iii *^ ^-^0 baa .jr\l I «BP>««se«s«fwg«8«WB;B^iw»»sf?^wv IAN 201912 GIFT LIBRARY OF THE University of California. ©IFT OF Class J 33 "? o J > Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.0rg/details/caesarneposOOjaneric.h 4-^ GRAECIJ CW' 1^" '* SCALE OF MILES ^ Ambracia IL. Acthnn. 4^ -^Pharsaluso t J '^0 O LO P E S \^-.., ^'Thermopylae <£ " A E T O L I A\.}-f-''^ffs 7PH0CIS,' iphi Delphi ; B o e o r / ^ ° ° ■§:etna ZACYNTHUS o ^ ''*''* q,Coronea ' ThSbae.-^ a+hon Elis --;--' -^ o ! =° Coanthus c ELISj o ^'ARGOL OlymRia / M^aatLa°!^^^o^g -^i — ^ / v /^ (^Q ""' LACONIA amis ^o^SAthenae S -jv*^ Saronicua ^' Troezen *, u s CHibs ANDROS ^ ^ OELOS ^Paroa^k (^XOS Sami aso ; oTralles \ ignesiaj q -| Caesar sends Galba against the N'antuates, Veragri, and Seduni. Galba goes into winter quarters at Octodurus, I. Cum in Italiam proficiscerettir Caesar, Servium Galbam cum legione duodecima et parte equitatus in Nantuates, Veragrds, Sedunosque misit, qui a finibus Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano ad 5 summas Alpes pertinent. Causa mittendi f uit quod ^ iter per Alpes, qu5 magn5 curn perlculo magnlsque cum -^A Beginning of the Third Book of the Gallic War, from a manuscript of the tenth century. Reduced one half. portdrils^ mercat5res ire c5nsuerant,^ patefieri volebat. Huic permisiti si opus esse arbitraretur, uti in his locis legionem hiernanj j|I causa collocaret. Galba, secundls ^ lo aliquot proelils factis jcastelllsque compluribus eorum expugnatisJ missis ad eum undique legatl^ ob^idibusque datis let pace f acta,\ c5nstituit cohortes duas in Nantu- aliquot, indecl. adj., several. I. quod iter . . . patefieri: 3. (Contracted from consueve- preserve the Latin order in ra'ht): were (lit. had become^ ac- translation ; iter is subject of customed. patefieri. 4. Translate the five ablatives ab- %. customs duty, solute by short, simple sentences, lO SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS atibus collocare et ipse cum reliquls eius legionis cohor- tibus in yico Veragrorum, qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare ; qui vicus positus in valle, non magna ^ adiecta pTlnitie,^ altissimis montibus undique continetur. Cum ^ 5 hie in duas partes flumine divideretur, alteram partem , eius vici Gallls concessit, alteram vacuam ab his re- lictam cohortibus attribuit. Eum locum vallo fossaque munivit. The mountain tribes revolt and occupy near-by heights, 2. Cum dies hibernorum complures transissent fru- lomentumque eo comportari iussisset, subito per expl5ra- t5res certior factus est ex ea parte vTcI quam Gallis concesserat omnes noctu discessisse montesque qui impenderent a maxima multitudine Sediindrum et Veragrorum teneri. Id* aliquot^ de causis acciderat, ut 15 subitd GallT belli renovandl legionisque opprimendae cdnsilium caperent : primum, quod legionem unam, neque® eam plenissimam, detractls^ cohortibus duabus et compluribus singillatim, qui commeatus petendi causa missi erant, absentibus^ propter paucitatem despicie- valles, vallis, f., a valley. assign, adici5, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, add; renov5, i, r^;^^w; cf. novus. cf. adH- iacio : adiecta as an adj., plenus, -a, -mn.,full. lying near. singillatim, adv. ; cf. singuli. attribuo, -ere, -tribui, -tribntum, paucitas, paucitatis, f. ; cf. pauci. 1. non magna = parva. (3) quod . . . dolebant, and 2. plain. (4) (quod) . . . habebant. 3. Causal. 6. and not. 4. Explained by ut . . . cape- 7. detractis . . . absentibus : rent. ' these ablatives absolute give the 5. aliquot de causis : these rea- reasons for neque eam plenis- sons are (i) quod . . . despicie- simam. bant, (2) quod . . . existimabant, 8. Abl. abs. with compliiribus, CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III II bant;^ turn etiam, quod propter iniquitatem ^ loci, cum ipsi^ ex montibus in vallem decurrerent et tela con- icerent, ne primum quidem impetum suum posse sus- tinerl existimabant. Accedebat quod suos ab se llberos 5 abstractos obsidum * nomine dolebant et R5manos ^ n5n solum itinerum causa, sed etiam perpetuae possessionis ^ culmina Alpium occupare conarl et ea loca finitimae provinciae adiungere sibi persuasum habebant. The Romans, called to a council^ determine to defend their position, 3. His nuntils acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hiber- ion5rum munitionesque plene essent perfectae neque de frumento reliquoque commeatu satis esset provisum, quod deditione facta obsidibusque acceptis nihil de bello timendum existimaverat, consilio celeriter convocat5 sententias exquirere ^ coepit. Quo in consilio, cum tan- 15 tum repentlnl periculi ^ praeter opinionem accidisset ac iam omnia fere superiora loca multitudine armatorum completa c5nspicerentur neque sub^idio ^ venirl ^^ neque commeatus supportari ^^ interclusis itineribus possent, prope iam desperata salute non nullae eius modi senten- 2otiae dicebantur, ut impedimentis relictis erupti5ne facta abstraho; cf. traho. adiung5; cf. iungo. culmen, culminis, n., top, 1. despised. 6. Sc. causa. 2. propter iniquitatem : onac- 7. ask for. count of the unfavorable char- 8. Partitive gen. with tan- acter; modifies sustineri. tum. 3. The mountaineers. 9. Dat. of purpose. 4. obsidum nomine: as (lit. 10. Impersonal and passive, under the name of) hostages. but translate as personal and 5. Romanes . . . adiungere ; active. Supply posset from pos- tells the fact which sibi persua- sent. sum habebant. 11. Cf. porto* 12 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS isdem itineribus quibus eo pervenissent ad salutem con- tenderent. Maiorl tamen parti placuit, hoc reservat5 ad extremum c5nsili5, interim rei eventum experiri^ et castra dSfendere. The Romans are attacked and outnumbered. 5 4. BrevI spatio interiecto,^ vix ut iis rebus ^ quas con- stituissent comparandls atque administrandis tempus daretur, hostes ^ ex omnibus partibus sign5 dato decur- rere, lapides gaesaque in vallum conicere. Nostrl prlm5 integris ^ viribus f ortiter propugnare ® neque ullum frustra lotelum ex loc5 superi5re mittere, et quaecumque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occur- rere et auxilium ferre ; sed h5c ^ superari, quod diutur- nitate^ pugnae hostes defessi proelio excedebant, alii integris ^ viribus succedebant ; quarum rerum ^^ a nostris 15 propter paucitatem fieri nihil poterat, ac non modo" defesso^^ ex pugna excedendi/^ sed ne saucio quidem eius loci ubi constiterat relinquendl ac sul recipiendi facultas dabatur. gaesum, -i, n., heavy javelin. frustra, in vain. integer, -gra, -grum, untouched^ saucius, -a, -um, wounded^ hurt, fresh. injured. 1. experiri and defendere: 6. Note the force of the pro subjects of placuit. Trans.: the in propugnare. majority voted to try, etc., and to 7. Abl. of specification. defend. 8. lo7ig duration. 2. Cf. iacio. 9. integris viribus : abl. of 3. Dative. description. 4. Nom. as subject of the 10. Partitive gen. with nihil, historical infinitives decurrere 11. non modo : sc. non. and conicere : so also nostri ... 12. defesso, sauci5 : indirect propugnare, line 9, etc. objects of dabatur. 5. integris viribus : abl. abs., 13. excedendi, loci relinquendl, denoting time. sui recipiendi : modify facultas. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 13 After a six hours' battle^ Galba decides upon a sally, 5. Cum iam amplius horis sex continenter pugnaretur/ ac n5n solum vires sed etiam tela nostros deficerent, atque hostes 5 acrius instarent, languidioribus- que^ nostris vallum scindere et fossas complere coepissent, res- que esset iam ad extremum per- ducta casum, P. Sextius Baculus, 10 primi pili centurid, quem ^ Ner- vic5 proeli5 compluribus con- fectum vulneribus diximus, et item C. Volusenus, tribunus mllitum, vir et c5nsilii magnl et i5virtutis, ad Galbam accurrunt ^ atque unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione facta extre- mum auxilium experirentur. Ita- que convocatis centurionibus ce- 2oleriter mllites certi5res facit paulisper intermitterent ® proelium ac tantummodo tela missa exciperent seque ex labore reficerent, post dato signo ex castrls erumperent atque omnem spem salutis in virtute pdnerent. languidus, -a, -um, listless. scindo, -ere, scidi, scissum, splits cut down. Cf. rescindo. pilus, -i, m., with primus, of the first rank (in a legion^ . Nervicus, -a, -um, of the Nerviu tantummodo, only. reficio ; cf. faci5. erumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, burst forth. 1. had been {and was still being) fought. 2. languidioribus nostris : abl. abs. of cause. 3. Subject of conf ectum (esse) . 4. rushed up. 5. This, together with the four following subjunctives, repre- sents imperative of direct dis- course. 14 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS The Gauls are completely routed. Galba goes into winter quarters, 6. Quod iussi^ sunt faciunt, ac subito omnibus portis erupti5ne facta neque cogn5scendi quid fieret neque sui ^ colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt. Ita com- mutata ^ fortuna eos qui in spem potiund5rum castrorum 5 venerant undique circumvent5s intercipiunt/ et ex ho- minum milibus ^ amplius xxx, quern numerum barbarorum ad castra venisse constabat, plus tertia parte interfecta reliquos perterritos in fugam coniciunt ac ne in locis quidem superioribus c5nsistere patiuntur. Sic omnibus lohostium c5piTs fusis armlsque^ exutis se in castra munl- tionesque suas recipiunt. Qu5 proelid factd, quod saepius fortunam temptare Galba nolebat atque alio^ se in hiberna c5nsili5 venisse meminerat, alils^ occurrisse rebus ^ videbat, maxime f rumenti commeatusque inopia i5perm5tus, postero die, omnibus eius vici aedificiis in- censis, in pr5vinciam revert! contendit ac nullo hoste prohibente aut iter demorante incolumem legionem in Nantuates, inde in Allobroges perduxit ibique hie- mavit. coUigo, -ere, -legi, -ledum, col- exuo, exuere, exui, exutum, draw led. off, despoil. consto, -stare, -stiti, -statum, memini, meminisse, defective, the stand together, stand firm. perfect, pluperf , and future perf. Here impersonal, // was agreed, having the meanings of the pres., // was ascertained. imperf. , and future respectively, fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, pour, remember. throw, rout. demoror, i ; cf. moror. 1. iussi sunt: sc. facere, of 5. ex milibus: modifies tertia which quod is object. parte. 2. sui colligendi: of collecting 6. Abl. of separation with themselves, i.e. of rallying. exutis which agrees with copiis. 3. changed. 7. one, other. 4. cut off; cf. intercept, 8. conditions. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 15 RESUME OF CHAPTERS 7-16 In northwestern Gaul, a revolt breaks out which is led by the Veneti, a seafaring tribe. To meet them, Caesar orders a fleet built, and places Brutus in command, while other staff officers are sent to engage the attention of certain other revolting tribes. Because of the peculiar situation of their towns, the Veneti for a time prolong the revolt. But when Caesar's new fleet arrives, the enemy is out- maneuvered and utterly defeated. Sabinus goes north against the Venelli, encamps and refuses battle. 17. Dum haec in Venetis geruntur, Q. Titurius Sabinus cum ils copils quas a Caesare acceperat in fines Venellorum pervenit. His praeerat Viridovix ac sum- mam imperil tenebat earum omnium civitatum quae 5 defecerant, ex quibus exercitum magnasque copias coegerat; atque his paucis diebus^ Aulerci Eburovices Lexoviique senatu suo interfecto, quod auct5res belli esse ndlebant, portas clauserunt ^ seque cum Viridovice coniunxerunt ; magnaque praeterea multitude undique 10 ex Gallia perditorum hominum latronumque convenerat ; alios spes praedandl studiumque bellandi ab agricultura et cotldiano labore sevocabat. Sabinus idoneo omnibus rebus loco castrls ^ sese tenebat, cum ^ Viridovix contra eum du5rum milium spatid consedisset cotidieque pro- isductls c5pils pugnandi potestatem faceret, ut iam non s5lum hostibus^ in contemptionem Sabinus veniret, sed auctor, auctoris, m., promoter ; agricultiira, -ae, f. ; cf. ager + here, responsible for. colo, cultivate. perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, give slyoto.i, call aside, over ^ ruin. As an adj. here. contemptio, contemptionis, f. ; cfc latro, latronis, m., robber^ thief Eng. contempt, brigand. 1. Abl. of time within which. 4. Concessive. 2. closed. 5. Dative of reference: trans., 3. Abl. of means. in the eyes of the enejfiy. l6 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS etiam nostr5rum militum vocibus ndnnihil carperetur ; tantamque opinionem ^ tim5ris praebuit ut iam ad vallum castrorum hostes accedere auderent. Id ea de causa f aciebat, quod cum tanta multitudine ^ hostium, prae- 5 sertim eo absente qui summam imperii teneret, nisi aequ5 loco aut opportunitate aliqua data legato dimican- dum n5n existimabat. Sabinus by stratagem induces the enemy to attack. i8. Hac confirmata opinione timoris idoneum quen- dam hominem et callidum delegit, Galium,^ ex iis ^ quos loauxilii causa secum habebat. Huic magnis praemiis pollicitationibusque persuadet uti ad hostes transeat, et quid fieri velit edocet. Qui ubi pro perf uga ^ ad eos venit, tim5rem Romanorum pr5p5nit, quibus angustiis ipse Caesar a Venetis prematur docet^ neque^ longius 15 abesse quin proxima nocte Sabinus clam ex castris exercitum educat et ad Caesarem auxilii ferendl causa proficiscatur. Quod ubi auditum est, conclamant omnes occasionem negotii bene gerendi amittendam non esse, carps, -ere, carpsi, carptum, cen- polliceor. sure. edoceo ; cf. doced. opportunitas, opportunitatis, f., clam, secretly. favorable chance. occasio, occasionis, f., chance^ op- callidus, -a, -um, shrewdy clever^ portunity. crafty. ' bene, melius, optime, adv. ; cf. pollicitatio, poUicitationis, f. ; cf. bonus. 1. impression, 6. docet has as objects quibus 2. cum . . . multitudine: mod- . . . prematur and neque longius ifies dimicandum. abesse, etc. 3. a Gaul. 7. neque ... quin : lit. and 4. {one) of those. it was not farther away but that. 5. pro perf uga : as though a abesse has for subject quin ... deserter. proficiscatur. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 1 7 ad castra Iri oportere. Multae res^ ad hoc consilium Gall5s hortabantur: superi5rum dierum Sablnl cuncta- ti5, perfugae c5nfirmatio, inopia cibariorum,^ cui rel parum diligenter ab iis erat pro visum, spes Venetici 5 belli, et quod fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt. His rebus adducti non^ prius Viridovlcem reliqu5sque duces ex concilio dimittunt quam ab iis sit concessum arma uti capiant et ad castra contendant. Qua re concessa laeti, ut* expl5rata victoria, sarmentis lo virgultisque collectis quibus fossas Roman5rum com- pleant,^ ad castra pergunt. Sabinus gains a complete victory. 19. Locus erat castrorum editus et paulatim ab imo acclivis^ circiter^ passus* mllie. Hue magn5 cursu contenderunt, ut quam minimum spatil ad se coUigendos 15 armandosque Rdmanis daretur, exanimatlque pervene- runt. Sabinus su5s hortatus cupientibus^ signum dat. Impeditis hostibus propter ea, quae ferebant, onera, subit5 duabus portis erupti5nem fieri iubet. Factum est^" opportUnitate loci, hostium Inscientia ac defatiga- cunctatio, cunctatiSnis, f., de- sarmentum, -i, n., twig. lay. virgulta, -orum, n., brambles. c5nfirmati6, c5nfirmationis, f. ; cf. perg5, -ere, perrexi, perrectum, confirmo. keep straight^ proceed. parum, minus, minime, too little^ inscientia, -ae, f . ; cf. scio. not sufficiently ; ci. -gaxYus. defatigatid, defatigationis, f., laetus, -a, -um, glad. weariness. 1. Explained by the four fol- 6. sloping upward. lowing noms. and quod ... 7. Adv. credunt. 8. Ace. of extent with acclivis. 2. food supplies, 9. Sc. eis as indir. obj. of dat. 3. non prius ... quam: no 10. factum est = il lurned out. sooner . . . t/ian. opportunitate —favorable char- 4. as though. acter. This and the following 5. Subjunctive of purpos'e. abls. denote cause. SECOND YEAR LATIN — 2 1 8 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS ti5ne, virtute militum et superiorum pugnarum exercita- ti5ne, ut ne unum quidem nostrorum impetum ferrent ac ^ statim terga verterent. Quos integris viribus mllites nostri consecuti magnum numerum eorum occlderunt ; 5 reliqu5s equites ^ consectati paucos ^ qui ex f uga evaserant rellquerunt. Sic uno tempore et de navali pugna Sabinus et de Sabini victoria Caesar certior factus est, civitatesque omnes se statim Titurio dediderunt. Nam ut ad bella suscipienda Gallorum alacer ac promptus est lo animus,^ sic mollis ac minime resistens ^ ad calamitates perf erendas mens ® eorum est. RESUME OF CHAPTERS 20-22 Crassus, realizing that he must meet a foe who has in former en- gagements vanquished Roman armies, takes unusual precautions. The Sotiates in Aquitania make an unsuccessful attack on the Romans and later, after entrapping Crassus in an ambush, are again routed and their town is seized. Their chief, Adiatunnus, attempts to es- cape with his six hundred faithful followers, but fails. Crassus urges the enemy to fight 23. Armis obsidibusque acceptis Crassus in fines Vo- catium et Tarusatium profectus est. Tum ver5 barbarl commoti, quod oppidum^ et natQra loci et manu mQni- consector, i, the frequentative navalis, -e ; cf. navis. form of c5nsequor. alacer, -oris, -ere, eager, evad5, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, go promptus, -a, -um, ready, forth, escape, mollis, -e, weak. 1. but. 5. sturdy. 2. Nominative. 6. purpose. 3. Obj. of rellquerunt. 7. Subject of expugnatum 4. spirit, (esse). CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 19 turn ^ paucis diebus ^ quibus eo ventum erat expugnatum cogn5verant, legates quoqueversus dimittere, coniurare, obsides inter se dare, copias parare coeperunt. Mittun- tur etiam ad eas civitates legati quae sunt citerioris Hi- 5 spaniae ^ finitimae ^ Aquitaniae ; inde auxilia ducesque arcessuntur. Quorum adventu ^ magna cum auctoritate ^ et magna cum hominum multitudine bellum gerere co- nantur. Duces vero ii deliguntur qui una cum Q. Ser- t5rio omnes annos fuerant summamque scientiam rei lomilitaris habere existimabantur. Hi consuetudine po- puli Romani loca capere,^ castra munire, commeatibus nostr5s intercludere instituunt. Quod ^ ubi Crassus ani- madvertit ^ suas copias propter exiguitatem ^^ non facile didiici, hostem et vagari et vias obsidere et " castris satis 15 praesidii relinquere, et ob eam causam minus commode frumentum commeatumque sibi supportari,^^ in dies ^^ ho- stium numerum augeri, non cunctandum existimavit quin pugna decertaret. Hac re ad c5nsilium delata, ubi om- nes idem sentire intellexit, posterum diem pugnae^* 20 cdnstituit. quoqueversus, in every direction ; obsided, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, cf. quoque+verto. besiege. diduco ; cf, duco. cunctor, i, delay. I. Here an adj. 6. assurance. 2. diebus and quibus: each 7. Here, select. an abl. of time within which, 8. and so. within a few days after they g. Introduces the six follow- had arrived there. ing infinitives. 3. Predicate gen. of posses- 10. small number. . sion. 1 1 . and still. 4. Agrees with quae and 12. Cf. porto. governs the dat. Aquitaniae. 13- in dies : day by day. 5. Abl. of cause. 14. Dative. 20 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS The enemy refuses battle and Crassus attacks them. 24. Prima luce productis omnibus c5piis, duplici acie instituta, auxiliis in mediam aciem coniectis, quid hostes consilii caperent exspectabat. IllI, etsi propter multitu- dinem et veterem belli gloriam paucitatemque nostro- 5 rum se tuto dlmicatur5s existimabant, tamen tutius esse^ arbitrabantur obsessis viis commeatu intercluso sine vulnere victoria potiri et, si propter inopiam rei frumentariae Roman! sese recipere coepissent, impedit5s in agmine et sub sarcinis^ infirmi5res animo adoriri co- logitabant.^ Hoc consilio probato ab ducibus, productis Roman5rum c5piis sese castris tenebant. Hac re per- specta Crassus, cum sua cunctatione^ atque opinione* timoris hostes ® nostros milites alacriores ad pugnandum effecissent, atque omnium voces audlrentur exspectari isdiutius n5n oportere^ quin ad castra iretur, cohortatus suos omnibus cupientibus ad hostium castra con- tendit. The enemy make a strong defense^ but Crassus is informed that the rear of the camp is weak. 25. Ibi cum^ alii fossas complerent, alii multis tells coniectis defens5res vallo muniti5nibusque depellerent, 20 auxiliaresque, quibus n5n multum Crassus confidebat, tuto, adv. ; cf. tutus. auxiliaris, -e, an adj. used here infirmus, -a, -um ; cf. firmus. as a noun, as often in the depello, -ere, depuli, depulsum; plural; cf. auxilium. cf. pello. 1. The subject is potiri. 6. Nominative. 2. baggage. 7. Depends on the idea of ' 3. planned. saying found in voces. 4. Cf. cunctor. 8. Introduces complerent, de- 5. appearance. pellerent, and praeberent. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 21 ad pugnam lapidibus telTsque subministrandis * et ad ag- gerem caespitibus comportandis speciem atque opini5- nem pugnantium praeberent, cum^ item ab hostibus constanter ac n5n timide pugnaretur telaque ex loco 5 superi5re missa non frustra acciderent, equites circum- itls^ hostium castrls Crasso renuntiaverunt non eadem esse diligentia ab '* decumana ^ porta castra munita faci- lemque aditum habere. Crassus charges the camp and kills three fourths of the enemy. 26. Crassus equitum praefectos cohortatus ut mag- lonls praemiis pollicitationibusque suos excitarent, quid fieri vellet ostendit. I 111, ut erat imperatura, eductis ils cohortibus quae praesidio castrls relictae intritae ab .la- bore erant et longi5re itinere circumductis,* ne ex ho- stium castrls c5nspici possent, omnium oculis mentibusque 15 ad pugnam intentis, celeriter ad eas quas diximus muni- tiones pervenerunt atque his prorutis prius in hostium castris constiterunt quam plane ab his viderl^ aut quid rei gereretur cognosci posset. Turn vero clamore ab ea parte audit5 nostrl redintegratls ^ vTribus, quod ^ ple- 2orumque in spe victoriae accidere consuevit, acrius im- pugnare coeperunt. Hostes undique circumvent! de- caespes, caespitis, m., sod. intendo, -ere, -tendi, tentum, circumeo ; cf. eo. direct toward. excito, I, arouse^ spur on. pr5ru5, -ere, -rui, -rutum, destroy^ intritus, -a, -um, unworn., un- break down, wearied. plane, clearly, 1. furnishing. 5. rear. 2. Introduces pugnaretur and 6. Modifies cohortibus. acciderent. 7. Sc. possent from posset. 3. Abl. abs. with castris: 8. Cf. integer. after riding around the camp. 9. Refers to acrius impugnare 4. frotft the side of. and is therefore neuter singular. 22 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS speratis omnibus rebus se per ^ munitidnes deicere et fuga salutem petere contenderunt. Quos" equitatus apertissimis campis consectatus ex milium l numero, quae '^ ex Aquitania Cantabrisque convenisse constabat, 5 vix quarta parte relicta multa^ nocte se in castra recepit. Nearly all Aquitania surrenders, 27. Hac audita pugna maxima pars AquTtaniae sese Crass5 dedidit obsidesque ultr5 misit, qu5 in numero f uerunt TarbellT, Bigerriones, Ptianil, Vocates, Tarusates, 10 Elusates, Gates, Ausci, Garumni, Sibusates, Cocosates ; paucae ^ ultimae nationes anni tempore c5nfisae, quod hiems suberat,^ id facere neglexerunt. Caesar proceeds against the Morini and Menapii, but they retreat to the stvamps. 28. E5dem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta iam aestas erat, tamen, quod omnI Gallia pacata Morini 15 Menapiique supererant^ qui in armis essent neque^ ad eum umquam legat5s de pace misissent, arbitratus id bellum celeriter confici posse, e5 exercitum duxit; qui^ longe alia ratione ac ^ reliqui Galli ^^ bellum gerere coe- campus, -i, m., plain. exigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, finish^ hiems, hiemis, f., winter. complete. 1. over. 4. only a few. 2. Refers to milium and is 5. was near at hand. subject of convenisse, which in 6. were left. turn is subject of constabat; 7- <^^^ • • • '^^t. transl. which it was understood 8. but they, had come, Q^tc. 9. than. 3. multa nocte: late at night. 10. Sc. gerebant as predicate. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 23 perunt. Nam quodintellegebantmaximas nati5nes quae proeli5 contendissent pulsas superatasque esse, conti- nentesque silvas ac paludes habebant, eo se suaque omnia contulerunt. Ad quarum initium silvarum cum Caesar 5 pervenisset castraque munire instituisset, neque hostis interim visus esset, dispersis in opere nostris, subito ex omnibus partibus silvae evolaverunt et in nostr5s im- petum fecerunt. Nostri celeriter arma ceperunt e5sque in silvas reppulerunt et compluribus interfecftis longius^ 10 impeditidribus ^ locis secuti pauc5s ex suTs deperdi- derunt.