UC-NRLF B 3 DSD ETD ^ 5 # (\^ GIFT OF HORACE W. CARPENTEER /^i- . ^-5 > 1 , > » > y MANUAL OF THE TINNEYELLY DISTRICT IN THE PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS. COMPILED Ei^_A._j:._STUART, M.C.S., ACTING DISTRICT JUDGE, COIMBATORE. MADRAS: PRINTED BY E. KEYS, AT THE GOYERNMENT PRESS. 1«79. •'.■.•.-. • • rf . • • • • d&^hjLuC(jui CONTENTS. Page Chap. I. — Descripth'e ,, ,, ., ,, ,, , i Chap. II.— Population, Social and Economic Characteristics, &c. .. ., 13 Chap, III. — Political History 35 Chap. IV. — Land Revenue .. ., ., ,, ,, ,, ,. ,, 70 Chap. V. — Taluk Notices 88 Chap. VI. — Administration and Present Condition of the District ., ,, 119 APPENDIX. No. 1. — Statement showing the Results of previous Census taken in the Tinnevelly District .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ., 161 2. — Statement shovring the number of Villages, talukwar 162 3. — Statement showing the Population at the Census of 1871, talukwar . . . . 162 4. — Abstract Statement of the Houses, Population, and number of Ryots' Pattahs, &c., in the District of Tinnevelly for a series of years .. .. ., 163 5. — Table of Castes and Employments 164 6". — Statement showing the Population, Area, Acreage of Crops, and number of Cattle and Sheep in Government, Minor Inam, Entire Inam, and Zemin- dari Villages in each taluk in the District of Tinnevelly for Fasli 1286 . . 166 7. — Statement showing number of Cattle as given in the quinquennial return for 1876-77or Fasli 1286 178 8. — Statement showing the Cultivation of Cotton, Indigo, and Sugarcane for a series of years . . . . . . . . • . • • ■ . • . • . 178 9.— Statement showing Ryots' Holdings and particulars of Cultivation, &c., for a series of years in the District of Tinnevelly .. .. .. .. 179 10.— Statement showing the Land Revenue Appendix from year 1801 to year 1876 182 11.— Talukwar Land Revenue Demand for twenty years 186 12.— Classification of Lands and Crops for Fasli 1281 (Official Year 1871-72) in the District of Tinnevelly .. .. .. .. .. •• .. 188 13. — Abstract Classification of Lands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 190 14. — Statement showing the Number and Classification of Villages and Hamlets. 190 15.— Statement of net Revenue Collections and Charges for a series of years . . 191 16.— Statement of Rent Roll for a series of years 192 17. — Area, Cultivation, and Peishcush of Zemindaris 194 18.— List of different kinds of Paddy grown in Tinnevelly District , . . . 196 19.— Statement showing Total Charges of District of Tinnevelly for a series of years . , , , .1 1 • • • . . • • • • • • • • 198 0 > » o MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. CHAPTER I. DESCRIPTIVE. The District of Tinnevelly occupies the eastern half of the extreme Chapter I. southern end of the Indian peninsula. It lies between 8° 5' and Descriptive. 9^ 45' North Latitude, and IT" 20' and 78° 20' East Longitude. In shape it is roughly triangular, having the Western Ghauts aa its western, and the sea for its eastern and southern boundary. On the north it adjoins the Madura District, fi"om which it is divided by no natui'al boundary, but roughly by a parallel di-awn east and west through the large town and railway station of Yirudupati. Its extent is 5,176 square miles, with a greatest length north and south of 120 miles and a width east and west increasing from nothing at Cape Comorin to 75 miles at the Madura frontier. It contains 1,824 villages, of which 1,094 are Grovernment, 570 are Zemindari, and 160 are Inam. Within this area is comprised a great variety of soils and of natural features, including black cotton plains, sandy tracts along the coast, and undulating and broken country at the foot of the mountains, chiefly red gravel and sand. Gravelly ridges or abrupt masses of rock are scattered about over the district, which is backed by the lofty range of the Western Ghauts. Tinnevelly may be considered as an epitome, or facsimile on a miniature scale, of the whole Madras Presidency, almost every _ feature of which is repeated on a smaller scale within this little , area. In the last century the plains of Tinnevelly are represented as covered with woods and jungle ; these have disappeared with the advance of agriculture to so great an extent, that beyond avenues on the main roads, thorn jimgles in tank beds or on channel banks, and scattered topes, chiefly fruit trees, but little now remains, except the so-called palmyra forest, which will be described here- 2 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter I. after. The great range of ghauts which forms the western houn- Descriptive. darj of the district is, however, well clothed with forest containing magnificent and valuable trees between elevations of 1,500 and / 3,000 feet, scrub jungle and grass at a lower height, and elephant grass, bamboos, and evergreen forests at the summits. The range varies very much in height, averaging about 4,000 feet, but rising to 5,430 and 6,200 at the highest peaks. Besides timber of several valuable kinds, these mountains produce cardamoms, honey, and a /^ variety of minor forest produce ; they extend for 120 miles along the western boundary of Tinnevelly. Deep in the recesses of this mountain range rise the rivers and streams which have formed the chief valleys in the low country, and by which are supplied 89 1 \ tanks besides some 37,830 acres of channel-fed lands. These streams, issuing from the mountains at intervals, wind through the plain country below in a direction more or less east and west, and reach the sea where it forms the eastern boimdary of Tinnevelly. The geological basis of the district is a continuation of the gneiss rock of which the mountains consist. This rock in the plains is largely covered by more recent formations, but protrudes through them in isolated patches, or rounded and often conical or domed masses, some of which supply excellent stone for the purposes of building and road-making. There are comparatively few places where wells sunk through the surface soil do not hit upon this substratum. Geological Of the strata which overlie the gneiss rock the principal are — soils. ^°^ (1)» quartz having a considerable percentage of iron ; (2), a nodular limestone or kunkur ; and (3), sandstone alternating with clay- stone. The first of these appears through the soil in the pale red ridges which are conspicuous objects in all the taluks bordering the main ghaut range, as well as in Tinnevelly and Tenkarai Taluks, These rocks, by their decomposition, have given rise to the red series of soils which covers a large part of the western and southern taluks of Tinnevelly. The second is found in irregular patches underlying a poor stony soil, is well supplied with water, and abounds in well cultivation. It is chiefly found in the central portion of the district. The third is a seacoast series ; it follows the line of the coast within a distance of about ten miles. Several successive parallel ridges of similar sandstone form dangerous bars and reefs at a short distance out to sea, and are known as the Tinnevelly Pearl Banks, Inland these rocks formed originally a nearly continuous ridge rising to about 300 feet, through which the rivers descending from the ghauts have broken and worn away their road to the sea. These are called the " Teri tracts," the surface being entirely formed of blown sand, and they are one of the most peculiar natural features of Tinnevelly, MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. d Throughout the length of this range, during the alongshore Chapter I. winds which blow from the south and south-east, the air is filled Debcriptivb. with volumes of red sand, which is carried by the wind and deposited like snow in drifts often several feet in depth, sometimes burying fertile lands, trees, and even houses situated near the ridge. With the setting in of the north-east monsoon this phenomenon is repeated in the opposite direction. Efforts have been made from time to time to reclaim portions of this extensive ridge, most of which is a bare desert of red sand, by planting palmyras and other trees, or "Nanal" grass. Wherever springs of water were found at a moderate depth these efforts have been successful, elsewhere the desert stiU maintains itself. In the process of decomposition this series has given rise to stiff red soil in a few places, but in general to a soil having a great excess of sand and fit for little but the growth of palmyras. Next comes the black cotton soil, extending from the Madura boundary southward for about 60 miles, and having an average breadth of 40 miles. This soil varies much in quality. In some places it is equal to the best black cotton of the northern districts, but elsewhere is mixed with gravel and sand and is of very inferior quality. Lastly we have the river alluvium, which forms a narrow but extremely rich strip on either side of the Tamrapurni river and its tributary the Chittar from the ghauts to the sea. The greater part of this belt is cultivated twice in the year with rice. On the whole, then, the position of the different soils of the district may be briefly described as follows :— Along the base of the Western Ghauts a belt from 10 to 20 miles wide of red loam and red sand derived chiefly from the quartz and gneiss. Along the sea a belt 3 to 15 miles wide of a light grey and red soil, with a great excess of sand chiefly from the decomposition of the claystone and sandstone ridges which run parallel to and near the sea. These two belts widen out and overlap one another so as to occupy the whole country to the south of Tinnevelly town. Between them to the north the intervening space is occupied by broad black cotton plains. The only important river in the Tinnevelly District is the Rivers and Tamrapurni, which, with its affluents the Chittar, Guttananuddi, iJ^^S'itioa. Kamanuddi, Manimutanuddi, and Pacheyar, all take their rise in the ghaut mountain chain over a breadth of mountain measured north and south of 50 miles. This portion of the range is well clothed ^vith forest and abounds in springs, so that from time immemorial the Tamrapurni river has been the principal feature in the district ; its almost perennial streams supplying an area 4 MANUAL or THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter I. which now amounts to 64,671 acres from the beginning of May Descriptive, to the end of March, in the course of which time two rich crops of rice are obtained without fail in any ordinary season. The river crosses a tract of country 57 miles in extent, though its actual course, inclusive of windings, amounts to 70 miles : its principal affluent, the Chittar, adds 45 miles more. Along the banks of these rivers lies the rich belt of alluvial irrigated land in a narrow strip not more than a mile in average width. The river itself varies from 100 yards at its debouchure from the mountains to 800 yards at the last anient 12 miles from the sea. Its waters vary with the season, and from week to week, with the fall of rain on the ghauts, from a few yards to a stream fidl from ! bank to bank and 30 feet deep. It is crossed by eight anicuts of substantial masonry, most of them the work of a former generation, feeding each a canal for irrigation, some on one side only and some on both sides of the river. The irrigation is generally direct from ea,ch canal for a distance • of about 5 miles, and beyond that is supplemented by a number of tanks, sometimes as many as twenty, dependent mainly for their supply upon the single channel. The last or Srivaikuntham anient is a fine work constructed lately by the British Grovern- ment at a cost of eleven laklis, including two canals, head sluices, and numerous subsidiary works. To the north and south of the Tamrapumi and its mountain basin there descend from the ghauts two principal streams, the Vaigai to the north, which drains the mountains as far north as the Madura boundary, and the Numbiar to the south, which carries to the sea such small quantity of water as is not diverted for irrigation from nearly the whole of the southern portion of the range. The Hanamanadi, a small stream in the extreme south, drains the last few miles of the ghauts. None of these rivers have any very important source ; they are supplied by the numerous streams and torrents which descend by every little valley in the mountains. Each stream, after reaching the plains, is crossed again and again by small stone anicuts or dams for the direct supply of small patches of irrigation near the foot of the mountains, and further out to fill the innumerable tanks with which the surface of the plain country of Tinnevelly is studded. The streams to the south of the Tamrapurni basin are better supplied than those to the north ; they feed a considerable area round the large villages of Kalkad and Tii-ukarungudy directly, and supply several large reservoirs, besides a host of small ones. It must not, however, be supposed that the very large number of tanks scattered over the plains of Tinnevelly are all supplied from mountain sources ; a large number of them is purely rain-fed, N, MANUAL or THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 5 receiving only the surface drainage in heavy rain from the country Chapter I. above them ; and even when tanks are connected by channels and Descriptive. anicuts with the rivers or streams which cross the district, the bulk of the supply beyond ten miles from the foot of the ghauts, excepting only in the case of the Tamrapumi, is derived from the surface drainage of the country during heavy rain, by which the rivers are suddenly swollen into rapid torrents, whose waters are divei-ted by dam below dam, and led by channel after channel to multitudes of tanks with so much effect that it is rare that any %vater reaches the sea. On taking a bii'd's-eye view of the district from one of the highest peaks of the mountains, a good general idea of its features may be obtained. A narrow green winding ribbon, with a silver thread in its centre, represents the Tami-apurni with its 1 irrigated land— the wealth of Tinnevelly ; north and south are wide areas of red sandy land undulating in broad and gentle slopes, studded with numerous tanks of all sizes and shapes, each with its little patch of green rice below it ; the dry red lands largely waste, and when cultivated bearing poor crops of pidse, gram, or of inferior kinds of grain, but especially to the south well stocked with palmyra pahns ; to the north and north-east wide level plains, in the dry season black and bare, but when cultivated an unbroken stretch of cotton, cholum, and cumbu, and dotted with nimierous tanks here as elsewhere. A succession of large villages bristling with pagoda towers and substantial tiled houses lines the valley of the Tamraprnmi, and the plains elsewhere show a village for every tank of any size, and for every two to three miles of linear distance in any direction. The river valley produces rice and nothing else, but two rich Produce of harvests every year. The sandy belt along the sea abounds with the palmyra palm to so great an extent towards the southern extremity of the peninsula that this part of Tinnevelly goes commonly by the name of the palmyra forest. Jaggery and sugar are manufactured from the juice which is extracted from this palm, and are the chief products of this area ; but samei, an inferior grain, and under tanks, springs, and wells, rice, plantains, and raggy, &c., are raised. The red soil belt at the foot of the ghauts produces cholum, cumbu, gram, &c., on the dry lands and under wells, and good crops of rice are raised wherever water is procm'able. The black cotton plain yields in the driest season fine harvests of cotton, and when rains are fairly abundant cholum and cumbu, gram and pidses of several kinds, besides fine crops of raggy, cholum, chillies, and tobacco imder the numerous wells with which parts of these extensive plains are plentifully supplied. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter I. Descriptive. Principal villages. r .r' Eoada. I The chief towns of the district, as might be expected, are situated either along the river valley ; or, secondly, along the foot of the mountains, where the descent of a stream or river of more than ordinary importance gives facilities for rice cultivation ; or, thirdly, in central positions on long established lines of communication through the black cotton plains. Tinnevelly is the chief of the first class of villages, half way between the mountains and the sea, with 21,044 inhabitants. Palamcottah, a mile off on the other bank of the Tamrapurni, rose to importance as the chief military station of the district, which it continues to be, though the fort which served the English in good stead in the last century has been demolished. Travelling westward along the valley of the Tamrapurni, we have Melapoliem, Shermadevy, Viravanellur, Kaladakurichi, and Ambasamudram, all villages coiitaining a population of upwards of 4,000 ; and to the east Manakarai, Srivaikuntham, Tenkarai, Alwar-Tinnevelly, Perungulam, Tenduperi, Siruthandanellur, Yeral, and Ahttir of similar size. The next group of large villages, those situated at the foot of the ghauts, gives us Tirukaranguddi with a population 1,861 as furthest south ; then Kalkad six miles to the north ; twenty miles further north we come on the river valley with Kaladakui'ichi and Amba- samudram ; then still travelling north Alvarkurichi, Ambur, Kadiem, Tenkasi, Vasudevanellur, Sevagiri, Satur, Srivilliputtur, and Wartrapp, all deriving their importance from mountain irriga- tion. Inland Virudupati and Sivakasi, centrally situated in the cotton tracts, are places of importance and on the old main lines of com- munication northward. Along the seaooast the country is poor, but the seaports of Tuticorin and Kulasegarapatam are flourishing places of trade, especially the former, which, with a popidation of 10,565 and a trade valued at about 143 lakhs annually, is the principal port of the district and the terminus of the South Indian Railway. It has an extensive boat harbour and a good anchorage open in both mon- soons, and is visited regularly every week by the steamers of the British India Steam Navigation Company trading up and down the coast, as well as by a considerable number of sailing ships and occasional steamers direct from Europe. The centre upon which all the main lines of communica- tion converge is Tinnevelly. North, north-west, west, south-west, south, and east to the confines of the district roads have long been in existence, and have been much improved within the last fifty years. Many of them have excellent avenues : branch lines connecting the larger towns with these have also been constructed. The total MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. I mileage is 849. The main lines liave always been (1 ) from Tinnevelly Chapter I. north to Madura ; (2) from Tinnevelly south round the ghauts into Descriptive. Travancore ; (3) from Tinnevelly east to the chief seapoi-t Tuticorin ; and (4) a line along the foot of the ghauts from the Madura frontier to Cape Comorin, and so to Travancore. The first and third of these lines have now been taken up by the South Indian Railway opened in December 1875 to the great advantage of the district. Traffic even at the commencement of the century was considerable. Trade. In 1807 the expoi-ts were estimated at 14 lakhs of rupees, chiefly cloths. In 1865-66 they were 88 lakhs. Tinnevelly does little more than feed itself, but it exports cotton to the value of about 44 lakhs annually, and jaggery drawn from the palmyra valued at Bupees 2,17,267. The imports, almost nil at the beginning of the century, have risen to 559 lakhs, chiefly cotton goods, twist, &c., of Em-opean manufacture, and a small quantity of timber from Ceylon and Travancore. Tinnevelly has long been celebrated for its pearl and chank Pearl fishery, fisheries. The pearl oyster formerly abounded on the reefs and shoals off the coast of Ceylon and Tinnevelly, and yielded during the first half of this century a total revenue of Rupees 8,87,021, or an average of Rupees 1,47,836 in each of the six years in which a fishery took place. The fishery is very uncertain. It has taken place in eight years only since 1800. This is due to the migrating / habits of the pearl oyster. ^ The chank is a large convolute shell five inches long by Chank fisliGrv three broad, and is regarded in Northern India especially with a superstitious veneration. Large quantities are obtained from the muddy bottom of the sea off the Tinnevelly coast near Tuticorin, like the pearl oyster, by means of divers. Both are a monopoly the property of Grovernment. The chank fishery has yielded an average revenue of 5,253 rupees dm-ing the last twenty years. Unlike the pearl oyster the chank is always found off Tuticorin, and the fishing has been regularly leased out by Government to the highest bidder. The pearl oyster disappeared from Tinnevelly waters about eighteen years ago, but has recently been found again in large numbers so as to give hopes of a fishery at no distant date. The climate of Tinnevelly is peculiar, the result of the influence Climate, of the two monsoons. On the whole its principal characteristics are light rainfall and equable temperature. In the hot months, viz., from February to June, the thermometer in the shade rarely rises beyond 95°, but has been known to reach 100°. In the coldest months, December and January, it is seldom ' lower than about 77°, but has once been observed as low as 72°. The mean temperature varies from 80° to 90° in the course of The year. 8 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY niSTRICT. Chapter I. The seasons care the results of the south-west and north-east Desckiptive. monsoons. The south-west monsoon breaks on the western or Travancore side of the ghauts early in June, For some weeks before, strong westerly and south-westerly winds prevail. The 15th of June brings the first floods down the Tamrapui-ni and the first crop of rice is planted out, having been sown in seed-beds a month earlier. But little rain falls in Tinnevelly, and that chiefly in slight showers along the foot of the ghauts ; but the climate throughout the district is sensibly cooled by the westerly winds blowing through the monsoon rain by way of the various gaps and passes through the mountain range. At this season the climate at the foot of the mountains is delightfid. A steady supj)ly of water descends from the mountains and feeds the rice-lands until shortly before the first harvest in September, when the south-west monsoon gradually dies away. The first crop is then reaped and preparations are immediately made for the second crop to be raised from the north-east monsoon. This monsoon is due about the 15th October, and is often accom- panied by storms of considerable violence and high and sudden floods in the rivers, occasionally such as to produce much damage. This monsoon is less regular, but heavier in its discharges of rain. The rice-fields are fed by the river freshes at intervals as the rains fall, or by water stored in tanks during the heavier showers. The rain at this season is general over the district, and it is by its aid that the dry crop is everywhere raised, and that the greater number of tanks not river fed receive their annual and single supply. It lasts from October to January. Occasional showers fall in April and May. The total rainfall as registered in ten places in thei^istrict for ten years, 1853-63, averages 35 inches ; nearly two-thirds of which fall dui'ing the rains, that is, during October, November, and December in the north-east monsoon. This, if fairly distributed throughout the season, will serve to bring to maturity all the crops, both dry and wet. The hot season commences with the month of February and continues with only an occasional thunder shower until the south- west monsoon breaks in June. The whole country, except a few patches under well cultivation, is bare and burnt up during these months. Strong winds from the south, known as alongshore winds, prevail especially near the coast, and carry volumes of sand in their course, to the frequent injury of the cultivated lands. Taluks. The district is divided into nine taluks for magisterial and revenue purposes. Of these the following five, beginning from the northern or Madura frontier, lie at the foot of the ghauts or along the western side of the district : Srivilliputtur, Sankaranainarkoil, Tenkasi, Ambasamudram, and Nanguneri. MANUAL OF TTIE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. \f Nangunori, at the extreme south, is bouuded by the mountains on Chapter I. the west and the sea on the east. Descriptivb. The following three taluks lie on the seacoast and occupy tlie eastern portion of the district : Ootapidaram to the north, Tenkarai in the centre, and Nanguneri to the south. Between these two lines lies Satur to the north and Tinnevelly in the centre. Each taluk has a Tahsildar Sub-Magistrate with the usual Adnunistra- establishment, and the taluks of Srivilliputtur, Satur, Nanguneri, ^^""■ Tenkarai, and Tinnevelly have each an extra Sub-Magis- trate and Deputy Tahsildar stationed at Wartrapp, Virudupati, Radapuram, Kiilasegarapatam and Palamcottah, respectively ; while Ootapidaram, containing the large division of Ettiapuram, has four extra Sub-Magistrates, one stationed at Vellatiknlam to the north-east, one at Kytar to the south-west, o-ne at Ettiapuram in the centre, and one at Tuticorin, the diief port of the district. Tlie civil jimsdiction is arranged also by taluks, but the number oi courts is less. For the central taluk of Tinnevelly and the large towns of Tinnevelly and Palamcottah there is provided a Sub-Judge at Tinnevelly and a Munsif s Court. For the towns of Tuticoiin and the taluk of Ootapidaram there is a Sub-Judge having Muusif's and Small Cause powers at Tuticorin. The ci\dl jiuisdiction of Tenkarai and Nanguneri belongs to the Muusif's Court at Srivaikuntham. The Ambasamudi-am Munsif has charge of Ambasamiidram and Tenkasi, and the Srivilliputtur Munsif of Sankaranainarkoil, Srivilliputtur, and Satiu". The District Magistrate and Collector resides at Tinnevelly, and usually has immediate charge of Sankaranainarkoil, with an Assistant in charg6 of Timievelly Taluk, or vice vrr.sd. The Head Assistant's head-quarters are at Shermadevy, twelve miles west of Palamcottah, with the charge of Nanguneri, Amba- samudram, and Tenkasi. The Sub-Collector is stationed at Tuticorin, with Tenkarai and Ootapidaram. The General Depiity Collector has his head-quartei-s at Satur and manages Satiu' and Srivilliputtur Taluks. The Superintendent of Police, with head-quarters at Palamcottah, manages the taluks of Tinnevelly, Nanguneri, Ambasamudram, Tenkasi, Sankaranainarkoil and Srivilliputtur. The rest of the district falls to the Assist-ant Superintendent at Tuticorin. At Tuticorin also is stationed the Master Attendant and Superin- tendent of the Pearl Bank and Cliank Fishery, while Sea Customs Superintendents are posted at Tuticorin, Kulasegarapatam, and Kayalpatam. 2 10 MANUAL OF THE TI]N'NT:yELLY DISTRICT, Chaptek I. Desckiptive. Summary. Tinnovelly must be regarded as having greatly changed in its general appearance within the last century owing to the destruc- tion of jungles and of trees of all kinds to make room for a rapidly extending cultivation under British encouragement. At the heginning of the century it is described as well wooded, especially along the foot of the mountains ; now it is essentially an open country, cultivated throughout, and remarkable for the scarcity of woods, jungles, and trees of any kind. The palmyra alone holds its place, though even here there is reason to think a large reduc- tion has taken place by the cutting down and clearing away of these trees to facilitate the breaking up of the ground for culti- vation. It is thought by many that this process of denudation has been carried too far. Other salient features of the district are- The perfection to which the system of double-crop cultivation of rice has been carried by the aid of the almost perennial streams of the Tamrapurni and Chittar Rivers, as well as the thorough manner in which every other stream having the advantage of a mountain source has been utilized for rice cultivation, and the complete system of catchment and storage for secu.ring the surplus water of the ordinary rainfall on the plains, by nimierous tanks placed in the most advantageous situation throughout the surface of the country. This great system for utilizing every available source of water- supply, with its numerous stone anicuts across the rivers and streams, its channels and its tanks, is believed to have originated about the 15th century, and is to this day the main source of the wealth and prosperity of Tinnevelly. Progressively increasing care is, however, being bestowed on the cultivation of the dry lands. The extensive black cotton plains of North and North-East Tinnevelly are one sheet of cotton, cholum, gram, and other crops during the season, October to February, though black and bare the rest of the year. The richer red soils are treated in the same manner, with increasing care, manure, and regular cultivation ; while even the poorest soils, of which there is an enormous extent in Southern and Western Tinnevelly, are regularly cropped once in two or three years according to the power of the soil. Lastly, garden cultivation by means of wells of such crops as tobacco, chillies, plantains, vegetables of various sorts, t^c.,is rapidly extending and serves to break the monotonous and desert aspect of tlie country when the dry crops are off the ground, with brilliant patches of refreshing verdure, as well as to supply employment and profit to many. These patches alone very partially redeem the country in the eyes of a traveller, in April or May, from the ap23carance of a hot and dusty desert, with no life in the villages MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 11 or fields, and only the mirage to relieve tlie eye ; but in Novem- CHArTEK I. ber and December lie would see the whole face of the country Desckiptive. changed, and if the season be good, the fields and roads alive with peasants, cattle, carts and ploughs, miles upon miles of gently undu- lating country green with every variety of crop and lit up by the frequent flash of water shining out like silver, which indeed it rivals in value, from the countless tanks and channels and streams which the ingenuity of former generations, eking out the scanty gifts of natui-e, has provided for the benefit of the cultivator. The great range of the Western Grhauts walls in the district from the outer world to the west. Its inner ranges of valleys and forests serve the low country as a vast sponge, collecting the heavy rainfall of the mountains and absorbing it for a time, to restore it to the thirsty rice-fields vvdien the rains no longer fall in the plains. The range produces besides excellent timber of many different kinds and abundant pasture for cattle at certain seasons, and is always a glorious featui-e in every landscape, at whatever time of year, within twenty miles of its base. The sea along the whole eastern and southern sides of Tinnevelly is at once a boundary which raises no disputes, and the highway of the rapidly increasing wealth of the district. Famous nineteen centimes ago, it promises after many disappointments soon again to add importance to the district by the production of pearls, not now however, as then, its most valued gift, but still a not incon- siderable addition to the wealth which yearly pours out of Tinne- velly to benefit the world, and into it to enrich its people over this highway of commerce. The climate though hot is more equable than elsewhere in India, and is mitigated along the coast by daily sea-breezes during the hottest months, February to June. Coui'tallam, from June to September, possesses one of the most""^ delightful climates in the world, tropical in every agreeable sense of the word, while it is very rarely hotter than is agreeable. The average rainfall is not large, but if fairly distributed between October and January it suffices all the purposes of agriculture. Little or no rain falls in Tinnevelly during the south-west mon- soon which breaks in June, except on the slopes of the mountains and for three or four miles from their base ; but strong west winds blowing cool through the monsoon rains freshen the atmosphere for thirty miles from the foot of the range. The people are on the whole remarkably healthj-; fever, small-pox and cholera, endemic or sporadic, are the principal causes of death, the first especially in the villages near the foot of the ghauts and during the hot season, combined with the native treatment by starvation. Fevers are often fatal to Natives, rarely to Europeans. 12 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter I. Cholera, defying every precaution, as well as every attempt to Descriptive, penetrate into the causes of its mysterious movements, is the principal means by which the rapid advance in numbers is kept in clieck. Vaccination is gradually taking the place of the worship of the goddess of small-pox in the estimation of the people, and ■\vitJi more decided results upon the havoc committed by this disease among them. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTKICT. 1 o CHAPTER 11. POPULATION, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, &c. Most of the following particulars are taken from Dr. Cornish's Chapteh II. report on the census of 1871. Poi-ulation, The population of tlie Tiunevelly District, by the census of 1871, isxics, &c. ^vas 1,693,959. An enumeration made with considerable care in 1822 gives the numbers at 564,957 ; allowing for errors of all description, it may fairly be concluded that the population has doubled in the last fifty years, — a sign of the prosperity of the district under British rule. The number of villages in 1871 was 1,824, and the number of villages, houses 403,803 ; — 70-3 per cent, of the j)opulation live in Ryot- wari and Grovernment villages, 23*5 per cent, in Zemindari, and 6 2 per cent, in Inam villages. Of the houses 93'5 per cent, are thatched, 4'2 per cent, tiled, and Housea. 2'7 per cent, terraced. The palmyra leaf is almost universally used for thatching. Tlie density of the population is greatest in the river valley, the taluks of Ambasamudram, Tinnevelly, and Tenkarai having respectively 539, 514, and 504 inhabitants to the sqiiare mile, agaiiist 258 to the square mile in Ootapidaram Taluk. The average population per square mile is high as compared with other districts, being 327'3. Of the total population nearly 89 per cent, are Hindus, 5 per Ciiief cent. Mahomedans, and 6 per cent. Native Christians. population. During the past twenty years the Hindu population has increased Dy 33 per cent., the Mahomedans by only 10-5 per cent., while the Christian population shows the enormous increase of 74 per cent., probably more than half converts. Of the Hindus 236,717 are followers of Vishnu and 1,269,393 Hindu of Siva, or about five to one in favor of Siva. The Vishnuvites are ^'^ ^^^" most numerous in the northern talidis of Satur and Srivilliputtur. To a very great extent, vmiversally indeed among the lower castes, the Hindus are Sivites only in name ; in reality they are worship- pers of demons, or evil spirits, or local village deities. Ahuost every village has its pagoda or pagodas, many of tlie richer temples having lofty towers and high stone walls enclosing 14 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter II. them, besides innumerable " mantapams " or stone built resting- PopuLATioN, places for the gods when carried out in procession. The largest I8TICS &c. " temples are those of Trichendur, Alwar-Tinnevelly, Srivaikuntham, Tiunevelly, Nanguneri, Srivilliputtm', Tenkasi, Courtallam and Papanassam, the last two celebrated for the falls of the rivers Chittar and Tamrapurni, to which crowds of religious visitors resort to bathe and wash away their sins. Courtallam is the favorite resort of the Eui'opean residents dm*ing three months of the year, from the middle of June to the end of September ; it is not elevated above the plains and no more than 450 feet above the sea, but through a gap in the Western Ghauts the south-west monsoon winds blow cool and moist, so that there is a difference of fi'om ten to fifteen degrees in the temperature of this part and of the arid plains a few miles away. Christians. The number of Christians in Tinnevelly in 1871 was 102,249, of whom rather more than one-half are Roman Catholics, the rest Protestants, and all but 327 are Natives. The Protestant Missions have been most successful among the Shanar caste, the Roman Catholics among the Paravers and fishermen along the sea coast. The following table shows the number of Hindus under each caste, and the proportion that each caste bears to the gross Hindu population : — Total. Percentage. Brahmins (Priests) Kshatriyas (Warriors) Chetties (Traders) Vellalars (Agriculturists) Idaiyars (Shepherds) Kummalars (Artizans) Kanakan (Writers) Kykolan (Weavers) Vannian ^Laborers) Kosavan (Potters) ., Sathani (Mixed caste) Sembadavan (Fishermen) Shanars (Toddy -drawers) . . Umbattan (Barbers) Vannan (Washermen) Others , . Parayars 56,866 10,556 24,414 341,331 87,992 62,793 117 52,476 367,889 1,149 27,548 13,425 291,053 19,913 20,315 53,082 167,671 3-5 •7 1-5 21-2 5-5 3-9 •007 3-3 22-9 •7 1-7 •8 181 1-2 1-3 3-3 10-4 T otal . . 1,598,590 • • Agricultural classes. The agricultural castes in this district are by far the most numerous. The Vellalars number 341,331, and Vannians, also to a large extent agricultui'al, 367,889. The Shanars may also be looked upon as an agricultural caste. In large portions of the district notliing will grow but tlie palmyra : the cultivation and sale of the products of tliis tree is the special caste employment of the Shanars, These people number 291,053. MANUAL 0¥ THE TTNNEVELLT DISTRICT. 15 These three classes of community constitute 62 per cent, of Chapter IT. the total Hindu population of Tinnevelly. Their distribution is Population, unequal, the Shanars being most plentiful in the palmyra-growing i"t^ics^1^c"" districts to the south, and the Vellalars and Vannians in the valleys and plains where ordinary cultivation is pm^sued. The Parayas or out-castes nimiber 167,671 ; about one-third of the male population of this class are engaged as laborers. They form 10"4. per cent, of the population of the district. The shepherd caste constitutes about 5 "5 per cent, of the people ; they number 87,992, and about one-fourth of the males are shown to be employed in agricultural pursuits. The classes which have a proportion below 4 and above 3 per cent, of the population are the Brahmins, the artizan and the weaver castes. Brahmins number 56,866 (males 27,723 and females 29,143). Brahmins. They abound particularly in the Ambasamudram and Tinnevelly Taluks. The proportion of Brahmins in the whole district is S5 per cent,, but in the taluks named the proportions are 8*9 and 6*5 per cent, respectively. They are largely engaged as cultivators in this as in other districts, while many hold office as village account- ants. The artizan castes of the Hindu community number 62,793 (males 31,721, females 31,072), and constitute 3*9 of the Hindu population. The weaving castes number 52,476, or 3*3 percent, of the popu- Weavers, lation. Of the male population of this class, viz. 26,081, 10,568 individuals are shown as engaged in their caste occupation, or in employments connected with the dress of the people. These castes abound mostly in the Srivilliputtur and Ambasamudram Taluks, where they number 6*9 and 7*5 per cent, respectively of the total population. The remaining classified castes, and the proportion which each Other castes, caste bears to the total Hindu population, is shown in the following table : — Propor- tion. Males. Females. Total. Sathani or Temple servants 1-7 13,272 14,276 27,548 Chetties (Traders) 1-5 12,065 12,349 24,414 Vannan (Washermen) 1-3 10,322 9,993 20,315 Ambattan (Barbers) 1-2 9,971 9,942 19,913 Sambadavan (Fishermen) . . 0-8 6,777 6,648 13,425 Kshatriyas (WaiTiors) . . 0-7 5,138 5,418 10,556 Kusavan (Potmakers) . . . . •07 5,766 5,663 11,429 Kanakan (Writers) •007 61 56 117 None of these castes includes 2 per cent, of tlie people. The Sathani is a mixed caste, and frequently connected with the service of Hindu temples, or follow the occupation of bards and minstrels. 16 MANFAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Maravars. Shanara. Chapteu II. The Chotties are essentially a trading commnnity inhabiting towns Population-, or important Villages. The washerman, barber, and potmaking Character- . • • ^^ -ti j i p i isTics, &c. castes were originally village servants, and one or more oi each trade were, and are to this day, supported by each village com- munity. The Kshatriyas are suspected to be mostly Shanars who are fond of arrogating to themselves titles which imply a higher place in the social scale than that assigned to them by the general accord of other castes. There is, however, a Rajput colony in the district, namely at Rajapoliem in the Srivilliputtur Taluk. By far the largest part of the lands of the district is held either from Government or from the different Zemindars by Vellalars (here popularly known as Pillays) , or by the descendants of Telugu settlers, Naiks, and Reddies, by Razus, and by Brahmins. The Vannian caste, known in Tinnevelly as Maravars, are chiefly the agricultural servants or sub-tenants of the wealthier ryots under whom they cultivate, receiving a share of crop varying from one-fifth to half. An increasing proportion of this caste are becom- ing the ryotwari OAvners of land by purchase from the original holders. The same remarks apply to considerable numbers of the shepherd caste, while another section of this class finds employment in. breeding and rearing cattle and sheep for the market, and for use in manuring the fields of the cultivators, for which there exists a regular standard of remuneration, proportioned to the number of animals folded on the land and the number of nights they remain. The Shanars are a caste peculiar to Tinnevelly. They are thus described by the Right Rev. Bishop Caldwell, who has labored among them as a Missionary for upwards of thirty years, and than whom there can be no better authority. " It is amongst the Shanars or palmyra cultivators, a caste which is almost restricted to Tinnevelly and South Travancore, that Chris- tianity has made most progress ; and though the movement has extended to some other castes higher and lower in the social scale, almost all the missionary results for which Tinnevelly is famous have been accom- plished amongst tlie Shanars. Shanar Chi'istiauity still forms the staple of the Christianity of Tinnevelly. " In some respects the position of the Shanars in the scale of castes is peculiar. Their abstinence from spirituous liquors and from beef, and the circumstance that their widows are not allowed to marry again connect them with the Siidra group of castes. On the other hand they are not allowed, as all Siidras are, to enter the temples, and, where old native usages still prevail, they are not allowed even to enter the Courts of justice, but are obliged to offer their prayers to the gods, and their complaints to the Magistrates outside ; and their women, like those of the castes still lower, are obliged to go uncovered from the waist upwards. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELIA' DISTRICT. 17 " These circumstances connect them -with the group of castes info- Chapteh II. rior to the Sudi-as ; Lut if they must be classed with that group, they Poi'ulatio.v, are undoubtedly to be regarded as forming tlie highest division of it. Chakacter- A considerable proportion of the Shanars are owners of the land they ' ' ^' cultivate, many are engaged in trade, and some of both these classes are wealthy as wealth is estimated amongst peasantry ; whilst one family, being Zemindars, is entitled to bo classed with the gentry of the province. All of them are, in some shape or another, engaged in the cidtivation of the palmyra, and perhaps the majority are employed in climbing that tree. " Though the Shanars rank as a caste with the lower classes, and though the greater number of them earn their daily bread by their daily labor, pauperism is almost unknown amongst them. Of tho gi-eat majority it may be said, that they are equally removed from the temptations of poverty and riches, equally removed from the superficial polish and subtle rationalism of the higher castes, and from the filthy habits and almost hoiieless degradation of the agri- cultural slaves." The Shanars abound in the sandy tracts of the extreme south, where their chief property consists of the palmyi-a palm, of which they extract the juice to manufacture jaggery (a coarse sugar) ; they also cultivate, and many of them engage successfully in trade ; they are a hardy and industrious class. The Mahomedan population of Tinnevelly is mostly of mixed Mahomedans. descent ; nearly 60 per cent, of the whole are of the class termed Lubbais, wliile Arabs, Sheiks, Syads, Patans, and Moguls are hardly represented ; 29-9 per cent, of the whole are imclassified, but it is probable that they belong chiefly to the Lubbais or to converted Hindus of low castes. The Lubbais are found chiefly in towns and settled along the coast ; in the former they are engaged in weaving and in general mercantile business ; in tlie latter in sea- faring pursuits, chiefly trade by sea. Few of them engage in agriculture. The trade of the district is carried on by Shanars, Vellalars, Chetties and Lubbais, and a few Brahmins. Shdndrs, Weavers, Mahomodans, Lubbais and Parayahs, making 12 per cent, of the population, follow industrial pursuits chiefly connected with the supply of food and clothing, and a similar population, consist- ing of Vannians, Maravars, Parayahs, Vellalars, Pullars, and Shanars form the laboring classes of Tinnevelly, 104,936 in number. Eight per cent, of the population, a large proportion for India, are found to be able to read and write. The Maravar or Vannian caste peculiar to Southern India has Jlaravars. a liistory of its own of considerable interest. To this class belonged most of the Poligars or feudal chieftains who disputed with the English tho possession of Tinnevelly during the latter half 3 18 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapteu II. of the last and the first years of the present century ; as feudal chiefs Population, and at the same time heads of a nimierous caste or class of the I.STICS ■'"■'• without much interference. The Vijayanagara kingdom embraced the whole Coromandel Canarfse coast, as well as much of what is now known as the Ceded Districts ^" ^i^'"'^''- and Mysore. It was a Telugu State, and was preceded by a Canarese kingdom having its chief city at Dwarasamudram. This was destroyed by the Mahomedans from the north, and upon its ruins rose the Telugu Vijayanagara. Considerable influence seems to have been exercised in the southernmost regions of India even by the earlier or Canarese kingdom, traces of which remain in Canarese names, such as the Canadien anient and the Palayan channel. Indeed the fact of these two, the principal irrigation works of the Tinnevelly District, bearing Canarese names would seem to indicate that the influence of this kingdom was very distinctly felt whether before or after the Mahomedan interregnimi, and that it was by them that the extensive and admirably conceived system of irrigation found in Tinnevelly was established. These most interesting works would thus appear to have been commenced about the beginning of the fifteenth century. The Pandyan dynasty was practically subverted by the Nayaka?, Pandyims as the Vijayanagara Telugus were called, about the year 1520, ^l^^\^^'''*,''J'y although Pandya kings were nominally allowed to reign for some 1520. ' time longer. Nagama Nayaka and his son Visvanatha Nayaka were the actual conc[uerors ; the latter was a person of great ability. Madura is said to have been fortified by him and Trichi- nopoly acquii^ed for the kingdom of Madura, with which it remained until the times of the Nawab of Arcot. He held the kingdom for the Vijayanagara kings, and it descended by his posterity for fifteen generations. The constitution of the Poligars, ancestors Oiisin of the of the present Zemindars of Tinnevelly and Madura, is assigned ^'^^S^^^- by tradition to Visvanatha Nayaka, and was by far the most impor- tant political event of the time. It is more likely, however, that the Poligars were not at all created at one time, but by successive princes of the Nayaka race. " Looking at the result of the appointment of Poligars by the rulers of Madura," remarks Bishop Caldwell, " it can hardly be said that the idea of governing the country by means of an order of rude, rapacious, feudal nobles, such as the Poligars generally were, 6 42 MANUAL OF THE TINXEVELLY DISTRICT. CHArxEic III. turned out to be a happy one, for down to the period of their final Political subjection and Submission to British authority in 1801, whenever 1 ' they were not at war with the central authority, they were at war "with one another, and it was rarely possible to collect from them the tribute or revenue due to the central authority without a display of military force, which added greatly both to the unpopularity and the expense of the collection." This remark would, however, apply with equal force to feudal institutions in Eiu-ope in the middle ages, and as these served their purpose in the age of the world in which they flourished, it is perhaps reasonable to suppose that protection from foreign foes and internal order and progress, though frequently accompanied by oppression and misrule, was secured by this means to an extent which would have been otherwise impossible. The Nayaiv-a Fifteen rulers of the Nayaka race are enumerated by Mr. 1559-1736. Nelson in his Manual of Madura as having borne sway over Madura and Tinnevelly between 1559 and 1736. *' By far the most distinguished of these," says Bishop Caldwell, *' was Thirumala Naika, from 1623 to 1659, a prince whose magni- ficent tastes are attested by the buildings he erected at Madura, especially his palace, a Saracenic structiu'e which is the grandest building of its kind in Southern India. What is now a palace was originally little more than the hall of audience. He erected another palace of much smaller dimensions, but in the same style of archi- tecture at Strivilliputur in Tinnevelly, where, it is said, he liked to reside occasionally." (The remains of this palace are now utilized as the Tahsildar's cutcherry.) " The greater part of Thirumala Naika's reign, however, was disfigured by exhausting and impolitic wars." " The next most noticeable personage in the Nayaka line was the queen regent Mangammal (from 1689 to 1704), who ruled as regent during the minority of her grandson. She eschewed wars and cultivated the arts of peace ; and all through Tinnevelly as well as in Madura and the adjacent districts she achieved a reputation which survives to the present day, as the greatest maker of roads, planter of avenues, digger of wells, and builder of choultries, the royal houses of Madura ever produced. " The ordinary name by which the Nayaka rulers of Madura are styled in the Tamil country, at least in the South, is tlie Karthakkal; people speak of such and such an event as hap- pening in the days of the Karthdkkal. This is the Tamil plural of the Sanskrit Karta, a doer, an agent, a represeni ative. They assumed all the state and wielded all the powers of kings, but seem to have been deterred by some feeling of hereditary loyalty to the Vijayanagar dynasty from assuming the name." MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTEICT. 43 The last of Nayakas died in 1731, and shortly after the kingdom Chaitkk III. fell into the hands of the Mahomedans. Political History. We must now go back again almost as far as the Mahomedan iuterregnmn to describe the rise of the Portuguese power in Southern India. Vasco-dc-Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498, the first mariner who had succeeded in doubling the Cape of Good Hope and reaching India by that route. The first settlement of the Portuguese was Cochin, where they The Portu- established themselves in 1502, and erected a fort and made them- S"^^*^' ^^^^• selves masters of the seacoast. In 1517 they established a fort at Colombo in Ceylon, and in 1522 sent a commission to Mailapiir, or St. Thomas' Mount, to search for the body of St. Thomas. In 1532 they fitted out an expedition from Cochin to assist the Paravars or fishermen caste on the Tinnevelly coast against the Mahomedans. Xavier says the chiefs of the Mahomedans were slain and their power completely broken. Father Vaz, who accompanied the expedition, is said to have laid the foundation of the Christian Eoman Catholic Mission on this coast by the baptism of 20,000 people. By 1542, when Xavier visited the coast, the pearl fishery had Xavier visits fallen entirely into the hands of the Portuguese. They had estab- [3^®'*'^^^^'' lished themselves at Manapddu, Punnei Kayal, Tuticorin and Vembar, Punnei Kayal being at that time their principal settle- ment. About this time they began ^ have to contend against the ' ' ^ " Badagas," no doubt the Vadugas or Nayakas, who were at this time rising to power in Madura. The letters of Xavier are filled with complaints of their rapacity and violence. It appears clear that the extreme hostility of the Badagas or Nayakas to the poor Pai-ava Christians was due to the fact that the Portuguese had established complete civil and criminal jurisdiction over the seacoast, and had besides taken possession of the pearl fishery which had till now belonged solely to the crown of Madura ; hence the Nayakas' desire to expel or destroy the Christians on the coast, while tolerating Father P. DeNobili and others at Madura itself. " For the following items of interest respecting Punnei Kayal subsequent to Xavier's time," says Bishop Caldwell, "I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Burnell, who has taken them from early Portuguese writers, especially DeSousa :" — 1551.— Two hospitals and a seminary founded at Punicale. 44 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chavter III. 1552. — At Punicale, the chief place on the coast, there was a mud HisioRY^ fort. This fort was taken by the Badagas, Countinho, captain of the fishery, being defeated. 1553. — Punicale retaken by the fleet from Calicut. 1556. — There was a garrison at Punicale of fifty men only. 1563. — Shortly after 1563, when Ctesar Frederic visited the coast, the fishers for pearls still continued to pay for permission to tlie representative of the King of Portugal ; the Madura Nayakas had therefore not yet succeeded in gaining supreme power. 1570. — Great famine on the fishery coast. Father Henriquez established famine relief-houses, in some of which 50 persons were fed daily. Don Sebastian limits to the Chi-istian fishermen the tithes on pearls. Ceesar Frederic was a Venetian merchant, a fellow-coimtryman of Marco Polo, who spent eighteen years in India between 1563 and 1581. lie has left an interesting description of the pearl fishery, but as a more complete description by a Jesuit missionary will be given further on, I omit this. The first appearance of the Portuguese in Tuticorin was in 1532, when, as above related, 20,000 people in thirty villages, of which Tuticorin was one, were said to have been baptized. In 1543, when Xavier arrived, Tuticorin had a Portuguese governor. The Portuguese made Tuticorin their chief settlement from about 1580. In September 1544, as appears from a letter of Xavier, Tuticorin was taken by the Badagas and the governor compelled to fly to the islands off the coast. The conquest was, however, only temporary. The Dutch, The first mercantile expedition despatched by the Dutch to the East was in 1595. In 1602 the first Dutch ship was seen in Ceylon, from which period till 1658, when the Portuguese were expelled from Ceylon and the Coromandel Coast, the Dutch and Portuguese were incessantly at war. Colombo was taken by the Dutch in 1 655, three years before the capture of Tuticorin. The Dutch had factories and residents at Yambar, Vypar, Punnei Kayal, Old Kayal, Manapar and Cape Comorin. They had several trading out-stations also in places in the interior, as at Alwar-Tirunagari and Vadukankulam near the Arambuly pass ; they did not, like the Portuguese, claim authority over the Paravas, the caste of fishermen along the coast, but they professed themselves to be their patrons and protectors, and it was to the interest of the Paravas to keep on terms of amity with their Dutch neighbours, as they thereby gained protection from the exactions and oppressions of the Hindu and Mahomedan rulers of the interior. 1602-182.5. MANUAL OF THE TIXNEVELLY DISTRICT. 