Pw^^L^kl! ALLEN'S NATURALISTS LIBRARY. ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY. EDITED BY R. BOWDLER SIIARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., ETC. A HAND-BOOK TO THE PRIMATES HENRY o. [FORBES, LL.D., F.Z.S., ETC., DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS, LIVERPOOL, Auikor of " A Nattiralisl 's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipel\ etc., etc., etc. VOL. I. LONDON : W. H. ALLEN & CO., LIMITED, 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. 1894- nothing but a set of extraordinary caricatures of Monkeys. I have, therefore, again to acknowledge the liberality of the pub- lishers, in adopting my suggestion that a perfectly new set of illustrations should be prepared. These have been executed by Mr. J. G. Keulemans, with a result, I hope, that will satisfy the reader. R. BOWDLER SHARPE. INTRODUCTION. IN the first volume will be found an account of the Lemuroidea, and the Anthropoidea as far as the group of the Macaques of the family Cercopithecida. The second volume continues with the latter genus, and contains the rest of the Monkeys, and the Apes, as well as a summary of the geographical distribution of the species of the Order Primates. I have not attempted to write a complete synonymy of the species of Monkeys. The literature is scattered over many, often obscure, periodicals, and without seeing the actual speci- mens described by some of the older writers, it would be easy to introduce a great deal of confusion into the synonymy. I have, therefore, only attempted to give the principal references. I must express my obligation to Dr. Giinther, F.R.S., the Keeper of the Zoological Department in the British Museum, for the facilities of study afforded to me in that institution. To Mr. Oldfield Thomas I am likewise greatly indebted for much assistance, and for many a kindly hint. Dr. Forsyth Major, who is well-known as one of the fore- most authorities on the Lemurs, not only gave .me valuable information as to the species and literature of the Lemuroidea, but was even so good as to furnish me with the descriptions of several new species. Vlii INTRODUCTION. Lastly, to my friend the Editor, I have to return my sincere thanks for the patience with which he has revised my MSS., and for the verification of numbers of references, only to be found in the great libraries of London, and inaccessible to an author dwelling in the provinces. HENRY O. FORBES SYSTEMATIC INDEX. ORDER PRIMATES i SUB ORDER I. LEMUROIDEA 8 FAMILY I. CHIROMYHXE 14 I. CHIROMYS, Cuvier 14 I. madagascariensis (Gm. ) ... 14 FAMILY II. TARSIID^; 18 I. TARSIOS, Storr 18 1. tarsius (Erxl.) 20,286 2. fuscus, Fischer 21 FAMILY III. LEMURID^: 22 SUB-FAMILY I. LORISIN^ 24 I. PERODICTICUS, Bennett 26 1. calabarensis, Smith ... ... ... ... ... ... 27 2. potto (Geoffr.) 28 II. LORIS, Geoffr. 31 I. gracilis, Geoffr. 31 III. NYCTICEBUS, Geoffr 33 I. tardigradus (Linn.) 33,286 SUB-FAMILY II. GALAGIN^E 37 I. GALAGO, Geoffr. 38 1. garnetti (Ogilby) 40 2. senegalensis, Geoffr 41 3. alleni, Waterh. 43 4. demidoffi, Fischer 44 5. monteiri, Bartlett 46 6. crassicaudata, Geoffr 47 II. CHIROGALE, Geoffr 49 1. milii, Geoffr 50 2. melanotis, Forsyth Major ... ... ... ... ... 51 3. trichotis, Giinth. 52 4. crossleyi, Grandid 53 III. MICROCEBUS, Geoffr. 54 1. minor (Gray) 55 2. myoxinus, Peters 56 3. smithii (Gray) 57 4. furcifer (Blainv. ) 59 5. coquereli (Grandid.) 60 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. IV. OPOI.EMUR, Gray 61 1. samati (Grandid.) 62 2. thomasi, Forsyth Major 63 SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURIN/E 64 I. LEMUR, Linn 65 1. varius, Is. Geoffr. 68 2. macaco, Linn 69 3. mongoz, Linn 71 a. rufipes... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 2 ft. runfrons 72 v. cinereiceps 72 5. collaris 72 f. rufus 73 nigrifrons 73 rj. albifrons ... 73 4. nigerrimus, Scl ... ... ... ... ... ... 73 5. albimanus, Is. Geoffr. ... ... ... ... ... ... 74 6. coronatus, Gray 75 7. rubriventer, Is. Geoffr. 76 8. catta, Linn ... 76 II. MIXOCEBUS, Peters 78 I. caniceps, Peters 78 III. HAPALEMUR, Is. Geoffr 79 1. griseus (Geoffr.) 81 2. simus, Gray 82 IV. LEPIDOLEMUR, Is. Geoffr 83 Section A. Species Majores. 1. mustelinus, Is. Geoffr 86 2. ruficaudatus, Grandid. ... ... ... ... ... ... 