■ SoUoolriitAsters -will I tceep witl-iin my \rLo\jL&e."S/iakes/eare. 
 
 Educational 
 
 AUG 'e ^92e 
 
 Vclvantages of California. 
 
 / 
 
 By W. H. V. RAYMOND, / 
 
 (Editor of the California State Text-books.) 
 
 [:KPARBD FOR THE VOLUME EXPOSITORY OF THE RESOnRCES OF CALIFORNIA, TO BE 
 DISTRIBUTED AT THE WorLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION AT CHICAGO. 
 
 SACRAMENTO: 
 
 STATE OFFICE, : : : : : A. j. Johnston, supt. state printing. 
 1893. 
 
113 
 
1^ 
 
 EDUCATIONAL AmiMA^m: •' 
 
 I' 
 
 "What opi^ortunities for education?" is the first question asked by an enlightened 
 householder, .Nhen seeking a residence. It is the object of this article to answer the 
 question for California. 
 
 IN GEKEKAL. 
 
 Before entering upon particulars, it maybe said, first, in general, that the educa- 
 tional system of the State is not the outgrowth of narrow or provincial views, but a 
 system founded in the beginning, and fashioned to the present time by he surdies 
 and most enlightened educational sentiment of the whole country. The best bought 
 and experience of New England, of the great Middle AVest, and of the South have 
 eone richly into its life and character. The foundation of an incomparable system of 
 primarv and grammar schools was early laid by that incarnate enthusiasm from the 
 Granite Hills John Swett, a national name, as familiar in the educational circles of 
 Boston as in those of San Francisco, where its owner resides. In the directing and 
 inspiring personal agencies which have made the other departments of the Cahfornia 
 system what thev are, the State has been equally fortunate. Higher education, as 
 represented in the State University, has been largely shaped by the classical learning of 
 President Martin Kellogg, from Connecticut and Yale, and by the scientific spirit and 
 eminent scholarship of .John and Joseph Le Conte, from the University of Georgia, 
 whose original researches in the departments of physics and geology have given to 
 their names a European as well as an American celebrity. These men stood reverently 
 bv at the birth of university education in California, rocked its cradle m infancy, and 
 two of them still remain, keeping step royally with its vigorousjwanhood. In.=^ecent 
 vears I eland Stanford Jr. University, with its endowment of *20,000,000, and its dis- 
 "tinguished President, David Starr Jordan, from Indiana, has brought to this department 
 of education an accessi4Bf of new and abounding life. 
 
 The organization and conduct of the State Normal schools have fallen "Pon men 
 eqnallv distinguished and equipped for their work. For seventeen years, rom 1873 to 
 1890, the original school was under the direction of Mr. Charles H. Allen, whose norma 
 school work began in Pennsylvania, widened into the principalship of the first Norma 
 School of Wisconsin, and culminated in his distinguished service to the normal schoo 
 system of California. In 1890 the principalship of this school fell upon its present 
 head Charles W. Childs, one of its early graduates, a successful author, and a man o 
 marked ability. Ira More, graduating from both the Bridgewater, Mass., Normal School 
 and Yale CoUege-his whole life given to the study of educational science, expanding 
 in Illinois into a four years' professorship in the State Normal School of that State, and 
 in Minnesota into a seven years' principalship of the State Normal School at bt. Uoud- 
 has from its organization, ably directed the fortunes of the State Normal Schoo at Los 
 \ngeles The conscientious and successful organizer and Principal of the schoo at 
 Chico, the youngest of these schools in California, Edwin T. Pierce, was the gift of 
 Union College and the State Normal School at Albany, New York; and when it is added 
 that the present chief educational officer of the State, Superintendent James W . Ander- 
 son was graduated from Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, and has risen by distinguished 
 success in every grade of work from primary to high school, as teacher, Principal and 
 Superintendent, it will be seen that our claim to a share in the best educational blood 
 of the>hole country is no idle boast. 
 