^ Caesar lays waste their country and then goes into winter quarter s» 29. Reliquis deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedere instituit et, ne quis ^ inermibus ^ imprudentibusque mlliti- bus ab latere impetus fieri posset, omnem eam materiam 15 quae erat caesa conversam ad hostem collocabat et pro vallo ad utrumque latus exstruebat. Incredibili celeri- tate magno spatio panels diebus c5nfecto, cum iam pecus atque extrema impedimenta a nostris tenerentur,® ipsi densiores silvas peterent, eiusmodi sunt tempestates 20 consecutae uti opus necessario intermitteretur et conti- nuatione imbrium diutius sub pellibus milites continerl continens, continentis, adj. ; cf. teneo. evolo, I, rush forth. deinceps, adv., one after another. caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesum, fell^ materia, -ae, f., material, timber. pecus, pecoris, n., cattle, sheep. tempestas, tempestatis, f. ; cf. Eng. tempest. continuatio, continuationis, f. ; cut. cf. Eng. continuation. imprudens, imprudentis, unwary. imber, imbris, m., rain. 1. too far. 2. rather difficult. 3. lost. 4. Modifies impetus. 5. inermibus . . . militibus: abl. abs. 6. were on the point of being seized* 24 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS non possent. Itaque vastatis omnibus eorum agris, vicls aedificiisque incensis Caesar exercitum reduxit et in AulercTs, Lexoviis, reliquis item civitatibus, quae proxime helium fecerant, in hlbernis collocavit. LIBER QUARTUS RESUME OF CHAPTERS 1-19 At this time practically all Gaul is under subjection to Rome. But Caesar realizes that the Germans menace the eastern border. Already two German tribes, the Usipetes and the Tencteri, who have been driven from their homes, have crossed the Rhine into Gaul and conquered the Menapii. Caesar fears an alliance between Gauls and Germans, and determines to make war on the Germans. He tells the Usipetes and the Tencteri that there is no place for them in Gaul, but that they may settle in the territory of the Ubii just east of the Rhine. They delay their reply to this suggestion, and make a treacherous but successful attack on the Romans. Prominent Germans come to Caesar to apologize for the attack, but are thrown into chains. Caesar rriakes-a sudden attack upon the Germans, and slays nearly all of them. That the Germans east of the Rhine may be duly impressed, Caesar decides to cross the river. He builds a bridge in the extraordinarily short time of ten days, crosses, ravages the neighboring country, recrosses, and de- stroys the bridge. Caesar decides upon an expedition to Britain^ but can get little information about the country. 20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentri5nes vergit, maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod omnibus fere Gallicis bellis ^ hostibus ^ nostris inde subministrata auxilia intellegebat et, si tempus ad bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi usul fore arbitra- batur, si modo insulam adisset, genus hominum perspe- exiguus, -a, -um, small. insula, -ae, f., island. J. Abl. of time when. 2. Indir. obj. of subministrata. 25 26 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS xisset, loca, portus, aditus c5gn5visset; quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. Neque enim temere^ praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque his ^ ipsis quicquam praeter oram^ maritimam atque eas regiones quae sunt 5 contra Galliam notum est. Itaque vocatis^ ad se undi- que mercatoribus neque ^ quanta esset Insulae magnitudd, neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque quern usum belli haberent aut quibus mstitutls uterentur, ne- que qul^ essent ad maiorem^ navium multitudinem idonei lo portus, reperlre poterat. To gather information Caesar sends Volusenus, who proves unequal to the task. 21. Ad haec c5gn6scenda, priusquam perlculum fa- ceret, idoneum esse arbitratus C. Volusenum cum navi longa praemittit. Huic mandat ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se quam primum revertatur. Ipse cum omni- 15 bus c5piis in Morin5s proficTscitur, quod inde erat bre- vissimus in Britanniam traiectus. Hue naves ^ undique ex finitimis regionibus et quam '' superi5re aestate ad Veneticum bellum fecerat classem iubet convenlre. In- terim, c5nsili5 eius c5gnito et per mercatores perlato ad 20 Britannos, a compluribus insulae civitatibus ad eum le- portus, -us, m., harbor. nosc5, -ere, novi, notum, leant ; in incognitus, -a, -urn, adj. ; cf. cog- perf. tenses, know. nosco. traiectus, -us, m., passage. illo, lo that place. classis, classis, i.^ fleet. 1. readily. series of indir. questions which 2. Dative with notum est, are the objects of reperire. refers to the traders. 6. Agrees with portus. 3. coast. 7. rather large. 4. vocatis . . . mercatoribus : 8. naves, classem : subjects of abl. abs. denoting concession. convenire. 5. neque quanta : introduce a 9. Its antecedent is classem- CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK IV 27 gati veniunt qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio populi Roman! obtemperare. Quibus auditis liberaliter pollicitus hortatusque ut in ea sententia permanerent^ e5s domum remittit et cum ils una Commium,^ quem ipse 5 Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cuius et Navis Longa. virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem esse arbitrabatur, cuiusque auctoritas in his regidnibus magnl ^ habebatur, mittit. Huic imperat quas possit adeat^ clvi- tates, horteturque^ ut populi Roman! fidem sequantur, loseque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet.^ Volusenus per- spectis regionibus, quantum ^ ei facultatis, dari potuit qui obtemper5, i, obey. fidelis, -e; cf. fides. 1. Cf. maneo. 2. Object of mittit. 3. Genitive of value. 4. Subjunctives expressing command after imperat. 5. quantum . . . qui : lit. how much of opportunity could be given to him who. 28 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderet, quint5 die ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat. RESUME OF CHAPTERS 22-31 Caesar prepares a fleet, crosses with part of his army to Britain, and after a sharp encounter with the natives effects a landing. The Britons retreat, but Caesar from lack of cavalry cannot pursue them. A few tribes submit, but Caesar determines to await his cavalry be- fore he advances farther. The transports in which his cavalry sail are driven back by a storm, and the fleet is nearly wrecked. The Britons, seeing their chance, plan to rebel. Caesar, however,, real- izes what their intentions are, repairs his fleet, and makes ready for emergencies. One Roman legion, separated from the others, is attacked by the Britons, 32. Dum ea geruntur, legidne ex consuetudine una 5 f rumentatum ^ missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspici5ne interposita, cum pars hominum^ in agrls remaneret, pars etiam in castra venti- taret, ii qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem mai5rem quam^ c5nsuetud5 ferret 10 in ea parte videri quam in partem Iegi5 iter fecisset. Caesar id * quod erat suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris initum consilii, cohortes ^ quae in statione erant secum in earn partem proficisci, ex reliquls duas in stationem suc- cedere, reliquas armari^et confestim sese subsequi iussit. 15 Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hosti- frumentor, \^ forage. pulvis, pulveris, m., dust, ventito, i , frequentative of venio. confestim, hastily. 1. Supine showing the pur- 4. Explained by aliquid . . . pose of missa. consilii. id quod erat : the 2. i.e. the Britons. fact. 3. quam consuetudo ferret: 5- Subject of proficisci. lit. than custom raised. 6. to arm themselves. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK IV 29 bus premi atque aegre sustinere et c5nferta legidne ex omnibus partibus tela conicl animadvertit. Nam quod, omnI ex reliquis partibus demess5 f rumento, pars una ^ erat reliqua, suspicati hostes hue nostros esse venturds 5 noctu in silvis delituerant ; turn disperses ^ depositis armis in metend5 occupatos subit5 adorti paucis inter- fectis reliquos incertis^ ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedls circumdederant. RESUME OF CHAPTERS 33-35 The Romans are thrown into confusion by the war chariots of the Britons, but Caesar frees the legion from its dangerous position. The enemy collect in large numbers, attack the Romans, and are defeated. Caesar returns to Gaul. 36. E5dem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem 10 de pace venerunt. His * Caesar numerum obsidum quem ante imperaverat duplicavit eosque in continentem ad- duci iussit, quod propinqua ^ die aequinoctii inflrmis navi- bus hiemi navigationem subiciendam non existimabat. Ipse id5neam tempestatem nactus paulo post mediam 15 noctem naves solvit ; quae omnes incolumes ad conti- nentem pervenerunt ; sed ex ils onerariae duae e5sdem demeto, -ere, -messui, -messum, aequinoctium, -i, n., />^^ ^^?^/;w^;r; reap. cf. aequus + nox. delitesco, -ere, -litui, , hide. navigatio, navigationis, f., sailing. ineto ; cf. demeto. solvo, -ere, solvi, soliitum, loosen', incertus, -a, -urn ; cf. certus. with naves, weigh anchor. essedum, -i, n., chariot. onerarius, -a, -um (with naves), duplico, I, double. transports i cf. Y.ng. freighters, 1. only one. 4. Dative of reference. 2. Agrees with nostros. 5. propinqua die and infirmis 3- incertis ordinibus : abl. abs. navibus: abls. abs. of cause, of cause. modifying subiciendam. 30 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS portus, quos reliquae, capere n5n potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt. The Morini attack part of the Romans as they return to GauL 37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi mllites cir- citer trecenti atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos 5 Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti prlm5^ non ita magno suorum numer5 circumsteterunt ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma p5nere iusserunt. Cum illl orbe facto sese defenderent, celeriter ad^ clamorem hominum^ circiter milia sex convenerunt. 10 Qua re nuntiata Caesar omnem ex castrls equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum ho- stium sustinuerunt atque amplius h5risquattuorfortissime pugnaverunt et paucis vulneribus acceptis complures ex els occlderunt. Postea * vero quam equitatus noster in 15 conspectum venit, hostes abiectis armis terga verterunt magnusque eorum numerus est occisus. Labienus conquers the Morini, and the army goes into winter quarters. 38. Caesar posterd die T. Labienum legatum cum iis legionibus quas ex Britannia reduxerat in Morinos, qui rebellionem fecerant, mIsit. Qui cum propter siccitates 2opaludum qu5^ se reciperent n5n haberent, qu5 perfugid infra, adv., below. abicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum ; cf. expono ; cf. pono ; in pass., dis- iacio. embark. rebellio, rebellionis, f. ; cf. re 4- trecenti, -ae, -a; cf. tres + cen- bello. turn. siccitas, siccitatis, f., droughty praeda, -ae, f., booty. drying out. orbis, orbis, m., circle, perfugium, -i, n., refuge^ retreat. 1. Adverb. 4. postea . . . quam : after, 2. dAzXdLmbXQXSL'. at their shout. 5. quo . . . haberent: lit. had 3. Modifies milia, not where they might retreat. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK IV 3 1 superiore anno erant usi, omnes fere in potestatem Labieni venerunt. At Q. Titurius et L. Cotta legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones dOxerant, omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis succlsis, aedificiis in- 5 censis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis ex litteris Caesaris lodierum viginti supplicatio a senatu decreta est succido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, cut down. LIBER QUINTUS RESUME OF CHAPTERS 1-5 Caesar realizes on his return to Gaul that, for a successful invasion of Britain, he needs a large army and fleet. He gives instructions that they be made ready, and goes himself to quiet a threatened dis- turbance among the Treveri. Upon his return a fleet of 800 ships and five legions with 2000 cavalry are found ready. Treachery of Dumnorix. 6. Erat una cum ceteris^ Dumnorix Haeduus, dc qu5 ante^ a nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis c5nstituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperil, magnl animi, magnae inter Gallos 5 auctoritatis c5gn5verat. Accedebat hue quod in concilio Haeduorum Dumnorix dixerat sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri ; quod dictum Haedui graviter ferebant, neque^ recusandi aut deprecandi* causa legates ad Caesarem mittere audebant. Id factum ex suis hospiti- 10 bus ^ Caesar cognoyerat. I He ^omnibus prim5 precibus petere contendit ut in Gallia relinqueretur, partim quod Insuetus navigandi mare timeret, partim quod religioni- bus impediri sese diceret. Posteaquam id obstinate sibi insuetus, -a, -um, unaccustomed^ religio, religionis, f., religion, unused. scruples. navigo, i, sail. obstinate, firmly^ stubbornly^ mare, maris, n., sea. resolutely. I. the others. 4. of begging off. 2. In Bk. I, 18-20. 5. i.e. friends of Dumnorix. 3. and yet. 6. i.e. Dumnorix. 32 CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 33 negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi adempta principes Galliae sollicitare,^ sevocare singulos hortarique coepit ut in continenti remanerent ; metu territare :^ Non sine causa fieri ^ ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur; id esse con- 5 silium Caesaris, ut quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur, hos omnes in Britanniam traductos necaret : fidem reliquis interponere,^ ius iurandum poscere ut quod ^ esse ex^ usu Galliae intellexissent communi consilio administrarent. Haec a compluribus ad Caesarem 10 deferebantur. Dumnorix deserts and is slain. 7. Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum^ civitati Haeduae dignitatis tribuebat, coercendum ^ atque deter- rendum quibuscumque rebus posset Duhinorlgem statue- bat et, quod longius eius amentiam ^ progredi videbat, 15 prospiciendum ^^ ne quid " sibi ac rel publicae nocere posset. Itaque dies circiter xxv in eo loc5 commoratus, quod Corns ventus navigationem impediebat, qui mag- nam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, adimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, re- spolio, i, strip. move. noceo, 2, injure. metus, metus, va.yfear, anxiety, commoror, i ; cf. moror. dread. ventus, -i, m., wind. territa, i, alarm. fl5, blow. 1. tamper with. ' 6. ex usu : to the advantage 2. Historical inf. of. 3. fieri, esse: infs. in indir. 7. tantum dignitatis tribue- disc. depending on the idea of bat: he paid so much respect. saying in territare. 8. control. 4. interponere, poscere: his- 9. folly. torical infs. interponere: pledge. 10. prospiciendum (esse) : ^^ 5. quod . . . intellexissent: must see to it ; depends on statu- noun clause, the object of admi- ebat. nistrarent. 1 1 . quid nocere : do any harm. SECOND YEAR LATIN — 3 34 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS dabat operam ut in ofifici5 Dumnorigem contineret, nihilo ^ tamen setius omnia eius consilia cognosceret ; tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem milites equitesque conscendere naves iubet. At omnium animis impeditis 5 Dumnorix cum equitibus Haeduorum a castrls in- sciente^ Caesare domum discedere coepit. Qua re nuntiata Caesar intermissa profectione atque omnibus rebus postpositis magnam partem equitatus ad eum Insequendum mittit retrahique^ imperat; si vim faciat loneque pareat/ interfici iubet, nihil hunc se absente pro ^ sano facturum arbitratus, qui^ praesentis ^ imperium neglexisset Ille autem revocatus resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem implorare coepit saepe clamitans liberum se llberaeque esse civitatis. I 111, ut erat i5imperatum,circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt ; at equites Haedul ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur. RESUME OF CHAPTERS 8-11 About the 20th of July B.C. 54 Caesar sets sail, and arrives in Britain on the next day. The Britons offer no objections to his landing, but, upon the Romans' advance inland, resistance is made, which proves unsuccessful. Caesar is compelled 'to return to his fleet because of news that his ships have been wrecked by a storm. While he is making repairs, the Britons unite against him. conscendo, -ere, -scendi, -scensum, retraho ; cf. traho. climb upy embark. sanus, -a, -um, sensible, postpone; cf. pono. . tlamito, i, shout out. 1. nihilo tamen setius: but 4. obey. nevertheless. 5. pro san5 : as a sensible per- 2. Cf. scio. son. 3. The infinitive with impero 6. since he. is rare. 7. Sc. ipsius (Caesaris). CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 35 Caesar^ s description of Britain audits inhabitants, which, however, contains many inaccuracies. 12. Britanniae pars interior ab ils incolitur quos ^ natos in Insula ipsa memoria proditum^ dicunt, maritima pars^ ab ils qui praedae ac belli inferendl causa ex Belgi5 transierunt (qui omnes fere isdem n5minibus civitatum appellantur quibus orti ex civitatibus e5 pervenerunt) et bello illato ibi remanserunt atque agros colere coeperunt. Silver denarius, struck 38-36 B.C., enlarged to twice the original size. Ob- verse : head of Caesar. Reverse : standard, eagle, plow, scepter. Hominum est inflnita multitud5 creberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia, pecoris magnus numerus. Utun- tur aut nummo aureo aut talels ferreis ad certum pon- lodus examinatis pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum^ colo, -ere, colui, cultum, ////, cul- tivate. infinitus, -a, -um ; cf. finis, nummus, -i, m., jnoney, coin. aureus, -a, -um, gold. talea, -ae, f., bar. ferreus, -a, -um, iron. examine, i, weigh. plumbum, -i, n., lead. I. quos nat53 (esse) : subject of proditum (esse) : transl., whose origin on the island itself is handed down, they say, by tradi- tion^ 2. handed down. 3. Sc. incolitur. 4. plumbum album : lead, here tin. white 36 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS album in mediterraneis regi5nibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed eius exigua ^ est copia ; acre utimtur importato. Materia cuiusque generis ut in Gallia est praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et galllnam et anserem gu- 5 stare fas ^ n5n putant ; haec tamen alunt ^ animi volupta- tisque ^ causa. Loca sunt temperatiora quam in Gallia remissioribus frigoribus,^ 13. Insula natura triquetra, cuius unum latus est con- tra Galliam. Huius lateris alter ^ angulus, qui est ad loCantium, qu5 fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, Inferior^ ad meridiem^ spectat. Hoc latus pertinet circiter milia passuum quingenta. Al- terum ^ vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia Insula, dimidio minor, ut 15 existimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatid trans- missus atque ^^ ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu est Insula, quae appellatur Mona ; com- plures praeterea min5res obiectae " Insulae existimantur ; de quibus insulls nonnulli scrlpserunt ^^ dies continuds albuS; -a, -um, white. remissus, -a, -um, tnoderate. mediterraneus, -a, -um ; cf. triquetrus, -a, -um, triangular. medius + terra. angulus, -i, m., angle. aes, aeris, n., copper. appelld, -ere, -puli, -pulsum ; cf. fagus, -1, f., beech tree. pello. abies, abietis, f.,/r /r^^. occidens, occidentis, falling, set- lepus, leporis, m., a hare. ting. gallina, -ae, f., a hen. dimidius, -a, -um, divided in the anser, anseris, m., a goose. middle; cf. di + medius. Here gusto, I, taste. a subst., half. temperatus, -a, -um, mild. transmissus, -us, m. ; cf. mitto. 1. limited. 7. Correlative with alter. 2. right. 8. south. 3. raise. 9. the second {sidt). 4. pleasure. 10. as. 5. the cold. II. Sc. esse. 6. the one. 12. have written. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 37 XXX sub brumam esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo percon- tationibus^ reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua'^ mensuris breviores esse quam in continent! noctes videbamus. Huius est longitude^ lateris, ut fert illorum opini5, 5 Dcc milium. Tertium est contra septentriones ; cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus alter maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc milium passuum Dccc in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis In- sula est in circuitu vicies centum milium passuum. lo 14. Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, ne- que multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interi- ores plerlque frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestitL ^ Omnes ver5 se BritannI 15 vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efificit col5rem, atque hoc horribiliores sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilloque * sunt promisso atque omni parte ^ corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. bruma, -ae, f., shortest day (for vitrum, -i, n.,w^rt;<3^ (a plant used brevissima dies), midwinter. in dyeing). aqua, -ae, f., water. inficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, put on, mensura, -ae, f., measure .^ tneas- stain. urement. caeruleus, -a, -um, sky -like , i.e. vicies, adv., twenty times; cf. blue. viginti. color, coloris, m., color. humanus, -a, -um, refined, civil- horribilis, -e, dreadful. ized. aspectus, -us, m., appearance. sero, -ere, sevi, satum, plant, capillus, -i, m., hair. sow. promitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, let lac, lactis, n., milk. grow. caro, carnis, w., flesh. rado, -ere, rasi, rasum, shave. VIVO, -ere, vixi, victum, live. labrum, -i, n., lip. vestio, 4, clothe. 1. inquiries. 3. Cf. longus. 2. Here refers to the '^ water- 4. Ablatives of description, clock," shaped like an hourglass. 38 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS RESUME OF CHAPTERS 15-23 The Britons engage the Romans in several battles, but are defeated in each instance. Cassivellaunus changes his tactics from pitched battles to harassing the Romans, but, influenced by the desertion of many tribes, finally submits. Caesar quarters his army among various tribes for the winter. 24. Subductis navibus concilidque Gallorum Samaro- brlvae peracto, quod e5 anno frumentum in Gallia prop- ter siccitates angustius prdvenerat, coactus est aliter ac^ superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare 5 legidnesque in plures civitates distribuere. Ex quibus unam in Morin5s ducendam C. Fabio Iegat5 dedit, alte- ram in Nervi5s Q. Ciceroni, tertiam in Esuvios L. Ros- cio quaestori; quartam in Remis cum T. Labieno in confinid Treverorum hiemare iussit ; tres in Belgio col- jolocavit ; his M. Crassum quaestorem et L. Munatium Plan- cum et C. Trebonium legatos praef ecit. Unam legionem, quam proxime trans Padum conscrTpserat, et cohortes quinque in Eburdnes, qu5rum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorlgis et 15 Catuvolcl erant, misit. His mllitibus Q. Titurium Sabl- num et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatds praeesse iussit. Ad hunc modum distribiitis legionibus facillime inopiae rel frumentariae sese mederi posse existimavit. Atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna, praeter eam^ 20 quam L. Roscio in pacatissimam et quietissimam partem perago, -ere, -egi, -actum, acconi- confinium, -i, n., neighborhood, plish^ finish, hold. locality. provenio ; cf. venio. medeor, -eri, , with dative, distribuo, -ere, -tribui, -tributum, remedy. assign, distribute, quietus, -a, -um, calm. I. than. 2. Sc. legionem. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 39 ducendam dederat, milibus passuum centum contineban- tur. Ipse interea, quoad legidnes collocatas munitaque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari c5nstituit. An especial friend of Caesar is killed. 25. Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, 5 cuius maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. Huic Caesar pr5 eius virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singular! eius opera fuerat usus, mai5rum locum restituerat. Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimici^ palam multis ^ ex civitate auct5ribus^ 10 interf ecerunt. Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod^ ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, L. Plancum cum legione ex Belgi5 celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare, quorumque^ opera^ cogn5verit Tasgetium interfectum, 15 hos comprehensos ad se mittere. Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoribusque quibus legi5nes tradiderat certior f actus est in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis ^ esse munitum. The Eburones attack the Roman camp, 26. Diebus circiter xv quibus in hiberna ventum est, 2oinitium repentlnl tumultus^ ac defectionis^ ortum est ab Ambiorige et Catuvolco, qui, cum ^^ ad fines regnl sul quoad, until. palam, openly. benevolentia, -ae, f. ; cf. bene + impulsus, -us, m., instigation. V0I6. comprehendo, -ere, -prehendi, regn5, i, reign. -prehensum, catch., arrest. 1. Cf. amicus. 5. Has hos for its antecedent. 2. multis . . . auctoribus : abl. 6. Modifies interfectum. abs. 7. Dative. 3. promoters. 8. uprising. 4. quod . . . pertinebat: be- 9. revolt, cause many were involved. 10. Concessive. 