper offices were besieged by an anxious and in- 
 creasing crowd. About noon confirmatory despatches were received 
 from the office of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Shortly after 
 12 M. the express train arrived, and full particulars of the affair 
 were obtained from conductor Phelps and his officers. These state- 
 ments, as may be imagined, excited the most intense feeling, and 
 the news was speedily communicated to Washington and elsewhere. 
 The Frederick military telegraphed to the President proffering 
 their services, which were immediately accepted. Major-General 
 George H. Steuart, of this city, instantly tendered the services of 
 his division; and five companies, under command of Lieut.-Col. 
 Egerton, left at 5 o'clock in the afternoon for the scene of disturb- 
 ance, amid the cheers of the immense crowd who had collected at 
 the depot. Telegraphic operators, with proper instruments, were 
 also sent out to establish communication between the nearest ac- 
 cessible point to Harper's Ferry and the city. The train consisted 
 of eleven cars ; the first contained liquor and provisions ; six cars 
 were filled with the military, and the remainder were occupied by 
 passengers and citizens not in uniform, and by the principal officers 
 of the road. The companies which left were the Independent 
 Greys, Law Greys, Baltimore City Guard, and Wells and McComas 
 Eiflemen, numbering 201 muskets. At an early hour the next 
 morning the Lafayette Guards, Capt. Ferrandini, the reserve guard 
 of the Law Greys, the Baltimore and Turner Kifles and the artillery 
 companies, presented themselves at the Camden Station ready to 
 proceed to the seat of war, but it was not deemed necessary to call 
 their services into requisition. In the evening the volunteer com- 
 panieSj except the Independent Greys, which left the city on 
 
570 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Monday to assist in quelling the insurrection, returned. A very- 
 large number of persons were in attendance on the arrival of the 
 cars at the Camden Station anxious to welcome back their friends. 
 The Independent Greys remained to deposit the arms which they 
 captured. 
 
 If we could, we would blot out forever the record of the 2d of 
 \/ November's shame from the annals of Baltimore ; but the deeds 
 that were done can never be forgotten, and monuments of brass 
 will not be so enduring as the memory of that day. We take the 
 following extracts from the papers in the contested election case of 
 the members, as returned to the House of Delegates, on the 2d of 
 ^November, 1859, which fully show by sworn statements of re- 
 spectable gentlemen the melancholy condition of affairs in this 
 city, which the scenes and incidents of this day so fully disclosed. 
 
 Mr. George H. Kyle, brother to Adam B. Kyle, being requested 
 to state what occurred at the 15th ward poll, said : 
 
 " I went to the polls at half-past eight o'clock A. M., and was 
 within two feet of the window ; remained there about five minutes, 
 with my brother. I had a bundle of tickets under my arm, and one 
 man walked up to me and asked me what it was that I had. I told 
 him tickets ; he made a snatch at them, and I avoided him and 
 turned round. As I turned, I heard my brother say, ' I am struck, 
 George I ' At the same time I saw my brother raise his stick and 
 strike at some one ; the same, I suppose, that had struck him. At 
 ' that moment I was struck from behind a severe blow on the back 
 of the head, which would have knocked me down, but the crowd 
 which had gathered round us, some thirty or forty in a cluster, 
 was so dense that I was, as it were, kept up. After 1 received 
 this blow I drew a dirk knife, which I had in my pocket, with 
 which I endeavored to strike the man, who, as I supposed, had 
 struck me. I then felt a pistol placed right close to my head, so that 
 I felt the cold steel upon my forehead. At that moment 1 made a 
 little motion of my head, which caused the shot of the pistol to 
 glance from my head ; my hat showed afterwards the mark of a 
 bullet, which I supposed to have been from that shot. The dis- 
 charge of the pistol, which blew off a large piece of the skin of my 
 forehead and covered my face with blood, caused me to fall. When 
 I arose I saw my brother in the middle of the street, about ten 
 feet from me, surrounded by a crowd who were striking at him 
 and firing pistols all around him; he was knocked down twice, and 
 at one time while he was down I saw two men jump on his body 
 and kick him ; he had no other weapon in his hand than his stick. 
 In the meantime I drew my pistol and fired into the crowd, which 
 was immediately in front of me, every man of whom seemed to 
 have a pistol in his hand and was firing as rapidly as he could ; in 
 this crowd there were fully from forty to fifty persons. I saw at 
 the second story windows of the Watchmen engine-house building, 
 in which the polls were hold, cut-off muskets, or largo pistols pro- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 571 
 
 tniding, and observed smoke issuing from the muzzles, as though 
 they were being fired at me ; I then turned towards my brother 
 and endeavored to get to him. When within a few feet of him I 
 saw him fall, placing his hand on his groin as if badly hurt ; at the 
 same moment a shot struck me in the shoulder, which went through 
 my arm and penetrated into my breast ; from the direction the 
 ball took I am satisfied that the shot was fired from the second 
 story of the engine-house. When 1 got up my brother was still 
 lying on the ground immediately opposite the door of the house 
 into which he afterwards managed to get ; I supposed that he was 
 dead, and transferred my pistol from my right hand, which was 
 disabled, to my left hand, and holding it in front of me, backed 
 down towards Lee street, the crowd following me. As I backed in 
 that way, just as I got near Lee street, a fellow ran out a musket 
 from under a shed, and I pointed my pistol at him, which made him 
 change his position a little. As I continued to back off a brick 
 struck me in the breast and I fell; just at that moment the musket 
 was discharged, and the ball whizzed over me as I was falling. 
 While I was so retreating, the crowd were firing at me constantly; 
 when I arose there was no further trouble offered to me, and in a 
 fervv moments some one came up, with whom I went off. There 
 were seven bullet-holes in my coat, and the coat was cut as if by 
 knives in various places ; the pantaloons had also the appearance 
 of having been cut by bullets. During all this time I saw no police 
 officers, and it was only when I was on my way home that an' 
 officer came up and asked me my name. My brother died that 
 evening from the effect of injuries received there." 
 
 Mr. S. Teackle Wallis says : " About twenty minutes or a half 
 an hour after the polls were opened in the tenth ward, they were 
 taken forcible possession of by the same party of rioters with a 
 volley of bricks and a discharge of fire-arms ; from that time until 
 I left, no man was permitted access to the polls except at the 
 pleasure of the * Know Nothing party ' who had so taken possession 
 of them." 
 
 Mr. Charles D. Hinks, of the fourteenth ward, says : " I saw 
 Gregory Barrett draw his pistol and fire five times, but being in- 
 tently engaged watching him, I did not see at whom his pistol was 
 pointed. After he had discharged all the barrels of his pistol he 
 called for rifles ; he and some of his party raved like madmen, 
 swearing that they would kiirthe Eeformers — and I heard McGon- 
 nigan, one of the Eip Eaps, swear that no Reformer should vote, 
 except over his dead body." 
 
 Mr. John Justus Ritzus, says : " While 1 was drinking, another 
 man present in the room at the corner of Wilkes and Caroline 
 streets, said to me, ' As soon as the work here is done you can go 
 back to the other warehouse.' After awhile our conductor came 
 and led us through the back of the house into a court-yard, and 
 then apparently through one or two yards, until we came in front 
 
572 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 gf a crowd of men, about five or six, armed with clubs and guns 
 and other weapons, standing at a sort of entrance through the 
 fence or partition between two houses. Immediately I was pushed 
 from behind, and caught by the arm by one of the crowd and 
 dragged through the opening ; at the same time another German, 
 not one who had accompanied us, was pushed through immediately 
 behind me. The conductor and the two others I saw no more after 
 we had been got through the opening into the next house, as I 
 have stated. Another man came and led us into a dark room, 
 where we were kept a few minutes. While we were there the man 
 with me began to make a noise, trying to break the planks out, &c. j 
 immediately thereupon the door opened and three or four men 
 appeared, one of whom struck the poor fellow on the head with a 
 club which felled him to the ground ; a second one raised an axe 
 and struck at him through the doorway. Seeing the intention of 
 the man I pushed the door to, so as to intercept the blow, which 
 fell upon the door, beat it back against my mouth, and hurt my 
 lips severely ; the party then came in and searched us thoroughly, 
 taking everything of any value from us. I had only a small pocket- 
 knife, which they took ; my companion they made strip, and as he 
 drew off his shoes his money fell out, a few quarters and some 
 small money. We were left locked in for awhile, then the captain 
 of the coop came, opened the door, and led us down stairs to a 
 small trap-door which led to the cellar. We were put down there, 
 'and as we were going down, I in front, my companion was pushed 
 down violently, and, falling against me, we both tumbled down 
 into the cellar. Here we found ourselves in a dark hole full of all 
 sorts of men, with one solitary candle to give us light. There I was 
 kept until Tuesday afternoon, when the captain came down and 
 selected the oldest of us ; I was called by name and led up stairs 
 to the second story, and put into a large room, which was also full 
 of persons who were similarly cooped ; there I was kept until 
 Wednesday morning, the day of the last election. On Wednesday 
 morning, after nine o'clock, we were brought out by threes and 
 fours, and had tickets put into our hands ; I examined the tickets 
 which were given me, and know they were ' American ' tickets ; I 
 recognized them by the names of the candidates, the black stripe 
 down their length, the head of Washington at the top, and the 
 extreme narrowness of the ticket. Three others and myself were 
 brought out, and led by the rowdies; holding us by the arm, up to 
 the window of the second ward polls and voted ; we four then were 
 put into a carriage and driven around through the town, through 
 streets which I did not know to various polls, and we were voted 
 five or six times; we were then driven to the Holliday street polls, 
 voted there, and then shut up in the coop there next to the pollg, 
 in the cellar. We were then brought up into a room, and ordered 
 by the captain of the coop to change clothes with some seven or 
 eight other cooped individuals, which most of us did, but I retained 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 573 
 
 my own clothes; the captain changed clothes with a German, 
 taking a nice hat and black overcoat in exchange for his cap and 
 coat, which were of little value. We were then voted again at these 
 polls, and then we were led on foot to Baltimore street, where an 
 omnibus awaited us, and we were packed in till it was full, and driven 
 down to the coop house at the second ward again. Arrived there,we 
 voted again at the second ward, and then we were driven around 
 in the omnibus to various polls and voted some six times, until we 
 came to a poll the other side of Ensor street, where there was a 
 great crowd hustling and pushing, screaming, &c., in spite of which 
 we were led up by the arm, by the rowdies, through the crowd, 
 and compelled to vote. I was let go for a moment, while the 
 rowdies who had held me joined in the hustling and pushing, and 
 seeing the chance, 1 dodged into the crowd and escaped to my 
 home. I voted at least in the various wards sixteen times, com- 
 pelled each time to give a different name ; none of the judges said 
 
 anything to me, or any of us The treatment of some of 
 
 those in the coop was disgusting and horrible in the extreme ; men 
 were beaten, kicked and stamped in the face with heavy boots. 
 In the cellar of the second ward there were about seventy or 
 eighty persons locked up, not allowed to be about for a moment to 
 satisfy the wants of nature, and in the upper room of which 1 have 
 spoken as many more. The three men who were with me, voted, 
 each of them, as often as I did." 
 
 Mr. Peter Fitzpatrick, of the sixth ward, who was in "Ea^ 
 Levy's coop," in Holliday street, between Fayette and Baltimore, 
 says : " When I got in there, there were about fifteen in there 
 before me, and from fifteen, up to Wednesday, the number in- 
 creased until, to the best of my knowledge, they had about eighty 
 or ninety; and on Wednesday morning they took us out six at a 
 time, to vote the American ticket. I told them I wasn't entitled 
 to a vote, and they said if I wouldn't vote I should die. There 
 was a good many others that they served in the same way. 
 Knocked them down with billies and slung shots, and took their 
 money and their watches." Mr. Henry Funk, of the sixth ward, 
 who was in this same " coop," says : " They knocked me down 
 flat on my back, and poured the whiskey into me, about half a 
 
 pint I saw one German, who was very anxious to get 
 
 home, who said he lived in the country twenty-two miles, and left 
 his team at the market, and he made a noise to get out, and they 
 handcufted him and kept him so all night, and stripped him of all 
 his clothes except his shirt and drawers, and they took a comfort 
 and put it around his neck and said they would hang him, and he 
 went down on his knees and said he would be quiet, and then they 
 let him alone. I saw fellows come in with revolvers in their 
 hands, which they pointed at the men in the " coop," and told 
 them to lie down and go to sleep or they would be shot ; and they 
 had guns at the door, and they always came in with large clubs, 
 

 574 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 like watchmen's clubs, in their hands ; and I saw them beat men 
 with them too. One German was brought in with a large beard 
 on, and Crab Ashby took a candle and set fire to his beard and 
 burnt it off." 
 
 The following notice is taken from the Baltimore Clipper of 
 November Ist, 1859 : " Eattlers American Club No. 1, Twelfth 
 Ward — The original members of the American Rattlers are hereby- 
 notified to meet on Tuesday evening, November 1st, at 7 o'clock, 
 as there are traitors in the camp. P. S. — The awls will be ready 
 for distribution. By order, Robert Nelson, President." 
 
 Mr. Clifton W. Tayleure, who was local reporter for the Balti- 
 more Clipper, says of the transparencies, &c., carried in the proces- 
 sion of the Know-Nothing clubs at a mass-meeting of the party 
 presided over by the Hon. Anthony Kennedy, and addressed by 
 the Hon. H. Winter Davis and others, which was held in Monu- 
 ment square, shortly before the election of November 2d, 1859 : 
 " Some of them were of the usual character on election transpa- 
 rencies; some were humorous and some were threatening; the 
 prevailing figure was that of an awl. One of the transparencies 
 was the figure of a man running, with another in pursuit, sticljing 
 him with an awl. There was another figure of a bleeding head, 
 with the device, ' The head of a Reformer.' There was another of 
 an uplifted arm, with a clenched fist, with the device, ' With this 
 we'll do the work.' One of the parties on horseback, with a ribbon 
 around him, carried a large awl strapped to his back. A party 
 from the eighteenth ward had a forge, with fire, and persons ham- 
 mering, apparently making awls." 
 
 Mr. George Brown, the second son of Alexander Brown, the 
 founder of the eminent banking firm of Brown, Brothers & Co., 
 died at his country residence, near this city, on Friday morning, 
 August 26th, in the 72d year of his age. As a business man he 
 was distinguished by caution, prudence, sterling integrity, quick- 
 ness of perception, and indefatigable application. In 1827, when 
 the Mechanics' Bank was reduced almost to insolvency by bad 
 management, he consented to become its president, and in a short 
 time raised it to a state of great prosperity ; and it is a fact worthy 
 of notice that a long time afterwards his son George S. success- 
 fully presided over the same institution, having been called to the 
 management in consequence of a serious disaster which it had sus- 
 tained. Mr. George Brown was the principal founder of the Mer- 
 chants' Bank, of which he was for some time the president. The 
 House of Refuge was a special object of his care, as was also the 
 Baltimore Association for the Improvement of the Condition of 
 the Poor. Mr. Brown was one of the principal founders of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the first treasurer of that com- 
 pany. On his decease he was possessed of the largest fortune 
 which had ever been left by an individual in Maryland. The 
 beautiful Presbyterian church at the corner of Park avenue and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 575 
 
 Townsend street, known as the Brown Memorial Church, which 
 has recently been finished, attests not only his widow's devotion 
 to his memory, but his fervent attachment to tha faith in which 
 he had been educated, in which he lived, and in humble reliance 
 on which he died. 
 
 The " Odd-Fellows " of Baltimore dedicated the south wing of 
 their hall on Gay street with a grand parade and other appropriate 
 ceremonies, on Monday, September 26th. Mr. William H. Young 
 was the orator of the day. 
 
 Judge Z. Collins Lee departed this life on Saturday, November 
 26th. 
 
 1860. The new jail, which is so creditable to the enterprise and 
 humanity of our city, was in January formally delivered to the 
 municipal authorities in a complete condition by Messrs. John 
 Maxwell & Co., the contractors and builders. 
 
 The Hon. John Nelson died in this city on Wednesday night, ' 
 January 18th, in the 70th year of his age. Mr. Nelson was recog- 
 nized throughout the country as one of the most brilliant orna- 
 ments of the American bar, and has forever associated his name 
 with several of the most famous successes which the annals of the 
 law anywhere record. The deceased gentleman has also filled with 
 credit to his country and his own fame several positions of honor 
 and of trust, among them that of Attorney-General of the United 
 States under President Taylor, and Minister to Naples during the 
 administration of General Jackson. 
 
 The corner-stone of the Memorial Church, corner of Bolton and 
 Townsend streets, in memory of the Eev. Henry Y. D. Johns, .^ 
 late Eector of Emanuel Church, was laid on Tuesday afternoon, 
 July 3d, with appropriate ceremonies. Appropriate addresses were 
 delivered by Kevs. Messrs. Schenck and Cummings. 
 
 The Chicago Zouaves, under the command of Col. E. E. Ells- 
 worth, arrived in this city on Wednesday, August 1st, and were 
 received by the Independent Greys and Maryland Guards. The 
 Zouaves gave an exhibition drill in the evening at the Maryland 
 Institute, which was largely attended by the military and citizens. 
 On the 2d they also gave an exhibition drill at the terminus of 
 the Madison avenue line of city passenger cars. 
 
 The steamer Great Eastern arrived in Annapolis Eoads on 
 Sunday, August 5th, and during the week every means of convey- 
 ance to her was crowded by persons anxious to get a view of the 
 greatest of steamers. She left for New York on the 10th of 
 August. 
 
 On the 2d of February the reform bills passed the House of 
 Delegates, and became the law of the State. Immediately upon ^j^ 
 receipt of the ncAVS of the passage of the bills, Majg, or _S wan n ^i s - ^ 
 patched a message to the Council, asking leave to^testtneirTegality, 
 and volunteering his own opinion that they were " without the 
 authority of law, and cannot be recognized by the courts." The 
 
576 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 Commissioners of Police, Charles Howard," Wm. H. Gatchell, 
 Charles D. Hinks, John W. Davis, designated in the new bill, on 
 the 6th of February, appeared in the clerk's office of the Superior 
 Court and subscribed to the oath of office, and on the 9th made a 
 formal demand through their counsel, Messrs. Rev(3rdy Johnson, 
 S. Teackle Wallis, J. Mason Campbell, and Wm. H. Norris, Esqs., 
 upon the Mayor and City Council for the use of the station-houses, 
 police equipments, &c. On the 10th they received from Mayor 
 Swann notice of his refusal to comply. Application was immedi- 
 ately made to the Superior Court, Judge Martin, for a mandamus to 
 compel compliance, &c., &c. On the 13th of March Judge Martin 
 delivered his opinion upon the constitutionality of the Act creating 
 a permanent police force for the city of Baltimore. The Mayor 
 y/ and City Council took an appeal to the Cou^rt of Appeals, and 
 their decision was rendered in favor of the Board of Police on 
 Tuesday, April 17th. On the 12th of March the Governor, T. H. 
 Hicks, signed the bill passed by two-thirds of the members of each 
 House to remove from the office of Judge of the Criminal Court 
 of Baltimore the Hon. Henry Stump, then Judge of said court. 
 
 On the 7th of May the members of the old police force under 
 Marshal Herring and Deputy Marshal Manl}-, were disbanded at 
 the Marshal's office, old City Hall, Ma yor Swann ^nd the Marshals 
 bidding them adieu. "" """"^ 
 
 The Constitutional Union Convention, composed almost wholly 
 of the old Whig party and the waning organization known as the 
 ''American " or " Know-Nothing " party, assembled in the old 
 Presbyterian church on the corner of Fayette and North streets, 
 which had been specially fitted up for the occasion. John J. Crit- 
 tenden, of Kentucky, called the convention to order, and Washing- 
 ton Hunt, of New York, was chosen its president, and after a har- 
 monious session of two days, concluded its labors on the 10th of 
 May, with nominating its candidates for the Presidency and Yice- 
 Presidency. For the former position it selected the Hon. John 
 Bell of Tennessee, and the Hon. Edward Everett of Massachusetts 
 was named for the latter. Ten of the States were not represented 
 at all in this body, viz : California, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, 
 Michigan, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Oregon, South Carolina, 
 and Wisconsin. 
 
 On Friday morning, May 11th, at about half-past two o'clock, it 
 commenced raining in torrents, and continued at intervals up to half- 
 past eleven o'clock. The quantity of rain which fell during that time 
 was immense, and all the streams in and around the city were so 
 swollen that the water rushed over the banks and entered the 
 streets. Jones Falls presented a grand appearance; the usually 
 quiet stream became a raging river, and the water hurried along 
 its bed with the rapidity of a cataract. About half-past nine it 
 flowed over the wall at Fish Market Space, and about the same 
 time it overflowed at difl'erent points 'between Fayette and Bath 
 
' . CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 577 
 
 streets. It continued to increase in volume until Harrison street, 
 Centre Market Space, Holliday street from the old City Hall to 
 Bath street, and Saratoga and Bath streets up to Davis street, 
 and Lombard, Second and Pratt streets up to Frederick street, 
 and Gay street from Frederick street to the bridge, were inun- 
 dated. Around the Centre and Fish markets, and in Holliday and 
 Harrison streets, the depth of water was from three to six feet. 
 All the cellars and . first floors of the houses along the streets 
 named were flooded. In some cases along Harrison street the 
 water stood live feet deep in the rooms, and the occupants were 
 compelled to seek safety by leaving the premises in boats. 
 
 Mr. Frederick W. Brune, of the widely-known firm of Yon 
 Kapff & Brune, died in this year, aged 84, universally respected. 
 Mr. Von. Kapff died in 1828. These gentlemen were successful!}^ 
 and most honorably engaged in a varied commerce with all parts 
 of the world. 
 
 Friday the 8th of June had been looked for with more than or- 
 dinary interest by our citizens, as the day upon which the Japanese 
 Ambassadors, the guests of the Government of the United States, 
 were to pay Baltimore a visit, before showing themselves in Phila- 
 delphia or New York. In anticipation of the event, ^reat prepa- 
 rations had been made by the City Council to make their stay here, 
 although short, of the most pleasant and interesting character. 
 At an earl}'- hour the streets were alive with people of every class, 
 moving to and fro, some to take part in the pageant about to 
 follow, and others anxious to gain accessible points to view a spec- 
 tacle unknown hitherto to the city or the country. The streets 
 along the route of procession were gaily decorated with the Amer- 
 ican and Japanese flags, and other appropriate devices. Along all 
 the thoroughfares the crowd was immense, greater perhaps than 
 on any previous occasion in the history of the city. Baltimore 
 street being most central, was densel}^ packed on either side with 
 people. The windows of the store-houses, dwellings and public 
 offices were crowded with ladies, and where the storekeepers could 
 not accommodate them inside, platforms built of packing-boxes and 
 counters were erected on the sidewalks, so as to aiford all an op- 
 portunity to gratify their curiosity. About ten o'clock the- 
 strangers arrived at Camden Station, where a scene of wild excite- 
 ment ensued ; men, women and children, white and black, sent up 
 loud huzzas and screams, and ran towards the train as if they 
 might be anxious to throw themselves under the wheels of the 
 cars. They were greeted in a cordial manner by Mayor Svvann, 
 and with remarkable promptitude the guests were seated in the 
 conveyances assigned them, and in about twenty minutes the pro- 
 cession moved. The Paid Fire Department of the city appeared 
 in public procession for the first time since its organization, and 
 seemed to be the most attractive feature in the whole proce^^ion. 
 The procefesion, which was preceded by a large body of polic«^ under 
 37 
 
v 
 
 578 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 
 
 the immediate direction of Marshal Kane and Deputy Marshal 
 Gilford, moved up Eutaw to Baltimore street, and down Baltimore 
 street to the hall of the Maryland Institute, where a halt was 
 made and the formal reception of the strangers took place. After 
 speeches were made, the Embassy and their attaches and the 
 oflScers of the United States army and navy proceeded out of the 
 ball and resumed their seats in the carriages. When the procession 
 reached Monument Square the members of the Embassy were 
 conducted to the Gilmor House, where apartments were prepared 
 for them. In the evening they were entertained with an exhi- 
 bition of the Fire Department and a brilliant display of fireworks. 
 The visitors left next morning for Philadelphia. 
 
 On the 12th of June, M nyoy SwanrL /sfynt a communication to 
 the City Council nominating John H. B. Latrobe, Eobert Leslie, 
 "Wm. E. Hooper and Columbus O'Donnell, to act as commissioners 
 for the purchase of a site for a park or parks. In the middle of 
 July they determined to purchase the present Druid Hill Park for 
 the sum of $500,000 from Mr. Lloyd N. Eogers. The deeds were 
 signed on the 27th of September. 
 
 The National Democratic Convention, in accordance with the 
 order of adjournment adopted at Charleston, re-assembled in this 
 city on Monday, June 18th. The Front street theatre, selected for 
 the holding of the convention, had been arranged so as to take 
 advantage of its fullest capacity for the accommodation of the del- 
 egates and of the public anxious to attend the proceedings of the 
 convention. The whole stage and parquette, the latter being 
 floored over, were appropriated to the use of the members of the 
 convention, its officers, and the representatives of the press. The 
 rostrum for the president and officers, an elevated double semi- 
 circular platform, occupied the extreme rear of the stage, and 
 •aflforded a commanding view of the whole interior of the' house. 
 In front of the platform were placed a double row of desks and 
 chairs for the reporters of the press, of whom nearly two hundred 
 were in attendance. The delegates occupied seats to the right and 
 left of the chair, and extended over both stage and parquette. 
 
 At ten o'clock the attendance of delegates was not full, a largo 
 numbef having supposed that the convention would not be called 
 to order until tw^elve o'clock. The president, Hon. Caleb Cushing, 
 appeared on the platform, but did not take the chair. At eleven 
 o'clock he directed the secretary to call the roll of States in order 
 to ascertain if the delegates were present. On the calling of the 
 roll the following States were found to be fully represented : Maine, 
 New Hampshire), Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New 
 York New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Missouri, 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Cal- 
 ifornia, Oreoon. Subsequently on a call of the States, Connecticut 
 and Kentucky were found to be fully represented. Pennsylvania 
 was rejiresentcd with but two exceptions. Two delegates were 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 579 
 
 present from Delaware. When the State of South Carolina was 
 called, the chair directed that only those States be called which 
 were present at the adjournment of the convention at Charleston; 
 consequently South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, 
 Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas, were not called. After a fervent 
 prayer by Rev. John McCron, the convention proceeded to busi- 
 ness. The delicate and difficult question concerning the admission 
 to seats in the convention of representatives of States whose del- 
 egates had withdrawn from that body, was the first to present itself, 
 and Mr. Cushing in the chair refused to make any decision, and 
 referred the whole matter to the convention. It was claimed that 
 the seceding delegates had a right to re-enter the convention if they 
 chose to do so. This right was denied, and the language of the 
 resolution respecting the adjournment at Charleston, by w^hich the 
 States represented by the seceders were called upon to "fill va-. 
 cancies," was referred to as an expression of the convention, if 
 fairly interpreted, against the right of the seceders to return. It 
 was proposed, also, that no delegate should be admitted to a seat 
 unless he would pledge himself to abide by the action of a majority 
 of the convention and support its nominations. Debate speedily 
 ensued. It was hot and acrimonious during at least six hours on 
 the first day of the session ; and in the evening there were two 
 mass meetings of the Democracy in the streets of Baltimore, at 
 which vehement speeches were heard for hours by tens of thou- 
 sands of people, citizens and strangers. 
 
 On the following morning, the subject of contesting delegations 
 was referred to the committee on credentials. They could not 
 agree ; and on the 21st of June, the fourth day of the session, two 
 reports were submitted, the majority report recommending the ad- 
 mission of Douglas delegates (in place of seceders) from Louisiana 
 and Alabama, and parts of the delegations from other States. The 
 minority report was against the admission of the new delegates. 
 These reports were discussed with great warmth, which sometimes 
 reached the point of fierce personal quarrels. The pro-slavery m3n 
 gave free scope to the expression of their opinions and feelings. 
 Mr. Moffatt of Virginia, said: "I am an out-and-out pro-slavery 
 man. I believe in the institution all the time. I believe it is right 
 morally, socially and politically. I have fought in my State for 
 the extension of pro-slavery views." Mr. Gaulden, a mercantile dealer 
 in slaves from Georgia, said : " I am an advocate for maintaining the 
 integrity of the National Democratic party. I belong to the ex- 
 treme South. I am a pro-slavery man in every sense of the word, 
 ay, and an African slave-trade man. (Applause and laughter). 
 This institution of slavery, as I have said elsewhere, has done more 
 to advance the prosperity and intelligence of the white race, and 
 of the human race, than all else together. I believe it to be founded 
 upon the law of nature and upon the law of God. I believe it to 
 be a blessing to all races. I glory in being a slave-breeder, and 
 
580 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 though you may say now that I am wrong, yet I think I shall live 
 to see the day when the doctrines which I advocate to-night will 
 be the doctrines of Massachusetts and of the North. I say I go 
 for non-intervention in the broadest sense of the term. I say that 
 this whole thing should be taken out of the hands of the General 
 Government. I say it is all wrong to be spending two or three 
 millions of dollars annually from our pockets, and sacrificing thou- 
 sands of lives upon the coast of Africa, in that terrible clime, to 
 prevent our going there to get a few negroes." Finally, on Friday, 
 the 22d, the majority report was adopted — New York throwing 
 her controlling thirty-five votes against reconsideration ; and the 
 die was cast, filling the places of the seceders with Douglas men. 
 The second act of the secession drama — or tragedy — com- 
 menced. Virginia, with twenty-five of her thirty delegates, an- 
 nounced that she could no longer remain in the convention. North 
 Carolina, California, and Oregon followed Virginia; Kentucky and 
 Tennessee retired for consultation ; Georgia refused to re-enter the 
 convention; Missouri and Maryland were preparing to carry out 
 ft moiety of their delegations. The scene was an impressive and 
 interesting one. Mr. Smith, of California, before withdrawing 
 with his delegation, said ^id great confusion : " This convention 
 has properly been held in a theatre, and upon that stage a play 
 has been enacted this evening that will prove a tragedy, of which 
 the Democratic party will be the victim." The night of the 22d 
 was a gloomy one for those who earnestly desired the unity of the 
 Democratic party. On the following morning their hopes were 
 utterly blasted, when Caleb Gushing, the president of the conven- 
 tion, and a majority of the Massachusetts delegation, also with- 
 drew. " We put our withdrawal before you," said the Hon. 
 Benjamin F. Butler, of that delegation, " upon the simple ground, 
 among others, that there has been a withdrawal, in part, of a ma- 
 jority of the States; and further (and that perhaps more personal 
 to myself), upon the ground that I will not sit in a convention 
 where the African slave-trade — which is piracy by the laws of my 
 country — is approvingly advocated." These remarks created a 
 
 g-eat sensation. On the retirement of Mr. Gushing, Governor 
 avid Todd, of Ohio, one of the vice-presidents, took the chair, 
 and the convention proceeded to ballot for a Presidential candi- 
 date. A considerable number of Southern delegates who were 
 satisfied with the Cincinnati platform, remained in the convention, 
 and as their respective States were called, some of them made 
 brief speeches. One of these was Mr. Flournoy, of Arkansas, the 
 temporary chairman of the convention at Charleston. " I am a 
 Southern man," he said, " born and reared amid the institution of 
 slavery. I first learned to whirl the top and bounce the ball with 
 the young African. Everything I own on earth is the result of 
 slave labor. The bread that feeds my wife and little ones is pro- 
 duced by the labor of slaves. They live on my plantation with 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 581 
 
 every feeling of kindness as between master and slave. Sir, if I 
 could see that there is anything intended in our platform un- 
 friendly to the institution of slavery — if I could see that we did 
 not get every constitutional right we are entitled to — I would be 
 the hist on earth to submit in this Union ; I would myself apply 
 the torch to the magazine and blow it into atoms before I would 
 submit to wrong. But I feel that in the doctrine of non-interven- 
 tion and popular sovereignty are enough to protect the interests 
 of the South." 
 
 The original convention, when freed from the withdrawing dele- 
 gates, nominated Mr. Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency. Of 
 the one hundred and ninety-four and a half votes cast on the second 
 ballot, he received one hundred and eighty-one and a half. When 
 the vote was called on the resolution of Mr.Hoge of Virginia to make 
 Mr. Douglas unanimously the " regular nominee of the Democratic 
 party of the United States for the office of President of the United 
 States," an overwhelming unanimous " ay " was given, and the 
 whole convention rose, the members cheering, waving their hats 
 and yelling frantically. The galleries responded with the most en- 
 thusiastic acclamations, in the midst of which the banner of the 
 " Keystone Club " of Philadelphia was displayed from the upper 
 gallery and the band struck up " Hail to the Chief." For five 
 minutes the enthusiastic demonstration continued. The cheering 
 would die avray and be renewed, the convention and spectators all 
 being on their feet and apparently wild with excitement. At the 
 evening session a unanimous nomination was made of Senator 
 Fitzpatrick of Alabama for the Vice-Presidency, which partook of 
 the same characteristics of enthusiasm and concord. Two days 
 afterwards Fitzpatrick declined the nomination, when the National 
 Committee substituted Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia. On the 
 evening of Saturday, the 23d, the convention made a final adjourn- 
 ment. 
 
 On the 21st, just at the moment when the most intense anxiety 
 prevailed in the theatre as to the presentation of the report of the 
 Committee on Credentials, and when Mr. Krum of Missouri was 
 expected to rise, a loud crash proceeded from the centre of the 
 floor, and about one hundred and fifty of the delegates, including 
 the New York delegation, were observed, in the true theatrical 
 manner, to be going down through the stage. For a moment a scene 
 of the wildest excitement ensued, which was communicated to all 
 parts of the house. The calmness of the president and the members 
 of the press soon allayed all apppehensions of danger. The floor- 
 ing being cleared it was ascertained that the front of the stage and 
 the portion covering the orchestra had given way, and suddenly 
 sunk about three feet in the centre, throwing the settees and those 
 who were on them, within a circle of about forty feet, into one 
 wedged mass, from which they extricated themselves as rapidly 
 as possible, and fled in all directions to distant parts of the house. 
 
582 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Fortunately no one was injured. The convention soon after ad- 
 journed to repair damages. 
 
 The delegates who had withdrawn from the convention at the 
 Front Street Theatre, together with the delegations from Louis- 
 iana and Alabama refused admission, met at the Maryland Institute 
 at noon on Saturday the 23d of June. The following States were 
 represented by partial or full delegations : New York, Vermont, 
 Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Georgia, California, Oregon, 
 Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri, Texas, Mississippi, Massa- 
 chusetts, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Delaware, and Pennsyl- 
 vania. At 5 o'clock the convention was permanently organized 
 by the appointment of Hon. Caleb Cushing as president. That 
 gentleman was greeted when he ascended the platform with the 
 most vociferous applause, and other demonstrations of satisfaction. 
 On taking the chair, he declared that the body then assembled 
 formed the true National Democratic Convention, composed as it 
 was of delegates duly accredited thereto from more than twenty 
 States. The convention then proceeded to business with the 
 greatest harmony. They resolved that the delegates to the Eich- 
 mond Convention should be requested to unite with their brethren 
 of the National Democratic Convention, then assembled, on the same 
 platform of principles with themselves, if they felt authorized to 
 do so. They took seats accordingly. Mr. Avery of North Caro- 
 lina offered the majority report, which he had submitted in con- 
 vention at Charleston, and it was adopted without dissent as the 
 platform of principles of the sitting convention, and of the party 
 it represented. After some further business, the convention pro- 
 ceeded to the nomination of candidates for the Presidency and 
 Vice-Presidency, when George B. Loring of Massachusetts arose 
 and said: "We have seen the statesmen of Mississippi coming into 
 our own borders and fearlessly defending their principles, ay, 
 and bringing the sectionalism of the North at their feet by their 
 ■ gallantry. We have admiration for this courage, and I trust to 
 five by it and be governed by it. Among all these men to whom 
 we have been led to listen, and whom we admire and respect, there 
 is one standing pre-eminently before this country — a young and 
 gallant son of the South." He then named John C. Breckenridge, 
 of Kentucky, as a nominee for the Presidency. Vehement applause 
 then followed. A vote by States was taken, and Breckenridge 
 received eighty-one ballots against twenty-four for Daniel S. 
 Dickinson, of New York. The latter candidate was withdrawn 
 and the nomination of Breckenridge was declared unanimous. 
 Joseph Lane of Oregon was nominated for tbe Vice-Presidency. 
 The closing speech of the Breckenridge Convention was made by 
 Hon.. William L. Yancey, of Alabama, and it was without doubt 
 the most powerful address to the Democracy of the campaign. 
 
 On Monday, December 17th, the cars of the City Passenger 
 Eailway Company commenced running day and night for the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 583 
 
 better accommodation of the public — the cars passing the corner of 
 Calvert and Baltimore streets every half hour after twelve o'clock, 
 the fare being after that hour ten cents. The running of all night 
 cars continued for one week only, when they ceased. 
 
 On the 24th of February an act was passed by the General 
 Assembly of Maryland incorporating the Baltimore, Catonsville 
 and Ellicott's Mills Passenger Railway Company. 
 
 On the 10th of October the election to fill the offices of Mayor 
 and City Council was held, and the result was as follows : For 
 Mayor — Brown, Reform. 17,625; Hindes, Know-Nothinsr, 9,684; 
 Brown's majority, 7,991. A reform Mayor and a City Council 
 wholly of Reformers were lifted into power by majorities so enor- 
 mous, and amid the shouts of a triumph so overwhelming as to 
 beggar the most enthusiastic expectations. Every hope and desire 
 of the great conservative movement with which the good citizens 
 acted was realized, and the community stood once more where it 
 was before the departing dynasty dragged it down and degraded it 
 : — a self-governing people, knowing its rights and peacefully main- 
 taining them. 
 
 The formal ceremony of opening the magnificent Druid Hill 
 estate to the uses of a public park took* place at noon on Friday, 
 the 19th of October, in the presence of an immense concourse of 
 men, women and children, and with a military display of an unu- 
 sually imposing character. The narrow lane running from 
 Boundary avenue to the entrance of the Park was literally 
 packed with people and vehicles — a continuous string of car- 
 riages, buggies, hacks, wagons, and, in fact, every class of 
 vehicle. Between three and four thousand children of the public 
 schools, under the charge of their respective teachers, marched in 
 file from the cars to the Park. Lieut.-Col. William H. Hayward, 
 soon after the Mayor and Park Commissioners had taken position 
 on the stand near the mansion, stepped forward and announced 
 that the ceremonies would be commenced by prayer, which was 
 offered by Rev. Dr. Cummins in the most fervent and eloquent 
 manner. Yolandt's band then played a beautiful air, after which 
 Mayor Swann was introduced and delivered the oration, at the 
 close of which the Blues' band played the "Star Spangled Banner," 
 which was received with cheers. The school children then sung 
 an ode, composed for the occasion by John H. B; Latrobe, Esq., 
 one of the Board of Park Commissioners. The Mayor and other 
 dignitaries then left the stand and retired to their carriages. 
 They then by invitation proceeded to the residence of Mr. Orem, 
 adjoining the Park, where they were handsomely entertained. 
 The artillery cadets from St. Timothy's Hall, after the conclusion 
 of the address of MayorSwanjjuJired a gun for each State and 
 Territory in the Union7"anTa^alvo for the Park. The immense 
 crowd of people and the numbei'less vehicles all hurried homeward, 
 and thus ended the celebration of opening Druid Hill Park. 
 
684 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 
 
 On the morning of the S^lst of October the old and well-known 
 banking-house of Josiah Lee & Co. suspended payment ; also on 
 the 23d of November the banking-house of Samuel Harris & Son. 
 
 In JNovember, just after the Presidential election, the following 
 letter was Written by Governor Hicks, and notwithstanding its 
 treasonable and murderous import, the writer became conspicu- 
 ously loyal before spring, and lived to reap splendid rewards and 
 high honors under the auspices of the Federal Government, as the 
 most patriotic and devoted Union man in Maryland. The person 
 to whom the letter was addressed was equally fortunate, and in- 
 stead of drawing out his comrades in the field to " kill Lincoln and 
 his men," he was sent to Congress by power exerted from Wash- 
 ington at a time when the administration selected the representa- 
 tives of Maryland, and performed all his duties right loyally and 
 acceptably. 
 
 " State of Maryland, Executive Chamber, 
 " Annapolis, Nov. 9th, 1860. 
 "Hon. E.H. Webster: 
 
 "Jtfy Dear Sir : — I have pleasure in acknowledging receipt of 
 your lavor introducing a very clever gentleman to my acquaint- 
 ance (though a Demo.). I regret to say that we have at this time 
 no arms on hand to distribute, but assure you at the earliest pos- 
 sible moment your company shall have arms ; they have complied 
 with all required of them on their part. We have some delay in 
 consequence of contracts with Georgia and Alabama, ahead of us, 
 and we expect at an early day an additional supply, and of the 
 first received your people shall be furnished. Will they be 
 good men to send out to kill Lincoln and his men ? If not, sup- 
 pose the arms would be better sent South. How does late 
 election sit with you ? *Tis too bad. Hai-ford nothing to reproach 
 herself for. Your obedient servant, Thomas H. Hicks." 
 
 The first) evidence of the co-operation of any portion of our 
 citizens in the secession movement was manifested November 26th, 
 by unfurling to the breeze two Palmetto or South Carolina flags. 
 The first was displayed at the old Liberty engine-house, on Liberty 
 street, near Fayette (since torn down), by a number of men be- 
 longing to a branch of an association of Southern volunteers. 
 
 In pursuance of a call published in the daily papers, a meeting 
 was held on Saturday night, December 22d, in the IJniversalist 
 Church building, North Calvert street, to "take some action in re- 
 gard to the convening of the Legislature by the Governor." The 
 Hon. John C. Legrand, Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals, 
 was made president. Addresses were then made by William H. 
 Ryan, Coleman Yellott and William H. Norris. 
 
 1861.^ In answer to a call published in the newspapers for some 
 days, the citizens of Baltimore, favorable to the perpetuation of the 
 union of the States, met in mass-meeting at the hall of the Mary- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 585 
 
 land Institute on the evening of the 10th of January. The meeting 
 was called for seven o'clock, but long before that hour every avail- 
 able ppot on the lower floor and galleries was occupied by the 
 immense throng, who pressed and wedged themselves together, 
 until it was almost impossible for another creature to gain access 
 to the building. The stage was occupied by the officers of the 
 meeting, and distinguished invited guests from this and other 
 States. The meeting was called to order by Wm. McKim, Esq., 
 who announced the officers who had been nominated at a previous 
 meeting. President, Archibald Stirling, Sr., and a number of vice- 
 presidents and secretaries. The meeting adopted a set of resolu- 
 tions, and were addressed by Wm. H. Collins, Esq., Augustus W. 
 Bradford, Reverdy Johnson, B. Deford, Wm. E. Hooper, Joseph 
 Gushing, Jr., and Hon. J. A. Pearre. 
 
 In response to a call, published in the papers,for " the citizens 
 of Baltimore who are in favor of restoring the Constitutional 
 Union of the States, and who desire the position of Maryland in 
 the existing crisis to be ascertained by a convention of the people," 
 a number of people assembled on the night of the 1st of February, , 
 at the Maryland Institute hall. The hall was well filled, and 
 about half-past seven o'clock Hon. Joshua Vans^nt called the 
 meeting to order by nominating Dr. A. C. Robinson as president. 
 The meeting was addressed by Dr. A. C. Robinson, Wm. Henry 
 Norris, Hon. R. M. McLane, S. Teackle Wallis, ex-Governor Lowe, 
 and Mr. Kilgour. After Mr. Kilgour's remarks, a set of resolutions 
 were unanimously adopted with loud cheering. 
 
 During the night of Friday, Februar}'^ 22d, Mr. A. Lincoln, 
 President of the United States, passed through this city on his 
 w^ay to the Capital, from Harrisburg, Pa., by a circuitous route 
 through Philadelphia. 
 
 Died, on the 19th of March, Mrs. Thomas Winans, the wife of 
 one of our most enterprising and estimable citizens. She was a 
 Russian by birth, and was distinguished for her extensive charities. 
 
 The Universalist Church edifice erected on Baltimore street, 
 near Aisquith, was dedicated on Sunday, March 24th, the religious 
 ceremonies being performed by Rev. B. M. Tillotson, Rev. J. R. 
 Johnson, Rev. Moses Ballou, and Rev. A. Bosserman. The Home 
 of the Friendless was dedicated Tuesday, April 2d. Messrs. C. 
 Sidney Norris and his Honor Mayor Geo. W. Brc^wn delivered 
 appropriate addresses on the occasion. 
 
 Never before, perhaps, in the history of the old Monumental 
 City did the citizens, one and all, labor under such a perfect furore 
 of excitement as prevailed from Friday, April 12th, 1861, tc the 
 end of the month. At a late hour on the evening of the 12th, a 
 dispatch was received from Charleston, announcing the startling 
 intelligence that the war had been inaugurated. This dispatch 
 was no sooner received than it became generally known through- 
 out the entire city, and the immediate result was that a crowd of 
 
586 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 several hundred persons assembled around the bulletin boards, and 
 the excitement became intense. "Extras" were issued by the 
 various newspapers, and were caught up with anxious hands by 
 the multitude, who hardly seemed to realize the alarming state of 
 affairs as stated in the dispatches. Additional dispatches, detail- 
 ing briefly the particulars of the battle, were received during the 
 night, and at early morning the newspaper offices were besieged 
 by hundreds of excited people. The expressions of feeling at the 
 reception of the dispatches were varied, many expressing their 
 heartfelt regret at the idea of the sheding of fatricidal blood, others 
 expressing strong Union sentiments, and many giving expression 
 to their feelings in favor of the South. As the crowd increased in 
 numbers the excitement became more intense, but, although many 
 were violent in their argument and gesticulations, no difficulty of 
 any kind took place until about eleven o'clock, when a j^oung man 
 made his appearance in the neighborhood of South street wearing 
 upon his hat a Southern cockade. He was saluted with hisses and 
 groans by the Union men, who raised a shout of "take it off," 
 " hurrah for the Union," &c. Extras were again issued during 
 the morning, and toward noon many of those assembled dispersed, 
 and the excitement partially subsided until about three o'clock in 
 the afternoon," when it became known that additional news had 
 been received announcing that Fort Sumter was on fire. As this 
 report became circulated, the Union men assembled about the 
 news offices in great numbers, and divers threats were made 
 against any one sympathizing with the South. In spite of these 
 threats, however, the Southern men gathered in their strength, 
 and for some time serious difficulties were apprehended. Through 
 the exertions of the efficient police department, however, quiet 
 was partially restored. About four o'clock, however, the crowd 
 again became excited by the appearance of another " cockade " 
 upon Baltimore street. Many of those assembled made a rush 
 toward the party wearing it, who proved to be a gentleman from 
 North Carolina who was stopping at Barnum's hotel, and cries of 
 "Go in, Union men," " Eally, minute men," and other riotous 
 shouts were heard. The crowd pressed rapidly around the 
 stranger, and although he was immediately surrounded by a num- 
 ber of sympathizing friends, he was forced up Baltimore street until 
 opposite the^Iothing establishment of Messrs. Noah Walker & Co., 
 when a decided stand was made, and with the assistance of Sergeant 
 McComas, of the police department, the gentleman was enabled to 
 return to the hotel. Extras were also issued on Sunday, April 14thj 
 containing further details of the surrender of Major Anderson. 
 
 Died on the 15th of April, "Old Moses." Moses Small, the 
 venerable old newspaper carrier, died at his residence in the court 
 in the rear of Charles street church. He was about 80 years of 
 age, and until about four years before was quite active, when he 
 was prostrated by sickness. Perhaps there was no person better 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 587 
 
 known in Baltimore than. Moses Small ; he was universally re- 
 spected and esteemed. From 1813 to 1838 he carried the Federal 
 Gazette, and when that paper was merged into the Baltimore 
 Patriot, he continued in the same capacity upon the latter until 
 1857 ; and in all that long period of nearly half a century he never 
 missed a single day. Such a long instance of uninterrupted ser- 
 vice is as rare as it is remarkable. 
 
 On Sunday, the 14th of April, a secession flag was displayed 
 from the mizzen topmast of the barque Fanny Crenshaw, lying at 
 Chase's wharf, at the foot of Thames and Caroline streets, which 
 was not at first perceived ; but on being particularly noticed several 
 hours afterward, the captains of other vessels in the neighborhood, 
 the Agnes, the Mondamin, the Washington, the Cliase, and the 
 Seaman, immediately ran up the National flag. Ere long a crowd 
 of persons, belonging mostly to East Baltimore, assembled at tho 
 wharf, expressing very emphatic disapproval of the secession flag, 
 and then going on board the Crenshaw, ordered it to be lowered. 
 No one was on the vessel at the time excepting a boy left in charge ; 
 and he, by the orders of the visiting party, hauled down the fliag. 
 In the course of an hour or two it was run up again and kept 
 flj'ing, this time being protected by a police force. It was under- 
 stood the flag was displayed by the express orders of the owners 
 of the barque, Messrs. D. anti J. Crenshaw, of Eichmond, Ya. The 
 18th of April w^as a day of much excitement; strong parties of 
 Union men and Secessionists f»ppearing on the streets and giving 
 vent to their political sentiments. Col. George P. Kane, Marshal 
 of the police, actively exerted his authority in preserving order. 
 An attempt was made to display a Secession flag on Federal Hill, 
 and fire one hundred guns in honor of South Carolina, or perhaps 
 more immediately of the secession of Virginia the day before. On 
 the third round, however, the cannon was seized, and with the 
 powder thrown into the Basin, while the gun-carriage was broken 
 up and the flag torn into shreds. No other disturbance occurred 
 there, although upwards of two thousand persons had gathered at 
 the scene. Another large Confederate flag was hoisted about 4 P. M. 
 at the intersection of Greenmount avenue and Charles streets, and 
 saluted with one hundred guns. 
 
 The announcement by a special dispatch from Harrisburg, Pa., 
 that the Northern Central Railroad had been requested to furnish 
 accommodations for the transportation of a number of troops 
 through Baltimore, caused on the 18th of April the greatest excite- 
 ment which had prevailed in this city since the news of the attack 
 on Fort Sumter. Large crowds assembled, and curses and impre- 
 cations were freely uttered. An earnest and wide-spread deter- 
 mination was manifested to resist this threatened "invasion of the 
 soil of Maryland." About 9 o'clock an impromptu meeting of the 
 National Volunteers was held, and T. Parkin Scott, Esq., was called 
 on to preside. Upon taking the chair lie made a brief address, 
 
588 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 followed by W. C. N. Carr, William Byrne and others. Through- 
 out their addresses these gentlemen were very earnestly applauded. 
 About 2 o'clock P. M., two trains, containing twenty-one cars, 
 which left Harrisburg at ten minutes past eight o'clock, arrived 
 at the Bolton depot, Northern Central road. There were six 
 companies of troops : two companies of United States artillery 
 from St. Paul, under command of Major Pemberton, two companies 
 from Pottsville, Pa., one from Beading, and one from Lewistown, 
 Pa., called the Logan Guards, in all numbering a fraction over 
 Fix hundred men. Several hundred persons had congregated at 
 the depot to await their arrival, and amused themselves in the 
 interim by singing "Dixie's Land," and cheering for the Southern 
 Confederacy. Upon the troops disembarking, they were jostled 
 and pushed about considerably by the crowd. The line of march 
 was finally taken up for Mount Clare Station, where fifteen freight 
 cars, with seats placed in them, had been prepared for their trans- 
 portation. From the commencement of the march to the close of 
 it, they were greeted with groans, hisses, cheers for Jeft'erson 
 Davis, South Carolina, the Southern Confederacy and Virginia. 
 Opposite the Howard House the hissing was remarkably strong. 
 Upon arriving at Mount Clare the troops were subjected to nu- 
 merous indignities, such as being spit upon, having their coat tails 
 pulled, and references made to their beggarly appearance, cries of * 
 "let the police go and we'll lick you," "wait till you see Jeff 
 Davis,*' "we'll see you before long," "you'll never go back to 
 Pennsylvania," and many similar expressions. But for the effi- 
 cient police arrangements there would undoubtedly have been a 
 collision between the populace and the military. About the time 
 of the departure of the train bearing them, a stone was thrown 
 into one of the cars. In the latter part of the afternoon the crowd 
 assembled in front of the headquarters of the Minute men, where 
 there was a fight. Several parties were slightly damaged about 
 the face. In this row, although there were perhaps 2000 partici- 
 pants, no weapons were drawn. This was likewise quelled by the 
 police, who rushed in and carried off several parties. The excite- 
 ment then subsided until about i o'clock in the evening, when an im- 
 mense concourse of the.Southern sympathizers collected at Taylor's 
 Building, on Fayette street, to attend the States Eights Convention 
 held there. Being excluded, the proceedings of the convention 
 being secret, they formed in a body, numbering about 800 persons, 
 and proceeded to parade the streets. 
 
 About the hour of eleven o'clock on Friday, the 19th of April, 
 a train of thirty -five cars arrived in the city via the Philadelphia, Wil- 
 mington and Baltimore Railroad, containing about 1200 troops from 
 Lowell, Boston, and Acton, Massachusetts, under the command of 
 Col. Jones, of that State, together with about 1000 volunteers from 
 Philadelphia, Pa., under (xeneral John Small. No sooner had the 
 announcement been made. than the entire community was perfectly 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 589 
 
 wild with excitement ; and in less than fifteen minutes, hundreds 
 of people were rushing in crowds towards the railroad track on 
 Pratt street, leading from the Philadelphia to the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad, with the intention of preventing the passage of the 
 troops. Having assembled on Pratt street, from Light street as 
 far down as the bridge, some time was spent in giving vent to 
 sheer indignation by groans for Hicks, Lincoln, and the Federal 
 Government, and cheers for Jefferson Davis and the Southern Con- 
 federacy. About half-past eleven o'clock, a car drawn by horses 
 was seen approaching from the bridge over Jones Falls, and a gen- 
 eral shout was sent up by the crowd in favor of Jefferson Davis 
 and the South. This car, together with eight others, was allowed 
 to pass unmolested, except that the multitude groaned and hissed 
 at them as they passed. As the tenth car arrived opposite Com- 
 merce street, the brake upon the car became disarranged by some 
 means, and the car was consequently stopped, when a man stand- 
 ing upon the sidewalk threw a stone into one of the windows. 
 This was a signal to all assembled, and in an instant the stones 
 were flj^ing thick and fast. The driver of the car becoming fright- 
 ened, attached his team to the opposite end and drove rapidl}^ to- 
 ward the Philadelphia depot, the car being stoned until it disap- 
 peared from view. After the lapse of a few moments spent in 
 cheers and groans, the crowd, which had by this time increased to 
 the number of about 800, proceeded to tear up the street for the 
 purpose of blockading the track, to prevent the passage of any 
 more of the cars. Picks and shovels were soon procured, and in a 
 short time the entire street, for a distance of about fifty yards, was 
 entirely torn up, the bridges over the gutters were taken up, and 
 the paving-stones thrown in large piles in the centre of the track. 
 About this time someone among the party discovered several large 
 anchors lying upon the wharf near by, and a rush was immediately 
 made to gain possession of them. A number of negroes employed 
 as sailors upon schooners hailing from the vSouth came ashore from 
 their vessels and rendered every assistance in their power, hauling 
 the immense anchors to the centre of the railroad track, with 
 cheers for the " Souf," and " Massa Jeff. Davis." By their assist- 
 ance, some eight of the anchors were piled upon the track. A car 
 loaded with sand happened at the time to be passing, and it was also 
 seized upon, and being backed up, the contents were spilled on the 
 centre of the track. 
 
 A messenger here arrived from the Philadelphia depot, an- 
 nouncing that the troops were about to form and march to the 
 Camden Station, being unable to proceed thither by rail. This 
 announcement led to a yell of disappointment from those assembled, 
 when a cry of "to the depot" was heard, and the greatest portion 
 of them moved off at a rapid rate down President street. As the 
 crowd arrived in the neighborhood of the depot, hundreds of citi- 
 zens joined in to discover the cause of the excitement, and the 
 
590 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 mass soon swelled to over 2,000 persons. Passing rapidly down 
 President street, as far as the depot, they assembled beside the 
 train containing the remainder of the military, and. immediately 
 sent up a shout for the Southern Confederacy, accompanied by the 
 most unearthly groans for the troops and the Federal Government. 
 No movement was made by the troops for about fifteen minutes to 
 alight from the train. During this delay among those in command 
 the crowd became furious with excitement, a;nd were about to force 
 an entrance into the cars, when a large detachment of police under 
 charge of one of the captains made their appearance, and rushing 
 forward at the risk of their lives, succeeded in preventing the 
 attack upon the cars. The order being given by the captains of 
 the various companies of the troops, six car-loads of them pro- 
 ceeded to alight from the train. As they descended single file into 
 the crowd, they were hustled quite violently, and were hooted at 
 and hissed by all assembled, but finally succeeded in pushing their 
 way, with the assistance of the officers, to the footway alongside 
 the depot, where they formed in double file, awaiting further 
 orders. At this instant, a commotion was perceptible on President 
 street, and a man appeared, accompanied by about one hundred 
 friends, bearing in bis hands a pole having upon it a flag of the 
 Southern Confederacy. As it became perceptible, a loud shout of 
 enthusiasm was sent up by the multitude, and for several moments 
 the air was rent with cheer upon cheer for the Southern flag. 
 Some one here stole silently into the crowd, and grasping at the 
 flag-staff^, tore it partially in half, when he was seized by the throat 
 by the man who bore the flag, and would have been killed upon 
 the spot had the police not saved him from their vengeance. The 
 shreds of the flag were immediately caught up by the crowd, and 
 being tied upon the staff", was again saluted with cheers. The 
 most bitter taunts were thrown at the troops by those surrounding 
 the flag, many of whom declared that they should march behind 
 it, which they were compelled to do, as will be shown by the 
 sequel. 
 
 The arrangement having been perfected for a march, the order 
 was given, and the whole body made a movement^wards Presi- 
 dent street, when those surrounding the Secession flag made a bold 
 and determined stand, and refused to give an inch to allow them 
 to pass. Finding it impossible to proceed, they wheeled around 
 and started in an opposite direction, when cries of " head them oif " 
 were re-echoed through the vast assemblage, and a rush was made 
 to the southern end of the depot. At this point they were com- 
 pletely surrounded, and for several minutes it was found to be im- 
 possible for them to move in any direction. Finall}^, however, the 
 body of military were formed into platoons four abreast, when 
 three or four of those in the rear were attacked and separated from 
 their comrades. Here again the police, who were untiring in their 
 eflfortfl to preserve the peace, rushed in and protected the men, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 591 
 
 enabled Ihem to regain their places in the ranks, when the body 
 again made a move, and by their broad front, aided by the police, 
 they forced a passage through the crowd. As the body moved off 
 the Confederate flag was borne to the head of the ranks, and 
 saluted with cheers. Groans were given for the troops, and the 
 flag was immediately surrounded by about 200 persons, who 
 marched in front of the troops, protecting the flag and compelling 
 the volunteers of Massachusetts to march for a distance of two 
 squares behind the Confederate banner. When about one hundred 
 yards from the^depot, a second attempt was made by several Union 
 men to seize the flag; and, upon being attacked by the citizens, 
 they endeavored to escape by retreating behind the ranks of the 
 military. This action exasperated the entire mass of citizens to 
 sueh an extent that an attack was immediately made upon the 
 troops with stones and such missiles as could be found. As the 
 attack began one of the soldiers, a man named William Patch, 
 from Massachusetts, was seen to fall about midway of the ranks, 
 having been struck in the back with a large paving stone. As he 
 fell upon his side into the gutter, his musket was seized by a portion 
 of the crowd, apparently in a great state of exasperation, who set 
 upon him, and before the police could prevent them, beat the un- 
 fortunate soldier most unmercifully. The gun was borne rapidly 
 off to some distance, but was finally given up to an officer. As the^ 
 man Patch was seen to fall, the commanding officer of the troops 
 gave a hurried order to the troops to " run," and dipping their 
 heads, they were soon running at a rapid rate, followed by the 
 crowd, who continued to throw stones into their midst as they re- 
 treated. When at the corner of President and Stiles streets the 
 crowd pressed closely upon them, and rallying around them, knocked 
 down two of the soldiers and seized their muskets, which were very ' 
 promptly delivered into the hands of the police, who checked them 
 in the attack. One of the soldiers who was knocked down 
 managed to regain his feet and make his escape, but the second 
 one was quickly picked up by an officer, and carried to the Middle 
 station-house, where he was protected from the crowd. 
 
 The body of troops continued to run with great rapidity across 
 Pratt street bridge, and as far as Commerce street, the point where 
 the street had been torn up, where an immense concourse of people 
 had assembled, completely blockading the entire street from one 
 side to the other. As the troops advanced towards them a tre- 
 mendous shout of indignation resounded among them, and deter- 
 mined resistance waS^rtcpt^ed upon every countenance. Almost 
 every man of them provided himself with a huge paving-stone, 
 and as the troops advanced a shower of the stones was poured into 
 them. This had the efifect of checking the speed of the troops 
 completely, and for a few minutes the citizens were decidedly victori- 
 ous. Finding themselves hemmed in, the commanding officer of 
 the troops ordered them to " fire," and the order was no sooner 
 
592 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 given than several of the men foremost in the ranks took deliberate 
 aim, and at the first fire a young man named Francis X. Ward, a 
 member of the City Guard Battalion, fell to the earth, pierced by 
 a minie-ball in the left side of the groin. The remainder of the 
 troops fired in rapid succession upon the crowd in front, shooting 
 several persons, hereafter named, some of whom were instantly 
 killed. " A resident of this city was forced by the rush of the 
 crowd in close proximity to one of the soldiers. He raised his gun, 
 and taking deliberate aim, pulled the trigger. The cap exploded, 
 but the gun failed to go off. The citizen rushed forward, and 
 seizing the musket, plunged the bayonet almost entirely through 
 his body." 
 
 As those who were shot down by the soldiers continued to 
 fall, the citizens, who were entirely unarmed, wavered somewhat, 
 and giving way before the fixed bayonets of the troops, they 
 opened a passage and the troops were again in motion, running 
 rapidly up Pratt street towards Camden Station. When at the 
 intersection of Pratt and Charles streets, one of the soldiers, a 
 man named Andrew Eobbins, from Stoneham, Massachusetts, was 
 shot in the neck by one of the citizens, and being picked up, -was 
 carried into the drug store of Mr. Jesse S. Hunt, where he was 
 attended by Dr. Dunbar. Upon the arrival of the nine cars at 
 Camden Station they were greeted with hisses, groans, and insult- 
 ing threats of every description. The troops appeared to be some- 
 what crest-fallen, and looked upon the crowds who surrounded the 
 cars upon the outside with rather suspicious glances. While they 
 were waiting for their comrades at the President street depot, the 
 crowd gradually diminished, and a great many persons left the 
 place under the impression that the excitement was subsiding, but 
 in reality the greater part of them had gone off to the conflict on 
 Pratt street, while others had repaired to the outskirts of the city 
 for the purpose of tearing up the track and making preparations 
 to attack the train as it moved off from the depot. A few minutes 
 past twelve o'clock the appearance of/folarshal Kane again drew 
 the people together at the Camden Station, when the state of 
 affairs in the lower section of the city became more generally 
 known. At once- a rush was made for the scene of disturbance. 
 In a few minutes the crowd came swelling up Pratt street, hoot- 
 ing at the military, but kept somewhat at bay by the strong police 
 force present, until arriving near Howard street, when a volley 
 was fired by the troops, in which one or two persons were wounded. 
 Immediately after firing they started in a run, which was kept up 
 until near Camden street, when about a dozen shots were fired by 
 them, but no one was injured at this time. The run was then re- 
 sumed and kept up until they reached the cars, into which they 
 very unceremoniously jumped. Thirteen cars were' then drawn 
 out, which were entirely occupied by troops, and being attached 
 to a locomotive, about a quarter before one o'clock moved out of 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 593 
 
 the depot amid the hisses and groans of the multitude. At every 
 point within the city they were stoned, and this was kept up until 
 they were a considerable distance beyond the city limits. 
 
 A deep gloom was cast over the community by the wanton and 
 brutal murder of Mr. Eobert W. Davis, of the firm of Paj'nter, 
 Davis & Co., dry-goods dealers on Baltimore street. It appears 
 that Mr. Davis had gone out along the line of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Eailroad early in the morning, for the purpose of looking at 
 some land which he contemplated purchasing. He was accom- 
 panied by Thos. W. Hall, Jr., and other gentlemen, and at the time 
 of his murder he was standing at a point near the foot of Eutaw 
 street, known as McPherson's. The train carrying the troops at 
 about this point was greeted by some boys with cheers for the 
 Southern Confederacy, when Mr. Davis laughingly shook his fist 
 at the train as it passed, all unconscious of any difficulty having 
 occurred in the city. One of the soldiers ran his gun out of the 
 window, and taking deliberate aim at Mr. Davis, shot him. Upon 
 the shot being fired, Mr. Hall asked him if he was hurt. His only 
 reply was, " 1 am killed." 
 
 About half-past two o'clock the populace, who about this time 
 filled the streets, proceeded in a body, to the number of about eight 
 or ten thousand, to the President street depot, a rumor having 
 been spread abroad to the effect that the renowned 7th Regiment 
 would arrive at 3 o'clock. On arriving at the depot they assembled 
 around the train containing the Philadelphia volunteers, and began 
 an attack upon those who were in the passenger cars, by throwing 
 stones through the windows of the cars, all of which were soon 
 smashed to atoms. Marshal Kane here appeared in company with 
 General Egerton, and it was announced that the train would soon 
 leave for Philadelphia. With this understanding the crowd with- 
 drew for a short time, but becoming impatient, a second attack was 
 made, during which about twenty of the volunteers, who were un- 
 armed, were badly injured, being struck with stones about the body 
 and head. Those in the passenger cars were remoVed to freight 
 cars for safety, when a large body of them, numbering 110, includ- 
 ing many members of the band accompanying the troops, became 
 separated and were taken, into the eastern station-house by the 
 officers for protection. After the lapse of a few moments, about 
 2J o'clock, an engine was attached to the train consisting of some 
 twenty cars, and it passed slowly out of the city, an order having 
 been issued by the railroad company for their return to Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 The following is a complete list of killed and wounded in the 
 riot: Citizens killed — Robert W. Davis, Philip S. Miles, John Mc- 
 Cann, John McMahon, William R. Clark, James Carr, Francis 
 Maloney, Sebastian Gill, William Maloney, William Reed, Michael 
 
 Murphy, Patrick Griffith. Citizens wounded — F. X. Ward, 
 
 Coney, James Myers, boy name unknown. Soldiers killed^-Ad- 
 38 
 
694 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 diBon O. Whitney, a young mechanic of Lowell, Mass. ; Luther 
 C. Ladd, another young mechanic from Lowell ; Charles A. Taylor, 
 a decorative painter of Boston ; and Sumner H. Needham, a plas- 
 terer by trade. And many soldiers wounded. 
 
 The excitement continuing with unabated fury throughout the 
 town, the citizens during the day broke into the stores of Patterson 
 & Wool ford, and John C. J. Meyer, and seized a large number of 
 firearms, &c. During the afternoon an order was issued by (rov- 
 ernor Hicks calling out the military throughout the city, and in a 
 short time every company responded to the call, and reported 
 themselves on Holliday street by five o'clock P. M. Detachments 
 consisting of portions of each company were out upon guard during 
 the night, to assist the police department in suppressing any riotous 
 demonstrations. In the afternoon the following letter was tele- 
 graphed to Washington : 
 
 " To His Excellency the President of the United States : 
 
 "/S^iV; — A collision between the citizens and the ISTorthern troops 
 has taken place in Baltimore, and the excitement is fearful. Send 
 DO troops here. We- will endeavor to prevent all bloodshed. A 
 public meeting of citizens has been called, and the troops of the 
 State have been called out to preserve the peace. They will be 
 enough. Eespectfully, 
 
 " (Signed) Thomas H. Hicks. 
 
 Geo. Wm. Brown, Mayor." 
 
 After the departure of the troops, information was dispatched 
 to the police department, to the effect that a freight car was 
 standing at the Philadelphia depot containing a large quantity of 
 arms and ammunition belonging to the Massachusetts troops. 
 Gen. James Anderson was immediately dispatched to the spot to 
 take possession of the car, which he did, leaving a large force of 
 police officers to guard it until the contents could be removed. 
 The baggage was conveyed to the Middle Station-house ; the arms 
 were subsequently seized upon and appropriated by the city. 
 About 3 o'clock A. M. Saturday, an order was issued for the de- 
 struction of all bridges on the line of the Northern Central and 
 Philadelphia railroads within the State of Maryland, so as to pre- 
 vent the passage of more troops. In pursuance of this order the 
 police and military and a number of armed citizens performed the 
 duty. 
 
 On the 19th of April a committee of citizens, consisting of Hon. 
 H. Lennox Bond and John C. Brune and George W. Dobbin, 
 proceeded to Washington in order if possible to eifect some 
 settlement of the difficulties caused by the transportation of large 
 bodies of troops through the city to Washington. They bore a 
 letter from Mayor Brown and Governor Hicks, to the President, 
 of which the following is a copy : 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 595 
 
 " Mayor's Office, Baltimore, April 19M, 1861. 
 
 "^iV ; — This will be presented to you by the Hon. H. Lennox 
 Bond, and Geo. W. Dobbin and John C. Brune, Esqs., who will 
 proceed to Washington by an express train, at my request, in 
 order to explain fully the fearful condition of affairs in this city. 
 The people are exasperated to the highest degree by the passage 
 of troops, and the citizens are universally decided in the opinion 
 that no more should be ordered to come. The authorities of the 
 city did their best to-day to protect both strangers and citizens, 
 and to prevent a collision, but in vain ; and but for their great 
 efforts a fearful slaughter would have occurred. Under these cir- 
 cumstances it is my solemn duty to inform you that it is not pos- 
 sible for more soldiers to pass through Baltimore unless they fight 
 their way at every step. I therefore hope and trust, and most 
 earnestly request, that no more troops be permitted or ordered by 
 the Government to pass through the city. If they should attempt 
 it, the responsibility for the bloodshed will not rest upon me. 
 
 " With great respect, your obedient servant, 
 
 " Geo. Wm. BROwn, Mayor. 
 
 " To His Excel'y Abraham Lincoln^ President United States." 
 
 " I have been in Baltimore city since Tuesday evening last, 
 and co-operated with Mayor G. W. Brown in his untiring efforts 
 to allay and prevent the excitement, and suppress the fearful out- 
 break as indicated above, and I fully concur in all^ that is said by 
 him in the above communication. Very respectfully your obe- 
 dient servant, Thomas H. Hicks, Governor of Maryland. 
 
 " To His Excel'y Abraham Lincoln, President U. S." 
 
 The affair of the 19th of April naturally produced intense ex- 
 citement in the community, and though the feeling against the 
 Administration and the North was very general, almost all citizens 
 regretted the collision that had taken^ place. But the feeling of 
 the people of Baltimore was changed from one of mere excitement 
 to one of stern determination when they heard, on the night of the 
 19th and on the following morningi^that other Northern regi- 
 ments, then on their way to Baltimore, were loud in their threats 
 of vengeance against the people of the city. These troops were 
 approaching Baltimore from the north and east, and thousands of 
 them were within twenty-five or thirty miles of it. Information 
 was also received by telegraph that the most vindictive feeling 
 against the whole population of Baltimore had been aroused in the 
 Northern cities, and that numerous bodies of men were organizing 
 for the avowed purpose of marching on their own responsibility to 
 inflict punishment upon our people. The Northern papers, too, 
 were filled with the most savage denunciations and brutal threats. 
 All were united in the resolution not to accept at the hands of 
 
596 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Northern regiments the punishment with which they indiscrimi- 
 nately threatened Baltimore. It is not necessary here to enter 
 upon a narrative of the events of the succeeding days. A few 
 facts will suffice to show that almost the whole population of the 
 State and city was united upon that occasion. On the afternoon 
 of the 19th of April, at four o'clock, a town meeting was held in 
 Monument Square, at which the Governor, the Mayor, Dr. A. C. 
 Robinson, Geo. M. Gill, Wm. P. Preston, S. Teackle Wallis, Marcus 
 Duvall, John Wethered, Charles Marshall, and Eobert M. McLane 
 addressed the people, advising moderation, &c. Governor Hicks, 
 in the course of his remarks, said, that " ho had three conferences 
 with the Mayor, and they had always agreed upon every point 
 presented. He was a Marylander, and would sooner have his 
 right arm cut off than raise it against a sister Southern State." 
 On the same evening the following editorial article appeared in 
 the American newspaper : 
 
 " Let us Unite. — The results of this morning must determine 
 the position of all men. We must agree first to secure the re-es- 
 tablishment of harmony among ourselves, and all then join in 
 whatever measures may be determined upon. Whatever differ- 
 ences may have, or do yef exist, the blood of our citizens shed in 
 our streets is an irresistible appeal to us all to unite as Mary- 
 landers, to meet firmly and together the responsibilities clustering 
 thickly about us. There can be no difficulty now in the Governor, 
 the Mayor and the police authorities from together concerting 
 those measures which are necessary to the public safety. Let us 
 first seek unity among ourselves, and then act. In such a crisis as 
 this all other considerations must give way to our duty towards 
 one another, and to the State and city." 
 
 On that night the Mayor and Police Commissioners deter- 
 mined. Governor Hicks consenting, to burn the bridges on the 
 Philadelphia and Wilmington and the Northern Central railroads. 
 The citizens also turned out en masse with arms in their hands, 
 and began to enrol themselves in companies, and the Police Com- 
 missioners thought it the wisest, as indeed it was their only course, 
 to assume command of these volunteer organizations. The action 
 of the Police Board was subsequently explained by them in their 
 report to the Legislature, from which the following is an extract: 
 
 " The absolute necessity of the measures thus determined upon 
 by the Governor, Mayor and Police Board, is fully illustrated by 
 the fact tha,t early on Sunday morning, reliable information reached 
 the city of the presence of a large body of Pennsylvania troops, 
 amounting to about twenty-four hundred men, who had reached 
 Ashland near Cockeysville, by the way of the Northern Central 
 Raili-oad, and were stopped in their progress towards Baltimore 
 by the partial destruction of the Ashland bridge. Every intelli- 
 gent citizen at all acquainted with the state of feeling then exist- 
 ing must be satisfied, that if these troops had attempted to march 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 597 
 
 through the city, an immense loss of life would have ensued, in 
 the conflict which would necessarily have taken place. The bitter 
 feelings already engendered would have been intensely increased 
 by such a conflict; all attempts at conciliation would have been 
 vain, and terrible destruction would have been the consequence, if, 
 as is certain, other bodies of troops had insisted upon forcing their 
 way through the city. The tone of the whole of the Northern 
 press, and of the mass of the population, was violent in the extreme. 
 Incursions upon our city were daily threatened, not only by troops 
 in the service of the Federal Government, but by the vilest and 
 most reckless desperadoes, acting independently, and as they 
 threatened, in despite of the Government, backed by well-known 
 influential citizens, and sworn to the commission of all kinds of 
 excesses. In short, every possible effort was made to alarm this 
 community. In this condition of things, the Board felt it to be 
 their solemn duty to continue the organization which had already 
 been commenced, for the purpose of assuring the people of Balti- 
 more that no effort would be spared to protect all within its 
 borders to the full extent of their ability. All the means employed 
 were devoted to this end, and with no view of procuring a collision 
 with the General Government, which the Board were particularly 
 anxious to avoid ; 'and an arrangement was happily effected by the 
 Mayor with the General Government that no troops should be 
 passed through the city." 
 
 The proceedings of the State and municipal authorities were 
 heartily sustained by the community. On the afternoon of the 
 20th, the American put forth another appeal to the people, as fol- 
 lows : — " Preparation and Organization. — It is no longer a time 
 to discuss, but to act so as to direct thenj. We have through our 
 constituted authorities declared that the Northern troops shall not 
 be passed through our city, and that declaration must now be sup- 
 ported with determination, energy and unanimity. There must 
 be preparation, organization, and good counsel. To prevent the 
 passage of these troops they should be met beyond 'the limits of 
 the city by such an organized force as will make the prohibition 
 effectual. We must keep the war away from our homes if pos- 
 sible. The facts stated elsewhere show what measures have already 
 been taken to secure these ends." In the same article is referred 
 to the specific measures which had been taken to place the city in 
 a state of defence, all of which it evidently approved. It said : 
 *' The bridges on the Philadelphia and Northern Central railroads 
 have been destroyed by order of the Mayor. This will prevent 
 the attempt to suddenly precipitate any large bodies of troops 
 upon us, and give time for preparation." 
 
 The Baltimore County American, which then was, and after- 
 wards again became, a violent Union paper, published an "Extra" 
 on the afternoon of the 20th, in which it said : " Civil war is in 
 our midst. A riot has occurred between soldiers from the North 
 
598 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 and the citizens of Baltimore, and unarmed men have fallen be- 
 neath the musket-shots of soldiers from another State. We have 
 stood long by the Union flag — we have contended thus far be- 
 neath its folds ; but now we must coincide with Governor Hicks 
 and Mayor Brown, as well as with the sentiment of the people of 
 the entire State, in saying that Northern troops shall not pass un- 
 harmed through the State of Maryland for the purpose of subju- 
 gating the South. Northern troops are now, it is said, marching 
 to Washington, intending to force themselves through Maryland ; 
 and we can but say to our people, respond to the call issued by the 
 Governor, and defend your State." 
 