86 3 edwardsi, Forsyth Major 87 4. microdon, Forsyth Major 88 Section B. Species Minor es. 5. globiceps, Forsyth Major 89 6. grandidieri, Forsyth Major 89 7. leucopus, Forsyth Major 89 SUB-FAMILY IV. INDRISIN^) oo I. AVAHIS, Jourdan 94 I. laniger (Gm.) 94 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. II. PROPITHECUS, Bennett 96 1. diadema, Bennett 98 a. sericeus 99 ft. edwardsi 99 2. verreauxi, Grandid loo a. deckeni 101 ft. coquereli 102 2a. majori, Rothschild .. 286 3. coronatus, Milne-Edwards 102 III. INDRIS, Cuv. et Geoffr 105 I. brevicaudatus, Geoffr 105 EXTINCT LEMUROIDEA ... 7 no FAMILY I. MEGALADAPID^E 112 I. Megaladapis, Forsyth Major 112 FAMILY LEMURID^ 22, 114 FAMILY ANAPTOMORPHID^E ... 114 1. Microchaerus, Wood 115 2. Mixodectes, Cope 116 3. Cynodontomys, Cope 116 4. Omomys, Leidy 117 5. Anaptomorphus, Cope ... ... ... ... ... ...117 FAMILY ADAPID^ 119 1. Adapis, Cuvier 120 2. Tomkherium, Cope ... ... ... ... ... ... 120 3. Laopithecus, Marsh 121 4. Pelycodus, Cope 121 5. Microsyops, Leidy 122 6. Hyopsodus, Leidy ... ... ... .. ... ... 123 SUB-ORDER II.-ANTHROPOIDEA 123 FAMILY I. HAPALnLE 129 I. HAPALE, Illig 131 1. jacchus (Linn.) 132 2. humeralifer, Geoffr 133 3. aurita (Geoffr.) ... ... ... ... ... ' ... ... 133 4. leucopus, Giinther 134 5. chrysoleuca, Y agn 135 6. pygmsea (Spix) 135 7. melanura (Geoffr.) 136 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. II MIDAS, Geoflfr ......................... J 3 8 1. rosalia (Linn.) ..................... '3^ 2. geoffroyi (Pucher.) .................. 139 3. cedipus (Linn.) ..................... '4 4 labiatus, Geoffr ...................... 141 5. rufiventer, Gray ..................... M 2 o. mystax, Spix .................. 142 ft. pileatus, Is. Geoffr ................... 143 6. weddelli, Deville .................. 143 7. nigrifrons, Geoffr ................... 143 8. fuscicollis, Spix ..................... 144 9. chrysopygus (Wagner) .................. 144 10. nigricollis, Spix .................. 145 11. illigeri( Pucher.) ..................... 145 12. bicolor, Spix ..................... 147 13. midas (Linn.) ..................... 148 14. ursulus, Geoffr ...................... 148 FAMILY II. CEBID^: .................. 150 SUB-FAMILY I. NYCTIPITIIECIN^E ............ 152 I. CHRYSOTHRIX, Kaup ..................... 152 1. usta (Is. Geoffr.) .................. 154 2. entomophaga (d'Orb.) .................. 155 3. sciurea (Linn.) ..................... 156 4. cerstedi, Reinh ...................... 158 II. CALLITHRIX, Geoffr ...................... 158 1. torquata (Hoffm.) ................. 159 2. cuprea, Spix ..................... 160 3. amicta (Humb.) ..................... 161 4. cinerascens, Spix ......... ......... 161 5. moloch (Hoffm.) ..................... 162 6. ornata, Gray ..................... 162 7. personata, Geoffr. .................. 163 8. nigrifrons, Spix ..................... 164 9. castaneiventris, Gray .................. 164 10. melanochir, Neuwied ... ... ... ... ... ... 165 11. gigot, Spix ..................... 165 III. NYCTIPITHECUS, Spix .................. 166 1. trivirgatus (Humb.) ............... ... 168 2. lemurinus, Is. Geoffr ................ .. ifcg SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xiii ^ NYCTIPITHECUS (continued). 3. rufipes, Sclater 169 4. azarae (Humb.) 170 5. felinus, Spix 170 SUB-FAMILY II. PITHECIIN^ 173 I. BRACHYURUS, Spix 174 1. melanocephalus (Humb.) ... ... ... ... ... 175 2. rubicundus, Is. Geoffr ... 176 3. calvus, Is. Geoffr. 177 II. PITHECIA, Geoffr 182 1. monachus, Humb. andBonpl 182 2. pithecia (Linn.) 185 3. satanas (Hoffm.) 186 4. chiropotes (Humb.) ... ... ... ... ... ... 187 5. albinasa, Is. Geoffr 188 SUB-FAMILY MYCETIN,E 189 I. ALOUATTA, Lacep 192 1. seniculus, Linn ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 192 2. nigra (Geoffr.) 195 3. beelzebul (L.) 197 4. ursina (Humb.) 198 5. villosa (Gray) 199 6. palliata (Gray) 202 SUB-FAMILY CEBIN^] 204 I. CEBUS, Erxl 204 1. hypoleucus (Humb.) ... ... ... ... ... ... 207 2. lunatus, F. Cuv. 208 3. flavus, Geoffr 208 4. monachus, F. Cuv 209 5. fatuellus(Linn.) 211 6. variegatus, Geoffr 211 7. cirrifer, Geoffr 212 8. robustus, Kuhl 212 9. annellatus, Gray ... ... ... ... ... ... 213 10. albifrons (Humb.) 213 11. capucinus (Linn.) ... ... ... ... ... ... 