 678976 
 
— 4 — 
 
 IS PETAIL. 
 
 To the activities of these men ami their efficient associates, Califoniia is indebted for 
 it« completed system of free public education. Among the individual features of that 
 system, enumerated beloj*-. Hje lirst three are worthy of special attention as vital edu- 
 cational aj.encics unknovp .."tiier in form or equivalent to tlie systems of other States, 
 so far as the "writer's knowledge ertends. They are agencies whose value is instantly 
 obvious, und-wliirh are of th? I'.rst iii>|>ortance to the citizen, ]>resent and pros|>ective. 
 
 1. Ihj financial jirovition for weak dulricts. This is such that nothing but the stu- 
 pidity and indifference of District Trustees can defeat the intent of the lawtu maintain 
 a lirst-class school in the feeblest district of the .'^tute for at least eight months of the 
 year. The citizen in the poorest district of the remotest county is assured as good 
 facilities for the eilucation of his children in the primarj- and grammar grades as the 
 citizen in the rich and thickly settled districts just outside of San Kranci.sco. Sacra- 
 mento, Oakland, San .losr, Los Angeles, or other centers of wealth and population. 
 This is accomplished by the State law, which assures to the smallest district of the State 
 a sum not less than fiOO, to be used exchinvelij for the payment of teachers' salaries; 
 and to the arernije district, who.se school is taught by one teacher, at least l.'MX) is assure<I 
 for the same purjio.se, and |500 is also assured for each additional teoclier. Any local 
 district tax that may be levied bv the District Trustees is in addition to this. The pro- 
 vision described above is wholly independent of the action of District Trustees or the 
 citizens of a district, and. as will be seen, provides a teacher for eight months in the 
 year, at a salary not less in any case than $.')0 per month. No other State in the Ihiion 
 makes a like provision. The result is what might be expected. The common di.strict 
 schools of the State are taught by a highly intelligent, active, enterprising body of men 
 and women. So marked are these characteristics in the teachers of the State, that edu- 
 cational lecturers from other .'states who meet them in teachers' conventions in f'ulifor- 
 nia, uniformly speak with enthusiasm of their |>ersonal bearing and cultured address. 
 
 2. 77ie //roi'Miox for academic training and prei>aration for the tiro great I'nirersities 
 of the State. It is believiHl that in no other ."^tate is this provision made to reach students 
 in so many parts of the State, or in .so large numl>ers. .\s in other enlightened States, 
 there are the excellent public high schools of the large cities and towns, provided for 
 by their charters. Of these there are twenty-four with standards so high that graduates 
 from them are admitted, without examination, to the Tniversities. Three of them are 
 in .'^an Knincisco, and one in each of the following cities and towns of the .'^tate: 
 Alameda, Itcrkeley, Krcano, I^s .\ngeles, Martinez, Marysville, National I'ity, Nevada 
 t'ity, Oakland, 1'asudena, retalunia. Riverside, Sacramento, Salina.s, San Diego, San 
 Jas6, San UafacI, Santa Cruz, .>Jtockfon, Vallejo, and Watsonville. Other town high 
 schools, also, are of good rank. 
 
 I'niler this head, however, it is sought especially to emphasize the general provision 
 of law for the establishment of public high schixils to connect the soMUi villages and 
 rural districts with the University. This is done by the organization of union high 
 school ilistricts. Tnder this provision eighteen counties hove ostablisheil high schools, 
 as follows: 
 
 .Mameda County. ;t. I.os .Vngeles County, 3. Si.skiyou County,!. 
 
 Uutte t 'ounty, '2. .Sm Hcrnanlino County, 2. .Solano County, 3. 
 
 Contra Costa County, 1. San Diego County, ti. Sonoma County, 2. 
 
 Del Norte County, 1. San Joaiiuin County, 1. Slunislans County. 1. 
 
 El Dorado County, 1. San Luis Obisi>o County, 2. Ventura County, 2. 
 