 At this time a few gentlemen, acting simply upon their own 
 responsibility, undertook to obtain subscriptions among the mer- 
 chants in their immediate neighborhood, to be devoted to " the 
 purchase of arms to be placed in the hands of the police commis- 
 sioners for distribution," or placing the city in a defensible posi- 
 tion. Among the firms that subscribed and paid one hundred dol- 
 lars each, were Messrs. Benner, Dennison & Co.; Wyman, Byrd & 
 Co.; John S. Berry ; Austin, Dall & Co.; Hodges Bros.; Isaac Coalo, 
 Jr., k Bro.; H. Tiffany & Co.; Eaton Brothers & Co.; Turnbull, 
 Slade & Co.; Duvall, Keighler & Boyd ; Eice, Chase & Co.; Henry 
 Keiman & Son ; Mills, Mayhew & Co.; Lanier Bi-others k Co.; Mil- 
 ler, Cloud k Miller; Whiteley, Stone k Co.; Hambleton Bros. & Co.; 
 Magruder, Taylor & Eoberts ; Wiesenfeld & Co.; Paynter, Davis & 
 Co.; John W. Bruff & Co.; Kobert Mowet & Bro.; Hamilton Easter 
 & Co.; Thos. J. Carson ; Boyd Brothers & Co.; A. J. Albert; E. 
 Walter & Bro.; Sam'l Bevan & Co.; Meredith Spencer; Devries, 
 Stephens & Thomas ; C. D. Slingluff & Son ; Orendorf & Beam ; 
 McDowell, Eobinson & Co.; Gushing & Bailey ; John Turnbull, Jr.; 
 Orem, Hopkins & Co.; Hurst & Co.; F. B. Loney & Co.; F. Fickey 
 & Sons, and others. When it is remembered that the gentlemen 
 composing the committee from the banks, and many of those be- 
 longing to the above-named firms, and the editors of the news- 
 papers referred to, were recognized shortly afterwards as the most 
 violent partizans of Mr. Lincoln, it is not reasonable to suppose 
 that there was much division of sentiment in Baltimore on and 
 immediately after the 19th of April. It is equally capable of proof 
 that, though the people were thus united, no violence was, with a 
 solitary exception, done to the few whose opinions differed radi- 
 cally from those of the mass of the community. Men who were 
 known always to have been strenuous supporters of Mr. Lincoln, 
 and to have sympathized warmly with the most extreme politi- 
 cians of the North, walked the streets unmolested. Tlje people of 
 Baltimore, though bent upon vindicating their own rights, did not 
 then or afterwards desire or attempt to compel any citizen to 
 forego his political opinions. 
 
 About ten o'clock on Saturday, the 20th of April, the following 
 telegram was received by the Mayor : 
 
CHROISICLES OF BALTIMORE. 599 
 
 Washington, April 20th, 1861. 
 
 To Mayor Brown, Baltimore. — "VVe have seen the President and 
 General Scott. We have from the former a letter to the Mayor 
 and Governor, declaring that no troops shall be brought through 
 Baltimore, if, in a military point of view, and without interruption 
 from opposition, they can be marched around Baltimore. 
 
 H. L. Bond, 
 J. C. Brune. 
 G. W. Dobbin. 
 
 There was considerable dissatisfaction expressed on the street* 
 at the unsatisfactory tone of the President's reply, many being of 
 the opinion thai " these Northern troops should not be allowed to 
 pollute the soil of the State of Maryland by their march to the 
 rendezvous." Throughout the entire day the matter was discussed, 
 and preparations were made for the defence of the city in any 
 emergency. During Saturday morning Mayor Brown issued the 
 following proclamation : 
 
 "Mayor's Office, Baltimore, April 20th, 1861. 
 
 " All citizens having arms suitable for the defence of the city, 
 and which they are willing to contribute for the purpose, are re- 
 quested to deposit them at the office of the Marshal of Police. 
 
 "George Wm. Brown, Mayor." 
 
 An immediate and hearty response was given to this call by 
 citizens of every class and age. The members of the City Council 
 met in their respective chambers at nine o'clock on Saturday, and 
 after a brief session appropriated half a million of dollars for the 
 defence of Baltimore against any danger that might arise from the 
 then condition of aifairs. Messrs. Nicholas, Blanchard, and Drake- 
 ley, were the committee on the part of the First Branch, and Messrs. 
 Miller, Hicks and Higgins, the committee on the part of the Second 
 Branch, to carry out the terms of the ordinance. 
 
 The directors of the various banks in Baltimore held a consul- 
 tation at one o'clock on Saturday, and proffered the cit}^ the loan 
 of half a million dollars, through Messrs. Columbus O'Donnell,^ 
 Johns Hopkins and John Clarke, a committee on the part of the 
 banks. At the dawn of day on Saturday morning, the flag of the 
 Confederate States was unfurled at Taylor's building, Calvert street, 
 the headquarters of the National volunteers, and the multitude as- 
 sembled at that early hour greeted it with vociferous cheers. In 
 addition to the committee of citizens sent by the Mayor, Hon. 
 Anthony Kennedy and Hon. J. Morrison Harris visited Washington 
 and had an interview with the President. They sent the following 
 despatch to the Mayor : " Washington, April 20th — We have seen 
 the President, Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War, also General 
 Scott. The result is the transmission of orders that will stop the 
 passage of troops through or around the city." 
 
600 . CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 About six o'clock, a company of men numbering about seventy, 
 under command of Bradley T. Johnson, arrived from Frederick, 
 Md. About four o'clock, considerable excitement was occasioned 
 by the appearance of a company of mounted men, styled the 
 Patapsco Dragoons, Capt. E. J. Hinkle, from the fifth district of 
 Anne Arundel county. At nine o'clock the Towson Mounted 
 Guard, commanded by Capt. Charles Eidgely, rode into Monument 
 Square. And on Sunday evening the steamer Pioneer arrived from 
 East on with two companies of troops. On the same evening the 
 Howard Dragoons, Capt. Geo. E. Gaither, Jr., arrived in the city, 
 and reported themselves for duty. A party of military, by authority 
 of those in command, on Saturday took possession of five cannon 
 belonging to the Catonsville Military Institute, and brought them 
 to the city. They had been previous!}' spiked, as was supposed by 
 Eev. Mr. Van Eokkelen, the principal of the school. Quite a 
 number of persons were kept upon the streets on Saturday night 
 until a late hour, in consequence of a rumor that Fort McHenry 
 would be attacked. A military force from the city was sent out in 
 order to prevent such an attempt. 
 
 About 2^ o'clock on Saturday afternoon, the Turner Hall on 
 Pratt street, near Howard, was entered by a band of about thirty 
 
 Eersons, who, after breaking down the doors, sacked the entire 
 uilding from top to bottom, destroying the furniture, liquors, fix- 
 tures, &c., and damaging the building to the amount of several 
 hundred dollars. This act was committed, it is alleged, by a num- 
 ber of indignant Southern men who obtained information to the 
 effect that the German Turners, who were accustomed to occupy 
 the place, had departed for Washington to tender their services to 
 the Government. During the day large numbers of arras of every 
 description were taken possession of by the city, and in a few hours 
 several thousand stand of arms were packed away at the office of 
 the marshal of the police, to be distributed to those who enrolled 
 themselves as volunteers. 
 
 At an early hour on Saturday morning Major Hay ward, together 
 with several other military gentlemen, opened a recruiting office at 
 the old City Hall, when the building was immediately besieged by 
 hundreds who enrolled themselves. During the day a large body 
 were enlisted, and being formed into companies of forty each, they 
 •elected their own captains, and joined different regiments, head- 
 quarters being provided for them by the authorities in various 
 localities. The fife and drum were to be heard in almost every di- 
 rection, parties having secured them for the purpose of drumming 
 up the recruits, and in a short time large bodies of the volunteers 
 were in the streets organizing, drilling and concluding all arrange- 
 ments for instant duty when called upon. About 6 o'clock all 
 taverns were ordered to be closed, which was carried into effect 
 forthwith. 
 
 During the ftfternoon of Saturday, a large crowd of persons 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 601 
 
 proceeded to the office of the Wecker, a German abolition paper, 
 on Frederick street near Gay, and under threats of death com- 
 pelled the proprietor to hang out a secession flag. The excitement 
 was most intense, and those assembled gave free expression to 
 their contempt for the editor. During the night the office was 
 again attacked, and the windows completely riddled. The occu- 
 pants were compelled to flee for their lives and take refuge in the 
 houses of their neighbors. 
 
 Sunday was a clear and lovely day, and nature appeared as if 
 smiling upon us with every assurance that our troubles were art an 
 end. About 9 o'clock a rumor was spread abroad to the efl'ect 
 that 700 Virginia troops bad arrived on board the steamer Louis- 
 iana. An immense crowd soon collected, and in a short time the 
 streets leading to the wharves were literally black with people 
 who ran shouting and cheering towards the steamer, but were 
 mistaken in their expectations. All excitement had generally sub- 
 sided until about ten o'clock, when a man mounted on a horse came 
 dashing through the streets and rode to the office of the Marshal 
 of Police, bringing intelligence that about 5000 Northern troops 
 were at Cockeysville and were marching direct for this city. This 
 news gave the finishing touch to the smothering flame which had 
 been burning for the past week. The startling announcement was 
 very soon spread abroad by the newspaper offices, and in a few 
 moments the whole town was on fire with excitement. The church 
 bells were ringing for morning service, when the quick roll of the 
 drums at the various armories was instantly heard calling the 
 forces to arms, and the efl'ect was instantaneous. The men rushed 
 from the churches as if crazy, to the armories ; the females ran 
 shrieking through the streets, supposing that the enemy were 
 already in our midst. Some of the churches were deserted; most 
 of the ministers read only a jibrtion of the morning service, and 
 then dismissed their congregations, and in less than fifteen minutes 
 after the first alarm the streets were filled with people flying to 
 arms to meet the " invaders." The old " Town Clock " bell soon 
 rung an alarm, and by eleven o'clock, Holliday street from Balti- 
 more to the old city hall was packed with a dense mass of citizens 
 and soldiers. They were rapidly enrolled in companies of forty, 
 and electing their captains, were furnished with a gun. They were 
 then marched to the headquarters assigned them to await further 
 orders. Hundreds of persons made their appearance at the 
 Marshal's office, armed with small bird and heavy duck guns, 
 bowie knives, pistols and every description of weapon. After some 
 five hours spent in hasty preparation the forces were all collected 
 and ready for a move, when at 2 o'clock several cannon were 
 taken as far as Easrer street, near Greenmount avenue, where they 
 awaited the arrival of the remainder of the force stationed on 
 Holliday street. Nothing definite however was known until 
 about 5 o'clock, when it was announced that the President had 
 
602 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ordered the troops back to Harrisburg. Col. 1. E. Trimble was 
 appointed to the command of the uimniformed volunteers, with 
 Messrs. William H. Norris, K. M. McLane, B. C. Presstman, E. 
 Louis Lowe, Charles Wethered, Frederick Harrison and Grafton 
 D. Spurrier as aides. 
 
 The following correspondence took place by telegraph between 
 John W. Garrett, President of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad, 
 and Mayor Brown : 
 
 Baltimore, April 21st, 1861. 
 
 Hon? Geo. Wm. Brown, Mayor of Baltimore at Washington : 
 
 Three thousand Northern troops are reported to be at Cock- 
 eysville. Intense excitement prevails. Churches have been dis- 
 missed, and the people are arming in mass. To prevent terrific 
 bloodshed, the result of your interview and arrangement is 
 awaited. (Signed) John W. Garrett, President. 
 
 Washington, April 21st, 1861, 1:25 P. M. 
 John W. Garrett, President. 
 
 Your telegram received on our return from an interview with 
 the President, Cabinet, and Gen. Scott. Be calm, and do nothing 
 until you hear from me again. I return to see the President at 
 onc6, and will telegraph again. Wallis, Brune, and Dobbin are 
 with me. Geo. W. Brown, Mayor, 
 
 Washington, April 21st, 1861, 3:15 P. M. 
 
 John W. Garrett, President. 
 
 We have again seen the President, Gen. Scott, Secretary of 
 War, and other members of the Cabinet, and the troops are ordered 
 to return forthwith to Harrisburg. A messenger goes with us from Gen. 
 Scott. We return immediately. 
 
 (Signed), Geo. Wm. Brown, Mayor. 
 
 Upon the announcement of the news contained in the dispatches, 
 the military and volunteers quickly dispersed and a perfect calm 
 ensued, the streets being almost deserted in a short time. On 
 Monday by eight o'clock in the morning, the volunteers were out 
 in great numbers, and were soon collected at various points through- 
 out the city engaged in drill practice. At about 9 o'clock an order 
 was issued by Major Isaac I). Trimble, the commanding officer of 
 the ununiformed volunteers, commanding the various companies to 
 assemble and report themselves at the Calvert station of the North- 
 ern Central railway. The order was quickly complied with, and 
 after a brief delay companies were to bo seen approaching the 
 depot in every direction. They underwent an examination by their 
 commanding officer, and were thoroughly organized for immediate 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 603 
 
 action wherever their services might be required. They were en- 
 camped in the vicinity for several hours. Sentinels were stationed 
 around the lines, and every rule of camp life was kept up for some 
 time. Early in the morning the Maryland guard battalion, con- 
 sisting of six companies, under Captains Loney, Carroll, Murray, 
 Conway, Woodville, and Pennington, took possession of the hall of 
 the Maryland Institute for their headquarters. 
 
 Nearly all the pastors and ministers of the Gospel in the city 
 met at the New Assembly Eooms on Hanover street, on Monday 
 morning at 10 o'clock, " in compliance to the public call to consider 
 and adopt such measures as by God's blessing might promote the 
 public peace." On motion of Eev. Dr. N. H. Schenck, of the Epis- 
 copal Church, Eev. Dr. Thomas Sargeant, of the M. E. Church, 
 was unanimously appointed chairman, and led the meeting in 
 prayer. On motion of the Eev. Dr. Morris, of the Lutheran 
 Church, Eev. Dr. Dickson, of the Presbyterian Church, was ap- 
 pointed secretar}^ After a free and friendly conference the follow- 
 ing resolution was offered by the Eev. F. AVilson, of the Baptist 
 Church, and unanimously adopted : " Eesolved, That we will re- 
 quest the respective churches under our pastoral care, and all other 
 churches in this city, to meet in their respective places of worship 
 on Wednesday morning at 11 o'clock, and spend that day as a day 
 of humiliation, fasting and prayer to Almight}^ God to avert the 
 civil war which is now impending over our country." The meeting 
 then adjourned with prayer by the Eev. Dr. Backus, of the Pres- 
 byterian Church. 
 
 On Monday morning between 200 and 300 of our most re- 
 spectable colored residents made a tender of their services to tho 
 city authorities. The Mayor thanked them for the offer, and in- 
 formed them that their services would be called for if they could 
 be made in any way available. 
 
 We extract the following from the proceedings of the Board of 
 Police, which met at 1 o'clock A. M., at the office of the Marshal, 
 on Saturday morning, the 20th of April : 
 
 "Present, C. H. Howard, president, W. H. Gatchell, J. W. 
 Davis, and Hon. Geo. Wm. Brown. The Mayor informed the 
 Board of the nature of a dispatch received by the Master of Trans- 
 portation of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company, in refer- 
 ence to the further passage of troops from the North through the 
 city. He further stated that his Excellency the Governor fully 
 concurred with him in the opinion that the only security against 
 the arrival of troops within not many hours, which the}' were per- 
 fectly assured would necessarily produce in the city a wide-spread 
 scene of slaughter and devastation in our streets, would be the im- 
 mediate destruction of some of the bridges on the Philadelphia, 
 Wilmington and Baltimore Eailroad and the Northern Central 
 Eailroad. The Board of Police being fully convinced of the sound- 
 ness of the above views, authorized Marshal Kane to proceed with 
 
604 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 a party to accomplish the object in view, on the Northern Central' 
 Kailroad, and Isaac K. Trimble, Esq., to do the same on the Phila- 
 delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Eailroad. Adjourned at half- 
 past two o'clock A. M." 
 
 The following letter was written and complied with by Mr. 
 Charles Howard,'President Of the Board of Police Commissioners, 
 to Capt. Eobinson, commanding at Fort McHenry : 
 
 " Office Board of Police, 
 "Baltimore, April 20th, 1861 (8 o'clock P. M.) 
 " Capt. Eobinson, U. S. A., Commanding at Fort McHenry : 
 
 ^^Dear Sir: — From rumors that have reached us, the Board are 
 apprehensive that you may be annoyed by lawless and disorderly 
 characters approaching the walls of the fort to-night. We pro- 
 pose to send a guard of perhaps 200 men to station themselves on 
 Whetstone Point, of course entirely beyond the outer limits of the 
 fort, and within those of the city. Their orders will be to arrest 
 and hand over to the civil authorities any evil-disposed or disor- 
 derly persons who may approach the fort. Wo should have con- 
 fided this duty to our regular police force, but their services are so 
 imperatively required elsewhere that it is impossible to detail a 
 sufficient number of men to your vicinity to ensure the accom- 
 plishment of our object. This duty has therefore been entrusted 
 to a detachment of the regularly organized militia of the State, 
 now called out pursuant to law, and actually in the service of the 
 State of Maryland. The commanding officer of the detachment 
 will be instructed to communicate with you. Permit me here to 
 repeat the assurance I verbally gave you this morning, that no 
 disturbance at or near your post shall be made with the sanction 
 of any of the constituted authorities of the city of Baltimore, but 
 that on the contrary all their powers shall be exerted to prevent 
 anything of the kind by any parties. I have the honor to be very 
 respectfull}'- your obedient servant, 
 
 " Charles Howard, President. 
 
 " P. S. There may probably be a troop of volunteer cavalry 
 with the detachment; these will of course be under the orders of 
 the officer in command. Yours, &c., 
 
 "C. H., President:' 
 
 Ko attack or even threatened movement was ever made against 
 Fort McHenry, which in a short time afterward was fully gar- 
 risoned and powerfull}^ armed. 
 
 We deem it necessary to give here other details with extracts 
 from official documents, in illustrating the history of this stirring 
 period. Maryland being a border State, in which the institution 
 of slavery still existed, it was natural that the sympathies of her 
 people should be divided on the outbreak of the late civil war ; but 
 the feelings of the majority both in the State and in- the city of 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 605 
 
 Baltimore, were strongly enlisted on the side of the South. When, 
 therefore, the President of the United States by his proclamation 
 issued on the 15th of April, 1861, called out a volunteer force of 
 seventy-five thousand men, who were to assemble in Washington, 
 a violent feeling of indignation was aroused, because it was re- 
 garded as an attempt to overrun and subjugate the South. The 
 passage of some of these troops through the city was the exciting 
 cause of the memorable riot which occurred on the 19th of April, 
 1861, and as the events of that day and of the days which followed 
 have furnished occasion for much misrepresentation of the motives 
 and conduct of the chief executive authorities of the city, consisting 
 of the Mayor and Board of Police Commissioners, a brief account 
 of them will here be given. The following account of the riot and 
 the subsequent events is extracted from the message of the Mayor 
 communicated to the City Council on the 12th of Jul}", 1861 : 
 
 " On the 19th of April last, an attack was made by a mob in 
 the streets of Baltimore on several companies of a regiment of 
 Massachusetts troops, who were on their way to the city of Wash- 
 ington, in pursuance of a call for 75,000 men made by the Presi- 
 dent of the United States. On the day previous troops had been 
 safely passed through the city, under the escort of the police. In 
 the afternoon of the ^ame day (18th), the regiments Irom Massa- 
 chusetts were expected, and provision was made by the police for 
 their reception ; but they did not arrive, and the board of police 
 could not ascertain when they would come, although two of the 
 members of the board went in person to the station of the Phila- 
 delphia railroad company to obtain the necessary informatioq^^.^^ 
 On the morning of the 19th, about ten o'clock, I was at my law- 
 office engaged in the performance of my professional business, 
 when three members of the City Council came to me with a 
 message from Marshal Kane, to the effect that he had just learned 
 that the troops were about to arrive, and that he apprehended 
 some disturbance. 1 immediately hastened to the otllce of the 
 board of police and gave notice. Geo. M. Gill, Esq., counsellor 
 of the city, and myself got into a carriage and drove rapidly 
 to the Camden Station, and the police commissioners followed 
 without delay. On reaching Camden Station we found Marshal 
 Kane in attendance, and the police coming in squads to the spot. 
 The plan of the agents of the railroad companies was that the 
 troops which were to arrive in the cars at the President street 
 station, should in the same way be conveyed through the city, and 
 be transferred to the cars for Washington at the Camden station. 
 Accordingly, the police were requested by the agent of the road to 
 be in attendance at the latter station. After considerable delay 
 the troops began to arrive, and were transferred, under the 
 direction of the police, to the Washington cars as rapidly as pos- 
 sible. There was a good deal of excitement, and a large and angry 
 crowd ^assembled, but the transfer was safely eflected. No one 
 
606 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 could tell whether more troops were expected or not. At this 
 time an alarm was given that a mob was about to tear up the rails 
 in advance of the train on the Washington road, and Marshal 
 Kane ordered some of his men to go out the road as far as the 
 Eelay House, if necessary, to protect the track. Soon afterwards, 
 and when I was about to leave the station, supposing all danger to 
 be over, news was brought to Commissioner Davis and mj^self, 
 who were standing together, that other troops were left at the 
 President street station, and that the mob was tearing up the track 
 on Pratt street. Mr. Davis immediately ran to summon a body of 
 police to be sent to Pratt street, while I hastened alone down Pratt 
 street towards President street station. On arriving at the head 
 of Smith's wharf I found that anchors had been piled on the track 
 so as to obstruct it, and Sergeant McComas, and a few policemen 
 who were with him, were not allowed by the mob to remove the 
 obstruction. I at once ordered the anchors to be removed, and my 
 authority was not resisted. On approaching Pratt street bridge 
 I saw several companies of Massachusetts troops who had left the 
 cars, moving in column rapidly towards me. An attack on them 
 had begun, and the noise and excitement were great. I ran at once 
 to the head of the column — some persons in the crowd shouting as 
 I approached, 'Here comes the Mayor.* I shook hands with the 
 officer in command, saying as I did so, * I am the Mayor of Balti- 
 more.' I then placed myself by his side and marched with him 
 as far as the head of Light street wharf, doing what I could by my 
 presence and personal efforts to allay the tumult. /The mob grew 
 bolder, and the attack became more violent. Various persons were 
 killed and wounded on both sides. The troops had some time pre- 
 viously begun to fire in self-defence ; and the firing as the attack 
 increased in violence became more general. At last, when I found 
 that my presence was of no use, either in preventing the contest 
 or saving life, I left the head of the column; but immediately 
 after 1 did so Marshal Xane, with about fifty policemen from the 
 direction of the Camden station, rushed to the rear of the troops, 
 forming a line across the street, and with drawn revolvers checking 
 and keeping off the mob. The movement, which I saw myself, was 
 perfectly successful, and gallantly performed. 
 
 " It is doing bare justice to say, that the Board of Police, the 
 Marshal of Police, and the men under his command, exerted them- 
 selves bravely, efficiently, skilfully, and in good faith to preserve 
 the peace and protect life. If proper notice had been given of the 
 arrival of the troops and the number expected, the outbreak might 
 have been prevented entirely, and but for the timely arrival of 
 Marshal Kane with his force, as I have described, the bloodshed 
 would have been great. The wounded among the troops received 
 the best care and medical attention at the expense of the city, and 
 the bodies of the killed were carefully and respectfully returned 
 to their friends. The facts which I have witnessed myself, and all 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 607 
 
 that I have Bince heard, satisfy me that the attack was the result 
 of a sudden impulse, and not of a premeditated scheme. But the 
 effect on our citizens was for a time uncontrollable. In the in- 
 tense excitement, which lasted for many days, and which was 
 sljared by men of all parties, and by our volunteer soldiers as well 
 as citizens, it would have been impossible to convey more troops 
 from the North through the city without a severe fight and blood- 
 shed. Such an occurrence w^ould have been fatal to the city, and 
 accordingly, to prevent it, the bridges on the Northern Central 
 Eailroad and on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Kail- 
 road were, with the consent of the Governor, and by my order, 
 with the co-operation of the Board of Police (except Mr. Chas. D. 
 Hinks, who was absent from the city), partially disabled and burnt, 
 so as to prevent the immediate approach of troops to the city, but 
 with no purpose of hostility to the Federal Government. This 
 act, with the motive which prompted it, has been reported by the 
 Board of Police to the Legislature of the State, and approved by 
 that body, and was also immediately communicated by me in 
 person to the President of the United States and his Cabinet. 
 
 " On the evening of the 19th of April a portion of the military of 
 the city were called out. On the 20th of April your honorable body, 
 by a unanimous vote, placed at my disposal the sum of 8500,000 for 
 the defence of the city, and the banks with great patriotism and 
 unanimity voluntarily offered to advance the money, through a com- 
 mittee of their presidents, consisting of Messrs. Columbus O'Don- 
 nell, Johns Hopkins, and John Clark, who notified me in person of 
 the fact on the morning of the 20th of April at the Mayor's office. 
 A number of citizens in all the wards, volunteered for the purpose 
 of defence, were enrolled under the direction of the Board of 
 Police, and for their use arms were partially provided. The 
 Commander-in-Chief of the forces of the United States, with the 
 approbation of the President, in view of the condition of affairs 
 then existing in the city, on the earnest application of the Gov- 
 ernor of the State, of prominent citizens, and myself, ordered that 
 thereafter the troops should not be brought through Baltimore, 
 and they were accordingly transported to Washington by way of 
 Annapolis. But great danger existed to Baltimore from large bodies 
 of unauthorized men at the North, who threatened to cut their 
 way through the city, and to visit upon it terrible vengeance for 
 the acts of the 19th of April. 
 
 "As soon as this danger had passed away, and the excitement 
 among our own citizens had sufficiently subsided, the military 
 were dismissed, and the citizens who enrolled were disbanded by 
 order of the Board of Police. The peace of the city had been pre- 
 served, and its safety, and the persons and property of men of all 
 parties protected under circumstances of great peril and the most 
 intense excitement, and it was hoped that affairs would be 
 allowed to return as nearly as possible to their previous condition. 
 
608 
 
 CHROKICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 To this end my efforts and those of the board were devoted. 
 Large bodies of troops from the North have ever since passed 
 through the city without molestation, and every proper precaution 
 to accomplish that object was taken by the Board of Police and 
 carried out by the force. But civil war had begun on the imme- 
 ^diate border of our State. A great division of opinion in regard 
 to it existed among the people, and the events which had occurred 
 in the city and their consequences seemed to have made an in- 
 delible impression on the minds of the authorities in Washington, 
 that the police force of the city of Baltimore was prepared to ^- 
 gage in hostility against the General Government whenever an 
 opportunity should occur. The result has been very unfortunate. 
 On the ground of military. necessity, of the existence of which, 
 and of the measures required by it, the Federal officers claim to be 
 the sole judges, our city has been occupied by large bodies of 
 troops in its central points; picket-guards have been stationed 
 along many of our streets; the arms provided by the city for its 
 defence, and those left by private individuals with the authorities 
 for safe-keeping, the station-houses and other property of the city, 
 have been seized ; operators in the police and fire-alarm telegraph 
 ofiice have been displaced and others substituted in their stead; 
 the Marshal of Police and Board of Police, with the exception of 
 myself, have been arrested, and are now imprisoned in Fort 
 McHenry — one only, who is in bad health, has been released on 
 his parole ; the writ of habeas corpus has been suspended ; the 
 police force, established under a law of the State, has been set 
 aside by superceding the only power which could lawfully control 
 it ; a new police, without authority of law, has been established, 
 under the control of a marshal appointed by the commanding 
 general ; and all power to hold elections in the city has been for 
 the present set aside, by suspending the functions of the board 
 under which alone elections can lawfully be held. 
 
 " Indeed, my experience of the fidelity of the board to its legal 
 obligations during my whole official connection with it, and the 
 common understanding between myself and my colleagues as to 
 our course of duty since the present troubles began, justify me in 
 Baying that if any organizations in this city for resistance to the 
 laws could have been discovered by proper vigilance, they would 
 have been found out and suppressed to the extent of the powers 
 conferred on the board by law. I mention these facts with pro- 
 found sorrow, and with no purpose whatever of increasing the 
 difficulties unfortunately existing in this city, but because it is 
 vour right to be acquainted with the true condition of affairs, and 
 because I cannot help entertaining the hope that redress will yet 
 be afforded by the authorities of the United States upon a proper 
 representation made by you. I am entirely satisfied that the sus- 
 picion entertained of any meditated hostility on the part of the 
 city authorities against the General Government is wholly un- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 609 
 
 founded, and with the best means of knowledge, express the confi- 
 dent belief and conviction that there is no organization of any 
 kind among the people for such a purpose. I have no doubt that the 
 officers of the United States have acted on information which they 
 deemed reliable, obtained from our own citizens, some of whom 
 may be deluded by their fears, while others are actuated by baser 
 motives ; but suspicions thus derived can, in my judgment, form no 
 sufficient justification for what I deem to be grave and alarming 
 violations of the rights of individual citizens of the city of Balti- 
 more and of the State of Maryland." 
 
 This message of Mayor Brown is a calm and frank statement 
 of the occurrences of the 19th of April, and of the action of the 
 police commissioners at and subsequent to that time, and it 
 thoroughly vindicates the authorities from the false and malignant 
 aspersions of the unscrupulous partisans who have so persistently 
 libelled them. Mr. Brown shows that the Police Board, and the 
 officers and men under its control at the time, did impartially and 
 manfully discharge the duties assigned them ; and that whatever 
 might have been their individual sympathies and opinions, they 
 did in the trying circumstances in which they were placed stren- 
 uously and successfully exert themselves to preserve the peace of 
 the city and to enforce the laws of the State. The assault was 
 an unpremeditated one, and the authorities did all in their power 
 to preserve the peace. The police commissioners had not only 
 been unable to obtain any information in regard to the precise 
 time at which the troops were expected to reach Baltimore, but 
 there is every reason to believe that such information was de- 
 signedly withheld. But they were not the less energetic in their 
 efforts to protect the troops. The police had been on duty in force 
 the previous day and evening awaiting the arrival of these very 
 troops. When the latter reached Baltimore at an unexpected 
 hour, the police were sent to the Camden street depot, where 
 most of the soldiers were assembled. It was not known to Marshal 
 Kane that another detachment was on its march through the city, 
 until he received information that it was then being attacked about 
 a half a mile from where he was stationed. He instantly marched 
 a police force to the place, and as he met the retreating soldiers, 
 he formed his men, with their revolvers in hand, across the street 
 between the troops and their assailants. The police of Baltimore 
 that day saved the soldiers from extermination. No one doubted 
 the good faith and efficiency of the authorities. The evidence on 
 this point is conclusive. Mr. Lincoln at an interview between him 
 and the Mayor and other gentlemen of Baltimore, on the 22d of 
 April, " recognized the good faith of the City and State authorities" 
 The following is an extract from the editorial columns of the 
 Baltimore Clipper of April 20th, 1861, a leading Union journal of the 
 city : 
 
 " We cannot too highly commend the conduct of Mayor Brown 
 39 
 
610 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 
 
 throughout the troubles of yesterday. He acted honestly, firmly 
 and bravely. Placing himself at the head of a detachment of the 
 Massachusetts volunteers passing through Baltimore, he did all in 
 his power to stay the violence of the assembled mob, and willingly 
 exposed his person in the defence of the soldiers w^ho w^ere thus 
 ■wantonly assailed. From the beginning of our troubles until now, 
 he has shown himself a chivalrous gentleman, and a brave, honor- 
 able and right-meaning citizen and upright officer. It gives us 
 pleasure to bear testimony to his right bearing. Notwithstanding 
 all that has been said and feared of the police, we are assured that 
 their efforts to preserve the public peace yesterday, where they 
 had reason to apprehend difficulties, were strenuous and well di- 
 rected. They had a difficult duty to perform, and although they 
 failed to prevent a riot, they were not wanting in effort to do so. 
 The result only shows the impossibility of a simple police force to 
 iuppress t^uch a riot as was seen among our people yesterday." 
 
 The following letter was written by Col. Edward F. Jones, of 
 the Sixth Massachusetts regiment, to Marshal Kane, in reference 
 to the remains of the unfortunate soldiers who fell in the riot of 
 the 19th of April : 
 
 " Headquarters Sixth Eegiment, M. V. M. 
 " Washington, D. C, April 2Sth, 1861. 
 
 " Marshal Kane, Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 " Please deliver the bodies of the deceased soldiers belonging to 
 my regiment to Murrill S. Wright, Esq., who is authorized to re- 
 ceive them and take charge of them through to Boston, and there- 
 by add one more to the many favors for which, in connection with this 
 matter, 1 am, with my command, much indebted to you. Many, many 
 thanks for the Christian conduct of the authorities of Baltimore in this 
 truly unfortunate affair. I am with much respect, your obedient 
 servant, Edward F. Jones, 
 
 ^^ Colonel Sixth Regiment, M. V. M." 
 
 On the 25th of April, Gov. Hicks had occasion to send a mes- 
 fiage to the Legislature at the opening of the special session, in 
 which he said: "On Friday last a detachment of troops from Mas- 
 isachusetts reached Baltimore, and was attacked by an irresponsible 
 mob, and several persons on both sides were killed. The Mayor and 
 Police Board gave to the Massachusetts troops all the protection they 
 could afford, acting with the utmost promptness and bravery. But they 
 •were pow^eiless to restrain the mob. Being in Baltimore at the 
 time, I co-operated with the Mayor to the full extent of my power 
 in his efforts." 
 
 Now let us Bee what one of the parties most interested and 
 most likely to know, thought of the conduct of our " treasonable " 
 authorities on the occasion. The following is the card of Captain 
 Dike on the subject, taken from the Boston Courier: 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 611 
 
 " Baltimore, April 25<A, 1861. 
 " It is but an act of justice that induces me to say to my friends 
 who may feel any interest, and to the community generally, that 
 in the affair which occurred in this city on Friday, the 19th inst., 
 the Mayor and city authorities should be exonerated from blame or 
 censure^ as they did all in their power, as far as my knowledge extends, 
 to quell the riot, and Mayor Brown attested the sincerity of his desire to 
 preserve the peace, and pass our regiment safely through the city, by 
 marching at the head of its column, and remaining there at the risk of 
 his life. Candor could not permit me to say less, and a desire to 
 place the conduct of the authorities here on the occasion in a right 
 position, as well as to allay feeling, urges me to this act of sheer 
 justice. John H. Dike, 
 
 ^^ Captain Co, C, 7th Reg. attached to 6th Reg., Mass. V. Jf." 
 
 In such a period of intense excitement, many foolish and un- 
 necessary acts were undoubtedly done by persons in the employ- 
 ment of the city as well as by private individuals, but it is undoubt- 
 edly true that the Mayor and board of police commissioners were 
 inflexibly determined to resist all attempts to force the city into 
 secession or into acts of hostility to the Federal Government, and 
 that thej^ successfully accomplished their purpose. If they had 
 been otherwise disposed they could easily have effected their 
 object. 
 
 The election to represent this city in the extra session of the 
 State Legislature, which met on the 26th of April, 1861, at Fred- 
 erick, Md., took place on the 24th of April. There was but one 
 ticket nominated, the " States Eights candidates," who were John 
 C. Brune, Henry M. Warfield, T. Parkin Scott, S. Teackle Wallis, 
 Wm. G. Harrison, Eoss Winans, J. Hanson Thomas, H. M. Morfitt, 
 Chas. H. Pitts, and Laurence Sangston. The aggregate number 
 of votes cast exceeded nine thousand two hundred. 
 
 Late on the evening of the 11th of May 1861, Mayor Brown re- 
 ceived the following urgent application for assistance from Edward 
 G. Parker, aide-de-camp of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler: 
 
 " Camp at Eelay, Saturday, P. M. 
 " To Mayor Brown : 
 
 " Sir : — I represent Gen. Butler at this camp during bis absence 
 at Annapolis. I have received intimations from many sources 
 that an attack on us by the Baltimore roughs is intended to- 
 night. About 4 P. M. to-day these rumors were confirmed by a 
 gentleman from Baltimore, who gave his name and residence in 
 Monument St. He said that he heard positively that on Saturday 
 night the attack would take place by more than a thousand meu, 
 every one ' sworn to kill a man ' before he returned ; a portion were 
 Knights of the Golden Circle, &c. I wish you to guard every 
 avenue from your city, and prevent these men from leaving town. 
 
612 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 They are coming in wagons, on horses and on foot, we are in- 
 formed. We are also told that a considerable force is approaching 
 from the West, probably Point of Eocks, to attack on that side 
 and co-operate with the Baltimore mob, with whom they have 
 constant communication. Mr. Clark, whom I have already sent to 
 you, will tell something about it. It may be all a sham, but the 
 evidence is very cumulative, and from several sources. 
 
 "Edward Gr. Parker, Aide-de-Camp." 
 
 The Mayor, although he well knew that the alarm of Colonel 
 Parker was wholly unfounded, immediately referred the a])plica- 
 tion to Col. Kane, who prompt!}^ sent detachments of the police to 
 
 fuard all the roads leading from the city so as to prevent the 
 readed attack on Gen. Butler's camp by the roughs of the city. 
 
 On the 13th of May Gen. Butler, with a force under his com- 
 mand composed of a portion of the Boston light artillery. Major 
 Cook, a strong detachment of the 6th Massachusetts regiment, 
 Col. Jones, and about 500 of the 8th New York regiment, Lieut.- 
 Col. Waltenburg, marched by night to the city and took posses- 
 sion of Federal Hill, no one offering the slightest resistance. He 
 remained here in command until removed for acting without 
 orders, by an order of Gen. Scott, and for this exploit, which was 
 the most successful of his military achievements, was made a 
 Major- General. 
 
 On the 14th of May Col. Hare, with 28 of the New York volun- 
 teers, marched to the warehouse on the southeast corner of Gay and 
 Second streets, where were stored a large number of muskets and 
 pikes, similar to those captured at Harper's Ferry during the John 
 Brown raid. Over sixty wagon-loads of the arms were removed, 
 and it was not until after dusk that all had been taken to Fort 
 McHenry. The arms consisted of about 2900 muskets, of which 
 about 2000 were of the old flintlock pattern, and 3500 pikes manu- 
 factured in this city for the authorities. The arms were the prop- 
 erty of the city. 
 
 On the same day Eoss Winans, Esq., was arrested at the Eelay 
 House as he was retaining to the city from Fi-ederick, where he 
 was in attendance as one of the members of the Legislature, and 
 conveyed under guard to Fort McHenry. 
 
 Mr. John Merryraari having been arrested by the government 
 troops on the charge of treason, a petition was filed May 25th in 
 the United States Circuit Court by him, through his counsel, 
 Messrs. George M. Gill and G. M. Williams, praying the issuing 
 of a writ of habeas corpus, which was granted by Chief Jus- 
 tice Taney, of the Supreme Court, and refused by General Cad- 
 wallader. Subsequently the Chief Justice issued an attachment 
 for contempt of Court. It was thought best, however, by the 
 Marshal to leave the matter to the President. 
 
 At three o'clock on the morning of the 27th of June, a detach- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 613 
 
 ment of military proceeded to the residence of George P. Kane, 
 Marshal of Police, which they surrounded, and upon the door-bell 
 being rung the Marshal made his appearance at the window, and 
 was immediately informed that he was wanted. He then came 
 down to the front door, and was informed that they came to arrest 
 him. A hack was in waiting in which the Marshal was placed, 
 and he was driven to Fort McHenry. The policemen on the route 
 were taken into custody to prevent any unnecessary alarm, bufc 
 were liberated on the arrival of the troops with their prisoner at 
 the fort, where he was confined. On the same day, by order of 
 Gen. Banks, Col. John E. Kenly suspended the board of police, 
 and assumed command of the police force of the city. As usual 
 when anything exciting occurred, crowds of people collected on 
 the street corners, and of course indulged freely in conversation 
 that grew more angry as it progressed, and in some instances led 
 to blows, though no one was seriously hurt. 
 
 On Friday evening, June 28th, the St. Nicholas, a steamer 
 running between Baltimore and various landings on the Potomac 
 river, left the city at her usual time, having on board about fifty 
 passengers. Nothing in their appearance indicated that anything 
 unusual was about to happen, and all passed off very quietly until 
 after the boat had touched Point Lookout, about 10 o'clock P. M. 
 Here several of the passengers landed, and a gentleman came on 
 board, who afterwards proved to be Captain Hollins, late of the 
 Federal Navy, who had resigned and joined the Confederate 
 service. He took his station on the deck in the rear of the ladies' 
 saloon. Among those passengers who had embarked at Baltimore, 
 was a very respectable-looking " French lady," heavily veiled, who 
 had appeared much concerned about the arrival of the boat at 
 Washington, but on reaching the Point she retired to her stateroom, 
 reappearing shortly after the boat had resumed its course as a 
 stalwart man in a Zouave uniform, climbing over the railing of the 
 deck, who whispered to Captain Hollins, when both rushed below 
 and in a moment or two more the boat stopped. A party of some 
 twenty-five men who had gone on board at Baltimore, disguised as 
 mechanics, &c., now proved to be fully in the secret, and under the 
 directions of Captain Hollins and the " French lady," who was 
 Col. Zarvona Thomas of the Confederate Army, but formerly of 
 St. Mary's county, overpowered the officers and crew of the boat. 
 She was then headed for the Virginia shore ; Captain Kirwin, the 
 commander of the boat, being informed by Thomas that she was 
 now to be engaged in a privateering expedition. At Cone Point, 
 on the Virginia shore, most of the passengers were landed, and 
 one hundred and twenty-five officers and men of Virginia and 
 Tennessee troops were taken on board, Captain Kirwin and fourteen 
 of his crew being held as prisoners. The steamer was then run 
 down as far as the mouth of the Rappahannock river, where three 
 large brigs were hailed, lying off the shore. These vessels were at 
 
614 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 once boarded and taken as prizes, laden with ice, coal and coifee, 
 into Fredericksburg, where the steamer with her captain and crew 
 were delivered into the hands of the Virginians, who shortly after 
 released them. About ten days after this bold exploit the " French 
 lady" was captured on her return to Baltimore, and shut up in 
 Fort McHenry. Marshal Kenly had dispatched Lieutenant Car- 
 michael and Mr. John Horner to Fair Haven to arrest Neid Green, 
 a barber doing business on Pratt street near Frederick, charged 
 with being a participant in the assault on the Sixth Massachusetts 
 regiment on the 19th of April, and other offences. They arrested 
 Green on July 8th, and were returning with him and his wife on 
 the steamer Mary Washington, and on conversing with some of 
 the passengers, Lieutenant Carmichacl learned that Captain 
 Kirwin, with the engineer and another officer of the captured JSt. 
 Nicholas, were on board the Mary Washington returning to Balti- 
 more, as was also Col. Thomas, who had seized him, with seven or 
 eight others of the captors. As soon as these facts were ascer- 
 tained, and each one of the party recognized beyond doubt. Lieu- 
 tenant Carmichael directed Captain M. L. Weems, the commander 
 of the Mary Washington, to proceed on reaching Baltimore harbor 
 to land the passengers at Fort McHenry, the direction being given 
 while the steamer was off Annapolis. Soon afterwards Carmichael 
 and Horner, who were in the ladies' cabin, were approached by 
 Thomas, who demanded to know by what authority the steamer 
 had been ordered to land at Fort McHenry. Carmichael informed 
 him through authority vested in him by Provost-Marshal Kenly. 
 On hearing this, Thomas drew a pistol and called his men around 
 him, while Carmichael and Horner, provided with revolvers, dis- 
 played them, and the other passengers supporting them, matters 
 thus stood until the steamer stopped at Fort McHenry, when Car- 
 michael at once informed General Banks of his capture. The 
 General instantly ordered out a company of infantry, who marched 
 to the steamer and secured all the accused excepting Thomas, who 
 could not be found for an hour and a half. At length he was dis- 
 covered secreted in a bureau-drawer in the ladies' cabin. He and 
 the other prisoners were then marched into the fort and placed in 
 confinement, while the witnesses, some ten or twelve in number, 
 were also detained over night. 
 
 A new sensation was created on the first day of July by the 
 arrest of the Police Commissioners, with the exception of the 
 Mayor. These arrests took place between three and five o'clock 
 in the morning by Col. Morehead's Philadelphia regiment, who 
 first proceeded to the residence of John W. Davis, arrested him, 
 and sent him under guard to the fort. They next visited the resi- 
 dences and arrested Charles D. Hinks, Charles Howard, and Wil- 
 liam H. Gatchell. All four of the Commissioners were conveyed 
 to Fort McHenry, and were afterwards imprisoned for more than 
 a year in Fort Warren, Boston harbor. William McKewen, the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 615 
 
 clerk of the police, was arrested, and discharged by Marshal Kenly, 
 there being no charge against him. A force of the military was 
 marched into the city at an early hour, and posted in the different 
 quarters. A portion of Col. Cook's Boston light artillery were 
 stationed in Exchange Place, while three companies of Col. Pratt's 
 20th 'Sew York were marched into the Exchange building as a 
 guard over the custom-house and post-office. Another portion of 
 the Boston artillery and some infantry occupied Monument Square. 
 Detachments were also stationed in Broadway, opposite St. 
 Patrick's Churoh, and were on guard about the steamboat wharfs 
 and other places. The 13th New York regiment broke camp at 
 "Bellevue Garden," and marched out to the hill known as 
 McKim's, overlooking the jail and Jones Falls, on the York Eoad, 
 and encamped there, the officers taking possession of the mansion. 
 The Eastern police-station was taken possession of, and also the 
 public-school on the corner of Broadway and Bank street. 
 
 On the 11th of July Col. Konly was relieved of the office of 
 Provost-Marshal at his urgent request. George R. Dodge was ap- 
 pointed in his place, and the troops which had been quartered in 
 the heart of the city were withdrawn and marched back to their 
 several camps. 
 
 The United States Government being resolved on permanently 
 holding Baltimore during the continuance of the war, extensive 
 additions were made to the fortifications from time to time, and in 
 August Federal Hill, first occupied by Gen. Butler, was crowned 
 with a strong work, mounting upwards of fifty heavy guns, and 
 effectually commanding the city, as well as Fort McHenry, being 
 some thirty feet higher than that post. Colonel Brewerton,of the 
 United States Topographical Engineers, designed the plans of the 
 work, which were carried out in construction by a New York 
 Zouave regiment. It enclosed the entire crown of the hill. The 
 angles of the bastions were so arranged that the guns mounted on 
 them would rake by an enfilading fire all the streets by which the 
 hill could be approached. As completed the work was a very 
 strong one, its huge cannons in close proximity to South Balti- 
 more, and effectually overlooking the city across the basin and the 
 shipping below. A number of other forts were afterwards con- 
 structed, that of Fort Marshall being the chief, a very strong work 
 to the east of Patterson Park ; and Fort Worthington, northeast of 
 the Maryland Hospital. These were fully mounted and garri* 
 soned, Fort Worthington towards the middle of the war, after ono 
 or two of the threatened Confederate raids had convinced the 
 military authorities that the key of Baltimore lay in the heights 
 to the northeast of the city, an invading column boinsr sure to 
 attack by way of the Belair road and others in its vicinity. Be* 
 sides these regular works a number of others were at different 
 times erected, and completely defended the city. These were 
 numbered, beginning at the head of Baltimore stx'oet, on thQ estate 
 
616 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 of General George H. Steuart. His property there was confis- 
 cated, and his mansion and extensive grounds devoted to the use 
 of a hospital, known as the Jervis Hospital. Adjoining, on a 
 ridge overlooking a wide extent of country, an extensive fortifica- 
 tion was reared, the lines of which may still be traced. This was 
 Fort No. 1, and these earthworks, regularly numbered, encircled 
 Baltimore. Many of them were never used at all, and a number 
 of the smaller ones within the inhabited parts of the city have now 
 disappeared. Fort No. 4 stood at the intersection of Gilmor street 
 with the Liberty road, and No. 5 is now distinguished as the little 
 eminence just within the gate of Druid Hill Park. These two 
 posts were garrisoned after the raid of 1864. No guns were ever 
 mounted in No. 5, although several pieces of heavy ordnance were 
 sent out there, the company of the Veteran Eeserve Corps occupying 
 it only a few weeks. Fort No. 7 was the extensive work near Mount 
 Eoyal Eeservoir, and was garrisoned for a few days also in July, 1864, 
 by the Union Club Company. Two heavy pieces of cannon were 
 Bent out there, but not mounted, and shot and shell provided. In 
 addition to these strong lines of defence there were numerous 
 great hospitals in different sections of the city, as well as camps 
 and barracks. Jervis Hospital, already mentioned, was very ex- 
 tensive, and considered one of the finest in the country. The 
 National Hotel, in Camden street, near the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Bailroad, was converted into another. That of " West's Buildings," 
 on the Union dock, was also very extensive, as well as that in 
 Patterson Park. But now in this beautiful city, since 
 
 " Gi im-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled front " 
 
 it is almost impossible in manj^ cases to reproduce the scenes of 
 the past. Patterson's Park and Lafayette Square, the favorite plea- 
 Bure grounds of Baltimore, presented far diiferent aspects : one 
 the site of an immense hospit^, its long rows of wards and bar- 
 racks filled with soldiers ; and the other the camp of various com- 
 panies, armed sentries pacing where happy children now disport. 
 Bo late as 1865 Lafayette. Square was filled with ugly wooden 
 Bheds, swarming with rough troops, while not one of the elegant 
 mansions now surrounding it had been reared. 
 
 On September 5th the United States authorities promulgated 
 an order forbidding the display and sale of all secession badges, 
 flags, pictures, songs, photographs, music, neckties, infants' 
 BOCKS, &c. 
 
 On Saturday night, September 14th, Mr. W. W. Glenn, one of 
 the proprietors and editors of the Exchange, was arrested by the 
 police and taken to Fort McHenry"for treasonable expressions 
 published in the Exchange,'' which was a few days after suppressed. 
 Mr. John L. Crise was also arrested charged with treason. 
 
 On the 18th of July the following resolutions of thanks were 
 introduced in the First Branch of the City Council by Mr. Crout, 
 ftnd unanimously passed : 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 617 
 
 '^Resolved by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, That the 
 thanks of the corporation are eminently due, and are hereby ten- 
 dered, to Mrs. George Brown and Thomas Winans, Esq., for the 
 great and munificent liberality displayed by them in establishing, 
 and keeping daily in operation, extensive soup-houses for the 
 benefit and relief of the suffering thousands in our cit3^ And be 
 it further resolved, That the Mayor be requested to transmit to Mrs. 
 Brown and Mr. Winans a copy of the foregoing preamble and 
 resolution, with the seal of the city of Baltimore attached thereto." 
 
 The following order was issued on the 12th of September by 
 Major-General Dix, then commanding in Baltimore, with his head- 
 quarters at Fort McHenr}^, for the arrest of the parties therein 
 named. 
 
 Fort McHenry, 12th September, 1861. 
 George K. Dodge, Esq., Provost Marshal : 
 
 Arrest without an hour's delay George Wm. Brown, Coleman 
 Ycllott, Stephen P. Dennis, Charles H. Pitts, Andrew A. Lynch, 
 Lawrence Sangston, H. M. Morfitt, Ross Winans, J. Hanson 
 Thomas, Wm. G. Harrison, John C. Brune, llobert M. Dennison, 
 Leonard D. Quinlan, and Thos. W. Renshaw. 
 
 John A. Dix, Major-General Commanding, 
 
 And in pursuance thereof the most important arrests of the 
 times occurred between eleven o'clock on Thursday night and 11 
 o'clock Friday morning, September 12th and 13th. The arrests 
 transpired as follows: Hacks containing two police officers halted 
 in front of the dwellings of- those arrested. The door-bell was 
 rung, and the sought-for party was informed that his presence 
 ■was required at Fort McHenry. When the news of the arrest of 
 the parties became know^n in the city, it created great excitement, 
 and man}' declared that a most flagrant outrage had been com- 
 mitted. The following were the arrested parties: Geo. Wm. 
 Brown, Mayor of Baltimore; S. Teackle Wallis, Francis Key 
 Howard, Lawrence Sangston, T. Parkin Scott, Chas. H. Pitts, T. 
 C. Morfitt, John C. Brune, Thomas W. Hall, Dr. Lynch, L. G. 
 Quinlan, Dr. J. Hanson Thomas, Wm. G. Harrison, Robert Denison, 
 Benjamin C. Howard, Ross Winans, Henry M. Warfield, and Henry 
 May, member of Congress from the fourth district. They were 
 all committed to Fort McHenrj^. Mr. Thomas W. Hall, Jr., was 
 proprietor of the South, and Mr. Frank Key Howard was editor 
 of the Exchange, newspapers which were suppressed. It was the 
 intention of the authorities then in power to send these gentle- 
 men, with the police commissioners arrested on the 1st of July, to 
 the " Dry Tortugas," as the following telegraj)hic dispatches sent 
 at the time show : 
 
 "United States Military Telegraph, received August 28th, 1861: 
 " From Fort McHenry, to Major-Gen. N. P. Banks. 
 
618 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 " There is but one sea-going steamer here ; sailing vessels can 
 be obtained, but I suppose there would be too much hazard in send- 
 ing one. John A. Dix." 
 
 "United States Military Telegraph, received August 28th, 1861 : 
 
 " From Fort McHenry to Major-Gren. Banks. 
 
 " Do you still want the vessel to go to Tortugas? There is but 
 one here suitable for the service. Three hundred ($300) dollars per 
 day. She must be chartered at once or cannot be had. 
 
 " John A. Dix." 
 
 Mr. Henry E. Johnson, of the banking firm of Johnson Bros. & 
 Co., was arrested and conveyed under guard to Fort McHenry, 
 September 24th ; and on the 15th of October, Wm. McKewen, late 
 secretary to the board of public commissioners j and on the 16th 
 of October, Mr. Robert Ren wick. 
 
 The venerable Thomas Wildey, familiarly known as the " Father 
 of Odd-Fellowship in the United States," died at his residence in 
 this city, on the corner of Front and Gay streets, early on Satur- 
 day morning, October 19th, at the advanced age of eighty years. 
 It is in connection with the order of Odd-Fellowship that Mr. 
 Wildey is best known, and his efforts in that behalf have been time 
 and again acknowledged throughout the whole country. He was 
 born in the city of London on the 15th day of January, 1783, dur- 
 ing the reign of George III., and at the close of the Revolutionary 
 War. He was initiated into Lodge No. 17, of the Order of Odd- 
 Fellows in the city of London, in which he served in every capacity, 
 from the humblest to the highest office, and was so distinguished 
 for his zeal and diligence as an officer and member as to secure at 
 the early age of twenty-three the substantial approbation of his 
 brethren. On the 30th day of July, 1817, he bade adieu to his na- 
 tive land and embarked for America ; he reached Baltimore on the 
 2d of September following, and without delay sought and obtained 
 employment. In the following year, having formed the acquaint- 
 ance of Mr. John Welch, a fellow-countryman, who had also been 
 an Odd-Fellow in England, the subject of introducing the order in 
 this country was discussed. Mr. Welch cordially entered into Mr. 
 Wildey's suggestion for the formation of a lodge, and after vari- 
 ous unsuccessful efforts to increase their number, they adopted the 
 expedient of advertising through the public press; accordingly the 
 advertisement was so made in the Baltimore American, in the fol- 
 lowing words : 
 
 " Notice to all Odd-Fellows. — A few members of the society of 
 Odd-Fellows will be glad to meet their brethren for consultation 
 upon the subject of forming a Lodge. The meeting will be held 
 on Friday evening, the 2d of March, 1819." 
 
 This advertisejnent was continued for one month and failed to 
 aeeemble a sufficient number to form a lodge. But two persons ap- 
 
CHBONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 619 
 
 peared, who acquiesced in the purpose ; one other was required to 
 make up the number necessary, and the advertisement was re-in- 
 serted in the same paper on the 27th of March, 1819, which pro- 
 duced the desired effect. On the 13th of April, 1819, Messrs. John 
 Welch, John Duncan, John Cheatham, and Richard Rushworth as- 
 sembled at the dwelling of Mr. Thomas Wildey, and arranged with 
 him the preliminaries for the formation of a lodge of Odd-Fellows, 
 and on the 26th day of the same month pursuant to previous ac- 
 cord, they assembled in an upper room of a tavern on Fell's Point, 
 and organized the first Odd-Fellows' lodge on this continent. This 
 lodge they called, as an earnest of their respect for their adopted 
 country — being all foreigners — Washington Lodge No. 1. Within 
 ten years from the 26th of April, 1819, Thomas Wildey instituted 
 four lodges in Maryland, organized the Grand Lodge of Maryland 
 and of the United States, and originated the Patriarchal Order : 
 he had extended the institution to Massachusetts, New York, Penn- 
 sylvania and the District of Columbia, in each of which States 
 Grand Lodges had been formed, and out of these Grand Lodges 
 the present Grand Lodge of the United States. In the year 1826, 
 at his own cost, Thomas Wildey made a pilgrimage across the 
 ocean to Manchester, England, the then Mecca of Odd-Fellowship, 
 and arrived in Liverpool on the 17th of June, 1826. The order 
 which he had instituted, although self-created, or organized in- 
 dependently of England, nevertheless obtained the approval of 
 the authorities of the Order in that country, and Washington 
 Lodge No. 1 of Maryland accepted a charter from the Duke 
 of York's Lodge at Preston, Lancaster, bearing date the 1st day of 
 Februar}^ 1820. From this lodge the order in America originated ; 
 yet in the progress of Odd-Fellowship the English charter had been 
 ignored, and a wholly independent form of government had been 
 substituted. After being greeted with a perfect ovation by the 
 order in England, on the day fixed for his return to his adopted 
 country, Thomas Wildey was surprised by a visit of the grand 
 officers of the order, and after a formal address to him, pronounced 
 by a distinguished brother, he was made the bearer of several me- 
 morials of fraternity, which were presented to the Grand Lodge of 
 the United States as a testimony of the interest awakened in that 
 country by the success of Odd-Fellowship in America. Among 
 these memorials was a charter, engrossed upon parchment, from 
 the Grand Master and officers of the order in England, recogniz- 
 ing the Grand Lodge of the United States, and surrendering all 
 claim to jurisdiction in Odd-Fellowship in America. This was the 
 great purpose of Thomas Wildey's ambition, and although it had 
 been the subject of much conversation and deliberation between 
 him and the brethren in England, this was the first intimation of 
 their purpose to comply with his request, and was therefore the 
 more gratifying. On the 26th of April, 1831, the members of Odd- 
 Fellowship now numbering six hundred in Baltimore, dedicated 
 
620 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 their new hall with the first public procession of the kind in the 
 United States. From this period the order progressed with un- 
 paralleled rapidity. 
 
 On the 22d of October Mr. Wildey was buried in Greenmount 
 Cemetery, with one of the most imposing funeral pageants that 
 was ever gathered in our city. 
 
 There assembled on the morning of the 5th of December, at the 
 House of Refuge, upwards of two hundred ladies and gentlemen, 
 to witness the opening of that portion of the institution intended 
 for females. 
 
 The following resolution was passed by the Legislature of Mary- 
 land, whilst in session at Frederick, June 22d, "requesting the 
 representatives and senators of the State of Maryland, in the 
 Congress of the United States, to urge and vote for an immediate 
 recognition of the independence of the Confederate States." 
 
 Died, on the 1st of September, at Yonkers, near New York city, 
 Philip E. Thomas, Esq., of this city, aged nearly 85 years. He 
 was a merchant and a philanthropist, and was always respected. 
 Hon. John C. Legrand, late Chief Justice of the Maryland Court 
 of Appeals, died at his residence in this city, early on Saturday 
 morning, in the 47th year of his age. 
 
 In October a wagon train of nearly one hundred wagons was 
 established between Baltimore and Washington city. This was 
 rendered necessary by the closing of the Potomac by the Con- 
 federate batteries at Evansport, Virginia, and the great amount of 
 freight thus thrown upon the railroad. 
 
 On the 3d of October, a United States gunboat, the Pinola, was 
 launched from the ship-yard of Abrahams & Ashcraft. This was 
 the first government vessel built in Baltimore since the oj^ening of 
 the war. The contract for building her was made on the 8th day 
 of Jul}', and she was ready for water in seventy days, including 
 Sundays. The Pinola was 540 tons burthen, and was pierced for 
 thirteen guns, and had accommodations for one hundred men. 
 
 On the 20th of November Miller's Hotel, Messrs. Joseph H. 
 McGee & Bro., proprietors, was taken possession of by the police, 
 who, placing guards at the avenues of entrance and exit, proceeded 
 to search for articles contraband of war, taking the keys of the 
 Bafe and desk for that purpose. Several persons connected with 
 the house were arrested, to answer the charge of treason in holding 
 communication with the Confederate States. A number of letters 
 and papers were also seized to await examination at the station- 
 house. A man by the name of Webster, passing under the name 
 of Hart, was seized and ordered to Fort McHenry, and while on 
 his way thither at night in the charge of several police officers, he 
 suddenly, when near the fort, sprung from the wagon and made 
 good his escape in the darkness. 
 
 1862. The Fourth Presb^^terian Church, situated on the corner 
 of Carey and Fayette streets, was dedicated on Sunday, February 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 621 
 
 16th, in the presence of a large congregation. The services were 
 conducted by Rev. Jacob A. Lefevre, Eev. Dr. Backus, Eev. J. T. 
 Smith, and Rev. Dr. Dickson. 
 
 On Monday night, February 17th, several policemen specially 
 employed by the provost-marshal, arrested Colonel Samuel S. Mills 
 and Mr. Thomas S. Piggott, one a proprietor and the other the 
 principal editor of the "South" newspaper. They were placed in 
 close confinement at Fort McHenry ; and a few days afterward the 
 police also arrested John Mills, the publisher of The South. 
 
 On Friday, March 7th, private Joseph H. Kuhns, of the Second 
 Maryland regiment, was hung within the works of Fort McHenry 
 by order of General McClelhm, for the wilful murder of Lieutenant 
 David E. Whitson, on the 10th of December previous. 
 
 On the 27th of March, the Maryland brigade U. S. A. was de- 
 signated the First Brigade, First Division, Eighth Army Corps. 
 
 On Thursday night, August 14th, Deputy-Marshal Lyons, with 
 Sergeant Pry or and a posse of policemen, entered the establish- 
 ment of the Maryland News Sheet, and after a parley of a half 
 hour arrested Wm. H. Carpenter, Esq., one of the editors, and 
 sent him to Fort McHenry. The paper was su})pressed and the 
 office taken charge of by the police authorities, in pursuance of 
 orders from Major-General Wool. 
 
 An act was passed by the General Assembly on the 13th of 
 February, " That Henry Tyson, John W. Walker, WilLam Chesnut, 
 John W. Randolph, Conrad S. Grove, Jonathan Brock, and Albert 
 W. Markley, and others their associates, assignees of all the rights, 
 powers and privileges granted to William H. Travers, William S. 
 Browning, William D. Goey, Robert Cathcart, and Joshua B. 
 Sumwalt, and their associates and assignees, by an ordinance of 
 the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, approved on or about 
 the twenty-eighth of March, eighteen hundred and fifty-nine, be, 
 and they are hereby, incorporated by the name and style of the 
 Baltimore City Passenger Railway Company." 
 
 On the 6th of March the General Assembly passed an act " re- 
 lating to crimes and punishments, by defining treason, and pro- 
 viding for the punishment of treason and other kindred offences ; " 
 and on the 5th of March an act was passed appropriating the sum 
 of seven thousand dollars, for the relief^ of the families of those 
 belonging to the Sixth Regiment of Massachusetts volunteers who 
 were killed or disabled by wounds received in the riot of the 19th 
 of April in Baltimore, 1861. The committee to whom was referred 
 the distribution of the money given by the State for the relief of 
 the families of those who were killed or wounded in the riot, made 
 the following award : 
 
 No. 1 — Samuel H. Ncedliam, of Company I, killed, eight hundred 
 dollars, to be placrd in the bunds of W. U. P. Wright 
 and George P. Wilson, of Lawrence, in trust for tiie 
 support of the deceased $800 00 
 
622 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Ko. 2— Addison 0. Whitney, of Company D, killed, six hundred 
 dollftrs, to be paid to his father, John F. Whitney, of 
 
 Waldo, Maine 600 00 
 
 «* 8— Luther C. Ladd, killed, three hundred dollars, to be paid to 
 the father of the deceased, John Ladd, of Alexandria, 
 
 New Hampshire 800 00 
 
 " 4_John E. Ames, wounded severely 1,200 00 
 
 " 6— Edward Coburn, Company D, wounded severely 750 00 
 
 " 6— Daniel B. Tyler, Company D, wounded 750 00 
 
 «• 7 — Captain John H Dike, Company L, wounded 500 00 
 
 «< 8— Charles L Gill, Company L, wounded 450 00 
 
 «< 9 — Jnmes Keenan, Company L, wounded 350 00 
 
 «♦ 10— William H. Lawson, Company D, wounded 300 00 
 
 " 11— Charles H. Chandler, Company D, w^ounded 400 00 
 
 •* 12— Michael Green, Company F, to be paid to his mother 100 00 
 
 " 13-ViclorGingra8S, Company 1 100 00 
 
 " 14— Alonzo Joy, Company 1 100 00 
 
 ** 15 — George W. Lovering, Company D 50 00 
 
 ** 16— Daniel C. Stevens, Company G 50 00 
 
 " 17— Gorham Reid, Company A 50 00 
 
 " 18-John F. Sweet, Company A 50 00 
 
 " 19— Charles B. Slinpon, Company G 50 00 
 
 " 20— Andrew Robbins, Company L 50 00 
 
 Total $7,000 00 
 
 Messrs. Hindes & Wood, who were appointed by the Legislature, 
 with the Mayor, the new board of police commissioners, were 
 sworn into office before Mr. Geo. E. Sangston, the clerk of the 
 Superior Court, on the 7th of March, and entered upon the dis- 
 charge of the duties on Monday the 10th. 
 
 On Sunday, the 25th of May, when the news of Gen. Banks' 
 retreat, and the rumor of Col. Kenly's death at Front Royal, Vir- 
 
 finia, reached Baltimore, crowds of excited people were permitted 
 y the police to assemble about the news-offices and to obstruct 
 the streets. Among these crowds were persons of all descriptions 
 and of every shade of opinion — unionists and secessionists, loyal 
 and disloyal, those who deplored and those who exulted over tho 
 slaughter of our gallant Maryland " First." In a number of in- 
 stances secessionists expressed their satisfaction at Col. Kenly's 
 supposed death ; they were knocked down. But personal violence 
 was not confined to cases like these. Persons who said nothing, 
 but who were supposed, &nd in many cases most unjustly supposed, 
 to be disloyal, were assailed and beaten. One gentleman who was 
 driving a carriage up Baltimore street was said to be a secessionist; 
 he was taken out of the vehicle, and would have been severely 
 beaten but for the exertions of the police, who protected him. Mr. 
 Bolivar D. Danels was attacked and dealt several blows about the 
 head ; he was rescued from the mob by the police, and taken to 
 the office of the police commissioners, followed by a crowd of five 
 or six hundred men, who cried out "hang him! hang him!" and 
 two in tho crowd drew out ropes from their pockets intent upon 
 the execution, but the strong detachment of police succeeded, with 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 623 
 
 great difficulty, in his protectiorii For three or four hours after 
 nine o'clock the-crowd continued to increase until Baltimore street 
 was filled with excited men. Occasionally a secessionist would be 
 seen, when he would either be chased away, or beaten if caught. 
 The Independent Methodist Episcopal Church South, who held 
 their meetings at the Assembly Rooms, were advised to suspend 
 their services and retire, as the members were threatened by an 
 attack upon them when they should leave the building. The sug- 
 gestion was accepted, and they retired as privately as possible ; 
 the usual afternoon and evening services were dispensed with. 
 Among those who were injured during the day we find Messrs. 
 Robert Morrow, Thomas J. Warrington, Mr. Passano, James Knox, 
 Thomas W. Gorman, and others. Shortly after 5 o'clock Samuel 
 Hindes, one of the police commissioners, mounted a box near the 
 corner of Calvert and Baltimore streets, and made a spirited ad- 
 dress to the crowd, urging those composing it to pay respect to 
 the law by quietly dispersing to their homes, which had the de« 
 sired effect. During the day General Bix sent for Marshal Yan 
 Nostrand, and asked if his force was sufficient to preserve the 
 peace of the city, and received an answer in the affirmative. Ho 
 assured the Marshal that such proceedings should not be tolerated 
 in his department, and that if necessary he would call out the 
 military. On Monday and Tuesday there were other outbreaks 
 and disturbances. Houses supposed, or said, to be occupied by 
 the disloyal were broken into and entered, and plundered by 
 persons claiming to be unionists. On Monday afternoon an attack 
 was made on five of the shops and buildings of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio railroad corporation, near the Mount Clare depot, by a large 
 party of disorderly persons, who claimed to be Union men, among 
 whom were several custom-house officers, who beat and wounded 
 seven unoffending workmen, whom they accused — in most cases, 
 if not all, most untrul}^ — of being secessionists. On Tuesday the 
 same gang renewed their attack and wounded two other workmen. 
 The police took no notice of these outrages, but Gen. Dix, as soon 
 as they were made known to him, arrested the ringleaders, which 
 act created a vast amount of excitement amongst the passionate 
 class of Union men. On Monday the crowd which had gathered 
 on Baltimore street, near the American office, constituted them- 
 selves into a committee on flag displays, and proceeded to the 
 office of the Maryland News Sheets with a demand for the display 
 of the stars and stripes from that building. There was no person 
 found in the office but a boy, who expressed his willingness to dis- 
 play the flag, but stated that none of the proprietors were in at 
 the time, and that he could not find a flag. They then proceeded 
 to the Maryland Institute with a view of compelling those in the 
 building to display the flag. They then proceeded to the establish- 
 ment of Mr. John H. Weaver, and to the HoUiday street theatre, 
 where a flag was soon stretched across the street. The march 
 
624 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 was then past the room of the police commissioners, who appeared 
 on the front steps of the building and counselled the leaders of 
 the crowd to disperse, and not to commit any breaches of the 
 peace. The crowd without stopping continued on to the establish- 
 ments of Messrs. Egerton & Keys, Magraw & Koons, and the 
 Maryland Club House, where similar demands were made, but no 
 persons could be found on the premises. The crowd then went to 
 the Sun office with a similar demand, the policemen following, 
 and, as at the J^ews Sheet office, preventing any damage being 
 d6ne; the demand was promptly complied with. The crowd 
 then proceeded to the Republican office, where, in compliance with 
 their demand, a small national flag was displayed from the third 
 story window. The office of the German Correspondent was then 
 visited, but the proprietors stated that they were about to display 
 their flag, when the crowd proceeded to Messrs. Weisenfield & (Jo's, 
 corner of Centre Market Space, where a small flag was displayed 
 from the awning post. On returning, the crowd went again to 
 the Correspondent office, where a portion of a flag, showing the 
 stripes, was hanging from an upper window, but this was not sat- 
 isfactory to the crowd, who required that the entire flag, with the 
 stars, should be exposed to view. This being accomplished, they 
 made another bolt at the JVews Sheet office, but the police succeeded 
 in preventing them from entering, the establishment being entirely 
 closed up. The}' then returned to the Republican office and made the 
 proprietors there run out a pole with a larger flag. Among those 
 who were unjustifiably maltreated by small crowds of men, were 
 Mr. Frick, Geneial C. C. Egerton, Messrs. Wm. L. Montague, John 
 
 E. Morgan, James Hammond, John H. Ing, Thomas Bean, 
 
 Thompson, Bennett, Lewis Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick 
 
 Upton, and others. 
 
 On the first of June, General John A. Dix was transferred from 
 his command of ihe Middle Department in Baltimore, to Fortress 
 Monroe, and was succeeded by General John E. Wool, who arrived 
 in Baltimore on the 18th. 
 
 On the 30th of June, Mr. C. C. Fulton, one of the proprietors 
 and editors of ihe Baltimore American, and Agent of the Associated 
 Press, was anested by order of the Secretary of War and com- 
 mitted to Fort McHenry, for transmitting the following dispatch 
 to the Associated Press in ]N^ew York : 
 
 Baltimore American Office, 
 Baltimore, Sunday, June 29th [9 P. M.] 
 I am writing for the American a detailed account of events at 
 White House, before Richmond, and on the Peninsula, during the 
 last four days, including facts obtained from Washington, having 
 been sent for by special train to communicate with the President. 
 If you desire it I will send it to you. It will make four or five 
 thousand words. We have the grandest military triumph over the 
 enemy, and llichmond must fall. C. C. Fulton. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 625 
 
 Previous to leaving the city for the fort, Mr. Fulton addressed 
 the following dispatch to President Lincoln : 
 
 To THE President op the United States : 
 
 Sir: — I find myself under arrest and on ray way to Fort 
 McHenry. I appeal to you for a hearing and prompt release, in 
 behalf of my family, who will be in great distress at the execution 
 of this inexplicable order. The Secretary of War authorized me 
 to publish my statement. KespectfuUy, C. C. Fulton. 
 
 To this the following reply was received. 
 
 Washington, June 30th, 1862. 
 
 To C. C. Fulton, Fort McHenry : 
 
 I am authorized to say to you that your arrest was not made 
 for publishing the statement, but upon 3'our statement that you 
 were preparing a detailed account, including facts obtained from 
 Washington, having been sent by special train to communicate 
 with the President. This is regarded by the President and the 
 War Department as a flagrant and outrageous violation of the 
 confidence with which you were treated. The publication of facts 
 obtained from Washington under such circumstances is a high 
 military crime. iiespectfuUy, 
 
 E. S. Sanford, Military Superintendent. 
 
 To the dispatch from Colonel Sanford Mr. Fulton replied as 
 follows : 
 
 " Col. Sanford — Sir : — The dispatch I sent to ^ew York was a 
 private one, addressed to Mr. Craig, for his information as to 
 whether he desired to receive the report I was preparing for the 
 press. It was not intended for publication, and would not have 
 been published if my report had been permitted to go through by 
 telegraph. I never dreamed of its being published. To find 
 myself in Fort McHenry, the depot for traitors, is a mortification 
 I cannot express. Having risked both life and property in de- 
 fending the Union cause when our city was in the possession of 
 traitors, and rendered services as editor and proprietor of the Bal- 
 timore American to the Government in sustaining the laws which 
 no one has excelled, I ask, in common justice, that 1 should at least 
 be released on my parole. Eespectfully yours, 
 
 Chas. C. Fulton. 
 
 By an order from the authorities at Washington, Mr. Fulton, 
 on Tuesday night, July 1st, was unconditionally released. 
 
 At a late hour of night, June 29th, the utmost consternation 
 
 was caused by the ringing of alarm bells generally throughout the 
 
 city. Tlie impression readily prevailed that the Confederate troops 
 
 were indeed marching upon the city, and the streets were soon 
 
 40 
 
626 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 thronged with anxious inquirers after the cause of alarm. It seems 
 that the authorities received information of the approach of the 
 " Rebels," supposed to be in large force, from the direction of West- 
 minster, and it was currently reported and believed that fighting 
 had taken place at so near a point to the city as Reisterstown. 
 Under these exciting circumstances it was thought a measure of 
 safety to sound an alarm and call the Union Leagues and loyal cit- 
 izens together, so that arms could be placed in their hands to meet 
 the invaders. The streets were lively with processions of armed 
 men, and the work of barricading the approaches to the city was 
 pushed with great vigor. One of the features of the excitement 
 was the rapid retreat down Baltimore street of several city pas- 
 senger railroad cars of the various lines, supposed to have been 
 caused by a desire to remove to some place of safety should an at- 
 tack actually take place. At the request of Gen. Schenck, Com- 
 modore Dornin placed in position two gun-boats at the foot of 
 Broadway, and one at the Long Bridge, over the Ferry Bar road. 
 Major-General Schenck the day following issued a proclamation 
 declaring martial law in Baltimore and the western shore counties 
 of Maryland. 
 
 The community was startled and pained on the morning of the 
 8th of July, by the sad intelligence of the sudden death of Arch- 
 bishop Francis Patrick Kenrick, of the Catholic Church. His 
 council had assembled in the Cathedral at the usual hour (6 o'clock) 
 for the purpose of solemnizing mass, and the bishop not making 
 h\s appearance at the regular time, fears were entertained that he 
 might be ill. Upon proceeding to his bed chamber, he was found 
 in his bed, clasped in the cold embrace of death. Dr. Donovan and 
 two other physicians were immediately summoned, who gave as 
 their opinion that his death was causedby apoplexy. The bishop 
 was a man of remarkable literary abilities, he having translated 
 the Bible and written many religious works of sterling merit. He 
 was one of the most profoundly learned men in America. 
 
 At a large public meeting, held on Monday the 28th of July, in 
 Monument square, and at which Governor Bradford presided, a 
 resolution was adopted requesting the President to "instruct the 
 General in command of this Military Department to require all 
 male citizens above the age of eighteen to come forward " and take 
 an oath to "maintain the national sovereignty paramount to that 
 of all State, county, or corporate powers," and to " discourage, 
 discountenance, and forever oppose secession, rebellion, and the 
 disintegration of the Federal Union." Those who should refuse 
 to take the oath which it was thus proposed to tender them, and 
 which was to bind every man to "forever" oppose what was 
 already an accomplished fact, were, if the President had endorsed 
 the resolution, to be banished from their homes. The proposition 
 brought forth no public remonstrance from anytportion of the 
 " Union " party. Oi! the contrary, the First Branch of the City 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 627 
 
 Council adopted a resolution, a few days afterwards, requesting 
 General Wool " to administer such an oath to all the citizens of 
 the City of Baltimore at the earliest possible period." General 
 Wool rejected this advice, " for the reason," as he said, that it would, 
 at a critical moment, " send twenty thousand men to swell the army 
 of J etferson Davis." 
 
 On the 25th of July the following members of the Second 
 Branch City Council resigned their positions in that body, accord- 
 ing to the suggestion of Major-General John E..W00I: Charles J. 
 Baker, President, 13th and 14th wards; Decatur H. Miller, llth 
 and 12th wards ; William Dean, Ist and 2d wards ; Jesse Marden, 
 3d and 4th wards; Asa Higgins, 19th and 20th wards; William 
 Swindell, 17th and 18th wards; Joseph Eobb, 15th and 16tli 
 wards ; Francis W. Alricks, 9th and 10th wards ; John W. Wilson, 
 7th and 8th wards. This action was caused by the majority of the 
 members of the Second Branch of the City Council in refusing to 
 concur in an ordinance passed by the First Branch, appropriating 
 $300,000 to encourage enlistments of volunteers. On the 23d of 
 July, when the bounty bill was taken up, the crowd in the lobby 
 evinced great interest, and the announcement of its rejection was 
 received with marked disapprobation. Cries of " Put them out ! " 
 "Hang the traitors I " and similar expressions were indulged in; 
 but order was finally restored by the interposition of Marshal Van 
 Nostrand, who had been requested by the president to preserve 
 order. The Branch soon afterwards adjourned, and the crowd 
 proceeded to the pavement below to await the egress of the mem- 
 bers. Mr. Charles J. Baker drove off in his buggy-wagon, fol- 
 lowed by groans from the crowd. The other members remained 
 in the Council chamber until a police force was procured, and each, 
 under an escort of six policemen, left the hall. As Captain Asa 
 Higgins was descending the stairs he was assaulted by the crowd, 
 but the police protected him from severe injury. At the corner of 
 Holliday and Saratoga streets the crowd made a "rush for Mr. De- 
 catur H. Miller, who was in charge of a squad of policemen, and 
 he was struck several times before he could be rescued. 
 