215 12. vellerosus, Is. Geoffr 217 13. flavescens, Gray... ... ... ... ... ... ... 217 14. chrysopus, F. Cuv 218 SYSTEMATIC INDHX. CEBUS (continued). 15. subcristatus, Gray ... ... ... ... ... ... 218 16. capillatus, Gray 219 17. azarse, Rennger... ... ... ... ... ... 219 18. fallax, Schl 220 II. LAGOTHRIX, Geoffr 220 1. lagothrix (Humb ) 222 2. infumatus (Spix) ... 223 III. BRACHYTELES, Spix 224 I. arachnoides (Geoflr. ) 226 IV. ATELES, Geoffr 227 1. variegatus, Wagner 231 2. geoffroyi, Kuhl 233 3. rufiventris, Scl. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 236 4. paniscus (Linn.) 237 5. marginatus, Kuhl ... .. ... ... ... ... 239 6. ater, F. Cuv 241 7. grisescens, Gray 242 8. fusciceps, Gray 242 9. cucullatus, Gray 243 lo. vellerosus, Gray 244 FAMILY CERCOPITHECID^; 249 SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECIN^i 252 I. PAPIO, Erxl 255 1. maimon (Linn.) 258 2. leucophaeus (F. Cuv.) 260 3. doguera (Pucher. and Schimp.) 262 4. porcarius (Bodd.) 263 5. babouin (Desm.)... ... ... ... ... ... ... 265 6. anubis(F. Cuv. and Geoflr.) 266 7. thoth (Ogilby) 268 8. ibeanus, Thomas 269 9. sphynx (Geoffr.) 269 10. hamadryas (Linn.) 272 11. langheldi, Matschie 275 II. THEROPITHECUS, Is. Geoffr. .. 276 1. gelada (Riipp.) ... 2?6 2. obscurus, Hengl. 2 -g III. CYNOPITHECUS, Is. Geoffr. 2 g i. niger (Desm.) 2gl LIST OF PLATES. I. Aye- Aye ... II. Spectral Tarsier III. Javan Slow-Loris IV. Allen's Galago V. Black-eared Mouse-Lemur VI. Smith's Dwarf-Lemur ... VII. Red-ruffed Lemur VIII. Grey Gentle-Lemur IX. White-footed Sportive-Lemur ... X. Woolly Avahi XL Coquerel's Sifaka XII. Endrina ... XIII. Geoffroy's Tamarin XIV. RedTiti XV. Red-footed Douroucouli or Night-Monkey XVI. Bald Uakari XVII. White-nosed Saki XVIII. -Red Howler XIX. Smooth-headed Capuchin XX. Humboldt's Woolly-Monkey ... XXI. Variegated Spider-Monkey XXII. Drill Chiroinys madagascariensis. Tarshis tarsitis. Nycticebus tardigradiis. Galago alleni. Chirogale melanoiis. Microcebus smithii. Lemur ruber. Hapalemur griseus. Lepidolemur leucopus. Avahis laniger. Propithectis coquereli. Indris brevicaudattts. Midas geoffroyi. Caltithrix cuprea. Nyc-tipitheats rufipes. Brachyurus calvus. Pithecia albinasa. Aloualta senicula. Celnis monachus. Lagothrix lagothrix. Ateles variegalus. Papio leucophaus. ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY. MAMMALS. ORDER PRIMATES. LEMURS, MONKEYS AND APES. INTRODUCTION. OF the varied forms of animal life that people the globe, those that possess a back-bone and two pairs of limbs (the VER- TEBRATA) are considered the highest in the scale. Of the Vertebrata, those are held to be of superior organisation which possess warm red blood and suckle their young with milk from the breast (i.e., MAMMALIA). Our present volume deals with the highest and most specialised group of the Mammalia, and, therefore, of the whole Animal Kingdom. Man, in respect of his mental endowments, stands alone and unapproachable among living creatures. Considered as to his "place in nature," however, he must be described as an erect- walking Mammal, possessing anterior extremities developed into hands of great perfection, for exclusive use as tactile and grasping organs, and posterior limbs, on which his body is perfectly balanced and entirely supported, exclusively devoted to locomotion, as well as highly specialised cerebral characters. These attributes in part constitute the standard by which we estimate superiority in animal structure, and fitness of adapta- tion. Notwithstanding the numerous varieties and races of man- 3 v. i B 2 ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY. kind distributed over every region of the globe, each exhibiting differences in habits, customs and superficial complexion, Man forms but one species, Homo sapiens, the sole representative of the unique genus of his family. Though the genus Homo is thus far apparently zoologically isolated, there is a remarkable group of animals, which we designate "Apes," and which, possessing many of the same structural characters more or less modified, stand apart from all the other Mammalia, and make a distinct approach to Man. Between Man, however, and the Apes, even the untrained eye at once perceives, amid obvious marks of inferiority, unmistakable resemblances, while anatomi- cal