'" 
 
 : SH$;il|i
 
 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES 
 
 BASED UPON 
 
 LIYY, BOOK XXI., 
 
 SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN, 
 
 WITH PARALLEL PASSAGES FROM LIVY. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. JUDSON EATON, PH.D. (LEIPZIG), 
 
 McGiLL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. 
 
 BOSTON, U.S.A., AND LONDON : 
 PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 
 
 1892.
 
 ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1891, by 
 
 GINN & COMPANY, 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 
 
 TYPOGRAPHY BY J. 8. CUSHING & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A. 
 
 PRESSWORK BY GINN & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IT is generally conceded that the best way of study- 
 ing Latin prose is in connection with the reading of 
 Latin authors. The translation of the Latin is in this 
 way done with more care, thought, and appreciation; 
 the desired grammatical drill is acquired, as well as, in 
 addition to a vocabulary, a precise and definite sense of 
 Latin style. 
 
 Our great models for Latin prose are Caesar, Cicero, 
 and Livy. Of exercises based upon Caesar's Commen- 
 taries, we have no lack. But in beginning the reading 
 of Livy, similar lessons were unknown to the author, and 
 the following exercises were prepared, based upon the 
 twenty-first book, as preliminary to Latin composition 
 after the style of Livy. 
 
 Short oral exercises are recommended in connection 
 with the translation of each chapter, and after a thor- 
 ough study of several chapters, in which each word, 
 phrase, construction, and arrangement have been care- 
 fully noted, the written exercises are to be taken up. 
 At first close imitation is exacted, till the learner gets 
 into the swing of the author's style. Then follow exer- 
 
 iii
 
 iv PREFACE. 
 
 cises, graduated in difficulty, of a more complex and less 
 literal character, and extracts from leading historians, 
 parallel to some extent, in subject and style, to portions 
 of Livy, already read. 
 
 After the completion of the twenty-first book, compo- 
 sition exercises are continued in connection with sight- 
 reading. The rhetorical stories of Livy are often short 
 and complete in themselves, so that they can be read 
 fairly well by the help of a brief introduction. After 
 a selection has been read at sight, the student may be 
 requested to study it more minutely, and then a suitable 
 extract, similar in manner.and style, may be put into his 
 hands for translation. A few such passages, with notes 
 subjoined, have been added. 
 
 On questions of grammar, references are given to 
 Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar (A. & G.), and 
 Harkness' Latin Grammar (H.). In an appendix will 
 be found suggestions to students, notes on idioms, and 
 a study of the periodic style of Livy ; references to 
 which are made by sections (). In the preparation of 
 these notes, considerable indebtedness is due to Potts' 
 admirable work Hints towards Latin Prose Composition, 
 and Postgate's Sermo Latinus, a short guide to Latin 
 
 prose composition. 
 
 A. J. E. 
 
 McGiLL UNIVERSITY, 
 Sept. 7, 1891.
 
 LATIN PEOSE EXERCISES, 
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 
 I. Chaps. 1 and 2. 
 
 BY way of introduction 1 to this division of my work, 
 I may 2 state that I am about to describe the most 
 famous war ever waged, namely, that which the Cartha- 
 ginians, under the leadership 3 of Hannibal, maintained 
 with the Eoman people. 4 No other 5 states which have 
 waged war against one another ever had so great re- 
 sources 6 or power or strength, as Eome 7 and Carthage 7 
 at that time. The war was carried on 8 with intense 
 hatred on both sides, but especially on the part of the 
 Carthaginians, because the conquered had been subjected 9 
 to an imperious and rapacious exercise * of authority. 
 
 Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, a man of high spirit, 
 had been galled 8 by the loss 10 of Sardinia and Sicily ; and 
 with good reason, for u Roman fraud ^ had snatched them 
 from Carthage, during the African mutiny. Had he 
 lived w longer, it is clear that the Carthaginians led by 
 him would have entered Italy in arms. 
 
 1 1. Render here by praefSri. 2 Use licet. For Const., see 
 A. & G. 227. e. , 331. i. Note 3. H. 538. Abl. Abs. A. & G. 255. a. 
 H. 431. 4. 17. * A. & G. 344. k. 5 Not to be translated. 6 Dis- 
 tinguish in meaning between vis, robur, opes. Consult Lat.-Eng. 
 Diet. 7 17. 8 16. 9 Use impero. What mood ? A. & G. 
 321. a., 230. H. 516. II., 301. 1. 10 A. & G. 292. a. 19. and 
 with good reasons, for : namque, a strengthened iiaiu (cf. icai ydp). 
 See Lat.-Eng. Diet. 12 Means. 13 A. & G. 308, 337. b. H. 610, 
 527. Study also A. &. G. 343-345. H. 560-569. 
 
 1
 
 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 II. Chaps. 2 and 3. 
 
 Hamilcar's death delayed the war, and during an in- 
 terval of about 1 eight years, between the demise of the 
 father and succession of the son, the supreme command 
 was held by Hasdrubal, who had won in early youth the 
 favor of Hamilcar. Hasdrubal, a statesman rather than 
 a general, 2 advanced the Carthaginian interests 3 far more 
 by forming friendly alliances with neighboring chiefs 
 than his father-in-law had by force* of arms. For he 
 had a wonderful tact in winning over new tribes, and in 
 dealing with petty chiefs. He was assassinated 5 in open 
 day by a barbarian, B.C. 221. 6 The soldiers instantly 
 carried Hannibal into the general's tent and proclaimed 
 him commander-in-chief amid loud and universal 7 accla- 
 mation. Now Hannibal hated Home most of all. 8 For 
 when he was a small boy, about nine years old, his father, 
 who chanced 9 to be sacrificing before transporting his 
 army to Spain, had set 10 the child before the altar, and 
 with his hand upon the victim, made him swear 11 eter- 
 nal M enmity to Rome. 
 
 1 Distinguish fere, ferine, paene, and prope. 2 See " Sugges- 
 tions," 10. 8 See "Suggestions," 10. * Hendiadys, 13. 5 16. 
 6 Use the Roman method of reckoning time. 7 Universal : omnium. 
 9. 8 Render by one word. 9 Use forte. 10 Use the participial 
 const. Remember that the Latin prefers subordination, English 
 co-ordination of clauses. 21. n made swear: consult Diet, 
 under adigo. 12 Distinguish between perpetuus, aeternus, 
 semplternus.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 
 
 III. Chaps. 1-5. 
 
 Now that Hannibal held the supreme command, 
 through the influence of the Barcine faction, his 
 actions 1 soon showed plainly that he was destined to 
 become a great general. Sent 2 to Spain, he at once 
 attracted the admiration of the entire army. The 
 esteem of the old soldiers was further won by his 
 father's memory. 3 " Can this," said they, " be Hamilcar, 
 restored to us again in his youth 4 ? " They saw in him 
 the same features, the same animated look and penetrat- 
 ing eye, the same high spirit and bitter hatred of the 
 Roman. Naturally fearless and with confidence in his 
 own powers, with a temper adapted 5 to obey as well as 
 to command, he was beloved by all. He could 6 endure 
 any labor ; and whatever time was left to him after 
 business was finished he gave to repose; yet he would 7 
 lie, not on a soft couch, but on the bare ground, among 
 the guards, wrapped in his military cloak. 
 
 Many historians have falsely ascribed 8 to Carthage's 
 greatest general 9 inhuman cruelty and perfidiousness, 
 affirming 10 that he had no regard for the truth, no sense 
 of religion. 
 
 1 1. 2 A. & G. 292. H. 549. 8 A.&G.338. H. 523. * A. & G. 
 186. c. H. 443. 5 habilis : A. & G. 299, and footnote ; 234. b ; 
 300. H. 391. 6 5. 7 A. & G. 277. H. 469. 5. 8 falsely 
 ascribed : false inslmulare. 9 10. 10 A. & G. 336. 2, N. 2.
 
 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 IV. Chaps. 1-6. 
 
 In resolving on war in Spain in order to rouse the 
 Romans to arms, 1 Hannibal was but carrying out 2 the 
 original design 3 of his father, whose actions 4 showed 6 
 plainly that he was meditating a greater war than that 
 in which he was engaged. But he had been cut 6 off by 
 a premature 7 death. Hasdrubal, too, had been murdered 
 in open day by a barbarian : and now, for fear 8 that 
 some 9 accident might, if he hesitated, 10 cut short his 
 career 11 also, 12 13 Hannibal thought that there must not 
 be a moment's delay. He determined to provoke Rome 
 to arms by an attack on her allies, the Saguntines, and 
 stormed and plundered the city of Cartala, the rich capi- 
 tal of the Alcades. He laid waste the country round 
 about, 14 and soon all beyond the Ebro, except Saguntum, 
 was in Carthaginian hands. And now, that it might 
 seem that he had been drawn into the attack upon the 
 Saguntines by the course of events, the neighboring 
 tribes were made to pick a quarrel with them, while he 
 espoused the cause of the former. 
 
 1 Latin idiom, Roman arms. 2 exsequor. 3 original design : 
 render this idea by a verb and adverb. 1. 4 Employ se gerere. 
 1, 17. 5 What mood ? A. & G. 319. H. 500. opprimo. 
 7 immat urns. Consult Lat.-Eng. Diet. s for fear that : ne. 
 A. & G. 331 f. H. 498. III. 9 A. & G. 105 d. H. 190. 1. 10 A. & G. 
 292. H. 649. " 17. 1. " Suggestions," 10. 12 A. & G. 
 345. b. H. 569. III. 13 Before translating the following sentences, 
 consult 21-23. 14 Bender by an adjective.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 
 
 V. Chaps. 1-12. 
 
 War was not yet openly declared, but there were 
 already grounds for it. l The Saguntines saw that they 
 were threatened with immediate danger, and despatched 
 ambassadors to Rome, 2 imploring assistance. The matter 
 was brought before the senate, 3 in the consulship of 
 Publius Scipio and Tiberius Longus, 219 B.C., and it 4 
 was decided to send ambassadors into Spain 5 with in- 
 structions to investigate the condition of their allies, 
 6 and, if they saw sufficient reason, to warn Hannibal no 
 to meddle with the Saguntines, as being allies of Rome. 
 But before the embassy had been despatched, 6 news of 
 the siege came unexpectedly/ and all Rome was fired 
 with indignation, 8 that the conquered should 9 presume 
 to attack the allies of the Roman people. The question 
 of public policy was again 10 brought before the senate, 
 and a second motion 11 prevailed that the commission 
 should proceed 12 to Carthage in Africa to insist upon the 
 surrender of the general's person. 13 
 
 1 Latin idiom : the Saguntines, ichen they saw. 23. d. 2 In 
 how many ways might this be expressed ? A. & G. 318. 8 Ad- 
 verbial phrases of time usually stand at the beginning of a sentence. 
 4 How best translated ? A. & G. 180. f., 201. e. 14. 5 with in- 
 structions to : ut. 6 Abl. Abs. A. & G. 255. H. 431. 7 I.e. sooner 
 than the hope of all. A. & G. 247. b. H. 417. N. 5. 8 indignor. 
 What two constructions may this verb take after it ? A. & G. 
 333. b. H. 535. III. 9 ultro Inferre : presume to attack. Consult 
 Lat.-Eng. Diet, under nil ro. 10 Distinguish between iterum, 
 rnrsus, denuo (de nov5). u sententia. 12 A. & G. 259. h. 
 13 ipse.
 
 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 VI. Chaps. 1-12. 
 
 Now 'while the Romans were wasting their time in 
 discussing the situation, 2 Hannibal had already begun 
 the attack on Saguntum with the greatest energy. 3 
 This city, which stood at the distance of one mile from 
 the sea, 4 abounded in wealth, and had grown up to such a 
 degree of opulence that it was by far the most important 
 of any beyond the Ebro. 5 Thinking that its possession 
 would 6 be invaluable to him, and any delay imprudent, 
 he marched into their territory, in three divisions. He 
 then surrounded the city with his engines, 7 and batter- 
 ing-rams were advanced up to the walls. The townsmen 
 defended themselves with great vigor, and at first kept 
 off the enemy with missiles, while Hannibal himself, 
 ever the foremost in advancing to the fight, was severely 
 wounded in the thigh. In consequence of this, there 
 was a cessation of arms for a few days, while the gen- 
 eral's wound 8 was healing, though there 9 was no inter- 
 mission of the preparations. 
 
 i A. & G. 328. a. H. 467. 4. 2 "Suggestions," 10. 8 A. & G. 
 248. H. 419. III. * abounded in wealth : transl. by the superla- 
 tive of the adjective. 5 ratus. A. & G. 290. b. H. 550. N. 
 6 maximi esse moment!. 7 Abl. Abs. 8 What mood ? A. & G. 
 328. H. 519. 9 Impersonal construction.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 
 
 VII. Chaps. 1-12. 
 
 After the general's wound had been healed, 1 the con- 
 test began anew with greater fury. The battering-ram 
 was applied at a number of points, 2 and the walls in 
 many places were shattered. 3 Three towers in one 
 range, together with the whole stretch of wall between 
 them, had been battered down by the engines 4 ; when, 
 5 as if the wall had served for a covering to both armies 
 alike, 6 besiegers and besieged rushed 7 through the breach. 
 Here the fortune of war was changeful and uncertain ; 
 8 the courage of both was animated 9 to the highest pitch : 
 on the one side by hope, on the other by despair. The 
 townsmen, finding that they had succeeded beyond ex- 
 pectation, and trusting to their valor, suddenly raised 10 
 a shout, rushed 10 from all parts into the breach, and 
 drove 10 the enemy off. There was consternation and 
 panic everywhere, and they fled in disorder to their 
 camps. 
 