 Fresno County, 2. Santa Ilarbara County, 3. Yolo County, 1. 
 
 Thus, nearly forty public high schools bring to the very doors, it may Ik- said, of the 
 tiller of field and farm, the small shopkeeper, and the mechanic who is at once his own 
 contractor and bis own journeyman, either a generous academic training or a prei>ara- 
 lion for university studies. These, with the twenty-four city high schools accepted by 
 the universities as preparatorj- schools, constitute, it is Ixlieved, n provision for second- 
 ary education without precedent in any .stale of e<iual |>opulation. 
 
 S. The comjiuhory ret/uirement of a fixed rsprnditiire of moneti, annually, for the 
 supjiort of a district library is a third e<lucational provision found only in California. 
 
— 5 — 
 
 This insures to everj' school district in the State an ample and attractive collection of 
 good books, and is defeasible only by the ignorance, indifference, or dishonesty of Dis- 
 trict Trustees. The value of this provision can liardly be overestimated. The number 
 of volumes thus accumulated in the district libraries of, the State lunv exceeds half a 
 million. ' *^ * ■ '■ ,* *, ■ ! 
 
 •4. The preparation and jmhlication by the Stale of ttie texl'-b'ooJcs vsed lA the common 
 nchooh is a fourth feature peculiar to the school s.vstcn.i'of jthij ;Stot'o. .' Thto <,'rpr\<^mical 
 aspect of this feature commends it warmly to the feoplej .Vr.<l°i'lie'*tc'u"ical',ekdijfJence 
 of the books so furnished, in both matter and mechanical construction, is eciual to that 
 of other like standard publications. Tliey may be judged, by those who choose to 
 examine them, in the educational department of the California Building at the Colum- 
 bian E-xposition, where they are submitted for inspection. 
 
 5. Provision for the training of teachers for the public schools, while not peculiar to 
 California, is generous, and is wisely and jealously managed. Three Normal .Schools 
 are established by the State, and one by the city of San Krancisco. The oldest of these 
 is at San Josf, in the central part of the State, about hfty miles from San Francisco. 
 Twenty-seven instructors are employed in this school, and the attendance of students 
 in the N'ormal classes is between 600 and 700. The buildings and equipments for the 
 Practice School, which numbers over 200 pupils, are, perhaps, the most complete in the 
 United States. The second of these schools in age and size is at Los Angeles, in the 
 southern part of the State. In this school the instructors number 14 and the students 
 about 350. Attached is an elegantly appointed gymnasium; and additional buildings 
 are in process of construction. The Practice School numbers nearly 200. The youngest 
 of the schools is in the northern part of the State, at Chico. Instructors, 11; Normal 
 students, 200. The Practice School has an attendance of 125. This school, like the 
 others, has taken high rank from the start. 
 
 C. Teachers' Institutes, though maintained in some other States, receive in California 
 exceptional encouragement. Ample funds are provided for maintaining in nearly every 
 county of the State one week of instruction and discussion relative to the best and 
 most fruitful methods of class teaching. It is in these meetings that the stranger notes 
 the high average intelligence of the teachers of the State. 
 
 7. The State University, for the higher education of both se.xes, is located at Berkeley, 
 opposite the entrance to the Ciolden Ciate. It is a source of much pride for the rank it 
 lias taken among the great universities of the country, and the people of California 
 have richly and permanently endowed it. It consists of a ( 'ollege of Letters, with three 
 courses leading, respectively, to the degree of A.B., B.L., and Ph.B.; a College of Mining, 
 a College of Mechanics, a College of Agriculture, a College of Civil Kngineering, and a 
 College of Chemistry, each leading to the degree of B.S. Besides these are the depart- 
 ments of Philosoph3' and Pedagogy, at Berkeley, and the affiliated Colleges of Law, 
 Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry, located in San Francisco, and the Lick Astronom- 
 ical Observatory, on Mt. Hamilton. The professors, instructors, and assistants in these 
 colleges number 217, and the students 1,082. I'niversity extension courses have been 
 established by the faculty in San Francisco, Oakland, and Los Angeles. 
 