investigations reveal that "the points in which Man differs from the Apes most nearly resembling him, are not of greater importance than those in which the Ape differs from other and universally acknowledged members of the group." (Flower and Lydekker?) The Apes, on the other hand, are so nearly related to the Monkeys, the Baboons and the Marmosets, by characters which insensibly merge into each other that they, along with Man, must logically be embraced in the same zoological division. The animals known to us as Lemurs, called by the Germans "Half-Apes" and by the French "False-Monkeys," are the nearest to the Apes and Man of all the remaining Mammals, though there are many points of divergence from the above- named groups. The Lemurs, in fact, exhibit considerable affinity to lower forms of Mammalia, especially to the In- sectivora, but in internal structure and habit they approach the Anthropiform* group just referred to in the flattened form of the digits, the opposable great toe, with its ankle- bone (the ento-cuneiform) rounded for its articulation, as in the higher Apes and Man. * &v6pwTros Man. INTRODUCTION. 3 The Lemurs have, by many distinguished naturalists, been relegated to a distinct Order quite separate from the latter; but by such pre-eminent authorities as Linnaeus, Lesson, Hux- ley, Broca and Flower, they have been assigned a subordinate position within that great Order, on which has been conferred the rank of the Primates of the Animal Kingdom. The Order PRIMATES, therefore, comprises two very homo- geneous sub-orders (i)The Lemur-like animals (LEMUROIDEA) including the Aye- Aye, the Tarsier, and the True Lemurs ; and (2) the Man-like animals (the ANTHROPOIDEA), which embrace the Marmosets, the Baboons, the great Apes, and Man. In common with all other Mammals, the Primates are fur- nished with an epidermal covering, which, except in Man, con- sists of a woolly or hairy fur. They possess four limbs and a tail, which may be long, short, or concealed, and which is often used as a prehensile organ. The young are born in a condition of greater or less helplessness, with their eyes, as a rule, unopened, and the framework of their bodies incompletely ossified, and consequently requiring protective care and entire nourishment from the mother, for a considerable period. At maturity this skeleton consists of a skull, a breast- and a back-bone of many pieces, ribs, jointed limbs, and a pair of collar-bones. As a knowledge of many of these bones and some of the more prominent organs of the body are necessary for an accurate comprehension of the description and classification of the animals discussed in this volume, a few of the more important must be briefly referred to. The cranium, formed of many bones firmly united together, consists of a cerebral region, or box, containing and guarding the brain, and a facial region, in which are situated, besides the mouth, the organs of sight and smell. The bones connected with the 4 ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY. mouth are the two maxillse, along the margins of which are placed the grinding- or cheek-teeth ; the two pre-maxillae, in which are set the cutting- and the eye-teeth ; and lastly, the palatine bones which form the roof of the mouth. Hinged on to the sides of the cranium is the toothed mandible, or lower jaw, composed of two halves, which may be solidly or loosely joined together in the mid-line, or symphysis. Along the under surface of the skull, there are, besides the great (often posterior) orifice for the entrance of the spinal cord, numerous foramina, or openings, for the passage of blood-vessels for the nourish- ment of the brain, and of nerves which bring all parts of the body into relation with the supreme directing centre. Con- spicuous near its posterior part, on each side, is an ivory-like capsule, the periotic bone, containing the essential organ of hear- ing. Lying beneath the lower jaw is the hyoid arch, a slender framework of bones, supporting the tongue and the upper end of the windpipe with the organ of voice. In a few of the Monkeys and Apes certain of the bones of this arch are much enlarged and hollowed for increasing the volume of sound emitted by them. On either side of the great opening which is so conspicu- ous at the hinder