 1 What mood and tense ? A. & G. 324. H. 518. 2 Note the 
 relation between the members of this sentence. " Suggestions," 
 3. 21. 8 See preceding note. Consult also A. & G. 325. b. 
 4 tormentum. 6 A. & G. 312. H. 513. II. " Suggestions," 10. 
 7 16. 8 " Suggestions," 10. 9 summe. 10 A. & G. 276. d. 
 H. 467. III.
 
 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 VIII. Chaps. 1-12. 
 
 At this crisis, it was announced that ambassadors 
 ^rom Rome had arrived 2 to represent the complaints of 
 the Saguntines. 3 Hannibal forthwith sent messengers 
 to the seashore to meet them 4 and to say that he had no 
 time to listen to embassies. At the same time he de- 
 spatched letters beforehand to Carthage, knowing well 
 that the Roman ambassadors, 5 being refused a hearing, 
 would go straight 6 to Carthage. 7 Hanno was the leader 
 of the party opposed to the Barcine faction, and 8 made 
 a long speech 9 before the senate. A few concurred in 
 opinion with Hanno, who pleaded for the treaty, and 
 feared that this little fire which Hannibal was kindling 
 might some day blaze forth into a mighty conflagration. 
 10 ie Your armies," said he, " are besieging Saguntum, 
 which a treaty forbids you to touch ; before long Rome's 
 legions will be besieging Carthage. That enemy has 
 been tested in the first Punic war ; of Rome's power you 
 are not altogether ignorant. The claims of her envoys 
 for satisfaction are in accordance with the treaty, and 
 I for my part maintain that we ought to grant what 
 they ask." 
 
 1 I.e. Roman ambassadors. 9. 2 Render by a rel. cl. s "Sug- 
 gestions," 3. 4 and to say: purpose. 5 n5n admissis. 6 recta. 
 A. & G. 258. g. H. 420. 3. 7 Combine the following two sentences. 
 21. 8 longam drationem habuit. 9 apud (or adversus) 
 senatum. 10 Employ indirect narration.
 
 L1VY, BOOK XXI. 
 
 IX. Chaps. 1-12. 
 
 Meanwhile Hhe Carthaginian general gave his soldiers 
 a few days' 2 rest, and by a liberal distribution of money, 
 and by publicly proclaiming that the spoils of the cap- 
 tured city should belong to the soldiers, kindled their 
 ardor. 3 The Saguntines, 4 on the other hand, wearied as 
 they were with fighting, worked night and day without 
 cessation 5 in rebuilding the city walls. 6 Hannibal's 
 departure on an expedition against two tribes, who had 
 caused some apprehension of a revolt, had revived their 
 sinking spirits for a while. But on his return 5 an assault 
 fiercer than ever, directed by Hannibal in person, 7 had to 
 be faced by the citizens. He pressed the attack so vig- 
 orously that, after great slaughter on both sides, part of 
 the citadel itself was taken. Much credit 8 was given to 
 Maharbal, who had been left in command by Hannibal, 
 had fought several successful engagements, and had de- 
 molished a good part of the walls. 
 
 1 "Suggestions," 10. 2 A. & G. 215. b. H. 396. V. 3 17. 
 * autem. A. & G. 345. b. H. 569. III. 5 1. 6 A. & G. 344. d. 
 H. 561. 1. " ipse. 8 in honor c magno esse.
 
 10 LATIN PliOSE EXERCISES. 
 
 X. Chaps. 1-18. 
 
 *A few on both sides still had a little hope of peace, 
 and tried to realize it. Alorcus, a Spaniard, the recog- 
 nized guest and friend of the Saguntines, offered to be 
 the negotiator of a peace. 2 He crossed the line, and had 
 an interview before the senate. 3 " I bring," 4 said he 5 at 
 the close of a long speech, " terms of a peace, inevitable 
 rather than favorable, for everything belongs to the vic- 
 tor. So long as your strength held out, 6 or you hoped 6 
 for aid from Rome, I never 7 mentioned 4 peace to you. 
 Grievous and hard though the terms are, yet I maintain 
 that it is advisable that you should endure them rather 
 than see your wives and children seized and dragged into 
 slavery. Listen, 8 then, to the terms Hannibal grants, 
 and for my part I do not despair of some mitigation of 
 them." He gave them good counsel, but, 9 as often hap- 
 pens, without winning any one to his side. 10 While he 
 was yet speaking, a report spread throughout the city 
 that Hannibal was making an attack in full force, and 
 had given a cruel order for the massacre of all the adult 
 males. 
 
 1 21. 2 Subordinate by using the participle. 8 Use indirect 
 narration. * A. & G. 336. 2, 336. A. H. 523. 5 at the close of a 
 long speech: translated by one word. 6 A. & G. 336. 2, 336. B. 
 H. 524. 7 Render by nee unquam. The negative when Jiphatic 
 begins the Latin sentence. A. & G. 345. d. H. 569. IV. 8 A. & G. 
 339. H. 523. II. 9 but without winning. For the different ways 
 in which without, followed by a verbal noun, is rendered in Latin 
 (since the preposition sine is never used with the gerund), see 
 Madvfg, 417. Obs. 3. Here a copulative conjunction may be 
 used : neque tamen. 10 What mood ? A. & G. 327. H. 520.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 11 
 
 XI. Chaps. 1-18. 
 
 At length the town was taken, after an eight months' l 
 siege. Though all 2 of the gold and silver belonging to 
 the state and individuals had been collected and flung 
 into the fire kindled for that purpose, still an immense 
 booty was taken, and the victorious army, laden with 
 spoil, retired into winter quarters at New Carthage. 3 
 
 Hannibal's object 4 had been attained 5 : 6 no longer 
 could war be averted. 7 The influence of the Barcine 
 faction was dominant 8 at home ; the senate was devoted 
 to him ; and though they listened to Hanno in a speech 
 more bitter than the denunciations of the Roman ambas- 
 sadors, it was not with approval. The reply was that 
 the war had been begun by the Saguntines, not by Han- 
 nibal. 9 They had first fomented disputes between the 
 neighboring tribes. Thus the mission of the envoys to 
 Carthage proved fruitless. They returned to Rome 
 10 with the information that everything tended to war. 
 
 1 Translate in the eighth month after, etc. See also A. & G. 
 143. a. H. 297. 1. 2 An attributive adjective belonging to several 
 nouns is generally expressed only once, and agrees with the noun 
 nearest to itself. H. 439. 1. 8 A. & G. 259. h. * Employ the verb 
 peto. 5 consequor. Distinguish consequor, nanciscor, adipi- 
 scor. 6 " Suggestions," 3. 7 17. What would naturally be the 
 subject in Latin ? 8 plurimum valere. 9 A. & G. 336. 2. a. 1. 
 10 I.e. and reported.
 
 12 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XII. Chaps. 1-18. 
 
 When it was reported 1 at Kqrae that Saguntum had 
 fallen, the people were seized 2 with sorrow for the 3 loss 
 of their allies and with shame for having neglected them. 
 The fathers were apprehensive for the 4 public safety; 
 but they were so distracted by varied emotions at the 
 same time that there was more confusion than counsel 
 among them. All were of opinion, however, that the 
 war should be at once carried on by land and sea, "and 
 that most vigorously. 6 The provinces were assigned to 
 the consuls of the year. Spain fell to the lot of Cor- 
 nelius, Africa to Sempronius. The forces were divided 
 between the consuls : of Eomans and allies there were 
 enrolled 7 64,000 infantry and 7 6200 cavalry. The foe 
 they had to encounter was more warlike than any previ- 
 ous one. For twenty-three years the Carthaginian army 
 had been trained under a determined and indefatigable 
 leader, and had been uniformly successful in 8 campaigns 
 of severest fighting in Spain. 
 
 1 A. & G. 330. a. b. H. 534. 1. 2 16. 3 I.e. for their allies lost. 
 A. & G. 217, 292. a. H. 396. III., 549. 5. N. 2. 19. * Sunima 
 rerum denotes general welfare, public safety, general interest, 
 existence of the state. What construction may summa take here ? 
 A. & G. 217. c. H. 396. III. N. 8 and that : omit in translation 
 and express their force by the arrangement of words. 6 Combine 
 this sentence with the following by using one predicate. 7 A. & G. 
 94. e. H. 178. If there is added to the thousands a lower declina- 
 ble number, then the objects numbered, if they are placed after, 
 stand in the same case as in Ilia : e.g. tria inllia (et) trecentl 
 milites caesl sunt ; otherwise in the genitive pi. ; as, tria milia 
 in 1 1 it 11 in et trecenti caesi sunt ; or, caesa sunt mil it um tria 
 milia trecenti. 8 militia.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 13 
 
 XIII. Chaps. 1-18. 
 
 Yet war was not J at once declared. The question was 
 submitted to the people, whether 2 they wished that a 
 second 3 embassy be sent to Carthage 4 to find out whether 2 
 Hannibal had attacked Saguutum by order of the state 
 or 5 had laid siege to it of his own accord. To the Bornan 
 envoys, when admitted to an audience, this reply was 
 given : 6 " The question ought not to be whether the state. 
 or a private individual was responsible for the attack 
 upon Saguntum, but whether the attack was just or 
 unjust. The treaty with Rome has in no way been vio- 
 lated, for in that treaty no provision was made for Sagun- 
 tum. Moreover, the Carthaginians ought certainly not 
 to be bound by the treaty of Hasdrubal, which he made 
 without their consent. Did not your senate say that you 
 could not accept the treaty which Caius Lutatius, your 
 consul, first made with us, because it was made without 
 your full sanction and consent ? " 
 
 7 Thereupon the Eoman gathered his robe into a fold, 
 and said : " Here we bring peace or jvar : take which you 
 please." Amid loud and universal acclamation, instantly 
 came the reply : " Give which you please." The Roman 
 shook out his fold and spoke again : " I give you war." 
 
 1 at once : protinus. 2 A. & G. 211, 334. H. 353, 529. 8 Em- 
 ploy the adverb. * A. & G. 318. 6 " Suggestions," 10. 6 Use 
 indirect narration. A. & G. 336, 338. H. 523, 524, 529. 'Commit 
 to memory in Latin Livy's description of this scene.
 
 14 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XIV. Chaps. 1-2O. 
 
 When the war was finished in Africa, 1 the Romans 
 fraudulently seized Sardinia, and imposed a war tribute 
 on Carthage. About the same time the loss of Sicily 
 sorely 2 vexed 3 a high-spirited 4 people, and 5 the Cartha- 
 ginians determined on war. First they attacked Rome's 6 
 allies in Spain, 7 who vigorously undertook their own 
 .defence in the hope of aid from Rome. 7 But in vain 8 ; 
 their chief city fell after a siege 9 of eight months, 10 and 
 orders were given for the massacre 11 of all the adult 
 males. Terror-stricken by this 12 calamity, 13 the neigh- 
 boring tribes submitted, believing that they had been 
 cruelly betrayed by their Roman allies, 13 and that they 
 could no longer trust to Roman faith. Mingled shame 
 and fear 11 took possession of the hearts of the Romans ; 
 war was forthwith declared and troops levied; while 
 ambassadors were sent to visit the states in Spain to 
 win them over to an alliance with Rome. 7 Save that 
 they were received and heard, no friendly answer was 
 received, until M they came to Marseilles. With the in- 
 formation there acquired, the envoys returned home, 
 where they found the whole city excited by its anticipa- 
 tions of war. 
 
 1 1.e. African war. 9. 2 sorely : the force of the English 
 adverb is often contained in the verbal idea. 3 A. & G, 344. d. 
 H. 561. 1. * A. & G. 215. H. 396. V. 5 No te the force of the con- 
 nective here. " Suggestions," 3. 6 I.e. allies of the Roman people. 
 17. 7 Phrases formed with prepositions are used in Latin chiefly 
 as adverbial equivalents ; rarely as adjective equivalents. 8 Distin- 
 guish between fmstra and nee quicquam. 9 Employ the verb 
 oppugnari. 1. Consult also A. & G. 143. a. H. 297. t. 10 21. 
 11 1. 12 14. " A. & G. 209. b. H. 569. IV. 1. u A. & G. 
 262, 327. H. 520.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 15 
 
 XV. Chaps. 19-25. 
 
 [Before writing this exercise, turn Hannibal's Vision, ch. 22, into 
 Direct Discourse, and commit to memory. Study in connection, A. & 
 G. 336-342 ; H. 523-529.] 
 