40 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS Sabino Cottaeque praest5^ fuissent frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treveri nuntiisim- pulsi suos concitaverunt subitoque oppressis lignat5ribus magna manu ad castra oppugnanda venerunt. Cum 5 celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallumque ascendissent atque, una ex parte Hispanis equitibus emissis, equestri proeli5 superidres fuissent, desperata re hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. Tum suo m5re conclamave- runt uti aliqul^ ex nostris ad colloquium pr5dlret : lo Habere sese quae de re communi dicere vellent, quibus rebus controversias minui posse sperarent Ambiorix at a conference advises the Romans to withdraw. 27. Mittitur ad e5s colloquendl causa C. Arpineius, eques Romanus, familiaris Q. Tituri, et Q. Junius ex Hispania quidam, qui iam ante missu^ Caesaris ad 15 Ambiorlgem ventitare consuerat ; apud ^ qu5s Ambiorix ad hunc modum locutus est: Sese pro Caesaris in se beneficiis plurimum el^ confiteri^ debere, quod eius opera stipendi5 liberatus esset quod Aduatucis, finitimls suis, pendere consuesset, quodque ei ^ et f ilius et fratris filius 20 a Caesare remissi essent, qu5s Aduatuci obsidum numer5 missos apud se in servitute et catenis tenuis- praesto, adv., at handj ready, in controversia, -ae, f., quarreL readiness. missus, -us, m. ; cf. mitto. concito, I, arouse. confiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, con- lignator, lignatoris, m., wood- fess. cutter. libero, \,free. 1. praesto fuissent : they had 4. an^ud-qvios: in their presence, offered their services. 5- Caesar. 2. Singular. 6. The main verb in indir. 3. missii Caesaris: sent by discourse. Caesctr. 7. Ambiorix, CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 4 1 sent ; neque id quod f ecerit de oppugnatione castrorum aut iudicio aut voluntate sua f ecisse, sed coactu civitatis ; suaque esse eiusmodi imperia ut n5n minus haberet iuris^ in se multitudo quam ipse in multitudinem. 5 CivitatI porro banc fuisse belli causam, quod repentlnae Gallorum coniurationi ^ resistere n5n potuerit. Id se facile ex humilitate sua probare posse, quod non ade5 sit imperitus^ rerum ut suis copiis populum Romanum superari posse confidat. Sed esse Galliae commune 10 consilium ; omnibus hibernis Caesaris oppugnandis hunc esse dictum diem, ne qua legio alteri legioni subsidio venire posset. N5n facile Gallos Gallis negare* potuisse, praesertim cum de recuperanda communi libertate consilium initum videretur. Quibus^ quoniam 15 pro® pietate satisf ecerit,^ habere nunc se rationem * officii pr5 beneficiis Caesaris ; monere, orare Titurium pro hospitio ut suae ac militum saluti consulat. Mag- nam manum Germanorum conductam^ Rhenum trans- isse ; banc affore^^ bldu5. Ipsorum esse consilium ^^ 2ovelintne, priusquam f initimi sentiant, eductos ex hibernis milites aut ad Ciceronem aut ad Labienum deducere, qu5rum alter milia passuum circiter quinquaginta, alter paulo amplius ab iis absit. Illud se polliceri et iure coactus, -us, m. ; cf. cogo. adeo, to such an extent, ■poxxo^ furthermore. recupero, i, recover. humilitas, humilitatis, f., weak- pietas, pietatis, f., patriotism^ ness. loyalty. 1. power. 8. rationem officii : regard 2. Cf. coniuro. for his duty. 3. Cf. peritus. 9. hired. 4. refuse. 10. would be here. 5. Gauls. II. consilium velintne : it was 6. as to. their business (to consider) 7. appeased. whether they wished. 42 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS iurando confirmare, tutum se iter per suos fines daturum. Quod cum faciat, et civitati sese consulere,^ quod hiber- nis levetur, et Caesari pro eius meritis gratiam referre.^ Hac oratione habita discedit Ambiorix. The members of the council disagree. 5 28. Arpineius et lunius quae audierant ad legates deferunt. I Hi repentina re perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea dicebantur, tamen non neglegenda existimabant, maxi- meque hac re permovebantur, quod civitatem ignobilem atque humilem Eburonum sua sponte populo Roman5 lobellum facere ausam vix erat credendum.^ Itaque ad c5nsilium rem deferunt, magnaque inter eos^ exsistit controversia.'' L. Aurunculeius compluresque tribuni militum et primdrum ordinum centuriones nihil temere agendum neque ex hibernis iniussu ^ Caesaris disceden- 15 dum existimabant; quantasvis Ambiorlgis magnas etiam copias Germanorum sustineri posse munltis hibernis docebant ; rem ^ esse testimdnio/ quod primum hostium impetum multis ultro vulneribus illatis f ortissime sustinu- erint ; re frumentaria n5n premi ; interea et ex proximis 20 hibernis et a Caesare conventura subsidia ; postrem5 quid esse levius aut turpius ^ quam auctdre hoste de sum- mis rebus capere c5nsilium ? levo, I, lighten^ relieve. quantusvis, quanta vis, quant um- ignobilis, -e ; cf. nobilis. vis ; cf. quantus + volo. humilis, -e, obscure. postremo, finally^ lastly, i7t cojt- exsistd, rcre, -stiti, -stitum, arise. elusion. 1. Progressive present. 5. without the order. 2. to be believed. 6. Refers to the quod clause. 3. /.^. the councilors. 7. proof. 4. dispute, 8. more disgraceful. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 43 Titurius expresses his opinion. 29. Contra ea Titurius sero facturds clamitabat/ cum maiores manus hostium adiunctls^ Germanis convenis sent, aut cum aliquid calamitatis in proximis hibernls esset acceptum. Brevem consulendi esse occasionem. 5 Caesarem se arbitrarl prof ectum in Italiam ; neque aliter Carnutes interficiendi Tasgeti consilium fuisse^ cap- Obsidio turos, neque Eburdnes, si ille adesset, tanta contemptione nostrl^ ad castra venturos. Sese^ non hostem auctorem, sed rem spectare ; subesse Rhenum ; magno esse Ger- lomanis dolori^ Ariovisti mortem et superi5res nostras sero, late.) too late. 1. shouted. 2. Cf. iungo. 3. fuisse captur5s : have adopted. 4. Objective genitive. 5. sese . . . spectare : he was not considering the enemy as his would authority.) but was looking at the facts. 6. a source of grief 44 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS victorias ; ardere Galliam tot contiimeliis acceptis sub populi Romani imperium redactam, superiore gloria rel militaris exstincta. Postremd quis hoc^ sibi^ persuaderet, sine certa spe Ambiorlgem ad eiusmodi cdnsilium 5 descendisse ? Suam sententiam in ^ utramque partem esse tutam : si nihil esset durius, null5 cum periculo ad proximam legionem perventuros ; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis consentiret, unam esse in celeritate positam salutem. Cottae quidem atque e5rum qui dissentirent lo consilium quem habere^ exitum ? in quo si non praesens periculum, at certe longinqua obsidione fames esset timenda. Sabinus disclaims responsibility, 30. Hac in ^ utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a Cotta primisque ordinibus acriterresisteretur, ' Vincite/® i5inquit/ ' sf ita vultis/ Sabinus, et id clariore voce, ut magna pars militum exaudiret; * neque is sum,' inquit, * qui gravissime ex^ vobis mortis periculo terrear; hi^ sapient; si gravius quid accident, abs te rationem repos- arded, -ere, arsi, arsum, bur 71. obsidio, obsidionis, f., siege. tot, indecl. adj., so jnany. disputatio, disputationis, f ; cf. exstinguo, -ere, -stinxi, -stinctum, puto. destroy. clarus, -a, -um, clear, loud. descends, -ere, -scendi, -scensum, vos, vestrum or vestri, plu. of tu, descend, resort. you. dissentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensum, terreo, 2 ; cf perterreo. disagree. sapio, -ere, sapivi, , under - exitus, -lis, m., outcome. stand. 1 . of this. 5 . in utramque partem : on 2. Refers to quis. either side. 3. in utramque partem : for 6. have your own way. either contingency. 7- said. 4. Infinitive is used because 8. ex vobis : used for a partit. the question here is equivalent gen. with qui. to a statement. 9 ^•^' milites. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 45 cent, qui, si per te liceat, perendino die cum proximis hibernis coniuncti communem cum reliquls belli casum sustineant,^ non reiecti et relegati longe a ceteris aut ferro^ aut fame intereant.' Sabinus prevails. 5 31. Consurgitur ex consilio; comprehendunt^ utrum- que ^ et orant ne sua dissensi5ne et pertinacia rem in summum periculum deducant : Facilem esse rem, seu maneant, seu proficiscantur, si modo unum omnes sen- tiant ac probent ; contra in dissensione nilllam se salu- 10 tern perspicere. Res disputatione ad mediam noctem perducitur. Tandem dat ^ Cotta permotus manus ; superat sententia Sabinl. Pronuntiatur prima luce itu- ros. Consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, cum sua quisque miles circumspiceret, quid secum portare posset, 15 quid ex instrumento hibernorum relinquere cogeretur. Omnia excogitantur quare nee sine pericul5 maneatur et langu5re militum et vigiliis periculum augeatur. Prima luce sic ex castris proficiscuntur ut^ quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo con- 2osilium datum, longissimo agmine maximisque impedi- mentls. reposco, -ere, , ; cf. dissensio, dissensionis, f. ; cf. posco. sentio. perendinus, -a, -um, after to- i^xonuvLiio, i^ declare. morrow. circumspicio ; cf. perspicio. releg5, i, send away. instriimentum, -i, n., tool, eqidp- intereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, perish. 7nent. consurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -surrec- extogito, i, think out. turn, rise in a body, languor, languoris, m., weariness. 1. sustineant (et) non inter- 4. Cotta and Sabinus. eant: woidd bear {and) would 5. dat manus : yielded. not perish. 6. ut, etc. : as (men) who had 2. sword. been persuaded that the plan had 3. they grasped by the hand. been offered. 46 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS Sabinus and Cotta are attacked. 32. At hostes, posteaquam ex nocturnd fremitu vigi- liisque de profectione eorum senserunt, collocatis insidiis bipertito ^ in silvis opportune atque occult5 loco a mllibus passuum circiter du5bus, Roman5rum adventum exspec- 5 tabant, et, cum se ^ maior pars agminis in magnam con- vallem demisisset, ex utraque parte eius vallis subito se ostenderunt novissimdsque premere et primos prohibere ascensu atque iniquissimo nostrls^ loc5 proelium com- mittere coeperunt. The Romans are attacked by the Eburones. 10 33. Turn demum Titurius, qui nihil ante prdvidisset, trepidare ^ et concursare ^ cohortesque disp5nere,^ haec ^ tamen ipsa timide atque ut^ eum omnia deficere viderentur ; quod plerumque ils accidere consuevit qui in ips5 negotio consilium capere c5guntur. At Cotta, qui c5gitasset haec posse in itinere acci- dere, atque ob eam causam profectionis auctor non fuisset, nulla in re communi saluti deerat ; et in appellandis cohortan- disque militibus imperatoris et in pugna militis officia praestabat. Cum propter longitudinem agminis n5n facile per se omnia obire et quid qu5que loco faci- endum esset pr5videre possent, iusserunt prdnuntiari ut Signa convallis, convallis, f., valley. trepido, i, run about., become con- fused. concurso, i, frequentative of con- curro. obeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, perform. 1. in two bodies. 2. se demisisset : had gone. 3. Dative. 4. Historical infinitives. 5. Sc. fecit. 6. in such a way that- CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 47 impedimenta relinquerent atque in orbem consisterent. Quod consilium etsi in eiusmodi casu reprehendendum n5n est, tamen incommode cecidit; nam et nostris militi- bus spem minuit et hostes ad pugnam alacriores effecit, 5 quod non sine sum mo timore et desperati5ne id factum videbatur. Praeterea accidit, quod fieri necesse erat, ut vulgo mllites ab signis discederent, quaeque^ quisque eorum carissima haberet ab impedlmentis petere atque ar- ripere properaret et clamore et fletu ^ omnia comple- 10 rentur. Battle plan of Ambiorix. 34. At barbaris consilium non defuit. Nam duces eorum tota acie pronuntiari iusserunt ne quis ab loco dis- cederet : Illorum esse praedam atque illis reservari quae- cumque Roman! reliquissent ; proinde omnia in victoria 15 posita existimarent.^ Nostri tametsi^ ab duce et a for- tuna deserebantur, tamen omnem spem salutis in virtute ponebant, et quotiens ^ quaeque cohors procurrerat, ab ea parte magnus numerus hostium cadebat. Qua re ani- madversa Ambiorix pronuntiari iubet ut procul^ tela 2oconiciant neu propius accedant et quam in partem Ro- mani impetum fecerint cedant (levitate armorum et coti- diana exercitatione nihil his noceri posse), rursus se^ ad signa recipientes insequantur. incommode, synonym, male. carus, -a, -um, dear. desperatio, desperationis, f. ; cf. arripio, -ere, -ripui, *reptum, seize sper5. quickly. necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. proinde, therefore. 1. -que connects discederent 4. although. and properaret. 5. as often as. 2. Cf. fleo. 6. from a distance. 3. Subj. representing imperat. 7. Object of recipientes : to in direct discourse. whom does this refer ? 48 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS The Romans are defeated with fearful slaughter. 35. Qu5 praecept5 ab iis diligentissime observato, cum quaepiam cohors ex orbe ^ excesserat atque impetum f ece- rat, hostes velocissime refugiebant. Interim eam^ par- tem nudari necesse erat et ab latere aperto tela recipere. 5 Rursus, cum in eum locum unde erant progress! reverti coeperant, et ' ab ils qui cesserant et ^ ab iis qui proximi steterant circumveniebantur ; sin autem locum tenere vellent, nee virtuti locus relinquebatur neque ab tanta multitudine coniecta tela conferti vitare poterant. Ta- lomen totMncommodis^ conflictati, multls vulneribus ac- ceptis resistebant et magna parte diei c5nsumpta, cum a prima luce ad horam octavam pugnaretur, nihil quod ipsis esset indignum committebant. Tum T. Balventio,® qui superi5re anno primum ^ pilum duxerat, viro forti et 15 magnae auct5ritatis, utrumque femur tragula ^ traicitur ; Q. Lucanius, eiusdem 5rdinis, fortissime pugnans, dum circumvento filio subvenit, interficitur ; L. Cotta legatus omnes cohortes ordinesque adhortans in adversum os funda vulneratur. praeceptum, -i, n., order. femur, femoris, n., thigh. quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, traiciS, -ere, -ieci, -tectum, //>r^^ ; any. • cf. iacio. refugio ; cf. fugio. subvenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, go sto, stare, steti, statum, standi to help. take one's, stand. adhortor, i ; cf. hortor. conflicto, I, break down. os, oris, n., mouthy face. indignus, -a, -um, unworthy. funda, -ae, f., sling. 1. circle. 5. disasters. 2. eam partem : i.e. of the 6. Dative of reference. Roman army. 7. primum pilum : first divi- 3. both . . . and. sion. 4. so many. 8. javelin. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 49 An interview with Ambiorix is sought, 36. His rebus perm5tus Q. Titurius, cum procul Am- biorigem su5s cohortantem c5nspexisset, interpretem suum, Cn. Pompeium, ad eum mittit rogatum ut sibi militibusque parcat. Ille appellatus respondet : Si velit 5 secum coUoqui, licere ; sperare se a multitudine impetrari ^ posse quod ad railitum salutem pertineat ; ipsi ^ vero nihil nocitum iri, inque earn rem se^ suam fidem inter- ponere. Ille^ cum Cotta sauci5 communicat, sivideatur, pugna ut excedant et cum Ambiorige una colloquantur : 10 sperare se ab e5 de sua ac militum salute impetrari posse. Cotta se ad armatum hostem iturum negat^ atque in e5 perseverat. Sabinus is slain in conference^ and his army is destroyed. 37. Sabinus quos ® in ^ praesentia tribunds militum cir- cum se habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones se sequi 15 iubet, et, cum propius Ambiorlgem accessisset, iussus arma abicere imperatum facit suisque ut idem faciant imperat. Interim, dum de condicionibus inter se agunt longiorque consultosermo ab Ambiorige instituitur, paulatim circum- ventus interficitur. Tum vero suo more vict5riam con- 20 clamant atque ululatum toUunt impetuque in nostr5s parco, -ere, peperci, parsum, sermo, sermonis, m., conversa- spare. tion. communico, i, confer. ululatus, -us, m., shout ^ outcry., consulto, adv., on purpose. yell. 1. impetrari posse: the sub- 4. Titurius. jecl is quod . . . pertineat. 5. said . . . not. 2. Titurius. 6. quos tribunes = eos tribiinos 3. se . . . interponere : he qu5s. pledged his honor. 7. in praesentia = ill5 tempore. SECOND YEAR LATIN 4 50 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS facto ordines perturbant. Ibi L. Cotta pugnans interfici- tur cum maxima parte militum. ReliquI se in castra recipiunt unde erant egressi. Ex quibus L. Petrosidius aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, . 5 aquilam intra vallum proicit, ipse pr5 castris fortissime pugnans occlditur. Illi aegreadnoctem oppugnationem sustinent ; nocte ad unum omnes desperata salute se ipsi interficiunt. Pauci ex proelio elapsi incertis^ itineribus per silvas ad T. Labienum legatum in hiberna perveni- lo unt atque eum de rebus gestis certiorem f aciunt. The Aduatuci and Nervii are persuaded to join the revolt. 38. Hac victoria sublatus Ambiorix statim cum equitatu in Aduatucos, qui erant eius regno finitimi, proficTscitur ; neque noctem neque diem intermittit, peditatumque se subsequi iubet. Re demonstrata Adua- 15 tucTsque concitatis, postero die in Nervios pervenit hor- taturque ne sul^ in perpetuum liberandi atque ulciscendi Romanes pro iis quas acceperint iniuriis occasionem dimittant ; interfectos esse legatds duos magnamque partem exercitus interisse ^ demonstrat : Nihil esse ^ ne- 2ogotii subito oppressam^ legionem quae cum Cicerdne hiemet interiici; se ad eam rem profitetur adiutorem. Facile hac oratione Nervils persuadet. aquilifer, -i, m.; cf. aquila + peditatus, -us, m.; cf. pedes, and fero. also eques, equitatus. aquila, -ae, f., eagle. profiteer, -eri, -fessus sum, offer. elabor, elabi, elapsus sum, escape, adiutor, adiutoris, m. ; cf. iuvo. 1. chosen at random. 3. perished. 2. sui liberandi atque ulcis- 4. The subject is legionem . . . cendi : modifies occasionem ; the interfici. chance of freeing themselves and 5. oppressam interfici : to sur- of punishing. prise and slay . CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 5 1 With reenforcements they attack Cicero's camp. 39. Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones, Grudi5s, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumn5s, qui omnes sub eorum ^ imperio sunt, quam maximas possunt manus, cogunt et de improviso ad Ciceronis hiberna advolant, 5 nondum ad eum fama de Titurl morte perlata. Huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut nonnulli mllites, qui lignationis munltionisque causa in silvas discessissent, repentlnd equitum adventu interciperentur. His circum- ventis magna manu Eburones, Nervil, Aduatuci atque 10 horum omnium socil et clientes legionem oppugnare in- cipiunt. Nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum c5nscendunt. Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in celeritate ponebant atque banc adeptos vict5riam in perpetuum se fore victores confldebant. Cicero prepares for a vigorous defense. 15 40. Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim a Cicer5ne litterae magnis propositis praemiis ils,^ qui pertulissent ; obsessis ^ omnibus vils missi intercipiuntur. Noctu ex ea materia quam munitionis causa comportaverant turres admodum ^ cxx excitantur^ incredibili celeritate, quae 2odeesse operi videbantur perficiuntur. Hostes postero die multo mai5ribus coactis copiis castra oppugnant, fossam complent. A nostrls eadem ratidne qua pridie resistitur. Hoc idem reliquis deinceps® fit diebus. Nulla pars advolo, I, hurry. lignatio, lignationis, f., getting fama, -ae, f., report^ rumor, wood, news. adipiscor, -i, adeptus sum, gain. 1. i.e. the Nervil. 4« fully. 2. Sc. nuntiis. 5. were erected. 3. blocked. 6. in succession. 52 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS nocturni temporis ad lab5rem intermittitur ; non aegris, non vulneratis facultas quietis datur. Quaecumque ad proximi die! oppugnationem opus sunt noctu comparan- tur ; multae praeustae sudes, magnus muralium pilorum 5 Humerus instituitur; turres contabulantur, pinnae lorl- caeque ex cratibus attexuntur. Ipse Cicero, cum te- nuissima valetudine esset, ne nocturnum quidem sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat, ut ultro^ mllitum con- cursu ^ ac vocibus sibi parcere c5geretur. Cicero refuses to be drawn out of camp. lo 41. Turn duces principesque Nervi5rum, qui aliquem sermonis^ aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerone habebant, colloqui sese velle dicunt. Facta potestate, eadem quae Ambiorix cum Titurid egerat commemorant: Omnem esse in armis Galliam ; Germanos Rhenum i5transisse; Caesaris reliqu5rumque hiberna oppugnari. Addunt etiam de Sablnl morte; Ambiorlgem ostentant fide! ^ faciendae causa. Errare eos dicunt, si quicquam ab ils praesidii sperent qui suls rebus diffidant; sese quies, quietis, f., rest. attexo, -ere, -texui, -textum, praeuro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum, burn weave to, attach. at the end. tenuis, -e, delicate. sudis, sudis, f., stake. valetudo, valetudinis, f.; cf. valeo. muralis, -e, of a ivall, wall-. addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, add. contabulo, i, heighten, build up ostento, i, frequentative of in stories. ostendo. pinna, -ae, f., battlement. erro, i, to be mistaken. lorica, -ae, f., parapet. difEido, -ere, -fisus sum, have no crates, cratis, f., wickerwork. faith in. 1. even. ing acquaintance, access to. 2. concursu ac v5cibus : by the 4. fidei faciendae causa: for action and entreaties. the sake of proving their truth- 3. sermonis aditum: speak- fulness. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 53 tamen hoc esse in Cicer5nem populumque Roman um anim5, ut nihil nisi hiberna recusent atque hanc invete- rascere^ c5nsuetudinem^ n5lint; licere illls incolumibus per se ex hibernis discedere et quascumque in partes 5 velint sine metu ^ proficiscL Cicero ad haec unum mode respondet : Non esse consuetudinem popull RomanI accipere ab hoste armato condicio- 10 nem ; si ab armis disce- dere velint, se adiutore utantur legatosque ad Caesarem mittant ; sperare se pr5 eius^ 15 iustitia quae petierint impetraturos.^ The Nervii lay siege to the camp. 42. Ab hac spe re- ^^c puis! Nervii vall5 pe- dum X et fossa pedum 20 XV hiberna cingunt. Haec et superiorum annorum consuetudine a nobis cognoverant et, qudsdam de exercitu ^ nacti captlvos, ab his docebantur; sed, nulla ^ ferramentorum copia quae essent ad hunc usum idonea, gladils caespites ^ circumcldere, manibus sagulisque ter- Testudo ferramentum, -i, n., iron tool. circumcido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum; cf. caedo. sagulum, -i, n., military cloak. 1. become fixed. 2. i.e. of wintering. 3. fear. 4. i.e. Caesar, 5. Sc. eos as subject. 6. i.e. of the Romans. 7. niilla . . copia: abl. abs. 8. sods. 54 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS ram exhaurire cogebantur. Qua quidem ex re hominum multitudo cognosci potuit; nam minus h5rls tribus mi- lium passuum in in circuitu munitionem perfecerunt. Reliquis diebus turres ad altitudinem valli, falces testu- 5 dinesque, quas idem captivl docuerant, parare ac facere coeperunt. The Nervii make a determined attack^ but are sturdily resisted, 43. Septimd oppugnati5nis die maximd coorto vento ferventes f usili ex argilla glandes f undis ^ et fervefacta iacula in casas, quae more Gallico stramentis erant tectae, loiacere coeperunt. Hae celeriter ignem comprehende- runt^ et venti magnitudine in omnem locum castrdrum distulerunt. Hostes maximo clamdre, slcuti parta iam atque explorata vict5ria, turres testudinesque agere et scalis vallum ascendere coeperunt. At tanta mllitum 15 virtus atque ea praesentia ^ animl fuit ut,^ cum ^ undi- que flamma torrerentur maximaque telorum multitudine premerentur suaque omnia impedimenta atque omnes f or- tunas conflagrare intellegerent, non modo de vallo dece- deret nemo, sed paene ne respiceret quidem quisquam, ac 2otum omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnarent. Hie dies nostrls longe gravissimus fuit ; sed tamen hunc habuit exhaurio, -ire, -hausi, -haustum, iaculum, -i, n., dart, drain off, carry off. casa, -ae, f., htit. falx, falcis, f., hook. stramentum, -i^ n., thatch. coorior, -iri, -ortus sum ; cf. orior. tego, -ere, texi, tectum, cover. ferveo, -ere, fervui, , glow. pario, -ere, peperl, partum, gain. fusilis, -e, melted. scalae, -arum, f., ladder. argilla, -ae, f., clay. flamma, -ae, f., fire. glans, glandis, f., bullet. torreo, -ere, torrui, tostum, scorch. fervefaci5 ; cf. ferve5 + faci5. conflagro, i, be on fire. 1. with slings ] modifies 3- presence. iacere. 4. Introduces decederet, etc. 2. caught. 5. Concessive. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 55 eventum, ut e5 die maximus numerus hostium vulnera- retur atque interficeretur, ut ^ se sub ipso vallo c5nstipa- verant recessumque primis ultimi n5n dabant. Paulum quidem intermissa flamma et qu5dam loco turri adacta 5 et contingente^ vallum, tertiae cohortis centuridnes ex e5 quo stabant ^ loco recesserunt suosque omnes remo- verunt, nutu v5cibusque hostes,^ si introire vellent, vo- care coeperunt; quorum progredi ausus est nemo. Tum ex omni parte lapidibus coniectis deturbatl,^ turrisque lo succensa est. The rivalry of two brave centurions. 