 There was considerable excitement in Baltimore on the 7th of 
 September, principally in the neighborhood of the newspaper 
 offices, where large crowds had assembled to hear the news from 
 Western Maryland, in reference to Lee's invasion of Frederick. 
 In view of the excitement in the streets it was deemed advisable 
 by the Mayor and police authorities to appoint four hundred 
 special policemen. Gov. Bradford appointed Gen. John E. Kenly 
 to the command of a brigade of troops to be used in the defence of 
 the city. 
 
 On the 19th of December Major-General Eobert C. Schenck, 
 having been appointed to succeed Major-General Wool, arrived in 
 this city. 
 
 Shortly after the battle of Gettysburg, the body of Capt. Wm^. 
 
628 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 
 
 D. Brown, of the Chesapeake artillery (Confederate), who was slain 
 in that engagement, was brouirht to this city and embalmed, and 
 placed in the mausoleum at Greenmount Cemetery, where it re- 
 mained until Friday, July Slst, when it was removed to the ceme- 
 tery chapel, where the funeral rites of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, to which the father of the deceased officer belonged, were 
 observed ; Eevs. Dr. Slicer, Sargent, and Owens being the officiat- 
 ing ministers. A company of friends were present to witness the 
 funeral services, and were just returning from the lot where the re- 
 mains had been interred, when a detachment of soldiers appeared 
 by order from headquarters, and took into military custody all the 
 male attendants, save the officiating ministers, who escaped the at- 
 tention of the soldiers. They were conducted to the headquarters 
 of Brig. Gen. Tyler at the Gil m or House, and after a short deten- 
 tion. Col. Chesebrough appeared, and released them to appear the 
 next day at headquarters. 
 
 1863. Major-General Schenck on the 11th of September issued 
 an order for the suppression of the Baltimore Republican and the 
 arrest of the editors, and in accordance with the order, the office was 
 visited by the military about two o'clock in the afternoon, and the 
 further publication of the paper stopped. Mr. Beale H. Eichard- 
 Bon, editor and proprietor of the paper, and his son, Francis A. 
 Kichardson, and Mr. Stephen J. Joice, associate editors, were 
 taken into custody and conducted to the office of Col. Fish, military 
 provost-marshal, where an order was shortly received from Major- 
 General Schenck directing that they be sent South by way of 
 Harper's Ferry, with orders not to return under penalty of being 
 treated as spies. The ground of arrest was alleged to be the pub- 
 lication of a piece of poetry entitled *' The Southern Cross," which 
 has been attributed to Mrs. Ellen Key Blunt. On the 29th of 
 September the Baltimore Daily Gazette was also suppressed by the 
 military authorities, and Messrs. E. F. Carter and W. H. Neilson, 
 editors and proprietors, were taken into custody. On Tuesday, 
 September 29th, Mr. Michael J. Kelly and John B. Piet, of the 
 book publishing house of Messrs. Kelly, Hedian & Piet, were 
 arrested by Government detectives upon the charge of selling a 
 work entitled "Fourteen Months in the Bastiles of America," 
 written by Francis Key Howard, Esq., of the Baltimore bar. Col. 
 Wm. S. Fish issued an order from headquarters on the 10th 
 of November, forbidding the further publication of the Evening 
 Transcript^ a paper started but a few weeks before, under the pro- 
 prietorship of W m. H. Neilson, formerly of the Gazette, 
 
 On the 30th of November ex-Gov. Pratt, and Col. Nicholson, 
 his private secretary, were sent South by the way of Fortress 
 Jionroe, for refusing to take the oath of allegiance. 
 
 On the 17th of October, the heirs of John R Howard sold at 
 private sale, to Messrs. Thomas G. Scharf, Edward Wheat, and 
 George Scott, the " General Wayne Inn " and stables, for the sum 
 
CHROISICLES OF BALTIMORE. 629 
 
 of $30,000 cash. On the 1st of October, 1864, Mr. Scharf pur- 
 chased the interest of Messrs. Wheat and Scott at an advance of 
 $3,000, making in all $33,000 paid for the entire property. 
 
 The subscribers or stockholders of the " First National Bank of 
 Baltimore," upon the plan proposed by Secretary Chase, and 
 approved by Congress, held their first meeting in the afternoon of 
 the 2d of December, in the anteroom of the Citizens' Bank, corner 
 of Pratt and Hanover streets, and elected directors, &c. 
 
 Mr. Hugh Jenkins, one of the most prominent merchants of 
 Baltimore, died on the 1st of December, in the 65th year of his 
 age. He was distinguished for his many virtues, but more especially 
 his noble charities, his devotion to the poor, the orphans, the sick 
 and the dying — not alone amongst his own immediate people, but 
 especially to his stricken countrymen arriving on our shores in 
 distress. 
 
 John Christian Brune, the first president of the Maryland 
 Sugar Eefinery, and a gentleman of high commercial honor, 
 winning manners and generous hospitality, died on the 7th of 
 December, when upon a voyage in a steamer from Southampton 
 to Havana. 
 
 1864. Mr. Charles F. Mayer, a very prominent lawyer of Balti- 
 more, died on Sunday, January 3d. He was a Senator in the 
 Legislature under the old constitution, and was highly respected for 
 integrity of character. For nearly forty years he held a high 
 position as a lawyer, the result of a clear and penetrating intellect 
 and untiring research. 
 
 The General Assembly at the Januar}'- session incorporated the 
 following companies: The Safe Deposit Company of Baltimore, 
 the Baltimore Academy of Music, the Franklin and Powhatan 
 Passenger Kail way Company, and the Baltimore, Hall's Springs 
 And Harford Passenger Jlailwa^y Company. 
 
 On Wednesday, May 18th, Mr. William H. Neilson, proprietor 
 of the Evening Transcript^ of this city, received an order from Gen. 
 Wallace, commander of the middle department, directing that 
 the publication of the paper cease at once ; which, it is scarcely 
 necessary to add, was complied with. 
 
 William Knabe, Esq., a well-known and much esteemed citizen, 
 died on Saturday evening. May 21st, in the 61st year of his age. 
 Mr. Knabe was the principal of the house of Wm. Knabe & Co., 
 the extensive piano-forte manufacturers of this city. 
 
 On the 23d of May, a man named Andrew or Isadore Laypolo, 
 (as he bore several aliases), having been court-martialed and con- 
 demned for being a Confederate spy and guerilla, was hung inside 
 of Fort McHenry. He made a short speech from the gallows 
 denying that he was a felon, then prayed fervently and died bravely. 
 
 Col. Fish was arrested late in the evening of the 24th of Jan- 
 uary by an order from the Hon, Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of 
 War, on the charge of oflScial corruption and fraud, while acting 
 
[ 
 
 630 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 as Provost-Marshal of this city. He was arrested by Col. Olcott, 
 And was closely confined in Campbeii's jail, near the Camden street 
 Idepot. He was afterwards tried by court-martial, found guilty on 
 /nearly all the charges preferred against him, and was cashiered. 
 I The Union National Convention assembled in this city at the 
 / Front Street Theatre on the morning of the 7th of June, and on 
 / the 8th finished its business and adjourned sine die. The nomina- 
 \/ tion.of Mr. Lincoln for re-election was with but the slightest oppo- 
 Y sition, and made by acclamation amidst the most enthusiastic de- 
 monstrations. The nomination for the Yice Presidency was con- 
 ferred on Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, who received the largest 
 vote on the first ballot, there being several other names placed in 
 nomination. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 11th of July the city was filled 
 with rumors of the approach of the Confederates, but nothing 
 definite could be ascertained, except the destruction of the coun- 
 try residence of Governor Bradford. The City Council passed 
 an ordinance conscripting and placing in defence of the city 
 all able-bodied male citizens from the age of sixteen years and 
 upward. The Mayor, after the passage of the resolutions of 
 the City Council relative to the defence of the city, waited on 
 General Ord, the new commander of the military forces of this 
 Ucity and vicinity, to inform him of the proceedings of the local 
 authorities. The General deemed it unnecessary to take any 
 steps in the direction intimated by the resolutions, for the closing 
 of business and calling out the citizens en masse. A large force of 
 colored men, however, were actively employed in strengthening 
 the fortifications in and around the city. The Governor, through 
 John S. Berry, Adjutant-General, called out the city militia for the 
 defence of the city. Orders were given to remove a large number 
 of locomotives from the Mount Clare depot of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad and the main stem to the track on Pratt street, 
 which was done to prevent them from being injured by the Con- 
 federates, 
 
 On September 27th George McDonald, alias M. M. Dunning, of 
 the Third Maryland Cavalry, was shot to death by musketry in 
 Fort McHenry for desertion and attempt to kill several persons. 
 
 The Right Rev, Martin J.Spaulding, of the Diocese of Louisville, 
 was consecrated Archbishop of Baltimore at the Cathedral at 11 
 o'clock, Sunday morning, July Slst. The ceremonies which 
 marked the consecration of Bishop Spaulding were of an imposing 
 character, and the sermon by the Bishop was an elegant analysis 
 of the Scriptures, and was listened to with great attention. Rev, 
 Bishop Wood and Rev, Dr. Harra, of Philadelphia, assisted Bishop 
 Spaulding in the Grand Pontifical Mass, assisted by Rev. Father 
 Burlando, Rev. B. F. McManus, Rev. John Dougherty, and Rev. 
 Father Leguerra, master of ceremonies. 
 
 The interesting ceremony of laying the coi-ner-stone of the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 631 
 
 Concordia Opera House by the Concordia Society, was observed 
 Monday, September 5tb. Several addresses were made, and at 
 night the association partook of a banquet at Western Hall, corner 
 of Howard and Lexington streets.. 
 
 The Evening Post was suppressed Sept. 30th, by order of Gen. 
 Wallace. The offence consisted in the publication of articles 
 deemed offensive to the loyal citizens. 
 
 The mercantile community of this city was greatly agitated on 
 Monday morning, October 17th, in consequence of the wholesale 
 arrest of several business firms and their clerks by the military 
 authorities, but upon what charge could not be ascertained. A 
 communication was received by Colonel Woolley from the War 
 Department, directing him to arrest the firms and all persons enj- 
 ployed in the following well-known houses: Hamilton Easter & 
 Co., dry-goods dealers, Baltimore ; Weisenfeld & Co., clothiers, 
 corner of Centre Market Space and Baltimore street, also of Han- 
 over street; Jordan & Kose, dry goods dealers, corner of Baltimore 
 and Hanover streets ; Isaac E. Coale & Bro., commission mer- 
 chants, 17 and 19 Hanover street; Charles E. Waters & Co., hard- 
 ware merchants, 15 South Charles street; A. & L. Freidenrich, 
 gentlemen's furnishing articles, corner of Liberty and Baltimore 
 streets; Simon Frank & Co., jobbera, corner of German and Han- 
 over streets. As the work of effectually arresting all parties con- 
 nected with the above firms would require a strong force, the 
 Colonel ordered out a sufficient mimber of men, and with Capt. 
 Wiegel, visited the different stores, took possession of the same, 
 and placed the firms and their employees under arrest. The stores 
 were immediately closed, a guard stationed at the doors, and the 
 prisoners sent to Washington in a special train. During the day 
 several stores in Washington, and in Philadelphia and New York, 
 were seized by the military authorities and the same programme 
 observed. At the store of Hamilton Easter & Co. the scene was 
 exciting in the extreme. The large number of clerks were taken 
 by surprise at the summons to "fall in," and in less than five minutes 
 a large number of notes were handed to Colonel Woolley, with 
 instructions that they might be forwarded to wives, mothers, 
 brothers, sisters, boarding-house keepers, &c. Some required a 
 change of clothing, some desired a change of linen, others wanted 
 supplies of money. One individual was seized with cramp, and a 
 large dose of brandy was given him. A large number of ladies 
 were in the store when the soldiers entered, and when it became 
 known that the establishment was under the ban of the govera- 
 ment, the fair creatures beat a hasty retreat, and neglected to 
 finish their shopping. It was estimated that the value of goods 
 guarded by orders of Col. Woolley was upwards of eight millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 Died on Wednesday, the 14th of October, in Washington City, 
 D. C, in the eighty-eighth year of his age, Koger Brooke Taney, 
 
J632 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 of Maryland, fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the TJnited 
 States. A man of spotless and benevolent life, he must, alike in 
 the humblest as in the highest sphere, everywhere and always, 
 have commanded the sympathy, respect, and homage of all good 
 men who knew him or felt his influence. To see him and to speak 
 with him was enough to give assurance of this. To know him 
 intimately was to make this assurance doubly sure. He served 
 bis native State as a member of the House of Delegates, as 
 Senator, and as Attorney-General of Maryland. It was a notable 
 tribute to his distinction as a lawyer and his worth as a private 
 gentleman, that he was called by President Jackson to the office 
 of Attorney-General of the United Stales at a time of great 
 party strife, when a new order of things was about to be inaugu- 
 rated, and when he was known to belong to the constitutional 
 school, of which Chief-Justice Marshall was the living type, as his 
 name remains the enduring monument. Under Jackson he was 
 also Secretary of the Treasury. Profoundly learned in the law, 
 and naturally gifted with a clear, direct, and logical mind, he 
 nevertheless listened for instruction from the humblest advocate 
 who appeared before him in any cause. With all the qualities of 
 a great Judge, and with the natural consciousness of his superiority 
 to ordinary men, he was ever attentive and respectful to those 
 whose duty brought them before him to attempt to influence his 
 determination as a Judge, and none who knew him could doubt 
 that his conclusions were always the result of conscientious and 
 enlightened study and reflection. 
 
 On November 1st the Evening Loyalist was suppressed by order 
 of General Wallace. 
 
 1865. The gale which passed over our city on Thursday after- 
 noon, March 23d, was the most severe that had visited this section 
 of the country in many years. From all quarters chimneys and 
 fences were blown down, and trees that had withstood the blasts 
 of years were twisted from the earth as if they were reeds. A 
 large number of houses in the city were unroofed, and in several 
 instances walls were blown down, entailing a heavy loss upon the 
 owners of the damaged property. A portion of the hospital 
 buildings on Townsend street extended was blown down, killing 
 a colored boy named John Nicholson and dangerously wounding 
 three workmen. A portion of the boiler-shop of Messrs. Murray 
 & Wiegand, on York street, was also blown down, and a number of 
 workmen were buried in the ruins ; one of them, Philip Hughes, 
 was killed. 
 
 The excitement on Monday, April 3d, consequent upon the 
 receipt of the exhilarating news from the victorious army of 
 General Grant before Richmond, surpassed anything of the kind 
 ever witnessed in this city. In less than one hour after the glad 
 tidings had been bulletined at the difl'erent newspaper offices, 
 thousands of men wended their steps to the centre of the city, and 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 633 
 
 as the dispatches from the army were posted up, vociferous cheer- 
 ing was wafted upon the air. Merchants quitted their places of 
 business, laborers threw down their instruments of toil, shopping 
 was neglected, and the Union citizens rejoiced that the rebellion 
 had at last been dealt a fatal blow. Towards noon it was feared 
 that a disturbance would occur among the thousands who had 
 congregated about the different newspaper offices, and to arrest 
 the anticipated difficulty, squads of police officers from the different 
 station houses and a strong force of soldiers were detailed for 
 duty at the points named, for the preservation of order. Several 
 encounters, however, occurred during the afternoon, but not of a 
 serious character. At three P. M., in accordance with an order 
 issued by Mayor Chapman, flags were unfurled from the engine 
 bouses, and the bells rung. At night the Union citizens illuminated 
 their dwellings and places of business, and it was not until mid- 
 night that the exuberant feeling began to subside. A large stand 
 was erected in front of the American office, where the thousands 
 were addressed by several popular speakers. 
 
 On the 6th of April, in pursuance of a resolution of the Mayor 
 and City Council, the city was draped in flags, the bells rung, 
 and the cannon roared their congratulations of Union thunder. 
 It was indeed the brightest epoch that ever befel our city for 
 those participating in the Union cause. Houses streamed with 
 bunting, guidons and battle-flags. Pennants and revenue colors 
 were suspended in all directions. The city was dressed in red, 
 white and blue. Baltimore street was decorated from Broadway 
 to Carey street, and the display of bunting was richer and more 
 profuse than in any similar demonstration ever witnessed in the 
 city. Secessionists who had since the breaking out of the war 
 refused to displa}' the stars and stripes, became alarmed, and gave 
 to the wind the bright colors. The streets were filled with count- 
 less thousands of people, and at night the city was illuminated in 
 all directions, especially the newspaper offices, which were the 
 centres of attraction. 
 
 The distinguished naval hero, Admiral Farragut, arrived in this 
 city on the morning of the 11th of April, from Norfolk. He was 
 received at the wharf by the Mayor, a committee of both branches 
 of the City Council, a large detachment of military ordered out 
 by Brig. Grcn. Morris, U. S. A., and several hundred citizens. The 
 line of march was taken up, and upon arriving at the Eutaw 
 House, the Admiral made a few remarks and received the congrat- 
 ulations of our citizens. In the afternoon the distinguished guest 
 and his friends were entertained at an elegant banquet. 
 
 With the advent of dawn on Saturday, April 15th, the centre 
 of the city betokened that our citizens had heard of the awful 
 tragedy enacted in Washington on Friday night. Groups of per- 
 sons could be seen at the newspaper offices and the principal 
 corners, eagerly seeking after the latest intelligence from Wash- 
 
634 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ington, and as usual when exciting news is expected, the city was 
 quickly filled with the most extravagant rumors. As the recital 
 of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln was detailed 
 by the morning papers, friends and foes of the Union alike mingled 
 their tears in one sincere lament for the irreparable loss which the 
 country had sustained. The countenances of persons on the street 
 wore a troubled expression, and fears were expressed that terrible 
 deeds of blood would be witnessed in our city ; but thanks to Gen, 
 Morris and the police commissioners, no outbreak occurred. Dur- 
 ing the morning the Mayor issued a proclamation ordering the 
 closing of all drinking saloons and places of amusement until 
 further orders. At all of the departments of the government 
 business was suspended for the day, and by noon there was but 
 little business of any character being transacted in the city ; many 
 workshops and stores were closed, and the houses draped with the 
 Bombre hu«s of mourning. Between the hours of 11 and 12 o'clock 
 the fire, church, and other bells of the cit}' tolled forth their solemn 
 clang of death, and all business was voluntarily suspended. Frora 
 an access of joy the people were suddenly called upon to bow their 
 heads in grief, and the bright scenes of a few days before were now 
 turned into mourning. Those buildings that had been festooned 
 with wreaths, garlands and the ensign of our country, were now 
 solemnly draped in sable hues. The Sun, American, Clipper, Ga- 
 zette, German Correspondent, Wecker, and Sunday Telegram news- 
 papers, had their buildings draped in sombre habiliments, while the 
 flags trimmed with mourning floated at hulf-mast from each of the 
 offices. In fact, along the entire extent of West Baltimore street there 
 were but few buildings which had no emblem of grief. Upon the re- 
 ceipt of the news of the murder of the President, all the military in 
 and about the city were ready at a moment's notice to aid in the sup- 
 pression of any outbreak that might be agitated. The entire police 
 force was also on duty ready to assist the military ; but happily 
 the city assumed a remarkable quietude. The remains of the 
 martyred President arrived here at half-past ten o'clock on tho 
 morning of the 2l8t of April, and were escorted by a large military 
 and civic procession to the rotunda of the Exchange, where the 
 coffin was opened, and at least ten thousand persons viewed the re- 
 mains during the two hours allotted. In the afternoon the military 
 again escorted the body to the depot, and in a few minutes the 
 funeral train was wending its way to Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 The ceremonies of laying the corner-stone of the Wildey Monu- 
 ment on North Broadway were observed on Wednesda}^ afternoon, 
 April 26th. The members of the order, without regalia, assembled 
 at their hall on Gay street, and marched to the spot where the 
 monument was to be erected, reaching the place at half-past three 
 o'clock. The ceremonies were commenced by the Kev. Dr. 
 McCron, Grand Chaplain, who asked the Divine blessing upon the 
 proposed monument. The Grand Master then delivered the ora- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 635 
 
 tion, closing with an invitation to the Most Worshipful Grand Sire 
 to officiate in laying the stone. 
 
 The reception of the Maryland Brigade (Federal) on the 6th 
 of June, if not an imposing affair as regards numbers, was an ova- 
 tion in spirit that will not soon be forgotten by those who witnessed 
 and participated in it. Gov. Bradford welcomed home the soldiers 
 in an eloquent speech, in front of the stand at the mansion, Druid 
 Hill Park. The Maryland Brigade was under command of Brig. 
 Gen. A. VV. Denison, and consisted of the fourth, seventh, eighth, 
 and eleventh regiments. The First Maryland regiment (Federal) 
 was welcomed home on the 2d of July. This regiment turned out 
 one of Maryland's best brigadier- generals (John R. Kenly) who 
 was afterwards made major-general of volunteers. The Third 
 Maryland regiment infantry arrived home on the 2d of August. 
 The First Maryland Cavalry regiment arrived home on the 3d ol 
 July. The Fifth regiment Maryland infantry arrived home on the 
 3d of September. 
 
 1861. Although our history of Baltimore endeavors in itg 
 general plan to set forth facts in strict chronological sequence, we 
 are in some instances obliged to deviate from this course, in order 
 properly to illustrate certain remarkable scenes and occurrences. 
 Such is the case now, in dealing with the unhappy civil war which 
 for four long and anxious years involved our whole country in 
 arms and had its marked effect on our beloved city. In this chapter 
 therefore we endeavor, in the first place, to give a faithful pic- 
 ture of those stirring scenes of which Baltimore was the theatre 
 during the war ; and, in the next place, to record impartially 
 those deeds of valor done in the field, alike by Union and Con- 
 federate soldiers, the sons of Maryland. Without partisan bias, 
 and only with a sincere desire to do justice to all, we write their 
 history. Of the causes, real or presumed, which led to the memor- 
 able contest we do not treat ; our province is simply to detail the 
 part of Baltimore and her people in the remarkable events of that 
 trying period. 
 
 In the course of our narrative we are occasionally obliged to 
 reiterate facts, in order to present clear and impartial statements 
 of events. It is, therefore, here necessary to repeat that on the 12th 
 of April Fort Sumter was attacked by the Confederates, and on 
 the 15th of that month the first decided step was taken toward 
 offensive efforts on the part of the United States Government 
 against the rebellion. On that day the proclamation of the Presi- 
 dent calling for 75,000 militia for three months' service to aid in 
 suppressing it was issued, the quota of the State of Maryland being 
 fixed at four regiments. In consequence of the unsettled condition 
 of the affairs in the State, Governor Hicks did not comply with the 
 provisions of the aforesaid call until the 14th of May, when he 
 
ff 
 
 636 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 promulgated his proclamation calling "for four regiments of infantry 
 or riflemen to serve for a period of three months, within the State 
 of Maryland, or for the defence of the capital of the United States, 
 and not to senve beyond the limits aforesaid." On the 2d day of 
 May the President issued another proclamation calling for 42,034 
 volunteers to serve for a period of three years, and in consequence 
 thereof the Government declined to accept any more troops for 
 three months* service under the call of the 15th of April. Con- 
 sequently, the tender of the three months' men from the State of 
 Maryland was not accepted, but very many of them imrfiediately 
 joined companies which were then being organized for three years* 
 service, in accordance with the President's second proclamation, 
 said companies subsequently constituting a part of the First 
 regiment. 
 
 On the 6th day of May a recruiting office for three years' 
 volunteers was opened at No. 112 W. Baltimore Street, by John C. 
 McConnell. The response to the call for recruits was met 
 with alacrity and enthusiasm by the "loyal Baltimoreans," so 
 much so that by the 16th inst. the organization of four companies 
 of the First regiment was completed, each company as it was filled 
 being sent to the old National Hotel building on Camden street 
 for quarters, at which place they were severally mustered into the 
 United States service, and designated respectively A, B, C, and J). 
 Meanwhile, recruiting for the remaining companies was being 
 vigorously pushed forward at other points in the city and State, 
 and attended everywhere by the same response, so that by the 27th 
 inst. the organization of the regiment was fully completed, and 
 on that date companies F, Gr, H, I, and K, were accepted and 
 mustered into the United States service at the Eelay House, on 
 the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, whither all the companies had 
 previously been ordered to rendezvous. Company E had been 
 previously mustered in on the 25th inst. 
 
 The firtit regular encampment was located at the Eelay House, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and was named "Camp 
 Cooper," in honor of Brigadier-General James Cooper, then 
 engaged in the raising of a brigade of Maryland volunteers. He 
 was appointed the first brigadier-general from Maryland, and 
 subsequently died on the 28th of May, 1863, at Columbus, Ohio, 
 aged about 53 years. The regiment remained at " Camp Cooper" 
 for a brief period, and then removed to Baltimore on the 6th of 
 June, where it went into camp for instruction and drill, on the 
 grounds familiarly known to Baltimoreans as "Camp Carroll." 
 At this place Colonel John E. Kenly assumed command of the 
 regiment, having been appointed by President Lincoln. On the 
 7th of July the regiment took its departure from Baltimore, for 
 active service in the field near Downsville, Maryland, where they 
 were joined on the 16th of July by Col. John E. Kenly. This 
 regiment subsequently bore a gallant part in various battles. In 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 637 
 
 » 
 the memorable action of a later period at Ball's Bluff, the First 
 Maryland regiment was on the opposite side of the river, and Col, 
 Kenly in his report, speaking of the affair, concludes with the 
 remark : " I feel it to be a duty to say that the soldiers of the First 
 Maryland regiment of infantry saved numbers of our army from 
 destruction or capture. I am very proud of that night's work.'* 
 The First Maryland Confederate regiment was organized at 
 Harper's Ferry in June, with the following regimental officers: 
 Colonel Arnold Elzey, Lieut.-Col. George H. Steuart, Major Bradley 
 T. Johnson, acting Adjutant Frank X. Ward. The regiment 
 numbered over seven hundred men, and in bravery and discipline 
 was second to none in the Confederate army. Upon the evacua- 
 tion of Harper's Ferry, much valuable property was saved through 
 their exertions, which would have been otherwise destroyed. For 
 their services upon this occasion, Gen. Joseph B. Johnson issued 
 the following complimentary order : 
 
 Headquarters, "Winchester, June 22d, 1861. 
 
 Special Order. The Commanding General thanks Lieut.-Col. 
 Steuart and the Maryland regiment for the faithful and exact 
 manner in which they carried out his orders of the 19th in^t. at 
 Harper's Ferry. He is glad to learn that, owing to their discipline, 
 no private property was injured and no unoffending citizen dis- 
 turbed. The soldierly qualities of the Maryland regiment w^ill not 
 be forgotten in the day of action. 
 
 By order of Gen. Jos. E. Johnson. 
 
 W. M. Whiting, Inspector General. 
 
 On the 2l8t of July, at the first battle of Manassas, the Maryland 
 Regiment had the right of the line under the command of Colonel 
 Steuart, Col. Elzey commanding the brigade. The Federals held 
 a strong position on a ridge difficult of ascent, and immediately in 
 front of a dense pine-thicket. Col. Elzey ordered a "charge." At 
 the command, with one wild, deafening yell, the Confederates 
 emerged from the woods where they were formed, and, amidst a 
 perfect storm of bullets, the gallant soldiers rushed across a wheat 
 field, and dashing up the acclivity with an impetuosity which 
 could not be withstood, drove the enemy pell-mell from their strong 
 position into the thicket in the rear. With the successful charge 
 of Elzey upon their right flank the whole of the Federal army 
 had given away, and was rushing terror-stricken in the direction 
 of Washington. AVhilst pursuing the enemy, Jefferson Davis, Gens. 
 Johnston and Beauregard rode up to Col. Elzey, amid the joyful 
 shouts of the men, and the former, with countenance beaming 
 with excitement and enthusiasm, seizing him by the hand and 
 giving it a hearty shake, exclaimed: " General Elzey, you are the 
 Slucher of the day." In answer to a letter written to General 
 
638 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Beauregard for bis personal observations of tbe Marylanders wbo 
 served under bis command, be answered as follows : 
 
 New Orleans, November 5th, 1873. 
 
 Dear Sir: — Your favor of tbe 18th ult. was received hero 
 during my absence. I had no Maryland troops, as well as I can 
 now recollect, in my army of the Potomac ; but at the battle of 
 tbe first Manassas, the 1st Maryland liegiment, Elzey's Brigade, 
 Kirby Smith's Division Army of the Shenandoah, contributed 
 greatly to the success of that battle by checking the flanking 
 movement of tbe Federals, until Early's Brigade could get into 
 position to outflank them (see my report of the Battle of Manassas.) 
 The officers and men of that Maryland regiment behaved with 
 much gallantry on that occasion ; and afterwards, while on duty 
 in front of Munson's Hill (near Alexandria) and while in winter 
 quarters about Centreville, they were noted for their discipline 
 and good behavior. Generals Elzey and Steuart subsequently at- 
 tained high distinction as Confederate officers. 
 
 I remain yours very truly, G. T. Beauregard. 
 
 Mr. J. Thomas Scharf, Baltimore^ Md. 
 
 In answer to a letter for tbe same object, Mr. Jefferson Davis 
 wrote as follows : 
 
 " Memphis, August 28th, 1873. 
 
 " Col. J. Thomas Scharf, Baltimore, Md.: 
 
 "Dear Sir: — Yours of the 22d inst. received, and I am glad to 
 know that you are about to make a durable record of the services 
 of the Baltimoreans in the great struggle for the assertion of State 
 rights and the preservation of constitutional government. Tbe 
 world will accord to them peculiar credit, as it has always done to 
 those who leave their hearthstones to fight for principle in the 
 land of others. I am glad that your old commander, so distin- 
 guished for skill and gallantry, survives to bear testimony to the 
 individual merit of the members of his company. Wishing you 
 long life, prosperity, and happiness, 
 
 " I remain very respectfully and truly yours, 
 
 "Jefferson Davis.'* 
 
 1862. Never in his previous or subsequent campaigns did " Stone- 
 wall" Jackson's military genius and daring show to greater advan- 
 tage than in the spring of 1862, in the Valley of Virginia. In less 
 than six weeks he had beaten tbe army of Milroy, destroyed that 
 of Banks, baffled that of Fremont, and annihilated that of Shields, 
 and all with less than twelve thousand men ; besides capturing 
 millions of dollars' worth of stores, &c. From General Ewell's of- 
 ficial report of the Valley campaign, we take the following highly 
 complimentary extract : " The history of the Maryland regiment, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. ' 639 
 
 gallantly commanded by Col. Bradley T. Johnson during the cam- 
 paign of the Valley, would be the history of every action from 
 Front Royal to Cross Keys. On the 6th (June), near Harrisonburg, 
 the Fifty-Eighth Virginia Regiment was engaged with the Penn- 
 sylvania * Bucktails,' the fighting being close and bloody. Colonel 
 Johnson came up with his regiment in the hottest period, and by 
 a dashing charge in flank drove the enemy off with a heavy loss, 
 capturing Lieut.-Col. Kane commanding. In commemoration of 
 this gallant conduct I ordered one of the captured * Bucktails ' to bo 
 appended as a trophy to their flag. The action is worthy of ac- 
 knowledgment from a higher source, more particularly as they 
 avenged the death of the gallant General Ashby, who fell at the 
 same time. Four color-bearers were shot down in succession, but 
 each time the colors were caught before reaching the ground, and 
 were finally borne by Corporal Daniel Shanks to the close of the 
 action. On the 8th instant (June), at Cross Keys, they were op- 
 posed to three of the enemy's regiments in succession." General 
 Jackson also, in his official report of the Valley campaign, thus 
 speaks of the First Maryland's participation in the battle of 
 Harrisonburg: "Apprehending that the Federals would make a 
 more sei-ious attack, Ashby called for an infantry support. The 
 brigade of General George H. Steuart was accordingly ordered for- 
 ward. In a short time the Fifty-Eighth Virginia Regiment became 
 engaged with a Pennsylvania regiment called the Bucktails, when 
 Colonel Johnson of the First Maryland Regiment coming up in the 
 hottest period of the fire, charged gallantly into its flank, and 
 drove the enemy with heavy loss from the field, capturing Lieut.- 
 Col. Kane commanding." At Gaines' Mills, in the seven days' 
 battles around Richmond, a historian of the war says : " Taking 
 advantage of a rise in the ground, he (Col. Johnson) halted the 
 men under its shelter, and ordered them (the 1st Maryland Con- 
 federate Regiment) to rest preparatory to making the desperate 
 assault. Scarcely had the command been given when Captain 
 McHenry Howard, of General Charles Winder's staff, galloped up 
 with orders to remain where we were until that General could 
 overtake us with the Stonewall Brigade. * The General has ob- 
 served your movements, sir, and thinks the place too strong for you ; 
 we will, therefore, charge together.' In a few moments Jackson's 
 favorite brigade was with us. At the command of General Winder 
 we moved forward with irresistible impulse, and scrambling over 
 the enemy's breastwork of knapsacks, we swept everything be- 
 fore us. The last charge had been made and the last battery cap- 
 tured at Gaines' Mills, and the right of McClellan's army was seek- 
 ing safety in flight." On the 17th of August, the First Maryland 
 Confederate Regiment was disbanded, their term of enlistment 
 having expired. In the autumn of 1862, the First Maryland Bat- 
 talion of Infantry was organized, and perfected a short time after- 
 wards by the election of the following battalion officers: Lieuten- 
 
640 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 ant-Colonel, James K. Herbert j Major, W. W. Goldsborough ; Act- 
 ing Adjutant, Lieutenant George Thomas ; Quartermaster, Major 
 James Hardin; Commissary, JohnE. Howard; Surgeon, De Wilton 
 Snowden. 
 
 Col. John E. Kenly was promoted as brigadier-general of the 
 United States Volunteers August 22d, 1862, " for gallant conduct 
 at the battle of Front Eoyal," and on the 6th of September he 
 was ordered by Major-General Halleck " to organize and command 
 a brigade of new troops." Two days thereafter, the 8th of Sep- 
 tember, 1863, General Kenly assumed command of the " Mary- 
 land Brigade," in accordance with the following orders : 
 
 " Headquarters Eighth Army Corps^ 
 " Baltimore, Sept. Sth^ 1862. 
 *^ General Orders No. 36 : 
 
 " The First, Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth regiments of 
 Maryland Volunteers, now in process of formation near this city, 
 together with Captain Alexander's battery Baltimore light artil- 
 lery, are hereby placed under the command of Brigadier-General 
 John R. Kenly, tjnited States Volunteers. When the organiza- 
 tion of the above-named regiments shall be completed, they will 
 constitute a brigade, still to be commanded by Brigadier-General 
 Kenly until further orders. 
 
 " By command of Major-General Wool, 
 
 " William D. Whipple, Assistant Adjt.- Gen." 
 
 1863. At the battle of Gettysburg, July Ist 'and 4th, the 1st 
 Maryland battalion of Confederate infantry fought desperately at 
 " Culp's Hill " ; only two hundred reported after the battle, out of 
 five hundred who went into the fight. The following account of 
 the part taken by the Ist Maryland Confederate artillery in the 
 battle of Chancellorsville appeared in the Eichmond Dispatch : 
 "First Maryland Artillery. — This well-known corps, com- 
 manded by Captain William F. Dement, formerly E. Snowden An- 
 drews, defended an important position on the right of Marye's 
 Hill on Sunday morning [May 3d], and did such service as to 
 elicit the especial notice and commendation of Major-General 
 Early." Lieutenant-General Eichard S. Ewell, in his ofifcial re- 
 port of operations of the Second Army Corps, Army of Northern 
 Virginia, in the Confederate States, forwarded late in 1863 to the 
 Confederate authorities, thus speaks of the Marylanders who 
 eerved in his command in the summer of 1863 : "At Winchester 
 the Maryland battalion was attached to Gen. Stuart's brigade, and 
 the Baltimore light artillery to Col. Brown's battalion, with which 
 they served with their usual gallantry throughout the campaign." 
 Col. Andrews, a gallant officer from Baltimore, Lieutenant-General 
 Ewell mentions on several occasions in his report, but in one in- 
 
CHBONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 641 
 
 Stance as follovrs : " Lieut.-Col. Andrews of the artillery, not fully- 
 recovered from his serious wound at Cedar Eun, was again 
 wounded at Winchester, and while suffering from his wounds ap- 
 peared on the field at Hagerstown and reported for duty." At 
 Winchester " Lieut. Charles S. Contee's section of Dement's [First 
 Maryland] battery was placed in short musket-range of the enemy 
 on the 15th of June, and maintained its position till thirteen of 
 the sixteen men in the two detachments were killed or wounded, 
 when Lieut. John A. Morgan, of the 1st North Carolina regiment, 
 and Lieut. R. H. McKim, A. D. C. to Brigadier-General George H. 
 Stuart, volunteered and helped to work the guns till the surrender 
 of the enemy. The following are the names of the gallant men 
 belonging to the section : Lieut. C. S. Contee, A. J. Albert. Jr., 
 John Kester, William Hill, B. W. Owens, John Glascock, John 
 
 Harris, William Wooden, C. C. Pease, Frederick Frayer, 
 
 Duvall, William Compton, John Yates, William Brown, William 
 H. Gorman, Thomas Moore, Robert B. Chew. Colonel Brown, 
 chief of artillery, recommends Lieut. Contee for promotion to 
 the captaincy of the Chesapeake (Marj^land) artillery, vice Capt. 
 W. D. Brown, a most gallant and valuable officer, killed at Gettys- 
 burg." Gen. Ewell, also in his report, expresses his thanks to the 
 officers of his staff for their distinguished gallantry and valuable 
 services during the campaign, and among whom, in this connection, 
 he mentions Lieut, ^lliott Johnson, of Baltimore. Major-General 
 Early, in his official report of the battles around Winchester, also 
 said : " I must also commend the gallantry of Lieut.-Col. Herbert 
 and Major Goldsborough, of the Maryland Line, and their troops." 
 1864. At the battle of Reams' St^ition, on the Weldon railroad, 
 on the 19th of August, the second Maryland Confederate infantry 
 again proved of what material it was made. A historian of the 
 war says: "Disdaining to retreat without the command, when 
 all others were seeking safety in flight they stood to their post to 
 the last. Again and again Avere they assaulted, but again and 
 again they drove their assailants back with heavy loss. At length 
 in overwhelming numbers the enemy came upon them and reached 
 the breastworks. But there that little band remained for a time 
 as firm as the rock of Gibraltar. But the enemy crossed the 
 breastworks, and the struggle was hand to hand. Desperately 
 the bayonet was thrust, and the butts of muskets crashed through 
 human skulls. But this unequal struggle could not be of long 
 duration, and surrounded and overwhelmed, the survivors sought 
 to fight their way out. Many succeeded, but one-third of that 
 gallant band lay dead and wounded, or were prisoners in the hands 
 of the foe." On the 30th of September, at the battle of Pegi-am's 
 farm, the second Maryland Confederate infantry took a conspicu- 
 ous part in that desperate engagement, but. losing fearfully in 
 killed and wounded. Out of one hundred and forty-nine men that 
 went into the fight, forty-three were killed and wounded. On the 
 41 
 
642 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 next day, October Ist, they again encountered the enemy on the 
 Squirrel Level road, and repulsed them after a sharp engagement, 
 with severe loss. For a long while after the battle of Squirrel 
 Level road, the Second Maryland remained in the trenches, or 
 were engaged in picketing along their front. It had been reduced 
 to about one hundred men, and still these men were compelled to 
 do the duty of a battalion. So numerous were the desertions in 
 the brigade to which they belonged that it at last became neces- 
 sary to keep the Marylanders almost constantly on picket, for as 
 sure as this duty was entrusted to other troops just so sure were 
 they to find deserted posts in the morning. And still these brave 
 men never complained of what was imposed upon them. Through- 
 out that dreary fall and the long cold winter, nearly naked and 
 hardly half-fed, they silently did their duty, whilst thousands were 
 proving recreant to the cause. Elegant and refined gentlemen, 
 who at home never knew what it was to want for a single com- 
 fort, were in rags and tatters, sleeping in mud and filth ; and when 
 the bleak winds of December pierced man^^ a rent in their wretched 
 garments, they only drew their sorry blanket the closer around 
 their gaunt and shivering limbs, and cheerfully responded to the 
 call for any duty. Was it a wonder, then, that after the battle of 
 Cold Harbor General Breckenridge should have exclaimed, " What 
 could not be done with a hundred thousand such men I " General 
 Breckenridge, it is well known, had occupied most conspicuous 
 positions in the civil service of the country' before the war; he 
 was an eminent member of the Democratic party, and had been 
 Vice-president of the United States. Having requested Major- 
 General John C. Breckenridge to favor us with his views regard- 
 ing the services of the 1st Maryland battalion of Confederate in- 
 fantry in the battle of " Cold Harbor," he very kindly answered 
 as follows : 
 
 " Lexington, Ky., January Qth, 1874. 
 "My dear Sir: — Since September last I have, until very recently, 
 been hindered by sickness from attending to my correspondence, 
 and I oflfer this as an apology for the delay in not answering your 
 letter of November 30th, 1873. You desire me to tell you some- 
 thing of a Maryland regiment that was in my command toward 
 the close of the war, with a view to use the information in your 
 proposed ' History of Baltimore.' When I crossed over from the 
 Shenandoah Valley in May, 1864, and joined Gen. Lee on the North 
 Anna, near Hanover Junction, a battalion of Maryland infantry 
 was sent to me, and it remained under my command until I re- 
 turned to the Valley in the following month. It had seen rough 
 service, and I think all the field ofiicers were absent from disabling 
 wounds. While with me it was commanded by Capt. Crane. I 
 had occasion to observe this battalion along the North Anna, on 
 the Sotopotomy, and in a series of other engagements of greater or 
 less importance, ending with the battle of Cold Harbor early in 
 
CHEONIOLES OF BALTIMORE. 643 
 
 June, and I take pleasure in saying that its conduct throughout 
 was not merely creditable, but distinguished. Not being incor- 
 porated into any brigade, it came more frequently under my 
 eye, and I presently fell into the habit of holding it in hand for 
 occasions of special need, For an instance, at Cold Harbor, where 
 a point in my line was very weak, and was actually broken for a 
 time by Gen. Hancock's troops, the Maryland battalion and Fin- 
 negan's Florida brigade (the latter borrowed from Gen. Hoke for 
 the occasion) aided decisively to restore the situation, and be- 
 haved with the greatest intrepidity. During their brief service 
 with me 1 was every way favorably impressed by those Mary- 
 landers. Not in courage only, but also in discipline, tone, and all 
 Boldierly qualities they were quite equal to any troops I saw during 
 the war. After my return to the Yaliey I did not see them any 
 more, yet I never think of them but with admiration and affec- 
 tion. Some Maryland cavalry and artillery under the command 
 of Col. (afterwards Brigadier-General) Bradley Johnson reported 
 to me for a few days after my arrival at Hanover Junction. They 
 seemed to be fine troops and well instructed, but I cannot speak 
 of them more particularly. 
 
 " With good wishes, I am yours truly, 
 
 "John C. Breckenridge. 
 " Col. J. Thomas Scharp, Baltimore, Md." 
 
 The following is what " a Virginian " says, in the Eichmond 
 Sentinel, of the part taken by the Marylanders in the sanguinary 
 battle of Cold Harbor : 
 
 " Near Eichmond, June Qth, 1864. 
 
 *^Mr. Editor : — The public have already been informed, through 
 the columns of the public journals, of the great results of the late 
 engagements between the forces of General Lee and Gen. Grant 
 But they have not yet learned the particulars, which are always 
 most interesting, and in some instances, owing to the confusion 
 which generally attends large battles, they have been misinformed 
 on some points. It is now known by the public that the enemy 
 were momentarily successful in one of their assaults on the lines 
 held by Major-General Breckenridge's division, which might have 
 resulted in disaster to our cause. It will be interesting to all to 
 know what turned disaster into victory, and converted a trium- 
 phant column into a flying rabble. The successful assault of the 
 enemy was made under cover of darkness, before the morning 
 star had been hid by the light of the sun. They came gallantly 
 forward in spite of a severe fire from General Echols' brigade, and 
 in spite of the loss of many of their men, who fell like autumn 
 leaves, until the ground was almost blue and red with their uni- 
 forms and their blood. They rushed in heavy mass over our 
 breastworks. Our men, confused by the suddenness of the charge, 
 
644 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 and borne down by the rush of the enemy, retreated, and all now 
 seemed to be lost. At this juncture the Second Maryland Infantry, 
 of Col. Bradley T. Johnson's command, now in charge of Captain 
 J. P. Crane, were roused from their sleep. Springing to their 
 arms they formed in a moment, and rushing gallantly forward, 
 poured a deadly fire into the enemy and then charged bayonets. 
 The enemy were, in turn, surprised at the suddenness and vim of 
 this assault. They gave back, they became confused, and General 
 Finnegan's forces coming up, they took to flight ; but not until 
 nearly a hundred men were stretched on the plain, from the fire 
 of the Second Maryland Infantry, and many others captured. 
 Lieutenant Charles B. Wise, of Company B, now took possession 
 of the guns, which had been abandoned by our forces, and with 
 the assistance of some of his own men and some of Gen. Finnegan's 
 command, poured a deadly fire into the retreating column of the 
 enemy. Thus was the tide of battle turned, and this disaster 
 converted into a success. 1 am informed that the whole force of 
 the enemy which came within our lines would have been captured, 
 had it not been for the mistake of an officer who took the enemy 
 for our own men and thus checked for a few moments the charge 
 of the Second Maryland Infantry. 1 take pleasure in narrating 
 these deeds of our Maryland brethren, and doubt not you will join 
 in the feeling. A Virginian." 
 
 The consolidation of the Federal army of the Potomac into 
 three corps instead of five was ordered on the 23d day of March, 
 when the Maryland brigade became the Third Brigade, Second Di- 
 vision, Fifth Army Corps. Brigadier-General John C. Eobinson 
 was assigned to the command of the division, and Major-General 
 G. K. Warren to the corps. The consolidation of the army neces- 
 sitated the removal of several valuable general officers to other 
 fields of duty, among whom was General Kenly, a soldier and a 
 gentleman whose departure was sincerely regretted by the troops 
 under his command. General Kenly was assigned to the command 
 of a military district in the Middle Department, and on the eve of 
 his departure issued a farewell address, expressing his heartfelt 
 regret at the separation and the kind feelings which he entertained 
 for all of his command. The following complimentary address was 
 signed by all the officers of his command, and presented to General 
 Kenly on the day of its date; 
 
 " Culpepper Court-House, Yirginia, March 2^th, 1864. 
 
 " Brigadier-General John E. Kenly : 
 
 "Sir: — The undersigned officers, commanding regiments, and 
 others in the first and second brigades, comprising the third divi- 
 sion, first army corps, army of the Potomac, cannot part with you, 
 our late division commander, without first conveying to you the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 645 
 
 assurance of the friendship, regard, and respect for you as a soldier 
 and a gentleman, in the full comprehension of these terms, enter- 
 tained for you by us, and by the officers and men of our several 
 commands. The experiences and intercourse of more than eight 
 months of active service in the field, furnishing an unerring test of 
 competence and character, of courage and capacity, unite in im- 
 pressing upon us a feeling of sincere regret at parting with you, 
 the desire to retain a place in your memory, and the cordial prayer 
 that your life and health may be spared, and your labors in the 
 new field of duty to which you are to be transferred be crowned 
 with eminent usefulness and success. With the hope of again re- 
 newing with you. General, an acquaintance to us so agreeable and 
 profitable, we bid you a sincere and affectionate adieu." 
 
 At the battle of the Weldon Eailroad on the 18th of August, 
 the Maryland brigade U. S. A. suffered severely. " Every member 
 of the First Maryland's color-guard, including the color-bearers, 
 received severe wounds in the engagement. When the first color- 
 bearer was struck, a second one seized the flag, but he too quickly 
 fell; another and another grasped the standard, until seven had 
 been shot down, when Lieutenant William Taylor took the banner 
 and carried it until relieved by a newly-appointed bearer." The 
 gallant Colonel Wilson, subsequently speaking of this affair, said: 
 "At no time in my life could I have shed tears more freely than 
 when I saw the men fall around my colors as fast as I could count 
 one, two, and three." 
 
 At the battle known as " Dabney's Mill," fought on the 6th of 
 February near Hatcher's Run, the Maryland Brigade TJ. S. A. again 
 distinguished itself by that conspicuous gallantry which it had 
 displayed on many hard-fought battle-fields. A correspondent of 
 the Baltimore American^ detailing the part taken by the Maryland 
 brigade, says : " The brigades under command of Col. Bowerman 
 advanced in column on the left, and in support of the Third 
 Division, Fifth Corps, until some troops on the right became 
 engaged with the enemy, when we formed in line and advanced. 
 Our advance soon became engaged, when a charge was ordered, 
 and executed with a will and loud cheering. The enemy could not 
 stand the terrible and galling fire, but commenced a precipitate 
 retreat, well followed up by the Maryland brigade. After charging 
 for a considerable distance, 'we came upon his main line, where a 
 general engagement ensued which lasted two hours and forty 
 minutes, during which time we fired away every round of ammu- 
 nition on the persons of the troops. The coolness and daring of 
 the officers and men were universal themes of conversation and 
 applause. The brigade was complimented for the stubborn resist- 
 ance it offered when attacked, and its dashing energy when 
 charging. Colonel Wilson was killed while gallantly leading his 
 regiment. The brigade has certainly added incorruptible laurels 
 to its well-established fame." A few days afterward, Gen. Meade 
 
646 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 in general orders granted furloughs for twenty-five days to a large 
 number of enlisted men which he named, in recognition of the 
 gallantry and good conduct which they displayed in this action. 
 On the 27th of March orders were issued for a grand movement 
 of the entire Army of the Potomac, which, at this time, embraced 
 every available man within its geographical limits capable of 
 bearing arms. The next day was devoted to preparations for the 
 great event, which culminated in the capitulation of the whole 
 Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, under command of Gen. 
 Eobert E. Lee, and virtually ended the war. The Maryland 
 brigade participated in all the great battles up to the time of this 
 great event, and none displayed more gallantry. The following 
 letter was written by General Grant for the object mentioned 
 therein : 
 
 " Headquarters Armies of the United States, 
 " Washington, D. C, July 22d, 1865. 
 
 " To Corporal Jacob E. Tucker, 
 
 " Comfy G., Fourth Regiment Md. Volunteer Infantry, 
 
 " Sir : — The sum of four hundred and sixty dollars was sent me 
 by patriotic citizens of the North, to be given as a reward for 
 gallantry to the soldier who should first raise the United States 
 flag over Richmond. As Richmond was not taken by assault, I 
 concluded that the donors' wishes would be best carried out by 
 dividing the sum between the three soldiers most conspicuous for 
 gallantry in the final and successful assault on Petersburg. Major- 
 General Charles Griffin, commanding Fifth Army Corps, has 
 selected you as entitled to this honor, in behalf of that command, 
 and I herewith transmit to you the sum of one hundred and fifty- 
 three dollars and thirty-three cents as one-third of the original 
 sum. It aifords me great pleasure to receive from your command- 
 ing general such unqualified testimony of your gallantry and 
 heroism in battle, and to bo the medium of transmitting to you 
 this recognition of the worth of your services in defence of our 
 common country. U. S. Grant, Lieut- General. 
 
 '' T. S. Bowers, Ass't Adjutant- General," 
 
 Extracts from a letter of Major-General G. K. Warren, dated 
 April 24th, 1866, to the Adjutant-General United States Army, 
 recommending certain officers of the Maryland brigade for breve^ 
 appointments: "The following survivors, not brevetted since the 
 close of the war, are, therefore, respectfully recommended as 
 worthy of that honor: . . . Brevet Brigadier-General A. W. 
 Denison, United States Volunteers, commanding Maryland brigade, 
 to be Major-General of Volunteers, by brevet, for gallant conduct 
 in the battle of White Oak Ridge, M*arch 31st, 1865, in which he 
 was wounded. ... In the foregoing list of recommendations for 
 the brevet Major-General of volunteers is included that of General 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 647 
 
 Denison, of the Maryland brigade. To this brigade especial honor 
 is due, for they were the loyal men of a divided community. They 
 had thus to sacrifice old" personal associations and interests, and 
 while doing Lheir duty at the front, had repeatedly to endure the 
 anxieties of having their homes invaded by the enemy. They, now 
 that the war is over, have to encounter, socially, sympathizers and 
 many active participants of the rebellion, and they should be 
 strengthened in every proper way by the approval of the Govern- 
 ment that they have so faithfully served. It would seem but just 
 that the most liberal views attend the consideration of the brevets 
 for this brigade ; but their record is one that speaks for them, and 
 in a way they may well be proud of. I will give a brief outline of 
 their connection with the Army of the Potomac. They first joined 
 it just after the battle of Gettysburg, and were joined to the First 
 Corps. On its consolidation with the Fifth Corps, under me, their 
 former commander, General Kenly, was transferred to another 
 army, and Col. A. W. Denison, of the Eighth regiment, was left 
 in command. The brigade was composed of the First, Fourth, 
 Seventh, and Eighth regiments of Maryland volunteers, and they 
 were placed in General Eobinson's division. On the 8th of May 
 their division commander was wounded ; Colonel Denison, their 
 brigade commander, was wounded ; and Colonel C. E. Phelps, of 
 the Seventh regiment, next in command, was wounded ; and Col. 
 Bowerman, of the Fourth regiment, took the command, which he 
 kept till May 19th, when the arrival of Col. Dushane, of the First 
 regiment, placed him in command. Col. Dushane retained this 
 command till killed in battle, August 21st, on the Weldon railroad. 
 The next brigade commander was Col. Graham, of the Purnell 
 Legion, whose regiment had joined on the 30th of May. On the 
 12th of October Col. Denison, having recovered, with the loss of 
 an arm, for which be was brevetted brigadier-general, returned, 
 and again took command. On the 6th of February, 1865, Colonel 
 Wilson, of the First regiment, was killed in battle. On March 31st, 
 1865, General Denison was again wounded, and Colonel Bowerman 
 again succeeded to the command. On April 1st, at Five Forks, 
 Colonel Bowerman was wounded, and the command fell to Colonel 
 Stanton, of the First regiment. This brief mention of the loss in 
 higher officers gives a fair representation of the proportionate loss 
 and suifering of the brigade in battle while with me. I therefore 
 recommend, besides General Denison for the brevet rank of Major- 
 General of volunteers, the following additional ones: Col. Charles 
 E. Phelps, Seventh regiment Maryland volunteers, to be brevet 
 brigadier-general of volunteers, for gallant conduct in battle. May 
 8th, 1864, at Spottsylvania; Col. D. L. Stanton, First regiment 
 Maryland volunteers, to be brevet brigadier-general of volunteers, 
 for gallant conduct in battle of Five Forks ; Major E. M. Mobley, 
 who in much of the campaign of 1864 commanded the Seventh 
 
648 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 
 
 regiment Maryland volunteers, to be colonel of volunteers, by 
 brevet, for faithful and gallant service. "^ 
 
 " Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 " G. K. Warren, former Maj.-Gen. Vols., comd'g bth Army Corps:' 
 
 Mr. J. "W. Kirkley, requesting General G. K. Warren to favor 
 him, lor his history of the 1st Maryland regiment, TJ. S. Y., with a 
 statement of his views regarding the services of the Maryland 
 Brigade, received the following complimentary reply : 
 
 '' Newport, K. I., October 26th, 1871. 
 
 " To Mr. J. W. Kirkley, Washington, D. C. : 
 
 "Dear Sir: — I have received your letter of the 2l8t instant, re- 
 questing me to prepare a statement, such as I * may know the 
 Maryland Brigade to be worthy of,' to annex to your historical 
 record of those troops. Since the war my official duties as an en- 
 gineer have so occupied me that I have not been able to complete 
 the official report of my command's achievements, as I intend to, 
 and am always hoping to get the time to do soon. The events 
 through which we passed made a lasting impression on my mind, 
 and it would take a book to tell all I know of the worth of the 
 Maryland Brigade. I am very glad to hear that you are makins^ 
 one. The frequent loss of commanding officers by that brigade in 
 the campaigns of 1864-'65 brought it particularly to my attention, 
 and its constancy under all the difficulties and hardships made me 
 regard it with affection as well as esteem. As a part of the combined 
 First and Fifth Army Corps it will always share in the common 
 reputation ; and this was a corps that never gave ground to the 
 enemy, which marched and fought battles in every month but 
 January from May, 1864, to May, 1865; which made all the exten- 
 sions of the line of the Union army around Petersburg by contests 
 with the enemy from the place where the mine was sprung in the 
 summer of 1864 to the capture of his extreme right on the White 
 Oak road, at Five Forks, on April 1, 1865, and which finally 
 stretched its unflinching lines across the path of- retreat of the 
 Army of Virginia at Appomattox. It should hereafter be enough 
 glory for.any man to say, 'I bore an honorable reputation in the 
 Maryland brigade.' Yours respectfully, 
 
 " G. K. Warren." 
 
 From a letter to the author of the " Chronicles," dated the 5th 
 of October, 1873, we extract the following: "Those who, like the 
 Maryland troops, went to the war and served faithfully to the end, 
 need no commendation from me or any one else to set off against 
 malicious aspersion. The fact of the service will survive when 
 words of prjiise as well as of detraction shall all have been for- 
 gotten." 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 649 
 
 On the 29tli of September the Maj^or and City Council of Balti- 
 more presented "to Brevt. Major-General John R. Kenly, U. S. Y., 
 a son of Marj'land, for distinguished services in defence of the 
 Union, during the rebellion," a magnificent sword and belt. The 
 General Assembly on the 5th of March, 1862, resolved " That with- 
 out wishing to draw^any invidious distinction, the gratitude of the 
 people of Maryland is eminently due to Col. John R Kenly, of the 
 First Maryland Eegiment, for his early, prompt and distinguished 
 services in the cause of his country." 
 
 In the retreat of the Confederate army under Gen. E. E. Lee, . 
 across Hatcher's run near the Boydton plank road, the Second 
 Maryland battalion assisted in bringing up the rear. They were 
 then under the command of Captain John W. Torsch, and the pri- 
 vations they endured until the army reached Appomattox Court- 
 house are too well-known to repeat. On the 9th of April they 
 laid down their arms in obedience to the last command they 
 were ever to receive from their beloved Lee, and it was with feel- 
 ings not easily imagined. As an organization the Second Maryland 
 Infantry has ceased to exist, but it has left a heritage to its 
 posterity and to its State of which they may be justl}' proud. They 
 surrendered 63 officers and men. 
 
 We will here add, that the young men who went South did not 
 organize themselves into one command, for there were batteries 
 and companies of infantry and cavalry who were assigned to other 
 commands whose States were accredited with their services. The 
 books of the Confederate War Department contained the names of 
 over twenty thousand Marylanders in the service, and still at no 
 time could they be organized to the proportion of a brigade, much 
 less a division. One great reason for this was the fact that they 
 were required to officer companies, regiments, and brigades of 
 troops from other States, for, as a general thing, the young men 
 from Maryland were of a superior order intellectually, who were 
 actuated by patriotism alone, and not driven into the service by 
 the conscript officer, or influenced by mercenary motives. With 
 the infantry already spoken of there was also in the Confederate 
 service a battalion of cavalry which was organized at Winchester 
 on the 25th of November 1862. with the following battalion officers : 
 Major Ridgely Brown, Adjutant George W. Booth, Quartermaster 
 Ignatius Dorsey, Surgeon W.ilmer McKnew. This command 
 fojught gallantly throughout the war, the commander losing his 
 life, and gave the last charge and struck the last blow for the 
 army of Virginia. This battle, which closed the record of the 
 army of Virginia, was fought on the 9th April, on the Lynchburg 
 road while the articles of capitulation were being prepared. Thoy 
 did not surrender, but escaped to Ljmchburg, where they remained 
 about ten days, when they took up the line of march for General 
 Johnson's army. They arrived at Cloverdale, Botetourt county, 
 on the 28th day of April, where Colonel Dorsey, the commanding 
 
650 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 / 
 
 officer, received the following very complimentary letter from Brig. 
 General Munford, commanding the cavalry division : 
 
 " Cloverdale, Botetourt County, Virginia, 
 ''April 28th, 1865. 
 
 " Lieut.-Col. DoESEY, commanding First Mai^^land Cavalry : 
 
 " I have just learned from Captain Emack that your gallant 
 band was moving up the Valley in response to my call. I am 
 deeply pained to say that our army cannot be reached, as I have 
 learned that it has capitulated. It is sad, indeed, to think that our 
 country is all shrouded in gloom. But for you and your command 
 there is the consolation of having faithfully done your duty. Three 
 years ago the chivalric Brown joined my old regiment with twenty- 
 three Maryland volunteers, with light hearts and full of fight. I 
 Boon learned to admire, respect and love them for all those qualities 
 which endear soldiers to their officers. They recruited rapidly, 
 and as they increased in numbers, so did their reputation and 
 friends increase, and they were soon able to form a command and 
 take a position of their own. Need 1 say when I see that position 
 80 high and almost alone among soldiers, that my heart swells with 
 pride to think that a record so bright and glorious is in some part 
 linked with mine? Would that I could see the mothers and sisters 
 of every member of your battalion, that I might tell them how 
 nobly you have represented your State and maintained our cause. 
 But you will not be forgotten. The fame you have won will be 
 guarded by Virginia with all the pride she feels in her own true 
 sons, and the ties which have linked us together memory will pre- 
 serve. You who struck the first blow in Baltimore, and the last in 
 Virginia, have done all that could be asked of you ; and had the 
 rest of our officers and men adhered to our cause with the same 
 devotion, to-day we would have been free from Yankee thraldom. 
 I have ordered the brigade to return to their homes, and it behooves 
 us now to separate. With my warmest wishes for your welfare, 
 and a hearty God bless you, I bid you farewell. 
 
 " Thomas T. Munford, 
 '' Brigadier- General Commanding Division" 
 
 In the cavalry service of the Confederacy, Maryland was largely 
 represented in the commands of Col. Harry Gilmor, Col. Mosby, 
 Col. McNeil and others. The First Maryland Artillery, composed 
 entirely of Marylanders, had no superiors and few equals in the 
 Confederate service. This company was organized in Kichmond, 
 in August, 1861, with the following officers: K. Snowden Andrews, 
 Captain ; Wm. F. Dement, 1st Lieutenant, and Charles F. Contee, 
 2d Lieutenant. There was also in the Confederate artillery service 
 from Maryland, the Chesapeake Artillery Company, Captain Wm. 
 Brown, and the Baltimore Light Artillery, Captain J. B. Brocken- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 651 
 
 brough. There was also Captain J. Lyle Clark's battalion of 
 infantry. General Jubal A. Early, in his memoir of the last year 
 of the war, speaking of the privates who were in the Confederate 
 army, says : " I believe that the world has never produced a body 
 of men superior in courage, patriotism and endurance to the pri- 
 vate soldiers of the Confederate armies. I have repeatedly seen 
 those soldiers submit with cheerfulness to privations and hardships 
 which would appear to be almost incredible ; and the wild cheers 
 of our brave men when their thin lines sent back opposing hosts 
 of Federal troops, staggering, reeling, and flying, have often thrilled 
 every fibre in my heart. I have seen, with my own eyes, ragged, 
 barefooted, and hungry Confederate soldiers perform deeds which 
 if performed in days of yore by mailed warriors in glittering 
 armor, would have inspired the harp of the minstrel and the pen 
 of the poet." 
 
 The following secret correspondence, illustrating the condition 
 of affairs in Baltimore and Maryland, is published as a contribu- 
 tion to the materials of which the future history of Maryland is to 
 be written. The endorsements on the backs of letters, as well as 
 the letters themselves, are exact copies of the originals, which were 
 captured during the war in Frederick, Md., when that place was 
 seized by the Confederates. They were written to Major-General 
 Banks of the U. S. A., by the parties whose names are attached. 
 
 S. M. Felton introducing two witnesses against Marshal Kano : 
 
 " Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore E. E. Co., 
 "Philadelphia, Jwne 27tA, 1861. 
 "O. B. Crossman: 
 
 ^^ Dear Sir: — I have just written Major-General N. P. Banks, of 
 Baltimore, that I thought I could furnish him some positive in- 
 formation in reference to Marshal Kane. I wish you to take 
 McClennahan with you and go and see Gen. Banks, and state to 
 him what you stated to me this morning, and have McClennahan 
 ready to make his affidavit if necessary. Show this to General 
 Banks in order that he may know that they act at my request. 
 " Yours truly, S. M. Felton." 
 
 ' Letter from Y. L. Gatchell, near Elkton, Md.: 
 
 "Near Elkton, Md., July 1st, 1861. 
 " M. Genl. N. P. Banks, 
 
 " Commanding Departmt. Annapolis 
 
 " Sir: — You will I hope excuse me for thus addressing you, my 
 only object being to do Good. I will first state that I was in Vir- 
 ginia in the wood & lumber Buisiness untill 24th of May. after 
 getting all my men out except 4, one an old man 70 and head of a 
 
652 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 family, who kept our Bourdinof-house, 2 Boys 17 & 18 Pressed in 
 the army and one in jail for Expressing views favourable to the 
 Administration, I left for home, 5 miles above Elkton, leaving my 
 Property mostly in Ya. 1 conclude I mite aid the officers some in 
 the way of som Information which I hope will be confidential un- 
 less it is absolutely Nessary. I first will inform you that a Reg- 
 ular line of travel from Baltimore to Northern Neck, Ya., is car- 
 ried on by a Certain Maj. Davis, who lives at St. Leonards, 3 miles 
 above leonardstown, St. Mary's Co. Md. their Dept. was McCon- 
 key & Parr in Baltimore, but I think it is mooved lately. A Lu- 
 tenet Blakwell, of Ya., on the Nomini Eiver, Runs one line of the 
 Boats, aided by Dr. Mayo, Massey, J. P. Marden. in Ya., Coleagues 
 is old Bob Campbell, owns the Building No. 3 Wine St., a Mr. 
 Wolf Failed at the Commission Buisiness, with Mr. Reip, Tiner on 
 Baltimore St. the office in the watch-cleaning 
 
 for Dis Guise, this old Campbell was in the South all Spring, he 
 once was one of the Nobility of Park Eow in Baltimore. I was 
 on his Farm in Ya. in the wood Buisiness ; he tried to get me hung 
 for an easy way to pay debts, or the Dept he owed me. he is a 
 Naturelised and a pergued Irishman, bin concocting scheemes with 
 J. Mason Campbell, J. C. Brune & Co. all Winter for the Over- 
 throw of the Government, a Capt. L. Slemmer, Cor. Central Av. 
 & Biddle St., is an Inocent fool for a Cecessionist ; throu him I got 
 word of the Powder in Greenmont Semetery. a Good Careful 
 hand to take a Glass of Red-Eye with him can Pump him so as to 
 Find out where there is 1300 Pikes, 1700 Pistles, some 20,000 
 Rifles sealed up in the sealing of houses in his Yicinity. a Num- 
 ber where at his house some time ago, and may be yet. Capt. 
 Slemmer, with J. Whiting, Pratt st., near Boley's worf, knows 
 where about 4000 Rifles are. Whiting has bin the Per- 
 
 chaser, as it suits the Hardware line of Business. A line of smug- 
 ling is carried on through Kent County, on this Eastern Shore, 
 with Arms and Ammunition, a J. Frasier and Ed. Miller, of a 
 company of Rebles who Drill at Georgetown — Roads, in Kent 
 County, is Prime Reble opperators. I probably will trouble you 
 to much ; you 1 hope will pardon me and keepe this confidential, 
 as I have Barely Escaped a Rope or a Grapevine End. If you 
 wont a Pilot for Ya., I am on hand after a little; will go for the 
 love I have for the Union. 1 conveyed some information through 
 Capt. Ricketts, and would refer you to Wm. P. Ewing, Naval 
 Agent, at Baltimore. Respectfully y/ours in haste, 
 
 " Y. L. Gatchell." 
 
 Mrs. Bonaparte answered : 
 
 " Major-General Banks, Headquarters Department Annapolis : 
 
 "Dear General: — I enclose a few names from a source entirely 
 reliable in every respect. I have been waiting to add some others 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 653 
 
 from another direction, but as Mr. Bonaparte thinks these will 
 answer your present purpose, I beg leave to submit them to you 
 exactly as I received them yesterday evening. 
 
 " Yours very truly, S. M. Bonaparte. 
 
 "Park St., Monday, July 1, 1861." 
 
 Mr. McJilton, Surveyor of Baltimore, against employment of 
 Secessionisthjiu office, and recommending arrest of Edward Walters, 
 of Baltimore : 
 
 " CusTOM-HousE, Surveyor's Office, 
 "Baltimore, August 14, 1861. 
 
 " Maj.-Gen. Banks, U. S. A., Sandy Hook, Md, : 
 
 ">Sir; — I deem it to be my duty to inform you that Mr. Edw. 
 Walters, of the house of Wm. T. Walters & Co., of this city, says 
 he has a permanent pass from Gen. Cameron to Virginia and back. 
 He makes a trip nearly every week, via the Point of Kocks, &c. 
 He is one of our 'unqualified' secessionists, and the house of 
 which he is a member is one of the most notorious as advocating 
 that faith. I learn also that Mr. Norris was in his company at 
 the time of his (N. ?) arrest. Mr. Walters will start for Virginia 
 in a few days, and will no doubt take his old route. Would it not 
 be well to have Walters searched, for he is after no good. General 
 Cameron has been imposed upon, if he has given this man a perma- 
 nent pass. I will see Gen. Dix this afternoon and state these 
 things to him, and it may be he will interest himself at this end 
 to have him (Walters) arrested, and compel him to give an ac- 
 count of himself. There is a considerable feeling here in regard 
 to these matters, especially so in reference to the employment of 
 several avowed Secessionists in the different departments here. I 
 am resolved, as far as I can, to have these things corrected. If 
 the Government will permit its officials to employ its enemies, as I 
 know they are doing here, it will take a very strong army to pro- 
 tect the loyal citizens. This is doing us immense damage. If it 
 were otherwise, the Union cause would increase and strengthen 
 daily. As it is, I regret to say, it is waning. 
 
 " Very respectfully your obedient servant, 
 
 " John F. McJilton." 
 
 J. Bly warns General Banks against Eevs. Messrs. Krebs, Wil- 
 son, and Martin, Methodist preachers, &c. : 
 
 " Washington, Sept 15, 1861. 
 " General Banks: 
 
 "/S«r : — Three preachers of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 procured passes in Baltimore to go from that city to Winchester, 
 Va., &c. They are all earnest Secessionists. Their names are J. 
 S. Martin, Wm. Krebs, and A. W. Wilson. The last-named has 
 
654 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 gotten back to Baltimore, and is proclaiming his secession sympa- 
 thies. It is the judgment of many good and true Union men that 
 the other two should not be allowed to return to Baltimore. 
 They have already done much mischief there. These passes were 
 
 Erocured by E. Petherbridge, who knew their sentiments well, 
 aving co-operated with them and others during the last twelve 
 months in efforts to divide the M. E. Church on the slavery ques- 
 tion by Mason and Dixon's line. Strange as it may seem, this 
 same Petherbridge is in the service of the Government as a recruit- 
 ing officer. One day he procured passes for well-known and mis- 
 chievous Secessionists, and the next recruits for the Government. 
 The great body of the Methodist people of Baltimore are Union 
 people, and it will be a service to them as well as the cause of th§ 
 Union in that city if they are not permitted to return. 
 
 " Yery respectfully, J. Bly." 
 
 G. E. Morgan, of Baltimore, informs Gen. Banks of arms se- 
 creted on the premises of Eev. W. H. Wilson in Frederick County, 
 Virginia : 
 
 " Baltimore, Sept. 15, 1861. 
 « Gen. :^^. p. Banks : 
 
 "/Sffr : — I have received tolerably reliable information of a de- 
 posit of arms at the mill of the Eev. W. H. Wilson in Frederick 
 County, said to be 1100 navy revolvers. My informer (a Eev. also) 
 was under the impression they had been seized by some portion of 
 your command. I alluded to the fact in the Grand Jury room 
 (U. S. Court), and was requested by that body to apply to you for 
 the truth, and if so, the necessary evidence. Any communication 
 to this jury through this Marshal or myself will be promptly at- 
 tended to. Yours respectfully, 
 
 " G. E. Morgan, 66 N. Calvert St., Balto. 
 
 " Gen. K P. Banks, Army of the Fotomacr 
 
 Gov. Seward's confidential letter. Eeceived, September 28th ; 
 answered, September 29th. Orders given to Col. Kenly, Williams- 
 port, September 29th : 
 
 " Department op State, Washington, Sept. 21, 1862. 
 
 " Major-General N. P. Banks, Darnestown, Md. : 
 
 ''General:— If yon can arrest Dr. Charles McGill of Hagers- 
 town, Maryland, or cause him to be arrested and sent to Fort 
 MeHenry, to be thence conveyed to Fort Lafayette, let it be done. 
 " I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 " William H. Seward." 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 655 
 
 Col. Kenly, on the arrest of Dr. Magill, answered October 3d, 
 same day of its receipt : 
 
 "Headquarters, Williamsport, Sej)t. 30, 1861. 
 " Major-General N. P. Banks, Commanding Division. 
 
 " General : — Dr. Magill is now a prisoner in my camp. If one 
 man can be dangerous, he is the man. I shall send him direct to 
 Fort McHenry by Catain Waltemj^er of my regiment. He will 
 be there to-morrow night. Affairs are tolerably quiet along my 
 lines to-day, but one of my officers at Dam No. 4 is a little nervous 
 and I have strengthened his post. You have been kind enough to 
 say that you would assist me if attacked by overwhelming num- 
 bers; do not forget the First Maryland if you be attacked. 
 " With the highest regard, 
 
 " John E. Kenlt, Col. First Maryland Regt." 
 
 Milton Whitney of Baltimore asks General Banks for a letter 
 to the Government in favor of his appointment as District Attorney. 
 Received October 8th : 
 
 " Baltimore, October 8th, 1861. 
 " Gen. N. p. Banks : 
 
 " Dear Sir : — The Hon. H. Winter Davis, together with Mr. 
 Hoffman, Collector; Mr. Purnell, Postmaster; Judge Bond and 
 others, have united in recommending me to the Cabinet for Dis- 
 trict Attorney for Maryland. When approached in relation to 
 this subject in the summer whilst in the country, I declined to 
 have my name presented ; but since my return to the city, in view 
 of the treason cases pending in that court, and for other reasons, I 
 have consented, and would now like the appointment. My friends 
 above-named thought a letter from you would have more influence 
 than all others, and I have taken the liberty of writing this letter 
 and asking you the favor (if you think it consistent) of giving 
 me a letter to the Cabinet favorable to my appointment. Trusting 
 I have not assumed too much in addressing you upon this subject, 
 and asking you this favor, I would simply say that I have occupied 
 the position of State's Attorney for five years, have had that ex- 
 perience, and in view of being a Massachusetts man, and having 
 been persecuted upon that ground, would now like to be placed 
 in that position independently of the people of Baltimore. 
 
 "A letter directed to Baltimore will reach me. With great re- 
 spect, your obedient servant, Milton Whitney." 
 
 Eelating to the arrest of the Maryland Legislature. Letter 
 from Simon Cameron in relation to the Maryland Legislature : 
 
 " War Department, September Wth, 1861. 
 " General : — The passage of any act of secession by the Legis- 
 lature of Maryland must be prevented. If necessary, all, or any 
 
656 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 
 
 part of the members must be arrested. Exercise your own judg- 
 ment as to the time and manner, but do the work effectively. 
 " Very respectfully 3'our obedient servant, 
 
 " Simon Cameron, Secretary of War. 
 " Major-Gen. N. P. Banks, Commanding near Darnestown, Md" 
 
 Legislative matters : 
 
 " Headquarters Army of the Potomac, 
 " Washington, September 12th, 1861. 
 
 « Confidential— KsiyGQn. 'N. P. Banks, U. S. A. : 
 
 " General : — After full consultation with the President, Secre- 
 taries of State, War, etc., it has been decided to eftect the opera- 
 tion proposed for the 17th. Arrangements have been made to have 
 a government steamer at Annapolis to receive the prisoners and 
 carry them to their destination. Some four or five of the chief 
 men in the affair are to be arrested to-day. When they meet on the 
 17th, you will please have everything prepared to arrest the whole 
 party, and be sure that none escape. It is understood that you 
 arranged with Gen. Dix and Gov. Seward the modus operandi. It 
 has been intimated to me that the meeting might take place on the 
 14th ; please be prepared. I would be glad to have you advise me 
 frequently of your arrangements in regard to this very important 
 matter. If it is successfully carried out it will go far towards 
 breaking the back-bone of the rebellion. It would probably be 
 well to have a special train quietly prepared to take the prisoners 
 to Annapolis. I leave this exceedingly important affair to your 
 tact and discretion, and have but one thing to impress upon you 
 — the absolute necessity of secrecy and success. 
 
 " With the highest regard, I am, my dear General, your sincere 
 friend, Geo. B. McClellan, Maj.-Gen. U. S. A." 
 
 Copeland's Report, Legislature, September 16. 
 
 . " Frederick, September 16th, 1861. 
 " Maj.-Gen. Banks : 
 
 " Dear Sir : — I find that there is some probability of no quorum 
 —this is particularly Gen. S's opinion. He thinks the whole thing 
 is crushed by the arrest. But there is reason to believe he is mis- 
 taken, ^Noakes is here, and says there are at least twenty-five in 
 town ; that they have spread the rumor that there will be no 
 quorum in order to lull attention, but that there will be enough to 
 meet and adjourn to a place outside of the town. He saw to-night 
 four carriages and a party of men come in one of the back roads, 
 and go to a drinking-saloon, where they were loud and deep in 
 threats and imprecations; they left the tavern and came into the 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 657 
 
 town and separated, where he could not tell, as he was on foot. He 
 has got no evidence of any messenger from Virginia — thinks no 
 one is here. But there is one bad thing : G-en. Dix has sent his son 
 
 here, and a Major, and the Provost Marshal of B , and party of 
 
 police to make arrests. I have tried to get them sent back early in 
 the first train to-morrow, accompanied at least as far as Monocacy 
 by Mr. Dix. He does not like to get up and go at that time. It is a 
 mistake. Gen. S. has no particular information and wants to shield 
 some personal friends — would like, /or the future^ to make it easy 
 for some men. I think that I shall get a plan arranged to take a 
 number at any rate. The arrests in B. have terrified them very 
 much, and all profess obedience there. None of the members 
 from the Eastern Shore have come up yet, which inclines me to 
 wait for day after to-morrow. I regret your letters to Col. R. did 
 not put the matter more under my especial control, as he is rather 
 disinclined to be as careful and patient as is desirable, and I do not 
 feel authorized to direct. If anything occurs to you send by mes- 
 senger to me, care of Col. R. I am at the U. S. Hotel. 
 
 " In haste, very respectfully, R. M. Copeland. 
 
 " Young Dix tells me his errand was to meet you, and give you 
 a list of names of men to be arrested — nothing more. He will 
 give me the paper to-morrow and await orders. You will get this 
 at six — a messenger can return in three hours." 
 
 Copy of letter of instructions concerning Legislature. 
 
 "Important and confidential. 
 
 " Headquarters, Camp near Darnestown, l%th Sept, 
 
 "Lt.-Col. RuGER, Commanding Third Wisconsin Reg't. 
 
 " On special service at Frederick : 
 " Sir : — The Legislature of Maryland is appointed to meet in 
 special session to-morrow, Tuesday, September 17th. It is not 
 impossible that the members or a portion of them may be deterred 
 from meeting there, on account of certain arrests recently made in 
 Baltimore. It is also quite possible that on the first day of meeting 
 the attendance of members may be small. Of the facts as to this 
 matter, I shall see that you are well informed as they transpire. 
 It becomes necessary that any meeting of this Legislature, at any 
 place or time, shall be prevented. You will hold yourself and your 
 command, in readiness to arrest the members of both Houses. A 
 list of such as you are to detain will be enclosed to you herewith ; 
 among them are to be especially included the presiding officers of 
 the two Houses, secretaries, clerks, and all subordinate officers. 
 Let the arrests he certain and allow no chance of failure. The arrests 
 should be made w^hile they are in session, I think. You will upon 
 receipt of this quietly examine the premises. I am informed that 
 escape will be impossible if the entrance to the building be held 
 42 
 
658 CHKONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 by you; of that you will judge upon examination. If no session is 
 held, you will arrest such members as can be found in Frederick. 
 The process of arrest should be to enter both Houses at the same 
 time, announcing that they were arrested by orders of the Govern- 
 ment ; command them to remain, as they are subject to your orders. 
 Any resistance will be forcibly suppressed whatever the con- 
 sequences. Upon the arrests being effected, the members that are 
 to be detained will be placed on board a special train for Annapolis, 
 where a steamer will await them. Everything in the execution of 
 these orders is confided to your secrecy, discretion and promptness." 
 
 Copeland's Eeport, Maryland Legislature, September 17th. 
 "Frederick, Md., September 17th, 1861. 
 
 " Bear Sir : — The arrests in Baltimore have entirely broken 
 down and disorganized the secession element in the Legislature, 
 and much less than a quorum have assembled. Of the members 
 present the larger number are Union men, who, encouraged by our 
 presence, are here to face the enemy. I have had pickets set 
 since noon in all the roads leading to this place, with orders to 
 let no one go out unless down to Frederick Junction, with a trusty 
 man to see who should come up and make arrangements for them-* 
 only seven came. We find that there are only about six bad 
 specimens here, but that there is a chance that more may arrive. 
 We have spotted the house where these men board, and shall arrest 
 
 them to-night. I have let the train go to B with a sergeant 
 
 who will come up on the train, and will spot, and if needs be, arrest 
 any man who tries to leave the train at Monocacy. To-day some 
 
 persons left at the station below M to drive here in a carriage. 
 
 As yet the Legislature has not convened ; when it does I shall have 
 the trap sprung on them. Your letter has just arrived. I will 
 attend to it as you wish. You have by this time learned of the 
 arrests in Baltimore yesterday, which has alarmed all. I sent Mr. 
 Dix and the policemen away on the train and went myself, as we 
 were surrounded by a crowd in which were ten of the worst men. 
 They now think we are all gone. I and two of the policemen 
 returned afoot. Noakes is on the watch to find out where every 
 man lives, and I do not think we can fail to get some; but the 
 worst men are too wary to come here. I shall send this to you 
 just as soon as I can find a messenger, and shall telegraph when 
 the arrest is completed. General »S. and all his friends believe 
 that nothing can be effected, as those whom we shall take are the 
 least conspicuous. I shall arrest the clerks of the two Houses, who 
 are mentioned as particularly venomous. Nothing more occurs to 
 me now. I will add whatever happens later. 
 
 " Truly, your obedient servant, R, Morris Copeland." 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORF. 659 
 
 " To Major-General N. P. Banks : 
 
 "It is now 5 P. M. We have arrested 12 of the worst men, and 
 are progressing very well. We shall get the whole 18 I think, and 
 if any come in on the train to-night we will bag them too. Gen. 
 S. is invaluable. AVe have been besieged for passes — every avenue 
 being blocked. It has taken three men all the time to write and 
 inquire into the merits of the case. No news from Virginia; all 
 seems quiet as far as we can learn. The House met to-day ; was 
 called to order by the clerk; four members present, and adjourned 
 until to-morrow noon. Eespectfully, K. M. C." 
 
 Copeland's report of arrest of members of Maryland Legislature, 
 September 18, 
 
 "Frederick, Md., Sept. 18, 1861. 
 " To Major-General Banks, JDarnestown : 
 
 "/Sir; — 1 have just telegraphed to Gen. Dix that we have seized 
 seven members of the House of a very bitter character, and from 
 officers, clerks, &c., who are intensely bitter, and are said to have 
 been very forward, and to have kept some of the weaker men up 
 to the work. Several arrests made of violent or resisting persons 
 whom I shall let go after the others are gone. I shall send four 
 men at least to Gen. Dix, at Baltimore, who are very bad men. I 
 have advised Col. Kuger to send to Sharpsburg landing to seize 
 500 sacks salt which are waiting for the Southerners to come and 
 take them ; they have tried twice to do it. We have also heard 
 of some arms, which the Colonel will look up. There is a very 
 bitter man here, a Mr. Sinn, who is currently reported by General 
 Shriver and others to be the medium of communication with the 
 Southern Confederacy. The names of the members are B. S. Sal- 
 mon, E. C. Maccubin, J. H. Gordon, C. J. Durant, Thomas Clag- 
 gett, Andrew Kessler, and Bernard Mills. We shall get T. Law- 
 rence Jones. The officers of the Legislature, J. N. Brewer, Chief 
 Clerk, Senate ; Thos. Moore, Eeading do.; Samuel Penrose, Jr., As- 
 sistant; N. Kilgore, Eeading do.; Milton Kidd, Chief of the House, 
 Mr. Jones is taken ; Edward Houser, citizen ; Eiley (very bad), 
 printer to the House ; John Hogan (very bad), citizen ; Joseph 
 Elkins, do.; Mr. Mason, Folder to the House. We shall leave here 
 for headquarters this afternoon. The arrests were nearly all seized 
 by the policemen. 
 
 " I am yours respectfully, 
 
 •'E. Morris Copeland, Aide-de-Camp. 
 
 " Mr. Macubbin is a person whom I should recommend you to 
 set at large if he takes the oath, which I have no doubt he will. 
 He is brother-in-law to General Hammond, and a man much 
 respected ; also a man of rather timid nature, and greatly troubled 
 by his arrest. General Shriver has been very active for us, and is 
 very earnest that we should let him go on these terms. If you 
 
660 CHROKICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 can do it, it will be well to "telegraph to Annapolis to have the 
 oath tendered and release him. I should do it under my instruc- 
 tions, only that Col. Euger thinks he has no authority to allow 
 any man on the list any liberty. I^- M. C." 
 
 This city witnessed on Sunday, the 9th of July, one of the grandest 
 Catholic demonstrations since its existence; it was the laying of 
 the corner-stone of St. Martin's E. C. Church, S. E. corner of 
 Fulton and Fayette streets. The procession may have numbered 
 from six to eight thousand persons, with ten bands of music and 
 over forty gorgeous banners of the various benevolent and other 
 associations, occupying a stretch of nearly two miles ; it was esti- 
 mated that the number of spectators on the spot exceeded twenty 
 thousand. The Most Eev. Archbishop Spaulding conducting the 
 ceremonies, assisted by the Pastor, Eev. John Foley, Eev. Edward 
 McColgan and others. 
 
 On Monday, July 31st, a number of persons assembled at Green- 
 mount Cemetery, to witness the dedication of the McDonough 
 monument, erected by the authorities of Baltimore and New 
 Orleans as a testimonial of their appreciation of his character and 
 his munificent liberality far the promotion of a great public enter- 
 prise, the education of orphans. The exercises were opened with 
 prayer by Eev. Mr. Brown, after which Mayor Chapman intro- 
 duced John H. B. Latrobe, Esq., the orator of the day. 
 
 The Concordia Society initiated their new hall for the first 
 time on the evening of the 10th of September. 
 
 Wednesday, the 20th of September, will long be remembered 
 in the history of the Monumental City, especially among the fra- 
 ternity of " Odd-Fellows," as not only being the day for the dedi- 
 catory services of the Wilde}^ monument to take place, but as a 
 grand reunion of fraternal feeling among the brotherhood of the 
 entire Union, members of the fraternity from I^orth, South, East 
 and West joining hand in hand again with the same brotherly love 
 that characterized their meetings in past years, the strife of the 
 past four years seemingly to have been forgotten while going 
 heart and hand in carrying out the mottoes of the order, " Faith, 
 love and charity," " Friendship, love and truth." The preliminary 
 arrangements being effected, the word "march" was sounded 
 about half-past ten o'clock, when one of the grandest processions 
 that ever passed through Baltimore began to move from the hall on 
 Gay street. The whole procession being clothed with the brilliant 
 paraphernalia of the order, presented a view of the most dazzling 
 character, attracting all along the route of the procession throngs 
 of people to crowd every available point. The entire programme 
 was directed by the committee of arrangements, E. W. Grand and 
 Corresponding Secretary, James L. Eidgely ; E. W. Grand Treas- 
 urer, Joshua Vansant, and Grand Eepresentative, Joseph B. Escav- 
 ailio. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 661 
 
 The merchants of Baltimore on the evening of the 22d of 
 September gave an elegant banquet to the Grand Lodge of the 
 United States at the New Assembly Eooms. Mr. Jno. W. Garrett, 
 President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, presided on the 
 occasion and delivered a spirited oration, which elicited immense 
 applause. Major-General Hancock, Lieutenant-Governor C. C. Cox, 
 Hon. E. H. Webster, Brigadier-General John S. Berry, Colonel W. 
 H. Purnell delivered speeches. The applause after Gen. Hancock's 
 speech was literally deafening; three cheers were offered to him, 
 and most of those present left their seats to shake hands with the 
 favorite hero. 
 
 Early in the spring an association was formed composed of thirty 
 or forty colored men of this city, who purchased the building on 
 Lexington street, near Davis, formerly occupied as the Newton 
 University, for the sum of $16,000, and organized the "Douglass 
 Institute," the object of which is the intellectual advancement of 
 the colored portion of the community. On Friday night, Sep- 
 tember 29th, the Institute building, which had been previously ren- 
 ovated, was formally opened for the purpose indicated above by 
 the delivery of a lecture by Frederick Douglass, whose reputation 
 as an orator is well known. An audience of seven or eight hun- 
 dred males and females, among them a number of white persons, 
 was seated in the main saloon of the building, which was appro- 
 priately decorated on the occasion. Immediately over the stand 
 whereon the lecturer and the officers of the Institute were seated 
 was a full-length portrait of the late lamented President Lincoln, 
 while on either side was placed the National flag. After prayer 
 by Bishop Wayman, of the African M. E. Church, Mr. Douglass 
 was introduced and delivered the address. Upon its conclusion a 
 call was made for Rev. Mr. Lynch, who for a half an hour spoke on 
 subjects relating to the future state of the colored people. The 
 audience then retired. 
 
 The sailing of the steamship Somerset^ the pioneer ship of the 
 Baltimore and Liverpool line, took place promptly at noon on 
 Saturday, September 30th, and was made the occasion of an im- 
 promptu demonstration, very pleasing and animated in character, 
 and showing how earnest and general is the popular interest in 
 this great enterprise, in the success of which the commercial and 
 marine interests of Baltimore are so largely involved. 
 
 The Hon. Henry Winter Davis, for many years a* distinguished 
 representative of one of the Baltimore congressional districts, died 
 on Saturday afternoon, the 30th of December, 1865, in the forty- 
 ninth year of his age. Called from this life at an age when most 
 men are just beginning to command the respect and confidence of 
 their fellows, he has left, nevertheless, a fame as wide as our vast 
 country. He was born in the city of Annapolis on the 16th of 
 August, 1817. His father, Kev. Henry Lyon Davis, of the Pro- 
 testant Episcopal church, was president of St. John's college at 
 
662 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Annapolis, Maryland, and rector of St. Ann's parish. His mother 
 was Jane Brown Winter, a woman of elegant accomplishments, 
 and of great sweetness of disposition and purity of life. She had 
 only two children, Henry Winter and Jane, who married Eev. 
 Edward Lyle. The education of Henry Winter began very early, 
 at home, under the care of his aunt, Elizabeth Brown Winter, who 
 entertained the most rigid and exacting opinions in regard to the 
 training of children, but who was withal a noble woman. He 
 once playfully said, "I could read before I was four years old, 
 though much against my will." He was educated at Kenyon col- 
 lege, in Ohio, and the University of Yirginia. While at the Uni- 
 versity he took up the German and French languages and mas- 
 tered them ; and he perfected his scholarship in Latin and Greek. 
 Until his death he read all these languages with great fiicility and 
 accuracy, and he always kept his Greek testament lying on his 
 table for easy reference. After a thorough course at the Univer 
 sity, Mr. Davis entered upon the practice of law in Alexandria, 
 Yirginia. On the 30th of October, 1845, he married Miss Con- 
 stance T. Gardiner, daughter of William C. Gardiner, Esq., a most 
 accomplished and charming young lady, who lived to gladden his 
 heart for but a few years, and then, "like a lily drooping, 6he 
 bowed her head and died." In 1850 he came to Baltimore, and 
 immediately a high position, professional, social, and political, was 
 awarded him. His forensic efforts at once commanded attention 
 and enforced respect. The young men of most ability and promise 
 gathered about him, and made him the centre of their chosen 
 circle. He became a prominent member of the Whig party, and 
 was everywhere known as the brilliant orator and successful con- 
 troversialist of the Scott campaign of 1852. The Whig party, worn 
 out by its many gallant but unsuccessful battles, was ultimately 
 gathered to its fathers, and Mr. Davis led off in the American or 
 Know-Nothing movement. He w^as elected successively to the 
 Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, and Thirty-sixth Congresses by the 
 American party from the fourth district of Maryland. He sup- 
 ported, with great ability and zeal, Mr. Fillmore for the Presi- 
 dency in 1856, and in 1860 accepted John Bell as the candidate of 
 his party, though he clearly divined and plainly announced that 
 the great battle was really between Abraham Lincoln, as the rep- 
 resentative of the national sentiment on the one hand, and seces- 
 sion and disunion, in all their shades and phases, on the other. 
 To his seat in the Thirty-eighth Congress he was elected by the 
 unconditional Union party. He was married a second time, on 
 the 26th of January, 1857, to Miss Nancy Morris, a daughter of 
 John B. Morris, Esq., of Baltimore, and left two little girls, w^ho 
 were the idols of his heart. 
 
 Mr. Davis had gathered into his house the literary treasures of 
 four languages, and had reveled in spirit with the wise men of the 
 ages. He had conned his books as jealously as a miner peering for 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE, 663 
 
 gold, and had not left a panful of earth unwashed. He had col- 
 lected the purest ore of truth and the richest gems of thought, 
 until he was able to crown himself with knowledge. Blessed with 
 a felicitous power of analysis and a prodigious memory, he ran- 
 sacked history, ancient and modern, sacred and profane ; science, 
 pure, empirical, and metaphysical ; the arts, mechanical and lib- 
 eral ; the professions, law, divinity, and medicine ; poetry and the 
 miscellanies of literature ; and in all these great departments of 
 human lore he moved as easily as most men do in their particular 
 province. His habit was not only to read but to reread the best 
 of his books frequently, and he was continually supplying himself 
 with better editions of his favorites. In current, playful conversa- 
 tion with friends he quoted right and left, in brief and at length, 
 from the classics, ancient and modern, and from the drama, tragic 
 and comic. In his speeches, on the contrary, he quoted but little, 
 and only when he seemed to run upon a thought already expressed 
 by some one else with singular force and appositeness. If oratory 
 means the power of presenting thoughts by public and sustained 
 speech to an audience in the best manner adapted to win a favor- 
 able decision of the question at issue, then Mr. Davis assuredly 
 occupied the highest position as an orator. He always held his 
 hearers in rapt attention until he closed, and then they lingered 
 about to discuss with one another what they had heard. Those 
 who had heard him most frequently were always ready to make 
 the greatest eifort to hear him again. Even his bitterest enemies 
 have been known to stand shivering on the street corners for a 
 whole evening, charmed by his marvellous tongue. His stump 
 efforts never fell below his high standard. He never condescended 
 to a mere attempt to amuse. He always spoke to instruct, to con- 
 vince, and to persuade through the higher and better avenues to 
 favor. 
 
 Mr. Davis's ripe scholarship tendered to his thought the 
 happiest illustrations and the most appropriate forms of expression. 
 His brain had become a teeming cornucopia, whence flowed in ex- 
 haustless profusion the most beautiful flowers and the most sub- 
 stantial fruits; and yet he never indulged in excessive ornamenta- 
 tion. His taste was almost austerely chaste. His style was per- 
 spicuous, energetic, concise, and withal highly elegant. He never 
 loaded his sentences with meretricious finery or high-sounding 
 supernumerary words. When he did use the jewelry of rhetoric, 
 he would quietly set a metaphor in his page or throw a compari- 
 son into his speech which would serve to light up with startling 
 distinctness the colossal proportions of his argument. Of humor 
 he had none; but his wit and sarcasm at times would glitter like 
 the brandished cimeter of Saladin, and descending, would cut as 
 keenly. The pathetic he never attempted ; but when angered by 
 a malicious assault, his invective was consuming, and his epitheta 
 would wound like pellets of lead. Although gallant to the gracea 
 
664 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 of. expression, he always compelled his rhetoric to act as hand- 
 maid to his oratory. Henry Winter Davis was a man of faith, and 
 believed in Christ and his fellow-man. He entered public life with 
 almost unparalleled personal advantages. Having boldly presented 
 himself before the most rigorous tribunal in the world, he proved 
 himself worthy of its favor and attention. He soon rose to the 
 front rank of debaters, and whenever he addressed the House all 
 sides gave him a delighted audience. 
 
 1866. The hailstorm which passed over Baltimore on Tuesday 
 night, May 1st, was one of the most remarkable meteorological 
 phenomena of the kind ever witnessed. In force and fury, and the 
 size and hardness of the hail stones, it was unparalleled. Many of 
 the particles of ice discharged from the atmosphere were perfectly 
 round, the largest ranging from three to four inches in circum- 
 ference, clear as crystal, and of almost flinty hardness. The de- 
 struction of window-glass was immense. On the southern and 
 eastern end of the city, where the storm spent its fury, there was 
 hardly a window facing north that was not more or less shattered. 
 The churches, large public buildings, and buildings with skylights, 
 suflered most severely. It was computed that twenty thousand 
 panes of glass were shattered by the storm. 
 
 The following acts were passed by the General Assembly at 
 the extra session of January: authorizing the Mayor and City 
 Council of Baltimore to build a new city hall ; incorporating Jacob 
 Brandt, Jr., Eobert Lehr, Henry E. Hazlehurst, Daniel Wiegand, 
 Thomas C. Jenkins and William S. Eaynor, as a body corporate 
 by the name and title of the Baltimore and Savannah Steam- 
 ship Company; incorporating George S. Brown, Charles de Gar- 
 mendia, E. C. Wambersie, Henry E. Hazlehurst, James E. Eamsay, 
 Samuel J. Pentz and Alfred Jenkins, as a body corporate, by the 
 name and title of the Baltimore and Havana Steamship Company; 
 incorporating John W. Eandolph, Chauncey Brooks, Horace 
 Abbott, William A. Fisher, Alfred Mace, Jesse Tyson, Samuel 
 Shoemaker, Dr. G. H. Tyler, Thomas Booze, F. Littig Shaffer, S. 
 J. Carroll, Charles J. Baker, and Evan T. Ellicott, as a body 
 corporate by the name and title of the Union Eailroad Company ; 
 incorporating John W. Eoss, William W. Watkins, Eobert Fowler, 
 Michael Hooper, and John O. Eeid, as a body corporate, by the 
 name and title of the " Merchants Steamship Line." 
 
 The great Southern Eelief Fair, in aid of the suffering poor of 
 the Southern States, opened at the hall of the Maryland Institute 
 on Monday evening, April 2d, and terminated with great success 
 on Friday evening, the 13th. Total amount of receipts $164,569.97, 
 which was disbursed among the Southern States as follows : Vir- 
 ginia committee, 327,000; North Carolina committee, $16,500; 
 South Carolina committee, 619,750; Georgia committee, $17,875; 
 Alabama committee, $16,250; Mississippi committee, $20,625; 
 Louisiana committee, $7,500 ; Florida committee, $5,500 ; Arkau- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 665 
 
 sas committee, $5,000; Tennessee committee, $12,500 ; Maryland 
 refugeeB, $10,000; Miseelluneoiis States, $6,069.97. The following 
 were the principal officers of the "Ladies' Southern Eelief Associa- 
 tion," and to whose generous hearts all honor is due, for administer- 
 ing to the wants of age, to the distresses of afflictions, and to the 
 cravings of widows and orphans, for the indispensable necessaries 
 of life in a destitute and impoverished country: President, Mrs. B. 
 C. Howard ; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. J. Hanson Thomas, Mrs. Chas. 
 Howard, Mrs. J. S. Gittings, Mrs. W. Prescott Smith, Mrs. J. J. 
 Bankard; Treasurer, Mrs. Peyton Harrison ; Assistant Treasurer, 
 Miss Dora Hoffman ; Secretary, Miss Frick ; Executive Committee — 
 Mrs. J. Harman Brown, Mrs. Samuel Hoffman, Miss Louisa Hoff- 
 man, Mrs. Chas. J. Baker, Mrs. D. Preston Parr, Mrs. Samuel W. 
 Smith, Mrs. T. Parkin Scott, Mrs. Thomas Murdoch, Mrs. Lurman, 
 Mrs. Eobert H. Carr, Mrs. John H. B. Latrobe, Mrs. Joshua Vansant, 
 Mrs. A. DuBois Egerton,-Mrs. John F. Hunter, Mrs. Allan Dorsey, 
 Mrs. itichard Norris, Mrs. James F. Purvis, Mrs. Louisa Cannon, 
 Mrs. James M. Anderson, Mrs. F. W. Elder, Mrs. James Hodges, 
 Miss Harper. 
 
 On Monday evening, May 2l8t, a number of the leading Cath- 
 olics of this city, together with a number of pastors of the several 
 Catholic churches of Baltimore, met in the basement of Calvert 
 Hall and effected an organization known as the St. Mary's Indus- 
 trial School for boys. Archbishop Spaulding presided at the organ- 
 ization, and in his remarks, acquainted those present with his past 
 action in the matter and its results, and also what he proposed in 
 the future. The meeting was also addressed by Kev. Fathers 
 Dolan and McColgan on the subject. The corner-stone of this 
 institution was laid on Tuesday, June 4th, 1867, by Kev. Thomas 
 Foley, D. D., Administrator of the diocese, assisted by a number 
 of clergy. The building is situated about one mile and a half west 
 of the city limits south of the Frederick road. 
 
 The Grand Lodge of the Order of Odd-Fellowship in the United 
 States assembled Monday morning, September 17th, at 9 o'clock, 
 in the grand saloon of the Odd-Fellows Hall on Gay street, in 
 this cit}*. There were representatives present from twentj^-four 
 Grand Lodges and sixteen Grand Encampments. 
 
 Died on the 25th of September, Hon. Henry May, an able 
 member of the bar and formerly a member of Congress. He was 
 an eloquent and powerful speaker, and wrote with great power and 
 effect. 
 
 The Second Plenary Council of the Koman Catholic Church in 
 the United States, was held Thursday, October 10th, at the Cathe- 
 dral Church. 
 
 General John Spear Smith, son of Gen. Samuel Smith, died on 
 the 17th of November. In 1844, on the formation of the Maryland 
 Historical Society, he was unanimously elected its first president, 
 ft position which he held for twenty-two consecutive years. 
 
6S& CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 The dedication of the Peabody Institute took place on Thurs- 
 day, the 25th of October, at the Institute building, situated on the 
 southwest corner of Mount Yernon Phiee and Charles street, im- 
 mediately beneath the shadow of Washington monument. The 
 ceremonies were very interesting, and attracted a large and remark- 
 ably attentive audience. After prayer by the Eev. Dr. Backus 
 of the First Presbyterian Church, the address of welcome to Mr. 
 George Peabody was delivered by Governor Thomas Swann. 
 Mr. Peabody's reply was alike excellent and interesting, touching 
 feelingly on his personal remembrances of Baltimore in past days, 
 and exhibiting the patriotic feeling which had animated Mr. 
 Peabody during the Southern rebellion. The report of the Board 
 of Trustees was read, recording their action in the building of the 
 Institute and preparing it for the use of the public. After the 
 close of the ceremonies Mr. Peabody gave a public reception in the 
 library room, where a large number of citizens paid their respects 
 to him. In the evening he was the guest of the Trustees at dinner. 
 On the 26th, the children of the public schools marched in pro- 
 cession from the different sections of the city, and were presented 
 to Mr. Peabody in front of the Institute. It wa^ estimated' that 
 nearly eighteen thousand children of the public schools were 
 present, and the addition of teachers and graduates increased the 
 number to fully twenty thousand, requiring over two hours for the 
 procession to pass in review. 
 
 Baltimore was on Tuesday, the 20th of November, the scene of 
 one of the finest civic displays ever witnessed in this country. 
 The occasion — the laying of the corner-stone of the new Masonic 
 Temple for the members of the Masonic fraternity in Maryland — 
 assembled together representatives of the brethren from all sec- 
 tions of the country. Our citizens cordially welcomed the 
 strangers. The streets throughout the day were thronged with 
 people, eager to witness the display and do honor to the' visitors. 
 The procession was a most respectable one in appearance, and 
 numbered about eight thousand men. The members of the frater- 
 nity were attired in suits of plain black cloth, which gave a uni- 
 form appearance to the line. The Knights Templar in their rich 
 and elegant uniforms attracted the attention of all on the route 
 of march. There were many magnificent banners and flags in the 
 procession richly emblazoned with the symbols of the fraternity, 
 conspicuous among which were the red-cross banner and flags of 
 the Templars. President Andrew Johnson, who is a past Grand 
 Master of the Masons, was in attendance, and participated in the 
 proceedings at the Temple. The ceremonies were commenced by the 
 flinging of a hymn, composed for the occasion by Kev. A. Long- 
 acre. Eev. K. W. Murdy, D.I)., LL.D., Grand Prelate of the 
 Grand Encampment of the United States, then offered up a beau- 
 tiful prayer. The Grand Treasurer, Fred. Fickey, Jr., read the 
 inscription and contents of the box, and deposited it with its con- 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 667 
 
 tents in the place prepared for its reception. The principal archi- 
 tect, E. G. Lind, then presented the working tools to the Grraud 
 Master, John Coates, who directed the Grand Marshal to present 
 them to the Deputy Grand Master, Francis Burns, and the Senior 
 and J^inior Grand Wardens. Hymn, tune " Old Hundred," com- 
 posed for the occasion by Brantz Maj'er, Esq. The stone was 
 then lowered and laid with the usual ceremonies. The choir then 
 sang the grand chorus from Haydn's oratorio of " The Creation" 
 with thrilling effect. Eev. John McCron, D.D., Grand Chaplain, 
 then followed with prayer. Then followed a very eloquent and 
 able oration by John H. B. Latrobe, P. M. P., H. P., &c., who gave 
 a most interesting history of Masonry. At its conclusion Mr. 
 Latrobe was cordially complimented by many of his brethren for 
 his masterly effort. The choir then sang the Gloria from Mozart's 
 Twelfth Mass, and this concluded the ceremonies, whereupon the 
 lodges reformed and marched to the Masonic hall on St. Paul 
 street, where the procession was dismissed. Immediately upon 
 the conclusion of the ceremonies the Knights Templar of Balti- 
 more entertained the visiting commanderies with a handsome col- 
 lation at Front Street Theatre. It was well attended, and a very 
 happy season was enjoyed by all present. At night the Grand 
 Lodge of Marj^land entertained the visiting grand lodges at Con- 
 cordia Hall. The gavel used by Grand Master Coates was the 
 same which was used by Gen. Washington upon the occasion of 
 the laying of the corner-stone of the first National Capitol at 
 Washington in 1793. The gold trowel which he used was also the 
 same used by Levin Winder, the Grand Master of Maryland, in 
 laying the corner-stone of the old Masonic hall over fifty years 
 ago, and which was also used in laying the corner-stone of the 
 Washington Monument and of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad. 
 
 1867. Dr. John Cavendish Smith Monkur, a very eminent Bal- 
 timore physician, died on Tuesday night, January 1st, in the 67th 
 year of his age. Also on Sunday, the 6th of January, Mr. Nathan 
 Tyson, one of the ablest and most honorable merchants of Balti- 
 more, in the 80th year of his age. Also on the 18th of January, 
 Mr. William Fisher, of the firm of William Fisher & Sons — a man 
 beloved by his family and friends, and most highly esteemed by 
 all who knew him. 
 
 The " Newsboy's Home " was established by Messrs. J. M. Drill, 
 Wm. B. Hill and others, in a large room over the farrier shop of 
 Mr. James Keenan on HoUiday street, south of Saratoga, below the 
 old City Hall, in January. 
 
 On Tuesday, February 26th, Mr. Callender, a United States Go- 
 vernment bank inspector, commenced an investigation into the 
 condition of the National Mechanics' Bank, located on the south- 
 east corner of Calvert and Fayette streets, and during the day dis- 
 covered false entries upon the books in which are kept the accounts 
 of foreign banks, and which were in charge of Samuel H. Wentz, 
 
66S CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 who was known as the " foreign bookkeeper." Mr. John H. 
 Eogers was also implicated in the systematic system of defalca- 
 tion, which extended back a period of twenty-seven years, amount- 
 ing to nearly $300,000. The robbery was regarded as one of the 
 most adroit on record, the length of time for which it continued 
 evidencing this, and probably ran through a longer series of years 
 than any bank defalcation yet discovered. 
 
 At an election held on the 10th of April, the majority- were in 
 favor of calling a convention to change the constitution of the 
 State, and the running of the city passenger railway cars on Sun- 
 da}'. The cars commenced running on Sunday, Api-il 28th. 
 
 The corner-stone of the Ascension Church, Lafayette Square, 
 was laid on Thursday afternoon, July 18th, with appropriate cer- 
 emonies, by the rector Eev. C. M. Callaway, assisted by a number 
 of other clergymen, after which addresses were delivered by Rev, 
 A. P. Stryker, Eev. J. E. (irammer, and E^v. H. A. Wise. 
 
 The corner-stone of the new City Hall was laid in this city 
 on the 18th of October. It was altogether a very dull affair, little 
 interest being manifested in the proceedings. John H. B Latrobe, 
 who had been selected as the orator of the occasion, delivered an 
 eloquent address. 
 
 The first grand parade and review of the First Division of the 
 Maryland National Guard took place on Tuesday, October 15th, 
 and it was a display that reflected credit upon the troops and their 
 officers. 
 
 The General Assembly at the January session passed the fol- 
 lowing acts: incorporating the Maryland State Agi-icultural and 
 Mechanical Association ; the Baltimore "Warehouse Company', and 
 the Central Maryland Eailroad Company. 
 
 The order of the Knights of Pythias was instituted in the city 
 of Baltimore, November 27th, when " Golden Lodge No. 1" and 
 ''Monumental Lodge No. 2" were both started on the same 
 evening. 
 
 Major-General Geo. H. Steuart died in the city of Baltimore on 
 Tuesday, October 22d, in the 77th year of his age. Previous to 
 the civil war Gen. Steuart, for some twenty years, commanded the 
 first light division of Maryland militia, and in his younger days 
 represented the city in the State Legislature. He vvas also at one 
 time a member of the City Council. During the war of 1812 with 
 Great Britain, the deceased vvas nno of the brave men who de- 
 fended -the cit}^ of Baltimore when attacked by General Eoss. 
 Shortly after the civil war commenced he went South, where he 
 resided j)rivately, mostly at Charlottesville, Ya., and after the war 
 went to Europe, where he remained until within some four or five 
 months. At the first battle of Manassas General Steuart was 
 present as a spectator, and was taken prisoner by the United 
 States forces, but on the fact becoming known that he was not en- 
 gaged in actual hostilities, he was promptly released. 
 
CHRO]SICLES OF BALTIMORE. 669 
 
 1868. The demonstration on Thursday, March 27th, in honor of 
 the officers of the Bremen steamship Baltimore, which arrived here 
 on Monday morning, March 23d, was one of the most imposing 
 displays that has ever taken place in our city. The military were 
 out in strong force, the number of cavalry being a marked feature, 
 and all looked and marched well. The officers of the steamer 
 (Capt. Voeckler; first officer, Thomas Schubert; Brst engineer, 
 VValter Moffat; second engineer, Frederick Fanger; purser, Thos. 
 Flutting; doctor, F. Frei ; second officer, Theodore De^tzen ; 
 third engineer, Herman Tage ; and third officer, F. Kustar),- as 
 they passed along the route, everywhere densely crowded, w^ere 
 warmly cheered, and a platoon of German sailors that followed, 
 fine hardy looking fellows, met with a characteristic reception 
 which they warmly reciprocated. The civic part of the procession 
 was also quite large, the battalion of policemen and the tire depart- 
 ment, and the strong array of mounted butchers being the most 
 attractive points in this part of the long procession. The mass of 
 spectators along the route was wonderful ; the whole population 
 of the city apparently being congregated on the sidewalks, in the 
 windows, and on the roofs of the houses. The banquet at night 
 at the Concordia was a splendid aff'air. 
 
 Thursday, July 16th, was an exceedingly warm day, the ther- 
 mometer ranging from 97 to 101 degrees in the shade. Thirty 
 cases of sun-stroke were reported, twenty one of which proved fatal. 
 
 Our city on Friday, July 24th, was visited with one of the most 
 appalling and destructive calamities that has ever overtaken it 
 since 1837, which swept away all the old stone and brick bridges 
 that previously spanned Jones Falls. It was thought that the 
 elevated and broad span iron bridges that have since been con- 
 structed would prove an efi^ectual bar to a similar visitation, but 
 even these have proved ineffectual, and we have now to record a 
 flood the most disastrous that has ever visited Baltimore. The 
 amount of destruction to property no doubt far exceeds that of 
 1837. 
 
 About two o'clock on Friday morning, July 24th, the storm 
 commenced, accompanied by thunder and lightning, but the fall of 
 rain was not serious until eight o'clock, when it began to pour 
 down in such a volume that fears at once were entertained of a 
 flood in Jones Falls, which passes through the heart of the city 
 dividing east from west Baltimore. This heavy fall of rain con- 
 tinued with but little intermission until after two o'clock, flooding 
 the streets, and rendering pedestrianism next to an impossibility. 
 Accompanying the rain was a strong wind from the southeast, and 
 persons owning property of any kind in the vicinity of Jones 
 Falls were instantly apprised, upon arising in the morning, that 
 their Id enemies, a heavy rain and a south wind, were again at 
 work and that they must move quickly if they would save their 
 good and chattels from damage or destruction. 
 
670 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 The water in Jones Falls commenced rising very rapidly about 
 ei^ht o'clock, and gradually creeping upwards, first overflowed its 
 banks and filled the east side of Centre Market Space and Swann 
 and Hawk streets. Another hour and it had backed up sufficiently 
 to overflow Harrison street, §,nd within a few moments it was in 
 Holliday, Frederick and Saratoga streets. At twelve o'clock the 
 cellars of perhaps two thousand houses in this section of the city 
 were filled, and the water was steadily rising on their first floors ; 
 but as the storm had commenced to abate, hopes Vere still enter- 
 tained that the flood was at its height. About half-past twelve 
 o'clock, however, the flood then commenced to rise more rapidly 
 than ever, and in a half hour reached ceilings where it had previ- 
 ously only invaded floors, and the greatest consternation prevailed. 
 So rapid was this rise, and so wild and furious the rushing torrent, 
 that the lives of many persons were jeopardized, and we regret to 
 add several lives were lost. Had it occurred at night, as in the 
 case of the great flood of 1837, the loss of life could not but have 
 been immense. About half-past twelve o'clock one of the city 
 passenger ears of the Gay street line crossed the bridge coming to- 
 wards Baltimore street. Immediately after crossing, the car pro- 
 ceeded on as far as Saratoga street, down which the water was 
 running at a furious rate, reaching the floor of the car. The horses 
 floundered in the water, and the front wheels left the track ; the 
 driver unhitched his horses, and endeavored to attach them to the 
 other end of the car and draw it back on to the bridge. The driver 
 and conductor, however, unfastened the horses from the car, and 
 getting on their backs, went on shore, leaving those in the car to 
 save themselves as best they might. The car soon floated, and 
 was swiftly moved by the tremendous current down Harrison 
 street, surging and swaying in every direction. There were then 
 about eight persons in the car, the others having escaped; but as 
 it neared the awnings on either side, four or five of them managed 
 at great risk to clutch the awnings, and were saved by entering 
 the second story windows. Mr. C. J. Emery, an employee of the 
 American office who was in the car, says : " My friend and myself 
 stood with our feet on the brakes of the car, holding on to the top 
 portion of it. The water was about up to our arm-pits, and the car 
 continued swaying in the wild torrent from one side to the other, 
 we laboring hard to clear ourselves from the floating debris. We 
 finally reached the corner of Harrison and Fayette streets, in front 
 of the tavern kept by John English, when the car wheeled around 
 and turned over, carrying us and other persons, an old gentleman 
 and a lad about fourteen years of age, with it. Myself and friend, 
 through great exertion, succeeded in getting on the upper side of 
 the car, and reaching the awning, were saved by the timely assist- 
 ance of Mr. English and the occupants of the house. Mr. Ayme- 
 riche, my friend, was much bruised, cut and swollen, and almost 
 insensible when he reached a place of safety. The old gentleman 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 671 
 
 and the youth who were our fellow-passengers in this most terrible 
 catastrophe, followed us in reaching the awning, but we had 
 scarcely got into the window when it was carried away, and these two 
 unfortunates who were on the awning were carried off in the raging 
 current and sunk to rise no more. They were strangers to us, and 
 in the excitement and the effort each of us had to make during the 
 occurrence to save ourselves from impending death, it would be 
 impossible to give the faintest description of their personal ap- 
 pearance. That they were both drowned is certain, and their 
 bodies probably swept out into the basin. AVe were most kindly 
 received by Mr. English and his family, and every attention given 
 to our comfort and resuscitation from almost a drowned condition. 
 A boat in charge of police officers finally came to search for 
 the wrecked passengers, and conveyed us to dry land once more ; 
 and we hope never again to make so perilous a journey over the 
 paved streets of Baltimore." 
 
 Standing at the corner of Frederick and Baltimore streets about 
 1^ o'clock, the scene Tvas truly distressing. The flood had now 
 swollen into an angry torrent that rushed down the beds of Har- 
 rison and Frederick streets in volume and swiftness resembling the 
 rapids of Niagara. At the corner of Harrison street, in front of 
 Laroque's drug store, the water was within one foot of the top of 
 the street lamp. Ever and anon masses of timber and wood, boxes, 
 barrels, railroad ties, articles of household furniture, fencing, 
 trees, wagons, out-houses, and in short all manner of debris 
 from the wreck and ruin along the line of the Falls, came 
 sweeping down the fearful current, and piling up in front of the 
 Maryland Institute, in this way a sort of break-water was formed, 
 protecting that building against the beating of the billows, 
 for in truth nothing less than billows they were that swept down 
 both Harrison and Frederick streets. The water soon after this 
 was seen to dash over the bed of Baltimore street bridge, driving 
 the people assembled there in wild confusion toward High street. 
 About this time word came that Gay Street bridge was seriously 
 threatened, and in attestation of this report there was soon a flood 
 of water pouring down Gay street, and shortly thereafter the back 
 water came in large volumes down Holliday street also. Language 
 is almost inadequate to describe the scene that was now witnessed. 
 The surface of the angry flood was fairly covered with every des- 
 cription of material, telling sadly and painfully of the immense 
 loss, destruction and distress that this disaster w^as occasioning. 
 Now the porch of a house, now the contents of some store, now 
 the timbers of bridges and warehouses, would come down dashing 
 along with fearful rapidity, driving up against buildings, crashing 
 window glass in the first floor and bursting in doorways. At one 
 time we noticed a child's crib floating down Harrison street, and 
 several bodies of animals, cows and horses were also seen, whilst 
 not a few" of the spectators were of the opinion that more than 
 • one or two dead bodies of human beings were to be seen. 
 
672 CHROKICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 The effects of the flood were very severely felt on Korth street, 
 and it is almost impossible to estimate the extent of the loss sus- 
 tained in this portion of the flooded district. From the high 
 ground near the City Hall excavation, just south of Lexington 
 street, the water covered the whole extent of the street northward 
 towards Eager street, flooding every building. In some places, 
 say from near Pleasant street northward, the water was fully ten 
 to twelve feet deep. The residents of the small dwellings in the 
 neighborhood were obliged to take refuge in the upper stories of 
 their dwellings, and some made very narrow escapes. Hollidaj^ 
 street also came in for a large share of the overwhelming flood. 
 The water extended the whole length of this street, even across 
 the elevated portion of it at Fayette street, and thence passing 
 down into Baltimore street. In front of the theatre the water 
 rose above the sills of the doors, and thence extended in a broad 
 sheet across the street to t»he new City Hall excavation, which 
 was quickly filled, the water rushing into it with great volume, 
 presenting the appearance of a mill dam. Northward the whule 
 length of the street was like an angry river, and the occupants of 
 the small houses above Saratoga street were in no little peril. 
 Some of them were rescued from drowning only by the huniane 
 efforts of others. Smith and Curlett's soap and candle factory 
 •was entirely surrounded by the flood, and the, water dashed and 
 beat against its walls on all sides up to the second floor. The 
 whole appearance of this region was so changed by the action of 
 the water that one even tolerably familiar with the locality could 
 scarcely recognize it. 
 
 On the opposite or eastern bank of the Falls many of the small 
 dwellings had completely disappeared, and on this side those that 
 were left standing as the water subsided, were in ruins, as though 
 an earthquake had shattered them. J ust above Bath street bridge, 
 which disappeared at an early stage of the flood, a frame dwelling 
 on the west side of the Falls was lifted bodily from its foundations 
 and carried out into the stream, with all its contents, and soon 
 became a wreck, its shattered fragments joining the mass of madly 
 rushing timbers, boxes, and household goods continually passing 
 down the current. Near where the above mentioned house stood 
 was located Crichton's whisky distillery, which was also entirely 
 destroyed, nothing being left of the establishment but a mass of 
 ruins. All the whiskey in the stills and in the bonded warehouse 
 was swept down the Falls. The Centre Market, under the Mary- 
 land Institute, was completely swept out, scarcely a box or a stall 
 being left in the whole building. The blocks of the upper market, 
 except those that were swept out into the basin, were piled up 
 upon those in the lower markets, presenting a scene of confusion 
 that made a bad show for holding market the next morning. The 
 stores upon both sides of the market were in a terrible condition, 
 the water having reached the ceilings, and a large portion of their 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 673 
 
 stock was utterly destroyed. On the west side of the market and 
 on Second street the pavements were torn up, and in some places 
 the earth washed out to the depth of three or ibur feet. At the 
 foot of the market on Pratt street the earth caved in at the head 
 of Long dock, taking with it half of the bed of Pratt street. Five 
 dead bodies were fished out of the falls and along the streets. 
 
 The mammoth body of water that poured with such terrific 
 force down Marsh Market Space, Frederick street and Gay street 
 into the wharves at the south side of Pratt street, can scarcely be 
 described. The bed of the street was uprooted and carried away, 
 the enormous stones forming the coping at the edge of the 
 wharves torn up as if they were mere pebbles, and tossed on edge 
 and transversely so that the water pouring over them formed a 
 cataract the width of the streets, and swept downward into the 
 docks with a volume of sound that could be heard a considerable 
 distance. This was especially the case at the foot of Centre 
 Market Space, where from Dugan's wharf on one side and McEl- 
 derry's wharf on the other, the torrent of angry turbid water 
 rushed onward with a force that carried down huge beams and 
 rafters, barrels of whiskey, beef and pork, and where it poured 
 over the head of the destroyed dock was converted into a cataract 
 that can be likened to nothing but a miniature Niagara. Down 
 this stream there came a number of staves, probably 25,000 ; a short 
 distance further down the dock they caught against some huge 
 pieces of lumber that had become fixed across it. In this waj'^ a 
 strong boom was formed, and as the piled up mass of debris grew 
 greater, it made u bridge on which a person could cross dry-shod 
 from shore to shore. 
 
 It was supposed at first that all the bridges over the Falls had 
 been swept away, but fortunately this was not the case, though 
 the few that were left standing were nearly all greatly damaged. 
 The stone bridge at Eager street stood firm, and did not appear to 
 be injured in the slightest degree. The Charles street bridge was 
 swept entirely away, the abutments having jnelded to the force 
 of the torrent. The structure was soon dashed to pieces, and 
 came down with the mass of debris against the Monument street 
 bridge. The pressure of debris and its damming of the flood at 
 Monument street, soon caused the w^ater to rise and flow over the 
 bed of that structure, and in a few minutes after it floated from 
 its abutments and was dashed into fragments. The Madison and 
 Centre street bridges, the Hi lien street and the Swann street 
 bridges soon after gave way and were swept down the current, the 
 abutments and approaches to these fine structures being entirely 
 destroyed. The Belvedere bridge was not injured, it having with- 
 stood all the floods for fifty years past. The firm iron bridge at 
 Fayette street was also swept oif. This bridge was of massive 
 cast iron, and probably had enough iron in it to construct a half 
 dozen bridges. The abutments gave way about half-past one 
 43 
 
674 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 o'clock, and the iron superstructure crumbled into a thousand 
 fragments; even the abutments were pushed out to their base. 
 The only other bridge totally destroyed was the foot-bridge over 
 Swann and Plowman streets, which was swept off and destroyed. 
 The three principal bridges in the centre of the city, those over 
 Gay street, Baltimore street, and Pratt street, were all badly dam- 
 aged, and were only in a condition for foot-passengers to cross. 
 
 The scene at Gay street bridge after the water subsided was of 
 the most appalling character, and showed the cause of suc.h an im- 
 mense flood having forced its way into Harrison and Frederick 
 streets. When the flood was at its height the debris from the five 
 bridges that were washed away above Gay street massed itself 
 against the north side of the Gay street bridge, and was piled up 
 to the height of fifteen feet above the floor of the bridge, and 
 massed back to the extent of fifty or sixty feet. The bridge itself 
 was raised from its abutments on the north side, and the railings 
 on both sides carried away. The water when at its height was 
 nearly a foot over the railings, and it is singular that the structure 
 retained its position. Baltimore street bridge also caught a large 
 portion of the floating timber, and was badly damaged, though it 
 was made passable the next day. Pratt street bridge was also in 
 a critical condition, and could not be used except for foot-pas- 
 sengers. The bridge over Eastern avenue was not injured in 
 the least, and this and the Eager street bridge were the only two 
 serviceable for travel. The flood had pretty well subsided, and 
 the water was confined to the banks of the Falls, about six o'clock 
 in the evening, and many thousands of persons were wading 
 through the mud left in the streets, nearly ankle deep, to witness 
 the scenes for two or three squares on either side of the Falls, ex- 
 tending over a distance of fully two miles. Hundreds of vehicles 
 were in use for the same purpose, though it was difficult at times 
 to thread a way through the rubbish left by the receding waters. 
 A horse and wagon, the latter containing some fifteen persons, was 
 crossing Baltimore street near the west side of Market Space, the 
 pavement caved in and the whole party were thrown into a hole 
 «ight feet deep. They all managed to struggle to shore, and the 
 horse was cut loose in time to save himself. The wagon came to 
 a sudden end by being badly smashed. 
 
 Whilbt the flood was at its height, and the angry billows of the 
 torrent were surging around the Maryland Institute, a most 
 thrilling s^ene waa enacted. Several members of the theatrical 
 prolesHion, who had assembled in the upper hall over the market- 
 house to hold a rehearsal, heard cries of distress from the market- 
 house. Mr. Stevens procured a piece of timber, and with the as- 
 sistance of his friends, knocked out some planks in the floor, 
 which enabled them to communicate with the people who were 
 flood-bound in the market-house beneath. The water was now 
 bome eight or ten feet deep, and the only refuge of these unfortu- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 675 
 
 nates was by climbing upon and clinging to tbe stalls. A rope 
 was procured, and a large number of persons of all ages and sex^ 
 white and colored, amounting to about thirty-five in all, were 
 rescued. 
 
 The destruction of property in Baltimore County was immense. 
 There was scarcely a bridge over a stream of any considerable 
 size standing. The flood at Ellicott City was terrible, and thirty- 
 eight lives were lost. 
 
 The People's Bank, at the corner of Baltimore and Paca streets, 
 was discovered on Sunday evening, August 16th, to have been 
 robbed by parties who first entered an adjoining warehouse, and 
 then obtained access to the bank by breaking through the wall. 
 Once in the bank, they succeeded in digging their way into the 
 vault, and blew open an interior safe containing money and se- 
 curities, the whole contents of which they carried off. The safe 
 contained some six thousand dollars belonging to the bank, and 
 Government bonds and other securities belonging to other parties 
 and placed on deposit for safe-keeping. The whole amount of loss 
 was about $20,000. 
 
 The Maryland Institution for the Blind, on North avenue, near 
 Charles street avenue, was dedicated on Friday, November 20th. 
 The ceremonies were commenced by the singing of a chant by the 
 larger pupils, accompanied on the organ by Prof Wm. Harman. 
 Kev. Dr. Kandolph of the Protestant Episcopal Church ofi'ered a 
 prayer, after which a chorus was sung by the pupils. W, W. 
 Glenn, Esq., of the Board of Directors, read the annual report. 
 The programme was closed by a benediction delivered by Rev. Dr. 
 Crosby. 
 
 1869. In accordance with the instructions of the Most Rev. 
 Archbishop Spaulding, the Tenth Provincial Council of Baltimore 
 assembled Sunday morning, April 25th, at the Cathedral, and the 
 first day of its session was celebrated with great religious ceremo- 
 nies. 
 
 The corner-stone of the new St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, corner of Druid Hill avenue and Lanvale street, was laid 
 Thursday afternoon, April 29th, with appropriate religious cere- 
 monies. An address was delivered by the rector, Rev. Dr. Julius 
 E. Grammer. 
 
 The eleventh festival of the Northwestern Saengerbund com- 
 menced their five days of musical and social festivities in this city 
 on Monday, July 12th. People of all nations, citizens of all classes, 
 were on the streets to join in the acclaim of kind words, and the 
 streaming flags, evergreen arches, illuminated houses, and flashing 
 fireworks, added to the notable features of an occasion that was 
 altogether remarkable in its demonstrations of popular interest. 
 The procession was brilliant and well-arranged, creditable to the 
 Baltimore associations, and must have been highly gratifying to 
 their visitors. The 14th was the first picnic day at the Schuetzen 
 
676 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 Park of the Saengerfept, and there were numerous festive and 
 jovial observances. The singing associations marched from the 
 Concordia to the Schuetzen Park in the morning, and on arriving 
 there, there were orations in German by Wm. Kapp, Esq., and in 
 English by Robert C. Barry, Esq. Each was a very fine oratorical 
 eifort, and elicited great applause. The distribution of the prize 
 
 Sianos to the winning societies took place in the afternoon, the 
 lew York Liederkranz taking the first, the Philadelphia Junger 
 Maennerchor the second, the Hoboken Quartette Club the third, 
 and the Washington Gesang Yerein the fourth. During the day 
 speeches were made by Mr. Christain Ax, chairman of the hono- 
 rary committee, Mr. George P. Stein bach, chairman of the execu- 
 tive committee, Hon. Reverdy Johnson, and Major-General Bier, 
 Adjutant-General of Maryland. The management of the musical 
 department of the festivities attending the Saengerfest could not 
 have been placed in better hands than tbose of Professor Charles 
 Lenschow, our eminent townsman, a musician of great experience 
 and some renown as a composer. 
 
 The most destructive fire that had occurred in Baltimore for some 
 time transpired between the hours of half-past eleven o'clock on 
 the morning of the 25th of April and two in the afternoon. The 
 greater portion of a block of buildings, and lumberyard of Ran- 
 dolph Brothers, and several workshops, bounded by Thames, 
 Wolfe, and Lancaster streets, were consumed^ entailing a loss ot 
 nearly $150,000. 
 
 Shortly before twelve o'clock on Saturday night, October 2d, a 
 rain storm visited this city, and continued during Sunday. A 
 
 freat scare prevailed amongst the residents along Jones Falls, they 
 eing fearful that another inundation was about to befall them. 
 Centre Market bridge was carried away, and Pratt street bridge 
 and the draw-bridge were considerably injured by the dredging- 
 machines which were wrecked against them. 
 
 The first annual exhibition of the Maryland State Agricultural 
 and Mechanical Association was inaugurated on Tuesday morning, 
 October 26th. Agreeably to orders issued by the Adjutant-General 
 (George H. Bier), the First Division Maryland National Guards 
 marched to the grounds and participated in the ceremonies. 
 
 Mr. George Peabody died in London on Thursday, the 4th of 
 November. Mr. Peabody, whose name is famous in two continents 
 for his unexampled generosity in distributing millions of money in 
 beneficent objects, was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, February 
 18th, 1795, and for many years was a merchant in this city. Our 
 State has particular reasons for remembering his important services 
 in negotiating important loans while in London, for which he 
 always refused compensation. Among the noble monuments which 
 will stand in everlasting attestation of his munificence, are the 
 working-men's houses in London, an immense block of which were 
 built by him and bestowed upon them ; the Institute at Danvers ; 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. ' 677 
 
 the donation of $1,4,00,000 to the purpose of educating the children 
 of the South ; and the Peabody Institute at Baltimore, to which he 
 has also given $1,400,000. The great philanthropist also gave 
 smaller sums to various objects ; indeed, his last years of life are 
 but the history of a series of noble charities,-bestowed with a large 
 heart and a willing hand. 
 
 At his residence in this city, at twenty-five minutes before one 
 o'clock on Wednesday, November 10th, died Hon. Thomas G. 
 Pratt, a gentleman who in past years had filled many public 
 positions of importance. He was born in the city of Washington 
 in the j-ear 1804, and graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey. 
 He served in both the State Senate and House of JDelegates. The 
 next political position held by him was that of Governor of Mary- 
 land, to which he was elected in 1844, and retired from in 1848. 
 He was also in the United States Senate. At the outbreak of the 
 late war he strongly espoused the cause of the South, and in 1861 
 was arrested by order of the Government and sent to Fortress 
 Monroe, where, however, he remained iiut a few weeks, and then 
 returned to Baltimore. 
 
 Ml". Charles Howard, who was the youngest son of Col. John 
 Eager Howard, died at Oakland, in Alleghany county, where he 
 was seeking relief, under the advice of his physicians, from a pro- 
 tracted and distressing malady, Friday, June 18th. He was among 
 the early graduates of St. Mary's College in this city. For a con- 
 siderable period he was president of the Baltimore and Susquehanna 
 Railroad Company. He was afterwards presiding judge of the 
 Orphans' Court, and subsequently filled the place of city collector 
 under Mayor Hollins. In 1860 he was appointed by the General 
 Assembly of Maryland a member of the Board of Police Com- 
 missioners under the law of that year, and presided over the board 
 until July, 1861, when he was forcibly removed with his colleagues, 
 by the military power of the Government. The health of Mr. 
 Howard received an impression from his sixteen months' imprison- 
 ment in Fort Lafayette and Fort Warren which was never 
 removed. He was, at the time of his death, one of the trustees 
 of the Peabody Foundation, and belonged to the board of trustees 
 of the Maryland Hospital, and the board of managers of the 
 Asylum for the Blind. He was amiable, affectionate, gentle and 
 brave — full of all the blessed charities and quiet virtues that make 
 this world happy, as well as of the Christian faith and hope which 
 brighten the pathway to another. 
 
 1870. A meeting was held on Tuesday evening, March 22d, at the 
 Mount Yernon Hotel, for the purpose of organizing an Academy 
 of Music, and the building of an opera house or music hall. Dr. 
 J. Hanson Thomas was called to the chair, and Israel Cohen. Esq., 
 was appointed secretary. A charter was read and adopted, fixing 
 the stock at $300,000 ; the shares 650 each, and giving to each 
 holder of twenty shares ($1000) and his assigns the privilege of 
 
678 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 a free seat to all dramatic and operatic representations so long as 
 the stock was held in one block. The following gentlemen were 
 then appointed directors: Israel Cohen, W. T. Walters, Thomas 
 H. Morris, S. T. Wallis, A. Schumacher, A. J. Albert, W. F. Frick, 
 W. P. Smith, Werner Dressel, Dr. J. Hanson Thomas, J. Hall 
 Pleasants, and John Curlett. 
 
 In accordance with the decision rendered in the United States 
 Circuit Court for the Maryland District, on April 29th, by Judge 
 Giles, the Baltimore City Passenger Eailway Company are required 
 to carrj'^ colored people on the lines of their railway in the same 
 class of cars provided for all other persons. 
 
 On Tuesday, May 24th, the corner-stone of the new Episcopal 
 Christ Church of Baltimore was laid at the corner of Chase and 
 St. Paul streets. The services were conducted by the rector, 
 Thomas U. Dudley, assisted by Eevs. Fleming James and A. M. 
 Kandolph. An address was delivered by the rector, in which he 
 gave a very interesting history of the church. 
 
 Jerome Napoleon Bonj|parte died at his residence in this city 
 on Friday morning, June 17th. Mr. Bonaparte was the son of 
 Jerome Bonaparte, brother of the Emperor, and Miss Elizabeth 
 Patterson, of Baltimore, who were married in this city by Bishop 
 Carroll in 1803. Her treatment by Napoleon and her husband is fa- 
 miliar to almost every one. Napoleon forbade her landing in France, 
 would not recognize the marriage, and she was compelled to leave 
 her husband and take up her abode in England, and at Camberwell, 
 near London, the deceased was born on the 7th of July, 1805. 
 Napoleon never succeeded in inducing the then Pope Pius Yll. to 
 declare Jerome's marriage null and void, and this protest had 
 several times been brought forward in a question inyolving the 
 rank of the deceased and his family. Madame Bonaparte returned 
 to Baltimore with her son during his boyhood, and he was reared 
 in this city. Mr. Bonaparte entered Harvard College, and grad- 
 uated from the institution in 1826, having then an intention of 
 pursuing the legal profession, but although he studied for the bar 
 he never practised law. He was married in early life to Miss 
 Susan May Williams, only daughter of Benjamin Williams, Esq., 
 originally of Roxbury, Massachusetts. Miss Williams- was born in 
 Baltimore, was a lady of very large fortune, which, united with 
 Mr. Bonaparte's own fortune, made him one of the wealthiest 
 citizens of Baltimore. Mr. Bonaparte had two sons, Jerome 
 Napoleon, born in 1831, and Charles Joseph, born in 1852. Major 
 Jerome served with great distinction and gallantry in the Crimean 
 war, and also in the Italian campaign in 1859. During the reign 
 of Louis Philippe, Mr. Bonaparte was permitted to visit Paris, but 
 for a short period only, and under his mother's name of Patterson. 
 Although travelling incognito, he attracted much attention from his 
 singular likeness to his uncle, the great Emperor. He was always 
 thought to resemble him more than any of the monarch's own 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 679 
 
 brothers did. Mr. Bonaparte was distinguished by the same shape 
 of the head and regularity of features, bronze countenance and dark 
 eyes of peculiar tint, which Napoleon had, and which characterized 
 the Corsican people. His figure too was cast in the same square 
 mould which we see in the pictures of Napoleon. Mr. Bonaparte 
 had long been on good terms with the late Louis Napoleon, and 
 visited the French Court with his son. If the validity of his 
 father's marriage with Miss ii'atterson had been fully recognized 
 by the Court of France it would have given his heirs precedence 
 over the children of his half brothers and the Princess Mathilda, 
 the children of Jerome's second marriage. It is very often doubted 
 whether there was a drop of Bonaparte blood in the veins of the 
 late Emperor of France, but the story of the intrigue between 
 Hortense and the Dutch Admiral has never been proved, although 
 it has formed one of the staple themes for the invectives of La 
 Marsdlatse and the Red Republicans against Napoleon III. If it 
 was true, then the deceased was the proper heir to the throne of 
 France, and his son succeeds to his rights. But the son of Hor- 
 tense made himself Emperor by a coup d'etat, and always refused 
 to recognize the American marriage of the first Jerome as valid, 
 thus excluding the Baltimore Bonapartes from rank as Princes. 
 The first Jerome made his second marriage with the Princess of 
 Wurtemburg in 1807, of which the offspring was the present 
 Prince Napoleon, more generally known by the nickname of 
 " Plon-Plon," which was given him by the army, and the Princess 
 Mathilde. Mrs. Patterson Bonaparte and her husband never met 
 but once after his marriage with the Princess of Wurtemburg. 
 The occasion was in a picture gallery of Florence, years after- 
 wards. They recognized each other instantly, but the gentleman 
 who accompanied the lady led her away, and the next morning 
 Jerome Bonaparte left the city. Mr. Bonaparte was of a genial 
 and social nature, a generous friend, kind and charitable, and uni- 
 versally beloved by his friends and acquaintances. 
 
 Hon. John Pendleton Kennedy, of Baltimore, died on Friday, 
 August 18th, at Newport, R. I., full of years and full of the honors 
 of a meritorious life. In all of the many public positions to which 
 he was called he distinguished himself, bringing to them a rare in- 
 telligence and ability. He was born in Baltimore on the 25th of 
 October, 1795, and graduated at Baltimore College in 1812. When 
 the British troops appeared before Baltimore in 1814, and the call 
 was made for volunteers to defend the city, Mr. Kennedy, then 
 but nineteen years of age, enlisted and fought in the ranks at the 
 battles of Bladensburg and North Point. In 1816 he was admitted 
 to the practige of law at the Baltimore bar, and in 1818 commenced 
 authorship by the publication, in connection with his friends, Peter 
 Hoffman Cruse and Josias Pennington, of the "Red Book," a light 
 serial of prose and verse. This was issued once a fortnight, and 
 continued for two years. In 1820 he entered political life, and ii\ 
 
680 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 that year, and again in 1822, was elected to the Maryland House 
 of Delegates. That body chose him for its speaker. In 1823 he 
 was appointed by President Monroe, Secretary of Legation to 
 Chili, and accepted the post, but afterwards declined it before the 
 mission sailed for Valparaiso. He was always strongly in favor of 
 high tariff and protection of home industry, and in 1830 wrote a 
 review of Hon. C. C. Cambreleng's report on commerce and navi- 
 gation, combatting its free trade arguments. In 1831 he was ap- 
 pointed a delegate to the National Convention of the Friends of 
 Manufacturing Industry, held in New York. In 1832 Mr. Ken- 
 nedy published his first novel, " Swallow Barn, or a Sojourn in the 
 Old Dominion." From this time until 1838 Mr. Kennedy devoted 
 his attention to works of fiction, and produced in 1835 his second 
 novel, "Horseshoe Kobinson, a Tale of the Tory Ascendency." 
 In 1838 he published " Eob of the Bowl, a Legend* of St. Inigoes." 
 All .of these books were revised and republished in 1852. In 1838 
 Mr. Kennedy emerged from his retirement and was elected a 
 member of the House of Eepresentatives as a Protectionist. Once 
 at Washington, he immediately assumed a foremost position in a 
 Congress that numbered many of the greatest lights of the nation. 
 In 1841 he was again elected to Congress, and was appointed 
 chairman of the Committee on Commerce. In 1843 he was a third 
 time elected to the House of Eepresentatives, serving there in all 
 six years. In 1845 the Democratic party carried his district 
 against him, but in the succeeding year he was again returned to 
 the Maryland House of Delegates, and was once more elected its 
 speaker. At the expiration of this term Mr. Kennedy devoted 
 himself to the production of his "Life of William Wirt, Attorney- 
 General of the United States," which was published in 1849. In 
 1852 Mr. Fillmore appointed him Secretary of the Navy, which 
 
 Sosition he held until the Administration went out of office in 
 [arch, 1854. Since then he lived the life of cultivated repose, and 
 literary and material research, to which his bent of mind disposed 
 him. The possessor of an ample fortune, he had every oppor- 
 tunity to indulge in his predilection. At the outbreak of the war 
 he immediately announced himself a supporter of the government 
 in its efforts to crush the rebellion, and remained firm in its faith. 
 In November, 1868, he presided at a Eepublican mass-meeting at 
 Front Street Theatre, then held in this city prior to the Presi- 
 dential election. His letter accepting the position was fervid with 
 the principles of Eepublicanism. Mr. Kennedy was Provost of the 
 University of Maryland, Vice-President of the Maryland Historical 
 Society, and a member of several other literary and scientific asso- 
 ciations. Ho was chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Pea- 
 body Institute of this city, and also a member of the Board of 
 Trustees of the Peabodj' Southern Educational Fund. 
 
 In August it was discovered that Mr. John L. Crawford, of Bal- 
 timore, treasurer of the Parker«burg Branch Eailroad Company, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 681 
 
 had issued fraudulent certificates of its stock to the amount of 
 ^1,300,000. On account of the manner in which the alleged un- 
 authorized issues of stock, for a period of mor^ than two years, 
 and perhaps more (as disclosed in the evidence), were made by 
 Crawford, with the facilities especially afforded him for that pur- 
 pose by the absolutely uncontrolled possession and use of the cer- 
 tificate books and seal of the company and signatures in blank of 
 the president, and other causes, the holders of the fraudulent cer- 
 tificates are endeavoring to hold the company responsible. The fol- 
 lowing very eminent legal gentlemen have been retained to settle 
 the questions in dispute before the courts : Messrs Reverdy John- 
 son and John H. B. Latrobe, for the company, and Messrs. I. 
 Nevitt Steele, William F. Frick, and Samuel Snowden, for the 
 holders of the fraudulent stock. 
 
 The corner-stone of the Mount Yernon Place Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church was laid on Monday, September 26th, with impres- 
 sive ceremonies. A large audience was in attendance, and stood 
 patiently through the whole exercises, which continued nearly three 
 hours. Interesting addresses were delivered by Bishop Janes, 
 Dr. Fuller, and Dr. Eddy. 
 
 The first day of the meeting of the Maryland Jockey Club at 
 the grounds of the Association at Pimlico on Tuesday, October 
 25th, was a grand success. The track was in good condition, the 
 weather delightful, the exhibition of blooded stock unequalled, 
 and the attendance exceeded the expectations of the most sanguine 
 friends of the club. The contests for speed were well-managed, 
 and everything passed off as all affairs of the kind should — pleas- 
 antly. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin Deford died on the 17th of April, leaving a larare 
 estate, the accumulation of years of patient industry, of prudent 
 foresight, and of judicious enterprise. 
 
 On Tuesday, November 8th, the colored people of Maryland 
 voted for the candidates of their choice. 
 
 In the First Branch of the City Council, on Monday evening, 
 November 14th, an ordinance was presented by Mr. Trippe, provi- 
 ding for the laying down of the tracks of the Citizens' Passenger 
 Railwa}^ 
 
 At a meeting of the stockholders of the Baltimore Gas Li^t 
 Company on Monday, November 31st, the franchises and property 
 of the company were disposed of to capitalists from New York for 
 $3,000,000. 
 
 The opening of Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, corner 
 of Park avenue and Townsend street, took place on Sunday, De- 
 cember 2d. The dedicatory services in the morning were led 
 by Rev. Dr. J. C. Backus. The dedicatory services were continued 
 in the evening. Every seat was occupied, the aisles were crowded, 
 find hundreds went away who were not able to find even standing 
 room inside the doors. After the introductory services, which 
 
682 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 -were conducted by the pastor, Eev. J. S. Jones, a sermon was 
 preached by Eev. Henry C. Boardman, of Philadelphia, appro- 
 priate to the occasion, and commemorative of the eminent Chris- 
 tian gentleman tb whose memory the church was erected, its 
 cost was entirely defrayed as a gift from his widow, Mrs. Isabella 
 Brown, a lady distinguished for her great liberality and truly 
 Christian character. The church is a most beautiful edifice, and 
 will stand as a monument to her memory. 
 
 The Eev. James Dolan, familiarly known as the "good Father 
 Dolan," pastor of St. Patrick's Eoman Catholic Church in the city 
 of Baltimore, who was respected and admired by all for his virtues, 
 charities, and usefulness, died on the 12th day of January, 1870, 
 aged 55 years, 6 months, and 12 days. He was born in Ireland on 
 the let day of July, 1814, and sailed from the city of Cork on the 
 18th day of February, 1834, bound for New Orleans, in the State 
 of Louifciiana. After many hardships and privations he arrived in 
 Baltimore on the 18th day of December, 1834. He was admitted 
 into the seminary in 1834, received the holy tonsural in January. 
 1836, was admitted to minor orders in 1838, to subdeaconship in 
 September,. 1839, deaconship in the same month of the following 
 year, and was ordained a priest and entered on the duties of assist- 
 ant pastor* of St. Patrick's on the 20th of December, 1840, and 
 jjastor on the 28th day of February, 1841. 
 
 The order of the Sons and Daughters of America was first in- 
 troduced into this State and cit}^ by the Grand Council of Penn- 
 sylvania, November 17th, 1870, upon which occasion '' Columbia 
 Council No. 1 " was duly instituted as the pioneer council. 
 
 James Sullivan Garey, one of Baltimore's wealthiest and promi- 
 nent manufacturers, died on the 7th of March, 1870, aged sixty- 
 two years. The village of Alberton, on the line of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Eailroad, about twelve miles from Baltimore,, is tho 
 scene of his many labors, and the busy factory and its pleasant 
 surroundings remain as monuments to his energy and skill. 
 
 1871. The consolidation of the Central Young Men's Christian 
 Association with the Baltimore Association, was consummated at 
 the rooms 160 West Baltimore street, on the evening of Thursday, 
 March 2d. 
 
 /A serious conflagration took place on Sharp street, near 
 German, before daylight of Monday morning. May 22d. Two ex- 
 tensive warehouses occupied by Messrs. Wm. H. Brown & Bro., 
 and Stellman, Henrichs & Co., and a dwelling-house, were destroyed^ 
 and several other buildings damaged, the loss amounting to a total 
 of between two hundred and two hundred and fift}- thousand 
 dollars. The saddest incident of the calamity was the killing of J. 
 Harry Weaver, member of the First Branch of the City Council 
 from the nineteenth ward, by the explosion of the steam fire 
 engine " Alpha," at the northwest corner of German and Howard 
 fltreets. 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOBE. 683 
 
 John Van Lear McMahon, one of the most distinguished 
 lawyers of the Maryland bar, died at the residence of Dr. Robert 
 J. McKaig, Cumberland, on Thursday, June 15th. Mr. McMahon 
 was born in Cumberland, August ISth, 1800. His father, Wm. 
 McMahon, was a highly respected farmer of Alleghany county. 
 Mr. McMahon graduated when only seventeen years old, with the 
 first honors of Princeton College. He immediately commenced 
 the study of law with Roger Perry, the father of Judge Perry, of 
 Cumberland, and was admitted to the bar in the nineteenth year 
 of bis age. He was at once successful, being retained as counsel 
 in almost every considerable case. As soon as he had reached his 
 majority he was elected to the Legislature. The next year he was 
 re-elected, and at that session became the leader of the House of 
 Delegates, and made his famous speech in favor of giving to the 
 Jews of the State an equality of all rights. In 1826 he was urged 
 by his friends and admirers to remove his residence to Baltimore 
 city, which he did, and was elected to the Legislature with Geo. 
 H. Steuart, Esq., twice in succession, by the Jackson democrats. 
 The same party unanimously nominated him as their candidate for 
 Congress, which he peremptorily refused to accept. . He after- 
 wards b^ame identified with the Whig party, and in 1840 he 
 was president of the great National Whig Mass Convention which 
 gathered its thousands in this cit}^ at Canton, where, in his stento- 
 rian voice, he " called the nation to order," and proclaimed that 
 " every mountain has sent forth its rill, everj^ valley its stream, 
 and lo! the avalanche of the people is here." When General 
 Harrison became President, Mr. McMahon was oifered, by letter, 
 any office, except one, in the presidential gift. But he declined to 
 accept any office of a political nature, although the highest honors 
 of his State were also offered him. Mr. McMahon was a delegate 
 to the State Internal Improvement Convention in 1825, of which 
 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, was president, and was the leader 
 in it, although such men as John Nelson and Charles Fenton Mercer 
 were members of it. When it was determined to construct the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad, Mr. McMahon, then only 26 years 
 old, drew the charter, which has ever since served as a model for 
 railroad charters in this country. In 1831 he published the first 
 volume of his History of Maryland, and it is greatly to be regretted 
 that he never published the intended second. Mr. McMahon con- 
 tinued to be one of the leaders of the Baltimore bar from 1827 to 
 1859, in which year, whilst preparing a brief in a cause in the 
 Court of Appeals, he was stricken with partial blindness, which 
 continued to grow worse thereafter. In consequence he gradually 
 withdrew from the bar, and in 1863 removed to his native town, 
 Cumberland, where he resided with his brothers-in-law, the late 
 Joseph Sprigg, Esq., and Dr. Robert McKaig, who married his 
 sisters. He also passed a portion of his time in Dayton, Ohio, 
 where another brother-in-law, Hon. C. L. Yallandigham, resided. 
 
684 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 In his residence in this city Mr. McMahon made his home at the 
 Eutaw House, from the time it was erected until he left the city 
 in 1863. As a political speaker it is said no one ever heard his 
 superior; as a profound and astute lawyer he had few equals. 
 When practising his profession he was familiar with the decisions 
 of all the States in the Union. The power of his memory was 
 wonderful. If a legal question was propounded to him, he would 
 at once say, " It is decided so and so in such and such States," and 
 would at once go to his library and put his hand on the volume 
 containing the decision. His voice had a wonderful volume, and he 
 could be distinctly heard at a great distance, and yet there was no 
 harshness. He was always Uetened to with pleasure, for he was 
 truly eloquent both in language and thought. 
 
 The Pope's Jubilee illumination on the night of the 17th of 
 June was a most extraordinary affair, and one that will long be 
 remembered by the rising generation of the city. In every section 
 the city was brilliantly illuminated and handsomely decorated with 
 wreaths, crosses, and festoons of evergreens and flowers; the 
 illumination was in many instances by gas-jets and Chinese 
 lanterns outside, as well as candles and other lights ipside the 
 w^indows. Flags, both the Papal and American, were profusely 
 displayed. With the evening of June 21st terminated the cele- 
 bration, by the Eoman Catholics of Baltimore, of the twenty-fifth 
 anniversary of the accession of Pope Pius IX. to the position of 
 spiritual head of the Roman Catholic Church. The churches of 
 that denomination, with the residences of many citizens, were 
 brilliantly illuminated, and a mammoth procession took place. The 
 procession, both in point of numbers and brilliancy of design, was, 
 perhaps, one of the grandest which has ever passed through the 
 streets of Baltimore. Every inch of curbstone along the streets 
 through which the pageant passed was occupied by young and old 
 of both sexes, and every window and door-step that would afford 
 humanity a chance of gazing upon the flaming procession, was 
 filled with ladies and children. At half-past seven o'clock large 
 crowds of men were seen wending their steps to the different 
 Catholic churches, each man bearing in his hands Chinese lanterns, 
 torches, or other illuminating devices ; and by eight o'clock most 
 of the congregations had received their full complement of members, 
 and in a short time thereafter the flambeaux, lanterns, and torches 
 were ignited, and the line of march taken up for headquarters on 
 Central avenue, where a multitude of persons, numbered by thou- 
 sands, had assembled. During the passage of the procession 
 through the streets the church-bells were rung, and thousands of 
 sky-rockets and other fireworks flashed upon the horizon, remind- 
 ing one of the time when the night of a 4th of July was celebrated 
 in a truly national manner. The illumination this night of the 
 dwellings and places of business was on a more extended and magnifi- 
 cent scale than that employed on Saturday night. Two stands had 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 685 
 
 been erected at the Cathedral, one at the front of the building on 
 Cathedral street, the other "on Mulberry street. At the latter 
 the addresses were made in the German language. AVhilst the 
 procession was passing the west front of the Cathedral, the meeting 
 at the stand there was organized by the selection of the following 
 officers : President, Hon. J. Thompson Mason ; Vice-Presidents, 
 Hon. Judge T. Parkin Scott, Hon. Judge Danels, Capt. William 
 Kennedy, Charles M. Dougherty, C. Oliver O'Donnell, Col. T. J. 
 Mathias, John Murphy, Michael Kelly, George W. Webb, Thomas 
 
 E. Jenkins, D. J. Foley, John F. Hunder, Cumberland Dugan, 
 John E. Eschbach, John Bell, and Colonel Bensinger ; Secretaries^ 
 
 F. X. Ward and Joseph S. Heuisler. Speeches were made by 
 Messrs. J. Thompson Mason, F. X. Ward, William P. Preston, 
 Prof Burg, F. E. Bauer, and A. Heine. At a meeting of the 
 clergy in the interior of the Cathedral, Archbishop Spaulding de- 
 livered a brief address. 
 
 Mr. Albert Schumacher, one of the leading shipping merchants 
 of Baltimore, president of the Board of Trade, and agent for the 
 North German Lloyd line of steamships, died suddenly at his resi- 
 dence No. 62 Mount Vernon Place, on Monday, June 27th. 
 