 Carthage, the embassy passed over to Spain 
 and Gaul, 2 to attempt to win them over to an alliance 
 with Borne. After making a circuit of both states 
 3 without effecting anything, they returned to Rome. 
 The Eoman request, 4 that the Gauls should refuse the 
 right of way through their territory, 3 if the Carthagin- 
 ian 6 tried 7 to invade Italy, was greeted with laughter 
 and a general cry of displeasiire. 8 Never had they 
 received any kindness from Rome 9 ; on the contrary, 
 heavy tributes had been imposed upon them, and 10 they 
 had been subjected to indignities 4 of every kind. Why, 
 then, should they be so foolish as to turn the war upon 
 themselves, "instead of allowing it to pass into Italy, 
 and expose their own lands 12 to devastation instead of 
 those of strangers ? Their unfavorable reception 4 was 
 due to the fact that the ruins of Saguntum was a mel- 
 ancholy and forcible warning to the states of Spain; and 
 that the minds of the Gauls were already prepossessed 
 in favor of Hannibal, and that the attachment of many 
 of their chiefs had been secured through gold. 
 
 1 21, 22, 23. 2 A. & G. 317. H. 497. 8 See Ex. X. N. 9. 
 *1. 6 A. & G. 276. b, 292. H. 549. 2. " Suggestions," 10. 7 3. 
 8 Indirect Narration. 9 17. 10 Turn, ' they had suffered every 
 indignity.' n Eender by a negative purpose clause. 12 A. & G. 
 294. d. H. 544. 2. N. 2.
 
 16 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XVI. Chaps. 19-25. 
 
 As we have before remarked, Hannibal, 1 after the cap- 
 ture of Saguntum, had retired into winter quarters at 
 New Carthage. He also gave leave of absence to his 
 Spanish soldiers to return home to visit their friends, 2 
 if they chose, since they might soon be called to service 
 far away from their homes. 
 
 3 Early in the spring, Hannibal 4 broke up his camp, 
 and led his men "along the coast, as far as the Ebro. 
 For the protection of Spain, 12,000 infantry, 1500 cav- 
 alry, and nearly half the elephants were left behind : 
 6 the chief command and the government of Spain being 
 intrusted to Hannibal's younger 7 brother Hasdrubal. 
 With the main 8 army he determined to invade Italy, 
 and crossed the Ebro. Arrived at the Pyrenees, Hanni- 
 bal sent home a portion of his troops, whom he perceived 
 weary of the service, and he hoped thereby to inspire 
 his army with greater confidence, even pretending that 
 the Carpetani, who had left him, had been dismissed by 
 his own act. He then crossed the Pyrenees with 50,000 
 infantry and 9000 cavalry. 
 
 1 Abl. Abs. 2 Omit friends. A. & G. 197. d. H. 441. 8 A. & G. 
 193. H. 440. N. 1. * to break up camp: castra movere. What 
 construction here ? 5 What case ? A. & G. 258. g. H. 420. 1. 3). 
 6 Render to Hasdrubal as commander-in-chief, etc. 7 A. & G. 91. c., 
 253. 8 Consult Lat.-Eng. Diet, under summa.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 17 
 
 XVII. -Chaps. 26-32. 
 
 PASSAGE OF THE RHONE. 
 
 1 At the end of July, B.C. 218, the Carthaginian army 
 arrived at the Ehone, where Hannibal found 2 the further 
 bank occupied by the armed Volcae. 3 A11 the other 
 tribes he had bribed into submission. 4 While rafts were 
 being constructed for use on the spot and others col- 
 lected from all sides, Hanno, son of Bomilcar, with part 
 of the army proceeded up the stream. When a suitable 
 point was reached, they crossed the river in hastily con- 
 structed boats, with a view of taking the Gauls in the 
 rear. On the following day the smoke-signals showed 
 that they had succeeded in crossing; 5 and seeing these, 
 Hannibal gave the order to advance. 4 While the Gauls 
 were engaged in a terrible conflict on the shore, Hanno 
 had taken their camp, and was now pressing them on 
 their rear. Beset 6 on either side with peril, they fled in 
 confusion to their villages. Scipio, who had been de- 
 spatched from Koine with sixty ships of war, encamped 
 at the mouth of the Rhone, while a picked body of cav- 
 alry might reconnoitre the country. But finding that 
 Hannibal was already too far ahead to be easily over- 
 taken, he returned to Genua, 7 to encounter Hannibal, 8 on 
 his descent from the Alps. 
 
 1 Extreme mense lulio. 2 Distinguish invenire and reperire. 
 
 8 Combine with the preceding. 21. * A. & G. 276. e. H. 467. 4. 
 5 A. & G. 180. f. H. 453. 14. <* circumvenio. 7 A. & G. 
 293 b, 318. d. H. 549. 3. 8 I.e. descending. A. & G. 292. H. 549. 1.
 
 18 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XVIII. Chaps. 31-38. 
 
 PASSAGE OF THE ALPS. 
 
 (a) Hannibal continued his march up the bank of the 
 river and to the passes of the Alps without any molesta- 
 tion from the inhabitants of these regions. On the 
 fourth day, he arrived among the Allobroges, who inhab- 
 ited a plain called the " Island," between the Rhone and 
 Isere. Here he dextrously 1 availed 2 himself of a feud 
 that had 3 broken out between two brothers, who were 
 contending for the throne, to 4 render assistance to the 
 elder, who on this account supplied him with provisions, 
 arms, and clothing. 5 When the army reached the foot of 
 the Alps, scenes too horrible to describe revived their 
 terror ; and the expedition narrowly escaped destruction 
 at the crossing of the first Alpine pass and one of the 
 narrowest. 6 The natives had strongly beset the pass ; 
 and as the vanguard was struggling up the lower heights, 
 they suddenly rushed out to the attack. Hannibal 
 ordered a halt, and encamped 7 at the foot of the moun- 
 tain, 8 until after sunset, when the Celts dispersed 9 to their 
 various homes. Then taking with him brave 10 and picked 
 men he seized the heights in the night. 
 
 1 callide. 2 avail one's self of: utor. 3 exorior. * subve- 
 
 nio. 5 16. 6 How connected with the preceding sentence ? 
 ' at the foot of: sub. 8 A. & G. 328. H. 519. 9 Mood and tense ? 
 w 15.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 19 
 
 (6) At length, on the ninth day, the summit was 
 gained. 1 The soldiers were now wellnigh 2 worn out by 
 the incessant 3 attacks of the mountaineers, and here 
 they were allowed to rest. On the second day, however, 
 they broke up camp and began to advance. But the de- 
 scent was much more difficult than the ascent had been, 
 for the path was extremely steep, and the men could 
 scarcely keep themselves from falling on the smooth and 
 slippery ice : men and beasts oft were precipitated into 
 the chasms. And now when all were exhausted by cease- 
 less exertion, and despair was visibly written 4 on every 
 face, they pitched their camp on a mountain height, 
 which commanded a wide and distant view 5 of the plains 
 around the Po, of valleys and sunny hills, too, fit 6 to be 
 the habitations of men. 7 In the next three days, they 
 reached level ground. The passage of the Alps had con- 
 sumed fifteen days. It is not known how large a force 
 Hannibal had when he arrived in Italy. The statement 8 
 in the speech of Scipio that he had lost two-thirds of his 
 cavalry and infantry with which he crossed the Ebro is 
 without doubt 9 an exaggeration. 10 
 
 i 16. A. & G. 146. d. H. 301. 1. 2 See Ex. II. N. 1. assi- 
 diius or continuus. 4 Employ emineo, or change the form of 
 expression : all had come to the height of despair. 8 1. 6 Ido- 
 neus. A. & G. 234. b. H. 391. I. II. ? A. & G. 259. c. H. 429. 
 8 1. 9 Best expressed also by a verb : dubitari non potest. 
 A. & G. 332. g. H. 604. 3. 2). M maius vero.
 
 20 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 [Before doing this exercise, study carefully Chaps. 40 and 41, read- 
 ing them in Indirect Narration. Study in connection, A. & G. 33(i-342; 
 H. 523-529.] 
 
 The two armies met in the plain between the Ticino 
 and the Sesia ; and Scipio, * before leading his men into 
 action, encouraged his soldiers by telling them that they 
 were about to engage an enemy previously defeated and 
 exhausted by their late 2 sufferings. 3 Two-thirds of their 
 infantry had been lost in the passage over the Alps, 
 while the condition 4 of the survivors was indescribably 
 wretched. 5 6 " But why," said he, " do I mention 7 these 
 things ? The nature of the war is such that it ought 
 especially to arouse and inflame your minds. We call 8 
 gods and men to witness that we have taken up arms 
 that our persons may be safe from wrong. 9 At stake, 
 too, is the safety of our friends and allies. Eome and 
 the whole of Italy are compelled by the magnitude of 
 the danger to 10 look for your aid. The gods themselves, 
 who have been grievously wronged, will fitly punish the 
 perfidious race. This is the same foe that you lately 
 conquered by sea and land, " who sued for peace, which 
 you granted, and which now they have broken by 12 this 
 unprovoked attack." 
 
 1 A. &. G. 327. H. 520. 2 recens. 3 calamitas. * 17. 
 6 Express by a verb, as, supra quam enarrari possit. 6 Em- 
 ploy Indirect Narration. 7 A. & G. 338. H. 523. II. testari. 
 9 to be at stake is agi. 10 exspectare. u Combine the two rel. 
 clauses. 12 Qltro.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 21 
 
 XX. Chaps. 39, 45, 46. 
 
 CONFLICT ON THE TICINUS. 
 
 Though Hannibal had left Scipio in Gaul, he was now 
 confronted by the same Roman commander, J as he de- 
 scended into Italy. Scipio had already crossed the Fo, 
 and moved his camp to the river Ticinus, so that the two 
 armies were in sight of each other. After words of en- 
 couragement on the part of the leaders, botli sides 2 pre- 
 pared for battle. The Romans, however, did not display 
 the same eagerness as the Carthaginians. 3 Scipio was a 
 new commander over raw recruits, who were, moreover, 
 dismayed by recent portents. Hannibal saw around him 
 a veteran army, that had marched victorious from the 
 Pillars of Hercules. On their right and on their left the 
 Carthaginians were shut 4 in by two seas, 5 behind 6 hung 4 
 over them the Alps, before 6 them the enemy : they must 
 conquer or die. 7 If victorious, there would be an ample 
 recompense 8 all the accumulated fruits of Rome's 
 many triumphs. A battle was fought, and the Romans 
 were defeated. Scipio himself was wounded, and would 
 have been slain, 9 if he had not been rescued 9 by the 
 intervention of his son, who afterwards won the glory of 
 10 finishing the war. 
 
 1 See Ex. XVII. N. 8. 2 Use the impers. const. 8 " Sugges- 
 tions," 3. * What tense? A. & G. 277. a. H. 469. 5 16. 
 6 A. & G. 260. b. H. 434. I. ? I.e. to them victorious. 8 " Sug- 
 gestions," 10. 9 A. & G. 308. H. 510. 10 I.e. of the war finished. 
 19.
 
 22 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXI. Chaps. 48, 52-56. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE TREBIA. 
 
 ^cipio, 2 finding that the open plains were not a suit- 
 able battle-field for the Romans, on account of the supe- 
 riority of the Carthaginian cavalry, hastened across the 
 Po to Placentia. 3 Occupying a strong position there, he 
 waited until 4 his colleague arrived from Sicily. Sempro- 
 nius had already sent his troops to Ariminum ; thence 
 he marched to the Trebia, where he effected 5 a junction 5 
 with Scipio. Hannibal was eager to force the battle 
 while the better of the Roman generals was disabled 6 by 
 a wound, and resolved to lure the impetuous and head- 
 strong Sempronius to an engagement. 7 By ordering the 
 Numidian cavalry to cross the Trebia and discharge mis- 
 siles at the sentries, and then to retreat gradually, he 
 drew the Roman army after him across the river. It 
 was Howards midwinter, and the day was cold, and snow 
 filled the air. The Romans, pursuing the retreating Nu- 
 midians, had to wade breast-deep through the icy 4 stream, 
 as the piercing sleet blew in their faces. 9 The men, 
 numbed with cold, tired and hungry, for they had 
 marched hurriedly out 10 without their breakfast, were 
 obliged to face the Carthaginians, who had made their 
 limbs supple with oil, and leisurely enjoyed their morn- 
 ing meal. In the battle that followed, the Romans met 
 with a crushing defeat. 
 
 i 22, 23. 2 7. 8 Abl. Abs. * What mood ? A. & G. 328. 
 H. 519. 5 1. 6 16. 7 Turn " He ordered the cavalry, having 
 crossed, etc., to discharge missiles, and then by retreating, to 
 draw." 8 brumae tempus, or sub bruina. 9 21, 22, 23. 
 10 Abl. Abs.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 23 
 
 XXII. 
 