44. Erant in ea legion e fortissimi viri, centuri5nes, qui iam prImIs ordinibus appropinquarent, T. Pull5 et L. Vorenus. Hi perpetuas inter se contr5versias ^ habe- bant, uter alteri anteferretur, omnibusque annis de loco^ 15 summis simultatibus contendebant. Ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad muniti5nes pugnaretur, 'Quid dubitas,' in- quit,^ * Vorene } aut quem locum tuae. probandae virtutis exspectas } Hic dies de nostris controversils iudicabit' Haec cum dixisset, pr5cedit extra ^ munitiones, quaeque 20 pars hostium conf ertissima est visa, in eam irrumpit. Ne Vorenus quidem sese tum vallo continet, sed om- z^n'&\x^%\^ crowd closely. succendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum, recessus, -us, m., chance for re- set on fire. treat ; cf. re-cedo. antefero ; cf. fero. introeo ; cf. intro, within 4- eo. simultas, simultatis, f., rivalry. deturbo, i, drive down, beat tuus, -a, -um, thy., your. down, dislodge. irrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, rush. 1. inasmuch as. as subject. 2. touching. 6. disputes. 3. stood. 7. rank. 4. Accusative. * 8. said he. 5. deturbati (sunt) : sc. hostes 9. outside of . 56 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS nium veritus exlstimati5nem ^ subsequitur. Mediocri spatid relicto Pull5 pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit;^ qu5 percuss5 et exanimato, hunc scutis pr5tegunt hostes, in ilium uni- 5 versT ' tela coniciiint neque dant pr5grediendl f acultatem. Transfigitur scutum Pull5ni et verutum in baited defigi- tur. Avertit hic casus vaginam et gladium educere co- nanti* dextram moratur manum, impedltumque hostes circumsistunt. Succurrit inimicus ill! Vorenus et labo- lo ranti subvenit.^ Ad hunc se c5nfestim a Pullone omnis multitud5 convertit ; ilium verut5 transfixum ^ arbitrantur. Vorenus gladio rem comminus ^ gerit atque uno interfectd reliqu5s paulum prdpellit ; dum cupidius Instat, in locum delatus inferiorem concidit. Huic rursus circumvent5 15 subsidium fert Pullo, atque amb5 incolumes compluri- bus interfectls summa cum laude^ sese intra munltiones recipiunt. Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque ® versavit ut alter alter! inimicus auxilio salutl- que esset, neque diiudicari posset uter utri virtute 20 antef erendus videretur. mediocris, -e, moderate. firmly^ fasten. immitto; cf. mitt5. vagina, -ae, f., sheath. percutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, run pierce through. to help. protego ; cf. tego. concido, -ere, -cidi, , fall. progredior ; cf. egredior. ambo, ambae, ambo, both. verutum, -i, n.^ javelin. certamen, certaminis, n., contest. balteus, -i, m., sword belt. verso, i, frequentative of verto. defigS, -ere, -fixi, -fixum, fix diiudic5, i, decide. 1. Cf. existimS. 6. pierced through. 2. pierced. 7. at close quarters. 3. in a body. 8. applause. 4. Sc. ei: \\i. to him trying. 9. {the relative position of) 5. came to the aid of. each. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 57 Caesar is informed of the attack. 45. Quanto^ erat in dies gravior atque asperior op- pugnatio, et maxime quod magna parte mllitum confecta vulneribus res ^ ad paucitatem def ens5rum pervenerat, tant5 crebri5res litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mitte- 5 bantur; quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostr5- rum militum cum cruciatu necabatur. Erat unus intus Nervius, nomine Vertico, loco^ natus honesto,* qui a prima obsidione ad Cicer5nem perfugerat summamque ei fidem praestiterat. Hie servo ^ spe libertatis magnis- 10 que persuadet praemiis ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat. Has ille in iaculo^ illigatas effert et Gallus inter Gall5s sine ulla suspicione versatus ^ ad Caesarem pervenit. Ab e5 de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cogn5scitur. Caesar prepares relief for Cicero. 46. Caesar, acceptis litterls hora circiter xi diei, statim 15 nuntium in Bellovacos ad M. Crassum quaestorem mittit, cuius hiberna aberant ab eo milia passuum xxv ; iubet media nocte legi5nem proficisci celeriterque ad se ve- nire. Exit cum^ nuntio Crassus. Alterum ^ ad C. Fabium legatum mittit ut in Atrebatium fines legi5nem adducat, 20 qua sibi iter faciendum sciebat. Scribit Labieno, si rel publicae commodo facere possit, cum legione ad fines asper, aspera, asperum, violent. intus, adv., within. deprehendo, -ere, -prehendi, -pre- illigo, i, tie to or into^ fasten on hensum, catch. or in. 1. quanto . . . tanto : lit. by 6. in iaculo: the shaft of the how much . . . dy so much ; javelin was doubtless hollow and freely, the . . . the. the letter hidden inside. 2. the force. 7. after mingling. 3. station. 8. cum nuntio : on the receipt 4. honorable. of the dispatch. 5. slave. . 9. ^ second. 58 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS Nervi5rum veniat. Reliquam partem exercitus, quod paul5 aberat longius, non putat exspectandam ; equites circiter cccc ex proximis hibernis cogit. Caesar places Crassus in charge of the winter quarters at Samarobriva. Labienus remains in his own camp. 47. H5ra circiter tertia ab antecursoribus de Crass! 5 adventu certior factus eo die milia passuum xx prdcedit. Crassum Samarobrivae praeficit legionemque ei attribuit, quod ibi impedimenta exercitus, obsides civitatum, lit- teras publicas, frumentumque omne quod eo tolerandae ^ hiemis causa devexerat relinquebat. Fabius, ut impera- lotum erat,"non ita multum moratus in itinere cum legione occurrit. Labienus interitu Sabini et caede cohortium cognita, cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae venis- sent, veritus ne, si ex bibernis fugae similem profectio- nem fecisset, hostium impetum sustinere non posset, 15 praesertim qu5s ^ recenti vict5ria efferri sciret, litteras Caesari remittit quant5 cum periculo legionem ex biber- nis eductiirus esset; rem gestam in Eburonibus per- scribit ; docet omnes equitatus peditatusque copias Treverorum tria milia passuum longe ab suis castrls 20 consedisse. A dispatch is sent to Cicero. 48. Caesar c5nsili5 eius probat5, etsi opinione ^ trium legi5num deiectus ad duas reciderat, tamen unum com- antecursor, antecursoris, m.^fore- similis, -e, like. runner. perscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptum, deveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, carry describe. away. recido, -ere, -cidi, -casum, fall interitusr-us, m., = mors. back.^ relapse., sink., return., be caedes, caedis, f., slaughter. reduced. 1. enduring. $. expectation ; zbl^itiye of sep- 2. quos sciret = cum eos sciret. aration. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 59 muni saluti auxilium in celeritate pdnebat. Venit mag- nis itineribus in Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captivis cognoscit quae apud Ciceronem gerantur quantoque in periculo res sit. Turn cuidam ex equitibus Gallis mag- 5 nis praemiis persuadet uti ad Ciceronem epistulam de- ferat. Hanc Graecis conscrlptam litteris mittit, ne intercepta epistula nostra ab hostibus consilia cogno- scantur. Si adire npn possit, monet ut tragulam^ cum epistula ad amentum deligata ^ intra muniti5nes castro- lorum abiciat. In litteris scribit se cum legionibus duabus profectum celeriter affore ; ^ hortatur ut pristinam virtu- tem retineat. Gallus periculum veritus, ut erat praecep- tum,^ tragulam mittit. Haec casu ad turrim adhaesit neque a nostris biduo animadyersa tertio die a quodam 15 milite conspicitur, dempta ad Ciceronem defertur. lUe perlectam in conventu militum recitat maximaque omnes laetitia afficit. Tum fumi^ incendiorum procul® vide- bantur : quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legi5num expulit. The Gauls leave Cicero and anarch against Caesar, 20 49. Galll re cognita per explorat5res obsidionem relin- quunt, ad Caesarem omnibus copiis contendunt. Haec erant armata circiter milia lx. Cicero data facultate Galium alium ab eodem Verticone quem supra demon- epistula, -ae, f., = litterae. perlego, -ere, -legi, -lectum, read amentum, -i, n., thong. through. adhaeresco, -ere, -haesi, -haesum, recito, i, read aloud. stick. laetitia, -ae, f., pleasure^ delight^ demo, -ere, dempsi, demptum, gladness. take down. incendium, -i, n., fire. 1. javelin. 4. ordered. 2. Cf. illigo. 5. smoke. 3. would be on hand, 6. at a distance. 6o SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS stravimus repetit^ qui litteras ad Caesarem deferat ; hunc admonet iter caute diligenterque f aciat ; perscribit in litteris hostes ab se discessisse omnemque ad eum mul- titudinem convertisse. Quibus litteris circiter media nocte 5 Caesar allatis su5s facit certi5res e5sque ad dlmicandum anim5 confirmat. Poster5 die luce prima movet castra et circiter milia passuum quattuor progressus trans val- lem et rivum multitudinem hostium conspicatur. Erat magni periculi res cum tantulis^ c5piis iniquo loco dimi- lo care ; tum, quoniam obsidione liberatum Ciceronem scie- bat, aequo anim5 remittendum ^ de celeritate existimabat. Considit et quam aequissimo potest loco castra communit atque haec/ etsi erant exigua^ per se, vix hominum^ milium septem, praesertim nullis cum impedlmentis, iStamen angustiis^ viarum quam maxime potest contra- hit, e5 consilid, ut in summam contemptionem hostibus^ veniat. Interim speculatdribus ^ in omnes partes dimissis expl5rat qu5 commodissime itinere vallem transire possit. Caesar under pretense of fear entices the Gauls to his own ground. 50. Eo die parvulis^^ equestribus proeliis ad aquam 2ofactis utrique sese suo loc5 continent : Galli," quod am- pli5res copias, quae n5ndum convenerant, exspectabant; admoneo, 2 ; cf. moneo. rivus, -i, m., stream. caute, cautiously. septem, indecl. num. adj., seven. 1. Cf. peto. gen. of description with haec 2. such small. (castra). 3. Lit. it might be slackened 7. angustiis viarum : by mak- from. ing the streets narrow. 4. Sc. castra, the obj. of con- 8. in the eyes of the enemy. trahit. 9- ^P^^^- 5. small. 10. slight. 6. hominum milium septem : ii« Sc. sese . . . continent. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 6 1 Caesar,^ si forte ^ timoris simulatione hostes in suum locum elicere posset, ut citra vallem pro castris proelio contenderet; si id efficere non posset, ut exploratis iti- neribus minore cum periculo vallem rivumque transiret. 5 Prima luce hostium equitatus ad castra accedit proelium- que cum nostris equitibus committit. Caesar cdnsulto^ equites cedere seque in castra recipere iubet ; simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vall5 munirl portasque obstrul atque in his administrandis rebus quam maxime loconcursari^ et cum simulatione agi timoris iubet. Caesar attacks and utterly routs the Gauls. 51. Quibus omnibus rebus hostes invitati c5pias tra- ducunt aciemque iniquo. loco ,c5nstituunt, nostris vero etiam de vallo deductis propius accedunt et tela intra muniti5nem ex omnibus partibus coniciunt praec5nibus- 15 que circummissis pronuntiari iubent, seu quis Gallus seu Romanus velit ante horam tertiam ad se transire, sine periculo licere ; post id tempus n5n fore potestatem. Ac sic nostros contempserunt, ut, obstructis in speciem portis singulis ordinibus caespitum,^ quod ea ®n6n posse intro- 2orumpere videbantur, alii vallum manu scindere, alii fossas complere inciperent. Tum Caesar omnibus portis erupti- one facta equitatuque emiss5 celeriter hostes infugam dat, elicio, -ere, -licui, -licitum, draw circummitto ; cf. mitto. ont^ entice. contemno, -ere, -tempsi, -temp- obstruo, -ere, -striixi, -structum, tum, despise. block, introrumpo, -ere, -riipi, -ruptum, praeco, praeconis, m., herald. break in. 1. Sc. sese . . . continet. agi are impersonal. 2. by chance. 5. sods. 3. on purpose. 6. Sc. via, i.e. by way of the 4- Cf. curro: concursari and gates. 62 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS sic uti omnino pugnandl causa resisteret nem5, magnum- que ex iis numerum occidit atque omnes armis exuit.^ Caesar proceeds to Cicero'' s camp and congratulates the officers and men on their bravery. 52. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque intercedebant, omnibus suis incolumibus eodem die ad 5 Cicer5nem pervenit. Institutas turres, testudines mOni- ti5nesque hostium admiratur ; prdducta legione cognoscit non decimum ^ quemque esse reliquum militem sine vul- nere ; ex his omnibus iudicat rebus quanto cum pericul5 et quanta virtute res sint administratae. Cicerdnem pro 10 eius merit5 legionemque collaudat ; centuriones singil- latim tribunosque militum appellat, qu5rum egregiam fuisse virtutem testim5ni5 Cicerdnis cogndverat. De casu Sabini et Cottae certius ex captivis c5gnoscit. iPostero die contione habita rem gestam proponit, mllites 15 c5ns5latur et confirmat ; quod detrimentum culpa et te- meritate legati sit acceptum, hoc ^ aequiore animo feren- dum docet, quodbeneficio *deorum immortaliumet virtute e5rum expiato incommodo ^ neque hostibus ^ diutina laetitia neque ipsTs longior dolor relinquatur. RESUME OF CHAPTERS 53-58 Because many Gallic tribes seem on the verge of rebellion, Caesar decides to winter in Gaul. Under Indutiomarus the Gauls plan to attack the camp of Labienus. They are lured to the very walls of the camp, and then attacked and completely routed. collaud5, \^ praise highly. ness, indiscretion. contio, contionis, f., assembly. expio, i, atone for. culpa, -ae, f., fault. diutinus, -a, -um, long- continued^ temeritas, temeritatis, f., rash- lasting. 1. stripped. 4. beneficio, virtute : abls. of 2 . decimum quemque militem : means . one soldier in ten. 5. disaster. 3. Abl. of cause. 6. Dat. of reference. LIBER SEXTUS RESUME OF CHAPTERS i-io During the winter Caesar levies more troops in order to be ready for the expected uprising of the Gauls. In the early spring he lays waste the territory of the Nervii, and the Senones and the Carnutes submit — all of whom previously refused to come to a con- ference of GaUic tribes which Caesar had called. He then proceeds against the Menapii in the north, who have never been subdued, and receives their submission. Meanwhile Labienus engages in battle with the Treveri, and they surrender. That he may frighten the Suebi, who plan to join the Treveri, Caesar again crosses the Rhine, but finds that they have retreated into the deep forests. Customs of the Gauls. Two factions. XI. Quoniam ad hunc locum ^ perventum est, non alienum esse videtur de Galliae Germaniaeque m5ribus et quo differant hae nationes inter sese proponere. In Gallia non solum in omnibus civitatibus atque in omni- 5 bus pagis partibusque, sed paene etiam in singulis domibus facti5nes sunt, earumque factionum principes sunt qui summam auctoritatem eorum^ iudicio habere existimantur, quorum^ ad arbitrium ^ iudiciumque summa ^ omnium rerum cdnsiliorumque redeat.^ Idque loeius^rel causa antiquitus Institutum videtur, ne quis ex plebe contra potentiorem auxilii egeret; suos enim egeo, -ere, egui, , lack. 1. point (in the story). 5. final judgment . 2. i.e. Gallorum. 6. is 7' ef erred. 3. Refers to party leaders. 7. eius rei : explained by the 4. discretion. clause ne . . . egeret. 63 64 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS quisque opprimi et circumvenirl non patitur, neque, aliter si faciat, uUam inter suos habeat auctoritatem. Haec eadem ratio est in^ summa totius Galliae;^ nam- que omnes civitates divisae sunt in duas partes. By the help of the RomanSy the Hacduans gain the ascendancy, 5 12. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Haedul, alterius Sequani. Hi cum per se minus valerent, quod summa auctoritas antlquitus erat in Haeduis magnaeque eorum erant clientelae, Germanos atque Ariovistum sibi adiunxerant e5sque ad lose magnis iacturis pollicitationibusque ^ perduxerant. Proeliis ver5 compluribus factis secundis atque omni nobilitate Haeduorum interfecta, tantum potentia* an- tecesserant^ ut magnam partem clientium ab Haeduis ad se traducerent^ obsidesque ab his principum filios 15 acciperent, et publice iurare^ cogerent nihil se contra Sequanos consilii inituros, et partem finitimi agri per vim occupatam possiderent Galliaeque totius prlncipa- tum obtinerent. Qua necessitate adductus Diviciacus auxilil petendi causa Romam ad senatum profectus 2olnfecta re redierat. Adventu Caesaris facta commu- tatione rerum, obsidibus Haeduis^ redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per Caesarem comparatis, clientela, -ae, f., dependency. tantum, to such a degree. iactura, -ae, f., a throwing^ con- antecedo; cf. ced5. cession. inficio ; cf. in {not) + facio. 1. in summa : in general. 6. With the following four 2. Pred. gen. of possession. subjunctives denotes result after 3. Cf. poUiceor. tantum . . . antecesserant. 4. Cf. possum. 7. Sc. principes as subject. 5. Sc. SequanL 8. Dative. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 65 quod ^ ii ^ qui se ad eorum ^ amicitiam aggregaverant meliore condicione atque aequiore imperia se uti * vide- bant, reliquis rebus eorum gratia dignitateque amplificata, Sequani principatum dimlserant. In eorum locum Rem! 5 successerant ; quos^ quod adaequare apud Caesarem gratia intellegebatur, ii qui propter veteres inimicitias null5 modo cum Haeduis coniungi poterant se Remis in clientelam dicabant. Hos ill! dlligenter tuebantur; ita et novam et repente® collectam^ auctoritatem tene- 10 bant. Eo tamen statu res erat, ut longe principes Haedui haberentur, secundum locum dignitatis Remi obtinerent.^ Tke condition of the common people and the power of the Druids, 13. In omni Gallia eorum hominum qui aliquo^ sunt numero atque honore genera sunt duo; nam plebes 15 paene servorum habetur loco, quae nihil audet per se, nuUi adhibetur consilio. Plerlque, cum aut acre alieno ^^ aut magnitudine tributorum aut iniuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobilibus ; quibus " in ^^ hos eadem omnia sunt iura quae dominis in serv5s. 2oSed de his duobus generibus alterum est druidum, aggrego, i, attach. tributum, -i, n., tax. inimicitia, -ae, f. ; cf. amicitia. dominus, -i, m., master, ^xz^., I., give over. druides, -um, m., the druzds, status, -us, m., condition. priests. I. quod . . . videbant: tells 7. acquired. the reason for novis . . . com- 8. held. paratis. 9. aliquo numero: of any 2. Subject of videbant. account. 3. i.e. Haeduorum. 10. aere alienS: lit. by an- 4. enjoyed. other's copper^ i.e. debt. 5. Subject of adaequare. II. Dat. of possession. 6. suddenly. 12. over. SECOND YEAR LATIN — 5 66 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS alterum equitum. Illi rebus dlvinis intersunt/ sacrificia publica ac privata procurant, religiones ^ interpretantur ; ad eos magnus adulescentium numerus discipllnae causa concurrit, magnoque hi ^ sunt apud eos "* honore. Nam 5 fere de omnibus controversiis publicTs privatlsque con- stituunt, et, si quod estfacinus^ admissum,® si caedes , facta, si de hereditate, de finibus controversia est, idem -^ decernunt, praemia poenasque c5nstituunt ; si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum decreto ^ non stetit, sacrifi- lo oils interdicunt.^ Haec poena apud eos est gravissimaT' Quibus ita est interdictum, hi numer5 impiorum ac sceleratdrum habentur, his^ omnes decedunt, aditum eorum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant, neque iis petentibus ius redditur isneque honos ullus communicatur.^^ His autem omni- bus druidibus praeest Onus, qui summam inter eos habet auctaritatem. H5c mortuo ^^ aut, si qui ex reliquis excellit dignitate, succedit, aut, si sunt plures ^^ pares, suf- fragio^^ druidum, nonnumquam etiam armis de princi- 2opatu contendunt. Hi certo anni tempore in finibus sacrificium, -i, n., a sacrifice. sceleratus, -a, -um, cri7ninal. prociiro, i ; cf. euro. defugio ; cf. f ugio. interpreter, i, explain. contagi5, contagionis, f., a touch- hereditas, hereditatis, f., an in- ing, contact. heritance. excello, -ere, , , = decretum, -i, n., decision. praestat. impius, -a, -um, wicked. suffragium, -i, n., vote. 1. are concerned with. 8. forbid. 2. religions rites. 9- Dative. Cf. Eng. make 3. = druides. way for. 4. = plebem. 10. is shared with. 5. crime. 11. dead. 6. co7nmitted. 12. several. 7. decreto non stetit: does 13. Abl. of means with con- not abide by their decision. tendunt. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI dy Carnutum, quae regio t5tlus- Galliae media habetur, consldunt^ in loc5 consecrato. Hue omnes undique qui controversias habent conveniunt eorumque decretis iudiciisque parent.^ Disciplina^ in Britannia reperta 5 atque inde in Galliam translata existimatur, et nunc qui diligentius earn rem cognoscere volunt plerumque 1115* discendi causa proficiscuntur. Doctrine of the Druids, 14. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt. Tantis excitati praemils et 10 sua sponte multl in disciplinam conveniunt et a parenti- bus propinquisque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur. Itaque ann5s nonnulli xx in discipllna permanent.^ Neque fas^ esse existimant ea litteris mandare, cum^ in reliquis fere rebus, publicis 15 privatisque rati5nibus,^ Graecls litteris utantur. Id mihi duabus de causis Instituisse videntur, quod neque in vulgus disciplinam ^ efferri velint, neque eos qui dis- cunt litteris conflsos minus memoriae studere ; quod ^* fere plerisque accidit, ut praesidid^^ litterarum diligentiam 20 in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant. In primTs hoc ^ consecro, i, make holy, dedicate, versus, -us, m., verse. consecrate. edisco, -ere, -didici, , learn transfers ; cf. fero. by heart. parentis, -um, m., parents. perdisco ; cf. edisco. 1. gather. 8. accounts. 2. obey. 9. doctrine. 3. the system. 10. Explained by the clause 4. i.e. in Britanniam. ut . . . remittant. 5. Cf. maneo. II. with the help. 6. right. 12. Explained by interire and 7. Concessive. transire. 68 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS volunt persuadere, non interire ^ animas, sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad ali5s; atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitarl^ putant, metu mortis neglecto. Multa praeterea de sideribus atque eorum motu, de mundl ac 5 terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum im- mortalium vl ac potestate disputant et iuventuti tradunt. The Knights. 15. Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, cum estusus' atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod* fere ante Caesaris adventum quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi iniu- 10 rias Tnferrent aut illatas propulsarent), omnes in bell5 versantur, atque eorum ^ ut quisque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se ambact5s clientes- que habet. Hanc^ unam gratiam potentiamque n5- verunt. Human sacrifices, 15 16. Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum^ dedita re- Iigi5nibus, atque ob eam causam qui sunt affecti graviori- bus morbis quique in proeliis periculisque versantur aut pro victimis homines ® immolant aut se immolaturos vo- vent, administrlsque ad ea sacrificia druidibus utuntur, anima, -ae, f., soul, tomed, be wont. sidus, sideris, n., star. ambactus, -i, m., retainer. motus, -us, m., motion. morbus, -i, m'., disease. mundus, -i, m., universe. victima, -ae, f., victim. dispute, I, discuss. immolo, i, sacrifice. iuventus, iuventutis, f., youth. voveo, -ere, vovi, votum, vow. soleo, -ere, solitus sum, be accus- administer, -tri, m., attendant. 1 . perish. of them is . . . the more^ etc. 2. Sc. homines as subject. 6. banc unam: only this ^ i.e. 3. = opus. no other. 4. Refers to bellum incidit. 7. much. 5. eorum ut quisque ... ita 8. Object of both immolant plurimos : the more famous each and immolaturos. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 69 quod, pro vita hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium numen placari arbitrantur; publiceque eiusdem generis habent^ instituta sacrificia. Alii immani magnitudine simulacra ^ habent, quorum 5 contexta viminibus ^ membra ^ vivis hominibus complent ; quibus succensis circumventi fiamma exanimantur homi- nes. Supplicia eorum qui in furto aut in Iatr5cini5 aut in aliqua noxia sint comprehensi gratiora ^ dis immorta- libus esse arbitrantur ; sed, cum eius generis c5pia de- loficit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt. The gods of the Gauls. 17. Deorum maxime Mercurium colunt;® huius sunt plurima simulacra; hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt,^ hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem,^ hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mercaturasque habere vim maximam 15 arbitrantur. Post hunc ApoUinem et Martem et lovem et Minervam. De his eandem fere quam reliquae gentes ^ habent opinionem : Apollinem morbos depellere, Minervam operum atque artifici5rum initia tradere,^° numen, numinis, n., divine will. latrocinium, -i, n., robbery. plac5, I, appease. noxia, -ae, f., offense. immanis, -e, enor?nozis. innocens, innocentis, innocent. simulacrum, -i, image^ idol. inventor, inventoris, m., inveiitor. contexo, -ere, -texui, -textum, ars, artium, f., skilly craft, plait. quaestus, -iis, m., the gaining. membrum, -i, n., lijnb. peciinia, -ae, f., money. vivus, -a, -um, alive. mercatura, -ae, f., trade. furtum, -1, n., theft. artificium, -i, n., handicraft. 