45 The Dutcli obtained from the King of Madura the monopoly of Chapter III. the fishery of the Tinnevelly coast, and drew a considerable revenue Political from licenses to fish, which they granted to all applicants at the '^^°^ ^' rate of 60 ecus (300 francs), and occasionally more, for each vessel employed, the number of licensed vessels amounting often to as many as six or seven hundred. The conch shell fishery was also theirs within the same limits as the pearl fishery, and yielded a considerable profit. Their ordinary trade was in cloths manufactured at Madura, for which they gave in exchange Japan leather and Malacca spices. The Jesuit missionary, from whose letters these particulars have been obtained, furnishes an account of the manner in which The pearl the pearl fishery was carried on by the Dutch in 1700. It is as ^s^*^^'y- follows : — ' ' In the early part of the year the Dutch seut out ten or twelve vessels in dilferent directions to test the localities in which it appeared desirable that the fishery of the year should be carried on, and from each vessel a few divers were let down, who brouglit up each a few thousand oysters, which were heaped upon the shore in separate heaps of one thousand each, and opened and examined. If the pearls found in each heap were found by the appraisers to be ■worth an ecu or more, the beds from which the oysters were taken were held to be capable of yielding a rich harvest ; if they were worth no more than thirty sous, the beds were considered unlikely to yield a profit over and above the expense of working them. As soon as the testing was completed, it was publicly announced either that there would, or that there would not, be a fishery that year. In the former case enormous crowds of people assembled on the coast on the day appointed for the commencement of the fishery ; traders came there with wares of all kinds ; the roadstead was crowded with shipping ; drums were beaten and muskets fired ; and everywhere the greatest excitement prevailed, until the Dutch Commissioner arrived from Colombo with great pomp and ordered the proceedings to be opened with a salute of cannon. Immediately afterwards the fishing vessels all weighed anchor and stood out to sea, preceded by two large Dutch sloops, which, in due time, drew off to the right and left and marked the hmits of the fishery ; and when each vessel reached its place, half its complement of divers plunging into the sea, each with a heavy stone tied to his feet to make him sink rapidly, and furnished with a sack (net) in which to put his oysters, and having a rope tied round his body, the end of which was passed round a pulley and hold by some of the boatmen ; thus equipped, the diver plunged in, and on reaching the bottom filled his sack with oysters until his breath failed, when he pulled a string with which he was provided, and the signal being perceived by the boatmen above, he was forthwitli hauled up by the rope, together with his sack of oysters. No artificial appliances of any kind were used to enable the men to stay under water for long periods. They were accustomed to the work from infancy almost, and consequently did it easily and well. 4G MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chai'ter III. " Some were much more skilful and lasting than others, and it was Political usual to pay them in proportion to their powers, a practice which led HisToiiY. ^^ much emulation and occasionally to fatal results. Anxious to out- do all his fellows, a diver would sometimes persist in collecting until ho was too weak to pull the string, and would be drawn up at last half or quite drowned, and very often a greedy man would attack and rob a successful neighbour under water ; and instances were known in which divers who had been thus treated took down knives and murdered their plunderers at the bottom of the sea. As soon as all the first set of divers had come up, and their takings had been examined and thrown into the hold, the second set went down. After an interval the first set dived again, and after them the second, and so on turn by turn. The work was very exhausting, and the strongest man could not dive often er than seven or eight times in a day, so that the day's diving was finished always before noon. " The diving over, the vessels returned to the coast and discharged their cargoes, and the oysters were all thrown into a kind of park and left for two or three days, at the end of which time they opened and discharged their treasures. The pearls having been extracted from the shells and carefully washed, were placed in a metal receptacle containing some five or six colanders of graduated sizes, which were fitted one into another so as to leave a place between the bottoms of every two, and were pierced with varying sizes, that which had the largest holes being the topmost colander, and that which had the smallest the undermost. When dropped into colander No. 1, all but the very finest j)earls fell through to No. 2, and most of them passed to Nos. 3, 4 and 5, whilst the smallest of all the seeds were strained off into the receptacle at the bottom. When all had staid in their proper colanders, they were classified and valued accordingly. The largest or those of the first class were the most valuable, and it is expressly stated in the letter from which this information is extracted, that the value of any given pearl was appraised almost exclusively with reference to its size, and was held to be affected but little by its shape and lustre. " The valuation over, the Dutch bought the finest pearls — they con- sidered that they had aright of pre-emption ; — at the same time they did not compel individuals to sell if unwilling. All the pearls taken on the first day belonged by express reservation to the King or to the Setupatti, according as the place of their taking lay off the coasts of the one or the other. The Dutch did not, as was often asserted, claim the pearls taken on the second day. They had other and more certain modes of making profit, of which the very best was to bring plenty of cash into a market where cash was not plentiful, and so enable them- selves to purchase at very easy prices. " The amount of oysters found in different years varied infinitely : some years the divers had only to pick up as fast as they were able, and as long as they could keep under water ; in others they could only find a few here and there. In 1700 the testing was most encouraging, and an ujiusually large number of boat-owners took MANUAL OP THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 47 out licenses to fish. But the season proved most disastrous. Only Chapter III. a few thousands were taken on the first day by all the divers Political together, and a day or two afterwards not a single oyster could be Histouy. found. It was supposed by many that strong under-currents had suddenly set in owing to some unknown cause, and covered the oysters with layers of sand. Whatever the cause, the results were most ruinous. Several merchants had advanced large sums of mono}' to boat-owners on speculation, which were of course lost. The boat- owners had, in like manner, advanced money to the divers and others, and they also lost their money ; and the Dutch did not make any- thing like their usual profit." The system piu-sued in fishing for pearls continues to the present da}^ in all points as above described. The Poligars received frequent assistance from the Dutch in their wars with the English. Ormo states that at the captm^o of Panjalamkuriehi by Colonel Fullaiion in 1783, the original treaty between the Dutch Grovernment of Colombo and Kattaboma Nayakan "vvas foimd in his fort. The following principal epochs in the history of the occupation Tuticorin. of Tuticorin are given by Bishop Caldwell and are of interest : — 1. The Dutch took Tuticorin from the Portuguese 1658. 2. It was taken from the Dutch by the English in 1782. 3. It was restored to the Dutch in 1785 in consequence of the treaty of 2nd September 1783. 4. It was taken again by the English in 1795. 5. And was again given back to the Dutch on 9th February 1818. C. It was finally ceded peacefully by the Dutch to the English on the 1st June 1825. Diu'ing the last Poligar war Tuticorin was captured and held for a short time by the Poligar of Panjalamkuriehi. This was in the beginning of 1801. At the end of 1801 General, then Captain, "Welch describes ^ Tuticorin as having a large fortified factory washed by the sea, and as a neat little town, the front street of which, on the seashore, had some good houses in it. The native inhabitants were about 5,000 in number. The population of Tuticorin at the census of 1871 was 11,000. lletm-ning again to the history of the Nayakas, we find that The Nayak-as, towards the end of their rule their capital was removed from ^j^j|^|j^'^.!|tJ*' Madura to Trichinopoly. tas, i73i. In 1731 the last of the Nayaka kings, Viziarangachola Natha, died and a disputed succession followed. Hearing of their disputes the Nawab of Ai'cot sent an army under the command of his sou Safdar Ali, and his relation and dewau Chanda Saheb, nominally 48 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Political HiSTOKY. CHArTEK III. for tliG purpose of collecting tribute, but really to seize any oppor- tunity that might offer for getting possession of Trichinopoly. Chanda Saheb by treachery made himself master of Trichinopoly, and then of Madura, with the countries dependent upon those places. One of the displaced Nayaka princes then applied to the Mahrattas, and in 1739 Raghuji Bhonslai and Futteh Singh, Mahratta generals, marched southwards, defeated the Nawab of Arcot, and got possession of Trichinopoly and Madura, taking Chanda Saheb away as a prisoner to Sattara. a great The French and English, 1748. In 1743 the Nizam himself entered the Carnatic with army, whereupon Trichinopoly and Madura were at once surren- dered to him, the Mahrattas being unable to cope with so formidable an antagonist. From this time the Madura country appears to have been held by officers commissioned by Anwar-ud- din, who had been appointed Nawab of Arcot by the Nizam in 1744, and by his son Mahomed Ali, who succeeded him in 1749. In 1748 Chanda Saheb regained his liberty and was recognized by the French as the Nawab of Arcot, while the cause of Mahomed Ali was espoused by the English, and in every district to the south the rival claims of these two princes led to conflict and confusion. The countries between the Coleroon and the extreme south of the peninsula did not openly throw off their allegiance to Mahomed Ali, but were lukewarm in his cause. He therefore sent an expedi- tion, consisting of 2,500 horses and 300 peons, with a detachment of 90 Europeans under Lieutenant Innis (probably the first Englishman ever seen in Tinnevelly,) to settle the government. The chiefs of the expedition met with no opposition, but had great difficulty in keeping down the spirit of revolt and treason among their own troops. Meantime one Alum Khan, an able soldier of fortune, contrived to obtain great influence over the garrison of Madura. The troops made him their governor, and he determined to maintain the city under his authority for Chanda Saheb. The loss of this place, by cutting off communication between Trichinopoly and the countries of Tinnevelly, deprived Mahomed Ali of more than half his possessions. In 1751 Captain Cope made an effort to retake Madura, but was unsuccessful. Colonel At the request of the Nawab a force of 500 Europeans and Stion ^I75.r" 2,000 sepoys was ordered to proceed to the countries of Madura and Tinnevelly in 1755, in order to reduce them to obedience. The whole force was commanded by Colonel Heron, while Mak- phuz Khan, the Nawab's elder brother, was appointed to be the Loss of Madura. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 19 Nawab's representative in these countries. Mahomed Issoof (Usuf) CHAriER III. Khan, who afterwards rose to he commander-in-chief of the native Political forces, was in command of the sepoys. The force took Madura without opposition, and a treaty was entered into with the Setupatti or Poligar of liamnad, by which he ceded two seaports in his territory to the English. After taking Kovilguddi, a fortified pagoda near Madura, Colonel Heron marched on south to Tinnevelly. Tlie renters, both of the capital and of the open country, acknow- ledged the Nawab without hesitation, but many of the ncighboming Poligars made pretences to evade the payment of tribute due by them. The most considerable of these was Kattaboma Nayakan,/ ^ Poligar of Panjalamkurichi, about fifty miles north-east of Tiunc- . - j velly, near the present town of Ootapidaram. An expedition was sent to reduce him, but had to be recalled as the whole force was obliged to return to Trichinopoly. On the way back a Poligar fort at Nelikotah is said to have been stormed and taken, and almost all tho garrison put to the sword in the heat of the attack. Bishop Caldwell doubts this story, as Nelikotah cannot be identified. While retiu-ning, Colonel Heron Avas induced to turn aside and attack the fort of Nellitangaville, now Nikkatansewal, a small estate, but held by a chief known as the Puli Devar, whose influence over all the western Poligars was great, and who gave the English much trouble. For want of cannon and of supplies and pay, the attack had to be abandoned, and the force retii-ed to Madiu'a, having collected but 70,000 rupees less than was required to pay tho troops, and after making a very disadvantageous treaty with Makphuz Khan to rent the country for the inadequate sum of 15,00,000 rupees. Colonel Heron, who had himself accepted large presents, was Colonol soon after recalled to Madras, tried by coui-t-martial, and dismissed Hctoh , 1 . recallud. tae service. On the recall of Colonel Heron the western Poligars, assisted Toligars by three Patau soldiers of fortune and by the King of Travancoro, ^°^^ "^ '^^"'®' at once began to give trouble, twice defeating Makphuz Khan and cutting off several of his parties. Encouraged by these successes and under the chieftainship of tho Puli Devar, they formed a league with the Avestern Poligars of Madura (from wliich the eastern Poligars of Tinnevelly, headed by Kattaboma Nayakan, were only withheld by the fact that they had given hostages to Colonol Heron,) for the capture of Madura and the complete subversion of the Nawab's authority. Having assembled a large army of 25,000 men, they detennined r.attir of first to destroy Makphuz Khan, who was loitering about near '^'"'"^^'-■^'y- 7 50 MANUAL OF THE TINNEYELLY DISTRICT, Chai'ter III. Tinnevelly. He however, by means of cessions of territory, Political persuaded the Poligar of Ettiapuram and Kattaboma Nayakan of isTtmY. Panjalamkurichi to assist him, and a great battle was fought \y about seven miles north of Tinnevelly, where the Puli Devar and his allies were completely defeated and fled each to his strong- hold. Mahomed In the meantime the Madras Grovernment, alarmed at the dition. dimensions assumed by this conspiracy, had organized a force which was placed under the command of Mahomed Yusuf and despatched from Trichinopoly into Tinnevelly. He took by storm the fort of Golarpatti, a stronghold on the high road, recovered Srivilliputtur, which had fallen into the hands of the Poligars, and drove out the Poligar of Kollamgundam, a few miles north-east of Srivilliputtur, upon which the Poligars, including the Puli Devar himself, made proposals of submission. The Poligars. At this time there were thirty-two Poligars in Tinnevelly, each of whom had entrenched himself in a fort and surrounded himself with a large body of armed retainers. The constant endeavour of each was to encroach on the domains of his neighbours, and especially to swallow up any revenue or right that still remained in the possession of the central government. Their armed retainers were either Maravars or Nayakas, the latter chiefly in the eastern villages, the former in the western country. These are described by Orme as tall, well made and well featured. "Their arms are lances and pikes, bows and arrows, rockets and matchlocks ; but whether with or without other weapons every man constantly wears a sword and shield. In battle the different arms move in distinct bodies, but the lance-men are rated the most eminent and lead all attacks. This weapon is eighteen feet long : they tie under the point a tuft of scarlet horse hair, and when they attack horse add a small bell. " Without previous exercise they assemble in a deep column, pressing close together, and advance at a long steady step, in some degree of time, their lances inclining forward but aloft, of which the elasticity and vibration, with the jingle and dazzle, scare the cavahy, and their approach is scarcely less formidable to infantry not disci- plined with fire-arms." Poligar From 1756 to 1763 the Poligars of Tinnevelly, aided frequently 1753-17T3 ^y ^^^ Rajah of Travancore, were in a constant state of rebellion against the authority of the Nawab, who was supported, but never with sufficient force, by the English, who kept a small force of sepoys and cavalry in the district under the conunand of Mahomed Yusuf. With very inferior resources this able officer managed to hold his own and to make progress in the suppression of various Poligars from time to time, but as often as he was successful he was called away or deprived of his forces by the needs of the MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTIITCT. 51 Macbas Grovornmont, then at war with the French, and sometimes CnArxER III. with the Mahrattas and with Hydor Ali. Madura was lost and Political ,.- Til ST 11 Y . regained during this interval, and every part of Tinnevelly under- went similar fortunes. The taking of Pondicherry by the English in January 1761 served to awe the rebellious Poligars into some- thing like submission, and Mahomed Yusuf contrived to make himself master of all the Poligars both of Madura and Tinnevelly. But this success brought no profit to the Company's Government. *■ Either the expenses of his administration were too great, or he thought he might make himself independent and delayed remitting tribute, imtil in 1762 a considerable force had to be sent against him, and he w'as besieged in his capital, Madura, by an army of Englishmen ; he defended himself with great skill for ten months, but was at last betrayed by a confidential servant, and taken and hanged. From this time Madura has always been commanded by British officers. The country remained tolerably quiet and was adminis- tered on behalf of the Nawab by a succession of officers, some of them Mahomedans, some Malirattas, and some Brahmins, but without events of any importance until 1783, when it again became necessary to send an expedition into Tinnevelly. Encoui'aged by the Dutch, who were at this time in possession of Colonel Colombo and Tutieorin, and with whom Kattaboma Nayaka had exiu'dition, made a treaty, all the Poligars of Tinnevelly were now in rebellion, 1783. ravaging the Grovernment lands as well as fighting one with another. Colonel Fidlarton, to whom the command of the expe- dition was entrusted, determined to strike a sudden blow, and marched in foiu* days over seventy miles, from Shivaganga to Panjalamkurichi, the fort of Kattaboma Nayaka, Avhichhe at once stormed. It was well defended and the attack repulsed, and before it could be renewed the enemy evacuated the fort, which was garrisoned by the English. The original treaty with the Dutchi was found in the fort, as well as 40,000 star pagodas and a consider-, able quantity of arms and ammunition. • The Poligar himself was-, absent engaged in the siege of Chokkampatti fort, belonging to, another Poligar and situated seventy miles away to the west. Colonel FuUarton's next step was the taking of Sevagiri, a few miles south of Srivilliputtur, where he engaged and defeated the- combined forces of all the Poligars, and, after cutting a road three> miles long through the jungle, obtained possession of the fort.. After these successes, and when the Poligars were about to submit, news came of Tippu Sultan's descent upon Mangalore, and, as usual, the force was obliged to retire to meet other requirements at Dindigul and elsewhere. The captui'ed foiis were restored to their former owners on ceiiain terms. 52 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DTRTKTCT. Chapter III. Tlio war with Tippii, by distracting attention, gave the Poligars Political the opportunity they desired of evading payments of their tribute, 1 ' and of creating the usual disturbances. Thus, although the manage- Fall of Serin- ment of the country had been from 1781 made over under treaty 1799. ' ^y the Nawab to the English, little or no progress was made until after the fall of Seringapatam and the death of Tippu, which took place in 1799. Various treaties succeeded one another during this interval, whereby the relations of the English to the Nawab were from time to time altered and defined ; all were unsatisfactory as leaving the sovereignty in the hands of the Nawab, and thereby preventing the English from tranquilising the country. What the natiu-e of this government was, may be gathered from the following description of the " Renter," through whose agency it was carried on by the Nawabs. After giving an account of the Poligars, Bishop Caldwell pro- ceeds : — The llentor. " It will be unfair however even to the Poligar if I allowed his rival in oppression, the " Renter," to pass unnoticed, and here I must avail myself again of Colonel FuUarton's graphic and vigorous description. " The Poligar survives to our time, though only in his peaceful descendant the Zemindar, but the <' Renter," who in Colonel Fidlar- ton's time, as through all the period of the Nawab's government, was such a formidable reality, has left behind him no representative, and has passed entirely into oblivion. " It was not possible for the English Government entirely to repress the misconduct of inferior instruments, who are eager to perpetuate oppression and to enforce unusual measures by unprecedented means. The situation of the country rendered it necessary to continue the practice of renting extensive districts to the highest bidder. Although every precaiition was adopted to prevent the abuse of power, still the collections could not be enforced unless an unrestrained authority were vested in the renter. His object too frequently is to ransack and embezzle, that he may go oflf at least enriched with the spoils of his province. The fact is that in every part of India where the renters are established, not only the ryot and the husbandman, but the manufacturer, the artificer, and every other Indian inhabitant is wholly at the mercy of these ministers of public exaction. " The established practice throughout this part of the peninsula has for ages been to allow the farmer one-half of the produce of his crop for the maiutonanco of his family and the re-cultivation of the land, while the other is appropriated to the cirear. In tlie richest soils under the cowlo of Hyder, producing three annual crops, it is hardly known that less than forty per cent, of the crop produced has been allotted to the husbandman. " Yet renters on the coast have not scrupled to imprison reputable farmers, and to inflict on them extreme severities of punishment for refusing to accept of sixteen in the hundred as the proportion out of MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELT.Y DISTKTC'T. 53 which they wore to maintain a family, to furnish stock and implements CnArxER III. of husbandry, cattle, seed, and all the expenses incident to the culti- Tolitical vation of their lands. But should the unfortunate rj'ot be forced to lii^roiiY. submit to such conditions, he has still a long list of cruel impositions to endure. He must labor week after week at the repair of water- courses, tanks, and embankments of rivers. Ilis cattle, sheep, and every other portion of his property is at the disposal of the renter, and his life might pay the forfeit of refusal. Should ho presume to reap his harvest when ripe without a mandate from the renter, whose peons, eonocopolies and retainers attend on the occasion, nothing- short of bodily torture and a confiscation of the little that is left him could expiate the offence. " "Would ho sell any part of his scanty portion, he cannot bo permitted, while the circar has any to dispose of. Would he convey anything to a distant market, he is stopped at every village by the collectors 9 of Siingam or Gabella (transit duties), who exact a duty for every article exported,'1mportod or disposed of. So unsupportable is this evil that between Negapatam and Palghatcherry, not more than three hundred miles, there are about tliirty places of collection, or, in other words, a tax is levied every ten miles upon the produce of the country. Thus manufactures and commerce are exposed to disasters hardly less severe than those which have occasioned the decline of cultivation. " But these form only a small portion of the powers with which the renter is invested ; he may sink or raise the exchange of specie at his own discretion. He may prevent the sale of grain, or sell it at the most exorbitant rates. Thus at any time he may and frequently does occasion general famine. Besides maintaining a useless rabble, whom he employs under the appellation of peons, at the public expense, ho may require any military force he finds necessary for the business of oppression, and few inferior officers would have weight enough to justify their refusal of such aid. Should any one however dispute their powers ; should the military officers refuse to prostitute military service to the distress of wretched individuals, or should the civil superintendent (the Collector of that time) remonstrate against such abuse, nothing could be more pleasing to the renter ; he derives from thence innxmierable arguments for non-performance of engagements and for a long list of defalcations. But there are still some other not less extraordinary constituents in the complex endowments of a renter. He unites in his own person all the branches of judicial and civil authority, and if he happens to be a Brahmin, he may also be termed the representative of ecclesiastical jurisdiction. I will not enlarge upon the consequences of thus huddling into the person of one wretched mercenary those powers that ought to constitute the dignity and lustre of supremo executive authority." At tho fall of Seringapatam treasonable eorrespondcuce was Govcmmont found in the fort between Mahomed Ali and his son and Tippu f,^^^"^***\.^'^ . ^ ^ the J^nghsh, Sultan ; and thereupon the English Government resolved to I801. assume the entiie government of the Carnatic, making a pecuniary r %.i^4is-. !^ ^^ l^/i^ ^*^ C^^'-- 64 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT, The first I'oligar war, 1799. Chapter, III. provision for the family of the Nawab. This was carried out by Political the Treaty of 1801. |-T TQ'p/^■D «- ' Previous to the fall of Seringapatam, the Tinnevelly Poligars had for several years been growing more and more rebellious. The chief of them, Kattaboma Nayaka of Panjalamkurichi, when summoned to attend the cutcherry of Mr. Jackson, Collector in 1798, had rushed out on pretence of alarm, and is believed with his own hand to have stabbed Lieutenant Clarke, who was on guard outside. He and the other Poligars paid no attention to orders received from Mr. Jackson and Mr. Lushington, who succeeded to the office of Collector in 1 798 ; but employed themselves in committing depredations and disturbing the tranquillity of the country by murdering the peaceable inhabitants. Their mutinous conduct was passed over by the GTovernment until the fall of Seringapatam in 1799 set free sufficient troops to make sure of sxiccess. An expedition was then organized and placed under the command of Major Bannerman, and the first Poligar war, as it is called, followed. The principal Poligars who took Kattaboma Nayaka's side against the Government were those of Nagalapuram, Gollarpatti, Elayeram- pannei, Kadalguddi, and Kulattur, also the Puli Devar of the day, the Poligar of Avudayapuram, whose fort was Orme's Nellatanga- villi (Nikkatansevval), these on the eastern side of the district. To the west the focus was Sevagiri, whose son was attempting to put him aside with the aid of a member of the family named Mapillai Vannia, a daring and popular leader possessed of great local influence. The sympathy and advice of the Poligar of Shivaganga in the Madura District was also upon the same side. The strongest supporter of the Government was the Poligar of Ettiapuram, and the same side was taken by those of Uttumalai, Chokkampatti, Thalavankottai to the west, and Maniaehi and Melmandai on the east. The only real help, however, was rendered by the Poligar of Ettiapuram. The campaign lasted but two months, from 19 th August 1799 to 21st October. On the 5th September Major Bannerman arrived at Panjalam- kurichi and attempted to take the fort the same day by storm without waiting for the European troops ; the assault was unsuc- cessful owing to a panic having seized the attacking troops. Four European officers and but one Native officer killed, sufficiently proved the want of energy on the part of the natives.. The Poligar did not wait for a renewal of the attack, but evacuated the fort with all his party. The Ettiapuram Poligar started in pursuit and came up with him at Gollarpatti, where Manual ot tiIe tinJievelly DlsxitiCt. 55 some fighting took place, but Kattaboma Nayaka escaped first to Chapter III, Shivagauga and then to the Tondiman liajah. Tliirty-four of his Political principal adherents, especially his principal manager Siibramania ! Pillai, were however taken, and the latter was at onco hanged and his head exposed at Panjalamkurichi. Sundara Pandya Nayaka, brother of the Poligar of Nagalapuram, who had headed a plunder- ing and murdering expedition into Ramnad, was also hanged at Gropulapui-ara, and Kattaboma Nayaka himself captured by the Tondiman Rajah, was sent to Major Banneraian, by whom he was tried by coiu't-raartial and hanged at Kaitar in presence of the Poligars of Tinnevolly assembled for the purpose. The Poligars of Elayerampannei, Nagalapuram, Gollarpatti, Kadalguddi, and Kulattm*, as well as Panjalamkurichi, were then dispossessed of their estates, and all the Poligars were ordered to level their forts and give up their arms. The remaining Poligars immediately submitted, dismantled their own forts, and gave up a considerable quantity of arms, reserving, however, as will be seen further on, a sufficient supply for future use. The Poligars of Elayerampannei and Nagalapuram were banished to Madras, where they died. Several other ring-leaders in the previous disturbances' were taken and kept in confinement in the fort at Palamcottah. Major Bannerman then left for Europe on furlough with the cordial thanks of all the authorities. The late Poligar of Panjalamkurichi, who had been executed at The second Kaitar in September 1799, left two brothers, both kept in confine- fg'oi"^^ ^^^^' ment in the Palamcottah jail. The elder is described as a feeble person, but was regarded by liis sympathising adherents and the natives generally as the true heir to the confiscated estate, and (/l'^^ ^ '^'^ called by the family title Kattaboma Nayaka. The younger, though dumb and a mere boy, was a person of great energy and full of resources, and was regarded by the natives almost as a divinity. In addition to the two brothers there were some other persons confined with them who had been implicated in the outbreak of 1799. The most intriguing and dangerous member of the deposed family, Sivataya, a near relation, who had escaped the vigilance of the authorities and was still at large, was the leader of a party of sympathisers, who were waiting for an opportunity to effect the escape of the prisoners and help them to commence the struggle afresh. " On the 2nd February 1801 says General (then Captain) Welsh, while our force was cantoned at Sankaraninarkoil and the whole of the remaining community, about twenty ladies and gentlemen, were dining at Major Macaulay's garden house at Palamcottah, a number of Poligar prisoners confined in the fort made theii- escape by overpowering thuii- own guard. 66 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapteu III. " Before morning they readied ranjalamkiirielii, a distance of Political thirty milos, having sm-prised and disarmed nearly one hundred ■ men at different stages on the road. " Major Macaiday at once collected the available forces, consisting of 900 firelocks, all native except a detachment of Bengal artil- lery, with two 6 and two 4-pounders, and a party of Nawab's cavalry, and marched on Panjalamkiirichi, sustaining several vigor- ous attacks on the way. Arrived before the place, to their great astonishment they found that the walls which had been entirely levelled by Major Banuerman were now rebuilt and fully manned by about 1 ,500 Poligars. The population of the sequestered pollams seemed to be delighted with the opportunity afforded them of trying their strength with the English once more, being thoroughly discon- tented no doubt with the peaceable life now required of them. " Meantime the numbers of the enemy continually increased till a body of 5,000 were preparing to attack the camp. It was decided that prudence required a retreat, which was effected in safety by a long forced march to Palamcottah, a night attack by a large body of the enemy having been repulsed with much gallantry by Captain Vesey and the first battalion of the 3rd Regiment. " An unsuccessf id attempt was shortly afterwards made on Kadal- guddi ; and several of the smaller forts belonging to the Govern- ment fell into the hands of the Poligars, together with about 1,000 muskets with their ammunition. At this time also the enemy seized on Tuticorin. After some delay reinforcements arrived from Trichinopoly, which raised the force to about 3,000 men, concen- trated at Kaitar, whence they marched on Panjalamkurichi, losing Lieutenant Grant, a very gallant young officer, in a cavalry action on the way. " The wall of the fort was found to be twelve feet high, with small square bastions and very short curtains. A few old guns wore mounted in the bastions, and the whole was surrounded by a thick hedge of thorns but no ditch. " After some battering of the walls an assault was made and most bravely persevered in, but such was the stubborn bravery of the enemy and the skill with which they had constructed their walls, that though only 46 out of 120 Europeans on the storm- ing party remained unhm-t, the attack had to be abandoned and a new camp formed at a distance of 1 ,500 paces from the fort, where the force was obliged to remain continually harassed by the attacks of the enemy and await further reinforcements and a heavier battery. " This time a large force was despatched, Her Majesty's 77th was called round from the Malabar Coast, a corps of cavalry put in motion, and a powerful train of artillery despatched from Trichinopoly, the whole imdor the command of Colonel P. Agncw. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 57 " Two months however elapsed before the force could reach the Chapter III. scene of action. Then a breach was speedily effected and the fort Political taken by storm, though after a most stubborn resistance, which lasted about three-quarters of an hour. " Of the enemy 450 were found dead and about 2,000 succeeded in effecting their escape, while 600 were cut off by the cavalry. Four officers were killed and 5 wounded, 19 Europeans and 24 Natives were killed, 76 Europeans and 96 Natives wounded. " At Ootapidaram and Panjalamkurichi may be seen the tombs of the gallant officers who fell in this extraordinary siege. " The fugitive phalanx made good its retreat to Sherevela in the Shivaganga country, and was then joined by 20,000 men of the Mardus or people of Shivaganga. " The Poligar himself and his dumb brother had escaped, and were received with open arms by the Poligar of Shivaganga in the Madiu-a District. This man was a usurper, being a retainer of the old Maravar family to whom the polliam of right belonged, but an able and active man, who had established himself firmly in power. Well knowing that he had no right to the estate, and having reason to think that Mr. Lushington, then Collector, was aware of this and did not favour his usurpation, this man, the Mardu as he was called, joined the Panjalamkurichi rebels with all his forces. A campaign of several months' duration followed, in which the Mardus burnt their own village Sherevela to prevent its falling into the hands of the English, and retired to a strong fort surrounded with dense woods named Kalayarkoil. An attempt was made to reach this place by cutting a road some three miles long through the jungle, but was abandoned when three parts were accomplished owing to ill-health in the camp and to harassing attacks by the enemy, -which made it very difficult to obtain supplies. " Eventually, on the 1 st October, the place was attacked from a different direction, while a party was secretly sent round by the road cut through the jungle, whence they found the paths by which the enemy had opposed the work, and, following them, took the fort in rear by surprise. A panic ensued and the place fell almost without a blow. " Mr. Lushington had meantime found the true heir to the Shivaganga Polliam. lie was installed with much state and publicity in the camp, a measm-e which was of great service in detaching many from the cause of the rebels, " Shortly afterwards the Mardu and his brother, Kattaboma Nayaka, Dalavoya Pillai, and the dumb brother, with their principal adherents, were taken in the jungles to whicli they had retired, and all hung except two, who, being of less consequence, were transported 8 58 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter III. to the Prince of Wales' Island with seventy of their devoted Political followers. Kattaboma Nayaka and the dumb brother were hanged HlSTOllY. , -rx • ^ ^ • i • at 1 anjalamkiu'ichi. " The foi-t of Panjalamkurichi was levelled to the ground and the site ploughed over and cultivated. Nothing now remains to mark the spot but a few traces of the mound erected as a breaching battery on which the Poligar and his dimib brother were hanged, and the enclosure in the neighbourhood containing the tombs of the officers and men who fell in the last two assaults. " The remains of those who fell in the first assault are just outside Ootapidaram. " Thus ended the second and last Poligar war. The' two southern Marganis of Panjalamkmichi were conferred on the Maniachi Poligar, while to Melmandai was presented a portion of the lands of the deposed Poligars of Kadalguddi and Kulattur, The Ettiapuram Poligar received four out of the six divisions into which the forfeited estates had been divided. The following remarks by Bishop Caldwell are but a few among many to be fomid throughout the interesting work which he is about to publish, and which will well repay perusal not only by those interested in the Tinnevelly District, but also by the student of Indian history, archasology and philology. "The first reflection that arises in one's mind on reading the foregoing sketch of the history of the district, is that war seems to have been the normal condition of Tinnevelly, as of the rest of the old Pandyan country, and doubtless also it may be said as of the rest of Southern India from the beginning of man's abode in these regions till A.D. 1801. A district that never from the beginning knew peace for seventy-six months together — probably never even for seventy-six weeks — has now enjoyed profound, uninterrupted peace for seventy-six years ; and in consequence of this all the arts of peace have had time to be developed and to approach something like perfection. Another conclusion which we s^em to be entitled to form is, that prior to the cession of the district to the English, the administration of public affairs and the condition of the country and people, instead of improving as time went on, in virtue of the lessons taught by the accumulated experience of the past, were steadily getting worse and worse. Things were worse under the Nayakas than under the Pandyas, worse still under the rule of the Nawab, and worst of all, as the night is darkest just before the dawn, during that deplorable period immediately before the interference of the English, when the Nawab's power had become merely nominal, and the only real power that survived was that of fierce Poligars and avaricious renters." At this point, 1801, Bishop Caldwell's history closes, though he adds an account of the Avar with Travancore in 1809, an abstract of which will be given further on. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 59 The subseqnent history of Tinnevolly may be given in a few Chapter III. lines. It has been the quiet and steady progress in material Political wealth, the rapid spread of agriculture, and the clearing away of vast areas of jungle to make way for cotton and other useful Recent products ; the rise and progress by rapid strides of a sea-borne trade, ^'^ "^^' chiefly with England, in the export of raw produce and the import of manufactured goods ; the gradual settling down to peaceful agricultural employment of the hordes of banditti who harassed the cultivator throughout the past century ; the construction of roads and bridges, and the repair of tanks, anicuts, channels and sluices throughout the district ; the establishment of a postal system; and finally, the revision and equalisation of the land assessment. In the Zemindaries there has been a good deal of litigation, tending to bring to a settlement the nimierous questions arising between landlord and tenant, and while on the whole prosper- ous, some of the ancient Poligar estates since converted into Zemindaries have come to the hammer through the improvidence and misfortunes of their proprietors. Notably was this the case with the large and ancient estate of Chokkampatti, which, broken up into a number of separate smaller estates, is held on similar zemindari tenure by pui-chasers at the court sales. Some of these are Nattukotai Chetties from Madiu"a and other persons who have acquired wealth in Tinnevelly. For other circumstances connected with the more modern history of the district I may refer to the chapters on Eevenue History and Administration, where all points of interest have been noted. I now return to give a brief note on the Travancore war of 1809, Travancore premising that here as well as throughout this history of Tinnevelly ^^' the reader will find a much fuller and more interesting account in Bishop Caldwell's book which is to be published. The commotions out of wliich the war arose commenced in 1808. The management of affairs in Travancore had for some time been corrupt, whereupon the British Resident interfered. The Dowan was irritated and dragged his master into hostility to the English. lie intrigued with the Dewan of Cochin and with the French. A vessel with thu'ty-one privates and a surgeon, belonging to the 12th Regiment, put into Allopie. The men were decoyed on shore, tied in couples back to back, and with stones tied round tlieir necks were thrown into the backwater. This massacre was perpetrated by the Dewan's brother. The Resident's house at Quilon was attacked and he escaped witli difficulty. Sir George Barlow was then Grovernor of Madras, and took prompt measures to suppress the rebellion and restore the authority of the English GovernmcHt. A considerable force was sent to enforce obedience, while the armies of the Travancore 60 MANUAL OF THE TINNE^T.LLY DISTKICT. CHArTER III. State were assembled for the pui'pose of preventing their entrance Political into the country. The Travancore army defended the fortified ' lines of the Aramboly Pass leading from South Tinnevelly into Travancore. The works consisted of small but well-built bastions of two or three guns, joined at intervals by strong curtains, the whole cannon proof and protected by a thick hedge of thorn buslies, the approach to which was difficidt from the wildness of the country. The southern fortified hill was escaladed during the night, and, though defended by 50 pieces of cannon and 10,000 men, the whole lines were in possession of the English by 8 o'clock a.m. The approach was so difficult that it took six hours' scrambling to reach the foot of the walls, but the troops had escaladed the southern redoubt before their approach was suspected. As soon as Major Welsh, who led the escalade, had secured a footing in that commanding position, a detachment was sent to his aid, and he stormed and carried the main lines including the fortified gate. The Travancore troops then fled in every direction, leaving the English in possession of the lines, arsenal and stores. The troops then advanced on the capital, meeting but once with slight opposition on the way, which was quickly overcome, and before reaching Trevandrum an armistice was proclaimed. One hundred and forty pieces of serviceable cannon and 14,000 Btand-of-arms, with abundance of ammunitions, were found in the Rajah's capital. The late Dewan committed suicide, and his brother and six accomplices were taken and hanged. Meantime the subsidiary force at Quilon was shut up in the heart of a difficult country with the inhabitants all in arms against them ; they had had several severe actions, in which they were invariably victorious. Nevertheless their situation was daily becoming more critical, until the news of the captm-e of the Aramboly lines reached the masses by which they were surrounded, when, giving up every hope of fui-ther success, they dispersed in all directions. The Rajah was obliged to pay the expenses of the expedition, and a brigade was left at Quilon as a subsidiary force agreeably to the treaty concluded in November 1795. Thus ended the last attempt made to defy the British Government in Southern India. Roman Catholic Missions, 1532. Roman Catholic Missions. The Roman Catholic Missions in Tinnevelly date from 1532." Michael Vaz, afterwards Archbishop of Goa, with a Portuguese force assisted the Paravai'S along the coast of Tinnevelly against the Mahomedans, and subsequently baptized almost the entire MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 61 caste. They numbered about 20,000 souls and inhabited thirty Chapter itt. villaa-es along the coast. Poi.vrww, In 1542 the celebrated Missionary Xavier commenced his labours '^"'^ ^' among these converts, teaching and preaching from village to village. Nothing could exceed the devoted zeal with which he laboiu'ed for their welfare, and his mantle seems to have descended to some of his successors, for it is said tliat his immediate successor, Antonio Criminalis, when his people were attacked by the Badagas, threw himself into their midst, covered his people's flight, and perished under the darts of the enemy. There is a tradition still current, says Bishop Caldwell, from whose work these particulars are taken, that this event took place at Panneikayal, where the Portuguese suffered a defeat in 1652, eight years after Xavier left the coast. Bishop Caldwell has found nothing further immediately connected with Tinnevelly on record, though much relating to the Roman Catholic Missions in Madui'a, until the year 1640, or ninety-six years after Xavier left, when a notice appears in the letters of the Jesuits of a congregation established at Kaitar. Next comes the record of a congregation at Ramayanayakkampatti in 1660. In the same year Baldaeus, a Dutch Missionary, records that the Paravars along the coast continued firmly attached to the religion taught them by Xavier. A letter of Father Martin, dated 1700, speaks of the persecution of the Paravar Christians by the Dutch, and from other sources it appears that the priests of Goa were expelled from Negapatam and Tuticorin. Later on the Dutch became more tolerant, and erected the church now used by the English in Tuticorin in the year 1750. 1710 is the probable date of the commencement of the mission- ary labour in Tinnevelly of Father Besche, celebrated both as a Missionary and a Tamil scholar. Bishop Caldwell says of him : *' Ilis prose style in the colloquial dialect, though good, is not of pre-eminent excellence, but his poems in the classical dialect, especially his great poem the Tembavani, a long and highly wrought religious epic in the style of the Chintamani, are so excellent from the point of view of Hindu excellence, that is, they are so elaborately correct, so highly ornamented, and so invariably harmonious, that I have no doubt he may fairly claim to be placed, by the votes of impartial native critics themselves, in the very first rank of the Tamil poets of the second class ; and when it is remem-= — bered that the first class comprises only three, or at the utmost four ■works — the Kural, the Chintdmani, the Riimyanam, the Naladiyar, — it seems to me the more I think of it the more wonderful that a foreigner should have achieved so distinguished a position." Besche was stationed at Ramayanayakkampatti in the Ettia- puram Zemindari in 1711, 1715, and 1716, whence he often visited 62 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter III. Kait^r. Subsequently he went to Madura and Trichinopoly, Political -where he became for some years Dewan to Chanda Saheb. At his IT I ST O It Y . ' overthrow he fled into the Maravar country, Ramnad, and settled at Manaparai in Tinnevelly, where in 1746 he died. Some years after Besche's death troubles began to gather round the missions of the Jesuits all over the world. In 1755 the support of the Missionaries from Europe ceased. In 1760 the Jesuits at Goa were deported to Lisbon by Pombal's orders. Those Jesuits that remained in Tinnevelly, at Vadakankulam, Talai, Manapar, Vii-apandiun-pattanam, &c., died one by one, and their places were supplied by native priests from Goa. In 1773 the Society of Jesus was formally suppressed by the then Pope, Clement XIV. In 1814 the society was restored by Pope Pius YII, and in 1838 two Jesuit Missionaries, iFathers Martin and Duranquet, arrived in Palamcottah to recommence their mission in Tinnevelly. Tinnevelly has always been attached to the Madura Mission, the history of which, associated with the names of Fathers Robert deNobili, deBrito, Banchet, Arland, from 1616 to 1748 is of much interest. At the latter date it was estimated that there were 385,000 Christians in the eastern part of India ; then, as above stated, there followed the suppression of the Jesuits, by which the Madura Mission was for the time destroyed. About the year 1831 the restoration and return of the Jesuits to Madura took place and the Mission recommenced afresh. One branch of this Mission is that of Palamcottah, and is now divided into two districts, viz. , Palamcottah with five residences : Palamcottah, Anakarai, Yadakankulam, Andipatti, Kannunaiker- patti ; and the fishery coast with six residences : Tuticorin, Pannei- kayal, Adeikalapm-am, Yirapandiun-pattanam, Manapad, and Obary. The superior is Father Verdier ; the total number of Catholic converts in 1864 is given as 51,000. The staff consisted of — 11 European Missionaries. 4 Native do. 1 Lay Brother. 1 2 European Nuns. 17 Native do. The Mission had — 99 Churches. 50 Chapels. A. Convent and a School at Tuticorin. A Convent and Orphanage at Adeikalapuram. A Convent for Native Nuns at Vadakankulam. Two Boys' Schools. One Girls' School. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 63 The Mission continues to the present time nearly as above CHArTER Til. described. Political HiSTOlt Y Such is the arduous nature of the duties pcrfonnod by the Missionaries- and the life of self-denial they lead, that the Mission has lost by death no less than forty-five Eui'opeau Missionaries ^ between the years 1840 and 1863. Missions or the Church of England. For the following particulars I am again indebted to Bishop Missions of Caldwell's forthcoming volume on Tinnevelly, as well as to lectures ^^^ Chmch of delivered by him in 1857 and 1869. 1771, A mission had been commenced in Tinnevelly before the close of the eighteenth century, but at first it was merely an offshoot of that in Tanjore. In 1771 the celebrated Swartz, described by Bishop Caldwell as a man of apostolical simplicity and zeal, mentions in his journal that a small Christian congregation existed in Palamcottah. Swartz visited Palamcottah in 1780, when a Brahmin wonian.-^ named Cloriuda was baptized ; the congregation at that time consisted of thirty-nine persons. Clorinda soon after set herself to erect a small church in the fort, and this she succeeded in doing thi'ough the help of two English gentlemen. This was the first church connected with the Church of England erected south of Trichinopoly. In 1784 Swartz sent an able catechist named Satyanaden to take care of this church. The congregation continuing to increase, in 1791 Swartz sent Jaenicke, a German Missionary of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (the precui-sor in India of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel) ; by that time the number of' Christians in Palamcottah and its neighbourhood had increased to 403. From the time of Swai-tz's visit in 1784, as they have done ever since, the congregation and school went hand in hand. Jaenicke unfortunately soon after his arrival contracted a fever of a severe type, but continued his labours in Tinnevelly for many months notwithstanding, founding congregations at Tuti- corin and Manapar. At the end of 1792 he was obliged to leave Tinnevelly and settled in Tanjore and Pamnad, whence he occa- sionally visited Palamcottah and kept up a correspondence with Satyanaden, who had since been ordained and was the first native minister of the Church of England. In 1797 commenced the movement towards Christianity amongstv^ the Shanars in Tinnevelly, which has directly and indirectly contributed so largely to the improvement of the district, and 64 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Political HiSTOUY. Chapter III. Avliich lias been the precursor of so many similar movements in different parts of the country. A certain Sundaram, alias David, was the first Shanar catechist. He was born at Kallanguddi, a village near Sultankulam in the Nanguneri Taluk : in his youth he wandered off as far as Tan j ore, where he became a Christian. Subsequently he was sent to the neighbourhood of his native village to work as a catechist, and through his means in 1797 four families of Shanars were brought to Christianity. Two years after, being subjected to persecution in their own villages, the rising congregation built a village for themselves, which they called Mudalur or first town ; its popula- tion then was 28 souls. It now contains upwards of 1,200. After years of neglect, and chiefly owing to the exertions of Reverend J. Hough, Chaplain of Palamcottah, from 1815 to 1820, Jaenicke's mission was revived by the arrival of a Missionary of the Church Missionary Society. The further progress of the Mission is thus described by Bishop Caldwell in a lecture delivered in 1857 : — " In 1 820 Rhenius, one of the ablest, most clear-sighted and prac- tical, and most zealous Missionaries that India has ever seen, was sent by the Church Missionary Society to carry on the mission which Hough had recently founded, and ere long his energetic labours produced abundant fruit. The old Mission also was placed under his general superintendence, but the new Mission far outstripped the old ; and at the close of Rhenius's connection with the Church Missionary Society, after sixteen years of labour, the number of souls rescued by him from heathenism (or by the various agencies set on foot by him) and enrolled under his pastoral care, amounted to more than ten thousand. " Though Ehenius was by birth and education a Lutheran, the views of church government and worship which he adopted were, in general, those of the English Dissenters ; in consequence of which, some years before his death, his connection with the Church Mis- sionary Society was dissolved, and it became necessary to reorganize the Mission he founded in some important particulars. Notwithstand- ing this, his system of working was, as a whole, greatly superior to that of the older Missionaries, Swart z himself not excepted ; and tlie Tinnevelly Missions are, in a great measure, indebted to him for the progressive element apparent in their history. He was, so far as I am aware, the first Missionary connected with Church of England |f Missions in India by whom caste was in any degree practically repressed, female education systematically promoted, or societies established amongst Native Christians for religious and charitable purposes. It is also remarkable that the practice of assembling tlie people of every Christian village morning and evening for united prayer in church — a practice which luiiversally prevails in the missionary congregations of the Church of England in Tinnevelly, and which MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 65 has now extended itself to Tanjore and other localities — was first Chaptek III. introduced by Rhenius. Political ' ' It was not until after Ehenius's labours and successes had awakened History. general attention in England, that the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (which had inherited the Indian Missions of Christian Knowledge Society, and which about that time began to participate in the missionary zeal of the present century) bethought itself of its Missions in Tinnevelly, and resolved to attempt to revive and strengthen them if they were still found to exist. "From 1792 till 1835 those Missions had remained as sheep with- out a shepherd. The only superintendence of any real value which tliey had received had been bestowed upon them by Missionaries of other Societies or by Government Chaplains ; and they had passed through seasons of great trial. In 1811 a pestilence swept away in many places a sixth of the community, and about that time many of the Shanar Christians, especially in that part of Tinnevelly which now constitutes my own district, fell back, through fear, to their ancient heathenism. Many persons wovdd suppose that a community of Hindu Christians, like that which had been planted in Tinnevelly — poor, undisciplined, uneducated, left to itself, surrounded by heathen influ- ences — would soon have ceased to exist. On the contrary, in 1 835, when the first Missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel reached Tinnevelly and began to inquire about the sheep that had been left to their fate in the wilderness, more than 3,000 persons were found to have stedfastly retained the profession of Christianity and the rites of Christian worship through an entire generation of neglect. The first two Missionaries, both Germans, who were sent into Tinnevelly by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, laboured there for a shoi't period only ; their place, however, was immediately supplied by others. Other missionary labourers followed from year to year, for the Church at home had awoke, the Society for the Propagation of tho Gospel had awoke, the Madi-as Diocesan Committee of that Society had awoke ; and when I look around in Tinnevelly, instead of the two districts that existed when I arrived, I am rejoiced to see seven in — addition to a new Mission in the Ramnad country, each of which is provided not only with pastoral superintendence, but also, in a greater or less degree, with the means of extension and advancement. The Church Missionary Society also has continually been lengthening its cords and strengthening its stakes, so that it has now tliirteen or four- teen missionary districts where it only had six when I arrived, and has established besides an organized system of missionary itineration in the northern and Christianized part of the province. " The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel has reason to be thankful that its ancient Mission in Tinnevelly was found to be capa- ble of a revival ; for the revival of an old neglected Mission is in some respects more difficult than the establisliment of a new one. Some of tho evils, however, of foregone neglect have clung to a revived Mission ; and another consequence is that, as the Church Missionary Society has obtained possession of the greater part of the field, the laboui's of the 9 66 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTKICT. Chapter III. older Society are now confined within a very limited compass. When Political I arrived in Tinnevelly the spheres of labour of the two Societies had H istor y. ^^^ been defined by territorial boundaries ; but it was felt to be desirable that each Missionary should have a district or missionary parish of manageable extent to labour in, that so the possibility of collision or of mutual interference might be precluded, and ere long an arrangement of this nature was carried into effect. The field of labour was divided in a fair and friendly spirit, with regard to the actual progress each Society had made ; but the consequence is, that the proportion of the area of the province which has fallen to the share of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and for the cultivation of which in future it alone is responsible, amounts now to less than _ two-fifths of the whole. Notwithstanding this restriction within narrower limits, the introduction of the parochial system, with its peaceful adjustments of rights and its definite apportionment of duties and responsibilities, has, I believe, been attended with the greatest advantages to each Society and to the common cause ; and, on looking back upon the past, I attribute to this arrangement a considerable proportion of the prosperity, as well as of the harmony, by which the Missions have been characterized. In the warfare which each Missionary is appointed to carry on, he is now provided with a basis of operations — a centre from which Christian influences may radiate. His labours, cares, and responsibilities being defined by territorial boundaries, he is not so liable, as he otherwise would be, to become disheartened by the vastness of his work and perplexed by the multiplicity of his cares. The exertions which, if scattered broadcast over the surface of a province, would probably end in failure and disappointment, are confined within moderate and practicable limits. The Missionary is able not only to preach the Gospel again and again in the same village, and to instruct the people systematically in the knowledge of God's word, but also to commend to their reception the religion he teaches by his personal influence, and to watch over and to water the good seed which he has sown. "I shall here give a general idea of the results that have been accomplished in Tiniievelly, without some acquaintance with which a description of the work would be comparatively uninteresting ; and, in doing so, I make use of the latest statistics that I have been able to obtain : — "1. The province has been divided into twenty districts or mis- sionary parishes, each with its parochial organization, and each under pastoral care. "2. Christian congregations have been formed in 684 villages, - besides a still larger number of villages that are regularly visited by Missionaries or Native Teachers. " 3. Forty-three thousand souls have been induced to abandon their idols or their devils, and to place themselves under Christian instruc- tion, of whom 27,000 have been baptized. " 4. The number of communicants amounts to 5,000, which gives a proportion of 18 communicants for every 100 baptized persons. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 67 "5. Ten thousand Christians, of whom 7,000 are children of Chapter III. Christian parents (nearly 4,000 of them boys and upwards of 3,000 Political girls) are receiving the benefits of a Christian education in our H istor y. mission schools. " 6. Boarding schools, training schools, and educational institu- tions of various kinds have also been set in operation for the training up of native schoolmasters and catechists, and eventually, it is hoped, for the raising up an indigenous ministry ; and already 1 1 Hindus, 10 of whom are natives of the province, have been admitted by ordination to the ministry of the Chiu-ch of England in Tinnevelly. " 7. Progress has also been made towards self-support towards the support of the Christian institutions of the province by the zeal and liberality of the natives of the province themselves. Much, it is true, remains to be done in this direction before om* native congregations can stand alone without foreign aid, and possibly some things remain / to be undone ; but, undoubtedly, real progress has been made, for, if the funds which are now contributed by our Native Christians to the various religious and charitable societies that have been established amongst them were all directed into the one channel of the sustenta- \ tion of ordinary parochial institutions, they would amply suffice for / the support of one native clergyman and four native schoolmasters for each of the twenty districts into which the province has been divided." In 1869, in another lecture, Bishop Caldwell gives the number of converts at 58,000, residing in 900 villages, some having congre- gations of 1,000 to 1,200_, and some of less than 30 souls. nistory. — Tinnevelly has then its stone age, of which only a few Summary, traces have yet been discovered at Shermadevi, but there is here a field for interesting research. It has also a later but still pre-historic record in the curious discoveries made at Srivaikuntham and in several other places where remains of great interest have been abundantly discovered. They prove the existence of a race whose habit was to bury their dead in earthen urns varying in size from a foot to six feet in height. The skulls and bones are often found in almost perfect preservation, placed in the urn in a sitting or bent posture ; or when the urns are small, still more forcibly fitted to its size. Pottery having a peculiar glaze now unknown, of elegant foiin, and much variety of shape and size, is found either within or near the urns, and containing articles in iron apparently for ornament, as well as weapons. In one instance the perfectly preserved outer husk of a small grain like ragi was found in a vessel of this description. These urns and pottery are 'generally found buried in the side of the red gravel hills which abound in different parts of the district. This subject awaits systematic working out by a competent explorer, and unquestionably will amply reward the student, and result in the discovery of many interesting facts about a race 68 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter III. whose habits as regards sepulture at all events were so thoroughly Politic A I, different froEQ any now existing in this country. Xl ISTORY* About the 7th century before Christ appears the first written trace of Tinnevelly history, showing a race of kings called Pandyans, having a capital at Korkai, near the mouth of the Tamraptirni, and, as territory, the present district of Tinnevelly and the greater part of Madura, The earliest notices show that the pearl fishery, so celebrated in the first years of this century, was in existence then, and was carried on in precisely the same manner as at the present day. The Pandyan kingdom lasted from B.C. 600 to the early part of the 16th century of our era, during which time the early capital, Korkai, a seaport known to the Grreeks, was gradually abandoned by the sea, and gave place in consequence to Kayal, which became a celebrated port during the middle ages and was visited by Marco Polo and other travellers, who have left accounts showing a considerable degree of prosperity and splendour possessed by the Pandyan dynasty then ruling in Madura. The retiring sea has since left Kayal, as previously Korkai, stranded several miles above highwater, and brought about its gradual decay, so that only a small fisliing village remains of a once important harbour and place of trade. About the middle of the 14 th century the Maho- medans first broke in upon this remote kingdom, and held possession for about forty years, but were expelled by the Pandyans aided from Vijayanugger, to which kingdom the Pandyan continued to be dependent until subverted by the Nayakas in the 16th century. The Nayakas were Hindus from the north, probably driven southwards by the increasing pressure of the Mahomedans, They ruled Tinnevelly from Madura during the 16th, 17th and early year of the 18th centuries. The Poligars or feudal lords owe to this djmasty their establishment and the foundation of their power. The last two centuries of Pandyan rule and the two centm-ies of the Nayakas, the 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th centuries probably saw the erection of most of the principal temples in Tinnevelly, as well as of its elaborate and admirable system of u-rigation works, anicuts, channels and tanks. The Nayakas at last fell before the Mahrattas, and they immediately afterwards to the Mahomedans from the north, whose power, rendered little more than nominal by the incessant rebellion of the Poligars, lasted from 1730 to 1805, in which year Tinnevelly was finally assumed by the English. The earliest political connexion of the English with these countries arose in 1748 by their espousing the cause of Mahomed Ali against the French and Chunda Saib, a rival claimant for the throne of the Nawab of the Carnatic, to which Tinnevelly and Madura then belonged. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. G9 Expeditions in which English troops or sepoys took part were Chapter hi. led into Tinnevelly in 1755 by Colonel Heron and in 1783 by ^'j^™;;^^ Colonel Fiillarton, and throughout the latter half of the 18th century the East India Company carried on a desultory warfare with the Poligars on behalf of the Nawab in Tinnevelly and Madura. The fall of Seringapatam in 1799, by setting free a large body of troops, at last enabled the English finally to suppress the Poligars ; but not until the first Poligar war of 1799 and the second Poligar war of 1801 had been fought, including two sieges of Panjalam- kurichi, the fort of the principal rebel Poligar Kattaboma Nayakan, now a cultivated field near Ootapidaram, belonging to the Zemindar of Ettiapuram. From 1805, when full sovereignty over Tinnevelly was assumed by the English, and the Nawab of the Carnatic reduced to the position of a pensioner, the district has been without disturbance or political event of any importance, but quietly progressing in wealth, civilization, and the arts of peace. Looking back from our present stand-point, we see first about eighty years of peace, rest and progress; beyond that a period of confusion, war, extoi-tion, tyranny, and misgovernment of every sort for three-quarters of a century ; still earlier we come to the four last centuries of Hindu rule, which can be shown to be of at least twenty-three centuiies' duration, and how much more we do not know. All we know is that its last four centimes produced the temples and the irrigation works of Tinnevelly. A Government whose wealth and whose tastes are manifested by the temples and statues of Tinnevelly, and whose readiness to employ all its resources for the benefit of its people, as proved by the number and nature of the ii'rigation works which it completed, implies a contented and prosperous people ; while a high state of the arts and of knowledge is abundantly testified by the exquisite design and workmanship discoverable in many of the temples and statues, as well as by the grasp and mastery of the principles of irrigation, a complicated and difficult branch of the engineering art displayed in their irrigation system. 70 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. CHAPTER IV. LAND EEVENUE. Chapter IV Land Revenue. Nayaka management. Brahmin colonies. Wealth of Hindu dynasties. ^' f\A Hindu assessments. Mahomedan conquest. Mahomedan assessments. TiNNEVELLY belonged during the first thirty-five years of the last century to the Madura Nayak kingdom. Being comparatively open and fertile it was not, as was usual, assigned to chieftains for tribute, but managed directly by the rajahs from their capital at Madura. One of their measures most pregnant in after-conse- quences was the removal of the indigenous cultivators from the rich portions of the Tamrapurni valley to make way for colonies of Brahmins from the north. These remain to the present day owners of much of the best land, and perhaps the most influential, intelligent, and cultivated section of Hindu society in Tinnevelly. In the numerous pagodas and forts of Trichinopoly, Madura, Palamcottah, the palaces at Trichinopoly, Eamnad, and Madura, the square tank at Madura, &o., we may see, remarks one of the early Collectors of Tinnevelly, the appropriation of the surplus wealth of the Indian rajahs. Tinnevelly contains, he continues, thirty-six pagodas of note, and near four hundred receiving endowments, exclusive of village pagodas. This gives some idea of the wealth and civilization of the province at a very early period. It is usually supposed that the Hindu government was content with one-sixth of the gross produce ; but Wilks says that one-third was the usual proportion taken from the diy lands. There can be no doubt the assessment was light compared to that of the Maho- medan government of the Nawabs of the Carnatic which followed. The Hindu government was subverted by the Mahomedans in 1736 to 1739. A succession of governors or managers were deputed to administer the revenues of Tinnevelly, of whom fifteen were Mahomedans, nine Hindus, and two Oflficers of the East India Company between the years 1739 to 1800. Up to 1770 grain rents prevailed. The river-fed rice-lands usually known as, and hereafter to be called, '■' wet lands " had to pay from seven to eight kotahs per kotah (acre 1*62), and tank- irrigated lands half of this, besides a moncy-cess at Rupees 4-8-0 per kotah from 1748 to 1758 ; at Rupees 8-2-0 from that date up to 1810, when the cess was abolished, as well as other petty imposts He VENUE. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 71 in money which varied from time to time. From 1770 to 1780 Chapter IV. the Government took 60 per cent, of the gross outturn of the wet ^^ I-and land; and from 1780 to the end of the century 50 per cent., after deducting before the division some small cultivation expenses, besides ready-money cesses of varying amounts. This division of the crops was called the Amani system and will be described further on. The dry lands were rented by villages to their inhabitants or to renters for the highest sum that could be got for them. The land revenue collected varied from sixteen to thirty lakhs of rupees. In 1745 it was about Rupees 24,33,842 1755 17,85,388 1765 30,68,237 1775 20,46,036 1785 20,48,286 1795 19,38,130 1800 19,24,430 The fluctuations were due chiefly to internal disturbances, and to weakness of the central government when payments were always withheld. In 1801 Mr. Lushington took charge of the district on behalf English of the East India Company, and commenced operations with the t-^^^"^^*'^'^" raeasui-ement of all the lands, both wet and dry, and an attempt at classification of the dry lands. In the wet villages the Amani system was continued, the Government share being 50 per cent, with the usual fees. In 1803 the Government share was increased to 60 per cent., the other demands continuing as before. In the year 1802 the whole management of the revenues of Tinnevelly was made over by the Nawab to the English by treaty, and the revenue history of the district as administered by the East India Company dates from this year. The system found in force in the irrigated Government villages, and which was in the main followed for the next seven years, was briefly as follows : — It was called the Amani system {vide Report by Mr. Collector System Ilepbum, dated 14th September 1809). followed. An army of Government servants was employed to measure out Car crop, the three months' crop harvested in September, and to di\dde it equally between the Government and the ryots. The Government share was stored in granaries in different villages and kept until rise of prices made it profitable to the Government to dispose of it. As the five months' crop ripened in January, its extent was Peshanum ascertained by inspection, and its probable outturn estimated by '^^^P- persons employed for that pm-pose ; when the whole was estimated 72 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Revenue. Dry lands. Chapter IV. a prioo was fixed at the jamabundy with reference to the total liANi) quantity produced, and the Government share, or three-fifths of the whole, was sold to the ryots at that price. Whatever remained at that time in the Government granaries of the previous car crop was at the same time sold to the ryots at the same price, and the whole of this money demand became then payable. The peshanum crop was reaped in January and February ; March and April were spent in settling the prices or shares, and there remained only May and June for the ryots to pay the whole money demand against them. They were thus often obliged to sell at once, sometimes at a less price than that at which they had contracted to pay the Government for their three-fifths share of the grain ; middlemen, chetties and grain-dealers were the gainers by these transactions. The dry lands had a ready-money assessment imposed upon them, which was founded upon the amount for which the villages were rented out to their inhabitants by the Nawab's government. The distribution of the total sum among the cultivators was left to the mirasidars and curnams, and by them was roughly assessed upon the different kinds of land in the village. The total land revenue so raised was on the average of the first six years from 1802 to 1808, Rupees 16,80,966. The evils of the above system of management of wet lands having been brought prominently to notice, a three years' village lease, by which the lands were rented by villages for money rents to their inhabitants for that period, was introduced. The demand was fixed on the average collections of the previous period. The sum of Rupees 2,34,804 was struck off the demand as it was found to be an oppressive exaction, originated by the servants of the Nawab's government for their own private benefit, which had been incorporated with the land revenue in the early years of our administration, while in its place Rupees 32,650 were added to pay for tank repairs, and a system of fees introduced to pay the village curnams. The demand thus settled amounted to Rupees 18,32,077, for the payment of which a system of monthly kists was introduced, and the demand distributed over the eight months from December to September. In 1811 the three years' lease came to an end ; it had not been satisfactory owing to various causes, chiefly a fall in the price of paddy consequent upon the breaking up of the Government mono- poly in grain ; latterly also to bad season. 1811-12 was so bad a season that a temporary settlement had to be made ; but in the next and following years the decennial settlement, consisting of a joint lease to the principal villagers of each village based on the average Average revenue. Tliree years' lease, 1808. Decennial lease, 1812. MANUAL OF THE TINNEYET.LY DISTRICT. 73 collections of the previous seven years, and conditioned to last for Chapter iv. ten years, was introduced into the irrigated villages of the river j^j,^.^^^^^ valley by degrees; such villages as objected to these terms reverted to the Amani system. In 1814 out of 1,177 villages in the river valley only 106 remained under Amani, the rest had accepted the money rents offered. The Collector reports, however, that this system was not then popular. The fall in prices which took place in these years was much Low prices, against the success of these arrangements, but the general residts were greater punctuality in realization of revenue and an extension of cultivation. The total land revenvie of the district rose in 1815 to Eupees Land 19,19,189; in 1817 the land revenue amouutcd to Rupees''*^"''"' 18,18,571; in 1818 to 19,21,902; in 1819 it stood at llupeos 19,24,497. Besides the land revenue there were at this period the following customary collections ; the figures given are for 1819. roveime. RS. Curnama' fees 1,775 Tank Repair cess . . 36,30& Chuttrams 7,470. Tirupany or Pagoda service cess 17,363 Fixed allowance to Pagodas . 1,79,691 Total . 2,53,013 These items have never been included in the amounts of the revenue- of the district, and some of them have since fallen into disuse. In 1820 land revenue stood at Rupees 19,20,552. In this year, the last of the decennial lease, the Collector recommended a reduc- tion of 12 per cent, in the wet villages, informing the Board that the lease could not be renewed on the old tenns, and that the rented villages would otherwise revert to Amani. The alteration actually made was the introduction of the Olangu Olangu system, which came into force in 1822 and lasted imtil 1859. The 'y'^"'"' ^^^^• ryots of wet villages had their choice between this system and a reversion to the Amani or sharing system. Two-thirds of the villages which were held on money rents during the decennial period chose the Olangu, the rest reverted to Amani for a time, but gradually year by year came in and agreed to the Olangu system. This system was somewhat complicated. Briefly put it consisted of the commutation of an assumed or estimated quantity of produce at a standard or fixed price, modified by the cui'rent price of the day. 10 74 MANUAL OF THE TINNEYELLY DISTRICT. CnAPTER IV. The assumed produce of each village was calculated on the area Land cultivated and its outturn during the seven Amani years, 1802 Revenue. ^^ jg^g_ The standard price was fixed on an average of nine years of the decennial lease, striking out the prices of the two highest and of the lowest years ; in fact it amounted to Rupees 2-11-41 per kotah. To this fixed standard price was applied the current rates of prices in the following manner : — The highest prices current in Novemher, December and January were taken for tlie car outturn, and those of March and April for the poshanum crop. The average of these was compared with the standard price. If the current price was less than 10 per cent, higher than, the standard, the standard was taken ; if more, the excess only was added to the standard price to make the commutation rate for the year. On the other hand, if the current prices were below the standard but within 5 per cent., the standard price itself was taken ; and if more than 5 per cent, lower, then the excess beyond 5 per cent, was deducted from the standard price and the remainder formed the commutation rate for the year. Favourable to This System was a great advantage to the ryots ; it gave them a ^^^ ^' standard price based upon the prices of years that were notoriously low, and allowed them a range of 15 per cent., within which the standard remained the- same — 10 per cent, above and 5 per cent, below ; 1 per cent, of increase in prices was to be entirely to their advantage, and only a rise beyond that figure was to benefit the Government ; the consequence was that the Amani villages, which numbered 260 in 1829, were reduced to 30 in 1836 to 1850, and to in 1861. Land revenue, ]827tol873. The land revenue however rose very gradually. In 1825 it was • • Rupees 19,68,106 1830 • • • • >j 18,34,995 1835 • • • • )> 20,07,417 1840 >) 22,61,271 1845 j> 21,12,651 1850 }7 21,37,774 1855 )} 24,59,924 * 1860 ft 26,09,481 1865 }) 24,93,893 1870 )) 29,92,121 1875 )} 30,20,699 During this period the peishcush of the Zemindaries remained fixed at or about Rupees 3,44,208. Fluctuations were considerable owing to fluctuations in prices and to bad seasons : 1832 was such a season, and the land revenue fell to Rupees 14,13,375 while the prices were as low as Rupees 2-15-3 per kotah. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 75 The wet ayakut of 1802 was 230-119 acres. The area culti- Chapter IV, vated wet 82"036 acres, assessed at Rupees 15,01,012. In 1806 it was 75-141 acres, assessed at Rs. 14,79,635 >> >> >7 >> >J t> }} 1} 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1865 1870 1875 >> 114-332 131-866 181-860 173-612 176-339 203-470 221-473 237-872 M »> »» )> >> )> 11,93,473 8,81,358 11,61,980 12,43,682 13,26,654 15,33,971 16,25,852 16,12,710 Land Kevenue. Extent of irrigated cultivation, 1806 to 1875. • In 1834 an attempt -was made to introduce the ryotwari system Ryotwari / of individual puttahs and holdings as opposed to the joint village f;iiic,^i834. f tenure in the wet villages. The villages of Srivaikuntham, V^lur, Tentiruperi, Tenkarai, Shermadevy and Kilpiddgai were chosen for the experiment, but it met with determined opposition from the ryots and fell tkrough for the time. Attempts had from time to time been made to introduce this system since the year 1827, but they had not been successful. In 1837 only one-tenth of the wet villages were assessed fieldwar, and in 1855 only four villages were so assessed. The next change was the introduction of the so-called Motafysal ]\lotafysal system. It took place in 1859, and was a modification of the Olangu '>''^^'"' ^^^^• system, the variations of the conversion rate according to the current prices being abandoned, and the standard Olangu price adopted once for all as an unchangeable conversion rate. The fixed standard yield of each village remained as before, and as prices soon after began to rise while the Olangu rate was low, this change was much in favor of the ryots and resulted in rapid increase of cultivation. The revenue history of the dry villages is different. During Assessment of the Nawab's government the renters exacted an annual rent on ^ ^^ ^^*^^* dry lands which was distributed by the mirasidars. The dry lands were by them classified according to quality and class of soil into the following six classes : — 1. Karisal . . Best black loam 2. Vcppal . . Inferior do. 3. Pottal . , Worst do. 4. Sowal . . Red clay loam. 5. Manual sevval . . Sandy red do. 6. Manual . . Sandy loam. Money rates were fixed on these classes in 1802 by Mr. Lushingtou, taking the average collections of former years as his standard, and alternate reduction and raising of these rates 76 MANUAL OF TIlE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapteh IV. followed for some years. In 1 808 they were permanently reduced Land to the following average : — Revenue. Rates fixed in 1808. Karisal . . 40 Fanams per chain or RS. A. 2 5 p. per acre Veppal . . 35 )) >> 2 7 „ Pottal . . 30 >» n 1 12 „ Sevval . 20 >> n 1 4 ,, Manual . . 10 >■ >> 10 „ Individual puttahs, 1824 B register waste lands charged, 1862. Effects. Area of dry lands cultivated, 1802 to 1875. The dry assessment had remained, with few unimportant alter- ations, the same as in 1808 ; but the cultivation has gradually extended very much. Individual puttahs were first issued for dry villages in 1824, the demand on each man's puttah being then regulated by the amount of his cultivation. The next important change affected both dry and wetlands alike, that by which waste lands came to be held on puttah and paid for though not cultivated. An account known as "The B Register " was prepared, showing each ryot's holding ; an oj)portunity was given to the ryots to give up any portion of the waste which they did not wish to pay for, and their signatures were taken on the register. Whatever waste they retained was charged, and from 1862 all waste entered in a ryot's puttah has been paid for with the exception of the remission granted for wet lands left waste, or wet crops which failed for want of water, or other cause not in the power of the ryot to prevent. This was a change of very great importance, and has greatly enhanced at once the revenue from the land and the incidence of the land assessment on the cultivators. But it has been most effectual in throwing into the hands of those who have capital and ability to cultivate, waste lands which their owners are unable to bring into cultivation. The Ayacut of 1802 showed a total dry area of 1,256,630 acres excluding poramboke, of which 520,520 acres were cultivated, assessed at Rupees 2,15,069. The cultivation and the revenue from this source was — Cultivation. Assessment. In 1820 „ 1830 „ 1840 ,, 1850 ,, 1860 ,, 1865 ,, 1870 „ 1875 ACRES. 405,497 451,324 557,005 .544,926 032,764 750,426 818,810 796,277 RS. 2,72,959 3,88,819 5,17,844 4,85,003 5,70,230 6,52,782 7,07,715 7,57,995 MANUAL OP THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 77 The assessment of both wet and dry lands is undergoing revi- Chapter IV. sion in the settlement now being carried out, as will be noticed Land *^ Revenue. fui'ther on. Extra Sources of Revenue. These consisted of the following items, and the revenue from Extra sources each for a series of years, so far as is ascertainable, is as follows : — ^^ revenue. 1805. 1817. 1819. 1828. 1830. 1840. 1855. 1861. 1874. ns. RS. ns. RS. RS. BS. RS. RS. RS. Salt 10,341 1,72,119 1,54,645 2,18,436 2,53,467 3,17,184 4,95,929 9,62,018 Sayer 27,048 ■ f • 1,29,685 2,03,957 2,16,230 1,96,305 32,585 53,098 ... Cheyroot Chanks 1 f 15,951 28,291 1 45,057 21,517 23,061 10,527 ... Abkari o OO 12,763 21,713 19,933 21,491 23,064 40,350 2,06,552 Stamps Pearl Fishery ... > % 1^ 18,124 22,666 21,802 99,683 23,141 23,644 1,06,277 3,20,844 Moturpha _;■ 82,857 98,094 1,05,403 75,311 91,872 Income-tax J 1 ,, 86,348 Sea Customs ... li ... 20,713 29,170 18,038 19,102 42,150 1,49,074 1,62,000 89,458 3,76,936 5,51,755 7,74,867 6,41,509 5,03,559 9,16,026J16,38,586 These figures mark a steady progress from about one and a half to sixteen lakhs dming the current century in revenue other than land revenue. Salt has risen from about 2 to 10 lakhs ; Stamps from Rupees 1 8,000 to over 3 lakhs ; Sea Customs from nothing to H lakhs nearly ; Abkari from nothing to 2 lakhs ; Sayer or inland transit duties on trade, which in 1830 stood at over 2 lakhs, and Moturpha, which amounted to 1 lakh in 1840, have disappeared altogether ; and the Pearl fishery has produced nothing during the last eighteen years, notwithstanding which the revenue has increased from 1 ^ to upwards of 1 6 lakhs. No better indication of the prosperity of the district can be found than this large increase. The enormous increase in salt and abkari points to the prosperity General of the lower classes, while the rise in stamps and sea customs P^^^l**^" y* is no doubt the result of the increasing prosperity of the upper and middle classes. The total revenue of the district has risen from Rupees 18,79,377 in 1802 to Rupees 24,37,206 in 1820, Rupees 27,08,176 in 1840, Rupees 35,88,986 in 1860, Rupees 45,68,636 in 1875. The variations in prices during the centuiy have been great. Prices— During the last twenty years the rise has been extraordinarily yj^^^, ^gw. rapid, culminating in 1865 to 1868, after wliich a considerable fall took place, followed by a gradual rise again. In 1801 a kotah of horse-gram cost Rupees 2 ; in 1876 it was Rupees 10^. In 1802 the wage of a cooly was 9 pics ; now it is seldom less than 3 annas. 78 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter IV. In 1807 sail . was 82 rupees per garce, in 1875 it was Rupees Land 321. Revenue. ^ i x i i 2na sort paddy in 1800 was Rs . 90 per garce or 56 Madi- as measures per rupee. » 1810 „ 75 » as »> 1820 „ 90 >> 56 1830 n 72 >5 60 1840 „ 82 >J 62 1850 „ 74 )> 67 1855 „ 151 >J 33 1860 „ 185 >J 27 1865 ,, 251 JJ 20 1870 „ 184 >» 28 1875 „ 176 n 29 Rice is usually reckoned at double the price of paddy. Special cultivation. Cotton. Area under cotton, 1819 to 1875. Special Cultivation. The growth of cotton is early noticed as a leading feature of the agriculture of Tinnevelly. In 1804 its quality was pronounced to be superior to that of Bengal or Surat by the East India Company's factors. In the early years of the century little raw-cotton was exported, but a large quantity was made up by the looms of the district. The Company's investments in the produce of these looms were large. In 1819 the area cultivated with cotton is given at 34,000 cawnies, equivalent to 25,500 acres ; at this time export to Madras for Europe and China had already attained a considerable development, and had raised the price of cleaned cotton from 68 rupees a candy at the commencement of the century to 112 rupees. Subsequent prices are not on record until 1865, when a candy of cleaned cotton sold for Rupees 103. In 1869 it stood at Rupees 159, and has since fallen by degrees to Rupees 107. The following table shows the areas cultivated and the quantities exported in subsequent years so far as is ascertainable : — Area Value of Cotton exported. Quantity Cultivated. exported. ACRES. RS. CWTS. 1830 67,475 About 9 lakhs. 3,726 1840 , , .. 15 „ 94,697 1850 . , ,, 11 .. 71,917 1855 125,038 „ 7 „ 1860 188,342 „ 19 „ 129,153 1865 216,501 ,, 136 ,, 1870 213,776 ,, 52 ,, 178,839 1875 281,569 „ 46 „ 194,179 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DIS'I'IIICT. 79 Neither indigo nor sugarcane have ever been extensively Chapter iv. cultivated in TinnevcUy. 1852 is the first year of which we have I^and records on this point. Indigo was then only 233, and sugarcane 54 acres. In 1859 indigo rose to 553 acres, in 1871 to 771, and l^ndigo and has since fallen to 245 in 1875. Sugarcane rose to 322 acres in ° ' ' 1864 and has since fallen to 199. The cultivation of this palm for the manufactui'e of sugar is Talmj-raa and peculiar to Tinnevelly, and, roughly speaking, to one caste — the ^ ^^^^' Shdnars. They climb the tree morning and evening for the jmce, of which they make molasses and a rough kind of sugar known as jaggery. These as well as fruit trees, such as the tamarind, illupei, mango, and many others had always paid a tree -tax included in the land revenue. In the year 1851 the tree-tax on all kinds except palmyras, cocoanuts, illupei, tamarind, and mango trees was abolished by order of Government. In 1833 the tope and palmyra tax amounted to Rupees 1 ,25,535. In 1836 the total number of taxable fruit trees, exclusive of palmyras, was nearly four lakhs, of which about one lakh was actually taxed and produced 18,304 rupees, or about six trees to the rupee. The rest were inam, unproductive, &c. The palmyras amounted to nearly sixty lakhs, about three lakhs of which were inam, twenty-two unproductive, and thirty-four taxed, producing 96,419 rupees, or about thirty trees to the rupee. In 1855 the revenue from topes had risen to Rupees 22,011, and from palmyras to Rupees 1,16,301. In 1865 the topes produced Rupees 20,422 and palmyras Rupees 1,32,537. In 1875 tope revenue fell to Rupees 10,715 and palmyra revenue to Rupees 78,300, owing probably to the decrease in nimiber of trees due to extension of other kinds of agriculture. The custom of the district has been to count the trees once in three years, a laborious process carried out by the village curnums under the supervision of revenue inspectors and taluk officials. Tope trees were taxed only when producing fruit ; palmyras at different rates at the different stages of theii- growth, beginning with a small charge of 1 pie when the leaves are first regularly cut, and rising as high as 1 anna for a full grown tree in full bearing ; the charge was different for the male and female tree. The labour of frequent counting and the opportunities for fraud are evident, and are being gradually provided against in the new settlement now in progress, as will be noticed hereafter. The attention of the Company was soon attracted to the slopes Spices, &c. of the "Western Ghauts as affording sites suitable to the growth of 80 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter IV. cinnamon, cloves and other tropical products of value. In 1802 Land the following plants were put down at Comiallum in the Tenkasi Kevenue. Taluk:- About 20,000 cinnamon. „ 600 nutmegs. ,, 300 pepper vines. ,, 1,400 coffee trees. „ 5 chocolate trees. 3 mangosteens and some cloves. For some years the gardens were managed at the expense of the Company and returned enough to pay their expenses. Nutmegs and cloves succeeded best, but all were kept alive until in 1 853 the estates were sold and passed into private hands. Except cinnamon which has disappeared, all these products are still to be found in small quantities, but flourishing in a satisfactory manner, in the coffee estates about Courtallum, especially in Paradise, the property of C. R. Cocq, Esq., where cloves and nutmegs are numerous, and are fine trees 20 to 30 feet high. The mangosteen succeeds fairly and the chocolate tree produces well, but is difiicult to guard from monkeys. Coffee. Coffee cultivation did not succeed at first, and its spread in Tinnevelly is of much more recent date. There are however now upwards of ten estates, averaging from 50 to 300 acres each, all in a flourishing condition. The Government however do not encourage coffee planting in Tinnevelly, being anxious to preserve the forests which clothe the ghauts for the sake of their influence upon the rainfall on the mountains upon which the rico cultivation of Tinnevelly entirely depends. Cinchona. Cinchona has recently been added to the list of exotics proved to succeed on these hills. A small plantation put down near Courtallum, and another above Papanassum in 1865 by Mr. McGregor when Sub-Collector of the district, are now in a flourish- ing condition, the trees being from 15 to 30 feet high. Trade. Trade. In the earliest years of the British occupation, trade either by land or sea was small. In 1808 there were but sixteen ships engaged in sea traffic. They were employed chiefly in trade in jaggery with Madras and in cloths with Colombo. The total export by land and sea in 1806 was estimated at 2 to 21 lakhs of pagodas, or about 10 lakhs of rupees exclusive of the Company's investments, which amounted on the average to about H lakhs of pagodas, making a total of about 3 J lakhs MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 81 of pcagodas or 14 lakhs of rupees. The bulk of the trade was Chapter IV. in cloths with Ceylon. The trade by land consisted chiefly of raw Land cotton valued at about 80,000 rupees, and tobacco valued at " about 75,000 rupees. The imports were confined to pepper and betel-nut from imports and Travancore in small quantity and occasionally rice. to^s^'o' ^^^^ The following table gives the particulars of export and import trade in the articles most in demand for a series of years and exclusive of treasure : — E.cporis. - Jaggery. Cotton. Cotton Goods. Miscellane- ous. Total. RS. RS. RS. RS. RS. 1806 , , , , , , 14,00,000 1810 , , , , , , . . 1820 , , , , , , . . 1830 1,15,699 8,48,220 10,18,470 1,37,763 21,20,152 1840-41 46,013 14,84,844 2,97,021 1,01,774 19,29,652 1850-51 , , 11,27,653 2,47,193 88,208 14,63,054 1860-61 32,276 18,78,879 34,973 5,10,243 24,56,371 1865-66 57,994 136,44,286 2,07,199 7,20,813 146,30,292 1870-71 18,594 51,73,829 3,46,638 11,01,378 66,40,439 1875-76 2,17,267 43,82,225 5,93,423 2,34,820 74,97,735 Imports. Betel, nut. Cotton Goods. Paddy. Eice. Miscellane- ous. Total. RS. RS. RS. RS. RS. RS. 1810 , , . . 1820 , , , , , , , . . . 1830 25,967 , , 13,989 19,643 1,33,278 1,92,877 1840-41 .. 38,182 , , , , 1,63,800 2,01,982 1850-51 .. 21,421 33,781 . , . . 1,57,125 2,12,327 1860-61 .. 6,952 1,71,445 30,999 11,135 3,00,611 5,21,142 1865-66 .. 44,924 4,39,148 18 3,67,200 4,64,202 13,15,492 1870-71 .. 56,591 18,07,537 , , , , 3,90,625 22,54,753 1875-76 .. 4,66,158 22,22,095 2,58,306 3,18,828 18,58,092 51,23,479 The total trade of the district treasure included has risen steady from a little over 14 lakhs in 1806 to 235 lakhs in 1865, f rom !"^^«^f ^^ which point it declined to 103 lakhs in 1870, and has since risen again to 147 lakhs. Next to rapid progress, on the whole the most noticeable feature of the trade is the increasing proportion the value of imports bears to that of exports, showing, perhaps, that the people of Tinnevelly are by degrees getting more value for their exports as communication is made easier 11 Revenue. 82 MANUAL OF THE TIXNEVELLY DISTRICT. CiiArTER IV. and the real value of exported goods becomes better known to Land the mass of people, or as competition induces merchants to give a larger equivalent for the cotton, &c., which they expoi-t. The export trade has risen from about 14 lakhs in 1807 to 146 lakhs in 1865, the year in which the American war gave so great an impetus to the cotton trade, after which it fell to 66 lakhs in 1870, and has risen again to 75 laklis. By far the most important item is cotton; jaggery shows at a slowly declining figure ; cotton goods of native manufacture are also declining, while a brisk trade in the re-exjiort of European cotton is growing up. Imports have risen more steadily from 2 lakhs in 1830 to 51 laklis in 1875. Nearly half consists of cotton goods. Paddy and rice are only occasionally in demand. Survey Settlement. Ne^ The assessment of the land revenue as above described having been left both in the dry and wet villages very much to the discre- tion of the mirasidars to distribute among the various holdings of the ryots, and the total sum demanded from each village having been fixed in dry villages upon the old Mahomedan rents, which "Were assessed upon no principle except that of getting as much as possible, and in wet villages upon the actual produce of the lands as " ascertained" by a host of ill-paid officials in the early years of the Company's administration, the Grovernment resolved to re-settle the land revenue on the ryotwari principle as regards tenm-e, and upon a careful examination of tlie soils, including numerous experiments on the yield of each. The settlement was begun in 1865, and completed in 1878. It is to continue in force for thirty years. The division of the district into irrigated and unirrigated portions has been substantially maintained, a different series of soils and assessments being taken as standards in each. ClnHsifi -^ CO ■oijy lod ojL-a w '~' < r. ^^ ^^ o o o o o •tULUliX « « CO ■^ o to I- oo o o ■^ -^ . ■_^ -, . u viotn;3gissnio •}jos ^ c-l « ^ -c^- c* r? ^ CI « co-j«cicoci-5«i-oco-j«co.f:'r*i^-riC«nto •ssi:iJ ct C4 CI -r re T t^ cc *r in I- OC col»»ni^oocO'1»or-xto*'^r^ac»^xao '3 O CI CC CO •r o ■»»« p. cj o h X .rt M C^ c^ « ^ ^ O >< s J3 3 rt •< O 30 o •XI CI CI 30 (i n 3 O t^ 3 ^ tf o ,^ :3 o o •^ C^l 00 ^ c t p. a 3 o ^^ o; (H c: u> •< ac o 00 00 O 00 o S CO 3 ^ •r. 1^ to ■» CO CO d c< •uiivnix •<1< o o 'rt < '>\ o CI ec CO -^ as p< '-^ P (» o 5C o o CO CI CI ^- ^^ 3 o ■^ <: OC o oo o to c< ej p. § 3 X « o r* u^ •^ CO CO :< 'S •< 00 CJ o ■* CI 00 ^ ^ .j2 p< g ^ o o X ->" CO C-5 c\ H > to .— < C 00 O 00 00 O 00 CO 3 •£. CI I^ o ■^ CO CO d < ^ Si •lUbUBX r: -r o - r- 00 o> ;c o CI CO CO •*< S 1 1 >* < X* 00 -s o CO CI CI ^ 3 O •3 < 00 (» = X O O CI &. ••— » •-• -H S a ::; x' r^ CO o t^ ''^ ^r CO o iS .— i ^M .^ c ■< 'T 00 o •«< Ol 00 ^^ CJ p. ^ •/5 ? X O ■•»> rt CO CI ^ ,^ (.^ >^ ■" tc '^ *; 00 O 3C c 00 30 O a: i, -J. C =5 <^ a 'J* CO CO C^ CC ■^ •.o to »^ oo ■uiiutix ■i < O CI ^. o Cl « CO p, > ^H £ C3 X O 00 o ■10 CO Cl Cl >< 1 *:3 -J o oo 00 o 00 o o 1— i P. C3 3 X S r- c-5 o r^ *ro 'T o >5 s ^^ ^^ o «^ o •* 00 CI O •«< Cl P. 2 oi ■s o *t* CO CO Cl ^ o ■^ tc •3 < O 00 o 00 O 00 00 c CO X l'- to ■>!> CO >5 S ^-t ^^ ■luflaux — c< 09 -r •o to t~. •;jos >^. J^ A - Tiunevelly, and the fact stands out that Tinnevell y, independently " of food, shelter, agricultm-al tools and stock, and l(j a large extent necessary as opposed to luxurious clotliing, all of which she supplies herself with, has every year prodvice valued at the above heavy sums to give in exchange for silver and gold or articles of foreign manufactm-e ; in other words, surplus wealth. It may fairly be asserted that the benefit recently conferred by the Grovernment upon the district in the shape of the new settlement has confirmed to tlie people all the advantages above pointed uut for another term of thirty years. • Prices are now double what tliey were at the beginning of the centmy, while the Government demand upon the laud is, area for area, certainly not higher if so high as it was then. The result is that whereas throughout the last century and in the early years of this century the payment to Government of 60 per cent, of the produce was no fable but a serious fact, whereby the people were so impoverished as to lead to the years of depres- sion between 1800 and 1832, the present demand cannot be taken to exceed 30 per cent, of the crops, so that although there seems to be reason to look forward to a fall in prices in the early future, there need be no fear of a check in the prosperity of Tinnevelly, 88 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT, CHAPTER V. TALUK NOTICES. Tinnevelly Taluk. Irrigation. Tinnevelly Taluk. Chapter V. TiNNEVELLY Taluk, situated in the centre of the district, is ahout Taluk 347 square miles in extent and contains 171 inhabited villages. It consists, as respects soil and general features, of two distinct portions, viz., the valleys of the Tamrapurni and Chittar, and the high and dry lands which lie between these rivers and on either side of them. On either side of the Tamrapurni there is a broad belt a quarter to half a mile wide of irrigated land, which yearly bears two unfailing and magnificent crops of rice ; plantains, betel gardens, cocoanuts also abound, and in the higher portions of the river alluvial fine topes of mangoes, illupei and other trees. The water-supply is from the Tamrapurni river by means of six channels, viz., the Kodagan, Palayan, Tinnevelly, Mardur-east, and Mardur-west channels, leading from the anicuts on the Tamrapurni river. These channels are supplemented by eiglity-one tanks, which they supply in their course. The Chittar supplies fifteen channels in the Tinnevelly Taluk, and these again twenty-three tanks scattered about over the north- eastern portion of the taluk, wherever there was found by the ancient rulers of the province a suitable site for such a reservoir. The Pacheyar, a stream of less importance di-aining a small area of mountains to the south, feeds foui" tanks in this taluk, but only in the peshanum or October monsoon season, and joins the Tamra- purni near the western boimdary of the taluk. There are also 148 rain-fed tanks filled in the October rains and cultivated but once. The area anicut-in'igated in 1871-72 was 8,161 acres, while tanks more or less supplied with river water irrigated 15,924 acres. As regards the dry lands, those south of the Tamrapurni and Chittar rivers are of the red and sandy series, poor, and cultivated but once in the rainy season, yielding poor crops of gram or samei (diy rice). These lands are largely left fallow. There are a Drv lands. MANUAL OF THE TTNNEVELLY DISTTIICT, 89 considerable number of palmyra topes scattered about in this Chapter v. portion of the taluk, which may be considered the northern limit Taluk of the " palmyra forest." oticls. Some of the villages of the north-eastern portion of the taluk belong to the black cotton series, being the southern edge of these extensive plains. Most of the garden c^^ltivation under wells belongs to this group ; cotton, cholimi and gram are the staple crops of this soil, besides tobacco, chillies, and vegetables under wells. The Tinnevelly Branch of the South Indian Railway enters the Railway, taluk at Gengaikundan by a fine bridge over the Chittar, and makes short work of the eight miles between that village and Tinnevelly Railway Station, which lies half-way between the towns of Tinnevelly and Palamcottah on the left or northern bank of the river. The taluk contains 268 villages, of which 222 are Government, Population. 17 Inam, and 29 Kattuguttakai or rented. The population numbers 180,219 souls, of whom 160,607 are Hindus, 18,966 Mahomedans, and 650 Christians. The castes most numerously represented are Vellalars or Pillais, 33,975; Vannians or Maravars, 47,945 ; Shanars, 13,313 ; Shepherds, 12,956 ; and Brahmins, 10,791. The Pariahs amount to 11,148. The grown male population numbers 53,221. The cultivating class is the largest, amounting to 16,143, besides 11,616 labourers mostly agricultural. Traders in food number 4,568, and in dress 3,960, general traders 3,568 ; the minor professions number 2,114, personal servants 2,670, workers in metal 1,390, and on construction of houses, &c., 2,057. These latter figures give an idea of the prosperity and civilization attained in the towns of Tinnevelly and Palamcottah and in the principal villages. The towns of Tinnevelly and Palamcottah, both municipali- ties, contain 20,885 and 17,885 inhabitants respectively. There are also two villages with a population exceeding 5,000 ; five villages between 3,000 and 5,000 ; and thirty-six villages between 1,000 and 3,000. Of a total area amounting to 222,056 acres 128,401 is occupied Cultivation-. and 76,695 cultivated; while 51,934 is fallow though occupied, 52,190 acres are dry, 8,161 wet cultivated by means of river channels, and 15,924 wet cultivated by means of tanks. Tlie total area irrigated is thus 23,869 : only 420 acres of dry land are cultivated under wells. The land revenue amounts to 367,181, the average assessment per acre of wet being Rupees 1 2-7-3 and of dry land Rupees 0-6-10. The abkari yields Rupees 38,230 and stamps Rupees 1,29,646. 12 90 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter V Tauk Notices. Post offices. Eainfall. Festivals. Fairs. Chuttrams. Temples, Beads, The number of letters received in one year was 272,113 and despatched 222,167. There are five post offices, viz., Palamcottah, Gengaikundan, Manur, Tinnevelly, Melapoliem. The rainfall has varied from 9 inches in 1865 to 41 inches in 1871 ; in 1875 it was 17 inches. There are no Zemindaries in this taluk. The principal festivals are the procession of the car in Tinnevelly in July, and a cattle fair at Sivalpuri in April ; at the latter 5,000 visitors and 8,000 head of cattle are expected. Weekly fairs are also held at Sivalpuri on Monday, Pillayar- kulam on Wednesday, Tinnevelly on Thursday. There are thirteen chuttrams, most of them in good order, viz., at 1, Pandarakulam ; 2, Pudukulam ; 3, Palamcottah ; 4, Kailasa- puram: 5, Tatchasamudram ; 6, Kottur; 7, Sivalpuri; 8, Vizia- raghavapuram ; 9, Seidunganellur ; 10, Alagiapandiapuram ; 11, Suttumalai ; 12, Kurukuthurai; and 13, Sundupandorai. Four of these, Nos. 3, 6, 10 and 13, belong to the Local Fund Board; the remainder are private property. Tinnevelly Taluk has no less than eighty-five endowed Siva pagodas with an annual income in cash of Rupees 30,661, besides endowments amounting to Rupees 7,328 per annum, and jeAvels valued at Rupees 1,10,783. Vishnu pagodas are everywhere less numerous. The worship- pers of Vishnu are comparatively few, chiefly in the northern taluks. The number of important temples dedicated to Vishnu in the whole district is only 106, with a cash income of Rupees 55,809 ; endowment amounts to Rupees 29,510 and jewels valued at Rupees 2,68,123. There are ten main roads in the Tinnevelly Taluk and upwards of twenty short branches. The main lines are as follows : — 1. Tinnevelly to Madura. 2. Palamcottah to Vaipar. 3. Do. to Tuticorin. 4. Do. to Koilpatam, 5. Do. to Travancore. 6. Do. to Ambasamudram 7. Do. to Tenkasi. 8. Tinnevelly to Rajapoliem. 9. Do. to Pattalpudur. 10. Do. to Srivaikuntham. Most of these have two or more short branches of one to five miles, connecting important villages with the main roads, and forming a complete net- work of communication : all are kept up by the Local Fund Board. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 91 There is an anglo-vernaciilar school at Tinnevelly well attended Chapter V. and managed, another at Palamcottah, where there is also a good -J^^^^ school for boj^'s under the patronage of the Church Mission Society, a boarding school for poor Christian boys and girls, Schools. and a training institution for Christian girls under the same Society, all well managed and useful institutions. The number of police stations is ten, viz., Tinnevelly, Palam- Police cottah, Puthupettah, Melapoliem, Tachanellore, Manur, Mora- ^^''^^^°^^- panad, Seidunganellore, Situparapanellore and Sivalpuri. The Tahsildar Sub-Magistrate is stationed at Tinnevelly. Tahsildar. There is also a Sub-Magistrate at Palamcottah, where is stationed a regiment of Native Infantry ; most of the Civil Officers of the district also reside here. For so large a place the trade of Tinnevelly is comparatively Trade and small ; the chief item is rice, which in favourable seasons is exported ma'^^^'^^tures. in large quantity to the dry taluks of Tinnevelly. A considerable import business in Europe cotton and other articles is also carried on in Tinnevelly ; otherwise its trade is only local and for the convenience of its own inhabitants. Cloths of a superior description are woven in Melapoliem, a village close to Tinnevelly. Metal utensils are made up in Tinnevelly for sale in the town and in other parts of the district, and these are the principal manufactures of the taluk. In 1876-77 the average areas under the chief crops were rice 36,000 acres, cumbu 10,000, samei 23,000, pulses 11,000, cotton 18,000 acres. There were 42,000 cattle and 133,000 sheep. Ambasamudram Taluk. This taluk lies north-west of Nanguneri, to the west of Tinne- Ambasnmu- velly, to the south of Tenkasi and Sankaranainarkoil, and to the ^^^'^^^ Taluk, east of the ghauts. It contains the principal sources of the great river of Tinnevelly, Rivers, the Tamrapurni, which rises on either side of a fine conical peak known from fabulous times as the " Agustiar Malai ;" from the south of this mountain come various streams and torrents which form the Tamrapurni proper ; from the north flows the river Serviar and joins the Tamrapurni about four or five miles before its debouchui'e from the moimtain range, which takes place at a very famous spot — Papanassam — in five falls, where many thousand pilgrims annually wash away theii- sins. The range both north and south of this central spot shows lofty mountains thickly covered with forest containing valuable timbers of many kinds. To the north descend tho Guttunanaddi and the Ivamauaddi draining: ^2 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter V. considerable areas of mountains ; and the Mannimuttanaddi and -^i^^noEs. *^® Pacheyar to the south, all mingling their waters with the ' Tamrapui-ni within the Ambasamudram Taluk. Eice lands. The valleys of these rivers furnish rich areas of rice cultivation, but especially that of the Tamrapurni itself, where two rich crops every year, over a broad belt on either side of the river, is reckoned a certainty and has never been known to fail. In the south-west corner lies the Zemindari estate of Singam- patti, well watered both by channels and tanks from the Manimlit- tar, which also supplies several Government villages further east. The Pacheyar fills a few tanks during the north-east monsoon. The southern portion of the taluk is rocky and poor, the soil sandy, producing very poor dry crops, samei and gram, and occasional palmyra topes. Dry landa. Noiih of the Tamrapumi, except near the ghaut range, the high dry lands have the same poor character, the soil being derived partly from decayed gneiss, but largely from overlying quartz, and being of a red sandy character frequently impregnated with soda. At the foot of the ghauts and for five or six miles eastward red clays and loams of better quality are also found ; palmyras are more abundant, as well as mangoes, tamarinds and other trees. This portion of the taluk is more broken up by the streams descend- ing from the mountains, and is better wooded than the more eastern and southern portions, which are bare sandy slopes for many miles. The valleys of the above mentioned rivers and their tributaries have given their form and lie to the country rising gently to the north and south of the Tamrapurni, in the first case to the high quartz ridge which forms the water-shed between the rivers Tamrapui'ni and Chittar, in the latter to the ghauts, which here make a bold sweep out of their general course of north and south and run east for ten to fifteen miles, enclosing in their circuit as in a deep bay about half of the taluk. Irrigation. ^he irrigation system of this taluk, which is very ancient, is also very complete ; numerous anicuts cross the Tamrapurni and its affluents, and supply channels and tanks in a manner which reflects the highest credit upon the skill and energy of the ancient govern- , ments who constructed them. Anient irrigated lands extended to 22,542 acres in 1871-72, and 4,243 acres were irrigated by means of tanks. The anicuts on the Tamrapurni, especially the Cannadian, the finest, are works well worthy of attentive study. They have recently been supplied with head sluices, a great improvement, bringing the channel-supply under proper control, and preventing the frequent damage usual in high floods. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 93 The ghaut range is accessible only by mountain paths or bridle Chapter V. foads from Kadium, Alwarkurichi, Papanassam and Singampatti, Taluk by all which ways timber, cardamoms, and other forest produce are brought down under the control of the Forest Department. Mountains. The south-west monsoon extends for two to five miles east of the Climate, ghaut line from the 15th June, when it commences in slight showers and mist, cooling the air and making the climate both delightful and salubrious. The west winds blowing through the monsoon sweep over the district and cool the atmosphere most perceptibly further east even than Tinnevelly and Palamcottah. The whole of the Tamrapurni valley and portions of those of the other affluents of that river get the benefit of this monsoon and obtain a first or car crop ; while the north-east monsoon, commencing in October, supplies these lands again for a second crop. The Ambasamudram Taluk contains 303 square miles and Extent. 194,156 acres, of which 9,026 is Zemindari, 7,943 Inam, and the rest Government. There are 140 villages. The population numbers 161,159, including 8,279 Mahomedans Population, and a few Christians ; the rest are Hindus. Brahmins number 13,824, Vellalars 23,087, Weavers 11,872, Maravars 30,337, Shanars 22,630, and Pariahs 16,282. There are 48,724 males of fidl age, of whom 13,628 are cultivators, 10,780 labourers ; engaged in wholesale trade are 3,780, in retail trade and petty manu- factures 9,256, on the usefid arts 4,164. Of the whole area of Government land, 63,685 acres are under Cultivation, cultivation and 62,912 fallow; dry cultivation extends to 36,583 acres, anient irrigation 22,542, and tank irrigation 4,243 ; under wells there are 317 acres. The land revenue is Rupees 3,81,473, the average rates being Revenue. Rupees 12-6-7 for wet and 0-6-1 for dry lands. Miscellaneous land revenue amounts to Rupees 17,596, inam quit-rent to Rupees 16,126, and peishcush on estates to Rupees 20,919. Abkari yields Rupees 15,200, miscellaneous items Rupees 13,050, stamps produce Rupees 39,521. The rainfall was only 4 inches in 1860 and 91 inches in 1866 ; Rainfall. in 1871 it was 42 inches. There are three post offices, the number of letters received in Post ofiBces. one year being 55,345 and sent 43,762. The principal weekly fairs are held at Ravuthapur on Monday, Fairs. Mayilappapuram on Tuesday, Pottalpudur on Wednesday, Sherma- devy on Tluu'sday, Papagudi on Friday, and Ambaeamudram on Saturday. 94 MAXUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter V. There is a celebrated festival at Papanassam in February. Talvk fpjjQ Local Fund Board of the Shermadevy Circle supports a Notices. , . chuttram at Sitaparapanellore, and there are private chuttrams Chuttrams. ^^ Alankulam, Shermadvey and Kadiem. Temples. Ambasamudi'am Taluk has fifty Siva temples, vi^hose annual income in cash amounts to Rupees 16,478, endowments in land to Rupees 14,433, and jewels are valued at Rupees 43,019. Eoads. "Pl^e following are the principal Local Fund Board's roads in the Ambasamudram Taluk : — Palamcottah to Tenkasi vid Alankulam. Do. to Ambasamudi'am vid Shermadevy. Tinnevelly to Pottalpudur on north side of the river. Ambasamudram to Tenkasi. Do. to Padmaneri. There are also several small branches connecting large villages with the above roads. Police Police stations number six, in the following places : Ambasamu- dram, Kallidakurichi, Kadiem, Alankulam, Shermadevy, Virava- nellore. Trade and The wealthy villages of the river valley supply other parts of manufactures. ^-^^^ taluk with rice. Money-lending is piu'sued to a great extent with the wealth obtained in this fertile valley. Weaving, once largely pursued, has much declined before the supply of piece-goods from Europe ; still there are many families in all the large villages of the valleys of the Tamrapurni and its chief tributaries engaged in this manufacture. Most of these are Hindus, but in Pottalpudur and other villages Mahomedan Lubbais are also thus engaged. The condition of the weaving classes in general is very poor ; they are declining in numbers and prosperity. Pattamadai mats, made of fine rushes found on the river banks and in tank beds, is a manufacture of some importance in the taluk ; the mats are much admired and in demand. Zemindaries. There are two Zemindaries, Singampatti and tJrkad, in the Ambasamudram Taluk, the former 6,726 acres, the latter 2,287 ; both are favourably situated for irrigation, the former under the Mannimuttanaddi, the other in the Tamrapurni valley. The peishcush of Singampatti is Rupees 8,008 and of tJrkad Rupees 12,911 : both Zemindars are minors under the Court of Wards. Chief villages. The valleys of the rivers of Ambasamudram abound in wealthy and populous villages ; the following are some of them : — Kaladakurichi, population 11,580, derives its importance from well watered rice lands ; has a large population also engaged in trade and the minor arts. MANUAL OF THE TINXEVELLY DISTRICT. 95 Yiravanellore, with 12,172, is a similar village further down the Chapter v. river. J'^^^^ Notices. Ambasamudram has 8,604 inhabitants, is well situated on the Tamrapurni, and is the head-quarters of the Tahsildar. A fine taluk cutcherry on the new plan has been lately constructed here. Shermadevy, with 6,064 inhabitants, has long been the head- quarters of the Sub-Collector, now of the Head Assistant Collector, favourably situated on the south bank of the Tamrapurni, twelve miles "vvest of Tinnevelly. It possesses some of the most fertile lands in the district and is wholly agricultural. Alwarkurichi is an important village with fine irrigation from the Guttananaddi and Eamanaddi, affluents of the Tamrapui'ni. It has 6,015 inhabitants. Kadiem- Valajasamudram is a similar village a few miles further north, and like Alwarkurichi, near the foot of the ghauts on the Ambasamudram and Tenkasi high road. It derives its wealth from the same soiu'ces as Alwarkurichi, and has a population of 4,166. All these villages contain a large population of wealthy Brahmin land-owners, to whose enterprise and intelligence the prosperity of the \'illage is mainly due. "With a population between 3,000 and 5,000 there are besides the above nine other villages, and between 1,000 and 3,000 are thirty-two villages. Eice 49,000 acres, samei 18,000, pulses 13,000, gingelly 12,000, Crops. are the principal crops grown in the taluk. There were 49,000 cattle and 69,000 sheep in the year 1876-77. Texkasi Talfk. The Tenkasi Taluk lies to the north of Ambasamudram, to the Tenkasi south of Sankaranainarkoil, to the west of Tinnevelly Taluk, and at the foot of the Western Ghauts. In almost every respect it resembles Ambasamudram Taluk, but on a smaller scale. Its river, the Chittar, with its various branches, drains an extent River, of mountains not much less than the basin of the Tamrapurni, though its sources do not extend so far into the heart of the mountains ; it is therefore a much smaller river, nevertheless it irrigates a large area in many villages spread over a wide bay enclosed by a bend in the direction of the range, as well as along its coui'se eastward to the limits of the taluk and beyond till it joins the Tamrapurni a few miles north-east of Tinnevelly town. The villages near the foot of the mountains obtain two crops, one from each monsoon ; those fiu'ther out only one in the north-east monsoon. 96 MAXUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Travancore territory. Chapter V. The river and its affluents are crossed by numerous anicuts Taluk feeding irrigation channels and many tanks. In 1871-72 the area ' irrigated from anicuts was acres 14,960, and from wholly rain-fed Wet lands, tanks acres 476. Dry lands. The dry lands are very similar to those of the Amhasamudram Taluk, red clays and loams to the west, sandy and poor soil to the east and south. At the northern boundary a few villages belong to the black cotton series, being outlying patches of the great black cotton plain of north-eastern Tinnevelly. Comtallam. Courtallam, situated in the recess of the mountain-girt bay above described, about 450 feet above the sea, enjoys a delightful climate from the middle of June till September or October owing to the mists and light rains, which penetrate from the western to the eastern side of the range, and render the air ten degrees cooler here than it is ten miles further east. The officers and residents of the district resort to this delightful spot whenever able to do so at this season ; there is a sufficient number of good houses and excellent roads in all directions. The falls of the Chittar at Courtallam are famous among natives for their virtue in cleansing from sin, and to Europeans for delightful bathing. Many of the richest villages in the bay formed by the mountains around Courtallam belong to the Travancore Government, which in ancient times, and when Tinnevelly was constantly plunged in war, temporarily possessed a considerable area here, as well as in the extreme south of the district. Extent. Tenkasi has 337 square miles, containing 215,845 acres, viz., 123,387 of Zemindari, 6,641 of Inam, and the rest Government land, all in 130 villages. Population. The population amounts to 122,744, of whom 11,276 are Maho- medans, a few Christians, and the rest Hindus, of whom 3,747 are Brahmins, 14,338 Vellalars, 32,776 Maravars, 22,730 Shanars, and 7,988 Pariahs. Out of 37,253 grown males 16,166 are culti- vators, 6,029 labourers, 2,208 engaged in wholesale trade, 4,695 in retail trade, 4,272 on the useful arts. Cultivation. The area of Government lands under cultivation is 51,254, and 11,980 is fallow. Dry cultivation amounts to 34,933, wet cultiva- tion under anicuts and channels 14,997, under tanks 476, and under wells 848. Revenue. The land revenue of Tenkasi Taluk is Eupees 1,58,602, the average rates of assessment are Rupees 7-2-0 for wet and 0-13-0 for dry land. Miscellaneous land revenue is Rupees 10,401, quit- rent on inams Rupees 10,245, and peishcush on estates Rupees 46,012. Abkari produces Rupees 8,250, and stamps Eupees 7,()76. MANUAL OF THE TIXNEVELLY DISTRICT. 97 The rainfall has varied from 16 inches in 1860 to 70 inches CnArxEu V. in 1863 ; in 1871 it was 45 inches. Taluk Notices. There are two post offices, at which were received 43,217 and . — • sent 64,613 letters in one year. ,^^^° ^' Post ottces. "Weekly fairs are lield at Kanakapillai Valasai on Sunday, Fairs. Kiilasekarapatti and Surandai on Monday, Melapuliur on Wed- nesday, Tippanamputti and Sivalarkulam on Tliursday, Niuaga- ram and Virakeralampudui' on Saturday. The chief religious festival takes place in August at Court al lam. There is a chuttram kept up by the Local Fund Board, Sherma- Chuttrams. devy Circle, at Pavur, and private chuttrams at Tenkasi, Coui-tal- 1am, Virakeralampudiir and Nagojirowpully, There are thirteen principal Siva temples in this taluk, having a Temples, cash income of Rupees 7,955, revenue from endowments Rupees 7,595, and jewels worth Rupees 1,70,703. The principal roads in the Tenkasi Taluk are — Tenkasi to Palamcottah. Do. to Amhasamudram. Do. to Madura. Pavur to Surandai. Tenkasi to Virakeralampudur. Do. to Courtallam. Do. to Pumblypatam and Shenkotah. There are also several short branches leading to large villages from the above roads. The number of police stations is seven, at Tenkasi, Punpuli, Police Kadyanellur, Santhamaram, Oothimialai, Surandai, Pavur. ^ '^ ^*^°^ Weaving is carried on to a moderate extent in this taluk as in Manufacture. Amhasamudram, but is a declining employment. Uttamalai is one of the most important Zemindaries in the Zemindaries. district, consisting of forty-nine villages and 79,850 acres, and paying a peishcush of Rupees 26,971. It is situated about four miles east of Tenkasi, and contains a considerable area of well watered land under the Chittar river. The Zemindar belongs to the Maravar caste, and is a descendant of one of the ancient poligars or feudal chiefs of Tinnevelly. Siu'andai is another small estate with 983 acres, paying 668 rupees peishcush. The village of Tenkasi has 10,605 inhabitants, is the station of the Tahsildar, and has the best irrigated lands in the taluk whence its importance. Kulasekarapatti with 6,596, Kadyanellur with 7,016, and Prinn'pal Chokkamp;)tti with 5,379 inhabitants, are also favourably situated ^■'^^'*y^'^- 13 98 MANUAL OF THE TINTS EVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter V. in respect of irrigation, having well watered lands near the soui'ces Talvk of the principal tributaries of the Chittar. ' With a population helow 5,000 and above 3,000 there are only three other villages, and between 1,000 and 3,000 there are tAventy- six villages. Crops. The principal crops grown in 1876-77 were — rice 24,000, cholum 15,000, samei 38,000, pulses 16,000, gingelly 11,000 acres. There were 61,000 cattle and 53,000 sheep. Sankaranainarkoil Taluk. Sankaranai- Sankaranainarkoil Taluk lies at the foot of the ghauts to the north nar oil alu . ^^ "Penkasi, Ambasamudram, and Tinnevelly Taluks, to the west of Ootapidaram, and south of Srivilliputtur. It contains soil both of the red and black sorts. The red country is broken into valleys and ridges by numerous small torrents and streams descending from the mountains, and is well supplied with channels leading from these streams and with tanks supplied by the channels ; its principal wealth are its irrigated lands, as the dry cultivation is poor excepting under wells, where good crops of cholum and raggy are occasionally seen. Government River-irrigated Grovemment lands extend to 1,240 acres, while an 8. iai;i(js irrigated from tanks more or less supplied from river channels amounted to 8,837 acres in 1871-72. The supply in the earlier or south-west monsoon is trifling and uncertain, and confined to a few villages quite at the foot of the range. The main supply is from the north-east monsoon, which breaks usually with considerable force on the range and fills all the streams, channels, and tanks generally two or three times, in which case a good crop is secured. Rice and occasionally plantain gardens and betel-vines are the products grow^n under irrigation. Dry lands. In the higher lands, much of which are of fair quality, cholum, cumbu and gram are sown in the north-east monsoon months, and large areas are generally left fallow. There are a few topes of palmyras and tamarinds, but in general the taluk is bare of trees. The other portion of the taluk, the soil of which is black cotton, is almost one-fourth of the whole in extent, and is a portion of the great cotton plain which occupies the north and noi'th-east portion of the district ; the plains are broken only by a few scattered topes of poor tamarinds, and of the babool or acacia found in almost all the tank-beds throughout the cotton plains. The greater portion of the cotton soil of this taluk is poor. MANUAL OF THE TIXNEVELLY DISTRICT. 99 The extent of the taluk is 390,255 acres or 609 square miles, Chaptek V. of which 207,241 is Governmeut, 46,842 Inam, and 136,172 Taluk Zeminclari. The number of villages is ninety-seven. The population numbers 181,172 persons, 178,858 of whom ^^^^"^• are Hindus, and only 2,309 Mahomedans. Of the castes the l'"P"l'^tion. Brahmins number but 3,054, Chetties 3,933, Vellalars or Pillais 21,898, Shepherds 12,141, Maravars, the most numerous, 73,946, Shanars 13,768, and Pariahs 15,091. Out of 57,278 males of full age no less than 30,115 are cultivators and 11,217 labourers; 7,790 are employed in trade wholesale and retail, 2,336 in the useful arts, and 2,679 are servants. Included in the above figures there are three large Zemindaries, Zemindaries. viz., Sivagherry, with 76,970 acres and a population of 45,072 in twenty-six villages, peishcush liupees 54,580, situated to the north-Avest of the taluk ; Naduvakurichi, extent 8,032 acres and population 2,601 in ten villages, peishcush Rupees 3,029 ; and Avadyapuram, with 8,686 acres and 6,960 souls in three villages, peishcush Rupees 1,762. There are also seven minor Zemindaries as shown below : — No. Name. Popitlation. Peishcush. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dalavankotai Viriruppu Thiriivettanellorc Vellalankulam Kulasen;aramungalain Ic'hchenda Thirumalanaikanpuduguddy . . 3,117 462 3,873 1,067 4,235 1,325 1,658 RS. 2,733 458 1,645 429 2,019 558 2,059 The last six are portions of the ancient Zemindari of Chok- kampatti sold by the Court in 1867. The Zemindari lands are cultivated by their tenants, who hold wet lands on condition of dividing the produce equally, and dry lands at money-rents often as high as Rupees 2-8-0 per acre for good qualities. Of the whole taluk, in round numbers 200,000 acres are Govern- ment land and 182,000 Zemindari and foi-est lands. Of the 2(10,000 about 100,000 are actually cultivated and 33,000 Cultivation. fallow; 90,000 are cultivated dry, under irrigation by means of channels are 1,240, and under tanks 8,807 acres. The land revenue amounts to Rupees 1,71,164, and peishcush on Revenue, estates to Rupees 72,506, the average rates of the Government assessment being Rupees 6-1 1-0 for wet and 14 Annas for dry lands. Abkari yields Rupees 14,500 and stamps Rupees 6,579. The rainfall has varied from 7 inches in 1857 to 40 inches in Rainfall. 1859 ; in 1871 it was 16 inches. 100 MANUAr. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRK'T. Chai'ter V Taluk Notices. Post offices. Fairs and festivals. Chuttrams. Temples. Forests. Roads. Police stations. Principal villages. Trade. The number of letters received in a year is 19,980 and sent 16,536. There are only two post offices, viz., Sankaranainarkoil and Vasadevanellore. There are car procession festivals at Sankaranainarkoil in February and July, and a large fair for cattle at Kalugamalai, a great gneiss rock and a celebrated temple, in the month of February. There is weekly fair at Thiruvengadum on Monday, Pambukoil on Tuesday, Vasadevanellore on Wednesday, and Sankaranainar- koil on Thursday. The following are the principal chuttrams, viz. : 1, Elaversa- nundal ; 2, Sivagiri ; 3 and 4, two at Sankaranainarkoil ; 5, Pannavadali ; 6, Vannikonandal. Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6 belong to the Local Fund Board ; the other two are kept up by the Zemin- dars of the places in which they are situated. The number of principal Siva temples is eleven, with an income of Rupees 6,789 in cash, Rupees 3,977 in endowments, and jewels valued at Rupees 23,198. The range of the Western Ghauts contains a large area of fine forest and much scrub- jungle and grass at lower elevations. The best portion of the forests is claimed by the Zemindar of Siva- giri. The Government forests are chiefly above Vasadevanellore. The following are the principal roads, all kept up by the Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle : 1, Tinnevelly to Raja- poliem Did Sankaranainarkoil ; 2, Tenkasi via Vasadevanellore and Sivagiri to Madura frontier ; 3, Kalugamalai to Kovilpatti (a station of the South Indian Railway), constructed by the Ettia- puram Zemindar. There are six police stations, viz., Sankaranainarkoil, Pulienguddi, Sivagiri, Kurvanullur, Kursulkulam, Kurukalpatti. The Taluk Sub-Magistrate has his head-quarters at Sankara- nainarkoil, a large village containing 11,632 inhabitants, with 17,609 acres of land, and paying 10,859 rupees land revenue. Sivagiri is the chief town of the Zemindari of that name and contains 13,274 inhabitants. Thiruvengadum, Pulianguddi, Vasa- devanellore, are the only villages having a population exceeding 5,000. All owe their importance to their situation near the ghauts, from which they obtain water for wet cultivation. With between 3,000 and 5,000 inhabitants there are ten villages, and above 1,000 and not less than 3,000 thirty-four villages. The trade of the taluk is trifling. Raw cotton is the only export, and rice and articles of European manufacture, chiefly cloth, the principal imports. There are no manufactures of any importance. > . > J > > « i i » , 1 » : MANUAL OF THE TINNKVEI.I.Y PISTUICT. 101' The principal crops cultivated in 1876-77 were 1,200 acres of rice, Chapter v. 15,000 of raggy, 2S,00O of cumbii, 76,00U of samei, 7,000 of Talvk pulses, 16,000 of gingelly, 20,000 of cotton. Notices. Of cattle there were 71,000 and sheep 116,000. Crops. OOTAPIDARAM TaLUK. This extensive talidc occupies the north-eastern portion of the Ootapidaram district, and includes the Zemindari of Ettiapuram, the largest in ^'^^'^• the district. Bounded on the east by the sea, on the west by the taluksof Satiir and Sankaranainarkoil, on the south by Tinnevelly and Tenkarai, and on the north by the Ramnad country of Madura District, it is almost wholly of a uniform character, a wide black cotton plain relieved by scanty and poor topes of tamarind here and there, and by thickets of the babool or acacia in every tank- bed. To the west and south however there is a considerable area of red sands and loams, amounting to nearly one-tenth of the area of the taluk. There are extensive areas of rich black loamy soil producing fine crops of cotton as well as of cumbu, cholum- fodder and Bengal-gram, and also a large area of poor gravelly soil impregnated with soda. Near the coast the white sea sands prevail, producing chiefly palmyras and babool thorns, the latter valued for making agricultural implements, being extremely hard, and for firewood ; also for their seeds, which are excellent food for sheep. A few detached masses of gneiss rocks rising abruptly from the plains fonn conspicuous objects, but generally the country is almost level, rising and falling very slightly in long and broad slopes, which follow the drainage lines from north-west to south-east. There are numerous irrigation tanks, chiefly rain-fed, and almost every village has a small pond, locally called an " Uraui," for the storage of drinking water for man and beast, collected during the north-east monsoon and subsequent showers, for use diu-ing the hot weather when water is scarce, wells frequently dry up, or are very generally impregnated with salt. Well cultivation by means of bullocks is much followed in parts of this taluk, and good crops of tobacco, cholum, chillies and vegetables, as well as betel leaf, are obtained. The chy lands are often cultivated with care and highly manured. Many of the ryots are substantial and well-to-do, having made a considerable amount of property diu'ing the cotton years of the American "\^'ar. The export of this staple produce of the taluk is very large ; nearly the whole finds its way to the seaport of Tuticorin. The South Indian E ail way enters the taluk from Madura a little Railway, south of Satur and has stations at Koilpatti, Kadambur, the 102 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter V. Taluk Notices. Extent. Population. Cultivation. Revenue. Ettiapuram Zemindari. Eainfall. Post offices. Fairs and festivals. Tinnevelly branch junction at Maniachi, and the terminus at Tuticorin, one of the most flourishing ports of the Presidency. By far the largest part of the taluk is Zemindari, the Govern- ment lands being less than one-third of the whole. The taluk with the Ettiapuram Zemindari contains 1,165 square miles in 426 villages, of which 341 are Zemindari, 19 Inam, 66 Grovernment. There are 745,144 acres in the taluk, of which 205,231 are Government, 507,573 Zemindari, and 32,340 Inam. The population numbers 296,712, of whom only 4,273 are Maho- medans, a few Christians, and the rest Hindus. Brahmins are only 2,917 in number, Vellalars 88,841, Maravars 73,865, Shanars 40,864, and Pariahs 28,475. Of 98,088 males of full age, cultiva- tors number 51,424 and labom-ers 21,950, wholesale traders 5,493, retail traders 6,595, while 3,624 are employed in the useful arts. Out of the 205,231 acres of Government land 119,185 is under cultivation and 33,806 fallow, 115,542 cultivated with diy crops, 980 with wet crops under channels, and 1,823 under tanks. There are 3 river- fed and 117 rain-fed Government tanks, and 140 belonging to the Ettiapuram Zemindari. The Government land revenue demand is Rupees 1,38,441, with Rupees 13,046 miscellaneous items, the average rates being Rupees 5-7-4 for wet and 0-14-1 for dry lands; peishcush on estates is Rupees 1,26,545, abkari Rupees 25,210, stamps Rupees 13,649. The Ettiapuram Zemindari, most of which lies in this taluk, is the largest in the district, and contains a population of 126,660 in 349 villages. It has 12,782 acres of wet, 291,572 of dry, and 3,094 of garden land. The revenue demand from the estate is Rupees 2,87,814 from land, while 9,330 is added for grass rents, topes, senna, &c. The peishcush is Rupees 88,825, and road-cess Rupees 11,750. There are 70,000 palmyras in the estate, paying on the average Annas 1-10 each. The assessment on wet lands varies from Rupees 10 to Rupees 4^, on dry lands from Rupees 2| to Annas 6 per acre. The ryots are well-to-do. The rainfall of Ootapidaram Taluk has varied from 13 inches in 1857 to 50 inches in 1862 ; in 1871 it was 33 inches. There are six post offices, the number of letters received and Bent in a single year being respectively 115,769 and 177,171. Weekly fairs are held at Maduvapatti on Sundays, Melacheytalai on Mondays, Ootapidaram and Kulattur on Tuesdays, Kadam- MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 103 bur, Velatekiilam, and Mimgarai on Wednesdays, Kaittar, Nagala- Chapter V. piu'am, Pusanur on Thiu'sdays, and Kadidguddi on Saturdays. Talik xS OTICES The chief annual festival is held at Kalugamalai in January, February and March, at "which time a large cattle fair is held. 8,000 cattle are estimated as brought for sale. There are also festivals of minor importance at the following temples : Gengai- kundan, Pusuvantunai, Kaittar, and Vypar. There are four chuttrams under the management of the Local Chuttrams. Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle — in Vypar, Gengaikundan, Telayeral and Tuticorin, and sixteen private chuttrams in the following villages : Ootapidaram 2, Kombady, Puvani, Ettia- puram, Ammalmadam, Vedanatham, Melmandai, Kalliiranei, Kyttar 2, Gengaikundan, Kadambiu', Sekkarakudi, Tuticorin 2. The principal Siva temples number six, "with an income of Temples, Rupees 2,000, endowments of the annual value of Rupees 5,410, and jewels valued at Rupees 5,810. The most important roads kept up by the Local Fund Board, Roads. Tinnevelly Circle, are — Palamcottah vid Siitur to Madras. Palamcottah to Tuticorin. Tuticorin to Vembiir. Koilpatti to Tuticorin. Velatekulam to Kulattur. Police stations number twenty-two, the principal of which are Police Ootapidaram, Tuticorin, MelatatupaVai, Vedanatham, Veldte- ^*^^^^°^3' kulam, Kadulguddi, Melmandai, Epothuvendran, Idaisevval, Kalagumalai, Kytar, Koppanpattai, Ilavulengal, Tetal, Ettiapuram and Vypar. There are three salt-pans, Tuticorin, Arasady and Vypar. The Salt-pans, pans at Tuticorin are being extended, and the manufacture and Bale increasing through the influence of the South Indian Rail- way, and at the same time falling off at Arasady and Vypar. The quantities manufactured and sold in 1876 were — Pans. Sold. Revenue. Tuticorin Arasady Vypar MDS. 254,402 I 56,847 I 6,622 RS. 5,11,877 92,595 13,244 This taluk contains the principal seaport of the district, Tuti- Tuticorin. corin, which is also a municipality and the terminus of the South Indian Railway. It has a population of 10,546. 104 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter V. Taluk Notices. Trade. There is a fine harbour for boats, and a short public jetty, as well as several private ones. The anchorage for ships, about three miles out, is good and fairly well protected in both monsoons, especially the north-east. The steamers of the British India Steam Navigation Company call up and down the coast each way once a week, and numerous ships are loaded here or discharge cargo. The trade is chiefly in cotton, for which there are several steam cotton presses. The annual export is estimated at about 80,000 bales ; coffee from the ghaut estates, salt, cotton goods and palmyra jaggery are other exports. Imports are chiefly English piece-goods and yarn, paddy, rice, metals, and betel- nuts. The shipping which called at this port in 1 875-76 was as follows : — 109 steamers, 648 sailing ships square rigged, 412 native craft, with a total tonnage of 208,674 tons. The total value of exports from the district is Rupees 88,16,935, and of imports Rupees 58,94,008, making a total of Rupees 147,10,943. The whole of this trade, with the exception of about Rupees 4,00,000 belonging to Kayalpatam and Kulasekarapatam, centres in Tuticorin. Manufactures. Manufactures are not of importance, consisting of native cloths and palmyra jaggery. It is calculated that in this taluk about 4,000 persons are engaged in weaving. The manufacture of jaggery however emploj^s a much larger number of people, especially Shanars, in the seacoast and southern villages. Besides the Ettiapuram Zemiudari above noticed, the taluk contains the folio win jj estates : — Other Zemindaries. Estates. Number of Villages. Extent in Acres. Peishcush in Rupees. Population. Melmandai I 21,947 1,881 4,460 Uttankarai 7 14,991 3,372 4,726 Kulattur 2 9,872 1,897 4,903 Kadambiir 7 16,084 3,779 7,590 Nagalapuram 18 18,800 6,423 9,846 Pudur IMitta 15 20,478 6,414 9,021 Kadalgudy 14 23,049 4,403 6,822 Maniachi 6 8,081 , , 3,190 Perurani Mitta 11 11,661 • • 3,832 Karakurichi IMitta 11 13,593 • • 5,486 Elayerampannei Vamdum 9 11,243 V • 8,673 Ettiapuram. The following is a brief outline of the history of the principal Zemindar, viz., Ettiapuram. The ancestors of this Zemindar, who belong to the Kambulatur caste, are said to have come from Chandragiri in North Arcot, and settled first in Madura imder MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 105 the Pandyan kings, and subsequently close to their present capital, Chapter V. Ettiapuram, where they enjoyed a considerable estate and increased >Jo^tices its area by degrees. Towards the close of the last century Kattaboma Naik, then Zemindar of Panjalamkurichi, a large neighbouring estate, rose in rebellion against the British Government on two several occasions ; in suppressing these rebellions the Ettiapuram Zemindar rendered ser\'ices of value to the British, and was rewarded at the close of the second war, in 1803, with the estates of the Panjalamkurichi Zemindar. He subsequently obtained the forfeited estates of other rebels by purchase, and has since further added to his property by purchase. The present Zemindar was for several years a minor, and his estate was managed by the Court of Wai'ds ; he came of age in 1878. Tuticoiin above noticed is the only place in the taluk with a Principal popidation over 5,000. ^^ '^°^ ' Ootapidaram, with 4,555 inhabitants, is the next in size and is the head-quarters of the Tahsildar. There are Sub-Magistratea at Tuticorin, Veldt ekulam, Kaittar and Ettiapuram. With a population between 3,000 and 4,000 there are but eight \allages, and between 1,000 and 3,000 only forty-seven villages. Tliis, out of a total of 427 villages in the taluk, is below the average of other parts of the district, and is due partly to the general back- wardness of the Zemindaries and pai-tly to the fact that there is but little irrigated land in the taluk. In Ootapidaram Taluk there were in 1876-77 rice 5,000 acres, Crops, cholum 57,000, cumbu 222,000, samei 24,000, cotton 101,000, pulses 13,000. There were 98,000 cattle and 215,000 sheep. Nanguneri Taluk. This very large taluk occupies the whole of the extreme south of Nanffiincri the district. Bounded on the east and south by the sea, on the ^ ^^ " west by the ghauts and by Travancore, and on the north by the taluks of Tenkarai, Tinnevelly, and Ambasamudi-am ; it is composed of red clay, loams and sands, excepting for a strip parallel with the sea and extending some three to ten miles inland, where white sands and soil having an excess of sand as well as portions of the blown sand tracts called the Ten prevail. Here is the The Ten'. palm3rra forest, including the whole taluk of Nanguneri and The palm}Ta portions of the three taluks to the north. It is, however, to the *"^^^^- east and south that the palmyra is pre-eminent, being most 14 106 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Notices. Irrigation. Chapter V. numerous In those parts, and being almost tlie sole produce of the Taluk soil and subsistence of the inhabitants. As we approach the centre of the taluk we find numerous tanks both rain-fed and supplied by channels from the mountain streams, innumerable wells under which small patches of two to three acres are cultivated, and dry cultivation, poor and interrupted by fallows sometimes for two years out of three. The well lands produce chillies, brinjals and other vegetables, and raggy and cholum ; the dry lands samei or dry rice and horse-gram, the tank land rice and occasional gardens of plantains and betel-nuts. The palmyra is climbed by the Shanars twice every day for six months from February to August, for the juice which flows from the flower spathe cut across. The juice, before it has time to ferment, is boiled down into molasses or a rough brown sugar. The Shanar families who live by this tree support themselves almost entirely upon the sweet juice during the season, and the profits of the sugar they make maintains them during the rest of the year. The villages of Kalakad, Trickm-anguddi, and Pannaguddi are well supplied during both monsoons with ^^ater from the moun- tains, and much of the irrigation is direct from the channels, which divert the waters of those streams almost as soon as they reach the plains. Lower down the three small streams which rise in the above valleys numerous channels, one after another, lead off from ancient stone anicuts water for the supply of a very large and widespread system of tanks, v/hich, while chiefly dependent upon the rainfall, are supplemented, sometimes wholly supplied by these river channels. The tanks at Nanguneri, Yalliyur, and Vijianarayanam are the finest in the district. In 1871-72 the area of land imgated by means of anicuts and river or spring channels was 14,186 acres, while 5,565 acres were irrigated from tanks. Near the mountains the country rises and falls in long easy slopes, following the drainage lines chiefly north-east and south- west. There are a good many topes of tamarind and mango trees, as well as good avenues along the main roads in this portion of the taluk. To the east and south the palmyra and the babool thorn abound, and occasional avenues or single specimens of the banian tree. The great range bordering the taliilc on the west is more striking and picturesque here than elsewhere. Where the taluk marches with Ambasamudram the range rises to 5,000 feet and is densely forested to the top. Tliat portion is locally known as the Kidakal hills, and produces valuable timber of several kinds at high elevations, and a large quantity of scrub-teak, very usefid for Mountains. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. lOT Taluk Notices. (M^y^ ^ Oi ^/ A^ domestic and agricultural purposes, on the spurs and lower ranges, Chaptfr V. together with many miles of grass adapted at certain seasons for cattle pasture. All timbers of valuable sorts are conserved and a seigniorage levied at certain rates per cubic foot or per cart-load. These mountains are accessible only by steep and ill-made paths starting from Kulakal village. Cardamoms, honey, and several sorts of dyes are collected in the hills and are subject also to tax and control by the Forest Department. To the south the range breaks into several magnificent semi- detached mountains, some forested to the summit as Mahendra- giri, 5,430 feet, others bare or covered with short grass. At the southernmost part of the higher ranges the Sailor's Cape Comorin, locally known as "the Nose" or " Lord Brougham's Nose," ' ^ij presents one of the most magnificent masses of solid gneiss rock to be seen in the whole range, with a precipitous face turned towards the Tinnevelly District of many himdred feet clear fall, and is conspicuous on fine days as far away as Tinnevelly, a distance of 35 miles. Several small coffee estates nestle in the more sheltered valleys of the higher elevations on the Tinnevelly side, and almost the whole of the western Travancore slopes of this range have been denuded of forest to make way for coffee between the elevations of 1 ,500 and 3,500 feet. A well-frequented bridle-path leads over into these estates from Trickuranguddi, and different points of '(hii Tinnevelly side of the range are accessible by two other well-known paths stai'ting from the same point. Another good path ascends the mountains from Pannaguddi, eight miles further south, leading to a large coffee estate, the property of Mii'anjimeah Saib, a wealthy and respectable Mahomedan gentleman living at Pannaguddi south of Maheudragiri peak. Both sides of the range belong to Travancore ; f ui'ther north the water-shed has been recognized as the boundary, and recently explored and marked out. There are salt-pans at Kuttankidy and Viziapatti, chiefly Salt-pans, supplying the villages of this taluk and Ambasamudram. The quantity sold in 1876 was Kuttankuly 24,054, Viziapatti 8,121 ; and the revenue derived by the same was Kuttankuly Rupees 48,110, Viziapatti 15,148. The Nanguneri Taluk is 604 square miles in extent and contains Extent. 386,538 acres, of which 32,492 is Inam and the rest Government ; there are no Zemindaries. The number of villages is 237. The population is 176,771, of whom 7,341 are returned as Population. Mahomedans, 207 — a figui'e much below the truth — as Chiistians, and the rest Hindus. The principal castes are Brahmins 4,745, Vellalars 25,067^ Shep- herds 14,501, Maravars 9,615, Shanai*s 54,019, Pariahs 34,751, i- \/rr'\^ ^/>L^/^ J 108 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chaptfr v. Taluk Notices. Cultivation. Revenue. Eainfall. Post offices. Fairs. Chuttraras. Temples. Bchools. Roads. and Mahomedans 7,054. Of 51,333 gro"WTi males 16,112 are cultivators and 11,965 labourers; wholesale traders 2,793, retail traders 12,510, and artizans 1,743. Of the area of Grovernment land 135,967 acres are cultivated and 92,035 fallow; 112,719 acres are cultivated with dry crops, 14,186 irrigated by means of channels, 5,565 by means of tanks, and 3,497 with the aid of wells. The land revenue is 3,47,420 rupees, with miscellaneous items amounting to Rupees 29,206, and inam quit-rent Rupees 16,888. Average rates of assessment are Rupees 11-7-6 for wet and 0-6-4 for diy land. Abkari produces Rupees 15,125 and stamps Rupees 7,952. The rainfall was 1 1 inches in 1864 and 42 inches in 1862 ; in 1871 it was 22 inches. There are five post ofiices, in which 47,657 letters were received and 40,81 7 sent in one year. The chief weekly fairs are held at Trickuranguddy on Sunday, Nanguneri and Radapuram on Monday, Nambitalavanpattayam and Mudalur on Tuesday, Pannaguddi on Wednesday, Kalakad on Thursday, Thisayanvillai on Friday, and Singikulam on Saturday. The procession of the car at Nanguneri takes place in April, and is the chief festival in the taluk. The Local Fund Board of the Shermadevy Circle maintains chuttrams in the following nine villages, viz., Pannaguddi, Nanguneri, Valliyur, Sivakamipuram, Padmaneri, Trickuran- guddy, Kalakal, Mulakaraputty, Urumangalam ; and there are private chuttrams at Mundredappu, Nagaramadam, Dalapati- samudram, Singikulam, Kallikulam, Serakulam and Pannaguddi. Important Siva temples number twenty, having an annual income of Rupees 15,821, endowments to the annual value of Rupees 4,971, and jewels valued at Rupees 24,594. There are many missionary schools in this taluk, where a good education is given under the auspices of the C. M. and S. P. Gr. Societies. It is estimated that upwards of 10,000 childi'en are receiving instruction in the missionary schools in the Tinnevelly District. The roads of the taluk kept up by the Local Fund Board, Shermadevy Circle, are as follows : — 1. Palamcottah to Trickuranguddy via Nanguneri. 2. Shermadevy to Travancore frontier vid Kalakad and Pannaguddi. 3. Nanguneri to Kalakad. 4. Do. to Edianguddi. 5. Do. to Vulliyur. 6. Do. to Mulakarapatti. 7^ Do. to Yizianarayanam. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 109 The niiinl)er of police stations is foiu'teen, the principal of which Chapter V. are Nangimeri, Trickuranguddy, Viilliynr, Kalakad, Pannaguddi, Talvk Vizianarayanam, Mulakarapatti, Radapuram, Viziaputty. 1 "' There are no sea-ports along the Nangimeri coast. Kulase- Police garapatam and Kayalpatam of Tenkarai Taluk afford an outlet for jaggery manufactured in Nanguneri Taluk, and supply the taluk with paddy, rice, cocoanuts and betel. The largest village in the taluk is Vullij'ur, eight miles south of Large Nanguneri, with a population of 9,679, and a fine large tank well ^ ^^^^' supplied from moimtain sources. The population in general is sparse, only three other villages exceed 5,000, viz., Peranguddy, Radapuram and Nanguneri. With between 3,000 and 5,000 inhabitants there are but nine villages, and from 1,000 to 3,000 twenty-seven villages. Nanguneri is the head-quarters of the Tahsildar, and the chief place in the taliLk. There is a Sub-Magistrate at Radapuram. The chief crops grown in the Nanguneri Taluk are rice 23,000 Crops, acres, varagu 11,000, samei 38,000, cotton 18,000, pulses 31,000 acres. 80,000 cattle and 207,000 sheep are also kept. Srivilliputtur Taluk. This is the north-west taluk of the district, bordering the Srivilliputtur Madura District on the north, the ghauts on the west, Sankaranai- ^ ^ " narkoil on the south, and Satiir on the east. Rather more than half of the taluk, including the villages lying to the west, belongs to the red clay loam and sand series, while the easterly villages form a portion of the cotton plain, and have a black cotton soil or one of black soil mixed with gravel and salt earth. The country to the west imdulates considerably owing to the Western numerous streams which descend from the mountains. It contains po^'t'i"'^' many palmyras and a considerable number of topes of mango and tamarind trees. There are numerous tanks in this portion of the taluk, all supplied from the mountain streams. The principal feature of this portion of the taluk is a deep bay in the mountains six miles north of Srivilliputtur, in which is situated the large, fertile and well watered village of Wartrapp. . From this village a moimtain -pass leads over into the Cumbum valley of the Madura District, whence there is a road via Peermaid into Travancore. Another pass leads from the Satiir Zemindaii in the south-west angle of the taluk over mountains densely forested and over 4,000 feet in height, into a wide plateau many 110 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter V. Taluk Notices. Eastern portion. Irrigation. Extent. Population. Cultivation. square miles of which are grass, through which flows the Perreyar river on its way to the sea in Travancore. A few miles north of this path is the proposed site of a dam, hy which it is proposed to turn the waters of the Perreyar over a low ridge in the range into the Cumbum valley of the Madui-a District. The forests of the sources of this river are yearly searched for cardamoms by the Travancore Government, as well as formerly by the villagers of the Tinnevelly District. Peermaid and the low country of Travancore may be reached by this road also. The mountains above Satur, as well as above Srivilliputtur and Wartrapp, contain valuable timber of several kinds. Cumbu, gram and dholl are the products of the dry lands, and rice, plantains, and cocoanuts of the wet in this portion of the taluk. The eastern half of the taluk resembles the black cotton coimtry, has few trees, occasional poor topes of tamarinds, and thickets of the babool thorn usually in the tank and river-beds. Cotton, cumbu and gram are grown on the dry lands. The irrigated lands, which are few, grow rice, and with the aid of wells, tobacco and chillies. The lofty tower of the Srivilliputtur pagoda is a landmark from almost every part of the taluk. Irrigation has been carefully attended to in early times in the western villages of this taluk, and the streams which descend from the ghauts at Wartrapp, Srivilliputtur, Rajapoliem, and Sattir have been made the most of by anicuts and channels and tanks to store the water in. There are 38 anicuts, 25 principal river channels, and 253 tanks, of which about one-half are partially supplied by river channels. The total area irrigated is 19,071 acres. Srivilliputtur Taluk contains 533 square miles or 341,343 acres, of which 18,777 is Inam and 60,432 Zemindari ; the remainder is Grovernment land. There are 154 villages in the taluk. The population numbers 1 80,973, all Hindus, except 3,427 Maho- medans. Brahmins number 7,779, Vellalars 32,232, Shepherds 8,739, Weavers 8,629, Maravars 56,669, Shanars 16,353, and Pariahs 15,237. There are 57,042 males of full age, of whom 26,160 are cultivators, 11,213 labourers, 3,219 traders, 5,525 petty dealers in food and dress, 1,977 artizans, and 4,104 are engaged in personal service. Of Government land under actual cultivation there is an extent of 148,972 acres, and 18,577 acres lie fallow; 113,418 acres are cultivated with dry crops, 19,064 with wet crops undei tanks, and 7 acres only under channel ; while 16,420 acres are dry lands cultivated with garden crops by means of wells. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Ill The land revenue is Rupees 3,14,524, with miscellaneous items Chapteu V. Rupees 10,778. The average rates of assessment are Rupees 7-1-8 Taluk on wet and Rupees 1-5-4 on dry lands. Inam quit-rent amounts to Rupees 5,313 and peishcush on estates to Rupees 43,399. Revenue. Abkari yields Rupees 12,100 and stamps Rupees 31,909. The rainfall was as low as 4 inches in 1857 and as high as 72 Kainfall. inches in the following year ; in 1871 it was 42 inches. There are two post offices in Srivilliputtur ; 33,554 letters were Post offices, received and 31,818 sent in a recent year. Weekly fairs are held at Matamputti on Wednesdays and Sola- Fairs, puram on Thursdays. The car procession at Sri villiputtur, which takes place in August, is the principal festival; about 10,000 people attend it. There is another festival for bathing in January. The principal chuttrams are Solapm-am, under the Local Fund Chuttrams. Board, Tinnevelly Circle, Madavanvilagam 2, Trikaloor, Mattam- patti, Shumputtur, Nachiarnianthanei, Yiravannian, Hoyinlavi, owned by private individuals. There are five principal Siva temples, with an income in cash of Templos. 36 rupees, endowments of the annual value of Rupees 3,273, and jewels valued at Rupees 1,215. The roads, all Local Fund Board's, are — Roads. 1. Srivilliputtur to Satur. 2. Do. to Madura frontier. 3. Do. to Tenkasi. 4. Wartrapp to Madura High Road. 5. Eajapoliem to linuevelly. There are also numerous cart tracts passable in dry weather. There are six police stations at Srivilliputtur, Rajapoliem, rdicc Solapuram, Vadaguputty, Wartrapp, Achandavilathan. The largest callage is Srivilliputtur, otherwise called Naehiyar- Large koil, with 14,136 inhabitants ; its prosperity is the result of a good ^^ ^^^^' supply of water from the mountains near which it is situated. It is the head-quarters of the Tahsildar and the centre of the local traffic of the taluk. Madavarvilagom has 9,955 inhabitants. Wattarayirappu, commonly known as Wartrapp, is a very exten- sive and well watered village, situated in a recess or bay in the moimtain range six miles north of Srivilliputtur, and has a popu- lation entirely agricultural of 14,892. Snndarapandyan has 9,290, and Satur, the chief village of the Satur Zcmindari, 7.155 inhabitants. 112 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter V. Taluk Notices. ZHmindari. Crops. With more than 3,000 and less than the ahove numher of inhabitants are ten villages, while between 1,000 and 3,000 there are thiiiy-two villages. There are eight Inam villages and five Kattuguttakai or rented villages, as well as five Zemindari villages, three of which belong to the Satur Zemindari, one to Kollangundan, and one to Sivagiri of Sankaranainarkoil Taluk. The Satur Zemin pays Rupees 12,441 peisheush, has an area of 57^662 acres, and a population amounting to 11,916. The Zemindar is of the Maravar caste, and is of ancient descent from one of the poligar family who iniled Tinnevelly as feudal chiefs dependent upon the Madura kingdom. The estate is situated at the south-west corner of the taluk, and is well ii'rigated from the mountains, a portion of which, including fine forest, is claimed by the Zemindar. The principal crops, with their areas in round numbers for 1876-77, were rice 13,000 acres, cholum 25,000, cumbu 28,000, raggy 22,000, samei 24,000, cotton 20,000 acres. The taluk contains 76,000 cattle and 104,000 sheep. Tenkarai Taluk. Tenkarai Taluk. What Tinnevelly District is to the Madi-as Presidency, that the Tenkarai Taluk is to the Tinnevelly District, an epitome of the whole. In this taluk is found the black cotton soil to the north ; the red-sand and red-clay villages to the south and west; the " Teri" or blown sand founded upon the sandstone and claystone ridges which run parallel with the coast, with its ooze or spring cultivation ; the palmyra forest spreading over all the extreme southern villages ; the white sands of the seacoast ; and last, but most important of all, the Tamrapurni river valley, with its magnificent alluvial belts of rich and well watered lands on either side. There are also rocky ridges both of quartz and of gneiss and quarries of the finest stone to be found in the district, the clay stones of the " Teri " forma- tion. Cotton, cholum and Bengal-gram are the products of the cotton soil, rice only of the river belt ; palmyras, samei or dry rice and horse-gram of the sandy uplands to the south ; and plantains, chillies, cocoanuts and vegetables of the ooze or spring irrigated lands which skii't the '' Teri " ridge. The northern and the north-eastern villages above the river are bare, except for a few thickets of the babool or acacia. To the south the country while bare for miles, is on the whole so covered with the palmyra palm as to deserve being included in the palmyra forest. The coast MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT, 113 villages also abound with the babool or acacia. The river valley Chapter V. liere as elsewhere abounds in its higher lands with topes of mangoes. Taluk illupei, cocoanut and other trees. " " Four main channels, two on either bank of the river, from the Tnigation. Mnradm- and Srivaikuntham anicuts, irrigate the rice-lands of the taluk, supplying 51 river-fed tanks besides a large area of channel- fed lands. There are also 175 rain- fed tanks. River-in-igated lands extend to 24,738 acres, and watered from rain-fed tanks acres 1,536. The Maradur anient is an ancient work, Srivaikuntham recent, promoted by Mr. Puckle when Collector of the district, and carried out by Grovernment at a cost of about eleven lakhs, including two head sluices, two main canals, and many minor channels, irrigation sluices, and other works. The people of the villages supplied contributed a large sum to this work. The seacoast furnishes a large population engaged in fishing, chiefly Paravars and Roman Catholics, and a minor port of small importance, viz., Kulasekarapatam. There is an extensive salt-pan at Kayalpatam, whence salt is Salt-pan. conveyed by cart to the inland villages of the taluk, as well as to Tinnevelly and thence to other places. The quantity sold in 1876 was 259,713 maunds, and the revenue derived Rupees 5,19,504. The Tenkarai Taluk contains 456 square miles or 291,636 acres. Extent. 11,199 only of which is Inam, and the I'est Government. There are no Zemindaries. The number of villages is 172. The total population is 234,616, Hindus being 210,537, Topulation. Mahomedans 24,038, and Christians returned at 41, much below the truth. Of the castes the principal are 8,551 Brahmins, 10,034 so-called Kshatrias, 28,155 Vellalars or Pillais, 9,857 Shepherds, 36,671 Maravars, 74,912 Shanars, and 14,241 Pariahs. Males of full age number 67,292 ; 18,716 being cultivators, with 13,736 labourers ; 22,702 are engaged in trade wholesale and retail, and 2,448 on the useful arts. Of the whole extent of Government lands, viz., 280,437, 121,796 Cultivation, acres are under cultivation and 40,999 fallow ; 24,738 acres are irrigated from the river, and 3,516 from tanks, 1,931 from wells, and 91,611 are cultivated dry. The land revenue amounts to Rupees 3,53,807, with Rupees Revenue. 75,541 miscellaneous items and Rupees 8,150 Inam quit-rent. The average assessment per acre of wet land is Rupees 10-6-0 and of dry 0-5-10. Abkari yields Rupees 18,781 and stamps Rupees 32,455. 15 114 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT'. Chapter V. Taluk Notices. Rainfall. Post ofEces. Fairs. Chuth'ams. Temples. Roads. Police stations. Sc-aports. The rainfall has varied from 1 inches in 1 857 to 39 inches in 1859 ; in 1871 it was 33 inches. There are thirteen post offices, the numher of letters received and sent in one year being 128,836 and 155,672 respectively. The principal weekly fairs are held at Yeral on Monday, at Srivaikuntham, Arumuganeri, Mudalur on Tuesday, Mepenapu- ram, Seidanganellore on Wednesday, Paimavilai, Sathankulam, Perikulam on Thm^sday, and Arumuganeri on Saturdays. The chief yearly festivals are at Atur in February and July, Alwar Tirunageri in February and May, Srivaikuntham in April, and Trichendur in March ; this last is also a celebrated cattle fair, where 10,000 cattle are brought for sale from Ramnad, Madura, Travancore, Ceylon, as well as from Tinnevelly District. The taluk contains the following ehuttrams, viz., Vageikulam, Pudugudi, Srivaikuntham, Trichendur, belonging to the Local Fund Board, Tinnevelly Circle ; and Ahvar Tirunageri, Lutchmarar Tope, Manathi Angamangalam, Kurungoor, Srivaikuntham, Tente- riperi, Alathoor, the property of private individuals. There are thirty-three principal Siva temples in Tenkarai Taluk, with an income in cash amounting to Rupees 33,906, endowment to the annual value of Rupees 12,556, and jewels valued at Rupees 89,081. The principal communications, all imder the care of Local Fund Board, Tinnevelly Circle, are— 1. Palamcottah to Tuticorin. 2. Do. to Kayalpatam. 3. Tinnevelly to Srivaikuntham. 4. Nauguneri to do. 5. Srivaikuntham to Arumugamungalam. There are also branches leading from the above roads to the villages of Nazareth, Alattoor, Yeral, Saivyapuram, Mangala- kurichi, Makkani and Palayakoyal. Police stations number twelve, viz., 1, Srivaikuntham; 2, Vageikulam ; 3, Perungulam ; 4, Palayakoyal ; 5, Armnuganeri ; 6, Trichendur ; 7, Kulasekarapatam ; 8, Alwar Tirunageri ; 9, Padukapad; 10, Pullaivillai ; ll,Tharuvai; 12, Sarthankulam. The taluk has two recognized seaports, viz., Kayalpatam and Kulasekarapatam ; the customs duty collected at the former only amounts to Rupees 911, and at the latter to Rupees 2,288. Kayal- patam is a settlement of Mahomedans ; its trade is valued at Rupees 2 lakhs, chiefly in pearls and precious stones ; paddy, rice and cocoanuts from Ceylon ; timber and betel-nuts from Travancore ; and palmyra jaggery. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 115 It contains a population amounting to 11,490. Chapter V. Kulasekarapatam imports paddy to the value of Rupees 35,000, Notices. rice Rupees 15,000, and oil -cake Rupees 5,000 ; and expoi-ts jaggery valued at about Rupees 70,000. It has a population of 8,107 souls. Srivaikuntham, with 7,064 inhabitants, is the station of the Tah- ^^j^^^P^^ sildarandofthe Munsif's Com-t, and is a wealthy village containing money-lenders estimated to deal to the extent of 30,000 rupees. Trichendur, famous for a richly endowed temple with a lofty tower, a well known landmark at sea, contains 6,375 persons. Kareichuttu, with 5,109 inhabitants, has a considerable trade in palmyra jaggery, paddy and rice. Tiruthondanellore, with a similar trade estimated at 25,000 rupees a year, contains 5,797 people; while Sathankulam, Tenkarai, Perunkulam and Tennatupuram are all places with over 5,000 inhabitants and important agricultural villages, with wealthy inhabitants engaged in money-lending. With a population between 3,000 and 5,000 there are sixteen villages, and between 1,000 and 3,000 there are no less than forty- four villages. Korkai, near the northern mouth of the Tamrapurni, is supposed to have been the ancient capital of the Pandyan kings and once a seaport of much trade, being known to the Greeks under the name of Colchoi. It is now several miles inland. There is but one manufacture of importance, jaggery or rough Manufacture, sugar obtained from the fresh unfermented juice of the palmyra palms by boiling. Large number of Shanars inhabiting the southern and eastern Crops, villages of the taluk are engaged in this occupation. The follow- ing were, in round numbers, the areas in acres allotted to each in 1876-77 : rice 55,000, babool or acacia 30,000, cumbu 16,000, cotton 14,000, pulses 27,000, samei or millet 13,000. There were 60,000 cattle and 116,000 sheep. Satur Taluk. This taluk adjoins the Madura District on the north, Sri villi- Satur Taluk. puttur on the west, Otapidaram on the east and south-east, and Sankaranainarkoil on the south-west. The northern and eastern villages are parts of the black cotton plain ; the southern and south-western consist of red loam and sand ; the latter or red-soil portion is a considerably larger area than the fomicr. Of the black soil about half is fair, one-tenth is good, and tlie rest poor, gravelly and salt. Of the red, half is fair and the rest sandy. 116 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapteh V Tall-k Notices. ^^ ,. e Irrigation. Railway, Extent. Population. Cultivation. The northern portion is flat or undulates very slightly; it includes a large part of the wide valley of the Satur river which collects the water of many streams rising in the Srivilliputttir Taluk and in South Madura under the high road and South Indian Railway by bridges 150 to 200 yards long close to the village of Satur. It is full only in floods after the rains of the north-east monsoon, at which time it occasionally carries a heavy flood, but is too sudden and occasional to be of much use for irrigation. This part of the country is bare for miles together, the only trees being the babool thorn and a few tope trees reared with difficulty near the villages. As in Ootapidaram, the water in the wells is brackish and apt to fail in the hot weather. Most of the \dllages have small tanks or uranies for storage of a supply of water for man and beast. Cotton is the staple produce of this country, and cumbu and gram are also grown, as well as tobacco, chillies and vegetables under wells. To the south and west there is more variety : the country rises and is broken up by ridges of gneiss or quartz supporting large areas of higli red-soil lands. The drainage flows partly south-east towards Ootapidaram and Tuticorin. Koilpatti, a station of the South Indian Railway, stands on the water-shed between. The villages here are somewhat better provided with trees. The soil is mostly poor, the staple cultivation in dry lands being cimibu and gram under wells ; raggy, chillies and vegetables, and, as usual, rice under tanks. There are but five river-fed tanks and 59 rain-fed tanks in the Government villages of this taluk, the irrigated area being only 3j320 acres. There are 999 old wells and many new ones. The South Indian Railway traverses this taluk, having three stations, viz,, Virudupatti to the north, Satur in the centre, and Koilpatti to the south on the borders of Ootapidaram. The Satur taluk is 463 square miles in extent, containing 290,463 acres. Of this 60,867 is Inam and 75,817 Zemindari, the remainder Grovermnent land. The villages are 288 in number. The population numbers 157,060, 3,872 being Mahomedans, a few Christians, and the rest Hindus. Of the Hindus, 2,659 are Brahmins, 46,740 Vellalars, 34,624 Maravars, 22,092 Shanars, and 13,610 Pariahs. Grown males number 50,161, 26,780 being cultivators, 11,532 labom-ers, 2,981 traders, 2,506 petty dealers in food and dress, and 1,516 are artizans. Of the whole area of Government land 129,008 is actually cidtivated, 6,860 is fallow, 124,175 is cultivated with dry crops, and only 3,320 with wet crops under tanks, while 1,513 are garden crops under wells. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. * 117 The land revenue is Eiipees 1,71,377, ^Nith miscellaneous items Chapter v. Rupees 3,500, the average rates of assessment being for wet lands '^'^^^''^ Rupees C-1-5 and for dry land 1-4-2. Quit-rent on Inams amounts to Rupees 9,487 and peislicush on estate to Rupees 27,054. Revenue, Abkari produces Rupees 8,025 and stam])S Rupees 1,054. The rainfall was but 11 inches in 1857, it was 45 inches in Rdnfall. 1863, and in 1871 it was 20 inches. There are five post offices in Satlir Taluk ; 68,648 letters were Post offices, received and 97,977 despatched in a recent year. Weekly fairs are held at Gollapatti on Sundays, Koilpatti on Fairs. Mondays, Sivakasi on Tuesdays, Elayerampannei on Wednesdays, Virudupatti on Thursdays, and Kamusery and Valliyur on Fridays. There is no festival of particular importance in Satlir Taluk. The chuttrams under the Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Chuttrams. Circle are Virudupatti 3, and Satiir ; and owned by private persons are Virudupatti, Vachakarapatti, NuUakoilpatti, Sivakasi 2, and Sengadayapuram. The chief Siva templos are ten, having endowments of the Temples, annual value of Rupees 11,655, and jewels valued at Rupees 7,877. Roads, all kept up from Local Funds, are as follows : — Roads. Scitiir to Srivilliputtm*. Do. to Saiikaranainarkoil. Do. to Virudupatti and Madura. Do. to Koilpatti and Tinuevelly. There are cart tracts passable in dry weather to almost every village. The following are the nine police stations in the Satiir Taluk : Pdico Satlir, Virudupatti, Amathiir, Ettanaikanpatti, Sivakasi, Vembu- kottai, Masarapatti, Koilpatti, and Elayerampannei. The largest village in the taluk is Sivakasi, with 10,153 Principal inhabitants, of whom 5,341 are Shanars largely engaged in trade ^^ '^^^^' as well as in cultivation, chiefly of tobacco and vegetables imder numerous wells. Virudupatti comes next, with 6,169 inhabitants, a place of considerable trade in cotton, tobacco and grain, also a railway station. A cotton press has recently been established here. Vembukottai is a large village with a population of 5,619, and there are four other villages with more than 3,000 and less than 5,000 people, as well as 39 with more than 1,000 and less than 3,000. Sati'ir, with 1,830 inhabitnnis, is the head-quarters of the Tahsil- dar, and there is a Sub-Magi.slrate at Virudupatti. Satiir contains ft.r . / ''y' . x^^' -> J'^- 118 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Cii.^pTER V. twelve Kattukiittagai or rented and seventeen Inam villages, and Taluk the following Zemindari estates : — Notices. Zemindaries. Crops. Estates. Number of Villages. Extent in Acres. Peishcush in Rupees. Popula- tion. Koilpatti 11 12,836 3,231 7,530 iSevvalpatti 28 22,383 6,166 11,226 Mdnnarkottai 19 13,139 5,071 8,589 Jennalakudi 6 7,377 4,502 3,532 Pavali 17 6,624 2,683 4,034 Vadi Mitta 27 14,277 5,439 8,234 The areas allotted to the principal different kinds of crops in 1876-77 were in round numbers and in acres cholum 26,000, cumbu 66,000, and cotton 26,000. There are 38,000 cattle and 78,000 sheep. MANUAL OF THE TINNE'^ELLY DISTRICT. 119 CHAPTER VI. ADMINISTRATION AND PRESENT CONDITION OF THE DISTEICT. through the CHArxER VI. District. The administration of the district is canied on followino: departments, and will be noticed under corresponding Admimstra- ... • lo TION AND heads. Its present condition will conveniently fall under the same Condition op heads : — 10. Sea Customs and Trade. Post Office. Registration. Forests. Local Funds. Education. 16. Municipalities. Fisheries. 1. Finance. 10. 2. Revenue and Settlement. 11. 3. Magisterial. 12. 4. Police. 13 5. Judicial. 14 6. Jails. 15 7. Public Works. 16 8. Medical. 17 9. Salt. FiNAN CE. The revenues of the Tinnevelly District rose during the five Finance, years from 1871-72 to 1874-75 from Eupees 44,95,846 to Rupees Revenue. 47,89,441. The following are the principal items of the revenue : — Land revenue, including miscellaneous items, peishcush on estates, and Inam quit-rents, rose from Rupees 28,83,830 to Rupees 30,07,453. Forest revenue fell off, having been Rupees 21,242 in the former and Rupees 16,597 in the latter year. Excise or Abkari increased from Rupees 1,57,405 to Rupees 1,84,496. The Income-tax produced Rupees 85,171 in the first year, but was abolished before the last. Sea Customs rose from Rupees 1,20,516 to Rupees 1,44,088. In the latter year the duty on imports, Rupees 1,19,983, largely exceeded that on exports. Rupees 22,629. Salt Revenue rose from Rupees 8,68,405 to Rupees 10,41,419. Stamps from Rupees 2,83,468 to Rupees 3,25,543. The Post Office showed an increase from Rupees 27,503 to Rupees 38,705. Court fees, fines and other judicial receipts fell from Rupees 33,522 to Rupees 17,479. 120 MANUAL Of'tHE TINNEVEl.LY DISTRICT. Chapter VI. This however was due to the furtlier extension of tlie stamp Administka- system by which a part of the receipts \Nas transferred to the head TU)N AND oj. Condition of btamps. District. Receipts from interest increased from Rnpees 4,999 to Rupees 11,349. The other items were small and do not call for particular notice. Expenditure. The expenditure of the district increased from Rupees 7,78,421 to Rupees 8,34,149. On the expenditure side the principal items were as follows : — Land revenue, including Collector's salary and establishments, miscellaneous charges, demarcation and s(ittlement charges, both heavy items, fell from Rupees 2,80,494 to Rupees 2,51,685. Forest charges, establishments, and working charges rose from Rupees 9,717 to Rupees 15,227. Excise charges are nil. The Income-tax cost Rupees 612 in 1870-71, Sea Customs charges rose slightly from Rupees 3,722 to Rupees 4,100. Salt, including salaries, establishment, freight and cost of manu- facture, rose from Rupees 46,322 to Rupees 1,10,878. Charges on account of stamps, including discount on sale of Court Fees Stamps, fell from Rupees 8,117 to Rupees 7,018. Post Office expenditure increased from Rupees 19,031 to Rupees 26,170. Judicial charges, including Judges' salary and establishments, rose from Rupees 1,26,117 to Rupees 1,63,515. Other charges for the two years were as follows : — 1871-72. 1874-70. RS. RS. 849 931 Ecclesiastical . . Medical, including establish- ment 7,252 6,736 Pensions in lieu of resumed lands and charitable allow- ances 2,42,170 2,19,023 Superannuation pension and gratuities .. .. .. 13,323 15,702 The charges, it will be seen, amounted to nearly 17 per cent, of the revenues. Not included in the above statement are the following items : — Imperial Imperial exvienditure. ^ . -,, ,. Receipts Expenditure ior 1874-75. for 1874-75. RS. RS. Public Works Department . . 7991 3,67,775 Telegraph 15,358 16,488 Military 1,93,104 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 121 Provincial Services. Receipts Expenditure for 1874-75. for 1874-75. RS. RS. Eegistration . . .. 42,597 22,290 Miscellaneous .. 19,464 25,015 Jails • • 1 • 21,873 Police • • ■ • 1,35,709 Education • • • * 20,859 Public Works • • 40,170 Medical • • • • 9,163 Chapter VT. Administka- TION AND Condition of District. Pro^'incial expenditxire. Local and Municipal. RS. RS. Eates and Taxes .. 2,34,098 , ^ Miscellaneous .. 2,95,645 • • Communications • t . . 2,42,946 Sanitations • 4 • • 31,374 Education • • • • 18,940> Miscellaneous II • . 1,87,415. Local revenue and expendituie. The total receipts from all sources amounted in 1874-75 to Rupees 52,49,635. The total expenditure in every department to Rupees 20,98,207. Leaving a net balance of Rupees 31,51,424. The finance department is managed, under the personal direction Treasury of the Collector, by the Treasury Deputy Collector, by whose orders coUector all payments from the treasmy are made, and by whom the accounts of the district are kept and submitted to the Accoimtant- General. For this purpose he has a special establishment at head-quai-ters, and is specially authorized to look to the Taluk Sheristadar in every taluk for the punctual submission of the revenue accounts. In this department also, for the most part, are made up the nimierous statistical returns and periodical statements accompany- ing annual and monthly reports required for the information of the Board and Government. The currency department is in the charge of the Treasury Deputy Collector, whose duty it is to see that there is always a sufficient stock in hand of notes of various denominations as well as of cash in all fonns, as well as to advise the Accountant-General of the progress of collection of revenue with a view to the suitable disposal of siu'plus cash by remittance to other presidencies or districts. Similar are his duties with regard to stamps and money orders, and he is generally the head of the registration department within the district. 16 system. 322 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter VI. The periodical examination of the taluk treasmies and accounts Administra- has been recently added to his duties. TION AND con-dition of District. RevERUE. Eevenue. Tlie administration of this department is conducted by the Eeyenue Collector, Sub-Collector, Head Assistant Collector, Assistant Collector, three Deputy Collectors, nine Tahsildars, and eight Deputy Tahsildars assisted by subordinate establishments. The Collector usually has immediate charge of one of the taluks, Tinnevelly or Sankaranainarkoil, and the Assistant of the others. The Sub-Collector has Tenkarai andOotapidaram with head-quarters at Tuticorin, the Head Assistant of Ambasamudram, Tenkasi, and Nanguneri ; his head-quarters are at Shermadavy. The General Charge Deputy Collector at Satur has Satur and Srivilliputtur Taluks. A Special Deputy Collector has charge of the Salt Depart- ment ; his head-quarters are at Tuticorin, and the Treasury Deputy Collector is at Palamcottah. The stations of the Tahsil- dars and Deputy Tahsildars or Sub-Magistrates have been given in the taluk notices. In each taluk there are from two to four Bevenue Inspectors, each with a division of the taluk. Their duties are to inspect the crops and the accounts kept by the village curnums, to prevent or report fraud on the revenue, and generally to supervise the collection of revenue, as well as to inquire into disputes and complaints referred to them by the Tahsildars under whose immediate orders they are placed. These complaints have reference generally to distribution of water, questions of bounda- ries or of occupation, alterations of puttahs, disputes as to village sites, over-collections or embezzlement of revenue, and other matters. The revenue demand on each village and ryot is annually fixed by the Collector or one of his Assistants at the jummabundy, and a puttah issued to each ryot showing the land revenue and Local Fund cess payable by him for the year. It is the duty of the Mirassidars, assisted by the Curnum, to collect, according to the kists or monthly instalments and to remit to treasury in the taluk head-quarters. The kists at present in force are as follows : — December 2 annas, January 2 annas, February 4 annas, March 4 annas, April 4 annas. The land revenue is permanently fixed upon each field subject to variation only after long periods ; in the case of the settlement now being introduced the period has been fixed at thirty years. It is not subject to abatement for any cause whatever as long as the MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 123 field is held on piittah by the ryot ; the only exception being in Chapter VI. the case of wet land, on which there has been no crop either from Administra- excess or deficiency of water due to causes beyond the control of Condition of the ryot. Such cases are disposed of at the jlimmabundy. Distuict. The land revenue and the Local Funds land-cess are collected together, the latter being as 1 per rupee of the former. Inam quit-rent is similarly collected. Zemindari peishcush is paid in direct to the taluk treasmy, as are also the instalments as the kists fall due, of the sum for which the monopoly of the manufacture and sale of arrack and toddy are leased out in each taluk. On failure to pay in any of the above the issue of a demand, followed by attachment and sale of movable or immovable property, is a part of the duties of the Tahsildar aided by Amins for the service of process and Eevenue Inspectors for the sale of property. The produce of trees on Government waste lands and the toppings of avenues are annually rented to the highest bidder, and the reeds from which excellent mats are manufactured, growing chiefly in tank-beds and on waste Government land are treated in the same way. The fisheries of the tanks and channels were formerly rented out yearly, but are by the new settlement 'permanently leased to the villagers of the village concerned for a fixed sum for thirty years. The palmyras are in some cases held separately by one ryot and entered in his puttah at certain rates for trees of different ages and sexes, while the land upon which they stand is the property of another ryot and entered in his puttah. It is the aim of the revenue administration to bring this incon* venient system of double proprietorship to an end, but many years must elapse before it can be completely accomplished. "When both are in one hand the settlement has consolidated the charge for both into one demand not liable to change for thirty years, thus avoiding the frequent and arduous task of counting and reclassify- ing the trees which had formerly, and has still, when imconsoli- dated, to be done once in three years. The preparation, collection, and compilation of the yearly village accounts and statistics of cultivation and revenue is an important branch of the duty of the Tahsildar and his establishment. As is also the management of the whole establishment of village ofiicers, their appointment, punishment, dismissal, payment, &c. 124 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter VI. To the division officers fall the supervision of the Tahsildars Administra- and their subordinates, as well as the settlement of disjjutes Condition of between Zemindari tenants and their landlords. District. rpj^^ number of such suits for disposal in 1876 was 3,616, of which 1,321 were transfen-ed to other Courts, 109 rejected, 59 dismissed for default, 42 withdrawn, 24 compromised, 42 disposed of ex parte, 1,351 disposed of on the merits, and 777 pending at the end of the year. Settlement. I Settlement, The resettlement of the assessment to the land revenue was commenced in 1866 and is now complete. The district was divided into two portions — the river valley, comprising the taluks of Tinnevelly, Tenkarai, Ambasamudram, Tenkasi, and Nanguneri, and the dry taluks including the remainder of the district. Combined with this settlement, which is to last for thirty years, is being carried out a revision of the village establishment. The following extract from a notice published by Mr. Puckle, the Director of Eevenue Settlement, in the District Grazette, will give in sufficient detail the principles upon which the settlement has teen conducted and approved by the Government : — "3. The circumstances of the five river taluks were first carefully considered, and the villages comprised in these taluks were divided into four groups with reference to soil, situation, irrigation, abundance or scarcity of labour, distance from roads, market towns, &c. By this arrangement 64 of the best villages under the Kannadian channel in the Ambasamudram Taluk and under the Palienkul channel in the Tinnevelly Taluk possessing a deep rich soil, excellent irrigation, good made roads, and abun- dance of labour and within easy reach of the large market towns of Ambasamudram and Kalladakurichi in the one taluk, and of Tinnevelly and Palamcottah in the other, were taken to form the first group, 127 good villages under all the main channels from the Eamanadi, Gatina, Tambrapurni, Chittar, and Patchiar rivers, possessing fair advantages of soil, in'igation, situation, &c., were placed in the second group. One hundred and thirty-one inferior villages at the ends of these channels, or under the imgation of jungle streams, or at the foot of the hills, or otherwise remotely situated, were placed in the third group. " Nineteen villages exceptionally badly irrigated and inferior in all respects were placed in the fourth group. " Besides the foregoing 341 villages there are four villages which have not been placed iu any group, as they contain only dry land, MANUAL OF TIIK TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 125 which is so eimilarly circumstanced throughout these five taluks as CJhaptek Yl. to render grouping unnecessary. Administra- tion AND " 4. Having thus laid out the area to be operated on, the next Condition op step was to ascei-tain the prevailing soils in this area, and the relative value of these soils to each other and to the soils of the other districts for which settlement data had been already collected. " The general feeling of the most experienced ryots, village officers, and others who were consulted on the subject was that all cultiu'able soils might be divided into loam, sand, and clay, distinguished by their colors as black or red ; that the best black loam was undoubtedly superior to any other soil whatever, while the next quality of black loam might be classed as equally productive "vvith the best red loam, and that the third quality of black loam might be classed with the second quality of red loam and the best black and red sandy soils. Continuing this process for the lower qualities of the same soil the lands of these five taluks were classed in seven tarams for irrigated, and the same number for dry land with the addition of two separate tarams for gardens as under : — Wet. <5ni'l Classification. Assessment Class. 13011. Class. Sort. Best black loam Good black loam Best red loam Best black clay Ordinary black loam Best black sand Good red loam Best red sand Good black clay Inferior black loam Good black sand Ordinary red loam Good red sand Ordinary black clay Worst black loam Ordinary black sand Inferior red loam Ordinary red sand Inferior black clay Inferior black sand Worst red loam Inferior red sand , Worst black clay ! Worst black sand Worst red sand 4 4 7 3 4 5 7 8 3 4 5 7 8 3 4 5 7 8 3 5 7 8 3 5 8 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 4 2 3 2 3 I 4 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 1 1 2 1 . 3 - 4 . 5 J 126 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter VI. Administra- tion AND Condition of District. Dry. Classification. SoU. Assessment Class. Class. Sort. Best permanently improved soil 2 1 1 Good do. do. 2 2 2 Inferior do. do. 2 3 } 3 Best black loam 4 1 Best black clay- 3 1 ) Good black loam 4 2 4 Best red loam 7 1 ) Good black clay 3 2 Ordinary black loam 4 3 Best black sand 5 1 > 5 Good red loam 7 2 Best red sand 8 1 Ordinary black clay 3 3 ^ Inferior black loam 4 4 Good black sand 5 2 > 6 Ordinary red loam 7 3 Good red sand 8 2 Inferior black clay 3 4 ' Worst black loam 4 5 Ordinary black sand 5 3 > 7 Inferior red loam 7 4 Ordinary red sand 8 3 Worst black clay 3 5 \ Inferior black sand 5 4 8 Worst red loam 7 5 Inferior red sand 8 4 ) Worst black sand 5 5 } ' Worst I'ed sand 8 5 " 5. The acreage to be included in these several tarams was determined by the Collector himself by sub-dividing each village into blocks of from ten to fifty acres according to soil, situation, irrigation, &c., and allotting a taram to each block. The result is that the greater portion of the irrigated lands of these taluks are classed in the first, second, third, and fourth tarams, while the bulk of the dry lands are classed in the lower tarams. " 6. Having thus laid out the taluks in groups, the villages in blocks, and the soils in classes, and having determined the classifica- tion of each particular block, it was necessary next to ascertain what the yield of each variety of soil might be ; for this purpose experiments were made by threshing and measuring the grain in various localities at harvest time, and recourse was again had to the ryots whose valuation of the yield of their crops was recorded in each separate taluk. This valuation accorded so closely with the result of the experiments made that, as showTi in the following table, it was only necessary to adjust the difference to arrive at a fair conclusion. The Harris cullum alluded to is the MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 127 Harris culliim of 24 Madras measures, each of 120 rupees weight Chapter ti. of grain in use in the Cauvery valley. Administra. TION AND Condition of District. Taram or Class. Yield per Acre as estimated by the Eyots in Harris CuUum. Yield per Acre as per Experiments made in Harris Cullum. Settlement Valua- tion per Acre. In Harris Cullum. In Kottahs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 52 38 34 28 25 18 47 44 41 35 28 • • 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 " 7. This table of yield however applies only to irrigated land, the dry lands of these taluks being so poor that it was not thought M'orthwhile to collect separate data for them, as all that was needed had been already collected for similar soils in Salem and Trichinopoly. " 8. Having thus arrived at the yield of each quality of soil, the next step was to tm*n this yield into money to determine the money assessment of each taram. This was effected by striking an average on the market prices of twenty years from 1844 to 1863 inclusive, these being the twenty years immediately preceding the period of high prices which commenced in 1864 and has continued to the present day : — Years. Per Garce. Per Kottah. Per Harris Cullum. RS. A. p. RS. A. P. RS. A. p. 1844 . . 80 6 9 2 15 8 10 5 1845 .. 103 5 3 8 8 12 4 1846 .. 111 10 8 3 13 5 13 5 1847 .. 105 7 3 3 10 12 8 1848 .. 97 14 2 3 5 10 11 9 1849 .. 80 14 5 2 12 6 9 8 1850 . . 78 15 2 11 5 9 6 1851 .. 87 3 9 3 10 6 1852 .. 84 6 5 2 14 6 10 1 1853 .. 112 6 3 13 9 13 6 1854 .. 128 8 4 6 11 15 6 1855 . . 155 8 4 12 7 1 8 1856 .. 136 7 1 4 11 1 4 1857 .. 159 15 3 5 8 1 3 2 1858 .. 182 5 2 6 4 8 1 5 11 1859 .. 135 15 9 4 10 7 1 3 1860 .. 186 6 10 6 6 5 1 6 4 1861 .. 176 10 1 6 1 2 1 5 2 1862 .. 194 3 2 6 10 10 1 7 4 1863 .. 185 G 5 9 1 6 1 Total . . 2,582 14 8 89 7 8 19 4 7 Aver ige .. 129 2 4 4 6 9 15 5 128 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTKICT. Chapter VI. "9. The average thus arrived at was 15 annas per Han'is cullum Administra- or Rupees 4-6-9 per local kottah of 105 Madras measures. As Condition of t^his average however was stinick on returns from the principal District, markets and bazaars in the district it somewhat over-estimated the price that the ryot obtained in his village ; a deduction of 15 per cent, was accordingly made to cover the cost of conveyance to market, merchants' profits, &c., thus reducing the figures arrived at to 13 annas per Harris cullum, or Rupees 3-9-0 per kottah of grain : applying these rates to the yield set against each taram in paragraph 6 the following results were obtained. These figures represent the value of the gross produce of the soil, from which the expenses of cultivation have to be deducted to arrive at the value of the net produce, one half of which is the Grovernment demand on the land ; and these cultivation expenses were calcu- lated at Rupees 15-4-0 per acre for the first taram and at 1 rupee less for each succeeding taram. Taram. Yield in Harris Cullum. Value at 13 Annas a Cullum. Deduct Cultivation Expenses. Value of the Net Produce. R8. A. p. RS. A. p. RS. A. p. 1 50 40 10 15 4 25 6 2 45 36 9 14 4 22 5 3 40 32 8 13 4 19 4 4 35 28 7 12 4 16 3 5 30 24 6 11 4 13 2 6 25 20 5 10 4 10 1 7 20 16 4 91 4 7 "10. The rates thus arrived at apply to the first-group villages only, and are modified to suit the circumstances of the second, third, and fourth groups respectively ; thus the first taram charge in a fourth-group village is more than the fourth taram charge in a first-group village, or the third taram charge in a second-group village, or the second taram charge in a third-group village, &c., as under : — Irrigated. Dry. Taram. Rate per Acre. Taram. Rate per Acre. First Group. Second Group. Third Group. Fourth Group. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 lOi 9 7i 6 H 9 n 6 H H 3 9 7i 6 4i 3^ 3 n 7i 6i 4^ 3^ 3 2i 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RS. A. 5 3 8 2 8 1 8 1 12 8 6 4 1 J MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 129 'Ml. These rates are for a single crop, which, as a general rule, Chapteii VI, must be considered to be peshanam cultivated between October and Ai.ministka- May. Those lands which grow a second crop have hithei'to been Condition of charged full kar assessment as ayacut double crop, or half kar D' ^tkic t. assessment as occasional second crop. These distinctions will now be abolished, and the second crop charge on each block will be fixed at two-thirds, or one-half, or one-third of the single crop charge according to circumstances, one uniform rate being charged for each particular block ; thus the second crop charge in block A, the best land in the village, may be fixed at two-thirds ; that in block B, further from the source of supply, at one-half ; and that in block C, on a higher level indifferently irrigated, at one-third : lands compounded for as above will be classed as ' permanent double crop ' and will have to pay the assessment now fixed, whether one, two, or three crops are grown. Such lands as are not compounded for as above at the settlement will, if cultivated with a second crop hereafter, be charged fasaljasti at the rate of three quarters of the single crop charge. " 12. Lands irrigated by baling from any Grovernment source of supply, or from old wells, will be charged garden assessment at 5, 3i, and 2^ rupees per acre according to circumstances, but no charge will be made for second crop in such garden lauds, except in special cases to be considered hereafter. " 13. The area under small rain-fed tanks, which only a few Rain-fed puttahdars cultivate, will, should these pnttahdars agree among ^^^^^• themselves, be made over as pun j ah on such terms as the Collector may fix in each particular case. *' 14. The palm^Ta trees in each field will be registered according to occupancy. Hitherto they have been classed as vadali, olei vettu, kai kattu, and paruvam ; all (except the vadalies) have been assessed at different rates as each tree passed from any parti- cidar class to that immediately above it. Ryots cutting their trees have hitherto had to pay a fine of twenty years' assessment, while the trees have been reclassified every three years with much laboiu' and trouble to the taluk and village officers, and much annoyance to the ryots, who could never be certain of the amount they might have to pay. This system will now cease, and the following will be substituted. Taking last year's accounts as they stand for those fields in which both land and trees are owned by the same indivi- dual, the Collector will add to the present assessment a trifle on account of growing seedlings, and will fix the nearest round figure as the annual kattuguttagei charge on the trees dming the term of the assessment now about to be introduced as under : — 17 130 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTHICT. Chapteu VI. Administra- tion AND Condition of DiSTjaicT. d > m Puttahdar. Area. Land Assess- ment. y water to Chapter VI. the skin, which it is said to penetrate. " "" tTon and^" " Malarious Fevers. — Malaria and water bowel-complaints, Condition of cholera, dysentery, bad water, air, and ventilation, unripe and ^IH unwholesome food, malaria, small-pox — specific germ. " Foot-and-mouth disease and bloody flux, scarcity of water and pasturage, and excess in heat. " There is nothing peculiar in the epidemics. " The district yields no mineral. " A list of indigenous medicinal plants with their botanical names is given in the appendix. " The native practitioners who, as a general rule, are very illiterate, invariably follow the prescriptions and mode of treatment given, or said to be given, by a famous sage called Agustia, the father of Hindu medicine. The chief drugs that these practitioners use are crude preparations of mercury, arsenic, tin, lead, magnetic iron, and sulphur, the above being oxidized or calcined. They are quite ignorant of anatomy, physiology, and their collateral sciences. " The system of treatment which they adopt is rigidly to adhere to a certain compound for a certain class of disease. The whole of the phamiacoposia may be embraced under the following heads : — Calcined powder. Oxide. Sublimate. Decoction. Electuary. Powder. Medicated liquid ointment. Medicinal herbs fried in ghee. , PiUs. Plaster. " The above are generally prepared in the following way : — " Calcined Powder. — The mineral intended to be calcined is first of all subjected to what is called a purifying process by immersion in cow-dung, lime-water, breast milk, or the juice of some plant. It is then placed between two layers of certain vegetables ground into a paste, and this again put between two circular pieces of tile cemented by a bandage of cloth and mud, which, after exposure to the sun for a fixed period, is then put between layers of bratties varjdng in height from a few inches to one cubic yard. In some cases the process is repeated a specific number of times according to the prescription. Another mode is that the metal is ground in the juice of certain plants and the same process is followed as above. The metal thus calcined is given in honey, butter, or other powder. 142 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter VI. " Oxide. — With slight variation the same process as above is Administra- followed in the preparation of oxides. TION AXD CL CI 1 T J A I'l l> 1 • 1 -I • Condition of ouoiimate. — A quantity 01 sand is placed in a chatty to one- D isTRi cT. foui'th of its depth ; over it is spread a layer of common salt, the metals intended for sublimation are powdered or made into a cake and placed in the middle of the chatty. Over this chatty is fitted another chatty of exactly the same size, the internal surface of which has previously been coated with a vegetable juice ; the two are plastered with cloth in mud and placed over a iire for the time specified in the prescription. After cooling the upper chatty is removed and whatever adheres to the surface is scraped or removed with a brush made of the bristles of a hog. " Decoction. — From one to several ingredients, consisting of herbs, roots, &c., are placed to boil in a chatty containing from one to several measiu-es of water ; the whole is boiled down to half, quarter, or one-eighth of the original quantity as the case may be and then strained. Sometimes it is used as an adjunct, at others as a principal. " ElecUiary. — An almost infinite number of roots, herbs, flowers, seeds, and bark is separately pulverized and the whole mixed with treacle, ghee, and honey placed over a slow fire and worked up to the consistency of jelly. " Powder. — Sometimes this contains one ingredient and some- times more, and is generally taken with an equal quantity of sugar. *' Liquid Ointment. — Like the electuary a great number of ingredients prepared in special ways, some by boiling, others by grinding, &c., is mixed generally with gingelly or rape seed oil and boiled till the sediment at the bottom of the vessel assumes the consistency of jelly. It is then scented with certain odoriferous substances and is used as an unction. " Q/iee. — Certain herbs being previously ground in milk are fried in ghee, and then strained. This is intended to be kept for some time especially for the use of children. " Pills. — In almost every preparation of pills, from an innocuous herb to an active poison, croton in some form or other invariably enters. As these pills are generally very hard they are rubbed on a slate or stone with some decoction or vegetable juice and administered. . J.* " " Plasters — Are always prepared of butter and occasionally C fL^**"^^ ^^ ^ggg' .^-ax combined with preparations of mercury, zinc, copper, lead, &c." Salt. Salt. The establishment engaged in superintending the manufacture and sale of salt in the Tinnevelly District consists of 1 Deputy Collector, 5 Superintendents, 8 Assistant Superintendents, 14 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 143 Clerks, 1 Mechanic, and 73 servants. The annual cost of the above Chapter VI. estahHshment is Rs. 16,692. The police employed specially to ^^^'^^'^^l""- guard the pans and stores are 57 permanently and 33 temporarily ; CoNinxioN of the latter employed during the manufacturing season only. Distiuct. The salt-pans are situated in the following places, beginning with the most northerly :— (1) Vypar, (2) Arasady, (3) Tuticorin consisting of three separate pans, viz., Karapad, Levingepuram, and Sevandakulam ; (4) Kayalpatam, (5) Kuttangkuli, (6) Viziaputty. Vi/par is 24 miles north of Tuticorin ; the pans are situated on an excellent site within a banked and drained enclosure about a mile from the sea. The soil is an ochreous impermeable clay to a depth of 6 feet from the surface. Beneath it lies a stratum of sand containing a fair amount of brine averaging 12° Beaume in density ; the pans are supplied both from these and from channels dug round the pans and supplied by sea water. Each bed or pan as in all the other pans is 400 square feet or 25 X 15 feet. The salt-pan is surrounded by extensive jungle of thorn trees conserved by Government to protect the pans from blown sand. The quality of the salt is reported by Dr. Ratton to be large, clean, and pui*e from visible magnetic impurities. Arasady. — These pans are 4 miles north of Tuticorin, laid out on a properly drained and protected enclosure half a mile from the sea and about 3 feet above its level. The surface soil is first rate clay to a depth of 2 or 3 feet except at the west end where some 300 new pans require artificial clay beds. The brine is obtained from the sea by a channel provided with a sluice gate and filled at the new and full moon tides. The brine here usually marks 6°. The salt is white and apparently pui'e^ but comparatively small, light, and friable. Tuticorin. — There are three salt di^dsions here — Karaj^ad within 500 yards of the sea at the south end of the harbour. This pan is set aside for expoi-t of salt. Salt is also exported from Vypar and Arasady. To the south there is 3 feet of clay which thins off towards the north ; here the pans are made with 6 inches of imported clay resting on a great depth of sand. The pans are filled from pits or wells as well as from the channel round the pans which is filled from the adjoining creek at high spring tides. The salt is small, clear, pure, and rather heavy. Levingepuram and Sevandakulam lie a little to the south of Tiilicoi'in town, with which they communicate both by a branch road and a short line of the South Indian Railway. The former salt-pan has a stratum of clay one foot in thickness, the latter a still deeper layer ; below is sand. Brine is supplied to the former by wells as well as by the surroimdiug channel ; to the latter only by the channel. This 144 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter VI. station is worked by reservoirs and condensers for eacli salt-pan Administra- on a system introduced by Dr. Ratton. TION AND , ^^ Condition of Kaijalpatam lies 18 miles south of Tuticorin. On a swamp 2 District, miles from the sea surrounded by a high embankment, a hedge, and a canal for the supply of brine. The soil is sandy yielding brine at a depth 6 feet : the brine supply is usually derived from wells. The beds are prepared with imported clay. The salt is clean and popular, as it is light, is sold by weight and retailed by measure. Kuttungkuli and Viziapatty, 4 miles apart, are the furthest south, being about 20 miles from Cape Comorin, These pans are supplied from an inlet or creek which forms the mouth of a small stream in wet weather, but is dry during the hot seasons and filled with sea water by the overflow of the tide at new and full moon; the salt crystals are white and clean, but very small and light. The manufacture is carried on by persons who are termed salt ryots, each of whom has 50 to 100 beds and works them by means of coolies. The total number of salt beds is 17,706, of salt ryots 376, and of the coolies employed by them 1,610. Salt beds are in great demand and command high prices when sold by one ryot to another or by the Q-overnment. The salt manufactured is delivered into the Q-overnment store on the spot and paid for at the rate of Rupees 10-10-0 per garce of 120 maunds. It is sold by the Grovernment at Rupees 2 per maund or 240 rupees per garce. The export price is Rupees 13 per garce. The manufacturing season extends from January to October, and during this period the salt is scraped every day. It is stored in heaps of 10 garce covered in with palmyra leaves and a foot of earth. The wastage or difference between the actual outturn and the recorded contents of the heaps is, on the average of ten years up to 1875, 4*23 per cent. The pans at Tuticorin supply a portion of the Madura District as well as north Tinnevelly since the opening of the railway. The other salt stations supply traders and ryots of the taluks of Tinnevelly nearest to them. Salt has been recently supplied at a low rate to fishermen for curing fish in yards close to the pans and under supervision. Advantage is beginning to be taken of tliis privilege, and the quality of the salt-fish cured in these yards is said to be decidedly superior to that in ordinary use. The export trade in salt has varied much of late years. In 1871 93,000 maunds were exported to Penang and 4,403 to Ceylon. In 1872 nothing was exported. In 1873 only 2,400 to Penang. In 1874 8,400 to Penang, 23,661 to Malabar, and MANUAL OF THE TINNEVET,LY DISTRICT. 145 114,000 to Travancore. lu 1875 114,600 to Travancore, 87,810 to Chapter vi. Penanff, 24,000 to Calcutta, and 24,480 to the Straits Settlements. Admimstba- J. >^ij.i*u.Q, , 7 XION AND In 1876 8,160 to the Straits Settlements and 3,000 to Peuang. Condition of The manufacture has risen from 543,651 maunds in I860 to D istri ct. 1,105,335 in 1876; the sales from 539,618 to 609,759 ; and the revenue from 402,775 to 1,046,362 during the same period. This great rise is mainly owing to increased consumption due to prosperity, but partly also to an increase in the monopoly price from Eupees 1-6-0 in 1861 to Rupees 2 now, and partly to the opening of new markets for Tinnevelly salt in the Madura District by the South Indian Kailway. ^ The formation of spontan eous s alt takes place in many inlets and "^^^ ^ -« '^- creeks along the sea coast and gives some trouble owing to the "/y difficultly of preventing it from being stolen. The principal creeks of this sort are — ■r Kollur. Muthukavupan Odai ) ^^^^ ^ ^tadagherryar ) OthakanOdai _ j near Kayalpatam. Tnchendur up Odai ) Trade and Sea Customs. Tinnevelly has three ports — Tuticorin, Kayalpatam, and Kula- Trade and Sea segarapatam. The two latter are small and quite local in their Customs, influence. The first is the most important harbour and centre of trade in the Presidency south of Madras, being the terminus of the South Indian Railway and conveniently situated for shipping the large quantity of surplus cotton grown in the cotton plains of Northern Tinnevelly and Madura. The trade has developed enormously during the present century. In the year 1840 only 147 ships with a tonnage of 7,182 visited the port. In 1875 these figures had risen to 1,169 ships with 208,674 tons. The shipping consisted of 109 steamers, 648 square-rigged ships, and 412 native craft. Tlie latter craft are built and repaired in Tuticorin harbour, being docked in temporary docks dug by the edge of the harbour, and out of which they are floated at high tides. A Master Attendant and a Sea Customs Superintendent with suitable establishments are charged with the duties of looking after the port, regulating the sanitary arrangements connected with the shipping, especially in connection with emigration to and from ' Ceylon, and collecting customs and harbour dues. The former officer has charge also of the pearl and chank fisheries elsewhere noticed. 19 146 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT, Chapter VI. There is also a Sea Custom Superintendent at eacli of the two Administra- subordinate ports. Condition of The earliest year for which reliable trade statistics are available DisTRitcT. ig 1830 wiien the total value of the imports was Eupees 1,92,877— of the exports Eupees 21,20,152, and of the custom duty Eupees 28,552. The import trade rose by degrees up to 1865-66, in which year it amounted to Eupees 88,18,685. In the following year it fell to Eupees 28,40,111, and has since risen again steadily to Eupees 58,94,008 in 1875. The export trade in like manner rose to Eupees 146,85,292 in 1865-66, fell to Eupees 56,48,310 the next year, and rose again by degrees to Eupees 88,16,935. The customs duty in the last year amounted to Eupees 1,27,156. The principal articles of import trade have been as follows in round figures : — Treasure rose from 1| lakhs in 1845 to 75 lakhs in 1865-66; it has fallen steadily since, and was only 7 lakhs in 1875-76. Cotton goods had only reached half a lakh in 1855-56. It has risen steadily since up to 1874-75, when it stood at 21 lakhs. Paddy and rice have been very fluctuating items, having reached Eupees 1,80,668 in 1866-67, up to which year they were less than 1 lakh ; subsequently up to 1874-75 there was little import, while in 1874-75 about 7 lakhs, and in the following year 5| lakhs was the value of the import. The quantity imported depends upon the Tinnevelly harvest. Metals reached 1 lakh in 1861-62 and have since with some fluctuations risen to 2 lakhs, while in 1875-76 they reached 3 lakhs. Betel-nuts are a fluctuating item: they reached 1 lakh in 1861-62, falling afterwards till 1874-75, when they again reached 1 lakh, and rose suddenly in 1875-76 to 6 lakhs. Eailway materials have figured largely the last few years, but are now falling off as the South Indian Eailway is completed. The export trade is made up, like the import trade, of a very large variety of articles, most of them of small amount. The items of importance are : — cotton, wool, the trade in which was valued at about 9 lakhs in 1830 and rose to 136 lakhs in 1865-66, since which year it has fluctuated greatly, but fallen on the whole to 45 lakhs in 1875-76. Cotton goods in 1830 figured at ten lakhs, a large portion being of native workmanship. This branch of trade fell by degrees up to 1865-66 when it was 2^ lakhs, and has subsequently risen again to 7 1 lakhs ; the rise is due to the re-export of European goods more than to any increase in native manufactui'es, which are falling off. MANUAL OF THE TIXXEVELLY DISTRICT. 147 Sugar auJ jaggery was Rupees 1 ,15,699 in 1830 and has remained Chapter vi. at between | and 2 lakhs with fair steadiness to the present time. Administra- TION AM) Coliee appears first m 1850, rose to one lakh in 1863-64, and to Condition of Rupees 3,85,962 in 1875-76. Distiuct. Treasure has fluctuated greatly: up to 1866-67 it was mostly under one lakh, but in 1863-64 it rose suddenly to forty-two laklis. In 1867-68 it was eight lakhs, from which date it has varied betAveen two lakhs in 1872-73 and thirteen lakhs in 1875-76. The value of the import trade is rising in the following articles : — Apparel, di'ugs, dyes, grains of sorts, gunnies and bags, machines, pro\isions, seeds, spices, spirits, wine, and miscellaneous articles. And falling off in coral, cocoanuts, fruit, oils, and tobacco. The export trade is increasing in the following articles : — Living animals, gingelly oil, dyes, fruit and vegetables, rice, hides, skins, metals, oils, provisions, salt, spices, sugar and jag- gery, and other miscellaneous articles. It is falling off in chanks, drugs, and seeds, besides less important articles. Export duties have always been small and levied only on a few articles as cotton goods, indigo, and dyes, grain and pulses, hides and skins, oils, seeds, spices at 3 per cent, and lac at 4 per cent, up to 1874-75, after which year all, except the duties on indigo and lac, have been abolished. The import tariff between 1826 and 1857 was levied at 2| per cent, on nearly all articles taxed when imported in British ships and at 5 per cent, when in foreign vessels. Higher rates were imposed on hemp, wines, paddy, and rice. From 1857 to 1874 the rate was raised to 7j per cent, on all articles without distinction of nationality, with a few exceptions, the chief of wliich was cotton goods and manufactures and twist on which only 5 per cent, was levied ; almost every important article of import has always been subject to duty. In 1875-76 the 7| per cent, duty was throughout reduced to 5 per cent. Emigration to Ceylon has for many years been large. People of the lower classes pass over from Tuticorin in large numbers, remain absent for several years, and then retm-n generally with considerable savings to invest in land in their own villages. There is thus a constant outward and return flow of emigration. Between the years 1865-66 and 1875-76 the outward tide has averaged about 16,000, the homeward about 14,000 ; most of the emigrants now find employment in the coffee estates in Ceylon, 148 MANUAL OF THE TINNEYELLY DISTRICT. Chapter VI. which are mimerous and give work at higher rates than are obtain- Admimstra- able in Tinnevelly to men, women, and children. Emigrants Condition of usually go by families. District. rj^]^Q railway retums of the year 1876 show 48,992 tons of goods of all sorts carried to and fro. Tuticorin is the station that sent or received the largest quantity, viz., 20,575 tons ; Tinnevelly comes next vdth 15,064 tons ; and then Virudupati with 7,623 ; no other station reaches 2,000. The principal articles of traffic at present are grains and seeds of all sorts, salt, oil-cake, and cloth. Cotton gave only 1,657 tons of traffic, this article being still to a great extent carried by country carts from the villages to Tuticorin, where it is shipped ; it is how- ever a branch of traffic which is sure to extend in course of time. A cotton press recently established at Virudupati, a good central position in the cotton country, will probably materially assist the railway. A very large number of passengers are carried almost entirely third class. Postal. Postal. The cost of establishment including contingencies amounted to Eupees 31,966 in the year 1876-77. The receipts from postage including service postage were Eupees 46,858. The number of post offices was forty-three, and the letters received and delivered were respectively 850,533 and 785,119. The business of this department is expanding rapidly and is met with enterprise and vigor by the department. A system of rural delivery is being tried by w^hich every village of importance will be visited for the collection and distribution of letters twice in the week or oftener. The experiment has been tried in two taluks and promises to be successful. Eegistration. Keistration. This important department is managed by a Registrar — usually the Treasury Deputy Collector — and sixteen Sub- Registrars, one in every taluk, and extra officers at many of the Sub-Magistrates' stations. The total expenditure in the year 1876-77 was Eupees 24,634. The returns in the shape of fees, &c., were Eupees 43,486. The total number of deeds affecting immovable property registered in 1875-76 was 22,904; the value of tlie property about 75 lakhs. MANUAL OF THE TIXNEVELLY DISTRICT. 149 Affecting movable property there were 1,434 deeds, the value Chapter VI. of the property concerned being about 11 5 lakhs. Admixistra- The most numerous transactions were sales of immovable Coxuition of property, the number of deeds for "vvhich registered were 9,439, i^^ ^tkic t. the property sold being valued at about 29 lakhs, and mortgages of immovable property, of which there were registered 12,G79, the property being valued at 30 lakhs. As regards movable property, out of 1,434 deeds 892 were obligations for the payment of money, about 2,62,839 Rupees. The total value of property dealt with was over 86 lakhs, being a higher value than in any other district in the Presidency except Tan j ore and Malabar — a striking proof of the wealth and civiliza- tion of Tinnevelly. It is interesting to note the extent to which mortgages of immovable property are carried on as illustrating the fact that the ryots cling with so much tenacity to their lands as rarely to sell them until obliged by the foreclosure of a mortgage or to prevent such action. The proportion of the value of the lands affected by registered deeds to that of property involved in deeds relating to trade or money dealings, vi^., 75 lakhs to 11| lakhs, demonstrates the agi'icultural nature of the people, and is due to the absence of manufactures, minerals, or property other than agricultural produce. Forests. The forests of Tinnevelly are those which clothe the ghats Forests. and are under the charge of the Forest Department, locally represented by an Assistant Conservator, four Overseers, and a number of Forest Peons and Watchers. Of late years the acacia thorn thickets growing abundantly in the tank-beds in the cotton plains have also received attention from the department, and attempts have been made to conserve and improve many of them. The average revenue derived from the forests during the five yeai's ending 1876-77 was Rupees 17,352 and the charges Rupees 16,584. The latter sum is made up of Rupees 8,617 for establishments, Rupees 2,545 contingencies. Rupees 5,622 conser- vancy and working charges. The revenues are obtained by the sale of timber and bamboos, or by licenses given to applicants to cut the same for themselves, from the minor produce, cardamoms, wild honey, dyes, gums, resins collected by the department and sold periodically, also by the sale of firewood in the fuel reserves above referred to in the plains. 150 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter YI. The ghats are divided into ranges, each under an Overseer or Administra- IJianffer with an establishment of Peons and Watchers whose duty TION AND Condition- of it is to prevent smuggling of timber or damage to the forests, to D isTKic T. control the operations of persons who cut on license, and to supervise the felling caiTied on by the department itself. The chief men of many of the villages bordering the ghats are employed to issue licenses for firewood or for timber, remitting tlie proceeds, of which they obtain a percentage, monthly to the taluk treasury. Headloads of firewood for domestic use are free. The following note on the forests and flora of the Tinnevelly District has been kindly prepared for me by Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. Beddome, Conservator of Forests : — " The chain of ghats which lie between the Tinnevelly District ^--^ and Travancore are exceedingly interesting both to the forester and the botanist as they abound with valuable timbers and new and ,Tare plants. They rise in several places to over 5,000 feet. About the base on the Tinnevelly side the climate is often very dry and the vegetation is somewhat stunted or consists of light deciduous forests, as the south-west monsoon seldom reaches the base of the mountains ; but, as the ghats are ascended, heavy evergreen forests are everywhere met with, or dense tracts of the Irul called elephant grass {Beesha Travancorica), a species of bamboo which does not occur north of the Tinnevelly District. Patches of real grass land are few and far between. These evergreen forests generally get the full force of the south-west monsoon as well as heavy showers during the north-east monsoon, so that they are exceedingly damp during the greater portion of the year, and seldom very dry during the cold and hot seasons, as rain often falls during the months of January and February as in Ceylon and heavy showers during April and May. Some portions of these ever- green forests (as some of the tracts above Sivagherry to the north and above Kalcad to the south) seem, however, to be almost beyond the influence of the south-west monsoon, and they are often very dry during June, July, and August. " Until the Forest Department commenced operations in the district only some few years ago, the forests were quite unexplored ; some of the early Missionary Botanists and Dr. Wight botanized and collected in the immediate vicinity of Courtallmn, and the latter gentleman named and figured in his Icones many new plants collected in that neighbourhood and about Sivagherry, but the tracts to the south of Courtallum were never visited ; since conser- vancy commenced the Conservator of Forests has \dsited most portions of the ghats and he has named and figured many new trees and plants in the Fhm Sylvatica and the Icones Plantanim, MANUAL OF THE TIXXEVELLY DISTRICT. 