 At daybreak came news that l the enemy was encamped 
 not more 2 than ten miles off. 3 The commander-in-chief 
 then called a halt and held a review of his troops. He 
 likewise sent off some 4 messengers with a letter asking 5 
 for immediate reinforcements. 6 When these had arrived 
 orders were given to march along the sea-shore, and in 
 three days they came in sight of the enemy. At once 
 the general proceeded 7 to 8 draw up his army in battle- 
 array, as the nature of the place allowed, on the site of 
 a plundered and half-ruined 9 city. A council of his staff- 
 officers 10 was called, and it was decided where each one 
 should direct 11 his operations. Afterwards he called 
 his soldiers together and made a brief harangue. 12 "I 
 do not think it worth while," said he in closing, 13 "to 
 address you longer, nor to recount the glorious exploits 
 of yourselves and your ancestors in the past ; for I hold 14 
 it as a thing well ascertained that an army does not be- 
 come energetic 15 instead of 16 slothful, or brave instead of 
 cowardly, by the speech of its commander. I need not 
 remind you that the senate tried every expedient to 
 maintain the peace that the state might be free from 
 guilt, and that the sword was not drawn till the enemy 
 had already invaded our territory, and committed shock- 
 ing depredations without resistance." 
 
 !1. 2 A. & G. 247. c. H.417. N.2. If the place from which 
 the distance is reckoned is not specified, a or ab used adverbially 
 in the sense ' off ' may accompany the ablative. H. 379. 2. N. 
 * Not necessary to the sense. 5 Purpose. 6 auxilium. 7 4. 
 8 Instruere aciem. 9 semirutus. 10 legati. u euro. A. & G. 
 294. d. H. 544. N. 2. 12 Employ Ind. Nar. 13 perorans. 14 com- 
 pertum habeo. A. & G. 292. c. 15 strenuus. 16 pro.
 
 24 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 When at the beginning of 534, 1 he 2 fell by the hands 
 of an assassin, the Carthaginian officers of the Spanish 
 army summoned to fill his place Hannibal, the eldest son 
 of Hamilcar. He was still a young man, born in 505, 1 
 and now, therefore, in his twenty-ninth year ; but his 
 life 3 had already been fraught with varied experience. 
 While still a boy, 4 he had followed his father to the 
 camp; and he soon distinguished himself. His light 
 and firmly built 5 frame made him an excellent runner 
 and boxer, and a fearless rider; the 6 privation of sleep 
 did not affect him, and he knew like a soldier how to 
 enjoy or to want his food. Although his youth had 
 been spent in the camp, he possessed 7 such culture 8 as 
 was bestowed on the noble Phoenicians of his time : in 
 Greek, apparently after he had become a general, he 
 made such progress 9 under the guidance of his intimate 
 friend Sosilus of Sparta as to be able to compose state 
 papers 10 in that language. Thereafter, he had com- 
 manded the cavalry under his sister's husband, Hasdru- 
 bal, and distinguished himself by brilliant personal brav- 
 ery as well as by his talents as a leader. MOMMSEN. 
 
 1 I.e. according to the Roman method of reckoning. At the 
 beginning of the year was variously expressed in Latin : anno 
 ineu'nte, incipiente ; anni initio, principle, exordio. 2 ob- 
 trunci, assassinate; or, insidiis interfici. 3 17. * A. & G. 
 184. H. 363. 2. 2). 5 compactum ac firmum. 6 vigiliae. 
 7 A. & G. 231. R. In with esse, however, must be used to denote 
 the possession of some quality or characteristic. 8 cultus animi. 
 9 to make progress in anything : proflcere in aliqua re. 10 lit- 
 terae publicae.
 
 LIVY, BOOK XXI. 25 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 The voice of his comrades now summoned him their 
 tried, although youthful general to the chief command, 
 and he could now execute the designs for which his 
 father and his brother-in-law had lived and died. He 
 took possession of the inheritance, 1 and he was worthy of 
 it. His contemporaries 2 tried 3 to cast stains 4 of all sorts 
 on his character : the Romans charged him with cruelty, 
 the Carthaginians with covetousness ; and it is true that 
 he hated as only Oriental natures 5 know how to hate, and 
 that a general who never 6 fell short of money and stores 
 can hardly have been 7 other than covetous. Neverthe- 
 less, though anger and envy and meanness have written 
 his history, they have not been able to mar 8 the pure and 
 noble image 9 which it presents. Every page of the his- 
 tory of the times attests his genius 10 as a general. The 
 power which he wielded over men is shown by his incom- 
 parable control over an army of various nations and many 
 tongues, an army which never in the worst times muti- 
 nied 11 against him. He was a great man; wherever he 
 went he riveted the eyes of all. MOMMSEN. 
 
 1 to enter on the possession of an inheritance : hereditatem 
 adire. 2 homines illorum temporum. 3 A. & G. 277. c. H. 469. 
 2. 1. 4. * to stain a person's reputation is de fama alicuius 
 detrahere, or alicui infamiam afferre. 5 17. 6 desuni. 
 7 alius atque. A. & G. 247. d. H. 459. 2. 8 clef or mo. 9 species. 
 10 "Suggestions," 9. u to mutiny: facere, movere seditionem.
 
 26 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Scipio meanwhile held councils l of war in Massilia as 
 to the proper mode of occupying the ferries of the Rhone, 
 and was not induced to move even by the urgent mes- 
 sages that came from the leaders of the Celts. He dis- 
 trusted their accounts, and he 2 contented himself with 
 detaching a weak Roman cavalry division to reconnoitre 
 the left bank of the Ehone. This detachment found the 
 whole enemy's army already transported to that bank, 
 and occupied in bringing over the elephants, which alone 
 remained on the right bank of the stream ; and, after it 
 had warmly engaged some Carthaginian squadrons in the 
 district of Avignon 3 for the purpose of enabling it to 
 complete its reconnaissance, the first encounter of the 
 Romans and Carthaginians in this war, it hastily re- 
 turned to report at headquarters. Scipio now started in 
 utmost haste for Avignon ; but when he arrived there, 
 even the Carthaginian cavalry that had been left behind 
 to cover the passage of the elephants had already taken 
 its departure three days ago, and nothing remained for 
 the consul but to return with weary troops and little 
 credit to Massilia, and to revile the " cowardly flight " of 
 the Carthaginians. MOMMSEN. 
 
 1 to hold a council of war : consilium niilitare habere. 2 to 
 be contented: satis habere (foil, by infin.). 3 Latin: Avenio 
 (-onis).
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy II. 10.] 
 ROMAN HEROISM : HORATIUS COCLES. 
 
 And as 1 the Etruscans approached, they took the hill 
 Janiculum, and drove the Romans back over the wooden 
 bridge 2 into the city. Then the Romans were seized 3 
 with great 4 fear; and they did not 5 venture to oppose 
 the enemy, and to defend the entrance of the bridge, but 
 they fled across the bridge back into the city. When 
 Horatius, who was surnamed 6 Codes, saw this, he placed 
 himself opposite to the enemy at the entrance of the 
 bridge, and two warriors, who were called Larcius and 
 Herminius, stayed with him. These three men stirred 
 not from the place, but fought alone with the whole 
 army of the Etruscans, and held their position while the 
 Romans pulled down the bridge behind them. 7 And 
 when only a few planks were left, Larcius and Her- 
 minius hurried back, but Horatius would 8 not move until 
 9 the bridge was broken down and fell into the river. 
 Then he turned round, and with his arms upon him, just 
 as he was, sprang into the Tiber 10 and swam back to 
 Rome unhurt. IHNE. 
 
 1 cum : A. & G. 325. H. 521. 2 Pons Sublicius. 3 16. * H. 
 661. III. 5 In Latin the tendency is to combine the negative in a 
 sentence with the connective. 8 231. b. H. 387. N. 1. 7 Abl. Abs. 
 8 5. 9 A.&G.328. H.387.N.1. w A. &G. 56. a. 1. H.62. II. 2. 
 
 27
 
 28 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy II. 39, 40.] 
 MARCH OF THE VOLSCIANS TOWARDS ROME. 
 
 
 (a) The Volscians at last advanced to Home, and 
 encamping 1 near 2 the Tossa Cluilia, five miles from the 
 town, they laid waste the lands of the plebeians round 
 about. Then the Romans were seized with despair, and 
 scarcely retaining courage to defend the walls of the 
 town, did not dare to advance against the Volscians, or 
 fight them in the field. They looked for deliverance 3 
 from the mercy and generosity 4 of their conquerors, and 
 sent the principal senators 5 as ambassadors to Coriolanus, 
 to sue for peace. But Coriolanus answered that, unless 
 the Romans should restore to the Volscians all the con- 
 quered towns, 6 peace could not be thought of. When the 
 same ambassadors came a second time, 7 to ask for more 
 favorable conditions, Coriolanus would not even see 
 them. Thereupon the chief priests appeared in their 
 festive robes, and with the sacred signs of their office, 
 and tried to calm 8 the anger of Coriolanus. But they 
 strove in vainA At last the noblest Roman matrons came 
 to Veturia, the mother of Coriolanus, and to Volumnia, 
 his wife, and persuaded them 9 to accompany them 9 to 
 the enemy's camp, and with their prayers and tears to 
 save the town. IHNE. 
 
 1 Remember that the English (but not the Latin) pres. part, is 
 often used loosely with completed sense. 7. 2 A. & G. 153. 
 8 1. 4 benignitas. 5 If ' as ' signifies ' in the capacity of,' it is 
 not to be translated, and the title or function is to be placed in 
 apposition to the subject. 6 to discuss terms of peace : agere de 
 pace. 7 See Ex. V. N. 10. 8 sedare. 9 How distinguished in Latin ?
 
 PAEALLEL PASSAGES. 29 
 
 (&) Now when l the procession 2 of Roman matrons 
 approached the Volscian camp, and Coriolanus recognized 3 
 his mother, his wife, and his little children, his heart 
 softened, and he heard the entreaties of the matrons, fell 
 on the neck of his mother and of his beloved wife, and 
 granted their request. He immediately led the army of 
 the Volscians away from Rome, and gave back all the 
 conquered towns. But he never returned to Rome, be- 
 cause he had been banished by the people. 
 
 As a punishment for this treachery, which the Volsci- 
 ans, as it appears, were obliged to submit to, 4 they were 
 reported to have cruelly 5 murdered 6 Coriolanus at the 
 end of the campaign. 7 Yet another, and probably older, 
 form of the legend 8 says nothing of this revenge, but 
 allows him to attain 9 a great age among the Volscians, 
 and to lament his banishment from his fatherland. The 
 simple-minded 10 old annalist saw nothing unnatural 11 in 
 the fact that a Roman exile should restore to the Romans 
 towns conquered by the military strength of the Vol- 
 scians. IHNE. 
 
 1 A. & G. 324. H. 518. 2 agtnen : or an impersonal construction 
 may be employed. 1, 16. 3 agnosco : distinguish between 
 agnosco and cognosce. * subeo. 5 See Ex. XIV. N. 2. 6 Dis- 
 tinguish between interficere, caedere, necare, trncidare, lugu- 
 lare. 7 bellum or stipendium. 8 fabula. 9 Distinguish between 
 consequi (to attain by exertion), nancisci (by change), adlpisci 
 (by good fortune}, Impetrare (through asking). 10 credulus. 
 11 Translate by a phrase.
 
 30 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy II. 48, 49, 50.] 
 THE PATRIOTISM OF THE FABII. 
 
 The Veientines kept 1 Rome 2 in a continual state of 
 alarm by constant invasions, driving away the flocks and 
 destroying the crops. In order to protect the community 
 from such annoyances, the noble house of the Fabii 
 offered to undertake the war themselves. The consul, 
 Kaeso Fabius, placed himself at the head of his kindred ; 
 with 306 men of patrician rank he left the town, 3 fol- 
 lowed by the blessings and good wishes of the admiring 
 people. He erected a fortified camp in the territory of 
 the Veientines, not far from the chief town of Veii, on 
 the river Cremera. From this spot the Fabii made the 
 territory of the Veientines insecure, 4 and at the same 
 time kept the enemy from attacking Rome. But the 
 Veientines enticed them out of their fortress into an 
 ambush, and attacked them from all sides with over- 
 whelming force. Not one of the valiant band escaped. 
 The whole race would have become extinct, 5 if 6 it had 
 not been that one boy had been left behind in Rome, who 
 preserved the name and the race of the Fabii. IHNE. 
 
 1 kept in a constant state of alarm : translated by one word. 
 A. & G. 277. H. 469. II. 2 17. 3 " Suggestions," 10. * A. & G. 
 239. a. N. 1. H. 373. N. 2. 5 exstingui. 6 A. & G. 315. H. 508. 3.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 31 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy III. 27, 28.] 
 STORY OF CINCINNATUS. 
 