1. habent . . . sacrificia: they 5- more pleasing, have sacrifices established. 6. worship. 2. i.e. idols in the shape of 7. they say. men. 8. guide. 3. twigs. 9. tribes. 4. Object of complent. 10. teaches. 70 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS lovem imperium caelestium tenere, Martem bella regere. Huic, cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea quae bello ceperint plerumque devovent ; cum superaverunt, ani- malia capta immolant reliquasque res in unum locum 5 c5nferunt. Multis in civitatibus harum rerum_ exstruc- tos^ tumulos locis consecratis conspicari licet; neque saepe accidit ut neglecta quispiam religi5ne ^ aut capta ^ apud^ se occultare^ aut posita^ tollere auderet, gravis- simumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est. The reputed origin of the Gauls, Status of children. lo 1 8. Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos praedi- cant^ idque ab druidibus pr5ditum^ dicunt. Ob eam causam spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium f Iniunt ; dies natales et mensium et annorum initia sTc observant ut^ noctem dies subsequatur. In 15 reliquls vltae institutis hoc fere ^^ ab reliquis diff erunt, quod suos liber5s, nisi cum adoleverunt ut munus " mili- tiae sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non patiuntur, filiumque puerili aetate in publico in c5nspectu patris assistere turpe ^^ ducunt. caelestis, -e, heaveiily {being) . adolesco, -ere, -olevi, -ultum, grow rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, control. np. devoveS, -ere, -vovi, -votum, vow. militia, -ae, f., military service^ animal, animalis, n., animal. warfare. finid, 4, measure. puerilis, -e ; cf. puer. natalis, -e, of birth ; with dies, assists, -ere, -stiti, , stand birthday. near. 1. piled up. 8. handed down. 2. religious obligation. 9. ut • . • subsequatur : i.e. 3. i.e. in war : sc. ea. the day began with sunset. 4. apud se : at his home* 10. chiefly. 5. hide. II. duty. 6. /.^. in sacred places. 12. ^/>^r/. 6. i.e. the twenty-foot ditch nearest Alesia. 7. wickerwork. 8. earth. 9. i.e. the infantry. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK YII, y, ., , ,101 omnibus castrls quae summum undique iugum tenebant despectus, atque omnes milites intenti pugnae proven- turn ^ exspectabant. Galli inter equites raros sagittarios expeditosque levis armaturae interiecerant qui suis 5 cedentibus auxili5 succurrerent et nostr5rum equitum impetus sustinerent. Ab his complures de improvisd vulnerati proelio excedebant. Cum suos pugna superi- ores esse Galli ^ conf iderent et nostros multitudine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus et ii qui munltionibus . lo continebantur et ii qui ad auxilium convenerant clamore et ululatu ^ suorum animos conflrmabant. Quod in con- spectu omnium res gerebatur neque'* aut recte aut turpiter factum celari poterat, utrosque et laudis cupidi- tas et timor ignominiae ad virtutem excitabat. Cum a 15 meridie prope ad solis occasum dubia victoria pugnare- tur,^ Germani una in parte confertis turmis in hostes impetum f ecerunt eosque propulerunt ; quibus in fugam coniectis sagittarii circumventi interfectique sunt. Item ex reliquis partibus nostri cedentes ^ usque ad castra 2oinsecuti sui colligendi facultatem non dederunt. At ii qui Alesia processerant, maesti, prope vict5ria desperata, se in oppidum receperunt. TAe Gauls make a night attack. 81. Uno die intermisso atque hoc spatio magn5 cratium/ scalarum,^ harpag5num numero effecto Galli, rams, -a, -um, wide apart. turma, -ae, f., squadron. recte, adv., well. maestus, -a, -um, sad. ignominia, -ae, f., ^/ji^a:^:^. harpag5, harpagonis, m.^ hook, 1. = eventum. escape notice. 2. /.^. the onlookers. 5. had been raging, 3. yell. 6. Accusative. 4. neque . . . poterat: no 7. hurdles, brave or cowardly deed could 8. ladders. IP2, SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS media nocte silentio ex castris egressi ad campestres* muniti5nes accedunt. Subit5 clam5re sublato, qua significati5ne qui in oppido obsidebantur de suo adventu cogndscere possent, crates proicere, fundis,^ sagittis, lapidibus nostros de vall5 proturbare reliquaque quae ad oppugnationem pertinent parant administrare. Eodem tempore clam5re exauditd dat tuba signum suis Vercinge- torix atque ex oppid5 educit. Nostri, ut superioribus diebus suus cuique erat locus attri- butus, ad munitiones ac- cedunt ; fundis ^ librilibus sudibusque/ quas in opere disposuerant, ac glandibus ^ 15 Gallos pr5terrent. * Prdspectu tenebrls ademptd multa utrimque vulnera accipiuntur. Complura tormentis tela coniciuntur. At M. Antonius et C Treb5nius legatl, quibus hae partes ad defendendum obvenerant, qua ex parte nostros premi intellexerant, his auxili5 ex 20 ulteri5ribus castellis deductos submittebant. Glans Inscribed Feri, and on the other side Pomp (for Pompeimn), i e. Strike Pompey. The Gauls retire without accomplishing their desire. 82. Dum^ longius a munitione aberant Galll, plus multitudine telorum proficiebant ; posteaquam propius successerunt, aut se^ stimulis^ inopinantes induebant aut in scrobes^ delati transfodiebantur aut ex vall5 ac turri- sagitta, -ae, f., arrow. librilis, -e, of a poimd weight . proterreo, 2 ; cf. perterreo. tenebrae, -arum, f., darkness. transfodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossum, pierce through. 1 . in the field. 2. with slings. 3. slingstones. 4. stakes. 5. bullets. 6. as long as. 7. se induebant : were im- paled. 8. sharp points. 9. ditches. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 103 bus ^ traiecti ^ pills ^ muralibus interlbant.* M ultis undique vulneribus acceptis, nulla muniti5ne perrupta, cum lux appeteret/ veriti ne ab latere apert5 ex superidribus castris eruptione circumvenlrentur, se ad suos recepe- 5 runt. At interiores,® dum ea quae a Vercingetorige ad eruptionem praeparata erant, pr5ferunt/ priores fossas explent, diutius in his rebus administrandis morati prius suos discessisse c5gn5verunt quam munltionibus appro- pinquarent. Ita re Infecta in oppidum reverterunt. The Gauls make a third attack. I 10 83. Bis magna cum detrimento repulsi Galli quid I agant consulunt; locorum perit5s adhibent; ex his \ superiorum castrorum situs ^ rnunitionesque cognoscunt. \ Erat a septentrionibus collis, quem propter magnitudi- nem circuitus opere circumplecti non potuerant nostri, 15 necessarioque paene iniquo loco et leniter^ decllvi^^ castra fecerant. Haec C. Antistius Reginus et C. Caninius •Rebilus legati cum duabus legion ibus obtinebant. Cog- nitis per expl5ratores regionibus duces hostium Lx milia ex omni numer5 deligunt earum civitatum quae maxi- 20 mam virtiitis opinionem habebant ; quid qu5que^^ pact5 agi placeat occulte inter se constituunt ; adeundi tempus deflniunt, cum meridies esse videatur. His copiis Ver- praeparo, i ; cf. paro. circumplector, -i, -plexus sum, pr5fer6; cf. fero. surround. inficio ; cf. facio. pactum, -i, n., manner. bis, twice. definio, 4, limits set. 1. Abl. of separation. 7. Sc. et to connect with 2. run through. explent. 3. Abl. of means. 8. locations. 4. perished. 9. gently. 5. =r appropinquaret. 10. sloping downward. 0. i-e. those in the town. 11. = et quo. 104 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS cassivellaunum Arvernum, unum ex quattuor ducibus, propinquum Vercingetorigis, praeficiunt. I lie ex castris prima vigilia egressus, prope confecto sub lucem itinere, post montem se occultavit mllitesque ex nocturno lab5re 5 sese reficere iussit. Cum iam meridies appropinquare videretur, ad ea castra quae supra demonstravimus con- tendit; eodemque tempore equitatus ad campestres mu- nltidnes accedere et reliquae c5piae pro castris sese ostendere coeperunt. The Rotnans are attacked from both sides. lo 84. Vercingetorix ex arce Alesiae su5s cdnspicatus ex oppid5 egreditur; crates, longurios, murales^ falces, reliquaque quae eruptidnis causa paraverat profert. Pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis, atque omnia temptantur ; quae minime visa pars firma est, hue con- 15 curritur. Romanorum manus tantis munltionibus dis- tinetur^ nee facile pluribus locis occurrit.^ Multum^ ad terrendds nostros valet clamor qui post tergum pugnan- tibus exsistit,^ quod suum ® praesidium in aliena vident virtute constare ; omnia enim plerumque quae absunt^ 20 vehementius ^ hominum mentes perturbant. Desperate fighting continues on both sides. 85. Caesar iddneum locum nactus, quid quaque in parte geratur c5gn5scit; lab5rantibus subsidium sub- mittit. Utrisque ^ ad animum occurrit unum esse illud longurius, -i, m., long pole. 1. wall. 6. suum praesidium . . . con- 2. Cf. tene5. stare : their own protection de- 3. resisted; sc. hostibus. pends tnuch on other s"" bravery. 4. multum . . . valet : does 7. are out of sight, much toward frightening. 8. quite strongly. 5. arises. 9. to both sides. CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 105 tempus qu5 maxime contendi conveniat: Galll, nisi per- fregerint munitiones, de omni salute desperant ; Romani, si rem ^ obtinuerint, f inem laborum omnium exspectant. Maxime ad superidres munltidnes laboratur, qu5 Ver- 5 cassivellaunum missum demonstravimus. Inlquum^ loci ad decllvitatem fastlgium magnum habet m5mentum. Alii tela coniciunt, alii testudine facta subeunt; defati- gatls ^ in * vicem integri succedunt. Agger ab universis in muniti5nem coniectus et ascensum dat Gallis et ea 10 quae in terra occultaverant Romani contegit ; nee iam arma nostris nee vires suppetunt. Caesar sends re'enf or cements and urges on his men. 86. His rebus c5gnitis Caesar Labienum cum cohor- tibus sex subsidio lab5rantibus mittit ; imperat, si susti- nere non possit, deductis cohortibus eruptione ^ pugnet ; 15 id nisi necessario ne faciat. Ipse adit reliquos ; cohorta- tur ne labor! succumbant; omnium superiorum dimica- tionum fructum ^ in eo die atque h5ra docet consistere. Interiores^ desperatis campestribus ^ locis propter magnitudinem munitidnum loca praerupta ascensu^ 2otemptant; hue ea quae paraverant conferunt. Multi- tudine teldrum ex turribus pr5pugnantes ^^ deturbant," declivitas, declivitatis, f., ^^7£/^r/^. ject of debere tribui. 4. speech. 9. Possessive gen., modifying 5. et id mediocre : and that a culpae, which is indir. obj. of slight one. tribui. CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK 111 141 castris, expulisse ac superasse pugnantes.^ Sed sive ips5rum perturbatio sIve error aliquis sIve etiam fortuna partam ^ iam praesentemque victoriam interpellavisset, dandam omnibus operam, ut acceptum incommodum 5 virtute sarciretur;^ quod si esset factum, futurum ut detrlmentum in bonum verteret, uti * ad Gergoviam accidisset, atque ei, qui ante dimicare timuissent, ultra se proelio off errent. They become zealous. 74. Hac habita c5nti6ne nonnullos signiferos Igno- lominia^ notavit ac loc5 movit. Exercitui quidem omni tantus incessit ex incommodo dolor tantumque studium infamiae ^ sarciendae, ut nemo aut tribuni aut centurio- nis imperium desideraret,^ et 5ibi quisque etiam poenae loco gravi5res imp5neret lab5res simylque omnes arde- 15 rent ^ cupiditate^ pugnandi. Cum superioris etiam 5rdi- nis ndnnulli oratidne perm5ti manendum e5 loco et rem proelio committendam exTstimarent, contra ^° ea Caesar neque satis militibus perterritis confidebat spatiumque interponendum ad recreandos animos putabat, et re- 2olictIs^^ muniti5nibus magnopere rei frumentariae time- bat. perturbatio, perturbationis, f . ; cf . noto, i , designate with a mark^ perturbo. brand, censure. error, err oris, m., mistake. recreo, i ; cf. creo. 1. Object. 6. dishonor. 2. partam . . . praesentem- 7. waited for. que : already won and in their 8. burned, grasp. 9. eager desire. 3. repair, 10. contra ea : on the other 4. as. hand. 5. disgrace. 11. inastnuch as he had left. 142 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS Caesar withdraws from the siege with Pompey following close behind, 75. Itaque nulla interposita mora, sauci5rum modo ^ et aegr5rum habita rati5ne, impedimenta omnia silentio prima nocte ex castris Apolldniam praemlsit. Haec^ conquiescere ante iter confectum vetuit.^ His una legio 5 missa praesidi5 est. His explicitis rebus duas in castris legion es retinuit, reliquas de quarta vigilia compluribus portis eductas e5dem itinere praemisit parvoque spati5 intermiss5, ut et militare institutum servaretur et quam serissime * eius profecti5 c5gn6sceretur, conclamari ^ loiussit statimque egressus et novissimum agmen conse- cutus celeriter ex c5nspectu castr5rum discessit. Neque vero Pompeius cognitd consilio eius moram Qllam ad in- sequendum intulit, sed id ® spectans/ si itinere impedi- tos perterritos deprehendere ^ posset, exercitum e castris iSeduxit equitatumque praemisit ad novissimum agmen demorandum,^ neque c5nsequi potuit, quod multum ex- pedit5 itinere antecesserat Caesar. Pompey finally changes his plan* 77. Poster5 die Caesar similiter praemissis prima nocte impedimentis de quarta vigilia ipse egreditur, ut, 20 si qua esset imposita dimicandi necessitas, subitum casum expeditp exercitu subiret.^^ Hoc idem reliquis conquiesc6,-ere, -quievi,-quietum, explico, -are, avi (-ui), -atum rest. (-itum), arrange. similiter, in like manner. 1. modo habita ratione : sim- 6. Explained by si . . . ply making provision for. posset. 2. i.e. the baggage train. 7- having in view. 3. forbade. 8. catch. 4. latest. 9. delay. 5. the signal to be given. 10. meet. CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III . 143 fecit diebus. Quibus rebus perf ectum est, ut altissimis ^ fluminibus atque impeditissimis itineribus nullum acci- peret incommodum. Pompeius prinii diei mora ^ illata et reliquorum dierum frustra lab5re suscepto cum^ se 5 magnis itineribus extenderet et praegressos c5nsequi cuperet, quarto die finem sequendi fecit atque aliud sibi consilium capiendum existimavit. Caesar goes to Apollonia. Pompey makes for the same goal, 78. Caesari ad saucios deponendos, stipendium exer- citui dandum, socios conflrmandos, praesidium urbibus lorelinquendum necesse erat adire Apolloniam. Pom- peius quoque de Caesaris consilid coniectura iudicans ad Scipionem properandum sibi existimabat : si Caesar iter illo * haberet, ut subsidium Soipidni ferret ; si ab ora maritima Oricoque discedere n5llet, quod legiones isequitatumque ex Italia exspectaret, ipse ut omnibus c5piis Domitium aggrederetur. Domitius barely escapes from Pompey and joins Caesar, 79. His de causis uterque eorum celeritati studebat, et suis ut esset auxilio, et ad opprimendos adversaries ne occasi5ni ^ temporis deesset. Sed Caesarem Apollo- 20 nia a directo itinere averterat ; Pompeius per Candaviam iter in Macedoniam expeditum habebat. Accessit® etiam ex impr5vis5 aliud incommodum, quod^ Domitius, qui dies extends, -ere, -tendi, -tentum praegredior ; cf. egredior. (-tensum), stretch; with se, ex- coniectura, -ae, f., inference, ert one''s self. adversarius, -i, m., enemy. 1. altissimis, etc. : abl. abs. 4. Adverb. denoting concession. 5. occasion! temporis : favor- 2. mora illata, labore sus- able chance. cepto : abl. abs. denoting cause. 6. was added. 3. Concessive. 7. namely that. 144 •SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS complures castris Scipi5nis castra collata ^ habuisset, rei frumentariae causa ab eo discesserat et Heracllam, quae est subiecta ^ Candaviae, iter fecerat, ut ipsa fortuna ilium ^ obicere Pompeio videretur. Haec ad id tempus 5 Caesar ignorabat. Simul a Pompeio litteris per omnes provincias civitatesque dimissls de proelio ad Dyrrha- chium facto latius Tnflatiusque multo, quam ^ res erat gesta, fama percrebuerat pulsum ^ fugere Caesarem paene omnibus copiis amissis. Haec^ itinera infesta lo reddiderat, haec civitates nonnullas ab eius amicitia avertebat. Quibus accidit rebus, ut pluribus dimissi^ itineribus a Caesare ad Domitium et a Domiti5 ad Cae- sarem nulla ratione iter conficere possent. Sed Allo- broges,^ Raucilli atque Egi familiares, quos perf ugisse ad 15 Pompeium dem5nstravimus,^ conspicati in itinere ex- pl5ratores DomitI, seu pristina ^° sua consuetudine, quod una in Gallia bella gesserant, seu gl5ria ^^ elatl cuncta, ut erant acta, exposuerunt et Caesaris profecti5nem, adven- tum Pompei docuerunt. A quibus Domitius certior fac- 20 tus vix IV horarum spati5 antecedens ^^ hostium benefici5 periculum vitavit et ad Aeginium, quod est adiectum " appositumque Thessaliae, Caesari venienti occurrit. inflatius, with more exaggera- percrebresco, -ere, -crebrui (-cre- iion. bui), ^ be spread abroad. infestus, -a, -um, dangerous. 1. brought together, i.e. near 7. Sc. nuntii. to. 8. certain Allobroges. 2. brought close., i.e. next to. 9. See p. 129, 1. 2. 3. ilium obicere : to put hi7n 10. pristina sua consuetiidine : in the way of. because of their for fner intimacy. 4- quam . . . gesta : than 1 1 . gloria elati : pruffed up by the facts warranted. the glory {they had won). 5- pulsum . . . amissTs : indir. 12. getting the start. disc, depending on fama. 13. adiectum appositumque; 6. = fama. near a7id bordering upon. CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III - 145 Caesar storms Gomphi. 80. Coniunct5 exercitu Caesar Gomph5s pervenit, quod est oppidum primum Thessaliae venientibus ^ ab Epiro ; quae gens paucis ante mensibus ultro ad Cae- sarem legat5s miserat, ut suis omnibus facultatibus 5 uteretur, praesidiumque ab e5 militum petierat Sed eo fama iam praecurrerat,^ quam supra docuimus, de proeli5 Dyrrhachm5, quod^ multis auxerat partibus. Itaque Androsthenes, praetor Thessaliae, cum se vic- toriae Pompei comitem esse mallet quam socium Cae- 10 saris in rebus adversis, omnem ex agris multitudinem servorum ac liberorum in oppidum cogit portasque prae- cludit et ad Sclpionem Pompeiumque nuntios mittit, ut sibi subsidio veniant : se confldere muniti5nibus oppidi, si celeriter succurratur ; ^ longinquam op'pugnationem 15 sustinere non posse. Scipio discessu exercituum ab Dyrrhachio cognito Larlsam legiones adduxerat ; Pom- peius nondum Thessaliae appropinquabat. Caesar castris munitis scalas ^ muscul5sque ^ ad repentinam oppugnationem fieri et crates ^ pararl iussit. Quibus 20 rebus effectis cohortatus milites docuit, quantum^ usum haberet ad sublevandam omnium rerum inopiam potiri* comes, comitis, m. and f., com- malo, malle, m&lm, prefer, panion^ associate^ partaker^ praeclud5, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, sharer, shut. 1. as you come. 6. sheds. 2. Cf. curro. 7. wicker hurdles. 3. quod . . . partibus : which 8. quantum haberet, etc. : // (fama) had increased m,any how great a help toward reliev- times. ing, etc., it would bring to gain 4. some one would hurry to possession of. help. 9. potiri, inferre, fieri: sub- 5. ladders. .jects of haberet. SECOND YEAR LATIN — ID 146 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS oppid5 plen5 atque opulent5, simul reliquis civitatibus huius urbis exemplo^ inferre terrdrem et id fieri cele- riter, priusquam auxilia concurrerent. Itaque usus singular! mllitum studio eodem, quo venerat, die post 5 horam nonam oppidum altissimis ^ moenibus oppugnare aggressus ante solis occasum expugnavit et ad diripien- dum ^ militibus concessit statimque ab oppidd castra movit et Metropolim venit, sic ut nuntios expugnati* oppidl famamque antecederet. The other surrounding states surrender. 10 81. Metropolitae primum ^ eodem usi consilio isdem permotl rumoribus portas clauserunt murosque armatis compleverunt ; sed postea casu civitatis Gomphensis c5gnit5 ex. captivis, quos Caesar ad murum producendos curaverat, portas aperuerunt. Quibus diligentissime 15 conservatis coUata* fortuna Metropolitum ^ cum casu Gomphensium nulla Thessaliae fuit civitas praeter Lari- saeos, qui magnis exercitibus Scipionis tenebantur, quin ^ Caesarl pareret atque imperata faceret. Ille ^ idoneum locum in agrls nactus plenis frumentorum,^^ quae prope 2oiam matura erant, ibi adventum exspectare Pompei e5que " omnem belli ^^ rationem conf erre constituit. opulentus, -a, -um ; cf. Eng. opulent. 1. warning example. 7. = Metropolitarum. 2. altissimis moenibus: abl. 8. quin pareret: but that of description with oppidum. obeyed. 3. pUmdering. 9. i-e. Caesar. 4. expugnati oppidl : of the 10. Note the plural. stormingof the town. 11. eo c5nf erre : transfer to 5. Here — at first. that place. 6. coUata cum: compared 12. belli rationem: issue of with, the campaign. 1 CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III I47 Pompey and Scipio join forces. The Pompeians quarrel over the booty as though the victory were already won. 82. Pompeius paucis post diebus in Thessaliam per- venit contionatusque ^ apud cunctum exercitum suis agit gratias, Scipionis milites cohortatur, ut parta ^ iam victoria praedae ac praemiorum velint esse participes, ^ 5 receptlsque omnibus in una castra legi5nibus suum cum Scipione honorem partitur classicumque apud eum cani et alterum * illi iubet praetorium tendl.^ Auctis copiis Pompei duobusque magnis exercitibus coniunctis pristina omnium c5nfirmatur opinio et spes victoriae augetur, 10 adeo ut, quidquid intercederet temporis, id morarl redi- tum in Italiam videretur, et ^ si quando quid Pompeius tardius aut consTderatius faceret, unius ^ esse negdtium diei, sed ilium ^ delectari imperio et consulares praeto- riosque^ servorum habere numero dicerent.^^ lamque 15 inter se palam de praemiis ac sacerdotiis contendebant in^^ ann5sque consulatum^^ deflniebant,^^ alii domds bonaque eorum, qui in castris erant Caesaris, petebant ; magnaque inter e5s in consilio fuit controversia, oporte- partior, 4, divide. classicum, -i, n., trumpet call. cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, sing^ sound. considerate, deliberately. delects, i, delight. consularis, consularis, m., ex-con- sul. praetorium, -i, n., generaVs tent. sacerdotium, -i, n., priesthood. 1. after making an address, 2. gained. 3. sharers. 8. ilium delectari imperio: he was too much pleased with his command. 4. a second. 5. pitch. 6. Connects videretur and dicerent. 7. unius . . . diei: was a task of but a single day ; depends on dicerent. 9. ex-praetors. 10. they said (in criticism) . 11. in annosque: and for years ahead. 12. consulship. 13. established. 148 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS retne Lucili^ Hirri, quod^ is a Pompei5 ad Parth5s missus esset, proximis comitiis ^ praet5riis absentis ra- tionem haberl, cum eius necessarii fidem implorarent Pompei, praestaret, quod proficlscenti recepisset, ne per 5 eius auctoritatem deceptus videretur, reliqui, in lab5re pari ac pericul5 ne Onus omnes antecederet, recusarent. Pompey finally offers battle, 85. Pompeius, qui castra in colle habebat, ad infimas radices mentis aciem instruebat,^ semper, ut videbatur, exspectans^ si inlquis locis Caesar se subiceret. Caesar 10 nulla ratione ad pugnam elici^ posse Pompeium existi- mans, banc sibi commodissimam belli rationem ^ iudica- vit, uti castra ex e5 loco moveret, semperque esset in itineribus, haec^ spectans, ut movendis castrls pluribus adeundis locis commodiore re frumentaria Qteretur, i5simulque in itinere ut aliquam occasionem dimicandi nancisceretur et Insolitum ad labdrem Pompei exercitum cotidianis itineribus defatlgaret.^ His c5nstitutis rebus, slgn5 iam profectidnis dat5 tabernaculisque ^'^ detensis animadversum est paulo " ante extra ^^ cotldianam c5n- 2osuetudinem longius a' vallo esse aciem Pompei pr5- gressam, ut ^^ non iniquo loc5 posse dimicari videretur. insolitus, -a, -um, unaccustomed^ detendo, -ere, , -tensum, take unusual. down. I. Lucili Hirri: obj. gen. with rati5nem. 7. Explained by uti . . . moveret . . . esset. 2. quod . . . esset : explains absentis. 3. elections. 8. Explained by the follow- ing subjunct. clauses. 9. exhaust. 4. Imperf., denoting repeated action. 10. tents. 11. paulo ante: adv., modi- 5. exspectans si: waiting to see whether. 6. lure out. \ fying esse progressam. 12. contrary to. 13. ut . . . videretur : so that CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III I49 Tunc Caesar apud suos, cum iam esset agmen in portis, ' Differendum est,' inquit, 'iter in ^ praesentia nobis et de proelio c5gitandum, sicut semper depoposcimus. Animd^ simus ad dimicandum parati: n5n facile oc- 5 casionem postea reperiemus ; ' conf estimque expeditas c5pias educit. Pompey expects to win with his cavalry. 86. Pompeius quoque, ut postea cognitum est, suorum omnium hortatu statuerat proelio decertare. Namque etiam in consilio superioribus diebus dixerat, priusquam 10 concurrerent acies, fore uti exercitus Caesaris pelleretur. Id cum essent plerique admirati, ' Sci5 me,' inquit, ' paene incredibilem rem pollicerl ; sed rati5nem ^ con- silii mei accipite, quo firmiore animo in proelium prodea- tis. Persuasi equitibus nostris (idque mihi facturos 15 confirmaverunt) ut, cum propius sit accessum, dextrum Caesaris cornu ab latere aperto aggrederentur et cir- cumventa ab tergo acie prius perturbatum exercitum pellerent, quam a nobis telum in hostem iaceretur. Ita sine periculo legionum et paene sine vulnere bellum 20 conficiemus. Id autem difficile non est, cum tantum equitatu valeamus.' Simul denuntiavit, ut essent animo parati in ^ posterum et, quoniam fieret dimicandl po- testas, ut ^ saepe c5gitavissent, ne usu ^ manuque reli- qu5rum ^ opmionem fallerent.