151 "but eacli trip lie makes new trees and plants are found, and, as large Chapter VT. tracts are still unvisited, there is probably very much to be Administra- discovered and a wide field for the botanist. CoNnfTioN^oF " The forests partake much of the character of the ghat forests I^istrict. in Malabar, and on the Anamalais, the greater number of trees and plants being the same, numerous species however exists which have not been found further north and a good sprinkling only before known to grow in Ceylon, such as Mischodon Zeylanicus^ a fine timber tree {Euphorhiacew), Xylopia parviflora (a lofty Anonaceous iree) ,TiichopocUum. Zcijlarnmm (a Dioscoreaceous plant), Trigonostemon nemoralis (a Euphorbiaceous plant), and Werhia Zeylanica^ &c. " The dense tracts of the Bcesha Travancorica which cover thousands of acres often to the exclusion of all other vegetation are quite characteristic of these mountains, and nothing like them are met with further north ; these tracts are often so dense as to be quite impenetrable even to the wild elephants. The occurrence of Podocaipus latifolia, the only coniferous tree found in Southern India, is a very interesting fact, as, although it grows in some portions of the Himalaya, it has never been detected in any of the ghat forests from Bombay down to Tinnevelly or in Ceylon, and, being a most striking tree, it could hardly have escaped detection ; this tree is most abundant in some of the Tinnevelly forests at 2,000 or 4,000 feet elevation. *' The occurrence of a beautifid species of Oypripediiim or slipper orchid is also of great interest, as the genus does not occur else- where in the Peninsula or in Ceylon. " The orders of the vegetable kingdom chiefly represented in these heavy forests are as follows : — Aaonacece amongst which are species of Goniothalamus, Xylopia Orophca, and Milinsia not occurring further north, Qiitfiferfe with. Ga rein ia Travancorica, "Wight ii ? and a third imdescribed species and Pwciloneuron pauciflorum not found elsewhere, G. Tracancorica is gregarious, and in some tracts between 4,000 and 5,000 feet elevation, forms about 50 per cent, of the vegetation, Diptorocarpece with two species oi Balanocarpns (a new genus which also I believe occurs in Borneo) and two or thi'ee Hopeas not found else\N-here. Meliacece with a species of Dysoxy- lon and one of AgJaia not occurring elsewhere. Anacardiacece with a lately described species of Gluta, two species of Semecarpus and two of Nothopegia only found on these mountains. Leguniinosce amongst which are Ormosia, Gynometra Travancorica, Hardicickia binata, Humholdtia unijuga, and two undescribed species, and Callian- dra cynometroides not met with elsewhere. Myrtacece with several lately-described species of Eugenia only found on these mountains. JRubiacece with Acranthera grandifiora, BymopJiyllum trfrandruni, 152 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT, Chapter VI. two species of Saprosma, two of Lasiaidhus, several of Hedi/ofis, one Admixistra- of Plcdionia and one of Odotrepis only lately discovered on these Condition of hills. Sapotacece with an undescribed species of DicJiopsis. Ebena- DisTRicT. cece with Diospi/ros foliolosa peculiar to this range. Sti/racece with Symjilocos oligandra only met with here. Acanthacece with two very fine plants of the new genus Dlotacanthus. Myristicacece with Myristica magnifica peculiar to these hills — Lauracece — Euphorhi- acece Avith Mallotiis disians, an undescribed Trigonostemon, Coelo- depas cnlyvina not found elsewhere. Urticece and Filius and other remarkable plants. Amongst orders not abundantly represented may be mentioned the following : — Acrotrema Arnottianum (in TJillc- macece)^ Sterculla alata and Ileritiera Papilio (in StercuHacece), Parinarium Traranco-ricum (in Eosacece), Hornalium Travancoricum (in Samydacece) , Begonia floccosa, and several other species peculiar to these mountains (in Begoniacece), Exacum Travancoricum (in Genfiancce), Didyniocarpus repens, and several other species described by Dr. "Wight (in GesneracetB) , Helicia robusta (in Profeacece), nor must the beautiful balsams be excluded from special mention. Tmpatiens grandis and Umbellaki (Heyne) and Uncinafa (Wight), being all very beautifid plants peculiar to these ghats and Viridiflora and Auriculata (Wight), most curious Epiptytia species. " Teak is met with at the base of the moimtains in several places, but always beyond the full influence of the south-west monsoon, and it is of very poor growth and hardly worthy of being entered as one of the timbers of the district, but the mountains produce many valuable timbers and what is not the case elsewhere on our Western Ghats many of the most valuable timbers are peculiar to the heavy evergreen forests, amongst which may be particularly mentioned three species of Mesua (called Nang), the Hopeas and Balanocarpus (called Kong), Pieciloneuron pauciflorum. Ileritiera Papilio, Pterospermum rubiginosum, Gluta Travancorica, Ormosia Trarancorica, Hardicickia binata, Ilemicyclia elata, and Gironniera reticulata. "The following maybe enumerated as the most valuable timbers as yet known in the district : — Mesua, three species (called Nang). Pseciloneuron pauciflorum (called Podungoli). Hopea, several species called Kong. Balanocarpus, two species called Kong. Heritiera papilio. Pterospermum rubiginosum. Grewia tilicefolia. Chickrassia tabularis. Cedrela tooiia. Chloroxylon Svrietenia. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 153 ScKleichera trijuga. Gluta Travancorica. Oligemia dalbergioides. Ormosia Travancorica. Pterocarpus marsupium. Hardwickia binata. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius. Xylia dolabriformis. Prosopis spicigera. Acacia sundra. Albizzia, several species. Terminalia, several species. • Eugenia, several species. Homalium Ceylanicnm. Lagerstroemia reginse. Do. microcarpa. Hymenodyction obovatum. Diospyros ebenum. Stereospermum suaveolena. Gmelina arborea. Vitex altissima. Phyllanthus emblica. Bischoffia Javanica. Hemicyclia elata. Briedelia retusa. Gironniera reticulata. Artocarpus hirsuta. Do. integrifolia. *' Some of these timbers are scarcely known as yet except to the natives, and it is very probable that there are many valuable timbers quite unknown. " Gums, resins, dyes, fibres, and such like hill products have as yet received little or no attention, but they will undoubtedly some day yield a fine revenue, as these forests are particularly rich in all these products ; it may be here mentioned that the Hard- wickia binata is known to yield a valuable balsam or oko-resin, which could effectually substitute cojMiba hahani ; the resin yielded by Ailanthiis Makibarica might also substitute Venice turpentine, but it is always much adulterated by the people who collect it. " The Dichopsis elUptica (formerly known as Bassia or Isonandra) yields a kind of gutta which may prove of value, and a second species of Dichojms has just been discovered ; the fruit of the different species of Semecarpus which abound on these hills yield a valuable black dye, the Mallotus, Philippinensis, the powder from the capsules of which yield a valuable red dye, is most abundant, and myrabolans {Terminalia chebula), a valuable article of commerce, are very abundant. There are two species of wild plantain very 20 Chapter VI. Administra- tion AND Condition o? District. 154 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. CJhapterVI. plentiful, from which valuable fibres might be extracted, and Administra- cardamoms, ginger, and turmeric are abundant. TION AND . ,, r i 1 Condition of -A- list 01 the trees and plants known to grow on these moun- DisTKicT. tains will be found in the appendix ; it must only be taken as a very incomplete one as the forests have as yet been only very super- ficially explored, and this exploration has been only during the rainy and cold seasons, the Conservator never having been in them between February and the end of June, when most of the trees would be in flower, and much attention has not as yet been given to herbaceous plants or orchids except where they were decidedly new." Local Funds. Local Funds. The principle of raising funds for local expenditure confined to the district was first distinctly recognized by law in 1866 and has been steadily developed from that date. The revenues of Local Funds are derived from a cess now of one anna per rupee on the income from land, the assessment being taken as such in Government villages, while special calcula- tions and special assessments are made for zemindaris and inani lands. There are other miscellaneous sources of revenue, the principal of which in Tinnevelly are surplus pound funds and fish rents. For the collection and expenditure of this money the district is divided into two circles — the Tinnevelly Circle comprising the taluks of Tinnevelly, Sankaranainarkoil, Tenkarai, Ottaipidaram, Sattur, and Srivilliputtur ; the Shermade^ i Circle, the remaining taluks Ambasamudram, Tenkasi, and Nanguneri. In each case the administration is in the hands of a Local Fund Board whose members are nominated by Government and whose duties comprise a meeting once a month for the consideration of all matters connected with the expenditure of the Local Funds. The collection is vested in the Collector and his subordinates in the Revenue Department. An annual budget estimate of receipts and proposed expenditure for the ensuing year is prepared by each Board and submitted through the Board of Revenue to (jovernment, and the expenditure is COD fined, with unimportant exceptions, to the budget as approved by Government ; an annual report on the operations of the funds is also submitted. The objects upon which the funds are expended are — Maintenance and Construction of Roads. Education. Sanitary Improvements. Miscellaneous Public Improvements. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 155 DisTKicr. The income of the fund, which was Eupees 92,119 in 1866-67, Ch.^i-teh vr. rose to Eupees 1,52,507 in 1870-71. Up to this year there was ^ZTa^u''' but one circle for the whole district. In the following year the Condition of Shermadevi Circle under the immediate charge of the Sub- Collec- tor, now the Head Assistant, as Vice-President, was separated. The income of the Tinnevelly Circle in this year was Eupees 1,38,550 ; it has increased by degrees to Eupees 2,24,108 in lb75-76. The income of the Shermadevi Circle was Eupees 74,384 in 1871, and in 1875-76 it had risen to Eupees 98,451. In these latter sums are included grants and allotments made by Government from other sources amounting in the years mentioned for the Tinnevelly Circle to Eupees 51,837 and Eupees 62,865, and in the Shermadevi Circle to Eupees 17,284 and Eupees 34,948 respectively. Expenditui-e in the year 1875-76 was as follows : — Tinnevelly Circle. Shermadevi Circle. New roadworks Repairs Miscellaneous Establishments Education Medical and Charitable Institutions Miscellaneous . . . . BS. 39,626 82,463 4,340 23,912 16,963 23,576 27,597 RS. 15,998 28,413 7,672 10,256 9,445 20,123 7,092 Total • 2,18,475 98,999 Establishments include contribution to the cost of Public Works Department calculated at one-foui-th of the amount expended by them. Education is almost entirely encouraged by means of grants on tlie results system for which each school is annually examined ; the number of schools to which grants were made in 1875-76 was 744 ; the average amount of the grants made Eupees 32. At the close of 1875-76 there were 849 miles of Local Fund roads in the district, of which 91 were completed in that year, 37 in progress, and the rest maintained. Medical, &c., includes contribution to the dispensaries at Palani- cottah, Tuticorin, Nagalapui'am, Sawyeq^uram, and Nazareth, besides the sole support of the hospital and dispensary at Srivilli- puttur in the Tinnevelly Circle, at which last 72 in and 4,707 out patients were treated. In the Shermadevi Circle the maintenance of the hospital at Nanguneri is provided for, and a grant-in-aid made to the dispensary at Edyenkudyi, where 21 in and 7,896 out patients were attended to. It also includes vaccination, the stal^ 156 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter VI, employed being two Superintendents and twenty- two Vaccinators, Administra- and the number of persons vaccinated 15,520, and the successful TION AND 1 O A1 O Condition of ^aSCS ld,01d District. The maintenance and improvement of chuttrums is also a part of this item, but is met on the receipt side by endowments belonging to some of these institutions, notably to that at Trickurangudy, which is large. Other items herein included are miscellaneous improvements, as cleansing wells and tanks, constructing and repairing bathing ghats, sanitary arrangements at fairs and festivals, distribution of medicine in time of cholera, improvement of village sites and public bungalows. There are in the Tinnevelly Circle public bungalows at Virudupati, Sattur, Kovilpatti, Kytar, Palamcottah, Tuticorin ; and in the Shermadevi Circle at Nanguneri and Pannaguddy. Special Funds. Special Funds. Included in the above figures as a part of the Local Funds are certain special funds, the principal items of which on the receipt side are surplus pound fees, proceeds of avenue loppings, and fish rents, which items amounted to Rupees 14,516 in 1876-77. Education. Education.- The progress in education in the district may fairly be considered satisfactory. In 1856-57 there were 273 schools aided by Government with 7,088 pupils. In 1875-76 there were 323 such schools with 12,937 pupils, besides 729 schools aided by the Local Funds on the results system. The number of pupils in the latter case average about 30 for each school, giving 21,870 pupils, or a total of about 34,807 children under instruction. The actual number of schools aided and inspected by Government in 1876-77 was 1,055 with 34,796 pupils, or about 2 per cent, of the entire population. In that year Rupees 1,108 were expended on inspection of Local Fund lower-class schools and Rupees 32,134 in results grants from Local Funds in aid of such schools. The Anglo-Vernacular School at Tinnevelly, as well as several of the Missionary Schools, carry education to a high standard. In 1875-76 there were 251 candidates for the Uncovenanted Civil Service Examination, of whom however only five were successful. For the Special Test Examination there were 129, out of whom 48 were successful. MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 157 The impulse given to education in tliis district is partly owing Chapter VI. to the exertions and influence of the Missionaries whose schools Administra- . TION AND intended chiefly for Christian converts who usually belong to the Condition op lower castes are also largely attended by boys of the higher castes District. attracted by the superior instruction afforded. It is also partly due to the intelligence and appreciation of civilization shown by that large part of the population which consists of Brahmins and Vellalas. MUNICIPAI-ITIES. There are three Mimicipalities — Tinnevelly, Palamcottah, and Munici- Tuticorin — managed by Commissioners appointed by Government. ^^ ^^^^^' The report for 1875-76 shows that the funds were raised by local taxation consisting of a house-tax at from 3g to 4| per cent., tolls, carriage and cart licenses, as well as in Tuticorin by a tax on arts, trades, and callings. There are other miscellaneous receipts as given in the abstract below : — Tinnevelly. Palamcottah. Tuticorin. Rates on Houses Tax on Arts, &c. Tolls and Licenses Contribution from Local Funds. Miscellaneous Items Total .. 2,438 None. 9,092 603 2,714 2,545 None. 8,271 460 6,870 3,632 2,587 9,343 1,000 3,569 14,847 18,146 20,131 The expenditure was as follows : — 1. — Public works including construction and repair of roads, streets, and culverts, and sanitary works. Tinnevelly. RS. Palamcottah. RS. 3,280 3,640 2. — Educational, chiefly results grants. Tinnevelly. RS. 1,050 Palamcottah. RS. Tuticorin. RS. 9,551 Tuticorin. RS. 612 243 3. — Sanitation, (1) Medical Services including Hospitals and Dispensaries at each place with their establishments, medicines, diet, &c. ; (2) Vaccination ; (3) Scavengeriug and Conservancy, (4) Cleansing of wells and tanks. Tinnevelly. Palamcottah. Tuticorin. RS. RS. RS. 6,340 10,801 7,101 158 MANUAL OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. Chapter YI. 4.— Miscellaneous Municipal purposes, cliiefly lighting the Ai.MiMsTKA- to^\ais, care of markets, avenues, choultries, and bungalows, watering TIO\ AND 4- V CuNDrnoN OK Streets, (xc. District. Tinnevelly. - Palamcottuh. Tuticorin. RS. RS. RS. 1,880 3,412 1,313 5. —Supervision and management, toll establishments, and expenses of a miscellaneous character. Tinnevelly. Palamcottah. Tuticoiin. RS. RS. RS. 3,010 1,714 1,105 These with balances and advances recoverable — Tinnevelly. Palamcottah. Tuticoiin. RS. 100 883 946 made up the total expenditure of the three Municipalities and will give a fair idea of their use and purpose. Fisheries. Fisheries. The sea fisheries of Tinnevelly are of some importance. There are sixteen villages along the coast in which the people live by fishing. They contain 1,760 families. 5,171 are of the Parava caste and chiefly Roman Catholics ; 245 are Lubbais. There are also a few Shanars. 187 dlionies and 735 katamarans are employed. A hook and line for large fish, such as the seer fish, a large draw- net, and a casting net for small fish are the means employed. Tuticorin, Pennaikoyal, and Verapandianpatnam are the chief settlements ; several of the fisher families are wealthy and influen- tial. The head of the Parava caste, entitled the Jadi Talavan, is a jierson of some importance, resides at Tuticorin and has much influence over the people of the caste. He is looked to by the Government to furnish divers for the pearl and chank fisheries. The principal fish caught are the seer, the ray, the sable, and the sardol, and prawns and shrimps in abundance. There are several other kinds of which the English names are not known. APPENDIX. ( 161 ) X Ph Ph Co 03 «3 o 00 ■q> cq 00 uo „ Oi •- -o^ -^ ■* t— I—* X3 CO l^ f— 1 10 ^7 s^s CO CO r-H 00 (M Oi l-S^^S ■«< CO ■* M CO CD 00 eo (M , eo CO 05 CO 00 1-- «3 f- CO CI Oi g--^ 1-'-' c^ c< >-H i-H »— i r— t l-H CD__ C br 00 tH '^ — • t^ t^ (N OJ CO 1— ( 1 «o CO •^ -3 *- CD CO (M ■— ( l-H vO t^ CO CD ■*i ^ '^ '.n w CD 00 (M l-^ 0^ o_ 1^ CD_^ — C3 f.^ 1 ';:&:< xj --o CO CD >f5 00 ■o .S rt P^ -- •■^ el lO © 00 CO -H *1 CO Oi t- gra '~L ^^ CO i^ eo IM^ »C5^ (M ■rt> Oi 10 l-H CO Co TO fo 1 ^" 0" r— ) ira t-c t^ ■*" co~ Ci 00 Oi >o 00 _ C3i 00 (M Ci ^ lO CO VO r- 1 Tt< 00 t^ 10 Oi CO Ph r] " CO f-< »— « 1— « t-H r—t <-H CO O.S ^ "^ (In — l-H rt ^^ 00 c<| CO CO CO CC 00 r^ uo r^ t^ T*. eo CO •^ p^ '^ 'O CO l:~ t—i •0 c^ 10 >.o CO t- l-H -e 2 ^ "3 C-l_ -w_ vO^ X^ l-H 00^ Oi ^^ 't, ^^ 00 t^ ■>r< CI 'g hi< f5 CO iM CO 00 ^ C5 c-l C-J CO I^ iM I^ t~ vo (N CO CO CO o >o ■*j 2 — '^> CO 0^ iM Oi 10 CD Ci CO CO Oi •H %^ CO ' (M o CO CO CO CO .« ^ •— ' lO (X, ^ S •* (M t~- 00 •^ 1^ CO (M CO .2'^ «= CO I^ ca _ ■^ r-^ »^ C-l "^ CO 00^ r^ eo_^ —T t--r cT co" 00" co" •^ oo" co" eo" 00" c^ CO -^ Cl CO ^ CO CO 10 .S _! Pu — C -!t< CO 03 C-l t^ »— < CO ^ Oi t^ Ci 2 ::3 '"" v.-t' CO CO (M Ci CD (—4 l-H (M 10 CO •^'3 ^ <>> CO_ xJH^ t-^ »^ CO »c l-H t— CO *o CO co" c li ^ be -3 :2 ■ 6 > ci i ■> i g • • < 55 > ^ w > K M • • 3 V ^ _ -, - - ■- . ^ - ,^^' .^^ V ^ s-^ -^ •■ 1^ ^ ■^-' 13 ; • . rs . • I s CCS • • B 1 t4 3 •3 n at "3 1 • 1 'Jl .2 1 CO -4J > G a C ■3 ^ :> 1 a C3 CD a a H •4J S X c2 5^; < H "i t— t C-I CO -^ 10 CO '- CO ci N 21 162 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 2.— Statement showing the 'Number of Villages {Talukwar). Taluks. Square Miles. Area according to Ayacut. Villages. Govern- ment Ryot, ■wari. In am. Zemin. Total. 13 ■-1 • <-( id p o t3 1 g "3 P •s p ■-1 .2 •a p Tenkarai Tinnevelly Saiikaranainarkoil Srivilliputtur . . Satlir Ottaipidaram , . Nanguneri Ambasamudram Tenkasi Total . . 456 347 609 533 463 1,165 604 303 337 291,636 222,055 389,746 341,343 296,463 745,144 386,538 194,156 215,845 140 149 40 93 61 65 181 90 42 861 19 72 • • 43 10 1 24 41 23 12 22 5 8 26^ 14 28 5 1 2 22 4 3 5 1 2 52 4 106^ 331 2 68 1 10 6 162 171 97 105 194 410 209 97 101 21 94 47 14 10 25 43 28 4,817 3,082,926 233 1211 39 563| 16 1,536 288 No. 3. — Statement showin g the Population at the Census 0/1871 (2 ^alukwar). Area Taluks. m Square Miles. CO > Hindus. Mussel- mans. Christians. Total. Tenkarai 456 173 174,080 24,100 36,166 234,346 Tinnevelly . . 347 265 156,039 19,951 8,119 184,109 Sankaranainarkoil , . 609 97 174,603 2,507 4,908 182,018 Srivilliputtur 533 152 172,988 2,430 1,536 176,964 Satur 463 208 151,178 3,865 1,819 156,862 Ottaipidaram . . 1,165 426 273,662 4,740 17,974 296,376 Nanguneri 604 234 146,543 7,493 24,042 178,078 Ambasamudram 303 140 150,345 8,042 4,828 163,215 Tenkasi Total .. 337 129 107,192 11,625 3,184 122,001 4,817 1,824 1,506,630 84,753 102,576 1,693,959 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 163 '^ ». ^ e so" e C3 Co" 00 S O 1 •r;^ CO t~ lO t^ to cS CO o CO cjo IM OS -f •^ CM 00 CO t~ f-H ?^ CO p— 1 00 ■>J< CO < 3 O 3 -• t~ 00 lo" co" o 0.1 c^ CO ■^ l^ co_ • »-H ■* CO CO ,a <£ CO t~* cm" 00 d -* Tf •o CO «2 l^ CD CO CM i^ '-^ o -h" CO CO l^ CO t-- o PI 2 00 ■— I »-l OS CD cd o 00 ■^ CO (M O) o 00 ^ CO CD ^ 1^ CO »— « o t^ »-H Ol^ 0^ <:s CM^ ■^ r— * 3 o »o CD -f 1— cq cd" lo" ^ 0" c-r O t-H r~A lo" t^ 3 10 CO 10 lO CO ■& OS 05 CO OS CO M «< CO 1^ 00 •<*< ■* 1 t^ -* f—* oo OS cd_^ 1^ OS_^ >o oo_ »— * 03 °1 1^ CO CO r— * OS^ 01 Cs" CO cd" 'O" CO os" CM -2 o oT cT o" ,_, co" l-H 1— 1 p— 1 r-l r-H o -1< CO t-~ ■M OS H C5 CO co^ «5 CO^ l-H »-H f— ( -^ ^i CO f-H •* CO CM «3 .I— +J OS ■>*< 0^ ■^ ■<1< ■^ . * 00 00 HO r— < 00" 00 00" 00 U5 00 1— 1 CO l-H OS F-4 'a fl to CO Oi t^ ■o a lo" oo" ■*" ■*" co" r~ CO 00 lO CO ■>i< CO CO t^ 00 "cS •4-» b- CO CO CO 10 O Eh *-H Os" co" (n" co" cm" 00 00 OS CO CO ■>*< a 00 r-H CO CD 1— 1 l-H .2 ira CO o x^ o co_ lO "*- lO^ •r* ■«r m CO 00 OS o OS 1— 1 CO OS >o CO CO CO ■4^ CD ■^ l^ ■^ ■>»< o_ , d fs ■3 *-5 l-H ■<«<" ^" os" ■«< oi a o o 1 i o to O o o 00 o CO CO (M CO 00 CO 1— ■*' 00 d To IQ OS CO CO CD CO CO c^ Ph a —' *t* »o 00 i~^ ccT s CQ 00 OS C-l CM CM □0 CO CO CO o 00 o CO '^ 3 00 Tt< OS_^ CO g ^ en l-H I— « co" co" o 1— 1 -^ >o »>. 00 S C^ co^ VC 5 "ti CO r— 1 l-H CO CM l-H l-H ^ '-' »-H co" cd" cr. 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COCOCOOi— lOt^iMCOC-100COCD05>OCO OiOiOOCOr-ii-it^ CDCOOOOCOIO ^'^'^'*,'^^1,*^"^'^.'^ i>r 1^' c-f c-f oT cfT ci oo rfi CO i-< lo 1-1 i-" -*< in 1—4 CD Ci CO CM 05 1— 1 CM Tj4 »0 o CO cm" o 1—4 • • ■*4 CD 1—4 Sankara- nainar. koil. ^OiOJCOiCiO.-iOO'MCvlOirfOOlMO'TtiOO lOi-li— li-lOCOi-0 1-1 1-1 1—1 I— t cT 1—1 CD OO Oi CO 00 t— 00 CO CD • » * 1-H o >o cm" • • • 00 o cm" 00 1— t 2 ''^ OS >CCOt^-i+'OOaDiOC00005^C-"IOOOOCo 05 CO 1— 4 lo Ko »n 00 '-I 1-1 ic eo CO C-f rt" ^' - 1 r— 1 CO O CO o t^ p-4. o 00 i-H •*a205t^03CO COCDCO^HOOCOCOOTjlTtl OiMi-iTfiTtioo lO^xiiirat^cococoi-Hco cooooooioco oq^t— coi-^^cocO'f^oj^fM^vo t^ko" cooft-^ii-^co r~ T}< <>< o t^ CD t^ •<)< t^ CD C-) 'T -^ CO t^ CD 00 c3 «o 00 CO CO •* CO ■* O CO TJ« CD O uO 05 ^ vO CO Ci_co oo__o_ CD O •-< (^ IC CO 0> *-H CD (M 00 C2 t^ -^ -* t— < >r; -»< O 'O O: CI O t^ CO r- Oi Oi CO rt O O ^ ^ uO O t^ l^ o t-~t — ■ Ol >1^ 31 M CI CM CTi 0—1 -*. ^ •* O O '-' .-1 C-) ■* •— CO i-O CO r-i c> ^ O) l-H 00 C t^ CO ,-H C-J QO —.CO -H «r irT H CO M CO ii ^ -* 00 t— t^ o •* •o -^< •>j< (M CD CD CI 02 I— O CO —• F-1 00 CI o CO CO O 1^ 'O CO (N lO >ra 1^ 1^ —1 CI — — r»< >0 1.0 Oi -li lO ^ •^ CO Tj< •r*.^^ rf ■* ■<}< o ■.a^o^o^'-H^ tc .-H «o^ CO^ oo o f-H 1—" CO o TjT o — ' cf a t>r < 6 •* C-J •-' '-' ■»»< g 1-1 Ttl O «D ^- 00 ^ 00 t^ CI CD t^ Oi CO »^ O CO i-H — ' C-5 OS oo^ ^O "^ CO ;§« of-*" .-« f— 1 C-) o" ^ O -^ f-H - O O CD «2 CO CD Oi ■p. a o CO 00 CO 00 r^ 00 o CD Tf ^ Tf CO CO l^ 1^ lO 00 00 CO O '-O ■>!< O 04 O o; '^'t. 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CO — ■ — 1 ^ •M •<♦< o Oi ^ CD CO O 00 CO 1^ CD Oi >■ o ^ CO CO ■>*• I-- CO o -^ o_ rt< CO 00 CO C^ t^ CM ■o o o'c^r .-T c-f of ■^ a^ CO Tt< .-1 .-< I— 1 *o s o CO '^ l-H »o H *5 CD 00 i~- oo o -< 00 ic n i^ l-H ■* -* 00 CJ r- rj< CI CO Oi O Ci CO O 6 d <0 1 .^J -4^ • • • el ^1 to -S C ^H O , in =! rt In o > QO ci o • 1 > •J 2.? Q ii, S o p; W o > : :| : a |3 f- Ua K fl tJ2 ^ a 1—* s (^ r=l H^ ^ 2 o Ho 3 o ^£lS o - . - - — V ' V y ^— —^ — — — ' -^^ 'El c , . . • '^ . £ o • • • • • c 6 M Pi o t> 1 [2 ca 3 c 2 .ti Pi o PL, CO 3 o -.J 3 Is? a 1 i s o & k_r l' l-H 1 ^-1 Oh o O < t-H 166 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 6.- -Siatement shoiving the Papulaiion, Area, Acreage of Crops, and Numher Villages in each Taluk in the District Population according to the Census of Area in Square MilcF Area under Occupation. November ■ 1871. 1 2 3 4 64th. A. c. 1 Circar 252,577 510 1 218,795 24 1 . Tenkai-ai I Minor Inam , , 11 58 7,621 ( Entire Inam Villages . . 11,396 21 13 8,589 U { Circar 150,450 280 48 122,636 83 2. Tinnevellj- < Minor Inam 4 61 3,072 ( Entire Inam Villages . . 8,788 32 14 16,381 / Circar 86,199 308 1 133,115 4 3. Sankaranainar- 1 Minor Inam 15 51 10,111 koil. j Entire Inam Villages . . 2"3',017 73 12 39,373 \ Zemindari 72,802 212 49 81,056 / Circar 154,890 409 37 167,372 52 t CI ^ 'n/ 1 1 f \ Minor Inam 17 33 11,212 71 4. Srfvilliputtlir . j Entire Inam Villages . . 3,800 9 61 4,023 \ Zemindari 18,264 96 19 16,795 38 ' Circar 86,575 249 42 136,365 62 5. Sittir .. Minor Inam 15 5 9,652 95 j Entire Inam Villages . . 27,142 75 13 41,310 \ Zemindari 51,818 140 54 81,296 66 / Circar 75,744 305 14 154,506 32 6. Ottaipidaram . . \ Minor Inam 8 63 5,748 14 j Entire Inam Villages . . 10,614 61 18 23,750 50 I Zemindari 199,984 792 25 410,402 40 / Circar 1 Minor Inam ( Entire Inam Villages . . 165,568 546 4 239,538 80 7. Nanguneri , , 29 68 16,838 72 10,382 20 19 12,112 62 / Circar 1 Minor Inam j Entire Inam Villages . . I Zemindari 143,556 234 6 113,230 88 8. Ambasamudram. 4,963 12 5 28 16 7,964 2,380 5,532 14 7 7,527 / Circar 78,611 163 57 83,345 6 9. Tenkasi 1 Minor Inam 7 30 4,613 34 j Entire Inam Villages . . 1,249 1 13 623 \ Zemindari / Circar 50,038 195 2 92,518 54 1,194,170 3,007 18 1,368,906 31 Total . 1 Minor Inam 123 57 76,833 86 j Entire Inam Villages . . 101,351 289 51 148,542 12 i. \ Zemindari 398,438 1,451 28 689,595 98 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 167 of Cattle and Sheep in Government, Minor Inam, Entire Inam, and Zemindari of Tinnevelly for Fasli 1286. Particulars of Cultivation. I. II. Seeds. III. IV. Tr Food Grains or Corn Crops. Green and Garden Crops. Topes and Orchards. v. Special Crops. 5 6 7 8 9 A. c. A. c. A. c. A. c. A. c. 118,930 37 3,497 62 4,726 40 30,256 86 14,102 36 4,248 57 29 91 50 25 191 24 122 4,142 17 128 25 82 99 1,490 29 675 12 76,578 47 5,800 69 1,527 91 113 77 6,644 14 2,618 98 25 58 56 21 37 34 5,898 10 120 71 24 32 .... 606 30 83,989 15 9,885 61 979 94 132 50 8,783 27 3,015 112 22 52 86 29 40 44 69 15,387 37 459 43 261 38 24 75 4,227 87 58,367 71 11,573 19 842 22 31 68 5,275 62 110,376 86 10,003 15 2,106 68 311 26 18,28t 76 8,621 56 387 91 182 95 20 13 794 83 2,698 89 112 42 170 88 • * • • 423 53 12,907 91 1,850 23 145 25 1,158 85 70,692 69 2,311 94 1,436 40 216 31 18,256 50 5,791 31 60 128 88 12 67 600 94 15,922 2 499 52 543 61 35 60 4,012 43 28,577 38 312 29 536 67 8 48 3,486 91 81,503 75 1,703 2 1,838 20 • • . . 25,386 3 3,800 89 • • • • 7 16 , . , , 200 14,398 53 486 42 211 98 • • . • 2,604 88 242,533 75 7,452 41 2,333 49 73,703 69 110,685 25 7,083 93 1,213 67 474 28 18,937 13 7,030 40 672 86 16 96 4 48 448 78 4,399 19 212 26 94 17 328 90 72,600 18 11,881 12 1,556 66 472 49 3,283 11 3,603 60 430 82 51 45 12 2 1 28 2,101 12 11 65 38 52 . . • • 8 4,806 21 670 89 100 12 117 57,210 60 6,605 62 662 46 929 32 2,861 98 4,083 79 150 23 69 27 60 41 46 46 369 98 • • • • 18 69 • • • » 16 47 46,007 44 6,055 34 979 86 28 11 1,724 47 782,567 12 58,775 70 16,048 32 32,906 79 116,539 28 42,813 79 1,841 13 615 99 330 35 2,296 32 65,317 37 2,030 66 1,446 64 1,550 64 12,903 60 393,199 40 27,814 35 4,937 61 1 68 17 85,466 44 1G8 No. 6. APPENDIX TO MANUAL -Statement shoioing the Population, Area, Acreage of Crops, and dumber Villages in each Taluk in the District Rice. One Crop irrigated. 10 Second Crop irrigated. 11 TJnirri- gated. 12 Cholum. 13 1. Tcnkarai. 2. Tinne- velly. 3. Sankara- nainar- koil. 4. Srivilli- puttiir. 5. Satur 6. Ottaipida- rani. 7. Nangu- neri. 8. Ambasa- mudram . . 9. Tenkasi Total . . ' Circar Minor Inam , Entire Inam Villages . f Circar I Minor Inam [ Entire Inam Villages , Circar Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages Zemindari Circar Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages Zemindari Circar Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages , Zemindari Circar Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . Zemindari Circar Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages Circar Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages Zemindari Circar Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages , Zemindari Circar . . . . Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . Zemindari A. c. 33,047 1,904 37 36 636 14 23,882 2,322 685 64 29 84 6,045 827 95 99 486 74 5,282 26 8,633 1,267 372 25 10 78 2,018 18 1,648 96 42 48 239 98 205 1 1,037 118 64 71 99 78 4,322 8 17,718 36 996 14 673 44 24,850 65 1,896 4 1,226 63 2,632 93 12,573 64 1,739 60 170 63 4,883 15 129,437 46 11,114 71 4,591 96 19,343 61 A. C. 18,082 45 932 52 113 46 A. C. 437 48 6 12 9,317 6 45 14 167 20 11 96 "'720 56 27 1,219 24 146 73 72 4 84 83 10 94 71 43 5 64 100 1 19 4,035 66 223 41 134 29 148 47 16,801 99 441 76 596 44 1,264 18 58 71 21 2 4,161 40 464 8 51 26 454 89 12 82 53,968 2,218 71 1,046 65 1,890 34 726 25 27 14 A. C. 2,102 14 81 65 47 1,357 69 21 93 4 36 7,062 5 124 35 2,224 9 5,990 13 22,375 66 1,335 89 639 7 1,878 7 14,819 21 1,633 23 1,759 31 8,105 77 10,819 38 99 1 1,084 80 45,320 58 3,839 38 217 90 173 58 503 70 2 1 "899 6,821 460 79 91 60 7,956 93 69,400 11 3,976 11 6,042 28 69,260 47 OF THE TINXEVELLY DISTRICT. U9> of Cattle atul Sheep In Government, Minor hiam, Entire Liam, and Zeniindari of Tinnevellu for Fasli 1286 — (Continued). Details of Columns 5 to 9. I. — Food Grains or Con 1 Crops. Wheat. Raggy. Varagu or Aricalu. Cumboo. Konalu or Thinay. Millet or Samay. Varigalu. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 A. C. A. C. A. C. A. C. A. C. A. c. A. c. 2,079 92 4,631 65 16,034 22 131 9 12,6.54 82 2,080 32 68 17 918 40 2 21 243 69 6 68 — 95 77 loi 8 1,865 76 6 48 310 15 4 97 2,394 13 259 3 9,901 32 13 53 19,123 58 90 61 33 67 • * . . • > • • • • ■ • 151 65 .... .... 66 42 .... 4,269 79 7,429 99 506 24 16,406 64 248 9 40,745 67 816 91 280 70 1 11 134 94 5 10 1,608 23 19 49 .... 1,208 24 50 9 6,511 1 78 74 3,642 74 286 13 — 6,667 29 567 12 5,868 24 210 13 30,121 27 427 13 12 17,456 7,187 6 26,842 48 1,021 50 20,184 988 52 1,740 11 515 54 2,242 64 37 65 861 13 92 39 449 77 119 8 557 29 10 48 335 63 14 39 3,368 91 186 77 889 94 7 81 3,251 68 141 94 5,114 21 2,841 95 39,040 86 610 96 4,382 41 801 30 290 62 106 6 3,251 97 6 26 368 84 24 13 1,300 36 995 38 10,302 83 44 38 713 57 44 66 .... 1,338 1 1,117 6 13,195 29 220 45 3,337 95 296 88 2,631 3 355 13 49,266 71 3,083 17 no 63 11,806 36 500 1,238 58 .... 391 47 '195 2 10,428 27 '50'34 1,100 29 17713 .... 4,898 85 2,248 81 160,115 22 195 55 11,739 15 3,654 79 1,294 08 10,709 79 6,595 40 5 12 35,325 44 47 24 74 97 735 4 875 71 • • • • 2,698 34 7 36 .... 54 6 194 49 441 95 859 50 1 12 659 56 223 5 366 71 17,000 42 124 12 48 70 30 24 11 59 . . .. 534 93 .... , , , , 2 85 23 15 • • • • 151 3 .... SO 1 7 82 497 6 2 8 2,928 54 2,548 99 2,236 26 .... 16,383 36 14 71 .... 140 52 88 47 222 88 . • . * 755 23 .... 6 64 50 8 3 .... • . . . 2 87 .... 3,165 80 298 67 9li 97 14 84 21,743 90 848 75 20 41,988 6 29,262 89 166,687 60 2,140 92 177,606 6 6,202 31 .... 2,677 46 1,476 46 10,741 30 51 22 7,722 4 150 5 .54 i 3,616 17 1,660 99 30,130 26 190 42 11,385 57 528 40 19, .518 87 4,426 25 180,980 06 648 78 70,691 I 5,371 49 22 170 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 6. — Statement shoiving the Population, Area, Acreage of Crops and Numher, Villages in each Taluk in the District I. — Food Grains or Corn Crops — (Continued). Pulses. Miscellaneous Crops. Total. 21 22 23 1 . Tenkarai i Circar } Minor Inam ( Entire Inam Villages. A. c. 26,822 76 85 42 942 89 A. C. 827 16 A. c. 118,930 37 4.248 67 4,142 17 2. Tinnevelly . . i Circar 1 Minor Inam ( Entire Inam Villages. 10,091 68 89 44 871 69 102 6 76,578 47 2,618 98 6,898 10 3. Sankaranai- narkoil. / Circar ) Minor Inam \ Entire Inam Villages. \ Zemindari 4,030 52 2 74 837 28 2,617 96 517 93 10 35 56 11 559 91 83,989 15 3,015 15,387 37 58,367 71 4. Srivilliputtlir / Circar 1 Minor Inam i Entire Inam Villages. \ Zemindari 4,216 6 344 44 98 56 1,038 64 248 24 40 67 28 84 53 97 110,376 86 8,621 56 2,698 89 12,907 91 5. Sdtur I Circar \ Minor Inam j Entire Inam Villages. \ Zemindari 1,304 88 41 47 427 37 706 74 39 21 15 23 18 11 22 70,692 59 5,791 15,922 2 28,577 38 6. Ottaipidaram / Circar \ Minor Inam ■ 1 Entire Inam Villages I Zemindari 3,939 71 .... '771 75 9,850 53 197 39 '99" 68 188 19 81.503 75 3,800 89 14,398 53 242,533 75 7. Nanguneri . ( Circar 1 Minor Inam ( Entire Inam Villages. 30,962 17 1,201 53 1,866 76 3 54 110,685 25 7,030 40 4,399 19 8. Ambasamu- dram. / Circar \ Minor Inam i Entire Inam Villages. ' Zemindari 12,011 27 617 31 101 2 312 22 • • • • 72,600 18 3,603 60 2,101 12 4,805 21 9. Tenkasi Total . / Circar \ Minor loam ■ j Entire Inam Villages. V Zemindari / Circar \ Minor Inam ■ j Entire Inam Villages. ' Zemindari 9,831 36 211 97 6,706 42 1 34 25 '22" 12 57,210 50 4,083 79 369 98 46,007 44 103,210 39 2,592 32 5,917 32 20,232 61 1,936 87 66 27 206 81 835 41 782,567 12 42,813 79 65,317 37 393,199 40 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 171 of Cattle and Sheej) in Government, Minor Inam, Entire Inam, and Zemindari of Tinnevelly for Fasli 1286 — (Continued). Details of Columns 5 to 9 — {Continued). II.— Seeds, Rape Seed. Coriander Seed. Castor-oil Seed. Lamp-oil Seed. Gingely-oil Seed. Oil Seeds of various sorts and Nuts. Total. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 A. C. A. C. 155 28 A. c. 786 7 5 11 1 6 A. C. A. C. 2,556 27 24 80 127 19 A. C. A. c. 3,497 62 29 91 128 25 2 86 1,164 30 9 71 2 11 4,633 53 15 87 118 60 • • • • 5,800 69 25 58 120 71 1,130 37 17' 34 4,238 36 8,754 93 112 22 442 9 7,334 83 31 • * t • 9,885 61 112 22 459 43 11,573 19 • • • « 2,370 15 83 91 4 9 933 55 7,636 304 108 33 916 68 • • • • 10,006 15 387 91 112 42 1,860 23 126 5 • • • • 4 55 62 17 41 2,182 34 30 98 482 11 312 29 2,311 94 31 60 499 52 312 29 358 13 1,206 53 4 38 133 98 1,703 2 "gi" 5,903 51 385 61 1,171 16 "9" 81 177 206' 74 "486 42 7,452 41 65 • a • • • • • * 236 54 5 57 1 35 6,846 74 667 29 210 91 • • • • 7,083 93 672 86 212 26 • t • • 535 55 24 6 28' 11,345 57 406 76 11 65 542 89 • • i » • • • • 11,881 12 430 82 11 65 570 89 • • • • 144 70 6 78 395 18 7 77 5,937 28 136 68 128 46 6,605 62 150 23 .... "se'eo 760* 45 5,237 61 26* 59 6,055 34 786 67 5 78 91 5,940 20 I 7,829 24 1.36 75 428 97 7,131 52 49,897 4 1,698 60 1,510 69 14,521 30 1 1 262 75 I I 221 33 1 58,775 70 1,841 13 2,030 66 27.814 35 i 172 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. (3. — Statement sJioiving the Population, Area, Acreage of Crops, and Numher Villages in each TaluJc in the District III.— Green and Shembu, Sugar- &c., Chillies. Mill- cane. Roots. berry. 31 32 33 34 Tobacco. 35 1. Tenkarai. 2. Tinne- vell}'. 3. Sankara- nainar- kovil. 4. Srivilli. puttur. 5. Sattfir 6. Ottaipida- ram. 7. Nangu- neri. ■ Circar . . Minor Inam . Entire Inam Villages. ' Circar . . Minor Inam . . . Entire Inam Villages. Circar . . Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. Zemindari Circar . . Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages, Zemindari ( Circar . . ) Minor Inam . . ^ Entire Inam Villages. (Zemindari I Circar . . Minor Inam . . Eatire Inam A'^illages , Zemindari ( Circar I Minor Inam . . ( Entire Inam Villages. i Circar . . Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. Zemindari 9. Tenkasi Total Circar . . Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. Zemindari Circar . . l\Iinor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. , Zemindari A. c. 2 12 88 "o'so 9 96 2 97 • • « • 2 50 0*21 14 98 "*3 50 11 25 • • • 66 "l 40 2 12 3 43 1 69 121 60 6 40 1 50 45 40 A. C. 157 28 6 18 120 84 1 43 1 33 39 19 "l 80 57 10 174 32 7 55 59 12 310 20 16 11 158 65 23 17 49 63 "'i'91 112 96 46 89 34 111 40 1 32 1 41 18 15 83 7 4 66 100 2 A. C. 415 27 "9'67 327 81 56 1 44 258 87 59 129 13 274 52 266 17 14 15 20 60 33 30 242 99 32 70 144 85 170 84 1,128 5 7 16 109 47 1,197 17 343 57 1 69 10 4 81 37 98 "2 167 62 8 82 239 61 1,025 5S 3,231 72 33 79 66 65 172 53 425 20 323 34 1,917 44 107 55 29 81 2 25 107 55 29 81 "'225 A. C. 2 2 79 76 72 62 67 65 363 28 27 59 79 38 61 336 28 26 24 148 11 174 65 8 65 325 8 • • • « '31' 32 789 72 53 24 269 90 637 21 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 173 of Cattle and Sheep in Government, Minor In am, Entire Inam, and Zeniindari of Tinnevelhj for Fasli 1280 — (Continued). Details of Columns 5 to 9— {Contbiucd). Garden Crops. ' Turmei'ic Cheya and other Dye- Miscellaneous, and Bctcl-loaf Plantain | &c., Vegetable Total. Satirun. 1 ing Roots. Gardens. G ardent ). Crops. 36 37 38 39 40 41 A. C. A. C. A. C. A. c. A. c. A. c. 132 97 .... 622 67 1,728 1,666 21 4,726 40 .... 1 1 41 36 7 88 50 25 .... .... 11 76 19 23 36 16 82 99 7 72 .... 183 25 259 10 613 52 54 22 1,527 56 91 21 * • • • 21 5 24 32 4 137 19 205 45 252 52 979 94 8 95 22 19 18 16 52 86 .... 27 20 3 62 37 63 261 38 '6"32 .... 83 54 80 19 278 91 842 22 81 • • • • 217 1 392 50 690 9 2,106 68 2 23 .... 22 55 69 30 40 17 182 95 • • • t 7 39 60 84 21 67 170 88 .... 9 34 4 13 47 66 145 26 93 80 123 80 314 36 1,436 40 .... 5 38 8 21 40 24 128 88 .... .... 16 99 10 65 64 36 543 61 .... .... 72 43 11 36 84 22 536 67 . t . . 15 15 621 87 1,838 20 .... • • . . . . • • 7 16 .... .... 9' 4 48 "87* 12 211 98 43 29 622 78 2,333 49 3 49 91 5 401 12 316 30 1,213 67 .... .... 12 24 2 58 11 16 96 .... .... .... 71 74 12 39 94 17 306 39 237 70 376 23 377 67 1,556 66 • • • • . • • . 10 3 34 61 4 51 51 45 • • * • «... 23 86 10 21 2 4 38 62 1 1 8 4 13 2 18 6 100 12 3 4 127 76 72 7 166 47 662 46 • t • • 8 84 3 39 7 94 69 27 13 19 4 84 • • • « 18 69 "i'"59 107 64 53 76 441 98 979 86 454 46 1,725 43 3,573 27 6,018 90 16,048 32 2 23 69 181 64 173 23 615 99 • * . • 109 39 185 61 282 41 1,446 64 2 92 .... 323 99 191 46 1,493 60 4,937 61 174 APPENDIX rO MANUAL No. 6. — Statement showing the Population, Area, Acreage of Crops, and Number Villages in each Taluk in the District Cocoanut Tope. 42 Arecanut Tope. 43 Palmyra Tope. 44 Tamarind Tope. 45 1. Tenkarai. 2. Tinne- velly. 3. Sankara- nainar- koil. 4. SriviUi- puttrir. 5. SktdT . , 6. Ottaipida- ram. 7. Nanguneri 8. Ambasa- mudram. 9. Tenkasi , , Total . , Circar . . Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . Circar . . Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . Circar . . Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . , , Zemindari Circar , . Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . , , Zemindari Circar . . Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . . Zemindari Circar , . Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . . , Zemindari Circar . . . , Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . . Circar Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . . , Zemindari Circar , . Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . . , Zemindari ' Circar . . . . Minor Inam Entire Inam Villages . . Zemindari A. C. 89 25 34 16 73 6 36 8 6 83 9 1 93 1 36 178 9 2 89 193 90 4 18 601 88 45 74 7 'so 1,197 62 45 8 6 7 30 A. A. 46 2 56 7 "30 181 10 • • • • • * • • 3 71 187 37 7" '76 60 71 6 35 16 23 14 49 199 16 18 20 201 53 11 31 25 57 7 66 36 45 5 68 128 72 4 10 '7 "50 626 57 45 64 41 80 29 65 OF THE TINNEVELI.Y DISTRICT. 175 of Cattle and Sheep in Government, Minor Inain, Entire Inam, and Zemindari of Tinnevelly for Fasli 1286 — (ContiDued). Details of Columns 5 to 9 — (Continued). IV. — Topes and Orchards. Mango Tope. 46 A. 20 c. 11 10 8 6 35 18 88 89 57 24 109 30 6 35 12 61 • • • 2 73 1 3 5 86 Ilnppa Tope. 47 Jack Tope. 14 10 10 35 30 42 "73 82 17 2 95 26 65 53 48 Babul Trees. 49 Other Topes. 60 A. 30,147 191 1,490 46 17 296 1 30,489 192 1,490 17 c. 60 24 29 85 19 59 54 83 29 9 c. 33 86 30 88 83 99 427 10 239 10 41 20 1 57 24 77 57 24 Total. 51 A. 30,266 191 1,490 113 474 4 472 12 929 60 28* 32,906 330 1,560 68 c. 86 24 29 77 132 50 29 40 24 75 31 68 311 26 20 13 216 31 12 67 36 60 8 48 28 48 49 2 32 41 11 79 35 64 17 176 AKPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 6. — Statement slioiving the Population, Area, Acreage of Crops, and Numher Villages in each Taluk in the District Details of Columns 5 to 9 — {Continued). V. — Special Crops. Hemp and Flax. Cotton. Coffee. , Indigo. 52 53 ( Circar . . Tenkarai.. { Minor Inam 2. Tinne- velly. 3. Sankara- nainar- koil. i. Srivilli- puttur. 5. Satur 6. Ottaipida- ram. ( Entire Inam Villages. Circar . . Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. Circar . . Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. Zemindari (Circar . , Minor Inara . . Entire Inam Villages. Zemindari I Circar . . ) Minor Inam . . i Entire Inam Villages. ' Zemindari Circar . . Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. Zemindari ^ Circar . . 7. Nanguneri < Minor Inam . . (. Entire Inam Villages. ! Circar . . Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. Zemindari 9. Tenkasi. Total Circar . , Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. , Zemindari Circar . . Minor Inam . . Entire Inam Villages. Zemindari A. C; A. C 38 36: 14,048 122 4 12 1,043 89 37 34 671 5,560 10 606 30 8,783 27 44 69 4,227 87 5,275 62 18,279 76 794 83 423 53 1,158 85 I 5 O' 18,247 86 600 94 4,012 43 3,486 91 I 25,386 3 200 2,604 88 73,703 59 4 18,180 69 3 24 438 26i 328 90 141 90 1 28 2 28 34 'i6'47 19 19 1,266 49 41 86 20 59 21 19 3,023 11 "*8 104 1,477 30 46 46 l',648 64 54 55 716 75 112,986 12 2,247 18 12,882 91 85,377 61 44 .... 1,356 34 '53* 69 2,117 9 '53" 69 A, C. 16 40 15 3 64 35 69 7 28 74 10 11 2 95 Total. 56 A. C. 14,102 36 122 675 12 6,644 14 37 34 606 30 8,783 27 44 69 4,227 87 5,275 62 18,284 76 794 83 423 53 1,158 85 18,256 50 600 94 4,012 43 3,486 91 25,386 3 200 2,604 88 73,703 59 18,937 13 448 78 328 90 3,283 II 1 28 169 58 7 28 13 95 8 117 2,861 98 46 46 16 47 1,724 47 116,539 28 2,296 32 1 2,903 50 85,466 44 OF THE TINNEVET.l.Y DISTRICT. 177 o/ Cattle and Sheep in Government, Minor Tnarn, Entire Inam, and Zemindari of Tinnevelly for Fasli 1286 — (Continued). Remarks. Total Acres under all Crops. Acreage under Fallow and Waste. Cattle. Sheep. Principal Articles in Round Numbers. 57 58 59 60 61 A. C. A. C. 171,513 61 73,997 90 54,099 154,442 ■^ Cumboo . 16,000 Samay .. 13,000 4,641 97 2,683 55 . . > • • • t • > Pulses . 27,000 Babul .. 30,000 6,518 82 2,183 44 5,612 12,478 ) Cotton . 14,000 Palmyras • • • • 90,664 98 51,785 57 38,527 118,274 ■) Cumboo . . 10,000 Cotton .. 18,000 2,738 11 > . • • • • > • • • • • > Pulses . 11,000 6,649 43 3,065 15,569 ) Samay or Millet. 23,000 1 103,770 47 42,943 37 34,175 47,428 )Ragi ^ Samay I aingely . J Cumboo . . 15,000 Pulses .. 7,000 3,254 17 7,139 • t • • • • • • . 76,000 Cotton .. 20,000 20,360 80 21,052 6,866 14,112 . 16,000 76,090 32 19,125 29,853 54,608 . 28,000 141,085 71 46,480 42 66,265 96,378 \ Cumboo . . 28,000 Samay .. 24,000 10,007 38 2,384 71 • • ■ • .... 1 Ragi . 22,000 3,405 72 1,179 1,713 3,039 I Cotton . 20,000 16,062 24 3,088 75 7,825 4,828 / Cholum . . 25,000 92,913 74 45,843 83 21,704 42,742 \ Cholum . 26,000 6,565 9 3,152 96 . . • • • • • • 1 Cotton . 26,000 21,013 18 20,445 42 6,837 12,337 I Cumboo . . 66,000 32,921 73 48,496 36 10,569 23,900 ' 110,431 45,184 68 28,558 74,252 \ Cholum . . 57,000 Cotton .. 101,000 4,008 5 1,740 9 5,206 * • • • r Samay . 24,000 17,701 81 6,048 69 64,033 12,395 1 Pulses . 31,000 326,023 24 84,847 75,589 128,576 / Cumboo . . 222,000 138,394 26 110,012 94 .... 193,905 ■^ Varagu . . 11,000 Pulses .. 31,000 8,173 48 8,417 40 3,952 • • • • > Cotton . 18,000 6,034 52 7,301 10 43,791 13,592 ) Samay . 38,000 89,793 56 46,227 9 • • • • 61,785 \ Samay . 18,000 4,099 17 4,798 2,589 « f . • / Gingely . . 12,000 2,159 29 1,041 2,306 6,130 ( Pulses . 13,000 6,593 22 3,349 31,055 1,176 ) 68,269 88 23,525 2 .... 19,019 \ Cholum . . 15,000 4,410 16 1,083 29 • • • ■ • • • • f Pulses . 16,000 405 14 382 7 305 615 1 Samay . 38,000 54,795 22 41,302 95 29,260 33,511 ; Gingely . . 11,000 1,006,837 21 486,000 82 393,763 808,225 47,897 58 31,399 • • * • ■ * • • 83,248 71 59,632 72 35,145 90,267 511,485 97 200,209 6 143,846 246,599 23 178 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 7. — Statement showing Ninnber of Cattle as given in the Quinquennial Beturnfor 1876-77 or Fasli 1286. Cattle. Taluks. Tilling Cattle. Cows. She- Buft'alos. Sheep. 1. Tenkarai 2. Tinnevelly 3. Sankaranainarkoil 4. Srivilliputt6r . . 5. Satar 6. Ottaipidaram . . 7. Nanguneri 8. Ambasamudram 9. Tenkasi 28,105 19,236 37,807 36,156 26,987 68,982 36,733 21,104 28,047 21,656 13,693 26,203 26,836 7,509 16,689 29,391 21,467 22,739 9,950 8,663 6,884 12,811 3,614 12,126 13,417 6,115 9,834 166,920 133,843 116,148 104,245 78,979 215,223 207,497 69,091 53,145 rotal .. 303,157 186,183 83,414 1,145,091 No. 8. — Statement showing the Cultivation of Cuttov, Indigo, and Siigar- canefor a series of years. Years. Cotton. Indigo. Sugarcane. Extent. Assessment. Extent. Assess. ment. 5 Extent. Assessment. 1 2 3 4 6 7 ACRES. RS. ACRES. RS. ACRES. RS. 1850-51 .. .. 62 859 1851-52 58 684 1852-03 142,211 1,23,830 233 375 54 733 1853-54 133,640 1,19,508 145 195 69 1,165 1854-55 85 1,454 1855-56 125,038 1,15,755 35 145 69 1,606 1856-57 161,035 1,58,747 325 353 100 1,954 1857-58 194,850 l,90,9a8 316 435 161 3,605 1858-59 194,890 1,91,085 396 688 240 3,609 1859-60 184,325 1,74,952 553 610 254 2,277 1860-61 188,342 1,81,616 461 466 216 ■ 1,919 1861-62 189,094 1,82,315 353 399 263 2,914 1862-63 262,523 2,65,789 468 368 207 2,372 1863-64 263,692 2,58,214 535 383 198 2,404 1864-65 236,038 2,29,782 398 238 322 2,908 1865-66 216,501 2,11,762 361 251 206 2,148 1866-67 220,407 2,13,047 413 308 142 1,891 1867-68 205,065 1,93,611 407 372 130 1,622 1868-69 213,960 2,05,238 377 384 159 1,685 1869-70 231,683 2,24,204 505 329 180 1,778 1870-71 213,776 2,12,521 550 519 251 2,450 1871-72 250,705 2,55,328 771 609 278 2,189 1872-73 287,813 2,96,746 804 698 204 1,964 1873-74 302,589 3,15,433 615 522 251 2,130 1874-75 284,622 2,98,790 571 464 231 2,131 1875-76 . . 281,569 2,96,276 245 371 199 2,151 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 179 ^ g «o (M t^ «5 cs ■^ 00 00 a ._ f— < CO l-H r-H s i-H " * " • r-H © CO © 00 " ' • * f— 1 © CO C-) □0 C^ © © © '^ <5 C-1 IM w IM ■s H ct 1 03 l-H 00 © 00 QO CO © © CO o S : • • • • © CO © © © < o o © 00 ,-H T3 (D 00 lO t^ t^ I^ o l-H l-H r-H r-H > CO 00 00 © P »2 -*< CI CO CO © © «o PS I ■ " • " ■
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P< "S ci •»H 1:3 s 1-1 a u d 3 (H xd H-> to a 11 a) H H OQ 02 W < H ■Si>3 d t f— < o co' t-^ CO OS 1^ 188 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 12. — Classification oj Lands and Crops for Fasli 1281 Classification of Lands. Tinnevelly Taluk. Sankara- naindir- koil Taluk. SriviUi- puttur Taluk. ACRES. ACRES. ACRES. A. Total Area 222,055 389,746 341,343 f IB. Barren (Poramboke) . . Government Land | 59,968 56,195 71,175 A.<( « ( C. Residiie culturable ,, 140,032 151,049 202,167 l^ Other land . . Consists of Zemindaries, Forests, Hill Tracts. 22,055 182,502 68,001 'D. Jaghire, or not paying full revenue (Minor Inams) . 2,257 10,114 11,204 0. E. Culturable not cultivated 9,146 8,274 23,414 F. Fallow (occupied waste in the Fasli 1281) . . 51,934 32,909 18,577 ^G. Under actual cultivation 76,695 99,752 148,972 f H. Ordinary dry lands, the crops H Baranee °^ ^^i°>,^r« ^^^^^^ dependent 52,190 86,317 113,481 n. isarauee ^^ ^^^ faUing ram. P °^'ah ' H!- 1. Dry lands, the crops of which J ■ are grown with the aid of 420 3,388 16,420 t ii-rigation from wells. Total . . I. Canal- H- ^-nicut-irrigated 52,610 89,705 129,901 8,161 1,033 • • G.< iriiga e . ^ 2. Other river and spring channels. Total . . J. Irrigated P- Tanks otherwise. ^2^^,^jj^ Total . . Jl. and J Total irrigated •• 207 7 8,161 1,240 7 15,924 8,807 • ■ 19,064 15,924 8,807 19,064 24,085 10,047 19,071 Deduct Area cropped in both Faslis . . Net Area irrigated Population as per S *^^" Census of 1871. ^l^^^^j 216 202 471 23,869 9,845 18,600 38,444 146,047 • • 180,357 180,375 Total . . 184,491 180,357 180,375 OF THE TINNEVEI.LY DISTRICT. 189 {Official Year 1871-72) in the District of Tinnevelly. SktuT Taluk. Ottaipida- ram Taluk. Tenkarai Taluk. Ninguneri Taluk. Ambdsamu- dram Taluk. Tenkdsi Taluk. Total. ACRES. 296,463 20,983 148,452 127,028 9,652 2,932 6,860 129,008 124,175 1,513 ACRES. 745,144 26,951 178,330 539,863 6,125 19,214 33,806 119,185 115,542 840 ACRES. 291,636 91,556 188,881 11,199 8,994 17,092 40,999 121,796 91,611 1,931 ACRES. 386,538 103,331 269,484 13,723 19,670 21,812 92,035 135,967 112,719 3,497 ACRES. 194,156 47,983 133,979 12,194 4,932 2,450 62,912 63,685 36,583 317 ACRES. 215,845 20,646 69,604 125,595 4,444 1,926 11,980 51,254 34,933 848 ACRES. 3,082,926 498,788 1,481,978 1,102,160 77,392 106,260 352,012 946,314 767;651 29,174 125,688 116,382 93,542 116,216 36,900 35,781 796,725 • • • t 980 22,165 2,573 6,331 7,855 22,542 14,960 37 75,192 11,659 •• 980 24,738 14,186 22,542 14,997 86,851 3,320 1,823 1,536 1,980 5,565 4,243 476 60,758 1,980 3,320 1,823 3,516 5,565 4,243 476 62,738 3,320 267 2,803 452 28,254 1,470 19,751 5,631 26,785 784 15,473 202 149,589 9,695 3,053 2,351 26,784 14,120 26,001 15,271 139,894 • • 154,401 10,485 285,341 • • 232,499 176,706 162,612 • • 122,254 48,929 1,640,492 154,401 295,826 232,499 176,706 162,512 122,254 1,689,421 190 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 13. — Abstract Classification of Lands. ACRES. I. Total Area of the District 3,082,926 {a) Deduct barren poramboke .. .. 1,600,948 (5) Residue culturable .. .. .. 1,481,978 II. Of the Culturable— (1.) Inams 77,392 (2.) Culturable but not cultivated .. .. 60,196 (3.) Fallow (occupied waste) 386,842 (4.) Actually cultivated 957,548 III. Of Occupied Lands 1,344,390 (1.) Dry 1,156,167 (2.) Wet irrigated 188,223 No. 14. — Statement showing the Numher and Classification of Villages and Hamlets. Taluks. a" Extent in Acres. Ryotwari. Shrotriem and Inam. Zemindari. Total. Villages. 09 05 03 > i s in to ba as CO -♦-a 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tenkarai 456 291,636 159 761 14 16 173 777 Tinnevelly 347 222,055 221 211 44 14 •• •• 265 225 Sankaranainar- 609 389,746 40 164 5 51 52 179 97 394 koil. Sr'ndlliputtur . , 533 341,343 136 336 12 14 4 12 152 362 S^ttir 463 296,463 71 160 29i 50 107| 57 208 267 Ottaipidaram . . 1,165 745,144 66 111 19 17 341 186 426 314 N^nguneri 604 386,538 205 510 29 34 •• 234 544 Ain'b&.samudram. 303 194,156 131 232 7 10 2 15 140 257 Tenkdsi 337 215,845 65 154 1 1 63 142 129 297 Total . . 4,817 3,082,926 1,094 2,639 160| 207 569i 591 1,824 3,437 ( )f this 1 iininhal jited Village s . . 288 OF THE TINXEVELLY DISTRICT. 191 No. 15. — Statement of Net Revenue Collection and Charges for a series of years. Years. Net Revenue. Collections. Actual Revenue Charges. RS. RS. RS. 1801-2 20,98,486 17,36,675 2,39,518 1810-11 20,09,347 21,08,935 2,99,685 1820-21 24,68,362 21,86,904 2,13,183 1830-31 24,84,641 24,76,625 2,69,484 1840-41 27,08,176 28,42,916 3,19,261 1850-51 26,44,257 27,38,822 3,59,107 1860-61 35,88,986 35,87,044 3,14,555 1870-71 44,71,895 43,44,031 2,81,261 1875-76 45,68,636 44,70,541 3,41,351 192 APPENDIX TO MANUAL a t^ (M o *—* 00 00 (M •^ o CO ■* (M oo 00 CO O _ t^ OS_ co^ ■*_ 00_^ 1— ( « O •^netassassy ■^ 2 • • : <^" lo" »o" o cq" t~^ co" »o" « -H I— « T-H ^ \a c^ 00 •<*< •p^vo (N (M (M co OS I— 1 © o •jaqnm^ 00 • • • -^ •o >o 1^ »o io_ >o M »o US «5~ >rt CD CO oo" oT g o tJi \n o «3 t-- o t-- o ^^ CO CO 1^ »-H ■^ OS 00 th to ^ ■* CO__ OS lO CO CO CO eo •:}naraES8ssv (/i • • . -^ a* . . . Oi TjT b-T of o o i-T •^^ ^s OS N eo lO CO N p-H i-i ig o CO o CO 00 rH Tt< *^ ^^ o o •laqinn^ 1-^ r-t ;••■*_ «5 •^_ "^ US ©^ OS OS_ ^ TjT ■^ TtT -^ ko" CO" CO CD g Tt< t^ o CO t>. o 03 OS o • ■* 1—4 CO ^ •* M" CO CO J^ °? 00 ... 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C-^ »o >o lO 00 OS o l-H CO ^H CD •-H c^ CO -rt* 'f -* •o lO •<5 o CO t— 00 oo OO »— t oo l-H oo l-H 00 l-H 00 l-H 00 ^H 00 oo l-H 00 l-H .2 • , . • . ao 5S 1^ ; • • ; • •o to >o oo CS o ^ CO ^-H CO l-H CO IT >o lo K3 CO CO CO 1^ r^ 00 - IM CO CO CO ^H CO CO l-H CO CO C-l 25 194 APPENDIX TO MANUAL CO o i o «3 O +i CD 0) Ph s 1l I o s §5 § C3 O a cS o CO g^ ^< ce js ^ s W n oj o c« eg >-, .5 '3 fe § a > 3 Ph "c3 cS >"• LJ ^ 'H C ^ ri ^.j« a! g ce S bs c c g S •-' o o 3 CO o r-l r-l CO CO C5 CO -^ © ^ -i -- •^00 I— t oococor~'^i>- eoco-^-* Tt—< (M ■>*< 05 CO - CO l-H -.^l © © I— 1 1-H 00 © l^ CO (M © CO 1^ CO t^ CO ^H CO CD CO -^ U5-*i-*COCOCO Cv|(MC> Si 1 OS tn < Ph EC PJ 1— ( o CO © © 1— 1 1— 1 © ©■*•*© CO © © l-H f?^ .— ) 10 © ^^ CO to © © © •"^'^ co"-- ^of lo" »0 CO CO — r-l © © © —1 -* CO ■<1< 00 © © to 00 0 00 © r-H © 05 © © —< i-i © -M CO ■* t^ -H 00 IM CO © 1— ( »-H © (N © ©(NO • to CO H* (M .0 ^ ■^ CO to c« 1 03 0! CO CO CO —1 -H © .— 1 ^ © © CO .-1 t-- ci_a5_© © 00 CD^i-Tcf rH~ 00 c-i 00 00 f^ t~ CO CO © t^ to IM © ^ to © -H CO © t^ t^ OJ CO ■* t^ to © • t^ •* CO (M '^ Si < © to CO CO © © © © © © >o ■* CO 00 •^ 00^ ?M © t^ Qo'© c^oo'© 1^ t- us © © © © © CO 00 00 © ^ ©_co^co © ©^00 co't^Too^'-^'of r-H f— ( 1— 1 f-H © © © © © 00 C*' to © r^ 00 © © OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 195 I «2 g s I I .s I ^a^-r^ii 11? >, t.-n^%% III n >Si .r'^ ^ .§ i li^li«ri^i ^iiriil|«"i5||il^|ii|,i 11 ii CO'— 'O-^Oi Ci coco lO^OeO t---iOiOiOC^00O. lO-^OS COCO 050i •-* ,-* 1— (.— (I— II— I.— 1.— I »CtJ<>OOcOO'^ 05C1 0>CO>OCOio-^t^-*i0005lM'-iCOCCt^i— itNiM CO^^.^ COC^ OO ■^ I— 1 "M -* iC X "M CO >o iM O -t< lO (M t^ lO t^ iC (M ■* 0> ■— I t^ GO >f? »0 -* ^ 05 05 (M CJl — ( O •^ OD 00 ■^^■*— ^^0'-<_^'-^ "-i.^ C3O^C0^00C0i0-*Tt!?•— locoi— It— cooooo^Heo03t---*c— c >ra 05050'C-^COt- l^t— 00200'MCOvC'^COt^(M03COCOCO'*i CO OCO^':tiGO "^^ 00_^OD--t< .-it-iCSCOOOl^ tJ) I^i00 CO COrfiO CO C-l cTcTcoTtTco' r-T N c-T 1-- 00 co" -jT c-C CO GO -^ t— CO CO OO ■* >o O OO oc >o ^ GO o t- 00 ■* CO >o t- - ■* r— -+I o 05 r- no o >C T- C2 CO CO ^ GO r- Tj. 1^4 (M CO — ' CO kO O '— ' t^ .-H Tt< O ,-H C5 1^ — 05 1^1 lO CD O >C o I — 00 lo CO lo CO o 'O -^ GO >o CT> ■* ^ CO t— rt -t< IM CO t— I— I— in IM 00 I- « >ra f-H 0 CO 'M CO OJ ^ O O I-~ CO 03 o OO 00 00 ,_, t^ iC o o ■— f— o >o CO CO •M CO tf CO 1— OO -H Tt< -H CO 1— 00 CO -* o >o f ^ CO (— ( rf !M -t< CO -*" c^'ci CO !M t^ t— 1— O Ol IM <>r co" I-T r-T I- .^ !M C-1 rt CO 1—* IM 1- 1— 1 f— I US r— lO CO 'M CO CO . 00 o »f^ CO t— CO »o r-^ CO 00 ■* 05 OJ >o CO CO J o o kC k-O -^ o I— 1 O CO O ^ Ci OJ CO o O C 'O CO t- -o t- CO C^ 00 t^ Tt< 00 00 CO VO uO CO r- f— 1 00 •* C^ CO ^ CO TJ< O Tfl CO o OO -f o -^ CO o CO o t— r — f CO Tt> 1^ oi ^ C5 O O O — ' CO -c 00 t- Ol C3 CO I— • - o CO o'co -*< o c^ lO CO (M O O t— ,_! -rfi vO -1 rl CO rt IM O -tl « IM C-1 i-i " • CO l—t CM C'l — 1— < r-l »-H »— 1 IM •* Ol »— 1 o •^ ^ 05 O* CO ^ <3> iM 00 CO >0 >(3 CO iM ca 00 -M rt. 00 C« ■* O 'M -}< ■^ -tl r— ) O C^l -*<>ocO'fTt<-*it— ococo Tj< -M CO CO r-< Tt< CO CO CO — * CO »^ Ci ■M CO -M CO •* en o -t. CO -f — ' o c-1 '-0 00 CO ^ lO ^ CO o CO CO iM CO Tj< ' ' ■ ' ill ^-^ mull s a .- ■s • .<-l _5 c 3^5 IS 6 Z r QO C i > '3 jk X 3 i E. S ^ i-^^ O > ^ P i-I 5^ '.5 ^HM>^5 -7>> r75 - o ^C(^ CO t^ OO Oi o -> IM CO ■^ >(j CO 1— « )-H f— 4 f-H IM IM IN (M IM IM ■M •M 0-1 C-l CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 196 AFPENDIX TO MANUAL S g a o 'o = fi o S Ph o a) a O) s 3 -t-> o ^ o . OS ■ C 00 O --I , bo a o "-' > § =3 a ;3 CIS •-1 (H to O . . ^ ij ^ o >« T3 n cS o >> '3 ft 4) O T3 ft c* o ,i3 k* ■r-i rd ^ ?, ^ is ■u o o 05 •n 1^ ft 03 13 ft ^ rM Qj c3 t3 o C8 13 T-( )-J ■-3 o ■D C8 rC ^ U >^ >> n-l Tt • • T^ T3 o C3 tS M Q (i( Ph CS a >i 13 'O ce Ph T3 eS Pi o —I o £ o .ft 2 o 13 O 13 O o 13 o 13 O to CO 50 O CO lO rt|M O CO -IN (M CO c8 > < ft ce o ft 03 ft ca 13 33 s m cS 6C OS 6C S 6D ft 6D OS 03 O , CS ^ -11 •r- C ^ g o " O C3 6 CB a: cS 1 ft 2 03 •c ■a ft si T3 ft cii 03 M >. OS R Ps -IN -leg ft -3 cB O ft 13 ft ft s ft a; c* > ft (I o o .ft C3 13 03 > ft C3 CJ c^ -5 'co ft 03 CS '3 13 :S M OF THE TINNEVKl.I.Y DISTRICT. 197 a o o ci o o s S3 on 6 a 33 55 O 1:1 >> t4 CO (P -*J f-f ^ 13 ^ C ^ ■n •T-l TS ^3 eS cS p- Ph c4 5 © -73 (3 CIS T3 t3 c« Ph (4 13 eS aj Ph 13 « H U •s g 03 t3 P^ T3 t3 13 n3 ■13 cs te ire »re »o X •* 00 CO CO --hi -IM fc •3 •9 J t I] •9 % •9 3 % i 3 I] •© G 9 (5 "e 3 J ci C -5 -^ CD t^ a c3 00 a ci a t; c 03 w o (M •c CS ci 13 03 B (3 hi ci a a s 'ci CO a S ^ 3 W 3 3 CI 3 ).< 3 to a 3 )-i oi 3 hi 3 'S > 3 (4 3 J^ c3 o 00 CI oS > 3 u 3 6D B C8 -a CS > o o B 03 > "3 B 3 hi 3 CC o" CO V , 198 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 10. — Stateuieui shoicing the Total Charges of District of Tinnsvelly for a series of years. Years. Establish- ment. I Public Works. Salt. Miscel- laneous. Total. KS. RS. RS. RS. RS. 1211 .. 1801-2 .. , , , , , , 2,39,518 1212 .. 1802-3 .. 2,02,886 48,074 99,143 3,50,103 1213 .. 1803-4 .. 2.12,881 18,293 , , 12 779 2,43,953 1214 .. 1804-5 .. 1.86,289 22,928 , 14 222 2,23,439 121.5 .. 1805-6 .. 1,02,948 , , 16'464 1,79,412 1216 .. 1806-7 .. 1,84,427 2.5,095 , , 1,04'2.54 3,13,776 1217 ,. 1807-8 .. 1,63,811 30,289 563 1,27,153 3,21,816 1218 .. 1808-9 .. 1,64,337 6,750 7,864 1,05 155 2,84,106 1219 .. 1809-10 .. 1,05,176 9,198 7,784 1,07^924 2,30,082 1220 .. 1810-11 .. 1,4 7,553 7,369 10,2.56 1,34 507 2,99,685 1221 .. 1811-12 ., 64,860 11,935 7,887 62,505 1,47,187 1222 ., 1812-13 .. 1,87,630 7,854 7,950 1,05,789 3,09,223 1223 .. 1813-14 .. 