 Then the Master of the People and the Master of the 
 Horse went together into the forum, and 1 ordered 2 that 
 every man who was of an age to go out to battle should 
 be ready in 'the Field of Mars before sunset. So the 
 army was ready at the time appointed, and they set 
 forth from the city, x and made such haste, that ere the 
 night was half 3 spent they came to Algidus ; and when 
 they perceived that they were near the enemy they made 
 a halt. 4 Then Lucius rode on and saw how the camp of 
 the enemy lay; and he ordered his soldiers to throw 
 down their baggage into one place. Then they set out 
 again in their order of march as 5 they had come from 
 Rome, and spread themselves round the camp of the 
 enemy on every side. When this 6 was done, upon a 
 given signal they raised a great shout, which rang 
 through the camp of the enemy and filled them with 
 fear ; and it sounded even to the camp of the Komans 
 who were shut up in the valley ; and the consul's men 
 said one to another, 7 " Rescue is surely at hand, for that 
 is the shout of the Romans." ARNOLD. 
 
 i 12. 2 A. & G. 271. b. H. 635. II. a A. & G. 193. H. 440. 2. 
 N. 1. * 1. 6 Render by a rel. pron. A. & G. 202. c. 6 201. e. 
 H. 453. 7 Indirect Narration.
 
 32 LATIN PKOSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy V. 21.] 
 THE CAPTURE OF VEIL 
 
 At last the day for storming the town arrived, and 
 Camillus let * the Konian army advance to the walls and 
 pretend to attack them. But while the Veientines were 
 engaged in defending 2 the walls, a select body 3 of men 
 advanced through the tunnel. At their head 4 was Camil- 
 lus himself, and when he arrived at the place where 
 the tunnel ended and where there was only a thin wall 
 to break through, inside the temple of Juno, in the 
 citadel of Veii, he heard the high priest of the Veien- 
 tines, who was performing a sacrifice before the king, 
 say 5 that whoever presented 6 this offering to the tutelar 7 
 goddess of Veii would be victorious in battle. 8 At this 
 moment the Komans burst forth out of the ground ; 
 Camillus seized the victim and offered it on the altar of 
 the goddess, and his troops dispersed themselves from 
 the citadel over the whole town, and opened the gates to 
 their comrades. Thus Veii fell into the hands of the 
 Romans, and a more splendid triumphal procession than 
 that which Camillus celebrated on his return 9 from Veii 
 had never been seen in Rome. IHNE. 
 
 1 iubeo. A. & G. 271. b. H. 535. II. 2 were engaged in defend- 
 ing. A. & G. 277. H. 469. II. 4. 3 17. * 1. s A. & G. 
 292. e. H. 535. I. 4. 6 A. & G. 316, 337. H. 507. III. 2. * Trans- 
 late by a rel. cl. 8 21. 9 Best rendered perhaps by making it 
 the subject. See ch. 23.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 33 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy VI. 3.] 
 CAMILLUS DEFEATS THE ETRUSCANS. 
 
 The dictator now learnt that an Etruscan army, prob- 
 ably from Tarquinii, was besieging Sutrium. Camillus 
 hastened 1 to its aid, but on his way, said the story of his 
 exploits, he met the citizens of Sutrium in forlorn plight, 
 they having been obliged to surrender their city and hav- 
 ing saved nothing but their lives. 2 They fell on their 
 knees before him, 3 told him their sad case, 4 and craved 
 his assistance. He bade 5 them be of good cheer, 6 saying 7 
 that it was now the turn 8 of the Etruscans to wail and 
 weep. Then he advanced upon Sutrium, and found, as 
 he had expected, 9 that the enemy kept no watch, 10 and 
 were thinking of nothing but plunder. He instantly 
 forced his way into the place, made a great slaughter, 10 
 and a still greater number of prisoners ; and Sutrium 
 was thus, according to the story, "lost and recovered" 
 in a day again. 11 Thus the enemies of Rome were 
 checked, 12 and time was gained for the state to recover 
 from its disorder and distress, and to meet its rivals on 
 more equal terms. ARNOLD. 
 
 1 21. 2 How connected with the preceding? 8 se ad pedes 
 advolvere, provolvere ; se ad genn proicere. 4 Use res 
 
 affectae, and join with the following verb. 5 A. & G. 331. a. 
 H. 535. II. 6 boiio esse aniino, or an adjective. 7 A. & G. 336. 
 N. 2. H. 623. 1. N. 8 Is best omitted in translation. 9 A. & G. 200. e. 
 10 "Suggestions," 10. Translate thoughts, not roords. n 3. 
 12 supprimo.
 
 34 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy VIII. 6, 7.] 
 KOMAN DISCIPLINE : THE STORY OF MANLIUS. 
 
 When the war with the Latins had broken out, and 
 both the hostile armies lay encamped against each other 
 in Campania, the consuls issued orders to avoid all irreg- 
 ular fighting, and to take up the combat only on the 
 explicit command of their superior officers. 1 Then it 
 happened that the son of the consul, T. Manlius, who 
 led a troop of cavalry, approached the enemy's camp, and 
 was challenged 2 by Mettius, the commander of the Tus- 
 culan horse. 3 Stung by the contemptuous words of the 
 Tusculan, the 4 fiery youth forgot the injunction of his 
 father, accepted the challenge, and killed Mettius. In 
 triumph he returned to the camp, decorated with the 
 arms of his slain enemy, and accompanied by an exulting 
 crowd of his men. With a gloomy look his father turned 
 away from him, assembled immediately the whole army 
 by the blast of the trumpet, and 5 pronounced the sentence 
 of death over his victorious son. The safety 6 of the state 
 was not to suffer from parental indulgence. In the con- 
 test of duty and paternal love, the feeling of the Eoman 
 citizen triumphed. IHNE. 
 
 1 Use praefeetus, or phrase qul praeest, for superior officer. 
 1. 2 to challenge any one: aliquem ad pugnain provocare. 
 8 Consult Lat.-Eng. Diet, under mordeo. 4 iuvenis ardentis 
 aniun 6 A. & G. 220. a. H. 410. III. N. 2. 6 17.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 35 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 [For Parallel Passages, read Livy IX. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.] 
 (a) Roman Defeat at the Caudine Pass. 
 
 The disasters l of the Caudine Forks, a defile between 
 Campania and Samnium, 2 left a vivid impression on the 
 national memory, for it was 3 there that the legions were 
 enclosed as in a trap and forced to an ignominious sur- 
 render. The enemies themselves, we read, startled at 
 such unheard-of fortune, sent in haste to ask Herennius 
 Pontius, the aged father of their general, 4 how they 
 should act in such a crisis. His answer 5 was that they 
 6 should let them all go freely forth unhurt, 7 8 and so 
 appeal to their best and warmest feelings, or, failing 
 that, put them all without distinction to the sword, that 
 the loss might cripple the state for many a year. There 
 was no safe course, he said, between the two extremes. 
 Yet the Samnites tried to find one. They made their 
 prisoners lay down their arms and pass under the yoke, 
 while the officers of highest rank bound themselves as 
 sponsors for a treaty which was to free the soil of Sam- 
 nium from the arms and colonies of Eome, 9 and leave 
 the rivals fairly balanced as before. CAPES. 
 
 1 Cladis. To sustain a disaster = cladem accipere. Express 
 the participle in Latin : received at. 2 to retain something in the 
 memory: illiquid memoria tenere, alicuius memoriam reti- 
 nere. 3 2. * A. & G. 338. H. 529. 5 1. 6 A. & G. 294. b. 
 H. 234. 7 A. & G. 186. b. 3. 8 I.e. so that the enemy might be 
 moved by so great kindness. 9 "Suggestions," 10. 3, 21.
 
 36 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 (6) The Romans pass under the Yoke. 
 
 When consuls, quaestors, and tribunes of the soldiers 
 had taken the oaths, the first fulfilment 1 of the treaty 
 followed. The Romans gave up their arms, and marched 
 out of the camp, wearing 2 or carrying with them nothing 
 but one single article of clothing, the campestre or kilt, 
 reaching from the waist 3 to the knees, 4 and leaving the 
 upper part of the body naked, now that the soldiers had 
 been obliged to give up their 5 coats of mail. The six 
 hundred knights were then delivered up to the Samnites, 
 and the rest of the Roman army, stripped 6 of their arms 
 and baggage, passed in order through an opening pur- 
 posely made for them in the Samnite lines of blockade. 
 Two spears were set upright in this opening, and a third 
 was fastened across them at the top ; and through this 
 gateway the vanquished army marched out, as a token 
 that they had been conquered in war, and owed their 
 lives to the enemy's mercy. It was no peculiar insult 
 devised for this occasion, but a common usage, so far as 
 appears, in all similar cases : like the modern ceremony " 
 of piling arms 8 when a garrison or army surrender them- 
 selves as 9 prisoners of war. ARNOLD. 
 
 1 1. 2 7. See also A. & G. 247. d. H. 459. 2. 3 media 
 pars corporis. * I.e. so that. 3, 21. 5 lorica. 6 exuo. For 
 construction, see A. & G. 225. d. H. 384. II. 2. " " Suggestions," 
 9. B to pile arms : anna in iiniiin locum conferre. 9 See Ex. 
 XXVII. N. 5.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 37 
 
 (c) The Army returns to Rome. 
 
 In far different plight, 1 and with far other feelings, 
 than they had entered the pass of Caudium, did the 
 Roman army issue out from it again upon the plain of 
 Campania. Defeated and disarmed, they knew not what 
 reception 2 they might meet with from their Campanian 
 allies. But the Campanians behaved faithfully and gen- 
 erously : they sent supplies 3 of arms, of clothing, and of 
 provisions to meet the Eomans even before they arrived 
 at Capua ; and when the army approached 4 their city, the 
 senate and people went out to meet them. No atten- 
 tions, 5 however, could 6 soothe 7 the wounded pride of the 
 Eomans : they could not bear to raise their eyes from 
 the ground nor to speak to any one : full of shame, they 
 continued 8 their march to Rome. When they came near 
 to it, all those soldiers who had a home in the country 
 dispersed and escaped to their several houses singly and 
 silently ; whilst those who lived in Rome lingered with- 
 out the walls till the sun was set, and stole to their 
 homes "under cover of the darkness. ARNOLD. 
 
 1 Fortfina. 2 Use the verb excipio. 3 Unnecessary in transla- 
 tion. 4 Employ dative of the part, with obviam egredior. A. & G. 
 228. b. 5 comitas. 6 6. 7 delenio. 8 4. 9 per noctem.
 
 38 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 (d) Humiliation of the People. 
 
 was the blow less deeply felt by the senate and 
 by the whole people. The actual 2 loss in the battle, and 
 the captivity 3 of six hundred of the youth of Rome, were 
 enough of themselves to throw the nation into mourning; 
 how much more grievous were they when accompanied 
 by such utter defeat and humiliation. All business was 
 suspended ; all orders put on mourning ; the knights and 
 senators laid aside their gold rings, and took off the well- 
 known red border of their dress which marked their 
 rank 4 ; in every house there was weeping and wailing for 
 those who had returned home dishonored, 5 no less than 
 for those who were dead and captive ; and all ceremonies 
 of rejoicing, all festivals, and all private marriages were 
 suspended, till they could be celebrated in a year of bet- 
 ter omen. A dictator was named to hold the comitia for 
 the election of the new consuls ; but the augurs declared 
 that the appointment was null and void ; another dicta- 
 tor was then chosen, but the same objection was repeated, 
 till at last, as if the gods abhorred every magistrate of 
 this fatal year, the elections were held by an interrex. 
 ARNOLD. 
 
 1 17. 2 ipse. 3 17. 4 " Suggestions," 10. 5 ignomlniae 
 pleni.
 
 PAKALLEL PASSAGES. 39 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy X. 27, 28.] 
 ROMAN DEVOTION TO THE STATE : P. DECIUS. 
 
 When the armies closed, the Roman left wing strug- 
 gled 1 vigorously against the numbers, and strength 2 , and 
 courage of the Gauls. Twice, it is said 3 , did the Roman 
 and Campanian cavalry charge with effect the Gaulish 
 horsemen; but they were at length driven back upon 
 their infantry. The first line of the legions was broken, 
 and the Gauls, following their advantage, pressed on 
 with the masses of their infantry. Decius strove in vain 
 to stop the flight of his soldiers. One way alone was 
 left by which he might yet serve his country : he be- 
 thought 4 him of his father at the battle of Vesuvius, and 
 calling to M. Livius, one of the pontifices who attended 
 him in the field, he desired him to dictate to him the fit 
 words for self-devotion. 5 Then, in the same dress, and 
 with all the same ceremonies, he pronounced also the 
 same form of words which had been uttered by his 
 father, and devoting himself and the host of the enemy 
 with him to the grave and to the powers of the dead, he 
 rode into the midst of the Gaulish ranks, and was slain. 
 ARNOLD. 
 