^ deposed, -ere, -poposci, ; cf. hortatus, -us, m., cf. hortor. posco. it seemed that a decisive battle 4. in'postQmm.: for the future. could be fought in a place not 5. as. unfavorable {to Caesar^. 6. usu manuque : as to their 1 . in praesentia : for the present, practice and power. 2. Abl. of specification. 7. i.e. those not present. 3. nature. 8. disappoint. 150 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS Labienus speaks slightingly of Caesar^ s troops. 87. Hunc Labienus excepit ^ et, cum ^ Caesaris copias despiceret, Pompei consilium summis laudibus efferret,^ ' N5ll,' inquit, ' existimare, Pompei,^ hunc esse exercitum, qui Galliam Germaniamque devicerit. Om- 5 nibus interful^ proelils neque temere incognitam rem pronuntio. Perexigua ® pars illius exercitus superest ; magna pars deperiit, quod accidere tot proelils fuit necesse, multos autumn! pestilentia in Italia consumpsit, multi domum discesserunt, multi sunt relicti in conti- lonentiJ An non audistis ex^ iis, qui per causam vale- tudinis remanserunt, cohortes esse Brundisi f actas ? Hae copiae, quas videtis, ex delectibus horum annorum in citeriore Gallia sunt refectae, et plerlque sunt ex col5niis^ Transpadanis. Ac tamen quod fuit roboris i5du5bus proelils Dyrrhachinis interiit.' Haec cum dixisset, iuravit se nisi victorem in castra non reversu- rum reliquosque, ut idem facerent, hortatus est. Hoc laudans Pompeius idem iuravit ; nee vero ex reliquis fuit quisquam, qui iurare dubitaret. Haec tum facta sunt in 2oconsili5, magnaque spe et laetitia^^ omnium discessum est ; ac iam animo victoriam praecipiebant," quod de re devinco, -ere, -vici, -victum ; cf. pestilentia, -ae, f., //^^/(^. numero, i, count out. gratiis, for nothing. tento, I, test. caritas, caritatis, f., love. abstinentia, -ae, f., self-restraint, propere, in a hurry. 1. be given in marriage. struction with Epaminondam. 2. amount. 4. in the presence of ; a post- 3. bribe; the gerundive con- positive prep, with the abl. case. 196 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS the, argentum huic redde, aut, nisi id confestim facis, ego te tradam magistratui." Hunc Diomed5n cum rogaret ut tuto exiret suaque quae attulerat liceret efferre; " istud quidem," inquit, ** faciam, neque ^ tua 5 causa, sed mea, ne, si tibi^ sit pecunia adempta, aliquis dicat id ad me ereptum^ pervenisse, quod delatum * accipere n5luissem." A qu5 cum quaesisset qu5 se de- duci ^ vellet, et ille Athenas dixisset, praesidium dedit, ut tuto perveniret. Neque ver5 id satis habuit, sed loetiam, ut inviolatus in navem escenderet, per Chabriam Atheniensem, de quo supra mentionem fecimus, effecit. , Abstinentiae erit hoc satis testimonium. Plurima quidem proferre possumus, sed modus adhibendus est, quoniam un5 h5c volumine vltam excellentium virorum complu- iSrium concludere constituimus, qu5rum® separatim multls mllibus ^ versuum complures scriptores ante n5s explica- runt.^ His ready repartee and his eloquence, 5. Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemo el Thebanus par esset eloquentia, neque n)inus concinnus in brevitate respon- 2odendi quam in perpetua^ oratione 5rnatus. .Habuit ob- trectat5rem Menecllden quendam, indidem Thebis, et inviolatus, -a, -um, unharmed. concinnus, -a, -um, well adjusted^ volumen, voluminis, n., book. concise. concludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, 5rnatus, -a, -um, < include. obtrectator, obtrectatoris, m., dis- versus, -us, m., line. parager, rival. scriptor, scriptoris, m., writer. indidem, frojn the same place, disertus, -a, -um, fluent. likewise. 1. neque tua causa: but not 5. be escorted, for your sake. 6. Sc. vitam. 2. Dat. of separation. 7. Abl. of means. 3. by seizure. 8. described. 4. when offered. 9. set. NEPOS, LIVES 197 adversarium in administrandare publica, satis exercitatum in dicendo, lit^ Thebanum scilicet; namque ill! genti plus inest virium quam ingenil. Is, quod in re militari florere Epamlnondam videbat, hortari solebat Thebanos 5 ut pacem bello anteferrent, ne illius imperatoris opera desideraretur. Huic ille : **fallis," inquit, " verbo^ elves tuos, quod hos a bello avocas ; otil enim nomine servi- tutem concilias. Nam paritur^ pax bello. Itaque qui ea diutina^ volunt frui, bello exercitati esse debent. 10 Quare si principes Graeciae vultis esse, castrls est v5bls utendum, non palaestra." Idem ille Meneclldes cum huic obiceret Insolentiam, quod sibi Agamemnonis belli gloriam videretur consecutus, at ille "quod," inquit, *' autem me Agamemnonem^ aemularl putas, f alleris ; 15 namque ille cum universal Graecia vix decem annis unam cepit urbem ; ego, contra® ea, una urbe nostra dieque uno totam Graeciam Lacedaemonils fugatis llberavl." Further evidence of his readiness. 6. Idem ^ cum in conventum venisset Arcadum, petens 20 ut societatem cum Thebanis et Arglvis f acerent, contraque * insum; cf. sum. insolentia, -ae, f., hmightiness^ avoco, I ; cf. voco. arrogance. otium, -i, n., inactivity^ peace. aemulor, i, rival. 1 . ut Thebanum scilicet : that other hand with this one city of is, for a Theban. ours. 2. by means of that word 7. idem cum, etc. ; the main {i.e. pacem). verb of the sentence is dixit, line 3. is brought about. 11, page 198. The subject is re- 4. long. peated in Epaminondas, 1. 9, 5. iiniversa Graecia: with all page 198. Greece united. 8. -que, connects venisset and 6. contra ... nostra : on the postularet. igS SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, qui eloquentia omnes eo praestabat tempore, postularet ut potius amicitiam se- querentur Atticorum, et in oratione sua multa invectus esset in Thebanos et Arglvos, in^ iisque hoc posuisset, 5 animadvertere debere ^ Arcades quales utraque civitas elves pr5creasset, ex quibus de ceteris possent iudicare ; Arglv5s enim f uisse ^ Orestem et Alcmaeonem matricldas, Thebls Oedipum natum esse,^ qui patrem suum interf ecis- set; huic in respondend5 Epamlnondas, cum de ceteris lo perorasset, postquam ad ilia duo opprobria pervenit, ad- mlrarl se dixit stultitiam^ rhetoris AtticI, qui n5n ani- madverterit, innocentes illos natos ^ domi, scelere admiss5 cum patria essent expulsl, recept5s esse ab Atheniensi- bus. Sed maxim e eius eloquentia eluxit Spartae legati^ 15 ante pugnam Leuctricam. Quo cum omnium sociorum convenissent legatl, coram frequentissim5 legationum con- ventu sic Lacedaemoniorum tyrannidem coarguit, ut n5n minus ilia orati5ne opes eorum concusserit quam Leuc- trica pugna. Tum enim perf ecit, quod post apparuit, ut 2oauxili5 Lacedaemonii sociorum privarentur. inveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, carry (implying contempt) talker^ against] in pass, with reflexive speechifier. force, 7nake an attack. eluce5, -ere, -luxi, , shine out, procreo, i, produce. be conspicuous. matricida, -ae, m., one who coarguo, -ere, -argui, -argutum, murders his mother, matri- prove, expose. cide. concutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, dis- per5r5, \, finish. turb, crush. opprobrium, -1, n., reproach. appareo, -ere, -parui, -paritum, rhetor, rhetoris, m., orator; appear. 1. in lis hoc posuisset: had ing implied in in . . . posuisset. inserted among these attacks this 3. stiipidity. statement. 4. Sc. esse. 2. Depend on verb of say- 5. Appositive with eius. NEPOS, LIVES 199 His patience under a'iticis?n. He retains his command beyond the legal time limit. 7. Fuisse^ patientem su5rumque iniurias ferentem cTvium, quod se patriae irasci nefas esse duceret, haec sunt testimonia. Cum eum propter invidiam cives sul praeficere exercitui noluissent, duxque esset delectus belli 5 imperitus, cuius errdre eo esset deducta ilia multitud5 mllitum ut omnes de salute pertimescerent, quod locorum angustiis clausi ab hostibus obsidebantur, desiderari coepta est Epamlnondae diligentia ; erat enim ibi privatus numero^ militis. A qu5 cum peterent opem, nuUam ad- lohibuit memoriam conturneliae et exercitum obsidione liberatum domum reduxit incolumem. Nee ver5 hoc semel fecit, sed saepius. Maxime autem fuit illustre,^ cum in Peloponnesum exercitum duxisset adversus Lacedaemonios haberetque collegas duos, qu5rum alter 15 erat Pelopidas, vir fortis ac strenuus. Hi cum criminibus adversariorum omnes in invidiam venissent, ob eamque rem imperium iis^ esset abrogatum, atque in e5rum locum alii praetores successissent, Epamin5ndas populi scito n5n paruit, idemque ut facerent persuasit coUegls, et bel- 2olum quod susceperat gessit. Namque animadvertebat, nisi id fecisset, totum exercitum propter praetorum im- prudentiam inscitiamque belli periturum. Lex erat Thebis quae morte multabat, si ^ quis imperium diutius irascor, -i, iratus sum, be angry. abrogd, i, take away. nefas, indecl., n., sin. scitum, -i, n., decree. pertimesco, -ere, -timui, ; cf. imprudentia, -ae, f. ; cf. in {no{) timed. + priidentia. strenuus, -a, -um, active. inscitia, -ae, f. ; cf. in {not) + scio. 1. Sc. Epaminondam as sub- 3- fajuoiis. ject. 4. Dat. of separation. 2. with the rank. 5- si quis: whoever. 200 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS retinuisset, quam lege praeflnltum foret.^ Hanc Epa- minondas, cum rel publicae c5nservandae causa latam ^ videret, ad perniciem civitatis c5nferre ^ noluit et quattuor mensibus diutius, quam populusiusserat,gessitimperium. He ingeniously defends his act and escapes the penalty, 5 8. Postquam domum reditum est, collegae eius h5c crimine accusabantur. Quibus ille permisit, ut omnem causam in se transf errent, suaque opera ^ factum conten- derent ut legl n5n oboedlrent. Qua defensione illis perlcul5 llberatls, nemo Epamlnondam responsurum ^ loputabat, quod quid diceret non haberet. At ille in iudicium venit, nihil eorum negavit quae adversarii crlmini^ dabant, omniaque quae collegae dlxerant con- fessus est, neque recusavit quo minus legis poenam sublret, sed unum ab iis petlvit ut in sepulcro suo In- 15 scrlberent : " Epamln5ndas a Thebanis morte multatus est, quod eos coegit apud Leuctra superare Lacedae- moni5s, qu5s ante^ se imperatdrem nemo Boeoti5rum ausus sit aspicere in acie, quodque un5 proelio n5n solum Thebas ab interitu retraxit, sed etiam universam Grae- 20 ciam in ^ libertatem vindicavit, eoque ^ res utrorumque perduxit ut Thebani Spartam oppugnarent, Lacedae- monil satis haberent, sT salvi esse possent, neque prius bellare destitit quam Messene restituta urbem e5rum praefinio, 4, prescribe. aspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum ; oboedio, 4, obey. cf. perspicio. inscribo ; cf. scribo. salvus, -a, -um, safe. 1. = esset. 7. ante se imperatorem : be- 2. Sc. esse : had been passed, fore he was ge?ieral. 3. apply. 8. in libertatem vindicavit: 4. i7istruvientality, set free. 5. offer a defetise. 9. eo . . . perdiixit : so man- 6. as a charge. aged the fortu7ies of both. NEPOS, LIVES 20I obsidione clausit." Haec cum dlxisset, risus omnium cum hilaritate coortus est, neque quisquam iudex ausus est de eo f erre suff ragium. Sic a iudici5 ^ capitis maxima discessit gloria. His death. 5 9. Hic extremo^ tempore imperator apud Mantineam, cum acie instructa audacius Instaret hostibus, cognitus a Lacedaemoniis, quod in unlus'^ pernicie eius patriae sitam* putabant salutem, universl in^ unum impetum fecerunt, neque prius abscesserunt quam magna caede 10 facta, multisque occisis, fortissime ipsum Epamlnondam pugnantem, sparo eminus percussum,^ concidere viderunt. Huius casu aliquantum retardati sunt Boeotii, neque tamen prius pugna excesserunt quam repugnantes^ profllgarunt. At Epamlnondas, cum animadverteret 15 mortiferum se vulnus accepisse, simulque si ferrum, quod ex hastlli in corpore remanserat, extraxisset, ani- mam statim emissurum,^ usque* eo retinuit,^^ quoad renuntiatum est vicisse Boe5ti5s. Id postquam audlvit, ** satis," inquit, *' vixi ; invictus enim morior." Tum ferro 2oextract5 c5nfestim exanimatus est. risus, -us, m., laughter. aliquantum, somewhat. hilaritas, hilaritatis, i.^gayety. retardo, i, keep back. iudex, iudicis, m., judge. mortiferus, -a, -um ; cf. mors + abscedo ; cf. cedo. fero. sparus, -I, m., small spear, hastile, hastilis, m., spear shaft, eminus, from a distance. extraho ; cf. traho. 1. iSdicio capitis: trial for 6. his life. 7. opponents. 2. extremo tempore: at last. 8. Depends on animadver- 3. unius eius : of this 07ie teret ; sc. se as subject. man. 9. usque e5 quoad: even to 4. depended on. the time when. 5. in iinum: sc. Epamin5n- 10. Sc. ferrum, dam. 202 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS Anecdotes. The decline of Thebes after his death. 10. Hic ux5rem numquam duxit. In^ qu5 cum reprehenderetur (quod liberos non relinqueret) a Pe- lopida, qui f Ilium habebat infamem, maleque ^ eum in ^ e5 patriae consulere diceret/ **vide," inquit, "ne tu 5 peius consulas, qui talem ex te natum relicturus sis. Neque ver5 stirps potest mihi deesse ; namque ex^ me natam relinquo pugnam Leuctricam, quae n5n modo mihi superstes, sed etiam immortalis sit necesse est." Qu5^ tempore, duce Pelopida, exsules Thebas occuparunt loet praesidium Lacedaemoni5rum ex arce expulerunt, Epamlnondas, quamdiu ^ facta est caedes civium, dom5 se tenuit quod neque malos^ defendere volebat neque impugnare, ne manus su5rum^ sanguine cruentaret ; namque omnem civllem^° victoriam funestam putabat. 15 Idem, postquam apud Cadmeam cum Lacedaemoniis pugnarl coeptum est, in ^^ primis stetit. Huius de virtutibus vltaque satis erit dictum, si hoc unum adiunxero, quod nem5 Ibit Infitias, Thebas ^^ et ante Epamlnondam natum et post eiusdem interitum 20 perpetuo ^^ alieno paruisse imperio ; contra ea, quam diu infamis, -e, disreputable. cruento, i, stain. stirps, stirpis, f., stocky progeny, funestus, -a, -um, fatal^ disas- superstes, superstitis, surviving. trous. exsul, exsulis, m., exile. infitias, ace. only ; with ire, deny. 1. in quo: on this point. 7. quamdiii: as long as. 2. male consulere: had no 8. traitors. proper regard for. 9. of his fellow citizens. 3. in eo : in this matter. 10. over his fellow citizens. 4. Sc. Pelopidas as subject. 11. in primis: among the 5. ex me natam: as my first. daughter. 12. Subject of paruisse and 6. quo tempore : at the time fuisse. when. 13. Adverb. NEPOS, LIVES 203 ille praefuerit rel publicae, caput fuisse totius Graeciae. Ex quo intellegl potest unum hominem pluris^ quam civitatem fuisse. V. HANNIBAL 247-183 HannibaVs greatness as a general. His hatred of the Romans. I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris fllius, Karthaginiensis. Si 5 verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus R5manus omnes gentes virtute superarit, non est Infitiandum Hannibalem tanto praestitisse ceteros imperat5res pru- dentia, quanto populus Romanus antecedat fortitudine cunctas nationes. Nam quotienscumque cum eo ^ con- logressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. Quod ^ nisi domi civium su5rum invidia debilitatu-s esset, R5- manos videtur superare potuisse.^ Sed multdrum ob- trectatio devicit unlus virtutem. Hic autem velut ^ hereditate relictum odium paternum 15 erga Romanes sic conservavit, ut prius animam quam id^ deposuerit ; qui quidem, cum patria pulsus esset et alienarum opum indigeret,^' numquam destiterit animo bellare cum Romanls. infitior, i, deny. odium, -i, n., hatred, grudge, ariz- quotienscumque, as often as. mosity. debilit5, i, weaken. pateraus, -a, -um, of a father ; obtrectatio, obtrectatiSnis, f., here, his father"^ s. jealousy. erga, towards. 1. of more consequence. 5. velut hereditatfe : by inher- 2. i.e. populo Romano. itance, as it were. 3. quod nisi : ujdess then. 6. i.e. odium. 4. would have been able. 7. needed. 204 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS His vow, 2. Nam ut ^ omittam Philippum, quern absens hostem reddidit Romanis, omnium iis temporibus potentissimus rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit^ bellandl, ut usque a rubro marl arma conatus sit Inferre Italiae. Ad quem cum legati venissent RdmanI, qui de eius voluntate explorarent darentque ^ operam consiliis clandestlnls, ut Hanni- balem in suspTci5nem regl"^ ad- ducerent, tamquam ab ipsis cor- Sacrificium ruptus alia^ atque antea sentlret, neque id frustra fecissent, idque Hannibal comperisset seque ab interioribus c5nsilils se- 15 gregari vidisset, tempore® dat5 adiit ad regem, eique cum multa de fide sua et odi5 in Roman5s commemorasset, hoc adiunxit. ** Pater mens," inquit, " Hamilcar, puerulo me, utpote n5n amplius novem annos nato/ in His- paniam imperator proficiscens Karthagine, lovi optim5 20 maxim5 hostias immolavit. Quae dlvlna res dum c5nfi- ciebatur, quaeslvit a me vellemne secum in castra pro- ficiscl. Id cum libenter accepissem atque ab eo petere ^ coepissem ne dubitaret ducere, tum ille, * f aciam/ inquit, ruber, rubra, rubrum, red. clandestinus, -a, -um, hidden^ secret, tamquam, as if. segrego, i, separate^ exclude. puerulus, -i, m., little boy. utpote, namely^ as being. hostia, -ae, f., victim. 1. ut omittam: to omit. 2. Sc. Hannibal as subject. 3. darent operam : try, 4. in the king's eyes. 5. alia atque antea sentiret: felt differently than before. 6. chance. 7. Agrees with me. 8. petere ne dubitaret: beg him not to hesitate* NEPOS, LIVES ^05 *sl mihi fidem, quam postulo, dederis.' Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud quam sacrificare Instituerat, eamque ceteris remotis tenentem iurare iussit, numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego iusiurandum patri 5 datum usque ad hanc aetatem ita conservavi, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliqu5 tempore eadem mente sim futurus. Quare si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis, n5n imprudenter f eceris si me ^ celaris ; cum quidem bellum parabis, te ipsum frustraberis si non me in eo loprlncipem posueris." His campaign in Spain, and his advance over the Alps into Italy. 3. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in His- paniam profectus est; cuius post obitum, Hasdrubale imperatore suffecto, equitatnl omni praefuit. Hoc quoque interfecto, exercitus summam imperil ad eum 15 detulit. Id ^ Karthaginem delatum publice comprobatum est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et viginti annis natus imperator factus proximd triennio omnes gentes His- paniae bello subegit ; ^ Saguntum, f oederatam civitatem, vl expugnavit, tres exercitus maximos comparavit. Ex 20 his unum In Africam misit, alterum cum Hasdrubale fratre in Hispania rellquit, tertium in Italiam secum duxit. Saltum ^ Pyrenaeum transiit. Quacumque iter fecit, cum omnibus incolls confllxit ; neminem nisi victum ara, -ae, f., altar. sufficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, aj)- sacrifico, i, sacrifice. point instead. amice, adv. ; cf. amicus. comprobo, i, approve. imprudenter ; cf. in {tiot) + pru- triennium, -i, n. ; cf. tres + annus. dentia. foederatus, -a, -um, allied. frustror, i, deceive^ disappoint^ quicumque, quaecumque, quod- trick. cumque, whoever^ whatever. 1. from me. 3. subdued. 2. i.e. his appointment. 4. moutttain. range. 206 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS dimlsit. Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, quae Italiam ab Gallia seiungunt, quas nem5 umquam cum exercitu ante cum praeter Herculem Graium transierat (qu5 fact5 is hodie saltus Graius appellatur), Alpicds conantes prohi- 5 here transitu concidit, loca patefecit, itinera muniit,^ eff ecit ut ea ^ elephantus 5rnatus ^ Ire posset, qua antea unus hom5 inermis vix poterat repere. Hac copias traduxit in Italiamque pervenit. His victories in Italy. 4. Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio loScipione consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem Clastidii^ apud Padum decernit sauciumque inde ac fugatum dimittit. Tertio idem Scipi5 cum collega Ti- berio Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cum iis manum conseruit ; utrosque profllgavit. Inde per Ligures 15 Appennlnum transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc itinere adeo gravl morbo adficitur oculorum, ut postea numquam dextr5 aeque bene usus sit. Qua valetudine cum etiam- tum premeretur lecticaque ferretur, C Flaminium c5n- sulem apud Trasumennum cum exercitu insidiis circum- 2oventum occldit, neque multo post C. Centenium prae- t5rem cum delecta manu saltus occupantem. Hinc in Apuliam pervenit. Ibi obviam ^ el venerunt duo con- sules, C. Terentius et L. Aemilius. UtrTusque exerci- tus iin5 proeli5 fugavit, Paulum c5nsulem occldit et seiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctum, separate. transitus, -us ; cf. eo. repo, -ere, repsi, reptum, creep. consero, -ere, -serui, -sertum, /^^7^^ 13- Concessive. left a record to the effect that. 14- his forces. NEPOS, LIVES 211 He goes to Crete and there saves his money by a ruse, 9. Antiocho fugato, verens ne dederetur, quod sine dubio accidisset si ^ sui f ecisset potestatem, Cretam ad Gortynios venit, ut ibi quo se conferret consideraret. Vidit autem vir omnium 5 callidissimus in magno se fore periculo, nisi^ quid providisset, propter avaritiam Cretensium ; magnam enim secum 10 pecuniam portabat, de qua sciebat exisse fa- mam. Itaque capit tale consilium. Amphoras complures complet summas^ operit auro et argento. Amphorae plumbo,^ Has, praesentibus 15 principibus, deponit in templo Dianae, simulans se suas fortunas illorum fidei credere. His in errorem inductis, statuas aeneas, quas secum portabat, omni sua pecunia complet easque in propatul5 domi abicit.^ Gortynii templum magna cura custodiunt, non tam a ceteris quam 20 ab Hannibale, ne ille, Inscientibus iis, tolleret secumque duceret. considero, i, look at carefully^ operio, -ire, -perui, -pertum, consider. cover. amphora, -ae, f., a two-handled aeneus, -a, -um, bronze. jar. propatulum, -i, n., courtyard. 1 . si . . . potestatem : if he had given thetn a chance at him. 2. nisi . . . providisset : un- less he should take some precau- tion. 3. lead. 4. Sc. amphoras: the tops of the jars. 5. As though they were of no value. 212 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS He goes to Prusias. Invents a novel piece of stratagem. 10. Sic conservatis suis rebus Poenus, illusis Cretensi^ bus omnibus, ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. Apud quern eodem animo fuit erga Italiam, neque aliud quic- quam egit quam regem armavit et exercuit adversus 5 R5man5s. Quern cum videret domesticis opibus minus ^ esse robustum, conciliabat ceteros reges, adiungebat bellic5sas nationes. Dissidebat ab eo^ Pergamenus rex Eumenes, Romanis amicissimus, bellumque inter eos gerebatur et mari et terra ; quo magis cupiebat eum lo Hannibal opprimi. Sed utrobique Eumenes plus valebat propter R5manorum societatem : quem si rem5visset, facili5ra sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc inter- ficiendum talem iniit rationem. Classe paucis diebus erant^ decreturi. Superabatur navium multitudine; 15 dol5 erat pugnandum, cum par non esset armis. Im- peravit quam plurimas venenatas serpentes vivas colligi easque in vasa fictilia conici. Harum cum effecisset magnam multitudinem, die ipso, quo facturus erat navale proelium, classiarids convocat ilsque praecipit, omnes ut 20 in unam Eumenis regis concurrant navem, a ceteris tan- tum satis ^ habeant se defendere. Id illos facile serpen- tium multitudine c5nsecuturos. Rex autem in qua nave illudo, -ere, -lusi, -liisum, deceive, venenatus, -a, -um, filled with robustus, -a, -um, power/id. poison, poisonous. dissideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, serpens, serpentis, f., snake. differ. vas, vasis, n., plu. vasa, vasorum, utrobique, on both sides; here, jar. on land and sea. fictilis, -e, earthen. 1. not very. going to fight. 2. /.^.Prusias. 4. satis habeant: should con- 3. erant decreturi: they were sider it enough. NEPOS, LIVES 213 veheretur ut^ scirent se facturum ; quern si aut cepissent aut interfecissent, magno ils pollicetur praemio fore. By this strategy^ he defeats Eumenes. II. Tall cohortatione militum facta classis ab utrlsque in pr.oelium deducitur. Quarum acie c5nstituta, prius- 5 quam signum pugnae daretur, Hannibal, ut palam faceret suis, quo loc5 Eumenes esset, tabellarium in scapha^ cum caduceo mittit. Qui ubi ad naves adversaridrum pervenit epistu- lamque ostendens se regem professus^ est loquaerere, statim ad Eumenem deductus est, quod nemo dubitabat quin aliquid de pace esset scriptum. Tabellarius ducis nave declarata suis,^ eodem unde erat egressus se recepit. At Eumenes soluta ^ epistula nihil in ea repperit, 15 nisi quae ad irridendum eum pertinerent. Cuius ^ - _ _i _, '--L . . Caduceus etsi causam mirabatur neque reperiebat, tamen proelium statim committere non dubitavit. Horum in concursu Bithynil Hannibalis praecepto^ universi navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim rex cum sustinere 20 non posset, f uga salutem petiit ; quam ^ consecutus non esset, nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset, quae in pro- xim5 litore erant collocata. Reliquae Pergamenae naves cum adversaries premerent acrius, repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra men tionem fecimus, conici coepta tabellarius, -1, m., messenger^ caduceus, -i, m., heraWs staffs herald. the token of a peace envoy. 