 The West Baltimore Schuetzen Association commenced their 
 first annual festival on Monday, July 31st. 
 
 Thousands of Knights Templar thronged into Baltimore during 
 Tuesday, September 19th. The hotels were packed, and in the, 
 centre of the city the symbols of the order met the eye at every 
 point of view. The streets were bright with their uniforms, deco- 
 rations and banners, and the music of their bands was almost con- 
 stantly ringing out in the air. The Grand Commandery was es- 
 corted to Masonic Hall by the Baltimore Commanderies, and there 
 an address of welcome was delivered by Hon. John H. B. Latrobe, 
 Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the Masonic Order in Mary- 
 land. The response was delivered by Grand Commander Warren. 
 In the evening there was a banquet at the Maryland Institute and 
 social entertainments at the various headquarters. On the second 
 day there were excursions on the Chesapeake, and the usual parad- 
 ing of commanderies through the streets and visits to the various 
 headquarters. The Grand Commandery and the Grand Koyal Arch 
 Chapter were in session at the Temple. In the evening there were 
 balls at the Concordia, Masonic Temple and the New Assembly 
 Eooms, and a banquet at Barnum's Hotel. The grand parade and 
 review of the Knights Templar took place on Thursday, Septem- 
 ber 2l8t, and was a most superb spectacle of its kind. The streets 
 were crowded, and such a manifestation of enthusiasm and interest 
 was shown as has never before been witnessed in Baltimore on any 
 occasion of Masonic character. The procession was truly a mag- 
 nificent demonstration. There was a sparkling grandeur in its 
 massed columns, and it may be doubted whether a finer looking 
 set of men ever marched in solid phalanx before. A manly and 
 
688 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 martial tread indicated military service, and the perfection of drill 
 could be accounted for in no other way. An army of veterans 
 could scarcely have kept step to martial music with more precision 
 than was universal throughout the line. Many of the commande- 
 ries also went through various evolutions along the line of march, 
 forming crosses, diamonds, and one from Philadelphia actually 
 without halting or breaking the line of march formed the figures 
 signifying the number of their commandery. Of course nearly 
 all of our citizens witnessed the procession, as throughout the line 
 of march, extending not les^than five miles, the streets and side- 
 walks were literally massed, and the windows and steps, even the 
 house-tops, thronged with ladies. We think we do not exaggerate 
 when we number the spectators at not less than two hundred 
 thousand, there being just room sufficient for the broad platoons of 
 Knights to pass. At all points of the route they were greeted with 
 cheers, the clapping of hands, showering of bouquets, and the 
 waving of handkerchiefs by ladies on all the elevated positions. 
 They marched generally in platoons of eight, whilst some num- 
 bered twelve, and others kept up through a greater portion of the 
 route the form of a cross. Each of the seventy commanderies 
 bore a handsome banner, and the number of full bands of music 
 in line was thirty-three, with seven drum corps. These bands 
 were mostly from other cities, and included all the finest and most 
 elegantly equipped military organizations from all sections of the 
 country. The music of course was grand and inspiriting, and there 
 was no lack of it, their fine uniforms serving to break the uniform- 
 ity which might otherwise have marred the scenic effect of the 
 display. It was a demonstration composed of members from nearly 
 every State in the Union, and some of the Territories. The men 
 of Mississippi were in brotherly fellowship with those of Maine 
 and New Hampshire, and Virginia and South Carolina trod in the 
 footsteps of their brethren from Massachusetts and Kansas. It 
 brought together in brotherly concord the North and the South, 
 the East and the West, and has cemented a fellowship that will be 
 lasting and serviceable to both sections. 
 
 The National Commercial Convention opened its session in 
 this city on Monday, September 25th, at Masonic Hall. Delega- 
 tions were present from twenty-two States. Mr. John W. Garrett 
 was appointed temporary president, until a perfect organization 
 was effected. 
 
 The Triennial General Convention of the Episcopal Church in 
 the United States of America, composed of delegates from every 
 portion of the Union, met in this city on Wednesday the 1st of 
 October, at the Emanuel church, corner of Cathedral and Read 
 streets, where the opening services took place at ten o'clock, in the 
 presence of an immense congregation of clergy and laity. The 
 sermon was delivered by the venerable Bishop Johns, of the Dio- 
 cese of Virginia. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 687 
 
 The City Council ou thelOth of October appropriated $100,000 
 for the relief of the Chicago sufferers by fire. 
 
 The Union railroad tunnel was commenced on the first of 
 May, 1871, and finished June, 1873. It is about five-eighths of a 
 mile long. 
 
 Ford's Grand Opera House was inaugurated on Tuesday even- 
 ing, October 3d, with a crowded house. The opening address, 
 written by Dr. C. C. Bombaugh, was delivered by Mr. Harry S. 
 Murdock. The initial performance was Shakspeare's comedy "As 
 You Like It" — Jacques, Mr. James AV. Wallack; Eosalind, Mrs. 
 Caroline Eichings Bernard. The music was sung by the Balti- 
 more Liederkranz. The orchestra under the direction of Prof. 
 J. H. Rosewald. The scenic department under Charles S. Getz. 
 
 1872. Mr. Alexander Lorman, an old and well-known citizen of 
 Baltimore, died on the 14th of January, at his residence, corner of 
 Charles and Lexington streets, in the seventy-eighth year of his 
 age. Mr. Lorman was many years ago a merchant, but retired 
 from business with a large fortune, which he judiciously invested, 
 and at the time of his death was accounted one of the wealthiest 
 of our citizens. 
 
 On Tuesday afternoon, January 23, the first grain elevator 
 erected by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company at Locust 
 Point was ready to receive grain, and car No. 15,119 of the Con- 
 tinental Line, B. & O. R. R., containing a lot of corn consigned to 
 Messrs. Barker & Fisher, was run alongside, and in a short time 
 was emptied into one of the bins. 
 
 At five o'clock on Wednesday afternoon, February the 7th, the 
 Cathedral bell tolled a requiem for the departed spirit of a man 
 who in life was truly great and truly good. When the solemn 
 tones broke upon the winter air, all who heard the mournful sound 
 knew that Martin John Spaulding, Archbishop of Baltimore and 
 Primate of the United States, had breathed his last. His death 
 was not unexpected. From time to time the city newspapers had 
 published bulletins of his health, which were read with eager and 
 trembling interest by tens of thousands of devout Catholics, whom 
 he was in the habit of saluting as " dearly beloved children." Martin 
 John Spaulding, the seventh Archbishop of Baltimore, was born 
 near Lebanon, Marion Co., Ky., on May 23d, 1810. His ancestry, 
 however, was of Maryland origin ; his father, Richard Spaulding, 
 having been born near Leonardtown, in St. Mary's County, while his 
 mother, Henrietta Hamilton, was a native of Charles County, her 
 parents residing near Port Tobacco. They both emigrated with 
 their parents to Kentucky in 1790. 
 
 Died, on the 25th of February, Jonathan Meredith, in the 88th 
 year of his age. Mr. Meredith was a connecting link between the 
 present and past generation. Born in the city of Philadelphia at 
 a time when this was the infant republic, and it had but just 
 emerged from the struggles of the Revolution a free nation, 
 
688 OHRONIOLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 when the Continental Congress assembled in Independence Hall 
 and Washington had not entered on the first term of his Presi- 
 dency. Mr. Meredith grew up amongst all the great events of our 
 early national history, and was personally cognizant of the days 
 and the men that laid the foundations of the nation. He had 
 known Washington, Franklin, Adams, Jefferson, Monroe, in fact 
 all the great men of the times following the war for independence, 
 and while in Philadelphia met with the notabilities of this and 
 other countries, who clustered around the seat of thfe new-born 
 Government, among whom were Kobert and Gouverneur Morris, 
 Alexander Hamilton, Louis Philippe, afterwards King of Franco ; 
 the wily diplomatist, Prince Maurice de Talleyrand ; the Duke of 
 Kent, father of Queen Victoria ; the Marquis De la Fayette, and 
 a host of other illustrious persons. Mr. Meredith was still a young 
 man when he removed to Baltimpre and established himself here 
 in the practice of the law. His contemporaries were Luther 
 Martin, Eoger B. Taney, William Pinckney, and William Wirt, 
 and even among such intellectual giants he stood in the front rank 
 of his profession, and won a fame for skill, learning and eloquence 
 that places his reputation side by side with those of these great 
 lawyers. Men who have listened to his reminiscences of the past, 
 either on the lecture platform or in the private circle, will not need 
 to be told how richly freighted his mind was with the memories of 
 historic days. Living an honorable, upright life, in death he was 
 crowned with the respect and esteem of all who knew him. 
 
 In the First Branch of the City Council, on March 4th, Mr. 
 Orndorff, chairman of the Committee on City Passenger Railways, 
 presented an ordinance granting permission to James L. McLane, 
 Wallace King, C. Oliver O'Donnell, Darius C. Howell, George P. 
 Frick, Cumb^land Dugan, James W. Tyson, John S. Hogg, and 
 Gerard T. Hopkins, or a majority of them, &c., to lay down city 
 passenger railway tracks along the following streets: commencing 
 on German street, at the west line of South street, and with double 
 tracks on German street to Charles, and on Charles to Saratoga, 
 and a single track on Saratoga street to and on Park street, to and 
 on Franklin street, to and on Howard street, and on Howard 
 street north from Franklin street, &c., &c., &c. 
 
 Died on the 6th of March, Benjamin Chew Howard, at his resi- 
 dence in this city. He was the third son of Col. John Eager 
 Howard, of Revolutionary fame. The deceased was a brother of 
 Governor George Howard, who was Governor of Maryland in 
 1830; also of Judge Charles Howard, who died about the year 1869, 
 and Dr. William Howard, a celebrated chemist in his day. Benjamin 
 C. Howard was born November 5th, 1791, at Belvedere, and gradu- 
 ated at Princeton with high honors, and at the time of his death 
 was the oldest alumnies living. He was Captain of the Mechanical 
 volunteers at the battle of North Point in 1814. The deceased, 
 was by profession a lawyer, but being possessed of a princely for- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 689 
 
 tnne, he yielded the high position at the Baltimore bar which he 
 had earned, for political honors. He commenced political life in 
 1820 in the First Branch of the City Council, was sent to the 
 Legislature in 1824, and afterwards to the Senate, and the same 
 year connected himself with the Masonic fraternity, and was be- 
 fore he died the oldest P. G-. M. living. In 1830 he was sent to the 
 United States Congress, and was a leading member of that body 
 for about. ten years. He was chairman of the Committee on 
 Foreign Eelations, and author of the celebrated report on the 
 Northeastern boundary question, a remarkable document, fre- 
 quently ascribed to Cushina: and Winthrop, who, however, said 
 the whole .credit therefor belonged to Gen. Howard. After leav- 
 ing Congress he was induced by Chief Justice Taney and Judge 
 Wayne, both intimate friends, to accept the position of Eeporter 
 to the Supreme Court, and was the author of the well-known text- 
 book, ''Howard's Eeports." He declined the nomination for Gov- 
 ernor, and also the nomination for Yice-President, and United 
 States Senator. At the commencement of the war he resigned his 
 position as Eeporter to the Supreme Court. In 1861 he was one 
 of the Washington Peace Commissioners, by appointment of Gov- 
 ernor Hicks. He was Democratic candidate for Governor against 
 Governor Bradford. His intimate friends and compatriots were 
 Presidents Jackson and Van Buren, Governor Kemble, of New 
 York ; Chief Justice Taney, Judge Wayne, Judge Daniel, George 
 M. Dallas, John E. Poinsett, Lewis Cass, and Forsyth of Alabama. 
 
 The National Democratic Convention assembled in this city,, 
 on the 9th of July, at Ford's Opera House. On the second day 
 Horace Greeley was nominated on the first ballot the Democratic 
 candidate for President, and B. Gratz Brown the Democratic can- 
 didate for Yice-President. Senator Baj^ard of Delaware, and the 
 Delaware delegation, with a few others from other States, dissatis- 
 fied with the nomination, held a meeting in the Maryland Institute, 
 adopted an address to the Democratic party of the country, and 
 called another convention to be held at Louisville, Kentucky, on 
 the 3d of September. 
 
 The corner-stone of the new Carmelite Convent at the south- 
 west corner of Caroline and Biddle streets was laid on the 21st of 
 July with the usual religious ceremonies. 
 
 Decidedly the most bold, daring, well-planned, well-executed 
 and successful bank robbery that has ever been perpetrated in 
 Baltimore, or perhaps in the United States, was accomplished in 
 this city between the hours intervening from the close of business 
 on Saturday, August 17th, and daylight of Monday morning, Aug. 
 19th, at the Third National Bank of this city, which is located on 
 the east side of South street near Second. About $70,000 of the 
 bank was stolen, and the boxes rifled of private funds, bonds 
 and securities. The entire loss was over $220,000. 
 
 William Prescott Smith died on Tuesday night, October 1st, 
 44 
 
690 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 1872, at his residence in this city. Mr. Smith was born in Balti- 
 more about 1822. His family were in humble circumstances, and 
 he received merely a common school education. He was a won- 
 derful man, ev*en in these days of remarkable phenomena. Whether 
 we consider him as a scholar, a wit, a gentleman, *or a railroad 
 magnate, he was simply admirable. As a mimic he was unrivalled, 
 and could at his pleasure " set the table in a roar." As a railroad 
 man he had no superior on this continent, and his untimely death 
 leaves it a matter of speculation to what position he would have 
 risen had his life been spared but a few years longer. 
 
 The Eight Eeverend James Eoosevelt Bayley, D. D., was on 
 Sunday, October 13th, installed as Archbishop of Baltimore and 
 Primate of the United States, with imposing ceremonies at the 
 Cathedral. 
 
 Fully one thousand ladies and gentlemen assembled at noon on 
 Wednesday, October 16th, in the new Home for Aged Women, 
 corner of Fulton and Franklin streets, for the purpose of taking 
 part in the dedicatory services of that institution. 
 
 The prevalence of the horse disease, " Epizootic," cansed a total 
 suspension of travel on all the car routes, on Monday, November 
 4th, and proved a very serious inconvenience to that portion of 
 the public who resided in sections of the city remote from its busi- 
 ness centre. There were but very few animals on the street, and 
 it was no uncommon thing to see a party of men pulling a wagon, 
 and oxen were in some instances brought into requisition. Busi- 
 ness of course suffered seriously by the lack of means of transpor- 
 tation. 
 
 Mount Yernon Place M. E. Church was formally dedicated on 
 Thursday, November 21st. The large interior was filled to the 
 utmost extent of its capacity. Many ministers of other cities were 
 present, as well as the clergy of Baltimore. In the morning the 
 dedicatory sermon was delivered by Eev. P. S. Foster, D.D., LL. D., 
 one of the newly made bishops. The formal dedication was made 
 by the Eev. Dr. Eddy, a former pastor of the congregation, ac- 
 cording to the form prescribed by the Discipline. In the evening 
 a sermon was delivered by Bishop Andrews. The pulpit was oc- 
 cupied by Bishop Foster, Bishop Weaver of the United Brethren 
 Church, Eev. Dr. Backus, Eev. Mr. Eogers of the M. E. Church 
 South, Eev. Andrew Longacre, Eev. Thomas Eddy, Eev. Mr. 
 Slicer, the Presiding Elder, and Eev. Thomas Guard, the present 
 
 Sastor. In front of the pulpit were seated Eev. Henry Furlong, 
 ►r. James H. Brown, and Eeverends George Hildt, William H. 
 Pitcher and William Harden. 
 
 Samuel Eeady, the founder of " The Samuel Eeady Asylum for 
 Female Orphans," died on Tuesday, November 28th, in the 83d year of 
 his age. He was born in Baltimore County, on the 8th of March, 1789, 
 and came to Baltimore when fifteen years of age, and was apprenticed 
 to Messrs. Grafflin & Hardester, sail-makers, on Bowley's wharf. 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 691 
 
 About the year 1815 he formed a partnership with Mr. James 
 Kerby, and carried on the sail-making business under the firm 
 name of Kerby & Eeady, at the corner of Light and Camden streets. 
 In 1846 Mr. Eeady gave up sail-making to engage in the planing- 
 mill and lumber business. He continued to carry on the latter 
 until 1861, when, on account of advanced age and failing health, he 
 retired from active business. In 1864 he determined to endow with 
 his entire wealth (about $400,000) an asylum for female orphan 
 children. He never married. The life of Mr. Eeady was one of 
 great industry, frugality, probity, and simplicity of habit, and had 
 for its chief object the foundation of an asylum for the helpless 
 female orphan ; and although he has passed away, his work survives 
 and will bear fruit to nourish the destitute. 
 
 1873. The night of the 29th and the early morning hours of 
 the 30 th of January, 1873, will long be remembered in this region 
 as one of the coldest periods ever experienced. In the city of Bal- 
 timore the mercury fell before sunrise, 6 A. M., to 10 degrees below 
 zero, which is perhaps the lowest temperature ever recorded in this 
 city. At Lutherville, Baltimore County, the thermometer ranged 
 20 degrees below zero ; at Mount Washington 22 degrees ; at the 
 Eelay House, Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad, 24 degrees below zero. 
 
 The Fifth Eegiment Maryland National Guard is to the city of 
 Baltimore what the Seventh Eegiment is to New York, or what 
 the First Eegiment of Grey Eeserves is to Philadelphia. It is a 
 military organization whose members are all recognized as gentle- 
 men, an organization that aspires to have the best possible military 
 drill, and at the same time to cultivate the self-respect, the manly 
 bearing, the social courtesy, and the fraternal feelings that belong 
 to the most advanced civilization. This fine regiment, so elevated 
 in its aims, and composed of such excellent materials, is only six 
 years old. It has labored under some disadvantages, one of the 
 principal being the want of a suitable permanent armory and drill- 
 room. In November, 1872, the City Council, appreciating the 
 character and purpose of this military organization, and realizing 
 the great benefit that might under certain contingencies result from 
 having such an organization to sustain law and social order, donated 
 to this Fifth Eegiment the great rooms over the newly built Eich- 
 mond Market. All that the city gave was the bare walls. The 
 Fifth Eegiment being composed of generous men — many of them 
 men of means and influence — they out of their own pockets spett 
 over eight thousand dollars to fit up this new armory in good style, 
 and they can now boast of having one of the finest and most com- 
 plete armories in the United States. The new armory was for- 
 mally delivered over by the city authorities to the Fifth Eegiment 
 on Thursday night, February 6th, and this was the occasion of an 
 immense opening reception, not less than six thousand persons 
 being present. Addresses were delivered by Mayor Yansant, Go- 
 vernor Whyte, and Colonel Jenkins. 
 
692 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 Mr. Alexander Kirkland, senior partner and original founder of 
 the firm of Kirkland, Chase & Co., died on Saturday, March 1st, 
 aged 89 years. Mr. Kirkland was instrumental in establishing the 
 sugar refineries whose business is now so valuable to the city. 
 The firm of Kirkland, Chase & Co. was, during its existence, one 
 of the best-known and most widely respected in the city, having a 
 large trade with Porto Eico and Eio Janeiro, and being intimately 
 connected with the business transactions of many other large im- 
 porting houses here and in other parts of the United States and 
 the Canadas. 
 
 On Wednesday, the 2l8t of May, the finance commissioners of 
 Baltimore city ordered the payment of 30 percent., the first instal- 
 ment on the city's subscription of $1,000,000 to the capital stock 
 of the Yalley Eailroad, Eobert Garrett, Esq., president. 
 
 The Carmelite Nuns, whom we have mentioned before in this 
 work, and who for forty-two years occupied the old Convent 
 on Aisquith street, vacated that establishment and removed in 
 March to the new monastery at the corner of Biddle and Caroline 
 streets. The Carmelite community is among the religious pioneers 
 of Maryland. The Carmelite order is the oldest in the Church, 
 going back even in its primitive state to the period when Elias or 
 Elijah and his disciples worshipped in the retirement of Mt. Carmel, 
 where, in the 12th century, a monastery was founded ; the order 
 afterwards migrating under its fifth general to Europe, to escape 
 the persecutions of the Saracens. The female branch of the order 
 was founded in the 15th century. In the 16th century (1562) St. 
 Theresa and St. John of the Cross set on foot a reformation of the 
 order in Spain, and the reform has spread everywhere; the 
 Carmelite Nuns all looking to St. Theresa as their mother and 
 foundress, the community in Baltimore keeping, with some few 
 necessary exceptions, the strict rule of St. Theresa. There are 
 some ninety convents of Carmelite nuns, in each of which the 
 number is generally restricted to twenty-one. During the 18th 
 century an aunt of the late Father Matthews, of Washington city, 
 went from her elegant and retired home in Charles county, Md., to 
 join the order of the Carmelite Nuns, at a house of theirs in 
 Belgium. Two sisters of the same clergyman afterwards crossed 
 the sea to join their aunt in her cloistered home. Miss Brent also 
 joined them there, but she died in Belgium. In 1790 the three 
 ladies mentioned above, who were then become members of the 
 strict order of Mt. Carmel, together with another lady who joined 
 them in England, came back to their native shores, settled in 
 Charles county, and there established a community. Their little 
 family was by degrees augmented by accessions from some of the 
 first families of Maryland; many pious ladies, charmed with the 
 odor of virtue and sanctity, finding in this rising congregation 
 opportunity for bidding adieu to the world and all the vanities of 
 life, to dedicate their youth and wealth to religion. When they 
 
CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 693 
 
 left their home in the country and came to found a house in Balti- 
 more in 1831, they numbered twenty-four sisters, with Eev. Mother 
 Angela Mudd as superioress. At one time the Sisters had a very 
 respectable school for girls, which was much frequented ; but this 
 mode of life being contrary to the spirit of their rules, which is to 
 be altogether retired, the}^, at the suggestion of the late Archbishop 
 Kenrick, closed their academy. They devote all their time to 
 prayer, meditation, manual labor, pious reading, and the like, 
 praying not only for themselves but for all, chiefly for those who 
 live in the city or place where they reside. 
 
 The splendid Church of the Ascension, Protestant Episcopalian,- 
 a prominent ornament of the beautiful neighborhood of Lafayette 
 Square, was almost totally destroyed by fire on Monday night, 
 May 12th. The fire was caused by the sexton smoking out a 
 wasp's nest in the roof over the organ gallery. 
 
 At a meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Johns Hopkins 
 Hospital, held on the evening of Wednesday, March J.2th, the fol- 
 lowing important letter was received from Mr. Hopkins, setting 
 forth his grand designs for the relief of the indigent sick and the 
 orphan. This letter was received by the citizens of Baltimore 
 with intense gratification. Of all the monuments which grace 
 our city, none can approach this monument, which is soon to be 
 erected on such broad foundations and with such munificent provi- 
 sion for the relief of the sick and the care and shelter of the des- 
 titute orphan: 
 
 " Baltimore, March 10th, 1873. 
 
 " To Francis T. King, President ; and John W. Grarretf, Hon. Geo. 
 W. Dobbin, Galloway Cheston, Thomas M. Smith, Wm. Hop- 
 kins, Richard M. Janney, Joseph Merrefield, Francis White, 
 Lewis N. Hopkins, Alan P. Smith, and Charles J. M. Gwinn, 
 Trustees of ' The Johns Hopkins Hospital * : 
 
 " Gentlemen : — I have given you in your capacity of trustees, 
 thirteen acres of land, situated in the city of Baltimore, and 
 bounded by Wolfe, Monument, Broadway, and Jefferson streets, 
 upon which I desire you to erect a hospital. It will be necessary 
 to devote the present year to the grading of its surface, to its 
 proper drainage, to the laying out of the grounds, and the most 
 careful and deliberate choice of a plan for the erection and ar- 
 rangement of the new hospital buildings. It is my wish that the 
 plan thus chosen shall be one which will permit symmetrical addi- 
 tions to the buildings which will be first constructed, in order that 
 you may ultimately be able to receive four hundred patients, and 
 that it shall provide for an hospital which shall in construction 
 and arrangement compare favorably with any other institution of 
 like character in this country or in Europe. It will therefore be 
 your duty to obtain the advice and assistance of those at home or 
 abroad who have achieved the greatest success in the construction 
 
694 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMOKE. 
 
 and management of hospitals. I cannot press ttiis injunction too 
 strongly upon you, because the usefulness of this charity will 
 greatly depend upon the plan which you may adopt for the con- 
 Btruction and arrangement of the buildings. It is my desire that 
 you should complete this portion of your labor during the current 
 year, and be in readiness to commence the building of the hos- 
 pital in the spring of 1874. 
 
 " It will be your duty hereafter to provide for the erection upon 
 other ground, of suitable buildings for the reception, maintenance 
 and education of orphan colored children. I direct you to provide 
 accommodation for three or four hundred children of this class ; and 
 you are also authorized to receive into this asylum, at your discre- 
 tion, as belonging to such class, colored children who have lost one 
 parent only, and in exceptional cases to receive colored children 
 who are not orphans, but may be in such circumstances as to re- 
 quire the aid of the charity. I desire that you shall apply the 
 yearly sum of twenty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may 
 be necessary, of the revenue of the property which you will here- 
 after receive, to the maintenance of the Orphans' Home intended 
 for such children. 
 
 " In order to enable you to carry my wishes into full effect, I will 
 now, and in each succeeding year during my life until the hospital 
 buildings are fully completed and in readiness to receive patients, 
 
 flace at your disposal the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, 
 n addition to the gift already made to you of the thirteen acres 
 of land in the city of Baltimore upon which the hospital will bo 
 built, I have dedicated to its support and the payment of the an- 
 nual sum provided to be paid for the support of the Orphans' Home, 
 Property which you may safely estimate as worth to-day two mil- 
 ons of dollars, and from which your corporation will certainly 
 receive a yearly revenue of one hundred and twenty thousand 
 dollars, and which time and your diligent care will make more 
 largely productive. If the Hospital and Orphans' Home are not 
 built at my death, it will be your duty to apply the income arising 
 from this property to their completion. When they are built, the 
 income from the property will suffice for their maintenance. The 
 indigent sick of this city and its environs, without regard to sex, 
 age, or color, who require surgical or medical treatment, and who 
 can be received into the hospital without peril to the other in- 
 mates, and the poor of the city and State, of all races, who 
 are stricken down by any casualty, shall be received into the 
 hospital without charge, for such periods^ of time and under 
 such regulations as you may prescribe. It will be your duty 
 to make such division of the sexes and patients among the 
 several wards of the hospital as will best promote the actual 
 usefulness of the charity. You will also provide for the recep- 
 tion of a limited number of patients who are able to make com- 
 pensation for the room and attention they may require. The 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 695 
 
 money received from such persons will enable you to appropriate 
 a larger sum for the relief of the sufferings of that class which I 
 direct you to admit free of charge, and you will thus be enabled to 
 afford to strangers, and to those of our own people who have no 
 friends or relatives to care for them in sickness, and who are not 
 objects of charity, the advantage of careful and skilful treatment. 
 
 " It will be your especial duty to secure for the service of the 
 hospital, surgeons and physicians of the highest character and of 
 the greatest skill. I desire you to establish, in connection with 
 the hospital, a training school for female nurses. This provision 
 will secure the services of women competent to care for the sick 
 in the hospital wards, and will enable you to benefit the whole 
 community by supplying it with a class of trained and experienced 
 nurses. 
 
 **I wish the large grounds surrounding the hospital buildings to 
 be properly enclosed by iron railings, and to be so laid out and 
 
 Elanted with trees and flowers as to afford solace to the sick and 
 e an ornament to the section of the city in which, the grounds are 
 located. I desire that you should, in due season, provide for a site 
 and buildings of such description and at such distance from the 
 city as your judgment shall approve, for the reception of convales- 
 cent patients. You will bo able in this way to hasten the recovery 
 of the sick, and to have always room in the main hospital building 
 for other sick persons requiring immediate medical or surgical 
 treatment. It is my special request that the influences of religion 
 should be felt in and impressed upon the whole management of 
 the hospital; but I desire, nevertheless, that the administration of 
 the charity shall be undisturbed by sectarian influence, discipline, 
 or control. In all your arrangements in relation to this hospital, 
 you will bear constantly in mind that it is my wish and purpose 
 that the institution should ultimately form a part of the medical 
 school of that university for which I have made ample provision 
 by my will. I have felt it to be my duty to bring these subjects 
 to your particular attention, knowing that you will conform to the 
 wishes which I definitely express. In other particulars I leave 
 your board to the exercise of its discretion, believing that your 
 good judgment and experience in life will enable you to make this 
 charity a substantial benefit to the community. 
 
 "I am very respectfully your friend, 
 
 "Johns Hopkins." 
 
 On Tuesday, March 18th, the following resolutions were offered 
 by Mr. Kerr in the Second Branch of the City Council, and 
 adopted unanimously by both branches: "Whereas, By the ap- 
 propriation already made of a large part of his immense fortune 
 to provide the means of relieving human suffering and of protect- 
 ing those who are helpless in our midst, and also by his promised 
 munificent endowment of a free university to be established in the 
 
696 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 suburbs of the city, Johns Hopkins has nobly cpniributed to the 
 future welfare and happiness of our people, and should receive 
 every evidence of public appreciation and gratitude; therefore, 
 Be it resolved by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, That the 
 practical and unostentatious charity of Mr. Hopluns, in thus dis- 
 posing of the wealth which he has accumulated in Baltimore 
 during a life of extraordinary activity, success and usefulness, for 
 the benefit of her own people^, has not merely enrolled his name in 
 the list of famous benefactors of mankind, but furnishes the most 
 striking proof of the sincerity and earnestness of his purpose. Be- 
 solved, That the city of Baltimore is proud to record among the 
 many distingufshing facts of her history this crowning act of mag- 
 nanimity on the part of one of her own citizens, whose whole 
 career has materially contributed to her advancement and pros- 
 perity, and whose name has long been known wherever commer- 
 cial enterprise and integrity are respected. Besolved, That the 
 Mayor be requested to communicate to Mr. Hopkins a copy of 
 these resolution^ neatly engrossed." 
 
 Gen. Columbus O'Donnell, one of the wealthiest and most hon- 
 ored citizens of Baltimore, died on Sunday, May 25th. 
 
 The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the 
 United States was formally opened in the city of Baltimore on 
 Thursday morning, May 15th, in the Central Church, corner of 
 Saratoga and Liberty streets. About five hundred of the commis- 
 sioners were present, among them many of the most learned and 
 distinguished men of the Church. Eev. Dr. Smith, pastor of the 
 Central Church, made a short prayer, and then read the hymn that 
 is so frequently sung upon such occasions, "All hail the power of 
 Jesus' name." Eev. James Ellis read a portion of the Scriptures, 
 and Eev. Dr. Brown, president of Hamilton college, led in prayer. 
 Eev. Samuel J. Niccolls, D. D., Moderator of the last General As- 
 eembly, delivered the opening sermon. His theme was "The 
 Apostles' Prayer." Eev. Howard Crosby, D. D., of New York, 
 was elected moderator. 
 
 The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, situated on the Calverton Heights, 
 was dedicated on Sunday afternoon, May 18th, before a large num- 
 ber of Israelites of this city with impressive ceremonies. About 
 half past two o'clock, the choir, consisting of about sixtj'-five voices, 
 comprising the combined choirs of the synagogues of the city, 
 opened the services with the singing of an introductory hymn, 
 Prof Eosewald, the leader, presiding at the organ. A fervent 
 prayer was then offered by Eev. Dr. Szold. A dedicatory ode com- 
 posed by Eev. A. Hoffman, and put to music by Prof. Eosewald, 
 was then sung by the entire choir with striking effect. A trio in 
 this piece was handsomely sung by Mrs. Eosewald, Miss K. Ben- 
 ner, and Miss Jennie Putzel. Mr. Wm. S. Eayner, who generously 
 presented to the Asylum the old City Almshouse, valued at $50,000, 
 was then introduced, and delivered an eloquent and glowing ad- 
 dress. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 697 
 
 The corner-stone of the new German Orphan Asyhim, on Ais- 
 quith street, opposite the Eastern Female High School, was laid on 
 Sunday afternoon, June 22d, with imposing ceremonies. A pro- 
 cession, which preceded the ceremony proper, was composed of 
 most, if not all, of the German lodges and societies in the city, and 
 it is admitted to have been one of the finest and largest demon- 
 strations of its kind seen in this city for along time. The proces- 
 sion was under the command of chief marshal Otto Duker, with 
 Charles Seipp and H. Wehr as assistants, and the following staff: 
 Adjutant-in-chief C. F. Winter, George Strohmeyer, A. Prey, G. 
 Eauth, B. Stolte, August Kiel, D. F. Kahl, George Eobinson, H. 
 Mooyer, C. Edelmann, L. Strassburger, John Scharz, C. Sauer, F. 
 Everett, Jacob Edelmann, J. Drechsler, II. E. Valentine, F. Plitz, 
 E. Siebert, F. Meyer, H. Lehr, J. Guenther, S. Neuhahn, H. Best, 
 P. Otto, F. Schwear and H. Noss. The first division was marshalled 
 by Charles Blumhardt, who was assisted by A. Beck and G. Sch werder 
 as adjutants. The second division was marshalled by Charles 
 Schwarzhaupt, and Lewis H. Eobinson and John Vanderhorst as 
 adjutants. The third division was under the command of H. Eckes, 
 with H. Drockenbrot and H. Menger as adjutants. The fourth di- 
 vision was under the marshalship of C. Lotz, with H. Schuch- 
 hardt and William Burkheimer as adjutants. The fifth division 
 was under the command of C. Khoeff. The opening address was 
 delivered b}' Professor Facius, the presider^t of the German Or- 
 phan Asylum. Governor Whyte also delivered an address, which 
 was received by a perfect ovation of applause. 
 
 Friday morning, June 20th, shortly after five o'clock, fire was 
 discovered issuing from the five-story stone building known as the 
 Mount'Yernon Cotton Mill No. 1, on Jones Falls, about two miles 
 from the city, owned and worked by the Mount Vernon Company, 
 of which Captain Wm. Kennedy was president, and Mr. Albert 
 Carroll superintendent. The tire spread rapidly through the build- 
 ing, and in a few moments it was destro^-ed. The loss of the 
 building, stock and machinery was estimated at $207,000, which 
 were insured for $185,000. 
 
 In June, the Maryland Academy of Art, through Mr. John H. 
 B. Latrobe, the president, transfered all their statues, casts, &c., 
 to the Peabody Institute. 
 
 Mr. Frederick Pinckney, who had been for many years deputy 
 State's Attorney, and for over thirty years identified with the 
 Criminal Court of Baltimore city, died about 10 o'clock FiHday 
 night, June 13th, at the country residence of Mr. John E. Owens, 
 near Towsontown, Baltimore county. He was the fifth son of the 
 great lawyer and statesman William Pinckney, and was, perhaps, 
 the most learned man in the State. 
 
 Colonel Solomon Hillen, formerly Mayor of Baltimore, member 
 of Congress and of the State Legislature, died suddenly on Thurs- 
 day, June 26th, at Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York. 
 
698 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 The through Southern train on the Baltimore and Potomac 
 railroad, which left Eichmond Saturday night, June 28th, arrived 
 at Calvert Station at 6.45 Sunday morning. This was the first 
 regular passenger train that used the Potomac Eailroad tunnel, 
 engine No. 2, Jerry Sweeney engineer, pulling the train, with 
 Conductor John T. West in charge. The first through train from 
 Washington for New York passed through Baltimore on the 
 same night. The Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel is one of the 
 greatest enterprises of the kind that has ever been executed. 
 With the exception of the Hoosac Tunnel, it is the longest on this 
 side of the Atlantic. The Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel is about 
 one and a half miles long, and although of the most solid and du- 
 rable construction, has been built in two years. The ground was 
 broken near the intersection of Cathedral street and North avenue 
 on the first of June, 1871 ; upon August 9th, 1871, the masonry 
 was begun ; upon the 27th of the same month the brickwork was 
 begun to be laid, and from that time to the present the work has 
 been prosecuted with marvellous rapidity. The force employed in 
 the work ranged from 500 to 700 men at difi'erent periods, com- 
 prising stone-cutters, stone-masons, bricklayers, timber-men, miners, 
 rock-men, blacksmiths, machinists, carpenters, and common laborers. 
 During the progress of the work four men were killed, each 
 of whom lost his life by accident. Over one hundred thousand 
 cubic yards of rock were blasted out. The side walls are of solid 
 masonry of Cockeysville marble, rock faced, but dressed at beds 
 and joints. The arch is built of five rings of brick and backed up 
 with rubble masonry. At places where the bottom was composed of 
 quicksands or yielding earth of any kind, an inverted arch was con- 
 structed of four rings of brick. About 1,250,000 cubic feet of 
 masonry were used in the construction, and 15,000,000 brick. The 
 cost of the work is thought to be about $2,300,000. The following 
 are the distances to the bottotn of the excavation. Above this 
 the arch of the tunnel rises twenty-two feet in height. The width 
 of the tunnel is twenty-seven feet : John street, 49 feet ; Park 
 avenue, 52 feet ; Bolton street, 50 feet ; Linden avenue, 43 feet ; 
 Eutaw street, 42 feet ; Madison avenue, 31 J feet : Druid Hill avenue 
 33 feet ; Division street, 33 feet ; Pennsylvania avenue, 32 feet j 
 Fremont street, 40 feet; Eepublican street, 35 J feet; Carey street, 
 32J feet; Calhoun street, 27 feet; Strieker street, 21 feet; Gilmor 
 street, 33J feet. The station at Fremont street is 350 feet long 
 and 82 feet deep, and at John street 200 feet long and 49 feet deep. 
 The lengths are as follows : Eastern facade to open cut at John 
 street, 1,148 feet; open cut from John to Oliver streets, 200 feet; 
 John street to Pennsylvania avenue, 3,625 feet; Open cut from 
 Pennsylvania avenue to Fremont street, 350 feet ; Fremont street 
 to Gilmor street, 2,196 feet ; Length of tunnel proper, 6,969 feet; 
 Length of open cuts, 550 fact; Length of entire line, 7,519 feet. 
 In addition to this there is a tunnel of 150 feet under the bed of 
 
CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 699 
 
 Fulton street. The eastern terminus of the tunnel is about 67 
 feet above tide-level ; it ascends with a rise of 1^ feet to the hun- 
 dred, up to Pennsylvania avenue at which point the grade changes 
 to 10^ inches the hundred, making the ascent from Northern 
 Avenue to Pennsylvania avenue, nearly 70 feet, and the ascent 
 thence to the western terminus about 45 feet, a total ascent of 
 115 feet. The contractor and constructor of the Baltimore and 
 Potomac tunnel was Mr. Thomas Eutter of New York, a gentle- 
 man whose energy, skill and capacity have been conspicuously dis- 
 played in many works of the kind, and who has acquired a fame 
 as a builder of tunnels which will be still farther increased by this 
 last great manifestation of his ability. The plans and specifications 
 were prepared by Mr. Thomas Seabrook, general manager ; Mr. 
 C. S. Emack, the chief engineer, and Mr. H. H. Carter, the resi- 
 dent engineer. Mr. Eutter was ably assisted by Mr. John H. Moss, 
 his superintendent, who took charge of many of the details. In 
 concluding this article, mention must not be omitted of the railway 
 officials prominently concerned in the enterprise. Mr. J. D. Cam- 
 eron, president of the Northern Central, and Ex-Governor Oden 
 Bowie, president of the Baltimore and Potomac, and Mr. J. N. 
 Dubarry, vice-president of both roads, worked with unflagging 
 energy in carrying out their great enterprise. A large amount of 
 the funds for the building of the Baltimore and Potomac tunnel 
 came from the subscriptions of the Pennsylvania Eailroad, and 
 perhaps it is ultimately due to the sagacity and enterprise of 
 JPresident J. Edgar Thompson, of the road, and Col. Thomas A. 
 Scott, that the Baltimore and Potomac tunnel was built at all. 
 
 In July the Maryland Bible Society purchased the lot of ground 
 on the east side of Charles street, and decided to erect a new- 
 building. The building committee consisted of Francis T. King, 
 Wm. B. Canfield, Isaac D. Jones, Geo. H. Pagels, and Francis A. 
 Crook. 
 
 Captain William Kennedy, one of the most highly respected 
 citizens of Baltimore county, died at his residence on Saturday, 
 October 4th. And on the 5th of August Mr. Hugh Gelston, a 
 native of Connecticut, but for very many years settled in Baltimore, 
 where he acquired a large fortune. Prof Thomas D. Baird, LL. D., 
 principal and professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Balti- 
 more City College, died, universally lamented, on Thursday morning, 
 July 10th, aged 54 years. 
 
 On Friday, August Ist, Thomas E. HoUohan and Joshua Nichol- 
 son suffered the extreme penalty of the law by hanging in the jail- 
 yard of this city, for the murder of Mrs. John Lampley, on the 
 night of the 2d of January previous*. They were indicted by the 
 Grand Jury of the City Criminal Court, then in session, but upon 
 being arraigned, removed their cases to Anne Arundel county. 
 They were tried at Annapolis, at the April term of the Circuit 
 Court, and were both found guilty of murder in the first degree. 
 
700 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 When the prosecuting attorney was making his closing argument 
 before the jury, HoUohan made himself the principal actor in a 
 scene which, for a few minutes, produced a great panic in court. 
 He had obtained a short iron spike in his cell, which he put in one 
 of his stockings, and this was supplemented with a few pieces of 
 coal. Having thus improvised a "slung shot," he hid it in his 
 clothing so that it was not noticed when he was brought into 
 court. He sat quietly in the prisoner's dock until the prosecuting 
 attorney'- had got into the middle of the closing address to the 
 jury, and then, when all eyes were turned upon the orator and 
 away from the prisoner, he suddenly sprang from his place and 
 dealt Deputy-Marshal Frey a heavy blow with his slung-shot. 
 There was a desperate struggle in the court-room for a few 
 minutes, at the close of which Hollohan, ghastly and bleeding, 
 was forced into the dock again. The prosecuting attorney, in- 
 terrupted in the midst of a brilliant climax, was very naturally 
 indignant, and so were the learned judges, at this wanton contempt 
 for their dignity and defiance of their authority. No further 
 argument was needed, and the jury promptly brought in a verdict 
 of murder in the first degree. 
 
 On the 23d of August James West (colored) suffered the 
 extreme penalty of the law by hanging in the jail-yard of this city, 
 for the murder of Anna Gibson, a woman with whom he had co- 
 habited, having confessed the crime. 
 
 The first train of cars passed through the Union Eailroad 
 tunnel on Thursday, July 24th ; it was the fast train from Washing- 
 ton for New York. 
 
 On Friday morning, July 25th, the most extensive and destruc- 
 tive conflagration ever known in Baltimore occurred near the heart 
 of the city, and threatened at one time to rival the previous dis- 
 asters of Chicago and Boston. The fire broke out at about 10:15 
 A. M., in the shavings box adjoining the engine-room of the planing 
 mill and sash and blind factory of Messrs. Jos. Thomas & Sons, on 
 Park and Clay streets. The large quantity of combustible matter 
 in the buildings gave the flames such strength and volume that 
 they swept over the surrounding buildings in a very short space of 
 time, and the heat became so fierce that the firemen could not 
 work in Park street. In the meantime, the men who were 
 working up-stairs knew nothing of the fire, and were compelled to 
 jump from the second and third story windows to save themselves ; 
 in doing which several of them received slight injuries. The 
 greater number of the houses hard-by had shingle roofs, which had 
 been so baked and dried by the hot sun as to be inflammable in the 
 highest degree; and under the copious shower of blazing cinders 
 that fell upon them, they were soon smoking and blazing. A 
 strong wind was blowing towards the northeast, and the gusty 
 flaws swept the flames many feet to the surrounding buildings, 
 while vast clouds of smoke and cinders were carried squares 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 701 
 
 beyond. Flames would shoot up in several places at once from 
 buildings in close proximity to the fire, and in a short time there 
 were eighteen houses on fire on Park, Clay, and Saratoga streets. 
 Thomas's factory was shaped like an L, and the flames roaring with 
 uncontrolled fury throughout the whole building, streamed out 
 both into Clay and Park streets. In a very short time the row of 
 houses on the west side of Park, between Lexington and Clay 
 streets, were on fire. The buildings between Thomas's mill and Clay 
 street caught fire on the roof, and in a short time so intense was 
 the heat that a lot of hose belonging to the fire department was 
 burned up. The wind carried the flames away from the buildings 
 fronting on Lexington street, or else they would have been also 
 entirely consumed. As it was, a great number of them had the 
 back buildings burned, and great damage was inflicted by the 
 water which the engines poured in from all available points. 
 
 The flames soon leaped across Park street and seized the ex- 
 tensive livery stables of John D. Stewart, No. Ill Lexington 
 street, and extending to Clay street. In anticipation of this the 
 horses and carriages had been taken out. The rear portion of the 
 stable was soon wrapped in roaring flames, sending up sparks and 
 cinders into the air and spreading to the contiguous buildings. 
 Meanwhile those dwelling in the vicinity were in the greatest con- 
 sternation. All along Lexington street, from Park nearly up to 
 Howard, people were hastily dragging their furniture and clothing 
 from the houses, and the streets were soon heaped high with 
 household goods. While the houses on Clay street, between Park 
 and Liberty streets, were in flames, the sight was one that struck 
 terror to |jhe hearts of the stoutest firemen attached to the Balti- 
 more fire department. The flames, fed from the material of the 
 stables, carpenter and paint-shops, united and twisted into columns 
 of flame and smoke, mounting until nothing else could be seen 
 rolling along the street and above the hou^e-tops. Men of iron 
 nerves shrank back from the scorching blast which met them. 
 Women ran to and fro, wringing their hands and moaning in hys- 
 terical grief over the destruction of their homes. Men with 
 wagons and drays were endeavoring to force their way to the 
 scene ; some were carrying away articles by hand, and everything 
 was in uproar and confusion. Just about eleven o'clock the bells 
 of St. Alphonsus church began to ring, adding their clangor to the 
 noise, and with the varied cries from the restless mass of humanity 
 in the streets, the shrill whistles and hoarse puffing of the steamers, 
 the shouts of the firemen and policemen, and with the deep roar of 
 the flames, made up a babel of noise that greatly intensified the 
 hori*or of the scene. By eleven o'clock the flames had spread over 
 a large area. Park street, between Lexington and Saratoga, was 
 ablaze for its greater portion. Clay street, from Park half way up 
 to Howard street, was wrapped in flames, and the fire had burnt 
 through into Lexington street in three separate places. Scorched 
 
702 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMOEE. 
 
 and blinded by tbe intolerable beat, it was almost impossible for 
 tbe brave firemen to go into Park street at all, and tbe flames 
 roared up with such unabated strength that the panic-stricken 
 
 Eeople threw out furniture with reckless haste, unnecessarily 
 reaking and damaging it. 
 The flames now spread so rapidly in every direction that it is 
 impossible to give an account of the progress in the order of time. 
 Upon Lexington street the First English Lutheran church was a 
 mass of flames, and soon nothing was left of the building but the 
 walls. The pastoral residence next door was also greatly damaged 
 by the flames. The row of houses between the church and Park 
 street were on fire several times, and were greatly damaged. The 
 row on the west side of Park street, between Thomas's factory and 
 Lexington street, seemed at one time doomed to total destruction, 
 but by strenuous efforts the firemen were enabled to check the 
 flames in this direction. The east side of Park street was burned 
 to the ground from the corner of Saratoga street to the building 
 on the corner of Lexington and Park streets. At one time the 
 Mansard roof of this building was all ablaze, and the flames 
 streamed out through the windows of the two upper stories, but 
 the firemen were successful in saving it from utter destruction. 
 Meanwhile the roof of St. Alphonsus Catholic church took fire 
 several times, but the flames were extinguished by men upon the 
 roof before they could spread. Its tall spire and glittering cross 
 could hardly be seen at times for the clouds of smoke that eddied 
 about it, and it was momentarily expected to take fire. Although 
 scorched and blistered by the fierce heat, it, however, escaped. 
 
 At fifteen minutes before eleven o'clock fire was dispovered on 
 the roof of the dwelling house on the northeast corner of Mul- 
 berry and Park streets, and from the fact that all the steam- 
 engines were busily engaged on Clay, Park and Saratoga streets, 
 considerable time elapsed before any water could be thrown upon 
 the new fire which had broken out at the locality just mentioned, 
 and by the time a steam-engine could be dispatched to the place, 
 the roofs of six houses were in flames and threatened to extend to 
 Cathedral street ; but, fortunately, the flames were mastered after 
 a hard fight, and the magnificent dwellings on Cathedral street, 
 opposite the Cathedral, saved. At the same time a one-story 
 structure, connected with the Maryland University, under the 
 charge of Dr. Dalrymple, situated on Mulberry street opposite, 
 was set on fire by embers wafted from Saratoga street and de- 
 stroyed, and it was with the greatest difficulty that the Academy 
 of Art and its costly models, &c., were prevented from sharing the 
 same fate. The roof of the academy was on fire so often that the 
 greater portion of the shingles had to be removed, and had not a 
 large nuniber of gentlemen formed an independent fire brigade and 
 battled with the fire upon roofs along Mulberry street, there is no 
 estimating when and where the conflagration would have spent its 
 fury. 
 
• CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 703 
 
 All this time the flames were spreading rapidly along the south 
 side of Saratoga street from Park to Liberty streets. The Central 
 Presbyterian Church was not at first considered to be in very 
 great danger, as the sparks were not carried in its direction, but 
 the wind shifting, it was now evident that it could hardly escape 
 taking fire. At about one o'clock the tall spire took fire in the 
 cornice, when a rapid effort was made to remove the furniture. 
 Soon after the falling embers ignited the roof, and as soon as the 
 flames penetrated the interior of the building they roared through 
 the whole edifice with uncontrollable fury. The fine houses on 
 the north side of Saratoga street, the residences of A. S. Abell, 
 Johns Hopkins, Professor N. R. Smith, Mrs. Cummings, the old 
 " Wyatt Mansion " — the parsonage of St. Paul's Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church — and other prominent citizens, were then in dan- 
 gerous proximity to the flames, but owing to the unusual width of 
 the street and men stationed upon the roofs with fire-extinguishers, 
 they were saved. 
 
 The whole row on the south side of Saratoga street between 
 Park and Liberty street was then in flames. The large school 
 buildings of the St. Alphonsus Church, extending through from 
 Saratoga to Clay streets, were thoroughly possessed by the raging 
 fire, and their total destruction was evident. The square between 
 Saratoga and Mulberry street is intersected with alleys built up 
 with small houses occupied chiefly by negroes. The roofs of these 
 houses were momentarily taking fire, and it was only by the stren- 
 uous exertions of a number of policemen and some colored men, 
 who were not quite unmanned by fright, that the flames were pre- 
 vented from gaining headway. With the fires upon Mulberry and 
 Saratoga streets, the frightened denizens of the locality thought 
 themselves surrounded with flames, and ran about screaming and 
 crying, throwing their furniture into the streets with reckless and 
 altogether unnecessary haste, and giving vent to their feelings with 
 the characteristic gush and effusion of negroes. The scene was 
 terrible, and was enough to strike terror into those whose dwellings 
 were in proximity to the fire. It seemed at one time as if the 
 flames would cross Liberty street, and the inhabitants of the fine 
 row of houses between Liberty and Charles street began to move 
 out with great haste. Valuable furniture was piled upon the pave- 
 ments, and drays and wagons were removing it as rapidly as pos- 
 sible. Charles street was blockaded with a long procession of 
 laden wagons carrying away the goods of the frightened people. 
 At times there would be a complete jam, and there would be the,., 
 greatest uproar and confusion before the mass of vehicles was ex- 
 tricated. So intense was the heat on Saratoga street whilst the 
 people were moving their household effects, that in one case an 
 express wagon used in removing some bedding took fire. It was 
 with difiiculty the horse was loosed, and then men and boys rushed 
 with the wagon through the street to the front of a building, whose 
 
704 CHEONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 destruction was inevitable, -and there let it burn up. All along the 
 east side of Liberty street the panic-stricken people were endeav- 
 oring to get out such of their furniture as they could remove, for 
 the flames were encroaching upon the row of houses on the west 
 Bide, and were leaping forth so ravenously that they were expected 
 to seize the houses upon. the east side as well. The firemen worked 
 with the greatest energy, and by their unremitting toil, quite early 
 in the afternoon the area in which the fire originated was under 
 control. In fact the fire had burnt itself out. Park and Clay streets 
 being smoking ruins. The fire along Saratoga street was also 
 under control, and four houses on the south side near Howard street 
 were preserved intact, as well as the house on the southwest corner 
 of Park and Saratoga streets. The others were wholly or partially 
 destroyed. At a later period the row of houses on the south side 
 of Saratoga street, extending from Park to Liberty street, were 
 brought under control, but not until the greater portion was in 
 shapeless ruins. Standing in Saratoga street, one could look down 
 through tottering walls and isolated piles of brick almost to Lex- 
 ington street. Clay street was so completely covered with bricks 
 that in some places the sidewalks were uiidistinguishable. The 
 row of houses on the north side of Mulberry street, between Park 
 and Cathedral streets, was perhaps the last to be extinguished. 
 
 During the progress of the fire the dome of the Cathedral ap- 
 peared in the light of a habitable globe. A number of men, at 
 great personal risk, exposed themselves on its giddy height, and 
 were continuous in their efforts to prevent its taking fire with 
 water and wet blankets. The escape of the Cathedral from fire 
 was in large part due to the exertions of James P. Eock, Mr. 
 Walsh, Gustavus Creamy, Mr. Stack, John Mc:N"ally, Charles 
 Arthur, Alfred Eiep, Sr., and Joseph Miskelly. There were others 
 whose courage deserves equal praise, but whose names could not 
 be ascertained. There were relays of volunteers every half hour 
 on the dome, which is covered in part with shingles and partly 
 with metal. 
 
 The Central Presbyterian Church was one of the largest struc- 
 tures in the city, built of brick, with an imposing square tower, 
 large auditorium, and very lately brought into prominence among 
 members of the denomination from all parts of the United States, 
 as well as foreign countries, on account of the recent convocation 
 within its walls of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian 
 Church of the United States. The church was built in 1855 for 
 iits first pastor, Kev. Stuart Kobinson. He was minister up to 
 1857. Upon the resignation of his charge to go to Louisville, Ky., 
 where he is at present, he was succeeded by Rev. J. E. Peck, D.D., 
 who remained up to 1859. Rev. Dr. Peck was succeeded by Rev. 
 Silas G. Dunlap, who had charge of the congregation up to 1861, 
 when he was succeeded in his apostolic mission by Rev. Joseph T. 
 Smith, D.D., who was ordained early in the year 1862, and who is 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 705 
 
 the present pastor of the church. The elders under Eev. Dr. 
 Smith were Dr. James Mclntire, Wm. Boi^gs, James Warden, 
 Kichard K. Cross, Edward C. Small, and Wm. H. Cole ; the dea- 
 cons, Wm S. Cross, E. J. D. Cross, Archibald McElmole, Harding 
 Longcope, Theo. K. Miller, Louis C. Dietch, William Eeynolds, 
 E. H. Millikin, and Henry G. Tyson. The original cost of the 
 church was $70,000, exclusive of tLie organ, built in 1863 by Henry 
 Erben of New York, at a cost of $2500. 
 
 At eight o'clock P. M. the weary firemen ceased from their 
 labors, and went to their quarters. For eight hours they fought 
 the flames with steady fortitude, and not a few fell to the ground 
 overpowered by the heat. Many acts of heroism were quietly 
 performed which will go unrecorded. Infirm persons were car- 
 ried from burning buildings, and no doubt many lives were saved 
 by these gallant men; but all their most praiseworthy acts are 
 performed in the regular line of duty, and the outside world knows 
 nothing of them. "On the 25th of July they did a most noble 
 day's work, especiall}'- when the limited means are considered 
 which they had to use in the accomplishment of the results as 
 illustrated, and proves the Baltimore fire department equal, if not 
 superior, to any in the world. This excellent department of oui 
 city government was under tho charge of a board of fire commis- 
 sioners, consisting of John S. Hogij:, Thomas W. Campbell, James 
 Logan, Edwin L. Jones, and Geo?*ge F. Thompson, with John S. 
 Hogg as president, and Thomas W. Campbell as secretary, Henry 
 Spilman chief engineer, George W. Ellender assistant engineer, 
 John ^r. Hennick assistant engineer. The police department, 
 under the charge of Marshal Gray and Deputy Marshal Frey, also 
 deserve great credit for the manner in which they saved furniture, 
 household goods, and in some cases human life. During the pro- 
 gress of the fire many of the citizens carried ice-water, lemonade, 
 and other refreshments to the nearly exhausted firemen and police, 
 but ^les^rs. Eichard H. Snowden and Charles McCoy deserve 
 special mention. 
 
 General E. H. Carr, commanding general of the second brigade 
 M. N. G., soon after the fire gained headway, issued the following 
 order: " Headquarters Second Brigade M. N. G , Baltimore, July 
 25th, 1873. Special orders No. 9. Col. Clarence Peters, com- 
 manding sixth regiment infantry M. N. G., will hold his command 
 in readiness to assist the police commissioners in case they should 
 need his services for the purpose of protecting property from 
 depredation. E. H. Carr, Brevet Major-Gen eral. Thomas J, 
 McKaig, Jr., Colonel and Chief of Staff'." 
 
 In compliance with this order Col, Peters issued the following: 
 "Headquarters Sixth Eegiment Infiintry, M. N. G. Baltimore, 
 July 25th, 1873. General orders No. 11. In accordance with 
 special order No. 9, headquarters second brigade, this command 
 will assemble at the armory on this Friday evening at 8 o'clock, 
 45 
 
706 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 fully armed and equipped for duty. By order Clarence Peters, 
 Colonel Commanding. (Official.) A. J. O'Connor, Acting Ad- 
 jutant." 
 
 In accordance with the order a large number of the command 
 assembled at the armory, but it was not found necessary to call 
 upon them for assistance, and after remaining there until about 9 
 o'clock they were dismissed. About fifty-five policemen were on 
 duty during the night in the burnt. district, for the purpose of pro- 
 tecting the property, and keeping persons from approaching too 
 near the crumbling walls. 
 
 At 11.50 A. M., when the magnitude of the conflagration was 
 fully anticipated, a dispatch was promptly forwarded to Washing- 
 ton asking for help, as follows: "To the Chief Engineer Wash- 
 ington City Fire Department : Send every spare engine and car- 
 riage here immediately. Henry Spilman, Chief Engineer." This 
 message on reaching Washington city was delivered to Martin 
 Cronin, chief of the fire department, and in one hour's time en- 
 gines Nos. 2 and 3 fully equipped, and having with them a com- 
 pound pipe, arrived at the Camden street depot, under charge of 
 the chief of the Washington fire department, assisted by the presi- 
 dent of the board of fire commissioners and Commissioner Joseph 
 Williams. The distance from Washington to Baltimore was made 
 in thirty-nine minutes. Chief Cronin at once reported to Chief 
 Spilman of the Baltimore fire department, who placed engine No. 
 3 on Pleasant street below Charles, and No. 2 on Liberty below 
 Lexington street, and they immediately commenced work on the 
 buildings near Liberty and Saratoga streets, doing efficient and 
 valuable service. The officers and members of engine company 
 No. 2, the Franklin, were Charles Hurdle, foreman ; John Sinclair, 
 Samuel Dawes, Samuel Ricks, Hugh Myers, Philip Meredith, Wm. 
 Hunt. The officers of No. 3, the Columbian, were tlani^C^^^^ 
 foreman ; Daniel Barron, Jasper Smith, Michael Kane, WaTter Cox, 
 Francis Lewis, Conrad Kaufman, Lewis Low (representative of 
 No. 1 truck Washington), John Fishes, F. P. Blair, James Frazier, 
 L. T. Folansbee (exempt.) Each company had their horses, hose- 
 carriages, and 900 feet of hose. The locomotive which accom- 
 plished the extraordinary feat of running forty-two miles in thirty- 
 nine minutes was No. 413, and was in charge of Samuel Buckey, 
 engineer. The train consisted of three gondolas and one pas- 
 senger coach, Captain Wm. Bines, conductor, and all in charge of 
 Col. Koontz, agent for the railroad at Washington. 
 
 Soon after the news was received in Philadelphia that a large 
 fire was raging in Baltimore, the chief engineer of the fire depart- 
 ment of that city sent the following dispatch : " H. Spilman, chief 
 engineer of the Baltimore fire department. I have four full com- 
 panies at your service. Do you need them ? Wm. H. Johnson." 
 The following reply was received from Baltimore : " Wm. H. John- 
 son, chief engineer of the Philadelphia fire department. Ma'ny 
 
CHKONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 707 
 
 thanks for your kindness ; the fire is under control ; no use for more 
 engines. H. Spilman." The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Bal- 
 timore Kailroad gave notice that they had made preparations for 
 the transportation of fire-engines in case they were needed. H. 
 F. Kenney, of the P. W. and B. E. K., telegraphed three times to 
 the acting Mayor Greenfield, of Baltimore, offering the use of that 
 railroad. He said he could run fast extras with engines and fire- 
 men, if the Mayor of Baltimore said so, putting them in Baltimore 
 in less than two hours. Telegrams from the authorities of York, 
 Harrisburg, Alexandria, Martinsburg, tendering aid in the way of 
 fire-apparatus, were also received. Major Kichards, of Washing- 
 ton, telegraphed, tendering to Marshal Gray the -services of a por- 
 tion of the Washington police force. The officers of the Northern 
 Central Eailroad Company sent their employees at the Bolton 
 shops down to the scene to render assistance, and the employees 
 of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company were held in readi- 
 ness at the Mount Clare shops, and would have been sent if they 
 had been needed. 
 
 The City Council met informally on Friday night, July 25th, 
 in accordance with a call from acting Mayor Greenfield (Mayor 
 Joshua Vansant on a visit from the city), and appointed the fol- 
 lowing committee to relieve those who were made destitute by the 
 fire : Messrs Seim, Conn and Giff'ord, of the First Branch, and 
 Messrs. Sommerlock, White and Ford, of the Second Branch. Ees- 
 olutions of thanks were passed to those cities who had tendered 
 assistance. The following was received from Mayor Alexander, of 
 Columbia, S. C. 
 
 Columbia, S. C, July 26fA, 1873. To his Honor the acting 
 Mayor of Baltimore : — We have heard of your calamity by tele- 
 
 fraph this morning. How can we aid you ? The people of Colum- 
 ia will come to the aid of Baltimore in any way in their power. 
 Answer. John Alexander, Mayor. 
 
 To the above Mayor Yansant (who had returned to the city) 
 sent the following : 
 
 Mayor's Office, City Hall, Baltimore, July 26th, 1873, To 
 ' his Honor the Mavor of Columbia, S. C. i—Your telegram tender- 
 ing aid of your noble people, on account of our disaster of yesterday, 
 is received, for which you have our grateful appreciation. From 
 appearances we will not require aid from our sister cities. I will 
 write to you by mail. Joshua Yansant, Mayor. 
 
 In the official report of Charles T. Holloway, Fire Inspector, it 
 is learned that 113 buildings were destroyed, as follows : 2 churches, 
 3 two-story and attic brick houses, 64 three-story brick houses, 18 
 four-story brick houses, 1 two-story frame house, 1 three-story 
 fi»ame house, 1 one-story brick house, making in all 113. These 
 buildings were occupied as follows ; Mills, 2 ; silk factory, 1 ; car- 
 
708 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 penter shops, 4 ; stables, 4 ; carvers, tobacconists and segar manu- 
 iacturers, 3; tailors, 4; cabinet-makers, 3 ; school-houses, 3; marble 
 worker, 1; painters, 2; sewing machine agency, 1; dress-makers, 
 2; shoemakers and shoe dealers, 6 ; machine shop, 1; restaurants, 
 4; tin-smith, 1; grocery, 2; coal-office, 1; plumbers and gasfiiters, 
 2; housefurnishing, 1; office, 1; boarding-houses, 3; hat and 
 bonnet factory, 1 ; hair-dresser, 1 ; academy of art, 1 ; universitj^, 
 1 ; watchmaker, 1 ; confectioner, 1 ; leather dealer, 1. These build- 
 ings, with the exception of 17, were also occupied as dwellings. 
 It is estimated the loss will amount to about $750,000, within- 
 Burancefor about one-third of the amount. 
 
 About half-past two o'clock on Wednesday morning, September 
 10th, a fire broke out from the rear upper portion of the HoUiday 
 Street Theatre, and rapidly spreading, soon involved the entire 
 structure. Soon after the alarm was sounded the fire-steamers 
 began rushing to the scene ; but before they could get to work 
 upon the building, the flames burst out and illuminated the whole 
 centre of the city, and sparks were showered through the air over 
 the buildings for many squares around. The wind was blowing 
 gently at the time, in a southwesterly direction, and a most dis- 
 astrous fire seemed imminent ; but through well-directed exertions 
 of the firemen and citizens, who rushed to the scene with alacrity, 
 only four buildings were burned. The roofing of the City College 
 buildings or old " Assembly Eooms " adjoining, took fire soon after 
 the flames burst from the theatre, and that structure was soon in 
 flames, and came very nearly sharing the fate of the theatre. The 
 St. Nicholas Hotel, on the north of the theatre, was also on fire, 
 and a number of buildings in the rear of the burning structures. 
 The fire threatened at one time to consume the best and most 
 closely-built part of the business centre of Baltimore. 
 
 The Hon. T. Parkin Scott, Chief Judge of the Supreme Bench 
 of this city, died on Monday, October 13th, in the 70th year of his 
 age. He was possessed of high abilities as a lawyer, and was much 
 respected for his great probity of character. 
 
 Ishmael Day died on Saturday, December 28th. 
 
 At a quarter past two o'clock on Friday morning, December 
 12th, the New American Theatre, known to old residents as the- 
 Baltimore Museum, at the northwest corner of Baltimore and Cal- 
 vert streets, belonging to the estate of the late Judge John Glenn, 
 and his son Mr. W. W. Glenn, was discovered on fire, and in a short 
 time was destroyed. The fire was first seen issuing from the 
 southwest corner of the fourth story of the old Museum, and being 
 located in the air as it were, the fire department had considerable 
 difficulty in arianging hose so as to have full pluy upon the flames. 
 Inside of thirty minutes, however, the flames were under complete 
 control, when all apprehensions of a disastrous conflagration passed 
 away. The only plausible solution as to the origin of the firejs 
 that it resulted irom carelessness on the part of some of Mr. 
 Howe's company connected with the theatre. 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 709 
 
 Johns Hopkins, Esq., died on Wednesday morning, December 
 24th, in the 79th year of his age. Mr. Hopkins was born in Anne 
 Arundel County, Maryland, on the 19th day of May, 1795. His 
 father was Samuel Hopkins of this county, and his mother was Han- 
 nah Janney Hopkins, of the well-known Tucker-Janney family, of 
 Loudoun County, Virginia. Samuel Hopkins was descended from an 
 English Quaker family of respectability, and emigrated with five 
 brothers soon after the colonization of Maryland. In his boy- 
 hood Mr. Johns Hopkins received a moderate education, and 
 worked upon his father's farm until 1812. When in his eight- 
 eenth year he came to Baltimore to engage in commercial pursuits. 
 He entered the counting-room of his uncle, Gerald T. Hopkins, a 
 well-known grocery merchant. He displayed an extraordinary 
 industry and energy, and in a short time he had mastered the de- 
 tails of the business. In 1819 Mr. Hopkins, in connection with 
 Benjamin P. Moore, established the grocery house of Hopkins & 
 Moore.* The young merchants had no cash capital, but the repu- 
 tation Mr. Hopkins had already earned as a young man of enter- 
 prise, energy and honor, stood with the firm in place of money. 
 This partnership was dissolved in 1822, and Johns Hopkins took 
 with him two younger brothers, and established a business under 
 the firm name of Hopkins & Brothers, in a frame house at the 
 corner of Pratt and HoUingsworth streets. The business of the 
 firm was rapidly developed, principally with the Valley of Virginia, 
 where the firm had large family connections. After his retire- 
 ment from business life the most remarkable portion of his career 
 commenced. With large means at his disposal, he made judicious 
 investments, which soon gave him a leading place as a capitalist. 
 The Rialto Building, on Second street, at the corner of HoUiday, 
 is a monument to him, and immense warehouses were during his 
 life erected by him. He was connected with nearly all the great 
 enterprises that have marked the history of Baltimore. In 
 1847 he became a director in the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad 
 Cotnpany, and took an active part in its management up to the 
 time of his death. In 1854 he was appointed chairman of the 
 finance committee, which position he always held. Prior to 1857, 
 when the company was embarrassed by the monetary difficulties 
 of the country and internal dissensions, and was unable to provide 
 in due season for the heavy obligations imposed upon it by the ex- 
 tension of the road, he voluntarily endorsed the notes of the com- 
 pany, pledging his private fortune to its support, and thus sus- 
 tained the credit of the company and insured the completion and 
 success of the road. He possessed from 15,000 to 17,000 shares of 
 its stock, with an actual market value of $3,000,000. His interest 
 was only exceeded by that held by the State of Maryland and city 
 of Baltimore. During the panic in the fall of 1873 he again came 
 to the assistance of the road, and furnished it with over $900,000 
 in cash, by which it paid its interest in cash, while other great 
 
710 CHRONICLES' OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 roads were paying in certified cheeks or in scrip. Necessarily his 
 connection with various banks in Baltimore was very large, and it 
 may be said that he controlled them. His judgment was so good and 
 his interests so large as to make his voice all-powerful with them. 
 He was for many years president of the Merchants' Bank, and a 
 director in the First National, in the Mechanics', Central, National 
 Union, Citizens', and the Farmers and Planters'. He was a large 
 Btockholder in many of the banks of this city, as well as in a 
 Dumber in Virginia. All enterprises appealed to him for aid, and, 
 ever mindful of the prosperity of Baltimore, he assisted with his 
 means. He was treasurer of the Eepublic Life Insurance Com- 
 pany of Chicago, director of the Baltimore Warehouse Company, 
 director of the Merchants' Mutual Marine Insurance Company, a 
 large stockholder in the George's Creek Coal Company and in the 
 Merchants* and Miners' Transportation Company. The latter 
 company have one of their steamers named after him. On the re- 
 ceipt of the news of the great panic of 1873 at his office in the 
 Commercial Building, corner of Lombard and Gay streets, he be- 
 came somewhat excited, and he saw at once the serious character 
 of the financial trouble, and exclaimed, " This is a tornado ! " By 
 the time the clearing-house met on the afternoon of the panic he 
 had made up his mind what to do, and he gave some of his 
 strength and confidence to each member of that important and 
 financial body. He said that he could put his shoulder to the 
 wheel, that h« held S2,000,000 of commercial paper, and had large 
 investments, all of which were aifected by the unexpected crisis, 
 but he would devote his money and his influence to avert the 
 panic from the business community of Baltimore. This he was 
 able to do, and he was the only single man that could have done 
 it. He started the next morning to carry out his object, and 
 after his money was exhausted, he loaned his name, which was as 
 good as a bank-note, and in many instances he charged nothing 
 for it. He thus prevented a panic like that which swept New 
 York and other cities, bringing disaster to commerce, to i^e- 
 chanical and all other kinds of industries. 
 
 Mr. Hopkins was a Quaker, without being a professed member 
 of any church. He dressed in the plainest fashion ; was tall in 
 stature, with a slight stoop in the shoulders, with a plain and 
 wrinkled face, but a not unkindly eye. He was brief in his con- 
 versation, but to the point. He was of a quick mind and temper- 
 ament, and when he came to a determination it was difficult to get 
 him to change it. He was honest, industrious, generous and liberal. 
 In his will he endowed to the amount of about $6,000,000 the fol- 
 lowing institutions ; A university at Clifton (his country residence), 
 with a law, medical, classical, and agricultural school. A free 
 hospital in the city of Baltimore for four hundred patients, com- 
 plete in all its appointments and departments, for the reception 
 and treatment of the indigent sick of Baltimore and its vicinity, 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 711 
 
 and in special cases of* casualty for the people of the State gene- 
 rally, without respect to age, sex or color. The hospital will form 
 a part of the medical school at Clifton. A convalescent hospital 
 in a country neighborhood, within easy reach of the city, to which 
 patients from the free hospitals may be removed as soon as relieved 
 of their maladies, and where they may completely recruit their 
 strength and vigor before returning to their customary labors. An 
 enclosure of the thirteen acres of the hospital as in part a free 
 park to all who choose to enter it ; a low stone wall will surround it, 
 surmounted by iron railings, and the grounds are to be graded, 
 laid off into walks, and ornamented with trees and shrubs and 
 parterres of flowers, with seats for rest, and sprinkling fountains. 
 In connection with the hospital a training school for nurses will be 
 established, in accordance with the plans of Florence Nightingale. 
 Such nurses are to be paid out of the trust funds, and will be per- 
 mitted, after becoming skilled in their duties, to exercise their pro- 
 fession, wherever their services may be engaged, among the gene- 
 ral community. A home for colored orphans and for colored chil- 
 dren having but one parent, and in exceptional cases for such 
 colored children not orphans as might be in need of charity. The 
 Home is to be in Baltimore County, and is designed to accommodate 
 about four hundred inmates, and to be enlarged when necessary. 
 Messrs. Lewis Hopkins, Galloway Cheston, Francis T. King and 
 Charles J. M. G-winn are his executors. His estate is estimated to 
 be about $10,000,000. 
 
 The following very prominent and worthy citizens died at 
 the dates given : Mr. Noah Walker, Monday, February 2d ; Horatio 
 L. Whitridge, Wednesday, February 11th; Hon. Eobert Fowler, 
 Tuesday, March 3d ; Judge Bolivar D. Danels, Sunday, March 1st. 
 
 The harbor of Baltimore penetrates the heart of the city, from 
 which the ground rises slowly for distances varying from one 
 hundred to one thousand yards, then rapidly into successive 
 heights, forming an amphitheatre with views from each tier in- 
 creasing in beauty as it ascends, until the city, the harbor, the 
 river, the bay, the surrounding country, spreading out their vary- 
 ing features, present a scene of beauty seldom surpassed by the 
 seats of commerce in the old or new world. Baltimore is one of 
 the best built cities in the country. Its churches, libraries, hotels, 
 theatres, educational institutions, including the University of 
 Maryland, a law school, two schools of medicine, with infirmaries 
 attached, are altogether consistent with its commanding position 
 as one of the great centres of American trade and commerce. Its 
 system of public schools is admitted to be of the best. At a cost 
 of $460,000 in 1869, it sustained 119 schools, with 558 teachers and 
 24,000 scholars, in all grades, from primary to college, in houses 
 which, for convenience and healthfulness of arrangement, answer 
 the most fastidious requirements. Its churches, embracing every 
 denomination, number 191, many of them of fine architectural 
 
712 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 beanty. The buildings occupied by the United States and State 
 and City governments compare favorably with those of other 
 cities, and the magnificent new City Hall of marble is scarcely in- 
 ferior to any structure in the country, except the Capitol at Wash- 
 ington, whilst its splendid monuments of marble have given it 
 the name and compliment of the "Monumental City." Nor have 
 pleasure and health been neglected ; eleven parks purify the air 
 and invite the people to their shades. No park in America vies, 
 we believe, with the hundreds of acres of woodland and lawn, hill 
 and dale, of our exquisite "Druid Hill." The cent contribution of 
 every citizen or sojourner who rides in our City Passenger rail cars, 
 suffices to pay for and support this life-giving lung of our metro- 
 polis. The visions of Canton Company stock speculators of over 
 thirty years ago, though not entirely realized, are still demon- 
 strated to have been more than " baseless fabrics" by the wharves, 
 factories, dwellings, and hum of business covering the once vacant 
 spaces at the base of those eastern hills which are now crested 
 with the groves and avenues of Patterson Park. There is no 
 longer the stir of ship-building on Fell's Point, but it has only 
 changed quarters for the shores of Federal Hill and Locust Point, 
 on the southern side of the basin and harbor. There, too, a fresh 
 town has sprung up on the " Whetstone Peninsula," with long lines 
 of paved streets, houses, public buildings, quays, coal-wharves, and 
 extensive piers and fire-proof warehouses for the European 
 steamers from Eremen and England, connected with the Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad. Still onward the city stretches, over the pen- 
 insula to the Middle Branch and Fort McHenry on the south and 
 east, and on the west threatens still to include " Moale's Point" 
 in the city's limits, in spite of the denunciations of that ancestor 
 of the family who in 1729 refused his lands for the site of the future 
 metropolis. Northwestwardly and westwardly, northwardly and 
 eastwardly, the city has run out its streets and avenues; the forest 
 has been felled, the hills as well as the level grounds are now 
 covered with substantial improvements, slowly but securely won 
 by the patient, unostentatious accretions of- wealth and people 
 during the last forty years. Large numbers of private, in- 
 dividual houses (not vast and crowded lodging houses) have been 
 built for and are occupied by the working-classes, demonstrating 
 the demand for, as well as the recompense of, labor in our com- 
 munity. The old "Howard's Park" is filled with residences and 
 public buildings of a richer character, in substantial comfort and 
 taste comparing favorably with the dwelling quarters of more 
 boastful capitals. The observer of this busy and beautiful scene 
 from the top of the "Washington Monument," in the centre of 
 these luxurious dwellings, whence the whole panorama of Balti- 
 more is distinctly visible, now beholds a magnificent city nestling 
 under the sheltering slopes around the head-waters of the branches 
 of the Patapsco, where our ancestors planted themselves so confi- 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 713 
 
 dently one hundred and forty-five years ago. From the still 
 wooded heights north of the Northern Boundar}' avenue, to the 
 watere of the basin and across the peninsula to the Middle Branch, 
 the space is densely packed, quite four miles in width, with solid 
 improvenlents, while from Canton and Fell's Point on the east, to 
 the House of Eefuge and Druid Hill Park on the west and north- 
 west, seven or eight miles in length, the substantial buildings are 
 centrally quite as dense, and only scattering in parts of the ex- 
 treme outskirts. 
 
 " The city of Baltimore, though its prosperity suffered from the 
 civil war, still had certain partial compensations in the increased 
 knowledge obtained by our countrymen of its geographical im- 
 portance, of the value of Maryland lands, streams and mines, 
 as well as in the temporary depot trade in military supplies and 
 troop transportation. But the war stopped the great trade of 
 Baltimore with the South, and broke the city's connection with 
 the West. Since the conflict ended the revival of this suspended 
 prosperity has been steady and firm ; nor can any one observe our 
 thronged streets, our crowded cars, our packed vans, the gay 
 crowds of pleasure-seekers in our parks, the wide-awake, healthy 
 alacrity of our people at all times, the rows of comfortable houses 
 built and building in every direction, without being aware of Balti- 
 more's substantial growth. Prior to 1820 we were rich from 
 foreign and domestic trade, combined and nearly monopolized in 
 Baltimore. We are now endeavoring to re-assert our lost supremacy 
 mainly through the continuation and increase of the internal im- 
 provement system. 
 