 1 Use the impers. const, with pngno. 2 See Ex. I. N. 6. 8 A. & G. 
 330. a. and b. H. 534. 1. * A. & G. 219. H. 406. II. 5 i.
 
 40 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy XXII. 2.] 
 
 The passage of the Apennines was accomplished with- 
 out much difficulty, at a point as far west as possible, or, 
 in other words, as distant as possible * from the enemy ; 
 but the marshy lowlands between the Serchio 2 and the 
 Arno were so flooded by the melting of the snow and 
 the spring rains, that the army had to march four days 
 in water, z without finding any other dry spot for resting 
 by night than was supplied by piling the baggage, or 
 by the sumpter animals 4 that had fallen. The troops 
 underwent unutterable sufferings, particularly the Gallic 
 infantry, which marched behind the Carthaginians along 
 tracks 5 already rendered impassable : they murmured 
 loudly, and would undoubtedly have dispersed to a man, 6 
 had not the Carthaginian cavalry under Mago, which 
 brought up the rear, rendered flight impossible. Various 
 diseases decimated 7 the soldiers ; Hannibal himself 8 lost 
 an eye in consequence of ophthalmia. 9 MOMMSEN. 
 
 1 A. & G. 93. H. 170. 2. 2 Latin name, Auser (-eris). 8 See 
 Ex. X. N. 9. 4 i uni cut u in (sarcinarlum). 5 258. g. H. 420. 
 1. 3). 6 omnes ad iinuin. 7 decimo is late Latin, and should be 
 avoided. " Suggestions," 9. 8 to lose one eye : altero oculo cap!. 
 Consult Lat.-Eng. Diet, under capio. 9 oculorum Inflammatio.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 41 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy XXIV. 1 and 21.] 
 ASSASSINATION OF HIERONYMUS, KING OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 An empty house 1 in this street had been occupied by 
 the conspirators : when the king came opposite to it, one 
 of their number, 2 who was one of the king's guards, and 
 close to his person, stopped just behind him, as if some- 
 thing had caught his foot ; and whilst he seemed trying 
 to get free, he checked the advance 3 of the following 
 multitude, and 4 left the king to go on a few steps unat- 
 tended. 4 At that moment the conspirators rushed out 
 of the house and murdered him. So sudden was the 
 act, 5 that his guards could not save him ; seeing 6 him 
 dead, 7 they were seized with a panic and dispersed. 
 The murderers 8 hastened, some into the market-place 
 of Leontini, to raise the cry 5 of liberty there, and others 
 to Syracuse, to anticipate the king's friends and secure 
 the city for themselves and the Romans. Their tidings, 
 however, had flown 9 before them ; and Andranodorus, 
 the king's uncle, had already secured the island of Orty- 
 gia, 10 in which was the citadel. The assassins arrived 
 just at nightfall, 11 calling the people to rise in the name 
 of liberty. ARNOLD. 
 
 1 16. H. 561. 2 17. 3 Contained in the verbal idea. 1. 
 4 What is the relation between the two sentences ? 3, 21. 
 What word may be omitted in the translation ? 5 1. 6 The pres. 
 part, is used more freely in English than in Latin. How may it 
 be rendered here ? 7 A. & G. 186. c. 8 For the use of a distribu- 
 tive apposition, see Madvig, 217. Obs. 1. 9 " Suggestions," 10. 
 10 A. & G. 183. H. 363. sub noctem.
 
 42 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Liny XXIV. 34.] 
 SIEGE OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 Marcellus brought up his ships against the sea-wall 
 of Achradina, and endeavored by a constant discharge 2 
 of stones and arrows to clear the walls of their defenders, 
 so that his men might apply their ladders, and mount to 
 the assault. 3 These ladders rested on two ships, lashed 
 together 4 broadside to broadside, 5 and worked as one by 
 their outside oars. But Archimedes had supplied the 
 ramparts with an artillery 6 so powerful that it over- 
 whelmed the Romans before they could get 7 within the 
 range 8 which their missiles could reach ; and when they 
 came closer, they found 9 that all the lower part of the 
 wall was loopholed ; and their men were struck down 10 
 with fatal aim by an enemy they could not see. At 
 other times machines like cranes were thrust out over 
 the wall; and the end of the lever with an iron grapple 
 affixed to it was lowered upon the ships. n As soon as 
 the grapple had taken hold, the other end of the lever 
 was lowered by heavy weights, and the ship raised out 
 of the water, till it was made almost to stand upon its 
 stern; then the grapple was suddenly let go, 12 and the 
 ship w dropped into the sea with a violence which either 
 upset it or filled it with water. ARNOLD. 
 
 1 Express by a rel. cl. 2 19. 8 1. 4 Express by a result cl. 
 6 21. 6 tormenta. 7 A. & G. 262, 327. H. 520. 8 to come within 
 reach of a missile is intra tell couiectum venire. 9 3. 10 16. 
 11 A. & G. 346. a-c. H. 573. 22-24. 12 21. 18 Avoid a change 
 of subject.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. .43 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy XXVII. 39.] 
 HASDRUBAL'S MARCH INTO ITALY. 
 
 ^ As soon as the winter snows were thawed, 1 Hasdrubal 
 commenced his march from Auvergne 2 to the Alps. 3 He 
 experienced none of the difficulties which his brother 
 had met with from the mountain tribes. The fame of 
 the war, with which Italy had now been convulsed * for 
 twelve years, had penetrated into the Alpine passes, and 
 the mountaineers now understood that a mighty city 
 southward of the Alps was to be attacked 5 by the troops 
 whom they saw marching among them. They now not 
 only opposed no resistance to the passage of Hasdrubal, 
 but many of them, out of the love of enterprise and 
 plunder, or allured by the high pay he offered, took ser- 
 vice with him ; and thus he advanced upon Italy with 
 an army that gathered strength at every league. Many 
 warriors of the Ligurian tribes joined him ; and crossing 
 the river Po, he marched down its southern bank to the 
 city of Placentia, which he wished to secure 6 as a base 
 for his future operations.^/ Placentia resisted him as 
 bravely as it had resisted Hannibal twelve years before, 
 and for some time Hasdrubal was occupied with a fruit- 
 less siege before its walls. CREASY. 
 
 1 dllabor : see Livy XXI. 36. 2 Averal. 8 " Suggestions," 10. 
 * concutio. s A. & G. 147. c ; 288. f ; 302. R. H. 537. 6 Turn 
 ' that thence he might conduct military operations.' 7 " Sugges- 
 tions," 10.
 
 44 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy XXVII. 44.] 
 BEFORE THE BATTLE OF METAUBUS. 
 
 Meanwhile at Rome the Miews of Nero's expedition 
 had caused the greatest excitement and alarm. All men 
 felt 2 the full audacity 3 of the enterprise, 4 but hesitated 2 
 what epithet 5 to apply to it. It was evident that Nero's 
 conduct 8 would be judged of by the event, that most 
 unfair criterion, 4 as the Roman historian truly terms it. 
 People reasoned 7 on the perilous state in which Nero 
 had left the rest 8 of the army, without a general and 
 deprived of the core 9 of its strength, in the vicinity of 
 the terrible Hannibal. 10 All these calamities had come 
 to them while they had only one Carthaginian general 
 and army to deal with in Italy. Now they had two 
 Punic wars at a time. They had two Carthaginian 
 armies ; they had almost two Hannibals in Italy. Has- 
 drubal was sprung from the same father ; u trained up 
 in the same hostility to Rome; equally practised in 
 battle against their legions; and if the comparative 
 speed and success with which he had crossed the Alps 
 was a fair test, he was even a better general than his 
 brother. CREASY. 
 
 1 Render by a verbal clause. 2 What tense? 8 17. 4 1. 
 6 " Suggestions," 10. 6 17. 7 May be entirely omitted. What 
 construction follows? 8 A. & G. 193. H. 440. N. 1. 9 "Sugges- 
 tions," 10. 10 Employ Indirect Narration. A. & G. 336. 2. N. 2. 
 " A. & G. 244. a. H. 415. H.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 45 
 
 XL. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livy XX 711. 47-49.] 
 BATTLE OF METAURUS. 
 
 Nero found Marcus Livius at Lena Gallica awaiting ' 
 the enemy ; both consuls at once marched against Has- 
 drubal, whom they found occupied in crossing the Metau- 
 rus. Hasdrubal wished to avoid a battle and to escape 
 from the Romans by a detour, 2 but his guides abandoned 3 
 him ; he 3 lost his way on ground that was strange to 
 him, and was at length attacked on the march * by the 
 Roman cavalry, and detained until 5 the Roman infantry 
 arrived, and a battle became inevitable. 6 Hasdrubal 
 stationed the Spaniards on the right wing, with his 
 ten elephants in front of it, and the Gauls on the left, 
 which he held back. Long the fortune of battle wavered 
 on the right wing, and the consul Livius who commanded 
 there was hard pressed, till Nero/ repeating as a tactical 
 manoeuvre the strategical operation which had succeeded 
 so well, allowed the enemy opposite to him to remain as 
 they stood, and marching round his own army, fell upon 
 the flank of the Spaniards. This decided the day. The 
 severely bought and very bloody victory was complete. 
 Hasdrubal, when he saw the admirably conducted battle 
 was lost, sought and found, like his father, an honorable 
 soldier's death. MOMMSEN. 
 
 1 exspecto. 2 Consult Diet, under circumdo. 8 Distinguish 
 between deserere, rellnquere, destituere. Distinguish between 
 errare vagare, palari. Cf . Doederlein, Synon. 1. 89 : erramus 
 incertl, vagamur solutl, palamur dispersi. * in itinere. 5 A. & G. 
 328. H. 619. 6 Express by a circumlocution : vitari non posse. 
 7 "Suggestions," 10.
 
 46 LATIN PKOSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XLI. 
 
 [For Parallel Passage, read Livij XXVII. 50.] 
 AFTER THE BATTLE. 
 
 From the moment l that Nero's march had been heard 
 of at Rome, intense anxiety possessed the whole city. 
 Every day the senate sat from sunrise to sunset; and 
 not 2 a senator was absent; every day the forum was 
 crowded from morning till evening, as each hour might 
 bring some great tidings, and every man wished to be 
 3 among the first to hear them. A doubtful rumor arose 
 that a great battle 4 had been fought, and a great victory 
 won only two days before : two horsemen of Narnia had 
 ridden off from the field to carry the news to their home. 
 But men dared not lightly believe what they so much 
 wished to be true ; and how, they said, could a battle 
 fought in the extremity s of Umbria be heard of only 
 two days after at Rome ? Soon, however, it was known 
 that a letter had arrived from L. Manlius Acidinus him- 
 self, who commanded the -army at Narnia: the horse- 
 men had certainly arrived there from the field of battle, 
 and brought tidings 4 of a glorious victory. The letter 
 was read first in the senate and then in the forum from 
 the rostra. ARNOLD. 
 
 1 I.e. from what time. 2 A. & G. 209. b. H. 569. IV. 1. See 
 Ex. XXVI. 5. 3 2. * 1. 6 A. & G. 193. H. 440. N. 1.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 47 
 
 XLII. 
 
 [Before doing this exercise, read Livy IX. 13-16.] 
 
 L. Papirius Cursor was one of the favorite heroes of 
 Koinan tradition; his remarkable swiftness of foot, his 
 gigantic strength, and the iron strictness of his disci- 
 pline, accompanied as it was by occasional touches of 
 rough humor, all contributed to make his memory popu- 
 lar, somewhat in the same way as Richard Cceur de Lion 
 has been admired among us; and his countrymen boasted 
 that he would have been a worthy champion to have 
 fought against Alexander the Great, if Alexander had 
 ever invaded Italy. This favorite leader was consul 
 in the year immediately following the affair of the pass 
 of Caudimn; so great a warrior must have signally 
 avenged that disgrace ; and accordingly he was made 
 to realize the most sanguine wishes of the national 
 vanity; he retook Luceria, the fatal town which had 
 tempted the consuls of the last year to rush blindly into 
 the defile of Caudium ; and in it he recovered all the 
 arms and all the standards which had been taken from 
 the Romans, and above all he there found the six hun- 
 dred Roman knights who had been given up as hostages, 
 and delivered them all safe and sound. ARNOLD.
 
 48 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XLIII. 
 
 [Before doing this exercise, read Livy XXII. 51, 54, 55.] 
 EVENTS AFTER THE BATTLE OF CANNAE. 
 