part of the skull, for the reception of the spinal cord, is a smooth kidney-shaped surface, called a " condyle." These two condyles serve for the articulation of the first segment of the back-bone to the cranium, and by the posses- sion of this pair of condyles the Mammalian skull can always be distinguished from that of Birds and Reptiles. The pieces of which the back-bone are composed are named the -vertebra. Those of the neck, the " cervical " vertebrae, are recognised by having no true ribs attached to them, and are, in all Primates, seven in number. Those of the back, or " dorsal " vertebrae, may be distinguished by having articulated to them,on each side, INTRODUCTION. 5 a movable rib, the other end of which is attached to the breast- bone ; they follow next to the cervical vertebrae, while to them succeed the "lumbar" vertebrae which carry no complete ribs. The dorsal and lumbar segments vary in number, but together they rarely exceed seventeen. Behind these extend the "sac- ral" vertebras completely ossified together, and lastly, the bones of the tail or " caudal " vertebrae, which may be many or few, according to the length of that appendage. The fore-limb is composed of three segments, the arm, fore- arm, and hand, together with a block by which it is attached to the side of the body. To this block the blade-bone or scapula is articulated the arm-bone, or humerus, which at its elbow-joint hinges with the two bones, the ulna and the radius, of the fore-arm, on which in turn the hand is rotated. The hand is made up of three parts, the wrist- bones, or carpiis, closely united together in two transverse rows with a central bone intervening between them ; next the elongated bones of the palm of the hand, or metacarptis, one to each finger, and lastly the phalanges, or finger-bones, three to each digit, except in the thumb, where there are but two. The hind-limb is formed on exactly the same plan. It has a connecting block the pelvis ; giving suspension to the thigh, with its single bone, the femur, to which articulates the leg, with two bones (tibia and fibula), and the tripartite foot, composed of tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges. Of the digestive organs of the Primates the teeth present very important characters, from the point of view of the classi- fication of the Order. They differ in form and number, and have distinct functions to perform. The teeth situated in front are the incisors and canines, sharp and pointed, for seizing, cutting, and holding the food. Behind them come the pre- 6 ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY. molars, and still further back the molars, both with broad crowns of complicated tubercles and ridges for milling the hard portions contained in the food. Animals provided as all the Primates are with these different sorts of teeth, are said to be Heterodont* in contradistinction to forms like the Dolphins and Whales, which are termed Homodont,\ because the whole of these teeth are of the same pattern. The Primates are Diphyodont\ as well, because many of their permanent teeth are preceded by another set, commonly known as the milk- teeth. In order to present to the eye at a glance the number of each sort that any species possesses, a dental formula has been adopted by naturalists. Such a formula as If, Cy, Pf , Mf = 36, indicates that in one half of the mouth, above and below, there are 2 incisors, i canine, 3 pre-molars, and 3 molars =18; and therefore in the two halves of the mouth together there are 36 teeth in all. The masticated food, partially digested by the saliva of the mouth, descends the gullet by the muscular contractions of its walls to the simple, sac-like, stomach, and thence to the intes- tines. These latter consist of two portions, one smaller and narrower, nearer to the stomach, and a second portion further down, larger and wider ; the junction of the two portions being marked by a process of varying length, the cacnm. The stomach and intestines, with other important structures, such as the liver, kidneys and generative organs, are contained in a lower cavity, separated by a muscular midriff, the diaphragm, from the upper part or thorax, containing the blood-purifying and pumping organs, the lungs and the heart. tpos, different, oSous, a tooth. f