 8. The general administration of the public school system of California, thus briefly 
 sketched, is in the hands of the following officers: School District Trustees,' Town and 
 City Boards of Education,' Boards of Education of I'nion High Schools,- County Super- 
 intendents.' County Boards of Education,^ Boards of Normal School Trustees,* Board 
 of Regents of the State LTniversity,* State Superintendent of Public Instruction,' and 
 State Board of Education.- 
 
 E.xcept in a few of the smaller counties, the entire time of the County Superintend- 
 ents is employed in service rendered to the schools. The chi^ duty of the County 
 Board of Education consists in the examination and certification of teachers. The 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, in addition to the general supervision exer- 
 cised by him over the schools, and the collection and publication of detailed information 
 
 1. Elected by*the people. 2, Ex ofBcio, 
 
 3. Appointed by County Supervisors, except the County Superintendent. 
 
 4. Partly ex ofiScio, and partly appointed by the Governor. 
 
respectint! their con<litiun, is charged with the apportionment to counties of State 
 moneys to which they are entitled; the judicial function of interpreting the school law 
 when required by the administrative otlicers of the same; and is, ex orticio, a member 
 of the Hoard of Regents of the State fniversity, of each Itoard of Normal School 
 Trusteed ajt.fi.of the S'jije Ko*rd of Education. The State Hoard of Education consists 
 of the Oove^-nor, the Sufienn'tendent of I'ublic Instruction, and the I'rincipals of the 
 State Somal .iicliools. This IJpa'rd' adopts general rules for the government of public 
 schooL; t^"^* term i»i.d Itfe uiplc'mas, under statutory restrictions, to applicants for 
 the same; selects the oDicial educational journal of the State; and [irepares, or directs 
 the preparation of, the school books published by the State. 
 
 In addition to the advantages offered by the public school system there are numerous 
 9. I'ritale colleges and acatleintes. .\t the head of all these is the great l.elwid Stan- 
 ford, Jr., University, at I'alo .\lto, endowed by .'senator Leiand Stanford with 00.000,000. 
 This instituticm, like the State University, is for the education of l)Oth se-xes, and, as in 
 that institution, tuition is free. Though now only in the second year of its work, it 
 already ranks with the best. It has a faculty of 78 professors and instructors, and a 
 student attendance of 764, of whon> nearly 150 are from other States. Its courses of 
 instruction are distributed through the departments of the Ancient and Modem 
 I.anguages, History and Political Economy, .Mathematics, the Sciences. Philosophy, and 
 Education. Neither Stanford nor the .'^tate I'niversity has u preparatorj- department— 
 all the students in both ore in college classes proper. 
 
 It is not practicable to give a complete list of the private colleges and academies of 
 the State. Tiic following list includes the more important, with the county in which 
 'they are located: Alameda Count;/: Iterkeley (iymnasium; Boone's Vniversity School; 
 Bowman's Academy; (lilson's Normal Training School; Head's, >liss. School; Hopkins' 
 Academy; I.iverniorc I'ollege; Mills College; (lur I^dy of Ivounles (academy); Sacred 
 Heart (academy); ."^t. .loseph's Academy; .St. Joseph's Institute; St. Mary's College; 
 
 St. Mary's Academy; .Snell's .'^emina^y; Wushingtijn College. liutte County: Chico 
 
 Academy. Colusa County: Orluiul Normal; Pierce Christian College. IIumhoMt 
 
 Count;/: Eureka .\cadeniy; Sisters of Mercy. Inyo County: Inyo .\eademy. I^ke 
 
 County: hakeport .\cademy.— /,oji -•ln<;e/<j County: Academy of the Immaculate Heart; 
 Pomona College; .St. Hilda's School; i^t. Mar)''s .\cademy; St. Vincent's School; Throop 
 University. Marin County: San Hafael Female College; San Kafael School. Men- 
 docino County: Academy of the Socred Heart. Merced County: Merced .Vcademy. 
 