 The awful news flew to Rome. Consternation and 
 despair seized the people. The city would have been 
 emptied of its population, had not the senate ordered 
 the gates to be closed. Never did that body display 
 greater calmness, wisdom, prudence, and resolution. By 
 word and act they bade the people never despair of the 
 republic.. .Little by little the panic was allayed. Meas- 
 ures were(jcfilfce&^ed for the defence of the capital, as it 
 was expected that Hannibal would immediately march 
 to Rome. Messengers were sent along the southern 
 military road to see, as Livy pathetically expressed it, 
 " if the gods, touched by one pang of pity, had left aught 
 remaining to the Roman name," and to bring the first 
 tidings of the expected advance of Hannibal. The 
 leader of the Numidian cavalry, Maharbal, urged Hanni- 
 bal to follow up closely his victory. "Let me advance 
 with the cavalry," said he, "and in five days you shall 
 dine in the capital." But Hannibal refused to adopt 
 the counsel of his impetuous general. Maharbal turned 
 away, and with mingled reproach and impatience, ex- 
 claimed, " Alas ! thou knowest how to gain a victory, 
 but not how to use one." MYERS.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 49 
 
 XLIV. 
 
 [Before attempting this exercise, carefully study Appendix, 21-24.] 
 
 The commander of the enemy's forces was an expe- 
 rienced general and a skilful tactician. 1 Yet when he 
 heard of the unexpected approach of the army that had 
 been despatched by the senate against him, and when he 
 saw that in addition to 2 other disadvantages he had been 
 engaged in a spot ill adapted 3 for fighting, he tried to 
 take refuge in flight ; but it was too late. 4 Throughout 
 the camp great indignation reigned, 5 and the men hardly 
 refrained from offering violence to the leader, 6 " by whose 
 rashness," they said, " they had been brought into such 
 a situation." While thus paralyzed 7 and before they 
 could recover, their foes were upon them. Cut to pieces 8 
 on every side, they abandoned the contest ; and disarmed, 
 they were sent home in disgrace. 
 
 Yet the struggle had been fiercer than one might have 
 expected from, the number engaged. One who was an eye- 
 witness 9 of this ignominious disaster, 9 and an unpreju- 
 diced 10 observer, has eloquently described the instances 
 of bravery displayed, how the army was crushed by the 
 overpowering 11 numbers of the enemy, and finally, when 
 forced to surrender, the utter humiliation of a brave and 
 spirited race. 
 
 1 rei militaris peritus. 2 praeter. 8 iniquus ad. 4 Incorpo- 
 rate with preceding clause. 5 " Suggestions," 10. 6 A. & G. 341. 
 7 See Lat.-Eng. Diet, under obstupefacio. Cf. stuped. 8 caedo. 
 9 spectator et testes. 13. 10 20. n " Suggestions," 10.
 
 50 LATIN PEOSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XLV. 
 
 [In connection with this exercise, study carefully Appendix, 21-24.] 
 
 To such a degree does Fortune blind a people, when 
 she is determined upon their ruin, that when danger of 
 the greatest magnitude threatened that state which in 
 former times had left no means untried to procure aid, 
 and had on many occasions nominated a dictator, now 
 when an enemy whom they had never met, or even heard 
 of, was advancing in arms against them, looked not for 
 any extraordinary aid or assistance. Tribunes whose 
 rashness had brought on the troubles were entrusted 
 with the chief command. They extenuated the impor- 
 tance which report gave to the war ; and the consequence 
 was that they used no greater diligence in levying forces 
 than was usual in case of wars in their midst. Mean- 
 while the enemy, hearing that the violators of mankind 
 had been rewarded with honors, and that their embassy 
 had been insulted, were inflamed with anger, a passion 
 which that race knows not how to control, and instantly 
 they snatched up their ensigns and began the march 
 in all haste. Their precipitate movement caused such 
 alarm wherever they passed that the inhabitants of the 
 cities ran together to arms, and the peasants betook 
 themselves to flight; then they signified to them by 
 loud shouts that to Koine they were going.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 51 
 
 XL VI. 
 
 [In connection with this exercise, study Appendix, 21-24.] 
 
 Soon the numerous tribes of the enemy reached the 
 city. There the military tribunes had formed no camp, 
 nor had taken any precaution of raising a rampart which 
 might serve as a retreat. Regardless of their duty to 
 gods and men, without taking auspices or offering a 
 sacrifice, they drew up their line, which they extended 
 on towards the wings, that they might not be surrounded 
 by the numerous forces of the enemy. On the right was 
 a small eminence, which they resolved to occupy with a 
 body of reserves ; and this measure, as it gave the first 
 cause to their dismay, so it proved the only means of 
 safety in their flight. The chieftain of the invaders 
 thought that, as his enemies were few, he should espe- 
 cially be on guard against their skill. Supposing, there- 
 fore, that the higher place had been seized with this 
 design, that when his forces should be engaged in front 
 with the line of the legions, that reserved force might 
 attack their rear and flank, he turned his force against 
 that body ; for he did not doubt that if he could dislodge 
 them from their post, his troops, so much superior in 
 number, would find an easy victory in the plain.
 
 52 LATIN PEOSE EXERCISES. 
 
 XLVII. 
 
 [In connection with this exercise, study Appendix, 21-24.] 
 
 In the opposing army there appeared nothing like 
 Romans, either among the commanders or soldiers. 
 Terror and dismay had taken possession of their minds, 
 and such a total unconcern of their duty, that by far the 
 greater number took refuge in flight. For some time 
 the situation of the ground defended the reserve; but 
 those who formed the rest of the time on the flank and 
 on their rear, no sooner heard the shout, than not only 
 without attempting to fight, but without even returning 
 the shout, fresh and unhurt, they ran away from an 
 untried enemy almost before they had seen them. Thus 
 no lives of the combatants were lost ; but their rear was 
 cut to pieces, while they crowded on one another and 
 impeded their flight. 
 
 On the other hand, such a miraculous and speedy 
 victory astonished the enemy. At first they stood 
 motionless, struck with fear, as if ignorant of what had 
 happened; then they dreaded some stratagem; finally 
 they collected the spoils of the slain, and piled the arms 
 in heaps, according to their practice.
 
 PARALLEL PASSAGES. 53 
 
 XLVIII. 
 
 [In connection with this exercise, study Appendix, 21-24.] 
 
 Immediately after the retreat of the Gauls all the old 
 enemies of Rome were again in arms, in order to take 
 advantage of the helpless condition of the Romans, and 
 the threatened revolt of the Latins made these attacks 
 especially dangerous. But the tried hero, Camillus, who 
 now for the second time commanded the Roman legions 
 as dictator, first attacked and overcame the Volscians, 
 and reduced them to final submission after they had 
 carried on war with Rome for seventy years. He then 
 vanquished the ^Equians, and turned with the rapidity 
 of lightning against the Etruscans, who, with united 
 powers, were besieging the town of Sutrium. Unable 
 to resist any longer, the inhabitants of Sutrium had 
 already surrendered their town, in consideration of a free 
 retreat, and the train of poor homeless creatures, with 
 their wailing wives and children, met Camillus, who 
 was hastening to their relief. He immediately pushed 
 forward to the town, where he surprised the Etruscans, 
 as they were engaged in plundering the town, and having 
 regained the place, restored it to the inhabitants on the 
 same day on which they had lost it. A well-deserved 
 triumph crowned this three-fold victory.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS 
 
 TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Never attempt to translate the English exercises into Latin 
 without a thorough study of the chapters upon which they are 
 based. 
 
 2. Cultivate a habit of close observation in reading the Latin, 
 noticing carefully every word and phrase, every construction, 
 and the order of words in a sentence. 
 
 3. Observe with care also the logical relation of words and 
 clauses, which the Latin marks with greater precision than the 
 English. Notice that the word which most clearly shows its 
 connection with what precedes is put at the beginning of the 
 sentence. 
 
 4. Try to think in Latin. Read aloud the Latin text to your- 
 self, without translating, and try to comprehend its meaning in 
 the Roman order. 
 
 5. Before attempting to translate the English passage into 
 Latin, read it over carefully and endeavor to realize its meaning, 
 and to get the thought clearly before you. 
 
 6. Read the English aloud, and note the emphatic words 
 or phrases. Emphasis in Latin is occasionally expressed by 
 particles, but most often by the order of the words. 
 
 7. Do the whole written exercise before referring to the 
 Latin text upon which it is based. If it seems difficult, open 
 your Livy to the text, read and try to understand it thoroughly,
 
 56 APPENDIX. 
 
 then close the book, and do the best you can before you again 
 refer to the original. Then compare and observe where the 
 original differs from your own, and endeavor to see exactly the 
 reasons for its superiority. 
 
 8. Do not use an English-Latin dictionary. In the text upon 
 which the English passage is based will be found all the 
 materials for the translation of that piece. ' No vice of com- 
 position is more common than the mechanical rendering of 
 printed English by means of a dictionary or phrase-book into 
 Latin writing.' 
 
 On the other hand, a good Latin-English dictionary must be 
 freely used, especially where the student is in doubt as to the 
 appropriateness of the word he has in mind. 
 
 9. Remember that a large number of English words come to 
 us through the late Latin, which differs widely oftentimes from 
 the classical language ; and you must beware of using Latin 
 words which seem to be the same as the English ones. 
 
 10. Before translating, reduce the English to its simplest 
 form, stripping it of needless synonyms, and eliminating all 
 inexactness and indistinctness. Translation from English into 
 Latin is largely a simplification. The English is a richer 
 language, and is more varied in its expression : the Latin is a 
 simple and very direct language. The Roman fondness for 
 simplicity is seen in the use of (a) res, ' a blank cheque, to be 
 filled up from the context to the requisite amount of meaning ' 1 ; 
 (b) ease, which is often to be translated by a more expressive 
 word, e.g. per castra indignatid ingens erat, great indignation 
 reigned throughout the camp ; (c) homines, which would trans- 
 late 'men,' 'persons,' 'individuals,' 'personalities,' 'peoples,' 
 ' the world,' ' humanity.' 
 
 i p OTTS) Latin Prose Composition. The following meanings are 
 quoted from Livy : res Romana (state), ut turn res erant (circum- 
 stances), baud displicet res Tullo (proposal), res ad Camillum 
 rediit (government), res nova (novelty), res novae (revolution) , 
 rs secundae (prosperity), res adversae (adversity), tua res 
 agritur (interest).
 
 APPENDIX. 57 
 
 NOTES ON IDIOMS. 
 
 1. Substantives are less often used in Latin, and must 
 sometimes in translation be replaced by an adjective, adverb, 
 relative or other verbal clause. 
 
 2. Auxiliary verbs will be often suppressed in translation, 
 in such expressions as, ' He was the first to do it,' ' It is you I 
 ask ' (primus haec fecit, te rogo) : position in Latin ofttimes 
 giving the effect of our auxiliary verbs. 
 
 3. Many other verbs, such as ' keep,' ' cease," ' begin,' ' at- 
 tempt,' 'try,' etc., disappear altogether in translation, or their 
 force is expressed by adverbs. 
 
 4. The Latin Imperfect often expresses such ideas, as 
 ' continued to,' 'used to,' 'tried to,' 'proceeded to,' 'began to.' 
 
 5. 'Would,' 'could,' etc., used as auxiliaries in subjunc- 
 tive clauses, and the same words used as imperfects of ' will,' 
 'can,' etc., ought to be distinguished in translation. The last 
 sense is expressed by possum, and certain impersonals like 
 licet, etc. ' Would ' is often used in a frequentative sense, and 
 is then translated by the imperfect tense. 
 
 6. Notice the difference between the Latin and English 
 idioms with verbs of necessity and possibility ('might,' 'ought,' 
 'could,' etc., with infinitive), potui (poteram) vidgre, / 
 might have seen, debui (debebam) videre, I ought to have 
 seen, hoc dixisse potest, he may have said this. 
 
 The difference of idiom arises from the English defective 
 verbs may, ought, etc., and the correct use of the tense in Latin 
 may be shown by a more literal translation : e.g. potui vidSre, 
 I was able to see ; debui vidre, / was bound (it was my duty) 
 to see ; hoc dixisse potest, it is possible that he said this.
 
 58 APPENDIX. 
 
 7. The Latin Present Participle is strictly present, and 
 denotes uncompleted action contemporaneous with that of the 
 main verb. The English present participle is often used 
 vaguely, and must be translated by the past participle cum 
 with the subjunctive, etc. 
 
 8. The Ablative Absolute may be equivalent to an adver- 
 bial clause of time, manner, condition, cause, or concession. 
 But this construction is to be avoided, (a) when it stands for 
 a subordinate clause, in which the subject denotes the same 
 person or thing as the subject or object of the principal clause : 
 e.g. ha.ec legens te vidi (not me legente) ; (6) when the 
 Ablative has a noun, adjective, or participle in the predicate in 
 agreement with it : e.g. cum Cicero consul creatus esset, 
 when Cicero was elected Consul. 
 
 9. The Adjective in Latin often stands instead of the 
 objective or subjective genitive, or instead of a preposition and 
 its case, especially to denote origin, designation of place and 
 time, and material : e.g. domus regia, the palace of the king. 
 Miltiades Atheniensis, Miltiades of Athens, pugna Cannen- 
 sis, the battle of Cannae., iter Brundisinum, the way towards 
 Brundisium. 
 