1. ut . . . facturum: he would 5. opened. see to it that they should know. 6. in accordance with the com- 2. S7nallboat. maud. 3- professus est : stated. 7. quam . . . esset: hewoidd 4. to his own 7nen. not have reached safety. 214 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS sunt. Quae ^ iacta initi5 risum pugnantibus concitarunt, neque quare id fieret poterat intellegi. Postquam autem naves suas oppletas conspexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti cum quid ^ potissimum vitarent non viderent, 5 puppes verterunt seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic Hannibal consilid arma PeVgamenorum superavit, neque turn solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis pari prudentia pepulit adversari5s. His death by poison. 12. Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu ut legati lo Prusiae Romae apud ^ T. Quintium Flamininum c5nsula- rem cenarent, atque ibi de Hannibale menti5ne facta ex lis unus diceret eum in Prusiae regn5 esse. Id postero die Flamininus senatui detulit. Patres '^ c5nscriptl, qui Hannibale vlv5 numquam se sine insidiis futur5s exlsti- 15 marent, legatds in Bithyniam miserunt, in ils Flamininum, qui ab rege peterent ne^ inimicissimum suum secum haberet sibique ^ dederet.^ His Prusia negare ausus non est ; illud * recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, quod adversus ius hospitii esset; ipsi, si possent, com- 20 prehenderent ; ^ locum ubi esset facile inventuros. Hannibal enim uno loc5 se tenebat in castell5, quod el a rege datum erat muneri, idque sic aedificarat ut in nauticus, -a, -um, naval. ceno, i, dine. 1. quae iacta: the throwing enemy with him. of these. 6. -que : but. 2. quid . . . vitarent: what 7. Sc ut. they should avoid ?nost . 8. illud recusavit ne, etc.: 3. at the house of. but he did object to this that 4. patres c5nscripti: senators, they, etc. 5. ne . . . haberet: that he 9. Subjunctive representing should not keep their greatest imperative of direct discourse. ' NEPOS, LIVES 215 omnibus partibus aedificil exitus haberet, scilicet^ verens ne^ usu veniret quod accidit. Hue cum legati Roma- norum venissent ac multitudine domum eius circumdedis- sent, puer ab ianua prospiciens Hannibali dixit plures 5 praeter consuetudinem armat5s apparere.^ Qui impera- vit ei ut omnes fores aedificii circumiret, ac propere* sibi nuntiaret num^ eodem mod5 undique obsideretur. Puer cum celeriter quid esset renuntiasset omnesque exitus occupat5s ostendisset, sensit id non fortuito 10 factum, sed se peti neque ® sibi diutius vitam esse reti- nendam. Quam ^ ne alieno arbitrio dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum,^ quod semper secum ha- bere consuerat, sumpsit. His historians and his own writings. 13. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfunctus 15 laboribus, anno adquievit septuagesimo. Quibus^con- sulibus interierit, non^^ convenit. Namque Atticus M. Claudio Marcell5 Q. Fabi5 Labeone consulibus mor- tuum^^ in annali su5 scriptum relTquit, at Polybius L. Aemili5 Paul5 Cn. Baebi5 Tamphilo, Sulpicius autem 20 Blitho P. Cornelia Ceth eg5 M. Baebi5 Tamphilo. Atque ^^ ianua, -ae, f., door. form. foris, foris, f., door. adquiesc5, -ere, -quievi, -quietum, memor, memoris, mindful. go to rest., die. perfungor, -i, -functus sum, per- annalis, annalis, m., record. 1. evidently. 8. poison. 2. ne . . . veniret: lest that g. quibus . . . interierit: in- should happen. direct question. 3. appeared. 10. non convenit: it is not 4. = celeriter. agreed. 5. whether. n. mortuum (esse): sc. 6. neque retinendam: could ©urn; depends on scriptum reli- not be preserved. quit. 7. i.e. vitam. 12. and yet. 2l6 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS hictantus vir tantisque bellis districtus ndnnihil temporis tribuit litteris. Namque aliquot eius librl sunt, Graced sermone confecti, in iis ad^ Rhodios de^ Cn. Manlii Vulsonis in Asia rebus gestls. Huius^ belli ^ gesta 5 multT memoriae prodiderunt, sed ex his duo ^ qui cum CO in castris fuerunt simulque vixerunt, quamdiu fortuna passa est, Sllenus et Sosilus Lacedaemonius. Atque h5c Sosilo Hannibal litterarum Graecarum usus est doctore. lo Sedn5s^ tempusest huius librl facere flnem et R5ma- n5rum explicare imperatores, qu5 facilius collatis utro- rumque ^ f actis, qui viri praef erendl sint, possit iudicarl. VI. CATO 234-149 Cato's life up to his consulship. I. M. Cato, ortus municipi5 Tusculo, adulescentulus, priusquam honoribus operam daret, versatus est * in Sabl- 15 nis, quod ibi heredium a patre relictum habebat. Inde hortatu^ L. Valerii Flacci, quem in c5nsulatu censura- que habuit collegam, ut M. Perpenna censorius narrare distringo, -ere, -strinxi, -strictum, adulescentulus, -i, m., a very draw apart ^ engage. young 7nan. liber, libri, m., book. heredium, -i, n., an inherited doctor, doctoris, m. ; cf. doceo. estate. municipium, -i, n., a free town, censura, -ae, f., censorship, i.e. with its own laws. censorius, -i, m., ex-censor. 1. ad Rhodios: i.e. liber ad 6. nos facere finem: for 7ne Rhodios. to make an end. 2. Governs rebus gestis. 7- ^•^- Roman and Greek 3. i.e. Hannibal. generals. 4. belli gesta : deeds of war. 8. versatus est = vixit. 5. Sc. sunt. 9- at the suggestion. NEPOS, LIVES 217 solitus est, Romam demigravit in foroque esse coepit. Primum stipendium ^ meruit annorum decern septemque. Q. Fabi5 M. Claudio consulibus tribunus mllitum in Sicilia fuit. Inde ut rediit, castra secutus est C. Claudi 5 Neronis, magnique opera eius existimata est in proelio apud Senam, quo cecidit Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis. Quaestor obtigit P. African© consul!, cum quo non pro ^ sortis necessitudine vixit ; namque ab eo perpetua dis- sensit vita. Aedllis plebi^ factus est cum C. Helvio. 10 Praetor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua quaestor superiore tempore ex Africa decedens Q. Ennium poe- tam deduxerat, quod n5n minoris aestimamus quam quemlibet amplissimum Sardiniensem triumphum. His consulship and censorship. His sternness. 2. Consulatum gessit cum L. Valerio Flacco ; sorte 15 provinciam nactus Hispaniam citeriorem, exque ea tri- umphum deportavit. Ibi cum diutius moraretur, P. Scipi5 Africanus consul iterum,' cuius in priori consulatu quaestor fuerat, voluit eum de p'rovincia depellere et ipse el succedere, neque hoc per senatum efficere potuit, 20 cum * quidem Sclpio principatum in civitate obtineret, quod tum non potentia,^ sed iure res publica administra- batur. Qua ex re Iratus senatui, consulatu peracto prl- vatus in urbe mansit. At Cato, censor cum eodem Placed factus, severe praefuit el potestatl. Nam et in obtingo, -ere, -tigi, , fall to quflibet, quaelibet, quidlibet the lot of. any. aedllis, aedilis, m., aedile. severe, strictly, with sternness^ poeta, -ae, m., poet. rigorously. 1 . stipendium meruit : served of this assig7iment. a campaign. 3. Genitive. 2. pro sortis necessitiidine : in 4. Concessive. accordance with the usual terms 5. personal influence. 2l8 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS complures nobiles animadvertit, et multas res novas in edictum ^ addidit, qua re luxuria reprimeretur, quae iam turn incipiebat pullulare. Circiter annos octoginta, us- que ad extremam aetatem ab adulescentia, rei publicae 5 causa suscipere inimlcitias non destitit. A multls tenta- tus ^ non modo nullum detrimentum existimationis ^ fecit,* sed, quoad vTxit, virtutum laude crevit. His versatility. His writings. 3. In omnibus rebus singular! fuit industria ; nam et agricola sollers et peritus iuris consultus et magnus im- loperator et probabilis orator et cupidissimus litterarum fuit. Quarum studium etsi senior arripuerat,^ tamen tantum progressum fecit ut n5n facile reperirl possit, neque de Graecis neque de Italicls rebus, quod el f uerit incognitum. Ab adulescentia confecit 5rationes. Senex 15 historias scribere Instituit. Earum sunt librl septem. Primus continet res .gestas regum popull Roman!, se- cundus et tertius unde quaeque c!vitas orta sit Italica, ob quam rem omnes Or!gines videtur appellasse. In quarto autem bellum Poenicum est pr!mum, in qu!nto 20 secundum ; atque haec omnia capitulatim sunt dicta. Reliqua quoque bella par! mod5 persecutus est usque ad praeturam Servl Galbae, qui diripuit Lusitanos ; atque h5rum bell5rum duces non nominavit, sed sine nomini- bus res notavit.^ In i!sdem exposuit quae in Italia 25 Hispani!sque aut fierent aut viderentur adm!randa ; in puUulo, I, increase. iuris consultus, -i, m., lawyer. agricola, -ae, m., farmer. probabilis, -e, pleasing, sollers, soUertis, expert. capitulatim, briefly. I. proclamation. 4- sustained. 1. attacked. 5- had taken up. 3. reputation. 6. set down. NEPOS, LIVES 219 quibus multa industria et dlligentia comparet/ nulla doctrina. Huius de vita et moribus plura in e5 libro persecuti sumus, quern separatim de e5 fecimus rogatu T. Pom- 5 poni Attici. Quare studiosos ^ Catonis ad illud volumen delegamus. I. are found, 2. those interested. WORD FORMATION Many Latin words are made up from other words : A. By appending certain endings ; B. By joining one w^ord to another. A. By Appending Certain Endings 1. Nouns derived from verb stems by adding : a.'^-tox (-sor), denoting agency ; as vie (vinc5, conquer) + -tor (de- noting agent) — victor, one who conquers, conqueror. b. -tio (-sio) and -tus (-sus), gen. -iis, denoting a7i action going on ; as, profec (proficiscor, start out) + -tio (denoting action) — prof actio, a starting out, departure ; and as, adven (advenio, approach) + -tus (denoting action) = adventus, coming, arrival. 2. Nouns derived from nouns and adjectives by adding: -ia, -itia, -tas, -tiis, -tiido, denoting abstract quality ; as, audac (audax, bold) + -ia (denoting qimlity) = audacia, boldness. amic (^amlcuSf friendly) -\- -itia. (denoting ^^<3;///)/) =amicitia, friendship. liber (liber, free) + -tas (denoting quality) — libertas,/r^^- doin. vir (vir, man)-\-AXi^ (denoting quality) —yirty^, manliness, courage. magn(i) (magnus, ^r^^/) + -tiido (denoting quality) — mag- nitudo, greatness. B. By Joining One Word with Another I. Words with prefixes which have a meaning of their own : a, ab, abs, away, from ; as, a-mitto, send away. ad (ac, a, ap, at) , tOy toward, at, on, near ; as, ad-diico, lead toward. ante, before ; as, ante-fero, carry before, prefer. circum, around-, as, circum-diico, lead or carry around. 221 222 WORD FORMATION cum (com, con, col, co), together, with ; as, com,porto, l^nug together : cojnpletely, thoroughly ; as, com-moveo, 7W7fe thoroughly. ditifrom;^s,^Q-ce6.o,goawayfropfi. e, ex (ef), out from, forth : as, e-duco, lead forth: completely, as, ef-ficio, do completely. in (im, ir, il), in, into, at, on, against ; as, in-colo, live in ; in-fero, dring against. inter, between ; as, inter-pono, put between. ob (o, obs, oc, of, og, op), against', as, oc-curro, rim against. per, through ; as, per-duco, lead through : thoroughly ; as, per-terreo, frighten thoroughly. prae, in front of; as, prae-ficio, place at the head of. "pxo {^xodi), forth, before; as, -pxo-cldiO, go forth. sub (su, subs, sue, suf, sup), under, down ; as, sub-e6,^<^ under. trans (tran, tra), across ; as, tra-duco, lead across. 2. Words with prefixes which have not an independent meaning: dis (di, dif, dir), apart, betweeji ; as, di-mitto, setui apart. red (re), back, again ; as, re-mitto, send back. 3. Nouns and adjectives with prefixes which have not an independ- ent meaning : ^ in, not, un- : as, in-credi^ilis, unbelievable. Frequentative or Intensive Verbs denote repeated or earnest action. They are formed by adding -to (-so) to supine stems ; as, iac (iacio, throw) + -to (denoting repetition) — iacto, throw often. \ INDEX OF PROPER NAMES A., abb. for Aulus^ a Roman given name. Acarnana, -ae, f., a woman of Acarnania. Acarnania, -ae, f., a province of Greece. Achaia, -ae, f., a Roman province in Greece. . Achillas, -ae, m., one of Pompey's murderers. Adbucillus, -i, m., an Allobrogian. Admetus, -i, m., a king of the Molossians in Epirus. Aduatuca, -ae, f., a stronghold of the Eburones. Aduatuci, -orum, m., a tribe of Belgians in northern Gaul, originally German. Aeginium, -ni, n., a stronghold in Epirus. Aegyptius, -a, -um, Egyptiatt. Aegyptus, -i, f., Egypt^ a country in northern Africa. Aemilius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens, i . See Paulus. 2. Lucius Aemilius, an officer in Caesar's cavalry. Aeolis, Aeolidis, f., a country in Asia Minor. Aetolia, -ae, f , a province of Greece. Afranius, -ni, m., a lieutenant of Pompey. Africa, -ae, f., the continent of Africa. Africanus, -i, m., a title. Agamemnon, Agamemnonis, m., a king of Mycenae. Alcmae5n, Alcmaeonis, m., a Greek. Alesia, -ae, f., a town in eastern Gaul. Alexandria, -ae, f., Alexandria, the capital of Egypt. Allobrox, AUobrogis, m., generally plu., the Allobroges, a tribe of south- eastern Gaul. Alpes, Alpium, f., the Alps, mountains in Europe. Alpici, -orum, m., inhabitants of the Alps. Ambarri, -orum, m., a tribe of eastern Gaul, clients of the Haedui. Ambiani, -orum, m., a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul. Ambibarii, -orum, m., a tribe of northwestern Gaul. Ambiorix, Ambiorigis, m., a king of the Eburones. Ambivareti, -orum, m., a tribe of central Gaul. Amphipolis, Amphipolis, f., a city in Thrace. Ampius, -pi, m., Titus Anipius, a follower of Pompey. Anartes, Anartium, m., a German tribe. Andebrogius, -gi, m., an ambassador of the Remi. 223 ^ 224 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Andes, Andium, m., a tribe of western Gaul. Androsthenes, Androsthenis, m., a governor of Thessaly. Antiochenses, -ium, m., inhabitants of Antioch. Antiochia, -ae, f., the capital of Syria. Antiochus, -i, m., a king of Syria. Antistius, -ti, m., Gaius Antistius Reginus, a lieutenant of Caesar. Antonius, -ni, m., the name of a Roman gens. i. Marcus AntoniuSy one of Caesar's lieutenants. 2. Gaius Antonius^ brother of the above. Apollo, -inis, m., god of prophecy. Apollonia, -ae, f., a city in Macedonia. ApoUoniates, -ium, m., the inhabitants of Appollonia. Appenninus, -i, m., the Apennines^ mountains in Italy. Apsus, -i, m., a river of Macedonia. Apulia, -ae, f., a country in southeastern Italy. Aquileia, -ae, f., a city of Cisalpine Gaul. Aquitania, -ae, f., a country in southwestern Gaul. AquitanuS, -a, -um, Aquitanian; generally plu., the Aquitanians. Arar, Araris, m., a river of eastern Gaul ; the modern Sabne. Areas, Arcadis, Arcadian. Aremoricus, -a, -um, Aremorican^ applied to the seacoast states of north- western Gaul. Argi, -orum (Argos, -eos), m., the capital of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. Argivus, -a, -um, belonging to Argos. Ariovistus, -i, m., a king of the Germans. Arpineius, -ei, m., Gaius Arpineius, a follower of Caesar. Artaphernes, -is, m., a commander of the Persians at Marathon. Artaxerxes, -is, m., king of Persia. Artemisium, -si, n., a promontory on the northeastern coast of Euboea. Arvernus, -a, -um, Arvemiany generally plu., a tribe of central Gaul ; rivals of the Haedui. Asia, -ae, f. l. Asia^ the continent. 2. Asia Minor. Asiaticus, -a, -um, Asiatic. Asparagium, -gi, n., a town in Illyricum. Athenae, -arum, f., the capital of Attica. Atheniensis, -is, Athenian; generally masc. plu., the Athenians. Atrebas, Atrebatis, m., Atrebatian ; generally plu., the Atrebatians, a tribe of northern Gaul. Attica, -ae, f., a country of Greece. Atticus, -a, -um, belonging to Attica. Atticus, i, m., Titus Pomponius Atticus^ friend of Nepos and Cicero. Aulerci, -orum, m., a strong tribe of central Gaul, divided into four branches. Aurelius, -li, m., C. Aurelius Cotta, a Roman consul. Aurunculeius, -ei, m., Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta, a lieutenant of Caesar. Ausci, -orum, m., a tribe of southern Gaul. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 225 Avaricum, -i, n., a stronghold of the Bituriges. Axona, -ae, m., a river of northern Gaul ; the modern Aisne. Bacillus, -i, m., Publius Sexiius Baculus, a centurion. Baebius, -bi, m., see Tamphilus. Balbus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family. Lucius Cornelius Balbus, a friend of Atticus. Balearis, -e, belonging to the Balearic Islands^ off the eastern coast of Spain. Balventius, -ti, m., Titus Balventius, one of Caesar's centurions. Basilus, -i, m., Lucius Minucius Basilusy one of Caesar's lieutenants. Belgae, -arum, m., the Belgians, a people in northeastern Gaul, occupying one of the three parts into which Gaul was divided. Belgium, -gi, n., the country of the Belgians in northeastern Gaul. Bellovaci, -orum, m., a powerful tribe of Belgians in northern Gaul. Bibracte, -is, n., a town in eastern GauL, chief city of the Haedui. Bibrax, Bibractis, f., a town of the Remi in northern Gaul. Bigerri5nes, -um, m., a tribe in southwestern Gaul. Bithynia, -ae, f., a country in Asia Minor. Bithynii, -orum, m., the inhabitants of Bithynia. Bituriges, -um, m., a tribe of central Gaul. Blitho, -onis, m., Sulpicius Blitho, a Roman historian. Boduognatus, -i, m., a leader of the Nervii. . Boeotus, -a, -um, Boeotian, of Boeotia, a province of central Greece ; generally as a subs., masc. plu., the Boeotians. Boil, -orum, m., a tribe in central Gaul; a nomadic people, who fought with the Helvetians against Caesar, and were placed by him among the Haedui. Brannovices, -um, m., a branch of the Aulerci. Bratuspantium, -ti, n, a town of the Bellovaci in northern Gaul. Britanni, -orum, m., the inhabitants of Britain. Britannia, -ae, f., Britain. Brundisium, -si, n., a town in southeastern Italy. Briitus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family. Junius Brutus, one of Caesar's officers. C, abb. for Gaius (Caius"), a Roman given name. Cabiirus, -T, m., Gaius Valerius Caburus, a Gaul who had been presented with Roman citizenship. Cadmea, -ae, f., the citadel of Thebes. Cadiirci, -orum, m., a tribe in southern Gaul, Caemani, -orum, m., a Belgic tribe in northern Gaul. Caerosi, -orum, m., a Belgic tribe in northeastern Gaul. Caesar, Caesaris, m., a Roman family name of the Julian gens. Gaius Julius Caesar, general, writer, and statesman. SECOND YEAR LATIN — 1 5 226 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Calenus, -i, m., a Roman family name, see Fufius. Caleti, -orum (Caletes, -um), m., a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul. Callias, -ae, m., an Athenian. Calliphrdn, -onis, m., a teacher of dancing. Callistratus, -i, m., an Athenian orator. Candavia, -ae, f., a district in Macedonia. Caninius, -ni, m. See Rebilus. Cannensis, -e, belonging to Cannae^ a town in Apulia. Cantabri, -orum, m., a warlike tribe in the north of Spain. Cantium, -ti, n., a district in southeastern Britain. Canuleius, -ei, m., the name of a Roman family. Lucius Canuleius, a lieutenant of Caesar. Capua, -ae, f., a city of Campania. Car, Carls, m., an inhabitant of Caria. Caria, -ae, f., a country in Asia Minor. Carnutes, -um, m., a tribe of central Gaul. Cassianus, -a, -um, of Cassius. Cassius, -si, m., the name of a Roman gens. Lucius Cassius Longinus, consul, B.C. 107; killed in battle with the Tigurini. Casticus, -i, m., a prominent Sequanian. Catamantaloedis, -is, m., a chieftain of the Sequanians. Cato, Catonis, m., the name of a Roman family. Marcus Cato, the censor. Caturiges, -um, m., a tribe of the western Alps. Catuvolcus, -i, m., a chieftain of the Eburones. Cavillonum, -i, n., a town of the Haedui. Celtae, -arum, m., the people in central Gaul, occupying the largest of the three divisions of Gaul. Cenomani, -orum, m , a branch of the Aulerci. Centenius, -ni, m., a Roman general. Cethegus, -i, m., Publius Cornelius Cethegus^ consul, B.C. 181. Ceutrones, -um, m. i. A tribe of the western Alps. 2. A Belgic tribe of northern Gaul. Chabrias, -ae, m., an Athenian general. Chersonesus, -i, m., a peninsula of Thrace. Cicero, -onis, m., the name of a Roman family. Quintus Tullius Cicero, brother of the famous orator; a lieutenant of Caesar. Cilicia, -ae, f., a district in southeastern Asia Minor. Ciliciensis, -e, Cilician. Cimberius, -ri, m., a chieftain of the Suebi. Cimbri, -orum, m., a tribe of Germany ; invaded southern Europe, and were defeated by Marius. Cimon, -onis, m. i. The father of Miltiades. 2. An Athenian general. Citium, -ti, n., a town on the coast of Cyprus. Clastidium, -di, n., a stronghold of Cisalpine Gaul. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 227 Claudius, ~di, m., the name of a Roman patrician gens. i. See Nero. 2 & 3. See Marcellus. 4. Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul, B.C. 54. Cleopatra, -ae, f., a queen of Egypt. Clodius, -di, m., the name of a Roman plebeian gens. i. Aulus Clodius, a follower of Caesar. 2. Ptiblius Clodius Pulcher^ murdered by Milo, B.C. 52. Cn., abb. for Gnaeus {Cnaeus), a Roman given name. Cocosates, -um, m., a people of Aquitania. Colonae, -arum, f., a town in Asia Minor. Commius, -mi, m., a chieftain of the Atrebates. Condrusi, -orum, m., a Belgic tribe in northern Gaul. Considius, -di, m., the name of a Roman gens. Publius Considius^ an officer of Caesar. Coponius, -ni, m., the name of a Roman gens. Gaius Coponius^ a com- mander of Pompey's fleet. Corey ra, -ae, f., an island off Epirus. Corcyraeus, -a, -um, Corcyrean. Coriosolites, -um, m., a tribe of northwestern Gaul. Cornelius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens. i. Lucius Cornelius^ con- sul, B.C. 193. 2, 3, 4, 5. See Balbus, Cethegus, Lentulus, Scipio. Cotta, -ae, m., the name of a Roman family ; see Aurunculeius and Aurelius. Crassus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family, i. Marcus Licinius CrassuSj consul ; father both of 2. Marcus Licinius Crassus, a quaestor of Caesar ; and of 3. Publius Licinius Crassus, a lieu- tenant of Caesar. Crastinus, -i, m., a veteran in Caesar's army. Creta, -ae, f., Crete, an island in the Mediterranean. Cretenses, -ium, m., inhabitants of Crete. Cretes, -um, m., inhabitants of Crete. Critognatus, -i, m., a chieftain of the Arverni. Cyclades, -um, f., group of islands in the Aegean Sea. Cyprius, -a, -um, of Cyprus, Cyprian. Cyprus, -i, f., an island in the eastern Mediterranean. Cyrenaei, -orum, m., the inhabitants of Cyrene, a city in northern Africa. Cyzicenus, -a, -um, of Cyzicus, a city in Asia Minor. D., abb. for Decimus, a Roman given name. Daci, -orum, m., the inhabitants of Dacia, on the Danube. Damon, -onis, m., an Athenian poet and musician. Danuvius, -vi, m., the Danube. Darius, -ri, m., a king of the Persians. Datis, Datidis, m., a Persian general. Delphi, -orum, m., a town in Phocis. 228 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Demetrius, -ri, m., Demetrius of Phalereum, a famous Greek orator and statesman. Diana, -ae, f., the goddess of hunting. Diomed5n, -ontis, m., an inhabitant of Cyzicus. Dionysius, -si, m. , a Theban musician. Dis, Ditis, m., Pluto, the god of the lower world. Diviciacus, -i, m. i. A chieftain of the Haedui, and friend of Caesar. 2. A chieftain of the Suessiones. Divico, -onis, m., a chieftain of the Helvetii. Dolopes, -um, m., the Dolopians, a people of Thessaly. Domitius, -ti, m., the name of a Roman gens. i. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul, B.C. 54, an officer of Pompey. 2. Gnaeus Do- mitius Calvinus, an officer of Caesar. Dubls, -is, m., a river in eastern Gaul, branch of the Arar. Dumnorix, -igis, m., a chieftain of the Haedui, brother of Diviciacus. Dyrrhachinus, -a, -um, of Dyrrhachium. Dyrrhachium, -chi, n., a town of lUyricum. Ebur5nes, -um, m., a tribe of Belgic Gaul. Eburovices, -um, m., a branch of the Aulerci. Egus, -i, m., an Allobrogan. Eleuteti, -orum, m., a tribe in southern Gaul, fells, Elidis, f., a city in the Peloponnesus. Elpinice, -es, f., half sister of Cimon. Elusates, -um, m., a tribe in southwestern Gaul. Ennius, -ni, m., one of the first Roman poets. Epaminondas, -ae, m., a famous Theban general. Ephesius, -a, -um, of Ephesus. Ephesus, -i, f., a town of Ionia in Asia Minor. fepirus, -i, f., a country in western Greece. Eporedorix, -igis, m., a chieftain of the Haedui. Eratosthenes, -is, m., a Greek geographer. Eretria, -ae, f., a city in Euboea. Esuvii, -orum, m., a tribe in northwestern Gaul. Etriiria, -ae, f. , a country on the west coast of Italy. Euboea, -ae, f., an island off the east coast of Greece. Eumenes, -is, m , a king of Pergamum. Eur5pa, -ae, f., the continent of Europe. Eurybiades, -is, m., a Spartan general. Fabius, -bi, m., the name of a Roman gens. i. Quintus Fabius Maxi- mus {Cunciator)\ consul, B.C. 214, opponent of Hannibal. Han. 5 2. Quintus Fabius LabeOy consul, B.C. 183. Han. 13. 3. Gaiiis Fabius, one of Caesar's lieutenants. B. G., V. 24. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 229 Falernus, -a, -um, of Falemus, a district in Campania. Flaccus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family, i. Lucius Valerius Flaccus^ a patrician and consul with Cato. 2. Gains Valerius Flaccus^ pro- praetor in Gaul. 3. Valerius Flaccus^ his son. Flamininus, -i, m., Titus Quintius Flamininus, sent to Kmg Prusias. Flaminius, -ni, m., Gains Flaminius, consul. Fleginas, -atis, m., the name of a Roman family. Gains Fleginas^ a knight. Fregellae, -arum, f., a city of Latium. Fufius, -fi, m., the name of a Roman gens. Qnintus Fufius Calenus, a supporter of Caesar. Fulvius, -vi, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Postumus. Furius, -ri, m., Lucius Furius^ a consul. Gabali, -orum, m., a tribe of southern Gaul. Gabinius, -ni, m., Aulus Gabinius^ a consul. Gaius; see C, abb. Galba, -ae, m., the name of a Roman family. i. A king of the Sues- siones. 2. Servius Sulpicius Galba^ a praetor. 3. Publius Sulpi- cins Galba, consul, B.C. 200. Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, corresponding in general to France. Gallicus, -a, -um, Gallic. Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul. Gallus, -i, m., TuticQ,nus Gallus, one of Caesar's men. Garumna, -ae, m., a river of southwestern Gaul. Garumni, -orum, m,, a tribe in southwestern Gaul. Gates, Gatum, m., a tribe in southwestern Gaul. Geidumni, -orum, m., a Belgic tribe in northeastern Gaul. Geminus, -i, m., see Servilius. Genava, -ae, f., the city of Geneva. Genusus, -i, m., a river in western Macedonia. Gergovia, -ae, f., chief city of the Arverni. Germania, -ae, f., Germany. Germanus, -a, -um, German-, generally a subs, in plu., the Germans. Germinii, -orum, m., a people on the coast of Epirus. Gomphensis, -e, of Gomphi. Gomphi, -orum, m., a town in western Thessaly. Gortynii, -orum, m., the inhabitants of Gortyna, a city in Crete. Gracchus, -1, m., Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, consul. Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. Graecus, -a, -um, Greek. Graioceli, -orum, m., a tribe in the western Alps. Graius, -a, -um, Grecian. Granius, -ni, m., the name of a Roman gens. Aulus Granius, a knight. Grudii, -orum, m., a Belgic tribe in northern GauU 230 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Hadrumetum, -i, n., a seacoast town south of Carthage. Haeduus, -a, -um, Haeduan; as a subs. Haeduus, -i, m., generally plu., the Haeduans, a tribe in central Gaul, allies of Rome. Hamilcar, -aris, m., the father of Hannibal. Hannibal, -alls, m., a famous Carthaginian general. Harudes, -um, m., a tribe in southwestern Germany. Hasdrubal, -alls, m. i. Hamilcar's son-in-law. 2. Brother of Hannibal. Hellespontus, -i, m., the strait between Europe and Asia. Helvetius, -a, -um, Helvetian; as a subs. Helvetius, -i, m., generally plu., the Helvetians^ the tribe which occupied what is now Switzerland. Helvii, -orum, m., a Gallic tribe in the Roman Province. Helvius, -vi, m., a colleague of Cato. Heraclia, -ae, f., a city of Macedonia. Hercules, -is, m., the national hero of Greece. Hercynia (silva), the Hercynian forest, in southern Germany. Hibernia, -ae, f., Ireland. Hirrus, -i, the name of a Roman family. Gains Lucilius Hirrus, a follower of Pompey. Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. Hispanus, -a, -um, Spanish. Hister, -tri, m., the river Danube. Histiaeus, -i, m., tyrant of Miletus. Iccius, -ci, m., a chieftain of the Rcmi. iUyricum, -i, n., a Roman province on the east shore of the Adriatic. Indutiomarus, -i, m., a chieftain of the Treveri. lones, -um, m., Tonians ; the Greeks in Asia Minor. I5nia, -ae, f., part of the western coast of Asia Minor. Italia, -ae, f., Italy. italicus, -a, -um, Italian. liilius, -li, m., Julius ; the name of a Roman gens. See Caesar. lunius, -ni, m., Junius ; the name of a Roman gens. i. Quintus Junius, a Spaniard in the service of Caesar. 2. See Brutus, luppiter, lovis, to.., Jupiter, the supreme god of the Romans, king of the gods. liira, -ae, m., the Jura mountains, northwest of Helvetia. Karthaginiensis, -e, Carthaginian. KarthagO, -inis, f., Carthage, a city on the northern coast of Africa. L., abb. for lucius, a Roman given name. Labeo, -onis, m., see Fabius. Labienus, -T, m., Titus Atitis I.abienus, a faithful lieutenant of Caesar in Ciaul, l)ut a follower of Pompey in the civil war. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 23 1 Lacedaem5n, -onis, f., Sparta^ the chief city of Laconia, in southern Greece. Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, Spartan. Lamprus, -i, m., a Greek musician. Lampsacus, -i, f., a town on the Hellespont. Larisa, -ae, f., a town of Thessaly. Larisaei, -orum, m., the people of Larisa. Latinus, -a, -um, Latin. Latobrigi , -orum, m., a Gallic tribe in western Germany. Lemannus, -i, m.. Lake Geneva. Lemnii, -orum, m., the inhabitants of the island of Lemnos. Lemnus (os), -i, f., an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. Lemovices, -um, m., a tribe of central Gaul. Lentulus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family, i. Lucius Cornelius Len- tulusy consul, opponent of Caesar. 2. Publius Cornelius Lentulus MarcellinuSy one of Caesar's quaestors. 3. Publius Cornelius Len- tulus Spinther, consul, follower of Pompey. Leonidas, -ae, m., a king of Sparta. Leuci, -orum, m., a tribe of eastern Gaul. Leuctra, -orum, n., a town in Boeotia. Leuctricus, -a, -um, of Leuctra. ' * Levaci, -orum, m., a Belgic tribe in northern Gaul. Lexovii, -orum, m., a tribe in northern Gaul. Lib5, Libonis, m., a Roman family name. I^ucius Scribonius Libo, a commander in Pompey's fleet. Ligures, -um, m., a tribe on the northwest coast of Italy. Lingones, -um, m., a tribe in east central Gaul. Liscus, -i, m., a magistrate of the Haedui. Lissus, -i, m., a town in Illyricum. Longus, -i, m., Tiberius Sempronius LonguSy consul. Lucanius, -ni, m., Quintus Lucanius^ a centurion. Lucanus, -i, m., Lucaiiiauy an inhabitant of Lucania, a province in south- western Italy. Lucilius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Hirrus. Liina, -ae, f., the moon. Lusitani, -orum, m., the inhabitants of modern Portugal. Lysis, Lysis, m., a native of Tarentum. M., abb. for Marcus, a Roman given name. Macedonia, -ae, f., a country of northern Greece. Magetobriga, -ae, f , a town in central Gaul where Ariovistus defeated the Gauls. Magnesia, -ae, f., a city inLydia. Mago, Magonis, m , Hannibal's brother. Mandubii, -orum, m., a tribe in east central Gaul. 232 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Manlius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Torquatus, Vulso. Mantinea, -ae, f., a city of Arcadia, in Greece. Marathon, -onis (ace. -a), f., a plain and a town on the eastern coast of Attica. Marathonius, -a, -um, of Marathon. Marcellinus, -i, m., see Lentulus. Marcellus, -i, m., A/a7'cus Claudius Marcellus. i. A famous Roman general; defeated Hannibal; conquered Syracuse; consul five times. 2. Consul, B.C. 183. Marcomanni, -orum, m., a tribe of Germany. Marius, -ri, m., Gaitis Afarius, a famous Roman general ; defeated the Cimbri and Teutoni. Mars, Martis, m., god of war. Matisco, -onis, m., a town of the Haedui. Matrona, -ae, f., a river in northern Gaul, now the Marne. Maximus, i, m., see Fabius. Mediomatrici, -5rum, m., a tribe of eastern Gaul. Menapii, -orum, m,, a tribe in Belgic Gaul. Meneclides, -is, m., a Theban orator. Mercurius, -ri, m., the god Mercury. Messala, -ae, m., the name of a Roman family. Marcus Valerius Mds- sala^ consul, B.C. 61. Messene, -es, f., a city of Sicily. Melius, -ti, m., Marcus Melius^ a friend of Ariovistus. Metropolis, -is, f., a city of Thessaly. Metropolitae, -arum (-um), m., the inhabitants of Metropolis. Micythus, -i, m., a Theban youth. Milesius, -a, -um, of Miletus, a city of Ionia. Miltiades, -is, m. i. A famous Athenian general. 2. Founder of colony in the Chersonesus. Nepos confused the two. Minerva, -ae, f., goddess of war and wisdom. Minucius, -ci, m. i. Qtiintus Minucius, coi\%m\. 2. See Rufus. 3. See Basilus. Molossi, -orum (-iim), m., a tribe in Epirus. Mona, -ae, f., an island off the coast of Britain. MorinT, -orum, m., a tribe of Belgians. Mosa, -ae, m., a river in Belgic Gaul, now the Meuse. Munatius, -ti, m., see Plancus. Mycale, -es (ace. -en), f., a promontory on the coast of Asia Minor. Mytilenae, -arum, f., a city on the island of Lesbos. Myiis, Myuntis, f,, a city of Ionia. Nammeius, -ei, m , a prominent Helvetian. Namnetes, -um, a tribe of western Gaul. Nantuates, -ium, m., a tribe south of Lake Geneva. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 233 Nasua, -ae, m , a chieftain of the Suebi ; brother of Cimberius. Naxus (OS), -i, f., an island in the Aegean Sea. Nemetes, -um, m., a tribe living on the border of Germany and Gaul. Neocles, -is (-1) m., the father of Themistocles. Nero, -onis, m., Gains Claudius Nero, consul, B.C. 207, conquered Has- drubal. Nervicus, -a, -um, Nervian. Nervius, -vi, m., a Nej-vian, one of a tribe living in Belgic Gaul. Nitiobroges, -um, m., a tribe of southwestern Gaul. Noreia, -ae, f., a town of the Norici. Noricus, -a, -um, Norican ; generally masc. plu., the Norici, a tribe in modern western Austria. Noviodunum, -i, n., a town of the Suessiones in Belgic Gaul. Numidae, -arum, m., a tribe of barbarians in northern Africa. Nymphaeum, -i, n., a town in Illyricum. Oceanus, -i, m., the ocean. Ocelum, -i, n., a town in western Cisalpine Gaul. Octodurus, -i, m., a town of the Veragri in the Alps. Oedipus, -i (-odis), m., son of the king and queen of Thebes. Olympiodorus, -i, m., a musician. Orcynia, -ae, f., the Greek name for Hercynia. Orestes, -is (-ae), m., son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Orgetorix, -igis, m., a chieftain of the Helvetii. Oricum, -i, n., a town in Epirus. Origines, -um, f., the title of a work written by Cato the Censor. Osismi, -orum, m., a tribe in extreme western Gaul. P., abb. for Publius, a Roman given name. Padus, -i, m., the river Po in Italy. Palaeste, -es, f., a town of Epirus. Pamphylius, -a, -um, Pamphy Hatty of Pampkylia, a province of Asia Minor. Parisii, -orum, m., a tribe of north central Gaul. Parius, -a, -um, of Paros ; generally masc. plu., the Parians. Parthi, -orum, m., a tribe southeast of the Caspian Sea, in Asia. Parthini, -orum, m., a tribe of Greeks in Illyricum. Parus (os), -i, f., one of the Cyclades Islands in the Aegean. Paulus, -1, m., Lucius Aemilius Paulus, a Roman consul, killed in the battle of Cannae. Pedius, -di, m., Quintus Pedius, a lieutenant of Caesar. Pelopidas, -ae, m., a Theban general. Peloponnesus, -1, f., a large peninsula, forming the southern part uf Greece. Peliisium, -si, n., a city in Kgypt. 234 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Pergamenus, -a, -um, of Perga??ium ; generally masc. plu., the inhabi- tants of Pergamum. Pergamum, -i, n., a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor. Perpenna, -ae, m., a Roman consul, b.c. 92. Persae, -arum, m., the inhabitants of Persis, east of the Persian Gulf. Perses, -ae, m., sing, of Persae. Persicus, -a, -um, Persian. Persis, -idis, f., the chief province of the Persian empire. Petra, -ae, f., a hill in Illyricum. Petrocorii, -orum, m., a tribe of southwestern Gaul. Petrosidius, -di, m., Lucius Petrosidius, a standard bearer. Phalereus, -eos (-ei), m., of Phalerum^ the oldest harbor of Athens, and a city near by. Phalericus, -a, -um, of Phalerum, Phidippus, -i, m., an Athenian courier. Philippus, -i, m., a king of Macedonia. Phoenice, -es, f., Phoenicia^ a district on the coast of Syria. Phoenices, -um, m , Phoenicians, Pictones, -um, m., a tribe of western Gaul. Piraeus, -i, m., the principal port of Athens. Pisistratus, -i, m., a tyrant of Athens. Placentia, -ae, f., a city of Cisalpine Gaul. Plancus, -i, m., Lucius Mutiatius Plancus, an officer of Caesar. Plataeenses, -ium, m., the inhabitants of Plataea, a town in Boeotia. Pleumoxii, -orum, m., a tribe of Belgic Gaul. Plotius, -ti, m., Marcus Plotius^ one of Caesar's followers. Poecile, -es, f., a celebrated portico in Athens. Poenicus, -a, -um, Carthaginian. Poenus, -i, m., an inhabitant of Carthage. Polybius, -bi, m., a Greek historian. Polymnis, -idis (-1), m., the father of Epaminondas. Pompeianus, -a, -um, Pompeian. Pompeius, -ei, m. i. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, a triumvir and a rival of Caesar. 2. Gnaeus Pompeius, an interpreter. Pomponius, -ni, m., see Atticus. Pontus, -i, m., a country of Asia Minor. Postumus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family. Fulvius Postwnus, one of Caesar's soldiers. Procillus, -i, m., Gaius Valerius Procillus, son of Gaius Valerius Caburus. Priisia or Prusias, -ae, m., a king of Bithynia. Ptianii, -orum, m., an Aquitanian tribe. Ptolemaeus, -i, m. i. Ptolemy, king of Egypt, father of Cleopatra. 2. Son of preceding. Ptolemais, -idis, f., a city of Phoenicia. Piilio, -onis, m., one of Pompey's officers. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 235 Pullo, -onis, m., Titus Fullo, a centurion in Caesar's army Puteoli, -orum, m., a city of Campania. Pydna, -ae, f. , a city of Macedonia. Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, of the Pyrenees {mountains) ; between Gaul and Spain. Pythagoreus, -i, m., a follower of the philosopher Pythagoras. Pythia, -ae, f., the priestess of Apollo. Q., abb. for Quintus, a Roman given name. Quintius, -ti, m., see Flamininus. Raucillus, -i, m., a chieftain of the AUobroges. Rauraci, -drum, m., a tribe of eastern Gaul. Rebilus, -i, m., Gaius Caninius Rebilus.z. lieutenant of Caesar. Redones, -um, m., a tribe of western Gaul. Remus, -a, -Mm.f Reman; generally masc. plu., a tribe of Belgic Gaul. Rhenus, -i, m., the river Rhine. Rhodanus, -i, m., the river Rhone. Rhodius, -a, -um, Rhodian; generally masc. plu., the inhabitants of the island of Rhodes in the Aegean -Sea. Roma, -ae, f., Rome. Romanus, -a, -um, Roman. Roscius, -ci, m., Lucius Roscius, a lieutenant of Caesar. Riifus, -i, m. i. Publius Sulpicitis Rufus^ a lieutenant of Caesar. 2. Marcus Minucius Rufus^ a master of horse under Fabius Maximus. Ruteni, -orum, m., a tribe in southern Gaul. Rutilus, -i, m., Marcus Sempronius Rutilus, a lieutenant of Caesar. S., abb. for Sextus^ a Roman given name. Sabini, -orum, m., an ancient tribe of central Italy. Sabinus, -i, m., Quintus Titurius Sabinus, a lieutenant of Caesar. Sabis, Sabis, m., a river in northern Gaul. Sacrativir, -viri, m., Marcus Sacrativir, a knight in Caesar's army. Saguntum, -i, n., a city of Spain. Salaminius, -a, -um, of Salamis. Salamis, -inis (ace. -a), f., an island off the coast of Attica. Samarobriva, -ae, f., a city in Belgic Gaul. Santoni, -orum (Santones, -um), m., a tribe of western Gaul. Sardes (-is), -um (ace. -is),/, a city of Lydia, in Asia Minor. Sardinia, -ae, f., an island west of Italy. Sardiniensis, -e, Sardinian. Scaeva, -ae, m., a centurion of Caesar. Scipio, -onis, m., the name of a Roman family. l. Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio^ Pompey's father-in-law. 2. Publius Cornelius Scipio J consul, B.C. 218, father of 3. Publius Cornelius Scipio Afri- canusy defeated Hannibal at Zama, 236 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES Scyrus, -i, f., an island in the Aegean Sea. Scythes, -ae, m., generally plu., the Scythians^ a tribe living north of the Caspian and Euxine Seas. Sedulius, -li, m., a chieftain of the Lemovices. Sediini, -orum, m., a tribe of the Alps. Sedusii, -orum, m., a tribe of Eastern Germany. Segusiavi, -orum, m., a tribe of east central Gaul. Sempronius, -ni, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Rutilus, Gracchus, Longus. Sena, -ae, f., a town on the coast of Umbria, in Italy. Senones, -um, m., a tribe of north central Gaul. Septimius, -mi, m., Lucius SeptimiuSy a military tribune. Sequana, -ae, m., a river in Gaul, the modern Seine. Sequanus, -a, -um, Sequanian ; in plu., a tribe of eastern Gaul. Ser., abb. for Servius, a Roman given name. Sertorius, -ri, m., the name of a Roman gens. Quintus Sertorius, a par- tisan of Marius and commander in Spain. Servilius, -li, m. i.GnaeusServiiiusGeminuSfCons\i[,B.c.2i'j. 2. Pub- lius Servilius Vatia, consul, B.C. 48. Sextius, -ti, m. i . See Baculus. 2. Titus Sextius^ a lieutenant of Caesar. Sibusates, -um, m., a tribe of extreme southwestern Gaul. Sicilia, -ae, f., an island at the southern end of Italy. Silenus, -i, m., a Greek historian. S51, Soils, m., the sun. Sosilus, -1, m., a Spartan historian. Sparta, -ae, f., the capital of Laconia, in southern Greece. Staberlus, -ri, m. , a commander in Pompey's army. Stesagoras, -ae, m., a brother of Miltiades. Strymon, -onis, m., a river of Thrace. Suebus, -a, -um, of the Suebi ; generally masc. plu., a tribe of central Germany. Suessiones, -um, a tribe of Belgic Gaul. Sugambri, -orum, a tribe of eastern Germany. Siilla, -ae, m. i. Lucius Sulla, Roman dictator. 2. Publius Sulla, nephew of the preceding; a lieutenant of Caesar. Sulpicius, -ci, m., see Rdfus, Galba, Bllthd. Syria, -ae, f., a country in Asia, southeast of Asia Minor. Syriacus, -a, -um, Syrian. T., abb. for Titus, a Roman given name. Tamphllus, -i, m. i. Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus, consul B.C. 182. 2. Marcus Baebius Tamphilus, consul, B.C. 181. Tarbelli, -orum, m., a tribe in extreme southwestern Gaul. Tarentinus, -a, -um, of Tarentuin, a town of southern Italy. Tarusates, -lum, m., a tribe of southwestern Gaul. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 237 Tasgetius, -ti, m., chieftain of the Carnutes. Tectosages, -um, m., a tribe of southern Gaul ; a branch of the Volcae. Tencteri, -orum, m., a tribe of eastern Germany. Terentius, -ti, m., see Varro. Teutoni, -orum (Teutones, -um), m., a tribe of northern Germany. Thasil, -orum, m., the inhabitants of Thasos, an island in the Aegean Sea. Thebae, -arum, f., the chief city of Boeotia. Thebanus, -i, m., a Theban^ an inhabitant of Thebes in Boeotia. Themistocles, -is (-1), ace. -em, -en, m., a famous Athenian statesman and general. Thermopylae, -arum, f., a narrow pass on the coast of Thessaly. Thessalia, -ae, f., a country in northern Greece. Thrax, Thracis, m., a Thracian, an inhabitant of Thrace, in north- eastern Greece. Thucydides, -is, m., a Greek historian. Ti., abb. for Tiberius^ a Roman given name. Tiberis, -is, m., a river of Italy, Tiburtius, -ti, m., Lucius Tiburtius, a follower of Caesar. Tigurinus, -a, -um, of the Tigurini\ generally masc. plu., a tribe of eastern Gaul. Tillius, -li, m., Quintus Tillius, a follower of Caesar. Titurius, -ri, m., see Sabinus. Toldsates, -ium, m., a tribe in southern Gaul. Torquatus, -i, m., Lucius Manlius Torquatus^ a commander of Caesar's forces. Tralles, -ium, a town of Lydia, in Asia Minor. Transpadanus, -a, -um, across the River Po. Trasumennus, -i, m., a lake in Etruria, in Italy. Trebia, -ae, f., a river in northern Italy. Trebonius, -ni, m. i. 6*^2^5 7'r^3^/22«j, a lieutenant of Caesar. 2. Gaius Trebonius, a Roman knight, B. G., VI, 40. Treveri, -orum, a tribe of northeastern Gaul. Triarius, -ri, m., a commander under Pompey. Triboci, -5rum, m., a tribe of Germans in Belgic Gaul. Troezen, Troezenis, (ace. -a), f., a city in the Peloponnesus. Troucillus, -i, m., Gaius Valerius Troucillus, a Gallic interpreter. Tulingi, -5rum, m., a tribe in Germany on the Rhine. Tullius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cicero. Turoni, -orum, m., a tribe of central Gaul. Tusculum, -i, n., a city of Latium. Tuticanus, -i, m., Tuticanus Gallus, one of Caesar's followers. Ubii, -orum, m., a German tribe on the Rhine. Usipetes, -um, m., a German tribe on the lower Rhine. 2^8 INDEX OP^ PROPER NAMES Valerius, -ri, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Troucillus, Flaccus, Caburus, Procillus, Messala. Vangiones, -um, m., a German tribe on the Rhine. Varro, -onis, m. i. Gaius Terentius Vai-ro, consul, B.C. 216. 2. Aulus Terentius Varro, a soldier of Pompey. Vatinius, -ni, m., Publius Vaiinius, a lieutenant of Caesar. Veliocasses, -um, m., a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul. Vellavii, -orum, m., a tribe of southern Gaul. Venelli, -orum, m., a tribe of northern Gaul. Veneti, -orum, m., a tribe of extreme western Gaul. Veneticus, -a, -um, of the Veneti. Venusia, -ae, f., a town of Apulia, in southern Italy. Veragri, -orum, m., a tribe in the Alps. Verbigenus, -i, m., a district of Helvetia. Vercassivellaunus, -i, m., a chieftain of the Arverni. Vercingetorix, -igis, m., a chieftain of the Arverni, and leader of the Gauls. Vertico, -onis, m., one of the Nervii. Verucloetius, -ti, m., an ambassador of the Helvetii. Vesontio, -onis, m., a town of the Sequani. Victoria, -ae, f., the goddess of victory. Viridomarus, -i, m., a chief of the Haedui. Viridovix, -icis, m., a chief of the Venelli. Viromandui, -orum, m., a tribe of Belgic Gaul. Vocates, -ium, m., a people of Aquitania. Voccio, -onis, m., a king of Noricum. Vocontii, -orum, m., a tribe of extreme southeastern Gaul. Volcae, -arum, m., see Tectosages. Volusenus, -i, m., Gaius Volusenus Quadratus, a military tribune. Vorenus, -i, m., Lucius Vorenus, a centurion in Caesar's army. Vulcanus, -i, m., the god of fire. Vulso, -onis, m., Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, consul, B.C. 189. Xerxes, -is, m., a king of Persia. Zama, -ae, f., a town of Numidia in Africa. ESSENTIALS OF LATIN FOR BEGINNERS By HENRY C. PEARSON, Horace Mann School, Teachers College, New York. Author of Latin Prose Composition, Greek Prose Composition $0.90 THIS book is designed to prepare pupils in a thorough fashion to read Caesar's Gallic War. Jt contains seventy lessons, including ten that are devoted exclu- sively to reading, and six supplementary lessons. The first seventy lessons contain the minimum of what a pupil should know before he is ready to read Latin with any degree of intelligence and satisfaction. The supplementary lessons deal largely with certain principles of syntax that may be taken up or omitted, according to the desiTe of the teacher. ^ The vocabularies have been carefully selected, and contain, with very few exceptions, only those words that occur with the greatest frequency in Caesar's Gallic War. About five hundred words are presented in the first seventy lessons. There is a constant comparison of English and Latin usage, but not much knowledge of English grammar on the part of the pupil is taken for granted. The more difficult construc- tions are first considered from the English point of view. ^ The topics, such as nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs, are not treated in a piecemeal fashion, but four or five con- secutive lessons are devoted to one topic before passing on to another. Sufficient change, however, is introduced to avoid monotony. The work is provided with ample reviews; the regular exercises review the vocabulary and constructions of the preceding lessons, and these are supplemented by review exercises. The last twenty pages are devoted to carefully graded material for reading, composed of selections from Viri Romae and the first twenty chapters of Caesar's Gallic War, BooklL, in simplified form. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY PEARSON'S LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION By HENRY CARR PEARSON, Horace Mann School, Teachers College, New York. Complete ^i.oo Part II, Based on Caesar .50 Part III, Based on Cicero 50 THIS book combines a thorough and systematic study of the essentials of Latin syntax with abundant practice in translating English into Latin; and affords constant prac- tice in writing Latin at sight. It meets the most exacting college entrance requirements. ^ Part I is a summary of the fundamental principles of Latin grammar and syntax, and contains clear, concise explanations of many points that are troublesome to the ordinary pupil. It is divided into graded lessons of convenient length, each les- son including English-Latin exercises for practice. References to all the leading grammars are also given. ^ Part II contains short, disconnected English sentences and some continuous narrative based on Books I-IV of Caesar's Gallic War. Part III presents material for translation into Latin based upon Cicero. There are also exercises for gen- eral review preparatory to college entrance examinations. ^ A valuable feature of the book is the Review Lessons, in- troduced at intervals. These contain lists of important words for vocabulary study, and together with the summaries of grammatical principles afford excellent material for review work and practice in sight translation. For purposes of em- phasis and intensive study, typical Latin sentences, illustrating important grammatic usages, idioms, and phrases are placed at the head of each chapter based on Books I and II of Caesar and the first Catilinian oration of Cicero. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY J (250) UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW IWAY 31 1919 ■rQ 7 -^^BS IAN2 5A955LU ^l0ct'58WJ ^REC'D LD FEB 2 5 196$ IIKr9 ^9 211011 ^r ^