 " Before the days of sea-going and ocean-crossing steamers, it 
 was objected to Baltimore that it was not a seaport, being at the 
 end of two hundred miles of inland navigation; and it was replied 
 that London, Paris, Antwerp, Bremen, Dresden, Berlin, and Ham- 
 burg, the great European trade cities, and Amsterdam, the great 
 financial centre of the continent, were not seaports. But since the 
 era of sea-going steamers, the geographical fact is of no appre- 
 ciable practical importance, the vehicle of transportation being 
 continuous. And so we return to the great founders of Baltimore, 
 in 1729, that in truth it is the original and natural terminus of 
 internal American trade on the Atlantic seaboard, indicated by the 
 geography of the country. The canal and railway companies, in- 
 corporated over fifty years ago, have been and are still striving to 
 demonstrate this. Their success in sustaining the city amid^ all 
 the rivalries of trade, of competing States and cities, amid the 
 disasters of war, with the small capital of a comparatively small 
 State and small city exclusively, has been marvellous ; yet 
 that they have succeeded under all such discouragements and 
 disadvantages, is proof of the soundness of their basis : the 
 central and national supremacy of Baltimore. It was from Baltimore 
 town, in colonial and ante-revolutionary days, that the trading ad- 
 
714 CHBONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 venturers, soldiers, or pioneers, set forth when they went west- 
 ward, wending their way by Fort Cumberland until they pene- 
 trated the wilderness, with their long trains of pack-horses, 
 (before the days of wagons) bearing luxuries into the forest, to be 
 exchanged for the peltries which were then almost the only circu- 
 lating medium of the region. Maryland, lying like a wedge 
 between Pennsylvania and Virginia, and having in its centre 
 another wedge in its magnificent bay and river, whose affluents 
 penetrated its extreme northwestern corner, afforded the easiest 
 levels for a channel of trade for passing the mountains and reach- 
 ing the navigable waters of the Ohio, then almost the outer 
 boundary of civilized men. Thus our State became the chief re- 
 cognized line of travel, and our town the chief depot between the 
 Atlantic slopes and shores and the valleys beyond the Alleghany 
 range. Historically, as well as geographically, Baltimore is, there- 
 fore, to be reckoned the earliest commercial ally of the West. It 
 was certainly so in the days when Braddock and Washington 
 pursued the line we have indicated, towards Fort Pitt or Fort 
 Vu. Quesne ; and also in periods when the common interests and 
 common-sense of men pointed out a trail for trade, independently 
 of all extraneous rivalries or influences. It continued so, indeed, 
 till the opening of the Mississippi by steam navigation, and until 
 the establishment of the New York Canal. 
 
 " The geographical fact still remains — immutable. All the art, 
 all the ingenuity, all the capital of other States and cities, are un- 
 able to change the surface of the earth, or their relative situation 
 on it. They have been unable to destroj^ the great truth that Bal- 
 timore is not only the natural depot of American continental trade, 
 but also the central point of the seaboard Union in instantaneous 
 intercourse with the national capital, and that its great Western 
 railway is the shortest, directest, and, of course, most economical 
 communication between the West and the sea. A glance at any 
 skeleton map of the United States, on which the great railways 
 are truthfully laid down, will show this. It will be seen that while 
 Boston, New York and Philadelphia stretch out their iron arms 
 longingly to the West, every grasp they make drags commodities 
 over a longer road, and of course at greater cost. 
 
 " While seeking central communications westwardly, we have 
 not been unmindful that there were northern lands and lakes and 
 mines which might contribute to our and th« South's prosperity 
 and convenience. Accordingly we have threaded the Susquehanna 
 with a canal and a road, which places Lake Brie nearer to Balti- 
 more than to New York or Philadelphia. Our communications 
 with the North and East and their connections are perfect through 
 the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Kailroad, the Western 
 Maryland, and through the Northern Central Eailway, whose con- 
 necting lines at Harrisburg, Williamsport and elsewhere throw 
 into its power the products, not only of Western New York and 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 715 
 
 "Western Pennsylvania, but of the northwestern lake and prairie 
 country of our Union. By the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad we 
 are linked inseparably with all sections, under the alliances and 
 systems inaugurated through the masterly administration of Pres- 
 ident Garrett. These roads and connections [together with the 
 Baltimore and Potomac under the able management of President 
 ex-Governor Oden Bowie] link our city by direct and regular in- 
 tercourse with Washington, Eichmond, and the affiliated southern 
 roads penetrating Yirginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 Georgia and Louisiana. Through Harper's Ferry and Winchester 
 we penetrate the Yalley of Virginia, and will shortly make com- 
 plete southern connections in that direction. Through Grafton wo 
 wend northwardly to Wheeling or westwardly to Parkersburg; 
 from the latter striking straight forward to St. Louis and its con- 
 necting Pacific Eailroad ; and from the latter, uniting with that 
 griddle of railways which checkers Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and 
 Illinois and the far Northwest. The Connellsville and Pittsburgh 
 connection with our Baltimore and Ohio road has opened a great 
 line of travel ; and will continue to do so, especially when the in- 
 dependent Baltimore, Pittsburgh and Chicago road is finished. 
 This line will be the shortest, cheapest, and most direct from the 
 Northwest to tide water. New York has been hitherto held as 
 the objective point of Chicago on the Atlantic; but by this line, 
 Baltimore, now a first-class port, will be one hundred and fifty-two 
 miles closer to Chicago than by the average distances of the exist- 
 ing lines used to New York. By the New York Central road 
 from Chicago to New York, it is 185 miles further than from 
 Chicago to Baltimore ; by the New York and Erie, 166 miles ; and 
 by the Allentown route the distance is 104 miles greater to New 
 York than by the new route from Chicago to our city. From 
 Louisville to Baltimore the distance through Cincinnati is 696 
 miles, or 291 less than to New York by the Ohio and Mississippi 
 and New York and Erie lines, and 209 less than to New York by 
 the New York Central, and 155 less than by the Allentown route 
 of the Pennsylvania road. Through the Ohio and Mississippi 
 road to Cincinnati, and the Marietta and Cincinnati road thence, 
 the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad presents a line 210 miles less in 
 distance to Baltimore from St. Louis than the average distance by 
 the three trunk lines used from St. Louis to New York. The Bal- 
 timore and Ohio Company now controls and works, under a perma- 
 nent lease, the Central Ohio road from Bellaire on the Ohio river 
 to Columbus the capital of the State ; and it has also a line which 
 extends from Newark on its Central Ohio division to Sandusky on 
 the lake. The new lines of the Baltimore and Ohio road in con- 
 nection with its Metropolitan branch from the Point of Eocks, re- 
 duce the distance from Pittsburgh to Washington city, as compared 
 with the route via Harrisburg, full seventy-five miles. 
 
 " Shortened distance is, of course, a main element of transpor- 
 
716 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 tation ; but facility for transfer and cheapness of handling are 
 not the least of the material advantages sought for in the compe- 
 titions of commerce. The establishment of the Locust Point piers 
 and warehouses has shown the wisdom and foresight with which 
 our great railway has been directed. This is, at once, a depot on 
 deep water for coal, and also a depot for freight and passengers, 
 reached without change of cars from any part of the country. 
 The coal is delivered in the hold from the original vehicle of trans- 
 portation ; and the landed emigrant mounts the ear for his western 
 home without delay, or a dollar's cost for the movement of his 
 baggage, or danger of the impositions practised in other cities by 
 the greedy runners of rival railways. 
 
 " But the main purpose of this great Locust Point depot and 
 pier — 650 feet long and 100 feet wide, covered with fire-proof 
 warehouses — is the accommodation of the Clyde-built steamers 
 at this marine terminus of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad. It 
 was believed until within a few years that New York alone could 
 maintain lines of steamers to Europe. The trials made by the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Company of a small class of these vessels in- 
 duced more extensive experiments. Accordingly two first-class 
 steamships, of 2,500 tons burthen, were built and put on the sea 
 betw^een Bremen and this port, and in less than a year it was 
 found necessary to double the line; and so successful had the 
 attempt proved, that when the new stock was off'ered for the addi- 
 tional capital required, the astute merchants of Bremen, who en- 
 tirely comprehended the advantages of Baltimore, offered sub- 
 scriptions for forty times the sum desired, so that the apportion- 
 ment of the stock made but two and a half per centum upon the 
 Bubscri])tions asked for. Another line for Liverpool is necessary 
 and organizing. The great ocean steamers of New York are sup- 
 plied with coal carried by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and 
 shipped from Baltimore. The cost of transportation hence to 
 New York is $2.50 per ton ; and as our Baltimore steamers in 
 their voyage hence to Bremen consume 800 tons, they, conse- 
 quently, save two thousand dollars on each voyage as compared with 
 New York. Accordingly, it is not surprising to see that we have 
 in addition to our railroad facilities and our Bremen or Liverpool 
 steamers regular lines of steam packets to Norfolk, Petersburg, 
 Richmond, Va., Wilmington, N. C, Charleston, Savannah, Key 
 West, Havana, Galveston, and New Orleans. We have also most 
 BuccesKful lines of steamers by canal and ocean to Philadelphia, 
 New York, and Boston, and to all parts of our own bay and rivers. 
 The old established * Bay Line ' of steamers is most important 
 and successful in its connections with the railways of the South, 
 thus feeding Baltimore with large supplies of staples, and sending 
 back important cargoes of commodities purchased in our city. 
 Our northern railways are sufficiently known, while those in con- 
 nection with Washington and New York are now especially es- 
 
CHROISICLES OF BALTIMORE. 717 
 
 teemed by the thousands who yearly use them, for the ease and 
 security of the transportation. 
 
 " These rail and water communications, with the vast advan- 
 tages they have by comparative cheapness of fuel and facility for 
 its reception, have certainly added largely since the late war to 
 the commerce of Baltimore. Two facts are striking. When the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad was chartered in 1827, the whole 
 wealth of the city is estimated to have been scarcely more than 
 about seventeen millions of dollars. The assessed value of real and 
 personal estate for taxation in the city in 1870 is $207,181,550; 
 while, under the influence of improved business connections, the 
 revenue of the railroad has increased from $300,000 per month 
 to 61,000,000! The New York importer of coffee sends his ship 
 to Baltimore to avail of its lower port charges and superior 
 and economical facilities for transportation. The city has liberally 
 fostered the road by furnishing it riparian rights on deep water, 
 and hence the company was enabled to build its wharf's, piers, and 
 warehouses, and to furnish without cost to European steamers 
 those admirable advantages we have described, by which sagacious 
 course the wealth of Baltimore has been augmented bj' many mil- 
 lions in the course of the last ten years. It has re-established not 
 only our western internal trade, but effectually reinitiated a lucra- 
 tive foreign commerce, large and varied importations being now 
 made through Baltimore for the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. 
 
 " Baltimore is nearest the North, nearest the South, nearest 
 the West in fact, so central on the seaboard as to be nearest all 
 classes of industry and of production. It is nearest the manufac- 
 turer of the North, the agricultural producer of the West and 
 South, the speculator and purchaser of Europe and the West Indies, 
 and of purchasers everywhere. When our great road shall be pro- 
 longed to the Pacific Ocean [which was accomplished in March, 
 1874] by the contemplated routes, partially in progress, near the 
 40th parallel of latitude, it will become the central belt of North 
 America, the twin-clasps of which must be San Francisco and Bal- 
 timore." 
 
 In drawing to the close of this volume, by the same pen ret 
 wet with what the author and compiler has chronicled the latest 
 events of moment of the passing year which mark the city's life, 
 he asks, of a liberal and discriminating public, indulgence and 
 allowance for the imperfections and shortcomings in his work. 
 Through a labyrinth of difficulties in the laborious and wide field 
 of research which such a subject as he has treated necessarily em- 
 braces, he has threaded his way to the consummation of his task, 
 endeavoring, at every step, faithfully to gather up and bind to- 
 gether, in form and manner as appears, the sheaves of history. If 
 much has been missed by the way, or if rudely and clumsily the 
 ground has been gone over, after-gleaners, doubtless, will complete 
 the work which an eye, a hand and a judgment less skilled than 
 
718 CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 theirs may have failed thoroughly to accomplish ; and whatever 
 the deficiencies and defects in the book, the author trusts that 
 some compensation for the same, in the balance of differences, shall 
 have been found in the mere amount of historical information, old 
 and new, collected and condensed from a thousand different 
 sources, and outspread in single and convenient shape. To many, 
 the numerous extracts and quotations from various writers will 
 have been a reintroduction, so to speak, to dear and familiar 
 friends — not the less pleasing, perhaps, that they are thus found 
 side by side in the same company harmonizing to a useful end. 
 Of the more recent writers from whom the author has freely 
 quoted, none seem to him to have supplied so exhaustive and so 
 fresh an account of Baltimore as Mr. Brantz Mayer, in his sketch, 
 in the late book "Baltimore, historical, biographical." But from 
 first to last, one and all who have touched upon the subject have 
 furnished in greater or lesser degree, something of value ; and all 
 have been culled from without stint, and judiciously, it is hoped. 
 
 To the reader who may have gone over these pages, standing 
 if he should to-day on the quay at Locust Point, or the parapet of 
 Fort McHenry, looking forth, two pictures will arise — one, in the 
 mind's eye before him down the distant past, the other visible to 
 the eye of the body, looming up and outstretching in the living 
 present, — pictures striking by their contrasts through time and 
 change, and by their intermingled presence exciting varied emotions 
 and reflections. In one instant, as it were, the old wilderness is 
 here with unbroken wastes around, and untroubled waters — save 
 by the birch-canoe. In another, sweeps the living moving pano- 
 rama of the life that is. In one, the eye scans, afar, the faint, 
 white sail of Captain John Smith slowly creeping up through the 
 then wide unknown, with scant, adventurous crew— in another, it 
 beholds the giant ocean steamer freighted with its thousand souls, 
 breasting with a new, a master-power the now familiar scene. In 
 one instant, looking over the shoulder of Captain Smith, the eye 
 follows his skilled hand, outlining with extraordinary precision 
 land and water, and fixing names on that most accurate and now 
 historical " mappe," the first ever draughted of the region here- 
 about. In another, lifting up, it beholds the fiery smoke-stacks 
 and furnaces of the Abbott and other iron-works in full blast and 
 view, and the indented earth around with its opening stores of the 
 raw material which supply these works — recognizing by the 
 double glance both the sagacity of the great explorer in naming 
 the now familiar Patapsco " Bolus," as he did, predicting in that 
 original and appropriate name the presence of the precious metal 
 in its banks — and the proof of that sagacity and prediction in the 
 resonant hammers, clinking picks and belching flues around. 
 
 Other figures in the foreground of the past break on the view, 
 following in the wake of the first fearless explorer, and seeking the 
 head waters here — first, Lord Baltimore, the fortunate and favored 
 
CHRONICLES OF BALTIMORE. 719 
 
 founder ; and after him, in time and slowly coming up from the 
 lowlands and the sea, scatteringlj, settler after settler, bringing 
 gradually the material for the final foundations and corner-stone 
 of the metropolis of the State. To stand thus, and to thus gaze 
 and think down the stream of time, this picture offset against that, 
 the far and the near seem one, the then and the now as yesterday 
 and to-day. But yesterday, so considering, it seems the Dove and 
 the Ark gave up their burdens to the shore, and we behold the 
 Catholic Church standard planted at St. Mary's. But yesterday 
 we suddenly behold that standard supplanted under the law by the 
 English Church establishment, and Papists taxed to keep them 
 from the land. But yesterday we see the law in force branding 
 the foreheads and boring holes in the tongues of offending men. 
 But yesterday, in the background we behold groping their way, 
 people searching for court-house or church by the interesting 
 means of slits and notches in trees. But yesterday, coming over 
 the hills, groaning and jogging through tortuous tracks, wooded 
 and tangled ways, we see wagons, hub deep in mud, laboring down 
 to the Eldorado of their wish — this very water's edge — the only 
 outlet to the outside world. This, yesterday ! To-day, standing 
 where we do, on parapet or pier, with all the past and all the 
 present here, the free flag over head and the iron rail at our feet — 
 are further words at all necessary where intelligent suggestion 
 will so naturally and readily come in to draw for itself the lights 
 and shadows and the contrasts of the pictures clearer ? 
 
 We have finished ; with all their imperfections these are our 
 " Chronicles of Baltimore " — the result of nights and days of labor 
 through months and years. We have endeavored to remove the 
 moss from the gravestones of " Ours," and to any one who will 
 follow us and do better, we will do all we can to assist with our 
 experience and kindliest advice. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 CITY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Joshua Vansant, Mayor; Andrew J. King, Clerk to Mayor; John A. Robb, 
 Register; S. T. Duvall, Deputy Regi>*ter and Cashier; J. Sewell Thomas, Clerk 
 to Register; Samuel Maccubbin, Comptroller; Samuel S. Mills, Jr., Clerk to 
 Comptroller; I. Nevett Steele, City Counsellor; Albert Ritchie, City Solicitor; 
 Beverley Diggs, Mayor's Detective. 
 
 MEMBERS OF CITY COUNCIL. 
 
 First j9mncA.— President, Otis Keilholtz; Chief Clerk, A. V. Milholland ; 
 Reading Clerk, J. Frank Brady ; Sergeant at- Arms, Jas. Stanton ; Page, Daniel 
 Barr. 1st Ward, Jas. T. Kirby; 2d, E. Hergesheimer ; 8d, Jas. Logan; 4th, 
 C.W.Lewis; 5ih, Sianley Hynson; 6th, John L. Baker; 7th, James Bond; 
 8th, M. J. Owens; 9lh, Telfair Marriott; 10th, W. T. Browning; 11th, Wm. 
 Conn; 12lh, Jos. S. Heuisler ; 13th, Otis Keilholtz; 14th, Geo. U. Porter ; 15th, 
 Thomas H. Rice; 16th, J. H. Freeburger; 17th, John T.Langrille; 18th, J. G. 
 Linthicum ; 19th, John T. Ford ; 20th, C. W. Chancellor. 
 
 Second Branch —President, Henry Seim ; Chief Clerk, J. J. Grindall ; Assis- 
 tant Clerk, E. J. Edwards; Sergeant-at-Arms, Jos. W. Wallace; Page, H. D. 
 Berry. 1st and 2d Wards, Charles Streeper; 3d and 4th, John K. Carroll ; 5th 
 and 6th, Henry M. Stay lor; 7th and 8tli, George Rinehart; 9th and 10th, 
 Henry Seim ; llih and 12ih, Henry D. Loney ; ISth and 14ih, John S. Hogg ; 
 15th and 16th, Wra J. Murray; 17th and 18th, Charles A. Wheeler; 19th and 
 20th, George A. Kirk, 
 
 Tax Department.— Cit/ Collector, James M. Anderson; Deputy, J. T.M. 
 Barnes; Cashier, R. D. Ducket. 
 
 Judges op Appeal Tax Court.— Edward A. Gibbs, William J. King, 
 Beale H. Richardson ; Thomas Gitford, Cashier; H. P.Mowinkle, Clerk; D. A. 
 Fenton, Assistant Clerk. 
 
 Water Department.— Water Engineer, James Curran ; Register, Wm. 
 L. Sliarretts. 
 
 City Commissioner, John H. Tegmeyer; Assistant, Richard H. Johns; 
 Clerk, John E. Toole. 
 
APPENDIX. 721 
 
 Port Warden, Daniel Constantine; Clerk, James H. McNeal. 
 
 Park Commissioners. — Joshua Vansant, Chairman ; Thomas Swann, John 
 H. B. Latrobe, Wm. E. Hooper, James Webb, Louis McLane. 
 
 Building Committee of New City Hall.— Joshua Vansant, J. Hall 
 Pleasants, Ichabod Jean, Samuel H. Adams, John W. Colley ; Walter S. Smith, 
 Secretary, John J. Purcell, Superintendent. 
 
 Health Department. — Commissioner, James A. Steuart, M. D. ; Assis- 
 tant Superintendent, Alfred E. Smyrk; Physician to Marine Hospital, J, S. 
 Conrad, M. D.; Secretary, I. W. Mohler; Clerk, W. H. Bosley. 
 
 Commissioners for Opening Streets. — Isaac Cox, James S. Morrow, 
 John F. Piquett ; R. F. Green, Clerk. 
 
 Police Organization. — Commissioners, Wm. H. B. Fusselbaugh, Presi- 
 dent ; Treasurer, James E. Carr ; Thos. S. Morse ; Secretary, Marriott Boswell ; 
 Marshal, John T. Gray ; Deputy Marshal, Jacob Frey ; Clerk, George Wentz. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 CommissioTiers. — President, John T. Morris; Superintendent, William R. 
 Creery ; Assistant Superintendent, B. C. Reed ; Secretary, H. M. Cowles. 
 
 Board of Commissioners. — 1st Ward, Henry A. Creagh ; 2d, Geo. L. Hamel ; 
 3d, John G. Dillehunt ; 4th, Dr. Thomas Kelly ; 5th, William M. Ives ; 6th, 
 John F. Hancock ; 7th, Robert H. Sinclair ; 8th, John Johnson ; 9th, Alexander 
 L. Spear; 10th, John T. Morris; 11th, John P. Poe; 13th, T. J. Magruder; 
 13th, J. L. Lawton; 14th, G. S. Griffith, Jr.; 15th, ,Tohn Ferry; 16th, William 
 R. Brewer; 17th, H. B. Roemer; 18th, Christian Emmerich; 19th, I. T. Stod- 
 dard ; 20th, B. H. Hobbs. 
 
 FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Board of Commissioners.— President, Thomas W. Campbell ; Commis- 
 sioners, William Wilson, Jr., John T. Morris, James A. Bruce, Samuel Kirk ; 
 Secretary, G. A. Campbell ; Inspector, Charles T. HoUoway ; Chief Engineer, 
 Henry Spilman ; Assistant Engineers, Geo. W. EUender and Jno. M. Hennick. 
 
 COURTS. 
 
 EIGHTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT.— Baltimore City. 
 
 The Supreme Bench. — Hon. George William Brown, Chief Judge. Hons. 
 George W. Dobbin, Henry F. Garey, Campbell Whyte Pinkney and Robert 
 Gilmor, Jr., associates. The Judges of the Supreme Bench are assigned to 
 the following Courts : 
 
 Superior Court. — Judge Dobbin, with Judge Garey to assist. George 
 Robinson, Clerk. 
 
 Court of Common Pleas. — Judge Garey, with Judge Dobbin to assist. 
 I. Freeman Rasin, Clerk. John M. Young, Commissioner of Insolvent Debtors . 
 46 
 
722 APPENDIX. 
 
 Circuit Court.— Judge Pinkney, with Judge Garey to assist. James R. 
 Brewer, Clerk. 
 
 Criminal Court. — Judge Gilmor, with Judge Dobbin to assist. William 
 F. McKewen, Clerk. Augustus Albert, Sheriff. A. Leo Knott, State's At- 
 torney. W. N. C. Carr, Deputy State's Attorney. 
 
 City Court.— Chief Judge, George William Brown. Nathaniel C. Robert- 
 son, Clerk. 
 
 The Superior Court, Court of Common Pleas, Criminal and City Courts, 
 commence their terms on the 2d Monday in January, May and September. 
 The terms of the Circuit Court are 2d Monday in January, March, May, Sep- 
 tember and November ; and the 2d Monday of July shall be a return day. 
 
 Orphans' Court. — Hon. John A. Inglis, Chief Judge ; Hons. George W. 
 Bishop and G. W. Lindsay, Associate Judges. J. Harman Brown, Register of 
 Wills. The Orphans' Court is in session every day, except Sundays, from 11 
 o'clock, A. M., to 1 o'clock, P. M. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES COURTS IN MARYLAND. 
 
 The State of Maryland is in the Fourth Judicial Circuit, which includes 
 Virginia, West Virginia, North and South Carolina. 
 
 THE U. S. CIRCUIT COURT.— "The Circuit Court of the United States 
 for the Fourth Circuit in and for Maryland District." Hon. Hugh L. Bond, 
 Circuit Judge, and Hon. Wm. Fell Giles, District Judge. Clerk, Jas. W. Chew. 
 U. S. District Attorney, Archibald Stirling, Jr., Esq. A. M. Rogers, Assistant. 
 U. S. Marshal, Edward Y. Goldsborough. U. S. Commissioners, Isaac Brooks 
 and R. Lyon Rogers, Esqs. 
 
 Terms op Court are held on the first Monday of April and November. 
 
 THE U. S. DISTRICT COURT.—" The District Court of the United 
 States for Maryland District," Hon. Wm. Fell Giles, District Judge. 
 
 [The oflacers of this Court are the same as the ofllcers of the Circuit Court.] 
 
 Terms op Court are held on the first Tuesday in March, June, September 
 and December. 
 
INDEX 
 
 pxei 
 
 Abbott, Horace 
 
 490,664,718 
 
 Abell, A. S 
 
 76, 95. 96. 97, 98, 99, 703 
 
 Abell, G. W 99 
 
 Abell. W. E 555 
 
 Abrahams & Ashcroft 620 
 
 Academy of Art 697, 702 
 
 Academy of Music — 677 
 Academy of Science... 395 
 
 Acland, Major 275 
 
 Acts of Assembly 
 
 14, 18, 36, 51, 649, 664 
 
 Port duties 11 
 
 Seating lands in 
 
 Baltimore Co.... 14 
 Establishing Epis- 
 copalChurch.&c 
 
 15, 24, 27 
 Prohibiting impor- 
 tations from Pa. 15 
 To compel the pub- 
 lication of the 
 rates of freight 15 
 To mark the roads, 
 
 &c , 15 
 
 Creating Whet- 
 stone Point a 
 
 town 15 
 
 To prevent the im- 
 
 portation of 
 
 Irish Catholics. 16 
 
 To convey letters, 
 
 &c., by the 
 
 sheriffs 16 
 
 Establishing four 
 
 Courts 16 
 
 Punishing Sabbath 
 breakers.drunk- 
 ards, &c 17 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Requiring persons 
 to produce annu- 
 ally squirrels' 
 scalps, crows' 
 heads, Ac 18 
 
 To create Balti- 
 more Town 19, 20 
 
 For building St. 
 Paul's Church... 28 
 
 For laying out 
 Jonas Town. ...32, 38 
 
 Incorporating 
 Jonas and Bal- 
 timore towns 
 into one town... 34 
 
 To prevent frauds, 
 Ac. 36 
 
 To keep ladder to 
 extend to the 
 roof, &c 37 
 
 Duty on bachelors 51 
 
 Establishing c o r - 
 oners, «fcc., fees.. 54 
 
 Instructions to the 
 delegates to 
 Stamp Act of 
 Congress 57 
 
 Prescribing quar- 
 antine 58 
 
 To erect an Alms- 
 house 72 
 
 To confiscate Brit- 
 ish property 188 
 
 Declaring La Fay- 
 ette, Ac, citi- 
 zens of Mary- 
 land. 237 
 
 Erection of lamps, 
 Ac 238 
 
 Inspection of salted 
 pork, Ac 243 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Extinguish fires, 
 
 Ac 246,263 
 
 To fill up the Basin 280 
 To increase Balti- 
 more delega- 
 tion 489 
 
 To recognise the 
 Confederate 
 
 States 620 
 
 Relief of the Mass- 
 achusetts' sold- 
 iers 621 
 
 Adair, R 40,59.62-70 
 
 Adams 
 
 409, 410, 420, 443, 526, 688 
 
 Adams, A 510 
 
 Adams E. Co 510 
 
 Adams, Jos 34 
 
 Adams, J. Q, 
 
 90, 417, 424, 429, 472 
 
 Adams, Prest 291 
 
 Adams, Rev. C. C 31 
 
 Adams, Rev. G. F 543 
 
 Adams, S 125 
 
 Adams, Wm 49, 479 
 
 Additions to the Town 
 11, 32, 34, 36, 38, 49, 54,57, 58, 
 72, 189, 201, 202, 286, :i8l 
 
 Addresses 
 
 199, 200, 203, 206, 207, 211, 
 212, 237, 252, 282, 291, 516, 596 
 
 Ades A Albert 528 
 
 Aged Women's Home 529 
 Aged Women's Home 
 of the M. E. Church 690 
 
 Aisquith, Ed 299, 301,347 
 
 Aisquith, E, W 517 
 
 Aisquith, W 
 
 56, 71, 136, 155, 160 
 
 Aitken, Dr. A 267 
 
 Albaugh, J. W 122, 443 
 
724 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAes 
 
 Albers, Dr 506 
 
 Albert. A. J 598, 641, 678 
 
 Albertine, Miss 526 
 
 Albert J. & Co 496 
 
 Alcock, J 138 
 
 Alexander 393 
 
 Alexander, Dr 480 
 
 Alexander, Jos 521 
 
 Alexander, M 
 
 51, 53, 54, 56, 130, 159, 169, 
 182, 188, 189, 195 
 
 Alexander, R 
 
 58, 62. 65, 71, 126, 129, 130 
 132, 133, 136, 147 
 Alexander, William... 380 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 127, 131, 171, 193, 202 
 
 Allan, Jno 530 
 
 Allen 471 
 
 Allen. Capt 533 
 
 Allen, J. W 83, 271, 275 
 
 Allen, M 64 
 
 Allen, P 90, 94 
 
 Allen, Rev. Ethan 31 
 
 Allison, Rev. P 
 
 43, 55, 153, 197. 237. 241, 243, 
 277, 294 
 
 . Allen, Sol 196, 302 
 
 Allen, Wm 506 
 
 Allen, Z 210 
 
 Allister, J 398 
 
 Alms Houses 75 
 
 403, 460, 529, 696, hist, of, 72 
 
 Alnutt, G. R. W 497 
 
 Alricks, F. W 627 
 
 Amelung, J. P 236 
 
 Ames, John E 622 
 
 Amey.Col 347 
 
 Amos 394 
 
 Amphitheatre 514 
 
 Anderson 115, 586 
 
 Anderson, F 419 
 
 Anderson, Gen. J.. 594 
 
 Anderson, James E 106 
 
 Anderson, Miss A 440 
 
 Anderson, Mrs. J. M... 665 
 
 Andre, Lieut 351, 380 
 
 Andre, Major J 241 
 
 Andrea & Franzoni.... 295 
 
 Andrews, Bishop 690 
 
 Andrews, Dr 210, 396 
 
 Andrews, R, S...610, 641. 651 
 
 Angell, J 81. 82, 83 
 
 Annapolis 
 
 19,48.49,58.70,80,112,126, 
 127, 129, 131. 139, 140. 143. 
 144. 153. 160, 180. 192, 193, 
 202, 209, 213. 215. 279. 304. 
 3U5, 463, 524, 007 
 
 PAeB 
 Anti-Masonio Conven- 
 tion 458 
 
 Appleby, John 528 
 
 Appold, Leo 492 
 
 Appropriation for de- 
 fence 599, 607 
 
 Arbuthnot, Admiral... 205 
 Arcadian, French.55, 66, 67 
 
 Armistead, Maj 
 
 349, 375, 379, 381. 392, 393 
 
 Armstrong, Gen 382 
 
 Armstrong, J 380 
 
 Armstrong, J. F. 
 
 184, 267, 309 
 
 Arnold, Gen 173, 241 
 
 Arnold, G.J 526 
 
 Arnold, Mrs. E 630 
 
 Arrests 103 
 
 Arthur, C 704 
 
 Asbury, F 
 
 76, 77, 78, 79, 245 
 Ascension Church... 668, 693 
 
 Ashburner, J 71 
 
 Ashby, C... 574 
 
 Ashby, Gen 639 
 
 Ashman, Geo 27 
 
 Ashton, Rev 66 
 
 Assassination 508 
 
 Assay er of plate 343 
 
 Assembly Room 
 
 283, 480, 708 
 
 Astor, J. J 221 
 
 Athenaeum 
 
 405, 408, 440, 458, 459, 465, 
 473, 525 
 
 Atherton 113 
 
 Atkinson, Rev 515, 534 
 
 Attley, Wm 380 
 
 Auctions 430 
 
 Audubon, J. J 489 
 
 Aumoar, Chev 209 
 
 Austin, Dall & Co 598 
 
 Anter, John 37 
 
 Avery 582 
 
 Ax, C 676 
 
 Aymeriche 670 
 
 Babcock, John 28 
 
 Bacon 28 
 
 Bacon, A 189 
 
 Backus, Rev. J. C 
 
 55, 56, 524, 530. 558, 603, 621, 
 666, 681, 690 
 
 Bailey 446 
 
 Baileys, Capt....l64, 169, 177 
 
 Baird, Rev. W. S 105 
 
 Bailey, Thos 294 
 
 Baird, T. D 699 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Baird, W. S 106 
 
 Bailey, Wm 536 
 
 Baker, C.J 111,627,664 
 
 Baker, Dr 506 
 
 Baker, Dr. S 301 
 
 Baker, Geo 5I6 
 
 Baker, Mrs. C. J 665 
 
 Baker, Rev. F. A 537, 541 
 
 Baker, Wm 64 
 
 Balch, Rev. Dr 31 
 
 Ball, J. W 541 
 
 Ball, Rob 10 
 
 Ball, Wm^ 9 
 
 Ballard, Jno 285 
 
 Ballard, R 189, 209 
 
 Balloon ascension,first 235 
 
 Ballou, Rev. M 585 
 
 Balls, &c 194, 230, 415, 417 
 
 Baltzell, C 184 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 36,147. 48, 59, 69,141, 
 153, 163, 185, 208, 209, 
 419 
 Farms embraced in 
 
 its limits 11 
 
 Improvement of, 
 
 18,22,23,33,38,711,712, 
 713, 714, 715, 716 
 
 Petition of the in- 
 habitants to lay 
 off the town 19 
 
 Made a town, &c.... 20 
 
 College named af- 
 ter 21, 69, 294 
 
 Original boundary, 
 
 streets, <fee 
 
 22. 32, 49, 54, 141 
 
 Inhabited by In- 
 dians 24 
 
 Jonas town added.. 34 
 
 Naval history of, 
 in 1812 354 
 
 Fence built around 
 it 38 
 
 Market-house and 
 town-hall 47 
 
 Want to be incor- 
 porated 196,267 
 
 Inhabitants 
 
 202,289,292,304,419 
 
 Reminiscences of. ...231 
 
 Government build- 
 ings 260 
 
 Poor Relief Asso- 
 ciation 260 
 
 Academy 279 
 
 Incorporated 280 
 
 Description of in 
 1799 288 
 
INDEX 
 
 725 
 
 PA6B 
 
 Baltimore Assembly... 230 
 Baltimore Athenseum. 525 
 
 Baltimore County. 
 
 9,14,20,34,36,38,59,61,62, 
 72, 128, 129, 130, 132, 342, 
 556, 691 
 Balto. Independent Co. 
 
 139, 215 
 Baltimore, Lord..9, 275, 718 
 Balto. Life Insurance 
 
 Company 423 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio 
 
 Railroad Co 
 
 491, 507, 423, 425, 426, 433, 
 441, 443, 444, 456, 457, 463, 
 471, 472, 479, 525\55&, 5SV 
 568, 574, 593, 602, 603, 623, 
 630, 667, eaS, 687, 707, 709, 
 714 
 Balto. Orphan Asylum 541 
 
 Bankard, Mrs. J. J 665 
 
 Banking Houses 
 
 425, 441, 468, 584 
 
 Banks 
 
 209, 375, 399, 568, 599, 710 
 
 Maryland 
 
 260, 288, 467, 469, 474 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 260, 277, 288, 467 
 
 United States 
 
 260, 288, 304, 378, 380 
 
 Mechanics 
 
 74, 603. 446, 574, 667 
 
 Union 295,467.568 
 
 Commercial and 
 
 Farmers' 304 
 
 City 304 
 
 Farmers and Mer- 
 chants ...304, 443, 467 
 
 Franklin 304,503 
 
 Third National 689 
 
 Marine 304 
 
 Suspensions 
 
 504, 380, 469, 473, 557, 
 
 584, 346, 491, 500, 502, 
 
 503 
 
 Merchants 
 
 481,379,474,574 
 
 PMrst National 629 
 
 Citizens 629 
 
 People's 675 
 
 Banks, Daniel B 20 
 
 Banks, Nicholas 11 
 
 Banks, Gen. N. P 
 
 613, 614, 617, 618, 622, 651, 
 652,653 
 
 Bankson, Col 
 
 209, 253, 255, 259 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Banneker 256 
 
 Banning, H 187 
 
 Baptist Church 
 
 202, 264, 288, 497,history 
 
 of, 123 
 
 Barbour, P. P 402, 439 
 
 Barclay 267 
 
 Barclay, Rev. J. H 46 
 
 Bardstown. 69 
 
 Barker & Fisher 687 
 
 Barkley, H 235 
 
 Barr, J. T 430 
 
 Barrett 457 
 
 Barrett. Captain 397 
 
 Barren, T 155 
 
 Barrol, James 377 
 
 Barron, Capt. J 143 
 
 Barron, Com, J 229 
 
 Barnes, R 187 
 
 Barnes, S 89, 91 
 
 Barnetz ~. 45 
 
 Barney, J 
 
 137, 142, 164, 170, 204, 236, 
 250, 253, 260, 272, 341, 349 
 355, 357, 3b8, 393 
 
 Barney, Lieut 428 
 
 Barney, M 93, 434 
 
 Barney, Wm. B 
 
 309, 318, 332 
 
 Barney, W. C 93, 170 
 
 Baruitz, L. & D 37 
 
 Barnum, David, 512, 420, 425 
 
 Barnum, P. T 442 
 
 Barnum's City Hotel, 
 33, 65, 512, 417, 420, 429, 459, 
 465,468,586,685 
 
 Barroll, C 88 
 
 Barron, D 706 
 
 Barry, Lieut. S 248, 391 
 
 Barry, Maj 351, 409 
 
 Barry, R 488 
 
 Barry, R. C 676 
 
 Bartholomew 113 
 
 Bascomb, Rev 501 
 
 Bateman 443 
 
 Bates 115 
 
 Bates, Jas 546 
 
 Batten, Wm.... 32 
 
 Battles 
 
 85, 133, 137, 138, 142, 143, 164, 
 
 165, 166, 167, 168. 169, 186, 
 
 199, 204, 215, 269, 277, 346, 
 
 392, 423, 543, 638, 639, 637, 
 
 640, 641, 645 
 
 Battle of Long Island.. 216 
 
 Battle Monument, 
 
 23, 232, 403, 470, 379 
 Battle North Point 346 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Bauer, F. E 686 
 
 Baughman, S 880 
 
 Baum, Chris 309 
 
 Bausman, Rev 31 
 
 Baxley, Dr 506 
 
 Baxter, J 182 
 
 Baxter, Wm 51 
 
 Bayard, Jas. A 557, 689 
 
 Bay ley 47. 48 
 
 Bayley, Bishop 690 
 
 Bayly, D.T 549 
 
 Bayly, W 188 
 
 Beach, T. J 93, 99 
 
 Beacham 420 
 
 Beall, J 187 
 
 Beall, U 315, 382 
 
 Beau, Thomas 624 
 
 Beanes, Dr 351 
 
 Bear, Jno 543 
 
 Beasley, Rev. Fred...... 30 
 
 Beattie 303 
 
 Beauregard, Gen 637 
 
 Beaver, C 184 
 
 Beck, A 697 
 
 Beck, Capt. A 37 
 
 Becker, Rev. C. L 44 
 
 Bedford, Lieut.-Col 149 
 
 Beeston, T. V : 380 
 
 Bell, C 380 
 
 Bell, Jno 576, 662, 685 
 
 Bell, Major.. 342 
 
 Bell, William 270 
 
 Bellonoy, Mrs 101 
 
 Belt, J.S 183 
 
 Belton, F 340 
 
 Belton, William 284 
 
 Bend, Rev. Jos. G. J.... 
 
 30, 277, 287, 291, 292 
 
 Bend, Wftliam B 313 
 
 Benjamin, P 93 
 
 Benner, Dennison and 
 
 Company 598 
 
 Benner, Miss K 696 
 
 Bennet, P 66 
 
 Bennet, W 94 
 
 Bennett 624 
 
 Bennett, E. 548 
 
 Bennett, P. W 75 
 
 Benson , 411 
 
 Benson, B. S 98 
 
 Bentalou, Capt. P. 
 169, 209, 253, 266, 276, 284, 
 409, 410, 421 
 Bentley, J. H....326, 333, 334 
 
 Benton 471 
 
 Benton, B 560, 566, 568 
 
 Bentzinger, Col 477, 685 
 
726 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Berbine 52 
 
 Berg, Rev 512 
 
 Berger, Rev 534 
 
 Bernabeau, Jno. B 277 
 
 Bernard, C. R 687 
 
 Bernard, Gen 445 
 
 Berry, Ben 309 
 
 Berry, J. S 598. 630, 661 
 
 Berry, R 286 
 
 Best, H 697 
 
 Bethel Meeting House. 45 
 
 Betts, Sol 267, 286 
 
 Beulcher, A 268 
 
 Bevan, S. & Co 598 
 
 Bezyt, F 506 
 
 Biays, J as 309. 342, 347 
 
 Biays, Jos 281, 282. 284 
 
 Bible Society 342, 699 
 
 Blddle, E 182 
 
 Bier, Gen. G. H 677 
 
 Bigelow, H 313. 333 
 
 Biggart, D 479 
 
 Bines, Wm 706 
 
 Binion, W 506 
 
 Binney 467, 472 
 
 Birney, Jas. G 258 
 
 Birkhead, C 187 
 
 Birckhead, H 386, 516 
 
 Birkhead, Sol 167, 447 
 
 Bishop, Anna 537 
 
 Bishop 121 
 
 Bixler, D 46 
 
 Black, Wm 36 
 
 Blackburn 37 
 
 Blackford, Jno 419 
 
 Black Hawk 465 
 
 Blackwell, Lieut 652 
 
 Bladen, Gov. Thos 29, 34 
 
 Bladen, Thos 189 
 
 Blair, Jno 266 
 
 Blanc 52 
 
 Blanchard 699 
 
 Blanchard, Wm 439 
 
 Bland, Judge 398,408 
 
 Bland, Theo 296, 303, 309 
 
 Blair 278 
 
 Blair. F. P 706 
 
 Blennerhasset 301 
 
 Blind Asylum 675 
 
 Blind Johnny „.. 543 
 
 BUsset 115 
 
 Blomfleld, John 11 
 
 Blumenthal «t Co 10 j 
 
 Blamfield, F 83 
 
 Blumhardt, C 697 
 
 Blunt, Mrs. E. K 628 
 
 Bly,P 063 
 
 PAes 
 Boardman, Rev. H. C. 682 
 
 Boardman 76 
 
 Boarman, B 461 
 
 Boehme.Rev. C 42 
 
 Bogardus, J 97 
 
 Boggs, Wm 706 
 
 Bokkelen, Van 600 
 
 Bohn, C 309 
 
 Bollman, H 555 
 
 Bolton, Rev 530, 541 
 
 Bombardment of Fort 
 
 McHenry ..348, 349 
 
 Bombaugh, Dr. C C.106, 687 
 Bombaugh & Ransom. 106 
 
 Bonaparte, Jerome 
 
 294, 488, 678 
 
 Bonaparte, J. N 678 
 
 Bonaparte Marriag ... 
 
 294, 678 
 
 Bonaparte, N 488, 678 
 
 Bonaparte, S. M 653 
 
 Bond, B 380 
 
 Bond, Dr 440 
 
 Bond, E 489 
 
 Bond, T. E 475 
 
 Bond, Dr. Thomas E... 301 
 
 Bond, H. L 594, 595, 599 
 
 Bond, J 66 
 
 Bond, Rev. T.E 105 
 
 Boniface, C 443 
 
 Boniface, G 122 
 
 Bonsai. L 550 
 
 Boon", J 506 
 
 Booth, E. W. 526 
 
 Booth, G.W 649 
 
 Booth, J. B..121, 123, 443, 541 
 
 Booth, John W 526 
 
 Booze, Thomas 664 
 
 Bordly, J. B 51,62 
 
 Boring for Coal 380 
 
 Boring, John 32 
 
 Bose, William 86, 96,521 
 
 Bosio J21 
 
 Bosserman, Rev. A 585 
 
 Boston • 
 
 62, 69, 70, 90, 125, 128, 129, 
 
 130, 131, 133, 140, 255, 268, 
 
 275, 290, 510 
 
 Boston, J 506 
 
 Boston, L 506 
 
 Botts, C 512 
 
 Bouclcault, 121 
 
 Bourdillon, Reverend 
 
 Benedict 29 
 
 Bourke, Thomas 271 
 
 Bourne, G 88 
 
 Bowen, Capt. John 247 
 
 PAeK 
 
 Bowen, A. J 106 
 
 Bowen, J 479 
 
 Bowen, John 183 
 
 Bowen, Rev 388 
 
 Bowerman, Col 645, 647 
 
 Bowers, Mrs. D. P 443 
 
 Bowie, Capt 218 
 
 Bowie, Oden 517, 699, 715 
 
 Bowie, R. W 419 
 
 Bowly, D 
 
 64, 159, 161, 169, 189, 202, 207 
 238, 243, 262, 267 
 
 Boyce, Jno 244 
 
 Boyce. R 30 
 
 Boyd, A 170 
 
 Boyd, Rev. A. H 547 
 
 Boyd, Bros. & Co 598 
 
 Boyd, Capt 525 
 
 Boyd, J 
 
 63, 71, 126, 130, 134, 136, 138 
 155,255 
 
 Boyer, M 184 
 
 Boyer, P..... 184 
 
 Boyle, Capt.362, 363, 372, 373 
 
 Boyle, G 555 
 
 Boyle, H 460 
 
 Boyle, Lieut. E 520 
 
 Boy ley, John 34 
 
 Bozman 8-9 
 
 Braddock's defeat 38, 51 
 
 Brady 502, 473 
 
 Brady, E. F 507 
 
 Brady, S 516 
 
 Bradenbaugh, C 553 
 
 Bradford, A. W 
 
 588, 626, 627, 630, 635, 689 
 
 Braiuard, Rev. T. A 547 
 
 Branden, Rev.... 542 
 
 Brandt, J 664 
 
 Branson, Jos 467 
 
 Brantley, Rev. W. T.... 124 
 
 Brantz 209 
 
 Bi^shears 551 
 
 Braun, Rev 533 
 
 Brawner, H 419 
 
 Breckenridge, J. C 
 
 582, 642, 643 
 Breckenridge, R. J... 93. 469 
 Bremen Steamships. ... 669 
 
 Brenan 506 
 
 Brent, T. C 419 
 
 Brereton, Thomas....33, 163 
 
 Brevet, John 200 
 
 Brewer, Judge 525 
 
 Brewer, J.N 659 
 
 Brewer, J. R 101 
 
 Brewerton, Col 615 
 
INDEX. 
 
 727 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Brewery 
 
 37, 52, 53. 54, 210, 291, 294, 340 
 
 Brice, Judge 440 
 
 Brice, N 277, 467, 514 
 
 Bricks 50,285 
 
 Bridges 
 
 36, 53, 50, 54, 72, 303, 305, 
 343, 525, 670, 671, 676 
 
 Bridges. J. C 541 
 
 Briggs, C. F 531 
 
 Briscoe, S 309 
 
 Britton, A 136, 169 
 
 Broaddus, Rev. W. F... 124 
 
 Broadhnrst, Mrs 115 
 
 Brock, John 621 
 
 Brockenbrough, Capt. 
 
 J. B 650 
 
 Bremen, J 75 
 
 Brook, Captain 342 
 
 Brook, E 463 
 
 Brooke, C 64 
 
 Brooks, C 553, 664 
 
 Brooks, IQ.C 460 
 
 Brougham, J 442, 444 
 
 Brow, Col. Wm 641, 650 
 
 Brown 87, 192, 299, 355 
 
 Brown, A 
 
 42^, 447, 449, 451, 468 
 
 Brown, A & Sous 
 
 468, 548, 574 
 
 Brown. B. G 689 
 
 Brown, Col..- 640, 641 
 
 Brown, D 74, 255, 281 
 
 Brown, E 419 
 
 Brown, Dr. J. H 690 
 
 Brown, George 
 
 255, 277, 281, 301, 428, 446, 
 451, 537, 553, 574 
 
 Brown, G. J 309 
 
 Brown, Geo. S» 664 
 
 Brown, Geo. W 
 
 610, 553, 587, 568, 583, 585, 
 
 594, 598, 599, 602, 603, 609, 
 6lf. 617 
 
 Brown, H 64,65,196 
 
 Brown, J 
 
 54, 64. 187, 192, 210, 255, 263 
 281 
 
 Brown, Jacob 64 
 
 Brown. Jas 468,544 
 
 Brown, J. & Co 189 
 
 Brown, Jno. A 468 
 
 Brown, M. Church. ..675, 681 
 
 Brown, Maj. R 649 
 
 Brown, Mrs. Geo 617 
 
 Brown, Mrs. 1 682 
 
 Brown, Mrs. J. H 665 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Brown, Rev 660, 696 
 
 Brown, Steuart 267 
 
 Brown. Wm. D.. 628, 641, 650 
 
 Brown, Wm. H 455 
 
 Brown, Wm. H. & Bro. 682 
 Browne, Dr. W. H...101, 102 
 
 Browning, W.S 621 
 
 Bruce, A 419 
 
 Bruce, J. R 554 
 
 Bruff, Jas... 184 
 
 Bruff, J. W, & Co 598 
 
 Bruff, W 187 
 
 Bruu, T 555 
 
 Brune 209 
 
 Brune, F. W 510,577 
 
 Brune, J. C 
 
 594, 595, 599, 611, 617, 629 
 652 
 
 Brush, Capt 556 
 
 Bryden 230 
 
 Bryerly, Dr 506 
 
 Buchanan, Alex 55 
 
 Buchanan, Andrew 
 
 39, 51, 56, 62, 65. 72, 126, 130 
 
 136, 138, 163, 189, 209, 243, 
 259, 2«2 
 Buchanan, Archibald. 
 
 39, 46, 56, 65, 87, 130, 287 
 
 Buchanan, Com. F 259 
 
 Buchanan, Dr. Geo 
 
 20, 21, 34, 39, 40, 169 
 Buchanan, Greorge 
 
 39, 189, 210. 255, 256, 258, 259 
 281 
 Buchanan, Jas 
 
 209, 230, 247, 262, 281, 296, 
 
 300, 303, 314 
 
 Buchanan, J. A. 309, 332, 340 
 
 Buchanan, Jas A 
 
 376, 3T7, 379, 380 
 
 Buchanan, J. M 509 
 
 Buchanan, T. A 296 
 
 Buchanan, Lloyd..39, 47, 51 
 Buchanan, Maj. R. C ... 
 
 618, 519 
 Buchanan, McKean.... 259 
 
 Buchanan, R 71, 182 
 
 Buchanan, T 419 
 
 Buchanan, Wm 
 
 39, 52, 126, 128, 130, 134. 136 
 
 138, 148, 163, 164, 168, 169, 
 208, 209, 261, 295, 417 
 
 Buchores, D 184 
 
 Buck, Jno 346 
 
 Buckler, Dr. Thos 567 
 
 Buckler 209 
 
 Buckler, Dr 506 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Buckley, Thos 555 
 
 Buckner, Wm 20 
 
 Bull, E 100,102 
 
 Bunzie 376, 379 
 
 Buoys 393 
 
 Burland, R 63 
 
 Burlando, Rev 630 
 
 Burbonnois 203 
 
 Buren, Martin Van 
 
 488, 501, 502 
 
 Burg, Prof 685 
 
 Burgess, E 188 
 
 Burgess, H 53 
 
 Burgess, J 183 
 
 Burkheimer, W 697 
 
 Burke, C 443 
 
 Burke, D 309, 340 
 
 Burnap, Rev. G. W 
 
 388, 536, 553 
 
 Burneston 7& 
 
 Burneston, J 380 
 
 Burnett, Judge 258 
 
 Burnet. Maj 207 
 
 Burns, F... 667 
 
 Burns, J 506 
 
 Burr, Aaron 301, 418. 472 
 
 Burton 121, 209 
 
 Busey, Jesse 210 
 
 Butler, Gen. B. F 
 
 104, 580, 611, 612, 615 
 
 Butler, Gen. W. 527 
 
 Butler, Lieut. 218, 206 
 
 Button, R 189 
 
 Buzby, R 530 
 
 Byard, P 380 
 
 Byrd, J. C 380 
 
 Byrne, Wm 588 
 
 Cabe, Rev 658 
 
 Caldwell, Capt 170 
 
 Caldwell, J. H 541 
 
 Calwell, Jas. S lOS 
 
 Calhoun 472 
 
 Calhoun, Jas 
 
 71, 130, 134, 136, 155, 168, 169 
 
 178, 179, 189, 191, 207, 209, 
 
 237, 262, 281, 282, 294, 314, 
 
 332, 377, 382, 414 
 
 California gold fever... 632 
 
 Callender 667 
 
 Callow, Wm 75 
 
 Calloway, Rev. C. M.... 668 
 
 Calvert Hall 69 
 
 Calvert St. spring...304, 493 
 
 Canals 
 
 208, 238, 495, 501, 408. 420. 
 
 429, 445, 471, 521 
 
 Cameron, J. D 699 
 
728 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Cameron, Gen 653, 655 
 
 Camp, Wm 309 
 
 Campbell, A 209. 288 
 
 Campbell, B. W 534, 548 
 
 Campbell, J. M 
 
 553, 576, 652 
 
 Campbell, T. W 705 
 
 Camp meetings 79 
 
 Cauclci, H 433 
 
 Canfield, W. B 541, 699 
 
 Cannon, Mrs. L 665 
 
 Canton 75, 238,425,455 
 
 Cape Henry and 
 Charles, named 
 
 after 2 
 
 Cappeau, J 507 
 
 Carey, J. L 497 
 
 Carey, R 138 
 
 Carlisle 45, 52, 165, 497 
 
 Carlile, Jno 262 
 
 Carmelite Nuns, 
 
 445, 515, 689, 692 
 
 Carnes, P 210, 235 
 
 Carwin, C 49 
 
 Carraichael, Lieut 614 
 
 Carpenter «feThompson 93 
 
 Carpenter, Wm. H 
 
 90, 108, 621 
 
 Carr 434 
 
 Carr, Gen. R. H 705 
 
 Carr, Jas ^. 593 
 
 Carr, Mrs. R. H 665 
 
 Carr, W. C.N 588 
 
 Carrier pigeons 98 
 
 Carrere 209, 267 
 
 Carrington, Col 278 
 
 Carroll, A 697 
 
 Campbell, Capt 159,603 
 
 Carroll, Charles 
 
 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 36, 49, 
 
 60, 51, 167, 169, 195, 206, 414 
 
 463 
 
 Citrroll. CofC 
 
 187, 241, 374, 411, 418, 419, 
 
 420, 427, 428, 429, 433, 444, 
 
 447, 440, 459, 460, 463, 514, 
 
 683 
 
 Carroll, Daniel. 
 
 14, 19, 21, 71, 165, 189, 264 
 
 Carroll, Ely; O , 14 
 
 Carroll, J. 6 423 
 
 Carroll, Jas 
 
 10, 210, 248, 261, 277, 281 
 
 Carroll, Rev. J 
 
 67, 68, 69, 243, 277, 291, 294, 
 
 299, 374, 464, 678 
 
 Carroll, S.J 664 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Carroll, Thos. H 419 
 
 Carrollton Viaduct.433, 448 
 
 Carroll, Peter. 10 
 
 Carraway, Capt 355 
 
 Carruthers, J 230 
 
 Carson, Thos. J 598 
 
 Carson, R ...170, 200, 207, 414 
 
 Carson, Wm. & Co 460 
 
 Carter, E. F 105,628 
 
 Carter, H.H 699 
 
 Carey, J 
 
 209, 255, 260, 266, 281, 282. 
 284, 314 
 
 Gary, J 49 
 
 Cass, Gen. L 527, 689 
 
 Cassidy, P 248, 255 
 
 Cassin, G. N 419 
 
 Caspear 647 
 
 Caswell, R 132 
 
 Cathcart, R 621 
 
 Cathedral 
 
 65, 69, 299, 399, 397, 203, 501, 
 
 465, 626, 665, 675, 687, 690, 
 
 702, 704 
 
 Catholics 
 
 136, 202, 235, 264, 288, 298, 
 374, 386, 433, 465, 501, 529, 
 539, 665, 675, 684, 719 
 To prevent the im- 
 portation and 
 
 growth of. 16,17 
 
 To take the oath of 
 
 abjuration, &c.. 17 
 End of their rule in 
 
 Maryland 27 
 
 None permitted ;to 
 
 hold office 27 
 
 Double tax on 51 
 
 Religion, history of 65 
 
 Caton 
 
 209, 241. 260, 277, 280, 392, 
 447, 514 
 
 Cattle market 267 
 
 Cauly 514 
 
 Causin, J 547 
 
 Cazanave...; 266 
 
 Celebrations 
 
 50, 147, 170, 190, 197, 202, 
 
 206, 249, 261, 254, 261, 426, 
 
 633 
 
 Celeste, Madam 121 
 
 Centennial Anniver- 
 
 versary 431 
 
 Chaille, P 188 
 
 Chalmers 115 
 
 Chalmers, Q 71 
 
 Chamberlain, Rev. N. 
 
 H 388 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Chance 298 
 
 Chance, Bishop J. J. ... 508 
 
 Chandler, C. H 622 
 
 Chandler, Gen 340 
 
 Chandler, J.R 538 
 
 Changeur, Leon 267 
 
 Chamier, D 40, 50, 147 
 
 Chapman, Jno. L ...633, 660 
 CharityOrphan School 408 
 Charles St. M. Church. 511 
 Charleston 
 
 62, 76, 186, 207, 211, 213, 265, 
 289, 578, 585 
 
 Charlton, F 279 
 
 Chase, A 467 
 
 Chase, Geo : 261 
 
 Chase, R 39, 49 
 
 Chase, Sect 629 
 
 Chase, Thom ....309, 314, 340 
 
 Chase, Rev. Thos 
 
 29, 39, 47, 49, 305 
 
 Chase, J. T 
 
 71. 130, 131, 186, 187 
 Chase, Samuel 
 
 29, 241, 246, 249, 256, 262, 
 
 263, 267, 278, 294, 305, 874, 
 400, 418, 421, 464 
 
 Chasline, Jas 188 
 
 Chastellux, B. Gen 192 
 
 Chateaubriand 68 
 
 Chatham, Lord 129 
 
 Chauncey 472 
 
 Cheatham, Jno 619 
 
 Chesapeake Bay 
 
 2, 3, 9, 137, 143, 171, 186, 189, 
 199, 221 
 Name taken from.. 4 
 Lord Baltimore, 
 
 tour of 9 
 
 Chesapeake. Frigate... 
 
 287, 300 
 Chesapeake and Ohio ' 
 
 Qanal 429,495 
 
 Chesebrough 628 
 
 Chestnut, Wm 532,621 
 
 Chester 123 
 
 Chester, S. K 443 
 
 Cheston, J 71 
 
 Cheston, Jas 489 
 
 Cheston, G 553,693,711 
 
 Chew, B .241, 421 
 
 Chew, Dr 506 
 
 Chew, M 241, 424 
 
 Chew, R. B 641 
 
 Chew, S 187 
 
 Chicago relief 687 
 
 Chicago Zouaves 575 
 
INDEX. 
 
 729 
 
 PAOK 
 
 Childs, G. W 98 
 
 Chinwith, A 196 
 
 Chipendale 442 
 
 Cholera 460,529 
 
 Christiana excitement 535 
 
 Christie, C 40 
 
 Christie, D 299 
 
 Christie, J. ..134, 135, 136, 188 
 
 Christie, Lt.-Col. Q 134 
 
 Christie, R 
 
 65, 126, 134, 135, 147, 163 
 
 Christian, S 359 
 
 Christ's Chnrch ^ 
 
 43, 44, 54, 287, 495, 503 
 
 Christy's Minstrels 118 
 
 Church dedications 
 
 29, 31, 511, 515, 524, 533, 541, 
 548, 585. 620, 681, 690 
 
 Cigars first used 267 
 
 Cigar Ship 568 
 
 Cincinnati Society..279. 411 
 
 City debt .^...305. 375, 341 
 
 City Hall 545, 664,668, 672 
 
 Civil War 585, 586, 587 
 
 Claggett, H 282 
 
 Claggett, Lieut 350, 380 
 
 Claggett, Bishop 30, 381 
 
 Claggett, Thos 659 
 
 Clarey, G 606 
 
 Clark, Capt. J. L u^r.. 651 
 
 Clark, Jas .^er.?. 549, 506 
 
 Clark 612 
 
 Clark, Jno 341 
 
 Clark, J. Lyle & Co 549 
 
 Clark, W. R 593 
 
 Clark «& Kellogg 481 
 
 Clarke, Abraham 9 
 
 Clarke, J 71, 245 
 
 Clarke, Jno 599,607 
 
 Clarke, J. S 121, 443, 526 
 
 Clarke 117 
 
 Claude, D 419 
 
 Claude, Jno 527 
 
 Clay.H 
 
 601, 511, 429, 459, 465, 472, 
 
 539 
 
 Clay land,Dobbin & Co. 88 
 
 Claypoole, Capt 532 
 
 Claxton, Com. A 509, 411 
 
 Clearinghouse 568 
 
 Clemm, Sergt 350, 380 
 
 Clemm, V 531 
 
 Clemm, Wm 64, 209, 253 
 
 Cliff 546 
 
 Cliffe, Geo 497 
 
 Clifton 427 
 
 Clinton, Gen. Jas 192 
 
 47 
 
 PAOK 
 
 Clinton, Sir H 170, 174 
 
 Clopper, Capt 135 
 
 Cloud, C. F......92, 94, 95, 101 
 
 Cloud & Pouder 93 
 
 Cloud, R. M 92, 95 
 
 Clymer, G 154 
 
 Coal, R 123 
 
 Coale, Dr. S 255 
 
 Coale, E. J 47, 93, 94, 377 
 
 Coale, Isaac <fe Bro 598 
 
 Coale, J. R. & Bro 631 
 
 Coale, Thos 288 
 
 Coale, W. R 100, 101 
 
 Coates, Jno.....; 271, 667 
 
 Coates & Glenn 512 
 
 Coberts,J 42 
 
 Coburn, E 622 
 
 Cochrane, Admiral 372 
 
 Cockburn, Admiral 385 
 
 Cocke, Dr. Jas 291, 301 
 
 Cockey, John 82, 136, 155 
 
 Cockey, Thomas 82 
 
 Coffee, Capt 506 
 
 Cohen, 1 677,678 
 
 Cohen, B. G 471, 480, 513 
 
 Cohen, Dr 506 
 
 Cohen, J. I. .386, 420, 465, 516 
 
 Cohen, M. 1 121 
 
 Coke, Rev. T 78, 79 
 
 Colburn, Dr 31 
 
 Cole, Thomas 11, 123, 210 
 
 Cole, Dr. W. H 100 
 
 Cole, W. H. 503,705 
 
 Cole, Thos 280 
 
 Cole&Hewes 92 
 
 Coleman, J 394 
 
 Colgate, Thomas 38 
 
 Colgate, John 38 
 
 Cole's Harbor 
 
 15, 16, 18, 20, 32, 33, 38, 49, 
 206 
 Cole's Harbor, named 
 
 after 11 
 
 Colgate, Richard 32, 38 
 
 Collett, John 9, 11 
 
 Collins, Dr. S 510,511 
 
 Collins, Dr 506 
 
 Collins, P 506 
 
 Collins, Wm. H.459, 533, 585 
 
 Colman, Rev , 387 
 
 Colonization Society... 389 
 
 Colored citizens 678, 681 
 
 Colored soldiers 603 
 
 Colt, R. L 343 
 
 Colton, Dr 513 
 
 Colvin, P 78 
 
 Comegys, Jno 296, 377 
 
 FAGB 
 
 Commerce 
 
 14. 18, 33, 34, 86, '87, 48, 61, 
 
 126, 137, 210, 238, 243, 262, 
 
 277, 289, 298. 301, 407 
 
 Companies 
 
 208, 276, 295, 300, 303, 386, 
 
 418, 433, 521, 525, 539, 568, 
 
 583, 629, 661, 668 
 
 Coleman 508 
 
 Compton, Wm 641 
 
 Conaway, Robt 210 
 
 Cone & Norvell 89, 90 
 
 Conestoga Wagons 405 
 
 Concordia Society 
 
 631, 660, 669, 685 
 Confiscated property... 
 
 ' 188, 189 
 Congress Hall. ..141, 153, 231 
 
 Congi<essional 
 
 114, 122, 128, 130, 138, 135, 
 
 138, 139, 141,-154, 155, 164, 
 
 1G8, 191, 244 
 
 Conn, D 309 
 
 Conn, Dan'l 295 
 
 Conn 707 
 
 Connor, Thos 542 
 
 Conrad 52 
 
 Constable, C 49 
 
 Constellation, Frigate. 
 
 283, 287 
 
 Constitution 245, 2*9 
 
 Coulee, C. S 641, 650 
 
 Contee 209 
 
 Convents 
 
 497, 499, 444, 515, 689, 692 
 
 Conway, Capt 603 
 
 Conway, Mrs. F. B 443 
 
 Cook, Rev. I. P 537, 548 
 
 Cook, I. & Co 88 
 
 Cook, Jno 566 
 
 Cook, Lieut 438 
 
 Cook, Major 612, 615 
 
 Cooke 877,496 
 
 Cooke, G.F 121 
 
 Cooke, Wm 
 
 295, 296, 303, 314, 379 
 
 Cooksey,R.K 380 
 
 Cooney 593 
 
 Cooper, Geu. J 636 
 
 Cooper, Mrs. E 529 
 
 Cooper, P 
 
 490, 450, 425, 453, 455 
 Cooper, T. A..:..121, 122, 527 
 
 Coopman 209 
 
 Copeland 656, 657, 658, 659 
 
 Copley, Gov 27 
 
 Corban, Nicholas 27 
 
730 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Cornwallis, Lord ^ 
 
 149, 185, 213, 216, 217, 244, 
 248. 252, 265, 514 
 Corner Stone of 
 
 Cimrches 
 
 466. 513, 534, 537, 542, 543, 
 
 547, 575, 660, 668, 29, 31, 299, 
 
 501, 502, 505, 508, 572, 675, 
 
 678, 681 
 
 Corrie, Jas 267, 286 
 
 Corrie, P 567,568 
 
 Corse, Capt. J. De 248 
 
 Corthwait, J 71, 192 
 
 Corts, Lieut 218 
 
 Coskery 505 
 
 Cotton Factories 302, 327 
 
 Coulson, Capt 247, 266 
 
 Coulter, Capt. A 82, 472 
 
 Coulter, Dr 7l' 
 
 Councilmen, the first, 
 
 281, 282 
 
 Counties 337, 345, 419 
 
 Harford 
 
 9, 72, 78, 123, 135, 142, 
 163, 239, 419, 526 
 
 Carroll 9 
 
 Anne Arundel 
 
 9,20,47,65,238,263,305, 
 419, 600 
 
 Alleghany 419 
 
 Howard 9,263 
 
 Charles 419,461 
 
 Frederick 
 
 9, 263, 275, 282, 419 
 
 Washington 282, 419 
 
 Kent 50,58,529 
 
 Prince George's 419 
 
 Cecil 53, 56, 57, 163 
 
 St. Mary's 419 
 
 Queen Anne 77 
 
 Montgomery 315, 419 
 
 Talbot 
 
 Worcester 162 
 
 Somerset 162,306,415 
 
 Coursey, Lieut. 218 
 
 Court Houses 
 
 9,2^,31,55,56,74,82,126,130 
 
 182, 136, 154, 232, 288, 296 
 
 482, history of 59 
 
 Courts 
 
 285, 286, 294, 296, 296, 481 
 
 Courts, U. S 260 
 
 Courtenay, H 
 
 65, 71, 130, 155, 202, 239. 263 
 281,282 
 
 Cousy, J. B 68 
 
 Cowell, J ,.. 473 
 
 PA6B 
 
 Cox, C. C 661 
 
 Cox, C 380 
 
 Cox, James 
 
 64, 123, 135, 148, 159, 163, 164 
 166, 169, 260 
 
 Cox, J. H 380 
 
 Cox, Miss. 230 
 
 Cox, M. B 92 
 
 Cox, Miss M 165 
 
 Cox, Rev , 31, 548 
 
 Cox, W 706 
 
 Crabb, R. J...313, 315, 316, 339 
 
 Craddock, J 136. 138 
 
 Cradduck.'Dr 71 
 
 Craig, J 380, 506 
 
 Craig 625 
 
 Craig 99 
 
 Cramplin, T 188 
 
 Crane, Captain 642, 644 
 
 Crane, Rev 31 
 
 Crane,Wm.&Sons 549 
 
 Crawford, D 187 
 
 Crawford & Berry 546 
 
 Crawford, J 506 
 
 Crawford, John L 680 
 
 Crawford, Rev. John... 271 
 
 Cravath, L 70 
 
 Creamer, D 93 
 
 Creamy, G 704 
 
 Crenshaw, D. & J 587 
 
 Cresap, Col.M 275 
 
 Crichton 672 
 
 Criminal Court.249, 272, 312 
 
 Crise, John L 616 
 
 Crittenden 512 
 
 Crittenden. J. J 576 
 
 Cromwell, S 136 
 
 Cromwell, T 177, 178, 183 
 
 Crook, F. A 699 
 
 Crook & Duffs 546 
 
 Crook, Walter, Jr 495 
 
 Crookshanks, Chas 263 
 
 Cropps, M 567,568 
 
 Crosby, J 49 
 
 Crosby, Rev 675,696 
 
 Cross, A. B 93 
 
 Cross, R. R 705 
 
 Cross, Col.T 520 
 
 Cross, E. J. D 705 
 
 Cross, R 534 
 
 Cross, Wm. S 705 
 
 Crost, Lieut 166 
 
 Crout 616 
 
 Crow, J. T 99 
 
 Croxall, C 40, 49 
 
 Cruse, P. H...92, 208, 236, 679 
 Crusius, P '. 42 
 
 Crutchfield & Haas 107 
 
 Culley, W 506 
 
 Cumberland 273, 304 
 
 Cummins, Rev 583 
 
 Cummings, Mrs 703 
 
 Cummings, Rev 575 
 
 Cunningham, Capt. J.. 300 
 
 Curlett, Jno 678 
 
 Curley 230 
 
 Curtis, F..... 71 
 
 Cushing, Caleb 
 
 578, 579, 582, 689 
 
 Cushing, J 585 
 
 Cushing, Jno 548 
 
 Cushings & Bailey 598 
 
 Cushman, C 121, 443 
 
 Custus, G. W. P. 337, 411 
 
 Cutler. Jno 270, 281 
 
 Cytmire, C 39 
 
 Bail 302 
 
 Dailey, Massey & Mau- 
 
 pin 548 
 
 Daily 473 
 
 Dall, Jas 397 
 
 Dallas, Geo. M 512, 689 
 
 Dalrymple, Dr 702 
 
 Danels, B. D 622, 685. 711 
 
 Danglish, J 136 
 
 Daniel, Judge 689 
 
 Dargenberg, J 43 
 
 Darley & Son 115 
 
 Darne, Wm 419 
 
 Dashield 52 
 
 Dashlells. R. L 558 
 
 Dauphin of France.. 197, 200 
 
 Davenport 121, 443 
 
 Davenport, Miss 443 
 
 Davey, A. W 286 
 
 David 298 
 
 Davidge, Dr. J. B....291, 301 
 
 Davidge. F 90, 91, 499 
 
 Davidge, F. H 469 
 
 Davies, Mayor. 
 
 516, 519, 523, 558 
 
 Davis, D 380 
 
 Davis, H.L 661 
 
 Davis, H. W 574, 665, 661 
 
 Davis, Jeff. 
 
 588, 589, 637, 638 
 
 Davis, Jno 803 
 
 Davis, J. R 497 
 
 Davis, Jno. W 
 
 576, 603, 606, 614 
 
 Davis, M 479 
 
 Davis, Fhineas 452 
 
 Davis, Rev. J 128 
 
 Davis, R. W 598 
 
INDEX 
 
 731 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Dawes, S 706 
 
 Dawson, Capt 361 
 
 Day, Avarila 33 
 
 Day, G 708 
 
 Deady, D 189 
 
 Dean, E 443 
 
 Dean, Miss J 443 
 
 Dean, Wm 627 
 
 Deaver, J 64, 65, 130 
 
 De Butts, Dr. E 301 
 
 Decatur, Com 382, 392 
 
 Decatur, S 557 
 
 Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence by Md. ... 144 
 
 Decker, G 43 
 
 Deems, Cai)t 456 
 
 Deems, J.... 537 
 
 Deering, John 11 
 
 Deetzen.T 669 
 
 Deford, B 585, 681 
 
 Delaporte 2>9 
 
 Dellvie, S 533 
 
 Delmitt 33 
 
 Deloughery 502 
 
 Dement, Capt.W. P.640, 650 
 Democratic C o n v e n- 
 
 tions 
 
 488, 501, 512. 527, 539. 578, 
 
 582,689 
 
 Demondidies, Master.. 27 
 
 Denmead, A. & Bro 98 
 
 Dennis, S. P 617 
 
 Denlson,Gen. A. W.... 
 