 Conversely, sometimes in Latin, the genitive of a noun must 
 be used, where in English an adjective is employed : e.g. hos- 
 tium castra, hostile camps, omnium gaudium, general joy. 
 
 10. An Adjective of praise or blame is not combined with 
 a proper name, except as a cognomen or title; but first the 
 proper name is mentioned, and then the class with the attribute : 
 e.g. Cato, homo doctissimus, the learned Cato. Alexander 
 Magnus, Alexander the Great. 
 
 11. If several adjectives be joined to a noun, as a rule they 
 are connected by copulative conjunctions. Uote especially the 
 following expressions : 
 
 multa et magna incommoda, many great disadvantages. 
 
 multi et optimi homines 
 
 multi optimique homines ^ many excellent men. 
 
 multi, iique optimi
 
 APPENDIX. 59 
 
 12. In an enumeration of three or more co-ordinate words, 
 either (1) each is connected with the preceding by a conjunc- 
 tion (polysyndeton), or (2) no conjunction is put (asyndeton) : 
 e.g. summa fide et constantia, et iustitia; or, summa fide, 
 constantia, iustitia. 
 
 So alii, cetera, reliqui stand at the end of an enumeration, 
 without a conjunction: e.g. honores, divitiae, cetera; like- 
 wise, postremo, denique, and not, et postremo, etc. 
 
 Asyndeton occurs in quick or animated discussion : vgni, 
 vidi, vici. 
 
 13. Sometimes the Romans joined two nouns by a con- 
 junction, where the English employs a noun with the genitive 
 or an adjective : e.g. ratio et doctrma, theoretical knowledge. 
 
 This figure is called Hendiadys. 
 
 14. The frequent use of the Relative as a connective where 
 the English employs a personal or demonstrative pronoun ought 
 to be carefully remembered. 
 
 15. Latin was pre-eminently a language of orators and 
 rhetoricians, and has, therefore, assumed a rhetorical color. 
 This is seen in the frequent use of the superlative of the adjec- 
 tive where the English would have the positive. 
 
 16. The Latin, being a very direct language in its expres- 
 sion, naturally prefers the Active to the Passive voice, so that 
 the English passive is more often to be translated by the active 
 in Latin. 
 
 But the Impersonal Passive is frequently employed where the 
 expression is indefinite : e.g. hue concurritur, they rush for 
 this point, a general rush is made for this point. 
 
 17. " Latin is concrete in its expression. It deals with the 
 concrete and individual, not with the abstract and universal." 
 Thus ' Rome ' or ' Carthage ' should be rendered in Latin by 
 Roman! or Cartha'ginieuses, when a quality or action of the 
 inhabitants is spoken of. 
 
 18. Verbal abstracts, as ' knowledge,' are sometimes to be 
 rendered by the Infinitive, or, in the oblique cases, by the
 
 60 APPENDIX. 
 
 Gerund: e.g. gratiam deb ere. the feeling of gratitude ; fellcem 
 ease, success : ad perfrueiidas voluptates,/or the enjoyment of 
 pleasures. 
 
 19. The Participle in agreement with a noun is sometimes 
 used for the corresponding verbal noun with the genitive : this 
 form is particularly employed where the verbal noun is not in 
 good use : e.g. urbs capta, the capture of the city ; hae litterae 
 recitatae, the reading of the letter. 
 
 20. Remember that the English sometimes expresses single 
 ideas by double terms : e.g. ' feeling of shame ' (pudor), ' love 
 of glory ' (gloria) ; and conversely, an English word may unite 
 several ideas: e.g. 'prejudices' (opmioues praeiudicatae, or 
 falsae atque inveterata oplniones), ' character ' (ingenium 
 et mores), 'method' (via et ratio). 
 
 THE PERIODIC STYLE IN LIVY. 
 
 21. Livy and Cicero in the main adopted the periodic 
 style, for which the Latin language, in its freedom of arrange- 
 ment of words and clauses, has special aptitude. In the imita- 
 tion of Livy's style, it is therefore important to understand 
 clearly the nature of the formation of well-proportioned and 
 rhythmical periods ; and it is intended to make a short study 
 of that style here, and to give rules which may be consulted, 
 especially before the translation of the last seven exercises. 
 
 The student should carefully note the difference between 
 the English and Latin style. English is essentially a language 
 of separate or detached sentences, making clauses logically sub- 
 ordinate and dependent, co-ordinate and independent sentences. 
 The Latin, on the other hand, attends more carefully to the 
 logical relation of clauses. In the treatment of a subject it 
 seizes upon the central idea, expresses it by a leading clause, 
 and groups around it, by means of subordinate clauses, all 
 accessory ideas, so as to form a symmetrical whole.
 
 APPENDIX. 61 
 
 22. A Period l is a complex sentence, in which one or 
 more subordinate clauses are incorporated into the main 
 clause : e.g. 
 
 Scipio, ut Hannibalem ex Italia deduceret, exercitum in Afri- 
 carn traiecit. [Cf. Scipio exercitum in Africam traiecit, ut Han- 
 nibalem ex Italia deduceret (not periodic).] 
 
 Flaminius, cum pridie solis occasu ad lacum perveni?set, inex- 
 plorato postero die vixdum satis certa luce angustils superatis, 
 postquam in patentiorem campum paudi agmen coepit, id tan- 
 turn hostium, quod ex adverse erat, conspexit. (Livy xxii. 4.) 
 
 Numitor inter primum tumultum hostes invasisse urbem 
 atque adortos regiam dictitans, cum pubem Alhanum in arcem 
 praesidiS armisque obtinendarn avocasset, postquatn iuvenes 
 perpetrata caede pergere ad se gratulantes vidit, exemplo advo- 
 cato concilio, scelera in se fratres, originem, neptotum, ut geniti, 
 ut educati, ut cogniti essent, caedem delude tyranni seque eius 
 auctorem ostendit. (Livy i. 6.) 
 
 23. By a study of the above examples we observe 
 
 (a) That the sense is expressed by the sentence as a whole, 
 the thought and grammatical structure being not completed till 
 the last word. 
 
 (b) That the main idea or leading statement is expressed by 
 the principal sentence. 
 
 (c) That the circumstances of the main action are put in 
 subordinate clauses, which are incorporated within the principal 
 sentence, and are arranged in their natural order, i.e. in the 
 order in which they naturally occur to the mind. 
 
 (d) That a period opens with a leading element, common to 
 the principal and subordinate clauses, which is usually the 
 subject, and is followed immediately by the subordinate clauses. 
 
 'From Gr. *-pioo* (=clrcuitus or ambitus verborum). "A 
 Period is so-called because the reader, in order to collect together the 
 words of the principal sentence, must make a circuit, so to say, round 
 the interpolated clauses." POTTS, Hints towards Latin Prose Compo- 
 sition.
 
 62 APPENDIX. 
 
 Hence the arrangement of the parts of a period is, in the main, 
 as follows : 
 
 1. The subject, with the phrases or clauses immediately con- 
 nected with it. 2. The phrases or clauses expressing circum- 
 stances of time, place, cause, means, etc. 3. Clauses expressing 
 the remoter object. 4. The object, with the clauses immedi- 
 ately connected with it. 5. The principal verb. 
 
 (e) That the subordinate ideas of a Latin period would, in 
 English, be detailed in a number of co-ordinate and indepen- 
 dent sentences. This may be seen in a translation of the fore- 
 going passages from Livy : 
 
 " Flaminius had reached the lake at sunset the day before. 
 On the morrow, without reconnoitring and while the light was 
 still uncertain, he traversed the narrow pass. As his army 
 began to deploy into the widening plain, he could see only that 
 part of the enemy's force which was in front of him." (Livy 
 xvii. 4.) 
 
 " In the beginning of the tumult, Numitor called out that 
 the city was assaulted by an enemy, and the palace attacked. 
 He had drawn away the Alban youth to the citadel, on pre- 
 tence of securing it by an armed garrison ; and in a little time, 
 seeing the young men, after perpetrating the murder, coming 
 towards him, with expressions of joy, he instantly called the 
 people to an assembly, laid before them the iniquitous behavior 
 of his brother towards himself ; the birth of his grandchildren, 
 how they were begotten, how educated, how discovered ; then 
 informed them of the death of the usurper, and that he had 
 himself encouraged the design." (Livy i. 6.) 
 
 24. SPECIAL SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 1. The element common to both principal and subordinate 
 sentences is placed at the beginning. This, as has been stated, 
 is commonly the subject of principal and subordinate sentences ; 
 but it may also be
 
 APPENDIX. 63 
 
 (a) The object : e.g. 
 
 Alcibiadem ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, tells e mi- 
 nus missis inter fecerunt. 
 
 (b) The object of principal sentence, and subject of subordi- 
 nate sentence : e.g 
 
 Scipwnem Hannibal eo ipso, quod adversus eum dux esset 
 potissimum lectus, praestantem virum credebat. 
 
 (c) The subject of principal sentence, and object of subordi- 
 nate clause : e.g 
 
 Rex Prusias, cum Hannibali apud eum exsulantl depugnare 
 placeret, negabat se audere, quod exta prohiberent. 
 
 But usually (b) and (c) are avoided, for the same noun, as 
 far as possible, is kept in the same case throughout the period. 
 
 2. Result and Final Clauses generally stand after the word on 
 which they depend : e.g. 
 
 Tantus repente clamor est sublatus, ut Placentiae quoque 
 audiretur. 
 
 3. Noun clauses, in long periods, in indirect narration, follow 
 the principal verb : e.g. 
 
 Respondit, transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte, sed rogatum 
 et arcessltum a Gallis. 
 
 4. Avoid the accumulation of verbs at the end of a period : e.g. 
 Pyrrhus igitur, cum putaret sibi gloriosum fore pacem et 
 
 foedus cum Romanis post victoriam facere, Romam nusit lega- 
 tum Cineam, qui pacem aequis conditionibus proponeret. 
 
 5. For the sake of clearness, nothing extraneous to the main 
 thought should be introduced within the period. Such accessory 
 sentences, therefore, become parenthetical : e.g. 
 
 Belli Fidenatis contagione irritatl Veientium animi, et c5n- 
 sanguinitate (nam Fldenates quoque EtruscI fuerunt) et quod 
 ipsa loca propinquitas loci, si Romana arma omnibus Infesta 
 finitinus essent, stimulabant. 
 
 25. The following Periods from Livy may serve to illus- 
 trate these remarks and suggest special points :
 
 64 APPENDIX. 
 
 (a) Duin haec in Italia geruntur, Cn. Cornelius Scipio in 
 Hispaniam cum classe et exercitu missus, cum ab ostio Rhodanl 
 profectus Pyrenaeosque montes circumvectus Emporils appulis- 
 set classem, exposito ibi exercitu, orsus a Lacetanis omnem 
 oram usque ad Hiberum fluinen partim renovandls societatibus, 
 partim novls mstituendls Romanae dicionis fecit. (Livy xxi. 60.) 
 
 While these events were happening in Ttaly, Cneius Cornelius 
 Scipio had been despatched with a fleet and an army to Spain. 
 He started from the mouth of the Rhone and sailed around 
 the Pyrenees and brought his ships to anchor at Emporiee. He 
 disembarked his army there, and beginning with the Lacetani, 
 while he renewed old as well as new alliances, he brought under 
 Roman sway the entire coast as far as the river Ebro. 
 
 (b) Ipse Hannibal aeger oculis ex verna primum intetnperie 
 variante calores frigoraque, elephants, qui unus superfuerat, 
 quo altius ab aqua exstaret, vectus, vigilils tamen et nocturno 
 humore palustrique caelo gravante caput, et quia medendl nee 
 locus nee tempus erat, altero oculo capitur. (Livy xxii. 2.) 
 
 Hannibal's eyes sjuffered from the trying weather of the 
 spring, with its great variations of heat and cold, and therefore 
 rode on an elephant, which had survived, that he might be as 
 high as possible above the water. Yet long watches, the dews 
 of the night, and the moist climate affected his head : there was 
 neither place nor time for the application of remedies, and the 
 consequence was that he lost one of his eyes. 
 
 (c) Inde Tullum Hostilium, nepotem Hostilil, cuius in Infima 
 arce clara pugna adversus Sabinos fuerat, regem populus iussit. 
 (i. 22.) 
 
 (d) Itaque, ut caedes manifesta aliquo tamen piaculo luere- 
 tur, imperatum patri, ut filium expiaret pecunia publica. Is, 
 quibusdam piacularibus sacrifices factls, quae deinde genti 
 Horatiae traditl sunt, transmlsso per viam tigillo, capite 
 adoperto, velut sub iugum misit iuvenem. (i. 26.) 
 
 (e) Nocte una audito perfectoque bello Sabino, postero die, in 
 magnum iam spe undique partae pacis, legati Aurunci senatum 
 adeunt, nl decedatur Volsco agro bellum indicantes. (ii. 26.)
 
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