1,50,048 7,265 10,989 7 158 1,75,460 1224 .. 1814-15 .. 1,33,863 3,803 16,790 5|060 1,59,516 1225 .. 1815-16 .. 1,25,836 1,569 14,837 4,760 1,47,002 1226 .. 1816-17 .. 1,2-5,008 863 lfc,917 4 552 1,50,340 1227 .. 1817-18 .. 1,47,030 1,178 11,995 8*786 1,68,989 1228 .. 1818-19 .. 1,46,562 9,348 13,277 8 490 1,77,677 1229 ,, 1819-20 ,. 1,43,583 3,540 13,240 7|634 1,67,997 1230 .. 1820-21 .. 1,33,936 2,863 23,784 52,600 2,13,183 1231 .. 1821-22 .. 1,49,641 3,031 18,557 9,575 1,80,804 1232 .. 1822-23 .. 1,41,089 3,677 25,631 10,272 1,80,669 1233 .. 1823-24 .. 1,29,524 3,622 23,878 12,780 1,09,804 1234 .. 1824-25 .. 1,37,590 24,447 16,318 10,995 1,89,350 1235 .. 1825-26 .. 1,58,572 53,958 27,204 30 076 2,69,810 1236 .. 1826-27 .. 1,50,918 74,779 17,340 46^356 2,89,393 1237 .. 1827-28 .. 1,80,373 85,791 16,967 44*291 3,27,422 1238 .. 1828-29 .. 1,64,304 46,551 27,210 55,201 2,93,266 1239 .. 1829-30 .. 1,74,201 42,385 28,710 55,4.56 3,00,752 1240 .. 1830-31 .. 1,66,853 50,197 7,526 44,908 2,69,484 1241 .. '1831-32 .. 1,64,509 71,690 10,474 35,'966 2,82,039 1242 .. 1832-33 .. 1,80,063 60.361 12,261 43*083 2,95,768 1243 .. 1833-34 .. 1.63,939 43,048 13,035 24.572 2,44,594 1244 .. 1834-.35 .. 1,85,560 39,238 ■ 6,388 21,261 2,62,447 1245 .. 1835-36 . 1,79,474 48,130 26,142 26,234 2,79,980 1246 .. 1836-37 .. 1,93,175 73,574 24,013 34,576 3,25,338 1247 .. 1837-38 .. 2,36,774 67,829 16,995 38,442 3,00,040 1248 .. 1838-39 .. 2,34,507 1,02,074 17,272 19 162 3,73,015 1249 .. 1839-40 . . 1.54,983 94,200 22,094 17,783 2,89,000 1250 .. 1840-41 .. 2,06,962 66,531 11,278 34,490 3,19,261 1251 .. 1841-42 .. 2,16,392 55,990 31,539 15,588 3,19,509 1252 .. 1842-43 .. 2,15,570 1,33,072 7,744 10,137 3,66,523 1253 .. 1843-44 .. 2,26,461 54,760 41,221 10,250 3,32,692 12.54 .. 1844-45 .. 2,29,254 41,549 22,979 7,858 3,01,640 1255 .. 1845-46 .. 2,20,100 59,453 29,416 11,304 3'20,279 1256 .. 1846-47 .. 2,13,948 68,418 14,080 6,651 3,03,097 1257 .. 1847-48 .. 2,17,714 99,. 541 44,246 17,499 3,79,000 1258 .. 1848-49 .. 2,15,160 87,361 25,474 19,060 3,47,055 1259 .. 1849-50 .. 2,20,711 69,968 23,791 21,432 3,35,902 1260 .. 18.50-51 .. 2,21,925 71.750 29,674 35,758 3,59,107 1261 ., 1851-52 .. 2,18,642 90,966 30,196 16,116 3,55,920 1262 .. 1852-53 .. 2,16,473 80,082 25,937 34,947 3,57,439 1263 .. 1853-54 .. 2,15,463 1,00,269 43,011 2,04,206 5,63,009 1264 .. 1854-55 ,. i 2,04,346 1,01,647 49,646 9,303 3,64,942 1265 .. 1855-56 .. 1,91,774 69,775 38,905 8,617 3,09,071 1266 .. 18.56-57 .. 2,20,988 1,08.129 34,879 10,024 3,74,020 1267 .. 1857-.58 .. 1,87,901 1,37,034 23,581 13,063 3,61,579 1268 .. 1858-59 .. 2 \'^ '""TS *-, t -, _ J o 1,19,893 22,019 9,897 3,64,687 1269 .. 1859-60 .. 1,83,669 77,185 47,653 3,08,507 OF THE TINNEVELLT DISTRICT. 199 No. 19. — Statement sJiotvimj the Total Charges of District of Tinnevelly for a series of years — (Continued). Years. Establish- ment. Public Works. Salt. Miscel- laneous. Total. us. RS. KS. HS. RS. 1270 .. 1860-61 ,. 1,88,932 96,493 29,1,30 3,14,555 1271 .. 1861-62 .. 1,92,625 77,«i04 34,531 3,04,760 1272 .. 1862-63 .. 2,06,014 61,813 64,623 3,32,450 1273 .. 1863-64 .. 2,00,860 64,572 1,01,236 3,66,668 1274 .. 1864-65 .. 1,65,944 77,738 99,488 3,43,170 1275 .. 1865-66 .. 1,86,744 65,696 29,448 2,81,888 1276 .. 1866-67 .. 1,89,918 74,221 28,800 2,92,939 1277 .. 1867-68 ,. 2,00,247 75,822 30,185 3,06,254 1278 .. 1868-69 .. 2,04,470 46,729 32,115 2,83,314 1279 .. 1869-70 .. 1,95,996 39,424 30,809 2,60,229 1280 .. 1870-71 .. 1,99,434 48,687 33,140 2,81,261 1281 .. 1871-72 .. 2,05,811 80,201 40,862 3,26,874 1282 .. 1872-73 .. 1,94,806 76,723 40,494 3,12,023 1283 .. 1873-74 .. 1,98,158 1,15,422 34,896 3,48,476 1284 .. 1874-75 .. 1,92,422 93,398 37,395 3,23,215 1285 .. 1875-76 .. 1,88,482 1,47,379 45,418 3,81,279 200 APPENDIX TO MANUAL fe o 0500K?05 -f t^ ^ CO i-'^ -H 05 CO 05 a; •- ■^^ CO -^ T)< i^ ;o Ti< CO 00 CO -jj CO O .CO 65 •"- 05 . ^CO>0.-H.-H.-(0^t^ "*< coco co>-i^r-ico l~ pM iM tC CO ^ o . 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'• o a »— < CO 3S EH •.ioqinn]>j s o . -^ . ■ u a u c a CO O IS &l • ^ > ^ 13 *^ G3 " -— < t- t^ 2 •> . M c .S ? ?^ Eh H cfi ct CO C Jz; 2S O Eh C o i-lC^COTflSCO*— ooo 26 202 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 22. — Statement of Income Tax for a series of years. Years. Number of Persons whose Income exceeds 500 rupees. Amount of Income. Eemarks. 1869-70 1870-71 1871-72 1872-73 Total . . Average . . 2,993 3,038 1,372 726 RS. 25,83,500 40,61,250 26,97,039 41,66,190 Income above Rupees 500 taxed. Do. do. 700 do. Do. do. 1,000 do. Do. do. 2,000 do. 8,129 135,07,979 2,032 33,76,995 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 203 1 S o >i l-H > P5 CO <» •.^ OS f^ Cl CO r-4 l-» CO 00 Tt< us o © e <6 , CO CO 1— t (M o ■<*< TJ< 00 o © (M ^ o K) CO I— 1 CO us VO t^ t^ l-H (M ^ '^ Qi ^ o 00 r— I (M ■«i< t^ l-H CO t^ © "^ 00^ CO O^ CS^ •*_ t-^ o>_ l-H "^„ CO_^ m C/!? r— 4 c4~ co" 1— ( ■^JT of co" 00*" ©" cd" ;2 P4 <3^ CO c4~ 1— * CO~ 03^ co" CO oo" 05_ e l-H P^ 1— 1 o lO 03 Tfl •o o ■»tl CD (M eo CO t-- 05 t~- OO CO Tt< ■* . o >*< us o l-H w 1^ I-H i-s; li < r—t 00 ■M r-H OO l-H OO 00 CO o l-H © © CO © t>" 00 CO >o t^ CD CD l-H (M us r- OO ■5JH^ t— 02^ "*- C|^ co_ 00^ CD^ "*_ ■^ lf^ OT 00 co" cf cf (m" CO co" Tlf CO oo" l-H of 13 1 CO eo «5 CO © us li o_ co_ l^ •* CD_^ CO w °1 t^ V o CO s CO a^ (>r o" o" of i>r t-T co" ©" S 1-^ OO C35 us ■*! CO 1*1 00 © © •£ ■u c-i hH (N o • • . • • 1— ( CD*" co" o" l-H * * CO CO ■* us r^ *to I-H eo l-H t^ 1^ lO us o >> ', CO IM (M ■rti us US l-H © © CO ^SS -M o • OQ 00_ '^ t^ O MS CO l-H l-H l-H CO CO '-S'^'S T 1 a >o~ c^r (N~ 00 o CO cd" CO in" us" •♦^ isi 5r a r^ >o CO CO t— •^ IM l-H (M © CO t-H CO CO Tf< lO Tfl CO (M Ol l-H O) 204 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 24. — Statement sJiowing the Quantity of Salt exported for Five Years. Faslis. Places to which Salt was exported. Quantity. Total. Eemarks. 1281 .. ] j Penang Ceylon I. MDS. 93,000 4,440 I. MDS. 97,440 1282 .. • • • • • • • • 1283 .. Penang . , 2,400 2,400 - Penang 8,400 !> 359,0171 1284 ..< Malabar . . 236,617^ V. Travancore . . . . , . 114,000 1 J r Travancore 114,600 ^ 1285 ... Penang . . , . . . , . Calcutta . , 87,810 24,000 i> 250,890 V Straits Settlement or Singapore. 24,480 J 1286 .. \ Straits Settlement , , Penang . . ( 8,160 3,000 11,160 Jrand Total . . 726,907^ OF THB TINNEVELl.Y DISTRICT, 205 (D 03 tH -W 0) c o 02 =♦-1 o 3 cS o H ; a • I o o s o X ■r. -^ o O o =5 .■t;-5 f- 3 a e c?g.S 03 O C a a a 00 a en a s u < 6 53 C^ CO o I^ I' 05 ;d 00 :M ■-rco~cr 00 U5 o O OO o CO t~- t^ o co CO •<*< »o t^ lo . . • t^ . , o '^ la o (M ■«^ CO CO co^— TiC CM r— o t^ CO CO CO 1^ lO CO CO o CO CM CO CM t^ I-H CM CO CO r-i r^ CO CM lO 00 J^ iO 00 CO CI t— <33 l-~ O OS O CO CO 00 . CI 05 o CD lO O CD ^ CO CO C~) — < C-1 rt CO C5 »-- CO o r~ rl CO WS CO 0> Tl< CM CM ■<*< 00 OO Oi ■-1 T*< r^ t-- O O '.-? I-- 03 00 lO 00 . O 1^ t^ -^ iC — 00 *0 CM r— » CO Ttl us o e^ — CO ^ CO^CM^C^ o'ocToc" o CO r^ © C5 -- ^ C?> Oi 0i_0 ■* ! CM -*• t^ CO ^ ^ t-- CM CO o 3'3 g ijj OS t^] -5 -1^ ~ 3 o a< S! cj s 5 £. rj -J >■ -^ H H^ CQ O M t> t-Iff^cOT^idcor^od ■* o o O r^ ,J< CD F— t eo — < o CO •>*< vO -< 00 C5 CO a> r-H • 00 CO 00 00 CO 00 o • ■«*< o t^ ^H CM ^^ IC " iC t-- r— o •* — C5 CO CO ■* CM CO 05 CO o CO o CO r- CM ■ — C^l O: t^ CO t~ OtToTcD 00 I— I t>. lO CD C5 CO CO O CM -^— „o ' cd"oco" CO CM CM CO CM CO -3 ■♦J o s s •- a> ,Jd rt ci cS O (D .a a c3 o H ^ ^ Q P< O -if; o O CD d . a i rt o s o o Q es o «D 00 iO O .— I ■* O 05 CO e^ lo Ci (M O lO O CO CO cToi 05 «D f- CO CO (M --I O • Oi ■* •* ' 00 (N «^ tD"arco <0 tM CO r- 1— CO CO o >m ^ to CO lO (M C<1 ocTirs^co'co" t— as o CO r-H (M i-H CO l^ t^ >n CO 00 I c«5"-*~cd' 00 ■— I r-l OS O 00^ oo" 00 P O O l^ (M cq t^ U5 r-l CO VO CO !>. «5 05 n p < O t~ 1-- 00 (M CO 00 t^ 0^05 OS OS c-'*coco-*c* o p CO tH CO o VO o CO ^— I-H CD CO vo_ os' cT c-f "^ 00 tM o oo I-H r-l ► ^ H (^ 02 o M l> i-HC-ioOTjHvOCOI~^CO OSt-— T^r-HCDt--O^H VO vovooooocococoos o OlCSvO00COvO00C<) I-H t^OOSvOt^OSOO . iM vovor~cDcot~-co • 00 03 O •— 1 Tf t^ C-) lO •-' O iC --I ^ ■>*< CO (M 1— 1 O 05 00 vO o f-< 05 05 C^ •— < Tfl ^H o Tj< U5 f-H eq t^ t~ >ft CO T»< rt o> (M ^ V.O ^ ^ vO CO o 00 CO vo Tji o CO eo . t^ 00 o ; * o i-H t-* rM f— f r-H i 00 O;0TtiC0 CO oicoosoocot^ooco t- »O^Or-HCOt^lOCO o (N CO (M 50 CO rti eo >— 'OOOOOClO.-Hl^ >o to ul Oi 0ccioco-5f «O«D00rtl^«S00CO 1— 1 OCiCOO'-iCOCOCOi— 1 o ,— rt CO r- (M f— ( • • f— f C4 -«J O H a a • • • cs ;3 .„ . . . J, ^ ~ ^...sg.isg,5 j-paur rasadi uticor ivingi oilpati uthen iziapa ><5HJa50W;> — >i CO -"^ vft CO t>^ 00 208 APPENDIX TO MANUAL «0 8 to 8 e o CO -l^ P-i fl o _3 o S w R a< T3 id 0> U3 >— I O rt T»< O —1 >— I ^ lO O o IC5 O CO (M cM 00 to I— 1 05 o o 00 CO CO t- 00 o> t^ 00 CQ •* 1^ 00 t~ ■* t- (M \f> t^ O vO U5 t^ IM VO •»< eo CO 00 co" CO •— t CO 05 CO O -H o o> l^ ■* Ci CI 00 PS 00 Oi Oi (M (N o KO >o CO CO o r- OS CO OS I*! CO o o CO CO 1—1 CO CO 00 o OS OS OS OS 05 o 03 CO to 1—1 CO OS (M OS CO CO 00 00 CO CO «5 CO CO 00 CO CO CO o PS r- o CD OS »ft ■* 1— ( •^ >o 00 co CJ a> 1*1 CO 00 OS o CO '^ 00 (M CO OS 00 iM ■* o o OS 1-4 CJ CO r-l CO t^ -* •«*< o ■<1< o •«»< ■* • OF THE TIXNEVELLY DISTRICT. 209 s CQ 6 CO OS i P3 o •stioauBxiaoeipi o •UOI^^Dtipj o H •oiy 'ju3urqsr[qBjsg TO ^ is 00 02^ •sjiBda^ ■8i[io^W^ Max a o •i-i CS o '2 c S o •s.it'Bdaa SJi-iOAi Moj^ ei2 " s . ^^ -E O O f^ r» I— ' -^ ^ t-H o d B o GO -fj — ' s -si > ° M O o <; < 1— « CO CO CO 00 CD 00 ^^ CO 00 CO Ci i-H o 00 o CO CO o C5 C-l >.o o C5 02 r~ CO I— ( oo 1— < '0_ co^ 00 r-H c-f CD CO co_ 00 I-H 00 CO a CO CO —I CD (M t^ ■<*< o ■* o_ c^r ifi" co~ I-H »0 Tj< C^ 05 CO 1-^ C7S O CO .-1 o ■-h" tC ocT t-T Oi 05 o o '"- ^ s CO CO 0> CO I— I »o oo" co" ■-1 c* 05 CO eo Tt< o CO cT •* eo r-T cT CO - • ' • Tj< CO I-H lO a> CO lO i^ CO -»< si • >Ci I-H CO r-4 I-H CO f-H CO 05 00 t- 05 t^ 'i* t~ lO 00 1^ ■^ C-l CO I-H <7> m m co OJ 00 CO oo C5 1—4 f-H f-H lO oo ^ O t^ t^ ~t< CO . CO CO 00 CD CO o CO CO C o o c-l CO oi >o 00 t^ -f -:i< 1^ -f CO CO o O I^ C-l CI C-l O -t< ko c^ CO CO o CO Oi I-H oo o f^ CO >o~ f-T c 00 -H 'M (M CO OO f-H CO I-H 05 (M ?-i CO CO CO O O t^ O CO — ■^I t-- I-H CO CD I-H I-H 05 CD ^H CO CO c= . 00 •" CO (M CI CD OS CD CO o o o CO CO o 05 00 vO Oi 05 00 o 00 ^ (M CO oo O CO tn r-^ ^^ -*, 0_ Tf<_ ^ -^'" oo" '^ CO CI t— O CD -^< CD •+< o -*< CD CD CO f-H -f 00 . o o ^H 00 c> CO 1^ CO f-H CJ CJ >o OS •*< CS cc 00 I-H 00 lO I-H o o CD CD O -f o CS CO IM lO CD CO o Oi oo OS CO o CS f-H U5 f-H CD 00 Oi CO lO lO t^ CD CO I-H CJ f-H CJ I-H CD t~ 00 OS o CI eo ■* vO ^ CI CO -ff >o t— 1^ I^ t^ CO 00 oo 00 00 OO 00 oo 00 oo oo 0 -H t^ 1^ «~ 00 00 00 g o fd CO ■^ CI CO 00 oo kO CO • I 00 oo 27 210 APPENDIX TO MANUAL ^ '^ CO o o 00 CM 6 12; S ^ a O OJ 0*M S §.2 a o H •tUiOTI3lU£l. ITijssaoonsuxi •XnjssaDons JO jaqum^ "3 9i o O ■is P 'tLu.otn[un. XiijiiS90Dnsti_[l •{n;Rs90ong CO p-h"i-h" i-H •— I i— « C^ •—I 1-4 f-H I r-. T^ CC ^ 000 o ©o 000 c: o -t< -+* ^ -t* lO CO r^ rt< ^ C-l iC' CC 30 c* ^ o C9 CO CO 000 000 000 Oi-t*a0300C1C^C:cO COCOOClw^OOOOCO .— lao'^fMC^ciO'faO CO CD i-'S r~ CO CO CO o o : S 1- ^5 ^ 3 : cs t! '-' 3 ci o y ' c :3 ■c 5i c oco;Deoc- CO ^^.-Tco"^ i-T CC C^ C^J Oi CO CO O — CI CD O <-• CO c: O •t" "-^ d CO CO 00 -t^ C5 rr CO iCl :co CC -f 000; ■^ CO rr* C^ (M rH r* ■-f -!t< 000 CO CO o ^00 Ci t^ CO CO r^ cj: t^ 0-. ^ 00 ^ CC T}< 1^ 30 :o5 -»< r- ■M 00 'M -f .^ CD t^ - -- p-i C-1 .— t CO rt* c<) 000 C^ CO O r- O O o t^j OJ -^ .— ■ (_. ^•^ E~ "^ ^ OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 211 to CO 00 e d p=^ as CO !> Ci CI 6 ^ S > c So " P4 O 'A O Q .is J3 V3 1=1 o TS CI rS CO o Cj» o K X< <>> o SJ m o •« o CO ■n ■« t3 s-l ^Zifl. '^ p :fi 3 c3 ^&H ^ a> d .T!, S 6=5.2 3 12; Pi Oh < rP (U ;^^ en S o^ ^ Ph p. u 3 3 P-. »4 ,p 3 p 3 og- 6 3 ID CO ,P a 3 So:-' !^ Pi o s 3 CD CI C-1 CO 00 CO CO ■^ O ■* CO ■ 1^ CO c^ CO lO t>. oo o CO oo 05 CO ^_J ■<*< l^ oo C-1 CO CO •<*< lO CO •rl* CO o CO 00 Oi 00 (M 00_ 1—1 CT> ^ CO IM (M (M —1 CO CO CD C3 00 l^ O I^ 0 CI CD CO CO fj o •-H IM CO -r >o wt> . CO r— t^ t^ t^ t^ t^ 00 »— 1 00 oo l-H 00 1-4 00 t— 1 OO 00 00 oo 212 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 30. — Statement of Customs Eevenue for a series of years. Years. Tuticorin. Kulasegara- patam. Coilpatam. Vypaur. Total. RS. RS. RS. RS. RS. 1801-2 •• • • •• 14,866 1806-7 •• • • • . ., 1816-17 • • • . • • • • • • 1826-27 22,488 13,725 11,636 2,715 50,564 1836-37 32,566 7,047 7,212 4,876 51,701 1846-47 57,378 13,313 2,671 4,737 78,099 1856-57 11,403 4,440 3,102 33 18,978 1866-67 61,746 7,870 1,303 203 7.1,122 1867-68 78,229 5,925 1,580 85,734 1868-69 81,483 3,798 666 85,947 1869-70 1,00,719 2,778 858 CO 00 1,04,355 1870-71 1,17,875 4,042 802 1,22,719 1871-72 1,36,128 4,371 992 1,41,491 1872-73 1,19,440 2,009 973 ^1 1,22,422 1873-74 1,45,967 1,445 1,662 o 1,49,074 1874-75 1,41,933 2,235 719 )3 1,44,887 1875-76 1,17,646 1,865 663 1,20,174 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 213 No. 31. — Stafement sJioiving the Number and Tonnage of Vessels visiting Tinnevelhj for a series of years. OfBcial Years Square Kigged. Native Crafts. Total. Steamers. Ships. Number. Tonnage ^k 1 • « ^rS^^ l-\ «h«a rn 1 rv umber. - j. onuage Number. Tonnagt Number. Tonnage 1840-41 • • • • • • 1 147 7,182 1845-46 • • • • , , . , , , 186 13,345 1850-51 • • , , , , , , , , 258 18,220 1855-56 • • 212 13,362 84 3,900 296 17,262 1860-61 388 30,703 81 3,288 469 34,051 1861-62 ie 4J267 338 31,384 108 3,008 462 38,659 1862-63 16 8,617 455 30,814 471 39,431 1863-64 .. 21 13',060 104 11,661 390 20,085 615 44,806 1864-65 21 13,878 111 20,782 363 19,059 495 53,719 1865-66 27 17,159 134 31,251 366 20,114 527 68,524 1866-67 51 23,091 16 9,915 371 19,848|- 438 52,854| 1867-68 • • • • , , , , 383 47,981 1868-69 • • • • , , , , 419 68,426 1869-70 .. • • . . • , , . • , , 487 80,687 1870-71 .. • • • ■ • • • • , , 470 72,764 1871-72 .. • • • • , , • • 539 89,367 1872-73 .. . , , , 526 95,766 1873-74 , , 580 94,130 1874-75 80 95,075 7ii 69,405 431 20, .508 1,222 184,988 1875-76 .. 109 136,602 648 52,367 412 19,705 1,169 208,674 Statement shotvii ig the N umher a' id Tonm %ge of Vi issels dej. larting from Tinn evelly fo r a series of year. 5. Official Years Steal Square mers. Eigged. Shi ps. Native Crafts. Total. Number. Tonnage Number. Tonnage Number. Tonnage Number. Tonnage 1840-41 .. 110 5,512 1845-46 . . , , , • , , , , , , 156 10,000 1850-51 .. , , . , , , , , , , 220 15,966 1855-56 . , , , 214 14,066 41 1,490 255 15,556 1860-61 .. 366 31,600 51 1,963 417 33,563 1861-62 .. 'le 4,267 340 38,959 81 3,096 437 46,322 1862-63 . . 27 18,218 402 21,615 429 39,833 1863-64 .. 16 9,814 125 15,800 345 16,766 486 42,380 1864.65 .. 20 13,389 108 23,491 371 21,437 499 58,287 1865-66 . . 26 17,727 123 33,181 333 18,742 482 69,650 1866-67 .. 47 21,304 17 10,706 371 20,757 435 52,767 1867-68 .. , , , , , , , . 364 49,474 1868-69 .. , , , , , , . , 419 68,426 1869-70 .. , , . , , , 457 81,173 1870-71 , , , , , , , , 449 76,696 1871-72 .. , , , , , , 526 88,202 1872-73 .. , , , , , , 531 97,263 1873-74 .. , , . , , , , . 565 93,197 1874-75 .. 'so 95,075 693 67,716 403 19,388 1,176 182,179 1875-76 .. 109 136,602 641 52,478 438 20,059 1,188 209,139 214 APPENDIX TO MANUAL CO . o ■^D ^^ •* !M 00 O •* © o rM ,_, O o o o o o o o O , l-H >% < o ,— ( t^ ■* O o CO (M o C-l ^ o o o o o o o o o o s t— 1 •— ' •— ' »— ' p IM CO t^ 'O o CO lO CO ■* Oi 00 CM f-H QO CM 00 CO t— 1 CO f— 1 CO »o t^ ■* l-H kC w ) o ^ CO CO CM Oi 1— 1 CO CO lO CO C5 CO lO t^ CD r-H O « CO CO CO lO t^ .^ 1^ CO Ci CO CO CO Ol r~4 o 05 iC CO CO CM t^ o CI r-( i-H 1— t -J" ■* CO •<1< >o >o CO t^ Oi C2 r-^ CO 1— * CM Tf ■* CM^ v.^ o ■„ OS r~ o 05 c^ >o CI pH on 03 O , .— < CI (M O (N ^ lO l-H CO S ^ « ■ • ■ CO •* •* lO Oi •* o a> CM • • B • • • • • ■ cS O PS - • • lO" oo" lo" o" r-« CO lO - • • • • • • • - ;> h CO «3 CM f— 1 CM »-H ^ o X Is > o U IS CO a T3 CM CM l-H to 00 lO CO o CO Tt< CD CO »0 CM l-H CO CO CO OS t-- ■^ »^ l^ CM o -- ^ l-H CO >o CO o CO o CO O CO CO Uf o 00 CO CO t^ l-H CM 05 CM CO CD CO CD CO ^ CO l-H CO l-H o cs us 00 en CM CO o ^ CO CO CO CO CO CM ■«J< CO VO l-H CM l-H Tfl lO O ■* r-H l-H f— ( d OS a CO CD CD CO CM CO O .-H 03 00 05 o 00 CD C5 CO 00 o o o o 00 o o" o o o o cT CO o Oi o o CO CI O CJ: O o o o o o o O CO o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o >fj 00 »0 C2 CO CM o o o o o o o o o o o 03 O CO CM CM CO CO CI CI l-H CD 0> -^ l-H CO lO CO 00 o T»< l-H -^ CO t— l-H 00 CO t^ I*! CD CO CD OS CM l-H rt l-H OS O CO ic CM CO O CO OS CO o o CO 00 vra o 00 CO CO J^ l-H CM OS 00 O ~i CI OS CI CO CD CO -H l-H ^ to l-H ^H CO OS OS O <^ CI iC CO CD o CO CO CO CO CM OS -H OS CI r-1 ^ Tt< O ^ l-H r-H r-l CM OS lO CD CI CD CO CI o CD CD CD CO 00 CO CO OS s o <13 CO 6 o ft o © l-H o H CO ■* ':*< CI CO l-H CO CI tH OS ^ O T** CO ^ t^ CM lO >0 o CO oc O lO CO CO o OS CD CI CM CO l-H CM lO O 00 00 ^ l-H lO CD CO iC o lO o "5 s i: rS CT CO o CM 00 l-H CO t^ GO o CO -ti lO i-i CI o OS OS OS CM CD CI vra CM r-l CO OS CO CO OS CO t^ 00 CM OS CO OS CM CD CO CI CO CO CO a) p m cS cS o o OS CO CO o CO oo OS o r^ O 00 o O l^ CO CM O OS CO CM CO CO vC OS CO CD r-H CO CO ■* OS CO 00 CD ■* OS 00 t^ O CO CO OS •^ CI ic 00 CD OS CM CI CI tC o iC CI CD CD -H ^ o ^ CM OS uC CO o co" CO 00^ CD CO o IC o l-H OS lO OS CO OS .-H OS o 00 o o l-H CO o CI CO lO CM r— C1-r*OC1CDOSCOCOCl'ri-OOCDClCO'fClCOCOCOOSOOiCC100>rai-Ht^CMCOJ-- oooscococo-HOt^coos-^oocococii— ocor^co-* • cTi-r-rlTcM'Tiri-H Q0~O CI CO iC cfci co^co -^"oo O^oT'H^cO SOS O CM i-Ht^CM^OS CO CO ^„'~t,°'^'^'^ '"1,"' '"' ^ '-L'^ "^ i-rcM"i-rcfcfir5'icri-H'~or-H'~co'~i-<'^ori>^crco"co~cc'"vc'i-r ,-H 1-Hr— (I— li— (i-Hr-HCMCMCMCM'-^O CO CO 00 00 o 00 CO I >o CO o CO CO CM CO CO CD I CI CO CO CO CD oo CD I o 00 CD CO I CO CO CD I CD CO CO OS CD I CO CD CO o I OS CO oo o QO CM CO I CI CO CO I to t— 00 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 215 OOO'-i'-i— HC75O00OOr-lt^ CD O^ t^ o> ■* 05 CO CI ■* CD t^ kC OS CO IM CD O-^J^C-l-^COOi— lOC^CC'O C-l CO iM ^ f^ CO CD •M -^ r- c-i OS , O— 'OOCO-n (MC-II^CO CO CO UO CO C CO -tf CO -*__ 1 V «5 » . .ooiiooscDooco r^ icr~ . >^ ^ : ; -^ CO ; 00' f-T ,-<' -i< CO . iM CD CD vo vO O •-I CO (N F-( CO r-l CD CO rt ■"f cC f-H "H -+< 0^ GO i~ CO CO CO CO 1 CO ic CO Oi ^ >o ^ >C -M 0_l--^ CO 00 CO ■* CO cT t~^ o ! i-T co" co^ t-- CJ 'S> t-^ I cT I 0" ; cToT I oTco CO cd" ! 0" os" CD ■— 1 CO ■— 1 (M ^ t» r-- CD * Ttl CO m CO CO « CO CO C-J >o -H t^ >0 CO CO ■*' a; — • C5 CO 01 •>! 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CO ire ire" o> co~ CO ■* re^ «5 I— C3; CO Tfi o CO oi ire 1 CO reJ i-h'^iC «5 CO CO CO CO CO "re t^ o: -f oo o CO 're CO as CO r-H 1^ CO ■M ^ CO I co~ -^ t-^ co' CO r-H CO as CO CO o o ire CO CO o o — I o CO o CO i~- ire CO CO CO '.^^ c^ CO ^re CO I-H I-H CO CO oi ^ 00 CS CO Ol o t^ -If CD — '^rei o I OS OS -^ ire CD CD CO O 'H T^< o -1- CO o CO o -* CO '. re o CD OS ■it< CO CO CO I--. t^ 00 OS ire CO I I-H Tfi ccT OS rei Ca 00 O I-H >re t~-. t^ oo o o CD CO CO -* CO o t^ CO o -* CM ■ r-T -jT ■^ as o rei 00 ire CD oo rei OS OS r-H (M CO oo ' tre^ o o ire OS I-H ire r>- os o-i OS -+i o o CO I-H CO 't* I-H l^ I-H CO ■ r-H~ c^r-^cT-^TjT i_ ', CO CO ^"^ CD of I-H I-H (M CO OS t^ CO o oo CO ^ ire r^ i^ -re c-i I— * -^ CO ire ^ ' ire 1 CO I CO CO O O CO o o CO ire t^ ■*! I-H T^ ire CO (M lO OS co" re) ire oo_ o" CO_ co" o o_ co" co~ CO CO ire co" CO o CO CO CO CO co_ co" c^ 00 >re oq_ co" 00 OQ CO CO 6 CO t CO CD 00 t^ ■— I OS t~- I-H t^ O CO CO CO cs CO CD ire CO rti lO -^ I-H t-^ ; co" cT oT co" o" co" I-H r-H I-H I-H ■>J<" oo^^oir-Hr-HOco ireocD co-Hco-fcoireoo t^orei CO c] ire CD as GO CO rei ^h -f< ! o CO o ire^ co" ^H ^ • • CO i—T lo" 00 r-i cq O I-H 'CO -ifi-lfoscoi— oocs'-f- '''SS '• ••••'C'o ^ ' ' ' i:0 ' • •Z.'fH ' S • • ' U ^ • ' ^ «^Q « »^ a,^ 'l-S O ^^8 t ^fsHs^ -•sj.i.ais lis- ij.ns ^ o H or THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 217 CD I CO CO CO I CO 00 vO ■* o CO a> CO CO 00 CO CO -* 00 05 XI t— CO U-J OS CO M r-H x^ CO CO ■* CO . •-( Tf t^ CO ^ CO 00 . vo ^ o c^j^ rtCo'c^-i" CO l-H C5 Tf CO O 00 00 r^ CO 00 t^ ^ o CO CO --H CO -^ ■^ (N O ^ M< o CO o nH CO . CO — 1 — -*i rt 0<»"co"-* c^ . --H CO t^ -M O Ci CO l^ C~) ^ -^ , 00 -<"co" . r-1 c-i >n 0> "M l^ C4 >C 0> CO 'JO CO cT CO co" O O 00 CO x> i-H CO ■* CI CO <>) 00 CO ic 00 00 O CO ^ -:t< >-i C<1 lO ■— 1 Tjt ir^ CO 00 t~ t^ rH (M O ^ t— • • t^ •* C5 'M Tj< • CO (N 00 kO CO t~ CO 03 I CD CO CO I CO CO 00 iM 0> Oi O C-1 C^ CO C5 00 t~ O CO O "9< . CO iC- O ^O Oi CC GO pj o CO CO ix ^ CO ^ CO C CO CO CO —i o t>- »— t CO r-( Tt< IC 0> *< '. o" CO CO ■*_ ~* 00 03 CO CO I CM CO CO OO— .CM ooco oJ CM Tf< 1^ Ol 0> »^ l^ 00 M< " o' co" oo~ cT co" co" cT oTcm" CO CO CO CO 05 OS 00 -^ O 05 ^H C^l r-i l^ CO l-H , iC O 1^ <— I ■— CD >0 O O t^ OS ■^ ■^ GO OC 00 icT'o^crTco' rt CM T}< o o CO CO OS vO CO Oi CO CO CO Co O O f— 00 -H t^ CM .— rt OS CO I-. t^ i-^ 1— 1 CO OS CO t^ OS CO t>- OS >0 CO CO . O lO OS 00 CM CM Ttl ire CO CO OS o CD o CD 00 ^Hcjso-^oscoos ^Hi— I o t^ ira r-i i^ i^ OS Tti OS .rJ-. OS 00 O O OS CO CO 00 00 CO OS CO CO ^ OS lO CO t^ CM O CD t~ CM OS ire t—i CM »o CO 00 t^ -^ t^ CO t^ O CM CO CO 00 CO ire CM'^TiTt^ -^ >-( i3< CO ■<*< CO ■* OS ire c^i : :co- CO co" ire CI CD CD ire I ire ire 00 o ire 00 o CD t^ OS t-- OS ire OS CD I^ 1^ O CO c-i ■^ Tj( ^ rt CO •* Tj< CM , ire Tfi OS OS OS CM CM OS -^ r—i CO f— ' ire CO --H OS 1 — ^ ■'^ O OS CM -# CO CM ire cm' cm' oo" r-T co" 00 CO 00_ '. o" CO CO CO 00 f-- CO CO 05 00 00 ^ OS OS 1—1 CO CM ire I i-T r cm" CO CO I— I CO CO o .-1 ire OS t~- CD CO r- 1 , CM , CO t^l^ ire OS -^ C^l CS "^ C~l OS t^ l-H ire -* lO CO o ire CM , t'" i-H Tj< CM CO CM CO CO ire *< ire CM OS ire 00 OS O C-1 CD O .00 .ire CM l-H . CO CM ire CO OS*" CM Cs" 00 o CO CO o CO 00 CI o ire If , -H . — CO l-H CO i-H o -r a: o CD CO CO CO l-H OS CM OS CJS CD CI lO o CM < 60 C > '. »-H is •s§ 0) to « a go ■13 • el cs PJ Q o rtJtiS ,c o o •O I a < o =tH o oo cj ri 00 o 60 w GfiH I- • 13 a 00 " « ci (H CO ^H . a 9 e* ;h CO -+.S CCZ3 .2 00 XI eS . 00 ' ""^ -^^ ^i \Z, ^ -^ ^ fe * o Ph 3 si X -3 13 . . . o o & oo l*H • ' I — ' § '•£ ■g CJ _ ^ 'P g o o o 28 218 APPENDIX TO MANUAL 00 to CO CO 00 o CD lO — 1 CO !M CO CO •— 1 t^ Tti ^ CO .— < t-N. r~ 05 CO CO ■* o lO 05 O CO 05 CO CO o 1^ CO O 02 O "M rt CO CD O CO CD o o 03 , , , ^O C<1 O^ lO Tf t^ . «i Oi oo 00 r-i c^l CD CO (M t^ (M ^ lO IcT t^ CO 00 iC t^ (N o r-l — I CO C> T*< -^^ lO ^^ Oi C^ lO 1-H lO '-" "^ 00 CO t^ r-l I—I IC O 00 CD « Tt< >re I— < lO O 05 o >0 O 'M r- r^ cq U5 CO CO o P5 • , Tfi r^ ^ c^5 t^ 00 , CO 00 t£> i^ CO , 00 . CO . CO o CO ^H -H 00 o C-1 CO CO CO CO (M — I , CO CO t^ O O CO 00 ^ 1:^ .— 1 t^ CO lO Oi C^ "^ l>- C75 CO CO o t^ Tt< CO vO CO TjH CD O «3 t^ O Tj< oo >o CO ■* CO CO CO . r-< ■* (M CO lO a> (M lO (M a> i-i (M Tj* (M C» CO OO (N 0> I— ( -^ Oi 1:^ (M CO I cTcrrt-r (M CO (M C? 05 »0 CO O o O 1— ( CO t~ F-H CO CO 00 OO ■ o o I CO CO o CD OO CO 00 00 CD CD 00 CO CD CO 00 CO c^i -^ Oi "* Tt< CD CO CO TT< (M t-H f-H >0 Coo >o o iccocooocaoj-^ cooio CO lO rJ<05COOC2COt--- OO'OCO !>— I !>o «5i-rco^c£r»o"cocr raToTco" o UO ■ (M CO (M CO o -^ »C 05 CO CO O C? cf -^ W co_ ^ ^ ,_, ,_, C^ CO~t-^iO~ CO lO f-H f-H t^ co CO lO en Oi CO o ■* vC CO CO 00 >o Ci >o O f-H t^ CO (M CO 00 lO l^ r-< CO fH O CO CO CO CO Utl CD t~- f-H O f-H I— ■^ iC C5 CO CO -^ f-H f-H rH Oi CD f-H 00 CO CO CO o ■* »^ 00 oo 05 lO to o ^c oo CD f-H CO CO CO f-H t-- t^ CD c^f f--^co lo (M f-H ■* ira Tt< kO o 00 00 f-H f-H , o T^lCOiCCOf-HtOCDCD COiOCOCOCO-^iOfMCO Tjfr>-f-HcoCicoototo ^ co'cTco'cT-ciroo'io o~s~r P3 f-H 00 Tt^ CO CO vo f-Tc^co^f-T CO CO . c> . 00 >o CO vO CO f-H t— 02 Tfl IC CO 00 CO tJ< OS (M lO . CJ t^ o . IM CD CO 02 iM 05 -* •* ^ CO CO 1^ CT> CJ 03 rf<' co" CD~ t--^ (M CD f-H CO O T»H CD to OS CD r-H CO 00000(M05C005COCD 00 f-Ht^oovraoojc^coio o C^llMrHiOroOCOt^'M (M lo CO o o> CO C5 t-- . O O (M C32 00 05 05 l^ . o> r-H (N 05 CO 00 T(< Tf C5 C-l oo t— I !M O to vf3 OO CO i^ m 00 , cf CO~r-r Co" , 5 Oi OS CO oo CD t^ CO f^ tc CO lo r-HTtlOOCOf-H OOC01~~t~- ooooiocOTti O'i'coco CD o CO o W CO tf 00 , O «0 t^ -* CO rH O oo rH 0> (>f CD" CO~ r-T .05 00 .OO-^M >-H f-H-^l^CD I-H I-H 05 f-H fCD 00 f-HCDvn050ooo>0(Mr— r-HCOrHOOOCDCDC-lUO OC^COCD0200iOCDC- ■* CO f* t- T** CO CO iC CO c-t 05 (M l^ Tf Tt< t^ (M iC <>) C o 00 00 -^ o ic CO f-H O 05 CO CO '.^ CD CO OS Oi 00 (M ■^ rH I--, lo eo oj CO 00 ■>»<■<}< o ', r-^ oo" an ^> : o'^ PI =* c« M ro a> J.1 « o i2 — ' 00 I- «:r <=> CO "-^ "^ "^ >c> I-T '*^ -< ■0 CO Number of Convictions obtained. •suosjaj 2,160 870 2,397 1,189 CD p— * CO co" •sastJQ 908 415 1,335 894 co" •pa.io'jsiSaj s^nnqd -raoQ JO jaqran^ 2,385 1,248 1,434 1,097 T-H CO •apBin s^saxiv JO laqran^ t^ lO O iO r- c:s o CO OS CO r- 5^ •uoi^'cpdod JO praq .tad qsoQ x^npB JO uoi^jodo-ij •ranntiB jad noi^Bptdod jo p^aq jad Z'l ■Buuy •f9.re JO a^ira ajBnbs jad !}S0Q pnpB JO uot^odoj J •ranmiB jad •Baj'B jo aiiui aj-eubs jad i-s^fZ saadny; •noi(jT3-[ndod jo p^aq jad aaixo J jo uoi;jodo.ij •uoi:jT3];ndod jo p-eaq gig' I JOj UBtaaojxoj; ang •aiTOi aj^nbs jad 9onoj JO noT'jJodojj •sa^TUi ajBubs 5 joj utiraooTpj anQ ■y[av.i j[0 JO qiSnai^g pa^aSpnq aqx •OiO'l •uiasuani lad Xud jo s^:^Ba ■l6i'8 eaadnjj •iiSiqo-i^H^sig ^q:^uo ^JjBIuqB^suoQ JO aaqnin^ •I80'l •tnasnata jad Xbj jo sa^B'g; •tf8'l saadnji no 8Jo:joadsui jo jaqran^ •61 •mosuaui lad Xbj jo so:jbji •iisi qa.rej^ -jstg uo sjoo^q urodojujj JO .laqmn^sj •t-6-88l'l saadnjj ■z • i:i-9i8I -loj ^SOQ IT!10X •Q-Z-n%'dZ'\ eaodng; 222 APPENDIX TO MANUAL IS as to e I I— < 6 !25 o H O o >. M rid ai Pi >> n -. ■* lO OS 1— t CO 1— 1 CO O «£> CO •—1 CD CO (M r-l (M ■^ •* «5 CD r-l r^ CO CO CO Oi CO 1(3 t^ CO o CD CO ■-1 (M CO I-- t- 1^ 00 oo 00 OD c« o H 3 CS o u o fq CO CO o m • 1-1 o bo g "S & o o CC! a F=4 kr-l a a C4 CO o CO o O '-I o CO o CO I— OD o CO m fl m o ^ p^ "rf s a ^ p!4 oj rfl , •t-d □0 C I^ l^ 1-- 1^ I- 00 CO 00 OO 00 OF THE TINNEYELLY DISTRICT. 223 No. 42. — Wild Animals hilled and Rewards given, Five Years. Years. Number of Animals killed. Government Kewards. Quadrupeds. GO CO o £^ bX3 .—4 en Ph 1 a? 03 CO OQ 1 t Si CD on i 1 1871-72 1872-73 1873-74 1874-75 1875-76 6 5 1 1 9 8 10 12 11 15 1 2 3 2 2 2 6 2 1 RS. A. P. 275 8 230 236 244 469 8 lis. A P. 224 APPENDIX TO MANUAL C^ 50 •to CO Co 05 •I Co CO IN. CO J. &> CO 6 521 •SHJBUIOa CO o O S 53 el OQ 0^ CO 6 u 1 3 Small Causes. •I^^ox CO ■*t^ OiMiOt^O -.-1 •j8uoi8straraoQ IBioypnppuB s;uaSv 'saSpnp ^ou^siQ •8;jnoQ f— 1 •saSpnp o^TJurpjoqng o o o T*< t^ CO CO • •J8U0IS -siuiraoQ ■^uvj^sissy put' siuaSy ^uB:>sts -9V 'sjisiinj^ ;oij^8i(7 05 COt^ lO^O-^-^t^ r— ( ■—1 00 CO w • • o5 -♦J o •l^^ox OO --•-1 *< •-< CO O <0 (M . • •JOUOISSIUIUIOQ ^BTOipnf puB S'^uaSy 'saSpnp ';oij;sTQ t- •saSpnp 9'j'Bn -rpjoqng en s^jnog asnBQ t^Buig JO saSpnp CO •saSpnf a^BUtpjoqng lO «D CO (M CO i-H • . • . . , ... • . • •jauois -siiuraoQ ^uB^siesv -8V '8JTSUnj\[ ^OU^STQ ■* OOiC CO00(NCD00 CO IM O .-1 »-i CO Oi •— * • • • • • • •g'jjnoa anuaAag CO •Bjtsuniifl; sSb^iia. (M t-~ CO r^ (M Ut) 1— .. •• •■.• Nature of Claims. f-^ •0 ■1 On written promise for sum certain . . On unwritten promise for sum certain. On account stated . . . . , . Money paid or received For goods sold and delivered of personal property or value 'For injuries to person For injuries to property . , For defamation F'or other injuries not included in the above. Money due on < Contract Rent .. Recovery thereof. Damages. <^ OF THE TIXNEVELLY DISTRICT. 225 CO e^ oo CO (M CD US U5 0> . o ',2 d o !:£ -J +j -2-? t, ^ "C o o OQ «-" ^ c cS o :3 -« o O) 3 S ^ ^ to I si >> o o ?3 t4 o o si ^ St >; 3 ~> - - ^ 6 .- ^ ^cS, tr. o ^ 5 ^ -*-» w oo ^-' i-« r, 00 c3 X St* « , ri o ai ^ C Sh - « i^^-^ O 11 '5 ' 3 cc v: y: -< lyjo; o ri oj x o o O X 7: ■3:-3 •= S c ^ =f 71 3 . S p .tj CO „ l-H 03 O s O cS o o o • 3 CI & -^ a! CJ o o o P4 O 43 o ic ^ 2 •^ o o -^^ t: it iO a: -tJ o ,T3 •" .2 « n Id 3 to O -2 t> to • o O X p. s O O -*^ - 'C X ■•S ^ be 2 => s) t, tC O o P4 o 1^4 O to •T3 • C3 -a 3 o ^4 o o a> §^- ■-3 tc, . ^< 6C -, O 03 hC C S3 2J 3 3 ^^ 3 _ 3 OCOCQ 'rj ro OQ 05 CQ 1/3 03 29 226 APPENDIX TO MANUAL Si 03 CO ■^ 1.2 02 Its' . 00 -.r; 2 o3 s "^ 'rH ,^ f3 O CC etf -^ "•5 to O) ■'3 M3 -IJ tn en - oi - — -ri o o o> :.S i^ .2 <» o - fl • rt p! cs CO o a S*r>"^ "-So •S ^ « ■— ' o .2 o O O CO 05 05 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 227 to oo I o 0:: •♦a o CO 8 d }2i ID m c3 a OS a •saadnjj m oiip;^\^ I^s^oj^ •8:^Ing JO jgqianx P^ox o O o Til o o u a 3 •jauoissiuiinof) pioipnf •8;.Tnof) 8ST1-BQ Il^rag JO saSptif •saSpnp o^i?utp.ioqng •sjisunj^f ^ou^siQ •S89(Inv[ m enp^Y P^^X •8?Tng JO laqran^ ^v^ox 3 uanotssTxniuoQ ^Kpipnp puTj 8;TiaSv's9.Spnp:)oi.nsi(]; •gaSpnf •saSpnp a^'BTnp.ioqng •.iauoTseimuio3 ^^UTJisisBV pnB 'e^naSy (jnB^eissv 'sjisunjii ^ou^biq; •s^moQ onua.vajj •sjisutijtf aSunij^^ 05 o o o CO — < CO o f-i c^ c^ oo CO i-H r); .-I 33" P5 Ol ri CO O (M 00 00 >-i o o CO CO 00 ;o o * • • • o oo ■* 00 •— I O CO o 1— I «o i» «0 rt< rti O O -.tl . 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CO CO J3i[^0 o:> pSIJOJSUtMX p— 1 CO .— t OS o CD r* § •pssodsip joj i^iox «o CD^ CO* •^ CM^ M » CM 1— 1 Tt< CO CO f-H (M CD •JajeTTBJI jlq p8A]3D3a ■^ CM CO^ r—t .— 1 M TfH__ ■ (ps^imipT! 0 m CM in -91 puB papuumaa s;ing eo CO ■^ O 05 lO gmpniom) gigi ui paiij »o ^ CO eo ^ •9i8I XaBtiTCf^st CM 3 CO OS ■^ o CO CO c-» aqj uo Suiuxuraai s^mg 3 C3D .-H '" CO CO >. c« CD a S o S ci >. cj 1 S S o C3 O •S& « s O J S ? 3 s =^1 ^ S3 1 -3 «M O 02 o MJ a CD i If -ta rri 60 42 Si ■2S 6B 3 ■-5 cS 3 02^ c: ■c X -d 3 ■-J > rt O w p t3 Pi C3 S a I— « o O 'o ^ a; OJ P J3 Q) ■%■■ ha M C3 ,. c3 M 0^ O -Cl ^ f^ ^ ^ c- ? Q H S ^ K tu ^ i/i 3 ^ ^ ni 5 n .';3 a> cj t>.3^- ^S "S ■" d *» M f-( y .-^ e 3^^ 3"^ ° s ° ^ •2 o5 ■" S "cl =* -*j a> Q^ ft mHHW OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 229 to oo .8 I =0 s 6 •poAvo^p euoipaCqo 1— « • • • •— t •8po3 8,inpeoojj[ iiatj oq; jo 8t8 "oi^oa>;^ japuu guoipaCqo lO • • • • • • iC •papuTJuio^ S CO • C-1 r-l ■-1 • l^ CO 00 Pi •sq;uoni aAjaAi'; laAQ 00 : : : : ; •sq:juoi\[ Jtnoj jaAQ 1— < CO • •-C 01 CO •9i8I JO puo aq; ;u Suipuaj CO CO 0» CO 00 •JO pasodsip ib;ox r—t —< CO CO • (M 05 CO 00 1 •pasjaAay^ CO . I- r-C •pa^poK CO CO 00 CO •pauiayuo3 C-) t-H • (M 8 a •pasjaAoa - a> ' • • 05 •pagipoH 1— 1 : : : : ; •pauLi^uoQ 03 .0 —1 C^l CO 00 '9281 •^Ji'Tinvf ■jsi aq:j uo SuiuiBuiaj sisaddy 01 CO • l-H lO 00 1— « • i - 00 • • ^ COM .> -§ ^ C '^^ . 2 v:^ 7: >-5 Q (h i—t t-H fl a 3 , c CO • »-< •n Tl g <1> OS ^ tH 00 ■•a 05 m v. CD OS .i:^ r; -*-* H ,£3 on ^ —1 riST) 1^ -*-J C ■*-» Es a. C.I d u ^ fC ■4^ r/i p< CO Fh rO ^ 13 d •rH r 3 -^ X :i T, ;? 3 C-l ti > (= X r^ .x '•J r*> t rt< C i (H >'^ '^-l X f— < •3 t^ CO ?> m X m > >. C E C tD c :3 -a b UO ;3 u n n ■^ <7> -*-> -4^ r-» ci d tr ^f g 5 c8 ci 1 U Oi 1 05 fen 230 APPENDIX TO MANUAL CO to <0 •^ o-l rJS ■T^ 11 NO «^^ MO K •■>> ••s> 5S ■51 Qi !n SAh ^ s !S .=^ Cll ■41 1: ^ 1 r-^a s cs •s^ s en •^ );. •.^ 51 O tJ' ^ ij •c^ » OQ ^ *. K g Q 1^ CO Hid K g ^ CO •^■Beddy t^ • . • r^ 00 •puiSuQ CD iri •paddy O r~ 00 f-H 1— I •puiSuQ ■* o • la 00 'X'saddy M •p-niSuo (M I r . -, - . ,- , -^ - ^<-«^^.-^r^ ^ -H Munsifs, Assis- gent and Assis- ommissioners. • 05 bo cS o m strict Judges, Agents nd Judicial Commis- Loner. strict ant A ant C 1 -2 ^1 •jr -^J -4J 3 a O ""^ TO DO Q M •-? Q OF THE TINNEVELI.y DISTRICT. 231 1 e.inpeoo.ij XT-^JO ^^^ J'' gf^S aoi;oDg .lopuTi s.iap.tQ .& *3 it o O »f-( o 53 CO CO u p. OJ O P^ TIOS p9T{0B)^V O Oh > o ■pps •paUDB^^Y JO ^nauiuosudraj •9i8T JO paa am !jb Siupua j CD d u a) >i ttJ 03 o 0) ;h en o •pH ■a. «< «< •p3;no9X9 O o 00 o 00 CO o (M ■<*■ ■* eo 00 ,_^ 00 »» (M • • O C<1 Oi i.O C5 t^ 03 o O "-1 IM CO •pajnoaxa Xp:;9plui03 •JBSOCl -Bip aoj ib;o J, •jajsm3.i^ •9Z8I nt paiTJ •9i8T ^.innnBf ^si e\H uo Surpu9jj c^ 3 o O I^ CO 00 f5 1—4 CO ^ CO 00 ■^ r— • • ,— t . vo C3 >o CO (M ■ • ■ »o IM l-H ■* CO O v(5 CO o C^l C<1 CO oo CO 'M > «3 • 00 o CO r—l o o CO CO m CO o —I 05 CO o co CO IM 00 CO CO IM CO —I O IM •* CO O r^ o r— I •-a o o 02 cS O ■S.2 << 00 oil Q OD O -^ m a> -a 3 HS ID Oj PI (1 o ,o 3 CO (3 •-3 o 3, . 3 S 73 3 -5 3 " §3 S o feCoo t£ O -co -S 3 .2>-s Q o o O 3 '3 o ,J3 o a o o a ?! ;^ p< i> 04 > 93 OS a> to u a •r-t aa a a) S ■B 13 m fe g CJ 1 aj t. rO -l-> 01 -d ri 73 OJ •^ as a) :2 aT a> a M ^ aj tJ 0) a> f^ g Oi d • 13 *t-3 2 ^ a —1 '^^ sj -ti « © ii nS 0) a> ^ r=^ .^ j3 05 « C j:s 10 C) 3 i- rr 00 r? ■-3 C! 3 m >^:5 X -s 5 -^ a) (^ ^ CO ^< 3 e-§ 3 t( CO u -^rj 3 3*^ 5 33 232 APPENDIX TO MANUAL 00 C5 Eh CO CO to ^ S ^ d CO ri4 ^ a Tf< £ 4 M be •snos.iaj M »— * CO Ti' a o PH •898133 1— I 00 o •M r— ( •p8.I0p.I0 90U9piA9 f— ( JO A".iinbu; joq^jn^ •6 o; O 05 CO suranjoo jo p|ox oo OJ •oiy 'qitjgcj '.i9jsnBJX ^1 o t^ o> * CO JO pasodsip 9smj9X{;Q t3 •p9S.iaA9.I oo CO t^ •o o o S99U9;U9g (M o o O •pagipoui CI lO ■* Ph 3 S9Dua;ueg •^ »— « CO =tH O P-, •p9III.IIfU00 CO 00 ■* ^ 2 < saou9:^u9g ■<^ lO ^ 'Uf noip9g .igpun CO to ^ p9p9f9J siBoddy »-H CT> CO 05 ■psoclsip joj 1'b:;ox •>1< 05 00 r-< CO o C5 CO as I-- ■9i8[ nipan^q: CO 00 o i-H CO 05 ■9Z8I t^ !>. -+< jC.renu-Rf ^si aip uo (M •* " >o SuiuiBiugj s^'C9cIdy • • • 1—* Cj CO (U -f^l , CS OQ ■e 'Ji O § CD -T3 « o -4J as 1 o • »-( 09 1 « Q >. o -M CS Cj Ph (1) go Cl & o ^ tn !1> ,Q Ti ni •^ ,^ o >-, rd ■^ a ci o p- m 15 C-C3 XI ,__, -1-3 *"r c cS m ya CO rO Si 1-H Ti o d r ti -=3 Ti o o C) o o ^ Ti o Ti f^t O o 1— « o • <-( c3 1 ii >! 3 o ;-l o i-H CI ^-i 9 e o ^H a ^D rt c 03 a H bn o o n OU ci r-C a-^ V-H f-(H e^ fei OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 233 00 p-l &> 8 •^ S § •^ "So 8 ^ C^ > o d d 00 .a a at a Ph -moo ^sapp aq") aouis sXuq jo aaquin^ 6D OS Pi •sq'juon^ eaiqi 8Aoqv •q^uoj^ 9U0 aAoqy •Sutpuod 9JL0AS. JO pasodsip eas^g eq^ qoiq.w loj sAvd jo jaqum^ oSujOAy a Ph •Bnosiaj •easBQ TO o o •o o t-t CO • > • • • • • • * • • • • ■ > • • • • • • • • C^ CO • CO o go ■* lO o • »— t CO CO ^ 03 fcc t 02 234 APPENDIX TO MANUAL 0) a -4-3 a o O CO Crj CO «o 00 CD CM 03 El o tig •sq^noi\[ 99jq!^ OAoqv •q-jnoj^ ano aAoqy OS CO •Suipu9d sjoM JO posodsrp sosbo aq^ qoiqAi aoj sA'bq jo jaquin^ oSt'jaAy d •Bnosiej •S8SBQ 3-^ I" ^ •6XI0SJ9J; •SSS'BO Pi o CD 'Xpo:)8tiQ uiojj od^oso 'qiBOQ Xq JO posodsip osiAiJoq^o ■— c CO >— I 00 .-I t^ t-» >c t^ CO f-c N 00 C '^ f—t O^ i-H IM CO CO CO CO •pa;:jmt)ov •papiAUOQ gX3 uoI;^o^g laputi poSi^qosiQ •80S put3 90Z 'Zf-I suoipag jopun possiuisTp s:jnr'Biduioo uj •['Bsodsip joj s^moQ jaq^o o'\ pojiaj -SUBJ; JO p9JJaj8J SOSBO UJ •paApoaj puB Suipuad x^'jo^ o CO O 6 •IB8X oq'; Suxinp poApooH ■snosjtaj •SOS^Q •snosjaj •89SB3 •ei,8i XiBtiuBf f}si oq^ no Suipuoj •BTl0ej[9 • 00 O .-I OO CO o • iO r-t • IM • CO I-- 00 1 CM IM IM I CO Tt< (M CD »0 00 CO »o 05 i-H IM O CO CO CD tN. CD > f-l •^ O C3S CO C3i £35 -rjt t— 1 (M -^ i-t -^ 00 tJ< 1— t C^ Oi IM 00 • • • • • f-H • o _2 O -♦o Sh •gjoseassy ax[% CO •1 Ph mi.M SmaaiSii oSpnf aq; f— ( c^ ro •s H 'pa^linboB 10 pa^oiAuog a •.^^n'^s 00 ?. rs: s p 'B3'[d no po^oiAuoo r-H C3 -i !2; JO luu; ^nomiAi poSj^qosTQ • 1-4 to eo to » •G 0) ja . -3 6 ass •gpTSB :}9S 'joxpjo^ O r-H • 13 UI ejoseassv -lo saijnf (>» • O o }0 igqtni i^j aSwJOAV 10 'paqst^qBjsa 1 1 • 1 -**> i fei e oo t» "•»a oi a) CQ • ID .p i 1 ^^ m 3 l-i o V*'"v w-^ »o t) 00 QQ o .2 5 ^ CO o 236 APPENDIX TO MANUAL cs a O) O CO m '-J C3 M) ID 2 Q o 00 S o fci J fii a> CO f 00 •S CO §^ c<3 ©5 6 o Pi > o M iJD el o C9 (a o o O fS o • ^^ Ti o (D O OJ I— I C5 03 13 a> o •a ■i • (D o a> pi. o . to rji zo «^' CO CO ^1 O a> e+-l ■ o TJ , cU o it; ^ Q O ro 'T3 O (D O O) c>< o o . I— tC .—I o CO CO o W CO c<» c<« p^ © ■< © tH VO , OJ 03 rt CO oo IM f-i 00 03 <» ^ © < © T3 o O I IN. 00 -to © IM U5 5D 'a s a to O o t4 O Pm > o a a I— I o <5 03 OO I a a <^ P o 2 S Ota oO .-< '^ _. 03 'a O 23 2;« cS "^ bD to *3 03 ^ 03 o a en 2 03 •*^ >S » 03 —1 ^^ O ©t3 o 03 5 03 .. . G3 03 >-i rt to O o =3 rl 03 3 p< 03 O) to 03 . a^ ^ tfl o &i o 03 ^ <1 Ph © <■ © © CO . 03 c« ^ „; *; o ac 2 o ;i 00 r^ (M CO •2^ . 00 o e4" -fi p ■A3 JT; fee S «<-( . h O QQ c^ > 1 O $ 00 o s (C® tn 1 ;2;q 1 CO p:® i>- ■ o •<<=> CO I— ( sT o 1 o 1 U3 i; O H *t^ •?2 T §^ I M OD o o -w o 1 a 1§ si 60 a 1 -t1 -^5 a-r) "o « 1^ O 03 !=i a -♦^ PI o O I 00 CM d S o O o u > o o a> «1 O ■T3 WD P o 6 M O O "^ »4 ,-1 cS o (B 2 CO CO O oa O Cl a ce s > c3 60 I) tc e<5 'S 6 . a o <^F-liOlC0050«0000©U3>«OCOO©OOS C>J <^^^-co^^^o>c>cooc^^lo«5'^^oOlM^-cocoTJ^'^^r-lco Tti »— • rH ^Hi— If— I ,-*^H^^f-t.-H o^t---^oco^ooc^0ico C^Ot^»O(M»-HOC00i00CDC^vn^C^c- CO TjT ocT io^ oT kO~ u^* cococsoOf-Hr— t-t^ocioo-^co^^*^>— <»ocot^coco ooooc-i— 'K ira00»O'^00W5050»(NO-*ir-Q0'^iM05-*^^OO-* co^ -OiOiCo u5^ ■^ cT r-T ^ oT o~ c-f CO Ch rt CI —I ,— CO lO CO CO Pi (M -4J o H S i C« •'1 ^1 SO^OM S 5? =* 2 .55 -S^ ^^ ■*5 -l^ .»a O O 3 u o o Pi c8 O 03 S s a ■S 1^.9 60 (1. o CO «5! CO <=> CO P5 CD CD CO OF THE TINKEVELLY .DISTRICT- 239 No. 53. — Statement of Births and DeaOis, 1876-77. Births. Deaths. Population. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total . Whole district . . Municipal Towns— 1,693,959 18,400 17,018 35,418 24,432 20,660 45,092 Tinnevelly 21,044 382 349 731 479 433 912 Palamcottah 17,945 326 333 659 406 303 709 Tuticorin 10,565 227 249 476 668 496 1,063 No. 54. — Thermometrical Observations, Tuticorin, 1871. Years. Maximum and |January. Minimum. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. 1874, 1875. 1876. 86-6 J 240 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 55. — Mea7i Thermometrical Observations, Tuticorin, 1871 a7id 1872. 1871. Degs. 19th May to 2nd June . . . 90-6 3rd June to 17th June . . . 90-6 18th June to 1st July . 90-9 2nd July to 16th July .. . 89-9 17th July to 31st July .. . 89-2 1st August to 16th August . 89-5 16th August to 29th August . 87-0 30th August to 1 3th Sept. . 88-1 14th Sept. to 28th Sept. . . . 88-5 29th Sept. to 13th Oct. .. . 86-5 14th Oct. to 27th Oct. . 85-2 28th Oct. to 11th Nov. .. . 83-9 12th Nov. to 26th Nov. . 83-0 27th Nov. to 11th Dec. .. . 82-1 12th Dee. to 26th Dec. .. . 81-1 1872. Deos. 27th Dec. to 9th Jan. . 80-5 10th Jan. to 24th Jan. .. .. 81-2 25th Jan. to 8th Feb. . 82-8 9th Feb. to 23rd Feb. . . . 83-0 24th Feb. to 9th March . . . 83-6 10th March to 24th March . 85-3 25th March to 7th April . 87-1 8th April to 22nd April . . . 86-7 23rd April to 7th May . . . 87-3 8th May to 22nd May . . . 90-1 23rd May to 5th June .. 90-8 6th June to 20th June . . . 90-3 2l8t June to 24th June . . ff • • 13 th March Mean . 86-5 12 months ,, . 86-1 OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 241 CO •2, S ^ 6 o GQ a u CD a o 1 > o w o Z ^.-lr-,(M l-ll— 1 1-1 ■i O .^ o O to w o 2 0) -♦J m 00 K O g OO— (— iOO(MO'-'00.-i.—(00'>J.-ir-000c0t^0iCX3l^C»O^C0'O05O'TfJ OOOrti'-iC^lc^l-HOQO^CDO^OC-lO'OOlTtiOiO-^C^ t-H'-HO'— 'OO.— 'i— i^Hi— 1,— lOOOOOi— 'OOOi— 'OOO t-5 a OOOOOOOOOOOOr.Cr-«005t--0l^^(^>'-c^t^coo^'— lO— 'coocoooi— lto»ralO05-J|>• (^^ CI lo — ' —• o c^ •-I 'S' ^t CM o CO 02 1^ co '^ r-' 7* ^ . T' ?^ ? ?' '.'^ '.~ r' • • "' T^ ■ POO'>100000'^CO.-< '.-lO©-* — COOJ • -oo • Years. co-t<>n?Ct^OOOJO-^'MCO-*<>OOt^CCOJ-^'>'CO-to C5 I-H a Ci lO » l^ CO 'O o F-H 03 o o o ^ I-H CI CD X 00 >o o o CO 05 C5 • 05 oo ^4 ^ ^H f— < * M 1— ( (M I^ 1^ "M C-l lO o en o CI CO a c:i -* t^ CD t^ I-H 0-1 CO iM vo o I-- 1— t r— ( »-t rH I-H CM (M C CO CO >o CO Cj M c:> CO oo o CD CO oo >o iCl I^ o C5 o CD a CD tH >o ,_( C5 o I^ r— 1 c^ CO o o ~f 00 CO CO ■^ ■* f-H CO (N I-H c^ CO r^ oo eo f— < z M CO tn t^ o> *o CO ~f o t^ 0<1 CO I-H CI 00 (M H lO lO CO o Oi o a> r^ c-1 -*l o CO -f CD W i^ CD -t< o CO I-H O-l 00 ^ »o I-H CO ^H oo o o (M CO >o -* ^ ^ lO c-1 -il" >o 'O ■* Tj< a; o CD t^ o CD CO a> C3 CO d CO oo CO t—) W Ci Oi CO lO ^ CO o r— CI Ttl CO CO t~ CD X t— CO CO 00 I-H CO CO <3> CO CO r^ ^H CO o CO CO CO f— 1 CO CO CO CO CI CO ■^ I^ eo CO CO (M Oi Ci t^ 0-1 o >o Oi CO C5 vO o W VO CO Tf o ^H I-H lO CO CD -* 00 CI I^ CD w o o C^l I^ C-) CO CI CN «o ■^ CO t^ Ol CO l-H CO ro I-H CO o t^ CO lO CO CO o >o a o Oi .— ( CO r^ CO CO 0-1 Oi CD CD oo oo o CO IM CO (M (N ■>*< CO ^ CO -* lO I-H CO r—i ^. -* t^ CJ5 tH t— I-H ^ t^ t^ •-+< t^ CO o VO CO H f3 CO o CD CO C-1 C-l CO oo o a CO >o w ,—1 .—I CD ■o o >o l^ ^ r~ I-H Tt< I-H oo o CO t^ (M o c-1 IC c-1 vO w t--. ■* T—* CO o I-H I-H Tf< 05 lO 'tl ■* CI CO I-H I-H I-H I-H I-H f—t I-H c-1 CO I-H i-H I-H CO CO oo ^ o> 00 CO CO CJ c? I-H oo CD H CO f— ( ^ o o O) t^ 00 03 d o \a CD 'O w ^^ C<1 CO C5 IM 00 t^ CD CI CI o t— o CO o > CO I-H ?-H I-H I-H I-H c-1 CO CI CI g c-1 • • • ; • • • • ; • • o c« be o cS ^ . , , , t-l o > ^ • • • • • • a c« »— < 'o Mi • • § • • " 1 t3 • 3 1 u •i • t~* 3 Fi 2 1 72 03 •1 o •g CJ 3 fcD 1 • 1— 1 H !3 C8 m 03 rid OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 243 Its 00 CI t^ CO • pi c-i CO d i-H • fH -*-i rt o O 00 •a. ^ s 6 1^ CO o 00 05 CO CO 00 CO CO CO CO 03 CO •^ \ 0<1 Ci CI 0\ CO (M CD o CO CJ> o C5 CO CO 00 I— PC O /5 C3 1— 1 CO CO >— 1 ox CO CO CO o CO (M 05 O 00 C~1 CO CO >o CO as i-H 55 CO -* o CO CO CO C) CO CO CO CO o oo CO 00 00 o ,-1 _i ,_, iM ^ CO c-1 CI CO CO CI CI CO CO C4 cq ■-1 o ^ Cl CO CO o CO ci CO CO CI GO CO 00 CO C5 C) o CO CI CO CO CO CO CJ CO CO CO CO 00 o CO 00 OS CO o CD CO o CO CO CI CO CI CO o CI CO OS !>. CO CO CO OS CO CO o CO CI -H CI >o CI .— .-I CO CI CI CI f-4 »0 ■^ CO oo lb Cl ,-1 o CO CO C) CO o CJ CO CO oo CO CO Cl OS 00 ■p CO CO Cl o Cl CO cs oo CO lo cs Cl ,-1 rt o CO CO Cl CO CD CO CO — < o OS CO o Cl o ro o H 1^ CO Cl CO Cl Cl CO o Cl CO o CO Cl Cl o CO c iD C3 (-■ u a c3 a: s a. > 03 O H a; a =1 ?; ^ be 2 = i s = '/?, 'C z: ci C 2 aj 08 s !0 n C! 244 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 58. — List of Trigonometrical Stations. Names. Taluk. Village. Position. Vallanad Tenkarai . . Vallanad. Talayuttupottai Tinnevelly . . Talayuttu. Kunnatturpottai Do Kunnattur. Western end of Palamcottah base . . Do Palamcottah. Eastern do. do. Do Do. Minakshipuram Do Do. Ittamoli Tenkarai Ittamoli. Kulayanallur Ottaipidaram Areikulam. Kurumalai Do Kurumalai. Punnavadi Do Palayakayal. Mapilei Urani Do Mapilei Urani. Kanimapatti Met urani Do Kammapatti. Melakallui-ani Do yirangapuram. Slinachi Do Minachipm-am. Suppalapuram or Subramoniapuram. Do Suppalapuram. Surangudi sand hill i^ile station Do Sm-angudi. Gopalasaini Srivilliputtur Valakulam. Pemalai Do Sivandipatti. Karisattan Sankaranainarkoil .. Karisattan. Sayamalai Do. Sayamalai. Melapattam Tinnevelly Melapattam. Manpottai Nanguneri Perungudi. Vizayapati Do Vizayapati. Pannai Do Settikulam. Kadapm-am Do. Radapuram. Parameswarapiu'am Do Parameswarapuram. Langaneri Do. Langaneri. Kudungulam Observatory Station , . Do. Vizyapati. Kannemarpottai Do. Nanguneri. Kovilpatti Satur Kovilpatti. Kattailatti Hills Tinnevelly . . Pudur. No. 59. — Statement of Diseases to tvMch Deaths ascribed, for Three Years, Year. Total Number of Deaths. Cholera. SmaU- pox. Fever. GQ 'S S o o % o Injuries. AU other Causes. <6 o .rH a 3 o o < 05 o; a CO ^. CD Is 1874-75 .. 1875-7G .. 1876-77 .. Average . . 39,960 37,702 45,092 • • 7,G!0 10,168 1 1,865 11,318 1,732 6,820 2,552 8,193 8,232 4,955 4,829 148 142 141 144 61 53 38 275 298 213 104 80 71 85 15 7 7 17,942 16,005 18,880 40,918 5,926 2,050 8,777 1 6,005 51 262 10 14,276 OF THE TINNEVELLV DISTRICT. 245 00 02 o CO d DQ i K o cc •^ a> 00 /5 «o • "3 • • i^ 00 • i^ ■ 00 CO .^1 O CO »-4 • v-4 • CO • 4—4 CO CO (1 ii •—4 Oi CO CO •^ r* X' t— i^ 4—4 • to CO T3 d A • • f— 1 • ^ • t^ ,—1 |3 CO 4— t to S H o CO 1—4 l^ 00 to «o d o «" « . CO CO 00 f— 4 • 4j4 CO • p C-l 4—4 4)4 O CO I— t CO 00 3 p4 E-I 1—4 CO ■<1< 3 05 CO CO CO to CD 6 O o CO • • • CO t-- co • • 00 00 00 to to CO 00 H CO CO 2 CO CO •^ Tfi CO ■* T)< vo to c< 4—4 ?; - (0 t^ CM »— 4 ira Oi r^ CO CO S5 O ■<*< • CO CO • • to . CO to f^ CI 1— ( (35 00 CO 4—1 ^ 4—1 o O , r- 1 00 f— 4 CO 00 CO 1—4 CO ■* Oa CO i^ C35 to 1—4 CO O J5 H C5 o CD •<*l cs r— 1 CD 00 j^ rt< • • • • • . *^ CO CIS ^ H O CO to CO 00 O u , o 10 >o CO CO rt CO 00 < o o t^ . 4—4 CO CO OD CD o CO CO CO t^ r-^ •* 1— t 00 «M r^ o en ■* to CO to 00 o 6 H c» CO CO lO 00 CO CO 4-^ 4—4 1—4 t— t- • ^^ to ^^ 00 r^ ^ us CO rH f— 4 CO l-~ OJ CO • • • • ; ; • f— 4 03 -4-3 • • • • • • • H DO ^ 3 • ■ h3 • a • a ci to a c '•♦3 3 e ■•4J '3 u 3 CS 03 u 3 a ci ^3 -% ci >> "? 1 P4 d •4^ 1 i 3 ,1:: 3 08 A 3 cS > e- W M W Eh H H CO 4CI n •A e5 +^ on 246 APPENDIX TO MANUAL a 1=1 o Q to 00 e f^ o o 6 o iz; o Eh 1^2 in 00 o o • CTi CO CO r^ ? «5 lO i^ t^ lO 05 O ^ ra , Co o o CO o> CO O 6 S5 do • . CN . 6 CO o t^ . lb (X> M ■* CO O C) IM fr< CO CO S >o ■o CO o CO o CO IM 02 o c^ »c CO CO C^l (» CO -*• .a o r— t ' f-H Ci • i) C-1 " CO • f-H b CO C5 C cj tH CO •^ CO o o f-H »o o o d CO O 00 f-H • • 6 C5 • CO CO r-H • I-H CO o CO CO CO VO CO " (N lO i (M CO CO CO CO o tn CO O • , , o ^ o CO o CO I-H 05 o • • b I '. t'-- ! ,1, © en IM f^ H CO CO t^ -»j 02 -*j C . 00 >o o> (M c5 6 O • • • • • • • • o cJo CO 03 CO r-H CO CO >c CO iM CO CT> 1— I f-H t^ I-H to S o CO >o ■? 05 t^ 00 so r-H y Z c^ • t^ •—1 . oo C3 • c> b CO b f^ O t-* • co o • CO t^ ■ lo J^ CO o US •^ CO CO "^ C3 6 IS ^H • C-l 00 • CO ^ o ^ CO b b '3 H O t-- • l^ CO • -* t^ ■^ > • (-( p-H 3 u pi -4-3 1 '5 o o ■43 o 1 ^ as CO ^ 7J S ^ H ^ H o OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 247 .s o Q 00 o CO HO o o 6 O o o -♦J o a o d to o s o 6 H o CO CO CO CO oo CO CI 00 CO CO e-j CO o CJO »^ CO CI o d O CO »"J d CO l^» 03 OS 00 o O ■^ >o 03 -* CO d CO f— 4 o 1-4 CI d I-- o o m: c3 o H a e u -4-' o B 3 s t3 ,^ F^ o in (h >. 1^ o •a 15 -1 (3 a .a ,§ to a > W W S H O H 248 APPENDIX TO MANUAL Rice, 2nd Sort. •98dng >00>U50COO'MO-*i-"-*«--OCli5r^cooeoocooovooo»ncDC5io COCOCOCD«DvoOvOiOOTfCiOt^«Oo ■QOJVr) jgd 899dn^ r-t^t^oot^GOcoojooi^ocooosooioiocoi^cooscooocot^t^ • 1 1 1 1 1 i I • 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 « 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 II ■4-3 ^ O Pm pi •88dn^ aed sj99g pugduij cocc>oc^iooo>>o r^oOQ30cot^oc5cocococoo>.o>o>o •90JBJC) jgd S99dny^ •—!*—(• ,_|,— trH i-Hf-( Year. ■ III lllllllllll illllllllll oooooooooooooocooo'Mcocooococccocooocccococooooooooo 1 OF THE TIXNEVELLY DISTllICT. 249 a o o 60 to s ^ '« S e to 6 03 bo o be to bo a o o o C o en Ph 18(1 sjaog ^Tiuoduii •aojBf) lod soDdng •aadn^ lad sj9ag x^siJoduij •oojtjf) J9d soadny CO o eo to OS '^i 1— ( o» Oi to •ra f— t CS CO >o ■^ o lO o .n UT- f^l "^ ,_, O rv^ •M r— «5 >o to ■^ 1— t to fj ^H p-H ,^ C5 to -!f< t^ Utl Tfl CO C^ (N (M (M c^ !>» f-H l-H r-( C^ ^^ C-4 1— 1 l-H i-H t— » .— 1 •oodn^ i9d siaag ^t'uodiaj •ao.rBJ9 lod saodnjj •aadng jod siaog puadmj •aojB^g lad saadn^ ■93dny i9d sj99g iBugduij •90J[T;f) i9d 899dny; •99dny; jad 8i99g pugduii •90JB£) aed S99dnji •ggdn^ jad ej99g puaduij •99JBf) J9d eo9dn^ 0»t--O'MO-t>00r-»OT0CJC)COC-JCO Orifireiot— cor^tOTt<30 r— i ' ■.»< ■>!< O l^ r-( 05 00 m O o 'CO 'tO'o • -rfi 0^-CCI^02C005tOCO ujtoujc^t— c-ho5>0'— 'C0T»otor~-*icciOJTt-i CO r^ •— I CO OS CO ■»♦< cc >o ~' ^ tb 'O lb ^ CO 'C 'b o 00 t— M 05 o tO-^TjfCOCOC^IlMCOC-llMCMC^i-Hr-irtO^OqiMC^ICOClC-JC^O^Cq 00OC0Tjntot^oto »-Hi— Ir— If— (i-HC^rHi— (I— lCc t- 05 o M to Ol CO ,_, t— ( KO f-H ^ C^l lO CO to ^^ o >o l^ o oc CO ri to ,_, '^ 00 ^H C5 CO CO lO 'C 1— t Ol >o -^ M< ,_, C-1 Ol ,_< -♦• •>+> >o o CO 03 lO ■* ■* C>4 CO 04 c^ CO CN C^l 0^ (M f-H f-H C~) C^l C-4 c~) 04 •» c-x IM ei f-H >0>0«^tO'*tO'*<'M 00^OtDi0tOO^0>0>01f-Hf— iC0C0(M.-Hf-JrHf-lf-<0^!MCOeOCOo 04 f-H C^ CO t^ CO lO f-H U5 00 to 00 o o CO 00 CO iM 'O >o Tt< 03 O t^ Tf ■M IM O 05 _ >o o t^ 1^ o 03 o vO 00 o 00 CO -fi "3 O OJ IM o vO o a •O oo lO ■^ CO c^ IM otocoooco^H,-HCDococ'OC5io r-lrtiM— ff-HC-l-Hf-Hf-HfMCJlMCOCO^fMC^Mf-Hr-ll-H'M^lM o 1^ to OOtOlCtQIMOOOKS f-H f-H f— * to to iM O f-H to >C 03 to CO ■* o »r> «o ,_, »o IM t^ »~ >o OS 'O 00 o ot^-+Cf-HOO-Hoi,-Hcocoa)'M'^r^f-0'+iC0>«US0JO'^C0f-lt0O->:f<000S0S(N ■oDb>'o"O^H^t^ibioosOf-H^t~-r(<>oO'bo •iMCOC^(MCOiMiMO^C0t0W^^HCit--:0r— iMCOI^tOO»OCO QC-H •to>^'OOcoaD30Cio;i-o — -rcooif— ii~-c5cccoaDco f— 1 • f-H f-H f-H IM f-H f-H f-1 M ^H IM CO CO C-) M C") C^ ^H r-< ^H C-1 ,-. C^ co-*>otor-oo050f-;rtor~oooOf-ic>icOTjC "3 «5 »n »o f.O to to to 1:0 to to to to to O l^ t-~ t— t— t-- t~-. 1^ t— I I I I f I I 1 > I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I iMCO-C'OtO'— COOSO-HiMCO-jfiOtOt-.CCOO'H.^)-.;^,^.^ 10 'O '^ us 'O "J >t? «f^ to o to to to to o to to to I- t^ i~f I— 1^ 1^ I — ooooooooooooocooooooooooocacooooooooocooocoooDoooo 32 250 APPENDIX TO MANUAL P3 o O -• I <33 Co O <3 I CO 6 p9 s •ipuBQ .lad Jt'Sng 000000000 05ior^r^T)<,H05coco OOOOOOOOOOCOCXJO •OiOJOOOOOOOOOO • " • •••!— 1 1—* 1— 1* l-Hf— 1 •^CpuBQ lad oStpnj 0000 OOO'C'OiCiCiOOTjtvCOO • • • • • • •UJtOt^oO •t^t^«DCO«3«00;OiOOiOCOt-- •iCpnBQ iad uo:}'}OQ to— lC<|.t^OOOOO?OCD05'-^05 0»00OC<3C«C*tf3(»l0knOvpC0p©5OTt(-o4i<4*<4Hvn4j<-^«iw5 Cl(M(Nrtr-<,-(,-lr^rtrtrMr-i-iC<5TtiOiCvCO-HCCOC0>-iioit3CO(McococoeO'•e<^cx3Tt^■-l^-0503r^■— ic^ I I . . IO(Nr-loO'--iOOt--t>»00<:OiOCOO'^iOkOOvOO Wheat. •aadn^ i9d si88g puaduii OOt^C.C<5COOOO-^Or^Ot— CSOOCCliOOO ! ! \ IO050500t>-t^Ov0ib>J:5Ot>-t^t05Ct--t»0030l-- r-H •aoi^O i9d saadny; • • • -TjfTjiiot— oooi^oocooor^oooot^-ocDiomo P •aadn'a aad siaag puaduij ■^M<'-i(Mr^io-^oocor-iiceoi^coooi^(MOO-+it-ooio r !oo>OT).— 10 1— Ir-lrHr-Hr— (r-Hf— ( rHi— (i-H i-Hi-Hi-Hi-H r-lr— 1 •8DiB£) aad saadny • •(MC<5COMTttCOCOiOW3COrJ*'COCOCOiOTjHTllT^ DO CCiTt««? Measurement. Wet. 7i Tucha koles or carpenter's yard 1 Square rod of 420;^ square feet 8 Paddies = 3,362 square feet 21 Mercals = 70,602 square feet 1 Rod = 20i feet. 1 Padi or Nali = -01 acre. : 1 Mercal or Curuni = -07 ac^e^, ■■ 1 Seed kottah = 1-62 acres. 4f| Tucha koles -32 Rods squared (398) Dry. 1 Rod = 12-1^ feet. 1 Chain = 158,404 feet = 3-64 aci-es. 2 Gundumanies 20 Manjadies 44 Manjadies 12 Calanjies 100 Palams Weights. = 1 Manjadi ^ 4'i grain. = 1 Calanji. z= 1 Rupee, or 180 grains. = 1 Palam = bh tolahs. = 1 Tulam = 550 tolahs =13' 7 1b. According to the returns to the circular of 1821, a Tulam of 1,800 Calanjies, or 20-6 Ih, was in use. According to the old district accounts the Pon or Cullcy Pagoda or (Chuckram) was from 13 to 13|- Manjadies weight or about 54 grains. Its value is Sa. 2-1-llj, and it is sub-divided into 10 fanams. In some localities the Rattel of 0,1 J palams is used and considered equivalent to an Avoirdupois pound. The Avoii-dupois pound, of 389 tolahs weight, is also in use. Grain Measures. In the return to the circular of 1821, mention is made of the mercal of rice weigh- ing o2i lb. when stuck and 57^ lb. when heaped; it was divided into twelve "seer paddies " of 82 tolahs each. This mercal exists now, and is reckoned at 11-H seer paddies. The pucca paddi contained when heaped 117 tolahs weight of rice; it now contains about 109 toUihs. 262 APPENDIX TO MANUAL According to the return to the circular of 1836, the seer paddi held when heaped about 80 tolahs of Cooltee and this it doea now. According to the trials made in 1852, the following table and equivalents are found to be in use. Commencing with the seer paddi, a vessel of about 66^ cubic inches, and containing 75 tolahs weight of rice stuck and 82 heaped pretty full : — 1 Seer Paddi .. 8 Heaped Seer Paddi 21 Heaped Mercals . = 82 Tolahs of rice heaped. = 1 Mercal (656 tolahs). = 1 Kottah =: 168 seer paddies. There is also a pucca paddi of G to the mercal or containing each about 109 tolahs of rice when heaped. Grain is generally bought wholesale by the pucca paddi and retailed by the seer paddi. The paddi is sub- divided into 8 olaks. In preparing the price lists the Madras garce is reckoned at 31 kottahs and 4 mercals or 5,072 seer paddies. This is equivalent to about 5,200 seers of 80 tolahs each. No. 6S.—L!st of WeeWy Fairs. 1 Taluk in which o o^ 6 of rought Day of Week. the Villages are situated. Names of Villages. Number People assemb Number Cattle b for sale. / Satur GoUapatti 600 20 Simday . . < Ottaipidaram Nadu\'ipatti of Ettiyapuram Zemindari 400 Nanguneii Tirukurungudi 400 ( Tenkasi Kanakapillaivalasai 100 • • r / Sivathaiyapuram attached to Sayal- 300 .. Tenkarai pirram. Yeral attached to Siruthondanallore . . Udangudi 1,500 3,000 Sankaranainarkoil. Tiruvengadam 1,000 Satur Covjlpatti 500 30 Monday . . < Ottaipidaram Melacheytalai of Ettiyapuram Zemin- dari. 400 •• Nanguneri . . | Nanguneri RadapTiram 500 300 Ambasamudram . . Ravuthaperi of Urkad Zemindari 500 ioo Tenkasi . . | Kulasegarapatti Surandai 100 1,000 • • ~ Tinnevelly Sivalaperi 1,000 • ■ f r Srivaikuntham . . 500 Tenkarai . . <, Arumuganeri attached to Coilpatanam, 1,000 • ♦ southern part. ) Tattamatam 300 L Mudalur attached to Nazareth 500 Sankaranainarkoil Pambukovil attached to Teruvetta- 3,000 175 Tuesday . . < nallur Mutta. Satur Sivakasi 700 100 Ottaipidaram . . | Ottaipidaram Kolatur 400 300 •• Nanguneri . . < N ambitalavanpattayam 400 Terku Vizayanarayanam 500 X Ambasamudram . . Maplappapuram 600 150 •OF THE TINNEVELLY DlJiTRlCT. 253 No. G3. — List of Weekly Fairs — (Continued). Taluk in which o ^ o « o Day of Week. the Villages are situated. Names of Villages. -Q p-B c o "ij ' K oj x rs umber Cattle bi for sale. 3 rT 00 f Tenkarai . . < Subramoniapuram attached to Sayal- 300 puram. TIT Megnanapuram 1,000 , , Saidunganallur 500 Sankaranainarkoil Vasudevanallur 700 Srivilliputtur Nattampat ti 500 . , Satur Yelayirampannai 1,000 100 "Wednesday" Tinnovelly . . | Tinnevelly Cusba Pillayarkulam Kadambur 2,000 500 200 • • Ottaipidarani . . < Vilattikulam Atankarai 300 200 •• Nanguneri . . | Turumangalom . . 200 Panagudi 500 . . Ambasamudram . . Pottalpudur 400 ^ Tenkasi . . Melapuliyur 1,000 •• ' r 1 Vakaikulam Pannavilai attached to Perdngulam . . 250 1,000 Tenkarai . . -< Sivathaiyapuram attached to Sayal- 300 puram. Sattankulam 2,000 . . Peikulam 1,000 , , Sankaranainarkoil Sankaranainarkoil Cusba 2,000 Sri-^-illiputtur Solapuram 400 Satur Virudnpati 500 60 / Kaitar 600 150 Thursday. -{ Ottaipidaram . . < Koppanpatti i?agalapuram Pusanur Tinnevelly Cusba 300 700 600 2,000 *60 70 Tinnevclly . . J Pettai Cusba 3,000 . . ( Palamcottah 3,000 . , Nanguneri Kalacad . . 400 . . Ambasamudram | Ambasamudram 200 Shermadevi 800 , a / Tippanampatti 1,000 ( Sivalarkulam 1,500 . . Tenkasi . . < Papanasapuram attached to Anaikulam 300 . • V Mitta. Satur Kanniseri 1,000 150 Ottaipidaram Pudur 400 Friday . . <( Nanguneri Thisayanvilai 2,000 500 Satur Valliyur 1,000 Ambasamudram . . Pappakudi 150 Tenkarai . . < Puchikkadu attached to Pallipattu Arumuganeri attached toCoyalpatanam, southern part. 5D0 1,000 • • Mukkupurikudiyinippu attached to 500 • • Tenma vidupanna i . Saturday. < Ottaipidaram Kadulkudi 500 50 Nanguneri Singikulam 1,000 500 Ambasamudram . . Ambasamudram Cusba 1,200 Tenkasi Nayinaragaram 500 • • N 1 Virakaralampudur 200 • • 254 APPENDIX TO MANUAL e ?^ CO I 6 (A fTJ GQ TO O ^£ ^ i ►^ p o => □Q ^ £ S o no to CJ :« ° S g 2 fe^ c > p^^i S 00 3 ^ .=?;s.s in a n ^ ^ .2 53 o^ a^ ® ™; ci ci o > £.2 " eg o •-< fl3 o ^ * — • 03 > 6 03 TJ a « c3 ■^"I^X ^ CO o n^ o ■^ TO =4-1 o 'oo OS d p OJ P4 13 > cs cS c OS a 't; 03 H Pi OB c3 as 03 > o o o o 00 o o o o o o o o o 03 3 Si fa o o o c 03 1—4 03 a bo 3 * ■ »4 3 I I 03 03 cn 03 fa ^ a 03 -, II =2 bD •-! cq >4 ^^ o g ^ a o.S OS O 3 fa 03 o S-1 cS bO 03 t4-l .2-S 00 > 03 t> o '-J o -«: fa OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 255 The route by which the several places of concourse are reached ; facts concerning origin of disease among travellers at them, and its subsequent extension to the inhabitants of the places through which travellers pass when returning to their houses. 00 The people who visit this mostly come southwards along the Ramasiu'am road from Madura, Eamnad and Ceylon or north- wards from Travancore. People come from all directions chiefly to see and buy cattle. Capabilities of the place to afford accommodation for separate encampments of Travellers, Bullocks, &c. (the two being kept apart). t» Any number of people may congregate here without danger ; fresh water is available ; pro- \dsions dear; and there is but little shade, so people are not likely to stay longer than necessaiy. There are spacious pagodas and mantapams for the accommodation of the better classes. Situated on the bank of the Tamrapumi River ; space sufficient ; a large chutram available for travellers. Number of Bullocks, Carts and other Vehicles accompanying Visitors. rC i:--c 5 C5 to 6 03 I — I S o 2 d to 5s a^ ® _; 03 (B o o o o e3 ■-- o^ -« •JJTIIBX C o o Si o 42 •ti O S » c 71 CS _5 d) O) o O a> o c3 P- d in O 03 C3 fl Pi O M Ph t^ 'X3 o3 '-M X 00 O O o o 71 fl C J 01 X 13 0) fl s OB cS TS Cj f1 ^ 01 H o o o CO rr ^ o o CJ o :a o Oi o > OJ cs „, d J' -^ s s ^ t: "» ^ =0 o S . 03 s o o o O o o o o o o o o o o d (4 OS . •a fcp ° H .2 ^ aj ^ tn te O < Ph ^ CJ • f~t o tw ,ij CO O °g1^ fe §-2 a. • • • umb erma habi the >* • • !zi P'.S'S ►< A li • • • • • datec ea on h eac ival i 3ld. CO 3 OS >, 3 6fl 3 oS t-i < •-5 is a P<^ Names of Festivals and Fairs, &c. cd r"* ^ a C<1 recession of the (Tinnevelly). athing below the and pilgrimage the hill (CourtaU lathing (Srivilli- puttur). Pi n « •^nivx - 33 258 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 65.— Ir/efo/ No. Road on which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. Road No. I from Palamcottah to the Madura frontier. Do. Do. Do. Virudupati in the Satur Taluk, 68 miles north of Palamcottah. Do. Vachabarapatti in the Satur Taluk, 9 miles south of Nos. I and II. Veppalapatti in the Satur Taluk, 3 miles south of No. III. Government . . The Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. A large brick building. Alaghiri Aiyen- gar of Peria- perali in Satur Taluk. A small thatched building. Thitharappa Mudaliar of Srivilliputtur. A substan- tial stone building. The Ettiyapuram Zemindar. A substan- tial terrac- ed build- ing. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 2^9 Chutrams. Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. None . . RS. 1 Waterman. 4 1 Gardener & A. None ,, This was one of the Nabob's choultries and came under Sweeper , . 6 Government management Contingent,, 2 in 1805 ; the lands were resumed by G.O., dated 8th May 1851. The building provides accom- modation for all classf's ; that for low castes which was insufficient has been improved, and the whole building was put into thorough repair in 1871-72 at a cost of Rupees 201-8-1 1 ; it has been well floored and sufficiently ventilated, and the front part of the choul- try has been protected by a railing. Endowed by the None . . • • None This choultrj^ was built in Native Government 1761 and is occasionally with 1 acre 25 cents used by Brahmins and of wet land in the Sudraa. village of Virudu- pati, jnelding a ' revenue of Rupees 4-10-3, settled by the Inam Commis- eioner. RS. A. Endowed by the 1 Monigar.. 20 Feeding such This choultry stands on the Native Government 2 Cooks . . 6 Brahmins as old road, a quarter of a with the Shrotriam 1 Gardener. 3 halt there. mile from the new road, and Village of Vacha- 1 Sweeper . . 1 8 pro^-ides accommodation for karapatti and with 1 Waterman 3 all classes. A portion of 5 acres of wet land the building was recon- and 65 acres 52 structed and the whole was cents of dry land in put into complete repair in the villages of 1872-73 at a cost of Ru- Sengundapuram pees 1,465. The building and Thumbanaik- has been well floored and enpatti, yielding ventilated. an annual revenue of Rupees 924-15-1, settled by the Inam Commissioner. Endowed by the late 1 Accountant 4 Feeding such This choultry was built in Zemindar with 7 1 Monigar . . 3 Brahmins as 1848. acres 28 cents of 2 Cooks . . 6 halt there. land in the village 1 Gardener.. 3 and giving of Kolvarpatti, as- 1 Sweeper .. 1 8 conjee- water sessed at Rupees 1 Waterman. 3 to the poor 9-4-5, and with an in hot wea- annual grant of ther. Rupee3535-7-9 from the funds of the Ammal Chutram near Ettiyapuram. 260 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 65. — List of No. Road on -which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. Road No. I from Palamcottah to the Madura frontier. Do. Do. Do. Satur, 5 miles south of No. IV. Nalli in the Satur Taluk, 7 miles south of No. V. Kovilpatti in the Satur Taluk, 7 miles south of No. VI. Do. Idaseval in the Ootapidaram Taluk, 8 miles south of No. VII. Kaitar in the Ootapidaram Taluk, 10 miles south of No. VIII. GoTermnent . Government. Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. Sevalpatti Zem- indar. Elavarasanendal, 2nd Division, Kattukuttagei- dar. Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. Rajaram Josi and Subaroya Josi of Tinne- velly, A terraced building. A terraced building. A spacious and very handsome choultry. A substan- tial build- ing. A terraced building. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 261 Chutrams — (Continued) . Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. None Endowed by the late Zemindar with the revenue of the vil- lage of Kulasegar- enkottei amounting to Rupees 524 per annum. Endowed by the pro- prietor with 1,670 acres 23 cents of wet and 1,161 acres 16 cents of dry land in the villages of Attakondan, Ilup- peiyTimi and Aum- maranadu in the Sa- tur Taluk, Idayan Nendankulam in Tenkasi and Vasu- devanallur in San- karanainarkoil Ta- luks. Only a part of this land is cul- tivated and the rental is now Rs. 890-10-0 per annum, None . , Endowed by the foimder with Rs. 648-14-3 per annum from the income of the Sivakasi Choul- try. RS. A. 1 "Waterman. 4 1 Gardener.. 5 Contingent . . 2 1 Monigar . . 1 Curnam . . 1 Store- keeper . . 1 Cook 1 Pujah- maker . . 1 Waterman. 1 Servant .. 1 Sweeper . , 1 Monigar . . 1 Curnam . , 2 Cooks 1 Pujah- maker 1 Gardener. 1 Waterman. 1 Servant . . 1 Sweeper . . Contingent. 3 3 3 8 2 8 3 8 1 8 2 1 1 Waterman. 4 1 Gardener. . 3 1 Sweeper . , 2 Saderward .,20 1 Curnam ..38 1 Cook ..30 1 Gardener & Sweeper ..20 Kavalgar .,0 8 None Feeding Brah- mins. Do. None Feeding six Brahmins daily. This was one of the Nabob's choultries and came under Government management in 1805 ; the lands were resumed by G.O., dated 8th May 1851. The build- ing provides accommo- dation for all classes ; that for the low castes, which was in ruins, was reconstructed and the whole building was put into thorough repair in 1871-72 at a cost of Ru- pees 680-11-5 ; it has been well floored and sufiiciently ventilated. This choultry was built in 1847, and stands about 100 yards from the road ; a cook-room and store-room were added and the build- ing was put into thorough repair by the Sevalpatti Zemindar in 1872-73 at a cost of Rupees 2,000. This choultry was built in 1849, and provides accom- modation for all classes. This was one of the Nabob's choultries and came under Government management in 1805. The lands were resumed by G.O., dated 8th May 1851. The building provides accommodation for aU classes, and was repaired in 1868. This choultry was built in 1843, and provides accom- modation for Brahmins and Sudras only. It was thoroughly repaired in 1873 at a cost of Rs. 1,000. 262 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 65. — List of No. Road on which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. 10 11 12 13 14 Road No. I from Palamcottah to the Madura frontier. Do. Do. Do. Do. Gangaikundan in Government . , the Ootapidaram Taluk, 6 miles south of No. IX. Shadikhan or Pandarakulam in the Tinne- velly Taluk, 6 miles south of No. X. Do. Pudukulam in the Tinnevelly Taluk, 2 miles? south of No XI. Kailasapuram in Nallacunnoo Muttukristna Naiker's Choultry. the Tinnevelly Taluk, 2 miles south of No. XII. Palamcottah, 1 mile south of No. XIU. Mudaliar's Choultry. Gnanamani Ammal's Choultry. Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. Do. Muttukristna Naiker. Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. Vengu Mudaliar, A terraced building. A substan- tial stone building. A substan- tial brick building. A brick building with ter- raced roof. A fine com- modious building. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 263 Chutrams — (Continued). Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. None . . K8. 1 Waterman. 5 A. None This choultry was built by 1 Gardener,, 3 Government in 1869 at a Sweeper ,, 2 cost of Rupees 5,460, vide Saderward ., 2 G.O., No. 147, of 19th Jan- uary 1869. It provides accommodation for all classes, and has a bandy- pettah attached. None 1 Waterman. 4 None This was one of the Nabob's 1 Gardener . . 3 choultries and came imder 1 Sweeper . . 2 Government management Saderward. 2 in 1805. The lands were resumed by G.O., dated 8th May 1851. The build- ing was thoroughly repaired in 1866-67, and further repairs were executed in 1870. This choultry is not much frequented as it is so near Tinnevelly. Endowed by the 1 Amin .. 10 Feeding three This choultry was built in Native Government 1 Curnam . . 5 Brahmins 1763, and provides limited with 68 acres 33 1 Sweeper.. 1 daily. accommodation for all cents of wet and classes. It was put into 2,290 acres 90 cents partial repair in 1872. of dry lands in the villages of Palliko- tei Karaseri, Mela Ilandakulam and Chutram Puduku- 1am, jaelding an annual revenue of Rupees 522-15-3. Endowed by the I Waterman. 2 None This choultry was built in Native Government I Sweeper . . 8 1840, and, being situated in with 4 acres 50 cents the Brahmins' street, is used of wet land in the only by Brahmins. The village of Settiku- cook-room and courtyard 1am in Tinnevelly were floored, and the build- Taluk, yielding an ing was repaired in 1870 at annual revenue of a cost of Rupees 250. Kupees 58-4-3. Endowed by Govern- 1 Monigar , . 8 4 Feeding Brah- This choultry was built in ment with Rupees 1 Samprati . . 6 mins daily 1825 and stands in an exten- 30-4-0, topemaniam, 2 Cumam3..12 and giving sive enclosure near the and by the proprie- 2 Cooks . . 10 batta to pil- Soloochenam's bridge, half tor with lands, &c. , 1 Waterman. 5 grims. way between Tinnevelly in the villages of 3 Gardeners. 15 and Pakimcottah. It has Vellakovil, Palam- 1 BandjTnan. 5 accommodation for all cottah and Subra- 1 Brahmin to classes, and is much fre- raaniapuram, yield- teach Vedas 5 quented by all. The place ing a revenue of 1 Sweeper . . 3 8 is well kept up, and has Rupees 1,887-8-5 ' 1 Kavalgar , . 3 standing room for carts per annum. inside the gateway. 264 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 65.— List of No. Road on which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. 15 16 17 18 19 Road No. V from Palamcottah to the Travancore frontier. Do, Do. Do. Do. Panakfidi in the Nanguneri Taluk, 8 miles south of No. XIV. Mundradeippu in the Nangu- neri Taluk, 1 mile south of No. XV. Nanguneri, 10 miles south of No. XIV. Valliyur in the Nanguneri Taluk, 10 miles south of No. XV. Panakddi in the Nanguneri Taluk, 6 miles south of No. XVI. Pannaktidi Choultry. Rama Row's Choultry. Local Fund Board of the Shermadevi Circle. Manakaval Perumal Pillay of Tinnevelly. Local Fund Board of the Shermadevi Circle. A substan- tial brick building. A stone man^ tapam. Do. Valliyur Choultry. Rama Brohmma lyen's Choul- try. Do. Do. A substan- tial brick building. A stone man- tapam. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 265 Chutrams — ( Continued ) . Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. Endowed by Govern- ment with 51 acres 91 cents of dry land in the village of Vadakarei, in Ten- kasi Taluk, yielding a revenue of Ru- pees 60 per annum, besides an annual grant of Rupees 207-14-0 from the income of the Tiru- karumgudi Choul- try. Endowed by the founder with 1 1 acres of wet land in the village of Panakudi, j'ielding an annual revenue of Rupees 30. Endowed by the founder with the Swamibogam of 92 acres of dry and 50 cents of garden land in the villages of Mulaikareipatti and Nanguneri amount- ing to Rupees 37-8-10 per annum. Endowed by Govern- ment with 112 acres of dry land, &c., in the village of Perunkudi, yielding a revenue of Rupees 80 per annum, be- sides Rupees 320 per annum, alienated from the Thathayan and Agaramadam Choultries. Endowed by the Native Government with 61 acres 54 cents of wet land, 698 acres 88 cents of dry land, and 2,240 palmyras in the villages of Pa- nakudi and Vira- pandiam, yielding a revenue of Rupees 690 per annum. HS. A. 1 Monigar . . 3 1 Cook . . 4 1 Sweeper . . 1 1 Watcher.. 8 1 Gardener. 2 1 Sweeper . . 8 Sweeper Curnam , Cook Lamp- lighter Sweeper 1 Trustee 1 Cui'nam 1 Sweeper 1 Cook Feeding Brah- mins daily. None 4 Do 3 8 2 8 1 12 5 3 8 1 8 3 12 Feeding five Brahmins daily. Feeding ten Brahmins daily. Was put into thorough repair at a cost of Rupees 361 in 1871, and is tolerably in good order, is frequented by Brahmins and Sudras only, and stands a mile off the road. This choultry was built in 1773, and was added to in 1871 at a cost of Rupees 325. It pro^^des accommo- dation for Brahmins and Sudi-as only. This choultry stands in the town, and was well floored and repaired in 1871 at a cost of Rupees 235. It provides accommodation for Brahmins only. This choultry was built in 1846, and provides accom- modation for Brahmins and Sudras ; the maniam is un- der the direct management of the Local Fund Board. A new building for Sudras was erected in 1869 at a cost of Rupees 541. The building was repaired and ventilated in 1870 at a cost of Rupees 70. This choultry was formerly used by Brahmins only, but a separate tiled building was provided for Sudras in 1869 at a cost of Rupees 200. 34 26G APPENDIX TO MANUAL 1^0. 65.—L>M of No. Roail on which situated. Name of Village. 20 21 22 23 24 Road No. V. from Palamcottah to the Travaiicore frontier. Road No. Ill from Palamcot- tah tc Tuticorin Do. Sivakamipuram in Nanguneri Taluk, 4 miles south of No. XVII. Tuticorin in the Ootapidaram Taluk, 31 miles east of Palam- cottah. Name of Choultry. Thathayan Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. Local Fund i 2 stone man- Board of the Shermadevi Circle. Pacheiperumal Chettiar of Tuticorin. Vageikulam in Government the Tenkarai ! Choultry. Taluk, 12 miles west of No. XXI. Road No. VII Theetchasamu- from Palamcot- tah to Travan- oore frontier viH Tenkasi. Do. drum in the Tinnevellj" Taluk, 2 miles west of Palam- cottah adjoin- ing 1 ho Railway Terminus. Soethapai-panel- lurinthf Amba- samiidram Taluk, 9 miles west of No. xxni. Kemalamuttu Choultry. Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. Government Choultry. Mangaleswary and Manon- mony. Local Fund Board of the Shermadevi Cii'cle. tapams. A suhstan- tial terrac- ed build- ing. A terraced building. A small brick building. A suhstan- tial brick building. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 2G7 Chut rams — (Continued). Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. R8 A. Endowed by the 1 Sweeper . 2 None The endowments of this Native (roveninient choultry were made over with 20 acres of wet with the sanction of the land and 156 acres Board of Revenue, dated of dry land in the 18th December 1868, to the village of Hivukami- Valliyur Choultry, No. 18, purani, yielding an on this list. annual income of Rupees 262-3-2. Endowed by the pro- 1 Cook 4 Feeding six This choultry was built in prietor with about 1 Curnam . . 6 Brahmins 1868, and stands about loO 5 acres of wet land 1 Gardener. 5 daily. yards from the road from in the village of 1 Sweeper . . 2 which it is now cut off by Arumugamangalam, the i-ailway. It is in good yielding a revenue of order ; provides accommo- Rupees 80 per annum dation for Brahmins and alluded to in Gov- Sudras only. A building ernment Proceed- for the lower castes once ings, No. 1,349, existed but the ground on dated 14th May which it stood was taken 1868. up by the railway. None 1 Manager , , 5 This choultry was built by 1 Gardener . 3 Government in 1870 at a 1 Sweeper . . 2 cost of Rupees 3,168, ride Saderward . . 2 G.O., dated oth March 1868, No. 587; but on account of the bad work done by the contractor it was almost rebuilt in 1871 at a cost of Rupees 1,720. It pnn-ides accommodation for Brahmins and Sudi-as only. Endowed by the pro- 1 Cook . 4 8 Feeding ten This choultiy which stands prietor with lands 1 Sweeper . 12 Brahmins at the junction of Roads in the \dllages of tivo times a Nos. I and VII was built Timmarajapuram , month. in 1789, and is in good Vattareddipatti and order. A tiled building Ayen Kemalamuttu for cooking and other addi- Pulli, yielding a tions were made in 1SG9. revenue of Rupees A bandypettah was added 109 per annum. in 187L None 1 Sweeper . . 2 • • This choultry was built by Saderward . 1 8 Government in 18oo, rid< G.O., No. 564, dated 11th May 1855. It provides excellent acconnnoilation for all classes and is in good order. 268 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 6b.-~List of No. Road on which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. 25 26 27 28 29 Road No. VII from Palamcot- tah to Travan- core frontier vid Tenkasi. Do. Do. Road No. XII from Tenkasi to Courtallam. Road No. II from Palamcot- tah to Vaipar vid Ootapida- ram. Alankulam in the Ambasa- mudram Taluk, 10 miles west of No. XXIV. Pavur in the Tenkasi Taluk, 8 miles west of No. XXV. Tenkasi Cusha, 6 miles west of No. XXVI. Courtallam in the Tenkasi Taluk, 3 miles west of Tenkasi. Kottur in the Tinnevelly Taluk, 1 mile east of Palam- cottah. Government Choultry. Konari Row's Choultry. Subaraya Chettiar's Choultry. Vengu Mudaliar ofPalamcottah. Local Fund Board of the Shermadevi Circle. Guruvanam Chettiar and Pattapirama Chettiar of Tinnevelly. Chokumpatty Zemindar's Choultry. Government Choultry. Collector Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. A substan- tial brick building. Do. A small brick building. A spacious stone build, ing. A large tiled building. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 269 Chutrams — (Continued). Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. Endowed by the pro- prietor with Rupees 160 per annum from the income of the Gnanamani Ammal ' s Choultry in Palam- cottah. Endowed by the Chock- ampatti Zemindar with Rupees 214 per annum from the in- come of Courtallam Choultry. Has also an income of Rupees 30 from 13 acres of dry land in the village of Kilapavur. Endowed by the pre- sent Government with 117 acres of wet land on cowle tenure in the village of Kunaramanallur, yielding a revenue of Rupees 170 per annum. Endowed by the Chockampatti Zem- indar with Rupees 3,130, the revenues of five villages (i.e.) Vallum, Kunna- gudi, Chillareipu- ravu IMunnadiseri and Sivanadanur. None 1 Waterman. 2 Gardeners. I Sweeper . . 1 Kavalgar . . Saderward . . R8, 3 7 1 A. 8 8 6 1 Brahmin Cook and Waterman. 1 Budra do. 1 Sweeper . . 1 Kavalgar. 1 Cook . . 2 1 Sweeper . . 1 Accountant 3 1 Monigar . 1 Sambirithi. 1 Ukraram . . 1 Brahmin Cook . . 1 Sudra do. 1 Mahomedan Cook . . 2 Sweepers . . 1 Kavalgar . . 1 Cowherd . . 10 5 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 Feeding six Brahmins daily. Do. An average number of 34 men of all classes are daily fed. 1 Waterman. 4 None 1 Gardener . . 3 1 Sweeper . . 2 Saderward . . 2 This choultry was built in 1820, and provides accom- modation for Brahmins and Sudras only. Improve- ments were made in 1872 at a cost of Rupees 486. This choultry was built in 1846 ; it is very much fre- quented by all classes. The building was thoroughly repaired in 1872 at a cost of Rupees 1,172. Abandypetta was added in 1872 with two tiled buildings for the ac- commodation of handymen. It is in very good order. This choultry was built in 1812, and provides accom- modation for Brahmins and Sudras only. The build- ing was put into thorough repair in 1872 at a cost of Rupees 211. It has been well floored and sufli- ciently ventilated. This choultry was built in 1705, and provides accom- modation for all classes. It is in excellent order. The whole building was put into thorough repair in 1 872 at a cost of Rupees 1,912. The Brahmins' and Sudras' cook-rooms, the main hall and the store-house were all floored with stone and sufficiently ventilated. The Valangapnli Vilasan, the Mahomedan's Choultry and the Travellers' Bungalow attached to the choultry were also much improved. This was one of the Nabob's choultries, and came under Government management in 1 805 ; the lands were resumed by G.O., dated 8th May 1851. The building provides accommodation for all classes and is in good order. It was thoroughly repaired in 1868-69 at a cost of Rupees 613. 270 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 65.— List of No. Road on which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. 30 31 32 33 34 Road No. II Sivalaperi in from Palamcot- the Tinnevelly tah to Vaipar Taluk, 6 miles via Ootapida- east of No. ram. XXX Do. Do. Do. Do. Puvany in the Ootapidaram Taluk, 6 miles north-east of No. XXXL Ootapidaram, 15 miles east of No. XXXII. Vedanatam in the Ootapidaram Taluk, 9 miles north-east of No. XXXIII. Vaipar in the Ootapidaram Taluk, 8 miles north-east of No. XXXIV. The Dalavoi Miidaliars of Tinnevelly . A suhstantial stone huild- Pudur Zemin- dar's Choul- try. Arivanaj'agam Pillay's Choultrj'. Vencateswara Josi and Rama- natha Josi of Tinnevelly. Kristna Row Zemindar of Ettiyapuram. Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. A suhstantial terraced building. Do. A fine stone building. An oldbomb- roof build- ing. OF THE TINNEVELIA' DISTRICT. Cliutrams — (Continued). 271 Endowment, if any. EstaV)liphment in 1873. Charity, State of the Buihling in January 1873. Endowed by the Native Government with 112 acres of wet land, 836 acres of di-y land, &c., and by the proprietor with 484 acres of wet and 1,160 acres of dry land, &c., in the \'illages of Arya- kulum, Kaliyugra- manallur, Deiva- chilupnram. Tacha- moli and Attuvali- pannai, yielding a revenue of Rupees 2,614 per annum. Endowed liy the Native ( Joverinn<'iit with the Shrotriem village of Fuvany, yielding a revenue of Rupees 288 and with Rupees 210 from the Sivakasi Chutram. 1 Monigar . . 1 Accountant Cook Do. Sweeper . . Watcher . . Waterman. RS 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 ^lonigar ( 'ui'iiam Cooks Gardener 1 Sweeper 1 Waterman 3 3 3 2 1 Endowed by the 1 Curnam Native Government 1 Supcrinten- ■with an Inam vil- 1 dent lageand with sundry I Cook Inams, ^-ielding a revenue of Rupees 678 per annum. 1 Sweeper Endowed by the Native Government with Dittem and Ivu Inam.s, .«alt re- missions, &c., to the extent of Rupees 209 per annum. 1 Curnam 1 Sweeper Saderward Endowed with 486 1 Curnam . . acres 17 cents of 1 Superinten- dry land and fees dent collected from the 1 Store-keeper ryots of six vani- j 1 Cook thams of the p]ttiya- \ 1 Gardener . . puram Zemindari ; I 1 Sweeper . . the total revenue | amounts to Rupees 554 per annum. 3 12 3 12 Brahmins and Sudras are fed daily ; pilgrims re- ceive batta. Six Brahmins are fed daily. Three Brah- mins are fed daily. Brahmins are fed and pil- grims receive batta. 2 8 None 8 1 This choultry was built in 1699, and provides acconiniodatifin for all classes. 'I'he building was thoroughly repaired and extended in 1872 at a cost of Rupees 1,500. This choultry was built long ago and is nuich frequented by pilgrims to Ramas- warem. It stands on the old road about a mile off the new road. This choultry was biiilt long ago, and provides accommo- dation for Brahmins and Sudras only. This choultry was built in 1827, and provides accom- modation for Brahmins and Sudras only. This choultry is situated in the village about 3 miles from the salt-pans ; was repaired in 1872 at a costof Rupees 200. 272 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 65:^ List of No. 35 Road on which situated. 36 37 38 39 Road No. IV from Palamcot. tah to Koilpa- tam. Do. Do. Do. Do. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. Viziaragava- puram in the Tmnevelly Taluk, 2 miles east of Palam- cottah. Seidanganalliir in the Tinne- velly Taluk, 5 miles east of No. XXXV. Pudukudi in the Tenkarai Taluk, 7 miles east of No. XXXVI. Alwarterunagari in the Tenkarai Taluk, 3 miles east of No. XXXVII. Viziaragava Mudaliar's Choultry. Letchamara Tope in the Tenkarai Taluk, 2 miles east of No. XXXVIII. Sonachellam Pillay's Choultry. Govindappi en' s Choultry. Tirupalkadal- nada Pillay's Choultry. Aroonachella Mudali of Madras. Aroonachellum Pillay. Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. Do. Pungathudiar Pillay, Manager, A large spa- cious build- ing. A small brick building. A brick buUding. A substantial stone build- ing. Do. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 273 Chuframs — (Continued). Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January- 1873. Endowed by the Native Government with 2 Shrotriem villages, i.e., Vizia- ragavapuram and Sivandiarkulam and Cowlepottom lands in Palamcottah and Vittilapuram, yield- ing a revenue of Rupees 1,234 per annum. Endowed by the pro- prietor with lands in the villages of Vitti- lapuram, Covilput and Seidanganallm-, yielding a revenue of Rupees 600 per annum. Endowed by the Native Government with 7 acres of wet land and ready- money Inams in the village of Pudukudi, yielding a revenue of Rupees 78 per annum. 1 Cook 1 Gardener . . Sweeper . Kavalgar . , Maniem . RS. 3 3 3 1 1 Gumastah 1 Peon 1 Cumam . , I Sweeper . Sadf rward . , Endowed by the Native Government with 2 1 3 acres of wet and 559 acres of dry land in the village of Kilpidagei, yield- ing a revenue of Rupees 1,117 per annum. Endowed by the ' 1 Monigar Native Government 1 Waterman with 28 acres of wet | 1 Sweeper . . land and ready- 3 Gardeners money grant in the l \-illages of Tiruka- 1 lur.Seeni lyenl'ulli, KilpidHg''i and Klu- v;innucky, yii Ming a revenue of Rupees 151 per annum. 1 Maniem ..5 1 Pujah-makero 1 Cook . . 4 1 Accountant 6 1 Sweeper . . 2 1 Kavalgar.. 1 1 Superinten- dent and Waterman. 5 1 Gardener . . 3 1 Sweeper . . 2 Saderward . . 2 Twenty Brah- mins are daily fed. Six Brahmins are daily fed. Brahmins are fed daily and conjee is given to poor. Brahmins are fed on every twelfth day after full and new moon. This choultry was built in 1774, and provides accom- modation for Brahmins, Sudi'as and pilgrims. The whole building was thoroughly repaired in 1872 at a cost of Rupees 1,667. This choultry was built in 1847, and provides accom- modation for Brahmins and Rudras. It was put into thorough repair in 1870 at a cost of Rupees 400. This choultry was built long ago and provides accommodation for all classes. A new building was added for the use of pilgrims. The buildings were put into thorough repair in 1870 at a cost of Rupees 4,705. A new bandypettah was al.so added with a thatched building for the use of bandvmen ; but since tiled in 1873-74. This choultry stands in the town and was built in 1718; it provides accommoda- tion for Brahmins, Sudras and pilgrims. The build- ing was thoroughly repair- ed in 1872 at a cost of Rupees 610. It is well floored and sufficiently ventilated. This choultry was built long ago ; it stands by the side of the road and is frequented by Brahmins only. 35 274 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 65. — List of No. Road on which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. 40 41 42 43 Road No. IV from Palamcot- tah to Koilpa- tam. Do. Do. Head No. VI from Talamcottah to Kalladakurichi. 44 Road No. VIII from Tinne- velly to Raja- poliam. 4.5 Do. Manathy in the TenkaraiTaluk, 3 miles east of No. XXXIX. Angamangalam in the Tenkarai Taluk, 1 mile east of No. XL. Kui-umhur in the Tenkarai Taluk, 2 miles east of No. XLI. Shermade^'i in the Ambasamu- diam Taluk, 14 miles from Palamcottah. Alagiapondiapu- ram in the Tinncvelly Taluk, 13 miles noitli of Tinne- velly. Vanikonondal in the Sankara- nainarkuil Taluk, () miles north of No. XLIV. Manathy Choultry. Aneiappa Pil- lay's Choul- try. Minatchinada Pillay of Tendi- ruperi. Kannadien Choultry. Government Choultry. Do. Aneiappa Pillay and Sivaehoka- lingam Pillay of Arupiikotai in Madura Dis- trict. Kumarasamy Mudaliar of Perungulam. Venkataravanap' pien of Sherma' devi. A terraced brick build- ing. A spacious brick build A small stone building. Local Fund Board of the Tinncvelly Circle. Do. Astonebuild- A very fine building. A small tcr. raced brick building. OF THE TINNEVELl.Y DISTRICT. 275 Chutrams — (Continued). Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charitj'. State of the Building in January 1873. RS. A. Endowed by the 1 Cook . . 2 • » This choultry was built long Native Government ago, and pioxides accom- with 6 acres of wet modation fur Brahmins land in the village of and Sudras. Tendiruperi, yield- ing a revenue of Rupees 116 per annum. Endowed by the 1 Monigar . . 5 Brahmins are This choultry was built long Native Government 1 Curnam , . 5 fed daily. ago and provides accom- with 73 acres of wet 1 Cook ..40 modation for Brahmins land, and Poruppu 3 Servants . . 3 8 and Sudras. Some im- Maniem in the vil- 1 Sweeper .,2 provements to the building lage of Tendiruperi, were made in 1872 at a yielding a revenue cost of Rupees 796. of Rupees 1,301 per annum. — Endowed by the 1 Sweeper . . I This choultry was built long Native Government ago and provides accom. with 22 acres of wet modation for Brahmins and 55 acres of dry and Sudras. A building lands in the villages is about to be added for of Angamangalam, low castes ; arrangements Kurumbur and Ala- have been made to have gappapuram, yield- the building put in repair. ing a revenue of Rupees 194 per annum. Endowed by the 1 Cook .. 2 12 Brahmins are This choultry was built long Native Government fed daily. ago and provides accom- with 13 acres 50 modation for Brahmins cents of wet and only ; it forms a portion 3 acres 50 cents of of Appankovil, and is in dry lands and trees good oi'dcr. The building in the village of was repaired in 1872 at a Shermadevi, yield- cost of Rupees 390. The ing a revenue of front and rear of the build- Rupees 679 per ing are floored with brick annum. and are well ventilated. None 1 Waterman 4 None This choultry was built in 1 Gardener.. 3 the year 18.55 and provides 1 Sweeper . . 2 accommodation for all Saderward.. 2 classes ; it is well situated and is in excellent condi- tion. A bandypettah was added in 1873 at a cost of Rupees 300. Do. 1 Waterman 4 Do. This choultry provides 1 Gardener.. 3 accommodation for all 1 Sweeper . . 2 classes. The building was Saderward,. 2 repaired in 1870 at a cost of Rupees 100. In 1872 a building was added for the lower classes at a cost of Rupees 200. 27G APPENDIX TO MANUAL No.. 65. — List of No. Road on which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. 46 47 48 49 50 51 Road No. yill from Tinne- velly toRajam- poliam. Do. Do. Do. Road No. IX from Tinne- velly to Pottal- pudur. Road No. XI from Tenkasi to Madura vid Srivilliputtui'. Panavadali, 4 miles north of No. XLV. Sankaranainar- koil Cusbah, 10 miles north of No. XLVI. Sankaranainar- koil Cusbah, \ mile north of No. XLVII. Sholapuram in the Srivilli- puttur Taluk, 12 miles north of No. XLVIII Suttamalle in the Tinnevelly Taluk, 4 miles west of Tinne- velly. Sivagiri in the Sankaranainar- koil Taluk, 30 miles north of Tenkasi. Government Choultry. Do. Kannadien Choultry. Government Choultry. Uchiparambu Choultrj'. Viswanadaperi Choultry. Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. A brick building. Do. Do. Do. Kolaturaiyen of Suttamalli. Sivagiri Zemin- dar. A long brick building. A small stone building. A substan- tial brick building. A stone building. A large stone building. OF THE TINMEVELLY DISTRICT. 277 Ohutrams — (Continued). Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. None Do. Endowed by the Native Government with 13 acres of wet and 51 acres of dry lands in the ^'illages of Sanka- ranainarkoil, Pe- rumbathu and Ma- hendrdvadi, yield- ing a revenue of Rupees 102 per annum. None . . Endowed bj' the Native Government with lands and trees in the village of Tenpathu, yielding a revenue of Rupees 500 per annum. Endowed by the pro- prietor with 381 acres and 43 cents of land in the vil- lage of Sivagiri, yielding a revenue of Rupees 2,342 per annum. 1 Waterman. 1 Gardener . . 1 Sweeper . . Saderward . . KS. A. 4 3 2 2 1 Waterman. 4 1 Gardener , . 3 1 Sweeper . . 2 Saderward . . 2 iCook 1 Curnam . . 1 Cook 1 Sweeper,. 12 1 Waterman. 5 1 Gardener.. 3 1 Sweeper.. 2 None . . This choultry was built in 1859, and provides accom- modation for all classes it was repaired in 1870 at a cost of Rupees 100. In l-<72 a building was added for the lower classes at a cost of Rupees 200 Do. . . This choultry was built in 1869 at a cost of Rupees 4,760. Vide G.O., No. 147, of 19th January 1869. It provides accommodation for all classes. In 1872 a building for the lower classes was added at a cost of Rupees 300. Six Brahmins This choultry was .built are fed daily, long ago, and pro^^des accommodation for Brah- mins and Sudras only. 1 Monigar. 10 1 Curnam , . 5 1 Cook . . 4 1 Sweeper . . 2 None Five Brahmins are fed daily. Brahmins are fed daily. This choultiy was built in 1868-69, and pro%-ides accommodation for all classes. This choultry was buUt in 1806, and provides accom- modation for Brahmins and Sudras onl}'. It was repaired in 1871 at a cost of Rupees 32. In 1872 separate buildings were added as cook-rooms for Sudras and Vaishnavas at a cost of Rupees 219. This choultry was built in 1764, .—List of No. Road on which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. 68 69 71 72 Miscellaneous .. Do. Do. Do. Srivaikuntham in the Tenkarai Taluk, 5 a mile east of the road. Tendriperi in the Tenkarai Taluk Lader's Choul- try. Thaiyalbaga Mudaliar's Choultry. Trichendur in the Tenkarai Taluk Atur in the Ten- karai Taluk. Do. 73 Do. Trichelur in the Srivilliputtur Taluk. Elayarasanendal, 1st Division, in the Sankara- nainarkoil Taluk. Nallakannu Mudaliar's Choultry. Do. Husseinlebbei's Choultry. Do. Kottei Vellalars of Srivaikun- tham. Thiruvaduthorei Matam. Local Fund Board of the Tinnevelly Circle. Venkatasubbier of Valliyur. Abukkaralebbie and others of Trichelur. Elayarasanendal Kattuguttagei- dar. A small stone building. A stone building. A substan- tial brick building. A substantial building. A stone building. A brick building. OF THE TINNEVELLY mi^^TTHCT. 285 Chutram s — (Continued ) . EndowTnent, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. Endo-wed by the Native Government ■with 5 acres of wet land in Srivaikun- tham, peldinga rev- enue of Rupees 97 per annum, besides a subscription of Rupees 140 paid by the Kottei Vellalars. Endowed by the Native Government with tope Inam in the village of Ten- driperi, j-ielding a revenue of Rupees 116 per annum. Endowed by the Native Government with 5 acres of wet land in the village of Tendriperi, yield- ing a revenue of Rupees 61 per an- num. Endowed by the pro- prietor with 19 acres 44 cents of wet lands in the ^•illage of Morapanad, yielding a revenue of Rupees 100 per annum, besides a deduction of Rupees 160-1-3 per annum. 1 Cumam 1 Sweeper Endowed by the Native Goverament with 3 acres 19 cents of dry lands and 744 palmyras, pelding Rupees 7 per annum, and a ready-money Maniem of Rupees 7-13-0 in the ^'illages of Kol- lankondan and Ma- rimgur. Endowed by the Kat- tuguttageidar with Rs. 19-8-0 monthly. RS. . 1 . 1 Sweeper 4 1 Monigar 1 Sweeper 3 8 1 Lader pilgrims receive batta i in rice. 1 Curnam 1 Cook 1 Sweeper 1 8 3 8 Brahmins are fed daily. This choulti-y is within the mud fort of the Hukdars, and no one is allowed to halt therein. This choultry was built long ago and stands off the road, This choultry was built long ago, and stands 4 miles off the road at a place much frequented by travellers ; it provides accommodation for Brahmins and Sudras. m This choultrj' was built 1850, and provides accom- modation for Brahmins and Sudras only. Mahomedan This choultry was built long fakeers are ago ; is in good condition, fed once a year. Ten Brahmins This choultry was built in are fed dailv. ' 1849. 28G APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 65. — List of Road on which Name of Village. Name of Name of present Description No. situated. Choultry. Proprietor. of Choultry. 74 Miscellaneous .. Nagoji Row- Sivakami Kishnammal in A large stone pulli Village Paradesi Thirumalei of building. in the Tenkasi Choultry. Panpuli. Taluk. 75 Do. Veerakeralam- Do. Uttumalei Zem- A substantial pudur in the indar. building. Tenkasi Taluk. 76 Do. Kurukuthurei Suhharaya Guruvannam A substan- in the Tinne- Chetty' s Chetty and tial stone velly Taluk. Choultry. Pattabiramen Chetty of Tin- nevelly. building. 77 Do Sikinarasayan- Sankarajipan- Krisna Row of A stone gramam in the dithar's Tinnevelly. building. Tinnevellv Choultry. Taluk. 78 Do. Melmadei in the Sivaparankun- Anguyar Kanni- A large brick Ootapidaram drum Choul- anni of Srivai- building. Taluk. try. kuntham. , OF THE TTNNEVELLY DISTRICT. 287 Clmtrams — (Continued) . Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. RS. A. Endowed by the pro- 1 Brahmin This choultry was built in prietor with 16 acres Cook ,. 5 1850, and provides accom- 51 cents of wet and 1 Curnam . . 2 8 modation for Brahmins 11 acres 60 cents of 1 Sweeper . . 1 8 and Sudras. dry lands in the vil- 1 Waterman 1 4 lage of Vadakarei, 1 Cowherd . . 2 8 Nagoji RowpuUi Contingency. 2 4 and Kodikiirichi, and by the Travan- core Government with 56 acres 47 cents of wet land in the villages of Aya- gudi and Puliyarei in the Tra van core territory. Total in- come amounts to Rupees 548 per an- nimi. Endowed by the Zem- 1 Monigar. Brahmins who This choultry was built in indar with an allow- I Curnam. halt are fed. 1794, and provides accom- ance of Rupees 1,750 2 Cooks. modation for Brahmins per annum. 2 Gardeners. 1 Sweeper. and Sudras only. Endowed by the 1 Amin . . 15 Twelve Brah- Do. do. Native Government 1 Dy. do. . . 5 4 mins are fed with two Shrotriem 1 Curnam . . 4 daily. villages, i.e., Sedu- 1 Cook . . 5 4 rayaputtur and Ali- 1 Sweeper.. 1 4 gudi, yielding a revenue of Rupees 905 per annum. Endowed by the 2 Cooks . . 2 8 Four Brahmins This choultry was built in Native Government' 1 Sweeper .. 8 are fed daily. 1785, and provides accom- with 29 acres of modation for Brahmins and wet land in the vil- Sudras only. lages of Pattapattu, Veeraragavapuram, and Sikinarasayan- gramam, jdelding a revenue of Rupees 98 per annum. Endowed by the 1 Monigar . . 3 Pilgrims and This choultry was built in Nativ(> Govemmcnt 1 Store-keeper 2 8 Brahmins 1751, and provides accom- with the villages of j 2 Cooks . . 5 4 who halt are modation for Brahmins and Kattuguttagei, Ve- 1 Gardener . . 2 8 fed. Sudras only. dapatti and Kallu- 1 Sweeper , . 1 ranee in Tinne- 1 Kavalgar . . 3 velly and ]Mudaliar- pudukulam in Madura District, besides other sundry Inams yield- ing a, revenue of Rupees 1,637 per annum. 288 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 65.— Lid of No. Road on which situated. Name of Village. Name of Choultry. Name of present Proprietor. Description of Choultry. 79 80 81 82 83 Miscellaneous . ■ Do. Do. Do. Do. Melmadei in the Ootapidaram Taluk. Do. Vencataramasa- mudram in the Kadambur Zemindari, in the Ootapida- ram Taluk. Panagudi in the Nanguneri Taluk. 3 miles west of Ettiyapuram in the Ootapida- ram Taluk. Kallurani Choultry. Kristnapien'g Choultry. Ammah Choul- try. Angaj-ar Kanni- anni of Srivai- kimtham. A small brick building. Melmandei Zem- indar. Sundra Bahi Ammal. Kristnapien of Combaconum. Ettiyapuram Zemindar. Do. A small stone build- ing. A small terraced building. A substan- tial stone building. OF THE TINNEVELT.Y DISTRICT. 289 Ghutrams — (Continued). Endowment, if any. Establishment in 1873. Charity. State of the Building in January 1873. RS. A. • Endowed by the 1 Monigar . . 3 Three Brahmins This choultry was built in Native Government 1 Cook . . 2 8 are fed daily. 1751, and provides accom- with the villages of 1 Sweeper ..112 modation for Brahmins Kattuguttagei, Ve- 1 Gardener.. 1 12 and Sudras only. dapatti and Kallu- 1 Curnum . . 3 8 ranee in Tinnevelly 1 Store-kceper3 and Mudaliarpu- dukulam in Madura District, besides other sundry Inams, yielding a revenue of Rupees 1,637 per annum. Endowed by the 1 Pujah- * i . • Native Government maker . . 3 with 8 acres 13 cents 1 Sweeper . . 1 of wet and 44 acres 1 Waterman. 4 53 cents of diy lands and Dittamaniem, yielding Rupees 100 per annum. Endowed by the I Curnam ..3 8 Four Brahmins This choultry was built in Native Government 1 Cook . . 2 8 are fed daily. 1738, and provides accom- with 13 shares, con- 1 Garden er..l 12 J modation for Brahmins sisting of 16 acres 1 Sweeper . . 1 o and Sudras only. of wet and 265 acres of dry land in Ven- catarama sam udram , a Shrotriem village. and 65 acres of dry land in the village of Kadam- bm-, yielding a revenue of Rupees 197 per annum. Endowed by the pro- 1 Waterman. 12 ! None This choultry was built in prietor with a tope 1835. in the village of Panagudi, yielding a revenue of Rupees 10 per annum. RS. A. p. Endowed \>y the 1 Store- Brahmins who This choultry was built in Zemindar with 4 keeper ..320 halt are fed 181 3, and provides accom- villages, i.e., Uttu- 1 Cumam.. 3 2 and conjee- modation for all classes. patti, Kavundun- 1 Pujah- i water is patti, Kumarapu- maker.. 3 2 given to the ram and Minakshi- 2 Cooks ..640 poor. puram, j-ielding a 1 Sweeper.. 1 8 revenue of Rupees 2 Gardeners. 3 2 1,535 per annum. 37 O /Ui^7*J^t LH^ 290 APPENDIX TO MANUAL No. 66. — List of Trees and Plants growing in the Tinnevelly District. (By Col. E. Beddome.) Clematis smilacifolia, Wall. „ Gouriana, lioxb. Ranxjnculace^. Naravelia Zeylanica, D. C. Thalictrum Javanicum, Bl. Tetracera laevis, Vahl. Acrotrema Ai-nottianum, Wight. DiLLEXIACE*. Dillenia bracteata, Wight. „ pentagyna, Eoxb. Michelia champaca, L. Magnoliaceje. I Michelia Nilagirica, Zenlc. Anonace^. Uvaria narum, Wall. ,, Zeylanica, Z. Cyathocalj^ Zeylanicus, Champ. Artabotrys Zej'lanicus, M. et T. Uvaria pannosa, Dal. ,, Lawii, TI. et T. ,, viridiflora, Bedd. Polyalthia longifolia, Wall. coft'eoides, Benth ^- H. fragrans, Lai. cerasoides, Boxh. korinti, Bunal. Buberosa, Boxb. persicsefolia, Benth. ^ Hook. Popowia Beddomeana, H. et T. Goniothalamus Thwaitesii, H. et T. GoniothalamusWynadensis, Bedd. „ Wightii, IT. et T. Mitrephora Hejmeana, Wall. ,, grandiflora, Bedd. Anona squamosa, L. Xylopia parvifolia, ff. et T. Itliliusa Indica, Lesch. ,, Wightiana, H. et T. Saccopetalum tomentosum, Boxb, Alphonsea lutea, Boxb. ,, Zeylanica, IT. et T. Oropbea uniflora, H. et T. ,, Thomsoni, Bedd. ,, erythrocarpa, Bedd. Bocagea Dalzellii, Bedd. Tinospora cordifolia, D. C Anamirta Cocculus, Z. Tiliacora racemosa, Coleb. Cocculus viUosus, D. C. ,, laurifolius, D. C. Menispermace^. Stephania hemandifolia, Willd. ,, rotunda, Lour. Cissampelos Pareira, L. Cyclea Bui-manni, I). C, ,, peltata, D. C. Nymphsea lotus, L. ,, etellata, Willd. Nymph;eace;e. I Nelumbiura speciosum, Willd. Capparide^. Cleome monopbylla, Z. ,, viscosa, Z. Niebubria linearis, D. C. Gynandropsis pentaphylla, D. C. Cratseva religiosa, Forst. Cadaba Indica, Zaw. ,, trifoliata, W. et A. Capparis Heyneana, Wall. Capparis divaricata, Zam. aphylla, Botb. diversifolia, W. et A. Eoxburghii, i), C. grandis, Z. parviflora, H. et T. sepiaria, Z. tenera, Dal. lonidium sp. YiOLACEjE. I Alsodeia Zeylanica, Thw. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 291 Cochlospermum gossypium, B. €. Scolopia crenata, W. et A. Flacourtia sp. B1XINE.E. Flacourtia sp. Hydnocarpus Wightiana, BU „ Alpina, Wight. PlTTOSPORE.*;. Pittosporum tetraspermum, W. cl A. PoLYGALBiE. Polygala arillata, Earn. ,, Javana, L. C. ,, persicarite folia, 2). C ,, elongata, Klein, Polygala Chinensis, L. „ rosmarinifolia, W. et A, „ telephioides, Willd. Xanthophyllum flavescens, Roxh. GUTTIFEE^. Garcinia Cambogia, Besr. ,, Morella, Besr. ,, Wightii, Anders. „ Travamcorica, Bedd, „ n. sp. „ ovalifolius, lioxh. ,, echinocarpa, T/iw. Calophyllura inophyllum, Z. Calophyllum tomcntosum, Wight, ,, Wightianum, Wall. Mesua Coromandelina, Wight. ,, speciosa, Choisy. „ sp. Pseciloneui'on Indicum, Bedd. ,, pauciflorum, Bedd. Temstrcemia Japonica, Thunb, Eurya Japonica, Thunb. TEKNSTR(EMIACE.ffi. Gordonia obtusa. Wall. DlPTEROCARPE^. Dipterocai-pus turbinatus ? Ancistrocladus Heyneanus, Wall. Vatica Roxburghiana, Bl. Hopea parviflora, Bedd. ,, sp. ,, Wightiana, Wall. Hopea glabra, W. et A. ,, Malabarica, Bedd. Balanocarpus utilis, Bedd. ,, erosa, Bedd. Vateria Indica, L. MALVACE^aS. Si da, several sp., herbs. Abutilon, 2 or 3 sp., herbs. Urena, 2 or 3 sp., herbs. Pavonia Zeylanica. Decaschistia crotonifolia, W. et A. Hibiscus, several sp., herbs and small shrubs. Thespesia Lampas, B. C. ,, populnca, Z. Kydia calycina, Roxb. Bombax Malabaricum, D. C. Eriodendron anfractuosum, D. C. Cullenia excelsa, Wight. StERCX'LIACE^. Sterculia fcetida, L. ,, urens, Roxb. ,, \-illosa, Roxb. ,, guttata, Roxb. ,, Balanghas, L. ,, colorata, Roxb. ,, alata, Roxb. ,, populifolia, Roxb. Hcriticra papilio, Bedd. Hclictercs isora, L. Pterospermum suberifoliura. Lam. ,, rubiginosum, Heyne. ,, HojTieanum, Wall. ,, obtusifolium, Wight. ,, acL'rifolium, Willd. ErioL-pna Hookeriana, W. et A. Molochia corchorifolia, Z. (Tuazuma tomentosa, Kunth. Leptonychia moacurroides, Bedd. 292 APPENDIX TO MANUAL TiLIACEjE. Grewia tilisefolia, Vahl. Grewia polygama, Roxb. columnaris, Sm. ,, micrococos, L. emarginata, W. et A. Triumfetta, 2 or 3 sp., small herbs Orientalis, L. Corchorus, several sp. ealvifolia, Heyne. Elaeocarpus cuneatus, Wight. Asiatica, L. ,, oblongus, Geertn. pilosa, Lam. ,, amtenus, Thw. villosa, Willd. ,, tuberculatus, Ro.vb. IfBvigata, Vahl. '* ,, venustus, Hedd abutilifoKa, Juss. ,, Munronii, IFight. hirsuta, Vahl. Eeinwardtia trigyna, Tlanch. Hugonia mystax, L. LiNE.E. Erythroxylon monogynum, Roxh. ,, lanceolatum, Wight. Hiptage madablota, Geertn. Malpiohiace^. I Hiptage parvifolia, W. and A. Gekaniace^. Oxalis eorniculata, L. Biopbytum polyphyllum, Munro. ,, sensitiviim, D. C. Averrhoa bilimbi, L. ,, carambola, Z. Impatiens, n. sp., var. Beddomei. ,, modesta, Wight. ,, acaulis, Am. ,, rivalis, Wight. ,, Cbinensis, Z. ,, Kleinii, W. et A. ,, ligulata, Bedd. ,, tomentosa, Heyne. ,, latifolia, Z. ,, Lescbenaultii, Wall. ,, vei-ticellata, Wight. Impatiens Goughii, Wight. ,, balsamina, Z. ,, dasysperma, Wight. ,, flaccida, Arnt. ,, fruticosa, D. C. ,, auriculata, Wight. ,, viridiflora, Wight. ,, umbellata, Heyne. ,, cordata, Wight. ,, grandis, Heyne. ,, campanulata, Wight. ,, Travancorica, Redd. ,, uncinata, Wight. ,, maculata, Wight. ,, Wightiana, Bedd. Eutace.*:. Evodia Roxburghiana, Benth. Zanthopbyllum ovalifolium, Wight. Toddalia aciileata, Pers. ,, bilocularis, W. ^ A. Acronychia laurifolia, Bl. Glj'cosmis pentapbylla, Corr. Murraya exotica, Z. ,, Koenigii, Spr. Clausena Indica, Oliv. Clausena Willdenowii, W. i- A. Limonia acidissima, Z. Paramignya monophylla, Wight. ,, armata, Thw. Atalantia racemosa, W. S; A. ,, Ceylanica, Oliv. Feronia elepbantum, Corr. M^\q marmelos, Coir. Ailanthus excelsa, Eoxb. Simarube.s;. I Ailanthus Malabarica, B.C. Ocbna squarrosa, Z. ,, Wightiana, Wall, OcHNACEjE. I Gomphia angustifolia, Vahl. Garuga pinnata, Roxb. Balsamodondron Bprryi, Arnt, Protium caudatiim, W. ^- A. Bukserace^. Canarium strictum, Ro.rb. Filiceum decipicns, W. S; A, OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 293 WeLIACEjE. Naregamia alata, W. ^- A. Munronia Wallichii, Wight. Melia Azadirachta, L. ,, Azedarach, L. ,, dubia, Cw. Cipadessa fruticosa, Bl. Dysoxylam bineetariferum, Roxb. ,, Malabaricum, Bedd. „ Beddomei, Hiern. Aglaia Eoxburghiana, W. 6/ A. Agiaia minutiflora, Bedd. „ sp. Lansium Anamallayanum, Bedd. Amoora Ruhituka, Roxb. Walsura piscidia, Roxb. Heynoa trijuga, Rojcb. Beddomea ludica, Hook. Chikvassia tabularis, Jhss. Cedrela Tuona, Roxb. Chloroxylon swiuteuia, I). C. Chailletiace^. Chailettia gelonioides, Hook. Olacineje. Olax scandens, Roirb. „ Wightiana, WaU. Erythropalum populifolium, Ar/it. Rtrombosia Ceylanica, Gard. Cansjera Rheedii, Gard. Opilia amentacea, Roxb. Gomphandra axillaris, Wall. „ polymorpha, Wif/ht. Apodytea Beddomei, Maat. Mappia fa>tida, Wiyht. Sarcostigma Kleinii, W. S; A. Celastrine.'e. Euonymiis Indicus, Heyne. ,, dichotomus, Heyne. ,, angulatus, Wight. Microtopis ovalifolia, Wight. ,, latifolia, Wight. Lophopetalum Wightianum, Arnt. Pleuro&tylia Wightii, W. ^ A. Celastrus paniculatus, Willd. Zizyphus jujuba, Lam. ,, nummularia, II'. if A. ,, u^noplia, I). 0. ,, xylopyrus, Wilhi. Gymnosporia Wallichiana, Spr. ,, emarginata, Roth. Kurrimia paniculata, Wall. Elseodendron glaucum, Pers. Hippocratea Amottiana, Wight. ,, Indica, Willd. Salacia reticulata, Wight. ,, macrosperma, Wight. Rhamne.£. Zizyphus rugosa, Zani. Scutia Indica, Bro»gn. Sageretia oppositifolia , Brongn. Gouania microcarpa, JD. C. Ampelide^e. Vitis, many spficics, climbing plants. Leea macrophylla, Roxb. Leea sambucina, Willd. SAPINDACE.S;. Cardiospennum canescens, Wall. ,, Halicacabum, L. Hemigyrosa deficiens, W. ^ A. Erioglossa edule, Bl. Allophyllus Cobbe, Bl. Schleichera trijuga, Willd. Nephelium Longana, Camb. ,, stipulaceum, Bedd. HarpuUia cupanioides, Roxb. Dodoncea viscosa, L. Tuipiiiia pomifera, L. C. Meliosma Wightii, Plai ch. ,, simplicil'olia, R/xb. Saliace^. I Meliosma Amottiana, Wight. Mangifora Indica, L. Gluta Travancorica, Bedd. Buchanania latifolia, Roxb. Anacaudiace.I!;. Buchanania angustifolia, Eoxb. Solonocarpus Indica, W. et A, Odina Wodier, Roxb, 294 APPENDIX TO MANUAL Semecarpus Travancorica, Bcdd. ,, auriculata, Bedd. Holigarna Arnottiana, Hook. ,, Grahamii, Wight. Nothopegia Colebrookiana, Bl. Nothopegia Travancorica, Bedd. ,, aureo-fulva, Bedd. Spondias mangifera, WiUd. „ acuminata, Roxb. Eourea santaloides, W. et A. CONNABACE.E. I Connarus monocarpiis, L. Legdminos^. Crotalaria, many herbaceous and shrubby- species. Indigofera, do. do. Millettia rubiginosa, W. et A. Mundulea suberosa, Benth. Tephrosia tinctoria, Bers. ,, purpurea, Fers. Zomia diphylla, Pe?-s. Smithia, several species, small herbs. Alysicarpus, do. Ougeinia dalbergioides, Benth. Desmodium, several sp., small herbs or shrubs. Abrus precatorius, L. Shuteria vestita, W. et A. Mucuna monosperma, D. C. Erythrina Indica, Lam. ,, stricta, Roxb. Butea frondosa, Boxb. Pueraria tuLerosa, D. C. Phaseolus, several sp., twining herbs. Vigna Wightii, Benth. Atylosia lineata, W. Et A. ,, albicans, Benth. Dunbaria ferruginea, W. et A. Rhynchosia, several sp., twining herbs. Flemingia congesta, Roxb. ,, involucrata, Benth. Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb. ,, tamarindifolia, Roxb. ,, paniculata, Roxb. Pterocarpus marsupium, Boxb. Pongamia glabra. Vent. DeiTis scandens, Benth. „ sp. „ sp. Sophora heptaphylla, L. Ormosia Travancorica, Bedd. CsBsalpinia sappan, L, Csesalpinia mimosoides, Lam. Mezoneuron cucullatum, L. et A. Peterolobium lacerans, Ban. Cassia florida, Vahl. „ Iloxburghii, B. C „ fistula, L. ,, alata, Roxb. ,, auriculata, L. Poinciana elata, L. Cynometra ramiflora, L. ,, Travancorica, Bedd. Hardwickia pinnata, Roxb. Tamarindus Indica, L. Humboldtia unijuga, Bedd. " ^'1 trees in Ayencoil forests. Bauhinia racemosa, Lam. ,, Malabarica, Roxb. Xylia dolabrifonnis, Benth. Entada scandens, D. C. Prosopis spicigera, L. Dichi'ostachys cinerea, D. C. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Wight. Acacia Ai-abica, Willd. „ catechu, Willd. ,, sundra, Roxb. „ planifrons, W. et A. ,, concuma, I). C, ,, Intsia, Willd. ,, pennata, Willd. Albizzia Lebbek, Willd. ,, odoratissima, Willd. ,, stipulata, D. C. ,, aniara, Willd. ,, procera, Willd. Inga cynometroides, Bedd. Pithecolobium Anamallayanum, Bedd. ,, bigeminum, Willd. Parinarium Travancoricum, Bedd. Pygeum Ceylanicum, Bl. EoSACEiE. Rubus mobiccanus, Z. „ ellipticus, Sm. Carallia integerrima, D. 0. Ehizophorace^. 1 Weihea Zoylanica, Gard. Terminalia tomentosa, Roxb. „ paniculata, Roxb. „ arjuna, Roxb. „ Belerioa, Roxb. COMBRETACE^. Terminalia Catappa, Willd. ,, chebula, Retz. Anogeissus latifolia, Roxb. Gyrocarpus Jacquini, Roxb. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 295 Mybtace.e. Eugenia jambolana, L. nervosa, B.C. Gardneri, Thw. Beddomei, Ditthie. rubicunda, W. et A. Zeylanica, Wight. lanceolata, Wight. Iwta, Ham. Munronii, Wight. aquea, Humph. heniispha'rica, Wight. Eugenia floccosa, Bedd. ,, bracteata, Eoxb. „ Willdenovii, D. G. ,, Rottloriana, W. et A. ,, microphylla, Bedd. ,, Mooniana, Wight. ,, Calcadonsis, Bedd. ,, cunoata, Hegne. ,, yingampattiana, Bedd. Barringtonia racemosa, Roxb. Careya arbor ea, Roxb. Melastomaceje. Memecylon capitellatum, L. ,, angustifolium, Wight. „ jainbosoides, JFight. ,, gracile, Bedd. Melastoma Malabathricuin. Osbeckia, 2 or 3 sp., small shrubs. Sonerila Travancorica, Bedd. ,, rotundifolia, Bedd. ,, Arnottiana, T/( if. and several other species. Medinilla Malabarica, Bedd. ,, radicans, I)o)i. Woodfordia tomentosa, Roxb. Pemphis acidula, Forst. Lythrarieje. I Lagerstroemia reginse, Roxb. microcai'pa, Wight. Casearia tomentosa, Roxb. ,, varians, Thw. ,, WjTiadensis, Bedd. Samydace^. Homalium Ceylanicum, Gard. ,, Travancoricum, Bedd. DaTISCEjE. Tetrameles nudiflora, R. Br. CUCURBITACE^. Numerous creeping herbs. Begonia floccifera, Bedd. ,, Grahamiana, Wight. ,, n. sp., Ayencoil Pass. Begoniacbje. Begonia subpeltata, Wight. ,, Arnottiana, li'ight. ,, Lindleyana, Wight. Umbellifera. A few herbaceous plants. ArALIACEvE. Aralia Malabarica, Bedd. Heptapleuriun Wallichianum, W. ^- A. ,, capitatum, /F". i- A. Hcptaplcurum obovatum, Wight. „ sp. Alangimn decapetalum, Lain. CoRKACEjE. I Mastixia arborca, Wight. CArRIFOLIACE^. Vibunxum hcbanthum, W. i A. \ Viburnum punctatum, Earn. 296 APPENDIX TO MANUAL RUBIACEJE. Adina cordifolia, Roxb. Stephegyne parvifolia, Roxb. Hymenodictyon obovatum.. Wall. Wendlandia Notoniana, Wall. Hedyotis albo-nervia, Redd. ,, viscida, Redd. „ purpurea, Redd. „ Travancorica, Redd. ,, aspera, Heijiie. ,, Heynii, Rr. „ glabella, Rr. Mussfenda frondosa, Z. Argosterama, 2 sp., small herbs. Neurocalyx, 2 sp. Acranthera grandiflora. Redd. Randia dumetorum, Lam. ,, ubiginosa, Roxb. „ Gardner! , Thw. ,, speciosa. Redd. Webera Asiatica, L. Gardenia lucida, Roxb. ,, latifolia, Anit. Byrsophyllum Atetrandum, Redd. Diplospora sphoerocarpa, Daly. Knoxia, 1 or 2 sp., small herbs. Canthium didymum, Gcertn. ,, Rheedii, D. G. ,, Neilgherrense, Wight. ,, Ti'avancoi-icum Redd. Ixora parviflora, Vahl. ,, barbata, Roxb. ,, coccinea, L. ,, nigricans, Rr. „ sp. Pavetta Indica, Z. ,, tomentosa, Koxb. ,, siphonantha, Daly. „ sp. Coffea Benghalensis, Roxb. Morinda citrifolia, Z. ,, umbellata, Z. " ?P- Psychotria, several species, shrubs. Lasianthus obovatus, Bedd. ,, oblongifolia, Redd. dichotomus, Wight. Blumianus, Wight. rostratus, Wight. parvifolius, T^i^r/j^. Chasalia curviflora. Saprosma, n. sp. ,, Wightii, Gardn. ,, glomerata, Gardn. ,, corymbosa, Redd. Spermacoce hispida, Z. Octotropis Travancorica, Redd. Rubia cordifolia, Z. Galium asperifolium, Wall. Composite. Vernonia volkameriaafolia, B.C., is the only tree in this order, but it is represented by numerous herbs and small shrubs. Campanulace^. Lobelia, 2 or 3 sp., herbs. Vaccinium Leschenaultii, Wight. Vacciniace^e. I Vaccinium Neilgherrense, Wight. Plvmbagine.^. Plumbago Zeylanica, L. Anagallis arvensis, Z. Primulace^. I Centunculus tenellus, B. C. Myrsineje. Moesa Indica, D. C. Myrsine capitellata. Wall. Embelia ribes, Burm. „ sp. ,, sp. Ardisia humilia, Vahl. Ardisia paniculata, Roxb. ,, pauciflora, Heyne. ,, rhomboidea, Wight. ,, elUptica, Thiinb. Antistrophe serratifolia, Redd,. SAP0TACE.ffi. Chrysophyllum Roxburghii, Don. Sideroxylon elcngioides, JD. C. Isonandra Wightiana, D. C. Dichopsis elliptica, Baly. , , new sp. Bassia latifolia, Z. ,, longifolia, L. Mimusops Roxburghiana, Wights ,, elengi, Willd. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 297 Eu-ENACEjK. Miiba biixifolia, Eoxb. Diospyros ebenum, Ee/z. „ buxifolia, BL ,, foliolosa, Wall. ,, sylvatica, Roxb. ,, embryopteris, Pers. ,, cordifoUa, Roxb. Diospyros montana, Roxb. ,, ovalifolia, Wight. ,, Toposia, Ham. nigricans, Dale. pruriens, Dulz, ramiflora, Roxh. I) Symplocos Gardneriana, Wight. ,, spicata, Roxb. „ monantha, Wight. Styrace^. Symplocos oligandra, Bedd. ,, pendula, Wight. Oleace^. Jasminum, several sp., twining shrubs. Nyctanthes arbortristis, L. Lonocicra Malabarica, Wall. Lonociera Coiirtallensis, Bedd. „ sp. (Olea lonocicroidcs, Wight). Ligustrum robiistum, Ro,vb. Ophioxylon densiflorum, Wall. ,, scrpentinum, Willd. Carissa carandas, L. ,, n. sp. Hunteria Zcylanica, Retz. Ellertonia Rheedii, Wight. Alstonia scholaris, R. Br. ,, venenata, R. Br. Tabernamontana dichotoma, Roxb. SALVADORACEiE. Salvadora, sp. Apocyne^. Tabernamontana crispa, Roxb. „ verticellata, Bedd. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. Parsonsia Rheedii, Wight. Wrightoa tinctoria, R. Br. „ Wallichii, D. C. Ichnocarpus frutesccns, R. Br. ,, elegans, Don. Anodendron paniculatum, I). C. ASCLEPIADACE^. This order is represented by many small twining plants and herbs. Strychnos nux-vomica, Willd. potatorum, L. colubrina, L. » » sp. cinnamonifolia, Thw. L0GANIACE.E. Fagrea Coromandelina, Wight. „ obovata. Wall. Gardneria ovata, Wall. Mitreola Oldenlandioides, Wall. Exacum Travancoricum, Bedd. ,, Courtallense, Arnt. „ bicolor, Roxb. GeNTIANEjE. Exacum atropurcum, Btdd. Canscora perfoliata, Lam. Swertia elegans, Wight. Cordia myxa, L. „ octandra, D. C. ,, monoica, Roxb. ',, Rothii, Koe^i and Sch. ,, fulvosa, Wight. Ehrotia lavis, Ro.vb. ,, aspcra, Roxb. BoRAGINEjE. Ehretia ovalifolia, Wight. Wightiana, Wall. ,, buxifolia, Roxb. Rhabdia viminca, Dalz. Coldcnia procumbcns. Trichodesma Indicum, Dr. CoNVOLVVLACiEA. Numerous twining plants. 38 298 APPENDIX TO MANUAL SoLANACE.«. yolaniiin, 4 or 5 shrubs and litres. ScROPHULARIACE.i;. A few small herbs. O ROBANCHACE^, 3 or 4 leafless herbs. LeNTIBULARIEvE. TJtriciUaria, several sp., minute herbs. JEschynanthus Perottetii, I). C. Isanthera permoUis, Ntes. Epithema Zeylanica, Gard. Klugia Notoniana, D. C. Didymocarpus repens, Bvdd. Gesnerace-«. Didymocarpus membranacea, Bedd, „ Rottleriana, IVall. „ lyrata, irit/ht. „ ovalifolia, IV'tght. Millingtonia hortensis, L. Dolichandione crispa, Wall. „ Kheedii, jrall. Stereospermum xylocarpum, Itorb. BlGNONIACE^. Stereospei'mum suaveolens, D. C. Panjanelia Kheedii, Wiyht. Oroxylum Indicum, Vent. Acanthace^. This order is well represented by numerous shrubs and herbs, chiefly of the genera Strohiliintlics and Burhria. Biotacantlais yraiidis and alhipora (Bedd.) aie two very fine shrubs only lately discovered and named, though very abundant ; and Asyatasia Travancorlca (Bedd.) is a fine new plant abundant in beds of rivers. Verbenace.^. Callicarpa lanata, L. Tectona gi'andis, L. Gmelina arborea, Roxb. Vitex pubescens, Vahl. „ leucoxvlon, Linn. ,, negundo, L. ,, altissima, L . Clerodeudron infortunatum, L. Clerodendi'on serratum, Spr. Premna tomentosa, Ji'il/d. „ latifolia, Roxb. cordifolia, Roxb. glaberriiiia, iright, Wightiana, Sch. herbacoa, B. V. Labiate.^. Numerous plants of this order, chiefl}- small heibs, Chenopodiace^. A few herbaceous plants. Amarantace^. A few herbaceous plants. POLYGONACEJE. A few herbaceous plants. OF THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT. 299 Xyctagine^. Pisonia aciileatH, Z. Mvristica laiuifolia, H. et T. uiujjnifica, Bvdd. Myristicejk. I Myiistica corticosa, Lour. Proteace;e. Helicia roT)Usta, Ww//. Lasiosiphon criocophalus. Dine. THYMELv^EACEiK. I Cansjeia Rhccdii, Onnl. Laikine.'e. Machilus macrantha, Kees. rhojbe lanceolata, Xccs. Cinnamonuim Zeylanicuni, Brcgn. Alseodaphne semicarpifolia, Nees, Haasia Wightii, Nees. Apolloniaa Arnottii, Xees. Cryptocarya Wight iana, Thu\ Tetranthera tomontosa, Nees. ,, laurifolia, Nees. ,, ligustrina, Nees. ,, Panainanja, Nees. ,, glauca. Nees. Actinodaphne angustifolia, Nees. Litsoea Zeylanica, Nees. ELffiAONACE-T:. Elceagmis latit'oliH, /,. Santai.ace.k. Osyiis arliorca, W"//. Sai.icack.i-;. Salix tctiaspenna, I'o.ih. ElPHOlJKTACF^;. Saiiropua albicans, M'lll. sp. Aotephila excelsa, Bah. Phyllanthus cmhlica, Poir. ,, longipes, Mull. ,, peltandra, Mxl/. reticiilatus, Mi