 Napa County: Napa College; Oak Mound School. Serada County: Sisters of Mercy 
 
 Academy.-- — Orange County: Dominican Sisters' .'^chool. I'lacer County: Sierra 
 
 Normal College. Sacramento County: .Xtkin.wn's .'Sacramento Business College; 
 
 Sacramento Institute; Sacramento School of Design; St, Joseph's Academy. San 
 
 Rernnrdiuo County: Bellcvue .\cadcmy; San Bernardino .\cademy; Sister* of the 
 
 Immaculate Heart. San Fniucitco County: .\cadcmy of Immaculate Conception; 
 
 Academy of St. Rose; Lake's, Miss, School for (Jirls; Notre Dame .Vcudomy; Presen- 
 tation Convent; Sacred Heart Acodcmy; Sacred Heart College; St. Ignatius College; 
 St. Peter's .Vcademy; St. Rose's .\cademy; Trinity .School; Van Ness Young Ladies' 
 
 Seminory; West's, Miss, .'^chool; Westmin.ster School. San Joaquin County: St. .Xg- 
 
 nes Academy; St. Patrick's College; San Joaquin Valley College; Sti>ckton Business 
 
 College. San Luis Obiipo County: Boarding and Day ."School of the Immaculate 
 
 Heart. San Mateo County: Belmont School; Bishop .\rmitage ilrphanage; Ijturel 
 
 Hall College; St. Matthew's Hall. Santa Rarbnra County: Kntnciscan College. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Academy of Notre Dame; ."<t. Joseph's College; Santa Clara 
 
 College; .Santa Clara Young Indies' Boarding School; I'niversity of the Pacific. 
 
 Sania Our County: School of the Holy Cross. Solano County: Irma (tirls' .Sihool; 
 
 St. Culherine's Female .\cadeniy; St. Vincent's School; Vacaville .\cademy. Sonoma 
 
 County: Pacific Methodist College; St. Vincent's .\cadcmy; Santa Rosa Boys' School; 
 
 Santa Rosa Business I'ollege; Santa Rosa Ijidies' College; .Sinto Rosa Seminory. 
 
 Tehanin County: .\codeniy of the Sisters of Mercy. Tulare County: l^on Joac|uin 
 
 Valley Polytechnic Institute. Yolo County: Hes'ficrian College; Holy Rosary 
 
 .Vcademy; Woodland Business College. Yuba County: High School for Hoys; Notro 
 
 Daino Academy. 
 
RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Briefly summarized, then, the educational advantages of California are seen — 
 
 1. In the unprecedented liberality and absolute adequacy of its provision for a good 
 free school, of not less than eight months annually in etei^ di&ti-rct,of the yta(e.* 
 
 2. In the system which extends high school facilities.' to tVsry>'comer of the com- 
 monwealth. ■'■'•>>,'.. 
 
 3. Tn the provision for excellent public school libra?itiE in eyiry tUs^rlrt 65, iUe.'§iate. 
 
 4. In the economical and admirable provision for the supply of text-books *to* the 
 pupils of the State. 
 
 5. In its generous provision for the instruction and training of teachers in Normal 
 Schools and County Institutes. 
 
 (). In the magnificent and richly endowed I'niversity at Berkeley, which crowns its 
 educational structure. 
 
 7. In the completeness of its machinery for the effective administration, by proper 
 officers, of its whole system. 
 
 8. In its University at Palo Alto, made great by private endowment, and in the high 
 character and large numbers of its remaining colleges and private schools. 
 
 With these gifts in her hands our beautiful State beckons to the dwellers in her sister 
 States, and to the people of all enlightened nations, inviting them to settlement, citizen- 
 ship, and home. _ ^ 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
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 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
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 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
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 (>78976 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY