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 MANUAL 
 
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 iiiiiiiiii' 
 
 JOHN TRILLECK. BISHOP, U'....). 
 
 HKBKFOP.n CATHEnBAJ^.
 
 CM 
 
 A 
 
 MANUAL 
 
 OF 
 
 wiittmcntal %x}issts: 
 
 COMPRISING AN 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THESE MEMORIALS 
 
 AXD 
 
 A LIST OF THOSE EEMAKING H THE BEITISH ISIES. 
 Mii^ Cteo '^mibub Illustrations. 
 
 BY THE 
 
 EEV. HERBERT HAINES, M.A., 
 
 OF EXETEB COLLEGE, OXEOED ; SECOND MASTER OF THE COLLEGE SCHOOL, 
 AND CHAPLAIN OF THE COf NTY ASYLTJIT, GLOUCESTER. 
 
 " . . . . EXPHESSI VTJLTt'S PEE AHENEA SIGNA, 
 .... MORES AKIMIQVE VIRORTJM 
 CLAUOETJM APPARENT." — HOHAT. EPIST. ii. 1. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 J. H. AND J A s. PARKER. 
 
 1861. 
 
 {Wiili t^t Sanction of lljf ©jffotb girt^ilettnral Sotirtn.) 
 
 t * 
 
 I > » 
 
 a » " * .'•*•' » • • ■• ' »
 
 MB 
 
 k 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ^ 
 '^ 
 
 ^ * 
 
 Y Although several complete accounts have recently been published 
 of various branches of mediaeval archaeology in England, no work 
 has appeared which has attempted to give a full description of our 
 Monumental Brasses. And yet they seem to deserve the especial 
 
 \ attention of the antiquary, not only from their intrinsic interest, but 
 
 \^ also as forming a class of monuments now almost peculiar to this 
 country. The volumes of Gougli, Waller, Manning, Boutell, the 
 
 (;J Cambridge Camden and Oxford Architectural Societies, the illustra- 
 
 ^ tions of brasses of particular counties by Pisher, Cotman, Hudson, 
 ^ Kite, and the Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society, although several 
 of them are of a very elaborate character, have made known but 
 V a portion only of these memorials. In the following pages it has 
 
 \j been the object of the writer to remedy in some degree this de- 
 ficiency. It consists of two parts, — an Introduction to the study 
 of Monumental Brasses, and a List of examples remaining in the 
 British Isles, — each part benig designed mutually to illustrate the 
 other, and the whole to form as complete a history, as could be 
 given in a moderate compass, of the monumental brasses of our 
 country. 
 
 The former part is based on the Introduction written by the 
 author for the " Manual for the Study of Monumental Brasses, and 
 Descriptive Catalogue of Rubbings,^' issued about twelve years ago 
 by the Oxford Architectural Society. This Introduction has been 
 
 s 
 
 oJi4G13
 
 VI PIlEFACli. 
 
 revised and enlarged throughout, especially in the notes, and a con- 
 siderable portion of it entirely re-written. Very numerous additional 
 engravings by Mr. R. B. Uttiiig have been inserted, and lists of 
 brasses have been introduced to assist archaeologists in forming 
 selections of such rubbings as will throw light upon the various 
 costumes or other peculiarities illustrative of the history of our 
 ancestors. Ownng to these additions, the amount of letter-press 
 has been doubled, and the number of illustrations increased nearly 
 fourfold. 
 
 In the List, or second part of the work, the compiler has en- 
 deavoured to give as accurate and comprehensive an account as 
 possible of the present state of the Monumental Brasses of our 
 country. He has therefore himself examined such rubbings of 
 brasses as his own and his friends' collections contain, and distin- 
 guished the descriptions of these from those of others, (about one- 
 sixth of the entire number,) the accuracy of which he has been 
 unable to verify from actual observation. Various authorities both 
 printed and in manuscript have also been consulted. In order to 
 render this part of the volume serviceable to the genealogist and 
 antiquary, an analysis of the various inscriptions on brasses has 
 been given, and notices of many brasses consisting of inscriptions 
 only, inserted. Although many, if not most, of these epitaphs and 
 descriptions of the brasses may be found at length in the county 
 histories, and other topographical works, yet their reproduction in 
 an abbreviated form in this volume will probably prove acceptable 
 to those engaged in archaeological researches. The inaccurate 
 manner in which names and dates are frequently copied will alone 
 render an additional authority desirable. Besides this, the want 
 of familiarity with the peculiarities of our sepulchral monuments 
 has hitherto prevented the historian from fixing the precise date, 
 or correctly appropriating brasses, of which the inscriptions are
 
 PREFACE. Vll 
 
 defective or removed ; the result has been that many are either 
 incorrectly described, or else wholly unnoticed by topographical 
 writers^. It is hoped that the present List will, to a certain 
 extent, supply this omission, and also by directing attention to 
 monumental brasses, serve to arrest the mutilation or destruc- 
 tion of them which is even now frequently taking place, especially 
 during the repair or restoration of our churches ^. 
 
 The List contains notices of upwards of three thousand two hun- 
 dred brasses with figures, &c., and twelve hundred inscriptions and 
 fragments ; yet, no doubt, several brasses remain which have not 
 come under the observation of the author : he therefore trusts to 
 be enabled to bring out, at some future period, an Appendix, con- 
 taining a list of such corrections and additions as his own re- 
 searches and the communications of others may supply. 
 
 The acknowledgments of the author are especially due to the 
 President and Committee of the Oxford Architectural Society, for 
 the sanction they have kindly given to the publication of this 
 volume. 
 
 For the loan of engravings he is indebted to the liberality of the 
 Committees of the Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Surrey ArcliEe- 
 ological Societies, to J. R. D. Tyssen, Esq., J. Gough Nichols, 
 Esq., A. W. Franks, Esq., and particularly to the Messrs. Parker 
 the publishers. 
 
 He desires also to express his obligations to the Eev. C. R. Man- 
 ning, for placing at his disposal a collection of memoranda relating 
 to brasses; to H. N. Evans, Esq., for many valuable suggestions 
 during the progress of the work ; to Messrs. Hardman and Messrs. 
 "Waller, for a list of the principal modern brasses engraved by 
 
 " Sec, for cxiiniple, the account of the brass at Long Ditton, Surrey ; also Intro- 
 duction, p. Ixii. note r. '' See pp. cclviii.— cclx.
 
 Vm PREFACE. 
 
 them; to A. W. Franks, Esq., J. B. Nichols, Esq., Rev. J. A. 
 Boodle, Eev. H. Addington, Rev. J. R. Lunn, Rev. W. C. Lukis, 
 Rev. E. TroUope (Secretary of the Lincolnshire Architectural So- 
 ciety), C. Spence, Esq , R. H. Clutterbuck, Esq., T. L. Peak, Esq., 
 W. H. King, Esq., for allowing him to inspect their collections 
 of rubbings, and for other kind assistance; also to Mr. L'Estrange 
 (of Norwich), E. S. Growse, Esq., C. G. R. Birch, Esq., Rev. 
 G. S. Master, Rev. G. Mackarness, Rev. E. S. Taylor (of Ormesby), 
 Rev. J. Beck, Rev. H. Eielding, Rev. John Ward, W. W. King, 
 Esq., C. Kerry, Esq., Mr. W. Swift, to a large proportion of the 
 subscribers, and to numerous clergymen, for communications, &c., 
 respecting the brasses in their several neighbourhoods. 
 
 Gloucestee, 
 Oct. 16th, 1860.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I.— INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Pkefatory Remakks 
 
 Ecclesiastical Costume 
 
 Emblems and Devices 
 
 Brasses of the Fourteenth Century 
 
 Fifteenth Century 
 
 Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 
 
 Concluding Observations . . . . . 
 
 PAGF. 
 
 i 
 
 Ixiii 
 
 c 
 
 cxxxiii 
 
 clxx 
 
 ccxiv 
 
 ccxlviii 
 
 PART II. 
 
 A List of the Monumental Brasses in the British Isles 
 Appendix A. A List of Modern Brasses 
 
 B. A Selection of Inscriptions from Monumental 
 
 Brasses . . . . . . ... 
 
 C. A List of Brasses of Founders of Churches, 
 
 CUiVNTRIES, &c. ....... 
 
 D. A List of Titles, &c., found in Inscriptions on 
 
 Brasses . 
 Addenda et Corrigenda 
 Index to the Introduction 
 Index of Names 
 
 1-236 
 237 
 
 243 
 
 253 
 
 254 
 256 
 265 
 270
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. 
 
 Sir Robert Shafto Adair, Bart. 
 
 Sir Edward Henry Dryden, Bart. 
 
 Rev. Sir J. H. Ciilme Seymour, Bart. (2 copies). 
 Rev. S. T. Adams, Great Horwood, Bucks. 
 Rev. Henry Addington, Langford, Beds. 
 Miss Allport, Epsom (2 copies). 
 John Amott, Esq., Cloisters, Gloucester. 
 The Society of Antiquaries. 
 Rev. John Athawes, Rectory, Loughton, Bucks. 
 Rev. Edward Baylis, Rectory, Hedgerley, Bucks. 
 Rev. F. T. J. Bayly, Vicarage, Brookthorpe, Glouc. 
 
 B. H. Beedham, Esq., Kimbolton. 
 
 C. G. R. Birch, Esq., LL.B., Trinity Hall, Cambridge. 
 Charles Bischoff, Esq., Epsom. 
 
 Rev. Frederick Bliss, Rectory, Hammoon, Dorset (2 copies). 
 
 Rev. James Bliss, St. James, Plymouth. 
 
 Rev. W. H. Bliss, Honitoii. 
 
 William Bliss, Esq., Chipping-Norton. 
 
 Rev. J. R. Bloxam, D.D., Fellow of Magdalen Coll., Oxford. 
 
 Arthur Blunt, Esq., Pembroke, Coll., Cambridge. 
 
 Rev. J. A. Boodle, Buckingham. 
 
 Rev. J. Bosworth, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Professor of Anglo-Saxon, Oxford. 
 
 Mrs. H. S. Bower, Shroton House, Dorset. 
 
 Rev. J. R. O. Bridgeman, Rectory, Weston-under-Lyziard, Staffordshire. 
 
 J. H. Brown, Esq., Gloucester. 
 
 Rev. Henry Burney, Rectory, Wavendon, Bucks. 
 
 John Burrup, Esq., Gloucester. 
 
 Miss Clarke, Shurdington, near Cheltenham. 
 
 Rev. E. T. Codd, Vicar of Tachbrooke, Leamington. 
 
 Rev. R. H. Codrington, Fellow of Wadham Coll., Oxford. 
 
 Abraham Coleman, Esq., Norwich. 
 
 R. H. Clutterbuck, Esq., Stratford. 
 
 C. C. Corner, Esq., Lee, Kent. 
 
 Edward Dalton, Esq., D.C.L., F.S.A., Dunkirk Manor-house, Nailsworth. 
 
 Rev. E. A. Dayman, Rectory, Shillingstone, Dorset. 
 
 R. W. Dixon, Esq., J.P., Seaton Carew, Durham. 
 
 Rev. G. E. Downe, Rectory, Rusliden, Northants. 
 
 Rev. E. J. Edwards, Trentham, Staffordshire. 
 
 Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, Rectory, Clyst St. George, Devon. 
 
 Miss Aspasia Evans, Cheltenham.
 
 Xll LIST OF SUBSCKIBERS. 
 
 H. N. Evans, Esq., F.S.A., Hampstead, Middx. 
 
 Rev. Lewis Evans, Sandbach, Cheshire. 
 
 C. Faulkner, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S., Deddington, Oxon. 
 
 W. M. Fawcett, Esq., Jesus Coll., Cambridge. 
 
 Rev. Walter Field, F.S.A., Netting Hill. 
 
 Rev. Hugh Fowler, Gloucester. 
 
 A. "W. Franks, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Director of the Society of Antiquaries, British 
 
 Museum (4 copies). 
 Rev. Arthur B. Frazer, Rectory, Haversham, Bucks. 
 Herbert Frere, Esq., Emmanuel Coll., Cambridge. 
 J. G. Gibbs, Esq., Trinity Coll., Cambridge. 
 Rev. J. M. Gresley, Rectory, Over Seale, Leicestershire. 
 F. S. Growse, Esq., Bildestone, Suffolk. 
 W. C. Haines, Esq., M.A., Melbourne, Victoria (3 copies). 
 W. H. Hart, Esq., F.S.A., Folkestone House, Streatham. 
 Rev. C. H. Hartsliorne, Rectory, Holdenby, Northants. 
 Rev. F. T. Havergal, Hereford. 
 
 Edward Hawkins, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., British Museum. 
 Alfred Heales, Esq., Doctors' Commons. 
 Thomas Holt, Esq., Gloucester. 
 Joseph J. Howard, Esq., LL.D., Lee, Kent. 
 Fretwell W. Hoyle, Esq., Rotherham. 
 Rev. iEneas B. Hutchison, St. James', Devonport. 
 E. T. Inskipp, Esq., Bankruptcy Court, Bristol. 
 W. W. King, Esq., College Hill, London, E.C. (2 copies). 
 Edward Kite, Esq., Devizes. 
 
 Rev. W. F. Erskine Knollys, Rectory, Quedgley, Gloucestershire. 
 Rev. Arthur Lovedaj', Monks Sherborne, Hants. 
 Mr. J. L'Estrange, Stamp Office, Norwich. 
 Lincolnshire Diocesan Architectural Society. 
 
 Rev. J. R. Lunn, Fellow and Lady Sadler's Lecturer, St. John's Coll., Cambridge. 
 Rev. E. K. Luscombe, Gloucester. 
 Rev. Samuel Lysons, Hempstead, Gloucester. 
 Rev. G. R. Mackarness, Vicarage, Ham, Staffordshire. 
 Rev. S. R. Maitland, D.D., Gloucester (2 copies). 
 Mrs. Mansell, Bookseller, Gloucester. 
 Rev. Reginald J. Mapleton, St. John's Coll., Oxford. 
 Rev. G. S. Master, Vicarage, Twickenham, Middx. 
 A. W. Morant, Esq., Great Yarmouth. 
 George Morris, Esq., Shrewsbury. 
 Charles E. Muriel, Esq., Norwich. 
 Henry Nevill, Esq., Bank of England. 
 J. D. Thomas Niblett, Esq., Haresfield, Gloucestershire. 
 Architectural Society of Northampton. 
 Rev. T. W. Norwood, Cheltenham. 
 Percevall Parr, Esq., Trinity Hall, Cambridge. 
 Theophilus L. Peak, Esq., Bryanston-street, London. 
 A. Perring, Esq., Queen's Coll., Oxford. 
 C. Phipps, Esq., Bath. 
 Rev. Hugh Pigof, Hadlcigh, Suffolk.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Xlll 
 
 Rev. G. G. Graham F. Pigott, LL.B., Rectory, Abington-in-the-Clay, Cambridge- 
 shire. 
 J. H. Plovves, Esq., Regent's Park. 
 Rev. R. A. Prichard, Rectory, Asliley, Wilts. 
 Rev. T. F. Ravenshaw, Rectory, Pewsey, Wilts. 
 Mr. Hen. Richardson, Greenwich (2 copies). 
 Joseph Robinson, Esq., Edgware Road, London. 
 J. Watts Russell, Esq., Ham Hall, Derbyshire. 
 Rev. T. F. Salmon, Vicarage, Scalford, Leicestershire. 
 J. F. Sevier, Esq., Maisemore Lodge, Gloucester. 
 
 Eev. W. Sparrow Simpson, Rectory, St. Matthew's, Friday-street, London (2 copies). 
 Mr. Justin Simpson, Stamford. 
 K. H. Smith, Esq., St. John's Coll., Cambridge. 
 Rev. Edw. E. H. M. Sladen, Alton Barnes, Wilts. 
 Mr. Wm. Swift, Sheffield. 
 Joseph M. Tapp, Esq., Shacklewell, Middx. 
 Rev. E. S. Taylor, Chiddingstone, Kent. 
 Rev. W. W. Tireman, Bowers Gifford, Essex. 
 Mr. C. H. Thomas, Bookseller, Gloucester. 
 Rev. R. Twopeny, Vicarage, Ipsden, Oxon. 
 Rev. Edward O. Tyler, Portbury, Somerset. 
 J. R. D. Tyssen, Esq., F.S.A., Hackney, Middx. 
 Rev. Edmund Venables, Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. 
 Albert Way, Esq., M.A., F. S.A., Wonham Manor, Reigate. 
 Rev. John Ward, Rectory, Wath, Ripon. 
 
 Rev. S. W. Wayte, Fellow of Trinity Coll., Oxford (2 copies). 
 W. H. J. Weale, Esq., Bruges (2 copies). 
 W. W. Williams, Esq., M.D., Asylum, Gloucester. 
 Rev. Frederick de Veil Williams, Great Wishford, Wilts. 
 F. W. A. Wilson, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Admiralty. 
 Frederick Wilton, Esq., Asylum, Gloucester. 
 John Wingfield, Esq., B.A., Christ's Hospital. 
 Henry Wright, Esq., Cheltenham (2 copies). 
 Rev. Harry Wright, Cheltenham.
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 c. 
 
 13C0. 
 1375. 
 
 1360. 
 1525. 
 1330. 
 1325. 
 1424. 
 
 John Trilleck, Bishop, Hereford Cathedral . . Fi 
 
 Portion of a Flemish brass, palimpsest, Mawgan, Cornwall 
 Ditto . ; . . . 
 
 Part of inscription and diaper, Delamere brass, St. Alban's 
 Part of inscription, Pownder brass, Ipswich 
 Sir John de Northwode and Lady, IVIinster, Sheppy 
 Artist's IMark, Westley Waterless, Cainb. 
 Artist's Mark, Trotton, Sussex 
 1316? Workmen making Incised Monumental Slabs 
 1550 and c. 1510. Palimpsest brass, Cobham, Surrey 
 1527. Walter Curzon, Esq., and Wife, Waterpery, Oxou 
 1568. Peter Rede, Esq., St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich 
 Anne Duke, Frenze, Norfolk 
 Anne Rede, St. Margaret's, Norwich 
 Monumental Slab, Abbot Sutton, Dorchester, Oxon. . 
 Henry Denton, Higham Ferrers, Northants. 
 John West, Sudborough, Northants. 
 A Priest, Crondall, Hants. 
 
 Part of effigy. Abbot Lawrence, Burwell, Cambridgeshire 
 Abp. Cranley, New College, Oxford 
 
 St. Laurence, from the brass of John Byrklied, Harrow, Middx. 
 Shield, See of Canterbury impaling Cliichele 
 King Ethelred, half-effigy, Wimborne Minster, Dorset 
 Abbot Bewfforeste, Dorchester, Oxon. 
 Robt. London, Chartham, Kent . 
 
 Part of effigy, Robt. Thurbern, Winchester Coll. Chapel 
 An Ecclesiastic, Cirencester, Gloucestershire 
 Head, Rich. Bethell, Shorwell, Isle of Wight 
 James Courthorp, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford 
 1442. Dr. Richard Billingford, St. Benet's, Cambridge 
 c. 1420. John Bloxham and John Whytton, Merton College, Oxford 
 c. 1480. A Priest, half-effigy, Magdalen Coll. Chapel, Oxford . 
 
 1521. Wm. Blakwey, Little Wilbraham, Camb. . 
 c. 1480. Part of effigy, a Priest, Magdalen College Chapel, Oxford 
 1512. Thos. Heron, Little Ilford, Essex . 
 1512. John Stonor, Wyrardisbury, Bucks, 
 c. 1470. Robert Beauner, St. Alban's Abbey 
 
 c. 1510. Dame Alice Hampton, Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire 
 c. 1540. Dame Agnes Jordan, Denham, Bucks. 
 
 1551. 
 
 1577. 
 
 1349. 
 
 1498. 
 C.1415. 
 c. 1370. 
 c. 1510. 
 
 1417 
 
 1468, 
 
 c. 1440. 
 c. 1510. 
 
 1416. 
 
 1450. 
 c. 1480. 
 
 1518. 
 
 1557. 
 
 Page 
 
 ntispiece 
 
 xvi 
 
 xvii 
 
 xviii 
 
 ib. 
 
 xxiii 
 
 XXV 
 
 xxvi 
 xxxii 
 xlvi 
 xlix 
 Hi 
 Iv 
 ib. 
 Ivii 
 Ixiv 
 Ixv 
 Ixvii 
 Ixviii 
 Ixix 
 Ixx 
 Ixxiii 
 Ixxiv 
 Ixxv 
 Ixxvi 
 ib. 
 Isxvii 
 Ixxviii 
 Ixxx 
 Ixxxii 
 Ixxx ill 
 Ixxxiv 
 ib. 
 
 Ixxxv 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 Ixxxvi 
 
 Ixxxvii 
 
 Ixxxviii
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 XV 
 
 1415. Sir Hugh de Holes, Watford, Herts. 
 1527. Sir Peter Leg'l , AVinwick, Lancashire 
 
 Emblem of the Holy Trinity 
 1493. Brass of Wm. Complyn and Wife, Week, Hants. 
 
 Fylfot .... 
 
 1412. Brass of John Killyngworth, Ashridge House, Bucks, 
 1518. Elizabeth Knevet, Eastington, Gloucestershire 
 1411, 1483. Collars of SS. and Suns and Roses 
 14]]. Brass of George Felbrigg, Esq., Felbrigg, Norfolk 
 1293? Brass of Sir Rich. Harcourt(?) . 
 c. 1500. Part of effigy, an Ecclesiastic (?), North Creak, Norfolk 
 c. 1350. Matrix of the brass of Sir John de la RiviSre, Tormarton, Glouc 
 1531. Chalice, Bawburgh, Norfolk 
 1531. John Borrell, Broxbourue, Herts. . 
 c. 1480. Crown-keeper's Badge, Society of Antiquaries 
 1585. Robt. Rampston, Chingford, Essex 
 1506. Robert AVymbyll, St. :Mary Tower, Ipswich . 
 1500. Richard Fox wist, Llanbeblig, Carnarvonshire 
 c. 1420. Effigy with liunting-horn, couteau-de-chasse, &c., Baldock, Herts, 
 1484. Merchant's Mark of John Pergett, Chipping Norton, Oxon. 
 1525. Merchant's Mark of Thos. Pownder, St. Mary Quay, Ipswich 
 1474. Dr. John Sperehawke, Hitchin, Herts. 
 c. 1360. Raulin and Margt. Brocas, half-effigies, Sherborne St. John, Ha 
 c. 13C0. Bust, Blickling, Norfolk 
 
 c. 1325. John de Bladigdone and Wife, East Wickham, Kent 
 c. 1320. Cross brass of a Priest, Chinnor, Oxon. 
 c. 1320. Nichol de Gore, Woodchurcli, Kent 
 
 1382. Nicholas Lord Burnell, Acton Burnell, Salop 
 1327. Part of an Inscription, Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey 
 c. 1310. Adam de Bacon, Oulton, Suffolk . 
 c. 1370. End of Stole, West Hanney, Berks. 
 c. 1340. A Priest, half-effigy, Great Bringlon, Northants. 
 c. 1360. A Priest, half-effigy, Denhara, Bucks. 
 
 1277. Sir John D'Aubernoun, Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey 
 
 1289. Sir Roger de Trumpington, Trumpington, Camb. 
 
 1306. Sir Robt. de Setvans, Chartham, Kent 
 
 1306. Hands, &c., from the same brass . 
 
 1302. Foley ns and Cuisses, Sir Robt. de Bures, Acton, Suffolk 
 
 Banded Mail ..... 
 
 c. 1310. Sir Rich, de Buslingthorpe, Buslingthorp, Lincolnshire 
 
 c. 1325. Sir John de Creke and Lady, Westley Waterless, Camb. 
 
 e. 1320. De Bacon, Gorleston, Suffolk 
 
 1327. Sir John D'Aubernoun, Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey 
 1348. Sir John GifTard, Bowers Giffi)rd, Essex 
 
 1347. Ralph Lord Staffi)rd, from the brass of Sir Hugh Hastings, Elsing, 
 Norfolk ..... 
 c. 1360. William de Aldeburgh, Aldborough, Yorks. . 
 1384. Lord John Harsick and Lady, Southacre, Norfolk 
 1364-5. Part of the figure of -Sir Miles Stapleton, Ingham, Norfolk 
 
 Page 
 
 xc 
 
 xci 
 
 cii 
 
 cv 
 
 cix 
 
 ex 
 
 cxiii 
 
 cxvi 
 
 cxxi 
 
 ib. 
 
 cx.xiii 
 
 cxxiv 
 
 cxxv 
 
 cxxvi 
 
 cxxvii 
 
 ib. 
 
 cxxviii 
 
 cxxix 
 
 exxx 
 
 cxxxi 
 
 ib. 
 
 cxxxii 
 
 i. cxxxiv 
 
 ib. 
 
 cxxxv 
 
 ib. 
 cxxxvi 
 cxxxv iii 
 cxxxix 
 cxlii 
 ib. 
 cxiiii 
 ib. 
 cxlv 
 cxlvi 
 ib. 
 cxlviil 
 ib. 
 
 cxlix 
 
 cl 
 
 cli 
 
 clii 
 
 ib. 
 
 cliii 
 
 civ 
 
 clvi 
 
 civil 
 
 clviii
 
 XVI 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 13G8. 
 
 1400. 
 
 1400. 
 
 1349. 
 
 1350. 
 
 1379 
 
 1390. 
 
 1380. 
 
 1349. 
 
 1320. 
 
 1370. 
 
 1393- 
 
 1375. 
 
 1400. 
 
 1400. 
 
 1392. 
 
 1370, 
 
 1370. 
 
 1518. 
 
 1408. 
 
 1400. 
 
 1415. 
 
 1426 
 
 1439, 
 
 1436, 
 
 1502, 
 
 1457, 
 
 1412 
 
 1413 
 
 1405 
 
 1418 
 
 1415. 
 
 1410 
 
 1415 
 
 1427 
 
 1420. 
 
 1424, 
 
 1442 
 
 1445 
 
 1455. 
 
 1450, 
 
 1465 
 
 1487 
 
 1491, 
 
 1463 
 
 1460. 
 
 1474, 
 
 1479 
 
 1480, 
 
 Leg, Sir Thos. Chcyne, Drayton Beaucliamp, Bucks. 
 
 Robert Albyn, Hemel Hempstead, Herts. 
 
 A Man in armour, Laughton, Lincolnshire . 
 
 Part of effigy, Adam de Walsokne, Lynn, Norfolk 
 
 Nicholas De Aumherdene, Taplovv, Bucks. . 
 ? Robert de Paris, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire 
 
 A Civilian, Hereford Cathedral 
 
 A Civilian, King's Sombourne, Hants. 
 
 Head, Margaret de Walsokne, Lynn, Norfolk 
 
 Joan de Cobham, Cohham, Kent 
 
 Lady Elizth. Cornwall, Burford, Shropshire . 
 4. Part of effigy, Ellen Cerne, Draycot Cerne, Wilts. 
 
 Head, &c., Elizth. de Ferrers, Ashford, Kent 
 
 Part of effigy, Lady Cassy, Deerhurst, Gloucestershire 
 
 Head, Lady, Ore, Sussex 
 
 Head, Lady Berkeley, AVotton-under-Edge, Gloucester 
 
 Part of effigy, Isabel Beaufo, Waterpery, Oxon. 
 
 Lady Cobham, Lingfield, Surrey . 
 
 Robt. Alee, Dunstable, Beds. 
 
 John Lumbarde, Stone, Kent 
 
 . Cross brass of Thos. Chichele and Wife, Higham Ferrers, Northants. clxxv 
 
 Cross brass of Roger Cheyne, Cassington, Oxon. . . ib. 
 
 ? Circle with Tracery, Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk . . clxxvi 
 
 . Rose in circle, Graveney, Kent . . . . ib. 
 
 . William Prestwyk, Warbleton, Sussex . . . clxxvii 
 
 , " Orate," Hedenham, Norfolk .... clxxviii 
 
 . Rich. Ruston, half-effigy, Wormley, Herts. . . . clxxxi 
 
 . Apparels, &c., Hoo, Kent . . . . ib. 
 
 . Orphrey, Havant, Hants. . . . . clxxxii 
 
 . Sir Roger Drury and Lady, Rougham, Suffolk . . clxxxiv 
 
 . Sir Thomas de St. Quintin, Harpham, Yorks. . • clxxxv 
 
 Sir Robt. Suckling (?), Barsham, Suffolk . . . clxxxvi 
 
 . Sir John Wylcotes, Great Tew, Oxon. . . . ib. 
 
 . Sword-belt, &c., Kidderminster, Worcestershire . . clxxxvii 
 
 ? Henry Parys, Esq., Hildersham, Camb. , . . clxxxviii 
 
 Part of effigy, Thos. Quatermaynes, Thame, Oxon. . . clxxxix 
 
 . Tuiles, Hampton Poyle, Oxon. .... cxc 
 
 ? Defences of arm, &c., Cheddar, Somerset . . . ib. 
 
 . Sir John Throkmorton, Fladbury, Worcestershire . . cxci 
 
 . Rich, de Wygtham, Wytham, Berks. . . . ib. 
 
 , A Man in armour, Isleworth, Middx. . . . excii 
 
 . John Ansty, Esq., Quy, Camb. . . . . cxciii 
 
 . Sword, Lullingstone, Kent .... cxciv 
 
 . 'Lance-rest, Lillingstone Darrell, Bucks. . . . ib. 
 
 , Defences of arm, Hathersage, Derbyshire . . ■ . ib. 
 
 Thos. Quartremayns, Esq., Thame, Oxon. . . . excv 
 
 . Head, &c., Wm. Fitz William, Esq., Sprotborough, Yorks. . ib. 
 
 . Tliomas Playters, Esq., Sotterley, Suffolk . . . cxcvi 
 
 , A Man in arm., in possession of Messrs. Warner, London . cxcvii 
 
 hire 
 
 Page 
 clviii 
 
 clix 
 
 clxi 
 
 clxii 
 
 ib. 
 
 clxiii 
 
 clxiv 
 
 ib. 
 clxv 
 
 ib. 
 clxvii 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 clxviii 
 
 ib, 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 clxix 
 
 clxxi 
 
 clxxiv
 
 LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 XVU 
 
 1488. Henry Covert, Esq., North Mimms, Herts. . 
 1510. John Leventhorp, Great St. Helen's, London 
 1500. A Man in armour, Assington, Suffolk 
 1402. Rich. Martyn, Dartford, Kent 
 
 , 1460. Sir Edw. Courtenay, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford 
 1451. John Yonge, Chipping Norton, Oxon. 
 1483. Geoffrey Kidwelly, Esq., Little Wittenham, Berks. 
 1506. Gypciere, St. Mary Tower, Ipswich 
 1506. John Colman, Little Waldingfield, Suffolk . 
 
 1420. Head, Waltham, Waltham, Lincolnshire 
 
 1420. Head, Clopton, Long Melford, Suffolk . 
 
 1404. Part of effigy, Maria Moyne, Sawtry All Saints', Hunts 
 
 1401. Elizth. 
 
 Goring, Oxon. 
 
 c. 1415. Millicent Meryng, East Markham, Notts. 
 
 1414. Head, Pliilippa Byschoppesdon, Broughton, Oxon. 
 1437. Head, Joan Skern, Kingston, Surrey 
 
 1415. Head, Lady Peryent, Digswell, Herts. 
 
 c. 1440. A Widow Lady, half-effigy. Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey 
 
 1497. Head, Joan Swan, Stretham, Camb. 
 c. 1410. A Lady, St. Stephen's, Norwich 
 
 1424. Elizth. Poyle, Hampton Poyle, Oxon. 
 c. 1480, Head, Baldock, Herts. . 
 
 1440? Head, Margaret Page, Cirencester, Gloucestershire 
 c. 1460. Head", Jane Keriell, Ash, Kent 
 
 1479. Anna Playters, Sotterley, Suffolk . 
 
 1518. Part of effigy, Anna Broke, Ewelme, Oxon. . 
 1500. Girdle, Hadley, Middx. . 
 
 1480. Part of effigies, Elizth. Echyngham and Agnes Oxenb 
 
 inghani, Sussex 
 1587. Peter and Richard Best, Merstham, Surrey . 
 c. 1520. Benedict Lee, Chesham Bois, Bucks. 
 1512. Anne Astelej', Blickling, Norfolk . 
 1509. Finial, Hillingdon, Miidx. 
 1521. Christopher Urswic, Hackney, Middx. 
 1560. Leonard Hurst, Denliam, Bucks. . 
 1545. John Lymsey, Esq., and Wife, Hackney, Middx, 
 
 1528. Hen. Stanley, Esq., Hillingdon, Middx. 
 c. 1530. James Peckham, Esq., Wrotham, Kent 
 
 1529. Sir Robt. CJere, Great Ormesby, Norfolk 
 1539 ? Hen. Bures, Esq., Acton, Suffolk , 
 
 c. 1540, Pauldron, &c., Sherborne St. John's, Hants. . 
 
 1554. Christopher Lytkot, Esq., Swallowfield, Berks. 
 
 1577. Francis Clopton, Esq., Long Melford, Suffolk 
 
 1572. Pauldron, Churchill, Somerset 
 c. 1600. Cleybroke, Esq., Margate, Kent 
 
 1611. Dagger, &c., Wrotliam, Kent 
 
 1633? John Arundel, Esq., St. Columb, Cornwall , 
 c. 1630. Geo. Hodges, Wedmore, Somerset . 
 
 1492. Sleeve, &c., St. Mary jMagdalen, Canterbury 
 
 c 
 
 gg, Etch- 
 
 Page 
 
 cxcvii 
 
 cxcviii 
 
 cxcix 
 
 cc 
 
 cci 
 
 ccii 
 
 cciii 
 
 ib. 
 
 cciv 
 
 ccv 
 
 ib. 
 
 ccvi 
 
 ccvii 
 
 ccviii 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib, 
 
 ceix 
 
 ib, 
 
 ib. 
 
 OCX 
 
 ib, 
 
 ib, 
 
 ccxi 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib, 
 
 ccxii 
 
 ib, 
 
 ccxiii 
 
 ccxix 
 
 ccxx 
 
 ccxxi 
 
 ib, 
 
 ccxxviii 
 
 ccxxix 
 
 ccxxxi 
 
 ccxxxii 
 
 ib, 
 ccxxxiv 
 
 ib, 
 ccxxxv 
 
 ib. 
 ccxxxvi 
 
 ib. 
 ccxxxvii 
 
 ib. 
 , ccxxxviii 
 
 lb. 
 ccxxxix
 
 win 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page 
 
 1531. Thos. Potter, Westerham, Kent .... ccxxxix 
 
 1599. Part of effigy, Thos. Barvvick, Fbrnham All Saints, Suffolk . ccxl 
 
 1567. Thos. Noke, Esq., Shottesbrooke, Berks. . . . ib. 
 
 c. 1()30. A Civilian, Croydon, Surrey . . . . ib. 
 
 1513. Joan Wyddowsoun, Mickleham, Surrey . . . ccxli 
 
 c. 1530. Girdle, Cirencester, Gloucestershire . . . ib. 
 
 1516. Rosettes and chain, Chesbam Bois, Bucks. . . . ib. 
 
 c. 1500. Poucli and girdle, Assington, Suffolk . . . ccxliii 
 
 1526. Agnes Appleton, Little Waldingfield, Suffolk . . ib. 
 
 154'3. Part of effigy, Elizth. Perepoynt, West Mailing, Kent . . ccxliv 
 
 1557. Malyn Harte, Lydd, Kent . . . . ib. 
 
 c. 1535. Ornament of Sash, Hitchin, Herts. . . . ib. 
 
 1545. Part of effigy, Anne Lovell, Harlington, Middx. . . ccxlv 
 
 1554. Kath. Lytkott, Swallowfield, Berks. . . , ib. 
 
 1572. Sleeve, Churchill, Somerset . . . . ib. 
 
 c. 1580. A Lady, Stapleliurst, Kent .... ccxlvi 
 
 1577. Part of effigy, Kath. Staverton, Cumnor, Berks. . . ib. 
 
 1605. Aphra Hawkins, Fordwich, Kent . . . . ib. 
 
 1602. Head, Judith Seyliard, Biddenden, Kent . . . ib. 
 
 1615. Part of effigy, Elizth. Crispe, Wrotham, Kent . . ccxlvii 
 
 c. 1600. Part of effigy, Mary Leventborp, Sawbridgeworth, Herts. . ib. 
 
 1633. Elizth. Culpeper, Ardingley, Sussex . . . ccxlviii 
 
 1433. Heart and Scrolls, Margate, Kent .... cclxiii 
 
 1496. Angel with Heart, Saltwood, Kent .• , . 236 
 
 c. 1300. Incised slab with Matrices, Ashby Puerorum, Lincolnshire . 256
 
 PART I. 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO THE STUDY OF 
 
 iB n u m c u t a 1 33 r a si s; e <j*
 
 AN 
 
 INTEODUCTION 
 
 TO THE STUDY OF 
 
 MOl^UMENTAL BEASSES. 
 
 HE Monumental Effides of England may be divided into 
 three classes : first, Sculptured Effigies, i. e. figures either 
 complete or in low relief, made generally of stone, but 
 sometimes of wood or copper ; secondly, representations 
 engraved or incised, usually on flat plates of brass inlaid in stone 
 slabs, or more rarely cut on the stone slabs themselves ; thirdly, 
 figures painted on glass or on wooden tablets. These three classes, 
 although they difi'er so much in the material used, and in the mode 
 in which this material is made expressive, will be found very similar 
 in general desii2;n. The incised memorials formins^ the second class 
 may indeed be considered merely imitations of the sculptured 
 effigies on a flat surface, and the progressive history of the art 
 shews that such was their origin^. 
 
 Of these. Sculptured Effigies hold the first rank, by reason of their 
 higher antiquity, their greater size, and the labour, skill, and taste 
 required for their execution. On account of their costliness they 
 
 " Some monuments unite in them- 
 selves two or more of these classes, as 
 at Tidesvvell, Derbyshire, where there is 
 a recumbent emaciated figure of stone, 
 and on a slab above a representation of 
 the Holy Trinity, with a marginal in- 
 scription in brass to Sampson Meverell, 
 1462. Effigies wrought in other ma- 
 terials besides the above-mentioned are 
 occasionally to be met with. At Bur- 
 ford, Shropshire, is a leaden plate en- 
 graved with a figure, triple canopy, and 
 insci-iption commemorating Elizabeth, 
 wife of Sir Richard Corbet, 1506 or 
 1516. Iron slabs were also employed 
 as sepulchral memorials, especially in 
 the mining districts, and particularly in 
 
 Sussex. At Burwash, in that county, is 
 an iron slab with a small cross, and in- 
 scription to the memory of John Colins. 
 It is figured in Boutell's Chr. Mon., 
 p. 105. At Crowhurst, Surrey, is a 
 slu-ouded figure and inscription to Ann 
 Forster, 1591, cast in iron ; and a mural 
 tablet of the same material at Cam- 
 borne, Cornwall, bears the kneeling 
 figure of Alexander Pendarves, Esq., 
 1655, with accompanying shield and 
 inscription. In Lingfield Church, Sur- 
 rey, are two indented effigies, c. 1480 ? 
 each composed of three tiles, and ap- 
 parently of foreign workmanship. See 
 the engraving and description in the 
 Archaeological Joiu-nal, vol. vi. p. 177.
 
 ii USKFULNFSS OF MONUMENTAL BRASSES. 
 
 M'ere chiefly confined to persons of rank and wealth : thus figures of 
 Priests below the dignity of Abbots, and of civilians, are rare ; espe- 
 cially after the date of the introduction of brasses. To the antiquarian, 
 however, and the ecclesiologist. Monumental Brasses, which it is the 
 object of the present Essay to illustrate, possess advantages which 
 render them in some respects even more interesting than effigies in 
 sculpture : for although they cannot take the same high rank as 
 works of art, and are usually destitute of the expressiveness of 
 colour*^, and also, from their nature, represent but one side of the 
 figure*^, yet, admitting as they do of every gradation of size and 
 expense'^, they have been used as the memorials of all ranks in 
 society, and we find accordingly that they present a corresponding 
 variety of costume. Some of them, indeed, from their elegance of 
 design, beauty, and delicacy of execution, and minuteness of de- 
 tail, might even be considered to rival effigies in relief, especially 
 if these qualities could still be seen heightened by the addition of 
 their original gilding and enamel'^. The costly and elaborately carved 
 altar-tombs on which those of the wealthy were mounted, and the 
 rich canopies of stone so often reared over them, shew the high esti- 
 mation in which they were held. The fine tombs of Lady Percy in 
 Beverley Minster, and Bishop de Luda in Ely Cathedral, now de- 
 spoiled of their brasses, are good instances of the truth of the above 
 remarks. 
 
 There is one quality indeed, of the highest value to a sepulchral 
 memorial, which brasses possess in a degree beyond all others. Their 
 durability is so great, that under every disadvantage of situation some 
 of them have for nearly six centuries preserved their original accu- 
 racy of outline and shading; still does their "witness live in brass*^," 
 
 I* Sculptured effigies were almost al- ^ On the brass of Lord Berkeley, at 
 
 ways coloured, although few of them Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestersliire, 
 
 now retain any traces of it. the end of his belt, and the fillet 
 
 •' The figures on brasses are very around the forehead of his lady, appear 
 
 commonly turned sideways, and thus from the cavities left on their surface, 
 
 display nearly the whole costume : many to have been ornamented with jewels, 
 
 such instances will be pointed out here- either real or imitative, 
 
 after. f Shaksp., Hen. V., act. iv. sc. 3, 
 
 ^ At Durham Cathedral a slab, now The following instances well exemplify 
 
 despoiled of the brass of Bp. Beaumont, the superior durability of brasses when 
 
 1318, measures 16 ft. by 9 ft. ; that of compared with stone efiigies. In the 
 
 Bp. Haselshawe, 1308, at Wells, 15 ft. by Cathedral of Erfurt is a memorial of a 
 
 6 ft. 4 in. ; its effigy was 9 feet long, canon, John de Heringen, 1505, having 
 
 On the other hand, the effigies of a brass the upper part of the figure " engraved 
 
 at Cheam, Surrey, are only 61 i)wlies in upon a plate of brass measuring 2 ft. 
 
 I'eight. 44 in. bv 1 ft. 11 in., while the lower is
 
 USEFULNESS OF MONUMENTAL BRASSES. Ill 
 
 a faithful record of those whom they commemorate. It will fre- 
 quently be found in our country churches that the brasses are the 
 oldest memorials that have survived. 
 
 But it is the frequent preservation of the inscriptions on brasses, 
 fixing the date of their execution, which renders them so peculiarly 
 valuable to the student of archaeology. "The chief advantage which 
 is to be derived from an assemblage of examples, such as the nume- 
 rous sepulchral monuments which exist in England present, arises 
 from the evidences which they supply towards forming a key to the 
 chronology of art; evidences which, taken in combination, will 
 almost invariably suffice to fix with precision the date of any works 
 of painting or sculpture, or of the productions of the enameller, tlie 
 limner, and the worker in metalss, as well as the country where they 
 were executed. Without such an aid, the investigation of tlie nume- 
 rous and ingenious artistic processes which were in use during tlie 
 middle ages would be deprived of all its real interest '^." And this 
 observation may be extended to other sister arts ; for " it were need- 
 less to commend the value of these memorials to the genealogist, as 
 authentic contemporary evidences' ; to the herald also, as examples 
 of ancient usage in bearing arms, and of the peculiarities of heraldic 
 design, which supply to the practised eye sure indications of date ; or 
 as authorities for the appropriation of badges and personal devices." 
 "As specimens of palseography, moreover, the inscriptions deserve 
 attention, and supply authorities which fix the distinctive form of 
 
 sculptured in low relief in the slab of now preserved at St. Mary Magdalen's, 
 
 stone into which the brass is inserted. Fish-street, London, was dug out of the 
 
 . . . The stone portion of the figure is ruins of the church after the fire of 
 
 extremely worn." Alex. Nesbitt, Esq., London in 1666. 
 
 in Arch, Journ., vol. xi. p. 170. In the s Much information on the form of 
 
 same church is a similar example. "Of the chahce has of late been derived 
 
 this, probably the memorial of a canon from the study of various brasses, 
 
 of the cathedral, only the head, a chalice, '' Albert Way, Esq., in Archaeological 
 
 and an escutcheon are in brass ; the Journal, vol. i. p. 198. 
 
 remainder of the figure and the inscrip- ' On a brass afilxed to the north wall 
 
 tion were incised on a soft stone, and of the chancel of Finchley Church, 
 
 have been almost entirely obliterated." Middx., is an extract from the will of 
 
 Ibid., vol. X. p. 169. At the destruction Thomas Sanny, 1509. At Wendover, 
 
 of Camberwell Church by fire in 1811, Bucks., the brass of William Bradschawe 
 
 "The brasses were saved, but the mural and wife, 1537, has the effigies of nine 
 
 monuments, with the exception of the children, and under them genealogical 
 
 figure of Lady Hunt, fell from their tables of their respective issue. Brasses 
 
 places, and were entirely consumed, or of a similar character exist at Maidstone, 
 
 rendered so friable by the action of the Kent, 1593, Otley, Yorks., 1593, and 
 
 fire as to be reduced to powder on the Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire, 1600. Gcnea- 
 
 sliglitest touch." Alljjort's Camberwell, logical brasses were not uncommon in 
 
 p. 173. The brass of .John Berric, 1586, Germany.
 
 iv USKFULNESS OF MONUMENTAL BltASSKS. 
 
 letter used at certain periods, conformable for the most part to that 
 vhicli is found in the legends on painted glass, on seals'"," and on 
 manuscripts. 
 
 An accomplished critic of the last century remarks, " that the seals 
 of our English mouarchs from the reign of Henry III. display the 
 taste of architecture which respectively prevailed under several sub- 
 sequent reigns, and consequently convey as at one comprehensive 
 view the series of its successive revolutions ; insomuch that if no real 
 models remained, they would be sufficient to shew the modes and 
 alterations of the buildings in England. In these each king is repre- 
 sented sitting enshrined under a sumptuous pile of architecture V &c. 
 If this be true of seals, how much more applicable is it to brasses, 
 whose greater number and larger size admit of their exhibiting on 
 the beautiful canopies, with the most minute accuracy, the gradations 
 of architectural style. And if, besides this, it be remembered that 
 brasses very often record the names and deaths of the founders, and 
 even the date of erection, of churches or their parts''', it must be 
 granted that no remaining moimments of former days can in this 
 point of view exceed them in interest and usefulness. It may suffice 
 here to allude merely to two advantages of different kinds possessed 
 also by brasses ; first, that they occupy no space in our churches ; 
 and secondly, the ease with which transcripts of perfect accuracy 
 may be taken by those who are entirely unskilled in drawing. In 
 short, a careful survey of a series of the monumental brasses of this 
 country would enable one to follow the gradual changes of manners 
 and habits, to track the prominent feelings, and even to detect the 
 religious emotions peculiar to each age : for not only the figure, its 
 attitude, and costume, but the inscription, and the subordinate parts 
 of the design, all conspire to furnish a lively picture of the individual 
 and his times. 
 
 In the following sketch it is proposed to endeavour to trace the 
 origin of brasses, by an enquiry into the monuments that preceded 
 them ; to furnish an account of the material of which they were 
 made, and the introduction of it and of its manufacture into Eng- 
 land; to give some details of their execution, of the peculiarities 
 
 ^ Arch. Journ., vol. i. p. 197. "' For a list of some of these, see Ap- 
 
 ' Wavton's Obs. on 8pcnscr, 1807, pciidix C. bolovv. 
 vol. il. p. 220.
 
 ORIGIN OF BRASSES. INCISED SLABS. V 
 
 which distinguish those of England and the Continent, and of their 
 distribution over different parts of Europe, and this country in par- 
 ticular ; to describe some criteria of their dates, and some practices 
 in the mode of placing them in churches'^; to furnish some notice 
 of their cost ; to give a general description of the designs on them, 
 comprising the figure, the ecclesiastical and judieial vestments, and 
 the accessorial devices ; and lastly, a history of the successive changes 
 in execution, ornament, and costume. 
 
 The question of the origin of brasses as sepulchral memorials, and 
 the time when they were first used for such purposes, is, as might 
 be expected, involved in much obscurity. The only materials for 
 such an enquiry are a few scattered notices, from which, at the pre- 
 sent day, it is perhaps impossible to arrive at any positive informa- 
 tion : but it may throw some light on the subject to trace, in few 
 words, the progress of two forms of memorial which were in use 
 before we find any record of brasses, and which in several respects 
 were nearly allied to them. These two are. Incised slabs of stone, 
 and " Limoges enamels." 
 
 The earliest examples of Incised stones which have been noticed 
 may probably be referred to a period not later than the eighth 
 century ; they consist of crosses and runic characters cut on small 
 tablets. In the '^Archseologia ° " are described and represented some 
 which have recently been discovered at Hartlepool. Several crosses 
 with inscriptions of the ninth and tenth centuries, are engraved in 
 Petrie's "Eccles. Architecture of Ireland p ;" one of these is of the date 
 890, or 891, and commemorates Suibine, son of Mailae humai. Of 
 a somewhat later date is an interesting monument, figured in Bor- 
 lase^s "Corn wall 'J," consisting of a flat stone with a cross incised 
 upon it, and used at once as an altar and a memorial, as it bears 
 the inscription, leuidt (i. e. sailor or pilot) jdsit hec altare pro 
 
 ANIMA SUA. 
 
 On all these the letters and devices are cut into the stone ; but we 
 find more numerous remains of the same or an earlier date, on which 
 
 " Brasses were occasionally placed on " Vol. xxvi. p. 480. pi. .52. 
 
 the exterior walls of churches, as at p Pp. 136-7, 320, seq. 
 
 Whitchurch, Oxou.; Little Budworth, '' Cli. xii. pi. xxx. fig. G. The en- 
 
 Chcshu-e ; Houghton Conquest, Beds. graving is reproduced in Gougli's Cam- 
 
 Thc brasses are lost at the two last den's Britannia, vol. i. pi. 1. p. 14. 
 mentioned churches.
 
 VI ORIGIN OF BRASSES. INCISED SLABS. 
 
 the intervals are cut out, so as to leave the design standing up in 
 relief ; a raised border being also left as an ornament and protection. 
 Of this kind are the upright crosses or obelisks so common in Wales 
 and Scotland, and also found in England ; many of which are highly 
 ornamented witli interlaced patterns and figures'". 
 
 In the times succeeding the Norman Conquest another step was 
 made in the progress of sepulchral memorials, which was the addition 
 to the cross and inscription of some device betokening the profession 
 or occupation of the deceased : such as a chalice or book for a Priest, 
 a sword, sliield, or bow for a Warrior, a horn for a Hunter, shears 
 for a Clothier or Female, &c. About the same period it was very 
 common to place upon the stone coffins coped lids, sometimes plain, 
 at others bearing in relief small figures in medallions or ornamented 
 crosses. 
 
 Towards the twelfth century, we find for the first time an attempt 
 made to represent the figure of the person commemorated, by effigy 
 in low relief on the coffin lid, the raised border being still retained ; 
 good examples of which are, an Abbot (" Gislebertus Crispiims, Ab- 
 bas, 1114" ?) in the cloisters at Westminster, and Bishops Roger and 
 Jocelin, 1139, 1184, in Salisbury Cathedral. In these, a portion of 
 the design is represented by lines incised on the raised figure^ 
 
 During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, it was a common 
 practice to place on coffin lids the face, or the upper half of the 
 figure, either above the cross, or in its head : and on these, as well 
 as on those containing the professional devices, the designs are found 
 sometimes in relief and sometimes incised. The well-known monu- 
 ment at Bitton, Gloucestershire, probably of Sir Walter de Bitton, 
 1228, affords an example of both methods united ; for the upper 
 portion of the figure is in low relief, and the lower is pourtrayed by 
 incised lines on the iiat stone ; thus exhibiting distinctly the transi- 
 tion from bas-relief to the flat engraved effigy ; which from this period 
 
 ' The two "pyramids" at Glaston- pies of early Scottish monuments are 
 
 bury, mentioned by WiUiam of Malms- figured in the " Sculptured Stones of 
 
 bury, on the oldest of which were figures Scotland," a beautiful volume printed 
 
 of a priest and king, and on the other for the Spalding Club, 1856. 
 the names of Centwine, (king of Wessex, » In the Antiq. Repert., vol. iv. p. 
 
 G85,) Hedde, (Bp. of Winton, 705,) and 460, is engraved a representation of the 
 
 others, are probably among the earliest Crucifixion incised on a mutilated stone. 
 
 of these memorials whose dates are as- It was found in an old chapel in the 
 
 certained. Will. Malm., (Lond. Hist. Isle of Man, and was supposed to be a 
 
 Soc), p. 35. Many interesting exam- coiiiu-lid.
 
 INCISED SLABS. LIMOGES ENAMELS. VU 
 
 in England seems gradually to have supplanted figures in low relief. 
 Very early flat efiigies of knights in mail remain at Avenbury, Here- 
 fordshire*, St. Bride's, Glamorganshire'*, and Ashington, Somerset^, 
 all probably of the end of the thirteenth century. It is probable that 
 this change arose from the inconvenience and obstruction produced 
 by raised stones on the pavement of churches ; for although such 
 efiigies in low relief were discontinued, yet figures in full, which were 
 necessarily raised on altar-tombs, continued for centuries to be much 
 used by the wealthy^. 
 
 The art of enamelling metals appears to have been introduced from 
 Byzantium through Venice into Western Europe, at the close of the 
 tenth century y. This kind of manufacture, called from the town where 
 it was principally made, " Q^uvres de Limoges," " Opus de Liraogia," 
 or "LemovicinumV' ^^as soon much employed for sacred vessels, 
 crosses, pastoral staves, reliquaries, &c. Its use was not, however, 
 long confined to such utensils, for we find that the monument of 
 Geoffrey Plantagenet, le Bel, 1150^, which was in the Church of 
 vSt. Julien at Le Mans, but is now in the museum of the same place, 
 consists of a- quadrangular plate of copper with an enamelled effigy 
 upon it, resting on a diapered background, beneath a semicircular 
 
 • Engraved in the Archseologia, vol, mond's History of Noble British Fami- 
 
 xxxi. lies, vol. ii. 
 
 " See Arch. Journ., vol. ii. p. 383. * At Hitchenden, Bucks., are three 
 
 ^ Engraved in the Gent. Mag., 1820, stone figures of knights in low relief, 
 
 pt. ii. p. 209, pi. U, and in Arch. of a late date. They are engraved in 
 
 Journ., vol viii. p. 319. In the latter Langley's Desboroujjh, p. 301. 
 
 work are engraved some similar foreign y Arch. Joiu-n., vol. ii. p. 169. 
 
 incised slabs ; those of Simon de Mont- ^ Ducange, voc. " Limogia." On the 
 
 fort, (?) 1218, in the Cathedral of Car- Continent, monuments in low relief were 
 
 cassonne, in France, (vol. xii. p. 280,) and retamed to a very low period: most of 
 
 Brochardus de Charpignie, interred at these, however, may be called incised 
 
 Paphos, in Cyprus, (vol. x. p. 363 ; see slabs, for the background is cut out so 
 
 also p. 1 28.) At Bamberg Cathedral is as to leave the figure, canopy, and mar- 
 
 an incised slab to Otto, or Otho, twelfth ginal inscription at tlie same height as 
 
 bishop of that city, 1192. " The head the face of the slab, and consequently on 
 
 and mitre, hands and feet, were engraved a level with the pavement. A brass of 
 
 on pieces of metal, or of stone or marble, this description exists at Posen Cathe- 
 
 let into the slab; these unfortunately dral, Poland, 1475; Arch. Journ., vol. x. 
 
 have been lost, and only the matrices p. 250. The efiigies in alto-relief were 
 
 remain." Arch. Journ., vol. ix. p. 190. placed on altar -tombs, and many, espe- 
 
 In Carisbrooke Church, Isle of Wight, cially in Germany, are to be found fixed 
 
 is a very early slab, of an ecclesiastic upright against the walls, 
 
 holding a pastoral staff", and at Vale " Mr. Planche, in a paper contributed 
 
 Crucis Abbey, near Llangollen, North to vol. i. of the Journal of the Brit. 
 
 Wales, an engraved effigy in the armour Arch. Assoc, suggests (p. 31) that it 
 
 of the early part of the fourteenth cen- may represent William d'Evcreux, or 
 
 tury. Another of the same date exists Fitz Patrick, Earl of Salisbury, 1196. 
 at Inchmahome, Scotland : see Drum-
 
 Vlll LIMOGES KNAMKLS, 
 
 canojw, and with an inscription at the top. It is tlie subject of the 
 second pUite of Stothard's " Monumental Effigies ;" who mentions a 
 simihir enamelled plate to Ulger, Bishop of Angers, 1149, as formerly 
 existing in the Church of St. Maurice in that city, but destroyed in 
 the French Revolution. An enamelled plate of a similar kind, en- 
 graved in Willemin's Man. Inedits, commemorating a son of St. 
 Louis, 1247, is preserved in the Church of St. Denys^. We learn 
 also from Montfaucon'^ that many such enamelled monuments, both 
 in full relief and flat, did exist in French churches ; but they have 
 met with the usual fate. Drawings of a few, taken under the direc- 
 tion of M. de Gaignieres, are preserved in the Gough Collections at 
 the Bodleian. Among them is a fine example from the Abbey 
 Church of Toiiy, representing Abp. Symon de Beaulieu, 1297 ? The 
 earliest instance recorded of the use of enamelled metal for monu- 
 mental purposes in this country is the tomb of Walter de Merton, 
 Bishop of Rochester, 1277, in the Cathedral Church '^. This was 
 destroyed by the puritans ; and it cannot now be ascertained whether 
 it was in relief or flat. Examples, however, still remain at West- 
 minster Abbey, on the effigy of William, Earl of Pembroke, 1296, 
 probably of foreign execution ; and at Canterbury on that of Edward 
 the Black Prince, 1376, and on the shields around it. 
 
 It seems certain, then, that enamelled plates of metal were em- 
 ployed for sepulchral memorials more than half a century before the 
 date of the earliest recorded brass, 1208; and this fact renders it 
 probable that the use of Limoges works led the way to the employ- 
 ment of brass plates on the ground. Several circumstances tend to 
 confirm this view : for 
 
 First, from the size and character of the foreign examples there 
 can be little doubt that brasses were made and laid down on the 
 Continent before they were used in England. 
 
 Secondly, these foreign brasses are usually like the Limoges 
 
 '' Gloss, of Arcliifc., art. " Brasses." Lyraoges ad ordinandum et providen- 
 
 '^ Mon. de la Monarchic Franc, torn, dum constructionem diete tumbe; et 
 
 ii. p. 160, seq. x.s. viii.d. cuidam garcioni eunti apud 
 
 '' In the accounts of his executors Lymoges querenti dictam tumbam cou- 
 
 there is this entry : — " Et computant stvuctam et ducenti earn cum dicto 
 
 £xl. v.s. vi.d. liberat' Magistro Johanni Magistro Johanne usque Roffaiu." The 
 
 Limovieensi pro tumba dicti Episcopi cost of the whole with carriage was 
 
 EofTensis j scilicet, pro coustructione £67 14s. 6d. Thorpe's Custuui. Rof- 
 
 et carriagio de Lymoges ad Roflam ; fense, p. 193. 
 ct xl.s. viij.d. cuidam executori apud
 
 CONNECTION BETWEEN LIMOGES ENAMELS AND BRASSES. IX 
 
 enamelled plates in their form, which is quadrangular, and in having 
 their backgrounds diapered*'. To which may be added, that the 
 small figures on the sides of some enamelled shrines are very similar 
 to brasses ^ 
 
 Thirdly, we find such a similarity in design between some of the 
 Limoges works and the contemporary incised stones in France, as to 
 shew an intimate communion of ideas between their several artists, 
 while the resemblance between these foreign incised slabs and the 
 brasses of the same date is so strong, as to make it evident that the 
 workmen of both wrought from one and the same desic^n. 
 
 Many of the foreign incised slabs may be regarded as enamelled 
 works in stone. A very interesting example is figured in the Archaeo- 
 logical Journal, and described by Mr. Alexander Nesbitt. It lies 
 in one of the chapels of the Cathedral of Meaux, not far from 
 Paris, and represents Jehan Rose, citizen of Meaux, and his wife, 
 who died respectively in 1328 and 1367. The figures are placed 
 beneath canopies with figures of angels above. Advantage has been 
 taken of the very dark colour of the stone " to produce an eff'ective 
 contrast of colour by inlaying pieces of white marble (?) or alabaster, 
 forming the figures of the angels, the heads, busts, hands, and feet 
 of the persons commemorated, and the animals on which their feet 
 are placed. The remaining part of the figures was formed by cutting 
 out the ground, (like the field of a Limoges champ-leve enamel,) 
 lines of the stone being left to indicate the folds of the garments ; 
 
 * The earliest brass of which we know In Duncumb's Collect, for Hereford- 
 
 the design, is that of Philip and John, shire, vol. i. p. 549, there is an en- 
 
 the two sons of Louis VIII., who reigned graving of the enamelled shrine of King 
 
 from 1223 to 1226. This plate, which Ethell)ert at Hereford, on which the 
 
 exhibits the characters mentioned above, heads of the figures are raised. In the 
 
 is engraved in MontCaucon's Mon. de la fine brass of Eric Merwed, King of Den- 
 
 Monarchie Franc, torn. ii. pi. 18. p. 120. mark, and his Queen Ingeborg, 1319, at 
 
 ' As examples may be mentioned one Kingstaid Church, in the Island of Zea- 
 
 in the British Museum, another in the land, the heads and hands of the figures 
 
 Mus. of Gicon. Geol., London, and an- were of a different materiMl, probably 
 
 other at Shipley Church engraved in white marble in low relief, let into the 
 
 Dallawiiy's Sussex, vol. ii. p. 304 These plate. These inlaid portions were lost 
 
 early enamels shew the " champ-leve," when the brass was examined a few 
 
 i. e. the copper is raised into ridges of years iigo by B. H. Beedham, Esq., of 
 
 partition betv\een the colours. A simi- Kimbolton, to whom the author is in- 
 
 lar method is seen on the dresses of del)tcd for the foregoing part eulars. On 
 
 brasses, especially towards the tnd of the fori'lgu incised sl-.ibs, the head, hands, 
 
 the fifteentli century and later, e. g. and other parts of the design jire occa- 
 
 Bromhani, Wilts. ,c. 1490; ILunbledcn, sionally found in relief, and of a dif- 
 
 Bucks., 1492P St. Peter's, Colchester, ferent coloured stone inlaid in the or- 
 
 1553, and Narburgh, Norfolk, 1556. dinary slab.
 
 X CONNECTION BETWKKN LIMOGES ENAMELS AND BRASSES. 
 
 the lines and ornaments of the canopy and the letters of the inscrip- 
 tion were cut out in the same manner, and the hollows thus formed 
 were filled with a white composition, some fragments of which still 
 remains." 
 
 But in some slabs a nearer approacli to enamelling was attained 
 by the use of materials of several different colours. In the colle- 
 giate Church of Notre Dame at St. Omer, in France, is an elabo- 
 rate memorial of an ecclesiastic. Sir Simon Bocheux, 1463. It 
 consists of a blue stone incised and filled with white mastic; the 
 ornaments of the vestments, marginal inscription, and evangelistic 
 symbols are of yellow stone incised and filled with a red composition. 
 The face and hands are of white marble, and together with a chalice 
 of brass, have the incised lines filled up with black mastic. Among 
 the collection of drawings before alluded to as existing in the Bod- 
 leian are representations of several monuments of abbots in the 
 Abbey of Jumiege, in Normandy, and apparently of similar work- 
 manship to the slab at St. Omer. The figures, which are probably 
 all of the same date, are vested in white albs and red chasubles ; the 
 several ornaments, pastoral staves, and inscriptions seem to be of 
 brass. In the same collection is a drawing of an early incised slab 
 in the choir of the Abbey of St. Yictor, at Paris, commemorating 
 Adenulphus de Agiu\ma, a canon of Paris. In this example the 
 ornaments only of the vestments, and a few fieur-de-lys sprinkled 
 over the stone, are of brass. 
 
 A memorial lately lying in the ruins of the Cistercian Abbey of 
 Villers, in Brabant, shews a still closer connection between the in- 
 cised slab and the monumental brass. The figure, most artistically 
 drawn, has the lines, usually incised on a brass, in relief, the inter- 
 vening spaces having been hollowed out and inlaid with thin plates 
 of copper enamelled. The canopy is quite unrivalled : the inscrip- 
 tion, on brass, ran in the arch of the pediment, the spandril of which 
 is occupied by a figure of Christ or some saint, seated on a throne, 
 in brass^. These monuments being partly brasses and partly incised 
 slabs, with inlaid work resembling enamelling, may be considered as 
 
 K Arch. Journ., vol. ix. p. 384 foreign brasses. Much information on 
 
 ' The author is indebted to Mr. W. the subject he has also obtained from 
 
 H. J. Weale, of Bruges, for an account the communications of Mr. Alexander 
 
 of this slab and that at St. Omer, and Nesbitt and Mr. Albert Way to the 
 
 also for several particulars rchiLiug to Archaeological Journal.
 
 CONNECTION BETWEEN LIMOGES ENAMELS AND BRASSES. XI 
 
 affording substantial proofs that the Continental artists of the in- 
 cised slabs and monumental brasses were often identical, and that 
 their works were suggested by the early enamels. 
 
 Fourthly, the engravers of monumental brasses did not confine 
 tlieir labours to sepulchral memorials, but also executed in a similar 
 style several other articles, such as reliquaries, shrines, ornaments 
 of book-covers, &c., which were formerly adorned with enamelled 
 work'. Mr. Nesbitt, through the medium of the Archaeological 
 Journal, has made known to us a very interesting brass triptych, 
 originally placed in the votive chapel of our Lady of the Snow on 
 the Kocca Melone, near Sasa, in Northern Italy, a.d. 1368. In the 
 centre division is a figure of the Blessed Virgin Mary, seated, with 
 the infant Saviour ; on the left wing, or door, appears St. George, on 
 the right the donor, Bonifacio Rotario, of Asti, accompanied by his 
 patron saint, probably St. John the Baptist. The backgrounds are 
 covered with scroll-work, and canopies occupy the upper portion of the 
 design. " Both the drawing and the mode of execution are precisely 
 those of the Flemish sepulchral brasses of the fourteenth century : 
 the architectural details are also identical with such as may be found 
 on those memorials^." A later instance of the same kind, bearing 
 the date 1523, and a mark with the initials I. E., probably those of 
 the engraver, is also mentioned in the Archaeological Journal as 
 having been exhibited by Mr. Farrer at a meeting of the Institute 
 on Jan. 9, 1852. It is "a brass case in the form of a book, and 
 intended, probably, for the preservation of some choice volume of 
 HorfS, or other service-book. It is of interest, not only as a singular 
 kind of forel, but as being covered with engraved ornament, pre- 
 cisely in the style of Flemish sepulchral brasses ; and it was doubt- 
 less produced by the burin of an engraver of latten for those me- 
 morials'." 
 
 Fifthly, the direct connection of enamelled work and brasses is 
 
 ' " By those very artists who exe- before it entered into the idea of man to 
 cuted the moniunental effigies, we may conceive to what great and noble uses it 
 reasonably suppose, were engraved the might be applied." Strutt's Hist, of 
 bosses and clasps for the monastic books. Engraving, vol. i. pp. 12, 13. 
 boxes, shrines, and ornaments for the '' See Arch. Journ., vol. xiv. pp. 207 
 altars of churclies ; nlso cups, and a — 210. The notice is accompauiod by 
 variety of other furniture of metal, as three beautiful engravings of the trip- 
 well tor religious as secular purposes. tych. 
 
 Hence we see the art of engraving was ' Arch. Journ., vol. ix. pp. 108, 109. 
 
 not only discovered, but practised ages
 
 XU CONNECTION BKTWICKN LIMOGES ENAMELS AND BRASSES. 
 
 shewn by the use of the former on some of the shields of early 
 figures, as at Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey. These shields, as might be 
 expected, are not made of brass, which would not bear the required 
 heat, but of thin plates of copper inlaid in the brass". 
 
 But the delicacy of the colouring material of these enamels was 
 little suited to bear the rough treatment which it would encounter 
 on the floor of a church : they were therefore usually fixed to walls, 
 or suspended over tombs, as in the instances mentioned by Stothard. 
 Their costliness also would place them beyond the reach of all but 
 the wealthy ; whereas brass was abundant, and well suited in most 
 respects to such a purpose °. 
 
 !From what has been said, then, it appears that stone monuments 
 on the pavements of churches were gradually assuming, as more 
 convenient, the flat form, at about the same jieriod that the beauty 
 of enamelled metals had attracted the attention of artists for monu- 
 mental purposes. But the small size, the frailty of structure, and 
 the great expense of these enamels, soon led to the widely extended 
 use of brass", which possessed most of their advantages without their 
 faults : for when its deeply incised lines were filled with cements of 
 various colours, it formed a substitute, not indeed quite so beautiful, 
 but as much more durable as it was less costly. 
 
 It is not, however, to be supposed, because the Limoges enamels 
 suggested the adoption of the monumental brasses, that these me- 
 morials were first made in that citv, or even in France. On the 
 contrary, the enamellers may have discountenanced any cheap imi- 
 tations of their expensive works. It is more likely that the art 
 originated in Germany, in which country the metal was largely 
 manufactured, and in the nortliern portion of which, especially the 
 kingdom of Hanover and duchies of Mecklenburg and Brunswick, 
 
 "> Waller's Brasses, pt.x. See the cle- century: tliey were first cast, and after- 
 
 scription of the brass at Trotton, infra, wards finished with a graving tool. Other 
 
 P- 22. examples may be seen in the Cathedrals 
 
 n In Germany a great number of of llitisbon, Cracow, Breslau, and Ulm, 
 
 tombs of metal still remain, which are at Marburg, and a small one in the mu- 
 
 wrought in very low relief, and ftmn the scum at Basle. The same kind of me- 
 
 interinediate class between the sepul- morial, which was probably introduced 
 
 chral brass and the cfligy. Sixty or at the end of the fourteenth century, is 
 
 eighty such figures of bishops, deans, still used in Germany. 
 and canons exist at Bamberg Cathedral. ° The more frequent use of incised 
 
 Gloss of Archit., art. "Brasses." Some stone slabs in France may perhaps be 
 
 of these are the work of Peter Vischer fully accounted for by the greater hard- 
 
 in the commencement of the sixteenth ness of the stone in common use.
 
 IMPORTED BltASS. ENGLISH BRASS WORKS. 
 
 XIU 
 
 some of the earliest and finest brasses are to be foundP. That the 
 Flemish were early celebrated for their skill in engravinc^ these 
 memorials is evident from the fine specimens remaining at Bruges, 
 Ghent, and other parts of Belgium. As their reputation extended 
 also into Germany i, it is most probable that many of the finest 
 examples existing in that country, as at Lubeck and Schwerin, are 
 the productions of Flemish artists. 
 
 With respect to the material of which these memorials were made in 
 England, it appears certain that the brass platewas at first brought from 
 the Continent ^ Flanders and the neighbouring provinces were early 
 celebrated for the manufacture of plates of "latten" or brass, called 
 "Cullen plate^" a term corrupted from Ceulon, Coin, or Cologne, 
 where such plates were principally made. The earliest notice that has 
 been observed of the manufacture of brass in this country is a patent* 
 
 P In the Churcli of St. Andrew, at 
 Verden, is the earliest brass whicli has 
 yet been noticed. It commemorates 
 Bishop Yso von Welpe, 1231, who is re- 
 presented in pontificalibus, and as carry- 
 ing in his right hand a model of tlie 
 church whi h he founded, and in his left 
 a model of a tower enclosed within a 
 battlement' d wall, in allusion to his 
 having fortified Verden, and perhaps 
 erected the western tower of the cathe- 
 dral. "The drawing of the whole is faulty, 
 and the execution poor, scratchy, and 
 uncertain; the whole has suffered much 
 from wear." Arch. Journ., vol. xiii. 
 p. 83. At Hildesheim is a brass to Bp. 
 Otho de Brunswick, 1279. 
 
 ' " Hermann Gallin, Senator of Lu- 
 beck, who died in 1365, ordered by his 
 will that his executors should place 
 over his sepulchre ' unum Flamimjicum 
 auricalcium figuratiouibus bene factum 
 lapidem funeraiem.' It does not now 
 exist, but tiiere are still in that city 
 several examples of Flemish brasses." 
 Note in Arch. Journ., vol. xiv. p. 210. 
 
 ' Many English brasses exhibit on 
 their reverses portions of older engrav- 
 ings of foreign workmanship. 
 
 • See the agreement made for the 
 erecticm of the tomb of Kich^rd Beau- 
 champ, 1439, at Warwick, quoted infra, 
 p. 27, note q. Cologne seems to have 
 been written Ceulon or Ceulen, e. g. 
 " Chrouick der Stadt Ceulon, by Koel- 
 
 hoff, 1490." Latten, Belg. Laitoen, 
 seems to have been used loosely for 
 any compounds of copper. There was a 
 great trade between Cologne and Lon- 
 don. King John granted many privi- 
 leges to the Cologne merchants. White- 
 hall belonged to them entirely. Metal 
 tombs in relief, and perhaps brasses, 
 wi re apparently made at Cologne. At 
 Aigut'blanche, in Piedmont, is (or was) a 
 recumbent statue in brass of Peter de 
 Aqiiablancha, Bishop of Hertford, who 
 died in 1268, and willed his heart to be 
 buried at his native place, where he had 
 founded a monastery. The inscription 
 ends thus, — " Hoc ojras fecit magist : 
 Henricus de Colonia. Aiahvij' requiescat 
 in pace Amen." See the Kerrich Collec- 
 tions in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 
 No. 6,729, p. 102. The Flemings largely 
 traded with England for the sake of 
 wool to supply their extensive clothing 
 trade. In 1337 the export of wool was 
 prohibited, and foreign cloth-workers al- 
 lowed by Edw. III. to settle in England. 
 See Annals of England, vol. i. p. 384. 
 Manufacturers of woollen twists and 
 stud's were soon established in Norfolk, 
 especially at Worstcad, which place 
 gave the name of " worsted goods" to 
 these fabrics. 
 
 ' See Stringer, Op. Mineral. Explic, 
 1713, p. 34; and a petition of John 
 lirode, &c., 1590. Lauds. MSS. Brit. 
 Mus. No. 81, 1, 2, and 3.
 
 MV ENGLISH BRASS WOKKS. 
 
 granted by Qiiecn EHzabetli, Sept. 17, 15ti5, to William Ilumfrey, 
 assay master of the mint, and Christopher Shutz, "an Almain," to 
 search and mine for calamine, and to have the use of it for making 
 all sorts of battery wares, cast works, and wire, of latten. At the 
 same time similar privileges were granted to Cornelius Devoz, and 
 to Daniel Houghsetter and Thomas Thurland. In 1568, May 28, 
 the company of the mineral and battery works was incorporated, and 
 in 158-i reincorporated; in which year a lease of works at Isleworth'* 
 was granted to John Erode, who appears to have greatly improved 
 the art; and about the same period many other brass mills were set 
 up, especially in Somersetshire. 
 
 Although the ''plate " was not made at home until long after the 
 foreign brasses had attained a high degree of excellence, yet there is 
 every reason to believe that almost all the brasses in England 
 were the work of native artists. No one can doubt this who will 
 compare them with the few that remain on the Continent, such as 
 the fine brasses of Burchard de Sarken, 1317, and John de Miil, 
 1350, Bishops of Lubeck; Godfrey de Bidowe, 1314, and Frederick 
 de Bulowe, 1375, also Ludolph de Bulowe, 1339, and Henry de 
 Bidowe, 1347, Bishops of Schwerin ; and Maertin heere Van de 
 Capelle, 1452, Bruges, all in the cathedrals of their respective cities \ 
 
 o Norden, in his Doscript. of Middx. force of the water, and suppressed agayne 
 
 4to. 1593, under " Thistlevvortli," de- with a great poyes and weyght. And 
 
 scribes tliis mill, but the notice is more the hammers wherwith they worke 
 
 fnll in the original MS. written in 1592, their plates are very great and weightie, 
 
 (Harl. 570,) and is given at p. xiii. of the some of them of wrowght and beaten 
 
 Introd. to Norden's Descript. of Essex, iron, some of cast iron, of 200, 300, 
 
 (London Camd. Soc), as follows : — some 400 weight, which hammers so 
 
 " Thistleworth or Istleworth, a place massye are lifted up by an artificial! 
 
 Bcituate upon the Thamise. Not farr engine, by the force of the water, in 
 
 from whence betwone it and Worton is that altogeather semblahle to the Iron 
 
 a copper and brass myll, wher it is niyll hammers. They h;we snippers 
 
 wrowght out of the oar, melted, and wherwith they snyppe and pare their 
 
 forged. The oar, or earth wherof it is plates, which snippers being also of a 
 
 contryvcd, is browght out of Somerset- huge grciitnes, farr beyond the powr of 
 
 shire from Mendipp, the most from a man to use, are so artificially placed, 
 
 place called Worley Hill. The carriage and snch ingenious devises therunto 
 
 is by vvayne, which can not but be added, tliat by the mocon of the water 
 
 very chardgeable. The workemen make also the snippers open and shut, and per- 
 
 plates both of coj^per and brasse of all forme that with great facilitye, which 
 
 Bcyccs little and great, thick and thyn, ells were very harde to be done." 
 for all purposes. They make also kyt- " The three brasses at Lubeck and 
 
 ties. Their furnace and fofge are blown Schwerin have each two figures of bi- 
 
 with great bellowcs, raysed with the shops. That at Lubeck is described by
 
 FOREIGN BRASSKS. XV 
 
 The foreign brasses, at least the larger and earlier examples, usually 
 considered the work of Flemish artists, consist of a quadrangular 
 sheet of metal, sometimes measuring twelve feet by six feet", and 
 composed of several plates, varying in size from eighteen inches to 
 about two feet and a-half in length, and of proportionate width, 
 neatly joined together. The centre of the brass is occupied by the 
 effigy, or effigies, of the deceased, with the hands raised in The at- 
 titude of prayer. . Ecclesiastics often hold a book or chalice, bishops 
 and abbots support their pastoral staves between the arm and the 
 body, knights bear their crested helmets in their hands or grasp 
 their swords. The feet rest on some grotesque figures, such as wood- 
 howses or satyrs struggling with an eagle, lion, or other animal, or 
 carrying off a lady. Below this there are frequently depicted some 
 incidents from the legendary lives of saints (St. Dunstan and St. 
 Nicholas at Lubeck, 1350), a hunting-scene (Lynn, Norfolk, 1349 ; 
 Newark, Notts., 1361), a harvest-home or rustic games (Lynn, 
 1349), or some fanciful composition, as the preparation and eating 
 of a dinner by satyrs (Schwerin, 1375), a peacock-feast (Lynn, 
 1364), &c. Over the effigies are drawn elaborate canopies hav- 
 ing their side-supports composed of tiers of niches, with geo- 
 metrical tracery in the pediments of the canopies, and filled with 
 figures of " weepers" (i. e. relations or friends of the deceased) in 
 appropriate costume, saints with their respective emblems, or pro- 
 phets wearing peculiarly shaped caps and holding scrolls. The 
 upper portion of the canopy immediately over the heads of the prin- 
 cipal figures sometimes resembles a groined ceiling bespangled with 
 stars ; above are generally one or two rows of niches, those in the 
 centre containing a representation of the deceased under the form of 
 a naked child held in the bosom of a seated figure of Abraham, or 
 borne upwards in a sheet by angels towards a similar figure in- 
 tended either for Abraham or for the Ancient of Days. On either 
 side are figures of angels or saints swinging censers, holding tapers, 
 playing upon organs and stringed instruments, or with their usual 
 
 Mr. Ncshitt in Arch. Journ., vol. ix. pp. 1375, measures 12 ft. 8 in. by 6 ft. 4 in. ; 
 
 294—296 : an engniving of it niiiy be that at Lubeck 12 ft. by 6 ft. 2 in. 
 
 Been in Denkmiilcr bildender Kuiist in W'alsokne's brass at 1^3 nn, Norlblk, 
 
 Lubeck, by Dr. Ernst Deeckc, part i. 1319, is 10 ft. by 5 ft. 7 in. 
 * The brass at Schwerin Cathedral,
 
 XVI 
 
 FOIIKIGN BRASSES. 
 
 emblcins. The niches are crowned witli numerous pinnacles, or 
 " gabletz/^ and the masonry and tile-work carefully drawn. Souie 
 fragments of foreign brasses, c. 1375, from ]\Iawgan Church, Corn- 
 Mall, of which engravings are given below and on p. xvii., furnish 
 goodJUustrations of this part of the desiguy. 
 
 Portion ol a Flemisli Erass at l.Iaw^an, Cora^wall, c. 1375. 
 
 y Tlicse form part of the brass of 
 Jane Annidell, c. 1580, from Mawgan 
 Chnrcli, Cornwall, and are preserved in 
 the neighbouring nunnery. The above 
 entfraving is taken from the reverse of 
 part of the inscription ('J^ in. by Si in.), 
 the remaining part having a piece of a 
 canopy and inscript'on, with the words 
 . . . ovnini JiJlillcsiniO t . . . The frag- 
 ment (12j in. by ^'^ in.) with tlie ])or- 
 tion of an inscription ... no scptimo 
 qUtirt .... is engraved on the reveise 
 
 of the lower part of the effigy ; at the 
 back of the upper part is a small figure 
 of a saint, holding a clun-ch (?) and 
 standing under a canopy with a rich 
 circle in its pediment. These engrav- 
 ings originally illustrated an article on 
 Sepidchral Brasses, by C. Spence, Esq., 
 in vol. iii. of the publications of the 
 Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society. 
 'J bey have been kindly ])laced at the 
 disj.osal of the author by the Com- 
 mittee.
 
 FOREIGN BRASSES. 
 
 XVll 
 
 HMMNH,:^HNhhim^ 
 
 - A^4» 4-^ 4- . 4'^4»^4' 4' . *r 
 
 Portion of a Flemish Sraas at Mawgan, Cornwall, c. 1375
 
 XVIU 
 
 rOllKION BRASSES. 
 
 Around the wliole composition is ])laced a broad border, consisting 
 
 of a running pattern of the oak, vine, or 
 
 otlier leaves, enclosing an inscription in large 
 bold ornamented lettering. At the corners 
 and in the centres of the four sides are in- 
 serted evangelistic symbols, merchants' marks, 
 armorial bearings, Src. These last often oc- 
 
 Part of Inscriptioii of Delamert> 
 brass, St. Alban's, c. 1360. 
 
 Part of Inacription of Pownder 
 brass, Ipswich, 1535 
 
 cupy a very prominent place in the brass, 
 being held by the figure of the deceased or 
 by angels, especially in brasses later than the 
 fourteenth century. Those portions of the 
 slab which are unoccupied by the various 
 designs just described are usually engraved 
 with an elaborate diaper, consisting of fo- 
 liaged scroll-work, with birds, &c., or geo- 
 metrical compartments filled with foliage, human figures variously 
 engaged, animals, griffins, mer- 
 maids, and similar monstrosities, 
 the interstices being occupied with 
 butterflies or foliage. The diaper- 
 ing, however, is not confined to 
 the back-grounds, but employed as 
 an enrichment of the dresses of the 
 principal figures, and of the cushions 
 on which their heads repose. In 
 later brasses the pattern of the 
 diaper is formed of pomegranates, waper from bras, at st. Aibans, c. 1060 
 
 foliage, and scroll-work with flame-like edges, and much resembles 
 the rich stuffs of the period. Very frequently an architectural in- 
 terior, or a curtain suspended by rings to a rod, forms a back- 
 ground, especially in German brasses of the sixteenth century. 
 Sometimes the canopy is omitted, and the diapered surface becomes 
 a main feature in the brass, as at Meissen Cathedral, 1464i. Or, on 
 the other hand, the diapering is wanting, as in an example now in 
 the British Museum, c. 1350, and then the canopy and inscription 
 are usually engraved on plates of brass detached from the effigies of 
 the deceased. Instances may be seen among the drawings in the 
 Gaignieres collection of brasses from Beauvais Cathedral. Detached 
 figures without any canopies or back- grounds, and not engraved on
 
 FOREIGN BRASSES. XIX 
 
 quadrangular plates, are not uncommon abroad. The brasses of 
 "VVillem Wenemaer, 1325, and wife, 1352, at Ghent »=, and of a 
 civilian, c. 1350, at St. ]\Iary's, Lubeck, are good and early instances, 
 Eesides the leading and peculiar features which have been described, 
 the Continental brasses exhibit, in comparison with the English, a 
 greater variety in the attitude of the figures and the arrangement of 
 the several parts, and also a certain freedom from conventionalities. 
 For instance. Doctors of Theology are represented as seated in a 
 church, accompanied by a standing attendant, and instructing their 
 pupils, who are taking notes at desks; a good instance is afforded 
 by the brass of James Sclielewaert, S.T.D., 1419, in the chapel of 
 SS. Crispin and Crispinian, St. Saviour's, Bruges. At St. Mary's, 
 Lubeck, is (or was) a mutilated brass of the date 1521% having the 
 marginal inscription engraved on a wavy line, with the interstices of 
 the undulations occupied by several small subjects illustrative of the 
 life of a person from the cradle to the grave. A similar, and ap- 
 parently not uncommon arrangement may be seen on one of the fine 
 brasses at Sclnverin, 1347, in which a Jesse tree is introduced, with 
 a series of crowned figures terminating in those of the Blessed 
 Virgin Mary and her husband Joseph. Frequently a representation 
 of the Annunciation, th^l^ssumption, the Blessed Yirgin Mary with 
 the Infant Jesus on her knees, the Holy Trinity, the Eesurrection, 
 or the Crucifixion of our Saviour, forms the centre of the plate, while 
 the persons commemorated kneel on either side with their patron 
 saints. Brasses of much simpler character, such as inscriptions 
 accompanied by chalices (for a priest), half-length figures, armorial 
 bearings, &c., also occur, and some of those with entire figures and 
 canopies are of very small dimensions, as the memorial of Griele van 
 Euwescuere, 1410, in a private chapel at the Beguinage, Bruges, 
 which measures seventeen inches by ten and a-half ''. Besides their 
 diflference of arrangement and ornament, the foreign brasses are 
 
 * These interesting figxires are pre- •> An engraving of this beautiful little 
 
 served in a hospital founded by the de- brass illustrates the Advertisement of 
 
 ceased in the Place St. Pharailde, Ghent. Mr. W. H. J. Weale's work on Foreign 
 
 They are given as illustrations to a Brasses and Slabs. The figure apjia- 
 
 paper on Foreign Sepulchral Brasses, rently carries some devotional work sus- 
 
 by Albert Way, Esq., in Aich. Journ., pended i'rom the left arm by a nettetl 
 
 vol. vii. pp. 286, 290. bag, or forel. The execution of the brass 
 
 * Engraved in Deiikmalcr bildender is c. 1390, the date having been subse- 
 
 Kunst in Liibcck, by Dr. Ei'ust Deecke, quently inserlt'cL 
 part i.
 
 XX FOREIGN BRASSES IN ENGLAND. 
 
 distinguished from the English by a i)ecuHarity of engraving. The 
 principal lines are broader and more boldly drawn, though less deeply 
 cut, and wrought with a flat, chisel-shaped tool, instead of the ordi- 
 nary engraving burin. " Stippling," or dotted shading, is found on 
 early examples in the folds of the drapery, bases of canopies, &c. 
 
 These characteristics, especially the quadrangular shape of the 
 plates, the diapered backgrounds, and scroll-work enrichment, enable 
 us at once to decide upon the foreign origin of several brasses in 
 England, viz., those at Lynn, Norfolk, to Adam de Walsokne and 
 wife, 1349, and Eobert Braunche and two wives, 1364'=; at St. 
 Alban's, to Thomas de la Mare, Abbot, 1396, (date of engraving 
 c. 1360) ; at Newark, Notts., to Alan Fleming, 1361; at Aveley, 
 Essex, to Ralph de Ktievynton, in armour, 1370 ; at Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne, to Roger Thornton and wife, 1429; at St. Mary Quay, 
 Ipswich, to Thomas Pownder and wife, 1535; at All-Hallows, 
 Barking, London, to Andrew Evyngar (an Anglicised corruption of 
 Wyngaerde, the name of a family which resided at Antwerp 'i,) and 
 wife, c. 1535, and at Eulham, Middlesex, to Margaret Hornebolt, 
 1529, a demi-figure in a shroud, on a lozenge-shaped plate. To 
 which may be added the fragment of a large brass of an abbot, 
 c. 1350, now in the British Museum, and fc^large plate brought from 
 Elanders, and now in the Museum of CEconomic Geology, London ; 
 it commemorates Lodewyc Cortewille and wife, 1504 andl496«, and 
 is very similar in execution to the brass at Eulham. 
 
 The English brasses, on the contrary, are not on one quadrangular 
 plate, but consist of separate pieces, with an irregular outKne, corre- 
 sponding, for the most part, with that of the figure or device repre- 
 sented ; they have consequently no back-ground of brass, its place 
 being occupied by the stone in which they are inlaid. If these two 
 be compared together, the preference seems to be due to the English 
 
 " There was a third at Lynn, also of commemorating Michael de Mentmore, 
 to-eign execution, to Robert Attelathe twenty-ninth abbot, who died in 1349. 
 and wife, 1376. The figure of th(> lius- A siniilar slab remains in the centre of 
 band IS copied m Cotman's Sepulchral the nave of Boston Church, Lincoln- 
 Brasses of Norfolk, vol. i. pi. vii., from shire. 
 
 an engraving in Gough's Sepulchral d The author is indebted to W. H. 
 
 Monuments, (vol. i. ,d. xxxvi.,) made J. Weale, Esq , of Bruges, for this in- 
 
 trom two facsimiles still preserved in the fmnation. 
 
 British Musemn. In the choir of St. ^ The metal of this brass yielded upon 
 
 Alban s Abbey is a large slab bearing analysis, copper 64, zinc 29.5, lead 3.5, 
 
 the indent of a foreign brass, probably tin 3.
 
 FOREIGN BRASSES. ENGLISH BRASSES. XXI 
 
 method. In looking at the Continental brasses, the eye is confused 
 by the large and profusely ornamented surface presented to it at one 
 view; whereas those of England, by their arrangement, preserve 
 clearly the distinctness of the several parts, while the canopy and 
 surrounding marginal inscription sustain the unity of design. The 
 fine brasses at Cowfold, Sussex, of Prior Nelond, 1433, and at 
 Graveney, Kent, of Judge Martyn and wife, 1436, may be selected 
 in proof of this opinion. It is interesting to find that while a few 
 works of foreign artists have found their way into England, one 
 example at least of English workmanship remains on the Continent 
 to shew the excellence of our engravers. In Constance Cathedral is 
 a brass, with a canopy, effigy, and border inscription, to Robert Hal- 
 lum, Bishop of Salisbury, who died while attending the council in 
 1416, and the tradition abroad is that it catne from England^ 
 
 It is not improbable that the difference observable between foreign 
 and English brasses may be accounted for by the greater abundance 
 of metal abroad, and the different models which the artists here and 
 on the Continent had before them. The English workmen had been 
 accustomed to stone figures without back-grounds, w.hile those on 
 the Continent were familiar with the Limoges plates and incised 
 slabs. . ' 
 
 To avoid misconception, it may be as well here to state that many 
 of the later English brasses, especially those affixed to the wall, are 
 engraved on small quadrangular plates. They cannot, however, well 
 be mistaken for foreign examples. Those after the middle of the six- 
 teenth century have the back-ground plain, or occupied by masonry, 
 arches, or the interior of a church or panelled apartment. The 
 earliest of the kind are Sir Thomas Sellynger and lady, 1475, St. 
 George's Chapel, Windsor; Philip Mede, Esq.? and wives, 1475, 
 St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol ; Sir William Huddersfeld and wife, 1499, 
 Shillingford, Devon, all in heraldic dresses ; Dr. Robert Honywode, 
 1522, St.George's Chapel, Windsor; Christopher Martyn, Esq., 1524, 
 Piddletown, Dorset; Robert Sutton, dean, 1528, Geoffrey Fynche, 
 dean, 1537, both in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin ; George Rede, 
 priest, 1492, Eovant, Wilts. ; Anne Danvers, c. 1530, Dauntesey, 
 Wilts., and Sir — Compton and lady, c. 1500, in private handsS. 
 
 ' Engraved in the Archseologia, vol. 26, and In the ArchaeoL, vol. xvi. p. 302, 
 
 XXX. p. 430. pi. xii. It was formerly in Nctley Abbey, 
 
 e Engraved in Boutell's Brasses, p. but when discovered several years since.
 
 XXll FOREIGN BRASSES IN ENGLAND. 
 
 The three last have tlieir back-grounds diapered with pomegranates, 
 roses, &c., and the List has also the fire beacon, the Compton badge, 
 repeated four times. 
 
 There are a few brasses in England which, though they do not 
 consist of quadrangular plates, and are destitute of the diapered 
 back-ground, are, from their style of engraving and ornament, evi- 
 dently the work of foreign artists. Of this kind are the figures of 
 two ecclesiastics c. 1360, one at North Mimms, Herts., the other 
 commemorating Sir Simon de Wenslagh, rector, at Wensley, Yorks.'* 
 Both these are attired in richly ornamented vestments, and have 
 chalices, apparently covered with patens, placed on the body instead 
 of held in the hands. The fine brass of Sir Hugh Hastings, 134-7, 
 at Elsing, Norfolk, and the worn and mutilated remains of two 
 canopied brasses in the nave of Boston parish church, shew evident 
 indications of foreign workmanship, the figures of the weepers at the 
 sides of these canopies being placed in niches with diapered back- 
 grounds'. The peculiar position of the shield over the left thigh of 
 the knight, and the singular character of the costume of the lady, 
 prove the effigies of Sir John de Northwode and his wife, c. 1330, 
 at Minster, in Sheppy, to be of foreign, and most probably of 
 French, origin. The brass of Margaret, Lady Carnoys, 1310, at 
 Trotton, Sussex, may also be added to this list, as it was originally 
 "powdered" or sprinkled after the foreign fashion; the slab with 
 stars and coronets (?) in brass, and the dress of the figure with nine 
 small shields, apparently enamelled, and resembling the few that still 
 remain on the effigy of William de Valence, 1290, at Westminster 
 AbbeyJ. 
 
 Another description of memorial peculiar to the Continent, and 
 
 was used as the back of a grate in a among the descriptions of the military 
 cottage. A few years ago there was brasses of the fourteenth century, 
 another brass (a palimpsest) in not quite > Compare similar figures in Mont- 
 so warm a position, but " well rubbed," faucon, Jlon. de la jVIonarchie Franc, 
 over the mantel-piece in the vicarage torn. iii. pi. xxxiv. fig. 10; and tom. ii. 
 kitchen at the Temple Church, Bristol. pi. xxxviii. p. 214. Among the draw- 
 It has since been refixed in the church. ings of French tombs in the Bodleian is 
 
 •» See the article, by the Rev. James one of a brass in the church of the Jaco- 
 
 Raine, in the Archaeological Journal, bins at Eouen, in memory of Philippe 
 
 vol. xii. pp. 238—243, from which it de Clere, 1351, and his wife Jehane de 
 
 appears that Sir Simon was above sixty Meusenc, 1344 ; the costume of the 
 
 years of age in 1386, and probably died latter bears considerable resemblance to 
 
 before 1400. that of Lady Northwode at Minster. See 
 
 ' An engraving of one of the figures also Montfaucon, Mon. de la Mon. Franc, 
 
 from the Elsing brass will be found tom. ii. pi. xxxviii., liL
 
 FOREIGN BRASSES IN ENGLAND. 
 
 XXIU 
 
 Sir John de Nortliwode and Lady, c. 1330, Minster, Sheppy. 
 
 whicli lias been before alluded to'', is the union of tlie monumental 
 brass and incised slab. Of these a few foreign instances may be seen 
 in England. In Boston Church, Lincolnshire, are several slabs of 
 hard blue-grey marble, with figures incised on them, the head, hands, 
 chalice, sword, &c., alone being of brass. These memorials are now' 
 nearly obliterated and the brasses lost, with the exception of the 
 hands of one effigy'. At AU-IIallows', Barking, London, is a slab 
 
 '' Supra, p. X. 
 
 ^ These slabs probably are from the 
 carboniferous limestone which composes 
 the hills of the neighbourhood of Liege 
 and on the banks of the Meusc, a mate- 
 rial which was extensively used on the 
 
 Continent for incised slabs. See Arch. 
 Journ., vol. vii. p. 189. Foreign incised 
 slabs, the tombs of strangers chiefly, 
 may be found in England at the follow, 
 ing places : — 
 
 Boston, Lincolnshire, a slab found on
 
 XXIV 
 
 ENGLISH ARTISTS. 
 
 of this kind, the inlaid brass being shaped like a hand-shovel, and 
 perhaps engraved with a face and hands, now defaced. At Blockley, 
 "Worcestershire, is a kneeling figure of an ecclesiastic in brass, with 
 a chalice and marginal inscription cut in the stone slab. This ex- 
 ample, of the date 14S8, is, however, of English workmanship. 
 
 Althouffh there can be no doubt that the monumental brasses in 
 England, with such few exceptions as have been just noticed, are 
 the work of native engravers, yet up to the present time no record 
 has been discovered to satisfy our curiosity respecting the artists to 
 whom we are indebted for these beautiful works. That there was 
 one manufactory well known at the time, established in London in 
 the thirteenth or fourteenth century, whicli took the lead in the pro- 
 duction of these monuments, and kept that position for three or four 
 centuries, is tolerably certain from the fact that by far the majority 
 of brasses throughout England, of the same date, present a great 
 similarity of design and execution ; figures, in churches distant from 
 each other many miles, are so like in form and features as to produce 
 conviction that they are works of tlie same body of artists. For in- 
 
 the site of the Franciscan Friery, and 
 now placed against tbe wall of a house ; 
 it comaumorates " WISSELVS ■ d'cs • 
 
 SMALENBVRaH • C ,VIS • ET ' MEECiiTOll' 
 
 MONASTEEiENSis," (Muuster in West- 
 phalia ?) with canopy, 1312. Engraved 
 in Arch Journ., vol. vii. p. 54. 
 
 Sudbury, Suffolk, Sieve de St. Qvintin, 
 c. 1330, a lady in costume similar to 
 that on brasses at Cobhaui, Kent, c. 
 1320, and Trotton, Sussex, 1310. See 
 Arch. Journ., vol. v. pp. 222, 223. 
 
 Brading, Isle of Wight, Jolin Chero- 
 win, Esq., "tium faibcbat coniustabu= 
 larius tastrt De porccatrc," 1441. En- 
 graved in the Wimhester volume of 
 the British Arch. Association. 
 
 Both these last are probably of French 
 execution, and had the face and hands 
 inlaid with stone in low relief, and of a 
 different colour and material (perhaps 
 white marble) to the rest of the slab. 
 "The practice of representing parts 
 of an effizy on pieces of brass or of 
 white stone or marble, was common in 
 the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 
 but no other example [besides the monu- 
 ment of Bp. Otho, see supra, p. vii. 
 note v] of the twelfth has, it is be- 
 lieved, been hitherto noticed. It may, 
 perhaps, have been suggested by the 
 
 Greek works in bronze inlaid with 
 silver (ayi/j-iva), which in the eleventh 
 and twelfth centuries were frequently 
 brought into Italy from Constantinople, 
 or manufactured by Greek workuien at 
 Venice, or elsewhere, for the purpose of 
 adorning the doors of churches." Arch. 
 Journ., vol. ix. p, 191. The slab at 
 Brading bears the expression " dum vi- 
 vebat," (Gall, "en son vivant,") which 
 is commonly found on French in- 
 scriptions before the titles of the de- 
 ceased. 
 
 All Saints', Hastings, a civilian and 
 wife, 1458 ? much defaced, 
 
 Playden, Sussex, a slab with casks, 
 crossed mush-stick, and fork, evidently 
 commemorating a brewer, and with the 
 usual Flemish style of inscription : — 
 "l^icr is hcgrauc ©ovucUs Zoctmanns, 
 liitit boct tJe'^iclc; i.e. Here is buried 
 Cornelius Zoctmanns, pray for the soul." 
 See Arch., Journ., vol. vii. p. 189. 
 
 In Owen and Blakeway's History of 
 Shrewsbury, vol. ii. p. 288, is an en- 
 graving of an incised slab, formerly at 
 St. Alkmund's. It represents Sinon 
 Walshe and his wife Joan, under rich 
 canopies, c. 1360, and is apparently of 
 foreign workmanship.
 
 ENGLISH ARTISTS. ARTISTs' MARKS. XXV 
 
 stance, knights at Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey, 1327, and Westley 
 Waterless, Camb., c. 1325; at Cheddar, Somerset, 1442? Ewelme, 
 Oxon., 1436, and "Westminster Abbey, 1457 : priests at Fulbourn, 
 Camb.; Hayes, Kent; Chalfont St. Giles', Bucks., c. 1470, and 
 Crowell, Oxon., 1469 : Ladies at Erith, Kent, and Stamford, Lin- 
 colnshire, 1471: canopies at Cottingham, Yorks., 1383, and St. 
 George's Chapel, Windsor, 1380: effigies at Stopham, 1614; Ar- 
 dingley, Sussex, 1633, 1634; Burton Latimer, Ts^orthants., 1626; 
 Chigwell, Essex, 1631 ; Stoke by Nayland, Suffolk, 1632 ; Clynnog, 
 Carnarvon, 1633 ; St.Columb Major, Cornwall, 1633 ; Penn, Bucks., 
 1640, 1641. 
 
 When we consider the condition of the sister arts and the large 
 number of brasses required, (not only many churches, as Hitchin, 
 Herts., and Sudbury, Suffolk, but even cathedrals, as Lincoln and 
 Hereford, having been literally paved with them,) it seems not im- 
 probable that those who were employed in their manufacture formed 
 a guild, the engravers rigidly adhering to the instructions and pat- 
 terns furnished them by the principal artists. 
 
 There is no ground for supposing that even the first manufacturers 
 of our monumental brasses were foreigners resident in England. On 
 the contrary, the close resemblance between the earliest brasses^ and 
 the stone effigies which preceded them, leads us to infer that, on the 
 introduction of the new material, some of the sculptors and engravers 
 of stone monuments now devoted their sole attention to the brass 
 memorials ; keeping up, however, an intimate connection with the 
 masons for the supply of the altar-tombs and stone canopies which 
 were used in conjunction with brasses as well as with stone effigies. 
 
 The marks of the artist have been found on one or two English 
 brasses only, and tlirow but little light on tlie subject. One is at 
 the lower corner of the figure of Lady Creke, c. 1325, Westley 
 Waterless, Camb., and consists of the 
 letter N reversed, above which is a mallet, 
 on the one side a half-moon, and on the 
 other a star or sun. A similar device, 
 without the letter, is on a seal of a deed 
 (5th of Ed. I.) of s'. WALTER: le : masvn. "" Another, which is 
 
 ' The cross-legged attitude of the are English peculiarities, very rarely, 
 knights, the half-length effigies, and if ever, found on the Continent, 
 the connection of figures with crosses ■" Waller's Brasses, part x. An cn- 
 
 e
 
 XXVI 
 
 AETISTS MARKS. 
 
 simply the letter N reversed, occurs on the right hand base of the 
 
 canopy of the beautiful brass of Thos. Lord Camoys y v 
 
 and Lady, 14<19, Trotton, Sussex. Although there ^^ ^ 
 
 is the difference of a century in the date of these 
 brasses, it is remarkable that they both bear the 
 same initial letter, and thus confirm the opinion that 
 has been advanced as to the almost exclusive manu- 
 facture of brasses for a considerable time by one lead- 
 ing body or guild". 
 
 It is just possible that the names of some of the artists of 
 brasses may be preserved among those of the contractors for the 
 metal effigies cast in relief of Richard II., Henry YIL, and their 
 Queens, at Westminster Abbey, and Richard Beauchamp, Earl of 
 Warwick, 1439, at Warwick. 
 
 The contract for the first was taken in 1395, by "Nicholas Broker 
 et Godfrey Brest, Citeins et Copersmythes de Loundres"," that for 
 
 graving of the Westley Waterless bi'ass 
 will be found with tlie description of 
 military brasses of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 ° In Mr. Boutell's Mon. Brasses and 
 Slabs, p. 149, is an engraving of part of 
 a foreign brass on the reverse of an in- 
 scription formerly at Trunch, Norfolk, 
 but now in private possession. It bears 
 a shield, with the half-moon and star in 
 chief, and the initial W in base, which 
 has been considered an artist's mark, 
 but it occupies too conspicuous a por- 
 tion of the design to allow of this sup- 
 position. As the star and crescent were 
 ordinary badges of handicraft, it is most 
 likely that the device in question is that 
 of some rich trader, for whom the ori- 
 ginal brass was engraved. Mr. Albert 
 AVay, in the Glossary of Architecture, 
 art. " Brasses," has c.illed attention to 
 the name of a maker recorded on a brass 
 to Bp. Phillip, formerly in the church 
 of the Jacobins at Evreux, a repre- 
 sentation of which is preserved at plate 
 99 in the second volume of Drawings of 
 Monuments from Normandy Churches, 
 now in the Bodleian. The inscription 
 ends thus, with the date ..." Semel. M. 
 Bis C. Bis quater x • semel • i • Lvxit et 
 avgusti : B : Tercia funere ivsti : gvil- 
 lavme de Plalli me feecit." Mr. "Weale 
 supposes the Flemish brass at Fulham 
 to Margaret Svanders, 1529, to have 
 been designed by her husband Gerard 
 
 Hornebolt, or Horenbout, a native of 
 Ghent, and a celebrated painter, who 
 was invited over to England by Hen. 
 VIII. In an office-book of payments 
 signed monthly by the king, there is 
 this entry : " Feb. An", reg. xxix. Gerard 
 Luke Horneband, painter, 56 shillings 
 and 9 pence per month." Walpole's 
 Anecdotes of Painting, 1786, vol. i. p. 93. 
 On the brass at St. Patrick's, Dublin, 
 1537, the initials R. T. appear to have 
 been cut. 
 
 " The indenture made between the 
 king and the contractors stipulates 
 that the monument should have " Deux 
 Ymages de Coper & Laton Endor- 
 
 rez, Coronez une table du dit 
 
 Metall Endorre, sur la quele les dites 
 ymages seront jesauntz. la quele Table 
 serra fait ovesque une Frette de Flour 
 
 de Lys, Leons, Egles, Leopardes 
 
 Et auxi serrount Tabernacles, appelles 
 Hovels ove Gabletz de dit Mettall En 
 dorrez, as Testes, ove doubles Jambes a 
 
 chescune partie Et auxi xii. Images 
 
 du dit Metall endorrez, des diverses 
 Seintz conterfaitz, .... & viii. Aungells 
 entour la dite Tombe, Et auxi Escrip- 
 tures d'estre gravez entour la dite 
 
 Toumbe Et auxi serront tiels Es- 
 
 cochons & bien proportionez du dit 
 Metall Endorrez, Gravez & Anamalez 
 de diverses Armes." Rymer's Foeiera, 
 torn. vii. pp. 797, 798.
 
 MAKERS OF METAL TOMBS. 
 
 XXVll 
 
 the second by "Humfray Walker, founder, and Nicholas Ewen, 
 Coppersmithe and GilderP," and that for the last about 1453, by 
 "John Essex, marbler, William Austen, founder, Thomas Stevyns, 
 coppersmyth, and Bartholomew Lambrespring, Dutchman, and gold- 
 smyth of London^." It is evident that too few of these rare and 
 expensive memorials were required to render the production of them 
 a separate trade. They would, therefore, very likely have been 
 made, when occasionally required, by the principal manufacturers of 
 the sepulchral brasses, which were the only metal monuments in 
 general use. 
 
 This conjecture is confirmed by a close resemblance between the 
 
 P See the original document in the 
 Harl. MS., No. 297, quoted in Neale's 
 Account of Hen. Vll.th's Chapel at 
 Westminster Abbey, p. 55. The tomb 
 was made under the direction of " Peter 
 Torrigiano of the citie of Florence, 
 graver and payntor." 
 
 1 The agi-eement provides that Es- 
 sex, Austen, and Stevyns " shall make, 
 forge, and worke in most finest wise, & 
 of the finest latten, one large plate to 
 be dressed, and to lye on the overmost 
 stone of the tombe under the image 
 that shall lye on the same tombe, and 
 two narrow plates to go round about 
 the stone. Also they shall make in like 
 wise and like latten, a hearse to be 
 dressed and set upon the said stone, 
 over the image to beare a covering to 
 be ordeyned ; the large plate to be made 
 of the finest and thickest citllen plate, 
 shall be in length vlii. foot, and in bredth 
 iii. foot and one inch. Either of the 
 said long plates for writing shall be in 
 bredth to fill justly the casements pro- 
 vided therefore : ... In the two long 
 plates, they shall write in Latine, in fine 
 manner, all such scripture of declaration 
 as the said executors shall devise, that 
 may be conteined and comprehended in 
 the plates; all the cbampes about the 
 letter to be abated and hatched curiously 
 to set out the letters." All these plates 
 were to be gilt, and to cost cxxv.ZJ. Wm. 
 Austen was to cast "xiv. images em- 
 bossed of lords & ladyes in divers ves- 
 tures, called weepers, to stand in hous- 
 ings made about the tombe :" also " an 
 image of a man armed, of fine latten." 
 " Bartholomew Lambrespring, Dutch- 
 man, & goldsmyth of London, 23 Maii, 
 
 27 Hen. VI., covenanteth to repaire 
 whone, and pullish & to make perfect 
 to the gilding " the figures, also to 
 make xiv. scutcheons of the finest lat- 
 ten. These and " the amies in them, 
 the said Bartholomew shall make, re- 
 paire, grave, gild, enamil & pullish as 
 well as possible," and fasten up at fifteen 
 shillings a scutcheon. "John Bourde, 
 of Corli" castle in the county of Dorset, 
 marbler, 16 Mali, 35 Hen. VI., doth 
 covenant to make a tombe of marble to 
 be set on the said Earl's grave," for 
 which he was to have xlv.lL See Blore's 
 Mon. Effigies. These extracts are given 
 somewhat at length, as they contain 
 several terms applicable to brasses. Per- 
 haps an early allusion to their manu- 
 facture occvirs in the Close Roll, 29 
 Hen. III., quoted in Turner's Domestic 
 Architecture of the Middle Ages, p. 261 : 
 — "The King to Edward of Westminster. 
 As we remember you said to us that it 
 would be little more expensive to make 
 two brass leopards to be placed on each 
 side of our seat at Westminster, than 
 to make them of incised or sculptured 
 marble, we command you to make them 
 of metal as you said ; and make the 
 steps before tlie seat aforesaid of carved 
 stone." Mr. Turner, in the same work 
 (p. 89), among a list of artists of the 
 thirteenth century, mentions " William 
 of Gloucester, the goldsmith who cast 
 the brass figure for the tomb of Catha- 
 rine, the infant daughter of Henry the 
 Third, which is believed to have been 
 the first of the kind done in England." 
 See also Cough's Sep. Mon., vol. L 
 pt. i. p. 50.
 
 XXVlll LOCAL ARTISTS TN ENGLAND. 
 
 miinite diaper-work on the robes of the effigy of Anne of Bohemia 
 at "Westminster, and that on the armorial bearings of the brasses of 
 Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 1401, and his Countess, 1406, 
 at St. Mary's, Warwick. The inscription around the monument of 
 Eichard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 1439, in the same church, is 
 of precisely similar character to those found on brasses. 
 
 As the works of the London artists form by far the largest pro- 
 portion of these monuments in England, there is little difficulty in 
 recognising their style. But it is not so easy to define and appro- 
 priate the productions of the few provincial engravers which have 
 come down to us. The earliest of these seem to have been em- 
 ployed chiefly in Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, and the other northern 
 counties from the fourteenth to the middle of the sixteenth century. 
 Examples of their works may be seen in Yorkshire at Aldborough(?), 
 c. 1360, Brandsburton (?) 1397, Allerton Mauleverer, 1400, Harp- 
 ham, 1418 and 1445, Leeds, St. Peter's, 1459, Catteric, 1465, 
 Beeford, 1472, Ronald Kirk, c. 1470, Sprotborough, 1474, &c. ; in 
 Lincolnshire at Boston, c. 1400, Spilsby, c. 1400, South Kelsey, 
 c. 1410, Covenham, 1415, Great Coates, c. 1420, South Ormesby, 
 c. 1420, Theddlethorpe, 1424, Tattershall, 1454, &c. ; and perhaps 
 at Acton Burnell, Shropshire, 1382. 
 
 The next earliest local artists were probably settled at Norwich in 
 the middle of the fifteenth century. Numerous brasses of their en- 
 graving may be seen in many churches in the county, and also in 
 Suffolk, as at St. Stephen's, 1460, St. John's, Madder-market, Nor- 
 wich, 1524, 1525, Belaugh, 1471, Blickling, 1512, North Creak, 
 c. 1500, Walsingham, 1539 and c. 1540, Erenze, 1551, all in Nor- 
 folk; Assington, Suffolk, c. ISOO'", &c. 
 
 In Warwickshire and Northamptonshire are several brasses, evi- 
 dently engraved by local artists, towards the end of the fifteenth 
 
 * There were, perhaps, two or three Some brasses in Kent, at Rainham, 1529, 
 
 maliers of brasses in Norfolk. Ricliard and Riiigwould, 1530, much resemble 
 
 Brasier, bell - founder and brasier of those of the same date in Norfolk. The 
 
 Norwich, who died in 1513, ordered his name of Roger, latener of Beccles, oc- 
 
 executors to lay down brasses on his own, curs in the accounts of Mettingham Col- 
 
 his father's, and his grandfather's grave, lege, Suffolk, for the years 1411, 1412, 
 
 Blomfield's Norf , 2nd ed. vol. iv. p. 156. &c., and he is supposed by the Rev. C. R. 
 
 As the brasses which remain on their Manning to have been a manufacturer 
 
 graves at St. Stephen's Church areof a very of brasses. See Ai'ch. Journ., vol. vi. 
 
 peculiar style, they may have been made pp. 63, 68. 
 in the workshops of the Brasier family.
 
 LOCAL ARTISTS IN ENGLAND. XXIX 
 
 and beginning of the sixteenth century. Instances occur in the 
 following churches in Northamptonshire, — Charwelton, 1490, Ashby 
 St. Legers, 1510, Floore, 1510; and in Warwickshire at Charlcote, 
 c. 1500, Coleshill, 1500, Hampton in Arden, 1500, Middleton, 
 1522, Whitnash, 1531, Aston, 1545, Solihull, 1549, and Shuck- 
 burgh, 1560. The brasses at Kinver, Staffordshire, 1528, and Ash- 
 bourn, Derbyshire, c. 1545, are probably by the same engravers. 
 
 In Suffolk and its neighbourhood we find several brasses of the 
 first half of the sixteenth century, which are of peculiar character. 
 Such are figures, chiefly of the Drury family, in Suffolk, at Denston, 
 1524, c. 1530, Little Waldingfield, 1526, c. 1530, 1544, Bures, 
 1539, Hawstead, c. 1530, Great Thurlow, c. 1530; at Burwell, 
 Camb., c. 1540; Necton, Norfolk, 1532; Somersham, Hunts., 
 c. 1530 ; Ingoldmells, Lincolnshire, 1520 ; Coggeshall, Essex, 
 c. 1540, &c. 
 
 About the same date some engravers appear to have established 
 themselves at or near Cambridge, and to have made many brasses 
 there, and in the counties of Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. 
 Examples of their workmanship are to be found at King's Coll., 
 1507, 1528, Trinity Hall, c. 1530, Queen's Coll., c. 1535; Little 
 Wilbraham, 1521, Swaffham Prior, 1515, 1521, Cambridgeshire; 
 Hatley Cockayn, 1527, Clifton, 1528, Beds.; Hitchin, Herts., 
 c. 1530; Orford Darcy, Hunts., c. 1530, &c. The brass of 
 John Borrell, 1531, formerly at Broxbourn, Herts., was another 
 instance^. 
 
 In no other localities besides these which have been described, 
 are any traces of provincial artists of monumental brasses probably 
 to be found. And most of these seem to have disappeared directly 
 after the Reformation, the works of the principal engravers alone 
 being in general use subsequent to that eventful period. Eor 
 the sake of convenience, in describing the peculiarities of their 
 respective works, these artists will be referred to as the London, 
 Yorkshire, Norfolk, Warwickshire, Suffolk, and Cambridge; without 
 any pretension to assign the exact spot of their residence. 
 
 • A woodcut of the male figure is in- nell, Shropshire, 1382 ; Blickling, 1512, 
 
 serted in this volume as an illustration North Creak, c. 1500, Frenze, 1551, 
 
 of the costume of a serjeant-at-arms. En- Norfolk; Assington, c. 1500, Little 
 
 gravings are also given from the brasses Waldingfield, 1526, Bures, 1539, Snf- 
 
 at Aldborough, c. 1360, Ilarpham, 1 118, folk ; I.ittle Wilbraham, 1521, Cam- 
 
 Sprotborough, 147 4-, Yorks. ; Acton Bur- bridgeshire.
 
 XXX BRASSES ENGRAVED BY GOLDSMITHS &C. 
 
 There are, however, several peculiar effigies to be met with, chiefly 
 of inferior workmanship and late date, which cannot be well ascribed 
 to any of these engravers : as at Stopham, Sussex, 1428 ; Lulling- 
 stone, 1485, and Chartham, 1530, Kent; Litchet Maltravers, 
 c. 1470, Dorset; St, Just, Cornwall, c. 1520; Bishop- Burton, 
 Yorks., 1579? Quethioc, 1617, and Launceston, c. 1620, Corn- 
 wall; Dunston, Norfolk, 1649. Some few brasses of tliis kind in 
 the midland counties are probably the work of the makers of in- 
 cised slabs, as at Walton-on-Trent, Derbyshire, c. 1500? Lough- 
 borough, Leicestershire, 1480. Incised slabs were occasionally en- 
 graved by the artists of brasses, as at Warblington, Hants., 1558. 
 
 A few brasses are to be met with which, from their delicacy of 
 engraving, have evidently issued from the workshop of the goldsmith, 
 or the hand of the engraver of copper-plates for books, &c. Of the 
 former kind are the brasses at St. George's, Windsor, 1475 ; Shil- 
 Hngford, Devon, 1499 ; Horncastle, Lincolnshire, 1519 ; Berk- 
 hamstead, Herts., (to Thomas Humfre Goldsmith,) c. 1500 ; a 
 curious instance formerly at Shorne, Kent, 1520*? and perhaps the 
 singular effigy at Heme in the same county, of Christina, the wife 
 of Matthew Phelip, goldsmith, of London, 1470. Of the latter de- 
 scription, and of course of late date, are the brasses with curious 
 devices at Queen's College, Oxford, 1610, 1616^; Carlisle Cathe- 
 dral, 1616 ; Tingewick, 1608, and Bletchley, 1610, Bucks. ; Brough- 
 ton GiS'ord, Wilts., 1620, and perhaps at Pimperne, Dorsetshire, 
 1694, on which is inserted the maker's name, "Edmund Colpeper, 
 Pecit." The artists' names are also affixed to some of the finely 
 executed busts in the Gwydir Chapel, Llanrwst, Denbighshire ; the 
 
 ' A portion of it is engraved in the Norwicli is an inscription (1636) in three 
 
 Gent. Mag., 1801, part i. p. 497. It languages, with the names of the de- 
 
 hore a half figure of our Saviour seated signers, " Franc* de Bru'ijnne Scripsit," 
 
 on a rainbow, with a sword pointed to- " Door Leendert Sijmonsz Gesneeden." 
 
 wards Him, and surrounded with moons At Darley, in Derbyshire, two brass in- 
 
 and stars, and below a recumbent effigy in scriptions to the Senior family were laid 
 
 a shroud, with a female figure kneeling down in 1654, 1656, by " Robert Thorpe 
 
 beside, — in memory of Edmund Page in Sheffield the carver." See Arch, 
 
 and wife. Journ., vol. vi. p. 196. Poulson, in his 
 
 " On these are the initials A H. and History of Holderness, vol. i. p. 386, 
 
 R H., probably for Aliraham and Remi- gives an inscription at Nunkecling, 
 
 gius Hogenbergh, who were employed Yorks., to Geo. Acklam, 1629, ending 
 
 in England c. 1570. See Strutt's His- "Gab. Hornbie Sculp." Another in- 
 
 tory of Engraving, vol. ii. p. 22. On an stance, at Ormskirk, Lancashire, 1661, 
 
 inscription at Bury St. Edmunds, 1601, ending, " Richard Mosok, Sculpsitt," 
 
 is an artist's mark, perhaps that of John is noticed in Notes and Queries, vol. xii. 
 
 Van Aken. In the Dutch Church at p. 372.
 
 DIRECTIONS TO ARTISTS OF BRASSES. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 portrait of Lady Mary Mostyn, 165 S, being by Silvanus Crue, and 
 that of Lady Sarah Wynne, 1671, by WilHam Vauglian. 
 
 That great care was taken to represent faithfully on brasses the 
 costume of the period, is obvious from a comparison of the works 
 of the contemporary artists, and from those minute and gradual 
 changes in the costume and ornament which enable the antiquary, 
 in the absence of other authority, to fix the date of these memorials 
 with perhaps greater precision than that of any other objects of 
 mediaeval antiquity. But it is remarkable that the more extravagant 
 dresses of the time are not copied. Trora the illuminated MSS. of 
 the same date, we learn that the dresses of both sexes during the 
 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were very fantastical and various. 
 On the brasses, however, such extravagancies appear, with great 
 good taste, chastened, and the more outrageous forms curtailed 
 and simplified^. 
 
 In the majority of instances those who ordered the monuments 
 furnished general directions only to the makers : the latter then 
 followed the usual type or pattern in use at the time. In some 
 cases, however, minute directions were given by will% or personal 
 
 ' Intentional grotesqueness is very 
 rarely indeed found on English brasses. 
 Except the use of animals, &c., to divide 
 words of inscriptions, and one or two 
 initial letters ornamented with faces, 
 e. g. at Acton Burnell, Shropshire, 1382, 
 Worstead, Norfolk, 1440, Middle Clay- 
 don, Bucks., 1542, no instance can, per- 
 haps, be adduced. 
 
 '^ As an instance may be quoted an 
 extract from the interesting will of Sir 
 John de Foxle, of Apuldrefield, Kent, 
 dated Nov. 5, 1378, communicated by the 
 Rev. Wm. H. Gunner to the Arch. Journ., 
 vol. XV. pp. 268, 269 :— " Item, volo et 
 ordino quod executores mei de bonis 
 patris mei emant unum lapidem mar- 
 moreum pro tumulo dicti patris mei et 
 matris mee in capella omnium sanctorum 
 in ecclesia de Braye predicta, et quod 
 faciant dictum lapidem parari decenter 
 cum ymagine, scriptura, &c. do metallo; 
 videlicet, dicti patris mei in armis suis, 
 et matris mee in armis pictis, videlicet, 
 de armis dicti patris mei et matris mee 
 predicte,etvolo quod quoadordinacionem 
 dicti lapidis executores mei totaliter faci- 
 ant juxta ordinacionem et conscnsum do- 
 mini mei reverondissimi, domini Wyn- 
 toniensis Episcopi. Item, volo et dis- 
 
 pono quod predicti executores mei 
 emant unum alium lapidem marmoreum 
 sufficientem pro tumulo meo, cum se- 
 pultus fuero ; et quod dictum lapidem 
 parari faciant cum scriptura et ymagine 
 de metallo, videlicet, mei ipsius in armis 
 meis, et uxoris mee detuncte ex parte 
 dextra dicte ymaginis mee in armis pic- 
 tis, videlicet de armis meis et dicte 
 uxoris mee; et cum ymagine uxoris mee 
 nunc vivtntis, in armis meis. ex parte 
 sinistra dicte ymaginis mee." The former 
 monument, if ever laid down, has dis- 
 appeared, but the latter still remains, 
 though in a mutilated state. See the 
 description in the Catalogue. In the 
 extracts from wills containing the ex- 
 penses of brasses given in some subse- 
 quent pages, similar instructions will be 
 found. The indenture made in 1580, 
 between the executors of Thos. Fermor, 
 Esq., of Somerton, Oxon., and Richard 
 and Gabriell Roiley, "Tumbe-makers," 
 of Bnrton-upon-Trent, for an alabaster 
 tomb, although not relating to a brass, 
 affords a very good specimen of tlie style 
 of directions given for such monuments, 
 Tlie contractors agree to make " a very 
 faire decent and well p'portioned jiicture 
 or portratui'e of a gentleman represent-
 
 xxm 
 
 DttECn03rS TO AKTISrS OF mtASSES. 
 
 ik^ 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 V 
 
 >-7 
 
 _^ 
 
 ^,r 
 
 IT." 
 
 r lustra - - _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 T the 
 
 aid c r 
 
 ji or swasiies.'' 
 
 :§6L 
 
 301, 
 
 3- fr- 
 
 
 waenJ >
 
 LOCAL PECULIARITIES OF BRASSES. XXXUl 
 
 ticular, especially in the sixteenth century, that their head-dresses, 
 patterns of girdles and gowns, should be carefully transmitted to 
 posterity*. When a brass has been put down, as at Great Hampden, 
 Bucks., 1553'', by a second wife to her deceased husband, it is often 
 easy to detect that greater care has been paid to her own costume 
 than to that of the former wife. 
 
 Instructions were not unfrequently given to the artists that a tomb 
 should be made like some specified example. This will explain 
 the peculiar character which often prevails in the design of brasses 
 of certain churches or districts. Thus at Burford, Oxon., we find in 
 one church that there were four " bracket brasses," (three of them 
 lost,) whereas, perhaps, the whole county does not present as many 
 more. At Hitchin, Herts., there are four shrouded brasses, a very 
 unusual number to be found together. At Boston, Lincolnshire, 
 are several foreign slabs, partially inlaid with brass •=. At York are 
 several half-length figures of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 
 peculiarities scarcely to be met with elsewhere. While chalices and 
 hearts with inscriptions are common in Norfolk, they are compara- 
 tively rare in other counties. 
 
 In some families or communities a fashion for monumental brasses 
 prevailed, as in the various cathedral and collegiate bodies. Good in- 
 stances are still afforded by the memorials of the Wardens and I'el- 
 lows in the chapels of Winchester, and New College, Oxford ; those 
 of the Drury family at Hawstead, Denston, &c., Suffolk; the fine 
 series of brasses to the Cobham family, at Cobham, Hoo, and other 
 churches in Kent, at Chrishall in Essex, and Lingfield, Surrey *^, &c. 
 In fact, one brass laid down in a church was often quickly succeeded 
 by another. Thus the fine foreign brass of Adam de Walsokne, 
 at Lynn, was followed by those of Robert Braunche and Robert 
 
 » Examples of head-dresses are en- name "Alicia" is cut on the sVioulder of 
 
 graved in this volume from brasses at the fif^ure of one of the wives of Wm. 
 
 Digswell, Herts., 1415, Ash, Kent, c. Halsted, Biggleswade, Beds., 1449; the 
 
 1460. 'Ilie ornament on the skirt of the effigy of tiie other wife is lost, 
 
 figure of Jane Paschall, c. 1600, at Great c See supra, jjage 23. 
 
 Baddow, Essex, was no doubt engraved <i Perhaps the fashion for these monu- 
 
 under her superintendence. At Iselham, ments in the Cobham family was first 
 
 Cambridgeshire, one of the wives of Thos. set by the laying down of the brass, at 
 
 Peyton, Esq., 1484, is attired in a gown C'hartham, Kent, of Sir Robt. Sctvans, 
 
 covered with an embroidered pattern, a whose daughter Joane married the John 
 
 unique instance of such enrichment. de Cobham who died in 1300, and is 
 
 '' Engraved in Lipscomb's IJucks., possibly the lady commemorated by the 
 
 vol. ii. p. 290. Owing to some whim, the earliest of the brasses at Cobham.
 
 XXXIV BRASSES CAREFULLY EXECUTED. 
 
 Attelathe ; that of Michael de Mentmore (?) at St. Alban's, by the 
 beautiful memorial of Abbot de la Mare^ 
 
 Although the artists took no care to transmit their names to 
 posterity, yet they were particular that all their productions, which 
 had to stand the criticism of future ages, should be well finished and 
 free from errors. But very few instances of carelessness in these 
 respects can be detected. The cross-legged effigies at Trumpington, 
 Cambridgeshire, and Chartham, Kent, were left unfinished, perhaps 
 to save time or expense. In the former, the field of the shield was 
 only partially hollowed out ; in the latter the chain-mail was sketched 
 throughout, but finished on the right ancle only^ The principal 
 errors are to be found in the Latin inscriptions, and are com- 
 paratively very few, considering the almost unintelligible language of 
 some of these compositions. Thus we have Eitlesie for Ecclesie, 
 (St. Margaret's, Rochester, 1465,) viroq^ for vtroq^ (All Souls 
 College, Oxford, 1510), &c. Owing to the accidental omission of 
 the letter c in the date of an inscription at Camberwell, Richard 
 Skynner is recorded to have died in 1407 instead of 1507, a mistake 
 which has given rise to some unnecessary speculations as to longevity, 
 &c.g Sometimes an error was rectified by reversing the plate, and en- 
 graving the design anew on the back. Of this there is an interesting 
 example of the date 1587, at Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, in which 
 a feat of agility exhibited before Queen Elizabeth at a stag-hunt 
 by John Selwyn, gentleman keeper of her park at Oatlands, is 
 represented on his brass. It is said that Selwyn, "in the heat of 
 the chase, suddenly leaped from his horse upon the back of the stag, 
 (both running at that time with their utmost speed,) and not only 
 kept his seat gracefully, in spite of every efi'ort of the affrighted 
 beast, but drawing his sword, v/ith it guided him towards the Queen, 
 and coming near her presence, plunged it in his throat, so that the 
 animal fell dead at her feet •"." The original engraving represents 
 Selwyn, with a short beard, without hat, and holding with one hand 
 the stag's horns ; on the second engraving he wears a hat and 
 cloak, and keeps his seat without holding the horns of the stag. 
 
 * See supra, p. 20, note c. ^ Antiq. Report., vol. i. p. 1. At 
 
 f See the engraving among the mill- St. George's, Windsor, an alteration in 
 
 tary brasses of the fourteenth century. the arrangement of a shield in the brass 
 
 8 See Allport's History of Camber- of Robt. Honey wode, 1522, is effected 
 
 well, p. 129. by letting iu a piece of brass.
 
 ORIGIN OF PRINTING FROM COPPER-PLATES. XXXV 
 
 When we bear in mind the numerous artists that were engaged 
 during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, both in England and 
 abroad, in engraving sepulchral brasses, it seems extraordinary that 
 their claims to the invention of taking impressions from their works, 
 and thus originating the art of engraving, in the restricted sense of 
 the word, should have been almost entirely overlooked. The various 
 writers on the history of engraving appear to have been ignorant 
 of the existence of these works of art, many of which, from their 
 delicate execution and high finish, will bear no unfavourable com- 
 parison with more modern works. An exception, however, is to 
 be found in the "Dictionary of Engravers," by Joseph Strutt, 
 who, referring to a plate of the very early date 1461, engraved in 
 Germany, observes, "The artist to whom we owe this singular 
 curiosity was without doubt a goldsmith. And, indeed, it is cer- 
 tain that the art of engraving plates for the purpose of printing 
 first originated with those ingenious mechanics, or else with the 
 engravers, who executed the brass plates for the monuments'." 
 After stating that no one seems to have supposed that the Eng- 
 lish could lay claim to the invention, he proceeds, " But when we 
 consider how many engravers we had in England about the time in 
 which the discovery of taking impressions from copper-plates was 
 made, as the many monumental engravings remaining in our churches 
 to this day sufficiently testify, (and a little examination of these early 
 specimens of the art will prove how well they are adapted to the 
 purpose of printing,) we shall readily conceive that if they did not 
 themselves discover this mode of multiplying their works, they would 
 at least have instantly adopted it, as soon as the knowledge of such 
 an invention reached them*^." Indeed, on any other supposition it 
 seems difficult to account for the almost perfect identity that exists 
 between brasses of the same date. The filling up the incised lines 
 with pitch or other resinous compositions would furnish easy means 
 for taking impressions by simply heating the brass, and very likely 
 this method may have been accidentally discovered and actually 
 adopted. At any rate, if the makers of monumental brasses did not 
 invent the art of printing from engraved metal plates, the most skil- 
 
 ' Strutt's Diet, of Engravers, vol. i. note i. It has been shewn above (p. 30) 
 p. 16. that the brasses were, in some cases, 
 
 '' Ibid., p. 18 ; sec also supra, page xi. made by the engravers of book plates.
 
 XXXVl BRASSES IN BELGIUM AND GEllMANY. 
 
 fill of them, no doubt, when this discovery was made, relinquished 
 their former occupation, and devoted their energies to a higher 
 branch of the art, and so may, in a certain sense, be regarded as 
 the ancestors of modern engravers. And this may in some degree 
 explain the deterioration observable in the design and execution of 
 brasses just after the invention of printing. 
 
 Brasses are now found in greater numbers in England than in any 
 otlier part of Europe. The whole number still remaining here is 
 probably not less than four thousand, and traces of as many more, 
 which are now destroyed, may be seen. On the Continent the 
 specimens are far from numerous, owing to this kind of memorial 
 being there mainly confined to the nobility, ecclesiastics, and rich 
 merchants, the very extensive use of incised slabs, the rifling which 
 the churches have undergone at various times, and tlie neglect of the 
 Church authorities. The continental brasses are to be met with 
 chiefly in Belgium and the northern part of Germany. Mr. Weale, 
 of Bruges, who has devoted much time to the investigation of these 
 monuments abroad, has ascertained that there are about sixty-three 
 examples left in the former country. Out of one thousand and 
 twenty-seven churches which he visited he found brasses left in 
 thirty-five only; of these, not more than four were village churches, 
 the nobility of Flanders having generally resided in the towns, and, 
 in the middle ages, belonged to some of the various guilds of that 
 eminently commercial country. Most of the old churches have un- 
 fortunately been twice stripped by spoliators, once by the Calvinists 
 in 1566-7, and again by the Prench in 1795, and within quite a 
 recent period numerous brasses have been sold by the churchwardens 
 for old metal. The brasses of founders of almshouses, as those of 
 Willem Wenemaer and wife at Ghent, have generally escaped de- 
 struction, owing to the private chapels being less exposed to in- 
 jury and spoliation than the parish churches. The following are 
 the principal places in Belgium where brasses are still to be seen : 
 Bruges (SS. Jacques, Pierre, Sauveur), Brussels, Coolscamp, Cour- 
 tray. Damme, Dixmude, Ghent, Mechlin, Nieuport, Nivelles, Ter- 
 monde, Thielen, Tournay, Vichte, and Ypres. 
 
 In Germany there are probably upwards of a hundred examples, 
 many of which have been copied by Mr. Weale and Mr. Nesbitt. 
 The best, which are chiefly in the cathedral churches, remain at
 
 BRASSES IN GERMANY, PRUSSIA, POLAND, &C. 
 
 XXXVU 
 
 the following places: Bamberg, Brunswick (St. Peter), Gadebusch 
 (Eoyal Chapel), Hildesheim, Lubeck (Cathedral, SS. Catherine, James, 
 Mary, Peter, &c,), Meissen, Schwerin, and Verden. 
 
 Prussia possesses a few examples of interest at Breslau, Erfurt, 
 Naumburg, Stralsund (St. Nicholas), Thorn (St. John), at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle and Cologne in the Ehine Provinces, and at Paderborn in 
 Westphalia. 
 
 Examples have been noticed, in Poland, at Cracow, Gnesen, and 
 Posen; in Holland, at Nymeguen; in Switzerland, at Constance, 
 Berne, and one or two other places ; in Eussian Finland, at Nausis, 
 near Abo. In Prance very few brasses indeed escaped destruction 
 at the Eevolution; one of the fifteenth century, to Bishop John 
 Avantage, remains at Amiens Cathedral ^ 
 
 ' Several of the German, Prussian, 
 and Polish brasses have been copied by 
 Alex. Nesbitt, Esq , and described by 
 him in the Arch. Journ., vols, ix., x., 
 xi., xiii. Besides those already men- 
 tioned as existing at Lubeck, Schwerin, 
 Verden, &c., the following are of especial 
 interest : — 
 
 St. Peter's, Brunswick, John de Rin- 
 telen. Rector, 1376, on a quadrangular 
 plate, with detached marginal inscrip- 
 tion. An early instance of the "peculiarly 
 German manner of forming these memo- 
 rials, in which very low relief, instead 
 of engraving, is the method employed. 
 Small ornamental details, however, such 
 as borders of draperies, &c., are usually 
 engraved, and such is the case in this in- 
 stance." Arch. Journ., vol. xiii. p. 83. 
 
 Paderborn Cathedral, Bishop Robert, 
 or Rupert, 1394, in the dress of a canon, 
 on a quadrangular plate. " The earliest 
 example of a German work of the kind 
 which has been noticed." Arch. Journ., 
 vol. ix. p. 203. 
 
 Bamberg Cathedral, Lambert von 
 Brunn, Bishop, 1399. A half-effigy, 
 placed above a shield, and holding a 
 crozier in the right hand and a pastoral 
 staff in the left, with border inscription. 
 Engraved in Arch. Journ., vol. ix. 
 p. 204. 
 
 Bamberg Cathedral, a canon, of the 
 family of Schenk, of Limburg, c. 1470, 
 
 a quadrangular plate brass. 
 
 X. p. 168. 
 
 Engraved 
 
 in Arch. Journ., vol. 
 
 Posen Cathedral, Lucas do Gorta, 
 Palatine of Posen, 1475, a quath-angular 
 
 plate brass. The deceased is represented 
 the size of life, in comijlete armour, 
 " and as standing under an elaborate 
 canopy, the sides and upper part of 
 which contain niches and small figures; 
 at the back of the figure is seen a cur- 
 tain suspended from a rod, and above 
 this are windows, as of the interior of a 
 building. . . . The execution of this me- 
 morial differs very much from the usual 
 method of simply incising lines, as no 
 part rises above the original surface of 
 the plate ; it is, in fact, wholly a work 
 in very low relief, and it would seem 
 that it has been formed by cutting away 
 the metal ; the deepest hollows are not 
 much more than about f in., but an 
 effect is produced far greater than can 
 be obtained by the line method. The 
 execution is very good and finished, and 
 in some parts, particularly in the fea- 
 tures, extremely clever. The face seems 
 to be evidently a portrait, and has much 
 expression." Arch. Journ., vol. x. pp. 
 249, 250. 
 
 Cracow Cathedral, Frederic the Sixth, 
 Bishop of Cracow, Archbishop of Gne- 
 sen, and Cardinal, 1503, a quadrangular 
 plate br.iss, with a figure of the deceased 
 above life size, figures of SS. Stanislaus 
 and Albert, shields, &c. "It is drawn 
 in a free and unconventional manner, 
 and must have been the work of an 
 artist of considerable ability; the exe- 
 cution is also very good, being delicate 
 or bold as the nature of the various parts 
 required. It is quite free from the 
 coarseness of execution which is obscrv-
 
 XXXVlll 
 
 BRASSES IN DENMARK, SWEDEN, &C. 
 
 A very fine brass has been already alluded to as existing at 
 Eingsted, in Denmark"". In Klevenfeld's Nobilltas Lania ex 
 Monumentis are engravings of two brasses, consisting of inscrip- 
 tions and devices at Jordlose, in Tunen, and "Westerwig" in 
 Jutland (?). The same work contains representations of the brass 
 of John Brostorp, Archbishop of Lunden, 1497, in the Cathedral 
 of Lund, in the south of Sweden ; and of the brass of Andrew 
 StiglF, Esq., of Neesgordh, and his wife Katherine, 1496 and 
 1500 (?), at Naes, in Scania'^. Other brasses in the southern part 
 of Sweden are said to remain in Upland, at Aher and Upsala. 
 
 able in the contemporaneous English 
 brasses, and none of the Flemish ones 
 hitherto noticed can be considered equal 
 to it as a work of art." Arch. Joura., 
 vol. xi. p. 175. 
 
 Meissen Cathedral, Sidonia, Duchess 
 of Saxony, 1510, a large quadrangular 
 plate brass, representing " her as stand- 
 ing under an archway, though which 
 are seen windows in the background in 
 perspective ; a rich piece of tapestry is 
 suspended behind the figure, the feet 
 rest on a pavement, and on either side 
 of them, and partly concealing the lower 
 folds of the drapery, are shields. . . . The 
 effigy of the duchess is somewhat below 
 life size; she is habited in a gown of 
 rich stuff, over which is worn a cloak, 
 the head is covered by a hood, and the 
 chin by a barbe-cloth. . . . The hands 
 are joined as in prayer, and hold a 
 chaplet of beads, the eyes and head are 
 bent downwards with an expression of 
 Immility .and devotion. Both drawing 
 and execution are admirable, and pro- 
 bably unsurpassed in any similar work ; 
 they are superior to those of the con- 
 temporary engravings of Cranach, 
 and in some respects even to those of 
 Diirer." Arch. Journ., vol. xi. p. 290. 
 
 Meissen Cathedral, Frederick, Duke 
 of Saxony, son of Sidonia, 1510. " Like 
 his mother, he is represented as stand- 
 ing under an arch, with a curtain sus- 
 pended behind him. The arch is circular, 
 and the details of a mixed Gothic and 
 cinque-cento character ; small cupid-like 
 figures (here no doubt representing 
 angels) are introduced into the span- 
 drels. The effigy is of life size, bare- 
 headed, but otherwise in full armour. . . . 
 Over the armour is worn a long mantle 
 with a hood; the cross of the [Teu- 
 
 tonic] order is embroidered on the lefb 
 shoulder.". . . This brass much resembles, 
 but is somewhat inferior to, that of the 
 Duchess of Sidonia, both as regards 
 drawing and execution, the latter in 
 particular being coarser. Arch. Journ., 
 vol. xi. pp. 290, 291. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral, Johan and 
 Lambert Munten, 1546, a small quad- 
 rangular plate brass. " It is painted a 
 deep blue colour, and has an inscription 
 in gilt letters, at the foot of which is 
 depicted an emaciated figure, wrapped 
 in a shroud and lying upon an altar- 
 tomb; large worms creep round the 
 head and feet." 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral, John Paiel, 
 1560, a small quadrangular plate brass. 
 " This is painted as the last-mentioned 
 plate, and represents the Virgin and 
 Child in a flaming aureole. Her feet 
 rest in a crescent, around which is 
 twisted a serpent; on her right hand 
 stand St. John Baptist and the Holy 
 Lamb, each bearing a cross; and to her 
 left is St. Mary Magdalene, who presents 
 a kneeling priest." There are three 
 other brasses in the same church. 
 
 See Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. 
 viii. p. 497. From lists published in the 
 same work (1st Series, vol. vi. pp. 167, 
 168 ; vol. xii. pp. 417, 418) the author 
 has learned the localities of some of the 
 foreign brasses mentioned La the text. 
 
 ■" Supra, page ix. note f. 
 
 ° A copy of the very rare work, 
 "Nobilitas Danise ex Monvmentis, cv- 
 rante P. de Klevenfeld," is preserved 
 in the Douce Collection (K. 132), Bod- 
 leian Library, Oxford. The volume con- 
 sists of thirteen small folio plates, of 
 which four only are apparently of brasses. 
 The brass of John Brostorp is a quad-
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF BRASSES IN ENGLAND. XXXIX 
 
 Very few brasses exist in the southern parts of Europe. The 
 most remarkable yet noticed is that of Don Perafan de Eibera, 1571, 
 a large figure in richly ornamented armour, removed from one of 
 the lately desecrated conventual churches in Seville to the University 
 chapel in the same city. At Coimbra, in Portugal, are two brass 
 inscriptions in elegant letters, one to John Andrew, Precentor, 
 era 1383, (a.d. 1345) ; the other to Archdeacon de Sena, era 1386, 
 (a.d. 1348). In the Cathedral at Punchal, Madeira, is a brass of 
 a civilian and his wife, c. 1560 ? perhaps of Plemish workmanship". 
 
 Most of the brasses in England are found in the counties on its 
 eastern side, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Kent. Many are to be 
 seen in Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Hertford- 
 shire, Buckinghamshire, Middlesex, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Surrey, 
 and Sussex : but in the western and northern counties they are 
 more rare, the use of these monuments being there chiefly confined, 
 as in Herefordshire, to the cathedral and conventual churches. 
 Various reasons have been assigned for this pecuharity. It has 
 been supposed that as " the plate" was brought over from Elanders, 
 it was mostly used in the counties more particularly related to that 
 country, both by geographical position and mercantile intercourse. 
 This will no doubt account for the existence of foreign incised 
 memorials at Boston, Lincolnshire, and Lynn, Norfolk; we find, 
 however, brasses of foreign work as far as Wensley and Topcliff'e, 
 Yorks., and Newark, Notts. Another explanation which has re- 
 
 rangular plate, with marginal inscrip- obliquely, and supporting a helmet and 
 
 tion in the Flemish style, enclosing the crest ; the border inscription has evange- 
 
 effigy of the Bishop placed under a small listic symbols at the corners, and comme- 
 
 canopy. The stole, maniple, and tunicle morates"'ijiis:nicola':Stragcss':milcs:" 
 
 are wanting. The hands are crossed on 1523, " cu : bxoxc : Sun : tina : ingEburg : 
 
 the breast; ovtr his left shoulder he fiUa : Solrat(i : tfOScraHtS," 1540. The 
 
 supports a crozier ; at his right side is brass at " Naes Scaniaj" is in the Flemish 
 
 placed a pastoral-staff erect. Below the style, but without the diaper; the 
 
 figure are two shields, one with a mitre knight grasps his sword with both 
 
 above a helmet. The brass at Jordlose, hands in front of his body ; the canopy 
 
 to one of the Refventlof family (?), con- is double but small, and below the 
 
 sists of two shields chained together, effigies are two shields with helmets 
 
 and surmounted by helmets with mant- and crests. 
 
 ling and crests ; above and below are » The brasses at Amiens and Seville 
 
 two interlaced scrolls bearing inscrip- are described in the Oxford Manual, 
 
 tions ; around the whole is a broad in- Nos. 12, 228, pp. 9, 92. Those at 
 
 scription, having at the corners large Coimbra, in the Ecclesiologist for March, 
 
 circles enclosing sculls with bones in 1854, No. 100, p. 114. The inscription 
 
 the mouths, and worms and frogs about of the brass at Madeira is lost, the 
 
 them. The example at " Westerwig figures are peculiar in having no ground 
 
 Cimbriae" is simply a shield placed or support for their feet to rest ou.
 
 xl DISTRIBUTION OF BRASSES IN ENGLAND. 
 
 cently been given, is the scarcity of stone in the eastern part of 
 England, in proof of which is urged the very extensive use of flint 
 in the building of churches. The abundance of stone, especially 
 alabaster, in some districts, may have prompted its use for monu- 
 ments to the exclusion of brass : thus in Staffordshire, Leicestershire, 
 and other midland counties, incised slabs of stone are numerous, 
 and brasses scarce p. But those who had neither stone nor brass 
 at hand would be as likely to send to a distance for one as the 
 other; and in the counties where stone is plentiful we find that 
 the founders of churches and chantries were frequently com- 
 memorated by brasses. Others, with much more probability, have 
 attributed the frequent use of brasses, which were the chief me- 
 morials of the middle classes of society, to the greater wealth of 
 the people, especially the clothiers, of these districts ; which enabled 
 them to leave such magnificent monuments of their piety, in the 
 fine churches abounding in the same parts where brasses are most 
 numerous : the wealth of Kent was proverbial. If it be borne 
 in mind that the four most eastern counties contain a larger number 
 of parishes than any other counties in England, except Yorkshire 
 and Lincolnshire, a greater number of brasses might naturally be 
 expected to be found in them. The proportion, however, of brasses 
 to the number of churches is not perhaps higher in them than in 
 some other counties in the neighbourhood of Middlesex, as Hert- 
 fordshire, Bedfordshire, Surrey, Buckinghamshire'', &c. As the 
 principal manufacturers resided in the metropolis, their works were 
 of course better known, and the demand for them more frequent in 
 their own vicinity. The settling of local artists, at the end of the 
 fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century, in some of the 
 
 P Incised slabs with recumbent figures bury, Herefordshire : seventeenth cen- 
 occur in the following churches, in dis- tury, Hornsey, Middlesex. Many of 
 triets where such monuments are com- these are in a very defaced state. In 
 paratively rare : — Thirteenth century, Hereford Cathedral are some blue incised 
 Wells Cathedral : fourteenth centm-y, slabs, inlaid with white marble or corn- 
 West Wickham, Kent ; Northoe, Devon; position. A mutilated instance remains 
 Painswick, Gloucestershire ; Clevedon, in the cloisters at Gloucester. See also 
 Somerset : fifteenth century, Dorchester, supra, p. xxiii. note 1. 
 Oxon ; West Horndou, Essex ; Daunte- i The numbers which are lost must 
 sey, Wilts.; Iron Acton and Elmore, also be remembered in forming a cor- 
 Gloucestershire ; Hereford Cathedral; rect judgment on this point. Norfolk 
 St. Alban's, Herts. : sixteenth century, has the largest number of parishes in 
 Aldbourne, Wilts.; St. Nicholas, Glou- England, 
 cester; North Mimms, Herts.; Led-
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF BRASSES IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 xli 
 
 eastern counties, tended to promote the adoption of brasses in those 
 districts. These circumstances alone are sufficient to account for 
 the partial distribution of these monuments over our country. 
 
 Very few brasses are to be found in Wales; St. David's, Beau- 
 maris, Swansea, Euthin, and Llandough, near Cowbridge, possess 
 the best : there is a Welsh inscription, c. 1400, at Usk, in Mon- 
 mouthshire. Two or three examples only are at present known to 
 exist in Scotland; one, of the date 1605, is in Glasgow Cathedral. 
 Dublin Cathedral contains three of the sixteenth century, which are 
 all that have hitherto been found in Ireland'". Traces of a few 
 
 ' The example at Glasgow Cathedral 
 is against the wall of the nave, and con- 
 sists of a quadrangiilai" plate, measuring 
 about 3 ft. 4 in. by 2 ft., bearing a small 
 armed figure kneeling before the word 
 "Jehovah" in Hebrew characters, and 
 surrounded with clouds and rays. Be- 
 hind the figure is this inscription in 
 large capitals, heie ' ab • bveeit • s". 
 
 WALTIE • S^ THOMAS • S". IHONE " S". 
 EOBEET ■ S". IHONE • AKD • S". MATHIEV • BY 
 • LINEAL • DESCENT • TO • TTHERIS " BA- 
 EONS • AND • KNIGHIS * OF * THE " HOVS * 
 OF • MYNTO • WT * THAIE • TYFFIS * 
 
 BAiENis • AND • BRETHEEEiN. Several 
 stones, which probably were inlaid with 
 brasses, have been removed to the ex- 
 terior of the cathedral. Dr. Daniel 
 Wilson, in his valuable work, "The 
 Archseology and Prehistoric Annals of 
 Scotland," pp. 649 — 651, has collected 
 the following notices of Scottish brasses : 
 — "The 'restorations' of the collegiate 
 church of St. Giles at Edinburgh in 
 1829, compassed, among other lament- 
 able defacements, the destruction of the 
 tomb of ' The Good Regent,' including 
 the brass engraved with the figures of 
 Justice and Faith, and the epitnph fi-om 
 the pen of George Buchanan. Tlie brass 
 has fortunately been rescued, and is 
 preserved in the possession of the Hon. 
 John Stuart, one of the lineal descend- 
 ants of the Begent, James Eurl of 
 Moray, by whom steps have been re- 
 cently taken with a view to its restora- 
 tion. A charter granted by the city of 
 Edinburgh to Willimn Preston, of Gor- 
 toun, in 1454, in acknowledgment of 
 his father's invaluable gift of ' the arrae 
 bane of Saint Gele,' preserves the record 
 of at least one other brass that once 
 adorned the same ancient church, though 
 
 long since gone, with so many other of its 
 most interesting features. It is described 
 as ' a plate of brase, with a writ speci- 
 fiand the bringing of that relik be him 
 in Scotland with his armis.' A small 
 mural brass still remains in part of the 
 Church of St. Nicholas, Aberdeen, known 
 as Drum's Aisle, bearing two shields of 
 arms, — the one bearing the three-banded 
 bunches of holly leaves for Irvine, and 
 the other three pales for Keith. It sur- 
 mounted the recumbent effigy of Alex- 
 ander Irvine, third of the ancient family 
 of Drum, who fell at the battle of Har- 
 law, in the year 1411 ; and of his wife 
 Elizabeth Keith, daughter of the Lord 
 llobert de Keith. The knight is in full 
 armour, but crowned with a chaplet of 
 flowers, and his feet resting on a lion, 
 while the lady's feet are supported by 
 a dog. The monument has obviously 
 been executed during their lifetimes 
 from the blanks stiU remaining on the 
 brass, which tell, amid all the pomp of 
 these anticipatory sepulchral honours, 
 that no pious hand was found to grave 
 the few simple additions requisite to 
 have made of the dumb tablet a true 
 memorial of the dead. The imperfect 
 inscriptions are, — 
 
 " ' T^ic sub tstn scpultttrn Jactt I)ono= 
 rabilis ft f.imosus miles tins ^IcxanDrr 
 Iff Eibijn sffunti qti? tJns Dt Sroum tie 
 ■?lcI)nntior rt.f orglcn qui obit... t(ic mens 
 ...anno tini mcccc...' 
 
 "'l)ic ftinm facft nohilis tinn tfna 
 1Eli?ahft'^ Itftl) filia qunn tfni Bobe , 
 t(e lift!) militis iWarfscaUi Sco"' 
 uxovls tici tini tini aifiantifr Dc l-rUii" 
 quae ohit ... tiic mens ... 'anno Dni 
 mtcct...'" 
 
 Principal Gordon, of the Scots Col- 
 lege, Paris, describes, in his " llemarks 
 
 g
 
 xlii 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF BRASSES IN THE BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 remain in the Channel Islands. In the Town and Vale churches, 
 and St. Martin's, Guernsey, are the indents of three small brasses of 
 civilians and their wives, of the date of about the end of the fifteenth 
 century. At St. Saviour's, in the same island, are matrices of in- 
 scriptions and a shield. All these brasses appear to have been of 
 English workmanship. 
 
 The earliest brass of which we have any record was that of Simon 
 
 on a Journey to the Orkney Islands," 
 made in 1781, the monument of Bishop 
 TuUoch, the brass of wliich — " a plate of 
 copper, full length of the grave" — was 
 carried off by a party of Cromwell's 
 soldiers. More recent plunderers have 
 removed, within the last twenty years, 
 a brass wliich had escaped the hands of 
 previous devastators of the monastery of 
 Inchcolm, in the Frith of Forth. Nor 
 is it altogether impossible that others 
 may even now remain safe under the 
 protection of more modern flooring or 
 superincumbent debris. The floor of 
 St. Mary's Church at Leith was removed 
 in the course of extensive alterations 
 effected on it in 1848, and was found to 
 cover the original paving, with inscrip- 
 tions and armorial shields of early date. 
 On the repair and reseating of White- 
 kirk parish church. East Lothian, a few 
 years since, a large stone slab, which 
 DOW lies in the adjoining churchyard, 
 was removed from its original site in 
 the chancel, and disclosed a remarkably 
 fine matrix of what appears to have been 
 the full-sized figure of an ecclesiastic, 
 with canopy and surrounding inscrip- 
 tion. Similar matrices are even now by 
 no means rare. One of large size lies 
 in the barn-yard of the Abbey-farm, in 
 the vicinity of North Berwick Abbey. 
 Anotlierhas been recently exposed with- 
 in the area of the nave of Seton Church, 
 East Lothian. Others are to be seen at 
 Aberbrothoc, Dunfermline, and Dun- 
 blane, the last exhibiting traces of a 
 large ornamental cross. One of un- 
 usual dimensions, which lies in the chan- 
 cel of the Cathedral of lona, is tradition- 
 ally assigned to Macleod of Macleod. 
 The representation of the full-length 
 figure of a knight in armour may still 
 be traced, with his sword by his side, 
 and his feet resting on some animal. 
 It has been surrounded with an in- 
 scription on an ornamental border, and 
 tradition adds, was completed by a 
 
 plate, not of brass, but of silver." The 
 slab is engraved in Graham's Monu- 
 ments of lona, p. 19, plate xxxiii. The 
 tradition of slabs being wholly or par- 
 tially inlaid with .silver is not uncom- 
 mon ; it exists at Berry Pomeroy, 
 Devon, and Brading in the Isle of 
 Wight. See the account of Devonshire 
 brasses by W. R. Crabbe, Esq., in the 
 Trans, of the Exeter Dioc. Architectural 
 Soc, vol. vi. pt. i. p. Ill ; and Hollo- 
 way's Walks round Hyde, 1848, p. 106. 
 
 In the History, Arcliitecture and Anti- 
 quities of the Cathedral Chm-ch of St. 
 Canice, Kilkenny, by the Rev. James 
 Graves, A.B., and J. G. A. Prim, 
 Dublin, 1857, p. 129, note a, are 
 notices of a few bi'asses formerly exist- 
 ing in Ireland. " Along with the indi- 
 cations [i. e. matrices of evangelistic 
 symbols and inscriptions ?] of their oc- 
 currence m the Cathedral of St. Canice, 
 we have remaining the matrix of the 
 effigial brass of Bishop Saunders (ob. 
 1549), in the Cathedral of Old Leighlin. 
 Thomas Dineley, who travelled in Ire- 
 land in the reign of Charles II., gives 
 a pen-and-ink sketch of the matrix of a 
 fine canopied brass which was then pre- 
 served in the Cathedral of Cashel, com- 
 memorating Archbishop Hamilton; he 
 also mentions several in Dublin, now 
 lost. (MS. Tour, penes Sir T. E. Win- 
 nington, Stanford Court, Worcester- 
 shire.) Waterford Cathedral was at 
 one time rich in brasses. It was sworn 
 before a Commission, appointed, after 
 the Restoration, by the Irish House of 
 Lords, to inquire into the plunder ab- 
 stracted by tlie Cromwellian party from 
 the Cathedral of Waterford, that nume- 
 rous 'brasses, eschocheons, and atche- 
 ments' were ruthlessly torn by them 
 from 'the ancient tombes, many of 
 which were almost covered with brasse.' 
 Transactions of the Kilkenny Archajo- 
 logical Society, vol. ii. p. 78."
 
 AGE OF BRASSES. CRITERIA OF DATE. xliii 
 
 de Beauchainp, who died before 1208, thus mentioned by Leland^: 
 — " He Ijith afore the highe Altare of S. Panie's Chirch in Bede/ord 
 with this Epitaphie graven in Bras and set on a flat Marble stone : — 
 
 De JBello Campo jacet hie sub marmore Simon 
 
 Fundator de Newenham." 
 
 Several others of the thirteenth century, now lost, are enumerated by 
 Gough*. At the present time, the earliest English brass known is that 
 of Sir John D'Abernon, 1277, Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey : one other 
 of the same century, to Sir Eoger de Trumpington, 1289, still remains 
 at Trumpington, near Cambridge. From this period their numbers 
 gradually increased until about the middle of the sixteenth century, 
 when they became less common ; the latest observed examples are at 
 Leigh, Essex, 1709 (?), and St. Mary Cray, Kent, 1747, 1775 ^ It 
 is remarkable that the earliest brasses are quite equal, in beauty of 
 form and execution, to any of a later date. From the early part 
 of the fifteenth century a gradual decline of the art is visible, and 
 towards the end of the sixteenth century it became utterly dege- 
 nerate. As brass inscriptions and shields on tombstones have con- 
 tinued in use up to the present time, and very numerous modern 
 brasses have been laid down during the last dozen years, this style 
 of memorial may be said to have existed in England for six cen- 
 turies and a- half. 
 
 In deciding upon the date of a brass, the inscription is not in- 
 variably a safe guide, nor even in a few instances the costume of 
 the figures : the style of engraving is the only unerring test of 
 the date. 
 
 That the date on the inscription does not always mark the time 
 of the engraving, the following observations will sufficiently shew. 
 
 First, brasses were often laid down before the death of the person 
 represented, especially if he happened to be the founder of a church 
 or chantry : examples occur at Cobham, Kent, 1407 ; Thame, Oxon, 
 
 » Itin. ed. 1768, vol. i. p. 112. At note p. 
 Ashbourn, in Derbyshire, is a small ' Sep. Mon., vol. i. p. ci. See too 
 
 brass plate (7? in. by 4 in.), engraved Cotman's Brasses, Introd., pp. vi., vii. 
 with an inscription in Lonibardic letters, " At Yai-nton, near Oxford, is a brass 
 
 commemorating the dedication of the to Alderman Fletcher, who died in 1826: 
 
 church and consecration of the altar to the figure is copied from one in St. 
 
 St. Oswald, by Hugh de Patishul, Bp. Peter's-in-the-East. 
 of Coventry, in 1241. See supra, p. xiii.
 
 Xliv CRITEWA OF DATE. 
 
 c. 1460; and Bradford, Wilts., c. 1520. This was owing to the 
 person commemorated wishing to have his monument completed 
 under his own superintendence, instead of trusting to his executors^. 
 The same practice was adopted with " shroud and skeleton brasses ;" 
 the object being to lead the minds of their owners and spectators to 
 the devout contemplation of their approaching end, to remind them 
 " that the robes of pride will shortly be exchanged for the winding- 
 sheet, and that beauty and strength are hastening to the period 
 when they will become as the spectre before them ^." Instances are 
 found at Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; Oddington and Cassington, 
 Oxfordshire; on the brass of Thomas Nele, 1590, in the last- 
 named church, are seven Latin lines, two of which are the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 " Hos egomet uersus posui mihi sanus, ut esset 
 Hinc pr£euisa mihi mortis imago meaj^." 
 
 Of similar character is an inscription at Sulhamstead, Berks. : — 
 
 " lEitrcmttm bite fincm tnctiitarc biator, 
 ®nm ttto cu bincas ola nata mod. 
 En cclum cobcrtc oculos, aplcctcrc lauUcm, 
 Bamnosasq? 1£ue Uispicc b[l]anUkias. 
 "Batiulpl)us Crncr, Bcctor ccclcsic p'od;ialts He Sulf^amstclf '^bhoi, Sttgttcr Kc 
 mortc CCogltans, sibi biucns i)oe monumentu posuit, "Jlnno Salutts 1521." 
 
 ^ From some verses printed in the followeth. — Several charcoal fires being 
 account of inscriptions of the fifteenth first made in his large Study, he brought 
 century, it appears that executors had with him into that place his winding- 
 then the character of being slothful and sheet in his hand, and having put off 
 grasping. See also Weever's Funeral all his clothes, had this sheet put on 
 Monuments, p. 19. him, and so tied with knots at his head 
 y Cotman's Brasses, vol. ii. p. 51. and feet, and his hands so placed as 
 ^ See a communication on emaciated dead bodies are usually fitted, to be 
 monumental efiigies from the Author in shrowded and put into their cofiin, or 
 NotesandQueries, 1st Ser. vol. vi. p. 393. grave. Upon this £/»•» he thus stood. 
 Judging from these examples, we may witli his eyes shut, and with so much of 
 not unreasonably infer that the pre- the sheet turned aside as might shew his 
 paration of his monument by Dr. John lean, pale, and death-like face, which was 
 Donne was not so eccentric or singular purposely turned towards the East, from 
 an instance as might at first be sup- whence he expected the second coming of 
 posed. The incident is thus related by his and our Saviour Jesus.' Inthis posture 
 Walton: — " A Monument being resolved he was drawn at his just height; and 
 upon. Dr. Bonne sent lor a Carver to when the picture was fully finished, he 
 make for him in wood the figure of an caused it to be set by his bedside, where 
 Urn, giving him directions for the com- it continued and became bis hourly ob- 
 pass and height of it ; and to bring with ject till bis death." Walton's Lives, 
 it a board, of the just height of his body. London, 1825, p. 72. Dr. John Donne 
 ' These being got, then without delay a died in 1631. Tlie effigy, carved in 
 choice Painter was got to be in readiness white marble, still remains in the crypt 
 to draw his picture, which was taken as of St. Paul's, London.
 
 PALIMPSEST BRASSES. xlv 
 
 In such casesj blanks were often left for the date to be inserted 
 after decease ; and when a brass was intended to commemorate more 
 than one person, it was common to lay it down at the death of the 
 first, and to leave a blank for the decease of the other. These blanks 
 were almost always neglected to be filled up ; so that when two or 
 more dates are found in one inscription, the latest will almost in- 
 variably indicate the time of execution. Examples of filled-up dates 
 are at Lillingstone Lovell, Oxon.,1471; Hadley, Middlesex, 1504; 
 Amersham, Bucks., 1537 ; Denham, Bucks., 1544 ; Minchin Hamp- 
 ton, Gloucestershire, 1556; Thames Ditton, Surrey, 1586, &c. 
 
 Secondly, brasses were often laid down some years after the death 
 of the persons commemorated ; of which we have examples at Lam- 
 bourn, Berks., 1373, and c. 1410; Little Horkesley, Essex, 1391, 
 and 1412; Etchingham, Sussex, 1404, 1412, and 1444; Chalfont 
 St. Peter, Bucks., 1398 and c. 1446 ; all these are placed by sons to 
 their parents. Other instances may be seen at West Grinstead, 
 Sussex, 1395 and c.1440; Hillingdon, Middx., 1479 and 1509; 
 Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1551 and c. 1600; probably also at Little 
 Casterton, Rutland, 1381 and c. 1410; and Cirencester, Gloucester- 
 shire, 1427, 1434, and c. 1470 ^ 
 
 Thirdly, brasses which had been previously laid down to one 
 person, were in some cases used afterwards for another. These 
 have been termed ''Palimpsests," and may be divided into three 
 classes : — 
 
 1. A more recent figure or inscription is engraved on the reverse 
 side of the original. Although these can only be ascertained to be 
 pahmpsests by the brasses becoming unfixed from their slabs, yet 
 a large number have been discovered. A very good instance may 
 be seen at Cobham, Surrey, an armed figure, c. 1550, being engraved 
 on the reverse of a priest holding a chalice, c. 1510. Similar speci- 
 mens occur at Hedgerley, Bucks.^ 1540 ; St. John's, Maddermarket, 
 
 » Engravings will be found in this entirely made up of fragments of earlier 
 
 volume from similar brasses at Thame, brasses. On the reverse of the effigy is 
 
 Oxon, 1342, 1396, and c. 1420 ; Merton part of an epitaph in English verse, on 
 
 College, Oxford, 1387 and e. 1420 j Wim- that of some children, the lower portion 
 
 borne Minster, Dorset, 872 and c. 1440. of a figure of a bishop or abbot, c. 1530, 
 
 Cotman has engraved examples from Er- shewing the chasuble, pastoral-staff, and 
 
 pingham and Kimberley, Norfolk, 1370 dalmatic. At the bacli of a shield is a 
 
 and c. 1415, 1465 and c. 1520 ; also from representation of our Saviour's resurrec- 
 
 Stoke, Suffolk, 1452 and c. 1535. tion, and behind the inscription a me- 
 
 The brass in this church commemo- morial of Thos. de Totyngton, Abbot 
 
 rates Margaret Bulstrode, 1540, and is of St. Edmund's Bury, who died 1312.
 
 xlvi PALIMPSEST BRASSES. 
 
 Norwich, c. 1440 and 1540; Boston, Lincolnshire, and Fryerning, 
 
 Palimpsest Brass at Cobham, Surrey, c. 1550 and. c. 1510. 
 
 Essex, female figures, c. 1390 and c. 1460, c. 1470 and c, 1560; 
 Berkhampstead, Herts., inscriptions, c. 1500 and c. 1530. 
 
 Many fragments of foreign brasses have been imported into this 
 country and converted into palimpsests. The brasses at St. Mawgan, 
 Cornwall, c. 1375, afford good examples''. Others of considerable 
 interest, though of later date, have been discovered at Hadleigh, 
 Suffolk, on the reverse of the metrical inscription to Eowland 
 
 (Archseol., vol. xxx. p. 121). This inscription (whose date is not before the sixteenth 
 century) runs thus : — 
 
 S'otnngton ^fiomas lElimulii qt fiut alihns 
 ^ic jaat csto pia siln tiucti' u'go mavia. 
 The verses behind the figure are only partially legible, and are as follows : — 
 
 s "Etionc : lin I)us g'uc (?)_stone 
 
 [iS]o mnnc more ttcnttjU mrigl)t be : ^To tntbc anlr ^orc fful of bototc. 
 
 'ailmngl)!!} goti of bis grace : proui^ l)iim Icfee goltic in i\)t ffornarc. 
 
 Clatitic I)C teas bcrc to bt bene : lijcng lame sdic Sc sore I I)ts caiDCt. 
 
 . . . . purgijti from snnnc : as a of (?) bap(?)tBmc. 
 
 In the fourth line beffe probably means ' healed,' caivef, ' cot.' This inscription is 
 now fastened down : the Author has copied it from a rubbing kindly furnished him 
 by the Rector, the Rev. E. Baylis. « See the engravings on pp. xvi., xvii.
 
 PALIMPSEST BRASSES. xlvii 
 
 Taillor, who was burnt at the stake in 1555, and at St. Peter, 
 Mancroft, Norwich, at the back of the figure and inscription of 
 Peter Eede, Esquire, 1568; the original brasses were those of 
 civilians and their wives, of the early part of the sixteenth century, 
 and had richly diapered backgrounds. Dutch inscriptions may be 
 seen on the palimpsest brass of the Disney family, 1578 (?), at 
 Norton Disney, Lincolnshire, and on the reverse of the inscription 
 of John Dauntesay, 1559, at West Lavington, Wilts. The original 
 legend at the latter place apparently records a gift to the masters or 
 deacons of the congregation of the Holy Ghost at Westmonstre, a 
 church formerly existing at Middieburgh, in Walcheren, but de- 
 stroyed ill 1575 ''. 
 
 In all these cases the original brasses have no doubt been sacrilegi- 
 ously torn from their slabs. But some otlier palimpsests exist with 
 the dates of the two engravings nearly identical, they are tlierefore 
 most probably plates inaccurately engraved, or for other reasons never 
 laid down. The plate at Walton-on-Thames ^ is an instance of this ; 
 as are also, in all probability, the figures of Abbot de la Moote, 
 1101 ? at St. Alban^s, and a priest, c. 1460, at the Temple Cliurch, 
 Bristol, the reverses of which exhibit portions of female figures. 
 
 Sometimes an alteration was made in a memorial at the direction 
 of the person commemorated. This no doubt was the case with a 
 brass at Burwell, Cambridgeshire. The original figure represented 
 an abbot in rich vestments, evidently intended for John Laurence 
 de Wardeboys, Abbot of Eamsey, in Huntingdonshire, and laid down 
 by him soon after his accession in 1508 ; after his resignation, in 
 1539, he, or his executors after his death in 1542, had the figure 
 altered to the dress of a canon ; the lower half of the original effigy 
 was turned over and engraved on the back, but a fresh plate was 
 required for the upper half ^ The brass of Thomas Cod, 1465, at 
 
 <• These inscriptions are printed in the been informed by F. C. Carrington, Esq., 
 Arch. Journ., vol. iv. pp. 362, 363. Sec that a modern monument to Anthony 
 also vol. V. p. 160. Fragments of foreign AVilshire, Esq., at Berkeley, Glouces- 
 brasses converted into palimpsests may tershire, was purchased second-hand, 
 be also seen at the following places: — Lu- being disapproved of by the persons 
 ton ? Beds. ; Burwell, Camb. ; Braunton, who ordered it to be made ; the white 
 Devon J Wimbish, Esse.x; Cuxton and marble slab containing the inscription 
 Westerham, Kent ; Ilorncastle, Lincoln- has probably been reversed and en- 
 shire j Isleworth, Middx.; Paston and graved on the back. 
 Salle, Norfolk ; HaleswortbjSutlblk; and ' See an article in the publications of 
 a few are in private possession. the Cambridge Anticpiarian Society on 
 
 ^ See supra, p. xxxiv. The Author has Palimpsest St-pulcbral Brasses, by A. W. 
 
 324613
 
 Xlviii PALIMPSEST BRASSES. 
 
 St. ]\Iargaret's, Rocliestcr, may possibly be another instance of this 
 practice. It consists of an inscription surmounted by the half- 
 length figure of an ecclesiastic, habited in surplice, cope, and amice. 
 Behind this is a similar effigy, the same size, but wearing the almuce 
 instead of the amice, and perhaps engraved a few years earlier, as 
 it much resembles a brass at Fladbury, Worcestershire, of the date 
 14 58 s. 
 
 2. The second description of palimpsest brasses best deserves 
 that name^, for the plate is not turned over and engraved on the 
 opposite side, but the original figure is altered and appropriated to 
 another person of later date and costume. Three or four instances 
 only have been noticed. The best exists at Waterperj^, near 
 Oxford, and is represented on the adjoining page. A brass, of the 
 date c. 1440-50, has been altered to suit the style of dress worn 
 about the year 1527; in the male figure a new head and shoulders 
 have been substituted for the original ; a skirt of plate armour has 
 been altered into mail, the plates in front of the armpits have been 
 partially erased, additional defences placed over the breast-plate, 
 gussets of mail added at the insteps, the pointed toes rounded, and 
 the various edges of the armour invecked and shaded : in the lady's 
 figure the upper half is a fresh plate, or the old one reversed; the 
 lower half shews the engraving of the original brass, altered by 
 the addition of shading and an ornament suspended by a chain •. 
 
 Franks, Esq., with an engraving of the for another. Cicero, in a letter to Tre- 
 
 brass at Burwell by Messrs. Waller. The batius, (E])ist. ad Fam., lib. vii. ep. 
 
 lower half of the original figure of the xviii.) playfully alludes to the practice : — 
 
 Abbot will be found below as an illustra- " Nam quod in paUmpsesto, laudo equi- 
 
 tion in the description of the chasuble. dem parsimoniam, Sed miror, quid in 
 
 s Palimpsests of this kind occur at ilia chartula fuerit, quod delere malu- 
 
 the following churches : — ^Flitton, Beds.; eris, qnam hfcc scribere ; nisi forte tuas 
 
 West Mailing and Westerham, Kent ; formulas. Non enim puto te meas epi- 
 
 Northolt, Middx. ; Felmingham, Hal- stolas delere ut reponas tuas." Coins 
 
 vergate. Ran worth, and Southacre, were sometimes subjected to a similar 
 
 Norfolk; Howden, Yorks., &c. The pa- operation :— "Non raro numis jam olim 
 
 limpsests at Hedgerley and Rochester signatis novi utrinque typi ope alterius 
 
 are now fastened by hinges, to allow matricis fuerunt impressi, cujus generis 
 
 both sides of the plate to be examined. numos solemus vocare recusos." Doctrina 
 
 i» The employment of the term " Pa- nuraorum veterum a Josepho Eckhel. 
 
 limpsest" in reference to brasses was Vindobonaj 1792, vol. i. cap. xii. § 6, 
 
 first suggested by Mr. Albert Way. p. 66. 
 
 The word means "scraped again," ' The male effigy, before its altera- 
 
 (Gra>c. iTa\'ifj.-\\n}(TTos, Lat. palimpses- tion, resembled a brass at Hildersham, 
 
 ttis,) and was used of pai-chments from Cambric'ge, with the armour of the 
 
 wliich, for the sake of economy, one arras like one at Cheddar, Somerset, 
 
 writing had been erased to make way See the engravings in the description
 
 PALIMPSEST BRASSES. 
 
 xlix 
 
 TiTII^ 
 
 
 -wc 
 
 ^W} 
 
 @'@SrimXeim 0(PX TcfttroiKet- a:)no;tcr§c6 ntitf 
 
 Walter Curzon, Esq., and Wife, 3527. Waterpery, Oxon.
 
 1 PALIMPSEST BRASSES. 
 
 Another instance is, or rather was, to be seen at Okeover, in Staf- 
 fordshire ; liere a military effigy, of the date 1447, has had a tabard 
 engraved over the plate armour, and slight shading added to the 
 figure, to adapt it to the memorial of one of the Oker family who 
 deceased in 1538. The small brass of Sir Robert Hanson, Vicar, 
 1545, at Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks., exhibits a third instance. The 
 original figure, of about the date 1440, has had the pointed toes 
 rounded, and shading added to the vestments to suit the style pre- 
 valent a century later. 
 
 3. In the last class of palimpsests the original figure remains 
 unaltered, but a fresh inscription, shield, &c., are introduced. We 
 have instances at Bromham, Beds., c. 1430 and 1535 ; Laughton, 
 Lincolnshire, c. 1400 and 1549 ; Isleworth, Middx., c. 1450 and 
 1544; St. Stephen's, Norwich, c. 1410 and 1546''; Great Ormsby, 
 Norfolk, c. 1440 and 1538; Horley, Surrey, c. 1420 and 1516; 
 Ticehurst, Sussex, c. 1370 and c. 1510. The last example repre- 
 sents John Wybarne, Esq., 1489, in armour, between his two wives, 
 with an inscription below ^ The male effigy only is of the earlier 
 date, and is twice the size of the others. 
 
 Some palimpsests are a combination of the above varieties; as 
 Waterpery of the first "" and second, and Okeover of all three. 
 The original brass at the latter place is of great interest; it 
 
 of military brasses of the fifteenth cen- of Agnes Wybarne, made Feb. 20, 1502, 
 tury. Tlie female figure was like that and proved Nov. 25, 1503, by wliich she 
 at Hampton Poyle, Oxon., used as an directs "her ex(ec'at)ors to bye a con- 
 illustration of ladies' costume in the venient stone to laye upon my husbande's 
 same century. John Wybarne's grave and myne, in 
 ^ Engravings from the brasses at the chancel of Tyseherst." Mr. Gaunt 
 Laughton, Isleworth, and Norwich will considers the male effigy to have been 
 be found in this volume. The brass of engraved at the beginning of the six- 
 Thos. Fogg, Esq., 1512, Ashford, Kent, teenth century, but the style of work- 
 probably belonged to this class. The in- manship, and its disproportionate size 
 scription remains, but the figure has when compared with the other figures, 
 been removed ; the outline of the indent prove it to be a much older brass, 
 seems to indicate a costume of an earlier Other brasses, with figures apparently 
 date than that of the legend beneath, engraved at an earlier date than the in- 
 With respect to this description of scription or other parts of the design, 
 palimpsests it is important to ascertain may be found at Eton College, Bucks., 
 that no mistake has been made in relay- 1521 ; Wyddial, Herts., 1545 ; Hackney, 
 ing, asat Haddenham,Bucks.; Wimpole, Middx., 1545; Charwelton, Northants., 
 Camb. J Digswell, Herts. ; Chartham, 1541. 
 
 Kent, where wrong inscriptions have " It is probable that the whole of 
 
 been attached to the figures. the marginal legend is engraved on the 
 
 ' In an article on this brass in the reverse side, as the portion inscribed 
 
 Sussex Arch. Collections, vol. viii. p. 19, bisuri sumus is loose, and exhibits on 
 
 the Rev. Chas. Gaunt quotes the will the back [?l]ugusti mcnsc ■5Kam[p].
 
 PALIMPSEST BRASSES. H 
 
 consisted at first of the effigy of William, fifth Baron Lord Zouch, 
 of Haringworth, Northants., in armour, with his feet resting on his 
 crest, a staff coaped and raguly, on which two ravens are perched ; 
 on either side was the figure of a wife, and above, a fine triple 
 canopy ; a marginal inscription surrounded the whole. Lord Zouch 
 died in 1462, but the monument was laid down probably at Ha- 
 ringworth, in 144-7, on the death of his wife Alice, a daughter of 
 Richard Lord St. Maur. The brass was afterwards brought to 
 Okeover, after having been converted into the memorial of Hum- 
 phrey Oker, Esquire, who died in 1538, his wife, and their eight 
 sons and five daughters. This has been effected by altering the 
 centre effigy as before described, leaving the figure of the lady on 
 the right untouched, but reversing the other and engraving on its 
 back a crest, shield, and the figures of the children in three rows 
 one above the other. The inscription also has been turned over, 
 and a fresh one engraved on the back, and additional shields added 
 below the finials of the canopy ; but, curiously enough, the badge of 
 Lord Zouch has been suftered to remain at the feet of his effigy "i. 
 
 It has before been stated" that the costume of the exact period when 
 the brasses were engraved was represented very faithfully on them ; and 
 this practice was so rigidly adhered to, that persons, whose effigies were 
 engraved several years after their decease, are pourtrayed in costume 
 they never wore. For instance, at Hawstead, Suflblk, the figure of 
 Jane, the first wife of Sir William Drury, and who died in 1517, is 
 attired in the dress worn by ladies at the time of her husband's dtath, 
 which was forty years later. The effigy at Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks., 
 of William Whappelode, who deceased in 1398, was no doubt laid 
 down at the death of his son in 1446, and represents him in the 
 armour of a knight of the middle of the fifteenth century. 
 
 " This brass has unfortunately been ©feer lEsqttncr sumiumc Tort of ©fefr 
 
 lately stolen from the church, the por- mts Irs.lhcll I}y— S toijfc ©otocihtfr of 
 
 tions which were recovered were found jfiol)!! "asto lEsquticr $c Damc 1£lsaficil) 
 
 broken into small fragments ready for the T[)m tuijfc tl)C SBl)icI)C l)Umf [tec 
 
 melting-pot. A beautiful engraving of it 1£t W\ti 'Jllicin Uior citis fiUa §C I)CVC3 
 
 isgiven in Messrs. Waller's series of Monu- IRid Dni Irc Sctjmo . . . t^ ©] . . . 'DcCfSSnlr 
 
 mental Brasses. From a ruljbing of the tI)C ixb" iJ.in of '?lprcU tf)C ijcrc of our 
 
 reverseof the inscription, taken by A. W. lortJ [que oMj't xx\° Hi . . . mens' 3lultj 
 
 Franks, Esq., theauthorisenablcdtoprint "Bo tliii m CCCC xlbij] ...!§))... Soulcs 
 
 some fragments of theoriginal. The words Sc all cristcn SOuT 3)I)U f)aue m'cf amc 
 
 of the latter are enclosed in lirackets : — [. . . CC . . . ec" (SJuor" aiflfa^ fljieietur 
 
 4< laere bnticr tl)_ns stone Inctij b. [»J« Sens '2lmen.] 
 
 l^ic iacent CClillms Diis la ?oue] ... " Supra, p. xxxi.
 
 lii 
 
 COSTUME NOT ALAVAYS A CRITERION Or DATE. 
 
 But a few examples occur which shew that the costume is not 
 always a sure indication of date. In the beautiful brass at Little 
 Horkesley, Essex, of Sir Thomas Svvynborne, 1391, and his son Sir 
 Robert, 1412, the father is represented in a suit of armour which he 
 might actually have worn, although the brass was engraved at his son's 
 death. Similar instances are at St.Columb Major, Cornwall, 1602 
 and 1633; Lambourn, Berks., 1372 and c. 1410. In these three 
 monuments, which were placed by children to their parents, there 
 is a manifest propriety in the alteration of the costume; but there 
 are some brasses in which a much earlier costume than that worn by 
 the deceased is adopted without any apparent 
 reason. Brasses of this kind are mere copies 
 of older memorials, and are therefore liable to 
 be mistaken for the third description of palimp- 
 sests, from whicli they are to be distinguished 
 chiefly by the style of engraving, which is the 
 only unerring criterion of date. The most re- 
 markable of these are two kneeling figures, 
 c. 1600, in heraldic dresses, of the Garneys 
 family, at Eingsfield, Suffolk, evidently copied 
 from a similar brass at Kenton, in the same 
 county, of the date 1524, to two of their an- 
 cestors. In the church of St. Peter Mancroft, 
 Norwich, is a brass to Peter Rede, Esq., 
 1568, in which he is depicted in the armour 
 of a century earlier p. The armed efhgy of 
 Christopher Playters, Esq., at Sotterley, Suf- 
 folk, who died in 1547, although apparently 
 engraved about thirty-five years after that date, 
 yet seems to be a copy of a brass of the early 
 part of the former century. Two brasses at peter Kede, Esq., iks. 
 Pluckley, Kent, engraved c. 1600? present st. peter Mancroft, Norwich. 
 similar peculiarities. The figure at Sefton, Lancashire, of Sir Wm. 
 Molineux, who thrice bravely fought the Scots, and took two standards 
 at riodden-field, represents hhn in a hood of chain-mail, a species of 
 defence which had fallen into disuse long before his death in 1548 9. 
 
 P The figure and the inscription wore foreign brass converted into a palinip- 
 engraved at tlie same time, as tlieir sest. 
 reverses exhibit portions of the same "i J. G. Waller, Esq., in a Paper on
 
 RESTORKD BRASSES. 
 
 liii 
 
 In a very few cases a brass may be seen to have been restored by 
 a later hand, as at Wimborne Minster, Dorset, where a fresh inscrip- 
 tion has been placed beneath the effigy of King Ethel red. The 
 figure of Isabella Barstaple, in the chapel of Trinity Almshouse, 
 Bristol, c. 1411, is a restored copy of an older one. The palimpsest 
 brass at Laughton, Lincohishire, has had the pinnacles of the canopy 
 restored, probably at the time of its appropriation by the Dalisons 
 in 1549. The effigy of Sir John de Northwode, c. 1330, at Minster, 
 in Sheppy, has undergone a peculiar Procrustean process, several 
 inches having been removed from the centre of the figure, to make 
 it equal in length to that of his wife. The legs have been restored 
 and crossed at the ancles, an attitude apparently not contemplated by 
 the original designer. From the style of engraving, these alterations 
 seem to have been made at the close of the fifteenth century ■". 
 
 Sometimes a later figure or inscription, to one of the same family, 
 was inlaid in an earlier memorial ; thus at Southfleet, Kent, an in- 
 scription, of the date 1594, has been added to the figures of John 
 Sedley and wife, c. 1520. At Slaugham, Sussex, the figure of a 
 
 Monumental Brasses in Cheshire and 
 Lancashire, contributed to vol. v. of the 
 Journ. of the Brit. Arch. Assoc, suggests 
 that this peculiarity may be accounted 
 for by supposing that Sir William hastily 
 arrayed himself in the armour of his 
 ancestors, and went thus out to meet 
 the enemy. This is, of course, very 
 uncertain. As the brass was probably 
 engraved several years after his decease, 
 the artist may have received directions 
 to represent him in his proper costume, 
 and through ignorance armed him with 
 the coif-de-mail. Brasses in which the 
 general character of an earlier design 
 has been imitated, are at Hunstanton, 
 1506, Dunston, 1619, Norfolk. The 
 former brass may have been partly sug- 
 gested by that of Sir Hugh Hastings, 
 at Elsing; the latter, by that of the 
 Blomevilles, at Loddon, in the same 
 county. The canopy of Archbishop 
 Jacobus de Senno (Sieninski), 1480, at 
 Gnesen, Poland, " is evidently a coarse 
 and inferior copy of those which occur 
 in Flemish brasses of the fourteenth 
 century." — Arch. .Tourn., vol. x. p. 252. 
 In the Church of North Ockendon, 
 Essex, is a very curious series of small 
 stone effigies of the Poyntz family, sculp- 
 
 tured in the fifteenth or sixteenth century, 
 and representing some of them tolerably 
 correctly in the costume of an earlier 
 period, which was probably derived from 
 paintings or ancient monuments. 
 
 ' See the engraving supra, p. xxiii.; the 
 legs are omitted, as being recent ad- 
 ditions. IModern restorations of brasses 
 may be seen at St. John's, Margate; 
 St. Margaret's, Canterbury; Ewelme and 
 Merton Coll-ge, Oxon. ; Burford, Salop ; 
 Northiam, Sussex ; VVellesbourn, War- 
 wickshire ; Fladbury, Worcestershire ; 
 Crosthwaite, Cumberland ; Stopham, 
 Sussex; Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 
 In the last three churches fresh heads 
 have been affixed to mutilated effij^ics; 
 at Cirencester a head has been fastened 
 on the waist of a female figure ! The 
 other brasses have chiefly had the in- 
 scriptions replaced. There is, generally 
 speaking, no likelihood of these repairs 
 being mistaken for original work ; at 
 St. John's, Margate, for instance, the 
 figure of John Parker and wife have 
 been miserably recut. Restorations in 
 much better taste may be seen at Ban- 
 well, Somerset, and Bagington, War- 
 wickshire, both by Messrs. Waller, and 
 at Watton, Herts., by Messrs. Dean.
 
 liv DUPLICATE BRASSES. 
 
 third wife has been inserted in the brass of Ricliard Covert, Esq., 
 1547, and at St. Nicholas at Wade, Kent, an effigy of Thomas 
 Parramore, the second husband of Joane Edvarod, who died in 
 1574, has been added to the brass of her former husband and his 
 two wives. At Cheshatn Bois, Bucks., a curious instance of the 
 same kind is found : to the brass of EHzabeth Cheyne, 1516, have 
 been added, in 1552, a larger figure of her husband and another 
 inscription. 
 
 Brasses to the same person are found in different churches : the 
 usual case being that of a husband buried in one church and his 
 wife in another, each having a brass containing one or both figures. 
 Thus at Childrey, Berks., are the figures of John Kyngeston, Esq., 
 and Susan his wife ; the former of whom, dying in 1514, was buried 
 at Childrey, and the latter becoming a "vowes," and dying in 1540, 
 was interred at Shalston, Bucks., and commemorated by another 
 brass figure in the dress of a nun. At Halton, Bucks., Henry 
 Bradshawe, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, who died in 1553, is 
 there represented with his wife Joan, who died in 1598, and was 
 buried at Noke, Oxon, where there is a brass with figures of herself, 
 Henry Bradshawe, and a former husband. In like manner Anne 
 Duke, upon the death of her first husband, George Duke, Esq., in 
 1551, was with him commemorated by a brass at Erenze, Norfolk; 
 she afterwards married Peter Eede, Esq., who died in 1568 ; upon 
 her own decease, in 1577, she was buried at St. Margaret's, Nor- 
 wich, where there is a single brass to herself ^ Other examples of a 
 similar kind may be found in the brasses of John Gunter and wife, 
 1634 and 1626, at Kintbury, Berks., and Cirencester, Gloucester- 
 shire, and of Bishop Robinson, 1616, at Carlisle Cathedral and 
 Queen's College, Oxford. In Layer Marney Church, Essex, is the 
 stone effigy of John Lord Marney, 1524, and at the sides of his 
 tomb were brass figures of his two wives, but these are now lost. 
 His second wife, Bridget, married again, died in 1549, and by her 
 will ordered "three brass pictures" of herself and her two husbands 
 to be placed on her tomb at Little Horkesley, Essex, where they are 
 
 " The annexed engravings, which by the Rev. William Drake, in the 
 exhibit the change of costume, origi- Arch. Journ., vol. ii. p. 247. 
 nally illustrated an article on brasses
 
 DUPLICATE BRASSES. 
 
 Iv 
 
 still*. Ealph Hamsterley, Master of University College, who died 
 in 1518, had brasses in the chapels of University, Merton, and 
 
 Anne Duke, 1551. Anne Rede. 1577. 
 
 Queen's Colleges, and also at Oddington, Oxon. : only that at the 
 last-named place now remains ". 
 
 Indeed, two brasses to the same individual are sometimes found in 
 the same church; as at Tilleigh, Devon, Eichard Fortescue, 1570; 
 at Southfleet, Kent, Joan Urban, alone 1414, and conjoined with 
 her husband 1420; at Loddon, Norfolk, Anne Hobert, alone 1530, 
 
 ' See Sir H. Nicolas's Test. Vetusta, 
 pp. 627, 727. 
 
 " Bp. Stanley has a chantry chapel 
 and a monument in each of the cathe- 
 drals of Ely and Manchester. According 
 to Weever, (Fun. Mon., p. 444,) Bp. 
 Bowthe, who.sc brass exists at East 
 Horsley, Surrey, had an inscription at 
 
 St. Clement Danes, London. At Ching- 
 ford, Essex, is a brass with effigies to 
 Robt. Rampston, Gent., 1585; several 
 inscriptions to his memory have also 
 been placed in the churches of the 
 neighbouring parishes, as Walthamstow, 
 to which he was a benefactor.
 
 Ivi DUPLICATE BRASSES. BRASSE? USED AS EASTER SEP. 
 
 and with her husband 1561 ; at Dauntesey, Wilts., Dame Anne 
 Danvers, with her husband 1514, and by herself c. 1530 ; at 
 Staveley, Derbyshire, Peyrs Freychwell, Esq., in tabard, separately 
 c. 14S0, and with his wife and family 1503. The same arrangement 
 occurs at Kuthin, Denbighshire, in the brasses of Edward Goodman, 
 1560 and 1583. In Eairford Church, Gloucestershire, are brasses 
 on the floor to Sir Edmund Tame and his two wives, 1534; and 
 against the wall small kneeling figures of the same persons. The 
 same occurs in the brasses of John Cottesmore Judge, and wife, 
 1439, at Brightwell-Baldwin, Oxon., and of Joan Brokes, 1487, 
 Pepperharrow, Surrey. At Sherborne St. John, Hants., is a brass 
 now removed from its slab and placed against the wall : it consisted 
 of a border-inscription, enclosing the figure of Bernard Brokas, Esq., 
 1488? kneeling before a cross which is now lost; beneath was a 
 skeleton, representing the same individual, in a shroud. Similar 
 brasses remain at Horncastle, Lincolnshire, 1519; Leigh, Kent, 
 c. 1580; and Pimperne, Dorset, 1694. The last instances exhibit 
 a practice similar to that which obtained with respect to stone 
 effigies; two figures were often sculptured, the one above vigorous 
 and in full costume, the other, an emaciated figure in a shroud ^. 
 
 At Depden, Suffolk, two figures of the same person are found in 
 the same brass ; Lady Anne, widow of Geo. Waldegrave, Esq., and 
 afterwards wife of Sir Thos. Jermyn, being represented with each 
 of her husbands; she died in 1572. 
 
 Some examples remain which shew that brasses were occasionally 
 used for other purposes than merely commemorating the individual 
 deceased. Thus at Yeovil, Somerset, a demi-figure of a monk, 
 c. 1460 ? is engraved on a lettern : and it is very probable that the 
 later altar-tombs inlaid with brasses, and usually placed against the 
 north wall of the chancel, were frequently used as Easter sepulchres. 
 "VVe know that in one well-authenticated instance, at Stanwell, 
 Middx., the tomb of Thos. Windsor, Esq., 1485 y, was so used. 
 
 * Memorial windows and monuments height, to thentent that yt may ber the 
 
 to one and the same person frequently blessid body of our Lord and the sepul- 
 
 occur in the same or different churches, ture at the tyme of Estre, to stond upon 
 
 as at Dauntesey, Wilts. the same, and with myne Armes and a 
 
 y In his will, dated 1479, and proved Scriptur convenient to be set about the 
 
 1485, he directs "that ther be made a same tombe," &c. See CoUins's Peer- 
 
 playn tombe of marble of a competent age, vol. iv. p. 74, ed. 1779. This
 
 BRASSES ON ALTAR-SLABS. 
 
 Ivii 
 
 Sometimes the slabs in which brasses are inlaid have small crosses 
 at the corners : as these are found of a 
 date before the Reformation, it is not 
 unlikely that they were used for sacred 
 purposes, perhaps as chantry altars^. 
 Examples occur at Dorchester, Oxon., 
 on the tombstone of Abbot Sutton, 
 1349 ', at Stifford, Essex, on the slab 
 of David de Tillebery, c. 1350? (at 
 Tempsford, Beds., on an incised slab, 
 c. 1360 a;) and at St. Cross, Win- 
 chester, 1503. The brasses at Little 
 Horkesley, Essex, 1519; St.Clement's, l 
 Sandwich, Kent, 1583 ; and New | jj 
 College, Oxford, 1592, have certaiidy 
 been inlaid in altar- slabs, and most 
 probably another, also subsequent to l^ 
 the Reformation, at Bray, Berks., from ji^ 
 which the brass (that of Ursula Norris, 
 1560?) has been torn. 
 
 It is a point of some interest to ^^ 
 ascertain the cost of brasses at tlie 
 several dates of their execution. The 
 materials for such an enquiry are to Monumental siab of Abbot suiton.ijig. 
 be found in the directions left in wills Dorcuester, o.on. 
 
 to executors ; but the number is small of those in which the design 
 
 tomb is now removed to the west end 
 of the north aisle, and the brasses have 
 disappeared. The altar-tomb of Chris- 
 topher Urswjck, 1521, which v jis gainst 
 the north wall of the chancel of the old 
 church at Hackney, was probably used 
 for the same purjjose, to which an al- 
 hision may be intt nded in the words of 
 the inscription : " I)ic scpultus tarnis 
 rcsurrccciontm in alfucntu cbvistt tx= 
 jjcctat." 
 
 * Compare the tombstone engraved 
 in Borlase's Cornwall, and mentioned 
 supra, p. v. In Hasted's Kent, vol. iii. 
 p. 302, is an engraving of a credence- 
 table on the south side of the chancel of 
 lirabourne Church, Kent. "It is of 
 
 black marble, and is sculptured with a 
 cross inscribed in a circle, flanked with 
 ai'parently matrices of inscriptions on 
 brass." — Archaol. Journ , vol. iii. p. 83. 
 " The slabs at Stifford and Tempsford 
 have five crosses on each of them ; that) 
 at the latter place is figured in Fi^her's 
 Coll. for Beds. At St.Alban's Abbey 
 is a chantry-altar which had brasses 
 at the side. Brasses are often inlaid 
 in old tombstones, as at Braunton, Clo- 
 velly, and Stoke-in-Teignhead, Devon. 
 At Cople, Beds., in the south chantry, 
 may be seen a slab, now despoiled of its 
 brasses, in which a later and larger 
 figure liad been placed ovtr the indent 
 of a Buiallcr one.
 
 Iviii COST OP BKASSES. 
 
 and the sum to be expended are specified ; and in some cases where 
 they are stated, the brasses are not extant to guide us. Some ap- 
 proximation, liowcver, to the truth may be made by comparing the 
 few notices that follow ; from which it also appears that the earlier 
 brasses were much more expensive than the later. 
 
 Sir Jolni de St. Quintin, by his will dated 1397, left xx. marks 
 for a marble stone to be placed over himself and his two wives, with 
 three images of laton upon it. The brass still remains at Brands- 
 burton, York's. ; the figures are the size of life, but that of one wife 
 only appears on it ''. 
 
 Sir Thomas Ughtred, in 1398, bequeathed xi?. for a marble stone 
 to be inlaid with two images in laton of his father and mother, and 
 placed over their tomb at Catton, Yorkshire '^. 
 
 In 1399 Sir Philip Darcy left by his will x^. for a similar monu- 
 ment to himself and his wife '^ 
 
 Thomas Graa, son of William Graa, citizen of York, in 1405, left 
 the sum of cs. for a like memorial to himself and his wife ^. 
 
 Maud Lady Mauley, 1438, left xx. marks for a marble stone with 
 her portraiture thereon in copper or latten gilt '. 
 
 The brass of Sir John Curson and lady, 1471, Belaugh, Norfolk, 
 consists of two figures, about three feet and a-half long, four shields, 
 and an inscription, for the making of which Sir John left viii. marks §. 
 
 Katherine, widow of John Eastolff, Esq., in 1478, ordered seven 
 or eight marks to be spent in providing a stone to be laid over her 
 own and her husband's grave. The figures, which were two feet 
 and a-half long, have lately been stolen from the church'*. 
 
 ^ Testamenta Eboracensia, published parochiali de Catton dictsG Ebor. dio- 
 
 by the Sui'tees Society, 1836, No. clxviii. ceseos xl." 
 
 p. 215, cited In the Gloss, of Archit., '' Ibid., No. clxxxv. p. 255 : " Item 
 
 art. " Brasses :" " Item do et lego viginti volo quod executores mei ponant super 
 
 marcas ad emendum quandam petram sopulcrum meum lapidem marmoreiim 
 
 de marble, super corpus meum et cor- operatum cum duabus ymaginibus de 
 
 pora Lora3 nuper uxoris mea3 et Agnetis Liton, ad sirailitudinem mei et Eliza- 
 
 uxoris mea3 jacendam, cum tribus yma- betaj uxoris mese, de precio xl." 
 
 ginibus de laton supra dictam petram "^ Ibid., No. ccxl. p. 339 : " Lego ad 
 
 punctis." unum lapidem marmoreum super corpus 
 
 •= Ibid., No. clxxvii. p. 243 : " Item meum ponendum cum imaginibus mei 
 
 lego ad emeudam unam petram mar- et Matildis nuper uxoris mero impres- 
 
 moream indentatam cum duabus yma- sis cs." 
 
 ginibus patris mei et matris mea3 de ' Nicolas's Test. Vetusta, p. 235. 
 
 laton, sculptis in armis meis, et in armis g Cotman's Norf. Brasses, p. 23. 
 
 de les Burdons, ad ponendum super se- •> " And I will that the stone which 
 
 pulcrum domini Thomaj Ughtred patris now lies over the burial-place of the said 
 
 mei, et Willielmi filii mei, in ecclesia John Fastolf be removed, and placed
 
 COST OF BRASSES. lix 
 
 George Catesby, Esq., \^ho died in 1505, "by his Testament, 
 bearing date 8 Mali, 19 H. 7, bequeathed his Body to be buried in 
 the Church of Ashl// Legers, before the Image of the Hoi// Trinity, 
 in his Chapell there, appointing that two Marble Stones, Price of 
 each \\l. xiii^. iiijf/., should be brought thither, one to be layd upon 
 his Father and Mother, and the other upon himself, as a Memoriall 
 for him and his Wife'." A small kneelnig figure in brass is sup- 
 posed to commemorate George Catesby, Esq. The brass of his 
 father, Sir William Catesby, and mother still remains in a tolerably 
 perfect state ; it consists of two figures in heraldic dresses under a 
 fine double canopy. 
 
 By his will, bearing date Oct. 1, 1509, Sir Thomas Marriot, Clerk 
 and Parish Priest of Newington, directed the sum of xx5. or there- 
 abouts to be expended on his tombstone, which was probably inlaid 
 with brass ^. 
 
 In the south chantry of All Saints' Church, Chesterfield, Derby- 
 shire, is an altar-tomb, having twenty sculptured figures of knights, 
 ladies, ecclesiastics, &c., under canopies ranged along the side and 
 ends, and above a slab of dark-coloured marble, with the traces of 
 two figures, four shield?, and a border inscription in brass. This 
 monument, which commemorates Henry Eoljambe, Esq., and wife, 
 
 over the grave of Tbomas Sampson my tered' on Tower-hill. Sir William fol- 
 iate son; and another stone, to the lowed the fortunes of his royal master 
 value of seven or eight marks, he pro- to the fatal field of Bosworth, where he 
 vided hy my executors, inlaid with the was taken prisoner, and three days after 
 arms of John Sampson and the afore- beheaded at Leicester." His death " is 
 said John Fastolf, my late husbands; «M^e fZ«^efZ five days in the epitaph ; and 
 and with the arms of Koger Welysham, it is not improbable but the error was 
 my father, and with the arms of Bed- \dlfiil, and intended to raise doubts of 
 ingfeld; and that the said stone shall his tragical end in the minds of posterity, 
 lay over the sepulchre of the said John by placing his decease prior to the battle 
 Fastolf", and my own grave." Suckling's of Bosworth." Baker's Northants., 
 Suffolk, vol. ii. p. 40. vol. i. pp. 242, 251. 
 
 ' Dugd. Warw. (ed. 1765), p. 554, J " 1 wUl that my executors provide 
 
 quoted in Baker's Northants., vol. i. and ordain a marble stone, with an 
 
 p. 243 : — image and portraiture of oiu* Saviour 
 
 "Sir William Catesby, grandson of J'hu and of a priest kneeling, with a 
 
 John, in conjunction with Sir Bichard cedule (schedule) in his hand, to the 
 
 [Robert ?] Katclitfc and viscount Lovell, foot of the said image of J'hu, and in 
 
 formed the triumvirate which gave rise the cedule written these words, 
 
 to the memorable distich : — J'liu fill Dei vivi miserei'e mei, 
 
 " ' The Rat, the Cat, and Lovell our dog, and other writings, with my name, in 
 
 Rule all England under the liog ;' due order, to be added to the same, to 
 
 alluding to king Richard III. having lie on my grave, the which stone, with 
 
 adopted a boar for one of his supporters, the portraiture and writings, to be to the 
 
 For this poetical libel, Collingbourn, the order and value of xxs, or thereabouts." 
 
 author, was ' hanged, headed, and quar- Test. Vetusta, p. 495.
 
 Ix 
 
 COST OF BRASSES. 
 
 was contracted for by Henry Harpur and William Moorecock^ of 
 Burton, in Staffordshire, c. 1510, at a cost of ten pounds ''. 
 
 Robert Tabyan, the well-known chronicler, who died 1512, left 
 full instructions to his executors for the erection of a small mural 
 brass, the cost of which was not to exceed liii*. ivd} 
 
 Dr. Henry Mowndford, or Mounteforth, " curate'^ of St. Mary's, 
 Coslany, Norwich, who died in 1518, left forty-six shillings and 
 eightpence for his gravestone, which still remains, and bears an in- 
 scription in five lines on a brass plate ". 
 
 Nicholas Bossvell, who founded a chantry at Coningsborough, 
 Yorks., and died in 1523, bequeathed forty shillings "to order a 
 through stone to lay over his grave, with sculpture of laton of the 
 
 same 
 
 In the same year, Robert Goseborne, Clerk, left iv^. x*. to be 
 expended for a marble stone, which still remains at St. Alphege, 
 Canterbury, and is inlaid with brass °. 
 
 ^ On the 3rd of October, temp. Hen. 
 VII., an agreement was entered into 
 between the sons and wife (Bennett, 
 daughter of Sir Wm. Vernon, of Nether 
 Haddon) and " Henry Moorecock, of 
 Burton in StaiTordshire, to make a tomb 
 for Henry Foljambe, husband of Ben- 
 nett, in St. Mary's Quire, in the Church 
 of All Hallows, in Chesterfield, and to 
 make it as good as is the tomb of Sir 
 Nicholas Montgomery at Colley, with 
 18 images under the table, and the 
 arms upon them; and the said Henry 
 in copper and gilt upon the table of 
 marble, with two arras at the head and 
 two arms at the feet of the same, and 
 the table of marble to be of a whole 
 stone, and all fair marble. They paid 
 in hand £5, and the other £5 when all 
 is performed ; the 26th October, the 
 2nd Hen. VIII." Collectanea Topog. 
 Geneal., vol. i. pp. 354, 355. It is pro- 
 bable that the contractors executed the 
 stone-work only of the tomb. 
 
 ' " I will that if I decesse within the 
 citie of London, that within three yeers 
 following, myn e.^ecutors doo make in 
 the walle nere unto my grave, a littell 
 tumbe of freestone, upon the which I 
 will be spent liii*. \\d. at the moost, and 
 in the face of this tonibe, I will be made 
 in too plates of laten ii. figurys of a man 
 and a woman with x. men children and 
 vi. women children, and over or above 
 
 the said figurys I will be made a figure 
 of the Fader of Heven inclosed in a 
 Sonne, and from the man figure I will 
 be made a rolle to be gi'aven O Pater iu 
 cells ; and from the figure of the woman 
 another lyke rolle wherein to be graven 
 Nos tecum pascere velis; and at the 
 feete of the said figurys I will be graven 
 these ix. verses following," &c. If he 
 were buried at Theydon Gernon, Essex, 
 " the figure of our Lady with her Child 
 sittyng on a sterr" was to be substituted 
 for that of the Deity, some shields were 
 to be added, and the scrolls and inscrip- 
 tion were to be diflferent. Test. Vetusta, 
 p. 510. He was buried in St. Michael's, 
 Cornhill, London, but his tomb has 
 long been defaced. Weever, Fun. Mon., 
 p. 416. 
 
 '" " Item I will have a stone of Marble 
 with j Epitaphy in Verses, which I have 
 wretyn in a Bil, to the Price of 46^. 8f?. 
 or more, to lye upon my Grave." Blom- 
 field's Norfolk, ed. 1745, vol. ii. p. 838. 
 Richard Wallour, 1505, first chantry 
 priest at St. Michael's, Coslany, Norwich, 
 left similar directions for his monument, 
 but without any price specified. Ibid., 
 p. 843. 
 
 " Hunter's South Yorkshire, vol. i. 
 p. 121. 
 
 ° Test. Vetusta, p. 596. The brass 
 figure measures 2 ft. 3 in., and has an in- 
 scription in six lines, and four shiekls.
 
 SUBJECTS OF BRASSES. Ixi 
 
 Ralph Hajman, of Milton, in Kent, 1598, gave \vL for a marble 
 stone graved with his picture (in brass?), and those of his three 
 wives, three sons, and four daughters p. 
 
 The next point in order is to review the various subjects which 
 are represented on brasses, the first and principal of which is of 
 course the figure, and secondly, its accessory parts, viz., canopy, in- 
 scriptions, and emblems. Tor convenience of arrangement and de- 
 scription, brasses in the following chronological account are divided 
 into four classes ; Ecclesiastics, Military figures, Civilians, and Ladies. 
 A somewhat different order will be adopted in the following remarks, 
 with the hope of rendering them more useful in the study of these 
 monuments in detail. There are some portions of the designs on 
 brasses which are invariable, or nearly so, during the successive 
 eras: as the ecclesiastical vestments, the judges' robes, and certain 
 emblems; whereas other parts, as the armour, exhibit a series of 
 changes. The unvarying particulars will first be considered ; but 
 before doing so there are a few remarks to be made on the general 
 design and arrangements of the parts. 
 
 When it is remembered that stone effigies in relief were in general 
 use before the employment of brasses, and that the latter were in- 
 deed imitations of the former on a flat surface, a general resemblance 
 between these two classes of memorials would be expected ; and 
 such is the case : the early brasses also, as might be anticipated, are 
 most like their predecessors. The figures on the earlier brasses 
 are usually represented in a recumbent posture, with their heads 
 resting on cushions or helmets, and their feet on lions, dogs, &c. 
 On those of later date a standing or kneeling attitude prevailed. 
 The hands are commonly raised in the posture of devotion, often 
 bear various emblems, and are sometimes crossed over the breast, 
 especially in foreign examples, as at St. Alban's, and Wensley, Yorks. 
 English specimens with the hands crossed occur at Eulbourn, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, c. 1470; Sotherley, Suffolk, 1479; and on shroud 
 brasses, as at Aylsham, Norfolk, 1499. Occasionally the husband 
 holds the hand of his wife, as at Berkhampstead, Herts., 1356; 
 Chrishall, Essex, c. 1370; Southacre, Norfolk, 1384; Draycot 
 Cerne, Wilts., 1393; Little Shelford, Cambridge, c. 1400; Dart- 
 mouth, Devon, 1403; Ovvston, Yorks., 1409; Trotton, Sussex, 
 
 p Test, Vetusta, p. 725.
 
 Ixii GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF FIGURES. PORTRAITS. 
 
 1419; Heme, Kent, c. 1420; Wilmslow, Cheshire, 1460; Nether 
 Heyford, Northants., 1487; Stanstead-Abbots, Herts., c. 1540; 
 Hadlcigh, Suffolk, 1037 ; St. Sepulchre's, Northampton, 1640. In 
 their brass at St. John's Sepulchre, Norwich, 1597, John Browne 
 and his sister are represented with joined hands i. 
 
 The figures of the husband and his wife were generally placed to- 
 gether in one brass, and in a few instances engraved on the same 
 plate, as at AUerton Mauleverer, Yorks,, 1400 ; Islington, London, 
 0.1535; Stanstead-Abbots, Herts., c. 1540; Dean, Northants., 
 1587. Two different brasses were seldom laid down, except when 
 the commemorated were buried in separate graves. Instances occur 
 at Wimmington, Beds. ; Stratfield Mortimer and Great Coxwell, 
 Berks. ; Trinity Almshouse, Bristol ; St. Mary Magdalen, Canter- 
 bury; Watford, Herts.; Cobham, Kent; Cheddar, Somerset, &c. 
 
 The effigies of the husband and wife are usually of the same size, 
 or nearly so; an exception occurs at Edenhall, Cumberland, 1458. 
 The wife is generally placed on the left hand of her husband, but 
 in many instances the post of honour is assigned to her; the reason 
 of the difference is not apparent, except where the husband holds 
 the hand of his wife. 
 
 Before the latter end of the sixteenth century hardly any attempts 
 were made to give the portrait of the deceased. This is evident 
 from the obvious similarity in the faces of contemporary figures. 
 The artists were content with simply marking the distinction between 
 youth arid age, and even this was almost wholly neglected in the 
 fifteenth and earlier half of the sixteenth centuries. The faces, how- 
 ever, of the effigies of Sir William Tendring, 1408, Stoke, Suffolk ; 
 Nicholas Canteys, 1431, Margate, Kent ; and of Lady Marnay and 
 her two husbands, 1549, Little Horkesley, Essex, are possibly in- 
 tended for likenesses^'. The only face in profile that has been 
 noticed is on the figure of a lady, c. 1550, at Margaretting, Essex. 
 
 ■! The fine brasses formerly at Iiig- Somerset, and lady, 1444, &c. 
 ham, Norfolk, to Sir Miles St;ipleton ■■ See a communication from the Au- 
 
 and lady, 1365, engraved by Cotman, thor to Notes and Queries, (1st Ser. vol. v. 
 
 and at Rochester Cathedral, (matrix of pp. 349, 350,) in which the inaccuracy 
 
 a knt. and lady, probably the memorial of the portrait at Queen's College, Ox- 
 
 of Sir William Arundell, Governor of ford, of the founder, Robt. Egglesfield, 
 
 Rochester city and castle, c. 1400, and 1340, is pointed out. 'I'he likeness was 
 
 lady, nciir the altar,) were similar in- taken from a brass in the college chapel 
 
 stances. The same posture is observable which was supposed to be that of Eggles- 
 
 in the stone effigies at Warwick of Sir field, but in reality commemorates Dr. 
 
 Thos. de Beauehamp and lady, 1370; Robt. Langton, 1518. This is evident 
 
 at Wimborne Minster of John, Duke of from a sketch taken in 1614 by Dug-
 
 GENEEAL ARRANGEMENT OF FIGURES. Ixiii 
 
 The figures of priests are at once recognised by the tonsure, ex- 
 cept where the head is covered by a scull-cap. Of course they are 
 generally single figures, but in a few instances they are represented 
 with their parents, as at Luton, Beds., c. 1425 ; High Halstow, 
 Kent, 1399; Sudborough, Northants., c. 1430; Melton, Sufl'olk, 
 c. 1430; South Creak, Norfolk, 1509; or other relations, as at 
 Houghton Regis, Beds., c. 1400; Dronfield, Derbyshire, 1399, (two 
 brothers,) and perhaps at Shottesbrooke, c. 1370, and in one case 
 with a wife. Win wick, Lancashire, 1527 *• 
 
 Half-length figures are of common occurrence, especially on early 
 brasses. Until about the middle of the fifteenth century the person 
 was invariably represented on English brasses as living and in proper 
 costume ^. After that period they often appear in shrouds, as emaci- 
 ated figures or skeletons. 
 
 A general likeness is observable, throughout the whole period 
 during which brasses were in use, between the costume of civilians 
 and ladies : the fashion of both sexes appears to have followed one 
 type, which may be traced in some cases even in armed figures, 
 especially those of the fourteenth century ^. At first sight a doubt 
 might be entertained as to the sex of some persons represented in 
 the sixteenth century. 
 
 Of the various costumes delineated on brasses, the most important, 
 as well as the least varying, are the vestments worn by ecclesiastics 
 of our Church before the Reformation. It was the rule of the 
 Church to bury ecclesiastics in the full dress, and with all the orna- 
 ments, of their orders; their effigies, therefore, exactly represent 
 their costume. These vestments will be next considered in order. 
 
 dale, and preserved in Anthony a Wood's folk. Sir William Drury, 1557, and bis 
 
 Collection of MSS. in the Ashmolean first wife are represented as dead, with 
 
 Museum, Oxford, MS. F. 1 or N. 11, their eyes closed, the surviving wife with 
 
 p. 146. her eyes open. A similar instance may 
 
 • Another instance was perhaps at be seen at Westerham, Kent, on the 
 
 Boclyham, Sussex, 1513, but one figure brass of William Stacy and wives, 1566. 
 
 only (in a shroud) now remains. At The eyes of shrouded figures in the fif- 
 
 Eadwell, Herts., was a br;iss with three teenth century are often closed, 
 
 small figures, to William Wheteaker " The orle and camail of the knight 
 
 and his wife Joan, and Thomas their corresponded to the wieatb and gorget 
 
 son; the latter, who was a chaplain and worn by his lady. In tlie middle of 
 
 died in 1487, was represented in ccclusi- the sixteenth century the padded shoul- 
 
 astical vestments. At the Town Church, dcrs of the ladies' dresses rivalled the 
 
 Guernsey, is an indent of a siuiihir high shoulder-pieces of their husbands' 
 
 brass. armour. 
 
 ' On their brasses at Ilawstead, Suf-
 
 Ixiv 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL DRESSES, EUCHARISTICAL VESTMENTS. 
 
 SO far as they are related to the subject of this volume. As a matter 
 of convenience, although not of strictly correct division, they will 
 be here arranged into three classes: 1. Eucharistical vestments; 
 2. Processional; 3. Academical. 
 
 During the first three centuries 
 the ecclesiastical vestments were the 
 same as the ordinary dresses of lay- 
 men; but the clergy were strictly 
 forbidden to wear in public the 
 same vestments in which they offi- 
 ciated, or to indulge in extravagant 
 apparel. After the laity in the west 
 had adopted the short dress of their 
 barbaric conquerors, the clergy still 
 retained their former long robes. 
 
 I. The vestments worn by the 
 priest while celebrating the holy 
 eucharist were identical with those 
 of the bishops and abbots up to a 
 certain point, beyond which addi- 
 tional ones were worn by the two 
 latter. Those which were common 
 to all will be first described : they 
 are the amice, albe, maniple, stole, 
 and chasuble, which were put on in the above order ^, and a short 
 prayer was said as each was assumed ^. 
 
 1. The Amice {amicius) was an oblong piece of linen with an ap- 
 parel y sewed on to one of its edges. It had two strings fixed to the 
 
 (\ictacft ^etmcus Won quo^ra. &tWiekJii 
 igiUmo£<22i;tjj.tt"ki£uii\s^imq|ntietti?6iwt 
 
 /'<■ 
 
 A. Apparel of the Amice. 
 
 B. Stole 
 
 C. Maniple. 
 
 D. Chasuble. 
 
 £. Albe, with apparel at the 
 ieet. 
 
 Henry Denton, Priest, 1498. 
 Higham Ferrars, NorthantB. 
 
 " In some foreign chnrches, as at 
 Milan, Lyons, and perhaps in England, 
 this order was different, the stole being 
 sometimes put on before the maniple. 
 It must be borne in mind also that the 
 same names were given to difterent 
 vestments, and were spelt in a variety 
 of ways in old wills, inventories, &e. 
 
 " These prayers, and the addresses of 
 bishops at ordination, embody some of the 
 symbolical meanings once sanctioned by 
 our Church, and therefore are here given 
 from Maskell's Anc. Lit. of Eng. Ch., 
 (2nd ed. p. 188, printed from a MS. 
 Pontifical of the Sarum use in Camb. 
 Univ. Libr.) and Mon. Rit. vol. iii. 
 
 They agree for the most part with those 
 of the foreign Churches, (see Martene 
 de Eccl. Rit. 1. i. c. iv. art. 7, and Le 
 Brun. Expl. i. p. 37 seq.) 
 
 y Parura, 'paratura, par amentum, 
 from 'parare to ornament, was an em- 
 broidered border often worked with 
 gold, silver, and jewels, sewed on to the 
 different vestments. It is chiefly used 
 of the amice and albe, the more general 
 expression being orphrey, (Gall, orfroy ; 
 Lat. aurifrigia, aurifrisia,) from aurum 
 Pliry^!ium; the Phrygians being, ac- 
 cording to Pliny, (viii. 48, sect. 74, 
 vol. ii. p. 129, cd. Sillig. Gothic, 8vo. 
 1852, "acu facere id Phrygcs invencrunt.
 
 EUCHARISTICAL VESTMENTS. AMICE, ALBE. 
 
 Ixv 
 
 two corners of this apparelled side, and was put on from behind, 
 placed for a moment on the head, the strings brought round in the 
 front of the neck, passed under the arms, behind the back, and tied 
 on the breast. It then covered the neck, or might be drawn up 
 over the head like a hood. On brasses it is always represented fall- 
 ing upon the shoulders % with the apparel encircling the neck : the 
 apparel, therefore, has often been mistaken for a 
 collar of the chasuble. It was gradually introduced 
 during the seventh and eighth centuries, and is 
 said to be derived from the ephod, {epomis,) which 
 name it sometimes bore, as well as snjperhumerale 
 or humerale, and anabolagium, {ava^6Xko}j.ai.) It 
 was considered to symbolize the helmet of salva- 
 tion, and, from its surrounding the throat, the re- 
 straint of speech ^. 
 
 2. The Albe [alia, camisia^, yj-'^faviov) was a 
 long close linen vestment, usually white, reaching 
 down to the feet, (hence its names talaris, Ttoh]pr]^,) 
 and with tight sleeves. To the cuffs and the lower 
 edge of the skirt in front apparels were always 
 sewed. Such is the albe on brasses ; but originally 
 it was an ample vestment with one or more scarlet 
 stripes in front, sometimes made of silk, and orna- 
 mented with fringes of gold, &c. The form of the 
 ^^^^__ albe is well shewn in a small figure at Sudborough, 
 jobii west, Chaplain, jv^orthauts., whlch is attired in the eucharistical 
 
 c. 1415. ' 
 
 Sudborough, :Northants. vestmeuts, wlth thc exception of the chasuble. 
 The albe was confined round the waist by the Girdle, [cinguhm. 
 
 ideoque Pbrygionise appellatae sunt,") the 
 inventors of embroidery ; hence phrygio, 
 'an embroiderer in gold,'&c. The orphrey 
 often represented saints under canopies, 
 initials of the wearer, the armorial bear- 
 ings of the donors, &c. No coats of 
 arms appear on orphreys on brasses, 
 but may be seen on the stone effigy of 
 a priest, fifteenth century, at Beverley 
 Minster. 
 
 ^ On the stone effigy in low relief of 
 the fourteenth century of St. lestin, at 
 Llaniestin, Anglesea, the amice is drawn 
 over the bead, and the apparel encircles 
 the face. It is engraved in the Archaeol. 
 Cambr. ii. p. 324 The effigy at Beverley 
 
 Minster also exhibits the same peculiarity. 
 
 " " § Ad amictiim imponendum capiti 
 suo. Spiritus Sanctus superveniet in 
 me, et virtus Altissimi obumbrabit ca- 
 put meum." Pont. Sar. "Aniictus 
 quo collum undique cingimus." "Per 
 amictum intelligimus custodiam vocis." 
 Amalar. ii. 17, in Hittorp. de Div. Off., 
 p. 168. 
 
 ^ "Camisiae nomen huic Tunica; tri- 
 buerunt Veteres, quia similis est Tunicaj 
 lineae interior!, qua in camis, sive lectis 
 utimur; strata enim humiliora, et ter- 
 ra; propiora Gra;ci appellant camas." 
 Krazer de Liturg., p. 289. Caina, a 
 Graico x»M«'j Forcellini in voc.
 
 Ixvi EUCHARISTICAL VESTMENTS. MANIPLE, STOLE. 
 
 C(^vTi], dall/iens,) whicli in early times was flat like a belt, and much 
 ornamented, but afterwards became a cord. 
 
 Mention of the albe occurs in the decrees of the fourth Council 
 of Carthage, 398 "; and it was originally worn by all orders of eccle- 
 siastics as their ordinary dress. When angels are represented on 
 brasses they are clothed in the amice and albe ^, as is also the figure 
 of St. Matthew when occurring as an evangelistic symbol. 
 
 3. The Maniple {fanon'^, manipulus, k-n LixaviKiov) was originally 
 a narrow piece of hnen hung over the left fore-arm, and used for 
 wiping the forehead and face ; hence its names mappnla and suda- 
 rlum. Some time after the ninth century it was decorated with 
 fringes at the ends, embroidered in colours and gold, and made of 
 silk and rich stuffs : all which rendered it unfit for its proper use. 
 
 It is mentioned in the letters of St. Gregory the Great, c. 600 : 
 and in the eighth and ninth century it was a regular vestment of 
 the Church. 
 
 4. The Stole, [stola, orariiim) was a long narrow band or scarf of 
 embroidered silk or rich materials with fringed extremities. It was 
 hung over the nape of the neck : its ends were then crossed on the 
 breast, confined to the waist by being placed under the girdle, and 
 hung down low on each side. It was usually worn under the 
 chasuble, which hid all but its fringed extremities. The effigy at 
 Sudborough, however, being without the chasuble, affords a good 
 example of the arrangement of the stole. 
 
 The origin of the Stole, and the meaning of its names, are some- 
 what obscure. It was called orarium until the eighth or ninth cen- 
 tury, and most writers consider that it was at first a linen napkin or 
 scarf for wiping the face {ab ore tergendo) ; others think that it was 
 so called from ora, the border of a garment, because it was an 
 
 ' Mansi, torn. iii. p. 953, linteum, vexillum. (Lye in voc.) fahne, 
 
 d " § Ad alham. Miserere mei, Germ., hence the Eng. vane. 
 Deus, miserere mei : et mnnda mc a " § Ad fanonem. Indue me. Pater 
 
 reatibus ennctis, et cum illis qui deal- clementissime, novum horainem, de- 
 
 baverunt stolas suas in sanguine Agni posito veteri cum actibus suis, qui se- 
 
 mereamur perfrui gaudiis perpetuis." cundum Deum creatus est in justitia et 
 
 y]d alham. " Indue me, Domine, sanctitate veritatis." 
 vestimeuto salutis, et indumento jus- " Accipe manipulum in manibus tuis, 
 
 tititB circumda me semper. Per Domi- ad extergendas sordes cordis et corpo- 
 
 num," &c. Martene, ed. Venet. 1783, ris." Martene, quoted by Masliell, iii. 
 
 fol. torn. i. p. 190, lib. i. cap. iv. art. xii. p. 183, from MS. Pontifical addressed 
 
 " § Ad zonam. Prfficinge me. Do- to Sub-deacons, of which order of clergy 
 
 mine, zona justitiae, et constringe in me it was made a distinguishing badge in 
 
 dilectionem Dei et proximi. the twelfth century. 
 
 ' Fana, Goth, et Ang. Sax., pannus,
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL VESTMENTS. STOLE, CHASUBLE. 
 
 Ixvii 
 
 ancient custom to fix handkerchiefs to some border of the robes, or 
 that, from being a robe with stripes, it was afterwards so reduced in 
 size tliat the stripes only were retained. Others derive orarium 
 from orare, because it was worn during times of prayer. It formed, 
 however, a part of the ordinary dress of priests. 
 
 Bishops did not cross the stole on the breast : 
 by the priest it was worn over both shoulders, 
 but by the deacon over the left only, to leave 
 his right hand at liberty ^ The Council of Lao- 
 dicea, c. 364, forbad its use to sub-deacons s. 
 In the Greek Church the stole of the priest 
 was called eTnrpax'j^toy, that of the deacon 
 bipapiov. 
 
 5. The Chasuble or Chesible [camla, pla- 
 neta^) was put on over all the eucharistical 
 vestments, and was worn only at the celebration 
 of the holy Eucharist. It was at first made of 
 wool, sometimes of silk, and its original form was 
 circular; but on brasses it assumes that of a 
 vesica piscis, or pointed oval. It had an aper- 
 ture in the centre for the head, but none for the 
 arms : so that when these were raised it fell over 
 them in folds before and behind. The older 
 chasubles were very long and ample, but the 
 
 •^ " ^ A Priest, c. 1370, CroudaU, 
 
 sides, being a hinderance to the free use of the ^ants. 
 
 arras, were first turned up, and then curtailed : this change was 
 
 ' These rules do not seem to be in- 
 variable. In Carter's account of Eccl. 
 Costume (in Fosbrooke's Brit. Mon.) 
 there are engraved figures of two 
 bishops in copes, with crossed stoles; 
 one of them, perhaps of foreign execu- 
 tion, is from a bench-end in Barnack 
 Church, Northunts., and is also engi-aved 
 in Carter's Ant. Sculpt, and Paint., 
 pi. 79. No English brass of a deacon 
 remains, but some fragments of the pa- 
 limpsest brass at Burwell, Camb., ap- 
 pear to have belonged to the figure of 
 a deacon. Small figures of saints, as 
 St. Stephen and St. Laurence, in tlie 
 dress of deacons, arc found in orpbreys, 
 canopies, &c. In the figure of St. Law- 
 
 rence, on a brass at Castle Ashby, North- 
 ants., I40I, the stole is over both shoul- 
 ders. 
 
 K Krazer, p. 301, 
 
 " Accipe jugimi Domini : jugum 
 enim Ejus suave est, et onus Ejus leve. 
 Stola innocentia? induat te Dominus." 
 Ordin. of Priest, MaskeU, vol. iii. pp. 
 208, and 198, note 61. 
 
 '' "Quia facile collo circumagi po- 
 terat, banc Vestem Flanetam nuncu- 
 parunt Grseci, .... qua) vox vagwm, 
 aliquid et errans significat. Latini 
 vcro illam Casulam, et barbare Casu- 
 hiilam vel Casihulani appellarunt, quia, 
 ut Isidorus 1. 19. Orig. c. 2\ scribit, 
 instar parvcB casce a collo ad pedes
 
 Ixviii 
 
 EUCHARISTICAL VESTMENTS. CHASUBLE. 
 
 made before 570. The chasuble was ornamented with orphreys, 
 which were placed either round the edges, or down the front and 
 back in a straight line, or both. The early orphrey has the form 
 of a pall, and was, like it, called super- 
 humerale. Besides the orphreys, a pro- 
 fusion of ornament of gold, silver, &c., 
 was often bestowed upon the chasuble 
 itself, as painted stone effigies, ancient 
 inventories, &c., testify. These enrich- 
 ments were gradually multiplied so as 
 to render it very cumbrous, and make 
 it necessary to slit up its sides. On 
 English brasses the chasubles are entire, 
 and quite plain except the orphreys ; in 
 a few cases they are seen ornamented, 
 as on the brass of Bishop Bell, 1496, 
 Carlisle Cathedral, and on the reverse 
 of the palimpsest figure at Burwell, 
 Cambridge '. 
 
 The chasuble is supposed to be de- 
 rived from the Koman panula; in the Greek Church it is called 
 ({)evu>\iov, (f)€X6vLov, &c. It was established as a priestly vestment 
 before 474, as we learn from the will of Perpetuus, Bishop of 
 Tours ^. The fourth Council of Toledo ^, 63-3, directs that ecclesi- 
 astics unjustly deprived be not restored "nisi gradus amissos re- 
 cipiant coram altario de manu episcoporum, si episcopus est, orarium, 
 animlum, et baculum : si presbyter, orarium et planetam : si diaconus, 
 orarium et albam." It was essentially a priestly and eucharistical 
 vestment, but its use was conceded at certain seasons to deacons and 
 sub-deacons while assisting at the altar "\ 
 
 Pait of ihe effigy of Abbot Jonti Lawrence, 
 c, 1510, Burwell, Cambridgeshire. 
 
 usque totum tegebat hominem." Krazer, 
 pp. 308, 309. 
 
 ' Also on the brass of Bp. Fitzliugh, 
 1435, formerly in Old St. Paul's, en- 
 graved by Dugdale. The incised slabs 
 in France exhibit richly ornamented 
 chasubles, as did also some brasses for- 
 merly in that country, at the Eglise des 
 Chartreux, Paris, &c., of which draw- 
 ings are preserved in the Bodleian Li- 
 brary, Oxford. The brass effigy at 
 Paderborn Cathedral, of Bp. Bernard, 
 
 1340, has a chasuble covered with em- 
 broidery of lions, eagles, and five-leaved 
 roses, the last being the bearing of his 
 family, Az. a five-leaved rose gu. Lippe. 
 Arch. Journ., vol. ix. p. 201. 
 
 ^ " Et Amalario Presbytero, Casulam 
 unam communem de serico." D'Achery 
 Spicil. ed. 1723, tom. iii. p. 303. 
 
 ' Can. xxviii. Mansi, tom. x. p. 627. 
 
 '" "Accipe vestem sacerdotalem, per 
 quam caritas intelligitur : potens est 
 enim Deus augere tibi caritatem, et opus
 
 EPISCOPAL VESTMENTS. BUSKINS^ SANDALS, &C. 
 
 Ixix 
 
 In addition to the foregoing vestments, bishops and mitred abbots 
 are represented on brasses, (see the 
 annexed engraving and the frontis- 
 piece,) with the buskins, sandals, 
 tunic, dalmatic, gloves, ring, mitre, 
 and pastoral staff °. 
 
 The first of these which were put 
 on were the Buskins, {caligce,) stock- 
 ings of linen or silk of various colours 
 reaching up to the knee, and there 
 fastened. 
 
 The Sandals {sandaUa, compagi) 
 were worn in early times by bishops, 
 and afterwards their use was granted 
 to the other orders of the clergy, as 
 to deacons before the time of Gregory 
 the Great, c. 600. In process of 
 time the bishops only retained them. 
 They had strings, and were often 
 richly ornamented with jewels, stripes, 
 &c. According to Iiniocent III. they 
 were typical of the preparation of the 
 Gospel of peace °. 
 
 After the amice, albe, and stole, 
 the bishop put on the Tunic or Tuni- 
 cle, which was a close linen robe, 
 with narrow sleeves, reaching below 
 the knees, and often with a fringed 
 border below. It was of very early 
 
 perfectum." Ordination of Priests, Maskell, 
 iii. p. 209. 
 
 n In the tenth century the popes granted 
 the use of episcopal vestments to many ab- 
 bots. The mitre was conceded to a few in 
 the eleventh, and became common among 
 them in the following century. Abbots had 
 an original right to the pastoral staff. 
 
 ° " Per Caligas significatur rectitudo gres- 
 8us. Per Sandalia, quae pedes tegunt, con- 
 temptus terrenorum." Thomas Aquinas cited 
 by Krazer, p. 321. 
 
 I . Fcioi.- 
 
 Thos. Cranley, fibp. of Dublin, \i\l, 
 New College, Oxford
 
 Ixx 
 
 EPISCOPAL VESTMENTS. DALMATIC, GLOVES. 
 
 St. Laurence, from th 3 
 
 use in the Greek Church. The tunic, with the maniple, was also 
 the proper dress of the sub-deacon p. 
 
 The Dalmatic, {dalmatica, aroi\dpiov,) which 
 was next put on, was very similar to the tunic, 
 and sometimes called by the same name. The 
 dalmatic was rather shorter, had larger sleeves, 
 and was partially slit up at each side, with fringe 
 along the edges. The form of this vestment may 
 be seen on a small figure of St. Laurence, on a 
 brass at Harrow, Middlesex. It was often richly 
 embroidered, as on the brasses of Bishop Stanley, 
 Manchester, 1515; Bishop Young, New College, 
 Oxford, 1526; and Bishop Goodrich, Ely, 1554, 
 and of different colours, but usually white, with 
 two or more purple or scarlet stripes in front and 
 behind. These ornaments are not visible on Eng- 
 lish brasses, but may be seen in the incised slabs nTrrcw mwL.^ uS!^"' 
 of deacons in France. 
 
 The dalmatic was so called from being originally used in Dal 
 matia. It appears to have been worn by prelates as early as the 
 fourth century "J, and subsequently to have been conferred on par- 
 ticular clergy, as a mark of distinction, by several popes ; especially 
 to the Roman deacons by Pope Sylvester II., who died 1003. Soon 
 after this time we find it used universally by that order of clergy, 
 who in early times wore the colobium, [koXo^os, curtailed,) which 
 was similar to the dalmatic, but with short sleeves. The ancient 
 dalmatic was white, in the tenth century it varied, in the twelfth 
 and subsequent centuries it followed the colour of the chasuble *■. 
 
 The Gloves [cMrotheca, mamialia, manica) were in the early 
 ages of leather, but afterwards usually of white netted silk, with 
 gold, jewels, and other ornaments on the backs. They were used 
 anciently by priests also. After the eighth century bishops always 
 wore them ^. 
 
 P " § Ad tunicam. Indue me, Domine, 
 vestimento salutis, et indumento IpotitiiB 
 cireumda me semper." Maskell, Anc. Lit. 
 The tunic does not appear on the iigure 
 of Bp. Trellick in the frontispiece. 
 
 1 St. Cyprian, just before his martyr- 
 dom in A.D. 258, "cum se Dahnatica ex- 
 spoliasset, et Diaconibus tradidisset, in 
 
 linea stetit." Ruinart, Acta Martyrum, 
 fol. 1713, p. 218. 
 
 ■■ " § Ad dalmatieam. Da mihi, Do- 
 mine, sensum et vocem, ut possim can- 
 tare laudem tuam ad banc missam." 
 
 8 ' Per Chirothecas significatur cau- 
 tela in opere.' Tho. Aquin., Krazer, 
 p. 322,
 
 EPISCOPAL VESTMENTS. RING, MITRE, PASTORAL STAFF. Ixxi 
 
 The Ring {anmdiis) was worn by bishops from a very early period. 
 In the seventh century its use was ancient. "Episcopo, cum con- 
 secratur, datur Annulus propter signum pontificalis honoris, vel sig- 
 uaculum secretorum ^'^ It was usually of pure gold, set with a 
 jewel, and placed on the middle finger of the rigJit hand, with 
 a guard ring over it, and one of the fingers of the glove was cut 
 away in order to shew it. In the figures of Bishops Stanley and 
 Young, rings are represented on all the fingers of both hands ". 
 
 The bishop having put on the chasuble and maniple, the Mitre 
 {mitra) was then placed on his head, and from it depended behind 
 vitta or infidce, two narrow strips of silk or other rich material with 
 fringed extremities. They may be seen on the brasses of Archbishop 
 Grenefeld, 1315, York Cathedral; Bishop Bowthe, 1478, East 
 Horsley, Surrey; and Archbishop Harsnet, 1631, Chigwell, Essex. 
 The date of the introduction of mitres has been much disputed. 
 The double-pointed mitre does not appear to have been used till the 
 eleventh century, before which a raised cap, closed at the top, was 
 for a long time worn by some bishops. Innocent III. (1198 — 1216) 
 describes clearly the mitre as afterwards used. Mitres were very 
 low till the fourteenth century, when they attained the perfection 
 of their form. They afterwards were elevated more and more, until 
 they reached an extravagant height ^. In the eleventh and twelfth 
 centuries the material was linen ; afterwards silk, cloth of gold and 
 silver, gems, &c., were bestowed upon them. The mitre was of 
 three kinds, simplex, or plain; auriphrygiata, or ornamented with 
 golden orphreys; and pretiosa, or adorned with jewels, plates of 
 gold, &c.y 
 
 The Pastoral-staff {hacidus pasloralis, cambutta, ferula, peduni) 
 was lastly received by the bishop. Its form was that of a shepherd's 
 crook, and as early as the tenth century it was often elaborately 
 
 ' Isid. Hisp. OfiF. Eccl. i. 5. See also nore te voluit insignire clementer an- 
 
 the_ deer, of Cone. Tolct. iv. supra, p. nuat, ut quas per mitra; cornua figu- 
 
 Ixviii. note 1. rantur, ad tutelam et salutem animse 
 
 " "Accipe annulum fidei scilicet sig- fortiter et prudenter corde tractes et 
 naculum, quatenus Dei sponsam, sane- ore." Consecr. Episc. Maskell, iii. p. 
 tam Dei videlicet ecclesiam, intemerata 275. — "duo cornua, duo sunt testa- 
 fide ornatus, illibate custodias." Consecr, mciita, duiE fimbria; spiritus, et litera : 
 Episcop. Maskell, iii. p. 274. circulus aureus, qui anteriorem et pos- 
 
 ^ The mitres of Bishops Pursglove, teriorem partem complectitur, indicat, 
 
 1579, Tideswell, Derbyshire, and Bell, quod omnis scriba doctus in regno coilo- 
 
 1556, formerly in St. James's, Clerken- rum de thesauro suo nova profert, et 
 
 well, are unusually depressed. Vetera." Innocent III. i. xliv., quoted 
 
 '' " Deus qui mitriE pontificalis ho- by Maskell, ubi sup.
 
 Ixxii EPISCOPAL VESTMENTS. PASTOKAL STAFF, CROZTER, PALL. 
 
 ornamented with enamelling, figures of saints, &c. To the knop 
 below the crook a scarf, called the vexillum, or banner of the cross, 
 was frequently attached. Pastoral staves were in use in very early 
 times. Gaudentius Brixiensis, 387, speaks of ' baculum correptionis.' 
 Isidorus Hispalensis^ alludes to the delivery of the staff at conse- 
 cration as an established custom; the early form, however, is un- 
 certain. They were held in the left hand, or between the left arm 
 and the body, and the benediction was given with the right : this 
 is the usual attitude on Enghsh brasses ; on foreign examples they 
 were usually supported between the arm and the body*. Abbots 
 have been said to hold the crook turned inwards, to signify that 
 their jurisdiction was confined to their monasteries : but this dis- 
 tinction appears never to have been observed in effigies ; and as a 
 constrained attitude was avoided as much as possible, the crook is 
 usually represented as turned outwards, which is the position into 
 which it would naturally fall when held over the shoulder, slanting 
 outwards. In depriving an ecclesiastic, the bishop took off his 
 vestments with the pointed end of his staff ^. 
 
 The Crozier and the Pall were peculiar to archbishops, and are 
 accordingly represented on the brass of Thomas Cranley at New 
 College, engraved at p. Ixix. The former was a staff ending in a 
 cross or crucifix, instead of a crook. 
 
 The Pall [pall'mm) was a narrow band of white Iambus wool of 
 three fingers' breadth, consisting of a circle thrown over the shoulders, 
 
 ^ Loc cit. p. Ixxi. note t. Attrahe per primum, medio rege, 
 
 * The effigies at Burwell, Camb., and punge per imum, 
 
 Adderley,Salop, had their pastoral-staves Attrahe iieccantes, rege justos, punge 
 
 in their right hands ; that at Adderley vagantes ; 
 
 gives the benediction also with his right Attrahe, sustenta, stimula, vaga, mor- 
 
 hand, and holds a book in his left. bida, lenta." 
 
 According to the Sarum Pontifical, the Spelm. Gloss, voc. " Ferula." The pasto- 
 
 bishop in benedictions held the stafl" ral-stafFof Henry Robinson, on his brasses 
 
 " curvatura baculi ad populum conversa, at Carlisle, and Queen's College, Oxford, 
 
 cujus contrarium faciant ministri te- has inscribed on the shaft, " Ps. 23. Cor- 
 
 nendo baculum vel portando." — Maskell, rigendo. svstentando •" and on the 
 
 Anc. Lit., p. 185. crook, " Vigilando Dirigendo ;" the last 
 
 '' Maskell, iii. p. 324. "Accipe ba- two words encircle an eye. On a short 
 
 culum pastoralis officii : et sis in corri- veil or vexillum suspended from the 
 
 gendis vltiis pie sseviens, judicium sine crook is the word " Velando." On 
 
 ira tenens, in fovendis virtutibus audi- foreign brasses an archbishop was often 
 
 torum animos demulcens, in tranquilli- represented with both crozier and pas- 
 
 tate severitatis censuram non deserens." toral staff, as in the brass of Francis 
 
 Consecr. Episcop. ibid., p. 272. Halle, Abp. of Narbonne, 1451 (?), for- 
 
 " Designantur per baculum ea quaj merly in Notre Dame at Paris. See also 
 
 his versibus compreheuduntm' : — the notices of brasses at Bamberg, 1399, 
 
 In baculi forma, Prajsul, datur hajc p. xxxvii. note 1; and Lund, p. xxxix. 
 
 tibi norma. note n.
 
 INSIGNIA OF ARCHBISHOPS. PALL. 
 
 Ixxiii 
 
 to whicli two other bands of the same material and breadth were 
 attached, which hung down before and behind, in the shape of tlie 
 letter Y : these were kept in their place by small plummets of lead 
 fastened to their extremities. It was adorned with purple or black 
 crosses of silk, and originally fastened to the chasuble by three gold 
 pins. The pall, like the orarium, appears anciently to have formed 
 part of a large garment, for the old pallium was a long rich robe of 
 state, worn by Roman emperors, and identical with the Greek w/^io- 
 <f)6piov. The pall of Gregory I. was a long band "ex bysso can- 
 dente," which hung from the right shoulder in a circular form in 
 front of the breast, and was then turned over the left shoulder, with 
 the end hanging behind. These early palls were double on the left 
 side, and single on the right. This form, which 
 was preserved to the twelfth century % then un- 
 derwent a considerable change to its established 
 shape, which is still retained in the arms of the 
 see of Canterbury. It was customary for the pall 
 to be laid on St. Peter's chair before its delivery 
 by the pope to the metropolitans ; upon whose de- 
 cease it was buried with them ^. 
 
 See of Canterbury, 
 imp. Chichele. 
 
 « Krazer, p. 356. 
 
 ^ "Accipe pallium summi sacerdotii 
 Domini Dei tui signum, per quod untli- 
 que vallatus atque munitus, valcas hostis 
 humani tentamentis resistere, et omnes 
 insidias ejus a penctralibus cordis tui, 
 divino munimine fultus, procul abjicere : 
 praestante Domino nostro, Jesu Christo, 
 qui vivit et regnat Deus, pci" omnia sx- 
 cula saeculorum. Amen." De Pallio 
 Archiepisoopi, Maskcll, iii. p. 300. See 
 the very interesting note on this. 
 
 "Pallium significat disciplinam, quia 
 seipsos et subditos Archiepisoopi debcnt 
 regere." Spelm. Gloss, voc. 'Pallium/ 
 where many minute particulars and typi- 
 cal meanings may be seen. The pall 
 must be carefully distinguished from the 
 pallium-shaped orphreys mentioned at 
 p. Lxviii., also from the cope, which was 
 sometimes called by the same narne. 
 
 The following is a list of the brasses in 
 England, of bishops and abbots in the 
 vestments that have been described : — 
 
 1315. Wm. Grenefeld, Abp., York 
 Cathedral. 
 
 1397. Robt. de Waldeby, Abp. of 
 York, Westminster Abljey. 
 
 1 
 
 1417. Thos. Cranley, Abp. of Dublin, 
 New College Chapel, Oxford. 
 
 1360. John TreUick, Bp„ Hereford 
 Cathedral. 
 
 1375. Robt. Wyvill, Bp., Salisbury 
 Cathedral. 
 
 1395. John de Waltham, Bp. of Salis- 
 bury, Westminster Abbey. 
 
 1 178. John Bowthe, Bp. of Exeter, 
 East Horsley, Surrey. 
 
 1496. Rd. Bell, Bp., Carlisle Cathedral. 
 
 1515. James Stanley, Bp. of Ely, 
 Manchester Cathedral. 
 
 1526. John Young, Titular Bp., New 
 College Chapel, Oxford. 
 
 1554. Thos. Goodrich, Bp., Ely 
 Cathedral. 
 
 1556. John Boll, Bp. of Worcester, 
 from St. James', Clerkenwell, in the pos- 
 session of J. B. Nichols, Esq. 
 
 1579. Robt. Pursglovc, SuffrMijan 
 Bp. of Hull, Tideswell, Derbyshire. 
 
 c. 1360. Thos. de la Maie, Abb(,t, 
 St. Alban's Abbey. 
 
 c. 1390. A Bishop or Abbot, Adder- 
 ley, Shropshire. 
 
 c. 1400. Mutilated figure. Abbot, 
 St. Alban's Abbey.
 
 Ixxiv 
 
 ROYAL VESTMENTS. PROCESSIONAL VESTMENTS, 
 
 "As kings by their coronation are admitted into a sacred as well 
 as a civil character, the former of these is ])articularly manifested 
 in the investiture with clerical garments '^." In tliis country they 
 are, 1. the dalmatic, or open pall; 2. the super- 
 tunica, or surcoat, with 3. the belt; 4. the stole; 
 5. the colobium sindonis, a surplice without sleeves ; 
 and G. the caligrc or sandals. Besides these, in 
 early times, the "Rex electus^' entered the church 
 clothed in a "vestis" or "camisia;" and after the 
 colobium sindonis, an amice was placed upon his 
 liead. On their monuments, kings are generally 
 represented in a long tunic with close sleeves, a 
 cloak or cope, and a tippet of ermine. One brass 
 only of a king exists in England, a half-length 
 effigy, laid down apparently c. 1440, at Wimborne 
 ]\[inster, Dorset, in memory of King Ethelred, who 
 was martyred in 872. 
 
 Eang Ethelred, Wimborne 
 Minster, Dorset. 
 
 II. The Processional or Canonical vestments were the surplice, 
 (under which the cassock is generally visible,) the almuce, and the 
 cope. They are to be met with almost exclusively on the brasses of 
 members of collegiate bodies. Bishops and abbots are rarely repre- 
 sented in them ; perhaps the three following instances only occur : 
 Samuel Harsnet, Abp. of York, 1031, Chigvvell, Essex; Eichard 
 BewfToreste, c. 1510, Dorchester, Oxon, and Eichard Norton, 1509, 
 South Creak, Norfolk, both Abbots ^ 
 
 1498. John Estney, Abbot, West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 c. 1510. Part of the figure of an 
 Abbot, on the reverse of a ' palimpsest,' 
 Burwell, Cambridgeshire. 
 
 At Wendon Lofts, Essex, one of the 
 sons on the brass of Wm. Lucas and 
 wife, c. 1450, in episcopal vestments, 
 is supposed by Mr. Manning to com- 
 memorate .John Lucas, who was Abbot 
 of Waltham in 1437, and died in 1475. 
 In the British Museum is a portion of 
 the foreign brass of a bishop or abbot, 
 c. 1350. 
 
 In Stukeley's Itin. Curiosum, 1776, 
 p. 92, pi. 16, is an engraving of the 
 brass of Bp. Wm. Smith, co-founder of 
 Brasenose College, 1513, formerly in 
 Lincoln Cathedral ; the stole and tunic 
 
 are omitted in the figure, owing perhaps 
 to the inaccuracy of the original draw- 
 ing by Browne Willis. 
 
 ^ The Glory of Regality, by Arthur 
 Taylor, F.S.A., 8vo. Lond. 1820, p. 80. 
 The anointing of kings and their inves- 
 titure in ' bysshnpps gere,' did not give 
 them any power to discharge any of the 
 priestly functions, but only made them 
 'spiritualis jurisdictionis capaces,' as is 
 expressed in our laws, (Selden's Titles of 
 Hon,) See Taj lor, pp. 36, 264. 
 
 f The outer habit of Bevvffbreste is 
 probably a monk's cloak or cope. A 
 somewhat similar brass existed at Roy- 
 ston, Herts., to Robert White, Prior, 
 1534. In the last of Abp. Hubert 
 Walter's Canons, made at Westminster 
 A.D. 1200, this order occurs : " Let not
 
 PEOCESSIONAL VESTMENTS. SURPLICE, ALMUCE, COPE. IxXV 
 
 1. Tlie Surplice {superpeUiciicm) was an enlargement of the albe, 
 but without api)arels or girdle. It had 
 very deep sleeves, was frequently plaited, 
 and was not open in front, as in modern 
 times. In brasses it generally reaches to 
 the ancles, but in early examples it covers 
 the feet. The name surplice, derived 
 from its being placed over the pellice- 
 um, or tunic of fur worn chiefly in the 
 northern countries, is first met with in 
 England in the eleventh century ; but a 
 similar white vestment was worn by all 
 orders of ecclesiastics, under different 
 names, from very early times. 
 
 2. The Alinuce or Amess [almutium) 
 was usually a hood of grey fur, originally 
 of a similar shape to the stole, worn like 
 it, and on occasions of need thrown over 
 the head. It appears to have been intro- 
 duced about the thirteenth century, and 
 in the fifteenth a cape and ])endants, 
 made of the tails of the animals whose 
 fur was used, were added to its. The 
 almuce is generally represented cm brasses 
 by a white metal inlaid in the brass and 
 engraved in imitation of fur. In the 
 French incised slabs of canons habited in chasubles, copes, &c., a 
 similar hood is found, either drawn over the head, with tiie ends 
 hanging down behind, or hung over the left arm. 
 
 3. The Cope, {cappa, phmale,) which was put on over the surplice 
 and almuce, was semicircular, with an orphrey along the straight 
 edge, worn like a cloak, and fastened across the chest with a 7tiorse 
 
 fcrWDw^ci) Rii,l3 r (Mo ptttrl 
 
 Abbot, c. 1510, Dorchester. Oxon. 
 
 black monks, or canons, or nuns, use 
 coloured copes, but black only ; nor any 
 facings but black or white, made of the 
 skins of lambs, cats, or foxes." Juhn- 
 son's Eng. Canons, vol. ii. in An<j;!o- 
 Catli. Libr., p. U3. It is curious that 
 the briiss of Bp. John White, in Win- 
 chester College Chapel, represents him 
 in a cope; but we know tliat this was 
 
 laid down during the time that he was 
 Warden of the College, (in 1548 ?) before " 
 his consecration. It would appear from 
 the brass of John Martock (of Merton 
 College ?), Physician, 1503, Eanwell, 
 Somerset, that these vestments were 
 not confined to ecclesiastics. 
 B See the engraving on p. Ixxx.
 
 Ixxvi 
 
 PROCESSIONAL VESTMENTS. COPE. 
 
 or brooch. Behind^ a hood {cajmiium) was attached, which after 
 the fourteenth century became a mere ornamental appendage, the 
 ahnuce probably superseding its use ''. The cope was worn in solemn 
 processions, at vespers, benedictions, by the assistant clergy and 
 choristers during mass', &c. It was the most richly ornamented 
 of all the sacerdotal vestments, being frequently covered with 
 
 Robert London, Priest in Cope, 1416. 
 Chai'tliam, Kent. 
 
 Robert Thurbern, Warden, 1450, 
 Winchester CoU. Chapel. 
 
 gold embroidery, and its orphreys enriched with figures of saints, 
 monograms, jewels, &c. On brasses, however, the cope, with the 
 exception of its orphreys, and occasionally a border round the bot- 
 tom, was usually left plain ; but it is sometimes richly diapered, as 
 at Knebworth, Herts., 1414; Winchester College, 1450 and 1548; 
 
 '' This hood is rarely visible on brasses, 
 except those of which the figures are 
 turned sideways, as at All Souls' College, 
 Oxford, 1 161. It may be just seen on 
 brasses at Watton, Herts , c. 1385 ; Shit- 
 lington, Beds., 1485 ; Dorchester, 0.\oii, 
 c. 1510; and St. Just, Cornwall, c. 1520. 
 None of these figures have orphreys to 
 tlie copes; the same deficiency occurs 
 on a brass at ]3ampton, O.xon, 1500. 
 
 ' It is perhaps worthy of remarlc, that 
 alth 'Ujih priests are very commonly re- 
 presented holding the chalice, when in 
 the chasuble, &c., and even in academical 
 
 vestments, as at Barking, Essex, c. 1480 ; 
 Bredgar, Kent, 1518; and Merton Coll., 
 Oxford, 1519 ? yet one instance only 
 is known (Buckland, Herts., 1478,) in 
 which a priest holds it, vested in the 
 cope. At East MaUing, Kent, is a 
 priest (1522) wearing all the proces- 
 sional vestments except the cope, and 
 holding a chalice. A similar figure, of 
 the dale 142G, was at East Peck ham in 
 the same county. An incised slab at 
 All vS.iints', Derby, presents the same 
 peculiarity.
 
 PROCESSIONAL VESTMENTS. COPE, CASSOCK. 
 
 Ixxvii 
 
 Balsham, Cambridgesliire, 1462; Ronald Kirk and Beeford, Yorks., 
 c. 1470 and 1472; Queen's College, Oxford, 1518; Dowdeswell, 
 Gloucestershire, c. 1520; Hereford Cathedral, 1476? 1529; Cliig- 
 well, Essex, 1631; and on some fine brasses formerly in Old 
 St. Paul's, London, engravings of which are given by Dugdale in 
 his history of the cathedral. The morse {morsns) was ornamented 
 with busts of saints, the owner's arms, monograms, &c.'' 
 
 The cope derived its name from the hood {cappa or capa) which 
 anciently covered the head. It is mentioned in the sixth century 
 as easula processoria, and ciicullata, and was soon afterwards called 
 pluviale ; all which names seem to point out its origin as coeval 
 with the use of litanies at Rome, in which copes were worn as a 
 defence against the weather. Pluviale was at first applied only 
 to the processional cope, which was not so rich as that worn in the 
 choir. The name of the corresponding vestment used in the Greek 
 Church is Mandyas. 
 
 Doctors and professors wore a round cap, rising 
 to a slight point in the crown, in addition to the 
 foregoing vestments. 
 
 The Cassock {camisia vestis) was an under-garment 
 of various colours, frequently red, reaching to the 
 ground, and with close sleeves. It formed the 
 ordinary dress of the clergy, and may be seen on 
 a small figure, c. 1480, at Cirencester, Gloucester- 
 shire. A hood, with or without a cape, was usually 
 worn in addition, examples of which are to be found 
 at Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405 ; Apsley Guise, 
 Beds., c. 1410; Ledbury, Herefordshire, c. 1410; 
 Quainton, Bucks., 1422 ; Blockley, Worcestershire, 
 1488, all kneeling figures ; and at Merton College, 
 Oxford, c. 14201; Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1460 ; ^Eocesiastic, c.ueo. 
 Cheriton, Kent, 1474 ; St. Martin Outwich, London, Cirencester, giouc. 
 1482; All Souls' College Chapel, Oxford, 1490; Eovant, Wilts., 
 
 '' Armorial hearings are seldom found 
 on the orphreys of copes : an instance 
 from Havant, Hants., is engraved in 
 this volume. Initial letters, though 
 connnon on the cope, arc very rare 
 oiiianieiits of tlie cliiisuhle, as at Aruu- 
 del, Sussex, 1155. Stone clfigies in 
 
 copes are of very rare occurrence, two 
 may he seen at Bitton, Gloucestershire, 
 and another (to Bp. Heton, lOO'J) at 
 Ely Cathedi-al. 
 
 ' S(>(! the fiirure of John Whytton, 
 at JMcrtou College, engraved infra, 
 p. Ixxxiii.
 
 Ixxviii 
 
 VARIETIKS IN EUCHARISTICAL DRESSES. 
 
 Head of Ed. BetheU, 1S18, 
 Shorwell. Isle of Wight- 
 
 1492, &c. In later brasses, instead of the hood 
 and cape a kind of short scarf was thrown over 
 the shoulders, and affixed by a rosette to the 
 front of one of them ; instances occur at Lay- 
 cock, Wilts., 1501; Ashby St. Leger's, North- 
 ants., 1510; Shorwell, Isle of Wight, 1518; 
 West Chalfont, Bucks., c. 1520; Worhngworth, 
 Suffulk, c. 1520; Cley and East Eainhani, Nor- 
 folk, c. 1520 and 1522; and at Northleach, 
 Gloucestershire, c. 1530; in the last instance the hood is fastened 
 to the surplice *". 
 
 The eucharistical and processional vestments were usually worn 
 in the order described ; on a few brasses, however, they are re- 
 presented differently, the reason of which is not in all cases very 
 obvious. 
 
 Deviations in the wearing of the eucharistical vestments are such 
 as the following : — 
 
 The tunic is very often omitted on effigies of bishops and abbots, 
 especially on those of early date. Instances on brasses are at 
 Adderley, Hereford, East Horsley, Tideswell, St. Alban's (1401 ?), 
 and Constance Cathedral ; the stole is also wanting on the figures at 
 the last two places. In the figure of Bp. Goodrich, at Ely, the 
 stole is placed between the tunic and dalmatic. 
 
 John Erton, 1503, at Newnton, Wilts., wears the maniple over 
 the right wrist ; in the figures of the sufl'ragan bishops Young and 
 Pursglove, and of Hichard Bennett, 1531, Whitnash, Warwick- 
 shire, it disappears altogether. On brasses at Dronfield, Derbyshire, 
 1309; Clothall, Herts., 1404; Blisland, Cornwall, 1410; Newton 
 Bromshold, Northants., 142G ; Blockley, Worcestershire, c. 1500; 
 and Laindon, Essex, c. 1510, the stole is omitted : on others neither 
 stole nor maniple are to be found, as at Sawston, Cambridgeshire, 
 1522; Walton-on-Trent, Derbyshire, c. 1500? Somersham, Hunts., 
 c. 1530; Middleton, Lancashire, 1522; Eingstead, 1482, Sparham, 
 
 "■ A kneelinsf figure painterl on glass, 
 and now in the large west window of 
 Cirencester Chnreb, represents an eccle- 
 siastic in similar costume; both the 
 cassock and hood are of a red colour. 
 An effigy at North Creak, Norfolk, 
 
 c. 1500, ajiparently of an ecclesiastic, 
 probably exhibits a different manner 
 of wearing this kind of hood. See 
 the engraving illustrative of brasses of 
 founders of churches.
 
 VARIETIES OF PROCESSIONAL DRESSES. 
 
 Ixxix 
 
 c. 1490, West Lynn, 1503, Wiveton, 1512, Brisley, 1531, Norfolk; 
 Colesliill, 1500, Cliarlcote, c. 1500, Warwickshire. Most of these 
 brasses were engraved by provincial artists. 
 
 In the processional vestments the surplice and almuce were very 
 frequently worn without the cope. This ajjpears upon brasses chiefly 
 of the sixteenth century, as in a figure of James Courthorp, 1557, at 
 Christ Church, Oxford, (see the engraving on the next page). Per- 
 haps the omission of the cope was optional, and at particular seasons 
 it might have been customary not to wear it ^ 
 
 In the brasses at Theydon Gernon, Essex, 1458; Temple Church, 
 Bristol, c. 1460; All Saints', Stamford, Lincolnshire, 1508; and 
 Clothall, Herts., 1541, the almnce is omitted; and in those at 
 Upwell, Norfolk, 1428; Buckland, Herts., 1478; and St. Mar- 
 garet's, Rochester, 1465, the amice supplies its place. On the 
 reverse of the last-named brass, the almuce is represented; hence 
 it would appear that there was good reason for the alteration. 
 
 Sometimes the cope was worn over the eucharistical vestments. 
 
 " See Ducange, Gloss, voc. Almuc'ium. 
 " Statuta Ecclesiae Viennensis apud Joan. 
 Le Lievre, cap. 26, de Canonicis. A 
 festo S. Martini usque ad Pascha por- 
 tahunt capas nigras snpra pelUcium, et 
 a Pascha usque ad fesiwm omnium SS. 
 portabunt superpellicium sine capa, et 
 in capite capeUum de griso, quern vul- 
 gariter Almuciam vocant.'" 
 
 The following is a list of some figures 
 like that at Christ Church, Oxford, 
 1557:— 
 
 1413. John Morys, Winchester Coll. 
 
 1418. Wra. Tannere, Cobhara, Kent, 
 (denii-figure, almuce fastened by a 
 morse.) 
 
 1419. Wni. Whyte, Arundel, Sussex. 
 c. 1420. Tliomas Plymmyswode, 
 
 Bampton, Oxon. (demi-figure.) 
 
 1471. Son of Roger Kyngdon, Que- 
 thioc, Cornwall. 
 
 c. 1480. Thos. Teylar, Byfleet, Surrey. 
 
 1482. Hen. Sanipson, Tredington, 
 Worcestershire. 
 
 1487. Son of John Lambard, Hinx- 
 worth, Herts. 
 
 1494. Thos. Buttler, Great Hascley, 
 Oxon. 
 
 c. 1500. A Priest, St. Cross, Hants. 
 
 1501. Thos. Parker, Dean, Beds. 
 . 1503. Hen. Bost, Eton College. 
 
 Edmund Croston, St. Mary's, 
 Robt. Sheffclde, Chartham, 
 
 1507 
 Oxford. 
 
 1508 
 Kent. 
 
 1510. Ralph Elcok, Tong, Salop. 
 
 c. 1510. Ed. Sheffeld, Luton, Beds. 
 
 1514 ? John Fynexs, Bury St. Ed- 
 mund's, Suffolk. 
 
 1514. Thos. Warner, Souldern, Oxon. 
 
 1515. Wm. Goberd, Magdalen Coll., 
 Oxford. 
 
 1518. John Aberfeld, Great Cres- 
 singhain, Norfolk. 
 
 1522. Robt. Honywode, St. George's 
 Cha})el, Windsor. 
 
 1522. Rd. Adams, East Mailing, 
 Kent. 
 
 1528. Robt. Sutton, St. Patrick's, 
 Dublin. 
 
 1528. Provost Hacomblcyn, King's 
 College, Cambridge. 
 
 1532. John Moore, Sibson, Leices- 
 tershire. 
 
 1537. 
 Dublin. 
 
 1558. Robt. Brassie, King's Colhge, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 In Hereford Cathedral are four stone 
 effigies in cassocks, surplices, and al- 
 muces. Another instance may be seen 
 at St. Martin's, Birmingham. 
 
 Geoff. Fyche, St. Patrick's,
 
 Ixxx 
 
 PROCESSIONAL VESTMENTS. OMISSION OF COPE. 
 
 
 olliirci&v Oxavi\£? Mmp! i Kcftio mdrt^^ 
 
 
 
 J^' 
 
 It' 
 
 ^i:^ 
 
 
 3insenium,mufe,pictag,ainois,itta'{'uprUnt<i 
 ui'urnti^ r.oni\tr<i^ift nmripntia opu^^ s^ 
 
 Jk&m hew Quifq^pote^ttiiuerrwrapOm 
 
 ^w fapit afioae mortem me^itplurfri)n|ffln 
 
 ■OLOfiUet ej-tTf maw femo tv aJefff tibi:? 
 
 I-'' 
 
 ,,^iinii'Ti|i5iii.,iiiim]i,i ^fTrsPiil 
 
 
 h^ ^ 111';' 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 
 ja^viuuitij eiQTi90iia<i(}B s^iTtlJBiBi^i) 
 
 ^«NM^"wife«ii4iiMiJi>»*i*iw«iiL'W^'JI»i-'^^ i— ifaaSLayn 
 
 ~7"^!^^.-fl'''>^ 
 
 Jl 
 
 James Courthorp, 1557, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford.
 
 VARIETIES IN PROCESSIONAL DRESSES. ACADEMICAL DRESSES. Ixxxi 
 
 instead of the chasuble; so that the opening of the cope in front 
 made the crossing of the stole visible. Three examples only have 
 as yet been noticed : at Horsham, Sussex, 1411 ; Winchester College, 
 (a demi-figure, much worn,) 1432; and Upwell, Norfolk, 1435. 
 
 In "Winchester College Chapel and cloisters are demi-figures 
 (1445, 1473), vested in amices, albes, and copes, which dress also 
 appears on priests at lionald Kirk, c. 1470, and Eeeford, 1472, 
 Yorks. It is probable that where the cope is represented, and the 
 almuce omitted, the wearer was not entitled to the latter; thus 
 at Winchester, the privilege of wearing the almuce might have 
 been confined to the Wardens, since the brasses of the Fellows are 
 all without it. 
 
 The Canons of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, being members of 
 the Order of the Garter, wore, instead of the cope, a purple mantle, 
 with a red cross on a white ground embroidered on the left shoulder. 
 The brasses of Roger Lupton, 1536, at Eton College Chapel, and 
 Arthur Cole, 1558, at Magdalen College Chapel, Oxford, furnish 
 instances of this dress °. 
 
 III. Priests in academical habits, though common in the college 
 chapels of the Universities, are rarely to be met with in parish 
 churches. In attempting to discriminate between the dresses of the 
 different academical degrees, a difficulty arises from the absence of 
 colour; which would be the only criterion of distinct habits, when 
 their forms are similar. The following must therefore be regarded 
 as a very imperfect sketch of the distinctive dresses of the various 
 degrees. 
 
 Doctors or Professors in the faculties of Divinity and Law wore 
 a similar dress; which consisted of a round cap of a dark colour, 
 a cassock with fur cuff's, a long gown (rochet p?) with an aperture 
 
 ' In the Lansdown MS. (No. 874, aliam vest em hreviorem apertam, ut per 
 
 fol. 54, 55), in the Eritish Musemn, scissuras Irachia extrahi possint, quod 
 
 are sketches of four similar brasses of genus vestis mantelletum vocanl." The 
 
 Canons, formerly in St. George's Chapel, rochet, so called from the Germ, rock, 
 
 Windsor. was a diminution of the albej either 
 
 P This garment may, perhaps, have withcmt sleeves altogether or with tight 
 
 been the mozzctta or the mantelletum. tleeves, in order to adapt it better to 
 
 The latter is thus described in Uucange's ordinary use. The name rochet was 
 
 Glossary, (ed. G. A. L. Henschel) : — not used in Italy till the fourteenth 
 
 "Mantelletum,diminut. aMantello. Gall. century, before which time it was called 
 
 Mantelet. Ceremonial. Epi.scoporuni, lib. in that country alha liomana, or ca- 
 
 i. cap. i. Super vestem inferiorem iala- misia Romana. 
 rem, cum extra domvm exihit, induet 
 
 m
 
 Ixxxii 
 
 ACADEMICAL DRESSES. DOCTORS^ &C. 
 
 in front for the arms, and over tliis a large hood, lined with fur, 
 
 from which the present academical hood 
 originated. Examples occur at St.Benet's, 
 Cambridge, 1442, and at King's Col- 
 lege in the same city, 1496, 1507 ; at 
 St. Martin's Outwich, London, c. 1500, 
 and New College, Oxford, 1441, 1468. 
 
 At Hitchin, Herts., was a very pecuhar 
 figure, commemorating John Sperehawke, 
 D.D., 1474, representing him in the 
 usual cap and hood, and in a gown 
 shaped like a chasuble i. 
 
 The dress of the Bachelor of Divinity 
 may be seen on the brasses of John 
 Bloxham, c. 1420, Merton College, (see 
 the engraving on the opposite page,) John 
 Darley, c. 1450, Heme, Kent, and per- 
 haps at Queens' College Chapel, Cam- 
 
 Dr. Richaid Billin^ford. Master of Corpus brldgC, C. 1535. It COUsistS of & CaSSOck, 
 Christi CoU., 1442, St. Benefs, Cambridge. , , . , ■ l 1 1 i_ /"1\ 
 
 hood witli cape or tippet, and a rochet (.'') 
 with two slits in front for the passage of the arms. The brass of 
 John Lowthe, 1427, "Juris civiUs professor," represents him habited 
 like the foregoing, but wearing also a cap, and two long liripipes or 
 streamers hanging from behind his tippet'". Figures with similar 
 appendages to the tippet exist at Barningham, Suffolk, 1499, and 
 Trinity Hall Chapel, Cambridge, c. 1530, but are without the cap. 
 Bryan Eoos, LL.D., 1529, Childrey, Berks., wears the ordinary 
 civilian's gown, with a hood, cape, and professorial cap. 
 
 It appears, then, from the above instances, that as a general rule 
 the higher degrees were distinguished by the cap and rochet, worn 
 either together or separately. 
 
 1 See the engraving infra, illustrating 
 the employment of the rebus. 
 
 ■■ The cape or tippet and the hood 
 were often merely ditl'erent parts of the 
 same article of dress. In the Constitu- 
 tions of Abp. Bourchier, made A.D. 1463, 
 are some enactments relating to these 
 academical dresses. It was ordained 
 " ne quis in aliqua universitate non gra- 
 duatus, nee in aliqua diguitate ecclesi- 
 
 astica constitutus presbyteris, et clericis 
 in servitio domini regis duntaxat ex- 
 ceptis, caputium penulatum [a hood 
 with a cape], aut alias duplex, vel de 
 se simplex cum corneto vel liripipio 
 brevi, more praelatorum et graduatorum, 
 nee utatur liripipiis a^it typpets a serico 
 vel panno circa colluni in publico." 
 Jolnison's English Canons, Oxford, 1851, 
 vol. ii. p. 516.
 
 ACADEMICAL DRESSES. 
 
 Ixxxiii 
 
 ^ciatnitmtiaift' Jolics lilMMflraMIacrt't^eDlogffipniMCtiftaii lim 
 \ alfanjctlol® MiDltnnMffliTfilirilfte oiitM^ WiTffcIlnii^ Baicl'atfoi 
 
 1/ 
 
 |tiIiiiiniEaBlo^5oliaiiiitg UvsMi 
 
 •Ichn Bloxham, 13*^7, John Whytton, c. ]420, Morton ColleAe. Ojtiord.
 
 Ixxxiv ACADEMICAL DRESSES. MASTERS AND BACHELORS. 
 
 The next class of dresses are those of the Masters 
 and Bachelors of Arts ; these appear, judging from 
 a few examples remaining, to have been worn in- 
 terchangeably ; in the majority of instances, how- 
 ever, the two degrees are thus distinguished : — 
 
 In the fifteenth century Bachelors of Arts and 
 Scholars of Divinity wore a cassock; over it a 
 shorter gown with loose sleeves lined witli fur, 
 reaching to the wrists, and falhng in a point be- 
 hind ; a cape or tippet edged with fur, and a hood. 
 Good instances of ecclesiastics in this dress are at 
 St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 
 Kent, 1420; Thaxted, Essex, 
 
 Priest, c. 1480, Magdalen 
 Coll. Chapel, Osford. 
 
 Wm. Elakwey, M.A., 1521, Little Wilbraham, Camb. 
 
 c. 1410 ; Lydd, 
 
 e. 1450 ; New 
 College, Oxford, 1447, 1451, 
 1478, 1479; Magdalen College, 
 Oxford, 1478, c. 1480, and c. 
 1500 ^ This dress appears to 
 have been worn in the thirteenth 
 and fourteenth centuries, without 
 the cape by ordinary persons, and 
 also with it by Graduates, as 
 by Masters of Arts ; for example, 
 a demi-figure, 1445, at Merton 
 College *. 
 
 The dress of the Master of 
 Arts, after the middle of the fif- 
 teenth century, consisted appa- 
 rently of a cassock, over it a 
 shorter gown, sleeveless, with 
 slits at the sides edged with fur, 
 for the passage of the arms, a 
 tippet, and a hood. The kneeling 
 figure of Wm. Blakwey, M.A., 
 1521, at Little Wilbraham, Cam- 
 
 ' Other examples occur at Royston, 
 Herts., 1432; Boxley, Kent, 1451; 
 Brancepath, Durham, 1456; Surlmg- 
 ham, Norfolk, 1460; Little Shelford, 
 and Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire, c. 1480; 
 Welford, Berks., c. 1490; Abingdon, 
 
 Berks., 1501 ; Broxbourn, Herts., c. 
 1510; St. Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, 
 1515. 
 
 ' Sec the figure of a M.A., 1376, 
 engraved by Montfaucon, Mon. Frauc, 
 vol. iii. pi. 17, p. 68.
 
 ACADEMICAL DRESSES. MASTERS, BACHELORS, &C. IxXXV 
 
 bridgeshire, affords a good illustration of this costume. Other ex- 
 amples are at Magdalen College Chapel, Oxford, 
 c. 1480, 1501, 1523; New College Chapel, Ox- 
 ford, 1508; and Eton College Chapel, c.1510; 
 The brass of John Baratte, at Winchester College, 
 who was only B.A., seems, however, to exhibit this 
 dress. 
 
 A few brasses present apparently a combination 
 of the dresses of the Bachelor of Arts and Master 
 of Arts, as at Magdalen College Chapel, Oxford, 
 1502; Ewelme, Oxon., 1517, (John Spence, B.D.); 
 Bredgar, Kent, 1518 ; Merton College Chapel, a Pnest, m.a.(?), o. hso, 
 
 /"vn 1 1 --lf\o Magdalen CoUege Chapel, 
 
 Uxiord, loiy .f^ oxford. 
 
 The academical habit of the Bachelor of Laws was the same as 
 that of the Bachelor of Arts. Thomas Eolf, Professor of Law, 
 1140, Gosfield, Essex, wears also a coif with two ends or labels 
 dependent in front beneath his hood. The effigy of Thomas Baker, 
 
 Thos. Heron, 1512, Little ilford, Essex. John Stonor, 1612, VVyrardiabury, Bucks. 
 
 Student of Civil Law, 1510, in All Souls' College Chapel, Oxford, 
 has a liood, and a mantle fastened on the left shoulder, with the front 
 portion thrown over the right arm ". 
 
 " The academical haLits of the Uni- hundred years, retained their forms un- 
 versity of Oxford have, for the last two altered, they appear to be of two classes.
 
 Ixxxvi 
 
 ACADEMICAL DRESSES. MONKS. 
 
 At Headboiirn Wortliy, Hants., is a small brass 
 to John Kent, Scholar of Winchester College, 
 c. 1430, representing him in a long gown with 
 full sleeves close at the wrists. The figure of 
 John Stonor, 1512, Wyrardisbury, Bucks., pro- 
 bably exhibits the dress of an Eton scholar ; he 
 is attired in a cap or hood drawn over the head, i i ^^^^^ 
 a long gown, girded, faced with fur, having tight 
 sleeves, and fastened at the right side. Of the 
 same date is the brass at Little llford, Essex, of 
 Thomas Heron, who died at the age of fourteen 
 years, and is pourtrayed as a school-boy, with his 
 penner and inkhorn suspended at his girdle ". 
 
 A brief notice of the dresses worn by members 
 of religious orders will suffice. 
 
 The brasses of Abbots have been already de- 
 scribed. Those of Monks are very rare, owing 
 doubtless to the rules of poverty by which their 
 orders were bound. Their usual habit was a 
 black vestment, shaped like a surplice, with a 
 large hood or cowl; examples of which may be 
 seen on fine brasses at Cowfold, Sussex, 1433, 
 (Cluniac Prior,) St. Lawrence's, Norwich, 1437, 
 and St. Alban's, 1443, c. 1470, 1521, (Benedic- 
 tines.) At Halvergate, Norfolk, is a most in- 
 expensive brass of a monk, c. 1460, consisting 
 merely of a bust and a small inscription. The eldest son on the brass 
 
 Robert Beauner, Monk, 
 c. 1470, St. Alban's Abbey. 
 
 ecclesiastical and civil. The former, 
 worn by Graduates in Divinity and 
 Arts, and by members on the founda- 
 tion, have loose sleeves, are destitute of 
 collars, and resemble the more ancient 
 dresses. On the other hand the gowns 
 of Graduates in Law and the other fa- 
 culties, and of undergraduates (not on 
 the foundation) have foiling collars, 
 closer sleeves, (which in the latter in- 
 stance have dwindled down into mere 
 strips,) and clearly derive their origin 
 from the ordinary dress of civilians of 
 the sixteenth and seventeenth centm-ies ; 
 a description of which is given below. 
 
 Brasses of this date, with figures in long 
 civilian gowns and academical hoods, 
 may be seen at the Cathedral, New 
 College and St. John's Chapels, St. Al- 
 date's, St. Mary Magdalene, St. Michael's, 
 Oxford ; Eton Coll. Chapel, and Battle, 
 Sussex. The square cap appears on 
 brasses at the last-named place, and at 
 the Cathedral, Oxford, 1587. 
 
 ^ In the accounts of the school ex- 
 penses, &c., of Mr. Richard Termor, of 
 Somerton, Oxon., in 1582, is this entry, 
 " It. for a penner and inckehorne, v"*." 
 See Arch. Journ., vol. viii. p. 182.
 
 DRESSES OF ABBESSES AND NUNS. 
 
 Ixxxvii 
 
 of Jolin Hampton and wife, 1556, Mincliiuhampton, Gloucestershire, 
 
 is dressed as a monk. On a brass at Sawtrey All Saints', Hunts., is 
 
 the crest of the Stourton family, a demi-figure of a monk, holding 
 
 a flagellarium, with his cowl drawn over his head. John Stodeley, 
 
 Canon of St. Frideswide's, Oxford, 1515, at Overwinchendon, Bucks., 
 
 wears the habit of the Canons of St. Austin, which consisted of a 
 
 black cassock, over which was a white rochet, 
 
 (represented by white metal iidaid,) with close 
 
 sleeves and girded, and a black cloak and 
 
 hood. On the brass lettern at Yeovil, Somerset, 
 
 is engraved the small figure of " Prater Martinus 
 
 Forester,"c. 14G0 ? habited apparently in monastic 
 
 costume, consisting of a cowl, a cape, and a gown 
 
 shaped like an albe, and secured round the waist 
 
 with a cordy. 
 
 Two brasses only of Abbesses are known ''■ : one 
 is at Elstow, Beds., to Dame Elizabeth Ilervey, 
 c. 1530, and the other, of which an engraving 
 will be found on the next page, at Denham, 
 Bucks., to Dame Agnes Jordan, Abbess of Syon, 
 c. 1540 ^ At Nether Wallop, Hants., is an "^ 
 eflBgy of Maria Gore, Prioress, 1436. Their dress, ""T.^T^^^^Z^^. 
 which was the ordinary mourning habit, consists '^^°"'=<=^'''^'''*^^ 
 
 y At Milton Abbas, Dorset, and Mid- 
 dleham, Yorks., are brass inscriptions to 
 monks, and at Westminster Abbey a 
 slab witli matrices of the figures of two 
 monks, Thos. Brown and Rol't. Hum- 
 fi"ey, 1508. In an account of the Cis- 
 tercian Monastery of Dundrennan, in 
 Galloway, by the Kev. iEneas B. Hutchi- 
 son, in the Trans, of the Exeter Dioc. 
 Arch. Soc, vol. vi. pt. i. pp. 81, 81, are 
 engravings of the incised slab of a monk 
 and a nun (?). 
 
 ' There are matrices of the brasses 
 of abbesses at Minster, Isle of Tbanet 
 (crosses), Romsey Abbey, and AN'imborne 
 Minster. In the Gentleman's Magazine, 
 vol. Iv. pt. ii. p. 935, is an engraving ot' 
 the mutilated brass of Isabel Sackville, 
 last prioress of St. Mary's Priory, Clork- 
 enwell, who died 1570. A palimpsest 
 brass of a prioress is at St. Stephen's, 
 Norwich, 1546. 
 
 » Agnes Jordan died in 1544. The 
 engraving of her brass has been kindly 
 lent the author by J. G. Nichols, Escj. 
 
 In the Collectanea Topog. et Geneal., 
 vol. i. p. 32, are printed some rules of 
 the Monastery of Syon, Middx., taken 
 from the Add. MS. No. 5,208, in the 
 British Museum. One of these rules is as 
 follows ; " Of the dede how they shid be 
 buryed .... they schal clothe the body 
 witlie stamen [hnsey woolsey] covvle, 
 and mantel, wymple, veyle, and crowne, 
 withe oute rewle cote, but with hoseu 
 and schone tanned, and witlie a gyrdel, 
 wliielie al schal be of the vileste gere, 
 and in al these excepte mantel, sche 
 slial be buryed.". The monastery of 
 Syon was founded by Henry V. in 1414, 
 soon after which time the rules were 
 drawn up. It was established according 
 to the modilied order of St. Saviour and 
 St. Bridget. As the monastery had the 
 manor of Minchiiihampton, Gloucester- 
 shire, granted it by its founder, it is 
 most probaljle that Dame Alice Hampton, 
 (whose figure at that church is engraved 
 above as an iUustration of the costume of 
 a nun,) was a mend)er of that society.
 
 Ixxxviii 
 
 DRESS OF ABBESS.
 
 DRESSES OF ABBESSES^ NUNS. Ixxxix 
 
 of a long M'liite gown, a black mantle or cloak ^, a white plaited barbe 
 or chin cloth, a white veil head-dress, and a ring. The effigy at 
 Elstow has a pastoral-staff on the riffht arm. Figures of nuns in 
 similar attire may be seen at Westminster Abbey (?), to Eleanor de 
 Bohun, 1399; at Frenze, Norfolk, to Dame Joan Braham, "deo 
 dicata," 1519; at St. Mary de Crypt, Gloucester, to Dame Joan 
 Cook, 1529; at Shalston, Bucks., to Dame Susan Kyngeston, 
 1540, all of them widows'^, and among the children on brasses at 
 St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, c. 1440 ; Dagenham, Essex, 
 1479; and Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire, c. 1510. At Isle- 
 worth, Middx., is a small brass commemorative of Margaret Dely, 
 1561, "A Syster professed yn Syon," of which nunnery she was 
 treasurer; this figure and that at Norwich are without the mantle. 
 
 The description of the vestments worn by ecclesiastics of our 
 Church after the Reformation will be deferred until the general 
 notice of the brasses of the sixteenth century. 
 
 The Eobes of the Judges, Barons of the Exchequer, and other 
 law officers, are next in order to be described ; they consisted of a 
 coif '' or close scull-cap, a long robe with narrow sleeves, a hood, a 
 tippet, and a mantle buttoned on the right shoulder. The last two 
 were lined with minever. Good examples of this costume are at 
 Watford, Herts., 1415 ; Graveney, Kent, 1436 ; Cople, Beds., 1544. 
 The effigy of Nicholas Luke, Esq., one of the Barons of the Ex- 
 chequer, 1563, at the last-named church, is without the coif; that 
 of Henry Bradshawe, Esq., 1598, at Noke, Oxon., has no mantle. 
 Scrjeants-at-law were not allowed to wear the mantle nor minever, 
 but lambs' wool instead of fur, and to their hoods two labels were 
 
 *> This garment was prrhaps called a broke, in his will made in 1469, left 
 
 cope, as in Hubert Walter's 14tli Canon, this direction to his comitess "and 
 
 made at Westminster, a.D. 1200, quoted wyfc, that ye remember your promise 
 
 supra, p. Ixxv. note f. to me, to take the order of wydow- 
 
 •^ The brass at Slialston was probably hood, as ye may be the better mayster 
 
 engraved by the same band as tl at at of your owne, to perform my wylle, and 
 
 Denham. It was not uncommon for a to heljje my children as I love and trust 
 
 widow on the death of her husband to you," &c. Test. Vetusta, p. 304. After 
 
 "take religion," (as the expression is the murder of her husband Thomas 
 
 on an inscription at Appleton, Ecrks.,) duke of Gloucester, in 1397, his widow, 
 
 or become a vidua pullata, or mourn- Eleanor de Bohun, retired to the nunnery 
 
 ing widow, and entitled to the ap- at Barking, Essex, where she died, 
 pellation of " Dame." See Fosbrooke's ^i As judges were occasionally ecclesi- 
 
 History of Gloucester, Lond. 1819, astics, the coif was worn by them to 
 
 pp. 301, 302. William, earl of Pem- cover the tonsure. 
 
 n
 
 xc 
 
 JUDIOrAL AND LEGAL HOHIO'^. 
 
 attached '^. Their dress may be seen on hnisses 
 at St. Mary Redcliff, Bristol, 1523 ; Wh;ul.h)ii, 
 Bucks., 1519 ; perhaps at Cople, Beds., c. 1110 ; 
 Gosfield, Essex, 1440; and without the cajje 
 on a brass at Harefield, Middx., 1544. Jolui 
 Edward, 1461, Eodmarton, Gloucestershire, 
 " famosus apprenticius in lege peritus," wears 
 siinjjly a round cap, in addition to his ordinary 
 habit. 
 
 Before quitting the subject of the ecclesiastical 
 and judicial vestments, the following brasses, 
 which are partly connected with them, deserve 
 to be pointed out. At Winwick, Lancashire, 
 Sir Peter Legh, 1527, who, on the death of his 
 wife, relincpnshed his knightly calling for the 
 priestly office, is represented wearing a cliasuble 
 over his armour ^ A somewhat similar practice sir Hu^hde Holes, 
 was adopted by Knights who held some civil ford, Hertss 
 
 Justice of 
 
 1415, Wat- 
 
 ^ Chauncy's Herts., p 76. 
 
 ' Similar instances of widowers becom- 
 ing priests are aifordecl by inscriptions 
 at Boilyham, Sussex, 1513, and Merton, 
 Norfollv, 1556. One or two brasses occur 
 in which tlie clerical character is ap- 
 parently relinquished. At Nutfield, 
 Surrey, the figure of William Graftton, 
 " quondam clericvs hujus ecclesise," c. 
 1465, is without the tonsure, in secular 
 costume, and accompanied by the effigy 
 of a wife. Thomas Awmarle, Hector, 
 0. 1400, at Cardynham, Cornwall, had 
 his brass laid down in his lifetime ; the 
 figure has the tonsure, but the costume 
 is that of a civilian, with a short sword 
 suspended at the side. By the 2nd 
 Constitutions of Abps. Stratford and 
 Bourchier, 1343, 1463, the clergy were 
 restricted from wearing gilt or highly 
 ornamented swords and purses at their 
 girdles. Johnson's Eng. Canons, ed. 
 1851, pp. 381, 382, 516. 
 
 8 The marginal inscription, now lost, 
 is in part preserved by Weever, Pun. 
 Mon., p. 591. ¥)(c iacct lf)ugo Kc l)oIcs 
 miles, 3lustitiarius 13<inci l^cgis tcm= 
 
 pore rrgni obljt "^Inn., 1415. See 
 
 also the Lansdown MS. in the Brit. 
 Mus., No. 874, fol. 69 a. 
 
 The following is a list of brasses illus- 
 trative of the judicial costume. 
 
 1400. Sir John Cassy, Deerhurst, 
 Gloucestershire. 
 
 1415. Sii- Hugh de Holes, Watford, 
 Herts. 
 
 1419. Wm. Lodyngton, Gunby, 
 Lincolnshire. 
 
 1420. Rd. Norton, Wath, Yorkshire, 
 c. 1420. John Staverton ? Eyke, 
 
 Suffolk. 
 
 1436. John Martyn, Graveney, 
 Kent. 
 
 M39. Sir John Juyn, St. Mary Red- 
 cliffe, Bristol. 
 
 1439. John Cottesmore, Baldwin 
 Brightwell, O.xon. 
 
 c. 1465. Nich. Assheton, Calliiigton, 
 Cornwall. 
 
 1467. Sir Tetcr Arderne, Latton, 
 Essex. 
 
 1475. Wm. Lakcn, Bray, Berks. 
 
 1476. Sir Rd. Bingham, Middleton, 
 Warwickshire. 
 
 1479. Sir Thos. Urswyk, Dagenham, 
 Essex. 
 
 1481. Thos. Billing, Wappenham, 
 Northants. 
 
 1494. Brian Rouclyff, Cowthorpe, 
 Yorkshire.
 
 DEVICES ACCESSORY TO THE FIGURES. CANOPIES. 
 
 XCl 
 
 office. ThusWilliamYelverton, Judge, c.1470, 
 Eougliam, Norfolk, and Sir Wm. Harper, Al- 
 derman, 1573, St. Paul's, Bedford, wear their 
 official robes in addition to their armour. The 
 armed effigy of Ralph, Lord Cromwell, 1454, 
 at Tattershall, Lincolnshire, has also a cloak ^. 
 
 Such are the particulars requiring notice 
 with respect to the figures delineated on brasses: 
 next to which the accessorial devices claim at- 
 tention. Of these the most prominent and 
 beautiful are the canopies, which derive their 
 origin from the horizontal canopies placed 
 round the sculptured effigies of the thirteenth 
 and fourteenth centuries. The canopies over 
 single figures have sometimes one pediment 
 and sometimes three ; and in a few instances, 
 two figures are beneath a canopy with a single 
 pediment : as at Ashby St. Leger's, Northants., 
 1416, and in the brasses formerly at Ingham, 
 Norfolk, to Sir Miles Stapleton and wife, 1365 ; 
 and Merton College Chapel, to Thomas Harper 
 and Ealph Hamsterley, 1518. At Chrishall, Essex, the two figures 
 of Sir John de la Pole and lady, c. 1370, with their hands joined. 
 
 Sir Peber Legh, 1527, 
 Winwick, Xiancashire. * 
 
 1513. AVm. Sloughter, St. Mary's, 
 Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. 
 
 1538. Sir Anth. Fitzherbert, Nor- 
 bury, Derbyshire. 
 
 1544. Sir Walter Luke, Cople, Beds. 
 
 1545. Thos. Holte, Esq., Aston, 
 Warwickshire. 
 
 1553. lien. Bradshawe, Halton, 
 Bucks. 
 
 1553. Wm. Coke, Milton, Camb. 
 
 1556. Sir John Spelman, Xarburgh, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 1563. Nich. Luke, Esq., Coplc, Beds. 
 
 1598. Hen. Br.idshavve, (ob. 1553,) 
 Nokc, 0.\on. 
 
 '' In the chapter on Costume in Fos- 
 brooke's Brit. Mon., p. 389, is an en- 
 graving of a stone effigy of a knight 
 from Connington, Hunts., who wears a 
 cassock and cowl over his mail, liaving 
 probably end'tl bis days in the cloister. 
 "At Baden- Baden is a monument to 
 
 Frederic, Bishop of Utrecht, who died 
 in 1517 ; it is of bronze, and represents 
 the bishop in complete armour, over 
 which he wears a cope, and on his bead 
 the mitre." See the article in the Journal 
 of the Brit. Arch. Assoc, vol. v. p. 262. 
 This instance indicates the union of tem- 
 poral and spiritual power. Sir John 
 Cr>isbie, 1475, is represented on his 
 tomb at Great St. Helen's, London, with 
 bis allerman's mantle over his plate 
 armour. The brass of George Pontes- 
 buri, 1550, formerly at St. Alkmund's, 
 Slu'ewsbury, was an armed finuro wear- 
 ing a cloak. It is engraved in Owen 
 and Blakcway's History of Shrewsbury, 
 vol. ii. p. 289. 
 
 ' This figure is copied by permission 
 from Messrs. Waller's engraving of the 
 entire brass. The arms on the shield 
 are Ilaydock, Legh, Ashton, Molyneux, 
 and parted per fesa Croft and Butler.
 
 XCn ACCESSORY DEVICES. INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 recline beneath a triple canopy. On the other hand, at Iladdenham, 
 Cambridgeshire, 1405^ (the figure lost,) and Sefton, Lancashire, 1528, 
 are instances of single figures under double canopies. Over the 
 pediment immediately above the figure, we sometimes find a second 
 canopy, (see frontispiece,) consisting of an arch supporting an en- 
 tablature of pierced quatrefoils, &c. Canopies of this design occur 
 without the pediment at Balsham, Cambridgeshire, 1462, and in 
 Surrey, at Lingfield, 1420, and Beddington, 1432. A row of 
 quatrefoils is often placed also beneath the feet of the effigies. 
 
 The usual position of the Inscriptions on brasses is under the 
 figure, or on the margin, surrounding the whole design ; in which 
 case they have usually a cross, and in a few instances a hand ^, pre- 
 fixed to them, to indicate the beginning of the legend. In a few 
 rare cases the inscription is over the figure; as at Acton Burnell, 
 Shropshire, 1382. Sometimes a sentence is engraven upon it, as at 
 South Ockendon, Essex, 1400; St. Mary Tower, Ipswich, c. 1475. 
 At Bushley, Worcestershire, the words Ucus mc', — Kctis mcus ts tn, 
 are inscribed on a lady's girdle and head-dress.. The date of 
 the death (1383) of Nicholas de Louth is inscribed on the shaft 
 of the canopy of his brass at Cottingham, Yorkshire. On altar- 
 tombs marginal inscriptions are usually inlaid in a chamfer or 
 slanting edge of the slab : and then, for convenience of reading, 
 the words face from the brass, instead of to it. 
 
 It was a frequent practice to inscribe on brasses Leonine verses \ 
 a corrupted form of Heroic or Elegiac verse, in which the last 
 syllables of the hemistychs are made to rhyme ; as in the following 
 couplets from Northleach, Gloucestershire, 1458, and Heme, Kent, 
 c. 1530:— 
 
 IRcspicc quitt protfcst prcscntis tcmporis cbum : 
 ®mnc quob est, nicljtl est, prctcr nmarc Ucum. 
 
 l^it cl)orus inOccorus (ucvnt, nunc bnlUc Urcorus ; 
 ■Untircas is sum, qui Kccorauit cum. 
 
 An inscription engraved on a large scroll, now much defaced, over 
 
 ■* Enfield, Midclx., 1446, Trinity Hall, Leoninus, a monk of Marseilles, who 
 
 Cambridge, c. 1510. The cross or hand wrote some Latin poems in the early 
 
 is hardly ever found at the beginning of part of the twelfth century : tliey were, 
 
 any legend that is not placed around the however, used long before his time, per- 
 
 fignre ; exceptions occur at Nuffield, haps as early as the sixth century. About 
 
 Oxon., c. 1360 ; Hellesdon, Norfolk, the end of the sixteenth centui-y tliey 
 
 1389 ; and Dartmouth, Devon, 1103. became obsolete. 
 
 ' They arc said to be derived from
 
 INSCRIPTIONS. XCUl 
 
 the figure of John Asger, 1436^ at St. Laurence^ Norwich, is a good 
 
 specimen of the usual style of these compositions. Without tlie 
 
 contractions, it is as follows : — 
 
 djui mc consptcitis, pro crrto scire potcstis 
 ^uoD sum bos rritis, oUm (ucram brlut cstis. 
 Vt mcrcar bcniam prccibus mc qucso luuclts, 
 an bos non luniam, scTj bos aD mc bcnictis. 
 ^arcc tibi, Oominc, tiicatis, bcl miserere, 
 Mc possim Acre scD let.iri sine fine. 
 IBa requiem cunctis, ttcus, et bbiquc sepuUis, 
 Vt stnt in rcquie, propter tua bulnera quinquc. 
 
 The versification is often very faulty, as the above examples shew, 
 and the dates are forced into the verse in a very confused manner, as 
 may be seen in the following instances : — 
 
 Constance Cathedral, Bishop Hallum, 1416 : — 
 
 ■anno jl^illeno triccnt' octuageno 
 Sci cu ter iiena cum ipo biuat ameno. 
 
 New College, Oxford, Archbishop Cranley, 1417 : — 
 
 JW: ® 3]ungc quatcr 3E(?) Huples TJ numcra ter, 
 Enbcnics annum quo ruit istc pater. 
 
 Roydon, Essex, Thomas Colte, Esq., 1471 : — 
 
 i*t CC quatcr • semcl T x * b • bis.s 8c lianiio probus istc 
 Sugusti mensts • i bis. ct 3 fiis.s oit o6it. 
 
 Sherbourn St. John, Hants., Bernard Brocas," Esq., 148S ? — 
 
 Self tfiti CCcntenis multiplicatis 
 ISis septcnario scplenarius tjuotieno 
 ^uattuor Ijij's a"Dlio numeru tibi p'ficicntjo. 
 
 Allusions to the heathen mythology are occasionally to be met 
 
 with, as at Westminster Abbey, 1471, and at Harrow, Middx., on 
 
 the tomb of John Elambard, c. 1390, whose name is curiously 
 
 divided in the inscription : — 
 
 Ion me'tio marmorc iHuminis ortiinc flam tuinlat' 
 33arti q"? berbcrc stigis 1£ fun'rc I)ic tucatur. 
 
 A similar instance was once at Bagington, Warwickshire : — 
 
 lEst caro nostra cinis, mono principium, motro finis, 
 ©mnc quon c.xoritur terra fit ct cito moritur. 
 "atropos ante (ores atistat rcliqu.fq^ sorores.™ 
 
 "" Dodsworth's MS. in the Bodleian of Thos. Williams, Esq., Harford, Devon, 
 Library, Ox fm-(l, No. .5,029, vol. 88, § 5, t'lulstlius: "am noto in Ijcnbcn tot'J 
 
 fol. 15 a. Tliu inscription on the brass nugljtic jlobC Dot!) HaignC."
 
 XCIV INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 Although the Leonine verses are all of them very similar in style, 
 yet hardly any two lines on different inscriptions are to be found 
 exactly alike. Two verses, however, of the inscription on the fine 
 brass of Sir Morys Eussel and lady, 1401, at Dyrham, Gloucester- 
 shire, were also to be found on the brass, of about the same date, 
 of Nicholas Stafford and wife, formerly at St. Mary's, Stafford, the 
 names of the wives being the only difference : — 
 IsnlicI spousa futt I)uiHS militis ista 
 C^uc incct absconsa sub marmorca motio cista." 
 
 Certain sets of verses were favourites during certain periods, the 
 one at Northleach ° for instance ; the principal of these will be given 
 in the chronological account of the inscriptions. 
 
 Barbarous and faulty, however, as are these verses, they are not 
 devoid of interest, when we consider that many of them were pro- 
 bably composed by the most eminent men of the period. We learn 
 from WeeverP that John Wheathamsted, Abbot of St. Alban's (1420 
 — 1460), "made certaine epitaphs" formerly in that abbey and the 
 neighbouring churches; as at South Mimms, Middx., where there is 
 a curious set of verses to the memory of Thomas Frowyck, Esq., and 
 wife, 1448. The rhyming inscription at Wheathampstead, Herts., 
 c. 1450, to Hugo Bostok and his wife Margaret Macry, parents of 
 John de Wheathamsted, was doubtless from the pen of the Abbot, 
 as the writer describes them as the father and mother, "Pastotts 
 pccorum protI)omarttris ancjltgcnaium," which expression Mr. Boutell 
 has shewn to have probably been a favourite one with the Abbot 
 when making reference to himself i. 
 
 ■> In the insci'iption at Stafford the p. 748, a similar inscription was to be 
 
 wife's name was Elizabeth. See Ash- found at Long Melford, Suffolk, 
 mole's Collections for Staffordshire, in p Fun. Mon., pp. 574, 592, where 
 
 the Bodleian Library, Oxford, No. 853, several of these epitaphs are printed, 
 vol. i. fol. 12 a. The inscription on the i A MS. of Valerius Maximus, prc- 
 
 brass of Judge Martyn, 1436, at Grave- sented by him to the library of the 
 
 }iey, Kent, has been adopted on the mo- University of Oxford, and still preserved 
 
 nument of Judge Manwood, 1592, at in the Bodleian Library, is thus in- 
 
 Hackington, in the same county. See scribed : — 
 
 Oxford Manual of Mon. Brasses, p. 110, ^ratrihus ©ionic Katur in munus istc 
 No. 264. The sixteen Englisli verses 3loi)iicm SiBlKtlimstctJC 
 
 on the brass of Emma Foxe, c. 1570, at ^cr patrcm pccorum prot-()omarttrls 
 
 Aldeburgh, Suffolk, and printed at the "Sngligcnarum. 
 
 end of this volume, are contained in the See Boutell's Mon. Brasses and Slabs, 
 
 inscription of Thomas Malcdge, Warden p. 109. The inscriptions at South Mimms 
 
 of the Cutlers' Company, at St. Olave's, and Wheathampstead will be found 
 
 Southwark. See Aubrey's Surrey, vol. v. printed in Appendix B. at the end of 
 
 p. 60. this volume, 
 o According to Weevcr, Fun. Mon.,
 
 INSCRIPTIONS. XCV 
 
 Sometimes we find the name of the writer recorded, as at Lambeth, 
 where the Englisli verses formerly on the brass of Thomas Clerc, 
 Esquire, 1545, were written by liis friend the well-known poet, 
 Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Stephen, a chantry priest, was the 
 author of the Latin rhyming verses now lost from the brass of Sir 
 Peter Arderne, 1467, Latton, Essex; and no doubt ahnost all the 
 Leonine verses were composed by ecclesiastics who were friends of 
 the deceased. The epitaph, in Latin elegiacs, on Thomas Noke, 
 1567, at Shottesbrooke, Berks., is stated on the brass to have been 
 the work of Lady Elizabeth Hobbie, who seems to have had a great 
 taste for these compositions ''. It was not uncommon for persons to 
 write their own epitaphs, as is seen by the brasses of John Claimond, 
 c. 1530, at Corpus Christi College, Oxford; John White, Warden, 
 C.1545, Winchester College Chapel «; Thos. Nele, 1590, at Cas- 
 sington, Oxon.'; Robert Fabyan the Chronicler", &c. 
 
 In addition to the date, the regnal year of the sovereign is often 
 inserted in the inscriptions of the fifteenth and following centuries, 
 especially on brasses of persons connected with the court, or holding 
 any official position ; when the person died upon a saint's day or 
 its eve, the day was generally mentioned; and sometimes the do- 
 minical letter was given, as in the brass of John Sadler, Priest, 
 Parringdon, Berks., who died ""anno Bomini JWillcsimo cccccb" litcra 
 
 ■■ These three inscriptions are printed tyrion, i.e. 200 virorum Testim. de verit. 
 
 in the Oxford Manual, pp. 84, 116, 142, Corp. et Sang. Christi in Eucharistia," 
 
 Nos. 214, 277, 350. Lady Hoby wrote &c. 4to. Loud. 1553. At fol. 82, in the 
 
 the epitaphs on her first husband. Sir verses on Jolin Clayniund, there is an 
 
 Thomas Hoby, her two daughters, and account of an occurrence whicli hap- 
 
 her brother, at Bisham Church, Berks., pened wh' n the church of St. Mary-the- 
 
 and probably that on her second husband. Virgin, Oxford, took fire during divine 
 
 Lord liussel, at Westminster Abbey ; service in 1536. 
 
 she also made proper arrangements for ' See supra, p. xliv. Thomas Neale 
 
 her own obsequies. See her portrait and was Hebrew Professor, and wrote a 
 
 the notice of it in Lodge's engravings dialogue in Latin elegiacs, on the oc- 
 
 of Portraits of Illustrious Personages of casion of Queen Elizabeth's visit to 
 
 the Court of Henry VIII., by Hans Oxford wi'h the Chancellor (Earl of 
 
 Holbein, Lond., 1812. Writing epitaphs Leicester), giving a description of the 
 
 is said to have been a favourite occupa- Colleucs, &c., with drawings of them. 
 
 tion of Mary Queen of Scots. It was printed from the original MS. in 
 
 " One of the lines runs thus, "Scrip- the Bodleian, by Hearne, with Dodwell 
 
 tor Johanes, carminis ipse mei." de Parma. Equ. &c. Oxoii., 1713, 8vo. 
 
 John White, Bishop of Winchester, " Supra, p. Ix. note m. See also 
 
 preached the memorable funeral scr- note n. In the Testamenta Vetusta 
 
 mon of Queen Mary (printed in Strype, arc several wills directing the exact in- 
 
 Memor., vol. iii. pt. 2,) and wrote also, scription to be placed on the tomb of 
 
 among others, a work in Latin verse, the testator, 
 the title of which is " Diacosio-Mar-
 
 XCVl INSCKIPTIOXS. 
 
 tiominicali t ^." The inscription on the Flemish brass at Aveley, Essex, 
 is a good instance of these peculiarities, it also records the week-day 
 of tlie decease : — 
 
 "Sic tacft ^AaDnlptins tic txncnrnton. ^bitns tarm tjir I^onis ante frstS sci 
 ^irijolai CPpiscopi anno tJrii millmo. ttr. Iir. Ira Uiiicar. {. 
 
 The Koman mode of computation by calends, &:c., was rarely used, 
 
 and generally confined to the inscriptions of ecclesiastics, as Cheriton, 
 
 Kent, 1502; it occurs on that of a civilian, at Xecton, Norfolk, 
 
 1499. One part of the inscription was occasionally written in one 
 
 language, the other in a different one; Xorman French and Latin, 
 
 Latin and Enslish are thus combined, and even these last two are 
 
 found jumbled together in the same verses J". 
 
 Every opportunity of alliteration, punning, and playing upon the 
 
 sound of the words, especially the name of the deceased, was seized 
 
 upon; as in the inscriptions to TVilliam ^[oor, 1456, Tattershall, 
 
 Lincolnshire, and Thomas Hylle, 1468, Xew College Chapel, Oxford ; 
 
 the latter has this couplet : — 
 
 /Etons in ballr uicrt : qucm tu Pens rriac rnr^um. 
 bt balrat mortem cristu p'fingcrc snrsnm. 
 
 The same practice may be seen as late as 1616, in the brass of 
 Henry Airay, at Queen's College, Oxford : — 
 
 IG^^S ET AFFI_LSXES PTBGABT!*! AERA TEXTI 
 TBA^fSTTTS Ef COELTSI PB05EPTIOE rSUE PAXET. 
 
 Perh.aps the most extravagant instance to be met with is the epitaph 
 of John Day, the printer, 15S4, at Little Bradley, Suffolk ^ The 
 custom amounted at last to absolute profaneness, as in the brass of 
 Anthony Cooke, at Toxford, Suffolk, 1610. 
 
 The usual form of desiring the prayers of the reader was " Orate 
 pro anima," or "Of your charite pray for the soul of^."*' In in- 
 
 * Other in5taiices are a: Mere, Wilts., liar im-itations or directions to pray for 
 
 1398 ; Trinity Almshouse Chapel, 14:11 ; the soul of the deceased ; as at Cardyn- 
 
 St. George's Chapel, Windsor, li7b; ham, Cornwall, on the brass of Thos. 
 
 Eversley, Hants., 1502. Awmarle, put down before his death, 
 
 y See the account of inscriptions on c. 1400: "Ego vos fnitres orate pro 
 
 brasses of the sixteenth century. At me et ego pro vobis in quantum jkjs- 
 
 Felstead, Essex, is this epitaph : ^fjomas sum." At Chesterfield, Derbyshire, 
 
 lAPChf filiuslElobcni n)cf)E J^ilitisobitt 1500, in the epitaph of John Verdon, 
 
 1564 ct scpultus crat aputJ fclstttl. tf)C "pro cuius anima sic queso orate prout 
 
 4 of .^cbruarnc. pro vestris animabns orari volueritis." 
 
 ' The inscription will be found in At St. Alphege, Canterbury, on the brass 
 
 Appendix B. of Eobt. Goseboume, 1523, " et prece 
 
 ■ In a few inscriptions there are pecu- posce ei quod cupis esse tibi."
 
 INSCRIPTIONS. CONTIlACTIONS. XCVll 
 
 scriptions on windows of painted glass, which were commonly erected 
 during the lifetime of those they commemorate, the form was very 
 frequently "Orate pro bono statu," or, "Pray for the good estate 
 (or prosperity) :" and this is sometimes found on brasses ; as at 
 Milton, Cambridgeshire, in behalf of Alice Coke, who, surviving her 
 husband, had a brass laid down containing figures of both. Similar 
 instances are at Catterick, Yorks., 1492 ; Crosthwaite, Cumberland, 
 1527; Fairford, Gloucestershire, 1534 ; Harefield, Middx., 1537; 
 and Newington, Kent, in which church is a brass of Thomas Chylton 
 and wife, 15U1, the former of whom, dying first, is represented in a 
 shroud, but his wife in her proper costume ^. 
 
 Inscriptions are often met with turned upside down, which is 
 probably owing to inaccurate relaying. The clauses containing the 
 prayers for the soul of the deceased are sometimes found defaced, 
 especially in the neighbourhood of Loudon ; and as this is generally 
 the case in brasses laid down a short time before the Eeformation, it 
 is probable that such erasures were made by friends, to prevent tlie 
 entire demolition of the memorials. On the brass of John Berners, 
 Esq., and wife, Finchiugfield, Essex, 1523, the objectionable clause 
 has been marked out for destruction, which has never been carried 
 into elTect. 
 
 A list of the principal titles of rank and ofBce is given in Ap- 
 pendix E, at the end of this volume. The designations of ecclesi- 
 astics may be specially mentioned here. According to Euller% 
 " Such Priests as have ' Sir' before their Christian name were not 
 graduated in the University, being in orders and not in degrees; 
 whilst others, entitled ' Masters,' had commenced in the Arts." It 
 appears that the appellation ' Sir,' in Latin I)ominus, might be 
 used by all ecclesiastics. For the sake of distinction, knights usually 
 wrote their title of ' knight' after their names. 
 
 The frequent Contractions used in inscriptions on brasses present 
 
 '' lu Langley's Desborough, p. 456, a have mercy," lic 1522. The latter part 
 
 curious iuscriptiou, containing the same of this inscription somewhat resembles 
 
 pliraseology, is described as existing on a that at Ditton, Kent, to Rowland Sha- 
 
 brass at Wooburn, Bucks. It bi gins," Pray kerley, Gent., 1576, who "hadd this 
 
 for the soule of Margaret A wdelettdaugh- Memoryall of his deaihe made by a 
 
 ter of John Awdelett, gentilman, andfor youg Gentlewoman as an argument of 
 
 the good astate of William "\i\'elbik, her vnseperable good meanyuge To- 
 
 niarchaunt of the staple of the towue wardes hym." 
 
 of Caleyse, unto whom she shuld have = Church History, vi. 5. 10. 
 been married, ujiou whose soule Jhu
 
 XCVlll CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 many difBculties to tliosc who are unacciistoined to sucli studies : as 
 the present volume will probably fall into the hands of many such 
 persons, it has seemed desirable to add the following short expla- 
 nation of them. 
 
 One of the most common is the omission of the letters 'm' and 
 ' 11,' usually indicated by a horizontal line placed over the contiguous 
 vovpel : e. g., Norm. Fr. feme (femme) ; Lat. ain (anima), !;oicm 
 (hominem), I (in), Icgu (legum), ols (omnis), quotia (quondam), 
 Scptrbrts (Septembris) ; Engl, o (on), sutnmc (sometime), gcntilma 
 (gentleman), &c. 
 
 Another ordinary abbreviation is- the leaving out the letter 'r' in 
 conjunction with the preceding or following vowel; this is generally 
 shewn by an apostrophe, more rarely by a horizontal line : e. g., 
 Norm. Fr. gtc (grace), lo' (lour, leur), p' (pur, pour), ftxa (priera) ; 
 Lat. cFtcus (clericus), gcn'osus (generosus), glla (gloria), ISatUna (Kate- 
 rina), m'cator (mercator), nup' (nuper), propicict' (propicietur), IRob'tus 
 (Robertus), s'uicns (serviens), I'ra (terra), b'mibus (vermibus), m' 
 (uxor), &c. ; Eng. t(cp'ti}tf (departed), m'cn (mere}), Jtt'grct (Margaret), 
 rcs'rciion (resurrection), s'gcant (serjeant), s' (sir), &c., &c. 
 
 This omission of a vowel with 'r' is exceedingly common in words 
 whose first syllable, or firtt two, begin with 'p.' In the former case 
 a line is often drawn under the 'p/ and in the latter the two *pp' are 
 conjoined thus, jp : e. g., Lat. p'cclifnie (praecedente), p'darus (prsecla- 
 rus), p'tfictus (prsedictus), p'fatus (prtefatus), p'fcssor (professor), ;pictct' 
 (propicietur), jpositus (propositus), &c. ; Eng. p'Kon (pardon), pson 
 (parson), pisf) (parish), &c. 
 
 Sometimes a vowel was written ore)- the adjacent consonant, e. g., 
 in m'djiint (merchant), the ' a' stands quite over the following ' n,' 
 so ill prfcor, p^B (pray), q' (qui), qtUm (quidem), quo^i^m (quondam), 
 CTjcmas, &c. 
 
 At the end of some words a consonant is in the same way placed 
 above, e.g., o"^ (our), qf (quod), fajtl) (which), toljos (whose), tot (wit, 
 with), W (your), b* (that), &c. 
 
 The termination in 'is,' 'us,' 'c,' and sometimes 's,' are made 
 by a single apostrophe : e. g., mens' (mensis), ptctat' (pietatis), ©dobr' 
 (Octobris), tiom' (domus), cf (ejus), int' (intus), bn' (unus) ; miscrer' 
 (miserere), per' (yere), tifcoell' (dwells), &c. 
 
 The dative and ablative cases in ' abus,' which were much used in 
 the middle ages, were thus contracted : alab? (animabus), filiab? (filia-
 
 CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 XCIX 
 
 bus). The same mark '?' is used in the abbreviation of que, e. g., 
 q^, qtifsq? (quisque), &c. 
 
 The contraction for the genitive plural in ' urn,' is two apo- 
 strophes : e.g., C^uoi" alar" (Quorum animarum). 
 
 Words ending ctonis, tioncm, &:c.^, were shortened thus, cots, com : 
 e.g., purificacols (purificationis), consolilracocm (consolidationem). 
 
 In many words, especially proper names, ending in ' I),' ' I,' and ' n,' 
 a mark of contraction is placed over the last letter to indicate tlie 
 elision of tlie final ' e,' e.g., lEli'jabftlf, S'afencir, Sof)?!, l^ortoii, saluaciion. 
 
 There were several other contractions of words in frequent use, 
 which followed no particular rule. The chief of these are given 
 below. 
 
 t)cfic(a 
 
 lintiicat 
 
 canon 
 
 cois, cot. 
 
 DCS, tjcl, Sec. 
 
 39ns, Bni, Bna. 
 
 59s 
 
 lEcclIa, "Eccltc, Iccclc, lEicit, lEccc. 
 
 lEps, lEpi. 
 
 ff, frts. 
 
 gia, gic, gra. 
 
 Hk, ii)S, 3'I)tt, Sec, 
 
 3)oI)cs, 3)oI)l3. 
 
 i)^c, ipius, Sec. 
 
 W 
 
 rra 
 
 magf, magfi, mf, mvi. 
 
 mi 
 
 tnta, mtc. 
 
 mtllino, millio, Sec. 
 
 Wcl)us 
 
 nf, nit. 
 
 q' 
 
 p'bri 
 
 BatJus 
 
 rtor 
 
 IRicus 
 
 sts, Set. 
 
 sccit 
 
 beneficia 
 
 benedicat 
 
 cauonicus 
 
 commuais, i. 
 
 dictus, i, &c. 
 
 Dominus, i, a. 
 
 Deus 
 
 Ecclesia, se. 
 
 Episcopus, i. 
 
 frater, tris, so pater, &c. 
 
 gratia, aj. 
 
 Jesus, Jesu. 
 
 Johannes, is. 
 
 ipse, ipsius, &c. 
 
 kalendas 
 
 litera 
 
 mngister, tri. 
 
 mihi 
 
 misericordia, Oi. 
 
 millesimo 
 
 Nicholaus 
 
 noster, tri, so vester, &e. 
 
 quiiin, quod 
 
 presbyteri 
 
 Radulphua 
 
 rector 
 
 Richardus 
 
 sanctus, i. 
 
 scaccarii 
 
 <! 'c' was generally used bifore 'i' damna was written dampna, in seter 
 instead of t j' it was often inserted be- num, ineternum, Jesus, Jiiesus, &c. 
 tween 'i'and 'h,' e.g., miclii, nicbil;
 
 C CONTRACTIONS. EMBLKMS. 
 
 Sctfo, SfC, Fccmulo, &c. 
 
 ScDui secundum 
 
 SJJS spiritiis 
 
 CCUlliiis, aa^illl, AVillielmus, i. 
 
 XpS, ijjl i. c. xps ' Cliristus, i. 
 
 ipcn Christen, Christian 
 
 xpofcr Christopher 
 
 Where there was but little room, the words were often contracted 
 in a verj arbitrary manner. In other cases two concurring letters, 
 which admitted of it, were conjoined like JE diphthong^; especially 
 tJcT, "at, and in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries he. In Norman 
 French inscriptions, tlie substantive and its article or pronoun were 
 generally united, as salmc, for sn almc. 
 
 Besides the subjects upon brasses already described, we find a 
 variety of Emblems and Devices. They usually accompany figures, 
 canopies, &c., as a part of the design ; but in a few instances they 
 stand alone with an inscription, and constitute the entire memorial. 
 These devices may be divided into three classes : I. Ecclesiastical, 
 II. Heraldic, III. Professional, or personal devices which are not 
 Heraldic. 
 
 I. Ecclesiastical. These furnish many instances of the use, as 
 well as of the abuse, of a custom very prevalent in the middle ages, 
 of embodying certain doctrines in pictures : for instance, on brasses 
 at St. Mary's, Oxford, 1507, and Northleach, Gloucestershire, c. 1530, 
 the Romish tenet of the invocation of Saints has been curiously re- 
 presented. At the former church, the person commemorated is 
 pourtrayed kneeling, and with a scroll from the mouth to a figure 
 of St. Catherine, tlius inscribed : — 
 
 auiilinre tuis famulu prrcib? Iiat'inn 
 bt m' cu sitpcris sit sine fine locus. 
 
 On another scroll, from St. Catherine to a representation of the Holy 
 Trinity (now lost), are the words: — 
 
 ©bsrcro siimc Oc' brnia conccttc jprccati 
 "JStimuntio crouton gloria fine carcns. 
 
 At Northleach a label proceeds from the mouth of the effigy of the 
 
 " The XP. interlaced does not ap- ^ Diphthongs were not used until the 
 
 pear on brasses as a sacred monogram. sixteenth century.
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL EMBLEMS. CI 
 
 deceased, with this inscription addressed to a figure of the Blessed 
 Virgin Mary and Child : — 
 
 ® rcgina polt mrtiatrix csto raHmtrcr WRiWi. 
 
 Over this, on another label to a large representation of the Holy 
 Trinity,— 
 
 ® nbmcn ctli XatnnDcr miserere aJRtllt. 
 
 Although legendary incidents in the lives of saints are occasionally 
 found on foreign brasses, yet one instance only has been observed in 
 this country ; at Macclesfield, Cheshire, on the brass of Roger Legh, 
 Esq., and wife, 1506. Above the figures is a small quadrangular 
 plate with a pope kneeling before an altar, on which are a chalice 
 and an open book ; a representation of our Saviour rising from the 
 tomb being at the back. Beneath is this inscription : — 
 
 CIjc plfon for sailing of b pater nost' $c b aucs anti a creU is iibj tfjousanU 
 percs anlj ixb| Danes of parljon. 
 
 This engraving is considered by Mr. Waller to refer to a passage \n 
 the life of St. Gregory, called St. Gregory^s Masss. 
 
 The selection of the figures of saints, so often found on brasses, 
 appears to have been made upon a varying principle ; sometimes the 
 patron saint of the church, chantry, chapel, or religious house was 
 taken, as St. Alban at St. Alban's Abbey, c. 1360; St. Ethelbert at 
 Hereford Cathedral, 1529; St, Pancras on the brass of Thomas 
 Nelond, Prior of Lewes, 1433 ; and the Blessed Virgin Mary at 
 Wimpole, Cambridgeshire, 1501 : sometimes that of the individual 
 was selected ; thus the brass of John de Waltham at Westminster 
 Abbey contained three figures at least of saints who bore his own 
 name John. If the deceased had belonged to some religious society 
 or guild, its patron saint was often adopted on his monument. Thus 
 on the brass at Swansea of Sir Hugh Johnys, who " was made 
 knight at the holy sepulcre of oure lord ihu crist in the city of 
 Jerusalem," a.d. 1411, is a representation of our blessed Saviour^s 
 resurrection. The brass at St. Mary de Crypt, Gloucester, of John 
 Cook, 1529, who belonged to the fraternity of St. John the Baptist 
 established in that church, has on the canopy a figure of the saint, 
 near whose altar he desired to be buried. Or the saint was chosen 
 
 8 See the article on Mon. Brasses in Esq., in the Journ. of the Brit. Arch. 
 Cheshire and Lancashire, by .7. G.Waller, Assoc, vol. v. p. 256.
 
 Cll 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL EMGLICMS. HOLY TRINITY, &C. 
 
 Emblem of the Holy Trmity. 
 
 on whose festival or eve the person commemoratetl died ; e. g., at 
 Burford, Oxon., there were formerly the figures of the Blessed 
 Virgin Mary and Child on the brass of John Spycer, "qui obijt 
 in Yigilia Purificacionis beatissime virginis Marie/' 1437. 
 
 The following list contains the principal ecclesiastical emblems on 
 brasses. 
 
 1, Symbols of the Holy Trinity. 
 a. The ancient verbal emblem. Examples 
 
 occur at St. Cross, Hants., 1382 ; Cow- 
 fold, Sussex, 1433 ; and Northleach, 
 Gloucestershire, c. 1530. 
 
 /3. Representations of the Almighty Fa- 
 ther, or Ancient of Days, in the form 
 of an aged Person, seated, and holding 
 a crucifix, upon which the Dove, the 
 emblem of the Holy Spirit, is alighting. The last is some- 
 times omitted, as at Hildersham, Camb., c. 1380. Examples 
 are very numerous. On brasses at Childrey, Berks., 1507, 
 and Chacomb, Northants., c. 1543, the representation of the 
 Holy Trinity is the most prominent feature in the design. 
 
 y. Three human figures. This symbol is a])parently on the 
 brass of Dean Erowsetoure, 1539, at Hereford Cathedral '\ 
 
 2. Emblems, &c., relating to our Blessed Lord. 
 
 a. A figure of our Lord occurs on brasses at Etwall, Derbyshire, 
 1512; Sibson, Leicestershire, 1532, (seated on a rainbow) ; 
 Mereworth, Kent, 1542; and Heston, Middx., c. 1580 : the 
 last is a demi-figure. 
 
 /3, A representation of the adoration of the shepherds, on a 
 small plate executed in the sixteenth century, remains (?) at 
 Cobham, Surrey. 
 
 y. The instruments of the Crucifixion, the five wounds, &c. 
 These may be seen on shields in brasses at St. Cross, Hants., 
 1382; Hailing, c. 1470 (?), and Cobham, 1506, both in Kent; 
 Edgmond, Shropsliire, 1533; King's College, Cambridge, 
 1528; and Llanbebhg, near Carnarvon, 1500.' At Kympton, 
 Hants., on the brass of Robert Thornburgh, 1522, is a small 
 
 •■ Demi-figures of the first and second ' See the engraving infra illustrative 
 
 Persons of the Holy Trinity are of com- of the notary's penner and ink-horn, 
 mon occurrence on morses, &c.
 
 ECCLESIASTICx\L EMBLEMS. CROSSES, RESURRECTION. Clil 
 
 cross bearing the five wounds ; a similar device is held by two 
 ecclesiastics (1468, 1478) in New Coll. Chapel, Oxford: in 
 these last instances the crosses are T shaped, and one of them is 
 without the wounds. At St. Andrew's, Norwich, is the matrix 
 of the brass of Bishop Underwood, Suffragan to the Bishop 
 of Norwich, 1541 : the deceased was represented kneeling at 
 a cross with the five wounds, the heart, as usual, being placed 
 in the centre and at the intersection of the arms of the cross. 
 A shield at St. Mary's, Bury St. Edmund's, bears a tau cross, 
 with a scroll inscribed bone i\)n csto m(U)i) Siljus.'' Crosses 
 were frequently used as the sole or main device on brasses ; 
 of these we shall have occasion to speak more particularly 
 hereafter. 
 
 Kepresentations of the Eesurrection, Examples are at Swan- 
 sea, Glamorganshire, c. 1500; Hedgerley, Bucks., c. 1500, 
 (palimpsest) ; Great Coates, Lincolnshire, 1503; All Hallows' 
 Barking, London, c. 1540; Slaugham, Sussex, 1547 ; and 
 Narburgh, Norfolk, 1556. In all these our Blessed Lord is 
 depicted stepping out of His tomb, holding the banner of the 
 cross, and surrounded by the astonished soldiers. On brasses 
 at the following churches He is represented simply as rising 
 
 '' The tau cross, transfixed by three (contra Marcion, iii. 22)," Hac" inquif 
 
 nails, occurs on a tombstone at Huhie " est littera GrcEcorv.m Tau, nostra au- 
 
 Abbey, Northumberland, engraved in tern T, species crucis." Tertull. Op. Ki- 
 
 the Arch. Journ., vol. x. p. 171. A galtii, Paris, 1775, p. 410. The early 
 
 sepulchral slab at Southwell Minster, Fathers gathered "both the name of 
 
 about two feet square, has a cross in- Jesus and the cross of Christ from the 
 
 cised at each angle of the slab, and on 318 servants of Abrahiim. 'lajra Se'/ca, 
 
 a scroll in the centre is the fjllovving "^Hra oktw, ex^'^ 'Iriaovv on 5e aravphs 
 
 inscription, in black letter: — Tok jacct (u rw T, e/xeAAej/ ex^'" '^^'' X^P'"' Aeye' 
 
 32\iirms Talbot miser ct intiignus 5a= kuI tovs rpiaKoa-iuvs- StjAo? odf rhu fieu 
 
 ccrtfoscipcctans rcsurrcc'ioncm mortu= 'iv^ovi^ eV tois Sval ypd/xfx.aai, koI iv kv\ 
 
 orum S'b signo tl}au". Ibid., vol. xiv. rhv cnavpov. BarnabcB, JEpist. cap. 9. 
 
 p. 76. Gerard Lcgh, in his " Accedens As if I H stood for Jesus, and T for the 
 
 of Armory," Lond., 1576, fol. 35, says, cross." So also St. Ambrose, Clemens 
 
 " This crosse is the token of peace. For Alexandrinus, and St.Augustin; the 
 
 the prophet Ezechiell sayeth, God saydc two latter also recognise a sign of the 
 
 to hys Aungell, passe thorowe the myd- cross in the number 300, expressed in 
 
 dest of the citie of Iherusalem, and Greek by the letter tau, as in the length 
 
 make the signe of Taue, vppon the fore- of the ark, &c. See Bp. Pearson's Expos, 
 
 heddes of nienne. Kill not all them of the Creed, notes on Art. IV. ed. 
 
 vpon whome ye shall see the letter Oxford, 1833, vol. ii. pp. 260, 261. In 
 
 Taue." In P^zekiel (cliap. ix. ver. 4) " Notes and Queries," 2nd Ser., vol. vi. 
 
 the Hebrew is literally a ' Thau' or p. 459, is an article shewing the tau to 
 
 ' mark.' See Poole's Synopsis, in which be a sign of the Hebrew nation, 
 tlieie is a quotation froin Tcrtullian
 
 civ ECCLESIASTICAL EMBLEMS. ANGELS, SAINTS. 
 
 from His tomb: Stoke Charity, Hants., 1482; Macclesfield, 
 Cheshire, 1506; Burwell, Camb., c. 1510; Stoke Lyne, 
 0x011., 1535 >. 
 
 e. The Holy Lamb with cross and banner occurs at Merton 
 Coll. Chapel (see supra, p. Ixxxiii.), and, very appropriately, in 
 the head of pastoral staves, as at St. Alban's Abbey, c. 1360. 
 
 C The Pelican in her piety is the finial of the canopy of a fine 
 brass at Warbleton, Sussex, 1436 "'. 
 
 r/. The Sacred Monogram i])c or i])s, i. e. 'ih[20T]2, is frequently 
 met with on the orphreys and morses of copes, ecclesiastical 
 wafers, &c., and sometimes as an ornament of a lady's head- 
 dress, (Iselham, Cambridgeshire, 1484), or of the scabbard 
 of a knight's sword, (Dorchester, Oxon., 1411). 
 
 3. Angels and Seraphim with six wings, as on the fine brasses at 
 Balsham, Cambridgeshire. Ministering Angels are often found sup- 
 porting the pillows beneath the head of effigies of the fourteenth 
 and early part of the fifteenth century ; e. g., on the Tlemish brasses, 
 and those at Rothwell, Northants., 1361; Hever, Kent, 1419; and 
 Little Easton, Essex, 1483. They are supposed to have reference 
 to the angels found sitting in the sepulchre, after our Lord's Eesur- 
 rection, (St. John xx. 12 ; St. Mark xvi. 5), or to signify the trans- 
 mission of the soul of the deceased to Heaven. 
 
 4. Figures of Saints, often holding books in their hands, and 
 with their respective emblems, are common. They usually form 
 part of the canopies over figures, or the ornaments of the orphreys 
 of copes. The following are the most frequent : — 
 
 a. The Blessed "Virgin with the Infant, or Crucified, Saviour : 
 the former is commonly seen on brasses of the fifteenth and 
 first half of the sixteenth centuries, also in the fourteenth cen- 
 tury at Cobham, Kent, 1395 ; the latter occurs at Carshalton, 
 Surrey, 1497; All Hallows' Barking, c.1535; and St. Pa- 
 trick's, Dublin, 1537. The Annunciation is occasionally 
 found ; a fine example is the upper portion of the brass of 
 John Porter, 1524", formerly in Hereford Cathedral: other 
 
 ' There were representations of the Surrey, vol. v. p. 85. 
 Eesurrection of our Lord at GilUiighani, "' See the engraving infra, in the de- 
 Kent, on the brass of John Bamnie and scription of canopies of the fifteenth 
 wife, (Thorpe, Regist. Eoff., p. 823); century. 
 
 and at Cranley, Surrey, on the brass of ° Tliis phite, which is nearly all that 
 
 llobt. Hardyng and wife, 1503. Aubrey's is left of the once magnilicent brass of
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL EMBLEilS. SAINTS, &C. 
 
 CV 
 
 instances are at Fovant, AYilts., 1492 ; March, Cambridge- 
 sbire, 1507; and Cirencester, Gloucestershire, (the brass 
 nearly all lost). 
 
 13. The Apostles, viz. St. Andrew, with a cross saltier; St. Bar- 
 tholomew, with a knife ; St. James the Great, with a pilgrirn^s 
 staff, wallet, escallop-shell, &c. ; St. James tlie Less, with a 
 fuller's bat, or a saw; St. John, with chalice and serpent; 
 St. Jude, with a boat in his hand, or a club ; St. Matlhew, 
 with a club, carpenter's square, or money-box ; St. Matthias, 
 with a hatchet, battle-axe, or sword ; St. Paul, with a sword ; 
 St. Peter, with one, or two keys ; St. Philip, with a tau cross, 
 a double cross, or a spear ; St. Simon, with fishes, and some- 
 times a saw ; St. Thomas, with an arrow, or spear. Figures 
 of the Twelve Apostles may be seen 
 at Lynn, Norfolk, 1349, and on the 
 orphreys of two priests in the cope, 
 c. 1510, at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 
 and Tattershall, Lincolnshire, both 
 evidently engraved by the same artist. 
 They were also probably on the fine 
 brass at Boston, Lincolnshire, 1398, 
 but two are now lost. 
 
 y. Other Saints, especially the follow- 
 ing : St. John Baptist, bearing the 
 Holy Lamb on a book, (St. Mary 
 de Crypt, Gloucester, 1529), or his 
 head carried by angels in a charger, 
 (Biggleswade, Beds., 1481); St. Anna 
 instructing the B. V. Mary, (Deer- 
 hurst, Gloucestershire, 1400) ; St./ 
 George, as a knight, spearing a Brass of wm. compiyn and wife, 
 dragon, (Elsing, Norfolk, 1347; hss, weex Hants. 
 
 Cobham, Kent, 1407); St. Christopher, carrying the Infant 
 Saviour on his shoulder across a river, and leaning on a rude 
 staff, occurs on brasses at Morley, Derbyshire, and singly 
 
 a priest holding a chalice, beneath a fine 
 canopy with saints at the sides, is in 
 the possession of J. B. Nichols, Esq. 
 Siuiilar desif^ns may be seen in Dug- 
 
 dale's engravings of the brasses for- 
 merly in the old Cathedral of St. Paul, 
 London. Another instance was formerly 
 at Wivcnhoe, Essex, 1507.
 
 cvi ECCLESIASTICAL EMBLRM3. EVANGELISTIC, SOUL. 
 
 with an inscription at Week, Hants., 1498 ; St. Catherine, 
 with a sword and wheel; St. Stephen and St. Laurence in 
 deacon's vestments, the former holding three stones, the 
 latter a gridiron °. 
 
 5. The Evangelistic Emblems. St. Matthew, an angel ; St. Mark, 
 a winged lion ; St. Luke, a winged ox ; St. John, an eagle. These 
 are usually with scrolls, and placed at the corners of the slab, 
 St. John at the upper dexter, and St. Matthew at the upper sinister 
 angle P. 
 
 6. The Soul of the deceased, on brasses and incised slabs of the 
 fourteenth century (especially on foreign ones, and on these as late 
 as the sixteenth century), is often represented naked, and held in a 
 sheet by a figure of Abraham. Examples occur over all the figures of 
 the large cano])ied foreign brasses in England of the fourteenth and 
 fifteenth centuries, and in the palimpsest fragment at St. Mawgan, 
 Cornwall, c. 1375, (see the engraving at p. xvi.) At Highara 
 Eerrers, Northants., 1337; Elsing, Norfolk, 1347; and Balsham, 
 Cambridgeshire, 1401, it is being conveyed upwards in the sheet 
 by two angels, and presented to the first and second Persons of the 
 Holy Trinity. On the arch of the canopy at Higham Eerrers is in- 
 scribed, Suscipiat me ipistus qui uocauit mc $c in sinu ahxa.\)S angcli Dctiucant mc. 
 
 " See the engraving at p. Ixx. The hair and a pot of ointment ; St. Michael, 
 following list includes nearly all tlie an angel in armoixr weighing souls; 
 other figures of saints which are to be St. Nicholas, a bishop with three naked 
 met' with on English brasses. Some of children in a tub; St. Pancnis, with 
 them occur without the emblems here a book and palm-branch, and tramp- 
 assigned to them : — St. Alban, with pro- ling on a Saracen armed with a sword; 
 cesslonal cross and sword ; St. Asaph, a St. Paula, a widow witli a nook ; St. Ra- 
 bishop ; St. Barbara, holding a chalice phael, a bishop ; St. Richard, a bishop 
 or tower; St. Blasius, a bishop with a with a chalice; St. Thomas of Canter- 
 woolcomb ; St. Brigitta, with a book bury, an archbishop ; St. Wenefrida, an 
 and hands extended; St. Edmund, a abbess with a hook ; St. Wilfrid, a bishop, 
 king with arrows; St. Edward, a king For full catalogues of the emblems of 
 ■with a sword; St. Ethelbert, a king saints, see Arch. Journ., vol. i. p. 53; 
 holding a church; St. Etheldreda, with Pugin's 'Glossary;' 'Hints,' publislied 
 a pastoral staff or sprouting tree ; St. by tlie Cambridge Camden Society ; and 
 Faith, holding a bundle of rods ; St. the ' Calendar of the Anglican Church, 
 Gabriel, an angel holding a lily ; St. He- IHustrated,' (Parkers, Oxford, 1851). 
 lena, crowned and with a large cross; Figm-es of prophets, usually, wearing 
 St. Huberr, a bishop with a stag having peculiar caps and holding scrolls, may 
 a cross between its horns; St. John the be seen on the foreign brasses. 
 Almoner, holding a loaf; St. Leonard, p See the engravings in this volume 
 with a pastoral staff and fetters; St. Mar- of brasses at Christ Church, Oxford 
 garet, with a cross thrust into a dragon's (p. Ixxx.), Higham Ferrers, Northants., 
 mouth; St. Maurice, in armour with a 1100, and Warbleton, Sussex, 1436. 
 sword; St. Mary Magdalen, with long
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL EMBLEMS. HEARTS. CVU 
 
 The soul and attendant angels, with the addition of an inscription 
 and shield, forms the memorial of Walter Beauchamp, c. 1430, 
 Checkendon, Oxon.'i 
 
 7. Hearts are usually on brasses before the Keformation, and held 
 in the hands : as at Buslingtliorp, c. 1310, and Broughton, c. 1370, 
 Lincolnshire; Aldborough, c. 1360^', and Brandsburton, 1397, 
 Yorks. ; Sheldwich, Kent, 1431 ; and Great Ormesby, Norfolk,. 
 c. 1440. The last example is the half-length figure of a lady hold- 
 ing a heart bearing an inscription, now nearly effaced, but probably 
 as follows : — 
 
 lErtI) mw hoism IE ^i\}C to tf)c, 
 on tn« soulc 31ju i)aue m'cB ». 
 
 The hearts are sometimes inscribed with jf^crcn, M)c, or 3)p iltcrnj, as 
 at Graveney, Kent, 1436; All Hallows' Barking, London, 1437; 
 Stifford, Essex, c. 1480 ; Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1484 ; Berkeley, 
 Gloucestershire, 1526; Higham Ferrers, Northants. : or represented 
 bleeding, as at Lillingstone Darrell, Bucks., 1446, and at St. Alban's 
 Abbey on the figure of Robert Beauner, monk, c. 1470, from whose 
 mouth a scroll issues, inscribed, " CTov munHum crca in me trcus," (see 
 the engraving on page Ixxxvi.) The passage from Job xix. 25, 26, is 
 frequently found in connexion with the heart, the latter being in- 
 scribed " QLxCoo," and the scrolls, usually three in number, continuing 
 the text, "qitoU lilcticmpior mcus," &c. Good examples held by the hands 
 are at Letchworth, Herts., 1475; and Chenies, Bucks., 1510; also 
 over a figure at Fawsley, Northants., 1516. Occasionally the heart, 
 scrolls, and inscription form the entire memorial ; as at Margate, Kent, 
 1433 t; Wiggenhall St. Mary, c. 1450, Kirby Bedon, c. 1450, Mar- 
 
 ■J The same emblem is found on stone knights of the fourteenth century, 
 effigies, as at Ely Cathedral on the ' The inscription is given according 
 monuraent of a Bishop formerly in St. to a reading suggested to the Author by 
 Mary's Church, (engraved in Specimens the Rev. E. S.Taylor, Curate of Ormesby. 
 of Anc. Ch. Plate, Sepulchral Crosses, In the engraving in Cotnian's Norfolk 
 &c., Oxford, 4to. 1843) ; on canopies of Brasses, vol. i. lA. 66, the inscription 
 tombs at Beverley Minster, Southfleet, is omitted. For a work of such pre- 
 Keiit, (both mutilated), and All Saints, tensions the plates are sadly inaccurate, 
 Derby (an incised slali), 1400,- at the the shading of the figures, for instance, 
 heads of Bp. Nortliwold, Ely Cathedral, being systematically omitted. 
 1254 ; and Aymer de Valence, West- « Engraved at the end of this Intro- 
 minster Abbey, 1323; perhaps also at duction. The inscription runs thus: 
 Minster, Sheppy (see Arch. Journ., vol. loic incct tjns 5Ii)0mn5 Smyth qtionBa 
 vi. p. 354), and Hitchenden, Bucks., bitaii' istt' ccclie qui ohijt t'cio tjit 
 held in the hands of the ligures. ©ctobris 'd.o tjni Jtio CCCCCDCCo mitjo 
 
 ' Engraved among the description of tui' aic gticift' Dtlts amen.
 
 CVIU ECCLESIASTICAL EMBLEMS. HEAKTS. 
 
 ilmm, 1487, Ranworth, c. 1530, Truncli, Merton (matrices), all in 
 Norfolk. Sometimes the heart is held by two hands issuing from 
 clouds; as at Loddon, Norfolk, 14G2; Elmstead, Essex, c. 1530; 
 Caverstield, Bucks., 1533 (?) ; and Southacre, Norfolk, c. 1450, 
 where the heart, now mutilated, bore the text (Ps. xxxi. 5), En 
 ma[mts tuas] tine comcn[tto spiiitum] mcu, rc[l3emisti me] K[nc trcus beritatis]. 
 It is said that such memorials indicate that the deceased was enabled 
 to perform a vow which he had made ; but more probably they have 
 different meanings, according to the inscriptions attached to them ", 
 and are generally intended to indicate a sincere trust in the promises 
 of God. Those held in the hands seem to embody the ancient in- 
 vitatory, " Sursum corda." 
 
 As the heart was often buried in a different church from that in 
 which the body of the deceased (especially if he died in a foreign 
 country) was laid, some of the brasses which have been just described 
 are probably placed over such interments. This was certainly the 
 case with the memorial of Sir Robert Kervill, at Wiggenhall St. Mary, 
 Norfolk ; it consisted of a heart surrounded by four scrolls, inscribed, 
 ©rate pro ala Oni laobcrti — [Itcrbilc jmilitjis tic Mpgcnak — filij lEtimunUt 
 feciuilc tic— [aeatigEniialc, cujus cor Ui Ijumatur]. "" The brass of Dame Anne 
 Muston, 1496, at Saltwood, Kent, is an angel issuing from clouds 
 and holding a heart ; beneath is an inscription commencing, • "Sere 
 \ici\) x'^t botocir of Dame "annc Jtluston.' A very late instance of the 
 same practice, probably engraved c. 1630, may be seen at Wedmore, 
 
 " See infra, the engraving of the brass Shropshire, to Edmond Cornwayle, Esq., 
 
 of Dr. Sperehawke, 1474, Hitchin, Herts., " who travelling to know forraiue coun- 
 
 illustrative of the use of the rebus. tries died at Coilenne the xiv. yeer of 
 
 * See Blomfield's Norfolk, vol. iv. p. Henry VI. and willed his servants to 
 
 180, and Boutell's Chr. Monuments, bury 1 is body there, and to enclose his 
 
 p. 112. In the wall of the chancel of heart in lead & carry it to Burford to 
 
 Cuberley Church, Gloucestershire, is a be buryed." Similar instances are af- 
 
 small half-length effigy, in stone, of a forded by the monuments at Winchester 
 
 knight in mail holding a heart. The Cathedral to Bp. Ethelmar de Valence, 
 
 following extract from Nash's Hist, of who died at Paris 1261 (a half elBg\), 
 
 Worcestershire, (vol. ii. p. 143,) clearly and at Merevvorth, Kent, to Sir Thos. 
 
 relates to this monument : " Doininus Neville, 1535, whose body was buried at 
 
 Gilbertus de Berkeley legavit corpus Berling. The former is engraved in 
 
 suum sepeliendmn in ecclesia Parve Mai- Boutell's Chr. Monuments, p. 118, the 
 
 vern, viz. in cancello ejusdem loci coram latter in Diummond's Noble British 
 
 imagine Sti Egidii et confessoris et cor Families. The Mereworth monument 
 
 suum sepeliri in cancella Sti Egidii de Cu- consists of two hands holding a heart, 
 
 berlege circa an. 1294 [e Beg. Gift'. 382. Two similar memorials, at Chichester 
 
 b.]" In the "Corrections and Additions" Cathedral, and Biedon, Worcestershire, 
 
 to the same volume (p. 79), is a notice of are engraved in Mr. Boutell's work, 
 
 a monument with a heart at Burford, pp. 113, 114.
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL EMBLEMS. HEARTS, FYLFOT, HOSES. 
 
 cn 
 
 Somerset, on a mural brass consisting of an inscription between two 
 standards, and above it a heart inscribed, ' Wovndecl not Vanqvislit' 
 and surrounded by laurels : it commemorates Captain Thomas Hodges, 
 "who at the seige of antweiipe about 1583 with vnconquerd courage 
 wonne two Ensignes from tlie enemy; where receiuing his last 
 wound he gaue three legacyes, his soule to his lord iesvs, his body 
 to be lodgd in Tlemish earth, his heart to be sent to his deare wife 
 
 in England. 
 
 „_..J 
 
 8. The Fylfot, a kind of cross potent rebated, 
 or cross cramponee. " It appears to have been 
 celebrated as a religious emblem or symbol at a 
 very remote period, being known in India and 
 China ten centuries previous to the Clu'istian era, 
 and called in the Sanskrit sioastica ; it was used 
 by a sect styling themselves ' doctors of reason 
 
 and followers of the mystic cross.'' Subsequently it was adopted by 
 the votaries of Buddha y," wlio, c. B.C. 600, founded a religious, or 
 rather philosophical, sect in opposition to the worship of Brahma ; 
 and it is met with on most of the Buddhist coins and inscrip- 
 tions from various parts of India. In Thibet it is said to have 
 been used as a representation of ' God crucified for the human 
 race,^ and it was introduced into Christian monuments as early 
 as the third century, being found in some early paintings of that 
 date in the Roman catacombs^. It occurs on runic obelisks at 
 Carew and Nevern % on a coin of J^thelred, King of Northumbria, 
 840 — 84S ^ and was a frequent ornament of the apparels of ecclesi- 
 astical vestments, belts, &c., in the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- 
 turies; after which date it is very rarely to be met with. An in- 
 stance as late as 1454 is at Chartham, Kent, and it also ornamented 
 the amice of Abbot Stoke, 1451, at St. Alban^s Abbey *^. 
 
 9. Roses were also used as religious emblems. Two of consider- 
 able interest remain, but have been removed from their original 
 
 f Waller's Brasses, pt. x. It is not 
 unfrequent on Chinese ware and bronzes. 
 
 ' Pugin"s Glossary of Eccles. Orna- 
 ment and Costume, voc. Fylfot. 
 
 * Engraved in the Areliieol. Journ., 
 vol. iii. p. 71. In tht se monuments it 
 may have been emplciyed simply as an 
 ornament without any religious import, 
 just as it is found on patterns of CJreeian 
 
 vases and Roman tessellated pavements : 
 it was used as a mason's mark on a 
 Koman altar found at Kisingham. See 
 an article in the Arcliseologia, vol. xxx. 
 fig. 157. 
 
 '' Hawkins' Silver Coins of England, 
 pi. ix. no. 119. 
 
 '^ The head, now lost, is engraved in 
 Cough's Sep. Mou., vol. ii. pi. Ixi. p. 168.
 
 ex 
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL EMBLEMS. ROSES. 
 
 positions. One was under the effigy (now lost) of a priest, c. 1410, 
 at St. Peter's, near St. Alban's, and is preserved in the Gough Col- 
 lection at the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The other, with an in- 
 scription in memory of John Killyngworth, 1412, was originally at 
 Edle.^borough, Bucks. ; it was afterwards removed to Pightlesthorne 
 Churcli, in the same 
 county, and is now in 
 the chapel of Ashridge 
 House, Herts. Both 
 these have this inscrip- 
 tion engraved upon 
 them, "1£ccc quoti cipfntii 
 {)nbui, quolj flonabi Ijabco, 
 quolr ncgnbi punior, quotr 
 sctbabi pcrOiDi." That 
 at St. Alban's has also 
 an English translation '\ 
 These two roses are no 
 doubt emblematical of 
 the transitory nature 
 
 of the life of min who ^'^"'^ '^''°™ ^ brass, UVl. now at Ashridge House, Herts. 
 
 "flourisheth as a flower of the field.^' The same reflection is ex- 
 pressed in an inscription on a brass at Bisham, Berks., 1581 : — 
 
 Ut Bosn mane bigct, tnmcn et max brspcrc languet, 
 Sic moDo qui fuimus, puluis ct timfcra sumus. 
 
 So also on the brass of John Maishall, canon, 1446, formerly at 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral : — 
 
 at rosa pallcgtit, turn solcm Sf ntit abcssc ; 
 Sic I;omo iDancscit ; nunc est, nunc ircsinit esse ^ 
 
 ^ An impression from the original 
 plate is given in Govigh's Sep. Men., 
 vol. ii. pt. 1, p. cccxxxv. The English 
 version is as follows : ' l£o al ti' f u' IE Spct 
 pt su t'mc l)ati E, "SI n« E ?af I goti net 
 pt notD I>iuc E, ijt nciifa' •jafnc let pt notn 
 able !F, pt E fecpc til E tort pt i^st n.' 
 See, too, the account (infra) of tlie 
 inscriptions of the fifteinth centnry. 
 Gough (loc. cit.) also mentions the in- 
 dents of similar roses at St. Alban's Ab- 
 bey, and Cropland Cluirch, Lincolnshire. 
 
 ' See Lincoln Catliedral ; an exact Copy 
 of all the Ancient Monumental Inscrip- 
 
 tions there, as they stood in mdcxli, 
 collected by Robert Sanderson, S.T.P., 
 &c., London and Lincoln, 1851, p. 33, 
 No. 120. The ancient Greeks and 
 Eomans were accustomed to use roses 
 ("nimium brevis fiores amcenos rosa?," 
 Hor. Od., ii. 3, 1. 13, 14) not only at 
 their feasts, but also to adorn the graves 
 of the dead. See Weever's Fun. Mon., 
 p. 13, where there is this quotation from 
 the ' Rosa' of Jo. Passeratius : — 
 
 Manibiis est imis Rosa grata et grata 
 Sepulcltris, 
 
 jEt Bosaflosjloriim.
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL EMBLEMS. ROSES, MORTALITY. 
 
 CXI 
 
 Roses are frequently subordinate ornaments of brasses : at Ely 
 Cathedral, 1554, they bear the evangelistic symbols; at Littleton, 
 Middx., c. 1460, the words 31)5— Jld'cy ; at Ashford, Kent, c. 1490, 
 an angel holding an inscription is encircled by a wreath with roses 
 sprouting from it. In the canopy of the brass of Abbot Kirton, 
 1460, at Westminster Abbey, (now lost,) was a rose inscribed 
 Jttavta : its centre bore the monogram il)c with a crown over it, and 
 round it were the words, " Sis rosa flos florum morbis mctJicma rcovum *." 
 The rose is here evidently an emblem of the Blessed Virgin, and it 
 may have some allusion to the rose of Jericho or St. Mary s. 
 
 10. Emblems of mortality, as bones and sculls strewed on the 
 ground, are occasionally found on brasses, as at St. Mary Tower 
 Church, Ipswich, c. 1475 ; St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, 
 1525; Waterpery, Oxon., 1527, (see the engraving on p. xlix.) 
 
 Weever also refers to the 51st Ode of 
 Anacreon in praise of the rose: — 
 rdSe Kol vScrotfftu apKil, 
 T<$5e kolI viKpols auvfii. 
 
 ' Engraved in Gough's Sep. Mon., 
 vol. ii. pt. iii. pi. 81, p. 210. 
 
 8 "Anastatica Hieroehuntina, the 
 Rose of Jericho, or Holy Rose, ... This 
 plant long preserves the power of ex- 
 pansion when immersed in water, hence 
 many wonderfnl stories are told of its 
 influence. It is called Kaf Maryan, or 
 Mary's Flower, in Palestine, where it is 
 believed that this plant opened at the 
 time of the birth of our Saviour." 
 Knight's English Cyclopajdia. M. F. 
 de Saulcy in his Narrative of a Journey 
 round the Dead Sea and in the Bible 
 Lands in 1850, 1851, ed. 1854, vol. i. 
 pp. 512, 513, givfs an account of the 
 same or a similar plant : " On this plain 
 [S.W. of the Dead Sea], which scarcely 
 exhibits a blade of grass, I perceive from 
 my saddle a kind of flower, having some 
 resemblance to a large, dried, Easter daisy 
 (Paquerette) ; it is quite open, well dis- 
 played upon the soil, and looks as if it 
 was alive. ..In the evening...! was quite 
 surprised to find the dead flowers closed 
 up, and as dry and hard as if they were 
 made of wood. I then recognised a 
 small flower, with a long tap-root, which 
 I had never seen alive... What prevented 
 me from ascertaining this identity at 
 first was, that one sample was gathered 
 in a state of moisture, while the other 
 w.. picked up perfectly dry. It was 
 
 then quite clear that this ligneous and 
 exceedingly tough vegetable possessed 
 peculiar properties, which developed 
 themselves hygrometrically with the 
 corresponding clianges of the soil and 
 atmosphere. I immediately tried the 
 experiment, and discovered that the 
 Kafl'-Maryam, the Rose of Jericho of 
 the pilgrims (Anastatica luerichunticd), 
 so celebrated for the same faculty, was 
 not to be compared to my recent dis- 
 covery. A Kafl'-Maryam, placed in 
 water, takes an hour and a-half before 
 it is entirely open ; whilst in the case of 
 my little flower, I watched it visibly ex- 
 panding, and, without exaggeration, the 
 change was complete in less than three 
 minutes. I then recollected the heraldic 
 bearing called the Rose of Jericho, which 
 is emblazoned on some escutcheons, dat- 
 ing from the time of the Crusades ; and 
 I became convinced that I had discovered 
 the real Rose of Jericho, long lost sight 
 of after the fall of the I.iatin kingdom of 
 Jerusalem, and replaced by the Anastati- 
 ca, or Kafl'-Maryam, which a Mussulman 
 tradition, accepted by Christians, pointed 
 out to the piety of the early pilgrims, who 
 inquired from the inhabitants of the 
 country what was the plant of the plain 
 of Jericho that never died, and came to 
 life again as soon as it was dipped in 
 water... My friend the Abbe Michon has 
 undertaken to describe this curious plant, 
 and has paid me the compliment of 
 naming it Saulcja hierichuntica."
 
 CXU ECCLRISIASTICAL EMBLKMS. HERALDIC DEVICES. 
 
 The placing of two bones crosswise, as seen on the last-mentioned 
 brass, probably originated from the crossing of the arms on the 
 breast in skeleton effigies. Figures of Death, usually with darts 
 pointed at his victim, occur on brasses after the latter part of the 
 sixteenth century. An earlier instance is at Biggleswade, Beds., 
 1481 : in this. Death, holding a spear, is represented as engaged 
 in conversation with a kneeling figure of the deceased, now lost; 
 below is an inscription, in which the two parts of the dialogue are 
 distinguished by the letters being alternately incised and in reliefs. 
 These devices appear to have been introduced into England from 
 the Continent. 
 
 II. Heraldic. The armorial bearings of the deceased are on 
 shields, either let into the corners of the slab, or suspended on the 
 canopy : or on the dresses of the figures, and sometimes on the 
 pommel of the knight^s sword. When their proper colours were 
 given, which was generally the case. Or was represented by the brass 
 being left projecting, and probably gilt ; Argent and Ermitie by a 
 M'hite mixed metal, and the other tinctures by coloured resinous 
 compositions '. These were melted and poured into cavities in the 
 brass prepared by hatching or scoring for their reception. Few 
 traces of the colouring matter now remain, owing to the expansion 
 and contraction of the brass, and defacement by footsteps. Mural 
 brasses, and those on altar tombs, from their colouring material 
 being less liable to injury, afford the most numerous instances of 
 this kind of decoration. Examples occur at Broxbounie, 1473, and 
 Standon, 1477, Herts.; Lambourne, Berks., c. 1480; Sprowston, 
 Norfolk, 1559, &c. 
 
 Knights had frequently their armorial bearings displayed on the 
 various dresses which they wore over their armour ''. The principal 
 
 •> A similar arrangement is on an In- shield as early as 1599, at Pensburst, 
 
 scription at Balsham, Cambridgeshire, Kent. 
 1462. ^ See the engravings of knights from 
 
 ' In some early brasses, enamel was Chartham, Kent, 1306; Aldborou^h, 
 
 used; see supra, p. xii. All the incised Yorks., c. 1360; Southacre, Norfolk, 
 
 lines of brasses were filled up with a 1384; and Qiiy, Cambridgeshire, c. 1465, 
 
 kind of pitch, to bring out the design. in the description of the armour of the 
 
 Pitch or mastic was also used for fasten- fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Good 
 
 ing them to their slabs. The modern examples of military effigies in tabards 
 
 method of expressing the tinctures by are at Great Snoring, Norfolk, 1423; 
 
 lines and dots may perhaps be seen on a Amberley, Sussex, 1424 ; Childrey,
 
 HERALDIC DEVICES. AMIS, CRESTS AND BADGES. 
 
 CXlll 
 
 of these was the tabard, introduced on brasses about the beginning of 
 
 the fifteenth century, and always covered with 
 
 armorial bearings. The heraldic charge was 
 
 very rarely engraven on the armour itself, as 
 
 at Sefton, Lancashire, where the cuirass of 
 
 Sir William Molyneux, 1548, is ornamented 
 
 with a cross mohne. 
 
 Ladies often bore arms on their dresses, 
 usually those of their husbands on their 
 mantles or cloaks, and their own on their 
 kirtles or gowns, as at Cardington, Beds., 
 c. 1530 ; but after the fifteenth century their 
 own are more frequently on the sinister side 
 of the mantle, their husbands' bearings oc- 
 cupying the dexter. The brass of Elizabeth 
 Knevet, 1518, at Eastington, Gloucester- 
 shire, is a good example of a lady in an 
 heraldic mantle '. 
 
 Crests and badges within wreaths on the 
 helmets beneath the head of km'ghts are 
 common, as at Great St. Helen's, London, 
 1510™. .They are also occasionally placed 
 beneath the feet ; e. g. a bear muzzled, Iselham, Cambridge, 1451 ; an 
 elephant, Tong, Salop, 1467 ; a whelk, Wollaton, Notts., 1467 (?) ; 
 a boar, Sawley, Derbyshire, 1467, 1478; an elephant and castle, 
 
 Elizabeth. Knevet, 1518, 
 EasUngtou, Gloucestershire. 
 
 Berks., 1444; Lowick, Northants., 1467; 
 St. Mary RedclifF, Bristol, 1475 ; Win- 
 wick, Lancashire, 1492; Asliby St. 
 Legers, Northants., 1494; Kettering- 
 haui, Norfolk, 1499 ; Impington, Camb., 
 1500 ; Milton, near Sittingbourne, Kent, 
 C. 1500; Ormskirk, Lancashire, c. 1500; 
 Olveston, Gloucestershire, 1505; Hun- 
 stanton, Norfolk, 1506; Aspedon, Herts., 
 1507; Swinbrook, Oxon, 1510; Wilne, 
 Derbyshire, 1513; Fawsley, Northants., 
 1516; Merton, Norfolk, 1520; Tid- 
 marsh, Berks., c. 1520 ; Wrotham, Kent, 
 1525 ; Chesterfield, Derbyshire, 1529(?); 
 Fairford, Gloucestershire, 1534 ; Thame, 
 Oxon., 1539; Faringdon, Berks., 1547; 
 Little Horkesley, Essex, 1549; Bcck- 
 enhani, Kent, 1552; Hainton, Lincoln- 
 shire, 1553; Loddon, Norfolk, 1561; 
 
 Strensham, Worcestershire, 1562, &c. 
 
 ' The arms on the lady's mantle are 
 quarterly of six : 1. Knevet, 2. Crom- 
 well, 3. Tatershall, 4. Cayley, or Clifton 
 
 quartering Cajley? 5. ? 6. ? 
 
 At the following places are good brasses 
 with single figures of ladies in heraldic 
 mantles: Enfield, Middx., 1446; Stoke, 
 1452 (e.l535). Long Melford, c. 1480, 
 Suffolk ; Lambeth, Surrey, 1535 ; Great 
 St. Helen's, Bishopgate-street, London, 
 c. 1535; Wivenhoe, Essex, 1537. Several 
 of the brasses mentioned in the last note 
 have figures of ladies in heraldic mantles 
 beside their husbands. 
 
 ■» Engraved at the end of the de- 
 scription of military brasses of the fif- 
 teenth century.
 
 CXIV 
 
 HERALDIC DEVICES. CRESTS AND BADGES. 
 
 "Wivenhoe, Essex, 1507, &c. Occasionally a badge was engraved 
 on the dress; thus a swan or pelican is embroidered on the collar of 
 Lady Peryent^ 1415, at Digswell, Herts. '^; a pelican collared and 
 chained, and on its nest, is on the circular plate in front of the 
 shoulder of an armed figure, c. 1430, of one of the Warren family, 
 at St. Michael's, Lewes, Sussex. Sometimes the slab in which the 
 brass was inlaid was powdered or sprinkled with badges, as at 
 Biggleswade, Beds., 1481, (crescents and escallops) ; Westminster 
 Abbey, 1471, (water bougets) ; or the words of the inscription were 
 divided by them, as at Wixford, Warwickshire, 1411 (feet). The 
 brass of Sir WiUiam Calthorp, 1420, at Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, 
 has in the spandrils of the canopy the badge of the family, " a hawk 
 belled and jessed, on a mount, holding a scroll in his beak, with the 
 motto pcnscr uc fyntr." The orphrey of the cope on the brass of 
 Robert Langeton, a kinsman of Bisliop Stafford, 1413, at Exeter 
 Cathedral, is ornamented with the Stafford knot. In the same 
 cathedral is the fine but much defaced brass of Sir Peter Courtenav, 
 1409, with his badge, a falcon pecking at a duck or smaller bird", 
 placed at the angles of the border inscription. 
 
 " See infra, the engraving illustra- 
 tive of ladies' head-dresses at the be- 
 ginning of the fifteenth century. 
 
 " This device occasioned a quarrel be- 
 tween Sir Peter and a Scottish knight. 
 Sir William Dalzcll. The latter " chanc- 
 ing to be at the court, he there saw Sir 
 Piers Courtenay, an English knight, re- 
 nowned for his skill in justing as well as 
 for the beauty of his person. He was 
 with much vanity parading the palace, 
 arrayed in a new mantle, bearing for 
 device an embroidered falcon with this 
 rhyme : — 
 
 ' I beare a falcon, fairest of flight, 
 W^ho so pinches at her, his death is (light. 
 In graith.' 
 
 The Scottish knight appeared next day 
 in a dress exactly similar to that of 
 Courtenay, but bearing a magpie in- 
 stead of the falcon, with a motto in- 
 geniously contrived to rhyme to the 
 vaunting inscription of Sir Piers: — 
 ' I beare a pie picking at a piece, 
 Who so piclis at her, I shall pick at his nese 
 (i.e. nose). 
 
 In faith.' 
 
 This affront could only be expiated by a 
 just a outrance, that is, with sharp 
 lances. In the course, Dalzell left his 
 
 helmet unlaced, so that it gave way at 
 the touch of his antagonist's lance, and 
 he thus avoided the shock of the en- 
 counter. This happened twice. In the 
 third encounter the handsome Courtney 
 lost two of his front teeth. As the 
 Englishman complained bitterly of Dal- 
 zell's fraud in not fastening his helmet, 
 the Scottishman agreed to run six courses 
 more, each champion staking in the 
 hand of the king two hundred pounds, 
 to be forfeited if, on entering the lists, 
 any unequal advantage should be de- 
 tected. This being agreed to, the wily 
 Scot demanded that Sir Piers, in addition 
 to the loss of his teeth, should consent 
 to the extinction of one of his eyes, he 
 himself having lost an eye at the fight 
 of Otterburn. As Courtenay demurred, 
 Dalzell demanded the forfeit, which, 
 after much altercation, the king ap- 
 pointed to be paid to him, saying. He 
 surpassed the English both in wit and 
 valour." Bower, quoted by Sir Walter 
 Scott in Meyrick's Ancient Armour, vol. 
 ii. pp. 64, 65. Sir Walter explains ' In 
 graith' as 'in armour,' perhaps it means 
 •^speedily.' In 1393,"Cookborne, Esquire 
 of Scotland, challenged Sir Nicholas Haw-
 
 HERALDIC DEVICES. MOTTOES, &C. CSV 
 
 Mottoes are rarely met with on brasses : instances occur at Great 
 Tew, Oxon., c. 1410, 'In on is a\^ ;' at Lowic, 'Da gloriam Deo/ 
 and at Newnham, ^God send gud ende/ both of the date li67, and 
 in Northants. ; at Sawston, Cambridgeshire^ c. 14S0, 'A dew en 
 Blayne;' at All Saints, Stamford, Lincolnshire, 1489, 'Christ me 
 spede;' formerly at Netley Abbey, c. 1500, 'So have I cause,' en- 
 twined round the Compton badge, a fire-beacon ; at Broxbourne, 
 Herts., 1531, ' Espoier en dieu,' ' I trust in God ;' at West Mailing, 
 Kent, c. 1535, Toyes Toute,' &c. 
 
 Canting, or allusive, arms are very common, as might be expected 
 from the fondness for punning in the middle ages ; a practice which 
 has been noticed in the account of the inscriptions on brasses. As 
 an instance may be mentioned the arms of Thos. Salle, Esq., 1423, 
 Stevington, Beds., two salamanders saliant in saltire. 
 
 It was customary for those who had held office under the sove- 
 reign, or were in his favour and confidence, to adopt the royal arms 
 or badges on their tombs i; it may not therefore be irrelevant to 
 the subject before us, to notice briefly some examples which are 
 to be found on brasses. 
 
 Edward the Third was the first Enghsh monarch who employed 
 the quartering of arms. He bore Azure, semee of fleur-de-lys or, 
 France; quartering Gules, three hons passant guardant or, England. 
 Tlie former arms he assumed in 1340, having three years before 
 taken the title of King of Erance. His figure on the brass at 
 Elsing, Norfolk, 1347, exhibits these arms^'. 
 
 Hichard the Second bore the same arms, impaled occasionally with 
 those attributed to St. Edward the Confessor, Azure, a cross patonce 
 between five martlets or. These arms may be seen on the brasses 
 of Abp. Waldeby, 1397, Westminster Abbey, and Sir Simon de 
 Felbrigge, 1416, Eelbrigg, Norfolk. On the latter brass, the white 
 
 berke. Knight, [whose brass is at Cob- 1400; Twickenham, Middlesex (Rich, 
 
 ham, Kent,] and rode five courses, but Burton, royal cook), 1443; Sawbridge- 
 
 Cookborne was borne over horse and worth, Herts., 1433, 1484. 
 
 man." Ibid., p. 65. "■ They are also on the brass of John 
 
 p On the brass of Geoffrey Pedde, Sleford (1401, Balshiun, Cainb.), impal- 
 
 1408, formerly at Great Grimsby, Lin- ing Hainault for Queen Pliilippa, to 
 
 colnsliire, was a scroll over the head of wliom Sleford was chaplain. It was a 
 
 the figure, inscribed, ' In God is all common practice for priests to have the 
 
 quoth Pidde.' Gough's Collections for arms of their patrons on their brasses; 
 
 Lincolnshire, No. 11, p. 8, in the Bod- as at Flamstead, Herts., and Middle 
 
 leian Library, Oxford. Claydon, Bucks. 
 
 1 e.g., at l)cerhurst, Gloucestershire,
 
 CXVl 
 
 HERALDIC DEVICES. ROYAL ARMS AND BADGES. 
 
 Collar of SS. Sir John Drayton, 14] 1, 
 Dorcliester, Oxon. 
 
 liartj the badge of Richard II., also occurs; and it still remains, 
 together with the planta genista, on the fragment of the brass "of 
 Sir John Golafre, 1396, at Westminster Abbey. 
 
 In the first half of the fifteenth century 
 the Collar of SS. frequently appears on the 
 monuments of distinguished persons of 
 both sexes*. It was a badge of the 
 house of Lancaster, and Henry IV. was 
 the first sovereign who granted it to the 
 nobility. It is worn by Sir Thos. Burton, 
 13S1, at Little Casterton, Rutland; but the execution of this brass 
 is probably thirty years later '. The wearing of this collar was re- 
 stricted, in the reign of Henry A'^III., to persons who were not below 
 the grade of knight. It is rarely, if ever, found on brasses so late 
 as this sovereign. Instances at the end of the fifteenth century are 
 at Apsley Guise, Bedfordshire, and Little Bentley, Essex. 
 
 Henry V. was the first of our kings who bore France modern. 
 Azure, three fleur-de-lys or; the number of fleur-de-lys having been 
 reduced by Charles YI. of France. 
 
 The Collar of Suns and Roses, the badge of 
 Edward IV., occurs on brasses at Broxbourne, 
 Herts., 1473 ; Rougham, Norfolk, c. 1470 ; 
 Sawley, Derbyshire, 1478 ; St. Alban's, 1480; 
 Little Easton, Essex, 1483 ; Lillingstone Lovell, 
 Oxon., 1471*, (S:c. 
 
 The Portcullis, a badge of the Beauforts and 
 adopted by the Tudors, is attached to SS. collars of knights at 
 Muggington, Derbyshire, c. 1475, and Little Bentley, Essex, 1490; 
 and without the SS. collar, at Hutton, Somerset, 1528. 
 
 Besides the above collars, others of a more simple kind were 
 worn. Those represented on brasses are usually either plain, or 
 ornamented with stars, quatrefoils, &c., as at Taplow, Bucks., 1455. 
 The efagy of Thomas Lord Berkeley, 1417 (1392), Wotton-under- 
 
 CoIl:ir of Sliiis axid Rosea. 
 
 C'ounteHS of Essex, 1483, 
 
 little Easton, Essex. 
 
 ■ It is worn by Lady Delamare, 14.35, 
 at Hereford Cathedral, but not by her 
 husband; also by Kobert de Haitfield, 
 attired as a civilian, and his wife, 1409, 
 Owston, Yorks. The origin and mean- 
 ing of the collar of SS. are very obscure. 
 The usual explanation is that it is a re- 
 petition of the initial letter of Henry the 
 
 Fourth's favourite motto, ' Soveraigne,' 
 borne by him while Earl of Derby, and 
 retained at his accession as being of 
 good omen. Mr. J. G. Nichols has sug- 
 gested that it was the initial of the 
 great office of Seneschallus or Steward 
 of England enjoyed by John of Gaunt. 
 ' See p. xlv.
 
 HERALDIC DEVICES. ARMS OF COMPANIES. CXVll 
 
 Edge, Gloucestershire, exhibits a collar of mermaids, a cognizance of 
 the Berkeleys. In the sixteenth century chain collars were used by 
 every officer of the royal household who in virtue of his office 
 ranked as an Esquire. The figures of Robert Rochester, serjeant 
 of the pantry, 1514, Great St. Helen's, and William Thinne, 1546, 
 All Hallows' Barking, London, are thus adorned. On brasses, 
 however, these collars are not always added. On those of the reign 
 of Henry VIII. gold chains are often worn round the neck. The 
 wearing of them was limited to those who could afford to spend 
 £200 a-year ". 
 
 Eive brasses only remain of knights belonging to the order of 
 the Garter : Sir Peter Courtenay, 1409, much defaced, Exeter 
 Cathedral, Sir Simon de Eelbrigge, 1416, Felbrigg, Norfolk, and 
 Sir Thomas Camoys, 1424, Trotton, Sussex, who wear the garter 
 simply; Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, 1483, Little Easton, 
 Essex, who has also the mantle; and Sir Thomas BuUen, 1538, 
 Hever, who is attired in the full insignia of the order. The ef^gy 
 of Thomas de Woodstock, 1397, formerly at Westminster Abbev, 
 resembled the last, but was not in armour ^. 
 
 Members of the various merchant-companies and guilds have the 
 arms of their respective societies on their brasses; and they often 
 bore them quartered with their merchants' marks, as on the brass of 
 John Terri, 1524, at St. John's Madderinarket, Norwich; practices 
 which were viewed with much jealousy by the heralds. To com- 
 plete this part of the subject, it is necessary to give the names of 
 the chief companies and their armorial bearings. 
 
 The Merchants of the Staple of Ctilais, the most important com- 
 pany of foreign merchants, were incorporated by Edward III. after 
 the capture of Calais y. Their arms were, Barry nebulee of six 
 
 " Cotman, Norf. Brasses, p. xviii. Tlie corporation had its own laws and 
 
 '^ His curious brass is engraved in officers, and was exempt from the juris- 
 
 Sandford's Genealogical History of Eng- diction of the oi-dinary magistrates. At- 
 
 land, p. 230. tempting to carry the merchandise of 
 
 y In 1353 the staple was " regulated the staple to other than the appointed 
 
 by statute [27 Edw. III. st. 2]. The ports was strictly forbidden, and it was 
 
 five great or staple commodities of the even made felony for any but the au- 
 
 kingdom were wool, woolft-lls, leather, thorized merchants to deal in the staple 
 
 lead, and tin, and these were allowed to goods." "The staple towns wire London, 
 
 be dealt in for exportation only by a Bristol, Canterbury, Chicluster, Exeter, 
 
 corporation called the mercha»its of the Lincoln, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Norwich, 
 
 staple, and in certain specified towns, and York; Caermarthen in Wales; and 
 
 where they were disposed of to foreigners. Dublin, Cork, Urogheda, and Waterford
 
 CXVlll HERALDIC DEVICES. ARMS OF COMPANIES. 
 
 argent and azure, on a chief gules, a lion passant guardant or. 
 Examples, Staiidon, Herts., 1477; Nortlileacli, Gloucestershire, 
 1526; St. Andrew's Undershaft, London, c. 1570. 
 
 The Merchant-Adventurers, or Hamburgh Merchants, to whom 
 Edward I. granted a charter in 1296, were next in importance. 
 They bore Barry nebulce of six argent and azure, a chief quarterly 
 gules and or, on the first and fourth quarters, a lion passant guard- 
 ant of the fourth ; on the second and third, two roses of the third, 
 barbed vert. Examples are common, e. g., Wooburn, Bucks., c. 
 1520; St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, 1524; Eaversham, 
 1533, and Stone, 1574, Kent. 
 
 There were several other merchant companies, but their arms are 
 hardly ever to be met with on brasses ^. It may be noticed, how- 
 ever, that those of the later companies, of the Levant, Eussia, and 
 East India merchants, are on the brass of John Eldred, the cele- 
 brated navigator, 1632, at Great Saxham, Suffolk. The arms of 
 the last-mentioned company are also on the brass of William Dog- 
 gett, 1610, at Boxford, Suffolk. 
 
 The arms of several of the great London companies are of fre- 
 quent occurrence on brasses : the following are the twelve which are 
 called the principal. 
 
 The Mercers' Company, incorporated in 1394, was the chief. 
 Their arms were. Gules, a demi-virgin couped below the shoulders, 
 issuing from clouds, all proper, vested or, crowned with an eastern 
 crown of the last, her hair dishevelled, and wreathed round the 
 temples with roses of the second, all within an orle of clouds proper. 
 Examples are very common ; e. g. Iligham Eerrers, Northants., 
 1504; St. Mary Tower Church, Ipswich, 1506; Much Hadham, 
 Herts., 1582. 
 
 in Ireland; and often Middleburgb in English language, signifies the stay or 
 
 Zealand, and Calais; but the staple was hold of anything, "or from the French 
 
 several times removed from the latter word estape, id eat, forum vinarium, be- 
 
 towns in consequence of war." Annals of cause to those places whither our Eng- 
 
 England, 1855, vol. i. pp. 389, 390. The lish merchants brought their commodi- 
 
 following towns also appear to have had ties, the French would also meete them 
 
 a staple : Boston, Hull, Queenborough, with theirs, which most of all consisteth 
 
 Winchester, and Yarmouth. Consider- in wines." Weever's Fun. Mon., p. 342. 
 able revenue accrued to the sovereign ^ The brass of Drew Saunders, Gent., 
 
 from the duty imposed upon the export 1579, at Hillingdon, Middx., designates 
 
 of the staple goods. The word staple, him as belonging to "the right wour- 
 
 as applied to a town, may be derived shipfull companye of merchauntes of 
 
 from stapel, which, in the Saxon or old the Estaple of England."
 
 HERALDIC DEVICES. ARMS OF LOXDOX COMPANIES. CXIX 
 
 The Grocers, incorporated in 1346, had arms granted them in 
 1531 ; Argent, a chevron gules, between nine cloves sable. Ex- 
 amples : Finchley, Middx., 1610; North Walsh am, Norfolk, 1625. 
 
 The Drapers, founded in 1332, were incorporated in 136-1. The 
 arms, granted to them in 1439, were. Azure, three clouds radiated 
 proper, each adorned with a triple crown or. These are not unfre- 
 quent on brasses; instances are at Stone, Kent, 1574, and Wal- 
 thamstow, Essex, to Sir Geo. Monox, Lord Mayor in 1514, who 
 died 1543. 
 
 The Fishmongers were a very ancient body, consisting of two 
 companies, the Stock and the Salt fishmongers. The arms of the 
 former were. Azure, two lucies in saltire argent, with coronets over 
 their mouths or : those of the latter. Azure, on a chief gules, three 
 pair of keys, indorsed in saltier or : they occur at Wooburn, Bucks., 
 c. 1520, and were formerly at Bisham, Berks., 1517. These arms 
 were combined when the two companies were finally united in 1534. 
 
 The Goldsmiths were also a very ancient company : they were in- 
 corporated in 1327, and bore Gules, a leopard's head or, quartered 
 with azure, a covered cup between two buckles of the second. These 
 are not unfrequently met with, as at Sandon, c. 1510, and Upminster, 
 Essex; Thorpe, Surrey, 1583; Datchet, Bucks., 1593; Utford, 
 Suffolk, 1598; St. Martin-le-Grand, York, 1614, &c. 
 
 The Merchant-Tailors, incorporated in 1466, and again in 1503, 
 bore Argent, a royal tent between two parliament robes gules, lined 
 ermine, the tent garnished or, tent-staff and pennon of the last ; on 
 a chief azure, a lion passant guardant or. These may be seen on 
 brasses at St. Martin Outwich, London, 1500; Luton, Beds., 1524 ; 
 Standon, Herts., 1557; Dunstable, Beds., 1640. 
 
 The Skinners, incorporated in 1327, and confirmed in 1395, had 
 these arms : Ermine, on a chief gules three princes^ crowns com- 
 posed of crosses pattee and fleur-de-lys or, with caps of the first 
 tasselled of the third. 
 
 The Haberdasliers' Company obtained its charter in 1447. The 
 arms granted them in 1571 were, Barry nebulee of six argent and 
 azure, on a bend gules a lion passant guardant or. Examples : St. 
 Andrew's Undershaft, London, c. 1570 ; Feversham, Kent, c. 1580 ; 
 South IVIimms, Middx. 
 
 The Saltcrs, chartered in 1364, were incorporated in 1530, when 
 they had these arms granted to them : Per chevron azure and gules.
 
 CXX HERALDIC DEVICES. ARMS OF COMPANIES, CITIES, &C. 
 
 three sprinkling salts argent. They are on a brass at All Hallows' 
 Barking, London, c. 1535. 
 
 The Ironmongers, incorporated in 14G2, bore Argent, on a chevron 
 gules three swivels or, (the middle one paleways, the other two witli 
 the line of the chevron,) between three steel gads azure. 
 
 The Yintners, chartered in 1365, incorporated in 1437, bore 
 Sable, a chevron between three tuns argent. 
 
 The Clothworkers, incorporated in 1482, confirmed in 1528, had 
 these arms granted to them in 1530: Sable, a chevron ermine be- 
 tween two habicks in chief argent, and a tezel in base slipped or. 
 
 The arms of other companies are occasionally found, as those of 
 the Brewers, (Gules, on a chevron argent, between three pair of bar- 
 ley garbs in saltier or, three tuns sable, hooped of the third,) on 
 a brass at All Hallows' Barking, London, 1592; the Stationers, 
 on the brass of John Day the printer, 1584, at Little Bradley, 
 Suffolk. 
 
 Sometimes the arms of cities, especially those of London and 
 Bristol, are placed on the brasses of merchants and others who had 
 held civil offices in them. The latter citv ranked next to London, 
 and had several incorporated companies ; its arms are Gules, a castle 
 on a hill by the sea side, and a stern of a ship under full sail passing 
 by, all proper. These may be seen on mural brasses at Waltham- 
 stow, Essex, 1543; Burnett, Somerset, 1575, &c. The arms o 
 London are on brasses at Walthamstow, Essex, 1543; Eaversham, 
 Kent, c. 1580; Much Hadham, Herts., 1582; Einchley, Middx., 
 1610 ; Great Saxham, Suffolk, 1632, &c. : those of Eaversham, Kent, 
 in its parish church, 1533; those of Coventry, in St. Michael's Church, 
 c. 1600; those of Norwich, at St. John's Maddermarket, 1524; those 
 of York, in Holy Cross Church, in their respective cities. 
 
 Shields are frequently found accompanied with an inscription 
 only; good examples of which are at All Hallows' Barking, c. 1380 
 (an inscription surrounding a sliield), and Eelbrigg, Norfolk,^ 14 11*. 
 An early instance of this kind was a curious brass lately at Stanton 
 Harcourt, Oxon., consisting of a shield bearing the arms of Har- 
 court and Beke dimidiated, and let into a circular stone about two 
 feet in diameter. This has been suj)posed to commemorate Sir 
 John Harcourt, 1330, but it more probably is the memorial of his 
 
 " The shield is now lost ; the original charge was. Or, a lion ramp. gu. Felbrigg.
 
 PROFESSIONAL DEVICES. 
 
 CXXl 
 
 father Sir Richard, who married Margaret, daughter of Sir John 
 Beke, of Eresby, Lincolnshire, and died 1293. The circular stone 
 
 Brass of George Felbrigg, Esq., 
 1411, Felbrig^, Norfolk:. 
 
 Shield, Stanton Harcourt, Oxon. 
 
 in which the brass is inlaid is probably intended for a millstone, and 
 to form a kind of rebus with the arras of Beke, a cross moline. 
 
 III. Professional, or personal devices which are not heraldic. 
 
 The most important that may be included under this head are 
 those which have reference to some particular incident in the life of 
 the person commemorated ; such as the engraving placed under the 
 principal figures on the brass of Robert Braunche and wives, 1364, 
 at St. Margaret's, Lynn, Norfolk, and supposed by Mr. Gough to 
 represent "some grand anniversary celebrated in this wealthy town, 
 perhaps the feast of St. Margaret their patroness, or the fair day 
 granted them by King John, or perhaps the mayor's feast, when 
 Mr. Braunche held that office, in 1349 or 1359 \" At a long table, 
 covered with dishes, drinking vessels, &c., are seated nine men and 
 three women. Tlie first figure on the left is made prominent by a 
 more ornamented cap and richer dress than the rest ; a man, in de- 
 fensive armour only and kneeling on one knee, places near him on 
 the table a peacock in a dish. At the same end of the table stand 
 
 '• Gough's Sep. Mon., vol. i. p. 115, 
 where there is also an account of the 
 " peacock feasts," and the ancient and 
 distinguished family of Braunche. See 
 also Cotman's Norf. Brasses, vol. i. pp. 
 
 4, 5, where it is suggested that the 
 feast alluded to may have been given 
 by Braunche to Edward III. and his 
 court, when they visited Lynn in 1344.
 
 CXXll PROFESSIONAL DEVICES. 
 
 five figures; two are musicians, one playing on the violin, the other 
 on the guitar, and three are females, the first bringing another pea- 
 cock. At the right end of the table stand four figures, the first a 
 female presenting a peacock to the man who sits at that end, the 
 other three musicians blowing trumpets. 
 
 The winning of a suit by Bishop Wyvill is commemorated on his 
 brass at Salisbury Cathedral, 1375 : a castle, intended for that of 
 Sherborne % with its keep and outer ward, is here represented, about 
 which the Bishop had a dispute with William Montacute, Earl of 
 Salisbury. In the centre under an arch appears a half-length figure 
 of tlie Bishop in episcopal vestments ; beneath this figure, without 
 the door of the outer ward, stands his champion ready to maintain his 
 cause by judicial combat, attired in a close leathern coat or 'jack/ 
 with his breeches, hose, and shoes all of one piece : in his right hand 
 he holds his double-pointed baton, or croc, technically called ' fustis 
 cornutus,' in his left a shield ''. The ground in front of the castle 
 is covered with trees and a rabbit warren, and is perhaps intended 
 for the chase of De la Bere, which the Bishop also recovered to the 
 church of Salisbury. 
 
 The two standards captured by Sir "William Molyneux at Flodden- 
 field were represented on his brass at Sefton, Lancashire ; one only, 
 that of the Earl of Huntley, now remains. Similarly, two ensigns 
 won from the enemy by Captain Thomas Hodges, at the siege of 
 Antwerp, 1583, are pourtrayed on his brass at Wedmore, Somerset. 
 The feat of agility exhibited by John Selwyn before Queen Eliza- 
 beth, and depicted on his brass at Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, 
 1587, has been already described (at page xxxiv.) ; the charity of 
 Thomas Mountague, who, on his brass at Winkfield, Berks., 1630, 
 
 « The castle of Sherborne, in Dorset- the bishop brought his champion to the 
 shire, had been seized by King Stephen lists, cloathed in white, with his lord- 
 in 1134; in 1258 it was delivered to ship's arms on his surcoat. The earl's 
 Stephen Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, champion was habited in the same man- 
 and in 1337 Edward III. granted it to ner. Both were preparing to engage, 
 Wni. Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, and when an order was brought from the 
 Catherine his wife, for his services king to defer the dispute to another 
 against Mortimer. In 1355 the Bishop day. In the meantime matters were 
 brought a writ against him. " The compromised, the earl ceding the castle 
 claims of the respective parties were so to the bishop and his successors on pay- 
 complicated, that it was thought impos- ment of 2,500 marks." Meyrick's Anc. 
 sible to determine them by legal issue. Armour, vol. ii. p. 43. 
 and they were consequently referred to ^ See Carter's Anc. Sculpt, and Paint., 
 single combat. At tlie time appointed, p. 120.
 
 PROFESSIONAL DEVICES OF FOUNDERS, BISHOPS, &C. CXxiii 
 
 is represented as giving away loaves to the poor ; and the crutch 
 placed beside the figure of William Palmer " wyth ye Sty It," at 
 Ingoldmels, Lincolnshire, 1520, are similar instances. 
 
 The figures of founders of churches, &c., 
 bear churches in miniature, as at Cobham, 
 Kent, c. 1365 ; North Creak, Norfolk, c. 
 1500; and Co\vthorpe,yorks., 1494. There 
 is the matrix of a brass at Tormarton, Glou- 
 cestershire, to Sir John de la Riviere, c. 
 1350, representing him within a floriated 
 cross, and holding a church : (see the en- 
 graving on the next page^). 
 
 The memorials of Bishops and Abbots 
 sometimes consisted simply of a pastoral 
 stafl" and an inscription, of which the tomb- 
 stone at Dorchester, Oxon., of Abbot Sutton, 
 1349, now stripped of its brass, is an in- 
 stance : (see the engraving at page Ivii.) On 
 the Continent similar examples were fre- 
 quent f. After the Reformation a mitre was substituted for the 
 pastoral-staff, as at Wells Cathedral, 1626 ; Bredon, Worcestershire, 
 1650; Westminster Abbey, 1661. 
 
 The effigy at Ely Cathedral, of Bishop Goodrich, Keeper of the 
 Great Seal, 1554, holds a Bible and a great seal in his right hand. 
 
 Priests sometimes hold chalices in their hands, usually with the 
 eucharistic wafer placed upright over them : (see engravings at pages 
 xlvi., Ixiv.) Two instances remain, one at Walton-on-Trent, 
 Derbyshire, c. 1500, the other in private possession, c. 1520, in 
 
 An Ecclesiastic (?). 0. 1500, 
 North Creak, Norfolk. 
 
 * lu the lower part of the stem of the 
 cross a modern inscription has been in- 
 serted. See also the account of the 
 brass at Verden, supra, p. xiii. note p. 
 
 ' The custom of carving pastoral- 
 staves, chalices, swords, bows, imple- 
 ments of work or trade beside the crosses 
 on the stone coffin-lids of the twelfth 
 and following centuries, doubtless gave 
 rise to their adoption on brasses. Several 
 instances of such memorials are given in 
 Mr. Cutts' Manual of Monumental Slabs, 
 and Mr. Boutell's Christian Monuments. 
 At pages 52, 53 in the latter work, are 
 
 engravings of matrices from Thornton 
 Abbey, and Ainderby, Yorkshire, siuiilar 
 to that at Dorchester. The slab at 
 Ainderby is also engraved in Whitaker's 
 llichmondshire, vol. i. p. 260 ; at p. 33 i 
 in the same work is an engraving of a 
 coffin-lid at Middleham, having a crozier 
 sculptured on it. Two monuments of 
 the same kind still remain at Flaxley 
 Abbey, Gloucestershire, one of them is 
 engraved in Mr. Boutell's (Jhr. Moti., 
 p. 55, and in " Specimens of Ancient 
 Church riate," &c.
 
 CXXIV 
 
 PERSONAL DEVICES OP FOUNDERS. 
 
 Matrix of the brass of Sir John de la Riviere, c. 1350, 
 Tormarton, Gloucestershire.
 
 PROFESSIONAL DEVICES OF PRIESTS, &C. 
 
 cxxv 
 
 which the priest is represented as blessing the chalice and wafers. 
 The chalice was sometimes placed beside the figure, as at Aldbourne, 
 Wilts., 1508, and Blockley, Worcestershire, 1488 ^. In the sixteenth 
 century chalices were found accompanied by an inscription only : ex- 
 amples are frequent in Norfolk, as at Attlebridge, Old Buckenham, 
 Buxton, Catfield, Coluey, Hedenham, North Walsham, &c. ; at Hol- 
 well, Beds. ; Shorne, Kent ; Gazeley, Suffolk. These kind of brasses 
 seem to have originated in Yorkshire, in which county are the earliest 
 examples : at Bishop's Burton, 1460 ; St. Michael's, Spurriergate, 
 York, 1466 ; and St. Peter's, Leeds, 1469 '. The 
 brass of Wm. Richers, Vicar, at Bawburgh, Nor- 
 folk, 1531, is a good instance of these memorials; 
 the chahce and wafer are supported by two hands 
 (the thumbs only being visible) issuing from clouds. 
 Books were often represented as held by priests, 
 especially after the Reformation, as at Coleshill, 
 Warwickshire, 1566; Salisbury Cathedral, 1578. 
 Earlier examples are at Adderley, Salop, c. 1390 ; 
 Beeford, Yorks., 1472; and Carlisle Cathedral, 1496. 
 
 Students of Law also have books in their hands : instances are at 
 Iselham, Cambridgeshire, 1574, and Great Bookham, Surrey, 1668. 
 Judges sometimes hold scrolls, e.g., at Norbury, Derbyshire, 1538; 
 Harefield, Middx., 1544; Aston, Warwickshire, 1545. 
 
 Knights have no peculiar devices besides their arms, unless we 
 are to consider the lions and dogs beneath their feet as emblematical 
 of the virtues of courage, generosity, and fidelity indispensable to 
 their profession J. One or two little dogs are often at the feet of 
 ladies; they are probably intended for some favourite animal, as 
 they are often represented fawning on their mistresses, as at Harp- 
 ham, Yorks., 1418; Arundel, Sussex, 1430; Bigbury, Devon, 
 
 Ciialice. Bavrburgh, 
 Norfolk, 1531. 
 
 K A third instance was on the brass 
 of John Cave, 1471, Stanford, Leicester- 
 shire, engraved in Nichols's Leicester- 
 shire, vol. iv. pi. 52, p. 356. This atti- 
 tude appears to have been common on 
 incised slabs. 
 
 '' See p. xxiv. 
 
 * Matrices of chalices are at St. Mi- 
 chael's Coslany, Norwich; Worstead, 
 Hingham, and Carbrooke, in Norfolk; 
 St. Peter's, Cambridge; St. Margaret's, 
 
 Rochester, &c. 
 
 J The idea of placing a helmet be- 
 neath the head of the knight, and his 
 faithful dog reposing at his feet, may 
 have been suggested by the soldier's 
 actual practice when on military service. 
 The recumbent posture of sculptured 
 effigies rendered some supports to the 
 head and feet indispensable, and these 
 accessories were naturally reproduced 
 in early brasses, although not needed.
 
 CXXVl 
 
 PROFESSIONAL DEVICES OF KNIGHTS, &C. 
 
 John BonreU, 1331, 
 Broxboiime, Herts." 
 
 c. 1460 ; Eaveningham, Norfolk, 1483, fee* ; 
 and two instances have been noticed in which 
 the name has been added : ®crri, at Deerhurst, 
 Gloucestershire, and iabfec, on a fine brass for- 
 merly at Ingham, Norfolk, 1438*. Lions 
 are rarely found at the feet of ecclesiastics, 
 civihans, or ladies; instances of each respec- 
 tively may be seen at Heme, c. 1450, Gra- 
 veney, 1436, Kent; Childrey, Berks., 1444. 
 At the feet of a lady, c. 1410, at St. Stephen's, 
 Norwich, are two beggars, or friars, seated, 
 and holding crutches and beads", an arrange- 
 ment which is not uncommon on stone effigies. 
 
 Sir Simon de Felbrigge, 1416, Felbrigg, 
 Norfolk, who was "vexillarius" to Richard 
 the Second, supports a banner with the royal 
 arms °. 
 
 Serjeants-at-arms bore maces surmounted 
 with crowns : in an example, much defaced, 
 remaining at Wandsworth, Surrey, 1420, the 
 
 •' Beneath the figure of the lady (Mar- 
 garet Castyll) is also a dragon, probably 
 intended as an emblem of the saint after 
 whom the lady was named. See Cot- 
 man's Brasses, vol. i. p. 24. 
 
 ' Engraved in Cotman's Brasses, vol. 
 i. pi. xxii. p. 19, from an impression pre- 
 served in the British Museum. In this 
 instance the dog is beneath one of the 
 feet of the knight, and is evidently in- 
 tended for a portrait, as is perhaps the 
 case at Strelly, Notts., 1487. A dog, on 
 which rest the feet of a sculptured effigy 
 of one of the Reynes family, at Clifton 
 Reynes, Bucks., bears its name BO on its 
 collar, the date is probably the end of 
 the fourteenth century. See Arch. Journ., 
 vol. xi. p. 154. Perhaps these examples 
 may explain the reason of the introduc- 
 tion of horses' heads at the feet of effigies 
 of knights at Minster, Isle of Slieppy, 
 and at Exeter Cathedral. 
 
 •" See the engraving infra, in the ac- 
 count of the costume of ladies at the be- 
 ginning of the fifteenth century. These 
 figures have reference to the funeral ob- 
 sequies of the deceased. In the will of 
 
 John Lord Scrope, of Upsal, dated 1451, 
 in the Test. Vetusta, p. 271, are these di- 
 rections: "I desire that at my funeral 
 my corpse be carried by my sons and ser- 
 vants, being then at my house, to the said 
 Chapel, twenty-four poor men clothed in 
 white gowns and hoods, each of them hav- 
 ing a new set of wooden beads, walking 
 before it, and I will that these poor men 
 stand, sit, or kneel, in the aisle before the 
 entrance to that Chapel, saying their 
 prayers, as well at the dirige as at the 
 mass, and that each of them receive v'ld. 
 for their pains." Similar directions are 
 contained in the will of Sir Robt. Swy- 
 lyngton, proved in 1379 : " Item volo 
 quod sex pauperes vestiantur in russet 
 et sedeant ad oranduin circa corpus 
 meum quousque sepeliatur." Test. Ebor., 
 p. 107, No. Ixxx. 
 
 1 The figure of Elizabeth de Ferrers, 
 Countess of Athol, 1375, at Ashford, 
 Kent, held in her hands two banners 
 with the arras of Valoyns. The arms of 
 the figure and the shafts of the banners 
 are now lost. 
 
 " This engraving has been made from
 
 PROFESSIONAL DEVICES OP SERJEANTS- AT- AEMS, &C. CXXVii 
 
 mace is suspended at the right side of the effigy. The curious figure 
 of John Borrell, Serjeant-at-arms to Henry the Eighth, 1531, for- 
 merly at Broxbourne, Herts., held a mace in his hand. At Shop- 
 land, Essex, is a brass to Thomas Staple, Serjeant-at-arms, 1371 : 
 the mace is not visible, but may be concealed, as the lower part of 
 the figure is, under a pew. 
 
 Crown-keepers, or Yeomen 
 of the Crown, bore on their 
 left shoulders a crown, which 
 under the Tudor sovereigns 
 surmounted a rose. Eour 
 examples have been noticed : 
 Edward, son of Roger Kyng- 
 don, on his father's brass at 
 Quethioc, Cornwall, 1471 ; ^''^ZltZ'l ^to. 
 small figure, c. 1480, now in "«ty°f^ti^"=^«^- 
 the possession of the Society of Antiquaries, 
 from which the annexed engraving has been 
 made; James Tornay, 1519, Slapton, Bucks.; 
 and Thomas Noke, 1567, Shottesbrooke, 
 Berks. P; the second only of these is in armour. 
 Yeomen of the Guard were first instituted 
 by King Henry the Seventh. Two or three 
 instances of their costume may be seen on 
 brasses at East Wickham, Kent, William 
 Payn, 1568; Winkfield, Berks., Thomas 
 Mountague (holding a halberd), 1630 ; and 
 perhaps at Aston, Herts., John Kent, servant to King Edward the 
 Eourth, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, 1593. All these wear 
 doublets having a rose and crown embroidered on the breast, and 
 the rest of their costume resembhng that in the engraving of 
 Robert llampston'', Gentleman, 1585, lately at Chingford, Essex. 
 
 Robert Rampston, 1665, forraerly 
 at Chinjford, Essex. 
 
 a rubbing of the original, kindly lent to 
 the author by J. B. Nichols, Esq. 
 
 p See the illustration of civilian cos- 
 tume in the sixteenth century. 
 
 1 The same dress, with slight altera- 
 tions, is still worn by the Yeomen of the 
 Guard. The figure in brass of John 
 Whytte, Gent., "one of the qucne's 
 majesty's ordinary footman" (sic), 1579, 
 
 formerly in Greenwich old church, was 
 represented "with trunk breeches, 
 doublet embroidered, and garters with 
 knots, a chain of gold over his right 
 shoulder, coming down under his lefb 
 side, and a rose and crown with the 
 queen's supporters on his breast, and 
 slit sleeves, short hair, and a trimmed 
 beard." Thorpe's Rcgistrum Roffense,
 
 CXXVIU 
 
 PROFESSIONAL DEVICES. 
 
 But few brasses remain of persons distinguished by any other 
 official badges. At Stopham, Sussex, Richard Bertlot, Esq., 1478, 
 wears a collar and holds a small baton in his hand, indicative of 
 his having been marshal of the household to the Earl of Arundel. 
 Hugh de Gunby, 1411, Supervisor (?) of Lord Cromwell, at Tatter- 
 shall, Lincolnshire, has a short scarf tied in front of his breast. A 
 small kneeling figure of a civilian, c. 1535, now in private possession, 
 supports a long official staff '. John Boswell, Esquire, Bedel of the 
 faculty of Arts in the University of Oxford, was 
 represented on his brass, formerly at Hallows 
 Church, in that city, as holding a bedel's staff ^ 
 
 Persons belonging to various professions and 
 trades had occasionally the implements or other 
 tokens of their occupation engraved on their 
 brasses. This was especially the case with no- 
 taries, who have penners, or pencases, and ink- 
 horns suspended at their girdles. Two instances, 
 of the dates 1475 and 1506, are at St. Mary 
 Tower Church, Ipswich; the earlier one is a 
 large and fine specimen : others are at Great 
 Chart, Kent, c. 1470; New College Chapel, 
 Oxford, c. 1510. The penner and inkhorn are 
 visible on the curious brass of Eichard Eoxwist, 
 c. 1500, Llanbeblig, Carnarvonshire*. 
 
 Woolmen and their wives have often wool- 
 packs beneath their feet, as at All Hallows' 
 
 ■T Robert WymbyU, Notary, 1503, 
 
 Barking, London, 1437; Chipping Norton, stMaj^r Tower en., ipswiou. 
 
 p. 957. In Gregory King's visitation 
 for Hunts., 1684, is a record of a brass 
 to Thos. Lynde, Yeoman of the Crown. 
 See a communication from Mr. Bruce to 
 the Society of Antiquaries, March 1st, 
 1849. In Maitland's Hist, of London, 
 ed. 1769, vol. ii. p. 1158, is a notice of 
 a brass of a Clarencieux King-of-Arms, 
 supposed to be John Arundell, 1427 : 
 " In the middle Isle of St. Olave's, Hart 
 Street, upon a flat stone inlaid with 
 Brass, the Figure of a King of Arms in 
 his Coat and Crown." 
 
 ' This brass was purchased by the 
 Rev. E. Knollys, of Quedgely, Glouces- 
 tershire, from a dealer in London, who 
 pretended it came from the tomb of 
 
 St. Remi in France. In the same way 
 the brasses now at Cassiobury House, 
 Herts., were asserted to be from Beau- 
 vais. In both instances the brasses 
 have clearly been stolen from English 
 churches. 
 
 • See Rawlinson's MS., No. 397, p. 11, 
 in the Bodleian Library ; and Harleian 
 MS., No. 6,365, p. 3, in the British 
 Museum. John Boswell died in 1501. 
 
 • At Necton, Norfolk, there was a 
 brass of a notary, Wm. Curteys, and 
 his wife, 1499 : the inscription still re- 
 mains, but the effigy of the former has 
 disappeared since Cotman's time; that 
 of tlie wife is in the possession of J. B. 
 Nichols, Esq. At Hempstead, Essex, is
 
 PROFESSIONAL DEVICES OP WOOLMEN, &C. 
 
 CXXIX 
 
 Oxfordshire, 1451"; and sometimes a sheep in addition, as on the 
 brasses at Northleach, Gloucestershire. William Scors, tailor, 1420, 
 
 '^^^^%: 
 
 [fifii 
 
 Richard FoxTvist, 1500, Llanteblig, Carnarvonshire » 
 
 in the same church, stands on a pair of shears; another example 
 may be seen in a mural brass, 1587, at Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 
 In this church are also fine but much mutilated figures of a vintner, 
 or wine-merchant, and his wife, c. 1400, with wine-casks beneath 
 their feet. The figure of Simon Seman, vintner and alderman of 
 London, 1433, on his brass at Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, 
 stands on two wine-casks. At Fletching, Sussex, a pair of gloves 
 and inscription, c. 1450, is the simple memorial of Peter Denot, 
 glover. A shield, on which was engraven a pair of gloves, was 
 placed over the figures (now lost) of John Atkyn, glover, and widow, 
 1449, at St. Peter's, St. Alban's. Thomas Cotes, " Porter at Ascott 
 Hall," 1648, on his brass at Wing, Bucks., has a porter's staff and 
 key. At St. John's, Margate, Kent, a man-of-war in full sail is 
 the device of Eoger Morris, " sometime one of the 6 principall 
 Masters of attendance of his Majesties Navye Eoyall," 1615. 
 
 At Baldock, Herts., is the upper part of a figure, c. 1420, attired 
 as a hunter, with a horn suspended at his right side, a short sword 
 with two small knives sheathed in a scabbard, and a hank of cord 
 dependent from his girdle, to wliicli is also attached a leash or strap 
 apparently fastened to a hound once beneath the feet. The in- 
 
 a civilian, c. 1475, with an appendage to 
 his girdle, perhaps intended for a pen- 
 case. See also the engraving of the 
 brass of Thos. Heron, supra, p. Ixxxv. 
 In the Catliedral, Oxford, is an altar- 
 tomb with the matrix of a brass, pro- 
 bably that of a notary. 
 
 " See the engraving of John Yonge, 
 
 in the account of civilian costume in 
 the fifteenth century. 
 
 ^ For the use of this cut, which ori- 
 ginally appeared in the Arch. Journ., 
 vol. vi. p. 414, the author is indebted to 
 the kindness of A. W. Franks, Esq., of 
 the British Museum.
 
 cxxx 
 
 PROFESSIONAL DEVICES OF FORESTEHS, &C. 
 
 scription is now lost^, but it probably coin- 
 memorated a hunter or park-keeper, as the 
 figure of Gilbert Gilpyn, " quondam Parcarii 
 de Woking Parke," 1500, formerly at Working, 
 Surrey, was similarly equipped \ John Selwyn, 
 gentleman keeper of her Majesty's park at 
 Otelands, 1587, and James Gray, park-keeper, 
 1591, at Hunsdon, Herts., are attired as forest- 
 ers, with hunting-horns worn as that at Bal- 
 dock. At Bexley, Kent, is a brass consisting of 
 a hunting-horn with its baudric encircling a 
 shield, intended perhaps as the monument of 
 a hunter, or else indicating that the deceased 
 lield lands by " cornage tenure." This was pro- 
 bably the reason for a hunting horn (of which 
 the indent only now remains) having been 
 placed between the figures of two ecclesiastics, 
 brothers, at Drontield, Derbyshire, 1399^. 
 
 Merchants' marks, with initials, are of fre- 
 quent occurrence on brasses, from the earliest hunter? c H^o.Baidock, Herts. 
 
 '' It is possible that this is the monu- 
 ment of \Vm. Vynter, Gent., and wife, 
 1416, whose inscription is preserved by 
 Weever, Fun. Mon., p. 545. 
 
 ^ " In the nave of the church, on a 
 brass-plate, is the figure of a man in a 
 gown with \vide sleeves, bearing in a 
 Baudry a Bugle-Horn about his neck, 
 and a hanger by his side, ai;d a Hound 
 at his Feet." Aubrey's Surrey, vol. iii. 
 p. 219. Within the memory of the 
 clerk at Annesley, Notts., there was a 
 memorial to Wm. Breton, 1595, re- 
 maining in the church : it is thus de- 
 scribed in Cole's MSS. (No. xxxi. p. 223), 
 " A brass of a Forester, with Hound fol- 
 lowing him, in his left hand a bow, in 
 his right an arrow, with three arrows 
 sticking in his belt." In the church- 
 yard of Newland, in the Forest of Dean, 
 is a sculptured effigy in stone of a Forest- 
 er, Jon or_ .leiikyn Wyrrall, 1457. In- 
 cised slabs, with effigies wearing hunting- 
 horns, are at Skcgby, Notts., and Steeple 
 Langford. Wilts., engraved respectively 
 in Tlioroton's Notts., vol. ii. p. 302, and 
 Arch. Journ., vol. xv. p. 75 ; the latter 
 slab is only 2 ft. 2 in. long. 
 
 =" Chauncy (History of Hertfordshire, 
 
 p. 261) and Weever (Fun. Mon., p. 543) 
 mention an inscription at St. Nicholas's, 
 Hertford, to Richard Pynere, " quondam 
 Botelere cum Regina Anglie," 1419, 
 with a flagon and a cup in brass upon 
 the gravestone. An engraving of the 
 indents may be seen in Gough's Sep. 
 Mon., vol. ii. pi. 1, p. 316. Weever 
 (Fun. Mon., p. 536) also thusdescribes the 
 monument at Hackney, of Alice Ryder, 
 1517, " Her portraiture is in brasse 
 with a milke pale vpon her head." The 
 brass of Wm. Henshawe, Bell-founder, 
 1519, at St. Michael's, Gloucester, had 
 the device of a bell and melting-pot on 
 three legs, which has now disappeared. 
 At St. Mary RedclifF, Bristol, is an in- 
 cised stone to Wm. Coke, "quondam 
 servitii Willini Canynges," with a knife 
 and skimmer cut on it. Mr. Boutell, in 
 his Chr. Mon., gives engravings of seve- 
 ral stone slabs with crosses, and the fol- 
 lowing marks of trade iu connexion with 
 them : Gloves, at St. John's, Chester 
 (p. 96) ; Horns, at Bowes, Yorks. (p. 36), 
 Bakewell, Derbyshire (p. 72) ; Bow and 
 Arrow, Bakewell (p. 98); Melting-pot 
 and Bell, St. Dyonis, York (p. 100).
 
 MERCHANTS MARKS. REBUSES. 
 
 CXXXl 
 
 times downwards. They present many different forms, several of 
 them being variations of an early device resembling a cross with 
 
 Merchant's Mark of John Pergett, 
 Chipping Norton, Oxon., 1484. 
 
 Merchant's Mark of Thomas Pownder, 
 St. Mary's Quay, Ipswich, 525. 
 
 two short legs, and a streamer attached to the shaft. This sort 
 of mark is common on the brasses of woolmen, and was perhaps 
 adopted by them from the cross and banner borne by the '^ Agnus 
 Dei." 
 
 Rebuses are found on brasses'': as at Bray, Berks., 1378, a fox 
 for Foxley; at Boston, Lincolnshire, 1398, peascods, arranged so as 
 to form the letter W, for Walter Pescod ; at Broadwater, Sussex, 
 1432, M and a maple leaf for Mapilton ; at Hitchin, Herts., 1474, 
 a sparrow-hawk perched on a hawking-pole for Sperehawke, and 
 
 •> According to Camden (Remains, 
 quoted in Weever's Fun. Mon., p. 277), 
 the rebus or name-device was introduced 
 into England from France. The use of 
 this device in connection with monu- 
 mental remains is very ancient, as it is 
 found in the Catacombs at Rome. Seve- 
 ral instances are given in " The Church 
 in the Catacombs," by Chas. Maitland, 
 M.D., ed. 1847, pp. 225, 226, as a sliip 
 " signum nabe" for Navira, a dragon for 
 Dracontius, two casks for Doliens, a 
 little pig for Porcelhi. " For unltttered 
 persons another method of representa- 
 tion [besides the inscription] was neci s- 
 sary; and the symbols, tliongh tlicy im- 
 perfectly supplied the deticiency, were 
 the only substitutes known. This vi' w 
 is forced uj)on iis by the existence of 
 phonetic signs: such as the ass on the 
 toml) of Onager, and the lion on tliat of 
 Leo J an idea so strangi-, and to our 
 taste so bordering upon c.iricaturc, that 
 
 it can only be explained by the necessity 
 for some characteristic mark of the de- 
 ceased, intelligible to his non-reading 
 relations. The friends of Leo, searching 
 for his tomb, discover the sculptured 
 lion : the most ignorant knows enough 
 to read Leo." Ibid., pp. 199, 200. Be- 
 sides the employment of tlie rebus, seve- 
 ral other curious resembhDices may be 
 discovered between tlie ancient monu- 
 ments of the Catacombs and the English 
 incised memorials of the middle ages : 
 as the adaptation of old pagan grave- 
 stones to Christian monuments, (Mait- 
 land, p. 61) ; tlie mixture of two lan- 
 guages in tlie inscriptions, (Ibid., p. 17); 
 the use of religious emblems, especially 
 a hand issuing rom clouds to represent 
 the Deity, (p. 320); the syml)ols of 
 trade, as a saw and adze for a car- 
 penter (p. 221), a pair of shoes for a 
 shoemaker, &c.
 
 cxxxu 
 
 REBUSES, INITIALS, &C. 
 
 1498, two hearts for Hert; 
 
 Dr. Jolm Sperehawke, 1474. tmnerlj at Hitchin, 
 Herts <i. 
 
 at Strelly, Notts., 1487, stars for 
 Strelly; at St.Mary's, Oxford, 1507, 
 four tuns engraved on the arms of 
 a cross for Croston ; at Redburn, 
 Herts., 1512, a peacock for Pecok; at 
 Hoi well, Beds., 1515, two wild men, 
 or wood-howses, for Wodehowse ; at 
 Feversham, Kent, 1533, COL and 
 a well for Col well. At Preston, Kent, 
 William Mareys, Esq., 1459, stands 
 in a conventional representation of 
 a marsh, or morass, termed in old 
 English a mareis, or mareys, {Gall. 
 marais). John Stockton, 1480, for- 
 merly at Hereford Cathedral, stands 
 on a tun ''. 
 
 Initials are frequently inscribed, 
 especially on the orphreys of copes : 
 as at Winchester College, E. T. for 
 Robert Thurbern, 1450, (see the 
 engraving at page Ixxvi.) ; and New 
 College, 1403, and 1494. On the 
 cope of Thomas Pattesle, Great Shel- 
 ford, Camb., 1411, the whole name 
 was written. 
 
 Monograms are comparatively 
 
 •^ This figure is now in the possession 
 of J. B. Nichols, Esq. The brass of 
 Robert Langton, 1518, at Queen's Coll., 
 Oxford (see supra, p Ixii. note r), had 
 at the corners circular plates, on each of 
 whicli was engraved a tun, with the 
 letters R above and L belovv it. Henry 
 Edyal,or Ea. le, 1503, described in his in- 
 scription as ' silta petens aquila istac jam 
 conditur aula,' bad a brass at East Dere- 
 ham, Norfolk, of which a shield, bearing 
 a bird resembling a duck, but no doubt 
 intended for an eagle, alone rem dns. At 
 St. Patrick's, Dublin, on the brass of 
 Geoifrey Fyche (Finch ?), 1537, is a shield 
 engraved with a tree on which thi-ee 
 fiuclies (?) are perched. Between the 
 
 figures of John Cok and wife, c. 1480, at 
 Wormley, Herts., is a small plate with 
 trees and animals, one of them appa- 
 rently a cock, and intended for a rebus. 
 See also the account of the shield at 
 Stanton Harcourt, supra, p. cxxi. 
 
 d The figure, now lost, is copied from 
 a rather Imperfect rubbing in the pos- 
 session of J. B. Nichols, Esq. The 
 border-inscription has also disappeared, 
 and the slab been broken in two; the 
 only portion of the brass remaining is a 
 heart inscribed it)t, a scroll above which 
 probably bore part of the text from the 
 Vulgate, " Ubi einm est thesaurus tuus 
 ill est et cor tuum." St. Matt. vi. 2. See 
 also St. Luke xii. 34.
 
 BRASSES OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. CXXXIU 
 
 rare: instances are at Loddon, Norfolk, 1462; Fulham, Middx., 
 1529; and St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1537. 
 
 Such are the principal emblems and devices found on the brasses 
 which are extant. It now remains to trace the successive variations 
 in the costume, design, and execution of brasses during the period 
 of their employment for monumental purposes ; an enquiry of more 
 interest and importance than the preceding details, but at the same 
 time presenting many more difficulties. 
 
 FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Ed. I., 1272—1307; Ed. IL, 1307—1327; Ed. III., 
 1327—1377; Rich. IL, 1377—1399. 
 
 General Hemarls. — The combined beauty and simplicity which 
 characterize the architecture of the fourteenth century are equally 
 displayed in the monumental brasses of the same date. The elegant 
 curvature of the lines; the skill exhibited in the disposition of the 
 drapery, with its ample and graceful folds, expressed by outline with 
 hardly any shading; the chasteness of ornament; and the freedom 
 and boldness of execution, at once distinguish the works of the 
 period under consideration. The metal was in thicker plates, and of 
 a harder kind, and the lines of the engraving were more deeply cut 
 than in later examples, so that memorials of this century are not 
 unfrequently found in a much better state of preservation than those 
 of the sixteenth or even the seventeenth centuries. 
 
 The imitation also of the designs of stone monuments is especially 
 observable in the brasses of this period : the effigies are usually of 
 large size, and in the attitude of repose ^ with their heads resting 
 on cushions or helmets, and their feet on lions or dogs; they are 
 often made to lean somewiiat affectedly on one side. The faces have 
 certain characteristics distinguishing them from later examples ; the 
 under lines of the eyes, for instance, are straighter; the expression 
 of the difference betwen youth and age, especially observable on the 
 
 = On some of the French incised slabs pupils. A brass of this description re- 
 ef i he fourteenth and fifteenth centuries mains at St. Saviour's, Bruges, and is 
 formerly at Paris, the priests wi-re re- of the date 1483. See supra, p. xix. 
 presented as seated, and teaching their
 
 CXXXIV 
 
 XIV. CENT. FLORIATED CROSSES. 
 
 brasses of ecclesiastics, appears to have been almost the only attempt 
 that was made towards representing the portrait c. lie deceased. 
 Half-length figures are common, and their use, at least in many 
 
 Mm h}i)0\ cnargarrtc fa fonrf gitat ici 
 tra jBiir fafiracftr loitr Blmrsrftiiin anf 
 
 Raulin Brocas and Sister, c. 1360, Sherborne St.Jolin's, Hants. 
 
 cases, was not influenced by motives of economy ; this is evident 
 from their frequent occurrence in conjunction with crosses and 
 canopies, (Graveney, Kent, c. 1370), and their being placed on 
 altar-tombs, with richly carved stone-work over 
 them ; as were formerly the brasses of Bishops 
 Bingham and York (1246, 1256), at Salisbury, 
 and Cantilupe (1282), at Hereford, Cathedrals. 
 Busts, or even heads, accompanied by a brief in- 
 scription, were also in use : a good example of 
 the former is at Blickling, Norfolk, c. 1360; a 
 
 Bust, c. 136<). Blickling, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 matrix of the latter may be seen in the north 
 transept of St. Alban's Abbey ^ 
 
 Floriated Crosses of great beauty were much used in this century, 
 as the numerous matrices or indents in our churches still attest S; 
 
 ' This kind of brasses was evidently 
 suggested by the similar stone effigies 
 previously in use ; engravings of several 
 are given in Section II. of Mr. Boutell's 
 Christian Monuments. " Memorials of 
 this kind," writes Mr. Boutell, " in which 
 parts only of the human figure are re- 
 presented, as the head or bust, or per- 
 haps the feet, derive their origin ap- 
 parently from the endeavour to comljine 
 a monumental effigy with a monumental 
 cross ujion the same coffin-lid or se2)ul- 
 
 chral slab. . . . The greater portion of 
 the monuments of this class whicli are 
 known to be in existence are in the 
 churches of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, 
 Derbysliire, Nottinghamshire, and Rut- 
 land, and also in some parts of Wales." 
 Chr. Mon., p. 119. 
 
 B These matrices are generally well 
 wortl)y of attention, and even of copy- 
 ing, for the sake of the outline. See, 
 for instance, the engraving at p. c.\xiv.
 
 XIV. CENT. FLORIATED CROSSES. 
 
 cxxxv 
 
 of the brasses themselves 
 but few niuti' A instances 
 have escaped spoliation. 
 Like the crosses on the 
 cofEn-lids of the previous 
 centuries, they formed the 
 chief memorials of ecclesi- 
 astics and civilians during 
 the first half of this cen- 
 tury ; and their destruction 
 is the more to be lamented, 
 as it leaves us but a scarcity 
 of examples of the costume 
 of these classes, and especi- 
 ally of the latter, during this 
 period of our history. The 
 designs usually consisted of 
 a long stem with leaves 
 sprouting from it, resting 
 on steps, or some animal, 
 or religious symbol, and terminating above in a cross with rich 
 finials, and with the bust or 
 head of the deceased placed over 
 it ; e. g., matrices at Dorchester 
 and Garsington, Oxon., &c. ; or 
 upon it at the intersection of 
 the arms, as at Merton College 
 Chapel, Oxford, c. 1310, and 
 Chinnor,Oxon.,c. 1320''. Some- 
 times the head of the cross was 
 a quatrefoiled circle, as at Wood- 
 church, Kent, c. 1320. A beau- 
 tiful cross, c. 1380, remains at 
 Grainthorpe, Lincolnshire; the 
 outline of the head somewhat 
 resembles that at Chinnor, but 
 
 John de Bladigdone (Blendon) and Wife, c. 1325, East 
 Wickliam, Kent. 
 
 Cross brass of a Priest, c. 1320, Chinnor, Oxon 
 
 •■ The head of a priest, c. 1320, now Church, Kent, was probably in the 
 loose in the parish chest at Ashford centre of a cross.
 
 CXXXVl 
 
 XIV. CENT. FLORIATED CROSSES, 
 
 has external cusps like those of a canopy; a quatrefoiled circle 
 enclosing a cross forms the centre, and the base of the shaft rests 
 on a rock placed in the sea. Frequently a series of eight ogee 
 arches, foliated, alternately large and small, and surrounding full or 
 half-length figures, forms the head of the cross, of which we have 
 
 Nichol de G-ore, c. 1320, Woodchurch, E.ent. 
 
 examples, mostly much mutilated, at East Wickham, Kent, c. 1325, 
 (see the engraving at p. cxxxv.) ; Wimbish, Essex, 1347 ; Taplow, 
 Bucks., c. 1350; Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360; Merton Coll. Chapel, 
 Oxford, 1372 (?); Hereford Cathedral, 1393 (?) and c. 1390'; 
 Hanbury, Staffordshire, c. 1390 (?) ; and St. Michael's, St. Alban's, 
 c. 1400. Latin crosses, with the extremities simply foliated, 
 were more rarely used in this century; a matrix of this kind is at 
 Wells Cathedral. Sometimes the figure of a saint, &c., was placed 
 in the head of the cross, as at Hildersham, Cambridgeshire, on the 
 brass of Robert (?) de Paris and wife, 1379, with the Holy Trinity; 
 and at Newton-by-Geddington, Northants., on the brass of John 
 
 ' See the engi-aving infra, p. clxiv. illustrative of the costume of civilians of the 
 fourteenth ceutui-y.
 
 XIV. CENT. BRACKET BRASSES. CANOPIES. CXXXVll 
 
 Mnlsho and wife, 1400 ; the person commemorated was then repre- 
 sented as hieelinff, either at the base under a small canopy, or at the 
 side of the stem, as in the example just mentioned, and usually with 
 a scroll from his hands. 
 
 The custom of placing figures in or above the heads and on the 
 transverse arms of crosses, gave rise to the use of " bracket brasses/' 
 in which the form of the cross was usually lost, a bracket supporting 
 two or more figures, generally beneath a small canopy, being substi- 
 tuted for it at the top of the shaft. Examples are common after the 
 middle of the century, as at Great Brington, Northants., c. 1340; 
 North Mimms, Herts., and Clifton Campville, Staffordshire, c. 1360 ; 
 Brandesburton, Yorks., 1364; West Hanney, Berks., and Harrow, 
 Middx., c. 1370; Boston, Lincolnshire, and Ore, Sussex, c. 1400, 
 all the stems lost ^. In cross and bracket brasses the figure must be 
 supposed to be standing ; but the attitude is often rendered anoma- 
 lous by lions or dogs, (distinctive marks of recumbent posture,) 
 being placed beneath the feet ^. 
 
 Children are rarely represented on the brasses of their parents; 
 when they are, their figures are placed beside those of their father 
 or mother, and are of equal, or nearly equal, size. Examples are at 
 Graveney, Kent, c. 1370; and at Stoke Fleming, Devon, 1391, 
 John Corp and granddaughter : the latter is raised on a pedestal. 
 
 The Canopies in the early part of this century are straight-sided 
 with large finials, crockets, and pinnacles; frequently trefohated, 
 and springing from the marginal inscription, or from slender shafts 
 with corbels of stiff foHage. That on the brass of Joan de Cobliam, 
 c. 1320, Cobham, Kent, is perhaps the only existing example"; 
 matrices of others of the same date are not uncommon, e. g. Waltham 
 Abbey, and Pebmarsh, Essex ; Gorleston and Stoke-by-Nayland, 
 Suflblk, c. 1320, &c. But the cinquefoiled ogee canopy soon super- 
 seded that just described; the mutilated canopy at Stoke D'Abernon, 
 Surrey, 1327, is the earliest example remaining: a similar one was 
 not long since at Westley "Waterless, Camb., 1324. Figures of 
 saints, &c., in niches are occasionally found, as at Higham Ferrers, 
 Northants., 1337; Elsing, Norfolk, 1347; Boston, Lincolnshire, 
 
 "l See the engravings at pp. Ixxxiii., quently fixed upright against the walls, 
 
 cxliii. the feet are resting on lions or dogs. 
 
 ' It is remarkahlc, however, that in "' Engraved infra, in the description 
 
 Germany, where the effigies are fi-e- of the costume of ladies in this century.
 
 cxxxvni 
 
 XIV. CENT. CANOPIES. 
 
 1398, c. 1400 (?), and Westminster 
 lost). The magnificent Flemish 
 brasses of this date are very richly 
 ornamented with such figures ", The 
 pediments of the canopies have usu- 
 ally large circles in them, and the 
 cusps have trefoil terminations ; the 
 spandrils are filled with foliage, and 
 the pinnacles are ornamented with 
 wolves' heads at their bases. Groininsr 
 is of rare occurrence; good specimens 
 of it may be seen on the brasses at 
 Acton Burnell, Salop, 1382, and 
 Laughton, Lincolnshire, c. 14-00 °. 
 Tracery similar to that of the canopy 
 of Bishop TrelHck (see frontispiece p), 
 was also a frequent ornament in 
 the pediments of this century, good 
 examples of which may be seen at 
 Tulbourn, Camb., c. 1390, and Wat- 
 ton, Herts., 1361, c. 1380, &c. 
 When the canopies are double or 
 triple, shafts passing between the 
 figures usually support each sepa- 
 rate pediment, as on the Flemish 
 brasses, and those at Shottesbrooke, 
 Berks., c. 1370 q; Harrow, Middx., 
 C.1370; Fletching, Sussex, c. 1380 ; 
 Campden, Gloucestershire, 1401. 
 
 Abbey, 1395 (the figures now 
 
 1 
 
 
 Nicholas Lord Burnell, 1332, Acton Biirnell, 
 Shropabire. 
 
 ° The matrix of the beautiful cano- 
 pied brass of Abp. Courtenay, 1396, 
 over his grave in the chancel of All 
 Saints', Maidstone, has truces of several 
 figures of saints at the sides and in a 
 row over the head of the effigy. Tlie 
 same arrangement is on the brasses at 
 Higham Ferrers, 1337, and Boston, 1398. 
 There is a cenotaph, witli a recumbent 
 effigy of Abp. Courtenay, at Canterbury 
 Cathedral. Compare supra, p. Iv. note u. 
 
 " See the engraving infra, p. clxi. 
 
 p This canopy is now much muti- 
 
 lated, but was perfect in Gough's time, 
 from whose engraving the frontispiece 
 has been restored. There was also a 
 small portion of the inscription then 
 remaining, as follows: "^ntirce fcsto 
 p'ucntus morte rcccssit xpc faucns." 
 These injuries were perhaps sustained 
 by the brass when the remains of the 
 Bp. were exhumed in 1813. Bp Trel- 
 lick founded New Inn Hall, Oxford. 
 
 1 The central shaft is now lost ; a very 
 late instance of the above peculiarity is 
 at Ardingley, Sussex, 1504.
 
 XIV. CENT. DEVICES. INSCRIPTIONS. CXXXIX 
 
 Triple canopies over single figures are found only at the end of 
 the century; e.g. at "Westminster Abbey, 1395, 1399; Laughton, 
 Lincolnshire, c. 1400. 
 
 Devices peculiar, or nearly so, to this century, are the " Fylfot/' 
 the representations of the transmission and repose of the soul of the 
 deceased % and the placing of angels with censers in the upper cor- 
 ners of the design, as at Elsing, Norfolk, and Horseheath, Camb. 
 The two last devices are characteristic of foreign monuments, and 
 were retained on foreign incised memorials long after their disap- 
 pearance on English brasses. 
 
 The earliest Inscriptions are in Lombardic or Uncial characters. 
 They were marginal, each letter was of brass, separately inlaid in 
 the stone slab, and the whole inscription was enclosed in fillets of 
 the same metal. This method was soon abandoned, owing, no doubt, 
 to the great liability of these letters to be lost % and the inscriptions 
 were then engraved on broad bands of brass, as at Stoke D'Abernon, 
 
 0) €[ R g I 
 
 Fart of an Inscription, Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey, 132/. 
 
 1327 ^. After this date, the black letter in short and thick charac- 
 ters, with Lombardic capitals, became common, and the inscriptions 
 were placed beneath the figures, especially in smaller brasses : see the 
 engraving on p. cxxxiv. from Sherborne St. John's, Hants., c. 1360. 
 The inscriptions of priests were for the most part in Latin, the 
 canonical language; while those of knights and ladies were in 
 Norman-French, which in this century was spoken at court. Both 
 classes of inscriptions were extremely simple : the former, as in the 
 following centuries, commencing " l^ic tacct,'' or more rarely " ©rate 
 pro antma," and concluding with "tuius nnimc propiclrtur JBcus. Snun." 
 The Norman-French inscriptions were usually in this style : — 
 
 lltiam IRnmcscne gist pen Bku tie sa alme eit mcrcn ^me. 
 1Ritl)arti tie Ticulcstione $c 13eatricc sa feme gisont icy liicu Ke lo' almes eit 
 m'cg amen, qi p' lour almes p'era . i . aans.8c.xl . iours tie pavDoun auera. 
 
 "■ See supra, pp. xvi., cvi. three letters and a piece of the border- 
 
 • See the engraving of the slab of Sir fillet are left on a slab at Horuchurch, 
 
 John D'Aubernoun, infra, p. cxlv. Two Essex. 
 
 letters only, out of several inscriptious, ' The inscription at Trumpington, 
 
 remain in Merton Coll. Chapel, Oxford; Camb., 1289, was an early instance.
 
 Cxl XIV. CENT. INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 [IBc tfvrc fust fait ct fourmc, ISt en] STcrrc ct n tcr« [suts rctottrnc, 3of)nn Be 
 CTolifiam founljcr "at cwtc plnce qui f«t nommc,] Jtlcrcn He malmc eit la scinte 
 STrinttc. 
 
 Tons qt passe? fcij rntour ^pric? pur Inline le eovtays biauirtour <^t lo'^an be 
 ©olifiam auoit anoun, IDieui luij faee uenay pavlioun, C!Je tiepassa lenucmapn tie 
 scint .{Baifji, ICe puisaunt otiie a Demovcr [ouc ly en Tan Be] grate Jttil ©(!C®.'5: 
 qatrc CTes cnemis mortcls fist abatve". 
 
 The two lilies containing the grant of pardon are more rarely 
 found, and the duration of it was various, as vingt, trois cent., or 
 more usually quarante jours. 
 
 The names are generally Christian names prefixed to the birthplace 
 or residence, as INIicholas de Aumberdene, (Ambrosden, Bucks.) : 
 the "de" was dropped at the commencement of the next century. 
 When the date was inserted, which was the exception rather than 
 the rule, it was prefaced by the French inscription " qe morrust," or 
 
 "trcpassa le— jour Ian tic grace ." Owing to the shortness of 
 
 the marginal inscriptions, considerable spaces were left between the 
 words. Towards the close of the century, the following verses, with 
 trifling variations, were introduced into inscriptions; as on brasses 
 at the Temple Church, Bristol, 1396 ; Caversfield, Bucks., &c. : — 
 
 TEs testis c!)ristc : quoK non facet f)ic lapis istc 
 Corpus ut ornctur : setf spiritus ut mcmoretur. 
 I^inc tu qui trans'is, magnus, meljius, puer an sis : 
 Pro me funUe pieces, Dabitur micl^i sic benie spes''. 
 
 At Mere, Wilts., 1398, &c. :-^ 
 
 ^uisquis eris qui iransierfs, sta, perlege, plora, 
 
 Sum quoH eris, fueram que quoti es, pro me precor ora''. 
 
 " Chinnor, Oxon., C.1400; Hellesdon, and to those formerly at Mereworth, 
 
 Norfolk, c. 1370; Cobham, Kent, c. 1360 Kent, 1371 ; Shellingford, Berks., 1372, 
 
 and 1354. The parts in brackets in (Ashmole's Berks., p. 180) j and Bads- 
 
 the Cobham inscriptions are now lost, worth, Yorks., (Whitaker's Richmond- 
 
 but are restored from Gough's Sep. Mon., shire, vol. ii. p. 440). 
 
 vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 22, and Lansdown MS., » A translation of part of this is con- 
 
 No. 874, fol. 65 b. The third of these tained in an inscription at Beeston Regis, 
 
 insci iptions is similar in style to one at Norfolk : see Blomfield's Norfolk, vol. 
 
 Etchingham, Sussex, 1388; to two at viii. p. 89 : — 
 Stokenchurch, Oxon., 1410, and 1412; 
 
 STfte peare of our TorD. jUJt.ccccc.ixii 
 ?EI)omas Sinnson prist "Bepartea, anb Iwetf; untier tl){s ston, 
 ^f)e ii of Januarn alibc anO also goon. 
 iBot for an ornament of t'be hotiw tf)is ston teas laitr f)ere, 
 13ut onb tl)e soul to be prancti for, as ci^arite requere. 
 y On an inscription at Sleaford, Lincolnshire, this line is added : — 
 iBisce q" es et quiu eris memor csto qn morier'.
 
 XIV. CENT. INSCRIPTIONS. PRIESTS. cxli 
 
 At Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire, c. 1390, &c. : — 
 
 ITtrnubtis 5)ic tfonov, ct sic ostfnKcrc conor, 
 ^uolj sicut f)ic ponor, ponitur omnts l)onor^ 
 
 These two last, and the following text from Job xix. 25 — 27, were 
 
 universal favourites as late as the sixteenth century ; the last verse 
 
 of the text, however, is very rarely found, it occurs at Newark, 
 
 Notts., 1361 :— 
 
 Crrto quol3 rcUfmptor mnis bibit,£t (n nobissimo Uic He terra sttrrccturits sum, 
 ct rutstts circumtiatior pclk mca, ct in came mca bitselo Btnm Salbatorcm mctim, 
 qucm bisurus sum ego ipse et oculi mei conspecturi sunt et non alius ; reposita 
 est i)ct spcs mea in sinu mco. 
 
 Scrolls, when they occur in this and in the beginning of the next 
 century, issue from the hands of the figures, e. g. Fulbourn, Camb., 
 c. 1390 ; an early example is on a matrix, c. 1320, at Wotton- 
 under-Edge, Gloucestershire, in which each letter was separately 
 inlaid in the stone. 
 
 The earliest English inscription on brass is probably the following, 
 c. 1370, at Brightwell-Baldwin, Oxon. : — 
 
 J^an com $<: se I)otD scT)al allc tictte be : toen poto comes fiati ?c bare 
 i^otf) i)ab ben be atoau (are : 'ail ps o^crincs tjt be for care : 
 13ot t}t be bo for goflusluf be baue notI)i)ng yarc : BunUnr 
 pis graue Ins Sof^an ije smnt!)" goD nif Ijis soule I)cuen grit. 
 
 One other epitaph in the same language has been noticed in this 
 century; at "Wanlip, Leicestershire, to Sir Thomas Walsch and 
 lady, 1393. 
 
 Ecclesiastics. The Priests of this century are generally repre- 
 sented in eucliaristic vestments; their brasses present these pecu- 
 liarities : " Chasubles fitting closely to the body, and evidently of 
 thin materials; drapery judiciously arranged, and represented by a 
 few bold lines; the hair loji// and fiotmir/ behind the ears," (which 
 in the earliest brasses are large and prominent, and the neck broad 
 
 ^ The epitaph at Fulbourn is found as buried there who undertook to cure 
 late as 1590 at Mathern, Monmouth- children of the worms. Women accord- 
 shire. In Southey's Common Place ingly used to scrape the tomb, and ad- 
 Book, 3rd Series, p. 282, is an account minister the powder. And when the 
 of a curious misinterpretation of this clergy, to prevent this absurdity (for 
 inscription. "An epitaph in the church Luther had arisen), erected a barrier to 
 of St. Hilary at I'oictiers, beginning, keep them oft', they used to carry away 
 ' Vermibus Idc potior.' This the people pieces of the wooden bars." 
 interpreted to mean that a saint was
 
 cxlii 
 
 XIV. CENT. PRIESTS. 
 
 and tliick^) the beard 
 
 stunted and imitated by dots, "the amice 
 lying loosely round the neck, and not, as 
 late brasses, like a stiff collar; the 
 
 in 
 
 stole and maniple wider at their ends, 
 and the apparels at the wrists of the 
 albe usually continued entirely round the 
 wrists °" in brasses in the first half of the 
 century, in others they are a small square 
 placed on the upper side. The 
 orphreys and apparels are em- 
 broidered with large circular, 
 square, or lozenge-shaped com- 
 partments, filled with character- 
 istic flowers or foliage of corre- 
 sponding shape (see the annexed 
 engravings), leopards' faces, or the |||l|| 
 "fylfot" and similar devices. The End of stole. 
 orphreys of the chasuble are often n^Iy, BeSs. 
 of the pallium^ shape, and, in the latter half 
 of the century, the tight sleeves of an 
 under-dress reach half way up the hands, 
 and are buttoned underneath. The en- 
 gravings of the brasses of Bp. Trellick, 
 1360 (frontispiece), and of priests at Oulton, 
 Suffolk, c. 1310 ; Chinnor, Oxon., c. 1320^; 
 Woodchurch, Kent, c. 1320 ; Brington, 
 Northants., c. 1340 ; Denham, Bucks., c. 
 1360; and Crondall, Hants., c. 1370'=, 
 furnish good examples of the foregoing 
 peculiarities, and of the successive changes 
 in style during the century. 
 
 The earliest brasses of ecclesiastics are the demi-figure of Richard 
 de Hakebourne, c. 1311, Merton College, Oxford, evidently the 
 work of the same artist as the fine effigy lately at Oulton ; the brass 
 of Archbishop Grenefeld, 1315, York Minster; the small figure 
 
 Adam de Bacon {?). Priest, c. 1310, 
 Oulton, Suflblk.'' 
 
 * Manning, in Paley's Manual of 
 Gothic Architecture, p. 280. 
 
 '• See the engraving of the brasses at 
 Woodchurch, Kent, supra, p. cxxxvi., and 
 
 Denham, Bucks., p. cxliii. 
 
 *= Engraved at pp. cxxxv., Ixvii. 
 
 ^ This brass was stolen from the 
 church in February, 1857.
 
 XIV. CENT. PRIESTS. 
 
 cxliii 
 
 (Nichol de Gore), c. 1320 in a cross at Woodchurch, Kent ; the 
 demi-figures at Wantage, Berks., c. 1320 (?), Kemsing, Kent (Thomas 
 de Hop), C.1320, and Corringham, Essex (Hichard de Beltoun), 
 
 A Priest, c. 1340, Great Brington, Ncrthants. A Priest, c. 1360, Denham, Bucks.' 
 
 c. 1340 ; and the curious brass of John de Grovehurst, c, 1340, 
 under a fine canopy, Horsemonden, Kent. These (except the in- 
 stance at Wantage) and the Flemish brasses, c. 1360, at St. Alban's, 
 North Mimms, and Wensley, have the apparels encircling the 
 wrists. In these Flemish brasses, the folds of the orphreys are 
 differently designed from the English examples; in the former, the 
 broad lines are cut through the pattern, which is drawn entire as if 
 on a flat surface, in the latter the pattern gives way to the folds, 
 and is represented as partially concealed, wliich gives a superior and 
 more artistic effect to the composition. The only other brass of 
 the earlier half of the century not hitherto mentioned, is the fine 
 effigy of Laurence de St. Maur, Rector, 1337, at Higham Ferrers, 
 Northants. ; on the breast is engraved the prayer, jFiU Ud miserere mci. 
 Above it, is a beautiful canopy with figures of saints, now much 
 mutilated ^. 
 
 * This eiEgy, evidently engraved by 
 the same artist as that at Ockham, 
 Surrey, c. 1360, is now lost. The en- 
 graving has been made from a rubbing 
 kindly lent for the purpose by J. B. 
 Nichols, Esq. The origin d lay in the 
 chancel of Denham Church, and was 
 surrounded by an inscription containing 
 the text from Job xix. 25, 26. See 
 Lipscomb's Bucks., vol. iv. p. 452. 
 
 ' The following is a list of the prin- 
 cipal figures of priests in eucharistical 
 vestments, after the middle of the four- 
 teenth century : — 
 
 c. 1360. Wm. de Herleston, Spars- 
 holt, Berks. 
 
 c. 1360. Esmound de Burnedissh, 
 Brundish, Suffolk. 
 
 c. 1360. Walter Frilende, demi- 
 figure, Ockham, Surrey.
 
 Cxliv XIV. CENT. PllIESTS. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 It is only towards the end of the century that priests belonging 
 to collegiate societies are represented in the processional vestments : 
 the following fine instances have been noticed : Archdeacon Rothe- 
 welle, 1361, Rothwell, Northants. ; a Priest, with feet on a lion, 
 c. 1380, Watton, Herts. ; Adam D'Ertham, demi-figure, 1382, 
 Arundel, Sussex; Nicholas de Louth, 1383, Cottingham, Yorks. ; 
 all without orphreys to the cope. John de Campeden, 1382, 
 St. Cross, Winchester, and William de Fulburne, 1391, Pulbourn, 
 Cambridgeshire, both large, and apparently engraved by the same 
 artists; Dean Harold (?), 1393, Hereford Cathedral, and Matthew 
 Assheton, 1400, with feet on a dog, Shillington, Beds. In these, as 
 in the figures at the beginning of the next century, the sur])lice is 
 usually long, and covers the cassock, the almuce is without any 
 cape, and the morse, as at Eulbourn, 1391, is ornamented with 
 the armorial bearings of the deceased. At Cliinnor, Oxon., is a fine 
 half-length figure of John Hotham, 1361, in academical costume. 
 
 Military. The earliest brasses of Knights extant, are those of 
 Sir John D'Aubernoun, 1277, Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, (see the 
 engravings on the opposite page) ; Sir Roger de Trumpington, 
 
 c. 1360. A Priest, Flemish, North c. 1380. John Alderburne, demi- 
 
 Mimms, Herts. figure, Lewknor, Oxon. 
 
 c. 1360. Simon de Wenslagh, Flemish, c. 1380. A Priest, Lydgate, Suffolk. 
 
 Wensley, Yorks. 1388. Alexander Chelseye, demi- 
 
 1361. Water de Aunesfordhe, demi- figure, Chinnor, Oxon. 
 
 figure, Binfield, Berks. 1389. Rich. Thaseburgh, Hellesdon, 
 
 1364. Wm. Darell, demi-figure, Norfolk. 
 
 Brand esburton, Yorks. c. 1390. A mutilated figure, Fulbourn, 
 
 c. 1370. John Seys, West Hanney, Camb. 
 
 Berks. 1391. Wm. Lye, demi-figure, North- 
 
 c. 1370. Rich. Brey, demi-figure, fleet, Kent. 
 
 Barton-in-tbe-Clay, Beds. 1395. John de Swynstede, Ashridge 
 
 c. 1370. A Priest, Stoke-in-Teignliead, House, Herts. 
 
 Devon. 1396. Wm. Groby, demi-figure, High 
 
 c. 1370. A Priest, Shottesbrooke, Halstow, Kent. 
 
 Berks. 1398. Roger Campedene, demi-figure, 
 
 c. 1370. John Verieu, demi-figure, Stamford-in-the-Vale, Berks. 
 
 Salt«ood, Kent. 1399. Thos. and Rich. Gomfrey, 
 
 c. 1370. Robt. Levee, or Lenee, demi- Dronfield, Derbyshire, 
 
 figure, Hayes, Kent. c. 1400. A Priest, Stanford, Notts. 
 
 c. 1370. A demi-figure, St. David's, From the style of engraving only, it 
 
 Pembrokeshire, in private hands. is very difficult to determine with great 
 
 1375. Peter de Lacy, Northfleet, accuracy the date of several of these 
 
 Kent. early brasses of priests. 
 
 c. 1375. Ralph Perchehay, demi- s The author is indebted to the Corn- 
 figure, Stifford, Essex. mittee of the Surrey Archaeological 
 
 c. 1380. A Priest, Beachamwell, Society for the use of the engraving of 
 
 Norfolk. • Sir John D'Aubernoun.
 
 XIV. CKNT. MILITARY -BRASSES. 
 
 cxlv 
 
 Six John d'Auternoun, 1277, Stoke D'Aternon, Surrey. 
 
 U
 
 cxlvi 
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES, 
 
 1289, Trumpington, near Cambridge; Sit Robert de Bares, 1302, 
 Acton, Suffolk; Sir Eobert de Setvans, 1306, Chartham, Kent, 
 (all cross-legged effigies except the first) ; and two demi-figures. 
 
 A. Heaume, or Bascinet. 
 
 B. Coif (le maillee. 
 
 C. Ailettes. 
 
 D. Hanberk. 
 
 TTaTT" 
 
 E. Surcoat. 
 
 F. Cliausses. 
 
 G. Poleyns. 
 H. Pryck spur. 
 
 Sir Ro^er de Trumpington, 1289, 
 Trumpington, Camb. 
 
 Sir Robt. de Setvans, 1306, 
 Chartham, Kent.** 
 
 c. 1310 (?), in Lincolnshire, one at Croft, and the other, Sir Richard 
 de Buslingthorpe, at Buslingthorp '. 
 
 All these are armed in complete mail; their suit consists of a 
 
 ^ The head and legs of the lion be- Linwood, Lincolnshire ; Aston Rowant, 
 
 neath the feet are now lost. Tlie figure Oxon. ; and iStoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, 
 
 is composed of three plates, which are are matrices of early brasses of knights, 
 
 inaccurately put together. probably all cross-legged. 
 
 ' See the engraving at p. cl. At
 
 XIV. CENT, MILITARY BRASSES. Cxlvii 
 
 hawherk, or sliirt of mail, reaching nearly to the knees, slit up a 
 short way in front for convenience in riding, having a hood or 
 coif de mailles, which wraps round the neck and head, and fastens 
 across the forehead with an interlaced strap ; long sleeves terminating 
 in mufflers, or gloves not divided into fingers, which also are fastened 
 round the wrists by straps ; the thighs, legs, and feet are encased in 
 chausses of mail, which in the figure of Sir John D'Aubernoun ap- 
 pear to be of one piece with the hawberk. The chausses were some- 
 times of two pieces, and joined at the knee by garters ; but whether 
 this is the case here, cannot be ascertained, as the knees are pro- 
 tected with polei/ns. The poleyns, or genouillieres (i. e. knee-pieces) , 
 were probably made of ordinary leather, or else of a prepared kind 
 termed adr-honiUi, and usually much ornamented '^, as on the figure 
 of Sir Robert de Bures (see the engraving on the next page). 
 Around the ancles, single-pointed or " pryck" spurs are buckled, 
 which are secured by straps passing across the instep and under the 
 foot. Over the armour was worn the bliaus or surcoat ', which was 
 sleeveless, with a short skirt open in front, and confined round the 
 waist by a narrow belt or cord. The shield, which was either large 
 and concave to the body, or small and heater shaped, was attached 
 above the left arm by an ornamented guige or strap passing over the 
 right shoulder. A large sword, with enriched scabbard and hilt, 
 was suspended from the left side by a broad belt buckled across the 
 hips, and hung down in front of the legs. Such is in general the 
 armour on the brasses under consideration ; the demi- figures being 
 similar as far as they remain entire. 
 
 But a particular examination of these several effigies in detail, fur- 
 nishes a still more complete view of the defensive armour of the 
 period. That of Sir Eobert de Setvans exhibits some peculiarities 
 usually confined to Continental effigies ; the coif de mailles is not 
 
 ^ Small plates at the elbows were also the iron armour, so apt to heat exces- 
 
 in use, and probably made of the same sively when exposed to the direct rays 
 
 material as the poleyns. Both, however, of the sun." Meyrick, Anc. Arms and 
 
 may possibly have been of steel. Armour, p. 100, ed. 1824, from which 
 
 ' The surcoat, whicli was sometimes work nnicli of the information in the 
 
 charged with armorial bearings, as at text relative to the material and names 
 
 Chartham, Kent, " seems to have origi- of the various pieces of armour has been 
 
 nated with the crusaders for the pur- derived. For a full account of the early 
 
 pose of distinguishing the many differ- brasses of knights in this century, the 
 
 cut nations serving under tlie banner I'cader is referred to Messrs. \\'aller's 
 
 of the cross, and to throw a veil over beautiful Series of Monumental Brasses.
 
 cxlviii 
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 drawn over the head, but lies loosely round the neck, and in this 
 respect resembles the stone effigy of one of the Rous 
 family in the Temple Church, London ; his mail gloves 
 are slipped off the hands, and hanging down from the 
 wrists exhibit the ends of the sleeves of the hauJceton, 
 the skirt of which may be seen beneath that of the haw- 
 berk. The hauketon '", which was nearly identical with 
 the ^vambais or gamheson, was a tunic of leather, buck- 
 ram, &c., stuffed with wool, cotton, tow, &:c., stitched Ha^ids, &c., brass 
 
 ofSirEobt.de 
 
 in parallel hues, and put on beneath the hawberk, to se.tvans. 
 diminish the pressure of the mail, and to serve as an additional pro- 
 tection. It was sometimes worn outside the mail, or alone, and pos- 
 sessed the advantage over steel armour of not being liable to rust. 
 A similar garment, but of lighter materials, was the pourpolnt {per- 
 punctum), but its stitching was more ornamented, and the threads 
 seem to have been knotted outside so as to form a kind of em- 
 broidery ; its facing was of silk, sometimes 
 of the rich and thin kind called cendall, or 
 sandall, which resembled sarcenet. The 
 ornament of the pourpoint is well exempli- 
 fied in the cuisses, or thigh armour, of Sir 
 Robert de Bures, whose figure appears to be 
 more beautifullv designed than the rest. To 
 the back of the shoulders of the knights at 
 Trumpington, Chartham, and Buslingthorp, 
 are fixed ailettes, or little wings, which were 
 made of leather, edged with fringe, tied on 
 
 , *nT/*i Poleyns and cuisses, brasa of Sir 
 
 by silk cords, and probably intended for de- Eobt. de smea, Acton, suaoik. 
 fence : they were frequently charged with the armorial bearings of 
 the wearer. Besides the coif de mailles, the head was further pro- 
 tected by a chapel-de-fer, cerveliere, or skull-cap, which was worn 
 either above or beneath the mail hood. Helmets, such as that on 
 which the head of Sir Roger de Trumpington reclines, were also 
 worn throughout the century, and were chiefly used at tournaments. 
 They were often ornamented with a cross in front, had slits for the 
 eyes, and breathing holes, or small crosses, beneath ; to a staple at 
 
 ™ Tlie hoketon, hoqueton, or hauque- 
 ton, as the name was variously spelt. 
 
 is perhaps derived from the Asiatic 
 b xiTfjiv, tunica.
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 cxlix 
 
 the apex, a feather or the lady^s scarf, called the cointisse, or "ker- 
 chief of Plesaunce," was attached °. In the example just mentioned, 
 the helmet is attached by a chain to the girdle, 'Uo enable the 
 knight to recover it if knocked off in the fray °." 
 
 If these figures be still more minutely examined, it will be seen 
 that the mail armour is represented in different ways. The knight 
 at Croft has that kind of mail which has been su})posed to have been 
 formed of rows of rings set edgeways, or else over- ^^::i5^ ^,^ 
 lapping each other, and sewed on to a strong ^^^i^^^^ 
 quilted tunic, each row in succession lying alter- '^=*^li^:?t^^ 
 Lately to the left and right p. Interstices are ap- Banded Man. 
 parently left between each row of rings, in order perhaps to render 
 it more flexible ; this species of defence has been termed handed ring 
 mail. All the other figures furnish examples of interlaced chain 
 mail, which was usually composed of four steel rings joining a fifth, 
 and all fastened by rivets ; the rings at the edges were generally of 
 brass, and sometimes ten rings interlace, and form what has been 
 called double chain mail. This kind of armour appears to have 
 been introduced into England from the East, during the crusades 
 in the reign of Henry III. : on account of its greater flexibility and 
 strength, it eventually superseded the mail formed of rings set edge- 
 
 ° The cointisse originally was of 
 larger size, and worn round the body. 
 
 " Waller's Brasses, pt. x. Thj same 
 precaution may be seen on the brasses 
 at Minster in the Isle of Sheppy, c. 
 1330, and Aveley, Essex, 1370, where 
 the chains are fastened on the breast, 
 instead of the girdle; in the latter in- 
 stance the sword and dagger are thus 
 secured. 
 
 p It is uncertain whether the peculiar 
 style of engraving said to represent this 
 sort of mail, be not in many cases a 
 conventional form and easier method of 
 representing the interlaced chain mail 
 described below. When the partition 
 lines (as on the brass of Sir Koger de 
 Trumpington) are omitted, or when 
 there is only one partition line, there 
 can be little doubt that tliis is the case, 
 as in the sixteenth century the chain 
 mail was certainly so represented on 
 brasses : see, for instance, the engraving 
 of the military effigy from Cobham, 
 Surrey, supra, p. xlvi. Compare also 
 
 the fringes of the camails on brasses at 
 the beginning of the fifteenth century, 
 e. g. on those of Sir Nicholas Hawberk, 
 1407, Cobham, Kent; Sir Thomas Mas- 
 syngberde, c.1405, Gunby, Lincolnshire; 
 and Sir Wm. Tendring, 1408, Stoke-by- 
 Nayland, Suffolk, engraved in Mr. Bou- 
 tell's Mon. Brasses and Slabs, p. 178, 
 and Series of Mon. Brasses. On figures 
 at Strensham, Worcestershire, c. 1390; 
 Dray cot Cerne, Wilts., 1393; Dart- 
 mouth, Devon, 1403, &c., the mail is 
 represented in two different ways. The 
 practice of putting two partition lines 
 between the crescent-shaped incisions is 
 confined to brasses of the fourteenth 
 century, and is perhaps not to be found 
 later than c. 1380. The mail on brasses 
 at Elsing, Norfolk, and Wimbish, Es- 
 sex, 1347, is I'epresented differently 
 to that on any others. On the brasses 
 at Chartham, Kent, and Buslingthorp 
 the mail is merely sketched out; see 
 supra, p. xxxiv.
 
 cl 
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITAUY BRASSES. 
 
 ways, wliich were extremely liable to be struck off by the blow of 
 a sword. 
 
 The gloves of Sir Richard de Buslingthorpe 
 afford instances of another kind of ancient 
 armour, which consisted of overlapping scales 
 of plate, sewed on to an under garment. The 
 only other examples on brasses are on the 
 wrists of Sir John de Northwode, c. 1330, 
 Minster in Sheppy, Kenfi, and on the feet 
 of Sir William Cheyne, 1375, at Drayton 
 Beauchamp, Bucks. 
 
 The next change in armour is exhibited by 
 the brasses of the reign of Edward IL, of 
 which the following examples only remain. 
 
 '^ ' . ■' Su- Eicb. de Buslingtiiorpe, c. lalO, 
 
 Two mutilated figures of knights, c. 1320, of Busimettiorp, liQcoinshire. 
 the Fitzralph and Bacon families, at Gorleston, Suffolk "■, and Peb- 
 marsh, Essex; Sir John de Creke, c. 1325, Westley Waterless, 
 Camb. (see the engraving on the opposite page) ; Sir John D'Au- 
 bernoun, 1327, Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey'', and Sir John de North- 
 wode, c. 1330, Minster in Sheppy''. These figures show the gradual 
 addition of plate armour, consisting of roundels, or circular plates, 
 perhaps termed palettes % attached to the front of the shoulder and 
 elbow by tags or arming points ; demi-plates strapped over the upper 
 and fore arms, and termed respectively, when entirely surrounding 
 the arms, " arriere-bras," rerehraces, or brassarts, and " avant-bras" 
 or vawbraces. The shins were also defended by greaves of plate 
 called jambs, and the upper part of the feet by sollerets, composed 
 of over-lapping plates. The knights at Gorleston and Pebmarsh are 
 cross-leffo-ed, the one in the so-called banded mail and the other in 
 chain mail, and differ from the earlier figures in the above respects 
 onlv. In the other three, which are in banded mail, the sleeves of 
 the hawberk reach only a little below the elbows, and are slit under- 
 
 ■) See the engraving at p. xxiii. Tu- 
 nics composed of scale-work are worn 
 by some of the seated figures at the 
 Peacock Feast on the brass at Lynn, 
 1364; see supra, p. cxxi. For an ac- 
 count of this style of armour and of 
 the banded mail, see two articles by 
 J. Hewitt, Esq., in the Ai-ch. Journ., 
 vol. vii. p. 360, and vol. viii. p. 2'JO. 
 
 ■■ See the engravings at p. clli. 
 
 ' From a note in the Arch. Journ. 
 (vol. viii. p. 87) by Albert Way, Esq., 
 on an inventory made c. 1450 of some 
 armour formerly at Winchester College, 
 it appears that palettes were head-pieces; 
 the pelluris, galea ex coreo et pelle, a 
 defence, no doubt, of cuir-houilli. See 
 also Arch. Journ., vol. xiv. p. 53.
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 cli
 
 clii XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSKS. 
 
 iioatli ; (he fore-arms are entirely dcfeiided by vainbraces, and the 
 
 A memlDer of tlie de Bacon family, 
 c. 1320, Gorleston, Suffolk. 
 
 Sir John D'Auternoun, 1327, 
 Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey. 
 
 hands are bare. On the heads of these figures are " cervelieres V' or 
 
 ' Called by the Italians cervelliera, 
 from cervella, ' a skull.' The cerveliere 
 was more pointed than the chapelle-de- 
 fer. It differed from the bascinet in 
 not coming down so low behind, and at 
 the sides of the face. Moveable aven- 
 tallies, or vizors, were attached to the 
 headpiece to protect the face. The ket- 
 tle-hat, BO called from its resembling 
 
 an inverted cauldron, was also used in 
 this century. It had a ridge over the 
 top of the head, and a wide brim, and is 
 well represented on the small figure of 
 Lord St. Amand, on the brass at Elsing, 
 Norfolk, 1347. See a notice of this 
 curious head-piece in Arch. Journ., vol. 
 xiv. p. 53.
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 cliii 
 
 bascinets, to which the camaW, or upper part of the hawberk 
 which covered the neck and shoulders, was 
 fastened, by laces or otherwise ; and in- 
 stead of the surcoat, the ci/clas^ is worn, 
 which was also sleeveless, was shorter in 
 front than behind, and laced up at the 
 sides of the body. In the effigies of Sir 
 John D'Aubernoun and Sir John de Creke, 
 the skirt of the hawberk is pointed in front ; 
 beneath it the edge of the hauketon is seen, 
 and above it that of the pourpoint, which is 
 studded with rosettes, and has a fringed 
 border y. Roivell, or wheel spurs, first ap- 
 pear on the brass of Sir John de Creke. 
 
 Not long after the commencement of the 
 reign of Edward the Third, the jupon ^ was 
 substituted for the cyclas. This garment, 
 like the cyclas, fitted close to the body, was 
 without sleeves, and sometimes laced up at 
 the sides ; but its skirt was shorter, and of 
 equal length in front and behind. It was 
 made of silk or velvet, stuff'ed with cotton, 
 and stitched, and was frequently charged 
 with armorial bearings. Probably about 
 the same period breast-plates and back- 
 pieces came into use : the former ai)pear 
 to have been suggested by the small plate, 
 or " plastron de fer," and like it were worn 
 eitlier above or beneath the hawberk. The 
 interesting effigy of Sir John Gifi'ard, 1348, lately restored to Bowers 
 GifTord Church, Essex", affords an early instance of the jupon on 
 
 Sir John Giffard. 1348. Bowers 
 Giflbrd. Essex. 
 
 " Two derivations of this word have 
 been given, one that it is a shortened 
 form of cap-mail ; the other, by Sir Sam. 
 Meyrick, from its reseiubliiig a tijipet 
 of camel's hair, styled hy the Greeks of 
 Constantinople KaixtXavKiov. 
 
 ^ Called also ciglaton, siclaton. Cyclas 
 seems to be a term bon-owcd from the 
 Greeks, hy whom it was called KVK\ds, 
 from its fitting close round the body. 
 
 y Sir John de Creke probably wears 
 another garment, perhaps of cuir-bouilli, 
 between his hawberk and pourpoint. 
 Waller, pt. x. 
 
 ' The guipon, or gyppon, French Jupon 
 and JKppel, Ital. (/iubba, Spanish j«io», 
 aljiiba, {aljtica ?) was of Arabic origin, 
 as the last word implies, and signified 
 the Moorish thorax. 
 
 " When the church was rebuilt several
 
 Cliv XIV. CKNT. MILITARY BRASSRS. 
 
 a brass effigy, and the latest in which mail armour is found without 
 the additional defences of plate on the arms and legs. The sleeve 
 of the hauketon is visible on the fore-arm. Tlie gauntlets and 
 cuisses, or thigh-armour, are also composed of padded work, and the 
 former have apparently small plates of steel on the fingers. A shield 
 suspended over the left arm bears the charge, Sa. six fleur-de-lys 
 or, Giffard, the field of which is elegantly ornamented with scroll- 
 work. 
 
 Besides the effigy of Sir John GifFard, two other brasses only of 
 knights, of the first twenty-five years of Edward the Third, are 
 known to be extant: Sir Hugh Hastings, Elsing, Norfolk; and 
 Sir John de Wantyng, or Wanton, Wimbish, Essex ; both of the 
 date 1347. They wear jupons, and mixed armour of mail and 
 plate; the former has a gorget, or collar of plate, over the camail, 
 and a perforated moveable vizor attached to his bascinet. These 
 vizors, when seen in profile, resemble the beaks of birds, as on the 
 brass of Sir John Mauleverere, 1400, at Allerton Mauleverer, Yorks., 
 and on some small figures in the shafts of the canopy of Sir Hugh 
 Hastmgs ; one of these, the effigy of Ralph, Lord Stafford (see the 
 engraving on the opposite page) affords a very good example of the 
 armour of the period; it differs chiefly from the fignre of Sir Hugh 
 Hastings in having jambs of plate over the chausses of mail, and 
 the shield placed over the left thigh; the knobs, or spikes'', pro- 
 jecting from the genouillieres, are characteristic of this date. The 
 armorial bearing of Sir Hugh Hastings, Or, a maunche gu. with a 
 label az., is placed both on his jupon and shield, and is richly 
 adorned with scroll-work. The knight at Wimbish is the earliest 
 instance in which the shield is omitted. 
 
 After the middle of the century, knights always wore moustaches 
 and beards '^ and their armour became much less variable. It con- 
 years ago, this brass was given to a xiii. p. 189. The outline of the head in 
 gentleman residing at Billericay, and the engraving is purely conjectural, the 
 was long supposed to be lost. Owing original slab having disappeared from 
 to the praiseworthy enquiries and exer- the church. 
 
 tions of Mr. H. W. King, it has been ^ They seem to have been copied from 
 
 discovered, and restored to the Rector the figure of Sir Hugh Hastings on 
 to be replaced in the church. An en- that of Sir Roger L'Estrange, 1506, at 
 graving of this brass, with an account of Hunstanton, Norfolk, see supra, p. liii. 
 it and of the Giflard family, written by note q. 
 
 Mr. King, will be found in the Proceed- "^ The beard was covered by the camail, 
 
 ings of the Essex Arch. Soc, vol. i. and therefore was rarely visible ; but on 
 p. 93, See also the Arch. J oui-n. vol. the fine brass at Stoke -by -Nay land.
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 clv 
 
 3 T-aclVi'; 
 
 Ralph, Lord Stafford, from the brass of Sir Hugh Ha3t:as-=. 13*'''' 
 
 Elsing, Norfolk,
 
 clvi 
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 sisted of an acutely pointed bascinet, 
 to which the camail or tippet of mail, 
 (now disunited from the hawberkj 
 was attached by a cord passed through 
 vervelles, or staples, placed round the 
 lower edges of the bascinet, with its 
 ends carried up beside the face, and 
 fastened above in knots or tassels. 
 The body was defended by a short 
 hawberk or habergeon, with a straight 
 edge; in addition to which a breast- 
 plate was probably worn, and above 
 all the jupon with an escalloped border 
 to its skirt '^. A bmodric, or broad 
 belt, enriched with flowers in circles, 
 &c., passed round the hips, and buck- 
 ling in front, kept the jupon in its 
 proper position. At the left side was 
 suspended the sword, with a circular 
 or octangular pommel, and a peculiar 
 ornament at the top of the scabbard ; 
 and at the right the hasilard, anelace, 
 misericorde, or dagger of mercy, which 
 was destitute of a cross-guard : these 
 weapons were attached to the bawdric 
 by short cords or chains. EpauUeres, 
 (epaulets,) consisting of over-lapping 
 plates, usually three in number, pro- 
 tected the shoulders : the brassarts 
 and vambraces were now generally of 
 two pieces united by a hinge, and 
 entirely encircled the arms. Mail 
 armour was seen at the armpits ; and 
 also at the elbow joints, which were 
 
 itijuua^ 
 
 V 
 
 WiUiam de Aldeburgh, c. 1360, Aldborough, 
 Yorks. 
 
 Suffolk, of Sir Wm. Tendring, 1408, who under the body armour ; its sleeves may 
 
 is represented bare-headed, the beard is be seen on the wrists of the knights at 
 
 seen. It is also visible on a brass, 1417, Elsing, Norfolk, 1347, and Aveley, Essex, 
 
 at Mendlesham in the same county. 1370. Wni. de Aldeburgh has also the 
 
 •^ The haketoa was of course worn pourpoiut, which is just perceptible under
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 clvii 
 
 4* Tlic 
 
 meet imgr jolicsf ti\ 
 
 TiR. -^nma^t voq T5 "rn m go mj\ii — ! 
 
 Lord Joiin Harsick and Lady, 1384, Southacre, Norfolk.
 
 clviii 
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 covered by cotites, or elbow-pieces, with heart-shaped, or in early 
 instances, small circular hinges. To these the straps or axles which 
 passed across the bend of the elbows were fastened. The gauntlets 
 were of leather, with scales or separate plates on the backs, and 
 knobs or spikes on the knuckles, which were termed gadlings, and 
 
 occasionally used for offence. The 
 cuisses were frequently of pourpoint- 
 work, faced with silk or other rich 
 material, usually of a red colour, 
 with gilt studs of metal sewed on 
 it. These are generally met with on 
 earlier examples, as at Elsing and 
 Wimbish, 1347; Bodyham, Sussex, 
 c. 1360; Drayton Beauchamp, 
 Bucks., 1368 ; and Cobham, 
 Kent, 1354, c. 1365, &c. Chausses 
 of mail were still worn ; and over 
 them genouillieres, which in brasses ^the^e.^S" 
 before c. 1370 somewhat resembled ch'^sucks"" 
 Part of the figure of Sir Miles pot-Hds ; also jambs of pLitc. Thc constructioH 
 
 Stapleton, 1364-5, formerly at Ing- „,, •ii'\ -\ • i ti i^ l 
 
 bam, Norfolk. 01 thc genouilueres and jambs was like that 
 
 of the coutes, brassarts and vambraces. Pointed soUerets protected 
 the feet, and rowell spurs were buckled over the instep. The mail 
 on brasses of this period is usually represented as if made 0/ over- 
 
 the skirt of his jupon : this is the latest 
 brass on which the shield occurs. A 
 jupon of poiirpoint is on the figure at 
 Aveley, and was also on that of Sir 
 Miles Stapleton, 1365, formerly at Ing- 
 ham, Norfolk. See the engraving above. 
 « The fringe below the genouillieres 
 in this example is also on the effigy at 
 Bowers Giftbrd. The jambs, like those 
 of Sir Miles Stapleton, and the cuisses 
 of Sir John de Cobham, 1354, Cobham, 
 Kent, are either strips of steel, sewed on 
 cloth, or some similar material; or per- 
 haps are of pourpoint, fluted by strips 
 of steel inlaid, with the studs arranged 
 in rows in the depressions. Similar 
 fluted armour occurs on the cuisses of a 
 stone effigy of a knight at Tewkesbury 
 Abbey. It is difficult to determine 
 exactly the character of the studded 
 or bezanted armour. It very probably 
 was constructed like the splints of the 
 
 breast and back-pieces of a knight of 
 the fourteenth century, described in a 
 review of a German work by Drs. Hef- 
 ner and Wolf, in the Arch. Journ., vol. 
 vii. p. 405 : " strips of metal, like hoop- 
 ing, are placed horizontally across the 
 body, the upper edge of each band being 
 perforated for rivets. These strips are 
 arranged so as slightly to overlap each 
 other ; a piece of velvet or other stuff is 
 then laid over the whole, and by rows of 
 rivets fastened to the bands of iron be- 
 neath. The velvet being of a rich hue, 
 and the rivet-heads gilt, the garment 
 pr.'sents exactly the appearance of those 
 knightly caparisons in which spots of 
 gold are seen studding the whole super- 
 ficies of a dress of crimson or other 
 brilliant tincture." A knight at Ash 
 Church, Kent, has body -armour ap- 
 parently of this kind.
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 clix 
 
 lapping rings, or of rings set edgeways. Towards the end of the 
 century the use of the hawberk and chausses of mail was gradually 
 relinquished, on account of their weight ; a short skirt of mail was 
 attaciied to the breast-plates and back-plates, and gussets, or small 
 pieces of mail, were retained at the various bends of the limbs, and 
 were sewed to the padded or leathern garment worn under the armour^. 
 The brasses of Wm. de Aldeburgh, c. 
 1360, Aldborough, Yorks. ; Sir Nicholas 
 Burnell, 1382, Acton Burnell, Shropsliire 
 (see p. cxxxviii.), and Lord Harsick, 1384, 
 Southacre, Norfolk, are good examples of 
 the armour of the period; on the last-named 
 brass may be seen, in profile, the tilting 
 helmet worn over the bascinet, with the 
 cointisse and crest (in a hoop or, a bunch 
 of turkey feathers) attached to it. 
 
 About 1390 slight changes in the mode 
 of decoration are perceptible on brasses; 
 the chain mail was generally used, the lace 
 of the camail was more effectually protected 
 by passing through a groove, formed by 
 two raised rims carried along the edge of 
 the bascinet and across the forehead ; the 
 jupon had escalloped or fringed arm-holes, 
 and the lower edge sometimes (c. 1400) 
 cut into a border of leaves, the edges of 
 the armour of the legs and thighs had an 
 invecked border, the gauntlets were more 
 ornamented, the cuisses were of plate, the 
 gussets of mail at tlie knees were more 
 distinctly visible, and the genouillieres had 
 square plates below, and sometimes above 
 them. The hilt of the sword was orna- 
 mented with cross cords, and its scabbard ^""Hemp^tea^, Herti^'™" 
 
 ' See the engraving of a man putting 
 on his armour, in Arch. Journ., vol. iv. 
 p. 226. These gussets were probahly 
 termed vuiders, a term explained hy 
 Mr. Albert Way as " either gussets of 
 mail or overlapping plattis, serving to 
 
 fill lip the spaces, or vuides, either at 
 the elbows or the knee-joints." Ibid., 
 p. 230. Plate armour was usually lined 
 or padded, to prevent galling the wearer; 
 it was also often covered with silk velvet 
 or other rich materials.
 
 cb 
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 richly decorated. Collars were now frequently worn. Effigies of 
 knights exhibiting these changes are at Hemel Hempstead, Herts., 
 and Laughton, Lincolnshire, c. 1400 (see the engraving on the oppo- 
 site page), both have their swords suspended by a diagonal belt, 
 although they wear the horizontal bavvdrick; the same arrange- 
 ment may be seen on a fine figure at Spilsby, Lincolnshire, c. 14*05, 
 and is especially observable on stone effigies. Other instances are 
 at Letheringhara, Suffolk, c. 1390; Strensham, Worcestershire, 
 c. 1390; Wanlip, Leicestershire, 1393; Draycot Cerne, Wilts., 
 1393-4; Sheldwich, Kent, 1394; Brandesburton, Yorks., ]397; 
 ]\lere, Wilts., 1398; Playford, Suflblk, 1400; Blickling, Norfolk, 
 1401 8. 
 
 s Tlie following are good instances 
 of brasses of knights of the latter half 
 of this century :^- 
 
 1354. Sir John de Cobham, Cobham, 
 Kent. 
 
 c. 1360. Sir John Bodiham (?), Body- 
 ham, Sussex. 
 
 c.l3fi0. Wm. de Aldeburgh, Aid- 
 borough, Yorks. 
 
 1361. Sir Philip Peletoot, Watton, 
 Herts. 
 
 c. 1365. Sir John de Cobham, Cob- 
 ham, Kent. 
 
 1367. Sir Thos. de Cobham, Cob- 
 ham, Kent. 
 
 1368. Thos. Cheyne, Esq., Drayton 
 Beaiichamp, Bucks. 
 
 1370. Ralph de Knevynton, Aveley, 
 Essex. 
 
 c. 1370. Edmund Flambard, Harrow, 
 Middx. 
 
 c. 1370. A Knight (Kydford ?) and 
 lady, Broughton, Lincolnshire. 
 
 c. 1370. Sir John de la Pole and 
 lady, Chrishall, Essex. 
 
 c. 1370. A Knight, Ticehurst, Sussex. 
 
 1371. Thos. Stapel, Esq., Shopland, 
 Essex. 
 
 1371 ? Sir John de Mereworth, Mere- 
 worth, Kent. 
 
 1375. Wm. Cheyne, Esq., Drayton 
 Beauchamp, Bucks. 
 
 1378. Sir John de Foxle and ladies. 
 Bray, Berks. 
 
 c. 1380. Quintiu, Cliffe-Pypard, 
 
 Wilts. 
 
 c.1380. Sir DaUingridge and 
 
 lady, Fletching, Sussex. 
 
 c. 1380. Sir Roger de Felbrig and 
 Lady, Felbrigg, Norfolk. 
 
 c. 1380. A Knight, Calbourne, Isle 
 of Wight. 
 
 c. 1380. A Knight, St. Michael's, 
 St. Alban's, Herts. 
 
 1381. Rich, de Feversham, Graveney, 
 Kent. 
 
 1382. Lord Nicholas Burnell, Acton 
 Burnell, Shropshire. 
 
 1382, Sir John de Argenteine, Horse- 
 heath, Camb. 
 
 1384. Lord John Harsick and lady, 
 Southacre, Norfolk. 
 
 1385. Sir Thos. de Audeley, Audley, 
 Staftbrdshire. 
 
 C.1385. Sir Reginald Malyus and 
 ladies, Chinnor, Oxon. 
 
 c. 1385. Sir Esmoun de Malyns, 
 and lady, demi-figures, Chinnor, Oxon. 
 
 1387. Sir Robt. de Grey, Rother- 
 field Greys, Oxon. 
 
 1388. Sir Wm. de Echingham, Etch- 
 ingham, Sussex. 
 
 1390. Sir Andrew Loutterell, Irn- 
 ham, Lincolnshire. 
 
 c. 1390. John Flambard, Harrow, 
 Middx. 
 
 c. 1390. Lord John Wyngefeld, 
 Letheringham, Suffolk. 
 
 1391. Sir Wm. de Kerdiston and 
 lady, Reepham, Norfolk. 
 
 1392. Thos. Lord Berkeley and lady, 
 Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. 
 
 1392? John Cray, Esq., Chinnor, 
 Oxon. 
 
 1393. Sir Henry Englissh and lady. 
 Wood Ditton, Cambridgeshire. 
 
 1393. Sir 'I'hos. W^alsch and lady, 
 Wanlip, Leicestershire. 
 
 1394. Lord Rich. Attelese and lady, 
 Sheldwich, Kent.
 
 XIV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 clxi 
 
 \c MCfiU.ti'j .Aisa 
 
 xrcumi5»cupo 
 
 •irolii AC-S>\V']u[Uciftc pccvaiiniovmeoirm rem. CtGtoijms 3aUG . 
 
 fllm5fthrltsmfllr^'UlllllaC>.u^u^0fX^^llh^v4obvltllc:lmllaclBIlO i\e nicua 
 
 ?5f f cinhi\s ?.iu',o itiiav cciTir/tUii' i Kttm v.ud jr jvs Umtirx octen ,»t»V.u 
 
 ' C-t-iitlno Cfojsmiiobut re' Our iwuCvssjmn A'"" SiJi !i!)'ccnc'»lw' -auno 
 
 vr(jui unp veeu: i?0%aitivfrda«no£JiW miiAtfficitluv OtuSnmcn 
 
 A Knight, c. 1400, Laughton, Lincolnshire. 
 
 V
 
 clxu 
 
 XIV. CKNT. CIVILIANS. 
 
 Civilians. Although but few exatnjiles of this chiss remain, tliere 
 are enough to enable us to determine with tolerable accuracy the 
 costume of this century from its monumental brasses. 
 
 Instances in the 
 
 earlier part of the cen- 
 tury are at East Wick- 
 ham, Kent, c. 1335, 
 
 (see the engraving at 
 
 page cxxxv.) ; Taplow, 
 
 Bucks, c. 1350 ; the 
 
 fine Flemish brasses 
 
 at Lynn, Norfolk, 
 
 1349 and 1364; and 
 
 Newark, Notts., 1361. 
 
 From these fiijures it 
 
 appears that the hair 
 
 was long and flowing ', 
 
 and that moustaches 
 
 and a beard, sometimes 
 forked, were worn. The dress, with slight differ- 
 ences, consists of a close-fitting tunic, or cofe- 
 
 . . . Nicholas De Auinberdene_ 
 
 lianlie, reaching below the knees, partly open, c. laso, Tapiow. Bucks> 
 sometimes with pockets in front ; and with tight sleeves extending to 
 the elbows, and there either terminating, or hanging down in long 
 lappets, or liri pipes, as in the annexed engraving. On the fore-arm 
 are seen the tight sleeves, with buttons underneath, of an under- 
 dress. Over the shoulders were a hood and a cape or tippet. The 
 legs were clothed in tight hose, and the feet in shoes, which either 
 
 Adam de Walsokne. 1319. St. Mai'garet'a, 
 Lyxin, Noit'olk.*! 
 
 1395. Lord Win. de Bryene, Seal, 
 Kent. 
 
 1395? John Raven, Esq.? Great 
 Berkhampstead, Herts. 
 
 1397. Sir John St. Quintin and lady, 
 Brandesburton, Yorks. 
 
 1398. Sir Jolm Bettesthorne, Mere, 
 Wilts. 
 
 1400. Sir John Mauleverere and 
 lady, Allerton Mauleverer, Yorks. 
 
 1400. Sir Geo. Felbrigg, Playford, 
 Suffolk. 
 
 1400. Sir Ingelram Bruyn, South 
 Ockendon, Essex. 
 
 c. 1400. Robert Albyn and lady, 
 Hemel Hempstead, Herts. 
 
 c. 1400. A Knight, Loughton, Lin- 
 c ilnshire. 
 
 '' This engraving is copied from that 
 in Cotman's Brasses ot Norfolk and 
 Suffolk. Since the time (1819) of the 
 publication of that work, the original 
 brass has been sadly defaced, and the 
 faces of the figures nearly obliterated. 
 
 ' See the bust at Blickling, Norfolk, 
 c. 1370, engraved supra at p. cxxxiv. 
 
 ^ Part of the right foot is mutilated 
 in the original.
 
 XIV. CKNT. CIVILIANS. 
 
 clxiii 
 
 laced up at tlie sides, or fastened across the instep ; which fashions 
 prevailed throughout the century. 
 
 The tunic or cote-hardie sometimes 
 reached only to the thighs, and wns 
 buttoned up in front; the sleeves were 
 tight, and extended to the knuckles, 
 and a bawdric was buckled round the 
 hips. Such a dress is worn by Robert 
 de Parys, 13791? at Hildersham, Cam- 
 bridgeshire. Tunics with long tight 
 sleeves, fastened with buttons below the 
 elbows, are on tlie demi-figures at Nuf- 
 field, Oxon., c. 1360: Eusper, Sussex; 
 Graveney, Kent; and Deddington,Oxon., 
 c. 1370. These wear also capes and 
 hoods. 
 
 Towards the clo*e of the century the 
 hair is worn shorter, and is thrown back 
 from off the temples; the cape is gene- 
 rally omitted, and tlie hood is some- 
 times fastened with buttons. The tunic reaches to the ancles, is in 
 some cases secured with buttons in front, and confined at the waist 
 by an ornamented girdle "", from which is suspended the basilard or 
 anelace, usually at the left side, sometimes at the right, or in front. 
 The sleeves were close, and from beneath them emerge the tight 
 sleeves of an under-dress, which generally buttoned beneath, and 
 reached half way along the hands. Over all was worn a mantle, 
 fastened by two or three buttons on the right shoulder, and thrown 
 over the left arm. Good examples of frankeleins ** and merchants 
 in this dress are on fine brasses at Shottesbrooke, Berks., c. 1370; 
 Felbrigg, Norfolk, and King's Sombourne, Hants., two figures. 
 
 Robert de Faiis, 1379 ? Hilderaham, 
 Ca.TTnbiidgeshire. 
 
 ' The probalile dates of the brasses of 
 the Parjs family in Cambiidj^estiire have 
 been ascertained from a pedigree in 
 Pembroke College Library, Cambridge, 
 by A. W. Franks, Esq., and kindly com- 
 municated by him to the antlior. 
 
 ™ The girdles bad often the initial of 
 the wearer engraved on a metal pendant 
 at their extremities. 'I'he girdle, and 
 the basilard suHpeuded from it, were 
 
 often the most expensive portions of 
 the gentlemen's dress, being higldy en- 
 riched with ^old, silver, jewels, engrav- 
 ing, &c. 
 
 " " P''rankelein signifies literally a 
 freeholder, a class loted tor wealtli and 
 great ])Ossessions, yet not ci nsidered as 
 g ntle, or entitled to bear arms; never- 
 theless, according to Chaucer, of no little 
 importance." Waller, pt. x.
 
 clxiv 
 
 XIV. CENT. CIVILIANS. 
 
 c. 13S0 ; TopclifT, Yorks.", and Wimraington, Beds., 1391 ; Boston, 
 
 Lincolnshire, 
 1398 J North- 
 leach, c. 1400, 
 and Chipping 
 Campden, 1401, 
 Gloucestershire. 
 A mutilated 
 figure at Cheam, 
 Surrey, c. 1370, 
 and other civi- 
 lians at St. Mi- 
 chael's, St. Al- 
 bans, c. 1380(?), 
 at Stoke Mera- 
 ing,Dorset,1391, 
 and Ore, Sussex, 
 c. 1400, are des- 
 titute of the 
 mantle : in the 
 two last examples the bawdric 
 passes over the right shoulder. 
 Richard Torrington, 1356, Great 
 Berkhampstead, Herts. ; a civi- 
 
 A Civilian, c. 1390, formerly at Hereford Cathedral. P Uail, C. 1390, lU the llCad 01 3 
 
 cross, lately at Hereford Cathedral ; John Covesgrave, c. 1400, Eaton 
 Socon, Beds. ; and John Eede, 1404, Checkendou, Oxon., wear 
 simply hoods and tunics, which is the usual costume of derai-figures : 
 as at East Horsley, Surrey, c. 1380; the Temple Church, Bristol, 
 1396 ; Ickleford and Letchworth, Herts., and Lambourn, Berks., 
 c. 1400. The four last have ornamented cuffs. The demi-figures 
 of Rauhn Brocas, c. 1360, Sherborne St. John's, Hants, (see the 
 
 A Civilian, c. 1380, 
 
 King's Somboume, 
 
 Hants. 
 
 " Another Flemish example, of the 
 date 1376, formerly existed at St. Mar- 
 garet's, Lynn, (see p. xx. note e.) 
 
 P The above engraving is copied from 
 a rubbing taken at Hereford iu August, 
 1843, and obligingly lent the author by 
 the Rev. H. Addington, of Langford, 
 Bods. J a portion of the shaft, about 
 nineteen inches long, engraved with 
 
 small circles, also part of the inscription 
 about seventeen inches in length, and 
 bearing the words Uc SJllmc, were then 
 remaining. This is very likely the brass 
 of the date 1393, mentioned in Rawlin- 
 son's History and Antiquities of the 
 City and Cathedral, 1717 (p. 138), and 
 by mistake conjectured to be that of 
 Dean Harold.
 
 XIV. CENT. CIVILIANS. LADIES. 
 
 clxv 
 
 engraving at page cxxxiv.), and Richard de Heylesdone, c. 1370, 
 Hellesdon, Norfolk, are attired in still simpler costume, having merely 
 close-fitting gowns over their under tunics. 
 
 The small figures at the sides of the canopies of the Flemish 
 brasses at Lynn, Norfolk, and Newark, Notts., furnish further illus- 
 trations of costume. From these it appears that the edges of the 
 mantle were often jagged, cut into the shape of leaves, &c., and 
 that a kind of high crowned cap, and a short cloak open and but- 
 toning in front, were also worn. One indication only perhaps occurs 
 on brasses of the particoloured dresses so much in fashion in the 
 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; the tunic of Walter Pescod, 
 at Boston, Lincolnshire, 1398, has his rebus, a peascod, sprinkled 
 over the left side only. 
 
 Ladies. Seven brasses only remain to shew 
 the female costume of the first half of the cen- 
 tury : they are those of Margaret de Camoys, 
 1310, Trotton, Sussex; Joan de Cobham, c. 
 1320, Cobham, Kent; Alyne de Creke, c. 1325, 
 Westley Waterless, Camb. ; Maud de Bladig- 
 done, c. 1325, (demi-figure). East Wickham, 
 Kent; Joan de Northwode, c. 1330, Minster, 
 Sheppy^; Lady Wantyng, 1347, Wimbish, 
 
 Essex; and Mar- 
 garet de Walsokne, 
 1349, Lynn, Nor- 
 folk, (Flemish). 
 All these, except 
 the first two, are 
 ])laced beside the 
 figures of their 
 husbands. 
 
 From these, the 
 
 Margaret de Walsokne, 1349, Lyim, Norfolk. (Jfggg of tllC DCriod 
 
 Joan de Cobbam, c. 
 Cobham, Kent. 
 
 13i0, 
 
 may be thus stated. The hair was parted on the forehead, and 
 confined at each side of the face, usually in plaits ; a gorget or 
 
 1 The effigies at Westloy Waterless, East Wickbaui, and Minster arc respectively 
 engraved at pp. cli., cxxxv., xxiii.
 
 clxvi XIV. CENT. LADIES. 
 
 wimple covered the neck, and was drawn up over the chin, strained 
 up each side of the face, and generally fastened across the forehead, 
 Mhich was encircled with a fillet ornamented with jewels. Over the 
 head a veil was thrown, which fell down upon the shoulders. The 
 under dress consisted of > kirtle (which is richly embroidered on 
 the brasses at Lynn), with tight sleeves and rows of buttons under- 
 neath ; over this was worn a gown, either with close sleeves reaching 
 to a little below the elbow ; or else sleeveless, and with the sides of 
 the body cut away'. Above all was sometimes worn a mantle or 
 cloak, fastened in front of the shoulders by means of a cord, which 
 usually passed through two metal loops with studs in front, termed 
 ferma'des, placed at each side of the mantle, and generally orna- 
 mented with jewels. The mantle occurs on the figures at Westley 
 Waterless, Wimbish, and Lynn ; the others are without it. Owing 
 to the length of the upper gown and mantle, they were frequently 
 gathered up under the arm, to prevent their traihng on the ground. 
 
 After the middle of the century, the head-dresses present the 
 chief variety in the costume. The hair is still braided at the sides 
 of the face: as at Southacre, Norfolk, 1384, (see the engraving at 
 pageclvii.); Dartmouth, Devon, 14-03; and Baginton, Warwickshire, 
 1407. Johane Plessi, c. 1360, Quainton, Bucks., and Margaret 
 Brocas, at Sherborne St. John's, Hants., c. 1360 (see page cxxxiv.), 
 dying young and unmarried, have the hair flowing over the shoulders*. 
 But the most common coiffure was a close cap with its front edges 
 plaited, carried straight across the forehead, and down the sides of the 
 face. Over this was frequently worn a veil or kerchief falling down 
 on the back and shoulders ; a good instance of this attire occurs at 
 
 ■■ See the figure of Alyne de Creke at ments. Instances of this may be seen 
 
 p. cli. This garment, termed the sur- on brasses at Baginton, Warwickshire, 
 
 cote overte, appears to have originated 1407 ; Trotton, 8ussex, 1419 ; Heme, 
 
 from the small slits which may be seen Kent, c. 1420; Minehead, Somerset, 
 
 in the brass at Minster, cut in the sleeve- 1440, &c. The flanclies and flasques used 
 
 less gown, to allow the passage of the in heraldry most probably originated 
 
 arms. These slits were probably en- from these sideless dresses. The dress 
 
 larged until the sides of the skirt com- of the lady at Minster may, perhaps, 
 
 pletely disappeared. These sideless have been the French surquayne, or sos- 
 
 dresses are apt to be mistaken for 5'?<e«ie, translated 'rockette' by Chaucer, 
 
 jackets edged with fur, but the appear- See Planche's British Costume, 1846, 
 
 ance nf the girdle of the kirtle through p. 113. 
 
 the side openings, and its disappearance « See the description of this peculi- 
 
 bchind the front of the dress, sufficiently liarity at the end of the account of 
 
 shews tbe real character of these gar- ladies' costume in the fifteenth century.
 
 XIV. CKNT. LADIf;S. 
 
 clxvii 
 
 Ellen Ceme, 1393-4, Draycot Ceme, 
 
 Wilts. 
 
 Burford, Sliropsliire, 
 c. 1370. The gorget, 
 which is now very 
 rarely found, occurs at 
 Lynn, Norfolk, 1364, 
 and Topclitfe, Yorks., 
 1391 ; but widows, in 
 addition to tlie veil 
 head - dress just de- 
 scribed, wore under 
 the chin a barbe or 
 wiuiple, which was a 
 kind of plaited gorget; 
 a kirtle and mantle 
 
 completed the mourning habit *, of which we 
 have good specimens at the 
 close of the century, at Necton, 
 Norfolk, 1383 ; Stebbiug, 
 Essex,c.l390; DraycotCerne, 
 Wilts., 1393-4; Westminster 
 Abbey, 1399; and North- 
 leach, Gloucestershire, c. 1400. 
 
 In the latter part of the century preposterous 
 coiffures, which for the sake of distinction may be 
 termed zigzag ^ nebule, and reticulated head-dresses, ^^^^ ^^ j,,^„ 13.5^ 
 made their appearance. They consisted of cauls or ^«"°'^<3, Kent. 
 close caps, in tlie last instance made of net-work, in which the hair 
 was confined round the face, and sometimes allowed to fall on the 
 shoulders also *; the ornamented fronts of the nebule and zigzag head- 
 dresses which are seen on brasses are probably intended to represent 
 frills. Towards the end of the century the nebule head-dress, usually 
 with three rows of frills, was worn at the top only of the head and 
 shoulders, as at Ore, Sussex, c. 1400 (see next page). About the same 
 
 Lady Elizth. Cornwall, c. 1370, 
 Burford, Shropshire. 
 
 Nebule head-dress. 
 
 ' See supra, p. Ixxxix. 
 
 " See the engraving of Isabel Beaufo, 
 at p. clxviii. 
 
 ' Under the caul the small plaited 
 cap is often found, which renders it 
 probable that false hair, or some other 
 
 similar material, was used for stuffing 
 these liead-dresses. See the engravii g 
 in Hollis's Mon. Effigies, jjt. ii., of the 
 head-attire of Lady Montacute, 1354, 
 at the Cathedral, Oxford.
 
 clxviii 
 
 XIV. CKNT. LADIES. 
 
 Head, Lady at Ore, 
 Sussex, c. HOO. 
 
 Lady Cassy, 1400, Deerhui'st, 
 Gloucestershire. 
 
 time the reticulated head-dress became common ; examples are at 
 
 Waiilip, Leicestersliire, 
 1393; Sheldwich, Kent, 
 1394; Deerhurst, Glou- 
 cestershire, 1400; and 
 Goring, Oxon., MOP. 
 The hair was frequently 
 worn over the forehead 
 only, especially when it 
 was confined in cauls of golden or silver 
 net-work termed crestine, or cresjnne'^, or- 
 namented with jewels at the intersection ; 
 a small kerchief was also pinned at the top 
 of the head and depended behind : of this 
 style of head-dress we have instances at 
 Stoke Fleming, Devon, 1391 ; Wotton- 
 under-Edge, Gloucestershire, 1392; Wrentham, Suffolk, 1400; 
 
 Shottesbroke, Berks., 1401, 
 &c. With all these, except 
 the veil head-dress, jewelled 
 fillets were generally worn 
 across the forehead. 
 
 The other portions of the 
 dress of ladies underwent less 
 change. Mantles were fre- 
 quently worn ; the kirtle had 
 close sleeves reacliing usually 
 to the knuckles, and buttoned 
 underneath as far as the elbow, and sometimes to 
 the shoulder; it was rarely confined by the girdle. 
 Occasionally it was worn alone, by young ladies, as at Quainton, 
 Bucks., c. 1360; Stoke Fleming, Devonshire, 1391, &c. : but more 
 frequently under another gown or cote-hardie, which had sometimes 
 pockets in front, (Burford, Shropshire, c. 1370 ; Winterbourne, 
 Gloucestershire, c. 1370%) and always close sleeves, eitlj|er reaching 
 
 Head, Lady Berkeley, 1392 
 Wotton-under-E dge, 
 Gloucestershire. 
 
 Isabel Beaufo, c. 1370, 
 Waterpery, Oxon. 
 
 y Engraved with the description of 
 ladies of the fifteenth century. 
 ' Planche, Brit. Cost., p. 117. 
 " Another example is one of the small 
 
 figures on the brass at Newark, Notts., 
 1361 ; a fourth was at Ingham, Nor- 
 folk, 1364-5.
 
 XIV. CENT. LADIES. 
 
 clxix 
 
 to the wrists, or terminating above the elbows, 
 with long lappets, or tippets, hanging from 
 thence : as at Great Berkhampstead, Herts., 
 1356; Waterpery, Oxon., c. 1370; Necton, 
 Norfolk, 1372; Bray, Berks., 1378. The side- 
 less dress was also in very common use'', it 
 was generally edged with fur at the openings; 
 (Lingfield, Surrey, c.1370; Wanlip, Leicester- 
 shire, 1393 ; Stoke, Suffolk, c. 1400), and 
 occasionally slit up at the sides of the skirt, 
 (Ashford and Cobham, Kent, 1375). 
 
 All these dresses were low and square at tlie 
 neck, fitted tight to the body, and had frequently 
 flounces of fur at the feet, and rows of buttons, 
 or jewels, &c., up the front of the body. The 
 kirtle and cote-hardie were sometimes buttoned 
 from the neck to the feet, as at Chinnor, Oxon., 
 c. 1380; Ore, Sussex, c. 1400; Ware, Herts., 
 c. 1400 ; Chipping Camden, Gloucestershire, 
 1401. The feet were generally very small, with 
 pointed toes *=. 
 
 Lady Cobhaan, c. laTO, 
 T lingfield, Surrey ■>. 
 
 *" See the engravings from brasses at 
 Sherborne St. John's, Hants., c. 1360, and 
 Ashford, Kent, 1375, at pp. cxxxiv., 
 clxvii. 
 
 ■^ The following is a list of a few- 
 figures of ladies in the latter half of this 
 century, which may be added to those 
 seen on the brasses of the knights and 
 civilians (especially the latter) which 
 have recently been noticed : — 
 
 c. 1360. A widow (?), demi-figure, 
 Clifton Campville, Staffordshire. 
 
 c. 1360. A lady. Great Berkhamp- 
 stead, Herts. 
 
 c. 1370. Lady Cobham, Lingfield, 
 Surrey. 
 
 c. 1370. Isabel Beaufo, Waterpery, 
 Oxon. 
 
 c. 1370. — Bradstone, Winterbourne, 
 Gloucestershire. 
 
 c. 1370. Elizth. Cornwall, Burford, 
 Salop. 
 
 1372. Ismayne de Wynston, Nccton, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 1375. Elizth. de Ferrers, Ashford, 
 Kent. 
 
 c. 1380. A demi-figure, Chinnor, Oxon. 
 
 1379-80. Maud de Cobham, Cobham, 
 Kent. 
 
 1383. Philippa de Beauchamp, Nec- 
 ton, Norfolk. 
 
 c. 1390. A lady, Stebbing, Essex. 
 
 1391. Lady Margt. Willoughby 
 D'Eresby, Spilsby, Lincolnshire. 
 
 1395. Margt. de Cobham, Cobham, 
 Kent. 
 
 1399. Eleanor de Bohun, West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 1400. Ele Bowet, Wrentham, Sufiblk. 
 c. 1400. A lady. Ware, Herts. 
 
 •' This brass may commemorate Joan, 
 Lady Cobham, widow of Sir Reginald 
 de Cobham who died in 1362 ; she de- 
 ceased in 1369, and directed her body to 
 be buried at St. Mary Overy's, South- 
 wark, under a flain marble stone, per- 
 haps because she had this monument 
 already at Lingfield. See Test. Vetusta, 
 p. 81. The coifi'ure surrounding the 
 face is now lost, except a small portion, 
 which is enough to shew that it was of 
 a peculiar character, probably resembling 
 that represented in the illustration.
 
 Clxx BRASSES OF THE XV. CENT, GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 FIFTEENTH CENTUEY. 
 
 Hen. TY., 1399—1413 ; Hen. V., 1413—1422 ; Hen. VI., 
 1422—1461 ; Ed. IV., 1461—1483 ; Ed. V., Eich. III., 1483 
 —1485 ; Hen. VIL, 1485—1509. 
 
 General Bemarh. The brasses of the early part of this century 
 are remarkable for the carefulness ^ and delicacy of their execution. 
 Cross shading was now employed to represent the folds of the 
 drapery; accordingly, the bold and swelling lines by which they 
 were expressed before became unnecessary, and were superseded by 
 others of a finer character. About the year 1430 the art of en- 
 graving appears to have reached its utmost perfection, the brasses 
 of that date being surpassed by none in either beauty of design or 
 excellence of workmanship. After the middle of the century a 
 greater stiffness in the figures is perceptible, as well as a gradual 
 increase of shading injudiciously introduced. Hitherto the execution 
 of contemporaneous brasses was nearly uniform in goodness; but 
 towards the end of the century a much greater diversity of merit 
 and style of engraving begins to be apparent, owing chiefly to the 
 settling of provincial artists in Norfolk and elsewhere^: several 
 brasses, especially those of persons lower in rank, being coarse and 
 indifferent performances. 
 
 The figures are now generally of smaller size than those of the 
 preceding century, and in a standing posture : the ground beneath 
 them is engraved with flowers, or shaded in lozenge-shaped divi- 
 sions g. The cushions ^ and the animals, on which their head and 
 feet respectively rested, are rarely found, except on the brasses of 
 knights, whose heads are frequently supported on tilting helmets, 
 and their feet on lions or dogs, or on their crests, if consisting of 
 some animal '. Lions are seldom placed at the feet after 1460 ; 
 instances may be seen at Strelly, Notts., 1487 ; Lullingstone, Kent, 
 
 ' For instance, the extraneous back- k See the engraving at p. exciii. 
 
 ground is usually cut away, which was '' A good instance is at Hever, Kent, 
 
 commonly left between the arms and 1419. Cushions are more common on 
 
 the body, the legs, or the knight's sword incised slabs, 
 
 and his legs, &c. ' See supra, p. cxiii. 
 
 ' See supra, pp. xxviii., xxLx.
 
 XV. CENT. GENERAL REMARKS. SHROUDED FIGURES. clxxi 
 
 1487 ; Lillingstone Lovell, Oxon., 1491, &c. The introduction of 
 the wired, or butterfly head-dress, c. 1470, which was worn entirely 
 at the back of the head, and consequently could not be delineated 
 so as to display its fair proportions ^, except in profile, made it neces- 
 sary to represent female figures in this attire, as standing sideways. 
 The wife being thus turned towards her husband, common courtesy 
 required him to be placed in a similar posture ; and such at the close 
 of the century became the frequent attitude of single figures of all 
 classes, exceptiiig, as might be expected, priests '. About the same 
 period mural brasses with kneeUng figures first appear"; early in- 
 stances are at Brightwell-Baldwin, Oxon., 1439 ; East 
 Horsley, 1478, Pepperharrow, 1487, Surrey. The 
 hands also, especially those of ladies and on the brasses 
 of provincial artists, are sometimes raised and held 
 apart at each side of the breast, as at Boston, c. 1400, 
 Spilsby, c. 1410, Lincolnshire; Heme, Kent, 1470; 
 St. Mary's, Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, c. 1480 ; 
 Iselham, Camb., 1484; Blickling, 1485, Stokesby, 
 1488, and Ditchingham, 1490, Norfolk ". 
 
 All these changes, which were more fully developed 
 in the following centuries, tended to give more life to 
 the figure; but we find that the contrary principle 
 was also adopted, and the deceased pourtrayed as en- 
 veloped in a Shroud, often with closed eyes, and some- 
 times emaciated, or as a skeleton. Early examples 
 are at Sheldwich, Kent, 1431, Taplow, Bucks., 1455 
 (shrouded figures) ; Margate, Kent, 1446, St. Lau- E«t>t. A:ee, isis, m 
 
 ^ . 1 1 \ -r\- • Shi-oud, Dunstable, 
 
 Fence's, Norwich, 1452 (skeletons), &c. Figures in Beds. 
 
 shrouds rising from their tombs are at Lavenham, Suffolk, 1486 ; 
 Childrey, Berks., c. 1530°. Demi-figures, except those of priests, 
 
 ■t See the engraving, infra, of the 
 brass of Ann Playters, 1479, Sotherley, 
 Suffolk. 
 
 ' Figures in the fourteenth century 
 are sometimes slijrhtly inclined to one 
 side; as at Wimbish, Essex, 1347. In 
 brasses by Norfolk artists, the male 
 effigy is rarely turned sideways in this 
 century. 
 
 ■" See supra, p. xxi. 
 
 " Examples in the sixteenth century 
 
 are at Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506 ; Dun- 
 stable, Beds., 1516; Winwick, Lanca- 
 shire, 1527 (see the engraving at p. 
 xci.) ; Christ's Coll., Cambridge, c. 1540, 
 &c. At Iselham, Cambridgeshire, 1516, 
 are two hands uplifted, one on either 
 side of a cross, which is now lost. 
 
 ° The fashion of representing the de- 
 ceased in a shroud was no doubt intro- 
 duced into England from the Continent, 
 where they were in use as early as the
 
 clxxii 
 
 XV. CENT. GENERAL REMARKS. CHILDREN. 
 
 are of rare occurrence after 1450 ; instances, of the dates 1476, 
 c. 1480, are at Halesworth, Suffolk, and Newington near Hythe, 
 Kent. 
 
 Small figures of Children were now frequently placed beneath those 
 of their parents: early instances are at Ashby St. Legers, 1416, 
 Northants., and Linwood, Lnicolnshire, 1419, where the children 
 have small canopies over them. At Beddington, Surrey, beneath 
 the figure of Philippa Carreu, 1414, are thirteen demi-figures of 
 her brothers and sisters, with their names subscribed. The sons are 
 usually ranged under their father, and the daughters under their 
 mother: (see engravings at pages xlix., cxciii.) Sometimes the 
 children stand beside their parents ; for instance, at Cobham, Kent, 
 1407 ; Trotton, Sussex, 1419 ; Pelham Turneux, c. 1420, and North 
 Mimms, 1458, Herts., &c. When the effigies are kneehng, the 
 children are placed behind their parents. The elder children are 
 sometimes represented in the proper costume of their profession, 
 as ecclesiastics, &c. : examples are at Wendon Lofts, Essex, c. 1450 ; 
 Quethioc, Cornwall, 1471; Church Oakley, Hants., 1487, &c. p 
 
 beginning of the fourteenth century 
 (e. g. Bruges, 1339). In the continental 
 figures the top of the shroud was gene- 
 rally drawn over the eyes, the hands 
 crossed in front of the body and con- 
 cealed by the drapery. The following 
 is a list of shrouded and skeleton figures 
 in the fifteenth century: — Sheldwich, 
 1431, St. John's, Margate, 1446, Kent ; 
 St. Laurence's, Norwich, 1452 ; Taplow, 
 Bucks., 1455 ; Brampton, Norfolk, 
 1468 (?); Litchett Maltravers, Dorset, 
 c. 1470; New College. Oxford, 1472; 
 Upton, Bucks. (?), 1472 ; Hitchin, 
 Herts., 1477, 1481 (?), 1485, c.1490; 
 Stifibrd, Essex, c. 1480; Sawbridge- 
 worth, Digswell, 1484, Herts. ; Yoxford, 
 1485, Lavenham, 1486, Suffolk; Sher- 
 borne St. John's, Hants., 1488 (?) ; Huns- 
 don, Herts., 1495 ; Great Haseley, Oxon., 
 1497 ; Aylsham, Norfolk, c. 1490, 1499 ; 
 Sawston, Camb., Clifton Reynes, Bucks., 
 Burton Latimer, Northants., c. 1500. 
 
 p See supra, p. Ixxiv. note d, and p. 
 Ixxxvii. From the number of children 
 frequently paraded on brasses of this 
 century, and even more so in the follow- 
 ing, when chivalry was still more in de- 
 cline, our forefathers seem to have been 
 of the same mind as the Persians. 'Av- 
 Spayadirj 5' aurr] a-rrodeSeKTai, uerh tJ» 
 
 fidxeadai eJi^ai ayaOhv, Ss hf iroWovs 
 airoSf^rj TtdiSas' rcfi 5e toi/s nAeiarovs 
 aTToSfiKuvvTi, Suipa iKTrf/uTrei 6 0a(n\evs 
 ava irau eras. Herod, i. 136. Large 
 families of children are at Denliam, 
 Bucks., 1494, on the brass of Walter 
 Duredent, Esq., who had twenty-six 
 children, nine sons and ten daughters 
 by his first wife, and three sons and 
 four daughters by his second ; at Burn- 
 ham, Bucks., C.1500, nine sons and fifteen 
 daughters; and at St. Mellion's, Corn- 
 wall, 1551, seventeen sons and seven 
 daughters. Some absurd traditions are 
 sometimes related concerning the figures 
 of children on brasses. On the brass of 
 Thomas Bonham and wife, 1473, 1469, 
 at Great Wishford, Wilts., were the 
 figures of nine (seven?) children, of 
 which three only now remain. It is 
 said that Bonham and his wife had seven 
 children at one birth, and that he went 
 abroad for seven years as a pilgrim, lest 
 his family should increase too fast, and 
 it was agreed that if he and his wife did 
 not hear of each other by that time, they 
 might marry again. The time was just 
 expiring, and the lady was on the point 
 of marriage, when the news was made 
 known to him, as report says, by a 
 witch who conveyed him home in-
 
 XV. CENT. FLORIATED CROSSES, &C. 
 
 clxxiii 
 
 At the close of the century single brasses of children are found ; 
 as at Pulborougli, Sussex, 1478; Blickling, Norfolk, 1479; and 
 Stanford Rivers, Essex, 1492, (a chrysom child ?) &c. 
 
 Floriated Crosses, enclosing figures in their heads, occur at the 
 commencement of the century : beautiful examples remain at Buxted, 
 Sussex, and Stone, Kent (see the engraving on the next page), both 
 of the date 1408 % But the more usual form is that of a simple Latin 
 cross rising from three or four grises, or steps, as at Higham Ferrers, 
 Northants., 1400 (see the engraving on page clxxv.) ; and usually 
 with fleury extremities to the cross-arms, as at Cassington, Oxon., 
 1414'' (see the engraving on page clxxv.); Broadwater, Sussex, 1415? 
 St. Mary's, Reading, 1416 (much mutilated) ; Beddington, Surrey, 
 1425; and Pepper- Harrow, Surrey, 1487. Bracket-brasses are not 
 uncommon in the earlier part of the century : instances may be seen 
 at Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405; at Cotterstock, Northants., 1420, 
 and Cobham, Kent, c. 1420, both priests in copes under canopies ; 
 
 stantly, and he found his wife was to 
 be married next day. He was denied 
 admittance, for he had not shaved him- 
 self during the whole time of his ab- 
 sence, and no one remembered his person 
 until he produced the ring they had 
 broken. He was then introduced to his 
 wife, and at the next birth she had 
 seven children. See Hoare's Hist, of 
 
 Modern Wiltshire, Hundred of Branch 
 and Dole, p. 48. In the Bibliotheca 
 Topograpliica Britannica, No. viii. p. 
 173, is an engraving of a brass formerly 
 at Dunstable, Beds., and commemorat- 
 ing Wm. Mulso and wife (1457-8?), 
 with nineteen children; the epitaph is 
 thus given in the Topographer and 
 
 Genealogist, vol. i. p. 69 : — 
 
 IStc ©ilUam (Vlulso sifai qurm sociatiit ct "aits 
 pinrmorc sufa tiuro conclusit sors gcncralis, 
 trcr trcs, his qutnos, hie {lege ijcc) natos fcrtur Ijabcrc 
 \9tr sponsos binos, Bens I)iis clcmcns mistrcrc. 
 
 In the Bib. Topog. Britannica, ' hec' is 
 substituted for ' hie,' and ' sponsas binas' 
 for ' sponsos binos.' The meaning clearly 
 is that either the father had the chil- 
 dren by two wives, or the mother was 
 the parent of them by two husbands. 
 The latter explanation, together with a 
 curious mistranslation of the inscription, 
 has been adopted by Dr. Geo. Hakcwill, 
 in his " Apologie or Declaration of the 
 power and providence of God in the 
 government of the World," London, 
 1635, hb. iii. ch. 5, § 9, p. 253. " Neither 
 can I call to minde," writes the author, 
 "any example in all antiquity parallel 
 to that of a woman buried in tlie church 
 at Dunstable, who (as her epitaph testi- 
 fies) bore at three severall times, 3 
 children at a birth, and five at a birth 
 
 two other times." 
 
 1 Part of the stem and a single finlal 
 of a brass of this kind remain at Cob- 
 ham, Kent, to John Gerrye, priest in 
 cope, 1447. 
 
 ' The sinister arm of the cross is 
 mutilated in the original. Roger 
 Cheyne was the son of Wm. Cheyne, 
 Esq., whose brass remains at Drayton 
 Beauchamp, Bucks., upon whose decease, 
 in 1375, he apparently became pos- 
 sessed of the manor of Drayton Beau- 
 champ ; he also held the manor of Cas- 
 sington as belonging to the honour of 
 Wallingford. In 1404 he was sheriff of 
 Bucks., and he seems to have died in 
 1414. For the above information the 
 author is indebted to the Kev. W. H. 
 Kelke, Vicar of Drayton Beauchamp.
 
 
 John Lum"barde, Rector, 1408, Stone, Kent
 
 XV. CENT. FLORIATED CROSSES, &C. 
 
 clxxv 
 
 at Merton College Chapel, Oxford, c. 1420 (see the engraving at 
 page Ixxxiii.) ; Great Harrowdeu, Northants., 1433 ; Burford, Oxon., 
 
 Brass of Tliomas Chichele and -wife, 1400, Brasa of Roger Cheyne, Esq., 
 
 Higham Ferrers, Northants c. 1415, Cassington, Oxon. 
 
 and St. Laurence's, Norwich, 1437. Later examples are to be found 
 on brasses eilgraved by Norfolk artists, e. g. Hunstanton, 1506, 
 St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, 1524, 1525. 
 
 At Chelsfield, Kent, the memorial of Robert de Brun, priest, 
 1417, is a small crucifix, with the figures of SS. Mary and John, 
 DOW much mutilated, and above a scroll inscribed Salus mca ipe est. 
 
 Although many large and beautiful Canopies of this century re- 
 main, few (e. g. Balsham, Camb., 1462 ; Tattershall, Lincolnshire, 
 1479) have their buttresses composed of saints in niches, double
 
 clxxvi 
 
 XV. CENT. CANOPIES, &C. 
 
 side-shafts connected with arches being substituted, as at Playford, 
 Suffolk, 1400, and Cowfold, Sussex, 1433. Figures of saints, how- 
 ever, are often judiciously introduced into the upper part of the 
 design, either supported on brackets attached to the pediment, or 
 serving as a finial to it. Shields are frequently very tastefully re- 
 presented as suspended by straps to crockets on the side-shafts, or 
 beneath the finials of the canopy. Groining, although often seen at 
 the beginning of the century, as at Haddenham and Iselham, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, 1405, 1451 (?) ; Paversham, Kent, 1414, and Merton 
 College Chapel, Oxford, c. 1420 *, does not become general until 
 c. 1470. In the early part of the century the canopies are often of 
 a trefoliated ogee shape, with pendants composed of lions' faces, and 
 
 the pediments filled 
 with foliage ; orna- 
 mented circles in the 
 centres, and trefoil 
 slips in the spandrils 
 of the cusps, &c., be- 
 came frequent deco- 
 rations of pediments, 
 especially those of 
 
 about the date 1430. The usual soffit 
 moulding of quatrefoils is sometimes now carried down the side- 
 shafts. A rose, with four petals and four barbs, is often found in 
 the centre of pediments c. 1440. The very fine canopy on the brass 
 of "William Prestwyk, 1436, at Warbleton, Sussex (see the engraving 
 on the opposite page), is a good instance of the style of this date. 
 The fine canopies, with embattled entablatures or super-canopies 
 over the pediments, at New College, Oxford, 1417 ; Trotton, 1419, 
 Arundel, 1430, Sussex; Upwell, Norfolk, 1428; Hereford Cathe- 
 dral, 1435 ; Ilminster, Somerset, c. 1440, deserve a special notice. 
 Towards the end of the century the crockets are of a heavy and 
 debased character*. 
 
 Circle in pediment of canopy, 
 Stoke-by-Nayland Suffolk, 1426 V 
 
 Rose in pediment of canopy, 
 Graveney, Kent, 1439. 
 
 ' See the engraving at p. Ixsxiii. 
 
 ' At the following places are good in- 
 stances of canopies : — 
 
 Single : — Hurstmonceaux, Sussex, 
 1402 ; Cobhani, 1405, 1407, Faversham, 
 1414, Kent; Great Fransham, Norfolk, 
 1414; Horley, Surrey, c. 1415; Ashby 
 St, Legers, Northauts., 1416 ; Gunby, 
 
 Lincolnshire, 1419; Ulcomb, Kent, 
 1419; Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, 1420; 
 Cotterstock, Northants., 1420; East 
 Anthony, Cornwall, 1420; Lingfield, 
 Surrey, 1420; Linwood, Lincolnshire, 
 1421 ; Pulborough, Sussex, 1423 ; Goud- 
 hurst, Kent, 1424 (?) ; Thurcaston, 
 Leicestershire, 1425; Great Bromley,
 
 XV. CENT. CANOPIES. 
 
 clxxvii 
 
 >j>Hnltmo: "gidMfeidi mimih\)acranilmmajilimfas:faapmg tamr~g 
 
 y-j 
 
 % 
 
 ^} nuougigt^^irmam -BTTmrnm snimitin imj. m gaigmiir^.WJig sf,: 
 
 tt) 
 
 William Prestwyk, 1430, Warblelon, Sussex. 
 
 a a
 
 clxxviii 
 
 XV. CKNT. INSCUIPTIONS. 
 
 Brasses consisting of single devices, as hearts, chalices, are not 
 unfrequently met with in this century, especially in Norfolk ". 
 
 Inscriptions are now common in raised letters. This is par- 
 ticularly the case in marginal inscriptions c. 1400 — 1410, which 
 consist of few words, with the s])aces between each occupied by 
 foliage, figures of animals, &c. Curious devices of this sort are on 
 marginal inscriptions at Deerhurst, 1400, Northleach, 1447, and 
 Tormarton, 1493, Gloucestershire; EnReld, Middx., 1446 (c.l475?), 
 and Chaddesley Corbet, Worcestershire, c. 1520. After the year 1470 
 the letters are often crowded close together ; and at the end of the 
 century the inscriptions of the provincial artists 
 are distinguishable by the difference of the cha- 
 racters; the letter O, for instance, in 'Orate,^ 
 at the beginning of inscriptions in Norfolk and 
 the neighbourhood, is very characteristic of the 
 local engravers. 
 
 Inscriptions in Norman-French are very rarely found after 1420 ; 
 an example of this date is at Warkworth, Northants. ; another, as late 
 as 1453, is, or was, at Cheshunt, Herts. Lombardic capitals also dis- 
 
 Paxt of an Inscription, 
 Hedenham, Norfolk, 1502. 
 
 Essex, 1432; Royston, Herts., 1432; 
 Broadwater, Sussex, 1432; Brabourne, 
 Kent, 1434 ? Warbleton, Sussex, 1436 ; 
 Cirencester, 1438, Queintou, c. 1440, 
 Gloucestershire ; Minehead, Somerset, 
 1440; West Grinstead, Sussex, c.1440; 
 Northleach, Gloucestershire, 1458 ; Bal- 
 sham, 1462, Hildersham, 1466, Camb. ; 
 Harrow, Middx., 1468; Long Melford, 
 Suffolk, c. 1480. 
 
 Double: — Chipping Canipden, Glou- 
 cestershire, 1401 ; Dartford, Kent, 1402 ; 
 Gun by, Lincolnshire, c. 1405 ; Adding- 
 ton, Kent, 1409; Burgate, Suffolk, 
 1409 ; Great Tew, Oxon., 1410 ; Routh, 
 Yorks., c. 1410 ; Wixford, Warwickshire, 
 1411; Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1416 ; Harp- 
 ham, Yorks., 1418; Linwood, Lincoln- 
 shire, 1419 ; Higham Ferrers, North- 
 ants., 1425 ; Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, 
 1426; Lydd, Kent, 1430; Arundel, 
 Sussex, 1430; Beddington, Surrey, 1432; 
 Ingham, Norfolk, 1432 ; Hereford Ca- 
 thedral, 1435; Graveney, Kent, 1436; 
 Baldwin Brightwell, Oxon., 1439; Ci- 
 rencester, Gloucestershire, 1440; Pel- 
 ham Furneux, Herts., c. 1440; West 
 Grinstead, Sussex, 1441 ; Childrey, 
 Berks., 144-4; Iselham, Camb., 1451; 
 Castle Donington, Leicestershire, 1458; 
 
 St. Andrew's, Norwich, 1467 ; St. Mary 
 Redcliff, Bristol, c. 1480; Chenies, 
 Bucks., 1484; Charwelton, c. 1490, 
 Ashby St. Legers, 1494, Northants.; 
 Cowthorpe, Yorks., 1494; Carshalton, 
 Surrey, 1497. 
 
 Triple : — Balsham, Camb., 1401 j 
 Dartmouth, Devon, 1403 ; Bottesfbrd, 
 Leicestershire, 1404; Checkendon, Oxon., 
 1404; Thruxton, Hants., 1407; St. 
 John's Coll., Cambridge, c. 1410 ; Spils- 
 by, Lincolnshire, c. 1410 ; Little Hor- 
 kesley, Essex, 1412; Kidderminster, 
 Worcestershire, 1415; New Coll., Ox- 
 ford, 1417; Upwell, Norfolk, 1428; 
 Acton, Suffolk, c. 1430 ; Cowfold, Sussex, 
 1433; Bromham, Beds., 1435; Hmin- 
 ster, Somerset, c. 1440 ; Etchingham, 
 Sussex, 1444; Enfield, Middx., 1446; 
 Northleach, Gloucestershire, 1447; Ches- 
 hunt, Herts., 1448; St. Altjan's Abbey, 
 1451; Ingham, Norfolk, 1466; Merton 
 Coll., Oxford, 1471; Iselham, Camb., 
 1484 ; Luton, Beds., c. 1490 ; Winwick, 
 Lancashire, 1492; Ightfield, Salop, c. 
 1495; Carlisle Cathedral, 1496; West- 
 minster Abbey, 1498. 
 
 Quadruple: — Thornton, Bucks., 1472. 
 
 " See supra, p. cxxv.
 
 XV. CENT. INSCRIPTIONS. clxxix 
 
 appeared about the same time ; occasional instances may be met with 
 as late as the sixteenth century, e. g. St. Mary's Coslany, Norwich, 
 1518; Faversham, Kent, 1531. Arabic numerals first made their 
 appearance on inscriptions at tlie middle of the century, and were 
 chiefly used to save room, but they did not come into general use 
 until the latter end of the next ; early examples are the following : 
 Northleach, Gloucestershire, 1417 ; Ware, Herts., 1454 ; Tliornton, 
 Bucks., 1473; Lullingstone, Kent, 1487; All Hallows' Barking, 
 London, 1489 ; Fressingfield, Suffolk, 1489 ; Houghton Conquest, 
 Beds., 1493; St. Stephen's, Norwich, 1498 "". Enghsh inscriptions 
 are occasionally met with throughout the century ; as at Holm- 
 by-the-Sea, c. 1400, Erettenham, c. 1420, Norfolk, and Burford, 
 1437, Oxon. ; but Latin is the prevalent language. Short sentences, 
 such as those in use in the fourteenth century, especially the three 
 quoted above (pages cxl., cxli.), are frequently inscribed on scrolls 
 usually issuing from the moutlis of the effigies; also brief ejacula- 
 tions sometimes addressed to figures above, of which the following 
 are most common : — 
 
 Sancta ZUrtnUas unus Ucus mtscrcic nobis. 
 
 ^atcr tsc cclis ©tus miserere nolns. 
 
 Spiritus sanctc Ocus miserere nobis. 
 
 3)csu fili Bei miserere mci. 
 
 Jtlater Bei memento mei. 
 
 33one 3iesu esto mtciji 3)csus. 
 
 jl¥liserere mci Bens sccuntium magnam misericorutam tiiam. 
 
 JttisericorKins Bomini in eternum cantabo, 
 
 fi^uinque Uulncra Bei sunt metiicina mei. 
 
 ©retio bitierc bona Bomini in terra bibentium. 
 
 "3Jcsumerct)" and "ICaUn Ijelpc" are often placed on small scrolls 
 at the corners of the slab; or the slab is "powdered" with them; 
 as at St. Mary's, Eeading, Berks., 1416, and Wiston, Sussex, L42G ; 
 the latter brass has thirty-one such scrolls. 
 
 In this century also various sets of verses were introduced, such 
 as that at Northleach, Gloucestershire, 1458, (see page xcii.) : the 
 following a})pear to have been favourites : — 
 
 * Examples in the beginning of the St. Michael's Coslany, Norwich, 1515 ; 
 
 sixteenth century are at Cheriton, Kent, Biddenden, Kent, 1452, 1499 (engraved 
 
 1502; Morton College Chapel, Oxford, c.l520); Eton College Chapel, 1535, &c. 
 1510; Loddon, Norfolk, 1513 or 18;
 
 clxXX XV. CENT. INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 The four Latin lines on the roses at St. Alban's Abbey and Ashridge 
 House, and the English translation y, which is given rather differently 
 on a brass of the date 1584, at St. Olave's, Hart-street, London : — 
 
 ^s E toas so tie yc 
 RS E nm noil sftnllbc 
 ®]^at I gniic tfint E l)auc 
 tJ)at C spent t()at E I)aU 
 ®I)iis E cnKc all mn costc 
 tl)at E Icfftc tl)at E loste ^ 
 
 The same idea is conveyed in ditl'erent words on the brass of 
 Eichard Adane and wife, Kelshall, Herts. : — 
 
 T^tx' Iptl)" tf)c bones of IRijcbarD 'Sftanc Sc JWargon f)Lis to^ff 
 CTiotr gaunt f)fr soulcs cu'lastijng Ipff 
 
 ®l)c toljiclr IRycIjart ifijctf 
 
 En u£ pci' of our lort jTOo®®CCCro 
 
 ®f)C tnljicf) BncbarB "aUanc as b goto say : 
 
 InjtJ yns stoii lie Injs bff tfan 
 
 Cri)C per' of our lorli tuas yaii truli} 
 
 jUao.e:®®®". tube $c tl)rntt5. 
 
 JWan \)c be Ijouctlf oftc to fiabc in mimtic 
 
 ®f)at ijoH geuest to« ppn l)onl3c pat sl)alt ijou fnnttc, 
 
 ffor hJomcn ben sloiuful $c cbijltircn beg biifenntte 
 
 CFiceutors ben coueutous 8f kcpc all' p* gcp fpnlje ; 
 
 ffor our bone soules bnto pf t'npte 
 
 sepctl/ a pat' nf for eljarite *. 
 
 The next inscription, on a brass at Northleach, Gloucestershire, 
 c. 1485, appears to have been frequently used on epitaphs : — 
 
 y See supra, p. ex. The Latin lines are » A similar inscription was on the 
 
 incorrectly (?) printed in Weever's Fun. brass of Rich. Stokys and wife, at 
 
 Mon., p. 607, from the inscription to Hampton-in-Arden, Warwickshire. See 
 
 Eich. Bowrd, 1432, at Prittlewell, Es- Gent. Mag., 1795, pt. ii. p. 988. It 
 
 sex; they were "engrauen in a trewe also occurs at Wrangle, Lincolnshire, 
 
 Loues knot." 1503 : — 
 
 ^ The same verses were to be found ^r. r _ ,„t, .* r<^i^>. i.t-c„~ 
 
 ^„ i-u,. „„„,,. i- ^ev ui- T> i„ iKTo ?rf)en for man tDt)en nc [tomti blotns 
 
 on the gravestone of Robt. Byrkes, 1579, imVbf iftr mill (irintf • 
 
 at Doncaster, Yorkshire (Archaologia S Ii;t?,^,7„l.„ .m.T 
 
 TTii- 1 ... nn\ ii i. 1 i? ?lnl3 eber thine oton soul 
 
 ^hana, vol. m. p^ 119) ; on the ton.b of ^^^^ ^^ \^ „,j„^ 
 
 Wm Lamb (the founder of Lamb s Con- ^, ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^-^ 
 
 duit) m the crypt of Old St Paul's, ^hat sbaUll)OU fintte, 
 
 Q«a 1 ^t^^^f l^fP^''*°^y: ^f V P; ^nu nt tbou lenns tl)n ^Executors 
 369, ed. 1807); a so on the tomb of Comns far bcbintie. 
 
 ™ 9«"^^^"'^y' *^3!''^ ^^"^^J^f ^'^^'o"/ ©0 for noure sclfe 
 
 1419, in liverton Church, Devon; at fiBbilk iie l)abC space 
 
 Westminster Abbey, 1680, and St. Ste- ^^ „^^^^ ^j/j-, „{ m'cn an^ grace. 
 
 phen's, Ipswich, 1731. See Pettigrew's j£„ j.jjjf „ jq 1,^1,^ 3 place. 
 Chronicles of the Tombs, 1857, p. 74. 
 
 Addison, in the " Spectator," No. 177, See Churches of Lincolnshire, p. 19. The 
 
 alludes to these inscriptions, and quotes words in brackets are now lost. 
 Proverbs xix. 17, St. Matt. xxv. 31, seq.
 
 XV. CENT. INSCRIPTIONS. ECCLESIASTICS. 
 
 clxxxi 
 
 ffarctBCir mp frcnUcs, tf)C tpKc abtliEti^" no man, 
 E am Dcpattctj from I)cnsc anTj so sf)air pc, 
 13ut in tijis passage ti)c first songe ti^at E can 
 Es requiem eternam nolo : 3ii)u graunte it me, 
 22\'^an E I)aue enDetJ' all mim atiucrsite, 
 ffirattnte me in paratiisc to Ijaue a mansion, 
 ^I)at s{)£D tl)n bloDc ffor mp reljempeion ^ 
 
 The ordinary inscriptions were in the usual simple form ; at the 
 
 latter part of the century they sometimes end with " for whose soul 
 
 for charity say a pater noster and an ave." On the inscriptions of 
 
 the higher classes, long leonine verses are often found, and a few 
 
 particulars relative to the deceased, such as the maiden name of 
 
 the wife. 
 
 Ecclesiastics. Of these, numerous instances remain, especially 
 
 demi-figures. The chief peculiarities of the 
 eucharistical vestments are, that the chasubles 
 are for the most part entirely plain ; and the 
 ends of the stole and maniple 
 are of equal breadth with the 
 centre, (see the figure at 
 Stone, Kent, engraved at p. 
 clxxiv.) These two vestments, 
 and the apparels of the amice 
 and albe, in the first half of 
 the century are usually orna- 
 mented with quatrefoils or 
 roundels in relief "^j the peculiar four-leaved flower at Hoo, Kent, is 
 a characteristic ornament at the beginning of the century, (see the 
 annexed engraving) : in the latter half, the hair, which before was 
 waved, becomes straighter; the ornament of the apparels is generally 
 a diaper of lozenge-shaped divisions quatrefoiled (see the engraving 
 at page Ixiv.), and chalices, with or without wafers, are more fre- 
 quently held in the hands ^. 
 
 Rich. Euston, 1457, lately at 
 Wormley, Herts .i' 
 
 Apparels, &o., brass at 
 Hoo, Kent, 1412. 
 
 '' The same occurs with slight varia- 
 tions at Royston, Herts., and according 
 to Weaver it was at Baldock in tlic 
 same county ; at Muldon and Iioinf(ird, 
 Essex; and at St. Martin's, Lu'lgato, 
 London (Fun. Mon., p^j. 545, 610, 619, 
 387). 
 
 •= The pcculirtrly waved line of the 
 tonsure is only found on brasses c. 
 
 1450—1460. 
 
 '' The incisions were originally filled 
 with colouring matter. Mitten sleeves 
 of the under dress are still visible on 
 
 figures as late as 1420. 
 
 *= The following is a list of some good 
 examples : — 
 
 c. 1400. John Walcys, demi-figure, 
 Houghton llegis, Beds.
 
 clxxxii 
 
 XV. CENT. ECCLESIASTICS. 
 
 Members of the numerous collegiate establishments are now regu- 
 larly represented in processional vestments ; the surplice is worn 
 shorter, as at Cliartham, Kent, 1416, but in some cases, as late as c. 
 1440, e.g. Warbleton, Sussex, 1436, it covers the 
 feet (see the engravings at pages Ixxvi., clxxvii.), 
 and the almuce has a cape attached to it. The 
 orphreys of tlie copes in large iigures are often 
 enriched with saints, of which there are several 
 fine examples in this century. In smaller ones, 
 durinfj the first half of the century, the orna- 
 ments consist of foliated circles or lozenges, 
 containing leaves, flowers (especially the rose 
 with four petals and barbs), leopards' faces, &c., often alternating 
 
 Orphxey, fee, trass at Havant, 
 Hants.. 1413. 
 
 c. 1400. A Priest, Stanford, Notts. 
 140-1. Joliu Vvnter, Clothall, Herts. 
 
 1407. Wm. de Thorp, West Wick- 
 hara, Kent. 
 
 1408. Britell Avenel, derai-figure in 
 cross, Buxted, Sussex. 
 
 1408. John Lumbarde, in cross, 
 Stone, Kent. 
 
 1408. Rich. Thorp, demi-figure, 
 Stanwell, Middx. 
 
 1410. John Balsam, Blisland, Cornwall. 
 
 c. 1410. .John Mordon, alias Andrew, 
 Emberton, Bucks. 
 
 c. 1410. John Broun, demi-figure, 
 Hoo, Kent. 
 
 1412. Rich. Bayly, Hoo, Kent. 
 
 1412. Robt. Scarclyf, Shere, Surrey. 
 
 1413. John Everdon, demi-Rgure, 
 Twyford, Bucks. 
 
 1414. Ralph Shelley, demi-figure, 
 Great Leigh, Essex. 
 
 0.1420. Robt. Fyn, Little Easton, 
 Essex. 
 
 c. 1420 (?). Walter Davy, demi- 
 figure, Poling. Sussex. 
 
 c. 1420. A Priest, Haddenham, Bucks. 
 
 c. 1420. Thos. Boyd (Oyrd ?), Saflron 
 Walden, Essex. 
 
 1424. Robt. Willardsey, in private 
 possession. 
 
 1426. Wm. Hevvet, Newton Broms- 
 hold, Northants. 
 
 1430. John Grymston, demi-figure, 
 Beachamwell, Norfolk. 
 
 c. 1430. A Priest, Polstead, Suffolk. 
 c. 1430 (?). Robt. Clere, Battle, 
 Sussex. 
 
 1431. Edw. Cranford, Puttcnham, 
 
 Surrey. 
 
 1431. Robt. Blundell, Monks Ris- 
 borough, Bucks. 
 
 1432. Wm. Bischopton, Great Brom- 
 ley, Essex. 
 
 1433. John Churmound, Little Wit- 
 tenham, Berks. 
 
 1445. John Wyche, demi-figure. Ling- 
 field, Surrey. 
 
 145-. Roger Gery, Whitchurch, Oxon. 
 
 c. 1450. Wm. Carbrok, demi-figure, 
 Wilshamstcad, Beds. 
 
 c. 1450. A demi-figure, Great Green- 
 ford, Middx. 
 
 1451. Wm. Gysborne, demi-figure, 
 Farningham, Kent. 
 
 1455. John Baker, Arundel, Sussex. 
 
 1456. Wm. Moor, Tattershali, Lin- 
 colnshire. 
 
 1457. John Braydforde, demi-figure, 
 Lewes, Sussex. 
 
 1458. John Bradstane, demi-figure, 
 Ewehiie, Oxon. 
 
 c. 1460. A demi-figure, Upton-Lovell, 
 Wilts. 
 
 c. 1460. A Priest, Monkton, Thanet. 
 
 c. 1460. A Priest, Broxbourne, Herts. 
 
 1461. Robt. Loud, St. Peter's, Bristdl. 
 
 1467. Henry Morecote, demi-figure, 
 Eweliiie, Oxon. 
 
 c. 1480. A Priest, Childrey, Berks. 
 
 c. 1480. A Priest, Laindou, Essex, 
 
 1482. Rich. Kegell, Ringstcad, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 1498. Wm. Branwhait, demi-figure, 
 Ewelme, Oxon. 
 
 1498. Hen. Denton, Higham Ferrers, 
 Northants.
 
 XV. CENT. ECCLESIASTICS. 
 
 clxxxiii 
 
 with initials. The orphreys of the copes of Thos. Aileward^ 14*13, 
 Havant, Hants., and Ilobt. Tlnirbern, 1450, Winchester College 
 Chapel (see p. Ixxvii.), are good instances of this mode of decoration. 
 In the latter part of the century the foliage is larger, and the circles, 
 &c., omitted; the jewel pattern, and the lozenge-shaped diaper, 
 are also frequent modes of decoration ; the latter, however, is also 
 found on early examples of both classes of vestments '^. Priests in 
 academical robes are not unfrequent. 
 
 ' Good examples of priests in proces- 
 sional vestments are the following : — 
 
 c. 1400. A Priest, with saints on or- 
 phrey of cope, Boston, Lincolnshire. 
 
 C.1400. A demi-figure, South Creak, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 1401. John de Sleford, with saints, 
 &e., Balsham, Camb. 
 
 1401. Wni. Ermyn, with saints, &c., 
 Castle Ashby, Northants. 
 
 1403. Rich. Malford, New College, 
 Oxford. 
 
 1404. Henry de Codyngtoun, with 
 saints, &c., Bottesford, Leicestershire. 
 
 1411. Thos. Gierke, (lorsham, Sussex. 
 
 1411. Thos. Pattesle, Great Shel- 
 ford, Camb. 
 
 1413. Wni. Langeton, Exeter Ca- 
 thedral. 
 
 1413. Thos. Aileward, Havant, Hants. 
 
 1414. Simon Bache, Knebworth, 
 Herts. 
 
 1414. John Oudeby, Flamstead, 
 Herts. 
 
 1416. Robt. London, Chartham, 
 Kent. 
 
 1416 ? John Prophete ? with saints, 
 &c., Ringwood, Hants. 
 
 1419. John Desford, demi-figure. 
 New College, Oxford. 
 
 1420. Robt. de Wyntryngham, Cot- 
 terstock, Northants. 
 
 c. 1420. A Priest, Mawgan, Cornwall. 
 
 c. 1420. Reginald Cobham, Cobham, 
 Kent. 
 
 1423. Thos. Harlyng, Pulborough, 
 Sussex. 
 
 1425. John Mershden, Thurcaston, 
 Leicestershire. 
 
 1427. Rich. Cassey, Tredington, 
 Worcestershire. 
 
 1428. Wm. Mowbray, Up well, Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 1432. John Wyllynghale, demi- 
 figure, Winchester College, Hants. 
 
 1432. John Mapilton, Broadwater, 
 Sussex. 
 
 1435. Hen. Martyn, Up well, Norfolk. 
 
 1436. Wm. Prestwyk, Warbleton, 
 Sussex. 
 
 1438. John Lovelle, St. George's, 
 Canterbury. 
 
 1445. Rich. North, demi-figure, 
 Winchester College, Hants. 
 
 1450. Robt. Thurbern, Winchester 
 College. 
 
 c. 1450. John Gladwyn, Cobham, 
 Kent. 
 
 1454. Robt. Arthur, Chartham, Kent. 
 
 1457 ? John Tubney, demi-figure, 
 Southfieet, Kent. 
 
 1458. 'I'hos. Mordon, demi-figure, 
 Flacibury, Worcestershire. 
 
 1458? Wm.Kirkiiby, They don Gernon, 
 Esst-'x. 
 
 1462. John BlodwoU, with saints, &c., 
 Balsham, Camb. 
 
 1464. John Heth, Tintinhull, So- 
 merset. 
 
 1465. Thos. Cod, demi-figure, St. 
 Margaret's, Rochester. 
 
 1468. John Byrkhed, with saints, &c., 
 Harrow, Middx. 
 
 c. 1470. John Lewelyne, Ronald 
 Kirk, Yorks. 
 
 1471. Hen. Sever, with samts, &c., 
 Merton Colleue, Oxford. 
 
 1472. Thos. Tonge, Beeford, Yorks. 
 1475. Tlios. Key, Charlton-on-Otmoor, 
 
 Oxon. 
 
 1476 ? Rich. Rudhale ? from Hereford 
 Cathedral, now in the possession of J. B. 
 Nichols, Esq. 
 
 1477. Rich. Bole, Wilburton, Camb. 
 
 c. 1480. A Priest, Queen's College, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 1480 ? Wm. Thornbury, Faversham, 
 Kent. 
 
 1485. John Spence, Quainton, Bucks. 
 
 1494. Walter Hyll, New College, 
 Oxford. 
 
 1497. Wm. Stevyn, Girton, Camb. 
 
 1498. Jas. Hert, Hitchin, Herts. 
 
 c. 1500. Stephen Htllard, Stevenage, 
 Herts.
 
 clxxxiv 
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 Military. The armour of the fifteenth century presents many 
 more minute cliaiiges than tliat of any other period; and as these 
 variations are observable on brasses of the same date, the description 
 is of necessity somewhat complicated. The same defences which 
 were used at the close of the previous century, namely, the bascinet, 
 
 Sir Eoger Drary and lady, 1405, Rougham, Suffolk. 
 
 camail, and habergeon of chain mail, breast and backplates, jupon, 
 and plate armour over the arms and legs, are still represented on the 
 effigies of the first ten years, the chief distinction on brasses being 
 the usual addition, to the camail and skirt of the hawberk, of a
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 clxxxv 
 
 fringe of small bunches of rings, which were probably of brass s. 
 
 The effigy of Sir Roger Drury, 1405, 
 
 at Rougham, Suffolk, furnishes a 
 
 good instance of military costume 
 
 of this time. Round the bascinet 
 
 an orle was worn, which was a 
 
 wreath enriched with jewels, &c., 
 
 and intended to lighten the pressure 
 
 of the tilting helmet : instances occur 
 
 at Lingfield, Surrey, 1403 ; Spilsby, 
 
 Lincolnshire, c. 1410; Harpham, 
 
 Yorks.'', 1418 (see the annexed 
 
 8 Fine brasses of knights thus armed are 
 the following : — 
 
 1401. Sir Nich. Dagwortb, Blickling, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 1401. Sir Morys Eussel and lady, Dyr- 
 ham, Gloucestershire. 
 
 1402. Rauf de Cobham, demi-figure, 
 Cobhara, Kent. 
 
 1402. Sir Wm. Fienlez, Hurstmonceaux, 
 Sussex. 
 
 1404. A Knight (Stourton ?) and lady, 
 Sawtrey, Hunts. 
 
 1405. Sir Roger Drury and lady. Rough- 
 am, Suffolk. 
 
 1405. Sir Reginald Braybrok, Cobham, 
 Kent. 
 
 1405. Sir John Russell, Strensham, Wor- 
 cestershire. 
 
 c 1405. Sir Thos. Massyngberde and 
 lady, Gunby, Lincolnshire. 
 
 1406. Thos. de Beauchamp, Earl, and 
 Countess, St. Mary's, Warwick. 
 
 1407. Sir Nich. Hawberk, Cobham, Kent. 
 
 1 407. Sir Wm. Bagot and lady, Baginton, 
 Warwickshire. 
 
 1408. Sir Wm. Tendring, Stoke-by- 
 Nayland, Suffolk. 
 
 1409. Sir Wm. de Burgate and lady, 
 Burgatc, Suffolk. 
 
 140U. Wm. Snayth and wife, Addington, 
 Kent. 
 
 c. 1410? (1381). Sir Thos. Bm-ton and 
 lady. Little Casterton, Rutland. 
 
 '' Another instance of an orle worn on the 
 bascinet was at Brabourne, Kent, on the 
 brass of Sir Robt. Gower, c. 1400, a deuii- 
 figure, similar to that at Cobliam, Kent, 
 1402, holding a shield. It is sketclicd in 
 the Harleian MS., No. 3917, fol. 77. 
 
 bb 
 
 / Foot 
 
 Sir Thomas de St.QuinlJn, Harpham, Yorka , 
 ills
 
 clxxxvi 
 
 XV. CENT. MILITAUY BRASSP^S. 
 
 engraving). Collars of SS. frequently occur on brasses in the earlier 
 
 half of the century. 
 
 At its very commence- 
 ment the gradual addi- 
 tion of plate armour is 
 apparent, and is well 
 exemplified by the fi- 
 gures at Great Tew, 
 Oxfordshire, 14'10, and 
 Barsham, Suflblk, c. 
 1415 ; to the breast and 
 back])lates was now at- 
 tached a skirt of five or 
 six taces, or plates, over- 
 lapping upwards, reach- 
 ing to the middle of the 
 
 thiglis. 
 
 Sir Jobn Wylcotfis, 1110, 
 Great Tew, Oxon. 
 
 witli hinges at 
 their left side, and se- 
 cured by straps buckled 
 over the opening at 
 their right side; an 
 early example of which 
 is on the noble figure of Sir Thomas de 
 Braunstone, 1101, Wisbeach, Cambridge- 
 shire. The jupon was now discarded ', 
 and perhaps the hawberk also, the edging 
 of mail still seen beneath the skirt of taces 
 being probably a mere fringe attached to 
 the under garment or to the back of the 
 lowermost tace, to the centre of which a 
 small plate, termed a baguette, was appended, and which was after- 
 wards superseded by a small lappet of mail; gorgets of plate were 
 also worn either over or instead of the camail; the epaulieres con- 
 sisted of several pieces, and oblong plates, or, more commonly, others 
 of a circular form called roundels '', were attached by points to the 
 
 Sir Robt. Suckling ? c. 1415, Baraham, 
 Suffolk. 
 
 ' The jupon appears for a short time over (?) the lowest tace. 
 
 to have been worn over the cuirass and ^ On the figures of the two knights, 
 
 taces, if we may judge from the fringe apparently engraved by Yorkshire art- 
 
 (not of mail) which sometimes appears ists, at South Kelsey, Lincolnshire,
 
 XV. CENT. MILITAllY BRASSES. 
 
 ch 
 
 XXXVll 
 
 front of the armpits, and occasionally ornamented with crosses. 
 Eoundels or fan-shaped elbow-plates for defending the arm when 
 straightened were placed at the elbows ; the straps fastening the 
 brassarts are nsuallv distinctly visible, and the gauntlets have three 
 joints to the cuffs. The transverse bawdric was now succeeded by 
 a belt ornamented with trefoils, quatrefoils, &c., passing diagonally 
 across the skirt of taces, and sustaining the sword 
 at the left side ; a good instance of this belt, orna- 
 mented with initials and tassels, is on the effigy of 
 Sir John Phelip, 1415, at Kidderminster, Wor- 
 cestershire. On a fine figure at Spilsby, Lincoln- 
 shire, c. 1410, both belts appear, an arrangement 
 which is especially observable on stone effigies. 
 In the first part of the century the pommel of the 
 sword is mostly pyriform, and occasionally orna- 
 mented with a shield of arms. The scabbard is 
 sometimes adorned with a running pattern, flowers, rosettes, &c., and 
 has generally at the top a characteristic ornament, consisting of two 
 quatrefoils, with a row of guttes, or drops, beneath, and the anelace 
 was attached to the right side by a short cord passing through a 
 loop fastened to the lowermost tace ; this mode of fastening, how- 
 ever, is visible only on a very few brasses, as at Eouth, Yorks., 
 c. 1410; Brabourne, Kent, 1434 "" (?). The genouillieres have 
 oblong plates below, and sometimes also above them ; gussets of 
 mail appear behind them, and also at the insteps ". 
 
 Sword-belt, &c., 
 
 KiddeiTuinster, 
 
 Worcestcrelaii-e, 1415 ' 
 
 c. 1410, and Harphara, Yorks., 1418, 
 these plates resemble small shields with 
 the tipper and lower edges curved for- 
 wards. Similar plates are on effigies 
 at Wellesbom-ne, Warwickshire, 1426; 
 Teynham, Kent, 1444, and Barnes, 
 Surrey, 1415 (now lost), engraved in 
 Lysons' Environs of London, vol. i. p. 
 17, ed. 1792. 
 
 ' Tliis kind of ornamented belt, though 
 perhaps to be found on no other brass 
 except this instance only, was commonly 
 worn during the century, little bells 
 being occasionally attached to it. See 
 Fairholt's Costume in England, pp. 179, 
 180, and Shaw's Dresses and Decora- 
 tions, vol. i. plate of Courtiers of the 
 reign of Rich. II. 
 
 ™ On stone effigies the anelace is 
 sometimes attached in the manner de- 
 
 scribed, but more frequently by a cord 
 passing diagonally ovc-r the hips, and 
 crossing the sword-belt. Even the latter 
 is sometimes omitted on brasses. 
 
 " The beautiful brass at Little Hor- 
 kesley, Essex, of Sir Thos. Swynborne 
 and son, 1391 — 1412, each under a triple 
 canopy united by a central shaft, ex- 
 hibits the two styles of armour which 
 have been described. Other examples of 
 the later changes arc the following : — 
 
 1403. Sir Keginald de Cobham, Ling- 
 field, Surrey. 
 
 1403. John Hauley and wives, Dart- 
 mouth, Devon. 
 
 1409. Bartholomew Lord Bourchier 
 and ladies, Halstead, Essex. 
 
 1410. Sir John Wylcotes and lady, 
 Great Tew, Oxon. 
 
 C.1410. A Knight and lady of
 
 clxxxviii 
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 On brasses about 142U the plate armour has 
 entirely superseded the mail ", (see tlie annexed 
 engraving of a brass at Hildersham, Camb.) 
 Early examples of complete phite are the figures 
 of Sir Thomas de Cruwe, 1411, Wixford, War- 
 wickshire; Jcflm Cressy, Esq., 1414, Dodford, 
 Northants., and Sir Robt. Suckling (?), c. 1415, 
 Barsham, Suffolk. The bascinet is now less 
 acutely pointed, the part over the forehead, the 
 lower edge of the gorget, the cuffs of the gaunt- 
 lets, &c., are often elegantly ornamented with tre- 
 foils, the gauntlets frequently do not cover the 
 last joints of the fingers. The spurs about this 
 date are "guarded" by "a thin plate of steel 
 over the rowells, to prevent their entangling 
 or penetrating deep," and the edges of the 
 armour are represented with double lines : good 
 instances of these peculiarities are afforded by 
 the brasses of the Quatermaynes family, c. 1420, 
 at Thame, Oxon., and those of Lord Camoys, 
 
 Henry Parys, Esq., 1437 (?), 
 Hildersbara, Camb. 
 
 tlie D'Eresby family, Spilsby, Lincoln- 
 shire. 
 
 c. 1410. A Knight and lady, South 
 Kelsey, Lincolnshire. 
 
 c. 1410. A Knight, Wendon, Essex. 
 
 c. 1410. Sir John Routh and lady, 
 Ronth, Yorks. 
 
 1410-15. Roht. Morle Esquires, 
 Stokenchurch, Oxon. 
 
 1411, Sir John Drayton, Dorchester, 
 Oxon. 
 
 1412. Robt. Lord Ferrers and lady, 
 Merevale, Warwickshire. 
 
 1412. Sir John Chetwode, Wark- 
 worth, Northants. 
 
 1414. Sir Ivo Fitzwaryn, Wantage, 
 Berks. 
 
 1414. Geoffrey Fransham, Esq., 
 Great Fransham, Norfolk. 
 
 1415. John Peryent, Esq., and wife, 
 Digswell, Herts. 
 
 1415. Sir John Phelip, Walter Cooke- 
 sey, Esq., and their wife, Kidderminster, 
 Worcestershire. 
 
 c. 1415. (1370). Sir John Erping- 
 ham, Erpingham, Norfolk. 
 
 c. 1415. A Knight, Addiugton, Kent. 
 
 c. 1415. A Knight (lower part lost). 
 
 Mere, Wilts. 
 
 c. 1415. A Knight and two ladies, 
 Ixworth, Suffolk. 
 
 1416. Sir Wm. Skelton and ladies, 
 Hinxton, Camb. 
 
 1416. Sir Simon Felbrigge and lady, 
 Felbrigg, Norfolk. 
 
 1417 ? John Knyvet, Esq. ? Mendle- 
 sham, Suffolk. 
 
 1417. John Hadresham, Lingfield, 
 Surrey. 
 
 Iil8. Thos. Lathe, Esq., Stradsett, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 1418. Sir Thos. de St.Quintin and 
 lady, Harpham, Yorks. 
 
 " At Theddlethorp, Lincolnshire, 
 Robt. Hayton, Esq., 1424, wears a ca- 
 mail. On the figures of knights at 
 Thame, Oxon., c. 1420; Linton, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, 1425 (?) ; Clifton Reynes, 
 Bucks., 1428, the fringe of mail is 
 visible beneath the gorget of plate. 
 The edging of the skirt of mail below 
 the faces is seen as late as 1126, on 
 the efhgy of John Lowe, at Battle, 
 Sussex.
 
 XV. CKNT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 clxxxix 
 
 1419, Trotton, Sussex, and Sir John Lysle, 1407, 
 Thruxton, Hants., the last being no doubt en- 
 graved at least a dozen years after the death of 
 the deceased. Roundels in front of the armpits 
 are rare after 1435, oblong or shield-like palettes 
 being now more common. Moustaches and beards 
 are now rarely worn p. 
 
 The brass of John Poyle, 1424, at Hampton 
 Poyle, Oxon., is an early instance of further 
 changes : two small plates called tu'des, from , „ 
 
 O ' ■- Thos. Quatermaynes, c. 1420, 
 
 their resembling tiles, were now buckled to the (ob. 1342,) Thame, oxon. 
 
 p See a brass, c.1445, at Newland, 
 Gloucestershire. Examples of knights 
 in complete plate, such as has been de- 
 scribed, are the following : — 
 
 1411. Thos. de Cruwc, Esq., and 
 wife, Wixford, Warwickshire. 
 
 c. 1415. Walter Rolond, Cople, Beds. 
 
 c. 1415. A Knight, Northleigh, Oxon. 
 
 1416. Matthew Swetenham, Esq., 
 Blakesley, Northants. 
 
 1418. John Fossebrok, Esq., and 
 wife, Cranford, Northants. 
 
 1420. John Chetewode, Esq., Wark- 
 worth, Northants. 
 
 1420. John Dorwarde, Esq., and 
 wife, Becking, Essex, 
 
 c. 1420. — Warren, Lewes, Sussex. 
 
 c 1420. Thomas Walysch, Esq., and 
 wife, Whitchurch, Oxon. 
 
 c. 1420. John Hamperotis? Nether 
 Winchendon, Bucks. 
 
 1422. Wm. Wylde, Esq., and wife, 
 Dodford, Northants. 
 
 1422. Thos. Salle, Esq., Stevington, 
 Beds. 
 
 1423. Sir Ralph Shelton and lady. 
 Great Snoring, Norfolk. 
 
 1424. — Bedgbery ? Goudhurst, Kent. 
 
 1424. John Framlingham, Esq., and 
 wife, demi-figures, Debenham, Suffolk. 
 
 1425. Sir Baldewin Seyntgeorge, 
 Hatlcy St. George, Camb. 
 
 1426. Sir John de Brewys, Wiston, 
 Sussex. 
 
 1426. John Cosyugton, Esq., and 
 wife, Aylesf ird, Kent. 
 
 1426". Sir Thos. le Straunge, Welles- 
 bourne, Warwickshire. 
 
 1426 ? John Brook ? Easton, Suffolk. 
 
 1428. John Norwich, Esq., and wile, 
 Yoxford, Suflblk. 
 
 c. 1430. Harry Hawles, Arreton, 
 Isle of Wight. 
 
 c. 1430. A Knight and lady, Scri- 
 velsbv, Lincolnshire. 
 
 c. 1430. A Knight, Thurleigh, Beds. 
 
 c. 1430. A Knight, Hatley Cockayne, 
 Beds. 
 
 c. 1430. A Knight and lady, Harlow, 
 Essex. 
 
 U31. Edw. de la Hale, Esq., Oak- 
 wood, Surrey. 
 
 1433. Sir John Leventhorp (with 
 tuiles) and lady, Sawbridgeworth, 
 Herts. 
 
 1434. Lawrence Fyton, Esq., Sun- 
 ning, Berks. 
 
 1435. Sir Wm. Arnold, demi -figure. 
 Battle, Sussex. 
 
 1435. John Launcelyn, Esq. (with 
 tuiles), and wife, Cople, 13eds. 
 
 1435. Thos. Wideville, Esq., and 
 wives, Bromham, Beds. 
 
 c 1440 (ob. 1400). Sir Laurence 
 Pabenham and ladies, Orford D'Arcy, 
 Hunts. 
 
 1442. John Peryent, Esq., Digswell, 
 Herts. 
 
 1444. John Frogenhall, Esq., Teyn- 
 ham, Kent. 
 
 1444. Nicholas Manston, Esq., St. 
 Laurence's, Thanet. 
 
 The following effigies strongly resemble 
 that at Thame, Oxon. : — 
 
 1407 (c. 1420). Sir John Lysle, 
 Thruxton, Hants. 
 
 1419. Thos. Lord Camoys and lady, 
 Trottim, Sussex. 
 
 1419. Wm. Maydeston, Esq., Ulcomb, 
 Kent. 
 
 1420. Sir Wm. Calthorp, Buruham 
 Thorpe, Norfolk.
 
 cxc 
 
 XV. CENT. 
 
 MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 skirt of the taces^ and hung down over 
 the thighs; the gauntlets were not di- 
 vided into fingers, their cuffs were pointed, 
 and the genouillicres had pointed plates 
 I below them ; a good example is at Bed- 
 dington, Surrey, 1437. About this date 
 
 Tuiles, Hampton Poyle, Oxon, H24 ^]^q defeUCBS of tllC armS 
 
 were often of the character represented in the annexed 
 engraving from the brass of Sir Thomas Cheddar, 1442? 
 Cheddar, Somerset, and the skirt of faces was composed 
 of a few more plates tlian before''. Tabards, or sur- 
 coats ', with skirts covering the faces, and slit up at the 
 sides, although introduced at least a century earlier, 
 now first ap})ear on brasses : thev were chara:ed witli ^ 
 
 ■I J- '' ~ Part of the figure of 
 
 armorial bearings, usually thrice repeated, once on the fi^a^'chedto'^so 
 breast and skirt, and twice on the sleeves, which in ™^'^^'- 
 early examples are small, as at Great Snoring, Norfolk, 1433, and 
 Amberley, Sussex, 1424. 
 
 About 1435, demi-placcards, or demi-placcates, began to be worn 
 over the cuirass®; these were additional plates, broad at their lower 
 
 1420. Sir Arnald Savage and laily, 
 Bobbing, Kent. 
 
 c. 1420. Peter Halle, Esq., and wife. 
 Heme, Kent. 
 
 c. 1420. A Knight, Springfield, 
 Essex. 
 
 1423. Tristram Curteys, Esq., Lost- 
 withiel, Cornwall. 
 
 1424. John Compton, Esq., and wife, 
 Dinton, Bucks. 
 
 1425. Sir Wm Molyns and lady. 
 Stoke Poges, Bucks. 
 
 1425 ? Nicholas Paris, Esq. ? Linton, 
 Camb. 
 
 1426. Jolin Cely, Esq., and wife, 
 Sheldwich, Kent. 
 
 1428. Sir John Keynes, Clifton 
 Reynes, Bucks. 
 
 1429. Eoger Isly, Sundridge, Kent. 
 14.30. Sir Thos. Brounflet, Wyming- 
 
 ton, Beds. 
 
 c. 1430. A Knight of the Daubeney 
 family and lady. South Petherton, So- 
 merset. 
 
 1433. Wm. Harwedon? and wife. 
 Great Harrowdcn, Northants. 
 
 1 Brasses resembling that at Cheddar, 
 
 and without the tulles, are the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 1436. Thomas Chaucer, Esq., and 
 wife, Ewelme, Oxon. 
 
 1437. Thos. Brokill, Esq., and wife, 
 Saltwood, Kent. 
 
 1440. Valentine Baret, Esq., Preston, 
 Kent. 
 
 c. 1440. A Knight and lady, Ashdon, 
 Essex. 
 
 1441. Sir Hugh Halsham and lady, 
 West Grinstead, Sussex. 
 
 1441. Rich. Trcvet, alias Hasylwode, 
 Stratfield Mortimer, Berks. 
 
 1444. Wm. Fynderne, Esq., and wife, 
 Childrey, Berks. 
 
 1444. Sir Wm. Echyngham, wife, 
 and son, Etchingliam, Susstx. 
 
 1457. Sir John Harpedon, West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 •■ Examples are on the figures of sons 
 beneath the Knight at Quy, Camb., 
 engraved at p. cxciii. 
 
 * Perhaps these plates were merely 
 the lower jjart of the cuirass, which may 
 have been divided into two parts for the 
 convenience of bending the body.
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 CXCI 
 
 Rich, de Wygtham. c. 1455, 
 Wytham, Berks. 
 
 part, and gradually 
 diiniiiishing in width 
 towards the neck ; 
 below which they 
 were fastened to the 
 breast-plate by straps, 
 which are seldom 
 visible on brasses, 
 owing to the raised 
 posture of the hands. 
 Similar plates were 
 also worn on the 
 back, and were united 
 by hinges, &c., to 
 ■*^ those in front. Epaulieres, composed of 
 splints, or small over-lapping plates, 
 nearly meeting in front of the chest, de- 
 fended the shoulders. The left, or bridle 
 arm, was now more fully protected than 
 the right, by large plates placed outside 
 the elbows, and in front of the armpits ; 
 they were secured by small spikes or 
 spring-pins fitting into staples affixed 
 to the armour underneath, the loops of 
 which passed through holes in the centre 
 of the plates. The right, or sword arm, 
 which was required for action, had slighter 
 defences; thus a small and peculiar- 
 shaped plate, called a moton, protected 
 the armpit, and the elbow-])ieces were much smaller. The gauntlets 
 had longer cuffs, the separate plates of the skirt of taces were often 
 escalloped or curved upwards in tlie centre, and the rowell spurs 
 were without guards, and screwed to the heels. Suits of this de- 
 scription, which were worn with or without tuiles, are well exempli- 
 fied in the above engravings of brasses at Tladbury, Worcestershire, 
 1445, and Wytham, Berks., c. 1455 \ 
 
 Sir Jchn Throkmorton, 1445, Fladbviry, 
 Woicesterahiro. 
 
 ' Examples of the peculiarities above 
 described arc as follow : — 
 
 1434. ? Wm. Scot, Esq.(?), Brabourne, 
 Kent.
 
 CXCll 
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 About and after the year 1445, 
 knights were generally repre- 
 sented bareheaded, with the hair 
 cropped close, and their hands 
 very frequently uncovered. A 
 few brasses remain which jiossess 
 also the following characteristics : 
 tlie breastplate was of a more 
 globular form, and had a curved 
 groove at each side. The de- 
 fences of the arms were of equal 
 size, and made of smaller pieces 
 than before. The epaulieres 
 were encircled by a strap passing 
 round the neck ; in front of them 
 were worn pauldrons, which were 
 plates extending at first only just 
 over the shoulders and upper 
 part of the arms. The skirt of 
 
 1435. Sir Rich. Delamere and lady, 
 Hereford Cathedral. 
 
 1438. Rich. Dixton, Esq., Ch-ences- 
 ter, Gloucestershire. 
 
 1440. John Mepertyshale, Esq., wife 
 lost, Mepshall, Beds. 
 
 1440. John Weston, Esq., Albiiry, 
 Surrey. 
 
 c. 1440. A Knight, Arkesden, Essex. 
 
 c. 1440. Sir Wm. Wadham and 
 mother, Ilminster, Somerset. 
 
 c. 1440. Sir Thos. de Mohun, Lau- 
 teglos-by-Fowey, Cornwall. 
 
 1441. John Boteler, Esq., and wife, 
 Mejishall, Beds. 
 
 14il. Reginald Barantyn, Esq., 
 Chalgrove, Oxon. 
 
 1445. John Daundelyou, 'Qentll- 
 man," Margate, Kent. 
 
 14-15. Thos. de St. Quintin, Esq., 
 Harpham, Yorks. 
 
 c. 1445. Sir Christopher Baynham 
 and lady, Newland, Gloucestershire. 
 
 1446. Drew Barantyn, Esq., and 
 wives, Chalgrove, Oxon. 
 
 1451. John Bernard, Esq., and wife, 
 Iselham, Camb. 
 
 1467. Roger Bothe, Esq., and wife, 
 Sawley, Derbyshire. 
 
 A Knight, c. 14i0, Islewortb , Middx.
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 cxcm 
 
 taces had now longitudinal as well as transverse lines of partition, 
 
 and was thereby divided into a number of 
 small oblong plates. Brasses presenting 
 the above peculiarities, and without tuiles, 
 are at South Mimras, 144S, Hayes, and 
 Isleworth (see the engraving on the oppo- 
 site page), c. 1450, Middx. ; Marston 
 Morteyne, Beds., 1451 ; Morley, Derby- 
 shire, 1454. Figures in a somewhat simi- 
 lar attire remain at Chalfont St. Peter's, 
 Bucks., 1446, and Northolt, Middx., 
 1452. 
 
 Some changes were made about the 
 year 1460, which may be recognised by 
 referring to the annexed engraving of an 
 interesting brass at Quy, Camb. A gorget, 
 or collar of plate, now covered the throat, 
 and a mentoniere projected in front of the 
 chin, so as to meet the vizor when lowered, 
 by which means the face was entirely pro- 
 tected; the pauldrons had frequently a 
 projecting ridge, and the exterior edges 
 
 /"otmE I Bj^naqj^ gpjln M ounjiuiuir ^aqo fiMJ I 
 
 John Ansty, Esq., c. 1465, (wife lost,) Quy, Caral)." 
 
 were generally invecked, and the upper one recurved for the conveni- 
 ence of raising the arm ; at the right armpit a gusset of mail is usually 
 visible. The coutes were sometimes of large size, and attached to the 
 elbows by arming points ; the skirt of taces shorter, with two large 
 and pointed tuiles strapped upon it, between which a baguette of mail 
 
 " The inscription is more perfect in 
 Cole's MS. in the British Museum, vol. 
 
 xxxi. p. Tl : [©rate pro "^iinbus jiolns 
 •anstii "armigcri quontinm Bnf tsttus 
 Villr nc primi .•fMintiatorts (trantnvic) 
 borai' "JlnstiKS CThauiUn) ic 3ioI)annc 
 CTonsortts sue, i33ui quiticm] lloljcs 
 
 olnjt pcnultimo iJie JI¥Tcnsts ffcftntartj 
 ■^nno .... In Cole's time the figure of 
 the wife was remaining. .John Ansty, 
 in 146-1', presented Wm. Jakys to the 
 chantry. See Cole's MS., vol. xxv. 
 p. 78. 
 
 c c
 
 CXCIV 
 
 XV. CENT, 
 
 MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 was worn. The sword had a hilt ornamented 
 with cross cords and fringes, a circular pommel, 
 and was suspended diagonally in front of the 
 body. The genouillicres were large, with plates 
 behind them ; gussets of mail were again visible 
 at the bend of the knees and insteps^ and the 
 soUerets were acutely pointed. 
 Lance-rests, or hooks fixed by 
 staples and moveable pins to the 
 right side of the cuirass, to sup- 
 port the lance when not in use^ 
 are now first seen on brasses^; 
 as at Green's Norton, North- 
 swoid, Luiiingstone, Kent. U97.y ants., 1462; Hlldersham, Camb., 1466? 
 Stockerston, Leicestershire, 1467, &c. 
 
 A few brasses (c. 1455 — 1470) afford instances of a mixed kind of 
 armour, the chief peculiarities of which are the size and 
 angular shape of the elbow-plates and pauldrons, which 
 are attached to the arms and shoulders by arming-points 
 or by spring-pins, and the use of ridges to strengthen 
 the various pieces of the armour, especially the pauldron 
 on the left shoulder. The effigies of Thomas Quartre- 
 mayns, Esq., c. 1460, at Thame, Oxon. (see the en- 
 graving on the opposite page) ; a Knight, c. 14C0, 
 Adderbury, in the same county ; Ralph Lord Cromwell, 1454, 
 
 Lance-rest, 
 
 LiHingstone Darrell, 
 
 Bucks., 1191. 
 
 Defences of arm, 
 
 Eobt. Eyr. Esq., 
 
 1463, HaUiersage, 
 
 Derbysliii'e. 
 
 '^ See also the figure of John Leven- 
 thorp, 1510, p. excviii. The edge of the 
 slnrt of the hanketon, ■underneath the 
 baguette and tuiles, is again occasion- 
 ally perceptible, as in the kneeling figure 
 of Henry Unton, 1470, Sculthorpe, 
 Norfolk, also at Hildersham, Camb., 
 1466 ? Stockerston, Leicestershire, 1467, 
 and Uoydon, Essex, 1471. The following 
 are examples of figures in the species 
 of armour described in the text ; — 
 
 1458. Sir Tlionias Shernbourn and 
 lady, Shernbourn, Norfolk. 
 
 1 160. Sir Robt. del Bothe and lady, 
 Wiluislow, Cheshire. 
 
 1460. John Gaynesford, Esq., Crow- 
 hurst, Surrey. 
 
 1462. John Tothyll and wife, Swafi'- 
 ham Prior, Camb. 
 
 1462. Sir Tlios. Grenc (with anelace 
 in front) and lady. Green's Norton, 
 
 Northants. 
 
 1463. Robt. Eyr, Esq., and wife, 
 Hathersage, Derbyshire. 
 
 1465. Thos. Cobham, Esq., and wife, 
 Hoo, Kent. 
 
 1466? Hen. Paris, Esq.? Hilder- 
 sham, Camb. 
 
 1467. John Boville, Esq., and wife, 
 Stockerston, Leicestershire. 
 
 1471. Thos. Colte, Esq., and wife, 
 Roydon, Essex. 
 
 The figure of Geo. Langham, Esq., 
 1462, formerly at Little Chesterford, 
 Essex, was another instance. 
 
 y The ornament on the scabbard of 
 Sir Wm. Pecche, Lulliugstone, Kent, is 
 probably unique ; the brass is of a pecu- 
 liar style, and was perhaps engraved 
 many years later than the date (1487) 
 upon it.
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 CXCV 
 
 Tattershall, Lin- 
 colnshire ; William 
 Mareys, Esq.,ltl59j 
 Preston, Kent; and 
 of a knight of the 
 Willoughby family, 
 at Vrollaton, Notts., 
 present good in- 
 stances of this style 
 of armour. 
 
 Helmets called 
 salades (Germ. 
 
 ©c{)are, 'a shell/ 
 * bowl'), are not 
 unfrequently found 
 on brasses of about 
 this period. They 
 reached down be- 
 hind so as to guard 
 the neck, and had 
 vizors in front which 
 
 Wru. Fiiz WUliarn, 1174, 
 Sprotborough, Yorks. 
 
 lowered and met 
 the mentoniere; a 
 good example of 
 this kind of head- 
 piece is on a brass 
 at Sprotborough, Yorks 
 
 I .Foot ' 
 
 Tho3. Qaartremayns. Kaq., c. 1460, Thame, Oxou. 
 
 ' See also tlio en<jravir.g at p. Hi. armed fij^ures at Cattcric, 1465, Tan- 
 
 The brass of Sir John Langtoii and wife, tidd and Howduii, c. 1480, Yorks., are of 
 
 1459, at St. Peter's, Leeds, resembles a peculiar character, they were pro- 
 
 that at Sprotborough. As these and the bably engraved by Yorkshire artists.
 
 CXCVl 
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 About the year 1470, certain peculiarities, some of which are 
 met witli several years before, became prevalent, 
 and are occasionally found as late as the close 
 of the century. The cuirass had a projecting 
 edge in front called the tapul: the demi-plac- 
 cates^, pauldrons, and genouillieres were com- 
 posed of two or three overlapping plates, the 
 pauldrons covered the back of the shoulders, 
 motons were generally worn over a gusset of 
 mail at the right armpit, and the elbow-plates 
 were of large size. The gauntlets had large 
 overlapping plates to cover the back of the 
 hand, and small separate pieces of steel to pro- 
 tect the fingers. The tuiles w'ere not on so 
 large a scale, although the escalloped skirt of 
 taces was still worn short ; and they often alter- 
 nate with htilettes, or small tuiles. Standards 
 (or collars) and skirts of maiP, usually with 
 
 Thomaa Playters, Esq., 1479, ^ ,, . . 1 11 . 
 
 sotteriey, Suffolk. vandycked edges, were now worn, the solierets 
 w-ere very long and pointed, and the various pieces of plate were 
 ridged, ribbed, and had invecked edges. The knights were often 
 inconsistently represented standing on a ground with flowers, &c., 
 while their heads rested on tilting helmets, with highly ornamented 
 mantlings. Collars of suns and roses were frequently worn; see 
 page cxvi.*^ 
 
 The effigy of the crown keeper (see 
 p. cxxvii.), in the possession of the 
 Society of Antiquaries, is jirohaljly by 
 the same artist as the brass at Catteric. 
 The figure of John Barletot, Esq., 1453, 
 at Stopham, Sussex, is also the work of 
 a provincial artist; the pauldrons are 
 fastened in the same way as on that in 
 the engraving from Hathcrsage. 
 
 The following is a list of military 
 effigii'S similar to the brass at Thame, 
 C. 1460, and with salades : — 
 
 1458. Sir Eobt. Staunton and lady. 
 Castle Donington, Leicestershire. 
 
 1458. Wm. Stapilton, Esq., and wife, 
 Edenhall, Cumberland. 
 
 c. 1460. A Knight, Wappenbam, 
 Northants. 
 
 1461. Wm. Brome, Esq., Holton, 
 Oxon. 
 
 1462. Wm. Prebitte, Esq., and 
 wives, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 
 
 1465. John Tbreel, Esq., Arundel, 
 Sussex. 
 
 1469. Nicb. Carew, Esq., Haccombe, 
 Devon. 
 
 " The figures in the illuminations to 
 Froissart (c. 1460—1480), 4to. London, 
 1844, generally wear demi-placcates; but 
 that part of the body which is not de- 
 fended by them, is clothed in a coloured 
 vest; it is therefore probable that the 
 placcate was sometimes worn over a hau- 
 berk, or perhaps a quilted garment, in- 
 stead of the breast-plate. 
 
 '' That these were mere fringes, or 
 short skirts, is evident from a cuirass (?) 
 forming part of the bearings of a shield 
 on a brass at Hinxworth, Herts., 1487. 
 
 •^ Examples of figures armed like that
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 CXCVU 
 
 , in tlie possessiou of 
 . WEimer, London. 
 
 The next change tliat took 
 place was shortly before 1480; 
 the liair was now worn long, 
 the hands bare, the sword 
 generally at the side instead 
 of the front of tlie body, and 
 the armour was subject to 
 much less variation. A small 
 number of brasses remain, 
 engraved by the London art- 
 ists, which shew a gradual 
 transition to the style pre- 
 valent in the reigns of Henry 
 the Seventh and Henry the 
 Eighth. The engravings of 
 the effigy of a Knight which 
 has been for several years in 
 the possession of Messrs. War- 
 ner, brass-founders, of Lon- 
 don, and that of Henry 
 Covert, Esq., 1488, at North 
 
 He^nry Covert, Esq., 1488, 
 North. Mitnins, Herta. 
 
 of Thos. Playters, Esq., 1479, Sotterley, 
 Suffolk, are the following -. — 
 ' 1454. Wm. Ludsthorp, Esq., Wark- 
 worth, Northants. 
 
 1467. Sir Wm. Vernon and lady, 
 Tonsr, Sbropshire. 
 
 1470. Sir Thos. Statbum and lady, 
 Morley, Derbyshire. 
 
 1470. Kalph Sentleger, Esq., and 
 wife, Ulcombc, Kent. 
 
 c. 1470. Sir Wm. Yelverton and lady, 
 Rougham, Norfolk. 
 
 c. 1470. John Croston, Esq., and 
 wives, Swinbrook, Oxon. 
 
 1472. Robt. Ingylton and wives, 
 Thornton, Bucks. 
 
 1473. Sir John Say and lady, Brox- 
 bourn, Herts. 
 
 1476. Bartholomew Bolne, Esq., 
 and wife. West Firle, Sussex. 
 
 1477. John Feld, Esq., Standon, 
 Herts 
 
 1478. Sir Robt. Clyfton, Clifton, 
 Notts. 
 
 1478. John Fastolfl', Esq., and wife, 
 {stolen,) Oulton, Suflblk. 
 
 1478. Roger Bothe, Esq., and wife, 
 Sawley, Derbyshire. 
 
 1480. John Fitz Geffrey, Esq., and 
 wife, Sandon, Herts. 
 
 1480. Sir Antli. Grey, St.Alban's 
 Abbey, Herts. 
 
 c. 1480. A Knight, Holhrook, Suf- 
 folk. 
 
 c. 1180. A Kniglit, now at Goodrich 
 Court. Herefordshire. 
 
 c. 1480. Two Knights and a lady, 
 Grendoii, Northants. 
 
 1481. Hen. Statlium, Esq., and 
 wives, Morley, Derbyshire. 
 
 1483. Hen. Bourchier, Earl of Essex, 
 and Countess, Little Easton, Essex. 
 
 1484. Edm. Molyneux, Esq. (in 
 helmet), and wife, Chenies, Bucks. 
 
 1484. Sir Thos. Peyton and wives, 
 Iselham, Camb. 
 
 1485. John Scyntmour, Esq., and 
 wife, Beckiiigton, Somerset. 
 
 c. 1485. A Knight, Heacham, Nor- 
 folk. 
 
 c. 1185. A Knight and lady, Latton, 
 Essex.
 
 CXCVIU 
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 Miinras, Herts., will nfford a good idea of 
 the armour of the period ''. 
 
 The defences in use in the time of the two 
 kings just mentioned may be thus described : 
 the breastplate had a tapul, the dcmi-placcate 
 was often omitted, and lance-rests were of 
 frequent occurrence; the pauldrons were 
 smaller, usually of two plates equal in size, 
 with projecting edges rising perpendicularly, 
 that on the left shoulder being generally 
 higher than the other. Two tuiles were 
 attached to the front of the taces, and fre- 
 quently two at the sides. Gussets of mail 
 were ordinarily placed at the right armjnt 
 and insteps ; the skirt of mail had a straight 
 edge, and was often slit up in front. The 
 sword was suspended at the left side, and 
 the dagger at the right, the latter being 
 larger than in earlier examples ; the genou- 
 illieres had very small plates above and below 
 them, and the sollerets ox sabbatons were of J°i^ Leventiorp, isio. Great 
 
 ' St. Helen 8, Bishopsgate-street, 
 
 a disproportionate size, and with round toes. London. 
 
 1487. Sir Robt. Strelley and lady, 
 Strelly, Notts. 
 
 1 189. Wm. Brewes, Esq., and wife, 
 Fressino;field, Suffolk. 
 
 c. 1490. Geofl'rey St.Aul.yn, Esq., 
 and wife, Crowan, Cornwall. 
 
 1491. Sir Gervase Clyfton, Clifton, 
 Notts. 
 
 1492. Geoffrey Sherard, Esq., and 
 wife, Stapleford, Leicestershire. 
 
 1493. IJicb. Conquest, wife, and 
 father, Houghton Conquest, Beds. 
 
 1494. Walter Duredent, Esq., and 
 wives, Denham, Bucks. 
 
 ^ Brasses in the style of the knight at 
 Messrs. Warner's are the following : 
 
 1478. John Wclbek, Esq., and wife. 
 Putney, SuiTcy. 
 
 1482. Sir Wm. Skypwyth and lady, 
 South Onnesby, Lincolnshire. 
 
 1482. Wni. Robins, Esq., and wife, 
 St. Stephen's, St. Albans. 
 
 1482. Thos. Wayte, Esq, Stoko 
 Charity, Hants. 
 
 1483. John Weston and wife, Ock- 
 bam, Surrey. 
 
 c. 1485. A Knigbt and lady, Much 
 Hadham, Herts. 
 
 1491. Paul Dayrell, Esq., and wife, 
 Lillingstone Darrell, Bucks. 
 
 Some military figures at Nether Hey- 
 ford, Northants., 1487 ; Goring, Sussex, 
 c. 1490; Merstham, Surrey, 1498, and 
 Eton College Chapel, 1521, resemble the 
 foregoing to a certain extent, but they 
 have their skirt of plate subdivided into 
 small oblong pieces, and the edges of 
 their mail armour are vandycked. 
 
 The effigies of TWos. Halle, Esq., 
 1485, Thannington, Kent, and Thos. 
 Caple, Esq., 1490, Ledbury, Herts., .are 
 of a similar type to that of Henry 
 Covert, at North Mimms, 1488; as is 
 also a Knight at Chedzoy, Somerset, 
 c. 1500, but in this instance the sword 
 is at the side, and the tuiles are worn 
 under the skirt of mail.
 
 XV. CENT. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 CXCIX 
 
 This costume may be seen on the brass of John Leventliorp, 1510, 
 Great St. Helen's, Bishopsgate-street, London (see the engraving 
 on the opposite page).^ 
 
 The mihtary effigies that have been hitherto described are, with 
 the few exceptions that have been pointed out, evidently the works 
 of the London artists. Towards the close of the century, several 
 brasses in Norfolk and the immediate neighbourhood, engraved, no 
 doubt, by artists living in that county, present certain pecuHarities 
 which deserve a separate notice. The earliest of this kind are found 
 from about the year 1465 to c. 1480, and may easily be recognised 
 by referring to the figure of Peter Eede, Esq., 
 at the church of St. Peter Man croft, Norwich 
 (engraved at page lii.) The chief variations 
 from the usual type will be seen to consist in 
 the shape of the pauldrons and tuiles, the 
 smaller size of the elbow-pieces, and especially 
 in the very peculiar jointed or ridged armour 
 of the legs; instead of being covered with a 
 salade (as in the figure of Peter Eede), the 
 head is generally uncovered, and the hair worn 
 short and brushed back over the head. 
 
 The brass of a Knicfht, c. 1500, at Assiug- 
 ton, Suffolk, well exemplifies a later style of 
 armour frequently depicted by the Norfolk en- 
 gravers : the hair is long and flowing, the 
 hands are cased in gauntlets, the inner edges 
 of the pauldrons and the mail-collar between 
 them reach low down over the breast, the 
 cuirass is composed of several overlapping 
 plates, mail socks are visible beneath the 
 
 ..,, ., , ., .. A Kmglit, c. 1500, Asaington, 
 
 jointed Lames, a circular plate witli projecting Suffolk. 
 
 spike sometimes protects the left armpit (Honing, Norfolk, 149G, 
 
 "= A few other instances in this cen- 
 tury may he mentioned : — 
 
 1197. John Trenowyth, Esq., St. 
 Michael's, Penkevil, Cornwall. 
 
 1498. Thomas Knareshurght, Esq., 
 and wife, Floore, Northants. 
 
 1500. Rich. Conquest, p]sq., and 
 wife, Moughton Conquest, Beds. 
 
 1500. John Tame, Esq., and wife, 
 Fairford, Gloucestcrsliire. 
 
 c. 1500. Tlios. Gray, Esq., and wife, 
 Cople, Beds. 
 
 Also some figures in tabards at Win- 
 wick, 1492, Orinskirk, c. 1500, Lanca- 
 shire ; Ashhy St. Lcfrcr's, Northauts., 
 14'J4; KeLteringhaui, Norfolk, 1499.
 
 cc 
 
 XV. CKNT. MILITARY BRASSES. CIVILIANS. 
 
 Bodleian Library, Oxford, c. 1 1-90), the sword lias a peculiarly shaped 
 cross-guardj and is either suspended perpendicu- 
 larly in front of the body, or is omitted alto- 
 gether; as on some figures at Whissonsett, Nor- 
 folk, one of which, of the date 1484, has a 
 mentoiiiere ^ Some other brasses in Norfolk 
 (e. g. at "West Harling), as in other parts of 
 England, possess minor and unique peculiarities 
 which it is unnecessary to particularize. 
 
 Civilians. The brasses of the period under 
 consideration furnish numerous examples of the 
 costume of the gentry, and the wealthier classes 
 of citizens, of which the wool-merchants were 
 the most prominent. The mantle, as a part of 
 the ordinary dress, is found only at the very 
 commencement of the century; fine instances 
 are at Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, 1401 ; 
 Dartford, Kent, 1402 ; and Iligham Ferrers, 
 Northants., 1425, after which time it was re- 
 tained as a distinctive garment of judges, mayors, 
 and other civic functionaries e. The tunic or 
 gown had a long skirt reaching to the ancles. 
 
 P.icll. Martyn, U02. Daixfcrd, 
 Kent. 
 
 f The following is a list of some brasses 
 resembling that of Peter Rede, Esq. : — 
 
 1466. Miles Stapleton, Esq., and 
 \vives, Ingliam, Norfolk, {figures lost). 
 
 e. 1470 (ob. 1492). Sir Hen. Grey 
 {figure lost) and lady, Ketteriiigham, 
 iS'orfolk. 
 
 1471. Sir John Curson and lady, 
 Belaugh, Norfolk. 
 
 1475. Ralph Blenerhayssett, Esq., 
 Frenze, Norfolk. 
 
 1482 ? Robt. Bumpsted, Gent. ? Sot- 
 terley, Suffolk. 
 
 Similar brasses to that at Assington, 
 Sufiblk, all in Norfolk, are the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 1474. Wm. Rokewod, Esq., War- 
 ham, All Saints'. 
 
 c. 1480. A Kn'ght, Swatfham. 
 
 1484. Thos. Gybon, Gent., Wliis- 
 sonsett. 
 
 c. 1485. Wm. Boron, Esq., Whis- 
 
 sonsett. 
 
 1488. Edmund Clere, Esq. (;n helmet), 
 and wife, Stokesby. 
 
 1489. John Boron, Esq., Whissonsett. 
 1497. Rich. Eysle, Esq., and wife, 
 
 Gr. at Cressingliam. 
 
 1510. John Blenerhayset, Esq., 
 Frenze. 
 
 C.1510 (..b. 1481). Edmund Clere, 
 Esq., and wife, Rouijbara. 
 
 e A few of the brasses of the latter 
 class may be enumerated : — 
 
 1432. Kobt. Baxter, mayor, and wife, 
 St. Giles', Norwich. 
 
 1433. Simon Seman, alderman. 
 Barton, Lincolnshire. 
 
 1436. Richd. Purdaunce and wife, 
 St. Giles', Norwich. 
 
 1436. John Asger, mayor, St. Lau- 
 rence's, Norwich. 
 
 c. 1460. Civilian and wife, Great 
 St. Helen's, London.
 
 XV. CENT. CIVILIANS. 
 
 CCl 
 
 and slit up for a short distance in front at the lower part; its collar 
 covered the neck, and was buttoned up close under the chin ; the 
 sleeves were almost invariably very full and deep, but close at the 
 
 
 Sir Ed'w. Courtenay, c. 1460, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxibrd. 
 
 wrists, and in early instances fastened there by a single button, the 
 mitten sleeves of an under-dress emerging beneath. The tunic was 
 girt round the waist by a narrow belt, which was sometimes loosely 
 
 c. 1160 (ol). 1489). "VVm. Brown and 
 wife, All faints', Stamford. 
 
 C. 1470. All :il(li'nn;in ? and wife, 
 St. John's Maddeniiarket, Norwich. 
 
 1478. Thos. Rouley, under-shcrift', 
 
 and wife, St. .Tolm's, Eristol. 
 
 1 177. .John Fold, alderman, and son, 
 Staiidon, Herts. 
 
 1-187. John Lanihaid and wife, Ilinx- 
 worth, Herts. 
 
 dd
 
 ceil 
 
 XV. CENT. CIVILIANS. 
 
 buckled in front. The brasses of persons of wealth or importance 
 had an anclace, or coutcau-de-chasse, attached to the left side. 
 Figures of a civilian at Tilbrook, Beds., and a vintner at Cirencester, 
 Gloucestershire, c. 1400, without mantles, are good examples of 
 this costume *'. 
 
 Soon after the commencement of the century, the hood round' the 
 neck gradually fell into disuse ; a late example is at Burford, Oxon., 
 1437. The legs at this date are clothed in tight liose, and the feet 
 in shoes or half-boots usually laced up at the sides, and in one or 
 two cases embroidered, as at Margate, Kent, 1431 ; more rarely they 
 are fastened across the instep, as at Stopham, Sussex, 1428. The 
 couteau-de-chasse has sometimes one or two small knives sheathed 
 in its scabbard, as in the beautifully engraved 
 little figure of Sir Edward Courtenay, c. 1460, at 
 Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford (see the en- 
 graving on the preceding page). Other examples 
 are at Baldock, Herts., c. 1420 (see the engrav- 
 ing at page cxxx.) ; Hoo, Kent, c. 1430, and 
 Caversfield, Bucks., 1435 ; the effigy at the last 
 place exhibits the lacing up of the collar of the 
 under-dress. As late as c. 1460 the hair was worn 
 off the temples, as at the close of the last century, 
 together with the slight beard and moustaches; 
 but c. 1420 the latter began to be discarded, and 
 the hair was cropped straight across the forehead 
 and round the head : after 1480 it was always 
 worn long. 
 
 Towards the middle of the century the tunic 
 became rather shorter, and its sleeves less full; 
 and the hose and shoes M^ere of one piece, with 
 very pointed toes. The brass of John Yonge, at i*5i,Ghippins Norton, oxon 
 Chipping Norton, is a good specimen of the costume of this date. 
 
 About 1470 the tunic or gown reached to the ancles; it had an 
 
 '■ John Lyiulewode, 1421, at Lin- 
 wood, Lincolnshire, has a separate belt 
 to the anelnce. Late examples of the 
 anelace are at Steventon, Berks., 1476; 
 Geddington, Northants., c. 1480; Ight- 
 field, Salop, 1497 J in the last example, 
 
 a knife perhaps is placed beside the hilt 
 of the dagger. The same method of 
 carrying the knife may be seen on the 
 stone effigy of a knight at Yatton, 
 Somerset.
 
 XV. CENT. CIVILIANS. 
 
 CCllI 
 
 opening entirely up the front, but on brasses 
 this is represented as closed : the sleeves were 
 narrow, and of uniform breadth throughout; 
 the under sleeves were occasionally buttoned (?) 
 beneath ; tlie anelace was superseded by a short 
 rosary, and a (jypciere, or pouch, attached to 
 the girdle '. The gypciere consisted of a curved 
 frame of brass or silver, shaped 
 somewhat like the letter D, with 
 a projecting rim beneath pierced 
 with holes, to enable the bag to 
 be sewed to it ; the bag had usu- 
 ally three tassels, and the open- 
 ing was drawn together by a cypciVre from the brass of 
 
 , -111 Thomas Baldry, Merchant, 
 
 cord running through loops; st. Mary Tower, ipswich. 
 the whole was attached to the girdle by a metal 
 loop fastened to the straight side of the frame J. 
 A hood, usually of dark colour, and consisting of a 
 crown or cap with a long scarf attached to it, was 
 now frequently thrown over the right (sometimes 
 
 Geoffrey KidweUy, Esq>. ,.1111 ii T- 
 
 1483, Little wittenham, Berks, the Icft) shouldcr , and tlic shocs were distinct 
 
 ' The pouch is affixed to the belt of 
 Simon de Felhrig, e. 1380, Felbrigg, 
 Norfolk ; another early instance is on 
 a small figure in the Flemish brass at 
 Newark, 1361. 
 
 J Good instances of the gypciere are 
 also on brasses at Stamford, Lincoln- 
 shire, c. 1475 ; Thame, Oxon., 1503. In 
 the Arch. Journ., vol. x. p. 86, is an en- 
 graving of a beautifidly embroidered 
 hawking pouch, similar to the gypciere; 
 the frame is of silver-gilt, enamelled. In 
 vol. iv. p. 361, is an engraving of a 
 brass frame, bearing an inscription, evi- 
 dently btlonging to a pouch; it was 
 dug up at Yarm, Durham, and " with it 
 were found manj' Inunan bones, aud a 
 large number of small wooden beads, 
 finely turned, which evidently composed 
 rosaries." The rosary was a chaplet 
 composed of various numbers of beads 
 strung loosely on a cord or thread, usu- 
 ally arranged in decades, divided by a 
 larger bead, and intended as a register 
 of the number of Ave Marias and Pater 
 nosters to be said by the wearer. Ac- 
 cording to Pugin (Glossary, voc. Beads), 
 
 "the term Rosary is probably derived 
 from the practice of carving roses on 
 the larger beads between the decades." 
 A good example of a rosary may be 
 seen on the brass at North Creak, Nor- 
 folk, c. 1500, engraved at p. cxxiii., each 
 of the smaller beads is inscribed auc, and 
 the two ends of the cord are secured re- 
 spectively by a tassel and signet ring. 
 Tlie rosaries worn by men consisted of 
 about one decade only, those by women 
 generally of five or more. The beads 
 are never found on military effigies, and 
 very rarely on those of ecclesiastics. 
 Besides the instance at North Creak, 
 others are at Fovant, Wilts., 1492, and 
 Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire,1521. 
 See the engraving at p. Ixxxiv. 
 
 '' Esquires (Armigeri) are occasionally 
 found during this century in the dress of 
 civilinns. Other instances are at Ashby 
 St. Lcger's, Northants., 1416 ; Amer- 
 sham, Bucks., 1430; Beddington, Surrey, 
 1432 ; Swainswick, Somerset, 1439, &c. 
 
 ' This hood is found as late as 1513, 
 on a carefully executed brass at Mickle- 
 ham, Surrey.
 
 CCIV 
 
 XV. CKNT. CIVILIANS. LADIES. 
 
 John Colman, 1506, little 
 Waldingfield. Suffolk 
 
 from the liose. This dress, which may be seen 
 on the brass of Geoffrey Kidwelly, Esq., at 
 Little Wittenham, Berks, (see the engraving 
 on the preceding page), is found on brasses 
 quite at the close of the century, but c. 1490 
 the gown was usually thrown open in front, 
 either above or below the girdle, and some- 
 times both, and therefore exposed to view the 
 lining of fur ; the sleeves were loose, with large 
 cuffs, the shoes had misshapen and broad toes, 
 and the hood is rarely found. Good examples 
 of this costume are a civilian, 1506, Little 
 Waldingfield, Suffolk, and a notary at St. Mary 
 Tower Church, Ipswich, of which an engraving 
 will be found at page cxxviii."' 
 
 Ladies. The costume of the ladies, as is 
 usual, presents a greater variety than that of 
 their husbands, although they much resemble 
 each other in their general features. During 
 the first ten years of the century, the dresses 
 which were worn at the end of the fourteenth 
 are still seen on a few brasses. The nebule 
 head-dress is found as late as 1410, at Great 
 
 ™ The brasses of civilians of this cen- 
 tury are so numerous that they may be 
 dismissed with a few examples : — 
 
 1409. Eobt. de Haitfeld and wife, 
 Owston, Yorks. 
 
 1409. Edmund Cook, with anelace. 
 Great Berkhampstead, Herts. 
 
 c. 1410. Harry Notingh.im, with 
 anelace, and wife, Holm-by-the-Sea, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 1417. Geoff. Barbur, demi-figure, now 
 in St. Helen's, Abingdon, Berks. 
 
 1420. John Urban and wife, South- 
 fleet, Kent. 
 
 1429. Roger Thornton and wife 
 (Flemish), Newcastle-on-Tyne, North- 
 umberland. 
 
 1430. Hen. Brudenell and wife, 
 Amcrsham, Bucks. 
 
 1430. Thos. Godefray and wife, Lydd, 
 Kent. 
 
 c. 1430. John Bowf and wife. Pake- 
 field, Suffolk. 
 
 1431. Nich. Canteys, Margate, Kent. 
 
 1432. Nich. Carew, Esq., and wife, 
 Beddington, Surrey. 
 
 1437. Robt. Skerne and wife. King- 
 ston, Surrey. 
 
 1437. John Bacon and wife, All 
 Hallows' Barking, London. 
 
 1439. Edmund Forde, Esq., Swains- 
 wick, Somerset. 
 
 c. 1440. A civilian and wife, Pelham 
 Furneux, Herts. 
 
 1440 ? Robt. Pagge and wife, Ciren- 
 cester, Gloucestershire. 
 
 1442. Peter Stone, with anelace, 
 Margate, Kent. 
 
 1447. Thos. Fortey, Wm. Scors, and 
 their wife, Northleach, Gloucestershire. 
 
 1450. Laurence Pygot and wife, 
 Dunstable, Beds. 
 
 c. 1450. Civilian and wife. New 
 Shoreham, Sussex. 
 
 1452. Edmund Mille, Gent., and 
 wife, Pulborough, Sussex.
 
 XV. CENT. LADIES. 
 
 CCV 
 
 Tew, 0x011., and tlie reticulated coiffure surrounding the forehead 
 is seen on a small but elegant brass of a lady, 1401, at Goring, 
 Oxon. ; the veil head-dress is of frequent occurrence. Joan and 
 Ahce, wives of John Hauley, 1408, at Dartmouth, Devon, have their 
 hair dressed in large plaits beside the face, a fashion which, however, 
 seems to have been chiefly confined to young unmarried females 
 (c. 1410 — 1440), who also wore a sort of narrow wreath to keep 
 the hair in its proper place. A good instance of this is afforded by 
 the figure of one of the Wallham 
 family, c. 1415, at Waltham, Lin- 
 colnshire. A small effigy of one 
 of the Clopton family, at Long 
 Melford, Suirolk, c. 1420, exhibits 
 a simple style of head-dress worn 
 
 by young ladies. Another ex- 
 Head of a lady. c. hm, 1 • .• 1 p ■ Head of a lady, c. li-JO, 
 
 Waltiam, Lincolnshire ample, COUSlStUlg afSO Ot a CH"- Long ilelford, Suffolk. 
 
 cular cap, but differently ornamented, may be seen on the effigy of 
 Phihppa Carreu, 1414, at Beddington, Surrey. 
 
 The usual habit worn by ladies of rank at the commencement 
 of the century was a tight-fitting kirtle, low at the neck, sometimes 
 girded across the hips, (Little Casterton, Rutland, c. 1410?) and 
 with tight sleeves buttoned underneath the fore-arm, and partly 
 covering the hands: over this was worn the mantle. The head 
 attire usually accom])anying this dress was the crespine : it was a 
 netted caul worn over the head, confining the front hair over the 
 forehead, and in two small bunches above the ears; a roll, or 
 wreath, appears to have encircled the head, to keep the head-dress 
 in its proper position. Over this a veil or kerchief was thrown, 
 which fell down behind, and on the shoulders at each side. This 
 costume is well shewn by a beautiful figure at Sawtry All Saints', 
 Hunts., 1404 (see the engraving on the next page), and Eougham, 
 Suffolk, 1405 (see the engraving at page clxxxiv.) 
 
 1452. A merchant and wife, Hitchin, 
 Herts. 
 
 1455. liich. Manfekl, brother, and 
 sister, Taplow, Bucks. 
 
 1458. John Fortcy, Northleach, 
 Gloncrstershlre. 
 
 1402. Jolin Frankcleyn and wife, 
 Chearsley, Bucks. 
 
 1485. Win. Goldwellc and wife. 
 Great Chart, Kent. 
 
 1485. Rich Westbroke, Great Berk- 
 hamstead, Herts. 
 
 1493. Roger Harper, merchant, and 
 wife, Axbridge, Somerset. 
 
 1495. \Vm. Maynwaryng, Ightfield, 
 Salop.
 
 ccvi 
 
 XV. CENT. LADIES. 
 
 Over the kirtle was often worn another gown, shewn in the en- 
 graving, from a brass at Deerhnrst, Gloucestershire, 1400, at page 
 dsviii. ; it had likewise close sleeves, was buttoned either entirely 
 up the front, or close up nnder the chin only, with the collar turned 
 over; it also was often secured bv a srirdle, as at Shottesbrooke, 
 Berks., IJrUl. The brass at Goring, Oson. (see the engraving on 
 
 Maria Stoirrt-- T), X^'A, Z^-wtrj 111 Saints', Etmta. 
 
 the opposite page), before mentioned, furnishes a good example of 
 the habit worn by ladies c. 1400, the head-dress being varied, and 
 the mantle often omitted ". 
 
 Throughout the century the sideless dress was frequently worn 
 over the kirtle and under the mantle ; the ornament down the bodv 
 
 " In the fignre at Goring, the kirtle the mitten sleeves, very giTnjlar to the 
 is worn withonr the gown. It is. how- gown, and affords a good illuatration of 
 evo", in this case, with the exception of the ccstnme of the period.
 
 XV. CENT. LADIES. 
 
 ccvu 
 
 "i'MaiwiWMiiii 
 
 is seldom found except in early examples; the edges of the openings 
 
 are bordered with far, and -— — ^ 
 
 the girdle of the kirtle is 
 sometimes visible through 
 them o. The length of this 
 dress varied very much ; it 
 frequently reached only to 
 the hips, sometimes below 
 the knees, bat more ?ene- 
 rally it covered the feet, in 
 which case it had often a 
 facing of fur at the bottom?. 
 
 After c. 1420 the sleeves 
 of the kirtle extended no 
 farther than the wrists, and 
 were no longer secured with 
 buttons; the kirtle itseK, 
 and especially the mantle, 
 were frequently charged with 
 armorial bearings. These 
 two dresses are found in con- 
 junction on brasses daring 
 the whole century. 
 
 Ladies of rank are oc- 
 casionally represented in a 
 gown, short-waisted, with 
 a square collar tamed over 
 the shoulders, and with large 
 sleeves, resembling those of 
 the surplice, in being very 
 deep and open at the wrists, 
 so as to reach to the ^roand 
 
 D 
 
 I 
 
 it 
 
 ) 
 
 5? 
 
 l! 
 
 
 * 
 
 '^Sr—~ 
 
 -jr^M-.i 
 
 even when the hands are raised ; the sleeves are sometimes lined with 
 fur, and the collar edged with the same material. The ^^s of Lady 
 Millicent Meryng, c. l-tlS, at East Markham, Xotts. (see the en- 
 graving on the next page), forms a good illustration of this costume'. 
 
 " See supra, p. dxvi. note r. 
 f Perhaps this, in some cases, is a 
 part of the kirtle. 
 
 5 Althongh a g-own with similar sleeres 
 was frequently worn bv gentlemen, it is 
 verv rarelv to be found on thdr brasses,
 
 CCVlll 
 
 XV. CENT. LADIES. 
 
 Otiior figures in a similar robe are 
 at Spilsby, c. 11-10, South Kelsey, c. 
 1410, Scrivelsby, c. 1430, Lincoln- 
 shire; Digswell, Herts., 1415; Kid- 
 derminster, Worcestersliire, 1415; 
 Cranford, Northants., 1418; Booking, 
 Essex, 1420; Thame, Oxon., c. 1420; 
 Arundel, Sussex, 1430; Nortlifleet, 
 Kent, 1433; Great Missenden, 
 Bucks., 1436 ; BrightvAell-Baldwin, 
 Oxon., 1439; Orford Darcy, Hunts., 
 C.1440. 
 
 Soon after the commencement of 
 
 Head, Philippa Eyscboppesdon, 1414, Broughton, Oxou. 
 
 the century (c. 1415) the side cauls 
 of the crespine head-dress were always 
 
 Millicent Meiyng, c. 1415, East Mai'klicLLa , 
 Notts 
 
 of large size ; and either square 
 (as at Broughton, Oxon., 1414; 
 East Markham, Notts,, c. 
 1415), or more frequently their 
 outer edges were elevated above 
 the forehead, so as to form 
 
 horns ; hence these head- 
 Head, wiie ol Kobt. Skeme, Ua?, Kingston, SuiTey. dresses were called horned 
 
 head-dresses; good instances are afforded by effigies of ladies at 
 
 owing to their being generally repre- 1437 (?) ; the other. Sir Rich. Camoys, 
 sentcd in armour. Q'wo instances may on the brass of his parents, at Trotton, 
 be mentioned, one at Thorncombe, Devon, Sussex, 1419.
 
 XV. CENT. LADIES. 
 
 CCIX 
 
 Head. Lady Peryent, 1415, 
 Digswell, Hei-ts. 
 
 Arundel, Sussex, c. 1430 ; South Petlierton, Somerset, c. 1430 ; 
 Hereford Cathedral, 1435, and Kingston, 
 Surrey, 1437 (see the engraving on the pre- 
 ceding page). Acutely pointed head-dresses 
 may be seen at Miuehead, Somerset, 1440, 
 and Newland, Gloucestershire, c. 1445. The 
 head-dress of Lady Peryent, 1415, at Digs- 
 well, Herts., is probably unique, an inter- 
 laced caul forming, together with the face, 
 an inverted triangle. Over nil these coiffures 
 were generally placed veils, which covered 
 the forehead, and were dependent behind. 
 About the same time small chains, with crosses or other ornaments 
 attached to them, were often suspended round the neck. 
 
 The close-sleeved robe was occasionally worn over the kirtle in 
 the earlier half of the century : examples are at Wandborough, 
 Wilts., 1418; Northleach, Gloucestershire, 1447, &c. It always 
 
 formed part of the attire of widows, who wore 
 also the veil head-dress, or hood, and stiffly- 
 plaited barbe. The mourning costume, as it 
 appeared about the middle of the century, may 
 be seen in the annexed en- 
 graving of a small and muti- 
 lated brass, c. 1440, at Stoke 
 D'Abernon, Surrey. After 
 c. 1460 the barbe is seen 
 covering the shoulders like a 
 cape, the veil head-dress bein£ 
 worn shorter aud thrown back 
 
 A widow lady, c. 1440, Stoke , , . i , ill x Heitd, Juau Swan, 1167 ('' 
 
 D'Abernon, Siirrey. behind tllB ShOUlclerS, aS at StxethaxQ, Camb. 
 
 Stretham, Cambridgeshire, 1497 (?) '■. 
 
 ' Fine examples of all these dresses 
 are the ladies of the knights enumerated 
 above. To these the following single 
 female figures, chiefly in widow's attire, 
 may be added : — 
 
 c. 1405. A lady, Ililmorton, War- 
 wickshire. 
 
 1407. Margt. Brounflet, Wlmming- 
 ton, Beds. 
 
 C.1415. A lady, Horley, Surrey. 
 
 1416. Margt. Holes, Watford, Herts. 
 
 1419. Margt. Cheyne, Hever, Kent. 
 
 1420. Isabella Brounyng, Warkworth, 
 Northants. 
 
 1420. Eleanor Cobham, Lingfield, 
 Surrey. 
 
 1420. Margt. Arundel, East Anthony, 
 Cornwall. 
 
 1427. Margt. Argenteine, Elstow, 
 Beds. 
 
 e e
 
 cox 
 
 XV. CKNT. LADIES. 
 
 Such was the dress of ladies 
 of the upper class ; but tliat 
 which was common to all 
 ranks in the tifteeiith cen- 
 tury was a lonc^ gown put 
 on over the kirtle, and much 
 resemblitig the tunic of the 
 civilians ; it was girt under 
 the breasts, and had very 
 deep sleeves, close and edged 
 with fur at the wrists, and 
 in early instances fastened 
 there with a single button : 
 it had also a high stiff collar 
 buttoned close under the 
 chin. After c. 1415 the 
 collar falls on the shoulders, 
 and a short lace is sub- 
 stituted for the buttons. 
 The addition of the mantle 
 
 A Lady, c. 1410, St. Stephen's, . . 
 
 Norwich. IS extremely rare ; nistances 
 
 are at Baldock, Herts., c. 1410, and Bromham, 
 Beds., 1435 ^. The horned head-dress, which is 
 usually worn with this gown, is very seldom 
 ornamented, as at Bromham, Beds., 1435 ; 
 Latton, Essex, 1467, &c. Other coiffures of 
 similar character were worn during the earlier 
 half of the century, some of them may be seen 
 
 Elizth. Poyle, 1-1'34, Hampton 
 Poyle, Oxod. 
 
 Head of Lady, c. 1480, Baldock, 
 Herts. 
 
 c. 1430. Alice de Bryan, Acton, 
 Suffolk. 
 
 c. 1430. Dame Anne Clopton, Qninton, 
 Glouccstcrsli ire. 
 
 1433. Johanna de Cobhani, Cobliam, 
 Kent. 
 
 1434. Lady Eleanor Conquest, Flit- 
 ton, Beds. 
 
 1440. A lady, Minehead, Somerset- 
 sliire. 
 
 C.1140 (ob. 1395). Lady Halsbani, 
 West Grinstead, Sussex. 
 
 1441. Elizth. Wallche, Langridge, 
 Somerset. 
 
 1442. Lady Maria Daubeney, South 
 Petherton, Somerset. 
 
 1446 (c. 1475 ?). Joyce, Lady Tiptoft, 
 
 with heraldic mantle and coronet, En- 
 field, Middx. 
 
 1454. Agnes Molyngton, Dartford, 
 Kent. 
 
 A widow lady, Harpsden, 
 
 Isabel Cheddar, Cheddar, 
 
 e. 1460. 
 Oxon. 
 c. 1460. 
 
 Somerset. 
 
 c. 1480. Two ladies of the Clopton 
 family, Long Mel'brd, Suffolk. 
 
 c. 1490. Elizth. St.Amand, Brom- 
 ham, Wilts. 
 
 c. 1490. A lady, Luton, Beds. 
 
 1497 (?). Joan Swan, Stretham, Camb. 
 
 ^ A corresponding instance, in male 
 costume, is at Barton, Lincolnshire, 
 1433.
 
 XV. CENT. 
 
 LAD IKS. 
 
 CCXl 
 
 on the figures of the wives of Reginald Spycer, 1442, at Cirencester, 
 Gloucestershire. One more commonly in use ap- 
 pears on the figure of Margaret Page, 1440 ? in 
 the same church ; it consists of plain narrow caul, 
 or edging, surrounding the forehead, and covered 
 by a veil ; the same head-dress is at Sudborough, 
 Northants., c. 1415; Melton, Suffolk, c. 1430; 
 Chipping Norton, Oxon., 1451, &c. 
 
 After 1460 the sleeves of the gown were alwavs 
 
 Head, Margaiet Page, 
 
 1440 ? Cirencester, 
 
 Gloacestersbire. 
 
 The gown was 
 
 Head, Jane Eeriell, c. 1460, 
 Ash, Kent. 
 
 close, and of an uniform breadth throughout; the 
 
 cuffs were large, lined with fur, and turned back. 
 
 open above the waist, and had a border of fur at the edges : it 
 sometimes laced up in front, and beneath it the 
 kirtle is visible, fitting close up to the neck; 
 these peculiarities are visible in the engraving at 
 page ccxiii., from the brass of Agnes Oxenbrigg, 
 1480, Etchingham, Sussex The horned head- 
 dress was now often more acutely pointed, as in 
 the figures of Jane Keriell, c. 1460, Ash, and 
 Christian Phelip, 1470, Heme, Kent (the former 
 is a unique example); and 
 the veil dependent be- 
 hind, less ample and much 
 shorter, as at Baldock, 
 
 Herts., c. 1480. 
 
 About the year 1470 the wnred or hutterjlij 
 
 head-dress before alluded to (page clxxi.) 
 
 began to be much in fashion, especially 
 
 among ladies of rank; the hair was strained 
 
 into a richly ornamented cap, or caul, placed 
 
 at the back of the head, over which a veil of 
 
 tine materials was extended, the whole fabric 
 
 being supported by wires. The dress usually 
 
 worn with this preposterous head-gear was a 
 
 close-fitting gown laced tightly up the body, 
 
 low at the neck, with a fur edging and cufis ; 
 
 the latter were frequently pulled forward over 
 
 ..,.,,,.,. . , , Anna riayters, 1 479, Sotterley, 
 
 the hands. Ihe sku't was soraetnnes gathered sua-oik, 
 
 up under the arm, and a plain narrow girdle was worn over the hips.
 
 ccxu 
 
 XV, CENT. LADIES. 
 
 and had an ornament attached to it by a chain. Eich and broad 
 necklaces were also now worn. The figure of Anna Playters, 1479, 
 at Sotterley, Suffolk (see the engraving on the preceding page), is 
 a good instance of the attire just described. The horned head-dress 
 began to be of smaller dimensions, so as to become identified with 
 the veil head-dress * ; rosaries of several beads were now occasionally 
 attached to the girdle, especially in brasses engraved by Norfolk and 
 Cambridgeshire artists, e.g. St. John's Maddermarket, Norwich, 1476. 
 In Norfolk brasses the wired head-dresses are represented of smaller 
 size than elsewhere, and the ladies placed in a constrained attitude 
 with their heads only turned on one side. The figure of Lady Joan 
 Curson, 1471, at Belaugh, Norfolk, exhibits these peculiarities. 
 
 About 1490 the wired or butterfly head-dress 
 merged into a boiniet (usually made of velvet), 
 which for the sake of description has been often 
 termed the i)tdimental, kennel, or diamond-shaped 
 head-dress; it was also supported by wires, and 
 confined the hair in a round cap at the back of the 
 head, but it was destitute of the veil projecting be- 
 hind, its leading characteristic were long frontlets, 
 or lappets, which formed an angle over the fore- 
 head and hung down at each side. These are some- 
 times seen also in the wired head-dress, but they 
 are then made of light materials, and without 
 
 Anna Broke, 1518 Ewelme. 
 
 any ornament. When first introduced, these oxon. 
 
 frontlets were made of fur and ornamented with small drops at the 
 
 edges (e.g. Bromham, Wilts., c. 1490 ; Ketieringham, 1499, Merton, 
 
 1520, Norfolk) ; afterwards they were often of velvet, and richly 
 
 embroidered; similar lappets depended behind. 
 
 Together with this head-dress was worn a gown, 
 
 cut square at the neck, with fur visible at the 
 
 edges, at the cuffs, and at the bottom of the skirt, 
 
 which, in brasses made by provincial artists, had 
 
 often a deep border of fur instead of the narrow 
 
 edging. The waist was confined by a girdle, 
 
 which at first was either fastened behind, and with 
 
 a short ornamented termination (as at Hadley, Girdie, Hadiey, Middx.. lioo. 
 
 ' A lute instance of the horned head-dress is at Sharnbrook, Ecds., 1522.
 
 XV. CENT. LADIKS. 
 
 CCXIU 
 
 Middx., 1500), or else long, narrow, and buckled in front; after- 
 wards it was always broad, highly ornamented, and with its long end 
 dependent in front of the skirt. 
 
 Besides the head-dresses which have been described, a few others, 
 which it is unnecessary to particularize, were occasionally worn 
 during the century. It may be 
 noticed, however, that unmarried 
 ladies, in this and the jjrevious 
 and following centuries, usually 
 wore their hair long, confined by 
 a narrow fillet only (as at Etch- 
 inghara, Sussex, 1510) ; some- 
 times a chaplet of flowers en- 
 circles the forehead, as in the 
 figure of Margaret Brocas, c. 
 1360, Sherborne St. John's, 
 
 Elizth. Echyngliam, 1452, and Agnes Oxeubrigg, 1480, 
 Etchiiigham, Susses 
 
 Hants, (see tlie engraving at 
 page cxxxiv.), this was evidently intended to represent the garland 
 placed on the head of the deceased, or suspended in the church at 
 the funeral of an unmarried lady, nun, or widow who had married 
 but one husband ". The following instances of brasses of unmarried 
 ladies with flowing hair may be enumerated : Quainton, Bucks., c. 
 1360; Lingfield, Surrey, c. 1450; Taplow, Bucks., 1455 ; BHckling, 
 1458, 1479, Felbrigg, c. 1480, Norfolk ; Low Layton, Essex, 1493 ; 
 
 " See supra, p. Ixxxvii. note a, and 
 the blazon of the arms of the Mercers' 
 Company at p. cx\ iii. ; also Weever's 
 Fun. Men., p. 12. In the Antiquarian 
 Kcpertoiy, vol. iv. pp. 663, Gfit, is an 
 account of this ancient custom of using 
 garlands at funerals: "In this nation, 
 as well as by others, by the abundant 
 Zeal of our ancestors, virginity was held 
 in great estimation j insomuch that those 
 whicli died in that state were rewardi d 
 at their death with a garland, or crown, 
 on their heads, denoting their triuin])h- 
 ant victory over the lusts of the flesh. 
 Nay, tliis honoui- was extended even to 
 a w idow who had never enjoyed but one 
 husband. These garlands, or crowns, 
 were most artificially wrouiiht in filagree- 
 work with golil and silver wire, in re- 
 semblance of myrtle, with which ))lint 
 the funebrial J^al■lan^ls of the ancients 
 
 were always composed, whose leaves 
 were fastened to hoops of larger wire of 
 iron, lined with cloth of silver. Besides 
 tlase crowns, the ancients had also their 
 depository garlands, the use of which 
 continued till of late years, and may 
 perhaps still continue in some parts of 
 England. These garlands, at the funeral 
 of the deceased, were carried solennily 
 before the corpse by two maids, and 
 afterwards hung up in some conspicuous 
 jilace within the church." This custom 
 still exists in some parishes in England, 
 as at Ashover, Derbyshir. : " The screen 
 of Babington'schapel [in Ashover church] 
 itself is curious, and from its gallery are 
 suspended wreaths of white artificial 
 liouerSj one of whieli it is usual to con- 
 secrate on the death of an unmarried 
 grl." Collect. Topog eL Geiieal., vol. ii. 
 p. d'J.
 
 CCXIV BRASSES OF THE XVI. AND XVII. CENTUIUES. 
 
 Barnes, Surrey, 1508; Mablethorpe, Lincolnshire, 1522; Chenies, 
 Bucks., 152-1. A few figures of married ladies are pourtrayed in 
 similar attire, at Brabourn, Kent, 1450 ? Wilmslow, Cheshire, 
 1460; Tattershall, Lincolnshire, 1479; Muggington, Derbyshire, 
 C.1480; Turvveston, Bucks.,e.l490^ 
 
 SIXTEENTH AND SEYENTEENTFI CENTURIES. 
 
 Hen. YIL, 1485—1509; Hen. VITL, 1509—1547; Ed. YL, 
 1547—1553 ; Mary, 1553—1558 ; Elizth., 1558—1603 ; Jas. L, 
 1603—1625; Chas. L, 1625—1649; Commonwealth, 1649— 
 1660; Chas. II., 1660—1685; Jas. IL, 1685—1688. 
 
 The brasses at the close of the sixteenth, so much resemble in 
 character those of the following century, and the peculiarities are 
 so much less marked than those of an earlier date, that it seemed 
 desirable to consider them together. 
 
 In the early half of the sixteenth century the style of engraving 
 and design had much degenerated ; the former being usually very 
 coarse, and the latter beginning to partake of the Italian character, 
 wliich was now in process of introduction into England from the 
 Continent. The diversity of artists also is now apparent, even in 
 the viciTiity of London, but more especially in Norfolk, Suffolk, 
 Warwickshire, Cambridgeshire, and their respective neighbourhoods, 
 where the brasses are somewhat inferior in drawing to those in other 
 parts of England y. Many effigies, however, of the upper classes 
 present redeeming features ; and most of those after the middle 
 of the sixteenth century, althougli defective in design, are yet of 
 careful workmanship, being the works of the principal artists. A 
 few brasses of this date are occasionally to be met with which were 
 engraved by provincial artists, and are little better than miserable 
 caricatures of the deceased. Instances occur in some churches in 
 Kent, c. 1530^; at Bishop-Burton, Yorks., 1579 (?); Quethioc, 1617, 
 
 ^ There were lately others at Hunger- engravhig of the Norfolk brasses is gene- 
 tou, Leicestershire, to Mary (?), wife of rally delicate, and the hair and fur re- 
 Brian Cave, Esq., 1510, engraved in presented by minutely waved lines. The 
 Nichols' Leicestershire, vol. iii. pt. i. fur on brasses at Narburgh, Norfolk, 
 pi. 41, fig. 21, p. 282; at Lee, Kent, to 1496, and St. Andrew's, Norwich, c. 
 Elizth. Couhyll, 1513, and at D. nhani, 1500, is expressed in a unique manner. 
 Bucks., to Amphillis Peckham, 1545. ^ For example, at Ash, near Sandwich, 
 
 J See supra, pp. xxviii., xxix. The 1525; Capel-le-Ferne, 1526; Cbartham,
 
 BRASSKS OF THK XVI. AND XVII. CKNTURIKS. CCXV 
 
 Lauiiceston, c. 1620, Cornwall ; Heigham, 1630, Dunston, 1649, Nor- 
 folk ; Bassiiigbourn, Cambridgeshire, 1683, &c. The brass employed 
 during and after the reign of Queen Elizabeth was generally in thinner 
 plates than before % and probably manufactured in England '^ by being 
 rolled instead of cast. Shading was largely bestowed upon the whole 
 desifni, in order to produce a perspective effect, which contrasted 
 strikingly with the beautiful simplicity and ease of the earlier figures. 
 The slabs in which the brass was inlaid, instead of being, as hitherto, 
 of Purbeck marble, were of various kinds of stone; one of a blue 
 colour was often employed. 
 
 Brasses on the floor were rapidly losing their original character, 
 that of recumbent effigies; and, with a few exceptions, chiefly 
 knights <=, invariably represented standing figures, which, after 1520, 
 were nearly always turned sideways, single figures being generally 
 inclined towards the left: the attitude is often very constrained. 
 After the middle of the sixteenth century the ground beneath is a 
 pavement*^, or the feet stand on low circular pedestals. Thus it ap- 
 pears that figures on brasses took the lead of stone effigies in tlieir 
 posture, and were represented as standing, before the latter had 
 raised themselves higher than to lean on their elbows. This last 
 attitude is occasionally seen on brasses of these centuries, as at 
 Marsworth, Bucks., 1681 (?). Towards the seventeenth century the 
 posture is much studied, and the figures are somewhat ridiculously 
 drawn, as if they were sitting, or rather standing, for their portraits : 
 their bodies are turned sideways, but their faces front the spectator ; 
 one hand frequently holds a book or glove, and the other is placed 
 on the breast. This arrangement is especially observable in the 
 children, who are often placed in pairs beneath their parents. Old 
 
 Eiiigwold, 1530 ; Canterbury, St. Mary's at Upminster, Essex, 1591. At Bid- 
 
 Nortligate, c. 1530 ; St. Paul's, 1531 ; all denden, Kent, the heads of the figures 
 
 small figures, and probably by the same of J. H. Randolph and wife, 1685, rest 
 
 engraver. Peculiar brasses arc also in on cushions. Late instances of dogs 
 
 the same county, at Kaiiiham, 1529, and at the feet of civilians and ladies are 
 
 Heme, 1539; the lattrr resembles a at Renhold, Beds., 1518; Cirencester, 
 
 figure at Hockwold, Norfolk, 1532. Gloucestershire, 1587, and Stophani, 
 
 » Brasses engraved on thick plates Sussex, 1601 : in the first example the 
 
 generally prove to be palimpsests, e. g. dog is attached by a cord to the belt of 
 
 Slagdalen College, Oxford, 1558. a gentkman, see supra, p. cxxx. 
 
 '' See supra, p. xiv. '' The pavement is seen first on brasses 
 •^ During the sixteenth century many engraved by the Warwickshire and Cam- 
 knights have helmets beneath their bridgeshire artists. 
 heads, and animals under their feet, as
 
 CCXvi XVI. AND XVII. CKNTS. MURAL BUASSKS, &C. 
 
 people are sometimes rejnTsciited with staves in tlieir hands, as at 
 Sahsbury Cathedral, 1578; Cirencester, Gloucestershire, 1587; 
 Fornham All Saints', Suffolk, 15D9, and Dunstable, Beds., IGIO. 
 Clergymen are occasionally depicted in their pulpits, as at Barwell, 
 Leicestershire, 1613; Hackney, Middx., 1618. 
 
 Small mural brasses are now common, and affixed to the wall, 
 probably for additional security ; the figures are usually kneeling at 
 panelled desks or tables covered with cloths, on which open books 
 are lying; and if the memorial be that of a knight, his gauntlets 
 are often suspended at the side of the desk, or lie on the floor with 
 his helmet. After 1560 these mural brasses almost invariably con- 
 sist of quadrangular plates <^ with architectural backgrounds, fixed 
 into a stone frame. In fact, brasses had now completely become 
 "pictures V and were in some cases actually painted, as at St. Mi- 
 chael's, Oxford, 1578, and the faces were occasionally likenesses. 
 
 Several brasses in this style, at the beginning of the seventeenth 
 century, are evidently the work of engravers of book-plates, being 
 very finely executed s. They generally exhibit figures standing on 
 or near altar-tombs, and in connection with curious allegorical de- 
 vices, angels blowing trumpets, clouds, &c., interspersed with scrolls 
 bearing texts of Scripture or short inscriptions. Two brasses of 
 Provosts, and both of the date 1616, at Queen's College, Oxford, 
 are good instances of this kind''. One of them represents Henry 
 Eobinson, who was also Bishop of Carlisle, kneeling, with his 
 pastoral staff, and tending three sheepfolds ; in his right hand is 
 a lighted taper, round the ilame of which is inscribed 'E7rt(^dmt rots 
 iv (TKoTei. Lu. 1. In the background are buildings intended for 
 Queen's College and Carlisle Cathedral. Henry Airay "reverend! 
 Eobinsoni (vt Eliee Elisha) svccessoris et semvli," is commemorated 
 by a similar brass, and in the character of Elisha receiving Elijah's 
 mantle ; four miracles also of the former prophet form part of the 
 composition. The brass of Erasmus 'Williams, Rector, 1608, at 
 Tingewick, Bucks., was " contrived by his Schollar R. Haydock ' ;" 
 
 ^ See supra, p. xxi. Tins is also the will be found in the Oxford Manual for 
 
 case in late brasses on the floor ; the the Study of Mon. Brasses, Appendix A, 
 
 shape of the plate being often oblong, pp. 182 — 184. 
 
 or, if the figure be kneeling, square. ' That Haydock "was the artist there 
 
 ' See p. Ixi., at the top. can be little doubt, and that it was Dr. 
 
 s See supra, p. xxx. Richard Haydocke, the physician, who 
 
 *■ A full description of these brasses was a contemporary of Mr. Williams :
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. PECULIAR DEVICES. CCXVU 
 
 it consists of a half-length figure, beneath a rainbow and between two 
 columns^ on one of which are suspended the works of several classical 
 authors, '' Ptolomie, Livie, Plinie, Aristotle, Yirgil,^* &c., and various 
 instruments belonging to the arts and sciences. The explanation of 
 the design is given in four verses of the inscription : — 
 
 And from Corinthiane Columne deck' with Artes, 
 Now to the Temples Pillar him conuerts, 
 Under the Eaiiiebows arclie of Promise, where 
 Of hoped bliss no deluge he need fear. 
 
 Figures of Death as a skeleton are often introduced into this de- 
 scri})tion of brasses, as at Bletchley, Bucks., where there is a small 
 plate engraved with a medallion bust of Thomas Sparke, D.D., a 
 celebrated Divine and Eector of Bletchley, 1616, placed against an 
 inscribed altar-tomb, upon which stands a figure of lame like an 
 Angel full of eyes, blowing a trumpet ; and opposite. Death casting 
 ashes into an urn, which bears a Latin line containing a punning 
 allusion to the name of the deceased : — 
 
 Non extincta sepulta licet SCINTILLA fauilla est. 
 
 From the urn Fame rescues several treatises of Dr. Sparke, according 
 to au explanation given on two scrolls : — 
 
 Vindex Tama lihros fatali tollit ah Trna, 
 
 Sic SCINTILLA micat quam tegit atra cinis. 
 
 At Broughton GifPord, Wilts., is a \tvy small plate representing 
 an altar-tomb, behind which stands a herald, in a tabard, holding a 
 blunt spear and a handful of shields, from which Death selects one 
 bearing the arms of the deceased, Robert Longe, Esq., 1620. The 
 device is explained by the following lines beneath it : — 
 
 The Life of Mann is a trewe Lottarie, 
 
 Where venteronse Death draws forth loits short Sf Longe, 
 
 Yet free from fraude, and partial! fatterie. 
 
 See shnjt'd Sheilds ofseverall size amonge, 
 
 Lrewe Longe and soe drewe longer to (?) short daies, 
 Th' aunclent of daies heyonde all time to praise. 
 
 James Gray, Park-keeper at Hunsdon, Herts., 1591, is pour- 
 he translated Lomatius on Painting and not the work of Remigins Hogenbergh 
 Engraving, and engraved his own por- (see supra, p. xxx. note u), it is per- 
 trait and other jilates for that wcjrk." hiips that of Dr. Hajdock, who ni;iy 
 Lysons' Magna Britannia, 1806, \ol. i. have engraved some of the other brashes 
 p. t)50. If the brass of Henry Airay be mentioned in the text. 
 
 ff
 
 CCXviii XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. MGUUES OF DEATH, SHROUDS, &C. 
 
 trayed as shooting with a cross-bow at a stag ; between the two is 
 Death striking a dart into each of them, and with a scroll from his 
 mouth inscribed, " sic pergo." At Shepton Mallet, Somerset, is a 
 brass of similar character, and evidently suggested by foreign monu- 
 ments ; it is in memory of Joan, wife of William Strode, Esq., 1649 ; 
 the husband endeavours to stay the arm of Death in the act of 
 striking his dart into the lady, and presenting her with a wreathed 
 crown. Of like design is the memorial of Edmund West, 1681, at 
 Marsworth, Bucks., who is being struck by Death amid the lamenta- 
 tions of his wife and family. Beside the effigy of Thomas Annot, 
 1577, at Lowestoft, Suffolk, there was a small figure of Death 
 piercing the deceased with a dart, to which the inscription contains 
 this allusion : — 
 
 STniitfrm morttfcm tela crucnta manu 
 JWors fcra bist critius torsit ■<. 
 
 Sometimes the deceased is depicted as rising from the tomb at the 
 last day, as at Leigh, Kent, c. 1580; Alton Priors, Wilts., 15801; 
 St. Michael's, Oxford, 1617; Pimperne, Dorset, 1694; in the last 
 instance a lady is represented as rising from a skeleton lying on a 
 mattress, and with a scroll issuing from her mouth bearing the 
 text, — 
 
 O Death where is thy stiug Grave where is thy victory. 
 
 Demi-figures are rare in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries : 
 they occur at Wyddial, Herts., 1575 ; Norton Disney, Lincolnshire, 
 c. 1580; at the Cathedral, 1595, and other Churches in York; 
 Winkfield, Berks., 1630, and Hadleigh, Suffolk, 1637. Effigies in 
 shrouds, skeletons, &c., are common ; and if the figures be those of 
 a husband and wife, the deceased only is at times enveloped in a 
 shroud, the survivor being attired in proper costume, of which we 
 have instances at Newington-juxta-Hythe, Kent, 1501, and Edg- 
 mond, Salop, 1533. Occasionally the design was of a repulsive 
 character, probably imitated from foreign monuments, as at Aylsham, 
 Norfolk, 1507; Oddington, Oxon., c. 1510; in the latter brass an 
 emaciated figure is being eaten by worms ™. 
 
 '' See the engravhig in Cotman's Suf- similar brass to William Button, Esq., 
 
 folk Brasses, No. xxxi. p. 20. The in- 1590, both probaWy the work of the 
 
 scription alone now remains. same artist, and engraved several years 
 
 ' This instance is very linely engraved. after the date of decease. 
 
 At Bishopstoke, Hants., was (or is) a "" Good specimens of shrouded figures
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. CHILDREN. 
 
 CCXIX 
 
 Single brasses of Children are common during this period; it 
 is therefore unnecessary to cite more than a few of the more re- 
 markable instances. At St. George's Chapel, Windsor, Dorothy 
 and John King, 1630, 1633; and at Boxford, Suffolk, David 
 
 Birde, 1606, are pourtrayed as infants in 
 
 their cradles. The brasses 
 
 of Peter and Richard Best, 
 
 1585, 1587, at Merstham, 
 
 Surrey, afford good instances 
 
 of the dress of children ; the 
 
 former has a handkerchief 
 
 tied to his girdle ; a similar 
 
 appendage is on the figure 
 
 of William Glynne, 1633, 
 
 at Clynnog, Carnarvonshire. 
 
 The effigy of Richard Best 
 
 exhibits the old plan of 
 
 dressing infants in swath- 
 
 bondes, or swaddling clothes, 
 
 which were long swathes 
 
 of linen or other materials, wrapped round 
 the under-clothes, and giving the child the appearance of an 
 Egyptian mummy ". Plaited bibs, sometimes with ornamented 
 edging (Odiham, Hants., 1636), were generally pinned on the 
 breast. Such figures are often represented on the brasses of 
 parents with their families (e. g. Tiltey, 1590, Barking, 1596, 
 Essex), and indicate that the children died in their infancy. The 
 
 Eichard Best, 1537, 
 Merstham, Surrey. 
 
 Peter Best, 1585. Merstham, 
 Surrey. 
 
 in this century are at Cley-by-the-Sea, 
 1512, and Loddon, 1546, Norfolk. 
 Similar effigies remain at Watlington, 
 Oxon., 1501 ; Little Horkesley, Essex, 
 1502; Bawburgh, Kirby Bedon, 1505, 
 Aylsham, 1507, Norfolk ; Cbildrey, 
 Berks., 1507; West Molesey, Surrey, 
 C. 1510; Minchin Hampton, Gloucester- 
 shire, c. 1510; St. Michael Ccslany, Nor- 
 wich, 1515; Bodyham, Sus.sex, 1513; 
 Dun.stable, B(ds., 1518 ; Appleton, 
 Berks, 1518; Horncastle, Lincolnshire, 
 1519; Wooburn, Bucks., c. 1520; Finch- 
 am, Norfolk, c. 1520; Southfleet, Kent, 
 0.1520; Fulhiim, Middx.,1529; Hilder- 
 sbam, Camb., c. 1530; Frenze, Norfolk, 
 
 c. 1530; Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford, 
 c. 1530; Aldenham, Herts., c. 1530; 
 Wigston's Hospital, Leicester, c. 1530? 
 Penn, Bucks., 1540; Shipton-under- 
 Wychwood, Oxon., 1548; Chicheley, 
 Bucks., c. 1560; Handborough, Oxon., 
 1567; Brampton, Northants , 1585; 
 Cassington, Oxon., 1590; Uff'ord, Suf- 
 folk, 1598; Haversham, Bucks., 1605; 
 Crondall, Hants., 1631; West Firle, 
 Sussex, 1638, &c. 
 
 " The same practice of swathing in- 
 fants is retained in Holland, Germany, 
 Prussia, and other parts of Europe, as 
 well as among the North American 
 Indians.
 
 ccxx 
 
 XVI. AND XVri. CENTS. CIIRYSOM-CHILDREN. 
 
 child was swathed in its " cJny/som^,^' and was itself also termed 
 a chrysom until it was a month old ; if it died be- 
 fore it reached that age, its chrysome served as its 
 shrond. A good example of a brass of a chrysome 
 child remains at Chesham Bois, Bucks., c. IS'ZO. 
 Sometimes the garment was marked with a cross 
 on the forehead or breast, as at Taplow, Bucks., 
 1455; Stoke D'Abcrnon, Surrey, 1516 ; Hornsey, 
 Middx., c. 1530; Birchington, Kent, 1533. 
 
 Such figures are not uncommon on the brasses 
 of their parents, and when the mother died in 
 childbirth she sometimes holds her dead infant 
 in her arms; e.g. Anne Asteley, 1512, Blickling, 
 Norfolk (see the engraving on the opposite page) ; 
 Dorothy Parkinson, 1592, Haughton-le-Skerne, 
 Durham, each with twins; Elizth. Death, 1590, 
 Dartford, Kent, and Elizth. Marrowe, 1601, CHf- 
 ford Chambers, Gloucestershire p. Sometimes the Beneffict Lee chrysome, 
 
 ^ c. 1520, Chesham Bois, 
 
 mother is represented in her bed, with the dead Bucks.q 
 
 " The chrysome {cJirismale) was the 
 white cloth with which infants were in- 
 vested immediately after their baptism, 
 and before they were anointed with the 
 chrism, or baptismal oil. See the Rubric 
 in the " Office of Publike Baptisme," in 
 the First Prayer-book of Edward VI., 
 1549, reprinted by Wm. Pickering, 
 London, 1844, fol. cxvi. a. : " Then the 
 Godfathers and Godmothers shall take 
 and lay theyr handes vpon the childe, 
 and the minister shall put vpon him his 
 white vesture, commonly called the Cri- 
 some : And saye. 
 
 Take this white vesture for a toke of 
 the innocencie, whiche by God's grace, 
 in this holy sacramente of Baptlsme, is 
 geuen vnto the : & for a signe wherby 
 thou art admonished, so long as thou 
 IjTiest, to geue thy sflfe to innocencie of 
 lining, that after this transitory lyfe, 
 thou mayst be partaker of the lyfe euer- 
 lasting. Amen." 
 
 In the last rubric but one of the same 
 office is this direction — 
 
 " The minister shall commaunde that 
 the Crisomes be brought to the churche 
 and delyuered to the preistes after the 
 accustomed maner, at the purificacion 
 
 of the mother of euery chylde." 
 
 Accordingly, in the rubric at the end 
 of the Order of the " Pnrificacion of 
 weomen," it is added : " The woman 
 that is purifyed, must oifer her Cry- 
 some, and other accustomed offeringes." 
 Ibid., fol. cxxxvi. b. In some constitu- 
 tions of the English Church made in 
 1223 (const. 1) and 1236 (const. 13), the 
 same orders are given for the disposal of 
 the chrysom-cloth. See Johnson's Eng. 
 Canons, ed. 1851, vol. ii. pp. 123, 135. 
 In the constitution made in the latter 
 year, it is directed : " Let the chrysoms 
 be made use of for the ornaments of the 
 church only." Upon which Johnson re- 
 marks that "chrysoms might be used 
 for the making or mending surplices, 
 amits, albs ; or the wrapping up the cha- 
 lices, covering the crosses," &c. 
 
 P There was another example at Nor- 
 ton, Derbyshire, on the brass of a daugh- 
 ter of Leonard Gyll, Gent., who married 
 Major Spencer of Atterclyff. See Add. 
 MS. 6701, p. 60, in the British Museum. 
 1 The inscription beneath the figure 
 is as follows : ©f IRog' %n gcntilma 
 !)crc Inctl) tl)c son pcncBtct ICcr crnsom' 
 JbIjos soulc if)U ptio. Brasses of children
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. CHILDREN, CANOPIES. 
 
 CCXXl 
 
 child lying on the coverlid, or near the parent ; of which instances 
 remain at Heston, Middx., c. 1580 ; Hailing, Kent, 
 1587 ; Hurst, Berks., c. 1600 ; Wormington, 
 Gloucestershire, 1605, and Holywell Church, Ox- 
 ford, 1622 ; the last has four children placed on 
 tiie bed, and commemorates Eliza Eranklin, " who 
 dangerovsly escaping death at 3 severall travells in 
 childe-bed died together w^^^ the fovrth, 1622'".'' 
 Skulls were placed over the heads of children, 
 especially in the seventeenth century, to shew that 
 they were dead, and sometimes the word " dede" 
 was superscribed, together with the Christian name 
 or initials *. 
 
 The Canopies of brasses just before 
 the Heformation are of a very debased 
 character ; the crockets are usually very 
 heavy, and recurved towards the pedi- 
 ment (see the annexed engraving), the 
 soffit of which is often destitute of cusp- 
 ing. Sometimes the pediments re- 
 semble those of the niches of the period, 
 consisting of three low arches support- 1 
 an entablature, with the spandrils pannelled, the 
 whole being drawn in perspective: instances are at 
 Wivenhoe, Essex, 1507; Ashbourn, Derbyshire, 1538 ^ 
 After the Reformation canopies are very rarely found, 
 except the small examples on mural brasses, hardlv Middx, isog. 
 
 Anut Ast^lcy. l<jlJ, 
 Blickling, Norfolk. 
 
 ing 
 
 Pinial. 
 HiUingdon, 
 
 similarly represented are at Rougham, 
 1505, 1510, Ketteringham, c. 1530, Nor- 
 folk ; Hornsey, c. 1530, Pinner, 1580, 
 Middx.; Aveley, Kssex,1583; Lavenhain, 
 Suffolk, 1631 ; Odiham, Hants., 1636. 
 
 ' Another instance existed in the old 
 church of Weston-on-the-Green, Oxon. ; 
 it commemorated Ales, wife of Zachary 
 Saxeye (lioth servants of the Rt. Hon. 
 Lady of Tlianie) and her twins, 1581. 
 See Rawlinson's MS. No. 397, fol. 232 a, 
 in the Bodleian, Oxford, and Harleian 
 MS. No. 4,170, p. 14, in Brit. Mus. 
 Lipscomb, in his History of Bucks., 
 vol. iii. p. 140, mentions an incised slab 
 with the same design, as existing at 
 Water-Stratford, Bucks. 
 
 ' The indenture for the tomb of 
 Thos. Fermor, Esq., quoted supra, p. 
 xxxii. note x, shews the usual direc- 
 tions given for representing children 
 on monuments of this period. 
 
 ' Instances of canopied brasses in the 
 earlier part of the sixteenth century are 
 the following : Ardingley, Sussex, c. 
 1500, 1504 ; Nayland, Suffolk, 1503 (?) ; 
 Cobham, Kent, 1506 ; Hunstanton, Nor- 
 folk, 1506; Wivenhoe, Essex, 1507, 
 1537; Hillingdon, Middx., 1509; Che- 
 nie.s, Bucks., 1510; Little Wenhara, 
 Suffolk, 1514; Northleach, Gloucester- 
 shire, 1526; Hereford Cathedral, 1529; 
 St. Mary de Crypt, Gloucester, 1529 ; 
 Faversham, Kent, 1533.
 
 CCXXll XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. CROSSES, INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 deserving tlie name, with flat arches cusped or composed of scroll- 
 work, and shields in the spandrils. 
 
 Such a convulsion in the hahits and feelings of the people as took 
 place in England at the time of the Reformation, would lead us 
 naturally to expect a great change in the Ecclesiastical Emblems, 
 and the phraseology of the Inscriptions. Accordingly, the Latin 
 cross-brass previously in' use is found only in the early part of the 
 sixteenth century; as at Royston, Herts., c. 1500 (with the five 
 wounds); Eversley, Hants., 1502, (composed of interlaced strips or 
 bands of brass); Sutton, Beds., 1516; Penshurst, Kent, c. 1520, 
 and Eloore, Northants., 1537. Matrices of others may be seen at 
 Iselhara, Cambridgeshire, 1516; Launton, Oxon, c. 1520? St. An- 
 drew's, Norwich, 1541, &c. A small cross, however, at North 
 Tudenham, Norfolk, as late as 1625, commemorates Erancisca 
 Skippe, aged two years. Other symbols, common before the Re- 
 formation, are representations of the .Holy Trinity ", also hearts and 
 chalices as simple devices. Late instances of Evangelistic symbols 
 at the angles of the border inscriptions remain on the brasses of 
 bishops at Ely, 1551; Tideswell, Derbyshire, 1579; Chigwell, 
 Essex, 1631, and also at West Hanney, Berks., 1557. At St. 
 Mellion's, Cornwall, on the brass of Peter Coryton, Esq., and wife, 
 1551, some animals (a lion, talbot, &c.), which form part of their 
 armorial bearings, are substituted for the symbols of the evangelists. 
 Similarly, the representation of the Holy Trinity on the brass at 
 Kenton, Suffolk, 1524, has been replaced by heraldic insignia on 
 the copied brass, c. 1600, at Eingsfield, in the same county^. 
 After the Reformation, skulls and cross-bones, with figures of death, 
 were almost the only emblems retained (e. g. Lindfield, Sussex, 1567, 
 1655). About the end of the sixteenth century hour-glasses, spades, 
 pickaxes and lanterns made their appearance ; as at Crawley, Bucks., 
 1589; Pimperne, Dorsetshire, 1694; Ryton, Warwickshire, 1712, 
 &c. Small oblong plates, with the armorial bearings of the de- 
 ceased, surmounted by his helmet, with crest and mantling, are 
 common over figures after c. 1550. 
 
 The inscriptions ^ of civilians before the Reformation are generally 
 
 ° See p. cii. ;3. It is worthy of notice considered too sacred to be openly dis- 
 
 tliat on the brass of Robert Sutton, played. 
 1528, at St. Patrick's, Dublin, this em- * See supra, p. lii. 
 
 blem is covered by a veil, as if it were ^ In inscriptions c. 1510 — 1520, the
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. INSCRIPTIONS. CCXXllI 
 
 in English, wliicli is usually very badly spelt, and ungraramatical. 
 Afterwards the same language became prevalent on tlie brasses of 
 all ranks. Inscriptions, c. 1520 — 1560, frequently have lines round 
 them, and shortly afterwards an ornamented border, usually with the 
 guilloche pattern. Eoraan capitals come into more general use 
 about the close of the sixteenth century : the inscription at Hever, 
 Kent, to Sir Thomas Bullen, 1538, father- of Queen Anna Boleyn, 
 is an early instance of their use on a brass ^. 
 
 The epitaphs of the period under consideration furnish much more 
 information than those of an earlier date respecting the family of the 
 individuals commemorated, especially if they are persons of rank * : 
 the age of the person is often mentioned, and sometimes the 
 cause of death, especially in the case of women dying in childbirth, 
 or of persons carried off by a plague, as on the inscriptions at Berk- 
 hampstead, Herts., of Robert Incent, 1485 (engraved c. 1520), who 
 died " at tl^c grcte siDctiing swlkcncssc ;" at Lanteglos-by-Fowey, Cornwall, 
 of John and Anne Mohun, 1508 (engraved c. 1525), "qu(...obicrut 
 nttnsc Scptcmbrs intra bt'ginti quatuor !)oras tx Ifirmitatf bocat' Suliorc ;" and 
 at Hitcham, Bucks., of Nicholas Clarke, Esq., who "iBbcK of tl)c Stocct 
 in mondf) of iuhic," 1551''. After the middle of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, the ages of the deceased '^, the number of years they may have 
 been married, and the names of their children are often introduced^ 
 sometimes a slight sketch of the history of the commemorated, and 
 frequently verses, especially Latin elegiacs, of an adulatory strain, 
 are to be met with. Yery rarely the epitaph is in the form of a 
 prayer (Ampthill, Beds., c. 1520 (?) ; Penn, Bucks., 1510), or of 
 
 contraction for 'and,' in the date, is martlie 'S" tl' 1540." 
 
 liable 1x) be mistaken for '1,' and tlie '' At Braceborough, Lincolnshire, 
 
 date mis-read fifty years in advance, there was a brass to Thos. de Waste- 
 
 e.g. M'y^&xix, 1569 instead of lol'J, neys and wife Joan "le quel . . . morust 
 
 Shorne, Kent. Similar instances are at en le grannd pestilence Tan de grace 
 
 Penshurst, Kent,1514j HatleyCockayn, 1349." See Gough's Collections for 
 
 Beds., 1515; Yateley, Hants., 1517, &c. Lincolnshire, in the Bodleian, Oxford, 
 
 ^ Other instances are at March, Camb., No. 11, p. 241, transcribed from the 
 
 1507 ; Great Ormesby, Norfolk, 1529. Harleian MS. (No. 6,829) by Gervase 
 
 " As instances of minuteness may be Hollis. 
 
 cited, the epitaph at St. Michael Cos- " An early and perhaps unique in- 
 
 lany, Norwich, 1501, to Kicli. Terror, stance of the age of the deceased on a 
 
 who died "Ijora quasi . X . post mcri= brass of the fifteenth century remains at 
 
 llicm;" also an inscription incised on a Blickling, Norfolk, in the inscription of 
 
 stone at All Hallows' Barking;, London, Cecilie Boleyn " whiche . . . decessed in 
 
 to Elizabeth Denham, "tDho licpavtcll birmajdenhodeof the ageof . 1 .yeares," 
 
 tinto (joTi on CClcDntsDan at b of w clok 1458. 
 at aftciuoton l£su i Mlckc jic last tjaij of
 
 CCXXIV XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 a dialogue (St. Decuman's, Somerset, 1596). The Dame of tlie per- 
 son, generally the widow or widower, who erected the memorial, is 
 frequently mentioned in the inscription. 
 
 The sentences, scrolls, and sets of verses in common use in the 
 last century are also found before 1535; in addition to these, we 
 now find the following : — 
 
 At Teversham, Kent, 1533: — 
 
 m\)o so Imn be tlioucjfjt, Entonrtli} §c oft, 
 !)ott) Ijnvt) it mere to flitt, ftomc bcH bn to putt, 
 Jfrom pitt bnto pann, tbat luu' sI)aU tcasse ccrtaijn, 
 l)c toolU not tio on sen, all yis toorlU to Oaim^. 
 
 At Witney, Oxon., 1501, Luton, Beds., 1513, and Northleach, 
 Gloucestershire, c. 1530 : — 
 
 [JWan in tDl)at] stvitc tbat nur tI}oto Ic 
 
 STimor mortis s'[)ullic mibic tl)c 
 
 ffov m\)cn tijctu Iccst dClcnust 
 
 facnict tc 
 
 mors sup(cr)arc 
 
 [^nl3] so l^m grnbc grcbps 
 
 1£rgo mortis mcmorarlE''. 
 
 A brass, with shrouded figures, at Wooburn, Bucks., c. 1520, 
 aflbrds a good specimen of the style of English inscriptions at the 
 early part of the sixteenth century : — 
 
 lokc sucf)£ as to£ ar, sucI)e scT)aII ^c he, 
 ■anil Slid) as toe totrc, sud)c be [ije ?] 
 ®f wt inbicl) teas bnsu'r. noto ar toe s'tepnc, 
 © blissijti triuite sane bs fro panne. 
 Cri)ougf)t toe be gone • Sf past out of mnnKe. 'Ss ye toolD be 
 paijetj for, praij for bs. do tlje moost glorious trinitc * 
 . for be pe sur • tobeii ije f)auE all Hone, 
 tbis paygant Sefjall \)C plan * ye ne toote J)otoe sone. 
 ■^ifjorotoe poto t^at toe mtiv baue tt)e more metic 
 see % paternoster. %\xc anH 'a (ICtelic. 
 
 After the Reformation the following lines appear to have been 
 favourites, as they are found at Eghara, Surrey, 157G; Tideswell, 
 
 ^ Weever (I'un. Mon., p. 625) gives of Jas. Hobart, Esq., 1615, and wife, 
 
 a similar inscription from Saffron Wal- Loddon, Norfolk, ends thus : — 
 
 *^'v"'^p^^^f ■ • -If XT ii 1 t Foe veetve & hospitality 
 
 e The above is coped from Northkach; j^^^ hominiuvsq? caei. 
 
 see supra, pp. xcvi., cxxxi., note b. Ine 
 
 same was remaining in 1822 on a brass See Oxford Manual of Mon. Brasses, 
 
 at Great Tew, Oxon., 1513. The epitaph Nos. 324, 405, pp. 12'J, 163.
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. INSCEIPTIONS. CCXXV 
 
 Derbyshire, 1579; Wilton, Wilts., 1585; Wormley, Herts., 1598, 
 and Orford, Suffolk, 1605 :— 
 
 ©ftrist fs to me ns life on cartlh, nntj Ijcati^ to mc is gain 
 33ccausc E trustc tfiorotoc \)im alone, saluation to olncnnc 
 So tirnttic is tl)c state of maii, so soonc it tiot'I)c tifcan. 
 So all t^e glorn of tl)r inorlUc must passe anU faDe atoanc ^ 
 
 The following stanza is not unfrequently to be met with, as at 
 Coggeshall, Essex, 1580 ; Wooton-Underwood, Bucks., 1587 ; 
 Berry Pomeroy, Devon, 1590; Ufford, Suffolk, 1598:— 
 
 ^^oti mortall man pt tooultJest attayne 
 ®l)e i^appte T)al3en of ^eafacnlij rest 
 praipare ll)n3elf : of gracts all, 
 faiu"^ anU repentance is ti^c tie-stK. 
 
 Acrostics and anagrams are occasionally found after the year 
 1580 : instances of the former are at Mawgan, Cornwall, c. 1580; 
 Burnham, Bucks., 1581^; Northleach, Gloucestershire, 1584; 
 South Barrow, Somersetshire; Ashbocking, Suffolk, 1619; Ma- 
 sham, Yorks., 1689. Examples of the latter occur at Cowling, 
 Kent, 1639, on Sybel Sparke (Speakes Blys) ; at Taplow, Bucks., 
 1617, on Hester Manfield (Mars fled in thee); and at St. Mary's, 
 Warwick, 1636, as follows : — 
 
 Anagrama. 
 Mistres Cissely Puckering 
 I sleep secure, Christ's my king. 
 Deaths terrors nought affright niee, nor his sting ; 
 I sleep secure for Christ's my Sovereigne King. 
 
 At this period the pious ejaculations on scrolls, &c., formerly in 
 use, were superseded by short texts of Holy Scripture and moral 
 sentences, or rather mottos, such as the following: — 
 
 ^ost tencbras spcro Ittcem. 
 
 VMt post Itinera birtus. „ 
 
 BoDie mil)i, eras ttbi. 
 
 Sic transit gloria munlti. 
 
 f The above is at Wonnley. The same Berry Pomeroy. It was also at Eton 
 
 was on a marginal inscription on a College Chapel (see Cole's MS. No. xxx. 
 
 brass of the Butler family, 158i, at fol. 75, in the British Museum), and at 
 
 8t. Lawrence's, Reading. See Ashmolc's Totness, Devon; at which place were 
 
 Berks., p. 350. It is also on a modern also the foregoing verses. See Tlie 
 
 headstone (1847) at Hempstead, near Topographer for 1789, vol. i. No. iv., 
 
 Gloucester. p. 207. 
 
 « This is taken from the brass at '' See Appendix B. 
 
 g
 
 CCXXVl XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 JFiat boluntas Dfi. 
 
 13Ctiti qui moiiuntur tn Bomtno. 
 
 Cri)iistus mif)i bitn, mors mif)( lucrum. 
 
 The invitation to "pray for the soul," was generally discon- 
 tinued after the Eeforuiation •, and " Here lyeth buried the body/' 
 &c., substituted for it; the " cujus aniine/' "on whose soule," &c., 
 was frequently replaced by " to whom God grant a joyful resurrec- 
 tion/' e. g., East Wickhivm, Kent, 1568; Rawreth and Walthatu 
 Abbey, 1576, Essex; St. Clement's, Hastings, Sussex, 1601, &c. 
 The ancient forms reappeared in tlie time of Queen Mary; for 
 instance, at Digswell, Herts., and Westerham, Kent, 1557. At the 
 commencement of Queen Elizabeth's reign the clause, " on whose 
 soule God have mercy/' &c., is not uncommon ; for example, Hen- 
 field, 1559, and West Eirle, 1595, &c., Sussex; Hayes, c. 1560, 
 and Westerham, 1567, Kent; Northolt, Middx., c. 1560; Rother- 
 ham, Yorks., 1561; Titsey, Surrey, 1579, &c. The following ex- 
 pressions may be specially noticed : — 
 
 At Cheshara Bois, Bucks., on the brass of Robert Cheyne, Esq., 
 1552, " whose Soule we CoiTjend to God^ infinite marcy." 
 
 At St. Mary's, Warwick, 1573 :— 
 
 " (©f ijour cl)nri}tc giuc tijanks for t\)t Souks of ?H)omas ©fecn $c 31onc i^is tnpff 
 on tnljosc Souks 3rsus Ijatlj m'cu, Scsus I)ati) tn'cp amen." 
 
 On the inscription formerly at St. George's, Windsor, to John 
 Thompson, Prebendary, 1571 ^: — 
 
 " tril)cisc soulc toe T)ope abines in filissc, of i^cabcnln fope St r[est] 
 toittj pvopljcts §c tott) patriavfecs in faitfjfull "abrams bres[t]." 
 
 ' The epitaph formerly on the brass curious instance of the change of opinion, 
 of John Marsham and wife, St. John's The original inscription was iia ten Eng- 
 Maddermarket, Norwich, 1525, is a lish lines, and concluded, — 
 
 ^e si)all not lose pour tbavitable tjctiocion 
 
 lii ©nrUuials l)aue granted ijou xii ttapes of '^parUon. 
 
 The plate was aitei-wards reversed, and Cotman's Norf. Brasses, vol. i. p. xxxiii. 
 
 the new inscription engraved on tlie At Great Coates, Lincolnshire, on the 
 
 back, "^f BOUi (S{)ari)tc." &c., and it brass of Sir Thos. Barnardiston and lady, 
 
 concluded, " on tol)OSC Soulles," &c. See 1503, is a similar grant of pardon : — 
 
 of 1)5 chaiitc sag a pf iioster aue 8f creU 
 
 $r Be scljall ftauc a & Uass of p'Uon to pot mctf. 
 
 See also the inscription at Macclestield, composer of these lines probably wrote 
 
 quoted supra, p. ci. those also on the brass at Eton, 1572, 
 
 '' 1 1 is now in the possession of J. B. to Thomas Smith, ending, " whose soule 
 
 Nichols, Esq. Judging Irom the simi- we hipe dothe now remain in Abraius 
 
 larity of expression and the dale the brest."
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. ECCLESIASTICS. CCXXVU 
 
 Several examples of the style of inscriptions, on brasses of various 
 periods, will be found in the Appendix B at the end of this volume. 
 
 Ecclesiastics. Before the Reformation, the figures are usually 
 small, with straight hair, and those in eucharistical vestments often 
 hold chalices, with wafers inscribed IHS (see the engraving at page 
 xlvi.) The chasuble is often of unbecomingly ample size, and has 
 generally an orphrey round the edge, and sometimes down the centre 
 also ; the apparels, as at the end of the last century, are mostly the 
 jewel pattern, or the lozenge-shaped diaper. The sleeves of the albe 
 are loose, and the apparels at the wrist ornamented with a diaper, 
 instead of a single foliated square ; the apparel at the feet is often 
 placed a little above the bottom of the albe ^. The vestments appear 
 now to be very carelessly delineated on the brasses, the mample or 
 stole being occasionally omitted, especially on figures engraved by 
 the provincial artists "". 
 
 Priests in the almuce and surplice are now common '^. The cas- 
 sock worn under these, and under the academical dresses, was the 
 same as the ordinary habit of civilians, and often had buttons be- 
 neath the sleeves. The canonical vestments appear on brasses as 
 late as the end of the reign of Henry VIII. ; a good example remains 
 at Hackney, Middx., 1521, (see the engraving on the next page") : a 
 few instances occur in that of Edward VI. and Queen Mary ; as at 
 Sessay, Yorks., 1550; Christ Cliurch Cathedral, 1557?, and Mag- 
 dalen College, Oxford, 1558, but not later i. A single exception is 
 
 ' The following is a list of some good " See supra, p. Ixxix. 
 
 instances in this century of ecclesiastics " The author is indebted to J. R. D. 
 
 in eucharistical vestments : — Tyssen, Esq., F.S.A., for the loan of this 
 
 1503. Adam Owtlawe, West Lynn, engraving, and that on p. ccxxxi. 
 
 Norfolk. P See supra, p. Ixxx. 
 
 0. 1510. Alex. Inglisshe, Campsey '' The following are in processional 
 
 Ash, Suffolk. habits :— 
 
 C.1510, A Priest, Ashover, Derby- 1501. Thos. Worsley, Wimpole, 
 
 shire. Cambridgeshire. 
 
 1518. Thos. Lawne, St. Cross, Hants. 1509. John Norton, South Creak, 
 
 1519. John Bloxham, Great Adding- Norfolk. 
 
 ton, Northants. - c.1510. Rich. Bewfforeste, Dorchester, 
 
 1519. John Wryght, Clothall, Herts. Oxon. (see the engraving at p. Ixxv.) 
 
 1533. Wm. Wurdysworth, Betch- c. 1510. Rich. Wylleys, Highaui 
 
 worth, Surrey. Ferrers, Northants. 
 
 •^ See supra, p. Ixxviii. At Lilling- c. 1510. Walter Hewke, Trinity Hall, 
 
 stone Lovcll, Oxon., on the figure of Cambridge. 
 
 Rich. Blakysley, the stole is at his left c. 1510. A Priest, Tattcrsliall, Lin- 
 side only. colnshire. This and the preceding effigy
 
 CCXXVIU 
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. ECCLESIASTICS. 
 
 the brass of Samuel Harsnett, Arclibisliop of York, 1631, at Chig- 
 well, Essex; who is represented in a mitre, rich cope, rochet, and 
 chimere, holding a pastoral staff. Three brasses remain of bishops of 
 the dates 1554, ]556, 1579, in full eucharistical vestments >'. 
 
 It is well known that the pre- 
 sent Book of Common Prayer 
 of our Church directs^ that the 
 "ornaments of the Church, and 
 of the Ministers thereof, at all 
 Times of their Ministration,'* 
 shall be the same as they were 
 "in the Second Year of the 
 Reign of King Edward the 
 Sixth" (1549). These were, 
 for the bishop, "besyde his ro- 
 chette, a Surples or albe, and a 
 cope or vestment (i. e. cliasuble), 
 and also his pastorall staffe in his 
 hande, or elles borne or holden 
 by his chapeleyne." Eor the 
 
 are engraved by the same artist, and 
 have the orphreys enriched with figures . 
 of saints, 
 
 1511, Thos. Wilkynson, Orpington, 
 Kent, 
 
 Silvester Gabriel, Croydon, 
 
 Wm. Lichefeld, Willesden, 
 Robt, Langton, Queen's Coll., 
 
 1512, 
 
 Siu'rey. 
 
 1517. 
 
 Middx, 
 
 1518, 
 Oxford, 
 
 1519, Thos, Swayn, Wooburn Dein- 
 court, Bucks. 
 
 c, 1520. A Priest, Dowdeswell, Glou- 
 cestershire, 
 
 1521. Chr. Urswic, Hackney, Middx, 
 
 1521, John Rede, New ColL, Oxford, 
 
 1525. Warin Penkallinyk, Wendron, 
 Cornwall. 
 
 1541. Thos. Dallyson, Clothall, Herts. 
 
 1545. Thos. Capp, St. Stephen's, 
 Southgate, Norwich. 
 
 c. 1545. John Wliite, Winchester 
 Coll., Hants. 
 
 1550. 'J'hos. Magnus, Sessay, Yorks. 
 
 ■■ See supra, p. Ixxiii. 
 
 ^ Rubric before Morning Prayer. 
 
 Chriatoplier Urswic, 1521. Hackney, Middx.
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. ECCLESIASTICS. 
 
 CCXXIX 
 
 priest ministering the Holy Communion, " a white Albe plain, with 
 a vesteraent, or Cope;" for the assistant priests and the deacons, 
 "Albes with tunacles." On Wednesdays and Fridays, after saying 
 or singing the Litany, the priest, before he said the Ante-com- 
 munion Service, was to put on a "playn Albe or surplesse, with a 
 cope." During the morning and evening prayer, 
 and while baptizing or burying, " a Surples." In 
 all cathedrals and colleges, graduates might " use 
 in the quiere, besides their Surplesses, such hoodes 
 as pertaineth to their seueral degrees *." It does 
 not appear that these directions were regularly 
 attended to, at least these vestments do not ap- 
 pear on brasses. The albe being directed to be 
 always worn plain, or without apparels, and 
 thereby one of its principal distinctions from 
 the surplice removed, the use of the two vest- 
 ments being permitted indifferently, and then for 
 a short time the wearing the latter forbidden 
 (1553"); the albe, therefore, appears to have 
 been soon discarded ^ : accordingly, we find on 
 brasses of priests in the early part of Queen 
 Elizabeth's reign, the surplice, or plain albe, 
 with or without a stole or scarf (e. g. Denham, 
 Bucks., 1560), and sometimes a hood, but after- 
 wards the usual dress is not the surplice, but 
 the Genevan, or ordinary civilian's gown ; a scull-cap is also found 
 on Doctors of Divinity. 
 
 The figures on the brasses of Bishop Guest, 1578, Salisbury 
 
 Leonard Hurst, 1560, 
 DenbacQ. Bucks. 
 
 t See The First Book of Edward VI., 
 1549, reprinted at London by William 
 Pickering, 1844, fol. cxli. b, c. b, ex. a. 
 
 " " And here is to be noted that the 
 minister at the tyme of the comuuion, 
 & at al other times in his ministracion, 
 shall use nether Albe, Vestemet, nor 
 Cope: but beyng Archebishop, or Bishop, 
 he shal haue and weare a rochet : & 
 bceyng a priest or Deacon, he shal haue 
 and weare a surples only." Second 
 paragraph of the Rubric before the 
 Morning Prayer in the Second Book of 
 Edward VI., 1552, reprinted by Picker- 
 ing, 1844. 
 
 It was in deference to the wishes of 
 Queen Elizabeth that a rubric (similar 
 to that in our Prayer-book) was inserted 
 in her First Book, 1559, directing the 
 minister to adopt the ornaments which 
 were in use in the second year of the 
 reign of Edward VI. 
 
 ^ The chasuble or vestment seems to 
 have been occasionally worn as late as 
 the seventeenth century, the cope as 
 late as the eighteenth (e. g. at Diu-ham 
 and Westminster), especially on great 
 occasions; it is even now used at coro- 
 nations. See Hierurgia Anglicana, p. 
 140 seq.
 
 CCXXX XVI. AND XVII, CENTS. ECCLESIASTICS. MILITARY. 
 
 Catlicdral, and of Bishop Robinson, 1616, at Carlisle Cathedral and 
 Queen's College, Oxford, are apparently in rochets of white linen, 
 black satin cMmeres^ open in front, with lawn sleeves attached to 
 them, and scarfs. The latter has a scull-cap, and holds in his hand 
 a pastoral stafl' curiously inscribed ^. 
 
 Military. The armour worn at the close of the last century is 
 found on brasses as late as the end of the reign of Henry VIII. with 
 but trifling alterations, the chief of which are, that the breast-plate 
 assumes a still more globular form, and the coutes and genouiUieres 
 are often ornamented with small rosettes : the brass of John Lymsey, 
 Esq., 1545, at Hackney, Middx. (see the engraving on the opposite 
 page) is a late instance of this attire'*; others may be seen at 
 Addington, Surrey, 1540; Charweltonj Northants., 1541; Nettle- 
 den, Bucks., 1545; riitton, Beds., 1545. About the year 1525 
 several military figures were engraved in the style shewn by the 
 
 ^ In consequence of the objections of 
 Bishop Hooper at his consecration to 
 the scarlet chimere, the colour was after- 
 wards, in the reign of Queen Elizabetli, 
 altered to black. 
 
 ^ See supra, p. Ixsii., note b. The fol- 
 lowing is a list of some brasses of eccle- 
 siastics after the Reformation : — 
 
 1560. Leonard Hurst, Denham, 
 Bucks. 
 
 1561. Wm. Bill, Dean, Westminster 
 Abbey. 
 
 1566. John Fen ton, Coleshill, War- 
 wickshire. 
 
 1567. Wm. Dye, Westerham, Kent. 
 c. 1580. Patrick Fearne and wife, 
 
 Sandon, Essex. 
 
 1582. Nich. Asheton, Whichford, 
 Warwickshire. 
 
 1589. John Gar brand, Crawley, 
 Bucks. 
 
 1591. Henry Wilsha, Storrington, 
 Sussex. 
 
 1594. Wm. Heathcott, Aylestone, 
 Leicestershire. 
 
 c. 1600. John Crosyer, Barrow, 
 Suffolk. 
 
 c. 1600. Vincent Huffam and wife, 
 St. James's, Dover, Kent. 
 
 1602. Wm. Lucas, Clothall, Herts. 
 
 1606. John Metcalfe, Stoiiham Asp- 
 al, Suffolk. 
 
 1608. Erasmus Williams, Tingewick, 
 Bucks. 
 
 1608. John Burton, Burgh, Norfolk. 
 
 1610. Peter Winder, Whitchurch, 
 Oxon. 
 
 1610. Isaia Bures, Northolt, Middx. 
 
 1614. Humfrey Tyndall, Dean, Ely 
 Cathedral. 
 
 1614. John Torksey, Barwell, Leices- 
 tershire. 
 
 1615. John Wythines, Dean, Battle, 
 Sussex. 
 
 1616. Hen. Airay, Queen's College, 
 Oxford. 
 
 1616. Thos. Sparke, Bletchley, 
 Bucks. 
 
 1617. Wm. Lee, Stapleford, Camb. 
 
 1618. Hugh Johnson, Hackney, 
 Middx. 
 
 1618. Wm. Palke and wife. High 
 Halstow, Kent. 
 
 1619. Hen. Mason, Eyke, Suffolk. 
 1621. Andrew Willet, Barley, Herts. 
 
 1631. Maurice Hughes, Abergavenny, 
 Monmouthshire. 
 
 1632. Edward Nayler and wife, 
 Bigby, Leicestershire. 
 
 1648. Rice Jemlae, Husband's Bos- 
 worth, Leicestershire. 
 
 There are also incised stones at Led- 
 bury, Herefordshire, to Edw. Cooper, 
 1596; at Denham, Bucks., to Philip 
 Edelen, 1656, and at Bletchley, Bucks., 
 to Edward Taylor, 1693. 
 
 " See supra, p. 1. note 1, and p. 
 ccxxvii. note o.
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 CCXXXl 
 
 ^SttputrgTi-aTltr jnau^r To? ttitAxSoulrg'orMnlu.Qiffa 
 
 
 
 
 
 si 
 
 gajigor^o (fag (^3£a\];Qil3]333i^u\iO£^^3ttM 31)^ 
 
 John Lymsey, Esq.. and -wife, 1645, Hackney, Middx
 
 CCXXXll 
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 annexed representation of the brass of Henry Stan- 
 ley, Esq., 1528, at Hillingdon, Middx. : chains 
 supporting Tau crosses were now conimoiily worn 
 round the neck. Similar effigies occur at Fincli- 
 ingfield, Essex, 1523 ; Crosthwaite, Cumberland, 
 
 1527 ; Kentisbeare, Devon, 
 
 1529 (lost?); Great Barford, 
 
 Beds., Lanteglos-by-Eowey, 
 
 Cornwall, Morley, Derbyshire, 
 
 AVrotham, Kent, Shere, Sur- 
 rey, &c., all engraved about 
 
 the year 1525. A few brasses 
 
 remain (e. g. at Wootton- 
 
 Wawen, Warwickshire, 1505; 
 
 Sundridge, 1520, Brabourne, 
 
 1527, Kent; Moulsoe, Bucks., 
 
 1528) in which the breast and 
 
 back-plates have a large skirt 
 
 apparently composed of small 
 
 oblong plates, with one tuilette 
 
 depending from it at the front 
 
 and two at the sides. This peculiarity, which is 
 
 well exemplified by a brass at Wrotham, Kent, 
 
 c. 1530, is perhaps intended for the skirt of 
 
 lamboys (Gall, lamheau), which was a puckered 
 
 skirt of cloth or velvet, worn over the thighs. 
 
 Een. Stanley, Esq., 15:^8, 
 Hillingdon. liUdds. 
 
 Jannes Peckham, Esq. ? 
 c. 1530, WioUiam, Kent. 
 
 and sometimes imitated by plate armour ' 
 
 '' Tlie imitation of the ordinary cos- 
 tume in the form and ornament of the 
 armour in this century, is very remark- 
 able, the steel plates being wrought to 
 resemble the putied and ribbed dresses. 
 On brasses this peculiarity is especially 
 observable in the sabbatons and the 
 light shoulder-pieces. Brasses of armed 
 figures, especially of Esquires of the 
 Koyal Household, are very common in 
 this century : a few instances may bo 
 mentioned ; — 
 
 1502. \Ym. Poyntz, Esq., and wife. 
 North Ockendon, Essex. 
 
 1503. Sir Humfrey Stanley, West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 1507. Viscount Beaumont, Wivenhoe, 
 Essex. 
 
 1508. Eich. Blount, Esq., and wife, 
 Iver, Bucks. 
 
 1508. Sir John Crokker, Yealhamp- 
 ton, Devon. 
 
 1510. John Leventhorp, Esq., Great 
 St. Helen's, Bishopsgate-street, London. 
 
 1511. Rich. Gyll, Esq., Shottesbrooke, 
 Berks. 
 
 1513. John Acvvorth, Esq., and wives, 
 Luton, Beds. 
 
 1513. Tlios. Heveningham, daughter, 
 and parents, Writtle, Essex. 
 
 1513. John Toke, Esq., and wives. 
 Great Chart, Kent.
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 CCXXXIU 
 
 Comparatively few brasses remain with armed figures engraved by 
 provincial artists. Those at Hunstanton, 1506, West Harling, 1508, 
 Shottisham, 1528, Great Ormesby, 1529 (see the engraving on the 
 next page), Kimberley, c. 1530, Brampton, 1535, Norfolk, and 
 Little Thurlow, Suffolk, c. 1510, in wliich the mail is chiefly repre- 
 sented as that of camails of knights c. 1400 '^, may be instanced as 
 specimens of the work of Norfolk engravers. The brasses of Sir 
 Eobt. Demoke, 1545, Scrivelsby, Lincolnshire, and of Thomas 
 Shukburghe, Esq., 1560, at Shuckburgh Superior, Warwickshire, 
 
 1514. Sir John Danvers and lady, 
 Dauntesey, Wilts. 
 
 1514. John Eutler, Watton, Herts. 
 
 1514. Thos. Brewse, Esq., and wife. 
 Little Wenhani, Suffolk, 
 
 1514. Sir Rich. Delamere and wives, 
 Hereford Cathedi-al. 
 
 1524. Philip Chatwyn, Esq., Alve- 
 church, Worcestershire. 
 
 The brass of Sir Hugh Jolinys, c. 
 1500, at Swansea, Gluniorgaushire, is 
 also a good example of military costume ; 
 in the representation on it of our blessed 
 Saviour's resurrection, there are four 
 soldiers guarding the sepulclire, and 
 differently armed; two have halhards 
 ("Teutonic, AUe-bard, i. e. cleave all") ; 
 a third, who is perhaps intended for a 
 Saracen, lias a scimitar and spiked mace ; 
 and the fourth "a morning star" or 
 "holy water-sprinkle," "a weapon used 
 from the Conquest till the time of 
 Henry VIII., being a ball of wood con- 
 taining spikes of iron, and suspended by 
 a chain from a pole. It was much usid 
 in trenches and on board ship. ... To 
 sprinkle the holy water was the cant 
 phrase for fetching blood, which will ac- 
 count for the appellation, as there is 
 no resemblance between the weapon so 
 called and the aspergillmn." See Mey- 
 rick's Illustrations of Ancient Armour, 
 by Skelton, vol. ii. plates xc, xcii., xciii. 
 The morning star seems to have been 
 used in South Wales as early as the 
 eleventh century. See Meyrick's Anc. 
 Armour, vol. i. p. 19. 
 
 In tlie Antiquarian Repertory, vol. iv. 
 ed. 1809, pp. 357, 361, 365, are printed 
 some household expences and inventories 
 of Henry, Earl of Northumberland, at 
 the siege of Turwin (or Terouanne), in 
 France, 1513, which contain several in- 
 teresting particulars relating to armour, 
 and amongst them the following : — 
 
 "First ij armyng pateletts of white 
 satten, quilted and lyned w''' lynnen 
 cloth, for my Lord to vere vnder his 
 harnes. 
 
 " First a trusyng boulster of white 
 fustian for my lord to were abowt his 
 myddell vnder his harness for berryng 
 vp of the currese. 
 
 " It'm ij cotts of arrays for my Lord, 
 of sattyn, videl'l Creinvsyn, blew & 
 grene, w"' his armys bi'ttyn vpon it w'"* 
 fyne gold in oyle cuUoures. 
 
 " It'm cccc. paire of almen reuetts w' 
 tass and all oy'' things belongynge to 
 yeme ; videl' cccc salletts cccc gorgetts, 
 and cccc p'e of splints whereof ccc p'e 
 of them for archard and c p'e for bill 
 men." 
 
 The arming partlet described in the 
 first item was also termed Haustment 
 (Gall, ajustement); it was generally made 
 of stuff, and had sleeves; it succeeded 
 the gambeson and hauqueton. 
 
 The pairs of Almaine or German 
 rivets, mentioned in the last item, were 
 flexible armour for the body, composed 
 of overlapping bands of steel united by 
 rivets ; these rivets were firm'y fastened 
 to the upper plate, but allowed to slide 
 a certain distance in small openings in 
 the lower plate, but not so far as to 
 expose its edge. 
 
 '^ See supra, p. clxi. Later instances 
 in Norfolk are at Loddon, 1561 ; Meiton, 
 1562 ; St. Peter's Mancroft, Norwich, 
 1568. See supra, pp. lii., ccxiv. The 
 brasses in the same county, at Ketter- 
 ingham, 1499, and Merton, 1520 (c. 
 1500 ?), are perhaps by Norfolk artists, 
 as may be also tlie large and curious 
 effigy of Sir Thos. RuUen, 1538, at 
 Hever, Kent. Nearly all the Norf Ik 
 brasses recently alluded to will be found 
 among Cotmau's illustrations. 
 
 hh
 
 CCXXXIV 
 
 XVT. AND XVII. CFINTS. MILITARY BUASSES. 
 
 were no doubt the pro- 
 ductions of local artists. 
 The effigy at Acton, Suf- 
 folk, of Henry Bures, Esq., 
 c. 1530, is probably the 
 work of a Suffolk engraver; 
 the chief peculiarities are 
 the form of the gauntlets, 
 the position of tlie tuiles 
 at the sides of the thighs, 
 and the old-fashioned man- 
 ner of suspending the 
 sword ^^ Brasses of like 
 design are left at Little 
 Bradley and Euston,both in 
 Suffolk, and about the date 
 
 1530. By referring to the 
 figure of John Borrell, 
 
 1531, formerly at Brox- 
 bourne, Herts, (engraved at 
 page cxxvi.), the style of the 
 Cambridgeshire artists may 
 be recognised ; the placing of the pommel 
 of the sword under the arm, and the shape 
 of the genouillieres, are very characteristic. 
 
 The effigies in Bedfordshire, of William Cokyn, Esq., 1527, at 
 Hatley Cockayne, and John Eysher, Esq., 1528, at Clifton, are 
 probably by the same hand ; they have plumes of feathers attached 
 to the helmets, on which the heads repose. With very few excep- 
 tions, all the remaining military brasses were executed by London 
 artists. 
 
 About the year 1530 the following changes in the representation 
 of armour may be noticed : the cuirass was occasionally protected by 
 one or more demi-placcates, and fluted, or covered with scroll-work 
 in imitation of the rich chasing so much employed at this period; 
 examples are at Yetminster, Dorset, 1531, and Hawstead, Suffolk, 
 
 Hen. Bures, Esq., 1539? 
 Acton, Suffolk. 
 
 Sir Robt. Clere. 1529, Great Ormeslny, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 '• The same aiTangement is on a brass at Ashover, Derbyshire, 1508; also at 
 Clifton, Sussex, as late as 1587.
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. MILITARY BRASSES, 
 
 CCXXXV 
 
 1557 ; the pauklrons sometimes nearly met across the chest, and to 
 
 the top of them were screwed pass-guards, or stout upright pieces of 
 
 steel, which more eifectually resisted a pass or thrust than the raised 
 
 edge of the pauldrons. The edges of these and of 
 
 the other parts of the armour were often invecked ; 
 
 the shape of the coutes and genouillieres resembles 
 
 that of the defences on the elbow in the engraving 
 
 from a figure c. 1540, at Sherborne St. John's, 
 
 Hants. ; the collar of mail was frequently attached 
 
 to the helmet, and in such cases is not visible in Paiud.on, &c., c. imo, 
 
 _ . ^ Sherborne St. John's, 
 
 bare-headed effigies. Perhaps the best specimen Hants. 
 
 of the armour that has just been described is the brass of Eoger 
 Gyffard, Esquire, 1542, at Middle Claydon, Bucks. Other instances 
 remain at Cobham, Kent, 1529 ; Yetminster, 
 Dorset, 1531; Croydon, 1544, Lambeth, 1545, 
 Surrey ; Dry Drayton, Camb., c. 1545 ; Narburgh, 
 Norfolk, 1545; All Hallows' Barking, Loudon, 
 1546 ^ 
 
 The figure of Christopher Lytkot, Esquire, 
 1554, at Swallowfield, Berks., affords a good re- 
 presentation of the military equipment depicted 
 on brasses just after the middle of the century : 
 the breast-plate is now generally without plac- 
 cates, and has the tapul ^ or projecting edge for- 
 merly in fashion ; the mail skirt has an indented 
 edge, frills are worn at the wrists, and the skirt 
 of taces is divided at the lower part by an arched 
 opening between the tuiles. Figures of like cha- 
 racter are to be found at West Lavington, Wilts., 
 1559; Nortliolt, Middx., 1560; Stratton, Corn- 
 wall, 1561; Great Chart, Kent, 1565; Little 
 Plumstead, Norfolk, 1565, &c. There are a few 
 brasses, engraved about the end of Queen Mary's 
 reign, which resemble the armed effigy at Cob- 
 ham, Surrey, c. 1550 (see the illustration at page xlvi.) ; the up- 
 right edges of the pauldrons were scroll-shaped ; a gorget of plate 
 fitted close up to the chin ; the pass-guards, tuiles, dagger, spurs were 
 
 ifrr/A'C Sc 
 
 Christopher Lytkot, Esq., 
 1664, Swallowfield, Berks. 
 
 * See also the engraving at p. xlix. 
 
 See supra, p. cxcvi.
 
 CCXXXVl 
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 sometimes omitted, and the mail skirt was peculiarly represented ; 
 instances of this kind remain at Isfield and Willingdon, Sussex, 
 1558; Margaretting, Essex, c. 15C0, and Standon, Herts., 1557; 
 the last example wears a salade with cheek-pieces^. The tabard, 
 although of frequent occurrence in the be- 
 ginning of the century, is rarely found after 
 1500 ; as at Strensham, AYorcestershire, 1562; 
 Melbury Sampford, 1562, Milton Abbas, 
 1565, Dorset. Helmets are seldom seen 
 on the heads of knights; examples are at 
 Swallowfield, Berks., 1554; Chesham Bois, 
 Bucks., 1552 ; Norton Disney, Lincolnshire, 
 c. 1580 ; Haccombe, Devonshire, 1586 ; Up- 
 minster, Essex, 1591; Cardington, Beds.,| 
 1638. 
 
 In the reign of Queen Elizabeth the hair 
 was cut short, but the beard was generally 
 
 long and moustaches worn ; the 
 
 pauldrons were often large and 
 
 fluted, as at North Mimms, 
 
 Herts., c. 1560; Braiseworth, 
 
 Sufl'olk, 1569; Churchill, So- 
 merset, 1572; and sometimes 
 
 resembled the morions, or steel 
 caps of the time (e. g. HavTstead, Suffolk, 
 ]557) ; the brassarts were composed of seve- 
 ral pieces. The introduction of the trunk- 
 hose, or large breeches puffed and slashed, 
 probably caused the next material alteration 
 in the armour ; tliis was the discarding the 
 skirt of mail, and the dividing the skirt of 
 taces into two portions resembling large tuiles 
 attached by hinges to the projecting rim of 
 the breast-plate, and usually termed tassets ; they differed from the 
 tuiles in being composed of several overkpping plates rivetted to- 
 gether, their lower edges were generally rounded off, but were 
 
 Pauldron, 
 
 CllurcliiU, 
 
 Somerset, 1573. 
 
 Francis Clopton, Esq., 1577, Lon6 
 Melfoid, Suffolk. 
 
 « Another brass by the same artist appears to have been lately in existence at 
 Lower Hardres, Kent.
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. MILITARY BRASSES. 
 
 CCXXXVU 
 
 sometimes rectangular, especially on late brasses. This change is 
 well exemplified by the brass of Francis Clopton, Esq., 1577, at 
 Long Melford, Suffolk (see the engraving on the opposite page) ; 
 similar figures are at Boxley, Kent, 1576; Hayes, 1576, Harrow, 
 1579, Middx.; Narburgh, is^orfolk, 1581, &c. 
 
 About the year 1580 the armour assumes the 
 form represented in the annexed engraving, from 
 Margate, Kent ; the pauldrons are large, and fast- 
 ened to the shoulders by arming-points; their 
 edges, and those of the tassets, are usually fringed 
 by the escalloped border of the lining beneath ; the 
 breast-plate is longer waisted, and projects forward 
 at the lower part, a peculiarity hardly to be noticed 
 in brasses ; the coutes are small, the tassets gene- 
 rally strapped round the trunk-hose, the sollerets 
 have the toes more pointed, and the rivets and fast- 
 enings '' of the different portions 
 of the armour are carefully re- 
 presented. The sword has the 
 modern guard-hilt, and to that 
 of the dagger a small scarf is 
 frequently attached ; this may be 
 seen in figures turned sideways, as at Wrotham, 
 Kent, 1611; Dean, Northants., 1587? Stoke 
 Talmage, Oxon., 1588; St. Martinis, Canterbury, 
 1591; St. Decuman's, Somerset, 1596 ; Minety, 
 Gloucestershire, c. 1600, &c. Other good examples 
 of the armour of this period are at Boughton-under-Blean, 1587, 
 Ash-by-Sandwich, 1602, Kent; Stophnm, 1614, West Firle, 1595, 
 &c., Sussex; Upton, Bucks., 1599; West Hanney, Berks., 1599; 
 Ilminster, Somerset, 1618, &c. 
 
 About the commencement of the reign of Charles the First the 
 tassets were either obtusely pointed or else worn longer and the genou- 
 illieres united to them ; cuisses and jambs were disused, and the legs 
 protected by heavy jack-boots, with tops, spurs, and spur-leathers; the 
 hair was worn long, and plain collars and wristbands superseded the 
 
 — — Cleybroke, Es^i., 
 c. 1600, Margate, Kent 
 
 Dagger, Sec, brass of Wm. 
 
 Gierke, Esq., 1611, Wrotham 
 
 Kent. 
 
 ^ This is especially the case at St. John's Sepulchre, Norwich, 1597 ; Ash-by- 
 Sandwich, Kent, 1602.
 
 CCXXXVni XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. MILITARY BRASSES. CIVILIANS. 
 
 ruffs and frills. These changes are well exemplified by brasses at 
 Dinton, 1628, Penn, 1641, Bucks.; St. Columb, Cornwall, 1633? 
 East Sutton, Kent, 1638; Shepton Mallet, Somerset, 1649; Mid- 
 dleton, Lancashire, 1650; Haccombe, Devon, 1656; Great Chart, 
 Kent, 1680 ? 
 
 This notice of the military brasses of the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 centuries may be closed with a reference to the interesting figure of 
 
 John Arundel, Esq., 1633? 
 St. Columb, C'orn"wall. 
 
 Geo. Hodges, c. 1630, 
 Wedmore, Somerset. 
 
 George Hodges, c. 1630, at Wedmore, Somerset. The only steel 
 armour visible in his equipment is the gorget of plate about his 
 neck ; he wears also a buff coat girded with a sash, breeches of 
 leather buttoned at the sides, and jack boots; his sword is sus- 
 pended by an ornamented belt passing over the right shoulder ; in 
 bis hand he bears a small pike, having probably been an officer of 
 pikemen. 
 
 Civilians. The same dress which was worn at the end of the
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. CIVILIANS. 
 
 CCXXXIX 
 
 last century appears on brasses as late as c, 1540 ; the gown is 
 usually worn more open in front, and openings are sometimes in- 
 serted half-way up the sleeves, as at Mickleham, Surrey, 1514; 
 Aldenham, Herts., c. 1520 ; Euston, Suffolk, c. 1520 ; Fordham, 
 Camb., 1521 ; churches in Norwich, &c. : but the arms 
 are seldom passed through the apertures; an instance, 
 however, at the end of the last century may be seen at 
 St. Mary Magdalen's, Canterbury, 1492, on the brass of 
 Christopher Elcok, Draper '. 
 
 About the year 1525 the gown was ° 
 generally worn rather shorter, and V 
 had long sleeves reaching nearly to \ 
 the ground, with slits at the upper 
 part of their sides for the passage of a brass at st. 
 
 Mary Magdalen's, 
 
 the fore-arms. As the gown was canterbmT. 
 now no longer girded, but thrown open in front, 
 it shews its lining of fur, and also the doublet ; 
 which was a kind of frock coat with tight sleeves 
 and a short skirt, and usually secured round the 
 waist by a girdle or sash, to which a gypciere 
 only was occasionally attached, the rosary being 
 now discarded. The legs were clothed in hose, 
 and on the feet low shoes were worn. This 
 dress, with slight variations, continued in use 
 until nearly the close of the seventeenth century : 
 early instances of its appearance on brasses are at 
 Slapton, Bucks., 1519; St. Mary Quay, Ipswich, 
 1525; Westerham, Kent, 1531. 
 
 Beards and moustaches came again into fashion 
 about the year 1570; the sleeves of the gown 
 were slashed, the doublet buttoned up the body and close under 
 the chin, and small frills worn round the neck and wrists ; the effigy 
 of Thomas Noke, Esq., 1567, at Shottesbrooke, Berks, (see the 
 engraving on the next page), is a good specimen of the costume 
 during the earlier half of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Thos. Potter, 1531, 
 Westerham, Kent. 
 
 ' In manuscripts written at the end are frequently delineated. The gown had 
 
 of the fifteenth century, as in the illus- sometimes a fur cape to it, which is very 
 
 trations to Froissart c. 1460 — 1480, see rarely seen on brasses, as at Berkeley, 
 
 supra, p. cxcvi. note a, similar sleeves Gloucestershire, 1526.
 
 ccxl 
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. CIVILIANS. 
 
 Thos. BaiTvick, 1599, Fornham 
 AU Saints, Suffolk. 
 
 Thos. Noke, Esq., 156.7, 
 SliOttesbrooke, Berks. 
 
 After 1580 the doublet is longer waisted, the gown is often 
 
 destitute of the lining or 
 facing of fur, the sleeves 
 are frequently striped, 
 and hang dovi^n as mere 
 strips from behind the 
 shoulders ; in very late 
 examples they were or- 
 namented with braid at 
 their upper part. Some 
 few brasses of civilians ex- 
 hibit the slashed doublet, 
 trunk-hose, and ornamented breeches, as at Har- 
 low, 1582, West Thurrock, 1585, Essex; CHfton, 
 Notts., 1587 ; Queen's College, Cambridge, 1591. 
 Soon after the commencement of the seventeenth 
 century knee-breeches were generally worn, which 
 were buttoned at the sides or tied at the knees ; the doublet had a 
 very short skirt, or rather lappet ; plain 
 falling collars and wristbands took the place 
 of frills at the neck and wrists. With this 
 costume short cloaks were often worn in- 
 stead of the civilian's gown, especially by 
 young gentlemen; jack-boots and rapiers 
 frequently completed their equipment; ex- 
 amples of which occur at Croydon, Surrey, 
 c. 1630 ; Daylesford, Worcestershire, 1632 ; 
 East Bergholt, Suffolk, 1639; Bidden- 
 den, Kent, 1641. The figure of Benjamin 
 Greenwood, Esq., 1775, at St. Mary Cray, 
 Kent, is probably the latest illustration of 
 male attire which brasses afford. He is 
 represented in a wig, an embroidered waist- 
 coat, knee-breeches, and a straight coat 
 with large sleeves, having buttons on the 
 cuffs. Many brasses of mayors and alder- 
 men of tlie sixteenth century remain, espe- 
 cially at Norwich ; the dress consisted of ^ 
 a red gown, a black or brown mantle, and civman, o. leao. cwydon, su.-rey.
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. CIVILIANS. LADIES. 
 
 ccxli 
 
 a short black scarf, which last appears 
 in some instances to have been worn 
 by mayors only ^. 
 
 Ladies. The kennel-shaped bonnets, 
 and occasionally the veil head-dresses, 
 were still worn ; the gowns fitted tight 
 to the body and arms, and were lined 
 or faced with fur, wliich appears at the 
 neck, the cuffs, the bottom of the skirt, 
 and in some instances at the edges of 
 the closed openings up the front of 
 the dresses. This last circumstance is 
 especially seen in the Norfolk brasses, 
 as in the figures of Anne Asteley, 1512, 
 at Blickling', and Margaret Pettwode, 
 1514, at St. Clement's, Norwich, in 
 which the fur is often represented by Joan wyddowsoun, 3513, Micideham.suiTey. 
 
 deeply incised lines filled with a 
 white metal or other composition. 
 The girdles are generally broader 
 than in the last century ; their 
 ends and buckles were composed 
 of ornamented metal work, and 
 the tongue of the latter, as shewn 
 in the accompanying engraving 
 from a brass at Cirencester, passes 
 behind the ornamented front of 
 the girdle, probably through loops 
 made in the back to receive it. 
 Very often the girdle was short, 
 and instead of being buckled, it 
 terminated in two or three ro- 
 settes from which a chain gene- 
 rally depended bearing an ornamented pendant, or 
 
 T^C:3 
 
 Boseties and chain. 1516, 
 Chesham Bois, Bucks. 
 
 Girdle, c. 1530. 
 
 Cirencester, 
 Gloucestershire. 
 
 ^ Brasses of civilians and ladies are 
 80 numerous during the sixteenth and 
 seventeenth centuries, that it is unne- 
 cessary to mention particular instances. 
 
 ' Sec the engraving at p. ccxxi. This 
 
 brass shevi^s the fashion of lacing up the 
 front of the dress; other instances are 
 at Hinxworth, Herts., 1487; Middle 
 Claydon, Bucks., 1523. 
 
 1 1
 
 ccxlii 
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. LADIES. 
 
 a pomander of open metal-work for containing scent or preservatives 
 against infection, or for a metal ball for heating the hands '". The 
 brasses of Norfolk and Suffolk have sometimes peculiar-shaped, 
 pouches, or reticules, attached to the girdle ; as at Brampton, Norfolk, 
 1535 ; Assington, c. 1500 (see the engraving on the opposite page), 
 
 "' See also the engravings from the 
 brasses at Waterpery, Oxon., 1527, 
 and Mickleham, Surrey, 1513, pp. 
 xlix., ccxli. The following notices of 
 pomanders, exhibited at meetings of 
 Arclucolog-ical Institute, are taken from 
 the Arch. Jourii., vols. vii. p. 198, xi. 
 pp. 79, 80, and xiv. p. 179. Exhi- 
 bited by Mr. Rhode Hawkins, May 3, 
 1850: ''A beautiful pom-inder, or per- 
 fume-box, of silver gilt, elaborately en- 
 graved with ornament of great elegance, 
 it has a ring affixed to the top, pro- 
 bably for suspension to the girdle; and 
 on unscrewing tliat part, the globe falls 
 open, being formed in six segments, 
 around a central tube, like the core of 
 a fruit, each of them being a separate 
 recejitacle for perfume, and closed by a 
 sliding hd." Feb. 3, 1845: "Mr. Franks 
 produced also a ' pomander,' or globular 
 frame-work of massive gold, chased and 
 wrought with considerable taste ; it was 
 intended, probably, to hold an aromatic 
 pastile or preservative against poison 
 and infection. The diameter is nearly 
 two inches; at one end there is a small 
 ring, the attachment at the other end 
 is lost. The weight is about two and a 
 half ounces. An earthy matter was 
 found within, which proved on exposure 
 to heat to be highly aromatic. This 
 ornament, of the close of the fifteenth 
 or early part of the sixteenth century, 
 had been lately found on the Surrey 
 side of the Thames by a bargeman who 
 was endeavouring to fix his anchor in 
 the bank of the river." Exhibited by 
 Mr. Hunter, V.P.S.A., March 6, 1857: 
 "A ball of thin brass-plate, perforated 
 over the whole surface with stars, and 
 formed of two hemispherical cups, nicely 
 adjusted together, so as to serve as a 
 box, or 2'omeUum, in which a scented 
 ball might be enclosed. There is a small 
 perforation in the centre of each moiety, 
 through which a wire or cord might have 
 been passed, in order to unite them to- 
 gether, or for eonvenience of suspension. 
 Diameter 2^- inches. It has been con- 
 jectured that this ball may have been of 
 
 Eastern origin ; objects of this descrip- 
 tion, however, were used in the middle 
 ages, either to enclose a pomander ball, 
 or some appliance, possibly a solid heated 
 globe of metal, fur warming the bands, 
 and they were known as pommes cliauf- 
 ferettes. In an inventory of the fifteenth 
 century mention occurs of a 'pomme 
 d'argent, pour eshauffer mains, taillee 
 a plusieurs rosettes, ou il y a plusieurs 
 pertuis;' and in another, date 1502, 
 'pomum foratum in plerisque locis, 
 habens receptaculum etiam argenteum 
 in quo poni solet ferrum candens, ad 
 calefaciendas manus sacerdotis cele- 
 brantis tempore hyemali.' See M. De 
 Laborde's valuable Glossary, appended 
 to his Catalogue of Enamels, &c., in the 
 Louvre." 
 
 From the inventory of "John Port, 
 layt the king's servant," who died 
 1524-5, printed in the Illustrations of 
 the Manners and Expences of Ancient 
 Times in England, &c., London, John 
 Nichols, 1797, the following particulars 
 relating to female costume may be cited : 
 " The wytfe's raiment . . . Jewells for 
 her body Item a girdell of silver lyned 
 with black velvet with 32 rosses, and 
 another lyned with cremysyne velvet, 
 both weighing 19 oz at 3s. 4d.— £3„3.4. 
 .... Item ; a gerdell of corne work, with 
 a bokell and a pendent, the crosse da- 
 maske golde, weighing 7 oz. at 3s. 4d. — 
 £1 „ 3 . 4. Item, a demysent with a 
 chyne, and a pomaneler and a pendent, 
 a freangell of silver and gelt 7 oz. at 
 3s. 4d. — £1 „ 3 . 4."— p. 128. " Her 
 bonnetts .... Item a bonnet of black 
 velvet garnished with damask gold 
 £1 „ 6 . 8. Item 4 old frontletts of dy vers 
 colors of velvet 4s. Item 4 partelets 
 of velvet of tawne & blak, 2 unfurred 
 and 2 furred with conny 4s." — p. 125. 
 Halliwell, in his Dictionary of Archaic 
 and Provincial Words, 3rd ed., explains 
 demycent as the metal part of a girdle 
 worn in front. Ann Lady Scrope be- 
 queathed her daughter-in-Liw one of 
 her "dyniysens, or little girdles." Test. 
 Vetust., p. 435.
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. LADIES. 
 
 ccxliii 
 
 Pouch and girdle, c 1500, 
 Assington, Suffolk. 
 
 Little Waldingfield, 1526, Suf- 
 folk; Frenze, Norfolk, 1551 (see 
 the engravings on pages Iv. and 
 cxxiii.) Rosaries are more fre- 
 quently depicted on the brasses 
 by provincial artists. The gowns, 
 especially in figures by the various 
 local artists ", were often so long 
 as to require to be pinned up or 
 tucked up at the side under the 
 arms, and sometimes the front of 
 the skirt was turned up, and kept from touching the 
 ground by being fastened in two places by a band 
 passing round the hips, or by a sash ; this curious 
 arrangement is chiefly observable in brasses by Suf- ^alp^^^'-^^^ '^ 
 folk artists, as at Belstead, Denston, Euston, Great | [, ^^ ' p 
 Thurlow, Lakenheath, Little Waldingfield, all in 
 Suffolk, c. 1530 — 40 ; at Fordham, Cambridgeshire, 
 1521: Hockwold, Necton, 1532, Norfolk. In- Agnes Appieton. is^e, 
 
 LitUe Waldingfield, 
 
 stances by London artists are at Aldenham, Herts., susoik 
 
 c. 1535; Walthamstow, Essex, 1543; Lydd, Kent, 1557 (see the 
 engraving on the next page). Jewelled crosses were suspended by 
 chains round the necks of ladies of distinction, who still wore 
 the sideless dress; late examples occur at Cobham, Kent, 1529; 
 Faringdon, Berks, 1547. Heraldic mantles are found as late as 
 1560. 
 
 About 1525 the gown was worn lower at the neck, and had 
 rather shorter sleeves with loose and very wide fur cufTs, the under- 
 dress was therefore partially seen. At the neck the finely plaited 
 partlet is visible, this was a kind of habit-shirt made of fine 
 materials, with ornamented edging; on the fore arms appear richly 
 embroidered sleeves, striped longitudinally, and slashed underneath ° ; 
 the wrists are encircled with frills, and from the centre of the girdle 
 
 " The same artists frequently repre- 
 sent the ladies in largo putted or slashed 
 sleeves, sometimes handed at intervals, 
 as at Shottisham, 1528, Hockwold, 1532, 
 Brampton, 1535, Norlbllv ; Kin\ er, Salop, 
 1528 ; Heme, Kent, 1539 ; Aston, 1545, 
 Solihull, ISiy, Shuckburgh Superior, 
 
 1566, Warwickshire, &e. 
 
 ° It is perhaps uncertain whether 
 these sleeves were attached to the part- 
 let, or to an under garment termed a 
 waistcoat : the partlet was also the name 
 of part of the male dress, see supra, 
 p. ccx.xxiii. note h.
 
 ccxliv 
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. LADIES. 
 
 A lady, c. 1535, West Mailing, 
 Kent. 
 
 a long rosary of several decades of beads 
 frequently depends P; a small cape is also 
 occasionally worn over the shoulders. The 
 hair appears to have been confined in a roll 
 or caul crossed over the forehead; a very 
 narrow frill was worn round the face, and 
 the front lappets of the head-dress turned 
 up at the sides, especially in late instances. 
 The brasses of ladies at West Malhng, Kent, 
 c. 1535; Deerhnrstj Gloucestershire, 1525; 
 Waterpery, Oxon., 
 1527 ; Hackney, 
 Middx., 15451, are 
 good illustrations af 
 this attire. 
 
 Instead of the 
 
 pediuiental head-dress, small circular caps 
 were worn ; the hair was sometimes looped 
 up at the sides of the face, and capes were 
 thrown over the shoulders. This costume is 
 especially observable on brasses by Cambridge- 
 shire artists about the year 1535, as at Little 
 Barford, Beds. ; Wimpole, Cambridgeshire ; 
 Hitchin, Herts. ; Lakenheath, Suffolk, &c. : 
 in these the gown is generally 
 secured by a sash, either tied in 
 front, or passed through three 
 rings conjoined. The effigy of 
 Malyn Harte, 1557, at Lydd, 
 Ornament of sash, Xcut, is a good examiilc of tliis 
 
 Hitchm, Herts., ' o i 
 
 attire as depicted by a London Maiyn Haite, 1557, Lyaa, Kent. 
 
 artist. 
 
 The figure of Anne Lovell, 1545, at Harlington, Middx. (see the 
 engraving on the opposite page), exhibits the style of dress which 
 
 P In one instance, St. John's Madder- 
 uiarkct, Norwich, 1525, a crncifix is 
 attached to tlie rosary; it is omitted in 
 Cotman's etcliing. 
 
 1 See the engravings supra, pp. xlix., 
 
 ccxxxi. This costume is found on a 
 brass as late as 1553, at Charhvood, 
 Surrey. It is that in which the queens 
 of Henry the Eighth are usually painted 
 in their portraits.
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. LADIES. 
 
 ccxlv 
 
 Anne Lovell. 1515, 
 Hai-lington, Middx 
 
 first appenrs on brasses of this date. The hair 
 was parted on the forehead, and the pediraental 
 head-dress superseded by the "Paris head/' or 
 French hood (?), a kind of close linen cap pro- 
 jecting forward at each side of the face, often 
 with a jewelled fillet over the forehead, and a 
 lappet dependent behind "■ ; the collar of the gown 
 was thrown open at the neck and embroidered, 
 and the sleeves puffed on the shoulders ; brasses 
 by the same artist as the figure at Harlington may 
 be seen at Croydon, Surrey, 154-4; Albury, Herts., 
 1546; All Hallows' Barking, St. Mary's, Isling- 
 ton, both in London, and of the date 1546. 
 
 The costume worn from the time of King 
 Edward the Sixth until the earlier part of the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth is well illustrated by 
 the effigy of Katherine Lytkott, at Swallowfield, 
 Berks. The centre of the 'Paris head' is de- 
 pressed ; the gown has an opening up the front, 
 which is generally tied with bows in the upper 
 part, its collar is sometimes of fur, its sleeves are 
 pufi'ed and slashed on the shoulders, and either 
 there terminate, or else depend in false sleeves 
 like those of civiHans ; the under-dress has close 
 sleeves, frequently ornamented by a stripe wound 
 round them ; from its sash a book, mirror, jew- 
 elled tablet, or other article is suspended by a 
 cord. 
 
 About and after the year 1570 the 
 ' attire of ladies resembled that in the en- 
 gravings on the next page, from brasses 
 at Cumnor, Berks., 1577, and Staple- 
 hurst, Kent, c. 1580. Starched ruffs 
 were worn round the neck and wrists ; the partlet fitted 
 8'omer^?i572!^* closc up to the chlu ; the over-gown had sometimes short 
 puffed sleeves projecting above the shoulders, as at Churchill, So- 
 merset, 1572, but it more usually was sleeveless; a sash confined it 
 
 E.a,Ua. LylkuLt. 1661, 
 Swallowfield, Berks. 
 
 ' See also the engraving supra, p. ccxxxi.
 
 ccxlvi 
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CKNTS. LADIES. 
 
 UT-IMC DFL FT b<i 
 
 A lady, c. 1580 Staplehurst, Kent. 
 
 H«ad, Judith Seyhaid. IbOJ, Biddenden 
 Kent. 
 
 at tlie waist, below 
 which it was tlirowii 
 open so as to dis- 
 play a stiff petticoat 
 richly embroidered 
 with a diapered pat- 
 tern ; the sleeves of 
 the under-dress were 
 usually striped, but 
 sometimes slashed 
 and tied with bows. 
 
 Good examples of Kam. Staverton. 1577, Cumnor, 
 
 this attire are at 
 Sotterley, Suffolk, 
 1578 ; Littlebury 
 and Stisted, 1584, 
 Essex ; Ruisclip, 
 Middx., 1593, &c. 
 
 Tlie next change 
 in dress is observ- 
 able about the date 
 1590; the hair was 
 brushed back from 
 the temples, and the 
 Prencli hood had 
 the lappet at the 
 back thrown for- 
 ward over the top 
 of the head ^ ; above 
 this coiffure broad- 
 brim med hats, 
 wreathed round the 
 crown, were occa- 
 
 n Aphra Hawkins, 1605, Pordwicli, 
 
 sionaffy worn, espe- Kent. 
 
 ' These flaps were perhaps termed 
 shadoes or honne-graces. See the note 
 in the Arch. Journ., voh viii. p. 182, to 
 the accounts of the Fermor family, 1580, 
 quoted supra, pp. xxxi., xxxii., note x. 
 " Cale and sliadoe, a cawl and bougrace, 
 or projecting hat. The former was oc- 
 casionally set up with pearl.s or bugles. 
 
 ' Bonne-grace, th' uppermost flap of the 
 down-hanging taile of a French hood, 
 whence belike our Boon-grace.' — Cot- 
 grave. ' Velaregli, bonegraces, shadowes, 
 vailes, or launes, that women use to 
 weare on their foreheads for the suuue.' 
 —Florio."
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. LADIES. 
 
 ccxlvii 
 
 Elizth. Crispe, 1615, 
 Wrotham, Kent. 
 
 cially, it is said, by the Puritan party, and by persons living in the 
 country ; the ruff round the neck was larger, and the skirt of the 
 petticoat generally adorned with an arabesque pat- 
 tern or scroll-work; the outer gown had some- 
 times strips dependent from behind the shoulders ; 
 the brasses of Aphra Hawkins, 1605, Fordwich 
 (see the engraving on the preceding page), and 
 Elizabeth Vezelini, 1607, Downe, Kent, are good 
 specimens of this costume. Sometimes a large 
 calash, or hood, was worn over the head and 
 shoulders, and fell down behind the back nearly 
 to the ground : this peculiar dress is well exempli- 
 fied by brasses at Wrotham, Kent, 1 615 j Henfield, 
 Sussex, 1627 ; Finchamstead, Berks., 1635. 
 
 The effigy of Mary Leventhorp, c. 
 1600, at Sawbridgeworth, Herts., ex- 
 hibits the costume usually seen in the 
 portraits of Queen Elizabeth and ladies 
 of rank at the end of the sixteenth and 
 begiiniing of the seventeenth centuries; 
 very large ruffs, starched and supported 
 on wires, surrounded the neck ; a long- 
 bodied stomacher, peaked at the waist, 
 and, together with its skirt, richly em- 
 broidered, was now worn; the upper 
 gown had a flounce at the waist, and 
 was there secured by a sash or narrow 
 jewelled girdle; its sleeves were close, 
 with plain cuffs ; the skirts of the dresses 
 projected abruptly from the hips, and 
 were kept extended by enormous Jhr- 
 thingales of whalebone ; the neck and arms were adorned with 
 necklaces and bracelets, and a pendent jewel was fastened on the 
 forehead. Good examples of this costume are also at Easton, Suf- 
 folk, 1601 ; Bradford, Wilts., 1601. 
 
 At Ardingley, Sussex, is a brass to one of the Culpeper family, 
 1633 (see the engraving on the next page), which is a good speci- 
 men of female attire in the reign of Charles the First ; the hair was 
 worn in (lowing curls ; a kerchief was thrown over the head, and fell 
 
 Mary Leventhorp, 1600, Sawbridgeworth, 
 Herts.
 
 ccxlviii 
 
 XVI. AND XVII. CENTS. LADIES. 
 
 down low behind the figure ; collars 
 of rich lace surrounded the neck ; full, 
 striped sleeves covered the arms ; the 
 under-gown was shorter waisted, and 
 the over-dress often resembled a sleeve- 
 less mantle, or cloak, formed of two 
 separated })ieces united on the shoulders, 
 as at Ilenfield, Sussex, 1627 ; the shoes 
 had high heels ; hats were still occasion- 
 ally represented, as on the figure of Jane 
 Cradock, 1G26, at Ightham, Kent, evi- 
 dently engraved by the same artist as 
 the brass at Ardingley, very similar to 
 which are effigies at Stoke-by-Nayland, 
 Suffolk, 1632, and Bampton, Oxon., 
 1633. Anne Bedingfeild, 1641, at 
 Darsham, Suffolk, and Jane Septvans, 
 1642, at Ash near Sandwich, Kent, wear 
 double neckercliiefs resembling small 
 capes, and hold handkerchiefs ' ; the 
 
 „ . T 1 • • 1 J. EUzth. Culpeper, 1633, Axdmgley, Sussex. 
 
 former is dressed in a very inelegant 
 
 costume, consisting of a long straight coat having close sleeves with 
 buttons on the cuffs. Three kneeling figures of ladies of the Toke 
 family, at Great Chart, Kent, about the close of Charles the Second's 
 reign, wear their hair long and braided across the forehead ; they 
 have tight bodices, gowns laced up in front, low at the neck, 
 with short sleeves; and hold books and flowers, laurel and palm- 
 branches in their hands. Still later, the brass of Philadelphia Green- 
 wood, 1747, at St. Mary Cray, Kent, exhibits the costume worn 
 in George the Second's reign ; namely, a gown with tight sleeves 
 and embroidered skirt, a plaited neckerchief, and a veil thrown over 
 the head and falling behind to the ground. 
 
 These, then, are the chief facts and considerations .which it 
 appeared desirable to bring together, as an introduction to the 
 profitable study of monumental brasses, the discrimination of 
 
 ' Fans formed of feathers were often carried by ladies, as at Henfiuld, Sussex, 
 1633 J reiin, Bucks., 1641, &c.
 
 EUBBINGS OF BRASSES. CCxlix 
 
 tlieir dates and various styles, and the due appreciation of their 
 beauties. 
 
 Respecting the method of copying brasses and incised slabs, but 
 little need here be said, as the subject has been fully explained in 
 the article on brasses, by Albert Way, Esq., in the Archaeological 
 Journal "*. It is well known that the composition similar to litho- 
 graphic ink, termed heel or pouch ball'^, and manufactured by 
 Messrs. Ullathorne, of Gate-street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, has been 
 the usual material employed for rubbing on white paper, and ex- 
 perience has shewn that, for durability, cleanhness, and distinctness 
 of the transcript, it is unsurpassed. It is therefore well suited to 
 large collections, which it is recommended should be made on the 
 narrow paper (23 inches wide, and manufactured for papering rooms), 
 as being more portable; paper, however, as wide as four feet and 
 a-half may be procured from the principal stationers in London, 
 and is very convenient for copying large brasses. Before taking the 
 copy, the surface of the brasses should be wiped perfectly clean, the 
 paper stretched tightly over the slab, and kept from shifting by 
 weights, as hassocks, being placed upon it. When the brasses are 
 against the wall, it is advisable to cut the paper to the required size, 
 and fasten it by wafers placed above the memorial. It will be found 
 by far the best plan, if time permit, to rub the brasses without going 
 over the edge, which may be first marked out by- rubbing with the 
 finger, as the trouble of cutting out and mounting will thus be 
 avoided. In cutting out a rubbing for mounting, a narrow white 
 line should be left round the edge of the figure, &c. The copies 
 may be afterwards retouched ; but this can hardly be done without 
 destroying the sharpness of the original lines, and obscuring the 
 smaller onesy. The shields and the dresses may be coloured by 
 
 » Vol. i. pp. 204—207. be transferred to stone or zinc, and 
 
 * This material is prepared of diiferent numerous copies thereby printed ft-om 
 
 degrees of hardness : the hard quality is them. Rubbings may be also reduced 
 
 preferable for use in hot weather, and for the purposes of engraving by photo- 
 
 for rubbing finely engraved details and graphy. The anastatic, or zincographic 
 
 worn brasses. The iwuch-ball, or the printing will be found very useful for 
 
 large cakes manufactured expressly for multiplying drawings of brasses made 
 
 copying brasses, will be found more suit- with lithographic ink. A means of tak- 
 
 able for rubbing than the heel-ball. ing rubbings from a substitute for the 
 
 y Rubbings taken with heel-ball are original brass has been employed by 
 
 susceptible of a high pohsh if rubbed Chas. Spence, Esq., of the Admiralty, 
 
 with a silk handkerchief, a hat brush, A heel-ball rubbing is pasted on a well- 
 
 or other soft substance. They can also seasoned deal board, that has been 
 
 kk
 
 Ccl RUBBINGS OF BRASSES. 
 
 being first lightly rubbed with lead pencil, and painted afterwards. 
 A more expeditious manner of taking a copy is by mixing powdered 
 black lead with linseed or sweet oil, and rubbing the composition 
 lightly on thick tissue paper by means of a stuffed dabber of wash 
 leather or linen ; a sharper outline is obtained, but the copy is 
 liable to become indistinct, unless it be very carefully preserved. 
 This method was adopted by Mr. Eisher, who, at the beginning of 
 this century, etched and lithographed many brasses in Bedfordshire 
 and elsewhere. To those, however, who are desirous of obtaining 
 an almost exact facsimile of the colour of the brass plates and in- 
 cised lines, the metallic composition invented by Mr. H. S. Kich- 
 ardson, of Greenwich, for rubbing on black paper, will be found to 
 answer entirely their purpose. The old plan of obtaining impres- 
 sions, first employed about 1780, by Craven Ord, Esq., Sir John 
 CuUum, and the Eev. Thomas Cole, was by means of damped paper 
 and printers' ink, by which the copy, though quickly obtained, was 
 necessarily reversed, and therefore extremely inconvenient for deey- 
 phering inscriptions ^ Before the use of heel-ball was introduced, 
 rubbings were generally taken on stiff paper with large black-lead 
 pencils. A collection thus formed, from the brasses of Suffolk, has 
 
 thoroughly pumiced and painted half-a- damped, and kept in a tin case made on 
 
 dozen times a drab or bronze colour ; purpose to keep it so, printer's ink in a 
 
 the white incised lines are tlien cut out bottle, and a quantity of rags; he inks 
 
 with a sharp penknife, the colours filled the brass, and then wipes it very clean, 
 
 in, and the rubbing removed by the ap- lays on the paper, covers it with a cloth, 
 
 plication of soap and water and pumice- and treads upon it, and takes the im- 
 
 stone. Rubbings may then be taken pression ; and he has a man at home to 
 
 from the ' cutting' in the ordinary way. finish them up with printers' ink where 
 
 This plan will be found very useful for the lines have failed j he then cuts out 
 
 reproducing interesting details, or lost the figure, and pastes them into a large 
 
 portions of brasses of which rubbings portfolio, with blue paper leaves, large 
 
 exist. enough to contain a figure six feet high ; 
 
 ^ The mode in which these were taken and you cannot imagine how beautiful 
 
 is described in the following extract from they appear. He has lately been a tour 
 
 a letter from Mr. J. C. Brooke, dated into Oxfordshire, and has taken the 
 
 Heralds' College, March 29, 1780, to Chancers, of which I gave you a slight 
 
 Mr. Gough, printed in Illustrations of sketch ; and several priests at Ewelme, 
 
 the Literary History of the Eighteenth Lord Grey of Rotherfield at Greys, 
 
 CJentury, intended as a sequel to the others at Dorchester, Henley, Marlow, 
 
 Literary Anecdotes, by John Nichols, Hambledon, &c. I think he talks of 
 
 F.S.A., vol. vi. p. 393: "I spent Satur- having some duplicates for you and Sir 
 
 day morning with Mr. Ord to look over John CuUum." The portfolio alluded 
 
 his impressions from brasses, which are to was purchased by Mr. Douce, and 
 
 curiously done; and he has a large col- bequeathed by him to the British Mu- 
 
 lection. The manner in which he does seum; it is now kept in the Print 
 
 them is this: He has French paper lloom.
 
 DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. Ccli 
 
 been recently bequeathed to the British Museum, by the late D. E. 
 Davy, Esq., of Ufford. 
 
 The large number of slabs despoiled of their brass plates which 
 still pave the floors of many of our churches and minsters, and the 
 mutilated condition of the great majority of the brasses that have 
 escaped destruction, can hardly fail to attract the attention of even 
 the mere casual observer *. A reverence for the monuments of the 
 dead'', and a certain respect for remains of antiquity, seem to be 
 feelings so inseparable from our nature, that it is almost inconceiv- 
 able by what means the sepulchral brasses of this country should 
 ever have been brought to their present condition. There are two 
 periods in our history when they especially suffered — the Eeformatiou 
 and the Great Rebellion. 
 
 In the year 1536 the smaller religious houses were dissolved, and 
 their property granted to the crown; three years later the larger 
 monastic establishments shared the same fate. As plunder was the 
 main object in view at their destruction, everything that could be 
 converted into money was indiscriminately sold ; even the materials 
 of the churches and chapels, including the gravestones and brasses, 
 were not spared. " Browne Willis," writes Mr. Gough, " shewed 
 the Society of Antiquaries, in 1737, from the Augmentation Office, 
 a particular of the dissolution of religious houses, 30 Henry VIII., 
 which, because it shews how monasteries and brasses were then dis- 
 posed of, I shall subjoin from their minutes. County of Warwick : 
 — Mirival, 6 gravestones with brasses on them, 5s. . . . Delacres, the 
 paving of the church, with isles, gravestones, roof, &c., sold for 
 £13,, 6,, 8; Darlcy, the tomls and gravedones, with the metal on 
 them, and roof of the church, isles, &c., sold for £20 V^ " The 
 monumental slabs with the brasses on them, in the chancel of Attle- 
 borough Church, Norfolk, were taken by Eobert Earl of Sussex, to 
 whom Hen. VIII. granted it, at the dissolution of the college there. 
 
 * A brass composed of several distinct and sometimes by death ; and Solon 
 
 portions is very rarely to be found per- made a special law for tins purpose, 
 
 feet ; instances of which may be seen at Alex, ab Alex. vi. 14 ; Cicero de Leg. 
 
 Quinton, c. 1440, and Northleach, 1501, ii. 26." Staveley on Churches, p. 26y. 
 
 Gloucestershire. See also Weevcr's Fuu. Monuments, 
 
 '' " Amongst the Romans, the defacing pjj. 42 — 49. 
 them was punished by severe pecuniary <^ Gough's Sep. Mon., vol, i. part i. 
 
 mulcts, cutting oU' hands, bauishmcut, pp. cxi., cxxi.
 
 Cclii DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. 
 
 to pave his hall, kitchen, and larder^." Many of the brasses de- 
 stroyed at this time no doubt quickly found their way back to the 
 workshops of the engravers of brasses, and were reproduced as pa- 
 limpsests engraved on the reverse side. Some of the purchasers 
 probably bought the brasses as memorials of themselves or their 
 families, and had them adapted to the purpose by slight alterations 
 in the costume, armorial bearings, and inscription. This will perhaps 
 account for the existence of the curious palimpsest brasses at Oke- 
 over, Staffordshire, and Bromham, Beds.° The brass at the latter 
 place originally commemorated Thomas Widevill, Esq., of Grafton, 
 Northants., 1435, and his two wives : as by his will he left large 
 bequests to the convent of St, James, beside Northampton, it is pro- 
 bable that he was buried there, and that at the dissolution his monu- 
 ment was either delivered up to, or purchased by, the family of Wylde, 
 and appropriated to Sir John Dyve, 1535, wife, and mother^. 
 
 But the destruction of the brasses was, unhappily, not confined to 
 the monasteries; the practice soon extended to the parish churches. 
 It is well known that at the Eeformation authority was given to per- 
 sons in each county to remove from all churches graven images, 
 which had been put to superstitious uses ; and that under pretence 
 of this commission much spoliation was effected. Thus, in the 
 Churchwardens' Accounts of St. Martin's, Leicester, in the year 
 1547, is the following memorandum: "by the commandment of 
 Mr. Mayor and his brethren, according to the King's Injunctions, 
 in the year of our Lord 1546, and the first year of the reign of 
 
 '• Gough's Sep. Mon., vol. i. part i. Oxford to the neighbouring church of 
 p. cxxii. See also Glossary of Architec- AVaterpery (The Topographer for 1790, 
 ture, 1850, p. 393, I'oc. Rood-beam. vol. ii. p. 364); and probably that of 
 ■= See supra, pp. 1., li. John Seymour to Great Bedwin from 
 ' See Baker's Northants., vol. ii. p. Easton Pi-iory, Wilts. (Coll. Topog. et 
 162, and The Topog. and Geneal., part i. Geneal., vol. v. p. 23); at Abingdon, 
 p. 65. The brasses were not unfre- Berks., the body of Geoffi-ey Barbur, a 
 quently shifted by the defcendants great benefactor to the town, was trans- 
 or friends of the deceased from tlie lated from the Abbey in a solemn man- 
 monasteries, at their dissolution, to ner to St. Helen's Church. See Leland's 
 the parish churches. Thus the brass Itinerary, vol. vii. pt. 2, fol. 64 b, 
 of Judge Billyng, and probably others, ed. 1769. At Albury, near Tring, Herts., 
 were brought to Wappenham from Bitles- is an inscription cut in brass recording 
 den Abbey (Baker's Northants., vol. i. p. the removal of a tomb from the monas- 
 730); that of Prior Langley, from H or- tery of Ashridge. An inscription at 
 sham Priory, near Norwich, to St. Lau- St. Peter's, Shaftesbury, was formerly 
 rence's Church in that city (Cotman's in the Abbey. Hutchins's Hist, of Dorset, 
 Brasses, vol. ii. p. 48); that of Walter vol. ii. p. 426, ed. 1796. 
 CursoD, from the Augustine Friars at
 
 DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. CcliH 
 
 Edward the Sixth. . . . Four hundred and a quarter of brass was sold 
 for 19s. per cwt. to one man ; and three hundred weight and three 
 quarters was sold to another at the same price ; and one hundred to 
 William Taylor s." Amongst other outrages^ the funeral monun»ents 
 were violated, effigies destroyed, and inscriptions "for greedinesse 
 of the brasse, or for that they were thought to bee Antichristian, 
 pulled out from the Sepulchres, and purloined," and " dead carcases, 
 for gaine of their stone or leaden coffins, cast out of their graues K" 
 
 That these proceedings, however, were neither intended nor ap- 
 proved by the authorities, is evident from a proclamation of the 
 second year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, each printed copy of 
 which was signed by the Queen^s own hand, before they were dis- 
 persed throughout her dominions '. In this document, after reciting 
 the injury done by " sundrie people, partly ignorant, partly malicious, 
 or covetous," to ancient monuments of metal and stone, "by which 
 meanes not onely the Churches remaine at this present day spoiled, 
 broken and ruinated, to the offence of all noble and gentle hearts, 
 and the extinguishing of the honourable and good memory of sundry 
 vertuous and noble families deceased, but also the true understanding 
 of divers families in this Eealme is thereby so darkened as the true 
 course of their inheritance may be hereafter interrupted*^," all per- 
 
 e [Nichols's Leicestershire, voL i. pp. 1630, Ai-chbishop Harsnett gave the fol- 
 570, 571. See also the Accounts of lowing directions for his funeral and 
 Wigtoft Church in Lincolnshire, 1550, monument : " My body I will to be 
 printed in Nichols's Illustrations : " Item buried within the parish church of Chig- 
 of kyrke of boston, for xxiii stone of well, without pomp or solemnity, at the 
 leten 8s. 4d." Weever (Fun. Mon., foot of Thomazine late my beloved wife, 
 p. 427) mentions an instance of an in- having only a marble stone laid upon 
 cumbent at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, my grave, with a plate of brass molten 
 stripping the gravestonesof their brasses: into the stone an inch thick, having the 
 " Tiie plates with the Inscriptions of eiBgies of a Bishop stamped upon it, 
 such Monuments as were of more Anti- with his mitre and crosier-staff, but the 
 quitic, were all taken away for couetous- brass to be so rivetted and fastened clear 
 nesse of the brasse, by one Doctor Kan- through the stone, as sacrilegious hands 
 mer (as I haue it by relation of the may not rend off the one without break- 
 Inhabitants) Vicar of this Church, which ing the other." Illustrations of Mon. 
 he conuerted into coine, and presently Brasses by the Cambridge Camden So- 
 after (ashamed belike of such a detest- ciety, No. I. p. 30. The inscription on 
 able act) went oucr into Ireland, and a brass at Horshill, Surrey, 1603, ends 
 there ignominiously ended his dayes." thus : — " Gentle reader deface not this 
 
 ^ Weever's Fun. Mon., p. 51. I'er- stone." 
 
 sons who had witnessed the destruction ' Fuller, Ch. Hist. ix. § 1. 36. 
 
 of brasses, and who intended to be com- '' In common with other ancient in- 
 
 memoratcd by this kind of monuments, scriptions, the epitaphs on brasses have 
 
 sometimes endeavoured to prevent their been serviceable as legal evidence. The 
 
 own memorials from meeting with similar memorial at Trotton, Sussex, was ap- 
 
 treatmcnt. By Lis will, dated Feb. 13, pealed to in Lord Camoys's peerage case.
 
 ccliv 
 
 DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. 
 
 sons are charged to forbear from "such barbarous disorders;" the 
 offenders are to be punished with fine and imprisonment, and pro- 
 vision is made for the restoration of the injured monuments ^ "Her 
 prii|^cely care took this desired effect, that it stopped the main stream 
 of sacrilege herein, though some by-rivulets thereof ran still in private 
 churches, in defiance of all orders provided to the contrary "'." 
 
 But the demolition of brasses at this period seems to have been 
 trifling compared with that by the rebellious sectaries in the follow- 
 ing century. Prom the records of destruction in a few places some 
 notion may be formed of their wholesale ravages. " In all places,'^ 
 says a contemporary writer, "tliey left some infamous memorial of 
 their frenzie and hatred of the beauty and magnificence of God's 
 Houses ; and therefore in every place made it their first business to 
 rob and deface churches, and violate the Sepulchres and Monuments 
 of the dead, so they have expressed their greatest hatred against 
 the Mother Churches "." The enormities committed in most of our 
 cathedrals are well known; they are detailed with painful minute- 
 ness by the same writer °. The proof of their ravages was still so 
 evident in Browne WiUis's time that in 1718? he counted about 
 
 A curious circumstance is related in 
 Horsfiekl's Sussex (vol. i. p. 567) con- 
 cerning an inscription formerly at Uriglit- 
 ling to John Bates, Gent., 1476, who 
 gave for ever to the church some lands 
 in the parish called Levettys. The 
 lands were alienated from the church, 
 but restored in 1635. "Tradition tells 
 (says Mr. Hayley) that the brass plate 
 with the inscription on which is in- 
 scribed the gift of land called Levetts 
 on the grave stone of John Batys was 
 accidentally found in scouring out the 
 bottom of a very deep well on the South 
 Downs, and being restored to the parish 
 led to the discovery of the embezzlement 
 and recovery of the lands to their proper 
 and designed use." The author has been 
 informed that the genealogical brass of 
 the Beale family, at All Saints', Maid- 
 stone, has been of service to one of their 
 descendants in estabhsbing some claim. 
 
 1 Wilkins, Cone. iv. p. 221. 
 
 ■^ Fuller, Ch. Hist. loc. cit. 
 
 " (Ry ves's) Merc. Rusticus (Ed. 1685) 
 Pref. 
 
 " Ibid. Canterbury, p. 119; Roches- 
 ter, p. 136; Chichester, p. 141; Win- 
 chester, p. 147; Westm. Abbey, p. 155; 
 
 Exeter, p. 159; Peterborough, p. 213 
 seq. : " Not one monument escaped un- 
 defaced." " They sold the brass which 
 they flaied from the graven stones." See 
 also Querela Cantabrigiensis, p. 197 (by 
 Dr. Barwick and others), for the havoc ,. 
 at Cambridge, and Dugdale's Troubles 
 (fol. 1681), p. 557 seq. for that at Wor- 
 cester, Lichfield, and Lincoln. At Nor- 
 wich " what tearing up of monuments ! 
 wLat wresting out of iron and brass 
 from the windows and graves !" Bp. 
 Hall, Hard Measure, Works (Oxf. 1837), 
 I. Iv. 
 
 p Survey of Lincoln, p. 31, It is 
 remarkable that some of the churches 
 in France sufl'ered in like manner from 
 the professors of the Genevan heresy. 
 " Les Calvinistes, mattres un moment 
 de la Normandie, dans le xvi. siecle, 
 commirent plus de ravages dans la 
 Cathedrale de Rouen que les niveleurs 
 de 1793." "Apres avoir brise les sta- 
 tues des tombeaux et les tombeaux eux- 
 memes, ils leverent toutes les tombes 
 de cuivre et autres monuments qui 
 etoient dans I'eglise pour y trouver des 
 tresors." Deville, Tomb, de la Cathe- 
 drale de Rouen, 8vo. 1833, p. v.
 
 DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. Cclv 
 
 207 slabs in Lincoln Cathedral from wliicli brasses had been torn?; 
 and Eawlinson found as many as 170 at Hereford Cathedral in a 
 similar condition, although he thinks that this Church "met with 
 better quarter from the Scottish Covenanters than most of our Cathe- 
 drals >■." Even now thg; floors of the Cathedrals just mentioned, and 
 those of Ely Cathedral, St. Alban's ^ and Westminster Abbeys, and 
 the Chapter-house, Canterbury (whither the slabs from various parts 
 of the Cathedral have been transferred), not to mention other in- 
 stances, contain the empty matrices of many splendid brasses. 
 
 These were the deliberate acts of the soldiers under the command 
 of their leaders, who in many cases stood by and encouraged them *. 
 They were also approved and rivalled by those in power : in 1643 
 " the stately Screen of copper, richly gilt, set up by King Henry VII. 
 in his Chappel at Westminster, was by order of the House reformed, 
 that is broken down and sold to tinkers;" and in 1652 "it was re- 
 ferred to a committee to consider what Cathedrals were fit to stand 
 or what to be pulled down, and how such as shall be pulled down 
 may be applied to the payment of the Public Eaith "." 
 
 But it was not the cathedrals only that suffered : commissioners 
 were appointed in every county to "reform" the parish churches, 
 and William Dowsing, under a warrant from the Earl of Manchester, 
 
 1 The learned and pious Bishop San- tnrn'd into Cannon against their Prince." 
 > derson, while Rector of Boothby Pagnel, See also p. vii. 
 Lincolnshire, took copies of the inscrip- ^ A friend has assured the author 
 tions in the Cathedral in 1641, probably that he lately counted 270 brassless 
 in conjunction with Mr. (afterwards Sir) slabs in St. Alban's Abbey. 
 Wm. Dugdale and Mr. Sedgwick, a skil- ' Sandys and Sir M. Livesey at Can- 
 ful arms-painter, who were sent by Sir terbury ; Cromwell at Peterborough ; 
 Christopher Hatton, in anticipation of Purefey at Warwick ordered his soldiers 
 the approaching storm of sacrilegious to beat down and deface the monuments 
 destruction, to copy the monuments in in St. Mary's Church, "standing by all 
 several cathedrals and churches. The the while and encouraging them." Mer- 
 di'awings of the monuments and brasses curius Rusticus, p. 69. Sir W. Waller, 
 at Lincoln, made by D.igdale, were lately at Chichester, " and the rest of the corn- 
 discovered by the Ven. Archdeacon Bon- manders standing b^' as spectators and 
 ney among some family documents be- approvers," &c., p. 141. 
 longing to the present Earl of Winchel- " Merc. Belg. WTiitlock's Mem., p. 
 sea. Beautiful and accurate copies of 514, "March 3, 1647, I find a Com- 
 these drawings have been taken by Dr. mittee ordered by the Commons, to cx- 
 Bonney, and presented by him to the amine the state of Ely Cathedral and 
 cathedi'al library. See " Lincoln Cathe- bring in an Ordinance for selling the 
 dral," p. 11, quoted supra, p. ex. note e. materials," &c. " October 26, an order 
 
 ' Hist, and Antiq. of the City and passed for the lead of the Cathedral 
 
 Cathedral of Hereford, 8vo. 1717, pp. of Worcester to be taken off and sold." 
 
 137, 138, and Preface. "The brass Ibid., pp. 277, 292. Walker, Suff., pt. i. 
 
 plates on her Grave- Stoaes as usual, p. 15.
 
 Cclvi DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. 
 
 who performed tins office for Suffolk in the years 1643, 1641, boasts 
 in his Journal of having destroyed 192 brasses in 53 churches of 
 that county only ; 30 of these were in one church (Allhallows, Sud- 
 bury) ; and at Wetherden "there was taken up 19 superstitious in- 
 scriptions that weighed 65 pounds." The following extract from 
 the journal of this parliamentary visitor will shew the usual mode of 
 proceeding: "110. Walberwick. Brake down 40 superstitious Pic- 
 tures ; and to take off 5 Crosses on the Steeple and Porch ; and we 
 had 8 superstitious Inscriptions on the grave stones^." In the 
 Churchwardens' Accounts of Walberswick are the following entries 
 relating to the same transactions : " 1644. April 8th, paid to Master 
 Dowson that came with the troopers to our church, about the taking 
 down of images, and brasses off stones, £0 „ 6 „ 0. . . . 1644. Paid 
 that day to others for taking up the brasses of gravestones befor the 
 officer Dowson came £0 „ 1 „ 0. . . . Eec. this 6th of January 1644 
 from out of the church, 40 pounds weyght of brasse, at three-pence 
 halfpenny per pound £0„ll„8y. A similar entry occurs in the 
 Churchwardens' Accounts of St. Margaret's, Westminster : " 1644. 
 Item, for 29 pound of fine brasse at 4d. a pound, and 96 pound of 
 coarse brasse at 3d. a pound taken off from sundrie tombe-stones in 
 the church. £1„13„6\" It is in retired village churches, or in 
 places where influential families resident in the neighbourhood op- 
 posed the destruction of the monuments of their ancestors, that the 
 monumental brasses chiefly escaped. While scarcely half-a-dozen 
 brasses of canons remain in our minsters, many are still to be found 
 over their graves at their country livings °. 
 
 * Dowsing's Journal, printed at the Daughter's soule." " From which par- 
 end of Wells's Rich Man's Duty, Oxford, ticulars it is easy to gather that this 
 p. 28. The capabilities of Dowsing for must mean Dr. Billingford, who by his 
 reading ancient inscriptions and deciding interpretation is metamorphosed into a 
 which were superstitious or which the maid, who, however, was commending 
 reverse, may be inferred from the ac- her daughter's soul to the Virgin Mary." 
 count he gives in his Journal of a brass Master's Hist, of Corpus Christi College, 
 at Cambridge: "At Benet Temple, Camb., 4to., 1753, pp. 38, 39. An en- 
 Dec. 28... There was seven superstitious graving of the figure of this brass is 
 engravings J one was to pray for the given supra, p. Ixxxii. A curious matrix, 
 soul of John Canterbury and his wife, as if of figures of angels, still remains on 
 And an Inscription of a Mayd praying the slab. 
 
 to the Sonn and Virgin Mary, 'twas in y Illustrations of Manners and Ex- 
 
 Lating, Me tibi — Virgo Pia Gentler pences, &c., Nichols, 1797, p. 190. 
 
 [sic, i. e. Genetrix] commendo Maria, a ^ Ibid., p. 51. 
 
 Mayd was born from me which I com- ^ Brasses have occasionally been found 
 
 mend to the oh Mary (1432) Richard buried in churches, as at St. Mary de 
 
 Billingford did commend this his Crypt, Gloucester, 1529 ; Royston,
 
 DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. Cclvii 
 
 It is not, however, the fanatic and the rebel only upon whom we 
 must charge the dilapidated state of our monumental brasses. Their 
 combined injuries, wholesale and deplorable as they were, have pro- 
 bably since been almost equalled by those arising from the dis- 
 honesty, carelessness, and apathy of the proper guardians of them. 
 A want of due vigilance at all times, and especially on occasion of 
 any accident or repairs done to our churches, has allowed vast 
 numbers of fine brasses to be either stolen or mutilated. Many that 
 were perfect when Gough published his work in 1786-99, and even at 
 the date of Cotman's plates (1819), are now sought for in vain, or, 
 if found, are sadly spoiled. Several of the brasses formerly at Great 
 Marlow, Bucks., St. Mary Magdalen, Oxford, and Ingham, Norfolk, 
 of which impressions were taken by Craven Ord, Esq., and Sir John 
 CuUum, and are now preserved in the British Museum, have also 
 been destroyed. The fine Elemish brass of Eobert Attelathe, 1376, 
 in existence in 1780, at St, Margaret's, Lynn, Norfolk, was, previously 
 to Stothard's visit to Lynn in 1813, given out of the church by the 
 churchwardens to a person who sold it for five shilUngs to a brass- 
 founder ''. In 1794 a gentleman went to copy the inscriptions on 
 the brasses at St. Alkmund's, Shrewsbury, and found that they had 
 been sold by order of the churchwardens to a neighbouring brazier '^. 
 A fine brass of the Clifton family, at Methwold, Norfolk, was sold 
 by the clerk to a tinker, from whom only a few uninteresting frag- 
 ments could be recovered"^. The brass of Koger Deincourt, Esq., 
 formerly at Upminster, Essex, shared the same fate^. Sometimes, 
 instead of being sold for old metal, the brasses were unscrupulously 
 made use of for various purposes connected with the church, as at 
 Meophara, Kent. " Mr. Copland, of Meopham, says that within the 
 memory of several old men now living at Meopham, some of the 
 bells of the church being to be new cast, and there being wanting 
 a sufficient quantity of metal to do it, some persons (one of whom is 
 now living) tore off all the brass inscriptions from the stones in the 
 church, except that of Eollhara before mentioned, and threw them 
 into the melted metal, to add to its quantity for casting the bells ^." 
 
 Herts., 1432; Fulhain, Middx., 1529; "^ Gough, Sep. Mon., vol. i. pt. i. 
 
 Kingston, Surrey, 1488. Perhaps some p. 121, 
 
 of these may have been purposely con- * Arch, Journ., vol. xiii. p. 182, 
 
 cealed to protect them from spoliation, ' Thorpe's Rcgistrum lloliense, 1769, 
 
 '' Cotman's Brasses, vol, i, p. 8. p, 777. 
 
 « Gent. Mag., 1794, pt. ii. p. 1,087. 
 
 11
 
 cclviii DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. 
 
 At Lutoiij Beds., in the last century by a vote of the parisli, which, 
 however, met with considerable opposition, a great number of old 
 brasses were melted down to make a chandelier for the church s. 
 
 On the occasion of any repairs or alterations in a church, the 
 brasses have almost always been allowed to become the plunder of 
 the workmen. Thus at Hereford " several were displaced when the 
 cathedral underwent its extensive repairs subsequently to the fall of 
 the west end in 1786, and no less than two tons weight was sold 
 to a brazier''." At the repairs of the church of Sheepy Magna, 
 Leicestershire, in 1778, "the brasses, it is said, were taken away 
 and sold for old metal \" The brass of Agnes Skinner disappeared 
 from Camberwell Church on a similar occasion in 1807 ^. The Rev. 
 M. A. Tierney, after describing the injury done to the church at 
 Arundel, Sussex, in 1782, by the falling of the roof of one of the 
 chapels, adds, that " the conversion of the chapel into a temporary 
 workshop a few years later, by enabling the workmen to purloin 
 the brass ornaments that still remained, completed the desolation 
 of the edifice K" At the hasty and most shameful destruction of the 
 church of St. Alkmund's, Shrewsbury, about the close of the last 
 century, " no care was taken to preserve the numerous gravestones, 
 brasses, tombs, and other ancient memorials with which the aisles 
 and chapels abounded. They were involved, with very few ex- 
 ceptions, in the common havoc, ike brasses were sold hy weight, and 
 the gravestones dispersed and converted to common uses ™." 
 
 Nor has the spoliation of sepulchral brasses been confined to a 
 period when little or no attention was paid to such memorials. Even 
 since the increased interest taken during the present century in 
 English antiquities and architecture, and the prevalence of church 
 restoration, the brasses have frequently been most disgracefully 
 treated. In fact, it may be safely stated that whenever a church 
 
 8 Davis's Hist, of Luton, p. 68. cxxxii., cxliii. 
 
 *" Britten's Hereford Catli., p. 55. ' Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. iv. pt. ii. 
 
 Some of tliese were bought by Mr. p. 831. 
 
 Gough, from whom happily they have ^ AUport's Camberwell, p. 129. 
 
 passed into the safe custody of J. B. ' Tierney's Hist, and Ant. of Arundel, 
 
 Nichols, Esq. The same gentleman has p. 622. 
 
 also a few brasses from St. George's '" Owen and Blakeway's Hist, of 
 
 Ciiapel, Windsor, and several rubbings Shrewsbury, vol. ii. p. 299. Some of 
 
 taken at the beginning of the present the Shrewsbury brasses are probably in 
 
 century, of brasses which are now lost ; the possession of a gentleman in the 
 
 see the engravings supra, pp. cxxvi., neighbourhood.
 
 DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. Cclix 
 
 containing several brasses has been 'restored,' as a general rule 
 these monuments have been more or less injured or stolen. This 
 is chiefly owing to a want of proper care being taken at first to pro- 
 tect all objects of value or interest from rough usage or depredation. 
 That this statement is not a mere assumption will be seen from tlie 
 following instances. It is not many years ago since the brass effigies 
 of Sir Wilham Corbet and lady, 1403, and probably others, at 
 Marcham, Berkshire, when the nave was rebuilt, were sold for 
 five shillings to a builder. During tlie repairs of Warkworth 
 Church, Northants., in 1841, among other atrocities, "all the brasses 
 of this church, excepting two, were thrown away unheeded, and 
 might have been purchased of the workmen for a pot of beer, until 
 Mr. Danby, the builder, greatly to his credit, buried them for secu- 
 rity beneath a large flag-stone in the nave of the church ^," where 
 they still remain. At Cottingham, Yorks., the fine brass of 
 Nicholas de Louth, founder of the chancel, was recently " torn from 
 the stone in which it was inlaid and thrown aside, while the stone 
 itself was cut up for the purpose of working in with the new uniform 
 paving °.'' The brasses in the church of Flamstead, Herts., were 
 lately taken away as the perquisite of the contractor for the repairs ; 
 they have, however, been restored to the parisli by order of the 
 Eural Dean, the Eev. D. Jenks. Within the last year or two, at 
 Higham Ferrers, Northants., the brasses were discovered, by a visitor, 
 covered with rubbish ; a huge beam had fallen upon that of William 
 Thorpe and wife, and greatly injured it, — in fact, the male effigy had 
 disappeared. At Deddington, Oxon., a clumsy workman had been 
 allowed to wrench off the early brass of a civilian which had 
 been nailed to a pew, and had broken it in two or three pieces p. 
 
 " Beesley's Hist, of Banbury, 1S41, farmer) to a blacksmith at Bloxham, 
 
 p. 612. for him to mend his plough with. The 
 
 " Report of Yorkshire Architectural blacksmith, not being accustomed to 
 
 Society, Oct. 5, 1851, printed 1855, work with such materials, sent word to 
 
 p. XX. Ecclesiologist for March, 1854, this guardian of the church and its 
 
 No. 100. sacred relics that it was of no use, be- 
 
 P Theauthor is indebted for this infor- cause it was not iron. It was then 
 
 mation to Chas. Faulkner, Esq., F.S.A., thrown aside in his shop, fiom whence 
 
 a resident at Deddington. ihe same it got into the hands of a general dealer 
 
 gentleman has in his possession an in- in Banbury, of whom Mr. Faulkner 
 
 scription, of the date 1497, which, bought it for 2s." At the same "re- 
 
 during or just after the restorations storations," a slab, with an inscription 
 
 at Hook Norton Church, Oxon., "was in Lombardic letters, commemorating 
 
 sent Vjy one of the churchwardens (a one of the noble family of the De Pies-
 
 Cclx DEMOLITION OF BRASSES. 
 
 Numerous other instances of a similar kind might easily be adduced, 
 several of whicli are noticed in the List forming the second part 
 of this volume ; it may be sufficient, however, to state that brasses 
 have recently been either lost or mutilated, chiefly during restorations, 
 at the following churches : — Great Barford (?), Milbrook, Beds. ; 
 Chigwell, Barking, Essex; Deerhurst, Gloucestershire; St. Mary de 
 Crypt, Gloucester ; Hereford Cathedral i ; Buckland, Wormley, 
 Herts. ^ ; Paulerspury, Northants. ; St. Michael's Coslany, Norwich ; 
 Chipping Norton, Lewknor, Oxon. ; Okeover, Staffordshire ^ ; Car- 
 shalton, Cobham, Leigh, Lingfield, Weybridge (?), Surrey, &c. 
 Or if preserved, the brasses are often broken in the removal, and 
 left loose in the parish chest, or sent to the house of the incumbent 
 or churchwarden, where, upon the change of occupiers, they are 
 extremely liable to be lost^ That these depredations have been 
 continued to the present day, is proved by almost every page of the 
 following List. It will be found in numerous instances that neither 
 the virtues and rank of the deceased, nor their benefactions to their 
 country or its institutions, have been able to protect their memorials 
 from spohation. Even the brasses of those who founded and en- 
 dowed our churches, colleges, and schools, have been allowed to go 
 to ruin under the eyes of those who are daily taught, and sheltered, 
 and fed by their pious bounty ". 
 
 sets, was shifted from its position and of Wm. Bordall, 1435, lately at Chis- 
 
 consigned to a coal-hole under the gal- wick, Middx., Vicar, and founder of the 
 
 lery stairs. The practice, now very com- Bell Tower, and of Joan Clerk, 1513, at 
 
 moil, of unnecessarily removing grave- St. Michael's Coslany, Norwich. See a 
 
 stones which mark the resting-place of communication fi-om Mr. J. L'Estrange, 
 
 the departed Christian in ages past, can- in Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., vol. vi. 
 
 not he too strongly condemned. p. 284. 
 
 1 See supra, p. clxiv. Under the pre- " See infra. Appendix C. Many of the 
 
 sent ahle architect, Mr. Scott, every care brasses there cited are in a very dilapi- 
 
 is being taken of the monuments in the dated condition ; for instance, that of 
 
 cathedral. John Fogg, c. 1490, who built the tower 
 
 ■■ The brass engraved supra, p. clxxxi., and enlarged the church of Ashford, 
 
 was lost at the Lite restorations. Kent. See also supra, p. cxxxviii. note p. 
 
 " See supra, p. li. note n. At Ching- The brasses of John Lyon, founder of 
 ford, Essex, Oulton, Suffolk, and Kentis- Harrow School, and of John Cook, 
 beare, Devon, the churches have lately founder of the Crypt School, Gloucester, 
 been broken into and the brasses stolen ; have been sadly mutilated. The canopies 
 see supra, p. cxxvii., cxlii. On the other of the brasses of the founders of Trinity 
 hand, a few brasses have been replaced Almshouses, Bristol, have disappeared, 
 in the churches from which they had In Belgium and other parts of the con- 
 been removed, as at Gorleston, Suffolk ; tiiient tlie brasses and incised slabs have 
 Bowers Gilford, Essex; Northleigh, met with similar, if not worse, treat- 
 Oxon. ; St. Nicholas, Warwick. meut. Several iustances of their spoli- 
 
 ' I'his was the ca^e with the brasses ation and desecration are pointed out
 
 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
 
 cclxi 
 
 It is to be hoped that the present list will contribute in some 
 degree to arrest these depredations ; and, by indicating the existing 
 mutilations, and the sources from which many of them may be sup- 
 plied, will also aid in their restoration. From many brasses small 
 portions only have been stolen; so that they might easily be re- 
 newed in their pristine perfectness ^. It would be something also 
 
 in a paper recently read on the subject 
 by Mr. James Weale, of Bruges : — " De- 
 puis 1840, quatre dalles en cuivre ont' 
 entierenient disparu ; une de celles-ci, 
 une magnifique dalle de la famille Cort- 
 scoef, peut-etre la plus curieuse dalle 
 funeraire de la Belgique, a ete mallieur- 
 eusement alienee par les fabriciens ou les 
 autorites de la cathedrale de Saint- 
 Sauveur a Bruges, et a probablement 
 ete fondue par celui qui I'a acbetee; 
 j'ai en ma possession un caique qui en 
 a ete fait en Aout 1841. Une autre, 
 longtemps exposee chez un marcband, 
 a Anvers, a ete sauvee par un Anglais 
 et se trouve actuellement dans ua musee 
 a Londi-es." [See supra, p. xx.] " EUe 
 represeute le sire Louis Corteville, 1504, 
 et Dume Colyne Van Caestre, 14'J6; 
 M. Cb. On^bena, a Gand, possede une 
 autre grande et curieuse dalle, qui re- 
 presente Leonard Betten, dernier abbe 
 de Saint-Trond, decede en Tan 1607, 
 probablement une des dernieres dalles 
 de cette espece qui aient ete executees 
 en Belgique. 11 I'a acbetee d un mar- 
 cband de vieux cuivre, qui allait la 
 fondre; elle pese plus de 100 kilo- 
 grammes. Depuis 1845, une belle dalle 
 en cuivre, representant Jacques Bave, 
 bourgeois, 1432, avec sa femme Kateliiie 
 I'oltus, 1464, qui se trouvait autrefois 
 dans une cbapelle de I'eglise de Saint- 
 Jacques a Bruges, a ete jetee parmi de 
 vieux objets de toute espece dans une 
 cave S, c6te de I'eglise, oh. elle se trouve 
 actuellement. Depuis 1850 une inter- 
 essaiite dalle en cuivre, portant au bas 
 une inscription de fondation, et repre- 
 sentant la Saiute Trinite avec Jean de 
 Dours et Catherine de Harlebecque, 
 agenouilles avec leurs patrons, a ete 
 deplacee de I'eglise de Saint-Brlce h, 
 Tournay et releguee parmi les objets 
 mobiliers hors de service; une autre 
 a disparu do la cbapelle paroissialo de 
 la cathedrale a Tournay. ... a Nieui)ort, 
 une trentaine do dalles out egalement 
 ete jetees hors de 1' eglise : celles-ci se 
 
 trouvent maintenant incrustees dans les 
 murailles exterieures, et deja le vent et 
 la pluie leur out fait beaticoup de tort. 
 Trois belles dalles en cuivre, qui se trou- 
 vaient autrefois dans cette eglise, sont 
 actuellement entre les mains d'un prete 
 a Bruges. . . . Dans les environs" de 
 Bruges, I Assebrouck, a Damme et k 
 Ettelgbem, il y a des fermes ou de belles 
 dalles, qui ornaient naguere leurs eglises, 
 servent a separer les vaches dans des 
 etables. La plus ancienne dalle S por- 
 trait de la Belgique se trouve actuelle- 
 ment dans la basse-cour d'une ferme 
 pres de Liege; et d'autres, quoiqu'elles 
 offrent les sujets les plus saints, servent 
 c\ couvrir des puits ou, des egouts." 
 Extrait du Compte-rendu du Congres 
 Artistique et Arcbeologique de Gand, 
 1858, pp. 4—6. 
 
 ^ That we have artists at the present 
 day capable of restoring satisfactorily 
 our mutilated memorials, is amply 
 proved by the numerous and appro- 
 priate modern brasses (see Appendix A) 
 which have been engraved and laid down 
 within the last five-aud-twenty years. 
 The brass of Dr. Davy, 1840, at Caius 
 College, Cambridge, engraved by Mr. 
 Archer, is an early sjiecimen of the re- 
 vival of this style of monument. See 
 also supra, p. xliii. note u. The brasses 
 of Messrs. Hardman and Messrs. Waller 
 approximate closely to the spirit of the 
 ancient works. These gentlemen bave 
 successfully restored several brasses, as 
 at Nevvton-by-Geddington, Nortbants., 
 and Baginton, Warwickshire. The 
 brasses of Mr. Archer have a peculiar 
 merit, although they are less like the 
 old examples; the modern dresses are 
 well adapted, a principle whicb ought 
 always to be followed; it is an evi- 
 dent absurdity to clothe effigies, like the 
 Roman Generals in Westminster Abbey, 
 in dresses which tlieir living originals 
 never wore. It is, however, suggested 
 that when any ancient peculiarities are 
 introduced, such as lions under the feet.
 
 Cclxii CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
 
 secured if those which are now loose were at once fixed safely y, and 
 those preserved at the houses of incumbents, churchwardens, parish- 
 clerks, or others, were replaced in the churches to which they be- 
 long. It is not with any desire to impute blame, but simply to 
 make them known to the authorities whose duty it is to watch over 
 these memorials, that as many such instances as possible have been 
 recorded in this volume; in order, as far as may be, to reahze the 
 injunctions contained in the proclamation of Queen Elizabeth, be- 
 fore quoted ^ 
 
 If these monuments were worthy of such "princely care" in 1569, 
 the few of them that remain after the lapse of three centuries are 
 surely deserving of some pains to save them from further injury. 
 
 " Although it be very hard to recover things broken and spoiled, 
 yet, both to provide that no such barbarous disorder be hereafter 
 used, and to repair as much of the said monuments as conveniently 
 may be, her majesty chargeth and commandeth all manner of per- 
 sons hereafter, to forbear the breaking or defacing of any parcel of 
 any moimment, or tomb, or grave, or other inscription and memory 
 of any person deceased, being in any manner of place ; or to break 
 any image of any kings, princes, or nobles, estates of this realm, or 
 of any other, that have been in times past erected and set up, for 
 the only memory of them to their posterity in common churches." 
 "And for such as be already spoiled in any church or chapel now 
 standing, her majesty chargeth and commandeth all archbishops, 
 bishops, and other ordinaries, or ecclesiastical persons, which have 
 authority to visit the churches or chapels, to enquire by presentments 
 of the curates, churchwardens, and certain of the parishioners, what 
 manner of spoils have been made, sithence the beginning of her 
 
 the rest of the design, as the canopy and large at the end, which was inserted 
 inscription, should be, as far as possible, into small holes cut in the slab, made 
 in keeping with them. larger at the bottom than at the top, 
 y Several brasses at Dunstable, Beds., and having small grooves leading from 
 which were loose in the church, were them to the edge of the brass ; the slab, 
 several years ago fastened by the parish- with the brass on it, was tilted on one 
 clerk (Sir. Derbysliire) to a board, and side, and small quantities of lead being 
 thus in all probability saved from spoli- poured down the grooves, filled the holes, 
 ation. In refixing brasses, pitch or and fixed the brass firiidy to the slab, 
 mastic melted and poured into the ma- When a brass is liable to be defaced, 
 trices should be used, and the plugs or from its position in the main thorough- 
 screws employed should be either en- fare of the church, it is desirable it 
 tirely of brass, or at least brass-headed, should be protected by matting. 
 In old brasses the plugs were made ' Supra, p. ccliii.
 
 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
 
 cclxiii 
 
 majesty's reign, of such monuments, and by whom ; and, if the 
 persons be living, how able they be to repair, and re-edify the 
 same; and thereupon to convent the same persons, and to enjoyn 
 them, under pain of excommunication, to repair the same, by a con- 
 venient day. . . . And if the party that offended be dead, and the 
 executors of the will left, having sufficient in their hands unad- 
 ministered, and the offence notorious, the ordinary of the place shall 
 also enjoin them to repair or re-edify the same, upon like or any 
 other convenient pain, to be devised by the said ordinary. And 
 when the offender cannot be presented, if it be in any cathedral or 
 collegiate church ... her majesty enjoineth, and straitly chargeth 
 the governors and companies of every such church, to employ such 
 parcels of the said sums of money (as any wise may be spared), upon 
 the speedy repair or re-edification of any such monuments so defaced 
 or spoiled, as agreeable to the original, as the same conveniently 
 may be."
 
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