 635, 646, 647 
 
 Dennison, R. M 617 
 
 Denny, J 898 
 
 Denny, Jno 279 
 
 Dent, Lieut 218 
 
 Dent, W 187 
 
 DeSelden 443 
 
 Deshon 340 
 
 Desk,M 380 
 
 Devereux, Capt 210 
 
 Devereux, Gen 426 
 
 Devries, StepliensA 
 
 Tliomas 548, 598 
 
 Dew, Jas. C 309 
 
 Dewey, Rev. 389 
 
 Deye, Capt. T. C 
 
 52, 53, 59, 71, 126, 129, 130 
 
 136, 195, 301 
 
 Dick,T 51 
 
 Dickenson, Col 409 
 
 Dickinson 169. 303 
 
 Dickinson, D. S 582 
 
 Dickinson, M 445 
 
 Dickinson, Walter 9 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Dickson, Rev 603, 621 
 
 Dickson, T 
 
 255, 274, 293, 294, 295, 296 
 
 Dickson, Gen. Geo 255 
 
 Didier, Henry 267, 432 
 
 Dietch, L. C 
 
 Diffenderffer, D 42, 43 
 
 Diffeuderflfer, M 
 
 42, 42, 44, 165, 170, 188, 254 
 
 Diffenderffer, P 
 
 42, 43, 44, 309 
 
 Digges, J 187 
 
 Dike, Capt 610, 611, 622 
 
 Dillehunt, Lieut 428 
 
 Dillon, Count 203 
 
 Dinners, public 
 
 237, 346, 491, 375. 382, 392, 
 415, 424, 508, 661 
 
 Dinwiddle, Gov 112 
 
 Dinsmore, W. B 510 
 
 Directory, the first 278 
 
 Disney 504 
 
 Dispensary 292, 386 
 
 Divorce of J. Bona- 
 parte, &c 340 
 
 Dix, J, F 537 
 
 Dix, Maj.-Gen 
 
 617, 618, 623, 624. 653, 656 
 657, 659 
 
 Dixon 529 
 
 Dixon, Capt 347 
 
 Doane, A. S 525 
 
 Dobbin, G 85 
 
 Dobbin, G. W 
 
 465, 594, 595. 693 
 
 Dobbin, R. A 85, 86, 96 
 
 Dobbin, T 88 
 
 Dobson, H 184 
 
 Dock and drawbridge.. 343 
 
 Dodge, G. R 516, 615, 617 
 
 Dogan, E 39 
 
 Doggett, Rev. D. S 105 
 
 Dolan, Rev. J 
 
 531, 541, 665, 682 
 
 Donaldson, A 139 
 
 Donaldson, Alex 414 
 
 Donaldson, Dr. Wm.... 301 
 
 Donaldson, Jas 
 
 283, 305, 309 
 
 Donaldson, Jas. L 
 
 351, 380 
 
 Donaldson, J. J 510. 511 
 
 Donaldson, Jos 189 
 
 Donations 408 
 
 Donavan, R 184 
 
 Donavin, S. K 95 
 
 Donelson, A. J 550 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Donnell, Jno 
 
 267, 296, 303 
 
 Donnellan, F 155 
 
 Donnells 525 
 
 Donnelly 246, 495 
 
 Donnelly, C 495 
 
 Donovan, Dr 626 
 
 Dornin, Com 626 
 
 Dorsey, Capt. J. H., 
 
 52, 53, 56, 188, 189 
 
 Dorsey, Col 649, 650 
 
 Dorsey, G 649 
 
 Dorsey, Jno 191 
 
 Dorsey, Mrs. A 665 
 
 Dorsey. 381 
 
 Dorsey, T. B 299, 301, 303 
 
 Dorsey, Walter 286 
 
 Dougherty 495 
 
 Dougherty, C 302 
 
 Dougherty, C. M 685 
 
 Dougherty, D.. 302 
 
 Dougherty, Rev J 630 
 
 Douglas, A 106 
 
 Douglas <fe Hallam 112 
 
 Douglas, S. A 581 
 
 Douglass, Cbas 268 
 
 Douglass, F 661 
 
 Douglass Institute 661 
 
 Dow, R 146 
 
 Downes. S. D 474 
 
 Doyle 120 
 
 Doyle, Jas 495 
 
 Doyle, R 506 
 
 Drakely, H 599 
 
 Draper, Wm 70 
 
 Drayton, Col 416 
 
 Dress 225, 13, 233, 243 
 
 Dresel, W 678 
 
 Drew, Mrs. F 440 
 
 Drexel & Co 98 
 
 Dreyer, Rev. J. H 44 
 
 Drill, J. M... 667 
 
 Drockenbrot, H 697 
 
 Druid Hill Park 
 
 578, 583, 635 
 
 Drummond.. : 544 
 
 Drummond, W. C 122 
 
 Dreyer & Lewis .j.... 514 
 
 Dry Tortugas 618 
 
 DuBarry, J. N 699 
 
 Dubourg 298 
 
 Ducatel, Dr 395 
 
 Dudley, Rev. T. U 678 
 
 Duel 262 
 
 Dugan, Cum'd 
 
 70, 267, 283, 294, 685, 688 
 Dukehart,H.F 465 
 
732 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Dnkehart, T 341 
 
 Duker, Otto 697 
 
 Dulaney, D 189,284,463 
 
 Duneste 209 
 
 Dunbar, Dr 
 
 497, 500, 506, 592 
 
 Duncan, Jno..... 619 
 
 Duncan, Rev. J. M 90 
 
 Duncan, Rev 474 
 
 Dunlap, Capt 49 
 
 Dunlap, J 87 
 
 Dunlap, a G 701 
 
 Dunmore, Gov 66 
 
 Dunn, J 380 
 
 Dunnington, F : 497 
 
 Dunnington, W. A 497 
 
 Durand.R 122 
 
 Durang, Chas 352 
 
 Durant, C. J 659 
 
 Dushaue, Col 647 
 
 Duvall 641 
 
 Duval, G 142, 416, 419 
 
 Duvall, Keigler&Boyd 598 
 
 Duvall, M 596 
 
 Dyer, E 183 
 
 Eager, George 413 
 
 Eager, Ruth 423 
 
 Earle, R. T 187 
 
 Early, Gen. J, A 
 
 638,641,651 
 
 Early,S. S 100 
 
 Earthquake 465 
 
 Easey, E 92 
 
 Easter, H. & Co 598, 631 
 
 Eastern Spring 495 
 
 Easton, J. B 526 
 
 Eaton, Bros. «fe Co 598 
 
 Eaton, C. M 526, 553 
 
 Eaton, Jeremiah 24,28 
 
 Eberle, Mrs. H 440 
 
 Eccleston 298 
 
 Eccleston, Archbishop 
 502, 605, 508, 425, 514, 529, 
 535 
 
 Eccleston, Lt» Col 279 
 
 Echols, Gen 643 
 
 Eckes, H 697 
 
 Eddls, Wm....59, 69, 140, 230 
 
 Eddy, Rev 681, 690 
 
 Edelmann, 697 
 
 Eden, Gov.. ..70, 143. 144, 221 
 
 Edes, Capt. B 352, 409 
 
 Edgely, E 183, 181 
 
 Education. ...14, 213, 277, 294 
 Edwards, Ja8....260, 281, 282 
 
 Edwards, MaJ 207 
 
 Edwards, Moses 28 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Edwards, P 83,84,256 
 
 Edwards, Rev 548 
 
 Edwards, Rev. J 389 
 
 Edwards, Rev. J. E 105 
 
 Edwards, R. & Co 554 
 
 Effigies 301,587 
 
 Egerton, Gen. ...556, 593, 624 
 
 Egerton & Keys 624 
 
 Egerton, Mrs. A. Du 
 
 Bois 665 
 
 Eichelberger, B 71, 130 
 
 Eichelberger, J 255 
 
 Eichelberger, M 209 
 
 Eisenhart, Jno 665 
 
 Elder, Mrs. F. W.. 665 
 
 Elder, Rev. A. J 461 
 
 Eldridge, G 506 
 
 Elections 
 
 136, 141, 206, 286, 528, 449, 
 
 650, 558, 565, 570, 583, 611, 
 
 668 
 
 Elkins, Jno 659 
 
 Ellender, G. W 705 
 
 Ellery, Rev. W 387 
 
 Ellicott, A.. ..53, 208, 243, 295 
 
 Ellicott, B 380 
 
 Ellicott, Elias 255, 295 
 
 Ellicott, Evan T 
 
 289, 467, 477, 479, 664 
 
 Ellicott, J 
 
 53, 208, 262, 296, 303, 380 
 
 Ellicott, Jos 53 
 
 Ellicott, Thos....419, 469, 475 
 
 Elliott, J. D 346 
 
 Elliott, Lieut 543 
 
 Elliott, Thos 
 
 202, 207, 209, 245, 280, 441, 
 447 
 
 Ellis, Rev. J 696 
 
 Ellmaker, Amos 469 
 
 Elssler, F 121, 502 
 
 Elzey, Col. A 637, 638 
 
 Eraack, Capt 650 
 
 Emack, C. S 699 
 
 Embargo 272, 301 
 
 Emery, C. J 670 
 
 Emery, W. H 519 
 
 Endley, G 506 
 
 England, J 39 
 
 English, Jno 670 
 
 Ensor, J., jr 39 
 
 Episcopal Church 
 
 15, 43, 63, 112, 202, 288, 302 
 
 History of 24 
 
 First Minister In 
 Baltimore 26 
 
 Convention. 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Erben, H 705 
 
 Ericsson, Capt 490 
 
 Erie, sloop of war 346 
 
 Erskine 304 
 
 Escapes 
 
 399, 481, 502, 504, 505, 541 
 
 Escavaille, J. B 660 
 
 Eschbacb, Jno. E 685 
 
 Etting, Lieut. R 248, 276 
 
 Etting, Sol 
 
 262,267,296,303,381,489 
 
 420, 422, 428, 447, 525 
 
 Euleston, Thos 187 
 
 Eutaw House 
 
 491, 496, 513, 538, 547, 552 
 633, 685 
 
 Evans, Geo 209 
 
 Evans, H. D 95, 196 
 
 Evans, H. W 430 
 
 Evans, J 380 
 
 Evans, 246 
 
 Evans, Wm 279 
 
 Everett 472, 576 
 
 Everhardt, Sergt. 411 
 
 Eversfleld, Jno 189 
 
 Ewell, Gen 638,640, 641 
 
 Ewlng, J» 183 
 
 Ewing, T 64, 65, 138 
 
 Ewlng, Thos 512 
 
 Ewing, W. P. 652 
 
 Exchange Buildings.... 
 
 103, 267. 397, 445, 481, 468, 
 475, 508, 517, 537, 550 
 Exciting times 
 
 38, 585, 594, 695, 601, 613, 614, 
 
 622, 625, 627, 630, 632, 634 
 Executions 
 
 210, 246, 248, 302, 393, 467, 
 
 479, 510, 520, 542, 568, 621 
 629, 630, 699, 700 
 
 Exhibitions 71, 420 
 
 Faber, Rev. J. C....40, 41, 42 
 
 Facius 697 
 
 Factories 260, 302 
 
 Fairs 423, 525, 664, 133 
 
 676 
 
 Fallier, G 380 
 
 Falling Stars 466 
 
 Famen, G 443 
 
 Famen, Mrs 443 
 
 Fand, J 90 
 
 Fanger, F 669 
 
 Farr, S 479 
 
 Farragut, Admiral..86, 633 
 
 Favorite Drinks, &c 13 
 
 Fawcett, G. D 108 
 
 Federal Hill 
 
 250, 412, 687, 612, 616 
 
INDEX 
 
 733 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Federal Soldiers 
 
 588, 612, 614, 615 
 
 Fein, G 527 
 
 Fell, Edward 
 
 18, 28, 32, 33, 34, 52, 58, 54, 
 
 56, 58, 203, 243 
 Fell, Wm 
 
 10, 23, 34, 36, 58, 72, 203, 206, 
 
 210, 243 
 Fell's Point 
 
 10, 57, 69, 76, 80, 85, 141, 162, 
 190, 192, 250, 288, 335, 500 
 
 Felton, S. M 651 
 
 Fennel 115 
 
 Fenton, Col 416 
 
 Ferguson, D 506 
 
 Ferguson, J. F 398 
 
 Ferguson, Wm 39, 49 
 
 Fergusson, Jno 419 
 
 Fernandis, Lieut 218 
 
 Ferrandiui, Capt 569 
 
 Fesseuden, Lieut 428 
 
 Fickey, F 666 
 
 Fickey, F. & Sons 598 
 
 Field, Geo. W 277 
 
 Field, J. K 440 
 
 Fifth Reg't 691 
 
 Filling up the basin.... 567 
 
 Fillmore, M 550, 662 680 
 
 Finances, &c 
 
 12,189,191,192,196,20^,262, 
 295. 304, 346, 491 
 
 Findley, Hugh 376 
 
 Finlay, Rev. J 124 
 
 Fiulay, T 432 
 
 Fin ley, E. L.409, 489, 425, 463 
 
 Finley, Jno 379 
 
 Finley, Johnson & Co.. 95 
 
 Finnegan, Gen 644 
 
 Fires 
 
 31, 46, 78, 83, 171, 210, 246, 
 
 279, 286, 340, 496, £02, 512. 
 
 387, 73, 393, 397, 403, 422, 
 
 410, 460, 467, 473, 474, 5-27, 
 
 533, 546, 547, 551, 676, 682, 
 693, 697, 700, 708 
 Fire Alarm Telegraph 
 
 563,568 
 Fire Companies 
 
 55, 56, 64, 246, 505, 523. 528, 
 548, 550, 563, 565, 577, 706 
 
 Flemming, John 
 
 20, 34, 315, 431 
 
 Fletcher, Capt. P 286 
 
 Floods 
 
 43, 50, 244, 251, 492, 506, 389, 
 540, 563, 576, 669 
 
 PA6K 
 
 Florence 121 
 
 Flour 189, 196, 246, 277 
 
 Flournoy 580 
 
 Floyd 459 
 
 Flumford,T 47 
 
 Flutting, T 669 
 
 Foard, Jos. R 419 
 
 Forrester, Wm 271 
 
 Fog 294 
 
 Fogg, A 53 
 
 Folansbee, L. T 706 
 
 Foley, D. J. 685 
 
 Foley, Rev. J 660 
 
 Foley, Rev. T 542, 665 
 
 Folger, Capt. F 168 
 
 Fonerden, A 
 
 63. 255, 259, 262, 266, 281. 
 282, 283, 314 
 
 Ford 183, 184,707 
 
 Ford, C. E 122 
 
 Ford, H 183, 167, 184 
 
 Kord, Lieut. Col 276 
 
 Ford, J. T 95, 122, 123 
 
 Ford's Opera House 389 
 
 Ford's Grand Opera 
 
 House 687, 6S9 
 
 Foreigners, arrival of ...460 
 
 Foreman, Dr. E 500 
 
 Foreman 166 
 
 Forrest, E 121, 123 
 
 Forsyth 498,689 
 
 Fort Covington 349 
 
 Fort McHenry 
 
 9, 103, 105, 138, 142, 272, 288, 
 341, 343, 348, 353, 373, 382, 
 404, 410, 465, 479, 600, 604, 
 608, 613, 614, 617, 618, 620, 
 621, 625, 629, 655, 718 
 
 Fortifications 
 
 Forward, J 
 
 Foster, Bishop 
 
 Foster, Rev. P. S 
 
 Fottrell, Edward 
 
 33. 52, 65, 66, 
 
 Fountains 
 
 Fountain Inn 
 
 189, 206, 230, 248, 251, 
 3C6, 308, 316, 375, 415, 
 
 Forward, Jonathan 
 
 Fowler, Col 
 
 Fowler, Robt 
 
 Fowler, R 
 
 Fox, H. S 
 
 Fox, Jno 
 
 Foy 
 
 Frailey 
 
 Frame buildings 
 
 615 
 419 
 
 188 
 
 279, 
 430 
 
 34 
 347 
 664 
 711 
 491 
 507 
 544 
 
 85 
 302 
 
 PAGS 
 
 Francis, Mr 115, 117, 119 
 
 Francis, Mrs 115 
 
 Franciscus, Geo 254 
 
 Frank, S, & Co 631 
 
 Franklin, H 
 
 • 131, 132, 142, 270, 487, 374, 
 464,688 
 
 Franklin, J 51 
 
 Franklin, T 40 
 
 Franklin Square 514 
 
 Frasher, J..... 39 
 
 Frasier, J 652 
 
 Frayer, F 641 
 
 B'razer, Capt. D 34 
 
 Frazer,J 49 
 
 Frazier, Capt. J 516 
 
 Frazier, D 506 
 
 Frazier, J 706 
 
 Frazier, Lieut 353 
 
 Frederick 
 
 41, 89, 170, 209, 248, 596, 656 
 
 Fredet 298 
 
 Freebairn, F 83, 84 
 
 Freeland, F 187 
 
 Freeman, Rev 387 
 
 Freeman, W. H 459 
 
 Free Schools 
 
 387, 397, 408, 422 
 
 Frei, P 669 
 
 Freidewrich, A. & L 631 
 
 Frelinghuysen, T 511 
 
 French, B. B 525 
 
 French, B 506 
 
 French, E 90 
 
 French, James 189 
 
 French fleet 189 
 
 Freuch refugees 266 
 
 French troops 
 
 192, 202, 203, 204, 206 
 
 Frey 700, 705 
 
 Frick 624 
 
 Frick, Dr 395 
 
 Frick, George P 688 
 
 Frick, John 377, 395 
 
 Frick, Miss 665 
 
 Frick, P 170, 281, 282 
 
 Frick, Wm 473,549 
 
 Frick, Wm. F 678,681 
 
 Fridge, A 343, 447^ 
 
 Frisby, R 379 
 
 Front St. Theatre 
 
 496, 439, 459, 534, 578, 
 582, 630, 667 
 
 Frost, Wm 189 
 
 Fuller, Rev. R 
 
 124, 524, 529, 536, 537, 541, 
 548, 547, 548, 681 
 
734 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Fulton, A. K 86 
 
 Fulton, O. C 86, 624, 625 
 
 Fulton, D 309 
 
 Funeral expenses 52 
 
 Funeral obsequies 
 
 489, 503, 469, 513, 520, 525, 
 529, 533, 539, 553 
 
 Funk, H 573 
 
 Furlong, Rev. H 690 
 
 Furniture, kind of. 12 
 
 Gabby, Wm 419 
 
 Gaither, Capt. G. R 600 
 
 Gaither, E...313, 315, 316, 318 
 
 Gaither, H. C 315, 316 
 
 Gaither, Wm 
 
 313, 316, 327, 330 
 Galbraith, Capt... 66, 67, 160 
 
 Galbaud, Gen 266 
 
 Gale, Geo 260 
 
 Gale, Dr 313, 318 
 
 Gallagher...515, 412, 122, 535 
 
 Gallatin, 141 
 
 Galloway, B 163 
 
 Galloway, M 163 
 
 Gait 336 
 
 Gambis, Admiral 266 
 
 Gamble, Lieut 353 
 
 Gambrill, H 566, 568 
 
 Gamen 442 
 
 Gannon 442 
 
 Gardiner, C.T 662 
 
 Gardiner, W. C 662 
 
 Gardner 539 
 
 Gardner, Capt 410 
 
 Gardner, Chas 271 
 
 Gardner, J 48 
 
 Gardner, J. C 509 
 
 Gardner, Tim 309 
 
 Garey, Jas. S 682 
 
 Garland, H. M 91 
 
 Garmendia 664 
 
 Garnier 298 
 
 Gamier, Rev 69 
 
 Garratson, C 160 
 
 Garratson, J 160 
 
 Garrett, Jno. W 
 
 449,602,661,686,693,715 
 
 Garrett, Robert, Jr 692 
 
 Garrett, Robert & Sons 
 
 513, 533, 552 
 
 Garrett, T 380 
 
 Garrison, Wm. L 258 
 
 Garts, C 71,261 
 
 Garts «fe Leypold 236 
 
 Gas .^293, o86, 681 
 
 Gash, H 52 
 
 Gassaway, J 183, 184 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Gatchell, W. H..576, 603, 614 
 
 Gatchell, Y. L 651 
 
 Gates, Gen 
 
 173, 186, 214, 219, 261, 265, 275 
 
 Gates, Mrs. Gen 138 
 
 Gathro 52 
 
 Gaulden 579 
 
 Gay, John 27 
 
 Gay, M. R 46, 47, 49, 51,56 
 
 Gebhard, C. E. J 507 
 
 Geddes 285, 506 
 
 Geib, J. & Son 44 
 
 Gelston, H 699 
 
 Gen. Wayne Inn 50O, 628 
 
 Gerardin, Dr. L. H 395 
 
 George 549 
 
 Georgetown, D. C 
 
 88, 99, 171, 316, 337, 544 
 
 Germain, Lord Geo 143 
 
 German, E 122 
 
 Ger, Orphan Asylum... 697 
 Ger. Reformed Church. 
 40, 45, 136, 202, 244, 264, '2S8, 
 343, 512 
 
 Germans 
 
 37, 45, 49, 103, 104, 106 
 
 Gerock, Rev 45 
 
 Getz,C. S 442, 687 
 
 Ghequiere J 209,261 
 
 Gibbord, M. F..... 101 
 
 Gibson, A 700 
 
 Gibson, Jas 187 
 
 Gibson & Co 533, 534 
 
 Gibson, W 
 
 163, 209, 249, 281, 283, 381 
 
 Gifford .528, 578, 707 
 
 Gilder, Dr 210 
 
 Gildersleeve, Prof. 101 
 
 Gildert, J 71 
 
 Giles, E 210 
 
 Giles, Jacob 239 
 
 Giles, Jno 239 
 
 Giles, Wm. F....533, 542, 678 
 
 Gill, C. L 622 
 
 Gill, Geo. M...... 
 
 419, 568, 596, 605, 612 
 
 Gill, R. W 417,469,475 
 
 Gill, S 593 
 
 Gilmor, Col. H 650 
 
 Gilmor, Robert 
 
 44, 62, 115, 170, 201, 260, 261, 
 
 266, 277, 281, 282, 288, 297, 
 
 300, 314, 340, 491, 503, 377, 
 
 381, 395, 418, 528 
 
 Gilpin, Bailey & Canby 554 
 
 Gin, burned 302 
 
 Gingrass, V 622 
 
 PA&K 
 
 Gist, C 283 
 
 Gist, Christopher 20, 22 
 
 Gist, C. H 304 
 
 Gist, Gen. M 
 
 64, 130, 136, 138, 139, 152, 
 
 162, 167, 172, 188, 212, 214, 
 
 215, 216, 219, 221, 241, 264, 
 
 279 
 
 Gist, J 189 
 
 Gist, Richard 
 
 18, 20, 21, 28, 33 
 
 Gist, T 136,138 
 
 Gittings, Jas 
 
 126, 136, 196, 432 
 Gittings, Mrs. J. S....... 665 
 
 Gittings, Thos 210 
 
 Glascock, Jno 641 
 
 Glass, Capt 501 
 
 Glass Manufactory...... 236 
 
 Glenn, Elias 
 
 261, 299, 489. 514 
 
 Glenn, Judge J 
 
 481, 489, 431, 442, 476, 477, 
 479, 516, 537, 542, 708 
 
 Glenn, S 506, 440 
 
 Glenn, W. W 
 
 103, 443, 616, 675, 708, 110, 
 111 
 
 Glover, Capt 300 
 
 Gobright, J. C 95 
 
 Gobright, W. H 95, 101 
 
 Goddard, M. K.80, 81, 83, 160 
 
 Goddard, W 
 
 79,80,81,82,83,131,132,157, 
 
 158, 159, 161, 168, 172, 175, 
 
 176, 177, 180, 182 
 
 Godfrey, J. Max 
 
 354, 379, 380, 387 
 
 Goey, W. D 621 
 
 Goldsborough, Maj. W. 
 
 W 640, 641 
 
 Goldsmith 49, 546 
 
 Goldsmith, Maj. Sam'l 11 
 
 Goldsmith, Wm 296 
 
 Goodman, J. S 440 
 
 Goodwin, L 249, 255, 279 
 
 Goodwin, W 134,210,282 
 
 Gordon, J 159 
 
 Gordon, J. H 659 
 
 Gordon, Jno. M 553 
 
 Gordon, Lieut. J. C.373, 383 
 
 Gorman 471 
 
 Gorman, T. W 623 
 
 Gorman, W. H 641 
 
 Gorsuch, Charles. ...9, 10, 18 
 
 Qorsuch, D 536 
 
 Gorsuch, E 535, 536 
 
INDEX 
 
 736 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Qorsuch, J 536 
 
 Gorsuch, Jolin 18, 22 
 
 Gorsuch, Robert...... -.9, 262 
 
 Gorsuch, Richard 9 
 
 Gorsuch, W. G 550 
 
 Gosnell, Capt 533 
 
 Gough 496 
 
 Goueh, H. D..65, 72, 243, 267 
 
 Gough, P 419 
 
 Gould 52 
 
 Govane, W 51, 52 
 
 Go- ett, Win 155 
 
 Grafflin & Hardester... 690 
 
 Graham, Col 647 
 
 Graham, D 87 
 
 Graham, G 382 
 
 Graham, H 482 
 
 Graham, Lieut 520 
 
 Graham, Miss M. A 443 
 
 Graham, Wm. A 539 
 
 Graham, W. H 553 
 
 Grain Elevator 687 
 
 Grammar, Rev. J. E.... 
 
 668, 675 
 
 Grandehut 52 
 
 Granget, A 42 
 
 Grant 356 
 
 Grant, A 244 
 
 Grant, D..78, 206,211, 261,264 
 
 Grant, Gen 149, 216 
 
 Grant, Gen. U. S 
 
 632, 643, 646 
 
 Grasse, Count de 189 
 
 Grason, Gov 498 
 
 Grasmuck 45 
 
 Graver, J. A 440 
 
 Gray 705,707 
 
 Gray, Dr 71 
 
 Graybell, Capt. P. ...239, 284 
 
 Graybell, Jacob 276 
 
 Grayson, J 122 
 
 Great Eastern, Stmr 575 
 
 Greeley, H 689 
 
 Green 115,302 
 
 Greenfield 707 
 
 Green «& Co 510 
 
 Green, Gen. D 94 
 
 Green, J 79 
 
 Green, M 622 
 
 Green, N 614 
 
 Greene, Gen 
 
 166, 167, 186, 195, 197, 207, 
 210, 211, 212, 214, 219, 220, 
 265, 275, 338 
 Greenmount Cemetery 
 
 499, 628, 652, 660 
 Greenway, E. M 553 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Gregg, J 380 
 
 Grenier, Col 426 
 
 Griest, Isaac 
 
 57, 125, 130, 131, 136, 138, 169 
 253,255 
 
 Griffin, Gen. C 646 
 
 Griffith, B 
 
 54, 56, 58, 63, 123, 125, 130, 
 136, 138, 160, 169, 188, 196 
 
 Griffith & Cate 546 
 
 Griffith, G. S 528 
 
 Griffith, J 155 
 
 Griffith, Jno. J 533 
 
 Griffith, P 593 
 
 Griffith, S 346 
 
 Griffith, T. W 496 
 
 Grisi 121 
 
 Groor, Mrs. E 34 
 
 Grounds for State 
 
 House 201 
 
 Grove, C. S 621 
 
 Grundy 209 
 
 Grundy, Felix 498 
 
 Guard, Rev.T 699 
 
 Guenther, J 697 
 
 Guest, Christopher 20 
 
 Guild, Rev. E. C 389 
 
 Guion 428 
 
 Gunboat 620,626 
 
 Gupon, Jacob 36 
 
 Gutelius, Rev. S 512 
 
 Gwinn 49 
 
 Gwinn, Charles 341 
 
 Gwinn, E 313 
 
 Gwynn, C. J. M 693, 711 
 
 Gwynn's Falls 18 
 
 Gwynn, Lieut 428 
 
 Gwynn, Wm 
 
 87, 88, 96, 120, 292, 314, 377, 
 386, 425 
 
 Habeas Corpus 612 
 
 Hack, A 46 
 
 Hackett 121,209 
 
 Hackney, O. W 506 
 
 Hadfield, D. 262 
 
 Hagar 488 
 
 Hagerty, J 79 
 
 Hail Storms 430, 664 
 
 Hale, B 187 
 
 Hale, P. M 516 
 
 Hall 201, 402 
 
 Hall, A .'..40, 63, 71, 210 
 
 Hall, C V 63 
 
 Hall, Capt 529 
 
 Hall, Capt. J 36 
 
 Hall, Col 37, 272 
 
 Hall, Col. J. C...183, 219, 423 
 
 pagr 
 
 Hall, Dr 329 
 
 Hall, Edward, 33 
 
 Hall, John .....23, 127, 305 
 
 Hall, Jno. E 313, 328, 329 
 
 Hall, Prof 30 
 
 Hall, Rev 534 
 
 Hall, T. W 
 
 104, 105, 108, 593, 617 
 
 Hall Wash 377 
 
 Hall, Wm. C 279 
 
 Hallam, L Ill, 114 
 
 Halland, P 188 
 
 Halleck, Gen 640 
 
 Hallock, Capt 159 
 
 Halstead 459 
 
 Hambleton Bros. & Co. 598 
 
 Hamilton, Alex 274, 688 
 
 Hamilton, J 183, 184 
 
 Hamilton, MissH 687 
 
 Hamilton, Rev. W 558 
 
 Hamilton, Wm 20,21,33 
 
 Hammond, Gen 659 
 
 Hammond, James 624 
 
 Hammond, Jno. 20, 254, 305 
 
 Hammond, B 187 
 
 Hammond, Rev 499 
 
 Hammond, Wm 
 
 20, 22, 28, 34, 38, 39, 47, 51, 
 65 
 
 Hamner, J. G 537 
 
 Hancock, General. ..643, 661 
 
 Hancock, J 155, 138, 463 
 
 Hand, Adjt.- General... 189 
 
 Handy & Bansemer 554 
 
 Hann, A. N..". 442 
 
 Hansheweg 64 
 
 Hanson 287, 491, 457 
 
 Hanson, A. C ; 
 
 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 
 
 319, 320, 321, 322, 326, 327, 
 
 328, 332, 335, 3;:?9 
 
 Hanson, John 88 
 
 Hanson, Jonathan 
 
 16, 33, 70 
 
 Har Sinai Verein 533 
 
 Harbaugh, L 62,81,254 
 
 Harden, Rev. Wm 690 
 
 Hardin, J 640 
 
 Hare, Col 612 
 
 Hare 393 
 
 Harford Run 10, 54 
 
 Hargrove 323 
 
 Hargrove, John 286 
 
 Hargrove, Rev. T 377 
 
 Harker 96 
 
 Harker, J 534 
 
 Harman, P 479 
 
736 
 
 IBTDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Harman, Wm 675 
 
 Harper, C. C 468 
 
 Harper, J 506 
 
 Harper, Miss 665 
 
 Harper, R. G 
 
 241, 295, 306, 351, 375, 378, 
 
 380, 409, 418, 421, 431, 445, 
 
 515 
 
 Harra, Rev 630 
 
 Harris 22 
 
 Harris, D 260, 277, 344 
 
 Harris, G. 419 
 
 Harris, John 641 
 
 Harris, J. M 497, 599 
 
 Harris, S &Son 584 
 
 Harris, Rev. E. N 125 
 
 Harris, Wm 469 
 
 Harrison 428 
 
 Harrison, B 132 
 
 Harrison,'P 602 
 
 Harrison, Gen 
 
 491, 502, 503, 683 
 
 Harrison, L. & Co 554 
 
 Harrison, Mrs. P 665 
 
 Harrison, Rev 31 
 
 Harrison, Thos 
 
 34, 36, 39, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 
 
 54, 56, 58. 126, 130, 134, 136, 
 
 206, 235, 238 
 
 Harrison, Wm 479 
 
 Harrison, Wm. G ...611, 617 
 
 Harryraan, G 419 
 
 Hart, J 414 
 
 Hart, Jacob 262 
 
 Hart, L. 305 
 
 Hartley, J..^ 77 
 
 Hartshorn, Jno 183, 184 
 
 Hartway, N 39 
 
 Hartwell, Thomas 82 
 
 Hartwig 45 
 
 Hartz, J 56 
 
 Harvey, Admiral 386, 
 
 Harvey, Capt 35p 
 
 Harwood us 
 
 Harwood, Jas 459 
 
 Haslet, Col 149 
 
 Hasson, J 555 
 
 Hatfield 97 
 
 Haubert, J 380 
 
 Hawkins 279 
 
 Hawkins, W 18, 255 
 
 Hawkins, J. L 432, 447 
 
 Hawkins, Thomas 24 
 
 Haxall 209 
 
 Hays, J 87 
 
 Hay ward. Col. W. H.... 
 
 550, 583, 600 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hazlehurst, H. R 664 
 
 Haziewood, Com 164 
 
 Hazzard, Jno 428 
 
 Healey, Rev. J 125 
 
 Health Officers 267, 274 
 
 Heaps, Jno 398 
 
 Heath, Col. U. S 473 
 
 Heath, J „... 56 
 
 Heath, R. H 
 
 323, 325, 351, 391, 409, 426, 
 469 
 
 Heath, W. S 541 
 
 Heathwat 33 
 
 Hebrew Orphan Asy- 
 lum 696 
 
 Helffenstein, R. A 45 
 
 Hefferman, J 1.36 
 
 Heide, G 170 
 
 Heine, A 685 
 
 Heiner, Rev. E...45, 512, 530 
 
 Heisher.P 43 
 
 Heister, Gewde 218 
 
 Hendel, Rev 43 
 
 Henderson, A. F 506 
 
 Henderson, Jno 506 
 
 Henderson, Robt, ...207, 245 
 
 Henfrey, B 293 
 
 Hennick, J. M 705 
 
 Henry 442 
 
 Henry, J 114 
 
 Henry, Jno 416 
 
 Henshaw, Rev. 469 
 
 Herbert 112 
 
 Herbert, Jas. R 640, 641 
 
 Hermange, E. V 101 
 
 Heron, M 121 
 
 Herr, P 43 
 
 Herring 551 
 
 Herring, H 534 
 
 Herring, L. 44 
 
 Hessington 283 
 
 Heuisler, J. S 685 
 
 Heuisler, Wm. J 507 
 
 Hewes, J,. 132 
 
 Hewitt 22 
 
 Hewitt, C 79, 82 
 
 Hewitt, J. H. & Co lOO 
 
 Hibernian Society..408, 422 
 
 Hickey, Rev.; 542 
 
 Hickley, M 506 
 
 Hickman, Capt 456 
 
 Hickman, G. H 94 
 
 Hickman, W. H 517 
 
 Hicks: 599 
 
 Hicks, T.H 
 
 576, 584, 589, 594, 596, 610, 
 
 pAeiE 
 
 His'ginbotham, R 295 
 
 Higginbotham, Thos... 300 
 
 Higgins 566 
 
 Higgins, Asa 599, 627 
 
 Hildt, Rev. G 690 
 
 Hill, Gen. D. H 102 
 
 Hill, J 49 
 
 Hill, Mrs 439 
 
 Hill, Rev. S. P 124, 529 
 
 Hill, Wm 641 
 
 Hill, Wm. B 667 
 
 Hill, W. S 102 
 
 Hillegas, S 155 
 
 Hillen.Col. S 
 
 503, 506, 516, 697 
 
 Hillen, Jno 381 
 
 Hinks, C. D 
 
 568, 571, 576, 607, 6i4 
 
 Hindes 583 
 
 Hindes&Wood 622 
 
 Hlndman, Jacob 340, .346 
 
 Hindman, Wm 187 
 
 HinkKE.J 600 
 
 Hintze. Dr 477, 506 
 
 Hitchcock, P 440 
 
 Hitchcock, J 91 
 
 Hitchcock, J. S 465 
 
 Hobbs, Thos 264 
 
 Hobby, W 123 
 
 Hodge, Rev 548 
 
 Hodgas 30 
 
 Hodges Bros 598 
 
 Hodges, Jas 568 
 
 Hodges, Mrs. Jas 665 
 
 Hodges & Emack 554 
 
 Hodgson 209 
 
 Hoecke 45 
 
 Hoey, Mrs. Jno 442, 443 
 
 Hoff. 557 
 
 Hoffman, 8. 553 
 
 Hoffman 
 
 328, 392, 419, 428, 655 
 
 Hoffman, D 313, 381, 409 
 
 Hoffman, G..;.. 377, 447 
 
 Hoffman & Co 95 
 
 Hoffman, J 43, 44 
 
 Hoffman, Miss D 665 
 
 Hoffman, Miss L 665 
 
 Hoffman, Mrs. 8 665 
 
 Hoffman, P 
 
 63, 74, 139, 202, 282, 303 
 
 Hoffman, Rev. A 696 
 
 Hogan, John 652 
 
 Hoge 581 
 
 Hoge, Dr 102 
 
 Hogg, John 8 688, 705 
 
 Hogg, J. W 75 
 
INDEX 
 
 737 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Holland ^ 121 
 
 Holliday, J. R 40 
 
 Holliday St. Theatre... 
 
 362, 502, 415, 443, 623, 708, 
 history of 115 
 
 Hollins, Capt 613 
 
 Hollins, Mayor..5l3, 545. 677 
 
 Hollins & McBlair 322 
 
 HoUingsworth, Jesse... 
 
 57, 76, 125, 202, 238, 243, 259, 
 274, 281, 284, 303 
 HoUingsworth, Levi... 
 
 295, 305, 309, 377, 380, 489 
 HoUingsworth, S 
 
 63, 74, 2S8, 266, 271, 379, 414, 
 444 
 HoUingsworth, T. E.... 
 
 63, 260, 281, 282 
 HoUingsworth, Z 
 
 210, 243, 246, 255, 264, 266, 
 281, 282, 296 
 
 Hollins, J 
 
 209, 260, 303, 309. 471, 641 
 
 Hollohan, T. R 699 
 
 Holloway, C. T 707 
 
 Holmes, J 261, 263, 267 
 
 Holmes, R 419 
 
 Homands, J, S 94 
 
 Home of the Friendless 585 
 
 Hoofnagle, G 506 
 
 Hook, Col 411 
 
 Hooper, Capt ,..7..T..T'S^ 
 
 Hooper, M 664 
 
 Hooper, Rev. Joseph ... 29 
 
 Hooper, W. E 578, 585 
 
 Hoops, A 183, 184 
 
 Hopkins, Com 137, 138 
 
 Hopkins, Elizabeth 11 
 
 Hopkins, G 
 
 64, 130, 192, 255, 259 
 
 Hopkins, G. T 688 
 
 Hopkins, Janney 709 
 
 Hopkins Hospital, «fec. 693 
 
 Hopkins, Johns 
 
 599,607,693,696,703,709 
 
 Hopkins, Mrs 530 
 
 Hopkins, L. N 693,711 
 
 Hopkins, G. T 553, 709 
 
 Hopkins, S 709 
 
 Hopkins, Wm 693 
 
 Hopkinson, F...S06, 418, 421 
 
 Hoppe, J 432 
 
 Hoppin 97 
 
 Hore, E 380 
 
 Horn, A 509 
 
 Horn, M 509 
 
 Horner, John 614 
 
 48 
 
 PAei 
 
 Horse disease 690 
 
 Horticultural Society.. 
 
 465,538 
 Hospital..99, 275, 302, 382, 711 
 
 Hot weather 669 
 
 Houck, A 139 
 
 Houck, D 565 
 
 House of Refuge 536, 620 
 
 Houses erected 538 
 
 Houston, Gen. S 516 
 
 Houston, Jas 259, 299 
 
 Howard, Cornelius 
 
 57, 168, 423 
 
 Howard, B 65 
 
 Howard, B.C 
 
 242, 500, 391, 409, 446, 447, 
 
 473, 513, 617, 688 
 
 Howard, Chas.., 
 
 576, 603, 604, 614, 677, 688 
 
 Howard, D 380 
 
 Howard, Dr. W 688 
 
 Howard, Jas 419 
 
 Howard, J. E 
 
 63, 30, 168, 183, 184, 201, 209, 
 214, 219, 221, 238, 240, 241, 
 
 243, 245, 246, 249, 262,, 
 264, 265, 267, 272, 275, 278, 
 280, 283, 284, 295, 296, 300, 
 305, 340, 376, 377, 381, 387, 
 411, 419, 420, 423, 515, 537, 
 
 628,677 
 Howard's Park 
 
 168, 262, 490, 375, 421, 440, 
 478 
 
 History of 239 
 
 Howard, Capt 347 
 
 Howard, F. R ...617, 628, 109 
 
 Howard, G 419 
 
 Howard, Gov. G 688 
 
 Howard, J 432, 423 
 
 Howard, John 12, 136 
 
 Howard, J. B 195, 203 
 
 Howard, J. E., Jr 640 
 
 Howard, McHenry 639 
 
 Howard, Mrs. B. C 665 
 
 Howard, Mrs. Chas.526, 665 
 
 Howard, S.C 515 
 
 Howard, Wm. Key 526 
 
 Howard, W. G 516 
 
 Howard, W 428 
 
 Howard & Hewitt 526 
 
 Howard Athenseum.... 526 
 Howard, Gen 
 
 157, 164, 165, 167, 173, 174, 
 215 
 
 Howe 708 
 
 Howell, Capt. Thos 960 
 
 PAOX 
 
 Howell, D. C 688 
 
 Howland, D 280, 393 
 
 Howland & Woden...... 467 
 
 Howser, E 659 
 
 Howser,H 556 
 
 Hoye, Jno 419 
 
 Hubley, B 184 
 
 Hubley, C 184 
 
 Hudson, J 64, 65, 71, 196 
 
 Hughes, Bishop 508, 539 
 
 Hughes, B 56 
 
 Hughes, C 
 
 71, 81, 287, 309, 342, 394 
 
 Hughes, G. W 535 
 
 Hughes, J 89 
 
 Hughes, Hannah 39, 49 
 
 Hughes, J 419 
 
 Hughes, P 632 
 
 Hughes, S 414 
 
 Hull, J 43 
 
 Hull, N. B 398 
 
 Hulty, Dr •... 71 
 
 Humane Association... 294 
 
 Humphreys, Thos 9 
 
 Humphries, Col 251 
 
 Hunt, Jesse 
 
 463, 471, 475, 477, 478, 479, 
 524,592 
 
 Hunt, W 576 
 
 Hunt, Wm 706 
 
 Hunter, Jno 299 
 
 Hunter, Jno. F 685 
 
 Hunter, Mrs. J. F 665 
 
 Hunter, R. M. T 530 
 
 Hurdle, C 706 
 
 Hurst 38 
 
 Hurst & Co 598 
 
 Hussy, J 555 
 
 Hutchins, Dr. W 536 
 
 Hutchinson, Capt. W.. 542 
 
 Hutson, R 516 
 
 Hutton, Jas 309 
 
 Hutton, Perry 398 
 
 Hyam, G 506 
 
 Hyam 531 
 
 Hyde 189 
 
 Hyde, G 506 
 
 Hyde, S. G 493 
 
 Hyde & Son 493 
 
 Hyer,T 528 
 
 Hynes, A 184 
 
 Hynson, J. R 570 
 
 Hyrne, Major 211 
 
 Ice 429 
 
 Illuminations 
 
 375, 521, 633, 415, 684 
 Indemnity Damages... 489 
 
738 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Indians 
 
 24, 51, 76, 130, 261, 465 
 Monacans, Powha- 
 tan, Warrasko- 
 yac, Werowan- 
 ces, Kecough- 
 tans. Paspahe- 
 ghes, Chlckaha- 
 niania, Wea- 
 nocks, Arrow- 
 iiatocks, Appa- 
 matucks, Q,ui- 
 yougcohanocks, 
 Nandsaraunds, 
 
 Chesapeacks 4 
 
 Youghtanund, Cat- 
 tata w om en, 
 Mattapament, 
 Moraugtacunds, 
 Pamavnkee, 
 Rapah a n o c k , 
 Werawocomoco, 
 Nantaughta- 
 cund,Chiskiack, 
 Wighcocomoco, 
 Appamatuck, 
 Sekaca wone, Ir- 
 rohatock,Onaw- 
 manlent, Pata- 
 womekes, Pay- 
 ankatanke, 
 Tauxenent, 
 Mannahoack s , 
 Secowocornoco , 
 Potapaeo, Pa- 
 macaeack, Moy- 
 owance, No- 
 
 cotchtankc. 
 
 Acqul ntanacksuak, 
 Pawtu xun t, 
 Mattapanien t, 
 Sasquesaha- 
 nocks, Mas so- 4 
 womekes, Tock- 
 whoghes, Ozin- 
 le«, Kuscarawa- 
 ock,Taut8Wlgh- 
 cocomico, Aco- 
 hanock, Acco- 
 mack, Chawo- 
 nockes, Mango- 
 agH, Kuscarawa- 
 
 okes 
 
 depredations of, ...24, 51 
 manners and cus- 
 toms of 
 
 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24, 25, 26 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Indian Queen Tavern. - 
 206, 279 
 
 Ing, J. H , 624 
 
 Imlay, R 453 
 
 Inglis, Rev. J 
 
 55, 294, 343, 380, 397 
 
 Innoculation 292 
 
 Inns 
 
 49, 52, 48, 53, 71, 132, 170, 
 189, 206, 211, 264. 406 
 
 Insolvent Comm'rs 381 
 
 Insurance 
 
 238, 263, 276, 277, 301, 481, 
 360, 393 
 
 Ireland, E 267 
 
 Ireland, Rev. John.. ..30,-52 
 
 Irvine, B 89 
 
 Islands 2 
 
 Jackson 22 
 
 Jackson, A. J. W 456 
 
 Jackson, Edward 11 
 
 Jackson, P. J 304 
 
 Jackson, Gen, Andrew 
 90, 396, 417,432,433,459. 465, 
 468, 472, 513, 557, 575, 632, 
 689 
 Jackson. Gen. T. J..638, 639 
 Jackson, Gen, Conven- 
 tion ^jt 460,473 
 
 Jackson, J 37, 398 
 
 Jackson, S 482 
 
 Jackson Square 513 
 
 Jacobs, G 184 
 
 Jail ;,.... 
 
 153, 284, 268, 302, 339, 481, 
 502,501,506.478,541,575 
 
 James, Rev. P 678 
 
 Jamestown 4 
 
 Jamison 566 
 
 Jamison, Jas .,...309,342 
 
 Jamison, Joseph 379 
 
 Jamison, S 526 
 
 Janes, Bishop 681 
 
 .Tanney, R. M 693 
 
 Jansson, T 37 
 
 Japanese Ambassa- 
 dors 577 
 
 Jarrett, H. C 442, 443 
 
 Java frigate 346 
 
 Jefferson 119, 120,121 
 
 Jefferson, C 440 
 
 Jefferson, Joseph 
 
 121, 123, 443, 526 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas 
 
 258, 292. 498, 420. 557, 688 
 
 Jenifer, Col 179 
 
 Jenifer, Dan of St. T.... 187 
 
 PAOS 
 
 Jenifer, Daniel 419 
 
 Jenkins, A 664 
 
 Jenkins, C. T 107 
 
 Jenkins, Col. J. S 691 
 
 Jenkins, E. & Sons 495 
 
 Jenkins, G 380 
 
 Jenkins. Hugh 629 
 
 Jenkins, T. C 664, 685 
 
 Jenkins, Wm.... 510, 432 
 
 Jenner, Dr .- 292 
 
 Jennings, Dr. S. K 500 
 
 Jennings, T 163 
 
 Jerome, J. H. T 
 
 535. 537, 538, 539 
 
 Jervis Hospital 616 
 
 Jephson.J 380 
 
 Jessup 544 
 
 Jessup, Captain 247 
 
 Jessup, Wm. & Chas,... 
 
 262, 286, 296 
 
 Jews 420, 533 
 
 Joachimsen 533 
 
 Johannes 556 
 
 Johns, Bishop 686 
 
 Johns, Capt. A ". 188 
 
 Johns, Rev 
 
 500, 504, 529, 537, 548, 575 
 
 Johns, Rev. Dr 31 
 
 Johnson, A 630,666 
 
 Johnson, B, T 
 
 600, 637, 639, 643, 644 
 
 Johnson, Col. R. M 488 
 
 Johnson, Dr. E 255, 261 
 
 Johnson, E 
 
 282, 295, 303, 305, 306, 308, 
 
 309, 312, 319, 322, 323, 332, 
 
 344, 346, 375, 376, 377, 403, 
 
 440 
 
 Johnson, Gen. J. E..637, 649 
 
 Johnson, H 39 
 
 Johnson, Henry 209 
 
 Johnson, H.E 618 
 
 Johnson, H.V 581 
 
 Johnson, J 136, 262 
 
 Johnson, Lieut. El 641 
 
 Johnson, Mrs. J..... 52 
 
 Johnson, T 
 
 133, 161, 166, 177, 245, 274, 
 276,305 
 
 Johnson, Rev. J. R 585 
 
 Johnson, Reverdy 
 
 33, 65, 188. 489, 512, 431, 475. 
 
 476, 477, 479, 516, 527. 576, 
 
 585, 676, 681 
 
 .Johnson, S , 210 
 
 Johnson, W. H 706 
 
 Johnson & Co 340 
 
INDEX. 
 
 739 
 
 PAOK 
 
 Johnston 442 
 
 Johnston, C. 139, 210, 281 
 
 Johnston, Capt. J 61, 65 
 
 Johouuot 209, 259, 287 
 
 Joice, S. J 628 
 
 Jonas Town, Jones's 
 
 Town 32, 34, 36 
 
 Jones, Capt 142, 168 
 
 Jones, Col...4ll, 588, 610, 612 
 
 Jones, David 10 
 
 Jones, E. L „.. 705 
 
 Jones Falls 
 
 14, 18, 22, 28, 33, 37, 38, 43, 
 
 50, 53, 54, 62, 77, 141, 188, 232, 
 
 244, 255, 277, 287, 303, 491, 
 
 506, 389, 576, 669, 676 
 
 Named after 10 
 
 Jones, Gov 539 
 
 Jones, Gen. W 476 
 
 Jones, J 468 
 
 Jones, J. C 479 
 
 Jones, J. D ' 699 
 
 Jones, J. M 497 
 
 Jones, John 9 
 
 Jones, N 5<i, 277 
 
 Jones, Philip 21, 22 
 
 Jones, R. P 527 
 
 Jones, Rev. J. S 682 
 
 Jones, S. H 187 
 
 Jones:, T 
 
 71, 134, 163, 169, 296, 428, 446, 
 
 447 
 
 Jones, T. lj,..^„j.,^^ii^^^m 
 
 Jones, WmTn^ir. 344 
 
 Jones, Wm. F 467 
 
 Jones, W. G 87, 88, 481 
 
 Joppa 24, 31, 60, 61, 62, 153 
 
 Jordan, G. C 443 
 
 Jordan, H. C 440 
 
 Jordan, S 558 
 
 Jordan & Rose 631 
 
 Joy, A 622 
 
 Juce, Miss F. & E 442 
 
 Judge 302 
 
 Juenger & Mueller 107 
 
 Justices 
 
 23, 33, 34, 40, 53, 249, 276, 
 
 304,209 
 
 Justices of the Peace... 417 
 
 Kahl, D. P '697 
 
 Kahler & Smith 547 
 
 Kalb, De 219, 403 
 
 Kane, E. K 553 
 
 Kane,«George P 
 
 109, 517, 525, 526, 578, 587, 592, 
 
 593, 603, 605, 606, 610, 612, 
 
 613, 651 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Kane, Lt.-Col 639 
 
 Kane, M 706 
 
 Kaufman, C 706 
 
 Kaylor, J 506 
 
 Kean, C 121, 123 
 
 Kean, E 121 
 
 Keating, H 334 
 
 Keating, Geo 283 
 
 Kearney, Gen. Jas. W.. 519 
 
 Keenan,Jas 667 
 
 Keene, L 121, 526 
 
 Keene, W... 188 
 
 Keenau, J 622 
 
 Keener, M...43, 44, 53, 56, 57 
 Keeports, G. P...196,239,246 
 Keeports, J....49, 51, 186, 262 
 
 Kell, Thos 314, 381 
 
 Kellot, Capt 501 
 
 Kelso, Jas 155 
 
 Kelso, Jno ..309, 340, 432 
 
 Kelly, E 64 
 
 Kelly, Jas 495 
 
 Kelly, M 516 
 
 Kelly, M. J 507, 628, 685 
 
 Kelly, Piet & Co 104, 628 
 
 Kerable, C 123 
 
 Kemble,F 121 
 
 Kemble, Gov 689 
 
 Kemble, Roger 115 
 
 Kemp, J 506 
 
 Kemp, Rev. Dr. James 
 30, 31, 241, 376, 379, 381, 422 
 
 Kenly, Jno. R 
 
 517, 518, 519, 523, 525, 613, 
 
 614, 615, 622, 627, 635, 636, 
 
 640, 644, 647, 649, 651, 655 
 
 Kenuard, S 394 
 
 Kennedy, A 574,599 
 
 Kennedy, Capt. W 
 
 685, 697, 699 
 
 Kennedy, Hen 313 
 
 Kennedy, J 305 
 
 Kennedy, J.*P 
 
 92,117,231,491,499,400,419, 
 
 465, 468, 516, 530, 536, 553, 
 
 679 
 
 Kennedy, M. .64, 65, 160, 161 
 
 Kennedy, P 148,189 
 
 Kennedy, S 88 
 
 Kennelly, Thos 268 
 
 Kenney, F 707 
 
 Kenny, S. P 92 
 
 Kenrick, Bishop 
 
 508, 461, 541, 543, 626 
 
 Kensett & Wheeler 549 
 
 Kensey, Hugh 9 
 
 Kent 400 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Kent, E 281,292 
 
 Kent, Jas 271 
 
 Kepler, A 659 
 
 Keiby, Jas 691 
 
 Kerby& Ready 691 
 
 Kerr 695 
 
 Kerr, C. J 108 
 
 Kester, Jno 641 
 
 Key, F. S 93, 121, 351, 404 
 
 Key,H. G.S 419 
 
 Key, P 187,306 
 
 Keyser, C. M 516 
 
 Keyser, Geo 346 
 
 Khrome, Com 299 
 
 Kidd, M 659 
 
 Kiel, A 697 
 
 Kilgore, N 659 
 
 Kilgour 113,585 
 
 Kilgour, C. J 
 
 313, 315, 316, 327, 328, 330, 
 333 
 
 Kilgour, Robert 315 
 
 Killen, Rev 534,541 
 
 Kimberly, C. W 95 
 
 Kimmel 209 
 
 King, F. T 693,699,711 
 
 King, Jno 516 
 
 King, S ~. 519 
 
 King, Wm 568 
 
 King, W 688 
 
 King, W. R 539 
 
 King William 27 
 
 King & Sutton 534 
 
 Kingsbury, Jas 192 
 
 Kinnemon, Dr. 506 
 
 Kinsey, Margaret 10 
 
 Kirk, T 187 
 
 Kirkland, A 692 
 
 Kirkland, Chase & Co.. 697 
 
 Kirkley, J. W 648 
 
 Kirwin, Capt 613 
 
 Knabe & Gaehle 549 
 
 Knabe, Wm 627 
 
 Knapp, Rev. J ,... 124 
 
 Kuapp, S. C ' 445 
 
 Knell.. 557 
 
 Knights of Pythias 668 
 
 Knights Templar 685 
 
 Kuip, F.. 422 
 
 Knoeff,C 697 
 
 Knolton, Col 152 
 
 Know-Nothings 
 
 543, 550, 558, 565, 570, 576, 
 583,662 
 
 Knox 527 
 
 Knox, Jas 623 
 
 Konecke 209 
 
740 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Koontz, CJol 706 
 
 Kossuth, L 538 
 
 Krebs, G.W 516 
 
 Krebs, Rev 653 
 
 Krebs, Wm 475 
 
 Kreuzer Bros 107 
 
 Krum 581 
 
 Knghbord, J 40 
 
 Kugler, Dr. B 386 
 
 Kuhn, Lieut 353 
 
 Kubns, J. H 621 
 
 Kurtz, Rev 
 
 43, 44, 46, 343, 542 
 
 Knstar, F 669 
 
 Kyle, A. B 570 
 
 Kyle, Geo. H 570 
 
 Labes 209 
 
 Lachey, Rev 40 
 
 Ladd, Jno 622 
 
 Ladd, L. C 594,622 
 
 La Fayette, Gen 
 
 168, 169, 185, 186, 193, 194, 
 
 195, 236, 409, 410, 469, 521, 
 
 538,688 
 
 Lafayette Square...,557, 616 
 
 Laffan, Miss M 101 
 
 Laffan, W. M 100 
 
 Lampley, J 699 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 41, 43, 44, 52, 53, 56, 507, 535, 
 
 IJance, R 49 
 
 Lander 283 
 
 Landstreet, W 107 
 
 Lane, Jos 582 
 
 Langworthy, E..81, 243, 294 
 
 Lanier, Bros. & Co 598 
 
 Lanne, M. A 189 
 
 Lansdale, G. 517 
 
 Lansdale, T 183 
 
 Lanzun, Duke 203 
 
 Lapourelle&Maughlln 546 
 
 Larew, M 286 
 
 Larrabee 549 
 
 Latll 209 
 
 Latimer, W. M 497 
 
 Latrobe, B. H.,Sr 378 
 
 Latrobe, B. H 454 
 
 Latrobe, Jno. H. B 
 
 499, 510, 423, 453, 454, 459, 
 
 52i, 530, 578, 583, 660, 667, 
 
 668, 681, 685, 697 
 
 Latrobe, Mrs. J. H. B... 665 
 
 Laughing Gas 513 
 
 Laurenson, P 463 
 
 Lavalette, Gen 203 
 
 Lavers, J. W 506 
 
 Law, Jas. 524 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lawrence, D 159 
 
 Lawrence, L 264 
 
 Lawson, A 
 
 36, 38, 47, 49, 55, 58, 62, 65, 
 163,285 
 
 La\^8on, Mrs 286 
 
 Lawson, R 282 
 
 LawsoM, W. H 622 
 
 Lawyers 431, 71, 210, 688 
 
 Layhole 629 
 
 LaypoU, J 82 
 
 Lazaretto 292,348 
 
 Leadbetter, Jno 380 
 
 Leakin, Rev 31,534 
 
 Leakin, S. C 
 
 91, 346, 501, 502, 409, 432, 475 
 
 rear, Maj. Wm 520 
 
 Leases 242 
 
 Leavy, B 155 
 
 Lecorapte, Jos 506 
 
 Lee, A 419 
 
 Lee, Capfc 112 
 
 Lee, G 425 
 
 Lee, Gen. C '. 
 
 53, 143, 144, 173, 174, 175, 176, 
 177, 180, 181 
 Lee, Gov. T. S 
 
 185, 186, 193, 196, 197, 202, 
 273, 274 
 
 Lee, Jno 419, 210 
 
 Lee, Josias 442, 584 
 
 Lee, P. H 183 
 
 Lee, R. E 
 
 338, 627, 642, 643, 646, 649 
 Lee, R. H 
 
 132, 273, 312, 316, 318, 320, 
 
 321, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336, 
 
 338 
 
 Lee, Z. Collins ..530, 535, 575 
 
 Ledwitz, Lieut. Col 149 
 
 Lefevre, J. A 621 
 
 Leggett, Geo 262 
 
 Legrand, J. C. 
 
 529, 538, 564, 584, 620 
 
 L'Eole, frigate 298 
 
 Lehr, H 697 
 
 Lehr, R 664 
 
 Leloup, C. E 527 
 
 Lemarde, Jean 392 
 
 Lemmon, Jacob 196 
 
 Lemmon, K.123, 165, 188, 210 
 
 Lemmon, L 63, 71, 123 
 
 Lemmon, R 488, 521 
 
 Lemmon, W 346 
 
 Lennox, W. T 519 
 
 Lenschow, C 676 
 
 Lequerra, Rev 630 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Leslie, Robt 510, 578 
 
 Lester 303, 352,460 
 
 Letherbury, P 187 
 
 Letters, communica- 
 tions 
 
 126, 128, 129, 131, 134, 142, 
 143, 184, 190, 194, 199, 312, 
 552, 602, 609, 610, 611, 617, 
 625, 642, &13,644, 651,695, 707 
 
 Letters, Geu. Gist 139 
 
 Jas. Nicholson 143 
 
 Wm. Buchanan. 148, 163 
 
 Gen. Greene 210 
 
 Gen. Wm. Small- 
 wood 149,166 
 
 Mrs. Mary Cox 164 
 
 Capt. James Cox. ... 165 
 
 George Welsh 165 
 
 Howard, Charles.... 604 
 , Col. John H. Stone. 166 
 
 A. Hamilton 274 
 
 Geo. Washington... 
 
 250, 170, 191 
 T. H. Hicks..584, 594, 595 
 
 W. Goddard 175,176 
 
 Gen. C. Lee........l75, 176 
 
 Johns Hopkins 693 
 
 Col. E. Oswald. ..180, 182 
 George W. Brown... 
 
 594, 595, 599 
 
 Col. S. Smith 182,382 
 
 Major-General R . 
 
 H. Lee 273 
 
 Capt. E. Norwood... 183 
 Otho H. Williams.. 
 
 197, 274 
 
 Maj. David Poe 186 
 
 Gen. Lafayette 
 
 193; 191, 195 
 
 Charles Howard 604 
 
 Col. E. F. Jones 610 
 
 John H. Dike 611 
 
 Edward G. Parker. 611 
 Gen. John A. Dix... 
 
 617, 618 
 
 C. C. Fulton 624,625 
 
 E. S. Sanford 625 
 
 Gen.Jos.E.Johnson 637 
 G. T. Beauregard.... 638 
 
 ' Jefferson Davis 638 
 
 Gen. John C. Breck- 
 
 enridge 642 
 
 Gen. U.S. Grant.... 646 
 Gen. G. K Warren. 648 
 General Thomas T. 
 
 Munford 650 
 
 8. M. Felton 651 
 
INDEX 
 
 741 
 
 PAGI 
 
 Y. L.Gatchell 652 
 
 S. M. Bonaparte 652 
 
 Jolm F. McJiltou... 653 
 
 J. Bly 654 
 
 G. E. Morgan 654 
 
 Wm. H. Seward 651 
 
 Getf. Jno.R.Kenly. 655 
 Milton Whitney..,. 655 
 
 Simon Cameron 655 
 
 General George B. 
 
 McClellan 656 
 
 R. M. Copeland 
 
 656, 657, 658, 659 
 
 J.G.Swift MS 
 
 Leucht, J 107 
 
 Levely 45, 52, 64, 285 
 
 Levering, A 63 
 
 levering, A. R 309 
 
 Levering, Capt 347, 379 
 
 levering, G. W 622 
 
 Levering 170,392 
 
 Levering, N 309 
 
 Levy, E 567,573 
 
 Levy, N 414,469 
 
 Lewis, F 706 
 
 Lewis, Wm. 506 
 
 Leyli, E. F 104 
 
 Leypold, J 170 
 
 Libraries 235, 403,405 
 
 Library Co..277, 278, 281, 526 
 
 Liggatt, S 209 
 
 Light-liouses 393 
 
 Lightning....59, 249, 293, 417 
 
 Lilie, Wm 10 
 
 LunnsLot 57 
 
 Lincoln, A 
 
 526, 584, 585, 589, 595, 598, 
 
 609, 625, 630, 634, 636, 661, 
 
 662, 110 
 
 Lincoln, Gen 174, 186 
 
 Lind.E. G 667 
 
 Lind, Jenny 534 
 
 Linden & Moore 91 
 
 Llndenberger, G.... 
 
 45, 64, 71, 130, 165, 169, 178 
 202,209 
 
 Lindsay 113 
 
 Llnehan, H 495 
 
 Lindsay, G. W 550 
 
 Li ndsey'sColTee House 190 
 
 Lineweaver, Capt 566 
 
 Lingan, Gen. Jas. M. .. 
 
 313, 316, 327, 329, 331, 337 
 
 Ligon, Gov 555, 558 
 
 Linthicura, R 506 
 
 Lipp, F. K. &Co 95 
 
 Lipp, F 507 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Littig, P 49 
 
 Little, P 304, 314, 346 
 
 Littlejohn, Dr 210, 292 
 
 Litzinger, Jos 555 
 
 Liverpool S. S. Line .... 661 
 Livingston, Capt. D.... 36 
 
 Lloyd. R 57 
 
 Lockwood, R. M 541 
 
 Loersb, V 40, 49 
 
 Logan, James 705 
 
 Loney, Capt 603 
 
 Loney, B. S. & W. A.... 554 
 
 Loney, F. B. & Co 598 
 
 Long, Col 347, 428 
 
 Long, Jas 163 
 
 Long, R 56,262 
 
 Long, R. C 
 
 31, 120, 283, 295, 301, 386, 514 
 Longacre, Rev. A.. ..666, 690 
 
 Longcope, H 705 
 
 Longfellow 51, 169 
 
 Loral), Jno 189 
 
 Loring, Admiral 284 
 
 Loriug, G. B 582 
 
 Lorman, A 687 
 
 Lorman, Wm 
 
 267, 381, 386, 419, 428, 447, 
 467, 469 
 
 Lossing 8 
 
 Lotteries 
 
 49, 56, 202, 254, 400, i^ 
 
 Lotz 697 
 
 Love, Martin & Co 549 
 
 Low, L 706 
 
 Low, N 49 
 
 Lowe, Gov 
 
 536, 537, 585, 602 
 
 Lowe, Jas 706 
 
 Lowman, L 533 
 
 Lowndes 241 
 
 Lowry,Capt 247 
 
 Loudenslager 138 
 
 Loudon ParkCemetery 543 
 
 Louis XVI 206 
 
 Loyola College 540 
 
 Loyalists 147, 162 
 
 Lucas, C. Z 509 
 
 Lucas, Capt 49 
 
 Lucas, E 467 
 
 Lucas. Fielding, 510, 377.381 
 
 Lurraan, Mrs 665 
 
 Lutheran Church 
 
 40, 43, 45, 46, 202,264,288 
 \ 503, 702 
 
 I history of 45 
 
 Lux, Capt. Darby 
 
 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 48 
 
 PAGlii 
 
 Lux, Darby 
 
 39, 136, 138, 155 
 
 Lux, G 131,137,147,238 
 
 Lux, William 
 
 35, 47, 49, 56, 65. 72, 73, 125, 
 126, 129, 130, 136, 146 
 
 Lux, Wm. ofE.R 65 
 
 Lyford,W. G 102 
 
 Lynch 477, 479 
 
 Lynch, A. A 617 
 
 Lynch, C 189 
 
 Lynch, Jno.....« 209 
 
 Lynch, Rev 661 
 
 Lynde, Jno 189 
 
 Lynn, Adam 29 
 
 Lynn, Col 331 
 
 Lyon, Dr 71, 196 
 
 Lyon, W 39, 46, 47, 49, 56 
 
 Lyons 621 
 
 Lytle 53, 64 
 
 Macauley, Dr....491, 395, 428 
 
 Maccauley, P 90 
 
 Maccreery, Wm.292, 294, 305 
 
 Maccubbin, N 187 
 
 Maccubbin, R. G 659 
 
 Mace, A 664 
 
 Machin 442 
 
 Mackall, J 187 
 
 Mackall, R 309 
 
 Mackenheimer,Col.217, 264 
 Mackenzie, Dr..l55, 275, 302 
 
 Mackie, E 57, 65, 260 
 
 MackiP, Spiers «fe Co.... 189 
 
 Mackintosh, Jas 251 
 
 Macklin, W 474 
 
 Macuabb.J 65,66 
 
 Macomb, Gen 411, 472 
 
 Madison, James 
 
 88, 90, 310, 489, 379, 401, 458 
 
 Magill, Dr. C 654,655 
 
 Magoffin, J 71 
 
 Magraw & Koons 624 
 
 Magruder, Judge 
 
 510, 512, 463 
 
 Magruder, J. R 419 
 
 Magruder, Taylor and 
 
 Roberts 598 
 
 Mail robberies..'593. 398, 399 
 
 Maloney, F 593 
 
 Manly 576 
 
 Manners and Customs. 
 12, 13, 37, 59, 201, 222, 233, 
 297,406 
 
 Manning & Hope ~ 460 
 
 Manning, R. J 279 
 
 Mansell 230 
 
 Manual Labor School.. 497 
 
742 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Manufactories 169, 402 
 
 Mardeu, Jesse 627 
 
 Marden, J. P. 652 
 
 Marechal 298, 389, 399, 429 
 
 Market Houses 
 
 46, 56, 79, 235, 236, 263, 267, 
 289, 524 
 
 Marine C. Society 279 
 
 Mario - 121 
 
 Marstiall, Ciiief Justice 
 
 301, 400, 472. 480 
 
 Marriott, J. H 380 
 
 Marshal], Chas 596 
 
 Marsliall,Mr 115 
 
 Marshall, Mrs 115 
 
 Marshall, T 480 
 
 Marshek, J 555 
 
 Martin, DuBois 409, 410 
 
 Martin, D 432 
 
 Martin, Jas 304, 309 
 
 Martin, J. E 106 
 
 Martin, Judge 576 
 
 Martin, Rev 653 
 
 Marine Hospital 267, 520 
 
 Markley, A. W 621 
 
 Markoe, F 107 
 
 Marriott, B 380 
 
 Martin, A 84,85 
 
 Martin & Co 94 
 
 Martin, L 
 
 163, 188, 245, 255, 286, 299, 
 
 301, 306, 341, 401, 402. 418, 
 421, 431, 688 
 
 Maryland 9 
 
 Maryland Institute 
 
 236, 420, 536, 538. 539, 550, 
 
 652, 553, 564, 577, 582, 603, 
 664, 671, 674, 685 
 Maryland Line 
 
 169, 171, 186, 197, 210, 212, 
 213,337, history of 213 
 Maryland, Sloop of- 
 
 war 287 
 
 Masey, J 286 
 
 Masinlielmer, Jno 189 
 
 Mtislin, Jas 259 
 
 Masou, Capt. W 516 
 
 Mason, Jno 537 
 
 Mjison, J. T 685 
 
 Mason 659 
 
 Masonic Hall 
 
 354, 666, 685, 686 
 Masonic Order 
 
 284, STii, 427, 431, 458, 666', 
 
 685 
 
 Lodges, history of.. 268 
 
 Massey , 652 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Massey, Jesse 479 
 
 Matchett, R. J 94 
 
 Matthew, Rev. T 531 
 
 Mathews, Roger 23 
 
 Mathias, Col. T. J 685 
 
 Matthews, A 445 
 
 Matthews, B 445 
 
 Matthews, C 122 
 
 Matthews, E 445 
 
 Matthews, Dr 330 
 
 Matthews, Geo..l70, 192, 255 
 
 Matthews, R. S 550 
 
 Matthews, Rev 692 
 
 Matthews, Thos 196 
 
 Maughlin, W. W 75 
 
 Mauldln, Capt. B. F 515 
 
 Maulsby, J. D 419 
 
 Maund, T 91 
 
 Maxey, Lieut 355 
 
 Maxwell 333,334 
 
 Maxwell, Col. J.^ 61 
 
 Maxwell, Gen 166 
 
 Maxwell, Jno. «fc Co 575 
 
 May, B 64, 139 
 
 May, H 617, 665 
 
 Mayer, Brantz 
 
 460,510,511,525,667,718 
 
 Mayer 209 
 
 Mayer, C. F 
 
 509, 431, 459, 471, 527, 537, 
 543,629 
 
 Mayer & Bro 548 
 
 Mayer, Rev. L 44 
 
 Mayhew, Wm. E 553 
 
 Mayo, Dr 652 
 
 Mayors 282, 415,421 
 
 Mayor, Ac, qualifica- 
 tions 291,303 
 
 McAllister, Capt 524 
 
 McBride, H 188 
 
 McCabe 509 
 
 McCabe, Jno 160, 169 
 
 McCain, Rev 547, 
 
 McCalr, Rev. A 843 
 
 McCandless, G 64 
 
 McCann, Jno 593 
 
 McCannon 
 
 74, 78, 255, 281, 282 
 
 McCalmont, J 183 
 
 McCary, H 514 
 
 McCarthy, 1> 359 
 
 McCausland , 209 
 
 McCausland, M 291 
 
 McClellan, Gen 621, 656 
 
 McClellan, J 82,169,189 
 
 McClellan, Wm. W 526 
 
 McClennahan 65l 
 
 PAGE 
 
 McColgan, Rev. E...507, 660 
 
 McCoraas 586, 606 
 
 McComas, H. G 380 
 
 McCoraas, Jas 188 
 
 McConkey & Parr 652 
 
 McConnell, Jno. C 636 
 
 McCoy, C 705 
 
 McCrea, S 88 
 
 McCready 121, 123 
 
 McCubbln, Z 136,264 
 
 McCulloch, J. W.309,380,382 
 
 McCulloch, J. H..-;.' 
 
 206, 267, 292, 293, 299, 309 
 
 489, 469 
 
 McCron, Rev. J 
 
 46, 564, 579, 634, 667 
 
 McDonald, A 267, 447 
 
 McDonald, Geo 630 
 
 McDonald, M 516 
 
 McDonald, Wm 
 
 309", 314, 340, 347, 500, 468, 
 469, 513 
 
 McDougall, Jas 75 
 
 McDowell, Capt 520 
 
 McDowell, Robinson 
 
 ifeCo 598 
 
 McDuflle 467 
 
 McElderry, H 516 
 
 McElderry, Hugh. ..477, 479 
 
 McElderry, Thos 
 
 266, 267, 283, 295, 296, 299, 
 304 
 
 McElmole, A 705 
 
 McFaden, J 139, 169, 286 
 
 McFarland, Rev ..31, 537 
 
 McGee, Jos. H. & Bro... 620 
 
 McGonnigan 671 
 
 McGowan, J £47 
 
 McGreevy, J. A 607 
 
 McGuire, Dr 506 
 
 McHenry, James 
 
 71, 191, 195, 209, 210, 243, 
 
 245, 249, i53, 254, 262, 266, 
 
 272, 277, 280, 342, 381, 414 
 
 McHenry, John..63, 134, 419 
 
 Mclntlre, Dr. Jas.^. 705 
 
 McJlltou, J. F .T. 653 
 
 McJlltou, J. N 90, 93. 513 
 
 McKaig, R. J 68? 
 
 McKaig,T. J 705 
 
 McKeany 267 
 
 McKean, Thos 244, 259 
 
 McKewin, Jno 479 
 
 McKlm 556 
 
 McKlm,A 
 
 74, 123, 258, 260, 262, 274, 
 
 276, 277, 281, 295, 296, 299, 
 
 302. 303. 114 
 
INDEX 
 
 743 
 
 PAGB 
 
 McKim, J 
 
 71, 203, 242, 263, 296, 303, 
 387, 447 
 
 McKim, Isaac — 
 
 496, 377. 378, 381, 392, 419, 
 428» 477, 463 
 
 McKim Free School 387 
 
 McKim, John S 525 
 
 McKim, R 302,346 
 
 McKim, R.H 641 
 
 McKim, Wm 553,585 
 
 McKnew, W 649 
 
 McLane, Allan 557 
 
 McLane, Capt. A 192 
 
 McLane, Loui8..409, 453, 557 
 
 McLane, R. M 
 
 516. 585, 596, 602 
 
 McLaughlin, W 
 
 74, 196, 203, 264 
 
 McLure, J 
 
 63, 159, 188, 238, 414 
 
 McMahon, A 64, 65 
 
 McMahon, Jno 593 
 
 McMahon, John V. L... 
 
 511,419,431,447,468,683 
 
 McManus, Rev. B. J 630 
 
 McMechen, D 
 
 71, 130, 161, 182, 188, 189, 192, 
 
 206. 261, 262, 277. 280, 282, 
 
 283,304 
 
 McMechen, W 381 
 
 McNally,Capt 501 
 
 McNally, Jno 704 
 
 McNally, Wm 474 
 
 McNeil, Col 650 
 
 McNeil, W. G 488 
 
 McPherson, J 419 
 
 McPherson, Maj 193, 194 
 
 Maryland Agricultural 
 
 Society. 
 
 676 
 
 MarylandColonization 
 
 Society 509 
 
 Maryland Historical 
 
 Society ••' 
 
 39 46, 47, 169, 277, 281, 510, 
 526, 552, 665, 680 
 
 Md. Jockey Club 681 
 
 Maryland National 
 
 Guards 668,676 
 
 Maryland Soldiers in 
 
 the Civil War.. 635 
 
 Meade, Gen 645 
 
 Meers, T • 44 
 
 Mechanic Arts. ..524, 525, 536 
 
 Medical Society 
 
 255, 291, 301 
 Medtart,J 459 
 
 PA6B 
 
 Meeking. S 550 
 
 Meetings 
 
 64, 125, 128, 133, 189, 262, 277, 
 806, 503, 375, 417, 419, 430. 
 446, 462, 468, 471, 473, 475. 
 478, 515, 516, 521, 524, 527, 
 538, 535, 543, 567. 574, 584, 
 585. 626, 685 
 
 Meixsell, H 550 
 
 Menger,H 697 
 
 Mercantile L. Ass'n 497 
 
 Mercer, C. F 683 
 
 Mercer, J 51 
 
 Meredith, J 687, 693 
 
 Meredith, Jno...491, 381, 431 
 
 Meredith,? 706 
 
 Merrick, W. D 419 
 
 Merriken, J 380 
 
 Merriraac 490 
 
 Messer, W 471 
 
 Messonier 209 
 
 Merrick, R. T 538 
 
 Merryman, J 
 
 58, 64, 130, 209, 282, 284, 304 
 308 
 
 Metcalf 512 
 
 >tetzgers, Capt 347 
 
 Methodists 
 
 78 202, 230, 245, 255, 264, 
 279,288 
 
 Mexican War, 516, 517, 525 
 
 Meyer, J. C. J 594 
 
 Meyer, F 40.42,51,697 
 
 Mezick, Josh 425 
 
 Mickle, Jno 263 
 
 Micnamara - ^82 
 
 Middleton 241 
 
 Middleton, R. H 506 
 
 Middleton & Dorsey 549 
 
 Mifflin, Gen 151 
 
 Milbourne 1^7 
 
 Miles, J 184 
 
 Miles, P. S 593 
 
 Milholland, Jas 524 
 
 Military 
 
 136. 1^. 138, 140, 116, 148 
 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169 
 185, 202, 247, 271, 272. 284 
 339, 341, 342, 347, 498, 500 
 507, 412, 418. 423, 471, 479 
 515, 517. 525, 529, 556. 569 
 575 587, 594, 600, 603, 635 
 668 
 
 Celebrations 50, 132 
 
 Companies, history 
 of 
 
 247 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Arrests 
 
 608, 612, 613, 614, 616, 617 
 
 618, 620, 621, 624, 628, 631 
 
 110,111 
 
 Orders 
 
 616, 617, 626, 630, 705 
 Take possession of 
 
 612, 615 
 
 Millard, E.J 419 
 
 Miller, Capt 356 
 
 Miller, Cloud & Miller, 598 
 
 Miller, Dr. J. H 499, 506 
 
 Miller. D.H 599,627 
 
 Miller, E 652 
 
 Miller. Gen 544 
 
 Miller, J 82 
 
 Mfller. P 42 
 
 Midler, R 377 
 
 Miller, Rev 515 
 
 Miller, Robt 267 
 
 Miller, T.K 705 
 
 Miller, Wm 494 
 
 Mtllian, P 286 
 
 Millikiu 122 
 
 Millikin, B. H 377 
 
 Millikin, R. H 705 
 
 Milliman, Geo..296, 302, 309 
 
 Millington, Capt 532 
 
 Millington, J. N 456 
 
 Mills 
 
 122. 196, 277, 341, 402, 262 
 289, 376 
 
 Mills, B 659 
 
 Mills, Jno 527, 621 
 
 Mills, J. M 105 
 
 Mills, Mayhew & Co.... 598 
 
 Mills & Murray 547 
 
 Mills, Robt S77,378 
 
 Mills, S.S 520,621 
 
 Mills, S. S. & Bro 105, 547 
 
 Mills, Troxall ife Co 95 
 
 Milroy, Gen 638 
 
 Miltenberger, Gen.. 409, 478 
 
 Minckler, W 107 
 
 Miskelly, Joseph 704 
 
 Mitchell, Col 375 
 
 Mitchell, Dr 330 
 
 Mitchell, Geo. E 340 
 
 Mitchell, J 506 
 
 Mitchell, Jas 506 
 
 Mitchell, Jno 506 
 
 Mitchell, M 121 
 
 Moale, J. C 506 
 
 Moale, John, Sr..8, 19, 28, 33 
 
 Moale, John 
 
 33,46,47, 49, 50, 51, 52,56, 
 
 59 62, 63, 65, 72. 126, 130, 
 
 136, 191, 202, 209, 249, 285 
 
744 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Moale, Mrs. Ellen 419 
 
 Moale's Point— owner 
 
 of 8 
 
 Moale, Richard 
 
 33. 65, 76, 126, 130. 131, 243 
 
 Moale, R. H 2fJ3 
 
 Moale, Wra 506 
 
 Mobs 
 
 81,88,104,155,175, 258,309. 
 
 310, 312, 315, 339, 476. 515, 
 589, 593, 605, 622 
 
 History of 76 
 
 Mobley, Maj. E. M 647 
 
 Moflat, W 669 
 
 Moffitt, Capt 514 
 
 Monitor >. 490 
 
 Monkur. Dr. C. S 
 
 500, 506, 667 
 
 Monroe 96, 401, 681, 688 
 
 Monroe, J 90 
 
 Montague, Lord 268 
 
 Montague, W. L ^24 
 
 Montel«fe Bro 549 
 
 Montgomery, Gen 214 
 
 Montgomery, Jas 506 
 
 Montgomery, Jno..- 
 
 308, 309, 314, 320, :S24, 332, 
 347, 399, 415 
 
 Montgomery, Maj 556 
 
 Monuments 
 
 391, 534, 561, 634, 660, 375, 
 379,500 
 
 Moon, Capt. R 364 
 
 Mooney ^ 246 
 
 Moore, B. P 709 
 
 Moore, Col. S. H. P 
 
 339, 340, 342, 409 
 
 Moore, Col. N. R 291, 382 
 
 Moore, Col. S 503 
 
 Moore, Capt 
 
 169, 190, 247. 249, 259, 271, 
 272 
 
 Moore, Ely 425 
 
 Moore, J 49 
 
 Moore, Mtjj 351 
 
 Moore, P 422 
 
 Moore, Rev 581 
 
 Moore, T 71 
 
 Moore, Thos 641, 659 
 
 Moore, Wm. H.64. 70, 76. 5 i 
 
 Mooyer, H 6!»7 
 
 Moran, M 474 
 
 MoranvlUe, Rev. J. F... 374 
 
 Morehead, Col 614 
 
 Moreton 115' 
 
 Morfltt, H. M 611, 617 
 
 Morfltt, T. C 617 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Morgan 458 
 
 Morgan, J. A 641 
 
 Morgan, J. E 624 
 
 Morgan, Gen 220 
 
 Morgan, G. E 654 
 
 Morgan, Jas 565 
 
 Morgan, Lieut. T 160 
 
 Morris, Gen 103 
 
 Morris, Gen 633 
 
 Morris. Jno. B 
 
 482, 489, 409, 410, 427, 428, 
 
 447, 459, 469, 475. 477, 479, 
 
 515, 553, 662 
 
 Morris, Mr. and Mrs. ... 
 
 Morris, Mrs. R 
 
 Morris, Nancy 
 
 Morris, R 154, 
 
 Morris, Rev. J. G 46, 
 
 Morris, Thomas H 
 
 Morris, Wm 
 
 Moi-rison, J 
 
 Morrow, R 
 
 Morse 98, 514, 
 
 Mosby, Col 
 
 Moses 
 
 Moses Small 
 
 Mosher, Capt 
 
 Mosher, Col 
 
 120, 295, 296, 301, 302, i 
 340, 403, 
 
 Mosher, Jas 381, 
 
 Moss, John H 
 
 Moubos 
 
 Moulton, W 
 
 Mount Clare 50, 162, 
 
 Mountenay's Neck 
 
 10, 38 
 
 Mowett, R. & Bro 
 
 Mud House 
 
 Mud machines 
 
 Mudd, A 
 
 Muling, Capt 
 
 Mumma 324, 327, 3SS, 
 
 Munford, Gen 
 
 Muntross, Thos 
 
 Murder 392, 565, f 66, 
 
 Murderer's Ordeal 
 
 Murdock 
 
 Murdock, H. S 
 
 Murdock, J. E 
 
 Murdock, Mrs. T 
 
 Murdock, Wm.. 
 
 Murdock, Wm. P 
 
 Murdy, Rev. R. W 
 
 Murphy 86, 85, 96, 
 
 Murphy, Capt. John.... 
 860,363, 
 
 54 
 598 
 504 
 208 
 693 
 533 
 334 
 650 
 9 
 593 
 398 
 121 
 687 
 443 
 665 
 
 57 
 553 
 666 
 456 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Murphy, M., 593 
 
 Murphy, J. & Co 92, 685 
 
 Murphy, P 496 
 
 Murphy, T. L 92 
 
 Murphy, Wm 235, 398 
 
 Murray, Capt 603 
 
 Murray, Capt. A 284 
 
 Murray, D 
 
 313, 327, 329, 330, 334, 419 
 
 Murray, H. M 417 
 
 Murray, J 419 
 
 Murray &Wiegand 632 
 
 Musgrave, Maj. .316, 327, 330 
 Museum, history of..... 
 
 95, 169, 343, 496, 386, 441, 708 
 
 Myers, C 144 
 
 Myers, H 706 
 
 Myers, J 42,-52, 593 
 
 Myers, G.N 49, 57 
 
 Myers, P 51 
 
 Nadal,Rev 529 
 
 Nagle, J. E 122 
 
 Nagot.. 298 
 
 Nagot, Rev.. 68 
 
 National Commercial 
 
 Convention 686 
 
 National Republican 
 
 Convention 459 
 
 Naval Vessels 
 
 86, 87, 141, 142, 137, 168, 170, 
 
 171, 186, 189, 193, 199, 204, 
 272, 283, 284, 341, 354, 509 
 
 Neale, J 499 
 
 Neale, Jas. P 507 
 
 Neale, J. G 380 
 
 l^eale, R 380 
 
 Neale, Rev. L 69, 389. 445 
 
 Needham, S. H 594, 621 
 
 Negro insurrection 569 
 
 Neil, Capt 356 
 
 Neill, Wm 63, 71, 414 
 
 Neilson 209 
 
 Neilson, Wm 346 
 
 Neilson, W. H...105,628, 629 
 
 Nelson, Dr. N 536 
 
 Nelson, Hen 
 
 313, 315, 327, 329 
 
 Nelson, Jno 
 
 419, 473, 575, 683 
 
 Nelson, Robt 574 
 
 Neninger 379 
 
 Neuhahn, S 697 
 
 Neuhaus, Rev 542 
 
 New Assembly Rooms 
 
 537.603,661,685 
 Newell, Rev 94 
 
 ew Castle 54 
 
PAex 
 
 Newsboys' Home 667 
 
 Newcomb, Lieut 353,381 
 
 New Jerusalem 
 
 Church 263, 286 
 
 Newsham & Co 547 
 
 New Orleans 62 
 
 Newspapers 
 
 586, 609, 634, 632, 631, 
 
 629, 643, 645, 108, 530, 
 
 79,628 
 
 History of 79 
 
 Maryland Gazette.. 
 48, 49, 56, 114, 116, 161, 
 183, 244, 112 
 Maryland Journal, 
 
 Ac 
 
 79,115,125,157,172,175, 
 
 182, 196, 277 
 
 Balto. American..,. 
 
 84, 89, 120, 352, 456, 596, 
 
 597, 618, 623, 624, 633, 
 
 625, 670 
 
 The Sun 95, 624, 634 
 
 Balto. Bulletin 100 
 
 Evening News 101 
 
 Sunday Telegram.. 101 
 Southern Magazine 102 
 German Correspon- 
 
 dent...l03, 565, 624, 634 
 Baltimore Wecker, 
 
 104, 601, 634 
 Episcopal Metho- 
 dist 105, 106 
 
 Saturday Night 106 
 
 Federal Republican 
 
 309, 310, 312, 314, 339 
 Baltimore Gazette. 
 108, 616, 617, 623, 624, 
 628, 634 
 
 Baltimorean 107 
 
 Enquirer 107 
 
 Newspapers sup- 
 pressed 
 
 616, 617, 621, 628, 629, 631, 
 632 
 
 New York 
 
 44, 57, 62, 69, 76, 86, 90, 92, 
 
 95, 97, 99, 103, 114, 123, 149, 
 
 . 150, 192, 215, 221, 277, 290, 
 
 483,510,409,691 
 
 Nevins, Rev. Wm....55, 397 
 
 Niccoll8, Rev. S. J 696 
 
 Nicholas 599 
 
 Nicholas, Dr. J. S...491, 463 
 
 Nicholas, R. C 340 
 
 NichoUs, Col. R. Y 344 
 
 Nicholls, H 2S2 
 
 49 
 
 INDElX 
 
 PAOX 
 
 Nicholls, Wm 192 
 
 Nichols, J 230 
 
 Nichols, Jno. F 107 
 
 Nichols, Z 506 
 
 Nicholson 
 
 209, 285, 296, 340, 411 
 
 Nicholson, B 
 
 71, 126, 130. 136, 158, 159, 
 172, 243, 261, 340 
 Nicholson, Capt. John. 
 
 141, 142, 285 
 Nicholson, Capt. S.. 141, 350 
 
 Nicholson, Col 628 
 
 Nicholson, J 699 
 
 Nicholson, Com. Jas.... 
 141, 158, 159, 160, 170, 171, 295 
 
 Nicholson, Jno 632 
 
 Nicholson, Jos. H 
 
 306, 308, 309 
 
 Nicholson, Judge 352 
 
 Niles,H 
 
 88, 89. 309. 456, 459, 480 
 
 Niles.S.A 69 
 
 Niles. Wm. 89, 94 
 
 Nixon, Rev. Wm 30 
 
 Non-importation agree- 
 ments 64, 125, 127, 129 
 
 Noel, S 245 
 
 Norfolk 127,238. 251, 339 
 
 Norris 653 
 
 Norrls.A 419 
 
 Norris, B. B 188 
 
 Norris, Caldwell & Co.. .548 
 
 Norris, C.S 585 
 
 Norris, G. W 497 
 
 Norris, J 184 
 
 Norrte, J.C 95 101 
 
 Norris, J. Saurin 553 
 
 Norris, Mrs. R 665 
 
 Norris, Wm. H 
 
 475, 576, 584, 585, 430, 602 
 
 Norris &Bro 554 
 
 Norton, Capt 501 
 
 North, Capt. Robert 
 
 22, 32, 34, 39 
 
 North Carolina 66 
 
 Northern Central Rail- 
 road Company 
 
 503, 425, 429, 431, 457, 458, 
 
 545, 587, 594, 596, 603, 604, 
 
 607, 707, 714 
 
 North Point 
 
 14, 18, 32, 143, 206, 342, 344, 
 346 
 North Point M o n u- 
 
 ment 500, 391 
 
 Norwood, Capt 183, 184 
 
 745 
 
 PAGS 
 
 Noss, H 697 
 
 Nowland, D 316 
 
 Oakley, Jacob 495 
 
 Oates, J. A. 123 
 
 O'Brian, T 398 
 
 O'Brien, 507 
 
 O'Connor, A. J 706 
 
 Odd Fellows, 
 
 490, 508, 457, 575, 618, 660, 
 665 
 
 O'Donnell, C. 688 
 
 O'Donnell, Gen. C 
 
 503, 425, 475, 578, 599, 607, 
 ,685,696 
 
 O'Donnell, Jno '. 
 
 338, 261, 262, 264, 266, 267, 
 294 
 
 Ogle, Gov. Samuel 32, 36 
 
 Ogleby, J 255 
 
 Olcott, Col 630 
 
 Oldfleld, Miss 115 
 
 Oldham, E 183, 239 
 
 Old Town 10, 33 
 
 Oldmixon, Mrs 115 
 
 Oliver, Jno 378, 408, 422 
 
 Oliver, Robt 
 
 209, 288, 310, 428, 444, 447, 
 463, 469, 472 
 
 Oliver Viaduct 444 
 
 Omnibuses 512 
 
 Ontario frigate 346 
 
 Ord, Gen 630 
 
 Orem 583 
 
 Orem, Capt 533 
 
 Orem, Hopkins & Co... 598 
 
 Orendorf & Beam 598 
 
 Orndorff 688 
 
 Osborne, Rev. J 124 
 
 Osgood, R.H 425 
 
 Osier, E. P 547 
 
 Oswald, Col. E 
 
 81, 176, 178, 180, 182, 277 
 
 Otis 241 
 
 Otterbine, Rev. P. W... 
 
 41, 44, 136, 343 
 
 Otto, P 697 
 
 Owen, A. F 537 
 
 Owen, Capt. B. F 515 
 
 Owen, Dr 329 
 
 Owens, B. W 641 
 
 Owens, Dr. S 52, 79 
 
 Owens, J. E 
 
 121, 123, 442, 443, 526, 697 
 
 Owens, Rev. G 558, 628 
 
 Owens, S 196 
 
 Owings,S....267, 281, 282, 284 
 Owings, Wm 261, 272 
 
746 
 
 INDEX . 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Paca, J 51, 53 
 
 Paca, William 
 
 166, 261, 265, 279, 286 
 
 Packet Lines 
 
 238, 481, 420, 533 
 
 Page 491 
 
 Pagels, G.H * 699 
 
 Paine 49 
 
 Paintings 381 
 
 Palnaer, Dr. J. W 
 
 101, 106, 488, 521 
 Palmer, Thos. & Co..;... 495 
 
 Pa*lmer, A 39 
 
 Park Commissioners... 578 
 
 Parker, Capt 533 
 
 Parker, E. G. 612 
 
 Parker, E. L. & Co 554 
 
 Parker, Robert 11 
 
 Parker, T 343 
 
 Parks, J 63 
 
 Parr, D. P 106 
 
 Parr, Mrs. D. P 665 
 
 Parringtoi), Capl 532 
 
 Parrish, E.. 51 
 
 Parron, T 184 
 
 Partridge, Jas 377 
 
 Pascault 209, 286 
 
 Passano 623 
 
 Passenger Railway 
 
 Companies 
 
 568, 569, 582, 621, 668, 670 
 678, 681, 688 
 
 Patapsco river 
 
 8, 9, 14, 18, 19, 20, 24, 32, 34, 
 ■ 37, 53, 137, 208, 297, named 
 
 after. 8 
 
 Patch, Wm 591 
 
 Patterson, A. B 76 
 
 Patterson, E...^. 295 
 
 Patterson, G 155 
 
 Patterson, Jno 408 
 
 Patterson, Jos. W 446 
 
 Patterson, Miss E 
 
 488,489, 678 
 
 Patterson, William 
 
 170, 185, 200, 207, 260, 281, 
 288, 295, 340, 378, 381, 394, 
 409, 410, 414, 422, 425, 428, 
 483, 444, 446, 447, 449, 4G3, 
 467, 469, 482 
 Patterson & Wool lord.. 594 
 
 Patterson's Park 
 
 842, 422, 816 
 
 Pftttl 121 
 
 Patton, 67 
 
 Patton, M 64 
 
 Patton, W 87 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Paul, Capt 533 
 
 Payne, Jas 555 
 
 Payne, J. H 121 
 
 Payne, Jno. C 315 
 
 Payne, Jno. H 316 
 
 Payne's Tavern 48 
 
 Paynter, Davis & Co.... 
 
 593, 598 
 Payson, H 
 
 170, 296,314,340, 378, 379,387 
 
 Peabody, Geo 
 
 491, 552, 666, 676 
 Peabody Institute 
 
 46, 552, 568, 666, 677, 680, 697 
 
 Peace declared.., 206 
 
 Peake, Walker & Co 94 
 
 Peale 441 
 
 Peale, E 169 
 
 Peale, R 173 
 
 Peale, Rem. 379, 386,899, 343 
 
 Pearce, Dr 536 
 
 Pease, C. C 641 
 
 Pearre, J. A 585 
 
 Pearson, G. W 620 
 
 Pechin, W 85, 91, 305, 309 
 
 Pechin & Wilmer 88, 278 
 
 Peck, Rev. J. E 704 
 
 Pemberton, Maj 588 
 
 Penderson, Capt 361 
 
 Pendleton, E 132 
 
 Pendleton, R 184 
 
 Penitentiary... 
 
 73, 295, 305, 339, 387,399, 425 
 
 Pennington, Capt 603 
 
 Penniman, G. C 525 
 
 Pennington, Josias 
 
 92, 295, 396, 553, 679 
 
 Penrose, S 659 
 
 Pentz, S. J 664 
 
 Perkins, Capt 131 
 
 Perlne, D. M 479, 553 
 
 Perry, Com 346 
 
 Perry, Jno 683 
 
 Perry, Roger 683 
 
 Perry, Wm 271 
 
 Peterken, Wm 285 
 
 Peterkin.Wm 521 
 
 Peters, G. A 467 
 
 Peters, Col. C 705 
 
 Peters & Johnson 294 
 
 Peters, Thos 210 
 
 Peters, W. C, & Co 94 
 
 Peterson, Capt 532 
 
 Petherbridge, E 654 
 
 Petit, Isaac 550 
 
 Phelan, Rev 67 
 
 Plielps 369 
 
 PASK 
 
 Phelp?, Col. C. E 647 
 
 Phenix, T 419 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 54, 61, 62, 69, 76, 77, 79, 96, 
 98,102,114,115,125,126,127, 
 128, 130, 132, 137, 148, 153, 
 155, 165, 166, 172, 175, 195, 
 197, 199, 202, 203, 207, 211, 
 221, 245, 258, 259, 261, 264, 
 265, 340, 483, 510, 423, 581, 
 593, 691, 706 
 Philadelphia, W. & B. 
 
 Railroad 
 
 495, 588, 596, 603, 604, 607, 
 707, 714 
 
 Philips, Isaac- 284 
 
 Philips, J 420 
 
 Philips, Wendell 258 
 
 Philippe, Louis 678, 688 
 
 Philips 544 
 
 Philpot, B 
 
 40, 49, 54, 56, 58, 71, 72 
 Philpot, B. Jr..39, 48, 49, 138 
 
 Philpott & Co 37 
 
 Phoenix Shot Tower.... 425 
 Physicians ...71, 138, 210, 255 
 
 PlccolominJ 121 
 
 Pickerall, Thos 11 
 
 Pickering, Gen 185 
 
 Picket, J 82 
 
 Pierce, Gen. P 539 
 
 Piers, F 210 
 
 Piet, J. B 628 
 
 Pillmore 76 
 
 Pilots established 245 
 
 •Piggot, Rev 31, 534 
 
 Piggot, Thos. !S 621 
 
 Pike, Gen 340 
 
 Pinckney, E. C 90, 93 
 
 Pindell, R 183 
 
 Pinckney, F 697 
 
 Pinckney, Gen 241, 278 
 
 Pinckney, J 400 
 
 Pinckney, William 
 
 90, 241, 299, 305, 400, 431, 
 517, 688, 697 
 
 Piper, James 286 
 
 Pirates 300 
 
 Pitcher, Rev. Wra. H... 690 
 
 Pitts, C.H 611,617 
 
 Pittsburg 143 
 
 Pius IX 684 
 
 Place, Thomas 65, 71 
 
 Placide, P 109 
 
 Plater, J. R 419 
 
 Pleasants, J. B 2(57 
 
 Pleasants, J. H 078 
 
INDEX. 
 
 747 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Plowman, J 
 
 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 72, 126 
 
 Piuinmer, Rev 524 
 
 Plunkett, D 
 
 71, 138, 159, 249, 266, 271 
 
 Poe, David 
 
 159, 186, 188, 194, 415, 530 
 
 Poe, E. A 530 
 
 Poe, Nelson 91,96 
 
 Poinsett, J. R 498, 689 
 
 Poisal, Rev. J...105, 106, 541 
 
 Pole 555 
 
 Police Commissioners. 
 
 676, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 
 609, 614, 622 
 
 Police Suspended 613 
 
 Political Clubs 
 
 549, 550, 571, 108 
 
 Political Coops 
 
 507, 571, 573 
 
 Politics of the day 434 
 
 Pollard, Rev. J 124 
 
 Pohnyer, F 106 
 
 Polk, Jas. K 
 
 512, 516, 529, 557 
 
 Polk, Wm 416 
 
 Pomp, Rev. N 42, 43 
 
 Ponts, Deux 203 
 
 Pope's Jubilee 6.S4 
 
 Porter, D 280, 283, 300 
 
 Porter, D. Jr 285 
 
 Porter, Geo. U. Jr... 103, 107 
 
 Porter, J 82 
 
 Porter, Lawrence 10 
 
 Porteus, Bishop 399 
 
 Portheus, R 64 
 
 Portsmouth 127,193 
 
 Post-Office 
 
 13, 16, 131, 481, 537 
 
 Potomac Railroad 75 
 
 Potomac R. R. tunnel. 698 
 
 Potts, R 419 
 
 Potter, Dr. N 301 
 
 Potter's Field 238 
 
 Poulson.A.W 75 
 
 Poultney, E 425, 430, 475 
 
 l^oultney, Thomas 277 
 
 Powder Magazines 
 
 ^1, 62, 291 
 Powder mill explosions 
 
 261, 392, 399, 400, 528 
 
 Powell, Howell 9 
 
 Powell, H. F 107 
 
 Powell, Thomas 9, 22 
 
 Powhatan 3,4,5, 7 
 
 Potts, W 209, 264, 424 
 
 Pratt, Col 615 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Pratt, E 553 
 
 Pratt, Gov 628, 677 
 
 Pratt, J 432 
 
 Prentiss <fe Cole 89 
 
 Presbury, Geo. G....276, 286 
 Presbyterian Cburch... 
 43,46, 65, 93, 202, 238, 248, 
 264, 281, 288, 292, 294, 354, 
 
 696, 704, history of 54 
 
 Presbyterian Church 
 
 Assembly 696 
 
 Presentations 392, 649 
 
 Presstman, B. C 602 
 
 Presstman, F 123 
 
 Presstman, G 
 
 63,71,74,123.255,266 
 
 Presstman, S 340 
 
 Preston 467, 539 
 
 Preston, M. J 101 
 
 Preston, W. C 501 
 
 Preston, Wm. P 
 
 515, 516, 527, 538, 5^5, 596, 
 685 
 
 Prevost, Brig. Gen 361 
 
 Prey, A 697 
 
 Price 22 
 
 Price, B 183, 184 
 
 Price, Francis 425 
 
 Price, H 268 
 
 Price, Hez 309 
 
 Price, Maj 152, 183 
 
 Price, Wm 419 
 
 Priestly, Jas 291, 294 
 
 Principio Co 189 
 
 Pringle, M....71, 200, 230, 288 
 
 Pringle, M. U 313 
 
 Pritchard, M 123 
 
 Privateers 284, 340, 854 
 
 Prize fight 528 
 
 Processions 
 
 287, 501, 500, 498, 505, 508, 
 511, 377, 379, 412, 420, 424, 
 426, 431, 456, 459, 469, 513, 
 537, 538, 564, 588, 660, 686, 
 669, 084, 685 
 Proclamation by the 
 
 Governor 161 
 
 Prosser, U 380 
 
 Property sold 
 
 441, 456, 480, 513, 520, 533, 
 
 545,628 
 
 Protestant Revolution 26 
 
 Proud, Jas, G 475 
 
 Pryor 621 
 
 Pue, Dr 71 
 
 Pulaski, Count. 
 
 168, 169, 209. 348 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Pulaski banner 169 
 
 Pulaski legion ..168, 209, 247 
 
 Pulusky, Mad 538 
 
 Purnell 655,661 
 
 Purvlance, Jas 294 
 
 Purviance, Judge Jno.. 547 
 
 Purvlance, R 
 
 54, 57, 158, 185, 276, 281, 299, 
 
 414, 432 
 
 Purviance, Rev. G.D... 513 
 
 Purviance, S 
 
 54, 57, 72, 126, 128, 129, 130, 
 
 136, 138, 143, 144, 185. 191, 
 
 200, 207, 208, 211, 212, 221. 
 
 237, 238, 213, 414 
 
 Purvis, Mrs. J. F 665 
 
 Putnam, Gen 151, 214 
 
 Putzel, Miss J 696 
 
 Puzenent, A 507 
 
 Quakers 
 
 192, 202, 275, 288, history 
 of 239 
 
 Quann, Jno 268 
 
 Quantrils, Capt 347 
 
 Queen Anne 60 
 
 Queen Mary 27 
 
 Queries, political and 
 
 military 172 
 
 Quincy 241 
 
 Quinlan, L. D 617 
 
 Quynn, A 188 
 
 Raborg, C 170 
 
 Raborg, C. H 507 
 
 Races 71, 287 
 
 Railroad accidents 
 
 509, 456, 472, 545 
 
 Railroads 
 
 408, 445, 456, 458, 692 
 
 Raine, F 103, 107 
 
 Ralne, S 262 
 
 Raine, Wm 106 
 
 Ralph, Rev 30 
 
 Ramsay, A 506 
 
 Ramsay, Jas 425, 664 
 
 Ramsey, Col 
 
 142, 157, 158, 159, 169,209, 
 276, 279, 392 
 
 Ramsdell, Capt 272 
 
 Randall, A 380,391 
 
 Randall, Beale 409 
 
 Randall, Jos. K 526 
 
 Randall, W 136 
 
 Randolph Bros 676 
 
 Randolph, E 245 
 
 Randolph, Jno....: 
 
 306, 402, 421, 465, 472 
 Randolph, J. W 621, 664 
 
748 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Randolph, P 132 
 
 Randolph, Rev 675, 678 
 
 Rankard, J 422 
 
 Rankin, Rev 31 
 
 Rapid sailing 473 
 
 Rapp 104, 676, 107 
 
 Rathel,J 72 
 
 Ratien 209 
 
 Rattoone, Rev. Elijah 30 
 
 Rauth.Q 697 
 
 Rawlings, Capt 556 
 
 Raymond, D 430 
 
 Raynor, W. S 
 
 75, 533, 664, 696 
 
 Read, J 183, 515 
 
 Read, Wm. G 
 
 241, 431, 473, 515 
 
 Reading 42 
 
 Ready Asylum 690 
 
 Ready, S 690 
 
 Record office 62, 489 
 
 Recruiting for the ar- 
 my 340 
 
 Red Men 467,521,650 
 
 Reed, Rev. A. A 543 
 
 Redemptioners 49, 210 
 
 Reed 411 
 
 Reed, Wm 593 
 
 Reeder,Chas 472, 516 
 
 Reeder, J 506 
 
 Reese, A 537 
 
 Reese, G. H 563 
 
 Reese, J 46 
 
 3, John 247, 409 
 
 Rev. A. A 537 
 
 Reform party 
 
 567, 575, 583, 109, 110 
 Register and Comptrol- 
 ler 283 
 
 Reid, G 622 
 
 Reid, Jno. 664 
 
 Reigan, L 606 
 
 Reiley, W 184 
 
 Relnagle 115, 116 
 
 Reinecker, Geo 170, 281 
 
 Relman, H. & Son 598 
 
 Reip 652 
 
 Reip, A 704 
 
 Relp, E. H 550 
 
 Reis, Rev. E. J 123, 124 
 
 Relay House 451, 636 
 
 Rendell, J 47 
 
 Renshaw, T. W 617 
 
 Rents, mode of paying. 11 
 
 Renwlck, R 618 
 
 Reullng, Dr. Q lOl 
 
 Reynolds. 512 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Reynolds, B 380 
 
 Reynolds, G 506 
 
 Reynolds, H. R. <Si J.98, 514 
 
 Reynolds, Isaac 496 
 
 Reynolds, Rev 432 
 
 Reynolds, Wm 705 
 
 Revolutionary War 125 
 
 Rice 557 
 
 Rice, Chase & Co 598 
 
 Rice, T. D 442 
 
 Rich, Rev 31 
 
 Richard 298 
 
 Richards 707 
 
 Richards, G 313 
 
 Richards & Bro 94 
 
 Richards, Rev. L 123, 124 
 
 Richardson, B. H 94 
 
 Richardson 59, 189, 628 
 
 Richardson^ J ...,.^^,^... 380 
 Richardson,^JtWge!'l529, 537 
 
 Riche, Dr 506 
 
 Richings, P 123 
 
 Richmond 114, 123, 587 
 
 Richmond, C... 152 
 
 Ricks, S 706 
 
 Ricketts, Capt 652 
 
 Riddle 169, 209 
 
 Riddle, J 71 
 
 Ridgely, Abraham 259 
 
 Ridgely 22, 261, 279 
 
 Ridgely, C 
 
 58,J71^72j^ 126, 129, 130, 136, 
 
 I957I96, 202, 230, 243, 261, 
 
 267, 272, 280, 285, 440, 447 
 
 Ridgely, Capt. C 600 
 
 Ridgely, Capt. C. S 346 
 
 Ridgely, Capt. R 520 
 
 Ridgely, Charles 
 
 28, 36, 39, 54, 56 
 Ridgely, Col. Nicholas 33 
 
 Ridgely, Dr. F 188 
 
 Ridgely, H 305 
 
 Ridgely, Jas 606 
 
 Ridgely, John 
 
 34, 49, f 6, 59, 70 
 
 Ridgely, J. Jr 62 
 
 Ridgely, J. L 457, 660 
 
 Ridgely, N. G 377 
 
 Ridgely & Pringle 414 
 
 Ridgely, R 
 
 189, 202, 207, 210, 238, 243 
 
 Ridgely, Wm 138 
 
 Ridley, M 71,184,185, 188 
 
 Rleman, Jos. H. Jr 107 
 
 Rigdon, Alex 292 
 
 Rlgdon, R. M....565, 566, 568 
 Riley 659 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Riley, Dr 506 
 
 Riley, Dr. W 553 
 
 Riley, H.J 123 
 
 Riley, L 359 
 
 Riley, Wm 183 
 
 Ringgold, J 188,230 
 
 Ringgold, Maj. S 
 
 516, 517, 520 
 
 Ringgold, Thos 67 
 
 Riots 
 
 499. 441, 457, 468, 471, 523, 
 524, 528, 548, 5J9, 550, 555, 
 558, 565, 570, 586, 588, 600, 627 
 
 Ripley, Gen 544 
 
 Uisteau, G 70, 126, 129, 136 
 
 Risteau, T 37 
 
 Ristori 121 
 
 Ritchie, Capt. T 342 
 
 Rltzus, J. J 571 
 
 Rivers 3 
 
 Apamatuck, Q, u i - 
 youghcohan- 
 ocke, Mandsa- 
 m u n d , Chisa- 
 peack, Chicka- 
 h a m a n 1 a , 
 James Towne, 
 
 Kecoughton 4 
 
 Pamavnkee, Pow- 
 hatan, Payan- 
 katanke, Top- 
 pahanock, Pat- 
 awomeke, Qul- 
 yough, Tauxe- 
 ne n t , Pawtux- 
 
 ent 5 
 
 Bolus 6, 8 
 
 Sasquesahanocks... 6 
 Tockwhogh, Kapa- 
 hanock, Kusca- 
 rawaock. Tants 
 Wlghcocomico, 
 Acohan ock , 
 
 Accomack 7 
 
 Patapsco 8 
 
 Roach, M 549 
 
 Roads 
 
 125, 245, 262, 263, 280, 282, 
 284, 304, 615 
 
 Robach, G 44 
 
 Robb, Capt. Wm 247, 281 
 
 Robb, Charles G 343 
 
 Robb, Jos 627 
 
 Robblns, Andrew. ..592, 622 
 
 Robberies 
 
 87, 246, 481, 501, 465, 667, 
 675, 681, 689 
 
INDEX . 
 
 749 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Roberts, Dr 506, 530 
 
 Roberts, E. P 90, 91 
 
 Roberts, W 506 
 
 Robertson, Miss A 443 
 
 Robiuson 393 
 
 Robinson, Alex 64, 209 
 
 Robinson, Andrew.. 64, 267 
 Robinson, Archibald... 265 
 
 Robinson, Capt 142 
 
 Robinson, Capt 604 
 
 Robinson, D. A. C...585, 596 
 
 Robinson, E 281, 282 
 
 Robinson, G 76 
 
 Robinson, Gen. J. C. 644, 647 
 
 Robinson, Geo 697 
 
 Robinson, J 95 
 
 Robinson, Jonas 28 
 
 Robinson, Jos 495 
 
 Robinson, J. S 553 
 
 Robinson, L. H 697 
 
 Robinson, Rev. S 704 
 
 Robinson, Wm 302 
 
 Rochambean, Count.... 
 
 67, 192, 199, 20?, 203, 204 
 
 Roche 493 
 
 Rock 45 
 
 Rock,Jas. P 704 
 
 Rodgers, A.M 400 
 
 Rodgers,Com.J 
 
 346, 349, 392, 400 
 
 Rodman 353 
 
 Rodney, 0. A 557 
 
 Rogers 514 
 
 Rogers, B..,56,64,65, 196, 202 
 
 Rogers, C 65 
 
 Rogers, Capt 205 
 
 Rogers, H. J 497 
 
 Rogers, H. 525 
 
 Rogers, Jno 
 
 285, 287, 353, 381 
 
 Rogers, Jno. H 668 
 
 Rogers, L. N 578 
 
 Rogers, Nich 
 
 39, 49, 70, 237, 243, 249, 253 
 
 262, 264, 282, 283, 284, 403, 
 
 414 
 
 Rogers, P 
 
 T7, 79, 130, 265, 286, 281 
 
 Rogers, Rev 690 
 
 Rogers, Wra 39, 47, 48, 49 
 
 Rogers «fe Owens 286 
 
 Romage 3-53 
 
 Rooster 353 
 
 Rosensteel, G. N 507 
 
 Rosewald, J. H 687, 696 
 
 Rosewald, Mrs. J. H.... 697 
 }, Dr. Jno 267 
 
 FAGS 
 
 Ross, Gen 346, 350, 668 
 
 Ross, J. W 664 
 
 Ross, John 19 
 
 Ross, J. F 75 
 
 Ross, A.... 143, 210 
 
 Roth rock & Peacock... 547 
 
 Rothschilds 240 
 
 Rouch, De la 353 
 
 Roundtree, Capt 456 
 
 Roux, P 514 
 
 Ruger, Lieut.-Col 
 
 657, 659, 660 
 
 Rumsey, B 296 
 
 Rumsey, Jas 236 
 
 Rushworth, R 619 
 
 Rusk, D 158, 160 
 
 Russell 442 
 
 Russell, T 71, 73, 207, 209 
 
 Russell, Thos 414 
 
 Russell, Wm 
 
 43, 71, 209, 249, 261, 262, 272 
 
 Roerback, G 46 
 
 Russell <fe Gilman 414 
 
 Russell A Hughes 414 
 
 Rutledgp 241 
 
 Rutter, Capt. S 300, 341 
 
 Rutter, Lieut 353, 354 
 
 Rutter, T 699 
 
 Rutter, Thos 
 
 249, 276, 294, 296 
 
 Ryan, E 244 
 
 Ryan, W. H 584 
 
 Ryland, Wm 286 
 
 Sadler, Sam'l 209 
 
 Saengerbund 675 
 
 Saintonge 203 
 
 Salmon, B. S 659 
 
 Salmon, G 
 
 63, 189, 249, 260. 264, 274 
 
 Salmon, J ;.. 209 
 
 Salter 353 
 
 Sampson, Richard 27 
 
 Sancho, J 256 
 
 Sands, Lent & Co 514 
 
 Sands, S 
 
 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 352, 456 
 
 Sanderson, F 71. 130 
 
 Sanford, E. S 510, 625 
 
 Sangston, G. E 622 
 
 Sangston, Q 611, 617 
 
 Sardo, N 93, 94 
 
 Sargeant, J .501. 459, 472 
 
 Sauer, C 697 
 
 Savage, Jas 343 
 
 Savannah 76, 169, 209 
 
 Savings Bank 393, 513 
 
 Sawyer, Jos. A 507 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Saxton, D 507 
 
 Schaeffer, F 282 
 
 Schaeffer, F. B 617 
 
 Schaeffer, H 71, 169 
 
 Scharf, T. G 75, 628, 629 
 
 Scharz, Jno 697 
 
 Scheb, Rev. H 564 
 
 Schenck, Maj. Gen 
 
 626, 627, 628 
 
 Schenck, Rev 575, 603 
 
 Schley, J 313 
 
 Schmidt, Jno 107 
 
 Schnauffer, C. H 104 
 
 Schools , 
 
 243, 294, 374, 422, 430, 440 
 
 Scott, CoJ. T. A 699 
 
 Scott, E 259, 294 
 
 Scott, Geo 628 
 
 Scott, Gus 274 
 
 Scott, J 230, 286, 293 
 
 Scott, Judge Jno 
 
 303, 304, 332, 341 
 
 Scott, Maj. Gen 
 
 375, 416, 472, 539, 599, 602, 
 612 
 
 Scott, Judge Jno 402 
 
 Scott, J. R 443 
 
 Bcott, Mrs. T. P 665 
 
 Scott, Rev. H. R 107 
 
 Scott, T. P 
 
 516, 587, 611, 617, 685, 708 
 
 Scott, W 545 
 
 Schroeder 209 
 
 Schroeder, Kev 31 
 
 Schroeder, Wm 313 
 
 Schuebert, Thos 669 
 
 Schuchardt, H 697 
 
 Schuetzen Ass'n, W. B. 685 
 
 Schumacher, A 678,685 
 
 Screw Dock 425 
 
 Schwarzhaupt, C 697 
 
 Schwartz, Rev 542 
 
 Schwear, F 697 
 
 Schwerder, G 697 
 
 Seabrook, T 699 
 
 Sears, Geo 288 
 
 Secession meeting 587 
 
 Secession movement... 
 
 584, 587, 599, 601 
 "Secret Correspondence 651 
 
 Seekamp 209 
 
 Sefton 442 
 
 Seim 707 
 
 Seipp, C 697 
 
 Seizure of arms, &c 
 
 594, 612 
 Segler.F 46 
 
750 
 
 PAGB 
 
 ... 419 
 
 ... 553 
 ... 11 
 ... 46 
 .39, 49 
 ... 521 
 
 Semmes, G 
 
 Sergeant, Rev 
 
 529, 543, 603, 628, 504 
 
 Seney.J 261,272,^9,285 
 
 Seward, Gov 654.6^ 
 
 Sewell, Chas 235 
 
 Sewell, C. S 419 
 
 Sewell, Rev. C 67 
 
 Shaeffer.B 170,282 
 
 Shuflfer,F.L 664 
 
 Shauks, D t>^ 
 
 Sharpe, Gov. H ..•••• ^^ 
 
 Shaw,Dr.Johu 291, 301 
 
 Shaw, Mrs 
 
 Shaw, W.C 
 
 Sheekie, Roger. 
 Sheib, Rev. H... 
 
 Shephard, J 
 
 Sheppard, W... 
 
 Sheppard Asylum 553 
 
 Sheppard, P 209 
 
 Sheppard. Thos 309, 409 
 
 Shepperd. M :>84, 5.53 
 
 Sheredine, W 187 
 
 Slieredine, Thomas 
 
 23, 28, 32, 34, 38, 47. 51 
 
 Sheriffs 
 
 23, 33, 34, 40, 53, 16, 69, 147, 
 239. 249, 262. 276, 292, 304 
 
 Shermandine, S 1T7, 183 
 
 Shibey 209.260 
 
 Shields, D 64, 123 
 
 Shields,! 123 
 
 Shlnplasters 491, 495 
 
 Shipley, W 420 
 
 ^ 2lCm"m"262,"*420." 473, 
 532. 587, 37, 112 
 33 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Shoemaker, S.M... .510, 664 
 Shot To wers.... .405^^14^7 ' 
 
 Shrim, Jno / 247 
 
 Shriver, Gen....656, 658, 659 
 Swriver, M J^ 
 
 !.""... 51 
 1' 170 
 
 529, 556, 565, 566 
 
 4/ii 
 
 Shughart, M 
 
 Shule, J 
 
 Shultze, J. 
 Shutt, Col 
 
 Siebert, E 697 
 
 Siep, Rev 542 
 
 Sigel,Gen.F 104 
 
 Signal House ^«;J 
 
 Sim. Jos 187 
 
 Simkins, E ;• ^77 
 
 Simmons, A. H 
 
 .95, 98 
 
 Simmons, Capt 199 
 
 Simpson, Rev 543 
 
 Simpson. W ^4 
 
 Sinclair, J. 
 
 706 
 
 Parad and Gaily 
 
 Swan 34 
 
 Elizabeth 34 
 
 Three Friends 36 
 
 Frederick 36 
 
 Baltimore 37, 48 
 
 Francis and Eliza- 
 beth 37 
 
 Philip and Charles 48 
 
 Jjord Camden 64,65 
 
 Fowey 14^ 
 
 Duke of Lelnster... 210 
 
 Pallas 238 
 
 Goliath 216 
 
 London Packet 300 
 
 William Bingham. 300 
 
 Othello 300 
 
 City of Kingston.... 495 
 
 John Gilpin 473 
 
 C. H. Rogers 520 
 
 Sinclair, Mrs 413 
 
 Sinn ^l 
 
 Sintorn ^^ 
 
 Sisters of Charity. ...461, 462 
 Sisters of Providence... 441 
 
 Sitler, A 170 
 
 Skerrett,C 209 
 
 Skillman, Chas 467 
 
 Skinner, J. S 
 
 91, 92, 94, 351, 419, 456 
 
 Slatter, Rev 41 
 
 Slavery 77,255.440 
 
 Slavery, Anti-Society.. 255 
 
 Slaymaker.Capt. J 158 
 
 Sleigh, T 38,47 
 
 Slemmer, Capt 533 
 
 Slemmer, Capt L 652 
 
 Slicer, Rev.H...534,628.690 
 Slingluff, 0. D. & son... f 98 
 
 Sly, J 51,53,54 
 
 small, E.C 705 
 
 Smallwood, Gen 
 
 138, 144, 162, 164, 166. 168, 
 
 183, 184, 193, 214, 215, 241, 
 
 265, 279, 497 
 
 Small, Gen. Jno 588 
 
 Small, J..354, 378. 421, 422, 432 
 
 small, W.F 429,432 
 
 Smith 303,580 
 
 Smith, A. H 187 
 
 Smith, A. L. 183 
 
 Smith, A. P 693 
 
 smith, C 40.43,49,51,82 
 
 Smith, Capt. John...8. 9, 718 
 Explores Chesa- 
 peake Bay 1. 24 
 
 /PAGE 
 Describes Virginia 
 temperature; 
 boundary extra- 
 ordinary; first 
 
 settled by 2 
 
 First white man 
 near Baltimore... 8 
 
 Smith, Capt 532 
 
 Smith, D 266 
 
 Smith, D. A 74, 378 
 
 Smith, Dr 329,506 
 
 smith, F. H 440 
 
 Smith. G. B 92, 94, 465 
 
 Smith, Gen. Sara 
 
 32, 138, 144, 160, 164, 172, 
 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 2l)0, 
 204, 207, 212, 214, 221, 241, 
 248, 260. 261, 262, 264, 272, 
 273, 281, 284, 292, 294, 295, 
 304, 341, 343, 344, 489, 497. 
 ^6, 379. 381, 382, 409, 410, 
 420, 456, 469, 478, 479, 665 
 
 Smith, Jas 183 
 
 Smith, J 52, 706 
 
 Smith, J. A 65, 158 
 
 smith, J0b.._........g..j^..3^^ 
 
 Smith, Jno 
 
 56, 58, 64, 65, 79, 126, 130, 
 136, 138, 195, 237, 414 
 
 smith, Jno. S^..^^..^^^^^g 
 
 Smith, Jos 309 
 
 Smith, Jacob 461 
 
 Smith, Mrs. S. W 665 
 
 smith, Mrs. W. P 665 
 
 Smith, N 
 
 63, 138, 158, 160, 414 
 
 Smith, N.R 422,703 
 
 Smith, R 
 
 71, 82, 182, 210, 253, 260. 262, 
 
 266, 280, 292. 296, 298, 305, 
 
 343. 508, 378, 469 
 
 Smith, Rev 696,704 
 
 Smith, Rev. J. S.529, 547, 621 
 
 Smith, S.W 553 
 
 Smith, T 506 
 
 Smith, Thorowgood 
 
 115, 204, 253, 260. 304 
 
 Smith, T. M 693 
 
 smith, T.N 493 
 
 Smith, T.W 107 
 
 Smith. Wm . 
 
 4! , 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 62, 
 63. 65, 71, 72, 12 i. m, m, 
 136. 168, 189, 191, 202, 204, 
 208, 211, 212, 250. 260. 264, 
 267, 281, 414 
 
INDEX. 
 
 751 
 
 PA0B 
 
 Smitb, Wm. P 553 
 
 Smith, W. P 678, 689 
 
 Smith. Campbell 261 
 
 Smith & Curlett 672 
 
 Smoot, Jno 188 
 
 Smyth. Dr 275, 292, 302 
 
 Smyth, W.C 83 
 
 Snetheu, Rev 431 
 
 Snowden.DeW 610 
 
 Snowden, R. H 705 
 
 Snowden, Samnel 631 
 
 Snowdeu.Thos 419 
 
 Snodgrass, Sherwood 
 
 & Co 94 
 
 Snyder, H 506 
 
 Snyder, Jno 188, 510 
 
 Societies 
 
 182, 213, 255, 2/9, 291, 292. 
 303; 374, 382, 386, 397, 418 
 
 Society, State of. 12 
 
 Soissonnois 203 
 
 Sol ler, John 40 
 
 SoUers. T... .126, 136, 184, 210 
 
 Solomon, Isaac 209 
 
 Solomon, S. V 482 
 
 Somervel, J 71, 148 
 
 Sommerlocb 707 
 
 Sommerville, H. V 459 
 
 Sons of Liberty, organ- 
 ised 58 
 
 Sons and Daughters of 
 
 America 682 
 
 Sontag 121 
 
 Soule, Bishop 511 
 
 Soup Houses 563 
 
 Southard 472 
 
 Southern Relief Fair. . 664 
 
 Sower & Hewes 299 
 
 Spalding, Rev. M. J 
 
 92, 630, 660, 665, 675, 685, 687 
 
 Spangler, Capt 347 
 
 Sparks, Rev. Jared.387, 88S 
 
 Sparrow 80 
 
 Spavin, A 506 
 
 Spaulding, R 687 
 
 Spear, Wm 
 
 54,56,58, 126, 130, 131, 178, 
 202, 208, 212 
 
 Speck, H 63 
 
 Speddy, J 506 
 
 Speed, Capt 533 
 
 Speed, J. J 419 
 
 Spence, Capt. R. T. 
 
 346, 354, 419, 421 
 
 Spence, C 556 
 
 Spencer, E 101 
 
 Spencer, Jas 479 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Spencer, M 598 
 
 Sperry, Wm 526 
 
 Sperry, Gallup & Rog- 
 ers 94 
 
 Spilcker, C. W 495 
 
 Spilman, H 705, 706 
 
 Spillman, H. S 537 
 
 Spoon, Rev 310 
 
 Sprigg, Gov 419 
 
 Sprigg, Jos 188 
 
 Sprigg, Jos 683 
 
 Sprigg, Otho 313, 316 
 
 Sprigg, S 419 
 
 Spurrier, E 183 
 
 Spurrier, G. D 517, 602 
 
 Squires, Capt 142 
 
 Stack, Jno 704 
 
 Stafford, Capt. W. S.362, 363 
 
 Stage Coaches 71, 202 
 
 Stamp Act Nullifica- 
 tion 59 
 
 Stanbury, J. J 372 
 
 Stansbury, Chas. 346 
 
 Stansbnry, Gen. Tobias 
 E..27. 28, 272, 299, 4i9, 531 
 
 Stansbury, J. B 432 
 
 Stansbury, Jno E 
 
 516, 531, 533 
 
 Stanton, Col 647 
 
 Stanton, E. M 629 
 
 Starck 209 
 
 Stark, Gen 173 
 
 Star Spangled Banner. 
 86, 90, 93, 121, 137, 236, 352, 
 404 
 State Loans. 184, 185, 187, 491 
 Steamboat Elxplosions 
 
 417, 505, 514 
 
 Steamboats 
 
 236, 340, 500, 410, 429, 614 
 Steam Fire Engines.... 
 
 548, 563, 682, 706 
 
 Steamships 
 
 465, 495, 664, 669, 716 
 
 Steel, Jno 262 
 
 Steele, I. Nevitt 
 
 509,681 
 
 Steiger, Andrew 
 
 40, 43, 44, 50, 53, 58, 72, 161 
 
 Steiger's Meadow 62 
 
 Steinbach, G. P 676 
 
 Stellmann, Hinrichs & 
 
 Co 682 
 
 Stenhouse, Dr 71 
 
 Stenson, W 170 
 
 Stenson, Wm 66 
 
 Stephens, Jno 295, 568 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Sterling, Jas. 139 
 
 Sterns, J. 525 
 
 Sterrett, A 285 
 
 Sterrett, Capt 
 
 164, 169, 202, 300 
 Sterrett, Col. Joseph.... 
 
 323, 325, 347, 375 
 
 Sterrett, D 262 
 
 Sterret, J 
 
 53, 54, 56, 64, 168, 171, 202, 
 207, 210, 211, 230, 246 
 
 Sterrett, L 340 
 
 Sterrett, Samuel 
 
 199, 210, 218, 243, 254, 258, 
 
 259, 261, 262, 266, 30O, 314, 
 
 323 
 
 Stetson, Capt 532 
 
 Steuben, Baron 186, 564 
 
 Steuart, CoL G. H 
 
 637, 638, 640, 641 
 
 Steuart, Gen. G. H 
 
 391, 409, 411, 418, 457, 463, 
 500, 516, 569, 616, 668, 683 
 
 Steuart, R 71 
 
 Stevens 546 
 
 Stevens, D 506 
 
 Stevens, D. C 622 
 
 Stevens, Gov 411 
 
 Stevenson, H 
 
 50, 54, 148, 163, 182, 189, 239, 
 276 
 
 Stevenson, J 
 
 49, 50, 51, 70, 71, 136 
 
 Stevenson, Sater 377 
 
 Stevenson, Wm 187 
 
 Stewart 
 
 302, 304, 346, 354, 376, 377, 
 432, 447, 556 
 
 Stewart, A 209 
 
 Stewart, David 
 
 71, 158, 159, 2S1, i'88, 516 
 
 Stewart, Dr. Ja.s 292 
 
 Stewart, Jas 
 
 515, 517, 518, 523 
 
 Stewart, J. D 701 
 
 Stewart, R 
 
 71, 82, 170, 292, 296, 299 
 
 Stewart. Rev 534 
 
 Stewart, S 169, 414 
 
 Stewart, Thos 185 
 
 Stewart, Wm 
 
 295, 296, 314, 378, 418. 428 
 
 Stewart & Salmon 414 
 
 Sticher, H 42 
 
 Stiles, G Si>9, 381, 397, 409 
 
 Stinson, C. B 622 
 
 Stirling, A 585 
 
752 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAOX 
 
 Stirling, Lord 
 
 149, 168, 167, 215, 216, 217, 
 218 
 
 Stockett, Henry 9 
 
 Stockett, Thos 9 
 
 Stockton & Stokes. 492 
 
 Stodder, W. D 
 
 189, 246, 262, 264, 271, 272 
 283 
 
 Stodder, Jas 281 
 
 Stokes, Humptirey W. 33 
 
 Stolte, B 697 
 
 Stone, Capt.W 137 
 
 Stone, Col. J. H 
 
 152, 166, 168, 266, 272, 279 
 
 Stone, J 419 
 
 Stone, Ttios 187 
 
 Stonebraker, G 46 
 
 Stonestreet, N 419 
 
 Story 400, 472 
 
 Stouffer 209 
 
 Stranwitch, H 49 
 
 Strassburger, L 697 
 
 Strawbridge, B 76 
 
 Strebeck, G 49 
 
 Streeter, S. F 510, 511 
 
 Streeter & Skinner 96 
 
 Streets 
 
 201, 208, 263, 285, 286, 288, 
 292,297,381,397 
 
 Strieker, Gen 
 
 163, 209, 247. 248, 262, 272, 
 281, 286, 317, 818, 319, 320, 
 321, 322, 323, 824, 825. 326, 
 332, 344, 347, 375, 379, 381, 
 411, 418 
 
 Stringfellow, Rev 31 
 
 Stripple.... 506 
 
 Strohmeyer, G 697 
 
 Stryker, Rev. A. P 668 
 
 Stuffed Paddy 397 
 
 Stull, Jno 188 
 
 Stump, Jno 262 
 
 Stump, Judge 576 
 
 Saint AlphonsuH R. C. 
 
 Church 605 
 
 St. Clair, Gen 174, 261 
 
 St. Clair, L 442 
 
 St. John's Church 69 
 
 St. Mary's Industrial 
 
 School 665 
 
 St. Mary's Semi nary... 
 
 68, 69, 298, 677 
 Steamer St. Nicholas 
 
 captured 613 
 
 St. Patrick's Church.... 
 
 65, 69, 531, 682 
 
 PAGB 
 
 St. Patrick's B. Society 374 
 St. Paul's P. E. Church 
 24,34,41,43,48,53,231,305, 
 488 
 St. Peter's P. E. Church 
 
 29, 50, 55, 66, 67, 69, 294 
 St. Peter's R. C. Church 
 
 507, 508 
 
 St. Thomas' Parish 34 
 
 St. Vincent's R. Catho- 
 lic Church 502 
 
 Subscription to build a 
 fence round the 
 
 town 39 
 
 To build a market 
 
 46,56 
 To build a Court- 
 
 House 62 
 
 To put an arch 
 under the Court- 
 
 House 63 
 
 For the relief of 
 
 Boston 131 
 
 For public defence 
 
 140, 146 
 For the relief of the 
 
 army 185, 187 
 
 For the relief of the 
 
 French refugees.. 266 
 Foraidof thepoor.. 285 
 To finish Fort Mc- 
 
 Henry 287 
 
 Sugar Refineries 236, 440 
 
 Suicide 392 
 
 Sullivan, Gen 
 
 166, 167, 174, 214 
 
 Sullivan, P. J 83 
 
 Sullivan, Y 528 
 
 Sumner, J. S ; 497 
 
 Sumwalt, J. B 621 
 
 Sunday-schools..55, 245, 386 
 
 Sunderland, Rev. B 547 
 
 Sunderlin, Rev. G. W.. 125 
 
 Sutton, Capt 506 
 
 Swain, M 82 
 
 Swain, W. M 95, 98, 525 
 
 Swan, Jno 
 
 188, 209, 248, 253, 272, 281, 
 400 
 
 Swan, R 419 
 
 Swann, Thos 
 
 453, 527, 549. 553, 564, 565, 
 566, 575, 576, 578, 583 
 
 Sweeny, J 698 
 
 Sweet, J. F 622 
 
 Swift, Gen 429 
 
 Swift, J. Q 843, 384 
 
 PA0B 
 
 Swindell, Wm 627 
 
 Swope, Rev 31, 41, 548 
 
 Szold, Rev 696 
 
 Tagart, S. H 535 
 
 Tage, H 669 
 
 Tagert, Wm 516 
 
 Talleyrand 688 
 
 Tammany Club 302 
 
 Taney, R. B 
 
 S31, 489, 431, 471, 472, 536, 
 
 547, 241, 401, 612, 631, 688, 
 
 689 
 
 Taneyhill, Lieut 525 
 
 Tappan, Lewis 758 
 
 Tar and Feathering 
 
 272, 302,335 
 
 Tarleton, Col 220 
 
 Tarr, E. S 123, 503 
 
 Tasker & Carroll's Fur- 
 nace , 18 
 
 Taylor 528 
 
 Taylor, A 442 
 
 Taylor, C. A 594 
 
 Taylor, Capt 355 
 
 Taylor^ F. S. T) 433 
 
 Taylor, Gen. 515, 518, 533, 575 
 
 Taylor, Dr. W 50 
 
 Taylor, John 9,188 
 
 Taylor, Jos 236 
 
 Taylor, Jos. & Son 495 
 
 Taylor, Lem 
 
 309, 314, 332, 336, 377 
 
 Taylor, W 92, 93 
 
 Taylor, W. W 447 
 
 Taylor, Wm 645 
 
 Taylor, Wm. and Jno.. 
 
 Tayleure, C. W 
 
 95, 123,443,574 
 
 Tayman 551 
 
 Taxes , 
 
 285, 297, 302, 304, 345, 375, 
 53, 51, 16, 15, 18, 72 
 
 Teackle, St. Geo 530 
 
 Teeth transplanted 224 
 
 Telegraph 99, 512, 525, 528 
 
 Telegrapli dispatch .514, 618 
 Temperance society.... 440 
 
 Templeman, Jno 419 
 
 Tenant, Thos 
 
 267,378,381,447,513 
 
 Tenney, A. G 92 
 
 Terry, John 27 
 
 Tessier 298 
 
 Tessier, Rev. J 69 
 
 Thanksgiving days 195 
 
 Thayre, Maj 181 
 
 Theatres 112, 614 
 
INDEX. 
 
 753 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Reminiscences of 117 
 
 Theobold, Dr 506 
 
 Thomas, Capt 150 
 
 Thomas, Col. Z. 613 
 
 Thomas, Col 466 
 
 Thomas. Dr. A 330 
 
 Thomas, D. L 440 
 
 Thomas, Evan 416. 452 
 
 Thomas, E .-. 123,238 
 
 Thomas, G 640 
 
 Thomas, Gov. P. F. 534, 549 
 
 Thomas, H. S 520 
 
 Thomas, Jno. 419 
 
 Thomas, J. H 
 
 331, 475, 611, 617, 677, 678 
 
 Thomas, Maj. John 27 
 
 Thomas, Mrs. J. H 665 
 
 Thomas, P. E 
 
 428, 430, 444, 446, 447, 449 
 451,620 
 
 Thomas, Thomas 32 
 
 Thomas & Son 70© 
 
 Thomsen, L ;. 497 
 
 Thomson, C 251 
 
 Thompson 404, 624 
 
 Thompson, Capt. H.247, 267 
 
 Thompson, G. F 705 
 
 Thompson, H...378, 381, 469 
 
 Thompson, H 65 
 
 Thompson, Jno.313, 327, 331 
 
 Thompson, J. E 699 
 
 Thompson, Lieut 428 
 
 Thompson, Sec 245 
 
 Thompson, S.T 503 
 
 Thompson & Walker... 278 
 
 Thornburgh, Jos 
 
 259, 267, 284 
 
 Thornton, E 267 
 
 Tibbert, Jos 189 
 
 Tibbs, Rev. Wm 27, 29 
 
 Tide- Water Canal... 501 
 
 Tiernan, Luke 
 
 267, 282, 309, 340, 389, 425, 
 447, 459 
 
 Tiffany, G. P 553 
 
 Tiffany, H. & Co 598 
 
 Tiffany, 106 
 
 Tiffany, O. C 526 
 
 Tiiden, Capt 479 
 
 Tilghman, Jas 163, 209 
 
 Tilghman, Col 19 
 
 Tilghman, E 57, 209 
 
 Tilghman, M 
 
 139, 152, 187, 209, 423 
 
 Tilghman, Tench 
 
 209,237,244,279 
 Tillotson, Rev. B. M.... 585 
 50 
 
 PAex 
 
 Tillzard 113 
 
 Timber Neck 12 
 
 Tinus 480 
 
 Tinges, J 165 
 
 Tobacco 13 
 
 Tobacco Houses 
 
 38, 54, 294, 393, 394 
 
 Tobin, T. W 103 
 
 Todd, D 580 
 
 Todd, James 11 
 
 Todd's Range 11,18 
 
 Todd, Thomas 32 
 
 Toepkin, J 286 
 
 Tolley, Thomas 20 
 
 Tolley, Walter 
 
 51, 71, 126, 129, 130, 136, 206 
 Toll-gates established.. 245 
 
 Tolpehocken 41 
 
 Toole, Jno. E 507 
 
 Tors, John 158 
 
 Torrence, C 170 
 
 Torsch, J. W 95, 649 
 
 Toward, J 37 
 
 Towns, Ac, names pre- 
 served 10 
 
 Town Commissioner... 
 
 20, 32, 34, 36, 40, 46, 49, 56, 
 202 
 
 Town Expenses 254 
 
 Townsend, J 
 
 49, 255, 258, 259, 260, 294 
 
 Townsend, Jos 381 
 
 Townsend, R. H 553 
 
 Towson, E 
 
 123, 136, 301, 230, 391 
 
 Towson, Nathan 
 
 340, 346, 375, 543 
 
 Towson, T 376, 377 
 
 Trapnall, Rev 529 
 
 Travelling, mode of.... 13 
 
 Travers, W. H 568, 621 
 
 Travers, Wm. R 526 
 
 Treadway, Jno 262 
 
 Treason law 621 
 
 Tree,E 121 
 
 Trials 82, 90, 339, 481, 509 
 
 Trimble, J. R....525, 602, 604 
 
 Trimble, Lieut 428 
 
 Trimble, Wm...255, 281, 282 
 
 Trippe 681 
 
 Trippe, Capt. A. C 404 
 
 Troldenier, Rev 43, 44 
 
 Troop, Dr 210 
 
 Trotlen 22 
 
 Truxton, Capt. Thos.... 
 
 2a3, 286 
 Tschudy, N 42, 43, 44 
 
 PAes 
 
 Tschudy, W 42 
 
 Tuck, Capt. Jos 34 
 
 Tucker, J. R 646 
 
 Tumbleson, Wm 506 
 
 TurnbullBros 102 
 
 TurnbulJ, G 157, 159 
 
 TurnbuU, Jno 598 
 
 TurnbullA Murdoch... 102 
 Turnbull, Slade & Co... 598 
 
 Turner, H. F 516 
 
 Turner Hall 60O 
 
 Tuttle 100,102 
 
 Tuttle, Rev 31 
 
 Tyler, D. B 622 
 
 Tyler, Gen 628 
 
 Tyler, G. H 664 
 
 Tyler, Jno 512 
 
 Tyler, Nat 107 
 
 Tyler, Nat. Convention 512 
 
 Tyler, Wm 419 
 
 Type Foundry 299 
 
 Tyson 556 
 
 Tyson, Elisha 
 
 209, 255, 262, 292, 415 
 
 Tyson, H 621 
 
 Tyson, H. G 705 
 
 Tyson, J. W 688 
 
 Tyson, Jesse 259, 664 
 
 Tyson, N 667 
 
 Tyson, P. T 396 
 
 Tyson, Thos 715 
 
 Twiggs, Gen 618 
 
 Twining, N 183, 202 
 
 Twinnal & Qeroack 64 
 
 Uhler, E 64 
 
 Uhler, P 46 
 
 Uhlhorn, Rev. J 46 
 
 Umbrellas first used.... 71 
 
 Union Convention 576 
 
 Union meetings 
 
 533,584 
 
 Union National Con- 
 vention 630 
 
 Union Protestant In- 
 firmary 548, 558 
 
 Union R. R. tunnel 
 
 687,700 
 
 Union Square 525 
 
 Unitarian Church, his- 
 tory of 387 
 
 Upjohn 31 
 
 Upton, Fred 624 
 
 Usher, Thos 71 
 
 Valette. Gen 204, 206 
 
 Vallandigham, C. L 683 
 
 Valley Railroad 692 
 
 Vanbibber, A 
 
 178, 179, 212, 2W 
 
754 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAGX 
 
 Vanbibber, J 
 
 57, 126, 131, 134, 209, 245 
 
 Van Buren, M 
 
 460, 472, 549, 689 
 
 Vandenhoff. 121 
 
 Vanderhorst, J 697 
 
 Vandeventer, MaJ 411 
 
 Vanhorne, G. P 202 
 
 Vftnsant, J 
 
 516, 524, 533, 536, 564, 
 585,660,691,707 
 
 Vansant, Mrs. J 665 
 
 Vanstaphorst & Co 262 
 
 Van Nostrand 623 
 
 Varle, Chas 283 
 
 Vasseur, La 410 
 
 Veasy, Capt 218,266 
 
 Vessels launched ...283, 287 
 
 Vlckers, Capt. J 506 
 
 Victory, Jos 507 
 
 Vinkle, C 467 
 
 Vintner, C 529 
 
 Vlomenil, Baron 203 
 
 Virginia described 2 
 
 Von Kapff. 209, 577 
 
 Von Kapff and Ans- 
 
 pach , 286 
 
 Voeckler, Capt 669 
 
 Voucher 266 
 
 Wadsworth, Col 
 
 341, 344, 382 
 
 Wagner, A 312, 315, 316 
 
 Wagner, G 394 
 
 Wagner, J 506 
 
 Wagner, Jacob 88 
 
 Wagner, J. V 121 
 
 Wagner, L 506, 624 
 
 Wagon train 620 
 
 Walcot 442 
 
 Wales, Wra loo 
 
 Walker, Dr. Geo 
 
 20, 21, 22, 28, 32, 33, 35 
 
 Walker, James 20 
 
 Walker, J. E 441 
 
 Walker, J. W 621 
 
 Walker, N 7U' 
 
 Walker, Noah 586 
 
 Walker, 8 230 
 
 Wall, Miss 113 
 
 Wall, Mr 113 
 
 Wall, Mrs 118 
 
 Wallace, Gen.L.629,631, 632 
 
 Wallack, H 121, 123 
 
 Wallack, J. W...448, 880, 681 
 
 Wallsner, Rev. G 42 
 
 Wams,S. T 
 
 101, 636, 571, 676, 685, 596, 
 611, 617, 678, 104 
 
 TABIC 
 
 Wallis, U.... 467 
 
 Wall-paper, first used.. 261 
 
 Walmsley , Rev. C 68 
 
 Walsh 28,704 
 
 Walsh, J 71 
 
 Walsh, R 66, 71 
 
 Walsh, Robt 254 
 
 Walsh, T. Y 457, 512, 516 
 
 "Waltemyer, Capt 655 
 
 Waltenberg, Col 612 
 
 Walter, R. & Co 598 
 
 Walters, E 653 
 
 Walters, Jos 479 
 
 Walters, Wm. T 678 
 
 Walters, Wm. T. & Co. 653 
 
 Walton, G 154 
 
 Wambersie, E. C 664 
 
 War-meeting 516 
 
 War of 1812...306, 309, 354, 382 
 
 Ward, Col 19, 150 
 
 Ward, J 554 
 
 Ward,F.X..592, 593, 637, 685 
 
 Warden, Jas 705 
 
 Wards, division of. 280 
 
 Ware, Lieut. Col 
 
 149, 152 
 
 Ware, Rev. J. P. W 389 
 
 Warfield, Chas. A 264 
 
 Warfield, Dr. C. A 330 
 
 Warfield, H. M 611, 617 
 
 Warfield, P 
 
 313, 315, 316, 327, 328, 
 330, 339 
 
 Warner, Capt 556 
 
 Warfield, R. E 107 
 
 Warner, Geo 
 
 139, 309, 340, 381, 430, 447 
 
 Warner, Thos 343 
 
 Warrell, Mr 115 
 
 Warrell, Mrs 115 
 
 Warren, Admiral 
 
 340, 358, 372 
 
 Warren, Dr. E 101 
 
 Warren, Gen. G. K 
 
 644, 646, 648 
 
 Warren, Jos 269 
 
 Warren, Wm.... 120, 121, 527 
 
 Warren, W. H 378 
 
 Warrington, T. J 623 
 
 Washington City 
 
 8, 89, 631, 706 
 
 Washington, G. C 419 
 
 Washington, Gen. 
 
 made dictator ...138, 156 
 Washington's mon u- 
 ment 298,875, 433, 667 
 
 
 
 PASB 
 
 Washington, G.... 
 
 
 
 132, 133, 149, 150, 
 
 151 
 
 162, 
 
 165, 166, 167, 168, 
 
 169 
 
 170, 
 
 172, 173, 175, 177, 
 
 179 
 
 182, 
 
 185, 189, 190, 191, 
 
 192 
 
 195, 
 
 200, 210, 211, 214, 
 
 215 
 
 218, 
 
 219, 220, 244, 248, 
 
 250, 
 
 251, 
 
 254, 25-3, 261, 262, 
 
 264 
 
 266, 
 
 273, 278, 282, 283. 
 
 284, 
 
 287, 
 
 - 306, 483, 496, 392, 
 
 459, 
 
 667, 
 687 
 
 Watchman Jno... 
 
 
 . 505 
 
 Waters, C. E. & Cc 
 
 > 
 
 . 631 
 
 Waters, H 
 
 
 . 139 
 
 Water supply 
 
 
 
 245, 263, 292 
 
 ,29.^ 
 
 ),303 
 
 Watkings, Francis 
 
 . 27 
 
 Watkins, Gen 
 
 
 
 . 525 
 
 Watkins, W. W.... 
 
 
 
 . 664 
 
 Watson, Jno 
 
 
 
 471 
 
 Watson, Wm. H... 
 
 
 
 516, 517 
 
 ,518 
 
 ,520 
 
 Watts 
 
 
 442 
 
 Watts, Capt 
 
 
 532 
 
 Waugh, Bishop 
 
 
 
 511 
 
 Wayman. Bishop.. 
 
 
 
 661 
 
 Wayne, Gen 
 
 
 
 164, 165, 168 
 
 ,214 
 
 ,262 
 
 W^5i vn p Tn (\ er ft 
 
 
 689 
 
 Ways W 
 
 
 880 
 
 Weatherburn, J 
 
 .139 
 
 189 
 
 
 
 H% 
 
 
 
 RPR 
 
 Weaver, Jno. H 
 
 .623 
 
 682 
 
 Webb 76, T7 
 
 422 
 
 Webb C 
 
 
 443 
 
 Webb Ellen 
 
 
 514 
 
 Webb G. W 
 
 .507 
 
 685 
 
 Webb Jno 
 
 248 
 
 Webb,Jos 
 
 
 9m 
 
 Webster 
 
 
 f\W 
 
 Webster, Daniel.... 
 
 
 
 501, 508, 512, 467, 
 
 472 
 
 Webster. E. H 
 
 .584 
 
 661 
 
 Webster, Lieut 
 
 .353, 381 
 
 Weems, Capt. M. L 
 
 
 614 
 
 Wehr, H 
 
 
 697 
 
 Welshampel, J. F.. 
 
 
 93 
 
 Welch, Jno 
 
 
 618 
 
 Weld, Rev. C. R 
 
 
 389 
 
 Weld, Thos 
 
 
 6» 
 
 Wells 57,76,168, 
 
 169 
 
 Wells, Capt. C 
 
 
 168 
 
 Wells, Charles 
 
 ..28, 189 
 
 Wells, D 
 
 
 380 
 
 Wells and McComas 
 
 
 Monument. 
 
 
 664 
 
INDEX. 
 
 755 
 
 FAes 
 
 Welsh, G 155, 159, 166 
 
 Welsh, Baker and Car- 
 penter Ill 
 
 Welsh, R 160 
 
 Welsh, Taylor & Car- 
 penter Ill 
 
 Weltner, L 184 
 
 Wentz, S. H 667 
 
 Wershler. 45 
 
 Wesley, J 75 
 
 West, Jas „ 700 
 
 West, J. T 698 
 
 West, Rev. Wm 
 
 29, 30, 43, 243 
 
 West,Wm 209 
 
 Western 442 
 
 Westminster, Marquis 
 
 of. 240 
 
 Weston, Jno 262 
 
 Weston, J. A 556 
 
 Wethered, Chas 602 
 
 Wethered, Jno 596 
 
 Weyl.Rev. C 542 
 
 Whalley, Capt 199 
 
 Wharves 
 
 38, 52. 53, 56, 57, 62, 201, 208, 
 238, 267 
 
 Whatcoat, R 79 
 
 Wheat, E 628 
 
 Wheatley 527 
 
 Wheatley, Phillis 256 
 
 Wheelbarrow law 295 
 
 Wheeler 298 
 
 Whetstone Point 
 
 9, 10, 15, 188, 287, 288 
 
 Whig Conventions 
 
 500, 511, 539, 550 
 
 Whig Club 155 
 
 Whig Society. 468 
 
 Whisky Insurrection.. 
 
 247, 273, 456 
 
 Whitcroft 169 
 
 Whitlock, Mr 115 
 
 White 316, 505, 707 
 
 White, Capt. J 338 
 
 White, F 693 
 
 White, J. C 340, 492 
 
 White, John C 314 
 
 White, Rev. C. J 92, 104 
 
 White, Rev. W. W 153 
 
 White, Thos 189 
 
 Whitefield, G 76 
 
 Whitehead, Rev. Jas... 30 
 
 Whitehurst, J. H 535 
 
 Whiteley, Stone & Co.. 598 
 Whites, Buck &. Hed- 
 rick 460 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Whitfield, Bishop Jas. 
 
 461, 465, 472 
 
 Whiting, J 652 
 
 Whitlock, Mrs 115 
 
 Whitney, A. 594, 622 
 
 Whitney, M 655 
 
 Whitridge, Dr., 506 
 
 Whitridge,H. L 711 
 
 Whitson, D. E 621 
 
 Whittingham, Bishop. 
 
 31, 513, 515, 537, 548 
 
 Whittington J 230 
 
 Whyte, Gov. W. P...691, 697 
 
 Wickliffe, C A 508 
 
 Wiegand, D 664 
 
 Wiegel, Capt. 631 
 
 Wiesenfeld & Co 
 
 598,624,631 
 
 Wiesenthal, Dr. A 
 
 255, 279 
 Wiesenthal, Dr. C. P... 
 
 45. 71, 138, 210, 254 
 
 Wiest, C 495 
 
 Wiest, Jno 493 
 
 Wight, Geo. L 497 
 
 Wight, O. B 497 
 
 Wight, Wm. J 516 
 
 Wigman, H 94 
 
 Wignell 115, 116 
 
 Wildey Monument.634, 660 
 Wildey, Thos....618, 619, 620 
 
 Wilkinson 359, 442 
 
 Wilkinson, Jos 259 
 
 Wilkinson & Smith 279 
 
 Wilkinson, W 136 
 
 Willaurney, Admiral.. 299 
 
 Willey, Capt 477 
 
 Willey, Jos 490 
 
 Willlams.76.278, 120, 526, 539 
 
 Williams, B 442, 4i3, 678 
 
 Williams, Ben 286 
 
 Williams, C 170 
 
 Williams, Capt. L.. 183, 184 
 
 Williams, G 394 
 
 Williams, G. M 612 
 
 Williams, Jas 309, 377 
 
 Williams, Jos 170, 706 
 
 Williams, Miss S. M.... 678 
 
 Williams, Mrs. S 55 
 
 Williams, N 
 
 305, 309, 346, 482, 387, 459, 51 6 
 
 Williams, N. F 377 
 
 Williams, O.H 
 
 183, 184, 197, 209, 210, 211. 
 
 214, 215, 220, 221, 241, 249, 
 
 260, 261, 275, 279 
 
 Williams, Rev 432 
 
 PAex 
 Williams, Rev. J. W. 
 
 M 124, 543, 547, 548 
 
 Williams & Rothlitt. ... 36 
 
 Williams, Wm 279 
 
 Williamson, C 187 
 
 Williamson, D 71 
 
 Williamson, D. and G. 395 
 
 Willis, H IS 
 
 Wills, J 90, 106, 440 
 
 Wilson, Capt. Michael. 33 
 
 Wilmer, J. L 187 
 
 Wilmer, Rev 263 
 
 Wilmington 54, 89 
 
 Wilson 323 
 
 Wilson, Capt. 396, 520 
 
 Wilson, Col - 645, 647 
 
 Wilson, D. S 553 
 
 Wilson, H 
 
 64, 188. 192, 195, 203, 209, 255 
 
 Wilson, Jas 
 
 292, 309, 447, 506, 537 
 
 Wilson, Jn^..T......... 135 
 
 WilsonTJoBn W 627 
 
 Wilson R 482 
 
 Wilson, Rev 653, 654 
 
 Wilson, Rev. F 
 
 125,511,518,603 
 
 Wilson S 
 
 209, 245, 261, 263, 266 
 
 Wilson, T 88,89 
 
 Wilson, Thos 521 
 
 Wilson, Wm 
 
 64, 71, 255, 281, 2S5, 309, 314 
 
 Wilson, Wm. & Son 537 
 
 Winans, Ross.... 
 
 428, 449, 453, 611, 612, 617 
 Winans, Mrs. Thos.. 563,585 
 
 Winans, T 480, 568, 617 
 
 Winchester, D 298, 377 
 
 Winchester, Geo 
 
 313, 327, 381, 408, 429, 432, 
 445 
 
 Winchester, J 
 
 82, 276, 280, 286, 299 
 
 Winchester, Wm 
 
 261, 280, 295 
 
 Winckler 106 
 
 Winder 241, 376,397, 667 
 
 Winder, Gen. C 639 
 
 Winder, Gen. W. H 
 
 340, 346, 348, 377, 381, 402, 
 415^ 431 
 
 Winder, Jno 187 
 
 Wind Storms 
 
 65, 251, 495, 506, 417, 429, 480, 
 
 549, 632 
 
 Winston 497 
 
756 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAex 
 
 Winter, C- F 697 
 
 Winter, J. B 662 
 
 Winters 184, 235. 691 
 
 Winters, E 64 
 
 Wlnthrop 241, 689 
 
 Wlrt,Wm 
 
 241, 400, 403, 430, 456. 458, 
 472, 547, 680. 688 
 
 Wl8e,C. B 644 
 
 Wise, H. A :.501, 668 
 
 Wolf, J 380. 405 
 
 Wolf, M 516 
 
 Wood, Bishop 630 
 
 Wood, J 49 
 
 Wood, J. H 106 
 
 Wood, Wm 120 
 
 Woodbury, L 448, 472 
 
 Wooden, Wm 641 
 
 Woods, Wm 286 
 
 Woodside, J. D 433 
 
 Woodville, Capt 603 
 
 Woodward, J 76 
 
 Woodward, Wm 568 
 
 Woodyear, E.G. .309, 409. 410 
 Wool, Gen.. 621. 624, 627, 610 
 
 Wooley, A. K 509 
 
 Woolford 176 
 
 Woolley, Col 631 
 
 Woolsey, G 71, 130 
 
 Worrell 322 
 
 Worth, Gen 544 
 
 PAOK 
 
 Worthlngton, B. B 187 
 
 Worthington, Jessop & 
 
 Cheston 341 
 
 Worthington. Dr. Jno. 267 
 
 Worthington, N 187 
 
 Worthington, N. B 91 
 
 Worthington, S. 130, 195, 203 
 
 Worthington, Thos 264 
 
 Worthington, W. G. D. 304 
 
 Wright. B 184 
 
 Wright, M. S 610 
 
 Wright, R 76 
 
 Wright, R. C 549 
 
 Wright, Silas 512 
 
 Wright, W. D. H. C 553 
 
 Wunderman & Co 107 
 
 Wyatt, Rev. Wm 
 
 30, 31, 499, 387, 426, 513, 703 
 Wyatt, Rev. Thos. J.... 31 
 
 Wyck, Van 209, 230 
 
 Wyer, Rev. H. 124 
 
 Wyman, Byrd & Co 598 
 
 Wynell 112 
 
 Wythe, G 420 
 
 Yancey, Wm. L 516, 582 
 
 Yandt, Z 87 
 
 Yates, George n 
 
 Yates, Jno 641 
 
 Yates, Thos 201, 267 
 
 Yeager, Jno 506 
 
 Yeakle, M. M 541 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Yelsser, E 
 
 63, 71, 202, 209, 255, 260, 231 
 
 Yeilott. Coleman 
 
 515, 535, 584, 617 
 
 Yeilott, J 
 
 168, 245, 260, 266, 272, 281, 
 288 
 
 Yellow Fever 
 
 267, 274, 285, 394, 397 
 
 Yeo, John 26 
 
 Yeo, Rev. Jno 26 
 
 Yerger, Col. E. M....100, 539 
 
 York 
 
 41, 43, 165, 265, 330, 347, 509, 
 
 525 
 
 Yorktown...l92, 200, 203, 338 
 
 Young Catholic F, S.... 507 
 
 Young, H 
 
 139, 158, 159, 171, 414 
 
 Young, J 94, 103, 169 
 
 Young, Jno 506 
 
 Young Men's Conven- 
 tion 460 
 
 Young, Wm.40, 139, 155, 209 
 
 Young, Wm. H 575 
 
 Y. M, C. A 541, 682 
 
 Zacharie 209 
 
 Zeigler, Geo 442 
 
 Zollickoffer 209 
 
 Zorah, H 42 
 
RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT 
 TO--^ 202 Main Librory 
 
 LOAN PERIOD 1 
 HOME USE 
 
 2 
 
 3 _.^ 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 
 
 Renewals and Recharges may be made 4 days prior to the due date. 
 
 Books may be Renewed by calling 642-3405. 
 
 RECElvt^gUtYAs STAMPED BELOW 
 
 JAN 5 1989 ^^^ ^5 ^ 
 
 aRCUi.ATiQN DEFl 
 
 MAR 6 198? 
 
 AOTODISCMARU^^ Q 
 
 AliTO UISC 
 
 o^^^^^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 
 FORM NO. DD6 BERKELEY, CA 94720 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 BDD3Da3DM4 
 
 ^V 
 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY