,\\\E;11NIVERS/
 

 
 COINS, 
 MEDALS, AND SEALS, 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN. 
 Illustrated anb 
 
 WITH A 
 
 SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF COINS AND COINAGE, INSTRUCTIONS FOR 
 
 YOUNG COLLECTORS, TABLES OF COMPARATIVE RARITY, 
 
 PRICE LISTS OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN COINS, 
 
 MEDALS AND TOKENS, &c., &c. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 W. C. PRIME, 
 
 AUTHOE OF 
 
 " Boat Life in Egypt and Nubia," "Tent Life in the Holy Land," 
 &c., &c., &c. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 
 
 FRANKLIN SQUARE. 
 
 1861.
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundie.l 
 
 and sixty, by 
 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York.
 
 P E E T A C E. 
 
 THIS volume is published without any pretence to 
 novelty, but is intended to give, in a cheap form, in- 
 formation which new collectors could not otherwise ob- 
 tain except at very great expense. In the mass of illus- 
 tration which it contains will be found its chief value. 
 
 When this was placed in my hands to prepare the ac- 
 companying historical sketch, I shrank from the work 
 as one which could, however well executed, result in 
 very little credit to myself. The countless works on 
 coins, the mere catalogue of which fills a volume of sev- 
 eral hundred pages the inexhaustible nature of the sub- 
 ject the obscurity which overhangs even that portion 
 of it that relates to our own country these and many 
 other considerations operated to induce me to decline 
 the attempt. 
 
 I have only undertaken it with the idea that I might 
 do something for the benefit and assistance of young col- 
 lectors in this country, who are in need of such advice 
 as I have endeavored to give them. It has been my de- 
 sire to encourage in the young a taste for numismatic 
 
 1773272
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 study, and to discourage the mania for rare and curious, 
 but uninteresting and worthless, pieces of metal which 
 has prevailed extensively in America during the past 
 year. 
 
 I promised myself that I would prepare a book which 
 every parent may place in the hands of his child, with 
 the assurance that it would not mislead him into collect- 
 ing coins for the sake of their rarity instead of their his- 
 torical value. 
 
 This end I hope this volume may serve. While the 
 illustration is valuable to all collectors, the instructions 
 are specially directed to young students, and not to old 
 scholars. As the young collector advances in his stud- 
 ies, he will be able to appreciate and to use with judg- 
 ment the learned and elaborate works with which our 
 public libraries abound. 
 
 That portion of the volume which relates to America 
 and American coins and medals has been prepared with 
 much labor, but is sadly imperfect. I have already 
 hinted at the obscurity which overhangs the history of 
 American coinage. It is remarkable that such facts re- 
 main undetermined as whether the Washington coin of 
 1792 (commonly but erroneously called the cent of 1792) 
 was struck from a die cut in this country, or whether 
 there was any issue of cents from the Mint in 1815, or 
 where or whence the Georgius Triumpho copper first 
 appeared, and many similar questions. It is very easy 
 to give replies to these questions, but difficult to give 
 authorities for the replies.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 It is also impossible to affirm in this day whether cer- 
 tain coins now very rare will remain so, since every year 
 new specimens of rare coins are found and added to col- 
 lections. For this reason the price catalogues are of 
 only temporary value. So, too, with the silver of the 
 years preceding 1853. For the present, most of the 
 dates can be readily obtained ; but in consequence of 
 the change in weight which took place in 1853, the sil- 
 ver of earlier date than that has almost entirely disap- 
 peared from circulation, and is now sold to the melters 
 or returned to the Mint. As this practice continues, the 
 entire early coinage is becoming scarce ; so that within a 
 year from the present time many half dollars, quarters, 
 dimes, and half dimes now common will become of the 
 highest rarity and command the highest prices. 
 
 Tradesmen's cards, tokens, and medalets of all kinds, 
 have for the same reason no fixed value or steadfast 
 place in any scale of rarity. The mania no other word 
 can be correctly used which during the past year has 
 led to the payment of enormous prices for tradesmen's 
 cards, received a fitting check by the reproduction in 
 immense quantities, from the original dies, of many of 
 the most highly prized. For this reason it is impossible 
 to-day to say that any one card or token will be scarce 
 or specially valuable to-morrow. 
 
 It is to these and like points that it has been my de- 
 sire to direct the attention of young collectors. 
 
 When, by reason of an increase in the number of stu- 
 dents, and a more steadfast pursuit of the science, the 
 
 7
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 prices of American coins become more fixed and certain, 
 and the entire supply, now hoarded in cupboards or old 
 stockings and purses, is brought to light, it may be pos- 
 sible to prepare a book on American coins which shall 
 have a permanent value. At present the science of nu- 
 mismatics in America has very few devotees. Collect- 
 ors we have without number, who hunt diligently for 
 tradesmen^ cards and mistakes in dies, and who collect 
 for a year, then sell their cabinets at auction and begin 
 again. But we have very few students of the science. 
 Let us hope for better days in this respect ; and mean- 
 time let us preserve all that is historically valuable, and 
 do all that we can to discourage the folly of collecting 
 worthless pieces of metal, whose sole value is in their 
 scarcity, and on which so much time and money have 
 been expended during the past two years. 
 
 W. C. P. 
 
 NEW YOHK, Nov. 1, 1860. 
 
 8
 
 HISTORY OF COINAGE. 
 
 i. 
 
 of <H0in0. 
 
 IT is a trite, but by no means a worn-out idea, that a coin, could 
 it speak, would be able to relate a stranger story than any other 
 article to which imagination might give a voice. Such a thought 
 can never be worn out, for it is inexhaustible in its richness. 
 Human fancy fails utterly to trace the possible adventures of a 
 copper that was coined even last year ; and for every month that a 
 coin has been in circulation a lifetime must needs be added to the 
 years that would be required to sum up the incidents in which one 
 can conjecture that coin as an actor. 
 
 Human nature has not changed very much in the ages during 
 which men have inhabited the world. The price of joy and of 
 pain has been about the same since men began to deal those com- 
 modities out to other men for money ; and certainly imagination 
 scarcely finds a period of time when men lived and did not sell 
 pleasure or sorrow to each other. The silver drachma of ^Egina, 
 in a modern collection which was perhaps one of the first of 
 silver coins that men ever handled may therefore have been, 
 doubtless was, in its day, like silver coins of this nineteenth cen- 
 tury : now the purchase price of bread, and now of poison ; to-day 
 the comforter of want, to-morrow flung to the street from the jew- 
 eled hand of wealth ; now the winner at the board, now the last 
 stake of the suicide ; in the morning doing duty to buy flowers 
 
 9
 
 THE ORIGIN OF COINS. 
 
 for the forehead of purity, in the evening the price of infamy and 
 shame. 
 
 To a thinking man, then, every coin that his collection contains 
 opens a new subject of thought; and it is no idle employment, 
 though it seem so, to sit quietly over Greek or Persian, Eoman or 
 Punic, French, Turkish, English, or American coins, and seek to 
 trace, in pure fancy, the history of one and another shining piece. 
 And if the instruction to be thus derived is not the most valuable 
 which the collection of coins furnishes, it is at least the origin of 
 that which is worth more ; for the desire to make acquaintance 
 with the men who used these coins leads to the study of history ; 
 and perhaps the great benefit to be derived by the ordinary col- 
 lector, from his employment, is to be found in this, that his 
 coins serve to fix historical facts with great firmness in the mem- 
 ory. This is especially true of young collectors. The young 
 student of history who possesses a coin of Augustus Caesar will 
 read up in the history of the Augustan Age, imagining the coin 
 now in the hands of Yirgil, and now thrown by Horace to the 
 slaves of Maecenas ; and in this manner he will enter into the life 
 of Romans, and read history as if he knew in person (and had 
 some associations in common with) the men of Eome. 
 
 These suggestions will, without further discussion, afford an 
 excuse and an argument for indulging the young in a taste for 
 the science of numismatics. There is danger always that any 
 taste of this kind may become a passion. This depends on the 
 ability and the judgment of guardians, and of this we have no- 
 thing to say. 
 
 But aside from the considerations thus stated, the science of 
 numismatics has a claim on all intelligent persons that no other 
 subject of study can surpass. In coins and medals, more than in 
 any other monuments, the past is preserved, and its heroes and 
 great events are kept memorable. Possibly it was to the almost 
 imperishable nature of the splendid medals of the Augustan age 
 
 10
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 FIGURE I. EGYPTIAN KING MONEY, GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 (From the Wall of a Tomb.) 
 
 FIGURE 2. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN METHOD OP WEIGHING MONEY. 
 
 (From the Wall of a Tomb.)
 
 HISTOKY PRESERVED IN COINS. 
 
 that Horace alluded when he spoke of a fame more enduring than 
 brass monum&ntum cere perennius. Then, as now, the records of 
 coins and medals were regarded as most lasting ; and it may be 
 safely affirmed that we owe as much of our historical knowledge 
 of the remote past to the coins of nations long since passed away, 
 as we owe to their written chronicles on paper or parchment. 
 
 We find a coin, and we at once mark the place of its discovery. 
 It bears the name of a king or the head of a god. We compare 
 it with other coins, and lay it in its place among the brass, or sil- 
 ver, or gold memorials of the same king or country. It may be 
 in itself of little importance ; but in company with others it may 
 form a link in a chain of evidence, a fact in a series, which will 
 settle beyond reasonable doubt a great historical question. Forms 
 of worship, manners and customs of nations, relationships of kings 
 or of great families, may thus be determined. The coins which 
 are illustrated in Plate XIII. verify this remark. They are given 
 as specimens of a large class, from which we derive a vast amount 
 of information on Roman subjects. Two of them No. 10 and 
 No. 11 exhibit the well in the forum to which Cicero and oth- 
 er authors refer. Two others 8 and 9 show the ancient and 
 the new rostra. Others exhibit religious ceremonies. So the 
 medallion No. 1, Plate IX., is a fine memorial of the tradition of 
 the wolf and twins, the founders of Rome. The coin No. 5 on 
 the same plate is a monument of the story of the embassy which 
 the Senate of Rome sent to Epidaurus, about B.C. 290, with a re- 
 quest that ^Esculapius would come to Rome and turn away the 
 plague then raging. The embassadors brought back a sacred 
 snake, which found its own way into the cabin of their ship, and 
 which, when they arrived in the Tiber, swam to the island in the 
 river on which was afterward built the temple of ^Esculapius. 
 The island itself was walled up in shape like a galley. The whole 
 story is of exceeding historic interest, and this coin remains as 
 an evidence that the event is not a creation of later years. 
 
 12
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 10
 
 CONFIRMATION OF SACRED WRIT. 
 
 Examples might be multiplied from the illustrations in this 
 volume ; but it is no part of the design of the work to deprive 
 the young collector of the pleasure and profit to be derived by 
 searching out for himself the numerous historical incidents or an- 
 cient forms and customs to which these coins refer. 
 
 It is an object of much interest, in this connection, to determine 
 the earliest date at which coins become a part of history, or aid 
 in its preservation. 
 
 Although the article of money, in the shape of coins, is one of 
 the most familiar objects of daily use, it is probable that very few 
 persons have troubled themselves to consider when and where it 
 originated. For, like all the inventions of man, it must have had 
 a birth and a birth-place. Adam had neither purse nor pocket, 
 and in Eden there was no one to trade with for food or clothing ; 
 and hence a means of barter was not very likely to be needed. 
 
 The origin of all human art was in necessity ; or, as the prov- 
 erb has it, necessity is the mother of invention. Thus the first 
 recorded invention was an apron; or, as an old translation of 
 the Bible has it, a pair of breeches. But when the breeches 
 had a pocket in them, and when the pocket was first filled with 
 small change, is a question for antiquarians. 
 
 This is worthy of remark, however, that the remains of an- 
 tiquity which tombs and monuments furnish us agree remarkably 
 with the Scripture history of the origin of our race. That is to 
 say, the Scripture affirms that at a period about four thousand 
 years ago the world was depopulated by a deluge, which only one 
 family survived. Naturally we should suppose that the arts and 
 sciences would progress with more rapidity, from the fact that 
 this family possessed in themselves the learning and a great deal 
 of the experience of the previous ages, in which men had lived 
 long and learned much. But the world shows no remaining 
 monument of any earlier period than this ; and all its existing 
 memorials indicate an age of art that dates from a time a little 
 
 14
 
 PLATE III.
 
 CONFIRMATION OF SACRED WRIT. 
 
 later than this flood. Let us record the fact, in spite of all that 
 men have sought to establish to the contrary, that no one has 
 found a relic of human existence on earth which antedates the 
 period of the Noahic deluge. Bunsen has indeed founded a theory 
 on the discovery of a piece of pottery in a deep boring in the Nile 
 mud ; but Bunsen failed to inquire whether the place of boring 
 was not the site of an ancient lake, or the bottom of the ever- 
 changing Nile itself; or, more likely still, the excavation for lay- 
 ing the foundation of a colossal statue, near whose fallen trunk as 
 it now lies prone, the pottery was found, where a workman prob- 
 ably left it. 
 
 At a certain period after this deluge, when men might be sup- 
 posed to need the convenience of money, and not before having 
 scattered, and formed nations of diverse interests we find it 
 coming into use. 
 
 It is no theory that we speak of, but a direct chain of existing 
 specimens, leading us from the magnificent coinage of the Mace- 
 donian empire back to the earliest and rudest specimens of the 
 coins of men's making. It can not be possible that any where in 
 the world coined money had been used at a period prior to the 
 date of the Lydian and the Ionian coins ; so that, in this study of 
 numismatics, we find at once a great tribute the tribute which 
 profane history has in all times paid to the Sacred story, a con- 
 firmation of the account of the origin of our race on the earth. 
 
 The first mention that is made of money in history is eminently 
 striking. It was used for the purchase of a grave. There is no 
 picture in all the past more profoundly sad than that of the old 
 man buying a place to bury his dead wife out of his sight. Who 
 has not read the story with unutterable emotions? Who that 
 is father of a family or husband of a wife, when the first dead 
 one in the house must be buried, has not gone out to buy a buri- 
 al-place, and called to mind that sad scene before the Cave of 
 Machpelah ? Does this first record in history, sacred or profane, 
 
 16
 
 PLATE IV.
 
 LAMBS AND SHEKELS. 
 
 of the use of money, teach us that the shining stuff is of no higher 
 value to a man than just the price of his grave? After he has 
 bought and occupied that, it certainly ceases to matter to him 
 whether his heaps are gold or copper or dust. 
 
 But let us glance a moment at this story, and see whether, in 
 the days of Abraham, men had any knowledge of coin. For the 
 first question before us is, When did coined money originate ? 
 
 Although the Hebrew word, which, in the case of Abraham, is 
 translated shekels, may have been used by Moses in writing the 
 account with the design of fixing the value of the metal intelli- 
 gibly to the Hebrew readers of the history, we are by no means 
 to suppose that Abraham paid out the shining coins which, in the 
 times of Simon Maccabeus, bore the emblems of the Hebrew faith. 
 On the contrary, he weighed out the silver : four hundred shekels 
 " current with the merchant" not current money, as our transla- 
 tion has it; for the word money is supplied. But what was a 
 shekel, or any other given quantity of silver, current with mer- 
 chants in those days ? 
 
 A little later the grandson of Abraham was purchasing land in 
 the same country, and paid for it "a hundred pieces of silver." 
 
 The Hebrew word PTZO^p, here translated pieces of silver, may 
 as properly be translated lambs. The question at once arises, 
 Was it a hundred lambs which Jacob paid, or was it a hundred 
 coins, or was it the metal value of a hundred lambs? Other 
 speculations, too, arise on examining the uses to which the same 
 Hebrew word, or words of the same origin, are applied. Thus, 
 in the form of a verb ZOttfp, we find it meaning to be true, equal, 
 just, correct. And again, in the form of a noun, it signifies truth, 
 equity, holiness, purity, etc. It occurs thus in Psalm Ix. 6, and 
 Proverbs xxii. 21. It has a similar signification in the Arabic, 
 and also in the Chaldaic and the Syriac. This examination into 
 the origin of the words first used for describing money is by no 
 means labor wasted. For although we do not intend here to trace 
 
 18
 
 PLATE V.
 
 AN EGYPTIAN PICTUKE. 
 
 the history of the word, or determine whether the significations of 
 equity, justice, etc., were primary or secondary, it is enough that 
 we find in the word both these ideas a lamb and a just weight. 
 
 Now what connection had a lamb with a just weight? 
 
 Egypt is the great illustrator of the Bible, and much of our 
 speculation on Bible difficulties would be set at rest if we had the 
 Egyptian monuments at hand to refer to whenever we needed an 
 illustration. In this case all speculation seems to be done away 
 with by this aid. In one of the Theban tombs, among the count- 
 less illustrations on the walls of the manners and customs of the 
 ancient Egyptians, and especially of the Egyptians who lay in 
 that tomb, we find a picture of a scribe weighing out the wealth 
 of his master and counting it up (Plate L, Figure 2). 
 
 No one who sees it can doubt that the Egyptians of that day 
 weighed out gold and silver by a weight whose shape was that 
 of a lamb, and the half of it was like the hind-quarters of a lamb. 
 This interesting discovery gives us reason to think that Abra- 
 ham paid the sons of Heth in silver weighed out by these same 
 weights. Mr. Layard found specimens of the weights themselves 
 in Nineveh. 
 
 It is natural to suppose that the weights were originally de- 
 termined by the value of a sheep or lamb ; and this supposition 
 derives additional force from facts that appear in the history of 
 other nations, and even from the words which for many centuries 
 have been used to express the idea of money. In early ages, 
 when men led mostly the pastoral life, cattle were probably the 
 most common medium of exchange and barter, and the value of 
 a sheep was a fixed value, varying but little in places or years. 
 "When metals became standards of value can not be affirmed 
 precisely, but it is evident that at this time, and for many cen- 
 turies afterward, they were not coined into what we call money. 
 The evidence, however, that the price of cattle was the earliest 
 method of fixing the value of money, and that gold and other 
 
 20
 
 PLATE VI.
 
 CATTLE AND MONEY. 
 
 metals were valued according to the number of cattle a given 
 quantity would buy, is found elsewhere than in this soli tary in- 
 stance. Our own language contains a proof of it, since the word 
 pecuniary, which is in common use with us, is derived from the 
 Latin word pecunia (money), and this was derived from pecus (a 
 flock of sheep or cattle). The evidence of the derivation is found 
 in the oldest Eoman coins extant, one of which is shown on Plate 
 VII. This gigantic copper coin was in the Pembroke collection 
 in Emgland, and weighed a little less than five pounds avoirdupois. 
 It is a specimen of the earliest known coinage of Italy, and prob- 
 ably dates from B.C. 500 to B.C. 600, a period not much later than 
 that of the earliest Eastern coinage, of which we have before 
 spoken. This piece was the aes or as (the brass or the piece of 
 brass), which subsequently changed its size and form, but which 
 remained a Koman coin down to modern times. We refer to it 
 at present to illustrate the theory of the origin of money value. 
 And when the reader has studied history with reference to the 
 price of cattle in various periods of the world's history, and in 
 various parts of the world, he will readily adopt the idea that the 
 first valuations of metal became fixed with regard to the value of 
 sheep and oxen. Homer mentions no use of coined money, but 
 speaks of a bar of brass as being equal in value to one ox, and a 
 woman slave as worth four oxen. The father of poetry, indeed, 
 often speaks of oxen and sheep' as the representatives of wealth, 
 as when Achilles argues boldly that he can go elsewhere and find 
 abundant spoil of oxen and fat sheep. It is true that in the same 
 conversation (Iliad, Book IX., line 365, etc.) Achilles also speaks 
 of " the gold and ruddy brass and bright iron," but not as if coined 
 into money. Homer's is perhaps the most remarkable work in 
 the world as a description of existing arts, dress, manners and 
 customs, and, in short, comparative civilization. There can be 
 no reason to suppose that he had ever seen coined money, or, if 
 it existed in his day, that it had then existed so long as to author- 
 
 22
 
 PLATE VII.
 
 RING MONEY. 
 
 ize him to mention it among the arts and furniture of the Grecian 
 camp or the Trojan city at the period of his story, -which is lo- 
 cated at about the same date with our chronological location of 
 Samson and the judges of the Israelites. 
 
 But it is also evident that gold and silver became valuable as 
 ornaments long before they were used for coins. Thus we find 
 Eleazar of Damascus carrying to Eebecca rings and bracelets of 
 fixed weight; and in the llth verse of the 42d chapter of Job 
 we find it mentioned that each of Job's friends brought him an 
 ear-ring as well as "a lamb" or "piece of money." That these 
 rings and bracelets became frequently, and at length commonly, 
 the medium of exchange, we have abundant evidence. The Egyp- 
 tian monuments show that the common form of the valuable met- 
 als when in course of transfer was the ring. Numerous illustra- 
 tions of these rings in gold and in silver are found on the walls 
 of tombs (see Plate I., Figure 1). Ancient writers refer to rings 
 and bracelets as the usual form of gold ornaments, and the mod- 
 ern customs in the East are doubtless accurately like the ancient. 
 
 The Oriental traveler is surprised to find the poorest woman 
 sometimes wearing heavy gold bracelets and anklets; but his 
 surprise ceases when he learns that, in the East, there is no in- 
 vestment for money which pays interest, and that, as a conse- 
 quence, the poor and the rich, when they accumulate more or 
 less gold, are accustomed to call in the traveling tinker, who, 
 with crucible, furnace, and hammer, sits down in the court of the 
 palace or on the ground-floor of the hut, and out of the coins 
 handed him soon fashions a rude bracelet or anklet, which adorns 
 the dusky leg or arm of the favorite wife, until necessity compels 
 its transfer. "When this necessity comes, there is no delay or 
 trouble about it in an Eastern market. The owner goes into the 
 street to make a purchase, and tenders his bracelet in payment. 
 The" convenient money-changer is at hand in every street with 
 his scales, the weight is told it is three, five, ten, or twenty 
 
 24
 
 PLATE VIII.
 
 FIRST COINED MONEY. 
 
 mejiddi and the merchant takes it as readily as coin. We have 
 seen this transaction not a few times, and regarded it as the best 
 evidence needed of the ancient custom of using similar bands of 
 precious metals for currency. 
 
 But without pausing longer on this subject we may give the 
 illustrations well known to the numismatic scholar, of the ring 
 money of the ancient Britons, dating before the Eoman invasion, 
 and therefore at a period not many centuries later than the in- 
 vention of coined money by the Greeks, and continuing in use 
 down to a late period in the Christian era. These rings are now 
 found in abundance in various parts of England and Ireland. 
 At one time, in 1832, a quantity of it, valued at 1089 14s. Id. 
 (intrinsic value of the gold), was dug up at St. Quentin (see Plate 
 XXIII., Figure 1). The forms varied. Some immense ornaments 
 were manifestly worn over the shoulder; others on the arms, 
 or around the waist. Caesar, in his account of England, dis- 
 tinctly relates that rings of fixed weight were used for money in 
 Britain. He says the same of Gaul. We find the same sort of 
 money spoken of in the north of Europe ; those found in En- 
 gland are all exact multiples of the same unit in weight ; so that 
 there is no reason to doubt that they had a fixed weight and 
 passed current as coins. 
 
 But as yet no regular coin existed. The Greeks had been in 
 the habit of using bars or spikes of metal. A bar was an obolus 
 (literally translated a spike or a small obelisk), and six of these 
 were as many as a man could grasp in his hand. Hence six oboli 
 made one drachma (a handful), and thus originated the coins 
 obolus and drachma, the latter being to this day the coin of Greece, 
 and having given its name to weights and measures in all the 
 languages of the civilized world. 
 
 It was about 900 years before Christ that the first money was 
 actually coined. There is much doubt in the minds of antiquari- 
 ans as to the precise spot where the custom had its origin. He- 
 
 26
 
 PLATE IX.
 
 COINS OF IONIA AND LYDIA. 
 
 rodotus ascribes it to the Lydians, but his authority is not con- 
 clusive. 
 
 The oldest coins extant, and probably the first coins ever 
 made, are from Ionia, in Asia Minor. Miletus, a city south of 
 Ephesus, on the shore of the Icarian Sea, probably produced the 
 first coined money. It was the gold stater (Plate II., Figure 1). 
 
 It will be noticed that the coin is stamped on one side with a 
 deep indentation. On the other it has a rude picture of a lion's 
 head. This form is characteristic of coinage for a long period. 
 A die was used, the lump of metal placed in it, and a punch, 
 struck with a hammer, drove the metal into the die and left the 
 rude mark of the punch on the reverse of the coin. What in- 
 duced the adoption of the lion's head as a design is left to conjec- 
 ture. It is by some supposed to refer to the regal power repre- 
 sented by the lion, while others think that it had some connec- 
 tion with the worship of Cybele, the great goddess of the lonians. 
 A somewhat similar coin is also known (Plate II., Figure 2), which 
 by some numismatists is supposed to be of earlier date than the 
 Ionian. It is a Lydian coin, one of those referred to by Herodo- 
 tus ; and we give it as a specimen of one of the earliest, if not 
 the earliest. Coins of this kind have been found in considerable 
 quantity at Sardis, and there is reason to believe that some of 
 these are of the period of Croesus. The value of these two coins 
 is the same. It was called a stater or standard, and it is worthy 
 of remark that the value of this first gold coin known has been 
 continued in currency among all nations, with very slight varia- 
 tion, down to recent times. These coins were the first speci- 
 mens of stamped gold in the form that we call money. 
 
 It has been by some supposed that an Eastern coinage existed 
 of earlier date than the Ionian or the Lydian, and that the re- 
 maining specimens, now known as gold dories, are possibly of re- 
 moter date than the stater of Miletus. This is mere conjecture, how- 
 ever. The gold daric, of which a representation is given in Plate 
 
 28
 
 PLATE X.
 
 PERSIAN DARICS. 
 
 II. , Figure 4, is a rare coin of early Assyrian or Persian times. 
 The large daric of silver (Plate II., Figure 3) is not earlier than 
 the time of Cambyses. The name of the coin has been by some 
 supposed to be derived from Darius, by others from an old Per- 
 sian word signifying royalty. It is interesting as being one of 
 the early coins named in the Bible. In Ezra ii. 69, the word 
 D'OlDSTfj Darkemonim, translated in our version drams, is sup- 
 posed to be this coin ; and the same word occurs in other places, 
 as in Daniel viii. 5 ; 1 Chron. xxix. 7. In the latter case the 
 word is less like Drachma, and more like Daric: it is HADARKON. 
 It is not impossible that the Hebrew words may have been two. 
 one referring to the Grecian, while the other referred to the Per- 
 sian coin. The daric was, in fact, worth twenty silver drachma. 
 Xenophon gives us three thousand darics as worth ten talents. 
 The value of the gold in a daric, as now found, is about $5 45. 
 The pay which Cyrus gave to the soldiers of Clearchus was a gold 
 daric per month (Anab. i. 3). These coins are scarce, it being 
 probable that Alexander replaced them with his coinage when he 
 conquered Asia. 
 
 The silver daric was, as remarked, unknown until the time of 
 Cambyses, when, it is supposed, Aryandes, Governor of Egypt, 
 first struck them. 
 
 We have thus briefly sketched what is known of the origin of 
 gold coinage. Silver does not seem to have been coined as early 
 as gold. The earliest known silver coinage is that of ^Egina. It 
 dates about B.C. 870, and not long after the Ionian gold. An ex- 
 ample of it is visible in Plate II., Figure 6, and another, of a later 
 date, showing an improved style of art, in the same plate, Figure 
 9. The die was at first used, as before described, with a punch, 
 which left its mark on the reverse. The tortoise was the national 
 emblem, and continued for a long time on the ^Eginetan coins. 
 
 Copper was probably first used for coins in Italy, but the ex- 
 act date of its introduction does not appear. 
 
 30
 
 PLATE XI.
 
 II. 
 
 progress of tl)c 2lrt among ^Indent Nations. 
 
 FROM these crude beginnings the art of coinage advanced to a 
 stage of beauty in early periods which has hardly been surpassed 
 even in our day of splendid medals. But this advance was not 
 instantaneous. It was measured, gradual, and slow. The first 
 step was the placing on the end of the punch some rude figure, 
 which was indented in the coin when the blow was struck, thus 
 producing the usual raised head or legend on the obverse, while 
 the reverse showed the indentation of the figure on the end of the 
 punch. 
 
 The quarter stater of Phocea, of which a representation is given 
 in Plate II., Figure 5, illustrates this. The idea was further car- 
 ried out in Greece by making the end of the punch to correspond 
 with the die, but not so as to leave the impression raised on both 
 sides. The result was a coinage of which one side presented in 
 concave the same figures which were on the other side in relief 
 And this led to the production of very beautiful coins, of which 
 we give an illustration in a silver coin of Caulonia (Plate II., 
 Figure 7). 
 
 The first devices on coins were emblematical. The tortoise of 
 JEgina, the owl of Athens, the seal of Phocea, and similar de- 
 signs, are found on all the earliest issues. No heads of kings or 
 heads of gods are on the first coins. The deities at length took 
 possession of the money ; and thereafter the head of a god or god- 
 dess who was the chief object of worship in a city or country be- 
 came the ordinary obverse of coins. This custom continued for 
 
 32
 
 
 PiATE XII.
 
 FIRST PORTRAITS ON COINS. 
 
 centuries. It was not till very near the time of Alexander the 
 Great that the heads of monarchs were placed on money. There 
 is extant a coin of Archelaus I., King of Macedonia (Plate II., 
 Figure 8), which gives us probably a portrait of that monarch ; 
 and, if it be so, it is undoubtedly the first coin which had for a 
 device the head of a reigning prince. He reigned from 413 to 
 399 B.C. 
 
 Alexander I. had reigned about fifty years before, and during 
 his reign a coin was struck bearing on its face a youth carrying 
 two spears by the side of a horse (Plate II., Figure 10). Possibly 
 and probably this was a representation of the fact that Alexander 
 was admitted to the Olympic games ; but it can not be considered 
 a portrait. 
 
 The period, then, of the introduction of human heads upon 
 coinage may be safely placed at about 400 B.C. ; and from that 
 time to the present the coins of the various nations of the world 
 which have outlasted time and corrosion are the most valuable 
 and faithful historians. The admirable succession of coins which 
 some large collections contain serve as lasting monuments of the 
 great events in national history. In some instances it is by coins 
 alone that history has been preserved. 
 
 The Macedonian coinage has been preserved in remarkable suc- 
 cession, and a view of the history of that coinage would probably 
 be the best possible illustration of the advance of the art from the 
 rudest to the purest specimens. "We illustrate, however, coins of 
 various Eastern countries during the four centuries before the 
 Christian era, from which the reader will be enabled to gather a 
 very clear idea of the splendor to which the art was rapidly 
 brought. 
 
 The period of Alexander the Great is one of great interest to 
 the numismatist During the reign of Amyntas II. in Macedonia, 
 B.C. 393-369, there was a great improvement in coinage. Up to 
 this period and during his reign the punch-mark on the reverse 
 
 34
 
 PLATE Xffl.
 
 MACEDONIAN COINAGE. 
 
 of many coins had continued in use, but hereafter it is not 
 known. 
 
 We have now arrived at a period of high perfection in the art 
 of coinage. In the reign of Philip II. of Macedon, commencing 
 359 B.C., and continuing twenty-four years, some of the finest 
 specimens of ancient coinage were issued, and among others the 
 gold staters, which became known as Philips, and gave this name 
 to the gold coins of Greece for a long period, precisely as in 
 modern tunes we hear of Louis and Napoleons in France. 
 
 When Alexander the Great ascended the throne and proceed- 
 ed to the conquest of the world, he scattered his coinage over the 
 continent, east and west, in an immense variety of forms. So 
 many were they, that they are the cheapest of ancient coins even 
 now, and in Europe, Asia, and Africa abundance of genuine coins 
 of this monarch can be purchased for a trifle above the weight of 
 the gold or silver. It is not uncommon, in modern times, for 
 vases of the Alexandrian coins to be turned up by the plowshare 
 of the farmer, and in all the towns and cities of the East men are 
 to be found with specimens for sale in a fine state of preserva- 
 tion. Genuine coins of Alexander can be procured at such low 
 prices that it has hardly been an object to counterfeit them, as 
 has been done with many others (see Plate IV., Figures 3, 4, 5). 
 
 The Macedonian coinage, gold and silver, continued to be 
 fine for more than two centuries. But it was not alone in Mace- 
 donia that the art was advancing, as all the illustrations given in 
 this volume abundantly testify. In all the East, which was then 
 the civilized world, the fine arts were progressing to a golden 
 age. Phidias had completed the Parthenon, and a rare coin of 
 an early time shows a rude view of the Acropolis (Plate III., 
 Figure 3), the statue of Minerva, and the Parthenon ; while an- 
 other (Plate III., Figure 2) shows the theatre of Dionysius on the 
 side of the Acropolis. 
 
 It is remarkable that we have no coins of Egypt until the pe- 
 
 36
 
 PLATE XIV.
 
 COINAGE OF THE JEWS. 
 
 riod of the successors of Alexander. That old land first in arts 
 and sciences, far in advance of all the world in architecture, sculp- 
 ture, painting, music, and every thing that adorns civilization 
 seems never to have felt the necessity of a circulating medium 
 other than the ordinary use of metals by weight, and the inter- 
 change of commodities by barter. This may have been owing 
 to the character of the country, lying as it did along the banks 
 of the Nile, where interchange of articles by barter was con- 
 venient. 
 
 The ring money seems to have been used in Egypt down near- 
 ly or quite to Ptolemaic times (see Plate I., Figure 1). That it 
 was in common use, and was the standard of value, the monu- 
 ments abundantly testify, since we find in countless tombs the 
 pictures of this money in the enumerations of the wealth of the 
 proprietors, and these tombs are of all periods through many cen- 
 turies. 
 
 The successors of Alexander, however, introduced a different 
 style of money, and the coins of the Ptolemies are among the 
 most splendid relics of ancient art. They extend to the period 
 of Cleopatra, of whom we have portraits on very fine coins (Plate 
 XI., Figure 1). 
 
 III. 
 
 (Homage of % Ieto0. 
 
 ALTHOUGH our earliest records of the use of money are found 
 in the Hebrew sacred writings, we have no reason to suppose 
 that the inhabitants of Palestine had any coined money until 
 shortly before the Christian era. It is possible that the Persian 
 coins, and those of other conquering nations, obtained currency 
 from time to time among the Jewish people. But we may be 
 
 38
 
 PLATE XV.
 
 JEWISH SHEKEL. 
 
 well assured that they had no coin of their own bearing a nation- 
 al device until after the captivity. 
 
 The silver shekel has now become quite common in collec- 
 tions. A few years ago it was very rare. But within the past 
 five years a large number of them have been found at Jerusalem, 
 near the pool of Siloam, evidently washed down by the rain 
 from some point on the hill of Moriah, or the opposite slope 
 of Zion. 
 
 The only extant Jewish coins are the several varieties of this 
 silver shekel. In the first book of Maccabees, xv. 6, in the let- 
 ter of Antiochus the king to Simon the high-priest, and to the 
 Jewish nation, occurs this passage : " And I give thee leave to 
 coin money of thine own stamp in thine own country." Simon 
 Maccabaeus probably coined, under this permission, the first na- 
 tional coinage of the Jews. We give an example of his issue. 
 The Jewish coinage, of course, bore no head of a God on its 
 face. The second commandment forbade it. But the pot of 
 manna and the buds of Aaron's rod were the devices adopted, 
 with legends varying, but most commonly " SHEKEL ISRAEL," 
 "JERUSALEM HOLY," or "SCHISCHIMON PRINCE OF ISRAEL." 
 The legends were in the ancient form of Hebrew character, and 
 not in the debased form in use since the captivity. An example 
 is given in Plate III., Figure 6. 
 
 For what length of time this coinage continued in Jerusalem 
 we can not say. It is not probable that it was of long duration. 
 The Greek and Eoman currency took its place in time ; and al- 
 though coins of Herod and of Barkochebas the rebel are extant, 
 it seems improbable that these were issued to any great extent. 
 We have copper coins of Agrippa, very rare, and these complete 
 the entire series of coins of Judea. 
 
 It is impossible to give any idea of the money value of ancient 
 coins by modern money terms. The size of the shekels now ex- 
 tant is larger than the American quarter dollar, and not so large 
 
 40
 
 PLATE XVI. 

 
 KOMAN COINAGE. 
 
 as the half dollar. The weight is 274 Paris grains. In the 17th 
 chapter of Matthew the temple tax, or tribute money, is spoken 
 of as a didrachma. Elsewhere it is stated at a half shekel ; and in 
 the same chapter, 27th verse, a stater is made to pay the tax for 
 two persons. The few verses at the end of that chapter give us 
 some light on the relative value of the ancient Jewish, Roman, 
 and Greek coins. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Homan Coinage. 
 
 WITHOUT attempting to trace the history of coinage through 
 all the nations of the earth, we content ourselves with following 
 it rapidly through that line in which at last we find our own 
 coinage. 
 
 The Italians early learned the art from their Eastern neigh- 
 bors, and a few hundred years later introduced it into England, 
 or introduced there an improvement on the rude forms which the 
 inhabitants of that barbarian island had possibly borrowed from 
 the hordes who had overrun the north of Europe. 
 
 There are coins extant of a very early Roman period, and of 
 the nations who inhabited Italy when Rome was in its infancy. 
 The first coinage of copper seems to have been Roman. They 
 commenced it in the time of Servius Tullius, B.C. 578. 
 
 ROMAN COPPER. 
 
 The earliest Roman coinage was of the metal called Aes. It 
 has been much disputed whether there was any zinc in its compo- 
 sition, and if any the alloy must have been very small. The word 
 Aes, which is ordinarily translated brass, became a sjmonym with 
 money, so that Ulpian said, " We call even our golden coins aes." 
 
 42
 
 PLATE XVII.
 
 ROMAN COPPER COINS. 
 
 The first copper or brazen coins are supposed to have been made 
 by Servius Tullius, Pliny being our authority. These coins were 
 cast. Specimens have been found adhering one to another, never 
 having been broken apart since taken from the mould. Being 
 stamped with the images of cattle (pecus], they readily gave origin 
 to the word pecunia, which has since given words to many lan- 
 guages descriptive of money and affairs relating to money. The 
 first coin was doubtless the as, and weighed one pound. Other 
 heavy coins were struck or cast, even to the weight of five pounds. 
 The quincussis, of five pounds' weight, is illustrated on Plate 
 VII., and the as on Plate VIII., Figures 1 and 2. According to 
 Pliny, the weight of the as was reduced at the time of the first 
 Punic War, about B.C. 261, when it appeared at one-sixth its for- 
 mer weight. Still later, about B.C. 217, it was reduced to one 
 ounce, and about B.C. 191 to half an ounce. Indeed so numerous 
 were the changes, that the as has been found of almost every 
 weight, from the full pound down to one-fifth of an ounce. The 
 value decreased with the weight, and it seems probable that this 
 was met by a slight increase in the value of copper. The sub- 
 divisions of the as were numerous, of which the most common 
 were the semis, or half-os; the triens, or third part of an as; 
 the quadrans, being the fourth part of an as; the sextans, or 
 sixth part of an as; the uncia, or twelfth part of an 05. Illus- 
 trations of the sextans and the triens will be found on Plate VIII., 
 reduced in size one half. The two balls on one and four on the 
 other indicate the number of ounces in each coin. 
 
 The as was used by the boys of Eome as coppers are now, 
 and instead of "Head or Tail," they cried "Heads or Ship" 
 " Capita aut Navem" alluding to the heads of Janus and the 
 prow of the ship on the opposite sides of the coin ; and this cry, 
 " Capita aut Navem," continued in use among the Roman boys 
 centuries after the heads of Janus and the ship's prow had dis- 
 appeared from the coinage of the country. The origin of such 
 
 44
 
 PLATE XVHL
 
 ROMAN GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 phrases in various languages is one of the most interesting studies 
 connected with the science of numismatics. 
 
 ROMAN GOLD. 
 
 The Eoman gold coin, which was the standard, was called the 
 aureus, or the aureus nummus. Its value in modern American 
 gold would be within a small fraction of $5 10. This coinage 
 was first made about B.C. 207. No gold had been previously 
 coined in Rome. The smallest gold coin was the scrupulum, 
 which weighed 18'06 grains, and was of the value of twenty ses- 
 tertii. Other coins were struck of forty, sixty, and eighty sestertii. 
 The coin of sixty sestertii will be seen illustrated in Plate XII., 
 Figure 4. The aureus is the same coin known in later times as 
 the solidus. 
 
 The value of gold, as compared with silver, of course changed 
 in different ages, and the changes seem to have been more fre- 
 quent in ancient than in modern times. Herodotus, in the 95th 
 section of The Thalia, in estimating the tribute paid to Darius, 
 calculated gold as worth thirteen times the same weight in silver, 
 showing that in his day the relative value was estimated as 1 to 
 13. This was about B.C. 450. Livy (xxxviii. 11) makes the pro- 
 portion 1 to 10. This was B.C. 190. From Suetonius we learn 
 that Julius Caesar once exchanged them in the proportion of 1 to 
 9 ; and it appears that under the Roman emperors the value in- 
 creased until it became, under Justinian, 1 to 14, or 1 to 15. 
 
 ROMAN SILVER. 
 
 Silver was first coined in Rome B.C. 269. The style of the 
 most common early silver coins may be seen in the illustrations, 
 Plate X., Figure 7, and Plate XII., Figures 3, 8, and 9. These 
 bear the Dioscuri and the bigatus and quadrigatus, from which 
 last devices the coins were called bigati or quadrigati. The prin- 
 cipal silver coin was the denarius, so called because its value was 
 
 46
 
 PLATE XIX.
 
 ROMAN SILVER COINS. 
 
 ten ases. Originally there were eighty-four denarii to a pound 
 weight; but a reduction was made to ninety-six, although the 
 period of the change is somewhat uncertain. 
 
 The value of the denarius, under the former weight, was about 
 seventeen cents American, and under the latter weight about fif- 
 teen cents. The Eomans coined silver of as low a value as the 
 fortieth part of a denarius, the smallest coin being the teruncius. 
 Other silver coins were known as the sembella, which was two te- 
 runcii, or a half libella ; the libella, one-tenth of the denarius, and 
 of course the equivalent of the as; the sestertius, or quarter dena- 
 rius; and the quinarius, or half denarius, which was also known as 
 the Victoriatus. 
 
 Although the drachma of Athens was originally somewhat 
 heavier than the denarius of Eome, it is probable that, in later 
 periods, its weight decreased, and the two coins would probably 
 pass equally well in either country. This denarius continued to 
 be a Eoman coin, was introduced into Britain, and, finally, re- 
 duced to be the silver penny of England ; and to this day appears 
 in English coinage as the letter D, which represents pence in the 
 notation of s. d. 
 
 The collector who proposes to devote his attention to Eoman 
 coins will find the field inexhaustible. It would be vain, in a vol- 
 ume like the present, to attempt any instructions on the subject, 
 and we must leave him to examine the numerous and learned 
 works on the subject with which our public libraries abound. 
 
 Through the long course of Eoman history the art of coinage 
 had its periods of elevation and depression. In the Augustan 
 Age it flourished. The splendid medals, the noble coins of that 
 period may well have been the origin, as before intimated, of the 
 celebrated line of Horace : " Exegi monumentum JEre perenniusf 
 for the next line is by no means necessarily connected with it, as 
 some have supposed, confining the idea of the monument to a 
 brazen pillar. In the Eastern empire the art of coining never re- 
 
 48
 
 PLATE XX.
 
 BRITISH COINS. 
 
 ceived much attention, and few coins or medals, among the im- 
 mense number which are extant, indicate even a mediocre skill 
 in workmanship. A medal of Justinian (Plate XVIII., Figure 
 1), and some few coins of different periods, on Plates XVII. and 
 XIX., illustrate our subject better than pages of description. Long 
 before these coins were struck, the history of British coinage had 
 commenced. 
 
 (Homage of Britain. 
 
 THE history of the British coinage is one of the most remark- 
 able illustrations of the progress of art in the world. A glance 
 at the illustrations which this volume contains will show the 
 reader a series of coins in unbroken succession, through all the 
 changing events which have marked the history of the British 
 Islands. These are, of course, but few of the coins of England. 
 But if every other relic of art were lost, if all the volumes of 
 written history were destroyed, we should be able out of these 
 materials to reconstruct a large portion of the history of England. 
 "We could, at least, give the succession of monarchs from the pe- 
 riod of the Norman invasion, without loss of a name. 
 
 The Eomans, according to Caesar, found no coinage in England. 
 The inhabitants, for the most part, used the torques, or ring mon- 
 ey, before spoken of and illustrated (Plate XXIII., Figure 1). 
 
 Some coins of apparently a very early period, and bearing 
 names of individuals contemporary with Cassar, have been found. 
 These coins, illustrated on Plate XXIII., have given rise to much 
 interesting discussion. More than forty have been discovered in 
 various places which have the name of Cunobelin (the Cymbeline 
 of Shakspeare). A very interesting coin is extant with the name 
 
 50
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 1. A COINER AT WORK. 
 
 (From the Capital of a Column in Normandy.) 
 
 2. A COINING ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 (From an old German Wood-cut.)
 
 SAXON COINAGE. 
 
 of Boadicea or Boduodicea, and others with the name of Segonax, 
 one of the Bangs of Kent who attacked Caesar. The letters 
 TASCIA occurring on many of these coins, have given rise to the 
 idea that they were coins of Tasciavanos, the father of Segonax. 
 But another opinion holds that all these coins are of a much later 
 period, and that they bear only such names or legends as the 
 makers thought fit to put on them. That they were, in fact, 
 tokens ; or that they were struck to pay taxes with, and that the 
 word TASCIA is an English corruption of the Latin taxatio. The 
 idea has also been advanced that they were tickets of member- 
 ship of certain orders or societies, of much more recent date than 
 Caesar. 
 
 It is quite certain, whatever may be true of these coins, that 
 England had no coinage prior to the Roman invasion. Imme- 
 diately after that event, it is probable that the Eomans introduced 
 the art ; and the coins we have referred to, if struck at all as 
 coins, doubtless appeared between that time and the reign of 
 Claudius ; and although there are coins of Claudius relating to 
 Britain, which were struck about A.D. 46 (see Plate XXV., Figures 
 2, 3), yet it is impossible to affirm that any mint was established 
 in England, or that any coins were actually struck on the island 
 until the time of Carausius. He being, in fact, an English em- 
 peror, struck coins which are extant, and there is no reason to 
 doubt that they were struck in England (see Plate XXV., Fig- 
 ure 6, and Plate XXYII., Figure 1). 
 
 The Saxon skeattce were the first purely English coins in circu- 
 lation of which we have any knowledge. Their value is doubt- 
 ful, but they would seem to have been worth not far from a penny, 
 In the laws of Athelstan it is said that 30,000 of them are spoken 
 of as equivalent to 120, which would make them worth a little 
 less than a penny. They gave place to the silver pennies of the 
 Saxon kings, of which some illustrations are given on Plate 
 XXYIL 
 
 52
 
 PLATE XXH.
 
 EARLY BRITISH COINS. 
 
 The word penny was derived either from the Latin pecunia, 
 money, or from pendo, to weigh. We have already said that it 
 was of the value of the Eoman denarius, and its successor in En- 
 gland. The word cattle was also adopted by the English from 
 the Norman, and used to signify, in- general, a man's property ; 
 whence came the word chattel, applied to any species of move- 
 able property. How far this use of the word has connection with 
 the Latin use of pecus and pecunia, we leave to the conjecture or 
 examination of the reader. 
 
 The first silver penny now extant is of a period after the middle 
 of the eighth century. This is of Ethelbert II., King of Kent 
 and Bretwalda (Plate XXII., Figure 8) ; but the genuineness of 
 this coin has been doubted. There are, however, coins of Cuth- 
 red, A.D. 798 to 805, and of Baldred, A.D. 823, both Kings of Kent. 
 
 Of Offa there are interesting coins (see Plate XXII., Figure 2). 
 He was King of Mercia, A.D. 757 to 796. A curious Arabic coin 
 has been found with his name on the reverse, whence it was sup- 
 posed that the Arabic coins of Spain obtained circulation in En- 
 gland at that time. It is recorded, however, that Offa promised 
 the Pope's legate 396 gold marcuses, and these Arabic marcuses may 
 have been coined in England expressly for the present. They 
 are curious coins for a present to the legate of the Pope, bearing 
 as they do the usual Arabic legend : " Mohammed is God's apos- 
 tle." We shall not pause to speak of the other Saxon coins, of 
 which numerous specimens exist. Egbert and Ethelwulf left 
 many coins. Of Ethelbald (855 to 860) none are with certainty 
 known. Of Ethelbearht (856 to 866) we have many, as well as 
 of Ethelred (866 to 871). Then came Alfred the Great, and from 
 his time the succession is very perfect down to the Anglo-Norman 
 dynasty. 
 
 William I. introduced the Norman shilling of twelve pennies as 
 a name of money, but not as a coin. The Saxon shilling (scil or 
 stilling) was at first five, and afterward four pennies ; but the Nor- 
 
 54
 
 PLATE XXIII. 
 
 ]. ENGLISH TORQUES AND KING MONEY. 
 
 2. EAKLY ENGLISH COINS.
 
 ENGLISH GOLD COIN. 
 
 man value prevailed at a later day, though the coin was never 
 struck till the reign of Henry VII. 
 
 The word shilling has been by some derived from the Latin 
 sicilicus (a quarter ounce), and by others from a Saxon word sig- 
 nifying a scale. The pound was, of course, a weight originally ; 
 but it is remarkable that the standard gold coin of all nations and 
 times continued to be of about the value of the ancient Grecian 
 stater. 
 
 The word sterling, in connection with the English pound, is 
 said to have been at first easterling, which was a name given to 
 the mint examiners, who perhaps made an annual visitation at 
 Easter. The term literally signifies " according to the mint rules." 
 Others derive the word easterling from German traders who fre- 
 quented English markets in those times, and who dealt only for 
 pure gold or silver coin. 
 
 In the reign of Henry HI. a few gold pennies were issued as a 
 sort of trial piece ; but the beginning of English gold coinage was 
 not till Edward III., when florins, half florins, and quarter florins 
 were issued. They were at once recalled, however, and a new 
 coin, the gold noble, deriving its name from the nobility of its 
 metal, made its appearance. This coin, with its reverse showing 
 the king at the helm of the ship of state, is the first specimen of 
 great advance in the art of coinage in England (Plate XXIII., 
 Figure 8). This monarch also adopted some curious legends on 
 his coins. This one, for example, has the passage, " JESUS AUTEM 
 TRANSIENS PER MEDIUM ILLORUM IBAT ;" the half nobles have, 
 "DoMiNE NE IN FURORE TUO ARGUAS ME." A variety of this 
 last coin has been found, and is in the British Museum, on which 
 the word ne is omitted, making the prayer decidedly contrary to 
 what the monarch intended. 
 
 The series of illustrations which are given herewith afford to 
 the reader a very perfect history of the British coinage down to 
 a recent period. 
 
 56
 
 PLATE XXIV.
 
 SIEGE-PIECES. 
 
 The chief departures from the regular series have been in the 
 issue of siege-pieces, of which some illustrations are given. .There 
 have been times in the history of most modern nations when the 
 monarch- had either lost possession of the mint, or when the ex- 
 igencies of the times compelled the immediate conversion of bul- 
 lion or plate into money without the minting process. Thus at 
 sieges of cities it has frequently been found convenient to cut 
 plate into squares, diamonds, or irregular shapes, and stamp on 
 the pieces their respective values. These pieces are known as 
 siege-pieces, and are prized by collectors as curious. Such are 
 the Newark and Scarborough, Colchester and Beeston Castle 
 pieces of Charles L, shown in Plate LXY. 
 
 68
 
 VI. 
 
 Coininftmtrua. 
 
 COLONIAL COINS. 
 
 THE necessity of coin as a medium of trade was felt in Amer- 
 ica at an early period after the settlement of the country. The 
 wampum of the Indians was used by the white settlers of Massa- 
 chusetts to a considerable extent, at first. Wampum seems to be 
 a primitive form of money, unlike that of any other part of the 
 world. The value of gold depends on its scarcity, and of silver 
 as well. Sheep and cattle were worth more or less as they served 
 the purposes of men for food or labor ; but wampum is the result 
 of labor only, and its value seems to be only the value of so many 
 hours' work of a man's hands. It consisted of strings of white 
 shell, a valueless article itself, except as it had cost time and labor 
 to make it on the sea-shores of New England. 
 
 Is there not a lesson in this North American Indian medium 
 of circulation to which, in a more civilized nation, and a later 
 period, we may turn with some degree of respect? Are we not 
 arriving at an age in the world when gold is becoming more 
 plenty, when its proportionate value to other metals is vastly 
 decreasing, and when some new standard of value will be neces- 
 sary? Have we not already arrived at an age when the true 
 standard of value is labor? It is worth thinking of, to say the 
 least of it. 
 
 The earliest coin supposed to have been struck for American cir- 
 culation was a piece of brass called the Somers Islands piece. The 
 Bermudas were discovered in the sixteenth century, but after- 
 
 60
 
 PLATE XXVI.
 
 \ 
 PINE-TKEE MONEY. 
 
 ward named the Somers Islands from Sir George Somers, who 
 was wrecked there in the early part of the seventeenth century. 
 There is extant in England a specimen of a coin, with a hog on 
 one side and a rude ship or vessel on the other. The legend is 
 SOMERS ISLANDS XII. This coin has no date. Not more than 
 three specimens are extant. The coin is of little interest to us as 
 a nation, not being continental. It is not even certain that it 
 ever reached the islands, and it is quite certain that it never was 
 used there as a currency. A very handsome copy of this piece 
 has been recently struck by a coin-dealer in Philadelphia. 
 
 The first coins strictly North American were the New England 
 coinage of the Massachusetts Mint, in 1652. First came the New 
 England coins of one, shilling and sixpence (Plate XCIX., Figures 
 1 and 2), bearing on their faces the simple legends N. E. XII., 
 and N. E. VI. This was as rude an attempt at coinage as that 
 of the lonians or the Miletians of old time. But it answered all 
 the purposes of a young nation for a little while. It appears, 
 however, that so long ago as 1652 there were among our Puritan 
 forefathers some who would clip the edges of a coin before they 
 passed it out of their hands, and this coin was eminently con- 
 venient for the dishonest uses of such individuals. Hence the 
 New England coins were soon suppressed, and the coins known 
 by the general term PINE-TREE COINAGE took their place. 
 The New England coins are now very scarce, and most highly 
 prized by collectors. They have been very successfully counter- 
 feited. 
 
 The Pine-tree coinage was issued in large quantities in shil- 
 lings, sixpences, threepences, and twopences. Of these there were 
 several dies. The trees were according to the fancy of the artist. 
 "We have one known as the Shrub or Scrub Oak shilling, and 
 others as before named. They differ also in size and in weight. 
 This coinage was continued for thirty-three or four years, the 
 date (1652) being never changed on the coins. The two-penny 
 
 62
 
 PLATE XXVH.
 
 MASSACHUSETTS MINT. 
 
 piece was not issued till 1662, and always afterward bore that 
 date. 
 
 The Massachusetts Mint was a source of quarrel between the 
 colonists and the crown. It grew out of the necessities of the 
 colony, for the only money in circulation in America was the 
 Spanish coinage, rude, clipped, and uncertain, while the supply 
 was small (a specimen, of a later date, is given in Plate CV., Fig- 
 ure 2). The history of the quarrel is full of amusing incidents, 
 which will be found related in the histories of the tunes. The 
 mint was once saved by a witty Massachusetts man, who told 
 Charles II. that the oak on the coin was the tree that saved his 
 majesty's life, placed there in honor of him ! 
 
 There is a story told of John Hull, the mint-master of Boston, 
 who coined the Pine-tree money, which sounds more romantic 
 than it appears in fact. Hull received one shilling out of every 
 twenty he coined for his labor and expenses. It was a great 
 grist that was brought to his mill, and this was a toll in silver 
 which made him in time one of the richest men in the colony. 
 When his daughter was married to Samuel Sewall, he gave her, 
 for dowry, the Pine-tree shillings which equaled her own weight, 
 she being placed in one side of the scales and the shillings poured 
 in the other, the wedding-day being selected for the trial. If the 
 girl was of modern mould we might think a hundred pounds a 
 fair light weight, and the dowry would then not seem large, for a 
 hundred pounds of silver were not then worth much more than 
 $1600, and the girl was not worth much if that were all her 
 value. A very different weight from the $150,000 which, in 
 several articles and works on numismatics, has been placed as the 
 weight of the dowry. " Lumping" the young lady in such style 
 would make her weigh nearly ten thousand pounds ! 
 
 There was as yet no copper coinage for America. In 1694 a 
 token made its appearance in England bearing on one side .an 
 elephant, and on the other a legend, GOD PRESERVE LONDON. 
 
 64
 
 PLATE XXVIII.
 
 MARYLAND COINAGE. 
 
 Where or by whom issued does not now appear, and it remains 
 probable that it was a tradesman's issue to attract attention, or to 
 serve for copper change. The device, however, attracted some 
 one's eye who thought it the basis of a good colonial speculation, 
 and two coins or tokens shortly after made their appearance with 
 legends varying on the reverse, GOD PRESERVE NEW ENGLAND, 
 1694, on one, and GOD PRESERVE CAROLINA and THE LORDS 
 PROPRIETORS, 1694, on the other. These do not seem to have 
 gone into circulation at all. The wants of the colonies now be- 
 gan to be pressing for copper money. But their appeals to the 
 home government were vain till 1749, when ten tons of copper 
 money were exported to Massachusetts. At the present day we 
 find among the old copper in circulation many very fine speci- 
 mens of English half-pennies of 1749, always in better condition 
 than any other year. It may be owing to this importation that 
 these coins remain in America in such fine preservation. 
 
 The Colony of Maryland had at an early date taken means to 
 supply some of their wants, and had ordered the coinage of silver 
 as early as 1661. Lord Baltimore issued coins, bearing on the 
 obverse the legend C^ECILIUS, DNS: TERR^E: MARLS: & CT, 
 around a bust of Lord Baltimore, and on the reverse his arms 
 with the motto CRESCITE: ET MULTIPLICAMINI (Plate XCIX., 
 Figure 6). Copper half -pennies were also issued at or about the 
 same time, but they never went into circulation. There is but 
 one specimen of this copper coin now known. It was sold in 
 England within the past year at auction, and brought $362. 
 
 The silver coins were a shilling, sixpence, and groat. The groat 
 was fourpence; the name derived (by error of pronunciation 
 among the illiterate) from quart (four}. The coin was long 
 known and common in English coinage, but is wholly unknown 
 in America at present. 
 
 We should mention, in passing, a variety of the Massachusetts 
 silver, which has caused not a little dispute. There was in En- 
 
 66
 
 PLATE XXIX.
 
 COLONIAL COINS. 
 
 gland, some time since, a coin known as the Good Samaritan 
 shilling, closely resembling the Pine-tree shilling, except that in 
 place of the tree was a group representing the story of the 
 Good Samaritan. This coin was pronounced a forgery by com- 
 mon consent, until quite recently an American collector has ob- 
 tained one, the second specimen known, and is very confident 
 that it is a genuine coin. His judgment is to be relied on, and it 
 may therefore with confidence be ranked among the American 
 coins. 
 
 France probably struck the first copper money which obtained 
 circulation as a coin on this continent. In 1721 the Mint issued 
 a small copper coin, apparently though not certainly, for use in 
 Louisiana, having for its obverse a double L, the initial of the 
 monarch's name (Louis XV.), crowned, with the legend SIT NO- 
 MEN DOMINI BENEDICTUM (Plate XCIX., Figure 5). The same 
 legend is found on a large portion of the coins of this monarch. 
 The reverse was simply the legend COLONIES FRANCISES, 1721, 
 H. The second issue of the same coin was made in 1722, after 
 which it did not appear again until 1767, when it was enlarged 
 and the metal changed in quality, so that we have a larger coin 
 at that period, of nearly perfect brass, with similar legends, but 
 in much better style. 
 
 At almost the same period the "Wood money," as it has been 
 called, was introduced into America (Plate XCIL, Figure 4). 
 
 The English Government issued, in 1722, to one William 
 Wood a patent for coining various copper pieces for the use of 
 Ireland. The grant was made for a period of fourteen years, 
 and the quantity limited to 360 tons of copper. The money 
 issued by Wood was certainly more beautiful than had before 
 appeared in English dominions. The three reverses were all 
 fine specimens of art for the period, but its small size attracted 
 attention, and a storm of rage in all of Ireland broke out against 
 it. Dean Swift, then in Dublin, led on the attack with his cele- 
 
 68
 
 PLATE XXX.
 
 GRANBY COPPERS. 
 
 brated anonymous letters known as " Drapier's Letters." The 
 Government offered 300 reward for the discovery of the author 
 of one of them a reward that was laughed at in Dublin. The 
 money failed in Ireland, and large quantities of it were sent on 
 speculation to America, where it probably failed as well. Even 
 at the present day these pieces are frequently to be found in cir- 
 culation in our country. 
 
 But other pieces were coined by Wood, under a special patent 
 for America, which were somewhat more successful. This was 
 known as the Rosa Americana coinage (of 1722, etc.), so called from 
 the device on the face of the pieces (see Plate CL, Figure 1). The 
 issue consisted of & penny, a half-penny, and a farthing. They were 
 all issued in different varieties. Thus we have each coin with a 
 rose crowned, as in the illustration, and also each coin with a rose 
 not crowned. The penny appeared also in 1733, with a different 
 rose, and a head looking to the left. This coinage circulated 
 chiefly at the South. It found no favor at the North. 
 
 A tin piece issued by James II. has been usually classed among 
 the coins struck for America ; but there does not seem to be any 
 evidence that this coin had any special relation to the "Western 
 Continent, or that it was ever seen here in the last century. We 
 may, therefore, safely reject it from the series. 
 
 The earliest copper coin which it can, with any degree of cer- 
 tainty, be affirmed was struck in America, was a private coinage 
 in the little village of Granby, in Connecticut. This was the pro- 
 duction of one Higley, or Highley. We prefer to call him Hig- 
 ley, since that is the sound commonly given to the name, and 
 that is the true Connecticut orthography. He was an inhabitant 
 of Granby, but his condition in life has been subject of dispute. 
 By some he is called a blacksmith, by others a physician. On 
 reference to the Colonial Records of Connecticut, edited by J. 
 Hammond Trumbull, Esq., we find that in October, 1682, one 
 John Higley suffered an execution against him for twenty-six 
 
 70
 
 PLATE XXXI.
 
 GKANBY COPPERS. 
 
 gallons of rum ; and after that we trace John Higley's trouble 
 with his creditor, one Trueman, through the usual course of sup- 
 plementary proceedings and appeals. Possibly he is the same 
 Higley who, at a later period and a very advanced age, introduced 
 into America the art of coining copper money. Or, if it should 
 seem that he was too old a man fifty -six years after 1682, when 
 he was old enough to have a bill for rum, it may have been his 
 son. In either case, and whatever may have been the name or 
 the business of the man, Connecticut has the honor of introducing 
 to the Western Continent, or at least to that portion of it now called 
 the United States, the art of striking copper money, as Massachu- 
 setts had introduced silver. 
 
 In 1737 Mr. Higley, of Granby, made or procured a rude set 
 of dies, and out of copper dug in Granby (where they dig it now) 
 he coined various coppers, one of which we illustrate (Plate XCIX., 
 Figure 7). These coppers circulated in Connecticut and New En- 
 gland ; but being of excellent metal, soft and easily rubbed, they 
 wore off and became smooth. They have almost entirely dis- 
 appeared, and the few specimens now in cabinets are highly 
 prized. 
 
 There are several varieties. One is like the illustration in the 
 devices, but the legend around the deer is THE VALUE OF THREE 
 PENCE, and around the hammers, CONNECTICUT, 1737. Another 
 has, instead of the hammers, a broad axe, with the legend, I CUT 
 MY WAY THROUGH. 
 
 The value of this rare coin has recently given rise to a suit at 
 law in Connecticut, in which a purchaser, who brought his action 
 for the value of a Granby which the seller refused to deliver, act- 
 ually recovered $50 as the value of the coin. This valuation is 
 exorbitant. The Granby copper brings from $13 to $25 at auc- 
 tion in New York city. 
 
 In 1773 a copper coin was struck in England for use in Vir- 
 ginia, which was a very beautiful coin. It has been said that the 
 
 72
 
 PLATE XXXII.
 
 COLONIAL MONEY. 
 
 issue of this coin had some reference to an interesting historical 
 fact ; namely, the invitation which had long before been extended 
 to Charles II. by Virginia to come over and establish his throne 
 in the Dominion an invitation which the King did not forget, 
 but subsequently honored by allowing Virginia to adopt his own 
 arms. We know no authority for this statement, but the coin re- 
 mains as one of the most beautiful of the early coins of America 
 (Plate XCIX., Figure 4). It was struck in two sizes, but the 
 sizes probably did not differ in value. Copies are known in sil- 
 ver, but it never circulated as a silver coin. 
 
 On the approach of the Revolution a token or coin, now known 
 as the Pitt or No Stamps token (Plate CL, Figure 4), made its ap- 
 pearance in Massachusetts. It referred to the odious Stamp Act, 
 and may have been popular as a medalet, though its history is 
 lost. Some have supposed that it was struck in Boston, and have 
 given the credit of it to Colonel Eevere, whose memory has to 
 bear the weight of a large number of poorly-executed copper 
 coins, which do more credit to his patriotism than his taste. We 
 know of no authority for attributing this coin to him, and it ap- 
 pears to us of English origin ; but it is a rare and highly interest- 
 ing relic of the times. 
 
 Other coins are known which are supposed to be the issue 
 of Massachusetts experimenters in patriotic times. Thus there 
 is a Janus head, rudely imitating the Roman as on a very small 
 scale, with a reverse, the Goddess of Liberty. Another is a pine- 
 tree copper, with the legend AMERICAN LIBERTY; and another 
 has the words INDEPENDENS STATUS around a bust. These and 
 others are illustrated in Dr. Dickeson's work on American coins, 
 all of them very rare, some unique, but one and all of very doubt- 
 ful origin. 
 
 During the war no coins were issued, unless the pewter medalet 
 of 1776, with its CONTINENTAL CURRENCY legend, can be called 
 a coin (Plate CIX., Figure 3) ; but when the war was ended the 
 
 74
 
 PI.ATE XXXJ1I.
 
 COLONIAL MONEY. 
 
 demand of the country for coin was loud and imperative, and was 
 answered in all directions. 
 
 The Georgius Triumpho copper was among the first in the field 
 (see Plate CHI., Figure 1). It was modeled on the half-penny of 
 the English King, and struck in England, but the legend mani- 
 festly referred to George Washington. There is not the slightest 
 reason for the common appellation of Tory cent which has been 
 given to this coin. Liberty standing behind her barrier of thir- 
 teen bars (the engraver has mistaken the number in our illustra- 
 tion) sufficiently attests the character of the coin. A large supply 
 of copper coin, probably struck in England, appeared in immense 
 quantities in 1783. These were the Nova Constellatio coppers (see 
 Plate CL, Figures 5 and 6). Of these there are five very distinct 
 varieties and many inferior varieties. A similar coin, of larger 
 size, with the same legends, is said to exist in silver, having under 
 the letters U. S. the figures 1000. Another, of the size of the 
 copper, having the figures 500, is also described ; and the piece 
 known as the Immune Columbia silver piece has the Nova Con- 
 stellatio obverse, and Liberty seated on the reverse, with the legend 
 IMMUNE COLUMBIA. All these pieces will be found fully de- 
 scribed, with their varieties, in such works as Dr. Dickeson's. 
 The plan of our sketch- forbids more than a reference to them. 
 (The Washington tokens of 1783, which now appeared, we shall 
 describe in another connection.) 
 
 The Pine-tree shillings never circulated out of New England, and 
 in time silver money became very scarce. One J. Chalmers, in 
 1788, struck at Annapolis, Maryland, silver coins, which appear 
 to have obtained considerable circulation, and are known as the 
 Chalmers shilling, sixpence, and threepence (see Plate CV., Figure 3). 
 Specimens are now rare and highly prized. 
 
 STATE COINAGE. 
 
 Various States established Mints. Connecticut in 1785 ; other 
 
 76
 
 PLATE XXXIV. 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 ? 
 P >
 
 STATE COINAGE. 
 
 States as soon or immediately after. We can only glance rapid- 
 ly at their issues. 
 
 Vermont soon issued many coins. The most common were 
 those with the simple legend VERMON. AUCTORI. (By Authority 
 of Vermont) on the obverse, around a laureated head (Plate CL, 
 Figure 3), and on the reverse a seated figure with the words 
 INDE. ET LIB. (Independence and Liberty). This form of legend 
 was adopted by Connecticut, as will appear hereafter (Plate GUI., 
 Figure 3). 
 
 Other Vermont coins had for a device the sun rising over the 
 mountains, and the legend VERMONTENSIUM EES PUBLICA, with a 
 reverse bearing the words QUARTA DECIMA STELLA (the four- 
 teenth star) (Plate CL, Figure 2). This coin is somewhat varied 
 in other specimens, the legend being VERMONTS instead of VER- 
 MONTENSIUM, and the reverse being differently executed. The 
 Mint of Vermont seems to have been very active, and great quan- 
 tities of coin were issued from it. Among others we have found 
 coins with the head and name of King George, and the reverse 
 LSTDE. ET LIB. A curious combination for a coin, but possibly 
 resulting from the counterfeiting of English half-pennies which 
 then passed current in the northern part of the country, or per- 
 haps from the attempt to recoin half-pennies with the Vermont 
 legends and devices. In one coin in our collection, however, the 
 latter supposition is clearly impossible. 
 
 Connecticut was industrious in coining as in all other depart- 
 ments of art. The number and variety of Connecticut cents or 
 coppers, from 1785 to 1788, is absolutely beyond computation. 
 Every day a new one is discovered. The variation is not always 
 important, but quite sufficient to indicate the use of a separate 
 and distinct die for each coin. Thus the dots, stars, or lines of 
 the legends are different, the head faces to the right or to the left, 
 or some equally distinct mark is found. 
 
 The uniform legend is like that of the Vermont coppers, Auc- 
 
 78 

 
 PLATE XXXV.
 
 STATE COINAGE. 
 
 TORI. CONNEC., with the reverse, INDE. ET LIB. (Plate CIIL, 
 Figure 3). Occasionally an error was made in the lettering. 
 Thus we find an AUCTOBI, or an AUCTOPI, or an AUCIORI, or a 
 CONNFC. ; and these errors make coins of special rarity for those 
 collectors who prize coins for their oddity rather than their his- 
 toric value. It is probable that vast numbers of counterfeits were 
 issued by private parties, and to these many of the varieties are 
 to be attributed. 
 
 New York did not coin so largely as the other States. In fact 
 the State never authorized a coinage, and most, if not all of 
 those commonly called New York coins, because bearing the 
 name or arms of the State, were struck in England. All the 
 coins of New York are of a higher degree of rarity than those of 
 the other States. The most common at present found, and that 
 one of which it is probable the largest number was issued, was of 
 English origin. It is that bearing the legend NOVA EBORAC 
 around a head on the obverse, and VIRT. ET LIB. around a seated 
 figure on the reverse ; the date being 1787 (Plate CY., Figure 4). 
 Of this there are two. varieties, the seated figure in one facing to 
 the right, and in the other to the left. There is also a difference 
 in the head-dress of this figure. 
 
 The arms of the State form the reverse of several New 
 York coins. The original type was probably the Eagle cop- 
 per: obverse, an eagle, E PLURIBUS UNUM, 1787; reverse, the 
 State arms, EXCELSIOR. Very few specimens of this coin are 
 known. 
 
 The rarest of the New York coins, and one of the rarest coins 
 of the American copper series, is the George Clinton piece of 
 1787, which we illustrate (Plate CV., Figure 1). This is the first 
 time, we believe, that this coin has been illustrated (except in Har- 
 per } s Magazine for March, 1860, where the same illustration was 
 used). The coin in our own collection, and one owned in Boston, 
 were, until quite recently, the only specimens known; but a third 
 
 80
 
 PLATE XXXVI.
 
 STATE COINAGE. 
 
 specimen has come into our possession within a short time. We 
 have heard of no others. It is an interesting numismatic memorial 
 of the first governor of the State, as well as of the early coinage 
 of the country. It is remarkable that each of our specimens is 
 struck, as the engraving indicates, over an IMMUNIS COLUMBIA. 
 The remains of portions of the former coin are visible on each. 
 There is another New York coin, sometimes called the New York 
 "Washington piece, from the supposed resemblance of the head on 
 the obverse to that of the great patriot. This head is surrounded 
 by the legend NON vi VIRTUTE Vici (Not by force, by bravery 
 I have conquered). The reverse of this coin has a seated figure 
 of Liberty, and the legend " NEO EBORACENSIS, 1786" (Plate 
 CV., Figure 5). 
 
 A gold coin is known as the New York doubloon, having the 
 legend NOVA EBORACA, COLUMBIA, EXCELSIOR around a land- 
 scape, the sun rising over the hills ; on thercverse an eagle, and 
 the legend "UNUM E PLURIBUS, 1787." This coin was never 
 circulated, and we have heard of but two specimens in existence. 
 
 The IMMUNIS COLUMBIA token is ranked as a New York coin. 
 On the obverse is a seated figure holding a flag and the scales of 
 Justice, surrounded by the legend IMMUNIS COLUMBIA, and the 
 date 1787. The reverse is an eagle, with the legend E PLURIBUS 
 UNUM (Plate CIIL, Figure 6). 
 
 Another New York coin had on the face an Indian chief, the 
 legend LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM DEFENDO; the reverse the 
 arms of the State, on one variety ; and on another the crest of 
 those arms only, an eagle, with the legend NEO EBORACUS EX- 
 CELSIOR, 1787. 
 
 A coin, known as the Confederatio copper, made its appearance 
 in 1785 and 1786. Its history is entirely lost. We illustrate a 
 unique specimen from the collection of Benjamin Haines, Esq., 
 of Elizabeth, New Jersey (Plate CV., Figure 2). Another speci- 
 men, differing from this in the reverse, is known, but this copy in 
 
 82
 
 PLATE XXXVII.
 
 STATE COINAGE. 
 
 the possession of Mr. Haines is the only one extant of its kind, 
 and is justly regarded as one of the rarest numismatic treasures 
 of America. The reverse, as will be noticed, is dated a year later 
 than the obverse. 
 
 New Jersey coined in great profusion. The coins of this State 
 bear the uniform appearance indicated in the illustration (Plate 
 GUI., Figure 4). The varieties differ only in the shape of the 
 shield, the punctuation, the occasional omission of a letter by 
 mistake, as in one die (which is E PLURIBS UNUM); and in one 
 instance the horse's head is turned to the left. The latter coin is 
 very rare. 
 
 Massachusetts struck two State coins in 1787, and reissued 
 them in 1788 a cent and a half 'cent of which large quantities 
 were sent out. The half cent is now rare, but the cents of both 
 dates are common, that of 1788 being a little more rare than 
 1787 (Plate CIIL, Figure 2). 
 
 There is a coin known as the Kentucky cent, or copper (but so 
 called without reason), which is a favorite with collectors, and 
 which we illustrate (Plate GUI., Figure 5). The ground for the 
 name appears to be that, in the pyramid of States on the obverse, 
 Kentucky happens to be uppermost. It was struck in England, 
 is a fine specimen of coinage, and may be prized by any one who 
 possesses it. There is extant a token of P. P. P. Myddelton, with 
 the legend BRITISH SETTLEMENT, KENTUCKY, 1776. But wheth- 
 er it was ever used in America, or is only an English token, is 
 very doubtful. A splendid specimen, in silver, is in the collec- 
 tion of John F. McCoy, Esq., of New York. 
 
 In 1794 a French company proposed a settlement, and did at- 
 tempt it, in the northern part of New York, which they named 
 Castorville. It was located where Carthage, in Jefferson County, 
 now stands, and is said to have contained families of rank and re- 
 spectability. A coin or medal is extant known as the Castor-land 
 piece. This was probably struck in France for the use of this 
 
 64
 
 PLATE XXXVIII.
 
 WASHINGTON COINS. 
 
 colony, and though it never passed into circulation, it is interest- 
 ing as the only permanent memorial of an attempted colonization 
 of this State which failed and has been forgotten. The dies of 
 this coin are still extant in France, and fine specimens are easily 
 procured. It may never have been intended as a coin, but only 
 as a monument of the colony, and as such it remains, a very 
 beautiful specimen of art. 
 
 WASHINGTON COINS AND TOKENS. 
 
 The head of the great patriot had, of course, formed the sub- 
 ject of more or less numismatic art in England and America ; 
 for it must be borne in mind that the American market was the 
 constant spur to English labor, and that the necessities of this 
 country, in the matter of coin, were thoroughly appreciated by 
 ingenious artists on the other side. 
 
 In 1783 the Washington and Independence tokens made their 
 appearance. These must not be confounded with the Washington 
 cents of later issue (1791 and 1792), of which we shall presently 
 speak. It does not appear that any of these tokens obtained ex- 
 tensive circulation, nor that they were used at all as money. 
 They are interesting, however, as relics of the times in which 
 they appeared, and as indicating the respect and veneration paid 
 to the illustrious Washington by his contemporaries. 
 
 Of the tokens of 1783 there are four varieties, of which we 
 illustrate the obverses of two (Plate CVIL, Figures 8, 9). The 
 four may be distinguished easily thus : the first is the Washington 
 and Independence token, with a large head laureated, and the re- 
 verse a seated figure, the legend being the words UNITED STATES. 
 The second has a similar obverse, but the reverse resembles the 
 cent of later years, the legend being ONE CENT in a wreath, and 
 around the wreath UNITY STATES OF AMERICA. The third has 
 a small head on the obverse, and in other respects resembles the 
 first The fourth has the small head on both sides, the legend on 
 
 86
 
 PLATE XXXIX.
 
 WASHINGTON COINS. 
 
 one side WASHINGTON, on the other side ONE CENT. The cuts 
 show the two heads. 
 
 A very beautiful little token in brass also appeared at or near 
 this period, of which we give an illustration (Plate CVIL, Fig- 
 ure 3). There are two other sizes of this token extant, one 
 smaller than the other, and both smaller than this. The legends 
 and devices are the same on all. 
 
 When a national coinage was devised, the European custom of 
 placing the head of a king on the coin of the realm of course 
 suggested the idea of placing the bust of Washington on the 
 American coins. This idea led to the production of the Washing- 
 Ion cents of 1791, which are now so highly prized as numismatic 
 treasures. These (and not the tokens of 1783) are the Washing- 
 ton cents which command such high prices, and which are the 
 ornaments of collections of American coins (Plate CVIL, Figures 
 4, 5, 6). Young collectors will do well to bear in mind that the 
 tokens of 1783 are not to be confounded with these. It is not 
 uncommon for an inexperienced collector to be induced to pay a 
 large price for one of the tokens under the impression that he is 
 purchasing a Washington cent. The most common error is made 
 with the double-head token, which has the legend ONE CENT 
 over the head, or with the UNITY STATES token, which also has 
 the legend ONE CENT within the wreath on the reverse. 
 
 The cent of 1791 was made in England. This is evident from 
 the character of the dies and the specimens of the coins extant. 
 We have four in our own possession. The first is that common- 
 ly known as the large eagle. The second is closely like it on the 
 obverse, though the head is not precisely the same, and the date 
 is under a smaller and different eagle on the reverse. These are 
 the large and small eagle cents of 1791. There are other varieties 
 of the small eagle. 
 
 On one specimen of the large eagle cent in our cabinet the fol- 
 lowing legend appears around the edge of the coin: "BRADLEY, 
 
 88
 
 PLATE XL. 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 6 
 
 Si
 
 WASHINGTON COINS. 
 
 WILLEY, SNEDSHILL, BERSHAM" (the last letter is doubtful). The 
 other specimens have on the edge " United States of America." 
 We have heard of another specimen of the coin with this same 
 legend. 
 
 A copper piece, bearing the date 1792, and commonly known 
 as a Washington cent, is found in some collections and highly 
 prized. It differs materially from the cent of 1791, bears another 
 legend and a different head, and has no mark indicating that it 
 was intended for a cent. This coin of 1792 has been claimed for 
 Philadelphia as the work of Peter Getz ; the evidence which we 
 have received from his descendants, although purely traditional, 
 seems to justify the claim. 
 
 This coin of 1792 was originally designed as a pattern for 
 silver money, and the copies existing in copper are to be regard- 
 ed only as medals. This is evident from various considerations. 
 The coin is much too large for a cent. The word cent is nowhere 
 visible on it, as it is on the true Washington cents. The work is 
 more carefully done, and a copper coin of this size could not have 
 taken a position in circulation in America or Europe in the year 
 1792. It was struck in silver, and the few specimens in that 
 metal now existing are the highly -prized Washington half dollars, 
 which are so rare (Plate CVIL, Figures 1, 2). The specimen of 
 this splendid coin which we illustrate was struck over an En- 
 glish piece of silver : the engraving shows the remains of some 
 letters of the old coin. This was a common course pursued 
 with new dies for coins, especially in new countries, where the 
 machinery for rolling silver and cutting the planchets was imper- 
 fect, or perhaps as yet unknown. This coin brought a handsome 
 price in 1859, no less than $57, and is well worth a much larger 
 sum of money. Indeed the collector, once possessed of it, will 
 hardly be induced by money offers to separate it from his collec 
 tion. There is another coin claiming the name of Washington half 
 dollar. We have not seen a specimen ; but from an engraving 
 
 90
 
 PLATE XL!
 
 WASHINGTON COINS. 
 
 we find that it resembles the genuine half dollar on the obverse, 
 while the reverse bears the mark of the engraver's chisel struck 
 across the eagle. This would indicate that the die was disap- 
 proved and destroyed by the engraver himself, and that the coins 
 struck with it must have been produced for the amusement of 
 some person in his work-shop, who tried his hand with a rejected 
 die. The only copper coin of 1792 which can with propriety be 
 called a Washington cent is a rare coin, of which we give the ob- 
 verse (Plate CVIL, Figure 7). The reverse is not very unlike 
 the small eagle cent reverse of 1791, with the word CENT over 
 the eagle. 
 
 Altogether there are some eight or ten distinct varieties of 
 what are commonly called Washington cents of 1791 and 1792. 
 In neither 1791 nor 1792 did these coins go into circulation. 
 They were offered as patterns for the national coinage, then under 
 discussion, and met the decided disapprobation of Washington. 
 They were of course prized as specimens, and their value has 
 since become very great. 
 
 Other coins appeared at about this time, or a few years later, 
 bearing the name of Washington ; and although in order of date 
 they were mostly preceded by the regular American copper coin- 
 age, it is as well that we mention them in this connection. They 
 were of English origin, and struck, apparently, for circulation 
 there. One resembled closely the Washington cent of 1791, on 
 the obverse, so closely that we have no doubt the same artist pro- 
 duced it. The legend around the bust is the same ; and on the 
 reverse is a ship, with the legend " Half-penny," and the date 
 1793. The edge has the words, "Payable in Anglesey, London, 
 or Liverpool." This coin would seem to be conclusive in estab- 
 lishing the foreign origin of the Washington cent of 1791. The 
 obverse of the specimen in our cabinet is identical with the ob- 
 verse of the small eagle cent of 1791, and is without doubt the 
 same die. 
 
 92
 
 PLATE XL1I.
 
 NATIONAL COINAGE. 
 
 Another variety of the same coin has no date on the reverse, 
 but two branches of leaves under the ship. 
 
 Another English token was issued with a head of Washington, 
 and on the reverse a grate. This is called the Washington Grate 
 cent or token, and was issued by Clark and Harris, a firm whose 
 name it bears. The die is doubtless still preserved in England, 
 as fine proof specimens are furnished to order in any quantity. 
 It is a coin of little interest or value, and only to be noted as a 
 compliment paid to the American patriot by an English house of 
 tradesmen. The legend around the bust is " 0. Washington, the 
 firm friend to peace and humanity" 
 
 In later years the head of Washington has formed a favorite 
 subject with engravers and medalists, and the number of coins, 
 tokens, tradesmen's cards, etc., which bear the head of the patriot 
 on them is, probably, over two hundred and fifty. For a fuller 
 description of them we must refer the reader to works which are 
 devoted to details. 
 
 NATIONAL COINAGE. 
 
 In 1786 the Congress of the United States established a Mint. 
 Its first and only issue for many years was the Fugio or Franklin 
 cent (Plate CIX., Figure 2), so called, which was extensively cir- 
 culated. The pewter or lead coin which had made its appearance 
 in 1776, of which we have spoken (see Plate CIX., Figure 3), 
 seems to have been the model of the Fugio copper. This coin 
 was specially ordered by resolution of Congress, July 6, 1787. 
 The name "Franklin copper" is derived from the pithy sentence 
 on it, which sounds very much like the philosopher. He did 
 recommend the adoption of such sentences on our coinage, but 
 there is no evidence that he had any thing to do with the Fugio 
 coin. Although a United States coin, this was struck by private 
 contract, and a large portion of the issue was minted in Connecti- 
 cut. It formed the chief article of copper currency down to the 
 
 94
 
 PLATE XLIII.
 
 ORIGIN OF THE MINT. 
 
 issue of the cent of 1793, and even later. Within the past year a 
 keg of these coppers was found in the vault of a New York city 
 bank, in fresh proof condition. This statement has been doubted ; 
 but we are indebted to the cashier for fine specimens of the con- 
 tents of the keg, which abundantly prove the truth of the story. 
 A recent discovery of the old dies, and possibly a manufacture 
 of new dies, or repairing and retouching the old, has made these 
 coins very common in various metals. 
 
 In 1791 Congress again resolved that a Mint be established, 
 and authorized the President (then George "Washington) to carry 
 out the design of the resolution. It is supposed that the Wash- 
 ington cents of 1791 and 1792 were patterns issued to meet the 
 plans of the President under this resolution. He rejected them. 
 In 1792 a small quantity of silver was struck in dismes and half 
 dismesj as they were called. These coins had on one side a head, 
 and the legend LIBERTY PARENT OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, 
 1792 ; the reverse, a flying eagle, and the legend UNITED STATES 
 OF AMERICA ; on one the word DISME, on the other HALF DISME. 
 Tradition says none were coined but a few for Washington himself, 
 out of silver sent by him to the Mint. They are now very rare. A 
 few copper patterns for a cent, with a similar legend, were issued 
 the same year. One of these was sold, in January, 1860, at a Phil- 
 adelphia auction, for $66 50, and another for $50. These prices 
 will give an idea of the present rarity of the coins. Some other 
 patterns were struck about this time ; but the Mint did not get 
 fairly into operation until 1793, when the first United States cop- 
 per cent appeared. This first cent was of the pattern shown in 
 Plate CIX., Figures 5 and 7. It did not give universal satis- 
 faction. Alexander Hamilton was at this time Secretary of the 
 Treasury, and the new coin met with such criticisms as this from 
 the Argiis, a Boston paper, of March 26, 1793 : " The chain on 
 the reverse is but a bad omen for liberty, and Liberty herself ap- 
 pears to be in a fright. May she not justly cry out, in the words 
 
 96
 
 PLATE XLIV. 
 
 G
 
 FIRST AMERICAN SILVER. 
 
 of the Apostle, ' Alexander the coppersmith has done me much 
 harm ; the Lord reward him according to his works ?' " 
 
 No other coin was issued by the Mint this year. In 1794 a 
 dollar, a half dollar, and a half dime were struck (Plate CIX., Fig- 
 ure 4). These were the first silver coins of the American series. 
 The first quarter dollar and the first dime were issued in 1796. 
 The devices on these coins were original, and certainly more beau- 
 tiful than have since been adopted. 
 
 The form of the coins, or, rather, their devices, changed from 
 time to time. The dollar reappeared in 1795 in similar style with 
 that of 1794; but before the close of the year a new head was 
 adopted, which continued in use until 1804. The reverse was 
 changed, and a different eagle adopted, in 1798. From 1804 to 
 1839 no dollars 'were coined except the flying-eagle patterns of 
 1836, 1838, and 1839. In 1839 the obverse pattern of the dollar 
 was struck. In 1840 it appeared with new devices, which have re- 
 mained in use, with little variation, until the present time. The 
 half dollar underwent several changes at different periods. In 1796 
 the fillet head was adopted. In 1801 the eagle wore a shield. In 
 1807 the bust, with a turbaned head facing to the left, appeared on 
 the half dollar, and the eagle was again without the shield. The 
 coin then continued with little change until ] 836, when a smaller 
 planchet, with a milled edge, was introduced. In 1839 the old 
 bust of Liberty disappeared forever, and in its place came the 
 nondescript design commonly called a seated figure of Liberty, 
 which has since been the unvarying obverse, with the slight ex- 
 ception of mint marks, such as the arrow-heads of 1853. 
 
 The first quarter dollar was struck in 1796. The changes in 
 the quarter occurred in 1815, 1831, 1838, and 1853. 
 
 The first dime was struck in 1796, and the changes occurred 
 in 1798, 1809, 1837, 1838, and 1853. Two varieties appeared in 
 1837 and 1838. One of the varieties of 1838 came only from the 
 New Orleans Mint namely, the die without stars. 
 
 98
 
 PLATE XLV.
 
 FIRST AMERICAN CENTS. 
 
 The half dimes were first struck in 1794, changed in 1796, 1797, 
 1829, 1837, 1838 (in these last two years resembling the dime), 
 and 1853. 
 
 The three-cent pieces were first coined in 1851, and changed in 
 1853. 
 
 "We are alluding now only to marked and important changes 
 in the devices on the coins. Slight variations occurred in other 
 years, and there are many slightly different dies of the same years ; 
 so that a complete collection of all the varieties of the different 
 years will require at least ten or fifteen specimens of each coin of 
 each year. The illustrations on Plates CIX., CX., CXI., CXIL, 
 and CXHI. show the variations in the gold and silver coins. 
 
 The attention of collectors has been more devoted to the cents 
 and half cents than to any other coins. 
 
 The cent of 1793 appeared in many varieties. 
 
 1. The link cent (Plate CIX., Figures 5 and 7) before mentioned. 
 On one variety of this link cent the legend is UNITED STATES OF 
 AMERI. Some have plain edges, others have stars and stripes on 
 the edge. 
 
 2. The wreath cent. The obverse of this cent is shown in Plate 
 CIX., Figure 8. The reverse has a wreath instead of the links 
 around the words ONE CENT. There are nearly or quite twenty 
 varieties of this die, the chief marks of difference being in the 
 shape and arrangement of the leaves under the head. 
 
 3. The Liberty-cap cent. This variety has a head of Liberty 
 with a pole across the shoulder bearing a Liberty -cap, which 
 hangs back of the head. The reverse is like the wreath cent, and 
 on the edge ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR. 
 
 In 1794 the cent was issued with the Liberty -cap head. 
 
 In 1795 there was a thick die, with the words ONE HUNDRED 
 FOR A DOLLAR around the edge, and a thin die without them. 
 There was a reduction in the weight of the coin, which originated 
 the latter variety. 
 
 100
 
 PLATE XLVI.
 
 AMERICAN COPPER. 
 
 In 1796 the Liberty-cap head was used during the early part 
 of the year, and changed for the fillet head (so called) in the lat- 
 ter part of the year. This fillet head is illustrated on the silver 
 coins. 
 
 In 1 808 the fillet head was used on a few coins, and then the 
 turbaned head, facing to the left, was introduced (as on the silver 
 coins of that and later times). 
 
 In 1815 no cent was struck, but in 1816 the coin appeared with 
 the head facing to the right, which has been the familiar die on 
 the copper cent ever since. 
 
 The nickel cent was introduced in 1856. The varieties of this 
 nickel cent during the few years of its issue we pass over. 
 
 Many inexperienced collectors waste a vast amount of time 
 in examining smooth and worn coppers. The rule in regard to 
 American cents should be to throw away a specimen of which the 
 date is not perfect. Indeed a collector should never value worn 
 coins, and a good collection should contain only good specimens. 
 Of some coins poor specimens alone can 'be had. Of others, poor 
 specimens may be kept until better can be substituted. 
 
 In examining worn specimens to find rare dates, the collector 
 will save himself much trouble by remembering the general di- 
 visions. All Liberty-cap cents are prior to 1797. All Fillet-head 
 cents are from 1796 to 1808. All cents with heads facing the left 
 are from 1808 to 1814. All copper cents from 1814 to 1857 have 
 the large head facing the right. 
 
 102
 
 PLATE XL VII.
 
 VII. 
 
 4ile&alet0 anfc 
 
 BESIDES the regular series of coins which have formed the sub- 
 ject of the preceding pages, there is a large class of pieces, be- 
 longing strictly to a numismatic collection, which are not ranked 
 as either medals or coins, but which might be correctly gathered 
 under the general name of medalets. These are political cards or 
 tokens, tradesmen's cards, and innumerable small pieces of metal 
 bearing impressions received from dies, all which are more or less 
 prized by collectors. All countries have them. The English 
 tokens of the latter part of the last century are very numerous. 
 It need hardly be remarked that the collection of tradesmen's 
 cards is the lowest department of numismatics, and although it 
 becomes an interesting, and is in many respects a worthy part of 
 the collector's employment, yet the extent to which it has been 
 carried on in America of late is at once absurd and ridiculous. 
 Prices have been paid for the cards of tradesmen equaling the 
 prices of rare colonial coins ; and bits of brass, copper, and white 
 metal, possessing no interest or value whatever, historical or oth- 
 erwise (unless as recording that some individual kept a billiard 
 saloon or a bath-house at a particular place), have been the sub- 
 jects of rival bidding at auctions to a fabulous rate of prices. 
 
 While copper coin was very scarce in this country, in 1787, 
 Mott & Co., jewelers in the city of New York, imported a lot of 
 copper tokens, having their names and place of business with a 
 clock on the opposite faces. This, as being the first American 
 tradesman's card, has a certain historical value. In 1794, Talbot 
 
 104
 
 PLATE XL VIII.
 
 MEDALETS AND TOKENS. 
 
 Allum & Lea issued their token, which is illustrated in Plate 
 CV., Figure 7, and in 1795 they issued another variety. The 
 latter is now very rare, while the 1794 is comparatively common. 
 Our venerable friend, Dr. John W. Francis, one of the historians 
 of New York in person and in his published works, has told us 
 that he well remembers going to the store of Talbot Allum & 
 Lea with silver to buy these coppers, for convenience in making 
 change. The United States cent of 1793 and 1794 had not yet 
 supplied the wants of the country. 
 
 After this time no tokens appear to have been issued by trades- 
 men until nearly or quite the time of the opening of the Erie 
 Canal, when two or three New York houses had them struck, 
 with reverses alluding to the completion of that great work. 
 From this period the issue of such cards became more frequent, 
 until now the catalogues show more than five hundred extant, 
 and large numbers have appeared which are not catalogued and 
 are unknown to collectors. The die-cutters of New York and 
 Waterbury, in Connecticut, are now constantly occupied in cutting 
 these cards for tradesmen in all parts of the country. Hundreds 
 of thousands of specimens are struck in every successive year by 
 the Scovill Manufacturing Company and the Waterbury Button 
 Company. They appear in copper, brass, and white metal, and 
 are largely circulated by their respective proprietors. But they 
 disappear almost as rapidly as they appear, especially since the 
 issue of the nickel cent, which keeps them out of general cir- 
 culation. 
 
 But there are other tokens which possess a historical value, and 
 form, therefore, an interesting part of a cabinet. We allude to 
 political cards and medalets. In the various National and State 
 elections it has been customary to issue such medalets, bearing 
 either the head of a candidate with appropriate legends, or some 
 device indicating the party who issue it. These issues belong 
 strictly to the class of medals. They are metallic and lasting 
 
 106
 
 PLATE XLIX.
 
 COUNTERFEIT COIN& 
 
 records of national events. The number of these is much greater 
 than even the ordinary collector imagines, nor has there appeared 
 as yet any catalogue of them which can be considered as approxi- 
 mating toward completeness. They were not common until in 
 the days of Jackson, when many appeared. Still larger numbers 
 are extant of Van Buren, and every President and candidate for 
 the Presidency since that time has secured a fame that is at least 
 "as lasting as brass" in these medalets. In New York Gulian C. 
 Verplanck and William H. Seward, when candidates for the office 
 of Governor, were thus immortalized. 
 
 In 1837 and about that time a large number of copper coins 
 were issued from private sources, some praising and others abus- 
 ing and satirizing the administration. The most of these are 
 familiar to all persons. Some of them are, however, of great 
 rarity. Thus the common die, " Millions for Defence, not one 
 Cent for Tribute," of which there are numerous varieties, is, in 
 three or four kinds, of great rarity, while all the other varieties 
 are very common. 
 
 As the nickel coinage is rapidly displacing the old copper cent, 
 these tokens are fast disappearing, and they will in time be among 
 the rare specimens of coins. They are now known in New En- 
 gland as " Bungtown Coppers ;" in New York generally as " Shin- 
 plasters ;" in New Jersey as " Horse-heads." The New Jersey 
 name is probably derived from the colonial coin of that State. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 (Counterfeit oin0. 
 
 THE history of coinage involves some history of counterfeits as 
 well. From the earliest dates of coins men have been found to 
 imitate them in inferior metals for purposes of gain. Nor is it at 
 
 108
 
 PLATE L.
 
 ANCIENT COUNTERFEITS. 
 
 all uncommon now to find ancient coins which were manifestly 
 the work of forgers. Even the earliest coins, those of ^Egina in 
 particular, are found of this description. Herodotus states in the 
 Tlialia LVL, that he considers the report a very absurd one, but 
 he nevertheless gives it, that Polycrates purchased the departure 
 of the Lacedemonians from Samos by striking off " a large num- 
 ber of pieces of lead cased with gold like the coin of the country," 
 and paying these to the unwary soldiers. The reader of Herodo- 
 tus will couple this remark with the amusing and characteristic 
 statement of the preceding section, that he (Herodotus) had talked 
 in person with a son of Samius, who was the son of Archias, who 
 was present at the siege of Samos. It is very manifest that in the 
 day of the old historian bogus coin was a matter of common talk, 
 and that it was well understood that it could be made so as to de- 
 ceive even an army of hungry Lacedemonians. There are extant 
 specimens of forged gold coins of Lydia, which Humphrey sug- 
 gests may be specimens of the very coins made by Polycrates, 
 Herodotus to the contrary notwithstanding. "We have certainly 
 no occasion to doubt the perfect readiness of Polycrates to adopt 
 such a course. His general style of life and conduct, and his as- 
 sociates in Greece, were of a similar class to those we now expect 
 from counterfeiters and forgers. From that day to this the manu- 
 facture of bogus coins has been the employment of the dishonest 
 in all ages. 
 
 It may seem incredible that a bogus coin should be manu- 
 factured which is of higher intrinsic value than the genuine, and 
 yet this singular instance did occur in Hayti within the last half 
 century. The Government coined base money; and while it 
 regulated the importation of silver, so that the value of the coin 
 should not be affected, it gave by decree a high value to the base 
 issue. The result was that purer silver coin of the same weight 
 or size with the genuine, and, of course, of greater value, were 
 made in New York, smuggled into Hayti, and there passed at 
 
 no
 
 PLATE LI.
 
 AMEEICAN COUNTERFEITS. 
 
 the rate of the genuine coin. Of course the bogus coin was worth 
 more than the genuine coin of the realm. 
 
 A species of forgery which more concerns the coin collect- 
 or is the manufacture of ancient or rare coins in modern times. 
 Many collectors, and even writers on numismatics, have been mis- 
 led by forged coins, which were not even imitations of genuine. 
 In Padua, about 1540, two engravers, Jean Cavino and Alexander 
 Bassiano, were manufacturers of copies of coins and medals. They 
 pursued this honest line of business until they became so skillful 
 that their copies could not be detected from originals, and then 
 they began to sell them as genuine coins and medals. Hence 
 came the name Paduan, applied by collectors to any ancient coin 
 of modern make. Dervien, a Frenchman at Florence, Carteron 
 in Holland, and Congornier in France, were afterward celebrated 
 in the same line. The latter is stated to have confined his work 
 exclusively to coins of the Thirty Tyrants. The list of coiners 
 might be largely multiplied. Sestini published, in 1826, a cata- 
 logue of the forged coins of Becker, who died at Hamburg so late 
 as 1830. The number was immense of coins which he made from 
 imagination purely, without any historical authority. The result 
 of this is that there are now thousands of these coins in collections, 
 and offered for sale by collectors throughout the world. The 
 cheat has been carried so far that, in some of the cities of the 
 East, it is not uncommon for men to have supplies of these manu- 
 factured coins buried, and " excavate" them before the eyes of 
 travelers, to whom they at once sell them at enormous prices. 
 
 It is impossible to give any directions by which forgeries of 
 ancient coins can be detected. Experience is the only guide. 
 
 But a much more dangerous system of forgery is practiced in 
 America. This consists in the manufacture of rare American 
 pieces, for which very high prices are obtained. The art of 
 electrotyping has done much to aid counterfeiters, but in general 
 electrotypes can be detected by the ring, or the absence of a clear 
 
 112
 
 PLATE LII. 
 
 II
 
 NEW YORK COUNTERFEITS. 
 
 ring, in the coin. A manufactory exists now, however, in which 
 exact copies of rare coins are produced, with quite a clear ring. 
 Nevertheless, if the purchaser will examine the edges of the coin 
 carefully, he will be apt to detect a line or mark extending around 
 it. If he balances one of the coins on the end of his finger, and 
 a good copper on the next finger, he will find that the ring of the 
 coins is very different. These coins are filled with silver solder, 
 or with silver. The Elephant pieces, the Granby, the rarer New 
 York pieces (except the Clinton), the U. S. A. Bar cent, and in- 
 deed nearly all the rarer American copper pieces, are thus repro- 
 duced, and the specimens are for sale freely in the market. We 
 speak with confidence on this subject, as we are not only familiar 
 with these coins from examination, but could without great diffi- 
 culty point out the manufactory in the city of New York. 
 
 All the specimens that we have seen present a slightly rough 
 appearance on the surface, as if they had been dipped in acid, or 
 as if they were castings. Many collectors have, on examining 
 their coins, found these counterfeits among them, and all should 
 be on their guard against them. 
 
 Ill
 
 PLATE LIII.
 
 IX. 
 
 (Homage of Continental <tirope. 
 
 AMERICA^ collectors have very little opportunity of making 
 large additions to their cabinets from the coins of continental 
 Europe. But it is not uncommon to find a stray coin, of great 
 interest and value, brought to this country by an immigrant or 
 in some other way thrown into the market of old silver. No col- 
 lections on this side of the Atlantic offer any opportunity for the 
 study of these coins, and we have preferred, for the purposes of 
 this volume, to condense a sketch of some of them from the ex- 
 cellent manual of Mr. H. Noel Humphreys, published by Bohn. 
 We do this without hesitation, for the reason that the present 
 volume can not be regarded by any one as a substitute for Mr. 
 Humphreys's admirable works, to which we shall elsewhere refer 
 the reader. The following remarks on the coins of European 
 states are abbreviated from the Coin Collector's Manual. 
 
 COINS OF MODERN ITALY. 
 
 After the Roman Empire had fallen the art of coinage seems 
 lost in Italy. After the extinction of the race of Gothic kings, 
 the coins of the exarchs of Ravenna appear as viceroys of the 
 emperors of the East. These coins are only small copper, and 
 generally bear the inscription FELIX RAVENNA. 
 
 The gold and silver of the Eastern Empire were found to form 
 a sufficient circulation in those metals for Italy. 
 
 The Lombards, who subdued the north of Italy A.D. 572, and 
 occupied it for two centuries, have left no coinage to record their 
 
 116
 
 PLATE LIV. 
 
 GO 
 
 2 
 
 rg 
 
 HH 
 HI 
 
 I 
 1
 
 COINS OF MODERN ITALY. 
 
 rule ; and we find no Italian coin belonging properly to the mod- 
 ern series till the issues of Charlemagne, at Milan, about 780. 
 He also struck coins at Rome. His Milanese coins have a cross, 
 and on the reverse the monogram of Carolus, with MEDIOL. 
 These types of Milanese coins are found of successive German 
 emperors till the thirteenth century. 
 
 About the period of Charlemagne the modern Italian coinage 
 of silver pennies commences, founded, like that of France, Spain, 
 and England, on the old Roman denarius. 
 
 Soon after the time of Charlemagne, the counts or local gov- 
 ernors of towns and provinces became more or less independent, 
 and their offices very generally hereditary. These petty govern- 
 ors all issued coin, and a detailed account, therefore, or even an 
 outline of the progress of all the various coinages of modern 
 Europe, would occupy many ponderous volumes ; a few examples 
 only can, therefore, be glanced at. 
 
 The modern independent coinage of the city of Rome, under 
 the Popes, began, like most others, with a series of silver pennies, 
 the first being those of Pope Hadrian, from A.D. 771 to 795, who 
 received the privilege from Charlemagne. This modern Roman 
 series has generally the name of the Pope on one side, and 
 scvs PETRVS on the other. Some few have rude portraits, 
 such as those of Benedict II., Sergius HI., John X., Agapetus 
 H., etc. 
 
 For above a century, from 975 to 1099, there are no coins ex- 
 cept those of Leo IX. From Paschal II. to Benedict XI., 1303, 
 the Popes having no power in Rome, the pennies are of the Ro- 
 man people, bearing on one side a rude figure of St. Peter, with 
 ROMAN PRINCIPE, and on the other SEN AT POPVL Q R , accompa- 
 nied by the name in succession of the chief senator, who was then 
 governor of the city of Rome (Plate XIX., Figure 6). Some have 
 also the arms of this personage, as on the coins of Brancaleo, 
 1253, which have a lion on one side, with BRACALEO s p Q R ; 
 
 118
 
 PLATE LV.
 
 COINS OF MODERN ITALY. 
 
 and on the other side a female figure, with a crown, a globe, and 
 a palm-branch, and the legend KOMA CAPVT MVNDI , etc. (Plate 
 XIX., Figure 8). Charles of Anjou, when elected senator of 
 Rome, issued coins with the inscription CAROLVS REX . SENATOR 
 VRBIS. 
 
 A few of the Popes issued patrimonial coins, with PATRIMO- 
 NIVM ; but in general the coinage of the Popes, up to a very re- 
 cent period, may be considered as that of a series of bishops, like 
 that of the Bishops of Metz, Lie'ge, etc. ; or even those of the 
 Archbishops of York and Canterbury, in Saxon times. 
 
 Of Clement V. there are groats, with his portrait, three quar- 
 ters length, as of nearly all his successors, till Sextus IY., in 1470 
 with whose coinage the profile portraits begin, as they do in En- 
 gland with his contemporary, Henry VII. The first gold coinage 
 of modern Eome is of the reign of John XXII., 1316. After this 
 period the coinage of the Eternal City begins to improve rapidly 
 in excellence of execution, the money of the infamous Alexander 
 VI., the luxurious Julius II., and the politic Leo X., being as re- 
 markable for fine execution as any of the period. The larger 
 silver, the scudi, etc. equivalent to our crowns and the German 
 thalers, first appear in those reigns. 
 
 In Milan, the first remarkable coins, after the series of the Ger- 
 man emperors, are those of the Visconti, the independent dukes 
 of Milan. The first are those of Azo, 1330. Ludovico il Mauro 
 has on his coinage the legend LVDOVICVS M SF ANGLVS DVX 
 MLI ; the meaning of ANGLVS has not as yet been satisfactorily 
 explained. 
 
 The coinage of Florence is celebrated as being the first to in- 
 troduce the general use of gold, which commenced as early as 
 1252, a century earlier than the famous issue of gold nobles in 
 England. These gold pieces, which bore on one side the Floren- 
 tine lily for principal type, and on the other a figure of St .John 
 the Baptist, the patron saint of the city, were imitated first by 
 
 120
 
 PLATE
 
 COINS OF VENICE. 
 
 the French and the Popes, then by the Germans and English, 
 and were the first gold coins issued in Europe after the eighth 
 century. 
 
 The first copies of the Florentine gold not only bore the name 
 of Florins, from that of the city where they were first issued, but 
 also their types; nothing but the legend or inscription being 
 changed. At a later period, however, though the name florin 
 was still preserved, the national types of the countries in which 
 they were issued gradually superseded those of Florence. These 
 Florentine gold coins bore around the standing figure of St. John 
 the legend s IOHANNES B , and round the large and elegantly 
 designed fleur-de-lis the legend FLORENTIA. 
 
 It is thought the national arms of France originated in the 
 copying of these Italian coins, as those flowers do not appear as 
 a national badge till the reign of Philip le Hardi, about 1270. 
 These celebrated coins weigh one drachm, and are no less than 
 twenty-four carats fine, being intrinsically worth about twelve 
 shillings English. 
 
 The modern coinage of Venice begins with silver of the tenth 
 century, marked Yenici ; and one of the earliest with a name is 
 that of Enrico Dandolo, doge in 1280. Silver groats of Venice 
 appear as early as 1192, and copper about 1471 ; while the gold 
 followed close upon that of Florence, and appeared in 1280. 
 Humphreys, in speaking of the ancient coinage of Cyzicus, men- 
 tions that the gold of that ancient Greek state was the forerunner 
 of that of Venice, from which the modern name Zecchino, Anglic^ 
 Sequin, was derived ; and it is probable that the coined gold of 
 Cyzicus was in circulation till late in the Eastern Empire ; and 
 especially at Venice, at the time of the issue by Florence of her 
 new gold coinage, upon which Venice, in emulation, also issued a 
 national gold coinage, but founded upon the value and preserving 
 the name of the ancient Cyzicenes. 
 
 Among the earliest modern coins of Genoa are those of the 
 
 122
 
 PLATE LVIL
 
 COINS OF SPAIN. 
 
 Emperor Conrad, 1129, DVX IANVAE. ; and those of the dukes of 
 Savoy begin in the same century. 
 
 The Patriarchs of Aquileia issued coins from 1204 to 1440, and 
 Ferrara has coins of its Marchesi from 1380; while several free 
 towns issued their own money with peculiar types, those of Man- 
 tua being honored by the effigy of Virgil, the modern Mantuans 
 not forgetting that their city was the birth-place of the great bard 
 of the Augustan Age. 
 
 The Neapolitan series begins as early as Duke Sergius, A.D. 
 880, with which are classed the coins of the powerful Dukes of 
 Benevento, forming a fine early series ; and those of Roger I., of 
 Sicily, Eoger II., William I. and II., and Tancred, belong to the 
 Neapolitan series in collections ; as also those of Sicily under the 
 Normans. In 1194, Naples and Sicily were subdued by the Ger- 
 man emperors, whose Neapolitan coins are extant. Those of 
 Manfred next appear, in 1225 ; and those of Charles of Provence, 
 in 1266 ; then those of the celebrated Queen Jeanne, followed by 
 those of the house of Aragon, and the later series, which begin 
 to improve like other modern series toward the close of the fif- 
 teenth century; and after that period assume a strong family 
 likeness to those of the rest of modern Europe. 
 
 COINS OF MODERN SPAIN. 
 
 Spain formed, till the irruption of the Moors, in 714, one com- 
 pact and powerful kingdom, to the princes of which the privilege 
 of coining gold had been very early conceded by the emperors of 
 the East. The consequence of this independence of Spain was 
 the issue of a gold coinage of great interest, consisting of trientes, 
 or thirds of the Byzantine solidus, which, under the name of Be- 
 zants, long circulated in the west and north of Europe. These 
 trientes of the Gotho-Iberian princes occur, of Leirva, 567 ; Liuvi- 
 gild, 573 ; Weteric, 603 ; Gundemar, 610 ; Seseburt, 612 ; Svin- 
 thila, 621 ; Sisemond, 631 ; Chintila, 636 ; Tulga, 640 ; Chindas- 
 
 124
 
 PLATE LVHI. 

 
 COINS OF SPAIN. 
 
 vint, 642 ; Eecesvint, 653 ; Womba, 672 ; Ervigo, 680 ; Egica or 
 Egiza, 687 ; Witiza, 700 ; and Rudric or Roderic, the last of the 
 Goths, the hero of Southey's celebrated poem, in 711. 
 
 After Amalric, who was the first acknowledged King of Spain 
 by the emperors of the East, the kingdom became elective ; the 
 power of election residing chiefly in the bishops. The coins 
 above alluded to, however, bear the portraits of the kings as of 
 hereditary sovereigns, accompanied by their names, the reverse 
 having a cross with the name of the place of mintage, generally 
 in the province of Baetica, where Roman colonies had been most 
 abundant. 
 
 On the subjection of the country by the Arabs, an Oriental 
 coinage was issued, which, as the Mohammedan creed forbade the 
 imitation of the human figure, present only Arabic inscriptions, 
 generally sentences from the Koran. 
 
 The generic term of the Arabs for a coin is markush, from which 
 the term marcus, common in monetary statements of the period, 
 is derived ; payment of so many gold marcuses being often stip- 
 ulated, which no doubt referred to these coins of the Spanish 
 Arabs, which not only circulated among, but were imitated in 
 foe-simile by, other nations who did not understand the Arabic 
 characters. One of these imitations of the Arabian markusk is 
 known, which is supposed to have been issued by the Saxon 
 Offa, King of Kent. (See page 54.) 
 
 The Gothic inhabitants of Spain, driven into the fastnesses of 
 the Asturian mountains, step by step recovered their territories 
 from their Oriental invaders ; and in the tenth century, when the 
 kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre were thus founded, coins were 
 issued by the sovereigns of those states, closely resembling the 
 silver pennies of the rest of Europe at that period. The kingdom 
 of Castille was next founded, and the Moors were finally expelled 
 from their last strong-hold, Granada, and the whole Iberian pen- 
 insula (1492) in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, who, as 
 
 126
 
 PLATE LIX.
 
 COINS OF GERMANY. 
 
 heirs of the kingdoms of Castille and Aragon, which had pre- 
 viously absorbed all the lesser states, became sovereigns of the 
 whole of Spain. 
 
 Since the re-establishment of the Christian states, the Spanish 
 coinage had taken the course of that of the rest of Europe, grad- 
 ually increasing in excellence from the middle to the end of the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
 After this period the discovery of America, and the vast influx 
 of gold and silver from the mines of Mexico and Peru, caused the 
 coinage of Spain to become, for a time, the most abundant of 
 Europe, dollars and half dollars of silver being coined in amazing 
 numbers, which were for a time the only European coin accepted 
 in India, China, and other Oriental nations where European com- 
 merce was now fast spreading. 
 
 The coinage of Portugal, founded as a separate kingdom in 
 1126, followed a very similar course to that of Spain. 
 
 COINAGES OF MODERN GERMANY. 
 
 Germany, after the time of Charlemagne, exhibits an immense 
 number of small independent states, each coining money on its 
 own account, a description of all of which would be an endless 
 task, even if the space for so doing was unlimited. About the 
 year 920 the Emperor, Henry the Falconer, conferred independ- 
 ent privileges on many German cities; and from about that period 
 the independent issues of coin commenced at Augsburg, Ham- 
 burg, Frankfort, Strasburg, etc., which may be regarded as true 
 republics in the heart of the empire. The coins of Nuremberg 
 generally surpass those of the emperors of corresponding dates in 
 both execution and purity, while they are equaled by many of 
 those of the bishops, the electoral princes, and many petty sover- 
 eigns. As examples of the coinage of the small states of Ger- 
 many, as well as those of France, those of the city of Metz, the 
 County of Bar, and of the Dukes of Lorraine, will form as good 
 
 128
 
 PLATE LX.
 
 COINS OF GERMANY. 
 
 examples as could be selected, and the following notice will be 
 found to explain their character pretty clearly. 
 
 MONEY OF THE COUNTS AND COUNT DUKES OF BAR. 
 
 Frederic of the Ardennes, the first Count of Bar, was a son of 
 Wiegeric, Count of the Palace, under Charles the Simple. He 
 married Beatrice, a daughter of Hugh Capet, in the year 951 ; 
 and the Emperor Otho, in consequence of the marriage, conceded 
 to him the County of Bar. His dynasty remained in hereditary 
 possession till the death of Frederic II., in 1034 ; when his daugh- 
 ter Sophie married the Count of Monteon and Montbelliard, and 
 lived till 1093 ; and her son, Theodoric II., succeeded her. The 
 authors of " L' Art de verifier les Dates" state that he was the 
 first who bore upon his state-seal two bars, a kind of native fish, 
 in allusion to the name of the district. 
 
 There is no money of Bar known, either of the first dynasty, or 
 of the one of Montbelliard, which succeeded it, nor until after the 
 reign of Thibault II., who died in 1297. 
 
 The coins of his son, Henry III., who married Alienor, a 
 daughter of Edward III. of England, are the earliest known of 
 Bar. 
 
 In 1342, John, the blind king of Bohemia, and Duke of Lux- 
 emburg, afterward killed at the battle of Cressy, and Henry IV., 
 Count of Bar, concluded a treaty, by which they agreed to strike 
 money for the common currency of both their dominions, more 
 especially in Luxemburg. Their coinage struck under this en- 
 gagement (the original written document concerning which is 
 still in existence) bears the inscription | JOHANNES : REX : ET : 
 HENRI cvs COMI on a shield ; on the obverse the arms of Bar 
 and Luxemburg are quartered; and on the reverse, MONETA 
 SOCIORVM, etc. 
 
 There are silver pieces described by De Saulci, of 68, 24, 15, 
 and 19 grains ; and of billon of 90 grains. 
 
 130
 
 PLATE LXI. 
 
 '-jLer ;,-., ic3(\ f^> >2-^y ffk^ > 
 x^^-^^^-^i^VD^i'c? < i
 
 COINS OF GERMANY. 
 
 Some of the money of Bar, soon after this period, closely re- 
 sembles in type that of the kings of France, especially the gros 
 Tournois. Coins bearing the arms of Bar and Luxemburg quar- 
 tered were also issued, under Robert of Bar, and John Duke of 
 Luxemburg, between 1378 and 1380. 
 
 The same Duke Robert appears to have struck gold^orms, the 
 first gold in this series, which are copies, except the name of the 
 prince, of those of Charles V. of France ; and have for device of 
 the obverse original Florentine type the figure of St. John the 
 Baptist, with s JOHANNES B , and on the reverse the well-known 
 Florentine lily, with ROBERTVS DVX ; while those of the kings of 
 France have KAROLVS REX; both being, in other respects, fac- 
 similes of the original coins of Florence. 
 
 Rene* of Anjou succeeded to the Duchy of Bar in 1419, and 
 reigned till 1431 ; and during his reign some very excellent 
 money was struck. He married the daughter of the Duke of 
 Lorraine; and thus the arms of Lorraine, of Bar, and of the 
 kingdom of Jerusalem appear on the very handsome coins issued 
 in Bar at this time. 
 
 The Duke Charles II. of Lorraine, who was regent of the 
 Compte, appears to have issued the money in his name. 
 
 MONEY OF LORRAINE. 
 
 The first two Dukes of Lorraine were only holders of the titles 
 and privileges for life ; but on the death of Gozelon, the second 
 duke, the emperor, Henry III., having given the duchy to Gerard, 
 Duke of Alsace, instead of Godfrey, son of Gozelon, Godfrey 
 caused the Duke Gerard to be assassinated; but the emperor, 
 nevertheless, persisted in carrying out his views, and appointed 
 Albert, the nephew of Gerard, to the duchy, at the same time 
 making the office hereditary in his family, in order effectually to 
 shut out the claims of Godfrey : and thus commenced the heredi- 
 tary power of the house of Lorraine, which endured for seven 
 
 132
 
 PLATE LXJL
 
 COINS OF GERMANY. 
 
 centuries ; issuing a series of money little inferior to that of the 
 great European monarchies. 
 
 Fine coins are extant of Thibault II. 
 
 The money of Farri IV., who succeeded, is still better exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 Of Jean or John I., taken prisoner by the Black Prince at the 
 battle of Poitiers, and carried to .England with John of France, a 
 few coins are known, similar in art, though not in type, to the 
 Anglo-Gallic coins, struck by the Black Prince and Henry V. in 
 France. 
 
 Ke'ne' II., from 1471 to 1508, carried on a war against Charles 
 the Bald, Duke of Burgundy, and issued silver money on which 
 his arm appeared issuing from a cloud, and holding a sword, with 
 the inscription ADJUVA NOS DEUS SALVTARIS NOSTER, or, FECIT 
 POTENTIAM IN BRACHis svo. ; in allusion to the greatness of his 
 cause. 
 
 Gold money first appears in this reign ; and the florins have 
 for type a full figure of St. Nicholas in episcopal robes, at whose 
 feet is a vessel containing three children ; on the other side are 
 the arms of Hungary, Naples, Jerusalem, Aragon, Nancy, and 
 Bar, all alluding to territories or alliances of the reigning family. 
 
 The ducat of gold was also issued, the principal types being a 
 ducal effigy, in front of which is a shield with the arms of Bar 
 and Lorraine, with " S. Georgius," and " 1492" one of the earli- 
 est examples of a date on a coin of a sovereign prince. Some of 
 the silver coins of this reign are of large dimensions. 
 
 The transition from the mediaeval style of art to the modern 
 took place in Lorraine in the long reign of Charles III., who be- 
 gan to reign in 1545, and reigned till 1608. The later coins are 
 of finer execution than any English coins of the end of the reign 
 of Elizabeth or beginning of James I. The portrait is found on 
 the early coins of Charles III., in extreme youth, and resembles 
 some of those of Edward VI. ; and the larger pieces correspond 
 
 134
 
 PLATE LXIII.
 
 COINS OF HOLLAND. 
 
 in size to the crowns and half-crowns of that English reign. 
 They are dated 1557, and have for reverse seven small shields 
 arranged in a circle, with different arms ; and in the centre, with 
 an inner circle of beading, a somewhat larger shield bears the 
 arms of Lorraine. There is no legend on this side of the coin. 
 
 A magnificent ecu, or crown, was struck toward the close of 
 this reign (1603), the style of which is similar (but finer) to those 
 of Henry IV. of France. 
 
 Francis III., the heir of Lorraine, becoming Emperor of Ger- 
 many, the series of Lorraine coins ends with Charles III. In 
 this last reign the coinage of Lorraine was equal to any in 
 Europe. 
 
 COINAGES OF HOLLAND, BOHEMIA, ETC. 
 
 The coinage of the Counts of Holland and Flanders followed 
 much the same course as that of Bar or Lorraine. In the east of 
 Europe the coinage of the Slavonic races was even somewhat 
 more imbued with the style of the Byzantine coinage of the still 
 existing Eastern Empire of Rome. 
 
 Bohemia, the most westerly of the purely Slavonic states, has 
 the earliest coinage ; it commences with that of Duke Boleslaus, 
 in the year 909, the coins bearing both his portrait and name. 
 These are followed by coins of Bocelaus II. and his wife Emence, 
 about 970. Bocelaus III. in 1002 ; Jaromin, 1020 ; Udalrich, 
 1030 ; Bracislaus I. and Spitiheneus. "Wralislaus, the first king, 
 in 1060 issued coins with the regal title, and then follow those of 
 "Wadislaus, etc., which space does not allow me to particularize. 
 
 The Bracteate money, however, of Ottocar, issued about 1197, 
 must not be passed over, as it is the type of a peculiar class issued 
 about that time in several parts of Europe. This species of coin 
 is of very thin silver, and only impressed with a type on one 
 side, the back having the hollow indent of the same form. These 
 coins form a modern variety, somewhat analogous to the ancient 
 
 136
 
 PLATE LXIV.
 
 COINS OF EUSSIA. 
 
 incused money of Magna Graecia, but they are much thinner, and 
 of course greatly inferior in execution and totally different in the 
 style of types. This kind of money was struck in the greatest 
 quantity about the twelfth century, and bears various types, the 
 cross being the most common ; but the heraldic badges, of differ- 
 ent states, such as the lion, etc., are found upon the bracteates of 
 different countries. 
 
 The coinage of Hungary belongs to a similar class to that of 
 Bohemia. 
 
 The coinage of Poland is that of an allied race, and consequent- 
 ly follows a similar course in its development and progress to 
 that of Bohemia. 
 
 COINAGE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 In Eussia, when Vladimir, or Volodemir I., Duke of Eussia, in 
 981, married the daughter of the Byzantine emperor, art first be- 
 gan to dawn on Eussia. The Tartar conquest of 1238 interrupt- 
 ed the course of civilization for a long period ; and not till 1462, 
 when the foreign yoke was thrown off, can the modern race of 
 sovereigns be said to commence. The capital was anciently Kiof, 
 but the custom of dividing the territory among all the sons of the 
 duke caused many independent states to arise, so that there are 
 also coins of the Princes of Twer, Eostovia, Tchernigor, Suenigo- 
 rod, Mojaiski, Pleskow, Eiazin, and Caschin. The most ancient 
 money bears the names of princes, without dates, and, as many 
 of the same name were reigning in different districts, renders it 
 exceedingly difficult to classify the Eussian money of the early 
 epochs ; but it may be fairly stated that no Eussian money exists 
 much earlier than the thirteenth century. The earliest coins 
 of that country have generally a man standing with a bow, or 
 spear, for principal type, somewhat similar to the coins of the 
 Scythian dynasties, who subdued the north of India; and on 
 the reverse rude figures of different animals. Some have St. 
 
 138
 
 PLATE LXV.
 
 COINS OF PRUSSIA. 
 
 George and the Dragon. These are nearly all kopecs, or silver 
 pennies. 
 
 Under Ivan, or John, in 1547, the Russian dollar, or rouble, 
 commences, and also its half. Those of the Pretender Demetrius 
 are very scarce. 
 
 The recent coins of Russia are too well known to require 
 notice. 
 
 COINAGE OF PRUSSIA. 
 
 The first Prussia silver pennies were coined by the Teutonic 
 Order at Culm. In the next century the rulers of Prussia coined 
 schellings, groats, and schots, the latter being the largest, and conse- 
 quently the most scarce. The types were generally an eagle sur- 
 mounting a cross, with a scalloped border, forming a quatrefoil or 
 cinque foil, with the legend MONETA DOMINORUM . PRVSSIE. The 
 reverse is a cross fleurie with a similar border, with HONOR . MA- 
 GISTRI . IVSTITIAM . DILIGIT. In the same century 'the first gold 
 was struck. 
 
 In 1466 Poland acquired the eastern portion of Prussia, and 
 the Teutonic knights became vassals to that crown for the rest. 
 
 Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg, was the last master of the 
 Teutonic Order, and in 1525 was made Duke of Eastern Prussia, 
 to be held as a fief of Poland. At this period the money was so 
 debased that thirteen current marks were only worth one mark 
 of pure silver. In 1657 Eastern Prussia was declared free from 
 vassalage to Poland, and the princes of the house of Branden- 
 burg assumed the title of Kings of Prussia, since which period 
 the coins of Prussia are well known. 
 
 COINAGE OF DENMARK AND THE NORTHERN STATES. 
 
 Of the northern states of Europe, Denmark, Sweden, and Nor- 
 way, the progress of the coinages resembles that of the English 
 monarchy. Of the Danes, the earliest coins known are those 
 
 140
 
 PLATK LXVI.
 
 COINS OF DENMAKK. 
 
 which were struck in England and Scotland. After Canute the 
 Great the national Danish series may be said to commence. 
 
 Those of Magnus Bonus, 1041, have a half-length figure of 
 the king, with Kunic reverses, and are of neat execution. On 
 those of Sweno II. the portrait has an arched crown ; and the 
 reverses have curious ornaments of a tesselated form running 
 across the field, with a series of nun's on either side, apparently 
 an imitation of Eoman letters, not understood. The coins of 
 Harald II., 1074, have generally two heads, the throne being 
 contested by his brother, and the moneyers being apparently 
 anxious to keep in with both claimants for supreme power. 
 
 The coins of Canute or Cnut, the Saint, have CNVT E. for CNTT. 
 REX., and on the reverse SIVORD. I. ROCI. (Itoschild), then the name 
 of the Danish capital. 
 
 The coins of King Nicholas, called in Danish Niel, are very- 
 rude, as are those of Waldemar and his successors, including 
 those of the celebrated Margaret, whose coins have no legend. 
 The coins of Olaf (1376) have a full-faced portrait, with a crowned 
 for the reverse. 
 
 Eric (1426), after his return from the Holy Land, issued billon 
 coins, that is, of base silver, which is the " black money" spoken 
 of by the chroniclers of various states about this time. 
 
 The later coinage of Denmark is similar to that of the rest of 
 Europe. 
 
 The earliest coins of Sweden appear to be those of Biorno, 
 about 818, which resemble those of Charlemagne, having a cross 
 for principal type, though it would appear that Biorno was not a 
 Christian. 
 
 The next well -authenticated Swedish coins do not occur till 
 those which are probably of Olaf Skolkonung, in 1019, with the 
 legend OLVF. REX. SVEVORVM., and those of Anund, 1026, with 
 ANVND. REX. ; and on the reverse, THORMOD. ON. SIHTV. Sihtu 
 being Signuta, the ancient capital of Sweden. On the coins of 
 
 142
 
 PLATE LXVII. 
 
 EJEC1T 1A.COBVM R E.S 
 
 IT HiBE 
 MDCXO
 
 COINS OF NORWAY. 
 
 Hacon, 1067, the name reads AACVXE. A similar series brings 
 the Swedish coinage to 1387, when we have those of Margaret, 
 Queen of Denmark and Sweden, but all very rude, Brenner's 
 plates conveying the notion of very much better coins. 
 
 From this period to that of Gustavus Vasa, Sweden was subject 
 to Denmark, and the coinage of that country superseded the 
 national one; the Danish types being only distinguished from 
 those struck in Denmark by legends Moneta Stockol, or Arosien- 
 sis, or Lundensis, etc. Dano-Swedish coins of this class continue 
 to the reign of Christian, 1550, during which time coins struck by 
 Danish governors appear, as those of Cnutson, Steno Sture, Swan- 
 to Sture, Steno Sture II., etc. 
 
 Till 1470 there are only silver pennies in the Swedish series ; 
 after that year there are half-pennies also ; and Gustavus Vasa, 
 on re-establishing the national independence, greatly improved 
 the coinage, issuing, in addition to the pennies and half-pennies 
 of former periods, a larger class of silver coins, similar to those 
 then beginning to appear in other European states. In 1634 gold 
 ducats were coined, with the head of Gustavus Adolphus, though 
 he was killed in 1632 ; for his only child, Christina, being an in- 
 fant at the time of his death, the portrait of the deceased king, 
 the glory of the Swedish annals, was continued upon the coinage. 
 
 In the reign of Charles XII. such was the waste of the national 
 wealth, caused by the insane mania for military glory of this 
 prince, that the Baron Goertz endeavored to supply the deficien- 
 cy by issuing copper coins, bearing the heads of Saturn, Jupiter, 
 etc., which were ordered to pass for dollars, a political experiment 
 for which the unfortunate but loyal projector was eventually 
 brought to the block. 
 
 The coins of Norway begin with those of Olaf, in 1066, and 
 bear the legend ONLAF REX NOR, Some Norwegian coins have 
 on the reverse the letters Nl. for Nidaros, Nidrosen, or Nidsen, 
 now Drontheim, the capital. On the coinage the heirs-apparent 
 
 144
 
 PLATE LXVIIJ.
 
 COINS OF FRANCE. 
 
 to the crown were termed Dukes of Norway, and among the coins 
 bearing the title of Duke are those of the Duke Philip, with 
 PHILIPPVS. DUX. NORWEGIJE, which have on the reverse MONE- 
 TA. EASLOENS. Those of King Eric, 1280, and those of Hacon, 
 1309, which are good of the period, have also this title, and the 
 legend on the last-named reads HAQVINVS. DVX. NORV. Copper 
 coins of Magnus Smek occur as early as 1343. The last Norwe- 
 gian coins are those of another Hacon, 1379. After which period 
 Norway was united with Denmark. Of Sweden, Denmark, and 
 Norway, there are also coins of Bishops, as in France, Germany, 
 and England, those of Sweden and Denmark being more numer- 
 ous than those of Norway. 
 
 As an example, the following may be cited: Olaws Arch- 
 bishop Drontheim. On the obverse are the titles of the king, 
 SANCTVS OLAWS REX. NORVEG, and on the reverse the name and 
 title of the Archbishop, OLAWS DEI GRA ARCEP NID'SEN, for 
 Nidrosiensis, referring to Nidsen or Nidrosen, now Drontheim. 
 
 COINS OF THE FRENCH MONARCHY. 
 
 The earliest coins of the Frankish monarchy are those coined 
 after permission to strike gold money was conceded by the East- 
 ern Emperors to Clovis", or his immediate successors, about the 
 time that a similar right was granted to Amalric, the Gothic King 
 of Spain. The series of gold trientes, coined by these two states 
 for upward of two centuries, form one of the most remarkable 
 features of the early history of the coinage of modern Europe, 
 especially when it is considered that this issue of modern gold 
 took place at a period when all the other emancipated portions of 
 the Western Empire were in a most barbarous condition as re- 
 gards the coinage. 
 
 After the remarkable gold coinage of the first race of Frankish 
 kings the Merovingian dynasty the gold coinage disappears. 
 The trientes were of the value of one third of the Byzantine soli- 
 
 146
 
 PLATE LXIX.
 
 COINS OF FRANCE. 
 
 dus ; and there were also coined a few semisses, or halves of the 
 same coin. They have generally a small and not ill-executed 
 head of the king, with his name, though sometimes the name is 
 that of the moneyer. On the reverse is a cross, with the name of 
 the city where the coin was minted. 
 
 With Pepin commence the coins of the Carlovingian race, 
 which are as remarkable for barbarous workmanship as those 
 of the preceding dynasty for good execution. Those of Charle- 
 magne have generally merely the name of CAEOLVS, without a 
 portrait, only a few struck in Rome having a rude bust of the 
 emperor. The reverse has generally R. F., for Eex Francorum, or 
 some such brief inscription. 
 
 The coins of Louis Le Debonnaire are, however, much better 
 executed, and seem to show, by their Roman style of treatment, 
 that there yet existed Roman Mints in Gaul, or rather France, 
 where the ancient skill in coining money was still lingering. 
 
 The coins of the third race, commencing with Hugh Capet, re- 
 main inferior in the art of coinage, with few exceptions ; and in 
 the reign of Philip I., contemporary with William the Conqueror, 
 a species of money was issued formed of a piece of leather, with a 
 silver nail fixed in the centre. It is not till the reign of St. Louis, 
 1226, that the French coinage greatly improves, and that the groat 
 appears. This coin, of the value of four pennies, appeared first 
 in Italy, where it was known as the grosso, or large coin ; and in 
 France it became the gros; in Germany the groote; in England 
 the groat ; where, however, it did not appear permanently till the 
 reign of Edward III., nearly a century later than its first appear- 
 ance in France. 
 
 Gold did not reappear in France till a considerable period had 
 elapsed after the issue of the Italian florin, as the gold florins, 
 given by Le Blanc to Philip Augustus and Louis VIII. belong 
 evidently to Philip the Bold, or Philip the Fair, and Louis X. 
 Under Philip of Yalois from 1328 to 1350 no less than ten 
 
 148
 
 PLATE LXX.
 
 COINS OF FRANCE. 
 
 kinds of gold coins are enumerated by French numismatists, 
 among which are la chaise, being such as exhibit the sovereign 
 seated in a chair of state, or throne ; the lion, having a figure of a 
 lion for principal type ; the lamb (1'agneau), etc. 
 
 The difficulties which ensued about this period, consequent 
 upon the English invasions, caused great deterioration in the 
 French mintage, and base coin of all kinds got into circulation 
 in the epoch of confusion and distress which ensued. 
 
 In the time of St. Louis, black coin had been issued, that is bil- 
 lon, or bad silver. Of these there was the Hard, or hardi, which 
 was equal to three deniers, or silver pennies ; and the maille, or 
 obole, half the denier ; with the bourgeoise, or pite, of one quarter 
 of the denier. 
 
 The Uancs, or billon groats, were also issued about this time, but 
 received the name of Uancs, from being silvered over to hide the 
 baseness of their metal. 
 
 The celebrated French gold of the period of Charles VII., called 
 the ecus d la couronne, or crowns of gold, were so called from the 
 crown, which formed the type of the reverse, and gave us the 
 term crown, which in France was first applied to gold, though it 
 afterward became the denomination of a silver coin. The ecus a 
 la couronne continued to be issued by succeeding French sover- 
 eigns ; those struck by Anne of Brittany, after the death of her 
 first husband, are remarkable for their elegant workmanship. 
 
 In the reign of Louis XII., the new silver, of about the value 
 of a modern franc, issued with the large portrait of the king, were 
 termed testons, or great heads, a term afterward applied to the 
 shillings of Henri VIII., in the anglicized form of testoon. 
 
 In the reign of Henri II., the elegant piece, called the Henri, 
 was issued, which has for type a personification of Gaul sitting 
 on a group of arms, with a Victory in her hand, with optima 
 principi, and Gallia; evidently suggested by ancient Roman 
 coins, which now began to be studied the celebrated Budee hav- 
 
 150
 
 PLATE LXXI.
 
 COINS OF FRANCE. 
 
 ing written his treatise on the Koman coinage in the reign of 
 Francis I. There are other coins of the Cardinal Bourbon, who, 
 at the time of the League, was put forward under the title of 
 Charles X. 
 
 The silver crown and its half had now commenced in France, 
 as in other countries ; and on subsequent crowns of Louis XIII. 
 the title of Catalonice princeps is assumed. 
 
 The first Lonis d'or appeared about 1640. 
 
 152
 
 PLATE LXXII.
 
 <H|) Striking of JHe&als anft Coins. 
 
 IT was no part of the design of this work to go into a history 
 of medals, or attempt any description of those which are illus- 
 trated in this volume. The art of making coins and that of mak- 
 ing medals is one art, and the splendor of national coinage has 
 always been accompanied by a corresponding splendor of nation- 
 al medals. 
 
 It may not be amiss, for the benefit of young readers, to de- 
 scribe briefly the process of making a medal or a coin, and there 
 may be in 4 " s description some points not known to all adult 
 readers. 
 
 The first work in the art is the preparation of the dies. These 
 are in all cases two : one for the upper and the other for the un- 
 der side of the medal. The die is cut by a die-sinker. The hub 
 or die is first made by a blacksmith out of steel. It is usually a 
 cylinder or a cone of steel, of a size varying according to the size 
 of the medal to be produced. This lump of steel is turned in a 
 lathe, so that the upper end of it shall be round, of the size of 
 the medal to be struck, and so exact as to fit a steel collar or ring 
 that is made for it. The two dies are of exactly the same size, 
 fitting this collar, and so arranged that the two will easily go into 
 the collar face to face. On the smooth surfaces of the dies the 
 die-sinker or die-cutter with his tools cuts the designs intended to 
 be in raised letters and figures on the medal. Not infrequently 
 a design is ordered which the die-cutter has executed before. In 
 this case he may possibly have a small lump of hard steel on 
 
 154
 
 PLATE LXXIII.
 
 COIN AND MEDAL STRIKING. 
 
 which is a raised copy of this design. This he calls a punch, and 
 he drives this into the surface of the soft steel die with a ham- 
 mer or with a press, thus saving the time and labor of cutting it 
 out. This process he generally uses with letters, wreaths, and 
 all common ornaments. 
 
 When numerous copies of a die are needed, as in Mints for 
 coinage, the first die cut from the die-cutter's hands is called the 
 master-die. This is cut in soft steel, hardened by heating and 
 cooling in water, and then soft steel is forced into it by a tremen- 
 dous pressure, thus taking an impression of it in soft steel, which 
 is again itself hardened. Thus we have a coin in steel. This is 
 a punch which can be forced into a dozen or a hundred dies of 
 soft steel, which being in turn hardened, will thus produce as 
 many dies for use in striking coins. 
 
 The dies being cut and hardened, the collar is hardened also. 
 If it is desired to place an inscription on the edge of the coin, or 
 to mark the edge with any design, this is done by engraving the 
 design in the collar ; for, as will be seen, this collar is to receive 
 the metal which is to be pressed between the two dies and pre- 
 vent its expansion, and, of course, if there be any engraving on 
 the inside of the collar it will appear on the edge of the coin or 
 medal. 
 
 The metals used for medals are various. The softest, cheapest, 
 and most easily struck is commonly called white metal. It is 
 either pure tin or Britannia ware, which is a composition metal. 
 The composition is varied by different workmen. The medals 
 commonly called bronze are usually struck in pure copper, and 
 bronzed afterward. Brass is a harder metal to strike than cop- 
 per or silver, requiring more force, and more likely to break the 
 dies. German silver is esteemed the hardest to strike of all com- 
 position metals. 
 
 In striking medals the dies are placed in a press made for 
 the purpose. Tokens and small coins are usually struck by the 
 
 156
 
 PLATE LXXJV. 
 
 CO \ C OR D I A-A.N G-ETB AT-BR A ^ 

 
 COIN AND MEDAL STRIKING. 
 
 use of a drop weight. (We are not now speaking of the Mints 
 where steam power and coin presses are in use, but of the die- 
 cutting and striking establishments of New York, Waterbury, etc.) 
 The drop is a heavy iron weight, in the bottom of which one of 
 the dies is fixed. The lower die is made stationary, with the col- 
 lar resting on it. The planchet or planket (a piece of copper or 
 other metal cut of the required thickness and size) is laid in the 
 collar on the face of the lower die, the drop falls and ascends in- 
 stantly, leaving the planchet impressed with the designs in fact, 
 a complete coin or medal. 
 
 For larger medals, however, a screw press is generally used. 
 This is simply a large screw passing through a heavy solid iron 
 frame. The dies rest on the lower part of the frame. Across 
 the head of the screw is a lever, with heavy weights attached, 
 which is used to turn the screw down. The dies are placed in 
 position, with a planchet between them, in the collar. A blow is 
 struck by sending the lever around with more or less force. 
 
 It is not often that a copper medal is completed at one blow of 
 the press. The metal is compressed by the blow to its full ex- 
 tent, but fails to fill the lines cut in the dies. This is always the 
 case where the die contains deep work, and the medal is to be in 
 high relief. The process then is, after striking the first blow, to 
 anneal the planchets, that is, heat them to a red heat. The metal 
 is thus expanded and softened. It is then washed off with a 
 weak acid, and subjected to a second blow. It may require a 
 third, fourth, fifth, or a tenth blow to bring up a copper medal 
 to a sharp and perfect impression, and the same annealing and 
 washing process is repeated before each blow. 
 
 In the Mint the machinery is carried to a stage of perfection 
 that none but experienced machinists can understand. The issue 
 of coins is so large as to require labor-saving mechanism ; hence 
 the entire work that we have described as done by hand, is there 
 accomplished by steel and iron sinews, nerves, and fingers. 
 
 158
 
 PLATE LXXV.
 
 AMERICAN MEDALISTS. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to remark on the vast changes in this re- 
 spect which the art of coinage has undergone. The wood-cuts on 
 Plate XXI. illustrate the manner in which the art was exercised 
 only a few hundred years ago. It is worthy of notice that the 
 entire process of coinage in that age can be illustrated in one 
 small wood-cut of this kind, while to show the present perfection 
 of the art and the detail of machinery employed would occupy 
 nearly all the Plates in this volume. 
 
 The art of coinage has never received great attention in Amer- 
 ica. The national Mint has employed excellent talent, and some 
 of its issues compare favorably with those of other nations, but 
 many pieces have been struck which are no credit to the country. 
 Let us rejoice at the disappearance of the copper cent with the 
 idiotic head of Liberty which so long defaced it. 
 
 We have produced but few medalists ; yet we are not without 
 some fine artists. The late C. C. Wright has left a very high 
 reputation, and his medals are justly prized by collectors. His 
 partner, Bale, was also an admirable artist. 
 
 Eobert Lovett, and his sons George H. and John D., in New 
 York, and his son Eobert in Philadelphia, have all executed fine 
 works. So also have George W. May, once a partner of Bale, 
 and George Glaubrecht, now the partner of May, both in New 
 York. Smith and Harttman in New York, rank among the first 
 of American medalists; and Key in Philadelphia, has also a 
 well-merited reputation. The great number and variety of agri- 
 cultural and other prize-medals which these gentlemen have cut 
 from year to year show at once their industry and their success. 
 
 160
 
 PLATE LXXVI.
 
 XI. 
 
 to Uomtg (Collectors. 
 
 CONFINE your attention as closely as possible to one class or 
 series of coins at a tiriie. Do not reject other coins or medals 
 not belonging to this series, but do not give time, labor, or money 
 to their accumulation. Thus, in commencing a collection of 
 American coins, start with the design of making a complete set 
 of cents. You will easily accomplish this, with the exception of 
 1793, 1799, and 1804. But do not content yourself with poor 
 specimens. Always take the first specimen you find of any cent, 
 good or poor, but exchange it for a better specimen when you 
 can find one. Never waste a moment of time over a coin whose 
 date is doubtful. It must be too poor, in that case, for any col- 
 lection. 
 
 Having completed one series of coins, or having all but the 
 very rare dates, turn your attention to another series and com- 
 plete that. By diligence and patience you will in this manner 
 collect a valuable and interesting cabinet. 
 
 When your collection justifies it, have a case or cabinet made 
 to hold it. An immense number of coins can be laid in a 
 small space. A case two feet high, two wide, and one deep, 
 with folding-doors, filled with drawers each five-eighths of an 
 inch deep, a few being deeper for medals, will hold several 
 thousand coins. Cover your drawers with cloth or cotton 
 velvet. Let slats be tacked across the drawer from side to 
 side, but do not separate the coins in one row from each oth- 
 
 162
 
 PLATE LXXVII.
 
 ADVICE TO COLLECTORS. 
 
 er. The only danger of rubbing is in opening and shutting 
 the drawers, and this will be prevented by the slats from side 
 to side. 
 
 Arrange your ancient, foreign, and colonial coins by States, 
 your regular series of United States coins by dates, your trades- 
 men's cards alphabetically, and your political tokens as best suits 
 your taste. 
 
 Clean your coins very carefully. For brass coins (by brass I 
 mean what we now commonly call brass as distinct from copper) 
 use ammonia (common spirits of hartshorn) two parts, prepared 
 chalk one part, by weight. Place them in a phial together; 
 shake well when used. "Wash the coin, rubbing it hard with 
 flannel, and clean off quickly with clear water ; then polish with 
 dry flannel. 
 
 Clean silver coins with soap and water and a soft brush. 
 Never touch acid to silver or copper coins, unless very cau- 
 tiously. 
 
 Clean copper coins with soap and water, and then polish 
 them with powdered soap-stone on flannel. Never wash a cop- 
 per coin to give it a bright copper color. The result will 
 be to show all the scratches and bruises on the coin. It is 
 better to leave the dark color untouched, and the soap-stone 
 will almost bronze it. Do not touch ammonia or acid to a 
 copper coin. 
 
 White metal can be cleaned with alcohol, or soap and water, or 
 the ammonia and chalk. 
 
 Never be induced to pay extravagant prices for worthless 
 coins. There are some coins which command and are worth a 
 large price. But these are, in fact, very few. Even the rarity 
 of a coin is no test of its real value to a collector. It may 
 increase the price of the article ; but the young collector should 
 bear ever in mind that the high price asked for a coin be- 
 cause it is rare ought not to make him desirous of possess- 
 
 164
 
 PLATE LXXVII1. 
 
 EVCENll-ET-M'MUeBC 
 
 RVCII TEUX-CON 
 
 I VMTTIC
 
 BOOKS TO BE CONSULTED. 
 
 ing it. The moment that the collector begins to value coins 
 because of their rarity, he descends in the scale of science; 
 and when he seeks to possess rare coins merely because of 
 their being rare, he becomes a speculator, envious, and uncom- 
 fortable in the presence of others, and ceases to be a genuine 
 numismatist. 
 
 Eead as you collect. Never let a coin lie in your cabinet that 
 you can not give the history of, or connect with some historical 
 event, if it be possible. Be careful that your collecting does not 
 become a mere matter of curiosity. Let it rather be a constant 
 aid to your study of history. 
 
 In directing your attention to works on coins and medals, it is 
 impossible to do more than name a few of the most accessible and 
 reasonable in price. Mionnet's great work will prove too ex- 
 pensive for the ordinary collector, if indeed a copy can be procured 
 at any price. If purchased at $125, it might be esteemed cheap. 
 Eckel is important to the collector who devotes himself to ancient 
 coins, and may be had for $20 to $30. But books of this class 
 are not for the beginner. Humphrey's Coin Collector's Manual, 
 and Humphrey's Coinage of the British Empire, the first of which 
 may be procured in Bohn's Library edition at a very cheap price 
 ($2 50), and the second at about $7 in America, will be the first 
 works on foreign coinage to which you will direct your attention. 
 Even before procuring these, you can not do better than to 
 buy and study the admirable 25-cent compilation of J. Thomp- 
 son of New York, Thompson's COIN CHART MANUAL, which 
 will give you at a glance a general idea of the styles of coinage 
 of various nations of the world, and will aid you in determining 
 coins to which you might otherwise devote a vast deal of useless 
 speculation. We have received numerous letters of inquiry as to 
 the name, quality, and value of coins, which the owner could have 
 determined in a moment for himself with the aid of this excellent 
 manual. It also contains illustrations of nearly all the American 
 
 166
 
 PLATE LXX1X.
 
 ADVICE TO COLLECTOKS. 
 
 gold and silver series, including the various California, Mormon, 
 and other issues. 
 
 For information on the American series, you can not find any 
 work so complete as Dr. Dickeson's AMERICAN NUMISMATICAL 
 MANUAL, published by J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, 
 which, although far from complete, is a valuable work, the result 
 of much care and study, and will prove a great aid to the col- 
 lector. 
 
 For store cards and tokens you will be obliged to depend on 
 the ordinary sale catalogues, which it is well to keep your- 
 self supplied with, and if you can not attend a sale arid mark 
 the prices yourself, borrow from a friend a priced catalogue 
 and make a copy. These priced catalogues will form a val- 
 uable reference when you have occasion to purchase coins or 
 medals. 
 
 It would be vain to attempt any farther directions on the sub- 
 ject of books. There have been almost as many books pub- 
 lished on coins as there are extant varieties of Qoins. One 
 sale of a numismatic library in England occupied nine consec- 
 utive days. A catalogue of all the works on coins would form 
 a volume of over five hundred pages, printing only the briefest 
 titles. 
 
 In closing these hints we can not do better than direct the 
 attention of the young collector again to the folly of paying enor- 
 mous prices for worthless coins. Do not be misled by the idea 
 that a curious piece of metal with an old date is highly valuable. 
 Do not buy coins because they are rare, but buy to complete your 
 series. Make your collections slowly, cautiously, and enjoy your 
 work as you go along with it. 
 
 The tables which follow will prove of use to the young as well 
 as the experienced collector. On very many ancient coins a few 
 letters are found, which taken together form no word, and are 
 exceedingly puzzling to the inexperienced. The Tables of Ab- 
 
 168
 
 PLATE LXXX.
 
 ADVICE TO COLLECTORS. 
 
 breviations on Greek and Koman Coins are the result of many- 
 years' study by all the most learned numismatists. We have 
 taken them from Humphreys, as the latest and one of the most 
 careful compilers. With the aid of these many coins can be at 
 once located, over which, without them, much unavailing time 
 might be spent. 
 
 170
 
 PLATE LXXXI.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS, 
 
 TRANSLATED AND EXPLAINED. 
 
 A Athens, Argos, Aulus, 
 
 Asylum. (The letter 
 A sometimes stands 
 for First, as, EQtmwv 
 A. Afftag "Of the 
 Ephesians, the first 
 people of Asia.") 
 Abbassus, Abdera, 
 Abydus on the Hel- 
 lespont. Ambracia, 
 Arcadia, or Aegi- 
 num. Atna. 
 
 A Abydus in Egypt. 
 
 ABAK Abacaenum. 
 
 ABY Abydus on the Helles- 
 pont. 
 
 AA Addada. 
 
 A9, A9E Athens. 
 
 A0PIB Athribites. 
 
 Al, AIF Aegina, 
 
 AirOSIIO Aegospotamus. 
 
 AIA Aelius, Aelia Capito- 
 
 lina. 
 
 AIN Aenos. 
 
 AITQ Aetolia. 
 
 AK, AKPAFAN . . Agrigentum. 
 
 AKAN Acanthus. 
 
 AKI Acilium. 
 
 AKT Actium. 
 
 AAE, AAESAN . . Alexandria. 
 
 AAE3- TOY- N-. . Alexander, son of Ne- 
 optolemus. 
 
 AAY Alysia, Alvona. 
 
 AM Amyntas, Amphipolis, 
 
 Amorgtis. 
 
 AMBP Ambracia. 
 
 AM4>I Amphilochia. 
 
 AN Ancyra. 
 
 ANA Anactoria. 
 
 ANAEF Andegaei. 
 
 AN6. (AvOvrrarop) Proconsul. 
 
 A\0H Anthedon. 
 
 ANT, ANTI .... Antium. 
 
 ANT Antoninus, or Anti- 
 
 och. 
 
 ANTAIO Antiopolis. 
 
 ANTin Antipolis. 
 
 ANTI2 Antissa. 
 
 ANQ Anolis. 
 
 AA Axia and Axus. 
 
 AON Aonitae. 
 
 AIT Appius. 
 
 AIIA Apamea. 
 
 AIIO Apollonia. 
 
 AIIOA Apollonopolis. 
 
 AHT., AIITA . . . Aptara. 
 
 AP Aradus, Harm a, 
 
 APP Argos. 
 
 APPE Argennos. 
 
 API Aricanda. 
 
 APIM Ariminum. 
 
 AP12 Arisbas (King of Epi- 
 
 rus). 
 
 APK Arconensus. 
 
 APKA Arcadia. 
 
 AP2I Arsinoe. 
 
 APY Aryca. 
 
 APX Arxata. 
 
 APX. (Apxtfptve High-priest or magis- 
 
 or Af\ov) .... trate. 
 A. 2. (nporoi 2w- 
 
 piag) First of Syria. 
 
 AS Ascalon, Assylum, 
 
 Axus in Crete. 
 
 A2I Asinium. 
 
 A2IAPX Asiarchae. Presidents 
 
 of the games of 
 
 Asia. 
 
 ASK Ascalon. 
 
 AT Atabyrium. 
 
 172
 
 PLATE LXXXI1.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS. 
 
 ATAP Atarnae. 
 
 AY.,AYT. (Awro- 
 
 KpaTop) Emperor. 
 
 AYr Augustus. 
 
 AY A Audoleon. 
 
 AYE Avenio. 
 
 AYPHA Aurelius. 
 
 AYTON. (Aurovo- Enjoying their own 
 
 fioi.) laws. 
 
 AYTQ Automale. 
 
 A4> Aphrodisias. 
 
 A*I Aphyta. 
 
 A<t>P Africanus. 
 
 AX Achaia, Acheens, 
 
 Achaii. 
 AX1 Acilium. 
 
 B. (BouXije) Council, Berytus, By- 
 
 thinia. 
 
 BA Battus. 
 
 BAP Bare, Bargoda. 
 
 BAFHAAO .... Bagadaonia. 
 
 BH Berytus. 
 
 BIAT Biatci (an unknown 
 
 king). 
 
 BIZY Bysia, 
 
 BITON Bitontum. 
 
 BO, BOI Boeotia. 
 
 BPYN Brundusium. 
 
 BY, BY2A2 .... Byzantium. 
 BYT Buthrotum. 
 
 r. Gains (for Caius). 
 
 F., TP., TPAM . . Grammaticus (or 
 
 Keeper of the Rec- 
 ords). 
 
 F. (rVwp/iov.) . . Illustrious. 
 
 FA Gallus, Galerius, or 
 
 Gallienus. 
 
 FAM Gambrum. 
 
 TAP Gargara. 
 
 TEA Gelas. 
 
 FEP Germanicus. 
 
 FN Gneius. 
 
 TOPTY Gortyna. 
 
 TPA Gravisca. 
 
 FPY Grumentum. 
 
 A Decimus, Dymae. 
 
 AA Daorii. 
 
 AAK Dacicus. 
 
 AAM Damascus. 
 
 AAP Dardanum. 
 
 AE Decelia. 
 
 AEK Decius. 
 
 AEP Derbe, in Lyoaonia. 
 
 AH. (A W o e ). . .The People. 
 AH ... . Delos. 
 
 AHMAPX-ESOYS With Tribunician 
 Power. 
 
 AI Diospolis. 
 
 AIO Diotus. 
 
 AIOKAI Diocaesarea. 
 
 AIO2 Diospolis. 
 
 APE Drepanum. 
 
 AYP Dyrrachium. 
 
 E Erycc. 
 
 E., EPE2 Eresus. 
 
 EIP Eresus, Erythrae, Er- 
 
 etna, 
 
 EA Elea, Elatea. 
 
 EAEY Eleusis. 
 
 EAEY9. (EXtwc/t- 
 
 poi.) Free. 
 
 EN Enna, Entherna, Ea- 
 
 tella, Encheli. 
 
 EFT., EITI Epidaurus. 
 
 EPI Eriza in Caria. 
 
 EPMO Hermopolis. 
 
 EPY Erythia. 
 
 EPX Erchia. 
 
 E2 Eppindus. 
 
 ET Etenna in Pamphylia. 
 
 ET., ETO. (Eroi'c) A year. 
 EY., EVBO .... Euboea. 
 
 EYA Eva. 
 
 EY2. (Ew<T/3i?e) . Pious. 
 EYT. (EvTvxne) Happy. 
 
 E<t>., E*E Ephcsus. 
 
 EX. (EYOWTUZ.) .Power. 
 
 ZA Zacynthus (then Sala- 
 
 mis, now Zanthus). 
 
 ZANKA Zancle (afterward Mes- 
 
 sana). 
 
 H Elium. 
 
 HAAP Hadrumentum. 
 
 HAT Atua. 
 
 HF. (Hyt/zovof) . President. 
 
 HAIOII Heliopolis. 
 
 HP Heracleia. 
 
 HPAK Heracleiopolis. 
 
 Ht>AI Ephaestia. 
 
 Q\ Thasus. 
 
 6E Thespiae. 
 
 BE., 0HB Thebae. 
 
 6E2 Thessalonica. 
 
 9P Thera. 
 
 8Y Thurium. 
 
 I lasus. 
 
 I., IEP. (Itpac) . Sacred. 
 IEPAIIY Hierapythia. 
 
 174
 
 PLATE LXXXIII.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON GKEEK COINS. 
 
 I9A Ithaca. 
 
 IKAP Hiccara, Icarius. 
 
 IA Ilisium. 
 
 IAI Illium. 
 
 IOT Julius (meaning a 
 
 city), or Julius (a 
 man's name). 
 
 IOYA Julia. 
 
 IRA Hippana. 
 
 IP Irene. 
 
 IPP Irrhesia, 
 
 12 Isus, Istiaea. 
 
 1SIN Isindus. 
 
 I*T Ipsus. 
 
 K Caristus, Cyrene, Cy- 
 
 zicus, Callatea, Cor- 
 cyra, Caius (a man's 
 name). 
 
 K. (Kovuroe) . . Quintus. 
 
 K. KAIS Caesar. 
 
 K. K. (KoivovKt- 
 
 Xiiciag) Community of Cilicia. 
 
 KA Carystus, Catana. 
 
 Chalcis. 
 
 KAIA Caelius. 
 
 KAA Chalcedon. 
 
 KAAAI Calliopolis. 
 
 KAMA Camara. 
 
 KAN Canata. 
 
 KAII Capua. 
 
 KAnn Cappadocia. 
 
 KAP, KAPP . . . Carrhae. 
 
 KAPT Carthage. 
 
 KANo> Canopus. 
 
 KAST Castulo. 
 
 KAY., KAYA . . . Caulonia. 
 
 KE Ceos. 
 
 KE Cenchrae, Cephalctiia, 
 
 Cephalonia. 
 
 KEA Celenderis. 
 
 KEP Chersonesus. 
 
 KE*, KE*AA, . . Cephalaedis. 
 
 KI Ciamus, Cibaenm. 
 
 KI9 Cithaeron. 
 
 KIA Cilbrani. 
 
 KI2 Cistena. 
 
 KA Cleonae, Claudins. 
 
 KAA Clazomene. 
 
 KAAYAIO ClaudiopolLs. 
 
 KNQ Cnopus. 
 
 KNI Cnidus. 
 
 KO Colophon, Corcyra. 
 
 KO, KOP Corinth. 
 
 KOIN. (Kotvov.) A community. 
 
 KOA. (KoXovtaf) Colony, Colophon. 
 
 KOM Commodus. 
 
 KOP Corcyra. 
 
 KP Cragus in Lycia. 
 
 KPA Cranos. 
 
 KPH Crete. 
 
 KPO Crotona. 
 
 KTH Ctemenae. 
 
 KY Cydna, Cuma, Cyme, 
 
 Cyrene, Cyziciis, 
 Cytholus, Cydoni- 
 um, Cyon. 
 
 KYAQ Cydon. 
 
 KY0 Cythnus. 
 
 KYH Cyprus. 
 
 KYP Cyrene. 
 
 A A year, Lucius, Locris. 
 
 Leucas. 
 AA Lacedaemon, Lampsn- 
 
 cus, Larymna, La- 
 
 rissa. 
 
 AAAA Lalassa. 
 
 AAM Lamea, Lampsacus. 
 
 AAMII Lampsacus. 
 
 AAP Larissa. 
 
 AAPI Larinum. 
 
 AE., AEY Leucas. 
 
 AEB Lebinus. 
 
 AEON Leontium. 
 
 AHM Lemnos. 
 
 Alii Lipara. 
 
 AIYI Liviopolis. 
 
 AO., AQK Locri. 
 
 AOF Longone. 
 
 AY Lystus. 
 
 AYR, AYK . . . .Lyctus. 
 AY2I Lysmachia. 
 
 M Marcus (a man's 
 
 name), Melos, Ma- 
 ronea, Malea, Me- 
 galopolis, Mazaka. 
 
 M., MHTPO .... Metropolis. 
 
 MA Magnesia, Massyritus, 
 
 Maronea, Massilia, 
 Macedonia. 
 
 MAP Magnesia. 
 
 MA0Y Mathyma. 
 
 MAKPO Macrocephali. 
 
 MAA Malms. 
 
 MAM Mamertini. 
 
 MAN Mantinea. 
 
 MAS Mazara. 
 
 MASS Massilia, 
 
 ME Menelais, on Syrian 
 
 regal coins. 
 
 ME Messina, Metapontum. 
 
 Melite. 
 
 ME., MEr Megara, Megalopolis. 
 
 Megarsus. 
 
 176
 
 PLATE LXXX1V.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS. 
 
 MEF. (MfyaXoe) Great. 
 
 MENA Mendes. 
 
 MENE Menelaus. 
 
 MENEK Menecrates. 
 
 ME2 Messana, Messenia. 
 
 META Metapontum. 
 
 MI Miletus. 
 
 MIN Minde. 
 
 MK., MA2AK . . . Mazaka, of Cappado- 
 cia, on coins of Mitk- 
 ridates VI. 
 
 MOP Morgantia. 
 
 MY Mycenae. 
 
 MYKO Mycone. 
 
 MVA Mylasa. 
 
 MYNY Minya. 
 
 MYP Myrlea. 
 
 MYTI Mytilene. 
 
 N., NAY Naupactos. 
 
 N. NEQK .... Neocori. 
 
 NA Naxos, Nape. 
 
 NAHA Nagidus. 
 
 NAS Naxos. 
 
 NAYAPX. (Naw- 
 
 opxioot) Enjoying a sea-port. 
 
 NE Nemea. 
 
 NEAN Neandria. 
 
 NEOII Neopolis. 
 
 NEP Nerva. 
 
 NIK Nicaeum, Nicomedia. 
 
 NY Nisyrus. 
 
 NY2 Nysaei, on coins of 
 
 Scythopolis. 
 
 Xanthus, Xatynthus. 
 
 O Opuntium. 
 
 OI Oethaei. 
 
 OABIO Olbiopolis. 
 
 OAY Olympus. 
 
 ON. (Oi/roc) . . . being. 
 
 OIIEA Opelius. 
 
 Oil Opus. 
 
 OPY Orycus. 
 
 OPX Orchomenus. 
 
 OYnorYH. (Ov- 
 
 Traroc. or Yira- 
 
 roc) Consul. 
 
 O$PY Ophrynium. 
 
 II Pitane, Pantecapaeum, 
 
 Panormus. 
 II. (ITapet, IIpoc) . upon. 
 
 IL, IIA Paphos, or Paros. 
 
 IT., ITAN Pantecapaeum. 
 
 IT., OH Pelusium. 
 
 n., nOHA Publius. 
 
 IT., IIPY. (Upvra- 
 
 voe) ....... Praefect. 
 
 n., I1PQT. (Upo- 
 
 roe,-) ....... First. 
 
 HA ......... Pales, Patrae. 
 
 IIAI2 ....... Paestum. 
 
 IIAIQ ....... Paeonia. 
 
 I1AN ........ Panormus. 
 
 IIAP ........ Paropinum, Paros. 
 
 IIAPe ....... Parthicus. 
 
 HAPI ....... Paros. 
 
 HE ......... Pelinna. 
 
 IIE ......... Perinthus. 
 
 IIEA ........ Pella. 
 
 HEP ........ Pergus. 
 
 REPF ....... Pergamus. 
 
 HEPT ..... , . Pertinax. 
 
 IIE2K ....... Pescennius. 
 
 Ill ......... Piasdarus. 
 
 IIIN ........ Pinamytac. 
 
 niNA ....... Pinamus. 
 
 IIAA ........ Plateae. 
 
 no ......... Pontus. 
 
 IIOAY ....... Polvrrhenum. 
 
 1TO2. noSEI . . . Posldonia. 
 
 
 Legate. 
 HP, nPO ..... Pronos. 
 
 IIPAI ....... Praesus. 
 
 HPA2 ....... Prassus. 
 
 IIPO ........ Proconnesus. 
 
 OPO2O ...... Prosopis. 
 
 nPOAI.(npoC(cof) Curator. 
 HT ......... Ptolemais. 
 
 HY ......... Pylos. 
 
 nY ......... Pythopolis. 
 
 HYA ........ Pylos. 
 
 riYGO ....... Pitho]K)lis. 
 
 HYP ........ Pyrnus. 
 
 P .......... Rythymna. 
 
 PAY ........ liaucus. 
 
 PH ......... Rhegium. 
 
 PO ......... Rhodes. 
 
 PY ......... Rypae. 
 
 S. 2A ...... Salamis, Samos, Syria. 
 
 Sacile, Sala, Seges- 
 
 ta, Syracuse, Sycion. 
 2A ......... Salamis, Salgania, Sa- 
 
 mosate,Sacili, Same. 
 2Ar ........ Saguntum. 
 
 2AAAI1 ...... Salapia. 
 
 2AP ........ Sardis. 
 
 2E ......... Seriphus, Segeste, Sel- 
 
 gi, Seleucia. 
 
 2EB. (2f/3aoToe) Augustus. 
 2EA ........ Selinus, Seleucia. 
 
 178
 
 PLATE LXXXV.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS. 
 
 2EHT 
 SEP, 2EPI 
 
 21 ......... 
 
 2IA 
 
 2IKI 
 
 2IN., 2INQ 
 
 2K ......... 
 
 2MY ........ 
 
 20 ......... 
 
 2TP., 2TPA. 
 
 2TT 
 
 2Y 
 
 2Y., 2TPA 
 
 2YB 
 
 2YP 
 
 20. . 
 
 . Septimus. 
 . Seriphus. 
 . Sephyrium. 
 . Siphnos. 
 , Side. 
 
 . Sicinus, Sycion. 
 . Sinope. 
 . Scepsis. 
 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Soli. 
 
 Praetor. 
 Styria. 
 Sicily. 
 Syracuse. 
 Sybaris. 
 , Syria. 
 Solae. 
 
 T Tarentun, Tarsus, 
 
 Teos, Titus. 
 
 TA Terantum, Tabae. 
 
 TA., TANA .... Tanagra. 
 
 TABAA Tabala. 
 
 TAP Tarentum, Tarsus. 
 
 TAYP Tauromenum. 
 
 TE Tementis, Tegea, Te- 
 
 uedos, Terina. 
 
 TEP Terina. 
 
 TH Teos,Terpillus,Tenns. 
 
 TI., TIB Tiberius. 
 
 TO . Tolistobegl 
 
 TPA Trallis. 
 
 TPI Tripolis. 
 
 TPIA Triadissa. 
 
 TPO Triozene. 
 
 TY Tyndaris. 
 
 TYAN Tyana. 
 
 TYP Tyre (monogram). 
 
 Y, YE., YEA . . . Velia. 
 YH., YIIAT (Vira- 
 
 roe) Consul 
 
 YP Una. 
 
 < Philip, Phoestus, Phi- 
 
 luntium, Phocis, 
 Phocaca, Phocians. 
 
 4>A Phaselis, Phaestus, 
 
 Pharos, Phanagoria, 
 Pharae. 
 
 <I>AI Phaestus. 
 
 Phalanna. 
 Pharsalus. 
 
 *APBAI Pharbaeshites. 
 
 <I>I Vibius, Philippopolis, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 Phineium. 
 Flavius. 
 Phocis. 
 Phocaeum. 
 
 <i>OYA Fulvia. 
 
 *Y Phycus in Cyrenc. 
 
 4>Q Phocis. 
 
 X Chios. 
 
 XAA Chalcis. 
 
 XEP Chersonesus. 
 
 XI Chytri in Crete. 
 
 180
 
 PLATE LXXXVI.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS, 
 
 WITH THEIR EXPLANATION. 
 
 A. Aulus, or annus. 
 
 A. A. Anni, or annos. 
 
 A. A. A. A. A. August!. 
 
 AA.A.F.F. Auro, argento, acre flando feriundo. 
 
 ABN. Abnepos. 
 
 Acer. Accitana. 
 
 ACCI.L.III. Accitana legio iii. 
 
 ACT. Actiacus, actia, or actium. 
 
 A. ACT. A. Actiacus apollo. 
 
 AAD. FRV. EMV. Ad frugcs emundus. 
 
 AADI. Adjutrix. 
 
 ADLOCVT. AUG. Adlocutio augusti. 
 
 ADLOCVT. COH. PRAETOR. Adlocutio cohortium praetorianorum. 
 
 ADVENT. AUG. inn. or MAV. or ACHA. or AFRIC. or ASI. or sic. or GAL. or IIISP. Ad- 
 
 ventus augusti judeae, or mauritanioe, or achaite, or africse, or asiae, or siciilia;, 
 
 or galliae, or hispaniae. 
 AED. CVR. Aedilis curulis. 
 
 AED. DIVI. AVG. REST. Aedes divi augusti restitutae. 
 AED. P. Aedilitia potestas. 
 AED. PL. Aedilitia plebis. 
 AED. s. Aedes sacrae, or aedibus sacris. 
 AEH. Aemilius, or aemilia. 
 JEqviT. AVG. jEquitas augusti. 
 AET. Aeternitas. 
 A. F. Auli filius. 
 A. N. Auli nepos. 
 AGRIP. F. Agrippae filius. 
 AGRIPPA M. F. MA. c. CJESARIS. AVG^STI. Agrippa marci filia mater caii ca-saris 
 
 augusti. 
 
 ALE. Alexandria. 
 ALIM. ITAL. Alimenta italiae. 
 ALVIT. Alvitius. 
 ANIC. Anicius. 
 
 A. M. B. Antiochiae moneta officina secunda. Money of Antioch b. 
 AN. B. or ANT. B. Antiochiae officina secunda. 
 A. N. F. F. Annum novum felicem faustum. 
 ANN. DCCC. LXXII. NAT. VRB. p. CIR. CON. Anno dccclxxii. natali urbis populo 
 
 circenses constituti. 
 ANNONA. AVG. Annona augusti. 
 ANT. P. Antiochiae percussa. 
 ANT. s. Antiochiae signata. 
 
 182
 
 PLATE LXXXVII.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON HOMAN COINS. 
 
 A. p. F. Auro populo feriundo or argento populo feriundo. 
 
 A. P. IAG. Pecunia lugduni a. 
 
 APOL. MON. Apollo monetalis. 
 
 APOL. PAL. Apollo Palatinus. 
 
 APOL. SALVT. CONSERVATORI. Apolloni salutari conservatori. 
 
 AQ. o. B. Aquiliai officina b. 
 
 AQ. P. s. Aquiliae pecunia signata. 
 
 AQ. p. Aquiliae percussa. 
 
 AQ. s. Aquiliae signata. 
 
 AQVA. M. Aqua marcia. 
 
 AQVA. TRAJ. Aqua trajana. 
 
 AR. or ARL. Arelate or arlate. 
 
 ARA. PAC. Ara pacis. 
 
 ARAB. ADQVI. Arabia adquisita. 
 
 ARMEN. CAP. Armenia capta. 
 
 ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA POTESTATEM p. R. REDACT. Armenia et mesopotamia 
 
 potestatem populi romaui redactae. 
 Asi. ASIA. Asia. 
 
 A. sisc. A. sisciae. 
 AST. Astigitana. 
 
 Avo. Augur or augustus, or augusta, or augustalis. 
 
 Avo. D. F. Augustus divi filius. 
 
 AVGG. or AVGGG. Augusti. 
 
 AVR. PI A. SIDON. COLONIA. Aurelia pia sidonis colonia. 
 
 B. 
 
 B. Bcrythus or bono, or braccara or officina sccunda. 
 B. A. Braccara augustalis. 
 
 BON. EVENT. Bonus eventus, or bono eventui. 
 
 BRIT. Britannicus or britannia. 
 
 B. R. p. N. Bono republico nato. 
 
 BRVN. Brundusium. 
 
 B. SIRM. B. sirmii. 
 
 B. s. LG. B. (Officina secunda) signata lugdunum. 
 
 B. T. Beata tranquillitas. 
 BVTIIR. Buthrotum. 
 
 C. 
 
 C. Caius or caesar. 
 
 C. Carthago, or censor, or centum, or cives, or clypcus, or cohors, or cclonia, or 
 consultum, or cornelius. 
 
 C. A. A. P. Colonia augusta aroe patrensis, or colonia a. augusta patrensis, or co- 
 lonia agrippina. 
 
 CABE. Cabellio. 
 
 C. A. BVT. Colonia augnsta buthrotum. 
 
 C. A. c. Colonia augusta caesarca. 
 
 C. A. E. Colonia augusta emerita. 
 
 C. A. E. AVG. PATER. Colonia augusta emerita augustus pater. 
 
 CAES. Caesarea or caesar. 
 
 CAESS. or CAESSS. Caesares. 
 
 CAESAR. AVG. F. DES. IMP. AVG. cos. ITE. Caesar augusti filius designatns impera- 
 tor augustus consul iterum. 
 
 CAESAR. DIVI. F. Caesar divi filius. Caesar, son of the God. 
 
 CAESAR. PONT. MAX. Caesar pontifex maximus. 
 
 C.A.I, or C.I.A. Colonia augusta julia. 
 
 CAL. Calaguris, or calidius, or calidia. 
 
 184
 
 PLATE LXXXVIII.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 C. A. o. A. F. Colonia augusta oca antoniniana felix. 
 
 C.A. PI. MET. SID. Colonia aurelia pia metropolis sidon. 
 
 C. A. K. Colonia augusta rauracorum or colonia augusta regia. 
 
 C. c. Hundreds. 
 
 C. c. A. Colonia caesarea augusta. 
 
 C. CAESAR. AVG. PRON. AVG. P. M. TR. p. mi. p. p. Caius caesar augusti pronepos 
 
 augustus pontifex maximus tribunitia potestate iiii. pater patriae. 
 C. c. COL. LVG. Claudia copia colonia lugdunum. 
 C. c. i. B. Colonia campestris julia babba. 
 
 C. c. i. B. D. D. Colonia campestris julia babba decreto decurionum. 
 C. C. i. H. P. A. Colonia concordia julia hadrumetina pia augusta. 
 C. civ. D. D. P. Corona civica data decreto publico. 
 C. c. N. A. Colonia carthago nova augusta. 
 
 C. c. N. c. D. D. Colonia concordia norba caesarea decreto decurionum. 
 C. R. Centissima remissa, or circenses restituti. 
 C. c. s. Colonia claudia salaria. 
 C. CVP. Caius cupiennius. 
 CEN. Censor. 
 
 CENS. PER. Censor perpetuus, or censoris permissu. 
 
 CER. SACR. PER. OECVME. isELA. Certamiiia sacra periodica oecumenica iselastica. 
 CERT. QVIN. ROM. CON. Certamina quinquennalia romae constituta. 
 C. E. s. Cum exercitu suo. 
 CEST. Cestius, or cestia. 
 C. F. Caius fabius. 
 C. F. Caii filius. 
 C. N. Caii nepos. 
 
 C. F. P. D. Colonia flavia pacensis develtum. 
 C. G. I. H. P. A. Colonia gemella julia hadriana pariana augusta. 
 C. i. c. A. Colonia julia concordia apamaea, or colonia julia carthago antiqua. 
 C. i. c. A. GENIO. P. R. D. D. Colonia julia concordia augusta genio populi romani 
 
 decreto decurionum. 
 
 C. i. A. D. Colonia julia augusta dertona. 
 C. i. AVG. F. SIN. Colonia julia augusta felix sinope. 
 C. i. B. Colonia julia balba. 
 C. i. c. A. P. A. Colonia julia carthago augusta pia antiqua or colonia julia corin- 
 
 thus augusta pia antoniniana. 
 C. i. CAES. Caius Julius caesar. 
 C. i. CAL. Colonia julia calpe. 
 C. i. F. Colonia julia felix. 
 C. i. G. A. Colonia julia gemella augusta, 
 C. i. i. A. Colonia immunis illice augusta. 
 C. i. IL. A. Q. PAPIR. CAR. Q. TER. MONT. ii. viR. Colonia immunis illice augusta 
 
 quinto papirio carbone quinto terentio montano ii. viris quiuquennalibus. 
 C. i. N. c. Colonia julia norba caesariana. 
 C. i. N. c. Colonia julia nova carthago. 
 CIR. CON. Circenses constituti, or circenses consessit. 
 C. i. v. Colonia julia valentia. 
 CL. Claudius, or claudia, or clypeus. 
 CLASS. PR. Classis praefectus or classis praetoriana. 
 C. L. AVG. F. Caius lucius augusti filius. 
 C. L. CAESS. Caius et lucius caesares. 
 C. L. i. COR. Colonia laus julia corinthus. 
 CL. v. Clypeus votivus. 
 C. M. L. Colonia metropolis laodicea. 
 CN. ATEL. FLAC. CN. POMP. FLAG. ii. VIRIS. Q. v. i. N. c. Cnaeo atellio flacco cnaeo 
 
 pompeio flacco ii. viris quinquennalibus victricis juliae novae carthaginis. 
 CN. DOM. AMP. Cnaeius domitius amplus. 
 CN. DOM. PROCOS. Cnaeo domitio proconsufe. 
 
 18G
 
 PLATE LXXXIX.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 CN. F. Cnaei filkis. 
 
 CN. MAG. IMP. Cnaeus magnus imperator. 
 
 Co. DAM. METRO. Colonia damascus metropolis. 
 
 COHH. PE^ET. vii. P. vi. F. Cohortes praetorianae vii. piae vi. fideles. 
 
 COH. i. CK. Cohortis i. cretensis. 
 
 COH. PRJE. PHIL. Cohors praetoriana philippensium. 
 
 Co. AE. CAP. Colonia aelia capitolina. 
 
 COL. AEL. A. H. MET. Colonia aelia augusta hadrumetina. 
 
 COL. AEL. CAP. COMM. P. F. Colonia aelia capitolina commodiana pia felix. 
 
 COL. ALEX. TROAS. Colonia alexandriana troas. 
 
 COL. AMAS. or AMS. Colonia amastrianorum. or colonia amstrianorum. 
 
 COL. ANT. or ANTI. Colonia antiochia. 
 
 COL. ARELAT. SEXTAN. Colonia arelate sextanorum. 
 
 COL. AST. AVG. Colonia astigitana augusta. 
 
 COL. AVG. FEL. BER. Colonia augusta felix berithus. 
 
 COL. AVG. FIR. Colonia augusta firma. 
 
 COL. AVG. IVL. PHILIP. Colonia augusta Julia philippensis. 
 
 COL. AVG. PAT. TREVIR. Colonia augusta paterna trevirorum. 
 
 COL. AVG. TROA. vel TROAD. Colonia augusta troadensis. 
 
 COL. AVGVSTA. EMERITA. Colonia augusta emerita. 
 
 COL. AVR. ANTONI. AVG. TROA. Colonia aurelia antoniniana augusta troadensis. 
 
 COL. AVR. KAR. COMM. p. F. Colonia aurelia karrhas commodiana pia felix. 
 
 COL. AVR. PIA. SIDON. Colonia aurelia pia sidon. 
 
 COL. AVR. p. M. SIDON. Colonia aurelia pia metropolis sidon. 
 
 COL. B. A. Colonia braccara augusta. 
 
 COL. BERIT. L. v. vel vin. Colonia berithus Icgio v. or viii. 
 
 COL. CABE. Colonia cabellio. 
 
 COL. CAES. ANTIOCII. Colonia caesarea antiochia, 
 
 COL. CES. AVG. Colonia caesarea augusta. 
 
 COL. CAMALODVNVM. Colonia camalodunum. 
 
 COL. CASILIN. Colonia casilinum. 
 
 COL. CL. PTOL. Colonia claudia ptolomais. 
 
 COL. DAMAS. METRO. Colonia damascus metropolis. 
 
 COL. F. j. A. P. BAHCIN. Colonia flavia julia augusta pia barcino. 
 
 COL. FLAV. AVG. COR. Colonia flavia augusta corinthus. 
 
 COL. FL. PAC. DEVLT. Colonia flavia pacensis deultum. 
 
 COL. H. Colonia heliopolis. 
 
 COL. HA. MER. Colonia hadriana mercuri. 
 
 COL. HEL. i. o. M. H. Colonia heliopolis jovi optimo maximo heliopolitana. 
 
 COL. IVL. AVG. c. i. F. COMAN. Colonia julia augusta claudia invicta felix coma- 
 norum. 
 
 COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. BER. Colonia julia augusta felix berythus. 
 
 COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. CREMXA. Colonia julia augusta felix cremna. 
 
 COL. IVL. CER. SAC. AVG. FEL. CAP. OECVM. iSE. HEL. Colonia julia ccrtamen sa- 
 crum augustum felix capitolinum oecumenicum iselasticum heliopolitanum. 
 
 COL. IVL. CONC. APAM. AVG. D. D. Coloni julia concordia apamea augusto decreto 
 decurionum. 
 
 COL. IVL. LAV. COR. Colonia julia lans corinthus. 
 
 COL. IVL. PATER. NAR. Colonia julia paterna narbonensis. 
 
 COL. ANT. COM. Coloniae antoninianae commodianaj. 
 
 COL. NEM. Colonia nemausus, or nemausensium. 
 
 COL. NICEPH. COND. Colonia nicephorium condita. 
 
 COL. PATR. Colonia patrensis, or patricia. 
 
 COL. P. F. AVG. F. CAES. MET. Colonia prima flavia augusta felix caesarea metro- 
 polis. 
 
 COL. p. FL. AVG. CAES. METRO?, p. s. p. Colonia prima flavia angusta caesarea me- 
 tropolis provincae syriae palestina. 
 
 COL. PR. F. A. CAESAR. Colonia prima flavia augusta caesarea. 
 
 188
 
 PLATE XC.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON EOMAN COINS. 
 
 COL. R. F. AVG. FL. c. METROP. Colonia romana felix augusta flavia caesarea me- 
 tropolis. 
 
 COL. ROM. Colonia romulensis. 
 
 COL. ROM. LVGD. Colonia romanorum lugdunum. 
 
 COL. RVS. LEG. vi. Colonia ruseino legio vi. 
 
 COL. SABAR. Colonia sabariae. 
 
 COL. SEBAS. Colonia sebastiae. 
 
 COL. SEE. G. NEAPOL. Colonia servia galba neapolisj. 
 
 COL. TYR. METR. Colonia tyrus metropolis. 
 
 COL. v. i. CELSA. Colonia victrix julia celsa. 
 
 COL. vie. IVL. LEP. Colonia victrix julia leptis. 
 
 COL. VIM. AN. i. Colonia viminac'ium anno i. 
 
 COL. VLP. TRA. Colonia ulpia trajana. 
 
 COM. ASI. ROM. ET. AVG. Commune asiae romae et augusto. 
 
 COM. IMP. AVG. Comes imperatoris augusti. 
 
 COMM. Commodus, or commodiana. 
 
 Co. M. o. B. vel. Co. M. OB. Constantinopoli moneta officina b. or constantinopoli 
 moneta obsignata. 
 
 CON. vel CONS, vel CONST. Constantinople. 
 
 CON. AVG. vin. Congiarium augusti viii. 
 
 CONC. Concordia. 
 
 CONC. APAM. Concordia apameae. 
 
 CONG. DAT. POP. Congiarium datum populo. 
 
 CONGIAR. PRIMUM. p. R. D. Congiarium primum populo romano datum. 
 
 CONG. P. R. vel CONG. PR. Congiarinm populo romano, or Congiarium primum. 
 
 CONG. TER. P. R. ISIP. MAX. DAT. Congiarium tertium populo romano impensis 
 maximis datum. 
 
 CON. M. Constantinopolis moneta. 
 
 CON. o. B. Constantinopoli officina b. 
 
 CON. OB. Constantinopoli obsignata. 
 
 CONSENSU. SENAT. ET. EQ. ORDiNis. p. Q. R. Consensu senatus et cquestris ordinis 
 populi que romani. 
 
 CONS. o. A. Constantinopoli officina a. 
 
 CONS. P. A. Constantinopoli percussa a. 
 
 CONS. suo. Conservator! suo. 
 
 COOPT. Cooptatus. 
 
 COOPT. IN. OMN. CONL. svpRA. NVM. EX. s. c. Cooptatus in omne conl egium supra 
 numerum ex senatus consulto. 
 
 Co. P. F. CAE. METRO. Colonia prima flavia caesarea metropolis. 
 
 C. o. P. i. A. Colonia octavianorum pacensis julia augusta. 
 
 Co. R. N. B. Constantinopoli romae novae b. 
 
 Cos. ITER. ET. TER. DESIGN. Consul iter urn et tertium designatus. 
 
 Coss. Consules. 
 
 Cos. vi. Consul vi. 
 
 C. P. FL. AVG. F. G. CAES. METRO, p. 8. p. Colonia prima flavia augusta felix ger- 
 manica caesarea, metropolis provincia syriae, palestina. 
 
 C. R. Claritas reipublicae. 
 
 CRAS. Crassus. 
 
 C. R. i. F. s. Colonia romana julia felix sinope. 
 
 CRISPINA. AVG. COMMODI. Crispina augusta commodi augusti. 
 
 C. SACR. FAC. Censor sacris facundis. 
 
 C. T. T. Colonia togata taraco. 
 
 C. v. Clypeus votivus. 
 
 C. VAL. HOST. M. QVINTUS. Caius hostilianus messius quintus. 
 
 C. VET. LANG. Caius vettio langtiido. 
 
 C. vi. IL. Colonia victrix illice. 
 
 C. Q. P. P. Consul quintum pater patriae. 
 
 CVR. x. F. Curator x. flandorum. 
 
 190
 
 PLATE XCI.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 C. v. T. Colonia victrix taraco. 
 
 C. v. T. T. JETERNIT. Avo. Colonia victrix togata taraco aeternitati augustac. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. A. Divus augnstus. 
 DAC. Dacia, dacicus. 
 DAC. CAP. Dacia capta. 
 
 DACIA AVG. FROVINCIA. Dacia augusti provincia. 
 
 DAMA. Damascus. 
 
 D. c. A. Divus cajsar augustus. 
 
 D. c. c. N. c. Decuriones coloniae concordiae norbae caesarianae. 
 
 D. CL. SEPT. ALBIN. CABS. Decimus clodius septimus albiims caesar. 
 
 D. c. s. De consulum sententia. 
 
 D. D. N. N. Domini nostri or dominorum nostrorum. 
 
 DEBELLATOR. GENT. BARBAR. Dcbellatori gentium barbarorum. 
 
 DECI. Decius or decennalia. 
 
 DE. GERM. De germanis. 
 
 DEO. NEM. Deo nemausus. 
 
 DERT. Dertosa. 
 
 D. F. Decimi filius. 
 
 D. N. Decimi nepos. 
 
 DIANA. PERG. Diana pergensis. 
 
 DICT. PER. Dictator perpetu us. 
 
 Dn. PAT. Dii patrii. 
 
 Dus. CVST. Diis custodibus. 
 
 Dus. GENIT. Diis genitalibus. 
 
 D. i. M. s. Deo invicto mithras sacrum. 
 
 DISCIPLINA, or DISCIPVLINA AVG. Disciplina, or discipulina augusta, or augusti. 
 
 DIVI. P. Divi filius. 
 
 Divo. AVG. VESP. Divi augustus vespasiano. 
 
 Divo. AVG. Divo augusto. 
 
 T. DIVI. VESP. F. VESPASIANO. Tito divi vespasiani filio vespasiano. 
 
 Div. PIO. Divo pio. 
 
 Divvs. TRAIAN. AVG. PARTH. PATER. Divus traianus augustus parthicus pater. 
 
 DOM, or DOMIT. Domitius, or domitianus. 
 
 DOMITIA AVG. IMP. CABS. DIVI. F. DOMiTiANi AUG. Domitia augusta imperatrix 
 caesaris divi, filii domitiani augusti. 
 
 D. p. Divus phis. 
 
 D. p p. Dii penates. 
 
 DR. CJES. Q. PR. Drusus cecsar quinquennalis praefcctu?. 
 
 DRVSVS. CAESAR. TI. AVG. DIVI. AVG. N. Drusus coesar tiberii augusti filius. divi au- 
 gusti nepos. 
 
 D. s. i. M. Deo soli invicto mithrae. 
 
 s- 
 
 E. 
 
 EGN. GAL. AVG. Egnatius gallienus augustus. 
 
 EID. MART. Eidibus martii. 
 
 EQ. con. Equestris cohors. 
 
 EQ. M. Equitum magistri. 
 
 EQ. ORDIN. Equitum ordinis. 
 
 ETR. Etruscus. 
 
 EVE. Europa. 
 
 Ex. AR. p. Ex argento puro, or probato, or publico. 
 
 Ex. CONS. Ex consensu. 
 
 Ex. D. D. Ex decreto decurionum. 
 
 192
 
 PLATE XCII.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 Ex. EA. p. Q. i. s. AD. AE. D. E. Ex ea pecunia quae jussu senatus ad acrarinm 
 
 delata est. 
 
 EXERCITVS. VAC. Exercitus vacceus. 
 EXERCITVS. YSC. Exercitus yscanus. 
 EXERC. PERS. Exercitus persicus. 
 Ex. s. c. Ex senatus consulto. 
 Ex. s. D. Ex senatus decreto. 
 
 F. 
 
 F. Fabius, or faciundum, or fecit, or felix, or filius, or flamen, or fortunas. 
 
 FAB. Fabius. 
 
 FABRI. Fabricius. 
 
 FAD. Fadius. 
 
 F^CVND. Fajcunditas. 
 
 FAN. Fannia. 
 
 FATIS VICTHI. Fatis victricibus. 
 
 FAVSTINA. AVG. ANTONINI AVG. PII. P. p. Faustina augusta antonini augnsti pii pa- 
 
 tris patriae. 
 F. B. Felicitas beata. 
 
 F. c. Faciundum curavit, or frumento convehendus. 
 FELICITATI AUG. Felicitati augusta;, or augusti. 
 FEL PRO. Felicitas provinciarum. 
 FEL. TEMP. REP. Felix temporum reparatio. 
 FER. D. Feronia dea. 
 FIDEI LEG. Fidei legionum. 
 FIDES MILIT. Fides militum. 
 FID. EXERC. Fides exercitus. 
 FL. Flamen, or flavins. 
 FLAM. D. Flamen divi. 
 FLAM. DIAL. Flamen dialis. 
 FLAM. MART. Flamen martial is. 
 FL. FEL. Flaviae felicis. 
 FOR. Fortuna. 
 
 FORT. p. R. Fortuna or fortitude populi romani. 
 FORT. PRIM. Fortuna primigenia. 
 FORT. RED. Fortunae redux, or fortunae reduci. 
 FOVR. Fourius. 
 FRVG. AC. Frnges acceptae. 
 
 F. T. R. Felix temporum reparatio. 
 FVL. Fulvius. 
 
 FVLG. Fulgurator. 
 FVLM. Fulminator. 
 
 G. 
 
 G. Galinicus, or gaudium, or genius, or germanus, or gnaca. 
 GADIT. Gaditana. 
 
 GAL. Galindicus, or galerius. 
 
 G. or GEN. AVG. Genio augusti. 
 
 G. COR. SVPER. Gnea cornelia supera. 
 
 G. . Germanicus dacicus. 
 
 GEM. L. Gemina legio. 
 
 GEN. COL. COR. Genio coloniae corinthiae. 
 
 GEN. ILLY. Genius illyrici. 
 
 GENIO. COL. NER. PATR. Genio coloniae neronianae patrcnsis. 
 
 GENIT. ORB. Genitrix orbis. 
 
 GEN. LVG. Genio lugdunensi. 
 
 194
 
 PLATE XCIII.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 GERM. CAPTA. Germania capta. 
 
 GER. P. Germanica provincia, or germaniae populus. 
 
 GL. E. R. Gloria exercitus romani. 
 
 GL. P. E. Gloria populi romani. 
 
 GL. R. Gloria romanorum. 
 
 G. L. 8. Genio loci sacrum. 
 
 G. M. v. Gemina minerva victrix. 
 
 GOTH. Gothicus. 
 
 G. P. Grascia peragrata, or grseciae populus. 
 
 G. P. R. Genio populi romani. 
 
 GRAC. Gracchus. 
 
 G. T. A. Genius tutelaris aegypti, or geminae tutator africae. 
 
 H. 
 
 H. Hastati. 
 
 HADRIANVS AVG. cos. in. P. P. Hadrianus augustus consul iii. pater patriac. 
 
 HA. p. or H. P. Hastatorum principum. 
 
 HEL. Heliopolis. 
 
 HELV. PERT. Helvius pertinax. 
 
 Her. Hercules, or Herennius. 
 
 HERAC. Heraclitus. 
 
 HERC. COMMOD. Herculi commodiano. 
 
 HERC. GADIT. Herculi gaditano. 
 
 HERC. ROM. CONDIT. Herculi romano conditori. 
 
 HILARIT. TEMP. Hilaritas temporum. 
 
 HIP. Hippius. 
 
 HISP. Hispalis, or hispana, or hispalus. 
 
 Ho. Honor. 
 
 Hs. A sign for sestertium, the Sesterce, a piece of Roman money. 
 
 I. 
 
 I. Imperator, or jovis, or juno, or jussu, or I, or 1. 
 
 I. A. Imperator augustus, or indulgentia augusti. 
 
 I. c. Imperator caesar, or Julius caesar. 
 
 Ii. IMP. cc. PHILIPPIS. AVGG. Ii. imperatoribus caesaribus philippis augustis. 
 
 In. VIR. A. A. A. AF. F. Trium viri auro argento acre flando feriundo. 
 
 I. IT. Imperator iterum. 
 
 Ii. VIR. QVINQ. Duum-vir quinquennalis. 
 
 IMP. CAES. ANTONINUS AVG. p.p.p. Imperator caesar antoninus augustus pius pater 
 
 patriae. 
 
 IMP. CAES. AVG. COMM. CONS. Imperator caesar angustus communi consensu. 
 IMP. CAES. c. VIB. VOLVSIANO. Imperator caesari caio vibio volusiano. 
 
 IMP. CAES. DIVI. TRAIANI. AVG. F. TRAIANI. HADRIANO. OPT. AVG. DAC. PARTHICO. P. 
 
 M. TR. P. cos. P. P. Imperatori caesari divi trajani augusti filio trajani hadri- 
 
 ano optimo augusto dacico parthico pontifici maximo tribunitiae potestate con- 
 
 suli patri patriae. 
 IMP. CAES. DIVI. VESP. F. DOMiT. AUG. p. M. TR. p. P. P. Imperator caesar divi ves- 
 
 pasiani filius domitianus augustus pontifex maximus tribunitia potestate pater 
 
 patriae. 
 
 IMP. CJES. G. M. Q. Imperator caesar gneus messius quintus. 
 IMP. CJES. L. AVREL. vERVs. AVG. ARM. PART. Imperator caesar lucius aurelius verus 
 
 augustus armeniacus parthicus. x 
 IMP. C.ES. L. SEPT. SEV. PERT. AUG. TR. p. cos. Imperator caesar lucius septimus 
 
 severus pertinax augustus tribunitia potestate consul. 
 IMP. cxs. M. ANT. GORDIANUS. AFR. AVG. Imperator csesar marcus antoninus gor- 
 
 dianus africanus augustus. 
 
 196
 
 PLATE XCIV.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 IMP. CMS. M. OPEL. SEV. MACRiNvs. AUG. Imperator csssar marcus opelius severus 
 macrinus augustus. 
 
 IMP. C.E8. NEEV^E. TRAIANO. AVG. GER. DAC. P. M. TR. P. COS. V. P. P. Imperatori 
 
 cassari nervas trajano augusto germanico dacico pontifici maximo tribunitia po- 
 testate consul v. pater patriae. 
 
 IMP. C^ES. P. HELV. PERTIN. AVG. Imperator ca;sar publius helvius pertinax au- 
 gustus. 
 
 IMP. c. c. VA. F. GAL. VEND. voLvsiANO. AVG. Imperator caesari caio valindico 
 finnico galindico vendendico volusiano augusto. 
 
 IMP. c. M. CASS. LAX. POSTVMVS. p. F. AVG. Imperator caesar marcus cassius la- 
 tienus postumus plus felix augustus. 
 
 IMP. c. M. TRAIANVS. DECivs. AVG. Imperator caesar marcus trajanus decius au- 
 gustus. 
 
 IMP. c. p. LIC. VALERIANVS. P. F. AVG. Imperator caius publius licinius valerianus 
 pius felix augustus. 
 
 IMP. ITER. Imperator iterum. 
 
 IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Imperator marcus Julius philippus augustus. 
 
 IMP. T. AEL. ANTONINO. Imperatori tito aelio antonino. 
 
 IMP. T. C^ES. DIVI. VESP. F. AVG. P. M. TR. POT. cos. REST. Imperator titus cajsar 
 divi vespasiani filius augustus pontifex maximus tribunitia potestate consul 
 restituit. 
 
 IMP. vi. Imperator vi. 
 
 INDVLGENT. AVGG. IN. CARTH. Indulgentia augustorum in carthaginenses. 
 
 INDVLG. PIA. POSTVMI. AVG. Indulgentia pia postumi augusti. 
 
 lo. CANTAB. Jovi cantabrico. 
 
 I. o. M. D. Jovi optiino maximo dicatum. 
 
 I. o. M. H. Jovi optimo maximo heliopolis. 
 
 I. o. M. s. Jovi optimo maximo sacrum. 
 
 I. o. M. 8POS8. SECVRIT. AVG. Jovi optimo maximo sponsor! securitatis augusti. 
 
 I. O. M. S. P. Q. R. V. 8. PR. 8. IMP. CAES. QVOD. PER. EV. RP. IN. AMP. ATQ. TRAN. 8. 
 
 E. Jovi optimo maximo senatus populus que romanus vota suscepta pro salute 
 imperatoris caesaris quod per eum respublica in ampliori atque tranquilliori 
 statu est. 
 
 I. o. M. v. c. Jovi optimo maximo victori conservatori. 
 
 lov. OLYM. Jovi olympio. 
 
 lov. STAT. Jovi statori. 
 
 lov. TON. Jovi tonanti. 
 
 ISEL. OECVM. Iselastica oecumenica. 
 
 I. s. M. R. Juno sospita magna regina, or juno sospita mater romanorum. 
 
 ITAL. Italia. 
 
 ITAL. MVN. Italicum municipium. 
 
 IVD. CAP. Judsea capta. 
 
 IVL. Julius, or julia, or julianus. 
 
 IVL. AVG. CASSANDREN. Julia augusta cassandrensis. 
 
 IVL. AVG. GENIT. ORB. Julia augusta genitrix orbis. 
 
 IVLIA. AVGVSTA. c. c. A. Julia augusta colonia caesarea angusta. 
 
 IVLIA. IMP. T. AVG. F. AVGVSTA. Julia imperatoris titi augusti filia augusta. 
 
 IVL. v. MAXIMVS. c. Julius verus maximus caesar. 
 
 IVN. Junior, or junius, or Juno. 
 
 IVN. MART. Junoni martiali. 
 
 IVN. REG. Juno regina. 
 
 K. 
 
 K. Carthago or kaeso. 
 
 KAP. Capitolina. 
 
 KAR. Carthago. 
 
 KAR. o. Carthaginensis officina. 
 
 198
 
 PLATE XCV.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 KART. or KET. E. Carthago officina quinta. 
 KON. or KONS. Constantinopolis. 
 
 L. 
 
 L. Laus, or legatus, or legio, or lucius, or ludi. 
 
 L. c. Lugdunum colonia. 
 
 LAPHR. Laphria. 
 
 L. AUREL. COMMO. GERM. SARM. Lucius aurclius commodus germanicus sarmati- 
 
 cus. 
 
 L. CAN. Lucius caninius. 
 LEG. Legio. 
 
 LEG. AUG. PR. PR. Legatus augusti pro praetore. 
 LEG. GEM. PAC. or PARTH. or NEP. or VLP. Legio gemina pacifica, or parthica, or 
 
 neptunia, or ulpia. 
 
 LEG. i. ADI. P. F. Legio i. adjutrix pia fidelis. 
 LEG. ii. PART. v. P. V.F. Legio ii. parthica v. pia fidelis. 
 LEG. in. PART. Legio iii. parthica. 
 
 LEG. ii. TRO. or TR. FOR. Legio ii. trojanus or trajanus fortis. 
 LEG. mi. vi. P. vi. F. Legio iiii. vi. pia vi. fidelis. 
 LEG. M. xx. Legio macedonica xx. 
 LEG. PRO. cos. or LEG. PRO. PR. or LEG. AVG. or LEG. A. p. Legatus pro consule, 
 
 or legatus pro praetore, or legatus augusti, or legio armeniae provinciae. 
 LEG. vn. CL. GEM. FIDEL. Legio vii. claudia gemina fidelis. 
 LEG. v. M. P. c. Legio v. macedonica pia constans. 
 LEG. xi. CLAVDIA. Legio xi. claudia. 
 LEG. xvi. FRE. Legio xvi. fregellae or frepenae. 
 LEG. xxx. NEP. vi. F. Legio xxx. neptuniana vi. fidelis. 
 LEN. CVR. x. F. Lentulus curator x. flandorum. 
 LEP. Lepidus or leptis. 
 
 LIB. AVG. nil. cos. nn. Liberalitas augusti iiii. consul iiii. 
 LIBERALIT. AVG. Liberalitas augusta or augusti. 
 
 LIBERIS. AVG. COL. A. A. p. Liberis augusti colonia augusta aroe patrensis. 
 LIBERT. REST. Libertas restituta. 
 LIB. n. or in. Liberalitas ii. or iii. 
 LIB. p. Libero patri. 
 
 LIB. PVB. Liberalitas publica, or libertas publica. 
 Lie. COR. SAL. VALER. N. c^ES. Licinius Cornelius saloninus valerianus nobilis 
 
 caesar. 
 
 Lie. or licin. Licinius licinianus. 
 L. i. MIN. Legio i. minervium. 
 
 LOCVPLET. ORB. TERRAR. Locupletatori orbis terrarum. 
 LON. Longus. 
 L. P. D. AE. p. Lucius papirius design atus aedilis plebis. 
 
 L. SEPTIM. SEVERVS. PIV8. AVG. P. M. TR. P. XV. COS. III. P. P. Lucius Septimus 
 
 severus pius augustus pontifex maximus tribunitia potestate xv. consul iii. pater 
 patriae. 
 
 L. SEPTIM. SEV. PERT. AVG. IMP. PARTH. ARAB. PARTH. ADIAB. COS. II. P. D. LucitlS 
 
 septimus severus pertinax augustus imperator parthicus arabicus parthicus adia- 
 
 bicus consul ii. pater patriae. 
 L. VAL. Lucius Valerius. 
 Lvc. Lucanus, or lucrio, or lucdunum. 
 Lvc. P. s. Lucduni pecunia signata. 
 Lvc. AEL. Lucius aelius. 
 
 LVCILL^;. AVG. ANTONINI. AVG. F. Lucillae augustae antonini augusti filiae. 
 LVD. S^EC. FEC. cos. xini. Ludos sa3culares fecit consul xiiii. 
 LVP. Lupercus. 
 Lv. PC. s. Lugduni pecunia signata. 
 
 200 

 
 PLATE XCVI.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON EOMAN COINS. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. Maesia, or marcjis, or memmius, or mensis, or minerva, or moneta, or muni- 
 
 ceps, or munitae. 
 M. A. Marcus aurelius. 
 MA. CANI. Manias caninius. 
 
 MA. c. AVG. Magna (aedes) caesaris augusti or macellum augusti. 
 M. JEM. Marcus semilius. 
 MAG. DECENT. Magnentius decentius. 
 MAG. PIVS. Magnus plus. 
 M. ANN. Marcus annius. 
 M. ANT. IMP. AVG. cos. DBS. iTEK. ET TEST. Marcus antonius imperator augur 
 
 consul designatus iterum et tertium. 
 
 M. ANTON. AVG. GERM. Marcus antoninus augustus germanicus. 
 M. ANTONINVS. IMP. cos. DESIG. iTER. ET. TERT. in. viR. REip. c. Marcus antoninus 
 
 imperator consul designatus iterum et tertium triumvir reipublicae constituendae. 
 MARC. Marcia, or mai 'us, or martius. 
 MARCIA OTACIL. SEV. A. G. Marcia otacilia severa augusta. 
 MAR. PROP. Mars propugnator. 
 MAR. VLT. Marti ultori. 
 
 M. CASS. LAT. POSTVMVS. Marcus cassius latienus postumus. 
 MAT. AVGG. Mater augustorum. 
 MAT. SEN. Mater senatus. 
 MAT. PAT. Mater patriae. 
 
 MAT. DEVM. CONSERVAT. Matri deum conservatrici. 
 MAT. DEVM. SAJLVT. Mater deum salutari. 
 MATER. AVGG. Mater augustorum. 
 MATR. CASTROR. Matri castrorum. 
 M. AVF. Marcus aufidius. 
 M. AVR. or MAR. AVR. Marcus aurelius. 
 M. AVR. ANTON. Marcus aurelius antoninus. 
 M. AVREL. ANTONINVS. AVG. ARMEN. P. M. Marcus aurelius antoninus augustus 
 
 armeniacus pontifex maximus. 
 MAX. Maximus. 
 
 M. c. i. Municipum calaguris julia. 
 M. COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG. BRIT. Marcus commodus antoninus augustus Bri- 
 
 tannicus. 
 MES. Messius. 
 MET. Metropolis. 
 MET. Metaccus. 
 
 MET. VLPIAN. PAN. Metallum ulpianum pannonicum. 
 MET. DEL. Metallum del. for dalmatiauum. 
 MET. NOR. Metallum noricum. 
 M. F. Marci filius. 
 M. N. Marci nepos. 
 
 M. H. ILLERGAVOSIA. DERI. Municipium hibera illergavonia dertoza. 
 MINAT. Minatius. 
 MINER. VICT. Minervae victrici. 
 M. K. v. Moneta carthaginensis urbem. 
 M. L. Moneta lugdunensis. 
 
 M. LEP. c. REG. INST. Marcus lepidus civitatum reginensium instauravit. 
 M. LL. Moneta lugdunensium. 
 M. MARC. Marcus marcellus. 
 M. M. i. v. Municipes municipii julii uticensis. 
 M. N. Moneta narbonensis. 
 MON. Moneta. 
 MON. AVG. Moneta augusti. 
 Mo. s. T. Moneta signata treveris. 
 
 202
 
 PLATE XCVIL
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 M. s. AVGG. ET CAESS. NosTR. Moneta sacra augustorum et caesarum nostrorum. 
 M. s. TR. Moneta signata treveris. 
 MVL. FEL. Multa fclicia. 
 
 MVN. AVG. BILBILIS. C. CORN. REFEC. M. HELV. FRONT. II. VIR. Municipium aUgUSta 
 
 bilbilis caio cornelio, refecto marco helvio froatone duumviri. 
 MVN. CLVN. Municipium clunia. 
 MVN. FANE. ^EL. Municipium fanestre alium. 
 MVNICIP. STOB. Municipium stobensium. 
 
 MVNIC. ITALIC. PER. AVG. Municipium italicense permissu augusti. 
 MVN. STOB., or STOBENS, or STOBENSIVM. Municipium stobense or stobensium. 
 MVN. TVR. or MV. TV. Municipium turcussae. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. Natalis, or nepos, or nobilis, or noster, or numen, or nummus. 
 
 NAT. Natalis or natus. 
 
 NAT. VRB. CIRC. CON. Natali urbis circenses constituti. 
 
 N. c. Nero caesar, or nobilis caesar. 
 
 N. c. A. p. R. Nummus cusus a populo romano. 
 
 NEP. RED. Neptuno reduci. 
 
 NEP. s. Neptuno sacrum. 
 
 NEPT. or NEPTVN. Neptunalia. 
 
 NER. Nero or nerva. 
 
 NER. i. Q. VRB. Nero i. quaestor urbis. 
 
 NERO. CLAVD. DRVSVS. GERMAN. IMP. Nero claudius drusus germanicus imperator. 
 
 NERO. ET. DRVSVS. CAESARES. QviNQ. c. v. i. N. c. Nero et drusus caesares quin- 
 
 quennales coloniae victricis juliae novae carthaginis. 
 N. F. Numerii filius. 
 N. N. Numerii nepos. 
 NICEPH. Nicephorium. 
 NIG. Niger. 
 
 NOB. c. Nobilis or nobilissimus caesar. 
 N. T. Numini tutelari. 
 N. TR. ALEXANDRIANS. COL. BOSTB. Nervae trajanae alexandrianaa coloniae bostrae, 
 
 or bostrensis. 
 Nv. Numa. 
 
 O. 
 
 0. Ob, or officina, or ogulnius, or optimo. 
 
 OB. c. s. or OB. civ. SER. or o. c. s. Ob. cives servatos. 
 
 CEc. CEcumenia. 
 
 OFF. in. CONST. Officinae tertiae constantinopoli. 
 
 OLY. Olympius. 
 
 O. M. T. Optimo maximo tonanti. 
 
 OP. or OPT. PRIN. or PR. Optimo principi. 
 
 OP. DIV. Opi divinae. 
 
 OPI. DIVIN. TR. p. cos. ii. Opi. divinae tribunitia potestate consul ii. (ii. stands for 
 
 secundum). 
 
 OPPIVS. CAPIT. PROPR. PRJEF. CLA. Oppius capito propraetor prafectus classis. 
 ORB. TER. Orbis terrarum. 
 
 P. 
 
 P. Pater, or patriae, or per, or percussa, or perpetuus, or pins, or pontifex, or 
 populus, or posuit, or praefectus, or primus, or princeps, or provincae, or publi- 
 us, or publico. 
 
 P. A. Pietas augusti or augusta. 
 
 204
 
 PLATE XCVHI.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 PAC. or PACT. Pacifico. 
 
 PACE. P. R. TERRA. MARIQ. PARTA. IANVM. CLVSiT. Pace populi romani terra ma- 
 
 rique parta janum clusit. 
 
 P. AUTIO. L. MENIO. ii. viR. Publio alitio lucio menio duum-viri. 
 PANNON. Pannoniae. 
 P. AQ. Percussa aquileiae. 
 P. AH. Percussa arelate. 
 P. AR. AD. Parthicus arabicus adiabenicus- 
 PAR. Parthicus. 
 
 P. ARL. Pecunia arelatensis or percussa arelate'. 
 PAT. Pater patriae. 
 PAX. AVG. Pax augusta. 
 PAX. p. ROM. Pax populi romani. 
 P. c. CMS. Pater caii cjesaris. 
 
 P. c. L. VALERIANVS. Publius Cornelius licinius valerianus. 
 P. D. Populo datum. 
 PELAG. Pelagia. 
 
 PENATES, p. R. Penates populi romani. 
 PER. Permissu. 
 
 PER. A. or PERPET. AVG. Perpetuus augustus. 
 
 PERM. DIVI. AVG. COL. ROM. Permissu divi augusti colonia romulea. 
 PERM. IMP. COR. Permissu imperatoris corinthi. 
 PERM. IMP. GERM. Permissu imperatoris germanici. 
 PERMISSV L. APRONI. PROCOS. in. Permissu lucii apronii proconsul iii. 
 P. R. P. Pecunia romae percussa. 
 PERT. Pertinax. 
 PESCEN. Pescennius. 
 
 P. F. Pius felix, or pia fidelis, or primus fecit. 
 P. P. Publii filius, or pii filia. 
 P. H. c. Provinciae hispaniae citerioris. 
 PH. COND. Philippus conditor. 
 P. i. or PRIN. IVVEN. Princeps juventutis. 
 PIET. AVG. Pietas augusta. 
 P. K. Percussa karthagine. 
 PLAE. TRAN. Plaetorius tranquillus. 
 P. L: COR. SAL. Publius licinius Cornelius saloninus. 
 P. L. o. N. Percussa lugduni officina nova or non&. 
 P. M. Pontifex maximus. 
 
 P. M. s. COL. VIM. Provincae moesiae superioris colonia viminiacum or viminacium. 
 POL. Pollio. 
 POM. Pompeius. 
 PORT. OST. Portus ostiensis. 
 P. P. Pater patriae. 
 P. P. AVG. Perpetuus augustus. 
 
 P. POMPON. CR. ii. VIR. Puplio pomponio crispo, or crispino duumviro. 
 P. R. Percussa romae. 
 
 PR,E. CLAS. ET ORAE. MARiT. Prsefectus classis et orae maritimao. 
 PR^EF. GERM. Prasfectus germanorum. 
 PR. cos. Proconsul. 
 PRIMI. DECEN. Primi decennales. 
 PRINCIP. IVVENT. Principi Juventutis. 
 PROB. Probua. 
 PROG. Proconsul. 
 PROC. sic. Proconsul siciliae. 
 P. ROM. Percussa romae. 
 PRON. Pronepos. 
 
 PROP, or PRO. P. Propraetor or propraetore. 
 PROQ. or PRO. Q. Proquaestor or proquaestore. 
 
 206
 
 PLATE XCIX.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON KOMAN COINS. 
 
 PROV. DEOR. Providentiae or providential deorum. 
 
 PROVIDENT. SENAT. Providentia senatus. 
 
 PR. s. P. Provinciae syriae palcstina. 
 
 PR. VRB. Praefectus urbis or praetor urbis. 
 
 P. s. Pcrcussa sisciae. 
 
 P. T. Percussa treveris. 
 
 PVDIC. Pudicitia. 
 
 PVPIE. Pupienus. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q. Quaestor, or quinarius, or quintus, or quinquennalis, or quod. 
 
 Q. CAS. Quintus cassius. 
 
 Q. c. M. P. i. Quintus cecilius metellus plus imperator. 
 
 Q. DBS. Quaestor designatus. 
 
 Q. HER. ETR. MES. DEC. NOB. c. Quintus herennius etruscus messius decius nobilis 
 
 caesar. 
 
 Q. HISP. Quaestor hispaniae. 
 Q. M. Quintus marcius. 
 Q. o. c. FAB. Quinto ogulnio (et) caio fabio. 
 Q. P. Quaestor praetoris. 
 
 Q. PAPIR. CAR. Q. TER. MON. Quinto papirio carboni (et) qninto terentio montano. 
 Q. PR. Q. PRO. c. or cos. Quaestor provinciae, or quaestor pro consule or procon- 
 
 sulis. 
 
 Q. TERENT. CVLLEON. PRO. cos. in. Quinto terentio culleoni proconsul! tertium. 
 QVAD. Quadratus. 
 
 QVADRAG. REM. Quadragesima remissa. 
 QVIN. ITER. Quinquennalis iterum. 
 Q. v. or QVOD. v. M. s. Quod viae munitae sint, or stint. 
 Q. VRB. Quaestor urbis. 
 
 E. 
 
 R. Remissa, or roma, or restituit, or romanus. 
 
 RA. Ravenna. 
 
 R. c. Romani cives. 
 
 R. cc. Remissa c c. 
 
 REG. ORB. Rector orbis. 
 
 REF. Refecta. 
 
 RES. Restitutus or restituit. 
 
 REST. ITAL. Restitutor italiae. 
 
 REST. NVM. Restituta numidia or nummum restitutum. 
 
 REX. ARM. DAT. Rex armeniae datus. 
 
 REX. PART. DAT. Rex parthis datus. 
 
 REX. PTOL. Rex ptolemaeus. 
 
 R. M. or REI. MIL. Rei militaris. 
 
 Ro. Romae. 
 
 ROM. ^ETER. Romae a:ternae. 
 
 ROM. COL. Romulea colonia. 
 
 ROMVL. AVG. Romulo augusto. 
 
 ROMVL. CONDIT. Romulo conditori. 
 
 Ro. P. s. Romae pecunia signata. 
 
 R. P. Romae percussa. 
 
 R. P. c. Rei publicae constituendae. 
 
 R. s. Romae signata. 
 
 R. v. Roma victrix. 
 
 R. P. s. Ravennae pecunia signata. 
 
 R. XL. Remissa xl. 
 
 208
 
 PLATE C.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 S. 
 
 S. Sacerdos, or sacra, or semissus, or senatus, or senator, or senior, or sextus, or 
 
 soli, or spes, or suscepto, or sisciae. 
 
 S. A. Salus, or salus augusti, or securitas augusti, or signata antiochiae. 
 SAC. F. Sacris faciundum or sacra faciens. 
 SACK. PER. Sacra periodica. 
 S.CVLAR. AVGG. Sajculares augustorum. 
 S^ECVLAR. SAC. Saecularia sacra. 
 S.ECVL. FRVGIF. Sfficulo frugifero. 
 SAG. Saguntum. 
 
 SAL. Salus, or salduba, or saloninus, or salonimi. 
 SAL. GEN. HVM. Salus generis humani. 
 SALL. BARB. Sallustia barbia (Orbiana). 
 SALM. Salmantica. 
 S. ARL. Signata arelate. 
 SARM. Sarmaticus. 
 SAVF. Sauffeia or sauffeius. 
 S. c. Senatus consulto. 
 Sci. AF. Scipio africanus. 
 SCIP. ASIA. Scipio asiaticus. 
 S. CONST. Signata constantinopoli. 
 SCR. Scribonia or scribonius. 
 SEC. or SJEC. Securitas or saeculum. 
 SEC. ORB. Securitas orbis. 
 SEMP. Sempronius or sempronia. 
 SEN. Senior. 
 SENTI. Sentia. 
 
 SEP. COL. LAVD. Septimia colonia laudicea. 
 SEPT. SEV. Septimius severus. 
 SEPT. TYR. MET. Septima tyrus metropolis. 
 SER. Servius. 
 SEREN. Serenus. 
 SEX. F. Sexti filius. 
 S. F. Saeculi felicitas. 
 SICIL. Sicilia. 
 
 SIDER. RECEPT. Sideribus receptis. 
 SIG. RECEPT. Signis receptis. 
 S. i. M. Soli invicto mithrae. 
 SIR. or SIRM. Sirmium. 
 Sisc. P. Sisciae percussa (moneta). 
 S. M. A. Signata, or sacra moneta antiochiae. 
 S. M. A. Q. p. Sacra moneta aquileise percussa. 
 S. M. HER. Signata moneta heracleae. 
 S. M. o. B. Signata moneta officina secunda. 
 S. M. N. Sacra or signata moneta narbonae or nicomediae. 
 S. M. R. Signata moneta romae. 
 S. M. R. Q. Signata moneta romae officina quarta. 
 S. M. sisc. Signata moneta sisciae. 
 S. M. TR. Signata moneta treveris. 
 
 S. M. T. s. B. Sacra inoneta treveris signata, officina secunda. 
 SP. Spurius. 
 
 SP. AVGVSTA. Spes augusta. 
 SPES. P. R. Spes populi romani. 
 
 S. P. Q. R. ADSERT. LIBERT. Senatus populus que romanus assertori libertatis. 
 S. P. Q. R. A. N. F. F. Senatus populus-que romanus anno natali fieri fecit. 
 
 S. P. Q. R. IMP. C^E. QVOD. V. M. S. EX. EA. P. Q. IS. AD. A. D. SenatUS populus quo 
 
 210 

 
 PLATE CI.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 romanus imperator caesari quod viae munitae sunt ex ea pecunia quam is ad 
 
 aerarium detulit. 
 
 S. P. Q. R. IVLLE. AVGVST. Setiatus populus que romanus juliae augustae. 
 S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. Senatus populus que romanus optimo principi. 
 S. P. Q. R. SVF. P. D. Senatus populus que romanus suffamenta populo data. 
 S. P. Q. R. v. 8. PRO. R. ass. Senatus populus que romanus vota solvunt pro reditu 
 
 caesare. 
 S. R. Senatus romanus, or salus romanorum, or spes reipublicae, or sacris receptis, 
 
 or restitutis. 
 
 S. T. Signata treveris or securitas temporum. 
 STABIL. Stabilitas. 
 SVLL. Sulla or sylla. 
 Ss. Sestertium. 
 
 T. 
 
 T. Titus, or treveris, or tribnnus, or tutelaris. 
 
 T. AR. Tertia arelate. 
 
 T. CAES. DIVI. VESP. F. AVG. P. M. TR. p. P. cos. vni. Titns cacsar divi vespasiani 
 
 filius augustus pontifex maximus tribunitia potestate pater patriae consul viii. 
 TEMPL. DIV. AVG. REST. cos. mi. Templum divi augusti restitutum consul quartum. 
 TER. Terentius. 
 TES. Tessalonicae. 
 T. F. Titi filia or temporum felicitas. 
 T. FL. Titus flavins. 
 T. o. A. Tutelaris genius aegypti. 
 Ti. Tiberius. 
 Ti. N. Tiberii nepos. 
 Ti. F. Tiberii filius. 
 
 T. M. AP. CL. Titus manlius (et) appius clatidius. 
 T. P., or TR. POT., or TRIB. POT. Tribunitia potestas. 
 
 T. p., or TR. POT., or TRIB. POT. v. etc. Tribunitia potestas, or tribnnitia potestas v. 
 TR. Treveris. 
 TRAI. Trajanus. 
 TRAN. Tranquillus. 
 TRANQ. Tranquillitas. 
 TREUAN. Trebanius. 
 TREBON or TREB. Trebonianns. 
 TR. F. Trajana fortis. 
 TRIVMPH. Triumphator. 
 
 TR. OBS. or o. B. s. Treveris obsignata or officina b. signata. 
 TR. LEG. ii. Tribunus legionis ii. 
 TR. P. Treveris percussa or pecunia. 
 TR. PL. . Tribunus plebis designatus. 
 TR. v. M. Triumviri monetales. 
 T. T. Trevirorum. 
 TVL. H. or HOST. Tnllus hostilins. 
 
 V. 
 
 V. Quinqne, or verus, or victrix, or vir, or virtus, or voto, or votirns, or urbs. 
 
 V. AET. Virtus aeterna. 
 
 VAL. or VALER. Valerius or valerianus. 
 
 VAR. RVF. Varius rufus. 
 
 VEN. FEL. Veneri felici. 
 
 VENER. VICTR. Veneri victrici. 
 
 VENT. Ventidius. 
 
 VESP. Vespasianus. 
 
 212
 
 PLATE CII.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 
 
 VETER. Veteranorum. 
 
 VET. LANG. Vettius languidus. 
 
 V. i. Vota imperil. 
 
 VIB. Vibius. 
 
 Vic. AVG. Victoria augusti. 
 
 Vic. GERM. Victoria germanica. 
 
 Vic. PAR. M. Victoria parthica maxima. 
 
 Vic. s. Victoria sicilia. 
 
 Vic. BEATISSIM. CAESS. Victoria beatissimorum cacsarum. 
 
 Vic. BRIT. p. M. Victoria britaiinica pontifex maximus. 
 
 VICTOR. ROM. Victoria romanorum. 
 
 VICT. P. GAL. AVG. Victoria parthica gallieni augusti. 
 
 Vn. VIR. EPV. Vii viri epulonnm. 
 
 VIR. Virtus. 
 
 Vi. VIR. A. Vi. vir. augnstus. 
 
 V. N. M. R. Urbis nicomediae moneta restituta. 
 
 VOL. Volusius. 
 
 VOTA. PVB. Vota publica. 
 
 VOT. DECEN. Vota decennalia. 
 
 VOT. xx. MVL. xxx. Vota xx. multiplica xxx. 
 
 V. P. Vota publica or vota populi. 
 
 V. v. Vota v. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. Decem. Ten, or Decennalia. 
 
 X. F. X. faciendum. 
 
 XL. R. XL remissa. 
 
 Xv. Xv. Money worth fifteen denarii. 
 
 Xvi. Sixteen (denarii). 
 
 Xv. VIR. SAC. FAC. Xv. viri sacris faciundis. 
 
 Xx. v. Xx. vota. 
 
 214
 
 PLATE CIII.
 
 PRICES OF ENGLISH COINS, 
 
 (FROM HUMPHREYS.) 
 
 ALL are silver pennies till Edward III. 
 WILLIAM L, from 2s. to 1. 
 WILLIAM II., from 15s. to 2 10s. 
 HENRY I., from 1 to 4. 
 STEPHEN, from 15s. to B. 
 HENRY II., from 3s. to 10s. 
 RICHARD I., from 2s. to 6s. 
 HENRY IH., from 2s. to 5s. 
 EDWARD I. and H., from 2s. to 5s. 
 EDWARD IH. pennies, half groats, and groats, about 4s. each. 
 
 GOLD. Noble, about 2 half do., about 21s. ; quarter do., about 12s. 
 EDWARD BLACK PRINCE pennies, about 7s. 
 RICHARD II. pennies, about 6s. ; half groats, about 15s. ; groats, about 20s. 
 
 GOLD. Noble and half do., about B ; quarter do., about 1. 
 HENRY IV., V., VI. pennies, from 4s. to 20s. ; half groats, from 4s. to 20s. ; groats. 
 from 4s. to 1. 
 
 GOLD. Nobles, about 2; half do., about 25s. ; quarter do., about 12s. 
 EDWARD IV. pennies, about 5s. ; half groats, about 4s. and 5s. ; groats, 3s. to 10s. 
 GOLD. Noble, about 2 ; half do, 25s. ; quarter do., about 21s. ; angel and 
 half do., about 30s. 
 RICHARD IH. pennies, about 1 ; half groats, very rare ; groats, about 25s. 
 
 GOLD. Angel, about 5. 
 
 HENRY VII. pennies, about 4s. ; half do., about 4s. ; groats, about 5s. ; shillings. 
 from 10. 
 
 GOLD. Sovereign, about 10; angel, about 25s. ; half do., about 2. 
 HENRY VIH. pennies, 2s. 6d. ; half groats and groats, 4s. and 5s. ; shilling, about 
 2. 
 
 GOLD. Sovereign, about 8 ; half sovereign, about 25s. ; angel, about 1 ; 
 half do., about 25s. ; crown, about 1. 
 
 EDWARD VI. pennies, from 10s. ; half groat, base, about 4 ; groat, base, very 
 rare, in Durrani's sale, sold for 10 10s. ; quarter shilling, about 20s. ; six- 
 pence, about 10s. ; shilling, from 4s. ; half crowns, 2 ; crowns, about 2. 
 
 GOLD. Double sovereign, Colonel Durrani's, sold for 38 10s. ; sovereign, 
 about 4 ; half do., about 2 ; quarter do., about 4 ; half crown, about 3. 
 MARY I. pennies, about 10s.; half groats, about 3; groats, about 12s.; half 
 shillings, about 2 ; shillings, about 2. 
 
 GOLD. Sovereign, about 6; rial, one of the rarest coins in the series, 
 Colonel Durrani's, sold for 66 ; angel, about 4. 
 
 ELIZABETH, three-farthing pieces, about 10s.; pennies, about 2s. ; three-halfpenny 
 pieces, about 10s. ; half groats, about 4s. ; threepenny pieces, about 4s. ; groats, 
 about 10s. ; half shillings, aboul 3s. ; shillings, about 10s. ; half crowns, about 
 2 ; crowns, about 2. 
 
 216 '
 
 PLATE CIV. 
 
 KEC1MEN DCA1T 
 WHIBMAAB.COWKIBI 
 
 PABV&MAWg H@STSS VISJ 
 VICTOSQ.
 
 PRICES OF ENGLISH COINS. 
 
 GOLD. Sovereigns, about 4 ; rial, the average of Colonel Durrani's was 
 7 15s. ; angel, about 2 ; half do., about 20s. 
 
 JAMES I. pennies, about 4s. ; half groats, about 3s. ; sixpences, about 10s. ; shil- 
 lings, from about 7s. 6d. ; half crowns, about 2 ; crowns, about 2. 
 
 GOLD. Sovereigns, or rose rials, about 4 ; unites, or twenty-shilling pieces, 
 about 2; half sovereign, about 1; crowns, about 12s.; half crowns, about 
 10s. ; angel, about 2 ; half do., about 3. 
 CHARLES I. COPPER. Farthings, about Gd. 
 
 SILVER. Pennies, 2s. to 1; half groats, about 4s.; threepenny pieces, 
 about 4s. ; groats, about 5s. ; sixpences, about 5s. ; shillings, about 10s. ; half 
 crowns, about 12s. ; crowns, about 2 ; ten-shilling pieces, about 2 10s. ; pound- 
 pieces, about 10. 
 
 GOLD. Angels, about 4 ; unit, or broad, about 2 ; half do., about 2 ; 
 crowns, about 1 ; treble unit, or three-pound piece, Oxford Mint, about 8. 
 COMMONWEALTH. SILVER. Half pennies, about 4s. ; pennies, about 4s. ; 
 half groats, about 3s. ; sixpences, about 12s. ; shillings, about 7s. ; half crowns, 
 about 3 ; crowns, about 2 10s. 
 
 GOLD. Twenty-shilling piece, about 3; half do., about 2 10s. ; crowns, 
 about 2 10s. 
 
 OLIVER CROMWELL. The set of his silver coins, crown, half do., and shilling, 
 is worth from 7 to 12. 
 
 GOLD. Broad, about 7. 
 CHARLES II. COPPER. Halfpennies, about 5s. ; farthings, about Is. 
 
 SILVER. The set of Maunday money, Id., 2d., 3d., and 4d., given by the 
 monarch on Maunday Thursday to certain poor persons, about 3s. (jd. ; six- 
 pences, about 3s. ; shillings, about 5s. ; half crowns, about 10s. ; crowns, from 
 15s. upward, according to preservation. 
 
 GOLD. Half guineas, about 2 ; guineas, about 3 ; two-guinea pieces, 
 about 3 ; five-guinea pieces, about 7. 
 
 From this time till the present, the COPPER COINS can be purchased for from Is. to 
 2s. and 3s. per specimen, with the exception of ANNE'S FARTHING, a fine 
 specimen of which, of the common type, can be procured for about 14s. to 1. 
 The SILVER COINS can be purchased for about double currency, and upward, 
 according to preservation ; and the GOLD COINS can be obtained for about 50 
 per cent, advance on the current value. 
 
 PEICES OF MODERN COINS OF FOREIGN NATIONS. 
 
 THE ordinary coins of nearly every modern nation on the face of the earth may be 
 found in New York city. The great immigration, and the wide-spread commerce 
 which brings seamen here from every port, necessarily produces a constant supply. 
 Hence, as a general rule, none of them are worth more than their intrinsic value in 
 copper and silver, or, at the most, three or six cents each for fine specimens of cop- 
 per coins, while silver coins are never worth more than their weight. Foreign trades- 
 men's cards are of no more value than coins. Very fine sets of the English can be 
 imported at about five cents each, in uncirculated condition. 
 
 218
 
 PLATE CV.
 
 KEMAEKS ON SOME EAEE COINS OF THE UNITED 
 STATES SEEIES. 
 
 THE tables will serve to show the collector what coins of the regular series he may 
 expect to find readily and without trouble, as well as what coins it will be difficult 
 to procure except at high prices. But it is of course impossible to give, in the form 
 of a table, the relative rarity of those coins which belong to the general class denom- 
 inated very rare. We therefore make some notes on these coins for the special ben- 
 efit of young and inexperienced collectors. 
 
 DOLLARS. 
 
 The dollar of 1794 the first silver dollar of the series is now very rare, and 
 commands a large premium. It is worth, in ordinary condition, from $4 to $5, and 
 in fine condition much more. The dollars from 1794 to 1804 are not worth any 
 premium above the 'weight of the silver, unless in extra fine condition. One variety 
 of 1798 that with the eagle on the reverse like the eagle of 1797 is rare, and 
 worth about $2. 
 
 The dollar of 1804 is very rare so rare that not more than two or three specimens 
 are known. It has even been doubted whether these are not manufactured coins ; 
 but this suspicion is groundless. The dies are in existence at the Mint, and it is 
 stated that these two specimens were struck from them about 1827. 
 
 The dollars of 1836, 1838, and 1839 are but pattern pieces, with a flying eagle on 
 the reverse, never issued in circulation. They are rare in the order of their dates, 
 the last being most rare. They command prices varying from $6 to $18, according 
 to date and condition. 
 
 The dollar of 1848 is becoming scarce. In 1851 and 1852 no dollars were issued 
 for circulation, and the specimens struck at the Mint are of the highest degree of 
 rarity. They command $15 to $18 each at auction sales. 
 
 The dollar of 1854 is becoming very rare. That of 1858 was never issued for cir- 
 culation, and the Mint proofs command a price from $4 to $5. 
 
 With the foregoing exceptions, the dollars may be easily procured. It should be 
 borne in mind, however, that they are worth a premium of 6 to 7 per cent, over the 
 coins of smaller denomination since 1853, and they are therefore seldom found in 
 circulation, and usually go to the silversmiths. Hence they are fast disappearing, 
 and in a few years all the dates will be very rare. The same is true of all the silver 
 coinage prior to July, 1853. 
 
 220
 
 PLATE CVI.
 
 RAEE AMERICAN SILVER. 
 
 HALF DOLLARS. 
 
 The half dollar of 1794 is seldom found in good condition, and when so found is 
 worth $1 to $2. That of 1795 is more common; but 1796 and 1797 are exceed- 
 ingly rare, bringing readily, if in fine order, $10 to $15 each at auction and private 
 sale. 1801 and 1802 are rarely found in even fair keeping, and it is very difficult 
 to supply them in collections. They are worth $1 to $2 each, in good order. The 
 remarks made on the dollar of 1804 apply also to the half dollar of the same year. 
 We have never seen a specimen, and might doubt that it ever existed but for the fact 
 that a variety of 1805 is known of which the die was altered from the die of 1804, 
 and the alteration is so poorly executed that the 4 is more distinct than the 5. It is 
 impossible to name any price for the dollar or the half dollar of 1804, for they have 
 never been sold. 
 
 The die of 1807, with the head like that of 1808, is scarce in good condition, 
 though very common in poor condition. 
 
 1813 is difficult to find in good keeping. 1815 is rare in good condition, and 
 worth $1.50 to $2.50. 
 
 The milled-edge variety of 1836 is scarce, and worth $1 to $1.50. 1840 is scarce 
 in good condition, but rubbed specimens are common. 1851 is quite scarce worth 
 $1 to $2 ; and 1852 is almost equally rare. 
 
 With these exceptions, all the half dollars are to be had with little trouble from 
 any silver dealer of your acquaintance. 
 
 QUARTER DOLLARS. 
 
 This coin, being one in most common use, is seldom found in first-rate condition 
 in any of the early years. The quarter dollar of 1796 is sufficiently rare to be worth 
 about $2.50 in good condition. 1804 is worth 50 cents to $1. 1823 is a very rare 
 coin in fact one of the rarest of the series. The price marked for it is not higher 
 than it will command in .first-rate order. 1827 is very rare. The other dates are 
 comparatively common, though nearly all before 1837 are difficult to find, except 
 more or less rubbed. 
 
 DIMES. 
 
 The dime of 1796 is rare worth $1.50 to $2.50. The dime of 1797 is of the 
 highest rarity, and commands $7.50 to $8.50. 1798, 1801, and 1803 are worth $1 
 each. 1804 is very rare, and worth $5. 1809 and 1811 are very rare in good 
 condition, and worth $2 to $3. 1822 is rare also, and worth $1.50 to $2. 1844 is 
 becoming very scarce. 1846 is rare, and worth $1.50 to $2.50 in first-rate order. 
 1853, without arrow-heads at the sides of the date, is rare, and brings $1. 
 
 HALF DIMES. 
 
 1794 is seldom found. It is worth $3 if in first-rate order, or $2 in ordinary con- 
 dition. 1796 and 1797 are worth about $1 each. 1801 and 1803 are worth $2 each. 
 1846 is scarce, and brings $1 to $1.50. 1853, without the arrow-heads on each side 
 
 222
 
 PLATE CVII.
 
 RARE AMERICAN COPPER. 
 
 of the date (which arrow-heads were placed on the coinage in July, 1853, to mark 
 the new and reduced weight), is now rare, and brings 75 cents to $1. 
 
 CENTS. 
 
 The desire to make collections of cents has made so much variation in the prices 
 that it is impossible to say that any date has a fixed and definite value. 
 
 In general, all the cents can be procured in ordinary circulation, with very little 
 trouble, by a diligent searcher, exceptir only 1793, 1799, and 1804. It is, in fact, 
 unnecessary for any collector to pay . ilium for any cent except these years, 
 unless he desires to enrich his collection with proof or uncirculated coins. We have 
 already explained the difference between a proof and an uncirculated coin. But it 
 may be repeated here with benefit. The proof coins are those struck in the Mint 
 from the master-die, the original die cut by the engraver. The custom of the Mint 
 has been to strike about a hundred sets, more or less, of the entire coinage of the 
 year from the master-die. These are very beautiful and perfect specimens, and are 
 known as proofs. They always command a premium, which increases as years ad- 
 vance. The master-die is afterward used to impress in soft steel and make other 
 dies, from which the great bulk of the coinage is struck. 
 
 In the cents the difference between the proofs and other issues is very great, and 
 the former command extravagant prices, as the annexed table shows. The collector, 
 however, must not be misled by this table into supposing that he will have to pay 
 these prices for fine or uncirculated specimens. Patience in collecting will enable 
 him in time to make his set of cents fine enough at little cost except for the rare 
 years, 1793, 1799, and 1804. 
 
 The numerous varieties of 1793 command various prices. The rarest is the Lib- 
 erty-cap cent, like that of 1794. In fine condition it brings from 4 to $6. The 
 Link cent, having the chain around the words ONE CENT, is worth $3 to $5 in first- 
 rate condition. The Wreath cent, in various varieties, brings about the same price ; 
 but this cent of 1793 has so varied in price of late years that it is impossible to name 
 a fixed value to any variety. The mania for coins has largely increased the supply, 
 while it has also increased the number of collectors and the demand. 
 
 The cent of 1799 is the rarest of the copper coins. The collector must beware of 
 counterfeits, which abound in the cities, well executed by altering cents of 1797 and 
 1798. A first-rate 1799, of undoubted genuineness, is worth about $10 but the 
 price falls rapidly as the condition of the piece deteriorates. Close examination with 
 the aid of a magnifying-glass will not in all cases detect these counterfeits. The col- 
 Lector should at least adopt this rule, not to purchase a 1799 which has the slightest 
 scratch or flaw on the surface any where near the last 9 in the date. 
 
 1804 is not so rare a cent as it is commonly reputed, and yet it commands from $3 
 to $7.50, according to condition. We recommend the collector not to purchase this 
 date, but search diligently among old coppers until he finds it. We have had no 
 difficulty in finding some fair specimens among copper cents in bulk. It is, how- 
 ever, very rare in first-rate condition, and the same is true of all the dates from 1800 
 to 1811, except perhaps 1802 and 1803. The cent of 1808, with filleted head re- 
 sembling 1807, is rarely found except in very poor condition. Its existence even lias 
 been disputed, so rarely is the date legible. 
 
 224
 
 PLATE CVIII.
 
 BAKE AMERICAN COPPER. 
 
 In 1815 no cent was coined ; any specimens that are exhibited must be alterations 
 from other years. It is by some disputed that this cent is unknown. We can affirm, 
 however, that we never saw a cent of 1815, never saw a person who had seen one, 
 and never heard of a collector who either possessed one or had heard of one in any 
 other person's possession. If the coin ever existed, it has absolutely disappeared. 
 Counterfeits are easily made from 1813 ; but no one need be imposed on by such 
 coppers after this information. 
 
 The cents from 1830 to 1849 are rarely found in uncirculated condition, and this 
 will explain the high prices paid for proof specimens, as shown by the table. 
 
 HALF CENTS. 
 
 These little coins are fast disappearing. 1793 has become very rare. 1796 is 
 equally rare ; and, with few exceptions, all the early years are becoming scarce. 
 These exceptions are 1803, 1804, 1806, and 1807, which are perhaps more common 
 than others. 1831 and 1836 are of the highest rarity, commanding, for the former, 
 $5 to $7.50, and the latter, $3 to $5. 
 
 In 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, and 1848 none were issued for cir- 
 culation, and the specimens coined at the Mint are of the highest rarity, as also is 
 true of 1852. The table gives the prices recently paid for these. 
 
 226
 
 PLATE CIX.
 
 TABLE 
 
 SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE RARITY OF UNITED STATES SILVER 
 AND COPPER COINS. 
 
 [N.C., none coined. Greatest rarity, 6.] 
 
 Years. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Half 
 Dollars. 
 
 Quarter 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dimes. 
 
 Half 
 Dimes. 
 
 Three 
 
 Cents. 
 
 Cents. 
 
 Half 
 Cents. 
 
 1793 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1794 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 5 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1795 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 4 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1796 v . 
 1797 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 5 
 N.C. 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 N.C. 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 1798 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 4 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1799 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 6 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1800 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 N.C. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1801 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 N.C. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 N.C. 
 
 3 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1802 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 N.C. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1803 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1804 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1805 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 N.C. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1806 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 NC. 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1807 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1808 
 
 N.C. 
 
 3 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1809 
 
 N.C. 
 
 3 
 
 N C. 
 
 5 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1810 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 NC. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1811 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 5 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C. 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1812 
 
 N.C 
 
 2 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 3 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1813 
 
 N.C 
 
 3 
 
 N C 
 
 N C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 3 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1814 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 N C. 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C. 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1815 
 
 N C 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 N C. 
 
 NC. 
 
 1816 
 
 N C 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1817 
 
 N.C 
 
 3 
 
 N'C 
 
 N.C 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C. 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1818 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1819 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1820 
 
 N C 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C. 
 
 2 
 
 N C. 
 
 1821 
 
 N C 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 NC. 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1822 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1823 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 3 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1824 
 
 N C 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 N C 
 
 N C. 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1825 
 
 N C. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1826 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1827 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1828 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1829 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1830 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 N C 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1831 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 228
 
 PLATE CX.
 
 TABLE OF COMPARATIVE RARITY. (Continued.) 
 
 Years. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Half 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Quarter 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dimes. 
 
 Half- 
 Dimes. 
 
 Three 
 
 ('...its. 
 
 Cents. 
 
 Half 
 
 Cents. 
 
 1832 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1833 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1834 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1835 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1836 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1837 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 N C 
 
 1838 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1839 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1840 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1841 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 1842 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N C 
 
 9 
 
 G 
 
 1843 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 N C 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 1844 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 1845 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 1846 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 N C 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 1847 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 NC 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 1848 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 NC. 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 1849 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N C 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1850 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N C 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1851 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1852 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1853 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1854 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1855 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1856 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1857 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ] 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1858 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1859.... 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N.C. 
 
 The Table of Comparative Rarity is based on only six orders. It is of course im- 
 possible to distinguish all coins exactly by these six numbers. Thus the dollar of 
 1804 might well be ranked as more rare than almost any other of the coins. But 
 the table will serve the purposes of the collector without more minute distinctions. 
 We have classed the dollars of 1836, 1838, and 1839 as very rare. They are, in 
 fact, pattern pieces (especially the dollar of 1839, of which very few were struck), 
 and should perhaps be omitted from the table. The cent of 1856 referred to in the 
 table is the nickel cent, and that of 1857 the copper. 
 
 230
 
 WEIGHT AND FINENESS OF GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 GOLD is never found in a pure state when taken from the earth. It is always al- 
 loyed more or less with silver. The process of parting the gold from the silver is 
 very simple. Being melted and poured into cold water, it is granulated ; then boiled, 
 each 3 ounces of alloyed metal with 4 ounces of nitric acid, which dissolves the 
 silver and copper, leaving the gold in a brown powder. This is washed with hot 
 water to remove the nitrate of silver, and is then as pure as it is practicable to obtain 
 it. It still contains from three to ten thousandths of silver. 
 
 All coin is alloyed. The difference in the color of gold coins is caused by the dif- 
 ference in the comparative quantity of silver and copper used for the alloy. Thus 
 the present standard of coin is 900 parts of fine gold to 100 parts of alloy. The 100 
 parts of alloy may be entirely copper, but never are so in fact. The law requires 
 that of this 100 parts alloy not more than 50 parts shall be silver. The quantity of 
 the silver will determine the comparative paleness or ruddiness of the coin. The 
 Mint practice is to add 100 parts of copper to 900 parts of fine gold, it being supposed 
 that enough copper will oxidize in the melting to reduce the entire alloy, both copper 
 and silver, to 100. 
 
 The same standard of fineness (900 to the 1000 parts) is preserved in the silver 
 coins of the present day. There have been several changes in this respect in both 
 gold and silver coinage, which the following will illustrate : 
 
 WEIGHT AND FINENESS OF GOLD COINS. 
 
 Before July 1, 1834, gold coin was 916^ thousandths fine, the eagle weighing 270 
 grains. 
 
 From July 1, 1834, to January 1, 1837, gold coin was 8991 thousandths fine, the 
 eagle weighing 258 grains. 
 
 Since January 1, 1837, gold coin was 900 thousandths fine, the eagle weighing 
 258 gmins. 
 
 WEIGHT AND FINENESS O.F SILVER COINS. 
 
 Before January 1, 1837, silver coin was 892-^. thousandths fine. One ounce 
 coined into $1.15.2-^.. 
 
 From January 1, 1837, to July, 1853, silver coin was 900 thousandths fine. One 
 ounce coined into $1.16.3-^. 
 
 Since July 1, 1853, silver coin was 900 thousandths fine. One ounce coined into 
 fl.25. 
 
 232
 
 PLATE CXH.
 
 FINENESS OF GOLD AND SILVER. 
 
 The preceding statement of silver coins excepts dollars since 1853. They remain 
 of the former weight 412 grains and are, therefore, never used for circulation. 
 Three-cent pieces, since July, 1853, are of the same fineness of silver with the other 
 coins. Before July, 1853, they were 750 thousandths fine. It will be observed that 
 a very simple weight may be used by persons not having Troy weights at hand. 
 Five new, uncirculated, and clean quarter dollars, since July, 1853, weigh one ounce 
 Troy, and of course each weighs one-fifth of an ounce. 
 
 The term carat, as applied to gold and silver, may be interpreted in this way : 
 Gold or silver which is chemically pure, that is absolutely without alloy, is 24 carats 
 fine, and gold or silver 12 carats fine is one half pure metal and one half some other 
 metal or metals. The other degrees of fineness in carats are determined on the same 
 proportions. 
 
 A new, more convenient, and intelligible nomenclature has been recently adopted. 
 It is this : Gold or silver chemically pure, that is 24 carats fine, is now called 1000 
 fine. It is understood as consisting of 1000 parts, all of which are pure metal. If 
 500 parts be gold and 500 parts some other metal, then the gold is said to be 500 
 fine, or -ffify fine, and of course such gold is equivalent to 12 carats fine. 
 
 The following table will be convenient for reducing carats to thousandths : 
 
 TABLE OF CARATS AND THOUSANDTHS. 
 
 GOLD OE SILVER CALLED 
 
 1 carat should contain of pure gold or silver 41? thousandths. 
 
 2 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 83 thousandths. 
 
 3 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 125 thousandths. 
 
 4 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 166| thousandths. 
 
 5 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 208 thousandths. 
 
 6 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 250 -thousandths. 
 
 7 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 291f thousandths. 
 
 8 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 333^ thousandths. 
 
 9 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 375 thousandths. 
 
 10 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 41 6 1 thousandths. 
 
 11 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 458^ thousandths. 
 
 12 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 500 thousandths. 
 
 13 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 541? thousandths. 
 
 14 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 583J- thousandths. 
 
 15 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 625 thousandths. 
 
 16 carats should contain of pure gold or silver G66J thousandths. 
 
 17 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 708 thousandths. 
 
 18 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 750 thousandths. 
 
 19 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 791$ thousandths. 
 
 20 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 833 thousandths. 
 
 21 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 875^ thousandths. 
 
 22 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 916 'thousandths. 
 
 23 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 958^ thousandths. 
 
 24 carats should contain of pure gold or silver 1000 thousandths. 
 
 A necessary result of this table is the rule to convert thousandths into carats, viz. : 
 Divide the number of thousandths by 41f ; and to convert carats into thousandths, 
 multiply the number of carats by 41 J. 
 
 Pure gold, 1000 fine, is valued at the United States Mint, per ounce Troy, nt 
 $20.67.183468. 
 
 234
 
 PLATE CXIII.
 
 UNITED STATES GOLD COINAGE. 
 
 To find the value per ounce of gold of any degree of fineness, specified in thou- 
 sandths, multiply the above value by the number of thousandths. Thus, one ounce 
 of gold of 900 thousandths is worth $20.67.183468x.900 = $18.60.4651212. 
 
 Pure silver, 1000 fine, is valued, in purchasing at the Mint, per ounce Troy, at 
 $1.34.444+, or $1.34| exactly. 
 
 The same rule applies as given above for gold. 
 
 UNITED STATES GOLD COINAGE. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE YEARS WHEN GOLD WAS COINED. 
 [0 indicates a coinage ; N.C., none coined.] 
 
 Years. 
 
 Double 
 Eagles. 
 
 Eagles. 
 
 Half 
 
 Eagles. 
 
 Quarter 
 Eagles. 
 
 Three 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 1793 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1794 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1795 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1796 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1797 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1798 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1799 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1800 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1801 
 
 N.C. 
 
 O 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1802 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C 
 
 1803 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1804 
 
 N.C. 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1805 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1806 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1807 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C 
 
 1808 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1809 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1810 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1811 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 1812 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1813 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1814 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C 
 
 1815 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 NC 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1816 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C. 
 
 NC 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C 
 
 1817 
 
 N.C. 
 
 NC. 
 
 N C 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1818 
 
 NC 
 
 N C 
 
 o 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 1819 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 o 
 
 N C 
 
 N C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1820 
 
 N.C 
 
 NC. 
 
 o 
 
 N C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 NC 
 
 1821 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1822 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 o 
 
 NC 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 1823 
 
 NC 
 
 N C. 
 
 o 
 
 N C. 
 
 NC 
 
 N C 
 
 1824 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1825 ... 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 236
 
 PLATE CXIV. 
 
 
 THIS Bitt e,7>tnl 
 BarT to Tece'ive 
 SIX SPANISH MIXtED 
 DOLLARS , or the 
 
 This BILL entitles 
 the "Bearer to re
 
 UNITED STATES GOLD COINAGE. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Double 
 Eagles. 
 
 Eagles. 
 
 Hull 
 Eagles. 
 
 Quarter 
 Eagles. 
 
 Three 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 1826 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1827 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1828 
 1829 
 
 N.C. 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 N.C. 
 
 1830 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1831 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1832 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1833 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1834 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1835 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1836 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1837 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1838 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C 
 
 1839 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1840 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1841 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1842 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C 
 
 1843 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1844 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 1845 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N C 
 
 1846 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N.C 
 
 1847 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 1848 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N C 
 
 N C 
 
 1849 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 1850 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N C 
 
 o 
 
 1851 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N C 
 
 o 
 
 1852 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N C 
 
 o 
 
 1853 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 N.C. 
 
 o 
 
 1854 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1855 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1856 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1857 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1858 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1859... 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 238
 
 SCALES FOE MEASURING COINS. 
 
 THE size of a coin or medal is determined among collectors by its diameter. The 
 ordinary scale in use in Europe is that known as the Scale of Mionnet. This is ar- 
 bitrary in construction, and the collector can only make use of it by having it always 
 with him. One much more convenient, which we have adopted in this volume, is 
 that of sixteenths of an inch. With this the collector can determine the size of a 
 coin wherever he can find an ordinary measuring rule. It is to be hoped that this 
 scale may be universally adopted and used in America, where it originated with the 
 Philadelphia collectors. 
 
 There are many coins and medals closely resembling each other in their designs 
 and inscriptions, but differing in size. This is true of a large number of American 
 political or Presidential medalets and tokens. 
 
 In some old works on coins we find scales for measuring the thickness of the 
 planchet. This is, however, of little use, because the thickness of ancient coins va- 
 ries according to the amount of corrosion they have undergone, and a difference in 
 this respect, in either an ancient or a modern coin, can hardly be said to make a 
 variety in the specimens. 
 
 SCALE OF MIONNET. 
 [In general use in Europe.] 
 * 5 6 T 8 10 11121314151611*810 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 - 3*50 7 B l 1U ii i- io 14 1U 1O 14 i 
 
 S i iO 
 
 SCALE OF SIXTEENTHS OF AN INCH. 
 [Adopted in this Volume, and now much used in America.] 
 2 4 P. R 10 1 14 16 IS ?0 1 24 96 2S 30 32 34 56 ?.8 40 42 44 46 48 50 59 5t 56 53 60 F.Z (U 
 
 I 4 6 8 10 la 14 10 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 4* 44 46 4S 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 
 
 239
 
 PRICES 
 
 OF UNITED STATES SILVEE AND COPPER COIN'S AT RECENT SALES 
 
 BY AUCTION. 
 
 [p. indicates proof coins ; u. uncirculated coins. Blanks indicate 
 either no coinage, or no sales by which to establish prices.] 
 
 Years. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Half 
 Dollars. 
 
 Quarter 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dimes. 
 
 Half 
 Dimes. 
 
 Cents. 
 
 Half 
 
 Cents. 
 
 1793 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $10.00 
 
 $4.13 
 
 1794 
 
 $7 50 
 
 $1.25 
 
 
 
 $2.13 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 1795 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 
 .55 
 
 11.00 
 
 .75 
 
 1796 
 
 1.25 
 
 17.00 
 
 $2.50 
 
 $2.25 
 
 2.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 12.00 
 
 1797 
 
 1.25 
 
 23.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 1798 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 
 2.38 
 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 1799 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.00 
 
 
 1800 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 
 .50 
 
 .55 
 
 2.00 
 
 .70 
 
 1801 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.00 
 
 
 1802 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 .50 
 
 
 2.63 
 
 2.13 
 
 1803 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 .75 
 
 .30 
 
 1804 
 
 
 
 .95 
 
 7.50 
 
 
 8.00 
 
 1.38 
 
 1805 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 * .35 
 
 .50 
 
 
 .80 
 
 .45 
 
 1806 
 
 
 .75 
 
 .35 
 
 
 
 3.75 
 
 .30 
 
 1807 
 
 
 .75 
 
 .35 
 
 .55 
 
 
 2.13 
 
 .25 
 
 1808 
 
 
 .65 
 
 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 .40 
 
 1809 
 
 
 1.20 
 
 
 .45 
 
 
 p. 4.50 
 
 .30 
 
 1810 
 
 
 .60 
 
 
 
 
 .70 
 
 .70 
 
 1811 
 
 
 .60 
 
 
 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.88 
 
 1812 
 
 
 .60 
 
 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 1813. 
 
 
 .60 
 
 
 
 
 2.00 
 
 
 1814 
 
 
 .75 
 
 
 .20 
 
 
 .80 
 
 
 1815 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 .50 
 
 
 
 
 
 1816 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .80 
 
 
 1817 
 
 
 .75 
 
 
 
 
 .80 
 
 
 1818 
 
 
 .75 
 
 .50 
 
 
 
 .30 
 
 
 1819. 
 
 
 .75 
 
 .30 
 
 
 
 1.60 
 
 
 1820 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 .35 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 2.55 
 
 
 1821 
 
 
 .75 
 
 .35 
 
 .70 
 
 
 p. 8.00 
 
 
 1822 
 
 
 .70 
 
 .CO 
 
 1.75 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 1823 
 
 
 .75 
 
 25.00 
 
 .15 
 
 
 .80 
 
 
 1824 
 
 
 .55 
 
 .75 
 
 .15 
 
 
 u. 2.13 
 
 
 1825 
 
 
 .60 
 
 .35 
 
 1 50 
 
 
 n. 3.25 
 
 .22 
 
 1826 
 
 
 .60 
 
 
 
 
 u. 3.00 
 
 .22 
 
 1827 
 
 
 .85 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 u. 4.00 
 
 
 1828 
 
 
 .60 
 
 .35 
 
 .15 
 
 
 1.13 
 
 .22 
 
 1829 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 p. 5 13 
 
 .88 
 
 1830 
 
 
 .65 
 
 
 15 
 
 .25 
 
 9 00 
 
 
 1831 
 
 
 .60 
 
 .35 
 
 .25 
 
 .12 
 
 p. 3 9 5 
 
 p 10 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 240
 
 PK1CES OF UNITED STATES SILVER AND COPPER. (Continued.) 
 
 Years. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Half 
 Dollars. 
 
 Quarter 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dimes. 
 
 Half 
 Dimes. 
 
 Cents. 
 
 Halt- 
 Cents. 
 
 1832 
 
 
 $ .60 
 
 f .35 
 
 $ .12 
 
 $ .12 
 
 u. $4.00 
 
 $ .25 
 
 1833 
 
 
 .55 
 
 .75 
 
 .25 
 
 .50 
 
 u. 1.75 
 
 p. .25 
 
 1834 
 
 
 .55 
 
 .25 
 
 .25 
 
 .30 
 
 1.25 
 
 .25 
 
 1835 
 
 
 .80 
 
 .50 
 
 .45 
 
 .12 
 
 u. 1.85 
 
 .25 
 
 1836 
 
 
 .70 
 
 .35 
 
 .50 
 
 .13 
 
 .65 
 
 pi 5.25 
 
 1837 
 
 
 .70 
 
 .45 
 
 p. .75 
 
 .25 
 
 p. 3.00 
 
 
 1838 
 
 
 .55 
 
 .45 
 
 .25 
 
 .15 
 
 .55 
 
 
 1839 
 
 
 .60 
 
 .60 
 
 .45 
 
 .15 
 
 1.62 
 
 
 1840 
 
 $1.25 
 
 .65 
 
 '.35 
 
 .60 
 
 .30 
 
 p. 5.00 
 
 
 1841 
 
 1.25 
 
 .75 
 
 .35 
 
 .65 
 
 .10 
 
 p. 3.38 
 
 p. 4.50 
 
 1842 
 
 1.25 
 
 .70 
 
 .30 
 
 .20 
 
 .10 
 
 u. 2.50 
 
 p. 9.50 
 
 1843 
 
 1.25 
 
 .65 
 
 .35 
 
 .45 
 
 .30 
 
 p. 4.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1844 
 
 1.25 
 
 .60 
 
 .40 
 
 .20 
 
 .15 
 
 u. 2.13 
 
 5.00 
 
 1845 
 
 1.25 
 
 .80 
 
 .30 
 
 .15 
 
 .25 
 
 u. 1.25 
 
 4.75 
 
 1846 
 
 1.25 
 
 .60 
 
 .50 
 
 .80 
 
 1.20 
 
 u. 1.88 
 
 p. 8.75 
 
 1847 
 
 1.50 
 
 .60 
 
 .40 
 
 .12 
 
 .40 
 
 p. 4.88 
 
 p. 8.25 
 
 1848 
 
 1.75 
 
 .60 
 
 .70 
 
 .12 
 
 .30 
 
 p. 4.50 
 
 p. 5.75 
 
 1849 
 
 1.25 
 
 .60 
 
 .40 
 
 .12 
 
 .25 
 
 u. 1.13 
 
 .25 
 
 1850 
 
 1.25 
 
 .80 
 
 .35 
 
 .12 
 
 .30 
 
 u. .40 
 
 p. 1.10 
 
 1851 
 
 15.00 
 
 1.20 
 
 .50 
 
 .12 
 
 .30 
 
 .35 
 
 .05 
 
 1852 
 
 15.00 
 
 1.35 
 
 .55 
 
 .45 
 
 .30 
 
 u. .35 
 
 p. 5.50 
 
 1853 
 
 1.25 
 
 .50 
 
 .25 
 
 1.10 
 
 .95 
 
 u. .15 
 
 .45 
 
 1854 
 
 3.00 
 
 .50~ 
 
 .25 
 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 
 p. 4.00 
 
 .05 
 
 1855 
 
 1.25 
 
 .50 
 
 .25 
 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 
 p. 3.50 
 
 .05 
 
 1856 
 1857 
 
 1.25 
 1.25 
 
 .50 
 .50 
 
 .25 
 .25 
 
 .10 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 .05 
 
 p. 2.37 
 p. 2.25 
 
 p. 1.10 
 p. .65 
 
 1858 
 
 5.00 
 
 .50 
 
 .25 
 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 
 p. .15 
 
 
 1859 .... 
 
 1.25 
 
 .50 
 
 .25 
 
 .10 
 
 .05 
 
 p. .10 
 
 
 Q 
 
 241
 
 EEMAEKS ON PEICES OF COINS, MEDALS, MEDAL- 
 
 ETS, ETC. 
 
 THE tables which follow can not, for various reasons, be perfect. They are made 
 up from recent sales at auction and in private, and the prices stated have in most 
 instances been paid for the coins. But few coins, medals, or tokens have as yet a 
 fixed market value in this country. The first table which we present, of the com- 
 parative prices at different sales, will illustrate this ; and on many of these coins the 
 prices have more than doubled since the last-mentioned sale, as indicated by our 
 estimated prices in the other tables. Much of the difference in prices may be owing 
 to the condition of the pieces; but many pieces have doubled or trebled in value 
 within a few months from the sudden demands of inexperienced collectors, while 
 others have as greatly depreciated. And the prices vary in different cities. There 
 are an immense number of medals, medalets, tokens, etc., to which we have made no 
 allusion in the tables. They are omitted, because any attempt to assign to them a 
 value, in a book which is designed to be of permanent use, would be more likely to 
 mislead than to aid a collector. Many of those which we have mentioned have been 
 or will be restruck, and will thus become common. It is by no means to be regretted 
 that they are so made plenty. No collector has a right to complain. If he has fool- 
 ishly paid an extravagant price for a medal or token struck within a few years, re- 
 lying on the dies having disappeared, he has taken the risk, and must be content to 
 let others supply themselves from the dies if found. The absurdities into which 
 American collectors have been led, by the mere desire to possess rare pieces of 
 stamped metal, have been well checked by the reproduction from original dies of 
 these highly-prized trifles. It should rather be a subject of congratulation that coins 
 or medals of comparative rarity are multiplied and placed in the hands of all collect- 
 ors. But these reasons explain the imperfections of the price tables. It will be 
 many years before such tables can be more than a temporary assistance. 
 
 We have given the prices of very few medals. Few have been sold at public or 
 private sales, and we have preferred to reserve a full table of prices of American 
 medals for a future edition of the present work. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES. 
 
 In the tables the scale used to measure sizes is the scale of sixteenths of an inch. 
 A medalet of size 16 is one inch in diameter. The metals are indicated thus : c., 
 copper ; b., brass ; w. m., white metal ; G. s., German silver. 
 
 242
 
 TABLE 
 
 SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE PRICES OF CERTAIN MEDALS AND 
 COINS AT VARIOUS SALES HELD IN NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 
 Ktbnmrv 
 28, 1859. 
 
 May 4, 
 1859. 
 
 Jane 7, 
 1859. 
 
 June 21, 
 18A9. 
 
 Novem'r 
 2, 1859. 
 
 1. Erie Canal medal, by Wright 
 
 $- 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. Masonic medal of Franklin 
 
 3.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. Henry Clay (small medal) 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 
 $4. 
 
 4. Webster, bv Wright 
 
 3.75 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5. Clav, by Wright (the large medal) 
 
 15. 
 
 
 
 
 21. 
 
 6. Washington, by Wright ; reverse, the Dec- 
 laration of Independence 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 7. Washington, Manley medal 
 8. Washington, Sansom medal 
 
 2.50 
 1.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. Washington before Boston 
 
 3 25 
 
 
 $4 
 
 $4.75 
 
 2.75 
 
 10. Washington, by Wyon 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 11. New Haven medal 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 12. Herndon medal 
 
 5.50 
 
 
 
 
 4.25 
 
 13. De Fleury medal 
 
 1 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 l-l. Paul Jones 
 
 3 25 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 f> 
 
 15. Gates 
 
 2 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 16. Morgan 
 
 1 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 17. William Washington 
 
 1. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 3.50 
 
 1. 
 
 18. Washington Alston (bronze) 
 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.75 
 
 19. Washington Alston (silver) 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 20. Cyrus W. Field (silver) 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 21. Cyrus W. Field (bronze) 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.75 
 
 22. Mexican volunteer 
 
 
 
 4.50 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.50 
 
 23 Howard Association 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.25 
 
 2-t. Ludovicus Warrington 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 25. Washington cent 1791, large eagle 
 
 10 50 
 
 &7. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 
 26. Washington cent, 1791, small eagle 
 
 17. 
 
 
 
 
 
 27. Washington half penny, 1793 ; reverse, a 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.50 
 
 
 4.12 
 
 
 28. Washington half dollar 1792 
 
 57. 
 
 
 
 
 
 29. Washington token, 1783, Unity States 
 30. Washington token, 1783, United States.... 
 31. Washington token, 1783, small head 
 
 1. 
 2.37 
 1.50 
 
 .75 
 
 1.87 
 
 .65 
 .50 
 1.12 
 
 .50 
 1.25 
 
 .56 
 .55 
 
 32. Washington token, 1783, double head 
 33. Washington ; Liberty and Security, large. 
 34. Washington ; Liberty and Security, small 
 35. Washington token ; Success to the United 
 States 
 
 1.75 
 3.50 
 
 3. 
 
 1. 
 3. 
 
 2.50 
 
 .75 
 2.50 
 
 .62 
 
 .50 
 2.50 
 
 36. Washington grate 
 
 1.75 
 
 
 
 2.87 
 
 
 37. Washington North Wales 
 
 3.75 
 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.50 
 
 
 38. New Jersey 
 
 .37 
 
 .55 
 
 .10 
 
 .25 
 
 .25 
 
 39. Virginia 
 
 2. 
 
 3.12 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.25 
 
 40. U. S. A. bar cent 
 
 
 6.25 
 
 
 7.05 
 
 
 41. Pine-tree shilling 
 
 4. ' 
 
 
 5. 
 
 3.75 
 
 
 42. Pine-tree sixpence 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43. Pine-tree threepence 
 
 4.50 
 
 
 4.75 
 
 
 
 
 3.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 45. Chalmers shilling 
 
 13. 
 
 
 
 
 
 243
 
 PRICES OF MEDALS AND COINS. 
 
 
 February 
 88, 1859. 
 
 May 4, 
 1859. 
 
 June 7, 
 1869. 
 
 June 21, 
 1859. 
 
 Novem'r 
 2, 1859. 
 
 46 Kentucky or triangle copper 
 
 $3.25 
 
 $4.12 
 
 $2.13 
 
 $3.25 
 
 $3.25 
 
 47 Georgius Triumpho 
 
 
 2.25 
 
 1.75 
 
 
 
 48. Franco- Americana Castor-land, silver 
 49. Franco-Americana Castor-land, copper ... 
 50 Granby copper 
 
 8. 
 14.50 
 
 
 5.50 
 
 5.50 
 13. 
 
 3.75 
 
 5 1 Louisiana piece, 1 72 1 
 
 2.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 Louisiana piece 1722 
 
 2.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 Louisiana piece 1767 
 
 2 7,5 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 2. 
 
 54. Rosa Americana penny, without date 
 55 Rosa Americana penny, 1723 
 
 6. 
 
 2.75 
 
 
 
 1.75 
 
 
 56. Rosa Americana half penny, 1722 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.12 
 
 
 57. Rosa Americana half penny, 1723 
 
 
 
 
 4.25 
 
 
 58. Rosa Americana farthing, 1722 
 
 1.37 
 
 
 
 
 
 59. Rosa Americana farthing, 1723 
 
 5.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 60. Massachusetts cent, 1787 
 
 .75 
 
 .30 
 
 .75 
 
 .37 
 
 .30 
 
 61. Massachusetts cent, 1788 
 
 
 .50 
 
 .75 
 
 1. 
 
 .62 
 
 62. Massachusetts half cent, 1787 
 
 3 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 4. 
 
 2.25 
 
 63. Massachusetts half cent, 1788 
 
 
 
 
 2.75 
 
 
 64. Vermon Auctori 
 
 
 .50 
 
 .10 
 
 .62 
 
 .31 
 
 65. Vermonts Respublica 
 
 
 2.12 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 66. Vermontensium Respublica 
 
 
 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.75 
 
 67. Nova Constellatio 
 
 
 .65 
 
 .62 
 
 .50 
 
 .62 
 
 68. Pitt token ; no stamps, 1766.. 
 
 
 
 3.25 
 
 
 
 69. New England elephant piece 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70. Auctori. Connec 
 
 .62 
 
 .60 
 
 .60 
 
 .10 
 
 .07 
 
 71. Nova Eborac 
 72. Immunis Columbia 
 
 2.75 
 5 25 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.50 
 5 25 
 
 2.75 
 5.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 73 . Fugio coppers 
 
 .50 
 
 .35 
 
 .20 
 
 .50 
 
 .15 
 
 74. Continental pewter monev 
 
 4.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 75. New York Excelsior copper ; rev., an eagle 
 
 
 
 
 
 17. 
 
 UNITED' STATES MINT PATTERN, TEIAL, OR EX- 
 PERIMENTAL PIECES, 
 
 WITH PRICES LATELY REALIZED. 
 
 1792. Disme $15. 
 
 1792. Half disme 15. 
 
 1792. Large copper; Liberty, Parent of Science and Industry 66.50 
 
 1792. Small copper, like the last 50. 
 
 1792. Like the last, with silver centre-piece 50. 
 
 1792. Copper, eagle piece. No sales. 
 
 1836. Silver dollar, flying eagle 9. 
 
 1836. Silver dollar, flying eagle, with engraver's name in the field (Gobrecht) 25. 
 
 1836. Gold dollar, Liberty-cap, etc 
 
 1836. Gold dollar, alloyed with silver 12. 
 
 1836. Two-cent piece ; nickel, edge plain 5. 
 
 1836. The same, with milled edge 2.50 
 
 1836. The same, in copper 3.75 
 
 1836. Medalets first steam coinage ; three varieties 3. 
 
 244
 
 PATTERN AND TRIAL PIECES. (Continued.) 
 
 1838. Flying-eagle silver dollar $16. 
 
 1838. Half dollar, flying eagle 7.50 
 
 1838. Half dollar, spread eagle 7. 
 
 1839. Silver dollar 20. 
 
 1839. Half dollar 31.50 
 
 1849. Three-cent pieces: (1) Liberty seated; (2) Liberty seated, IU. ; (3) 
 
 Liberty-cap and rays; each 3. 
 
 1850. Three-cent pieces ; Liberty-cap, etc 3. 
 
 1850. Ring cent: (1) with date; (2) without date ; struck in nickel and also 
 
 in copper; each 2.50 
 
 1851. Cent, Liberty seated 4.25 
 
 1852. Gold ring dollar 16. 
 
 1852. Gold ring half dollar 14. 
 
 1852. Gold ring dollar, struck in silver 8. 
 
 1853. Cent; Liberty-head, nickel 3.50 
 
 1854. Cent; Liberty-head, nickel 1.50 
 
 1854. Flying-eagle cent (varieties) 3. 
 
 1855. Flying-eagle cents ; two sizes, and various proportions of nickel and 
 
 copper, making eight or ten varieties; each $1 to 2.50 
 
 1856. Cents, nickel size, two varieties 2. 
 
 1856. Half cent, struck in nickel 3.50 
 
 1857. Quarter eagle, in copper 3.25 
 
 1858. Quarter dollar 23. 
 
 1858. Nickel cents, twelve varieties ; each 1.50 
 
 1859. Nickel cent, with reverse of 1860 1.50 
 
 1859. Mule half dollar ; head of Liberty ; reverse, spread eagle ; silver and 
 
 copper; each 6.00 
 
 1859. Half dollars, four varieties, in silver and copper ; each 3.50 
 
 COLONIAL AND EARE AMERICAN COINS, 
 
 WITH PRICES ESTIMATED FROM LATE SALES. 
 
 (Prices vary according to condition of the pieces ; but pieces must be in fair condi- 
 tion to bring the lowest price named.) 
 
 1. Somer Islands or Bermuda coin, no sale. 
 
 2. New England shilling and sixpence, $20 to $25 each. 
 
 3. Massachusetts Pine-tree, Oak-tree, and other varieties; shilling, sixpence, 
 
 threepence, and twopence, $4 and $5 each. 
 
 4. Good Samaritan shilling (doubtful), no sale. 
 
 5. Lord Baltimore shilling, sixpence, and groat, $75 the set. 
 
 6. Lord Baltimore penny, no sale. 
 
 7. James II. tin piece, $2 to $3. 
 
 8. Carolina elephant piece, no sales, probably worth $30 or $40. 
 
 9. New England elephant piece, no sales, worth $30 to $50. 
 
 10. Louisiana copper piece of 1721, 1722, and brass piece of 1767, $2.50 to $7.50 
 
 each. 
 
 11. Rosa Americana pieces 
 
 17-22. Penny without crown $4. 
 
 17-22. Half penny without crown. 4 
 
 1722. Half penny, uiile dulci 4.75 
 
 1722. Farthing Americana, with- 
 out crown 5. 
 
 1722. Farthing Ameri 5.25 
 
 1T23. Penny, crowned $7.25 
 
 1723. Half penny, crowned 4.75 
 
 1723. Farthing Americana, 
 
 crowned 6. 
 
 1733. Penny 6. 
 
 Penny without date 7.50 
 
 245
 
 COLONIAL COINS. (Continued.) 
 
 12. Granby or Higley copper, five varieties, 1737, $13 to $25. 
 
 13. Pitt or No Stamps token, 1766, $3 to $7. 
 
 14. Virginia half penny, 1773, two sizes, $2 to $4. 
 
 15. Continental pewter piece, two varieties, $3 to $6. 
 
 16. Janus-head copper of 1776 (doubtful), no sale. 
 
 17. Massachusetts copper piece of 1776, LIBERTY AND VIRTUE, no sale. 
 
 18. Massachusetts copper of 1776, AMERICAN LIBERTY, no sale. 
 
 19. Massachusetts copper of 1776; obverse, sfn eagle; reverse, a shield and arms; 
 
 no sale. 
 
 20. U. S. A. copper, with thirteen bars, $5 to $9. 
 
 21. NON DEPENDENS STATUS copper, no sale. 
 
 22. Nova Constellatio coppers, many varieties, $0.50 to $1. 
 
 23. Immune Columbia pieces, silver and gold, no sale. 
 
 24. Immune Columbia copper ; reverse, Nova Constellatio, $35. 
 
 25. Georgius Triumpho, $3. 
 
 26. Chalmers Annapolis shilling, $8. 
 
 27. Chalmers sixpence and threepence, $15 each. 
 
 28. Confederatio copper (two varieties known), no sale. 
 
 29. Vermonts Respublica copper, $1.75. 
 
 30. Vermontis Respublica copper, $2.50. 
 
 31. Vermontensium Respublica copper, $1 to $3. 
 
 32. Vermon Auctori coppers (many varieties in 1787 and 1788), $0.50 to $1. 
 
 33. Vermon Auctori baby-head (so called), $2. 
 
 34. Georgius III. Rex, with reverse Inde. et Lib., $0.50 to $1. 
 
 35. Vermon Auctori ; reverse, Brittania, 50 cents. 
 
 36. Connecticut coppers, an immense variety in 1785, 1786, 1 787, 1788, $0.10 to $2. 
 
 (The Auctori Connect., the Et Lib. Inde., and other rare and odd varieties, 
 
 bring prices varying from $1 to $2. The Et Lib. Inde. of 1786 is more rare 
 
 than of 1787.) 
 
 87. AUCTORI PLEBIS copper, $5. 
 38. New Jersey coppers, a large variety in 1786, 1787, 1788, $0.25 to $1. The one 
 
 with horse's head to the left brings $2.50; the E PLURIBS, $2 to $3. 
 89. New York gold coin, NOVA EBORACA COLUMBIA EXCELSIOR, no sale. 
 
 40. New York eagle piece; reverse, arms of the State, $25. 
 
 41 . New York copper coins ; obverse, Nova Eborac ; reverse, Virt. et Lib. ; two va- 
 
 rieties, $2 to $4. 
 
 42. NEO EBORACENSIS, or New York Washington piece, $25. 
 
 43. Immunis Columbia copper, $10. 
 
 44. LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM DEFENDO, New York copper, two varieties, no sale. 
 
 45. George Clinton copper, no sale. 
 
 46. Fugio, or Mind your Business copper, several varieties, 10 to 50 cents. 
 
 47. Kentucky copper (so called), two varieties, lettered edge and plain edge, $3.25. 
 
 48. Massachusetts cent, 1787 and 1788, $0.25 to $1. 
 
 49. Massachusetts half cents of. 1787 and 1788, $3. 
 
 50. Myddleton token, copper, of Kentucky, no sale. 
 
 51. Myddleton token in silver, $35. 
 
 52. Danske Americansk, copper and silver, several sizes and varieties, 25 to 50 cents. 
 
 53. Franco Americana Colonia, copper, $3 ; silver, $5. This piece is struck to or- 
 
 der in France, and a new snpply is constantly sent to America. 
 
 54. North American token, 25 cents. 
 
 246
 
 WASHINGTON COINS, MEDALS, AND TOKENS, 
 
 WITH PRICES. 
 (Many varieties are omitted because no sales have been made.) 
 
 Price. 
 
 1. Washington and Ind. token, 1783; Unity States, etc. 
 
 2. Similar token ; United States 
 
 3. Washington double-head token 
 
 4. Washington and Ind. ; small military bnst 
 
 5. Washington cent of 1791, large eagle, in ordinary condition, 
 
 $5, fine proof 
 
 6. Washington cent, 1791, small eagle 
 
 7. Washington cent, 1791, small eagle, different variety 
 
 8. Washington half dollar, 1792 
 
 9. Washington half dollar struck in copper (commonly called 
 
 the large eagle cent of 1792), is worth from $40 upward ; 
 a splendid proof brought 
 
 10. Washington cent, 1792, small eagle 
 
 11. Liberty and Security medal, large size, head to left 
 
 12. Liberty and Security, small, head to right 
 
 13. Washington token, North Wales 
 
 14. Liverpool half pennies, several varieties of ships 
 
 15. He is in Glory, the World in Tears copper 
 
 16. The same in white metal 
 
 L7. Washington token ; reverse, a grate 
 
 18. Medalet, with Courage and Fidelity, etc. 
 
 19. Washington medal ; Reunit par un rare, etc. 
 
 20. Washington, before Boston medal 
 
 21. Washington President; reverse, Genl. of the Am. Armies, 
 
 1775, resigned, etc. c. 
 
 22. Geo. Washington, bora Virginia, Feb. 11, 1732 ; reverse like 
 
 the last c. 
 
 23. George Washington; obverse, 14 Dec., 1799, head with cu- 
 
 rious wig ; reverse, Late President, etc. c. 
 
 24. George Washington, by Davis ; reverse, arms of New York 
 
 w. m. 
 
 25. George Washington ; Success to the United States b. 
 
 26. The same token in several sizes and varieties, each b. 
 
 27. Washington medal (Eccleston) 
 
 28. Washington medal (Sansom) bronze 
 
 29. Washington medal (Sansom) w. m. 
 
 30. Centennial medal, struck and distributed in civic procession, 
 
 February 22, 1832 c. 
 
 31. The same w. m. 
 
 32. Washington Benevolent Society ; bust of Washington on a 
 
 pedestal, 1808 silver 
 
 33. George Washington ; head to left, w. Ft. WRIGHT & BALE ; 
 
 reverse, Bora Feb. 22d, 1732, etc. bronze 
 
 34. The same in silver 
 
 35. The same in white metal 
 
 36. The same, plain reverse, also wreath reverse silver <fe w. m. 
 
 37. Washington Temperance Society ; reverse, the pledge b. & c . 
 
 247 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 21 
 
 21 
 19 
 
 22 
 18 
 
 13 
 19 
 19 
 
 18 
 24 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 26 
 20 
 
 27* 
 29 
 
 27 
 
 $1.25 
 1.25 
 1.25 
 1.25 
 
 9. 
 26. 
 
 no sale. 
 57. 
 
 64. 
 
 no sale. 
 4. 
 
 5.50 
 6. 
 
 4.35 
 6.50 
 3. 
 
 2.50 
 7. 
 
 7.50 
 5. 
 
 12. 
 7. 
 8.50 
 
 2. 
 
 5. 
 
 5. 
 
 9. 
 
 5.50 
 
 2. 
 
 2. 
 1. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 10. 
 
 3. 
 
 no sales. 
 1.50
 
 WASHINGTON COINS AND TOKENS. ( Continued.) 
 
 38. Washington Temperance Society ; reverse, the pledge w. m. 
 
 39. The same ; reverse, House of Temperance ; same metals and 
 
 same prices. 
 
 40. Washington Temperance Society ; reverse, head of Frank- 
 
 lin, etc. w. m. 
 
 41. Washington Temperance Benevolent Society; reverse, a 
 
 fountain w. m. 
 
 42. Washington surrounded by seven other Presidents ; reverse, 
 
 names of Presidents to Van Buren, inclusive bronze 
 
 43. The same w. m. 
 
 44. Washington's head ; The Union must, etc. ; reverse, buck, 
 
 cannon, etc. bronze 
 
 45. The same w. m. 
 
 46. G. Washington; bust surrounded by names of Presidents 
 
 and Lafayette ; reverse, an eagle covering the field, Inde- 
 pendence, all men are free, etc., 1834 (very rare) lead 
 
 47. The Father of his Country ; reverse, national monument 
 
 w. m. 
 
 48. George Washington ; reverse, Washington on horseback 
 
 silver 
 
 49. The same c. 
 
 50. George Washington ; born, etc., died, etc. (Lovett's dies) 
 
 silver 
 
 51. The same c. 
 
 52. The same w. m. 
 
 53. Geo. Washington ; North Point and Fort M'Henry silver 
 
 54. The same c. 
 
 55. Genl. Washington ; reverse, an eagle b. 
 
 56. Genl. Washington ; reverse, head of Liberty b. 
 
 57. Other varieties and sizes of these tokens, with the Capitol, the 
 
 New York City Hall, etc., etc., ten varieties in all b. 
 
 58. George Washington on horseback ; carry me to Atwood's, 
 
 etc. ; three varieties, now highly prized, each c. 
 
 59. Washington Temperance Benevolent Society ; We serve the 
 
 Tyrant Alcohol no longer silver 
 
 60. Head of Washington ; reverse, Wright <fe Bale, Die-cutters, 
 
 etc. c. 
 
 61. Washington and Lafayette ; reverse, Par nobile fratrum 
 
 silver 
 
 62. The same copper 
 
 63. The same w. m. 
 
 64. Washington and Franklin ; same reverse, same metals, sizes, 
 
 and prices. 
 
 65. Washington ; reverse, Franklin silver 
 
 66. The same in copper and white metal, each 
 
 67. Head of Washington; store-card of Abrahams, Weston, 
 
 Missouri b. 
 
 68. The same ; Independence, Missouri b. 
 
 69. Washington on horseback before Boston ; reverse, R. Lovett, 
 
 Jr., Die-sinker, etc. G. s. 
 
 70. The same w. m. 
 
 71. Washington; head in an oval; reverse, head of Jackson in 
 
 an oval ; Wolf, Clark, & Spies' card b. 
 
 72. The same ; Jackson's bust in an octagon, and the word over 
 
 it President b. 
 
 73. The same ; head of George IV. b. 
 
 74. Washington on horseback ; reverse, a movable calendar b. 
 
 248 
 
 14 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 13i 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 .40 
 
 2. 
 1.50 
 
 1.25 
 
 no sales. 
 .75 
 
 14.50 
 
 2.88 
 
 1.25 
 .30 
 .30 
 
 1.50 
 .40 
 .18 
 .18 
 
 .18 
 5. 
 
 3.50 
 5. 
 
 2.75 
 1.50 
 1. 
 
 1.50 
 1. 
 
 1.50 
 1.50 
 
 .25 
 .25 
 
 4. 
 
 4. 
 4. 
 .50
 
 WASHINGTON COINS AND TOKENS. (Continued.) 
 
 
 Kiz. 
 
 Price. 
 
 75. Copies of the half dollar of 1792, from die cut in Philadel- 
 
 
 
 phia silver 
 
 
 $3.25 
 
 76. The same in copper and brass 
 
 
 .50 
 
 77. Washington medalet issued at United States Mint in connec- 
 
 
 
 tion with the Washington Cabinet ; George Washington ; 
 
 
 
 reverse, Time increases his Fame silver 
 
 18 
 
 4. 
 
 78. The same c. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 79. Another ; Pater Patriae ; reverse, a Memorial of the Wash- 
 
 
 
 ington Cabinet, etc. silver 
 
 14 
 
 4. 
 
 80. The same c. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 81. Another; obverse, head of Washington ; reverse, born 1732, 
 
 
 
 died 1799 silver 
 
 12 
 
 4. 
 
 82. The same c. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 83. Washington token ; Baker, music, etc. b. 
 
 12 
 
 no sale. 
 
 84. Several varieties of Washington tokens, cut by Bale & Smith, 
 
 
 
 all rare and highly prized. 
 
 
 
 85. Patriae Pater, 1732 ; Providence left him Childless, etc. c. 
 
 18i 
 
 .90 
 
 86. Pater Patriae ; Good for a Chance in liaffle, etc. c. 
 
 13 
 
 .80 
 
 PKESIDENTIAL AND ELECTION MEDALS AND 
 MEDALETS. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 1. Andrew Jackson; reverse, an urn, willow-tree, etc., born, 
 
 etc., died, etc. w.m. 
 
 2. Andrew Jackson ; an eagle ; reverse, The gallant and suc- 
 
 cessful Defender, etc. w.m. 
 
 3. Andrew Jackson; reverse, The Union must and shall be 
 
 Preserved the Bank must Perish c. 
 
 4. Andrew Jackson, President; reverse, Elected A.D. 1828, 
 
 etc. We Commemoat the glorious Victories, etc. b. and c. 
 
 5. Andrew Jackson, Prest. of the U. S. ; otherwise like the 
 
 last b. 
 
 6. Andrew Jackson, President of the U. S. ; reverse, Elected 
 
 A.D. 1829, etc. b. 
 
 7. Genl. Andrew Jackson, Hero of New Orleans b. 
 
 249 
 
 18 
 28 
 17 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 16 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 .25 
 .55 
 
 .30 
 .40
 
 ELECTION MEDALETS. (Continued.) 
 
 Size. 
 
 hrice. 
 
 8. And. Jackson, President of the, etc. ; reverse, The gallant 
 
 
 
 and successful Defender of New Orleans b. 
 
 16* 
 
 $ .75 
 
 9. Genl. Andrew Jackson, The Nation's Pride b. 
 
 15* 
 
 .55 
 
 10. Genl. Andrew Jackson, The Nation's Good b. 
 
 15J 
 
 .50 
 
 11. Obverse, a head of Jackson ; reverse, And. Jackson inaugu- 
 
 
 
 rated Presidt. U. S., etc. silver 
 
 11 
 
 3. 
 
 12. Andrew Jackson, Pros, of the U. S. ; reverse, eagle, 8 Jan., 
 
 
 
 1815 b. 
 
 16* 
 
 .20 
 
 13. A head of Jackson in an oval, Jackson over the head ; re- 
 
 
 
 verse, Washington in an oval ; card of Wolfe, Clarke, & 
 
 
 
 Spies b. 
 
 16 
 
 4. 
 
 14. Similar to last, but head of Jackson in an octagon, anc 
 
 
 
 President over the head b. 
 
 16 
 
 4. 
 
 15. Andrew Jackson on horseback; reverse, The Advocate of 
 
 
 
 the American System w. m. 
 
 24 
 
 .65 
 
 HARRISON. 
 
 
 
 1. Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison ; reverse, a log cabin and flag on 
 
 
 
 it, eagle lighting, four soldiers standing in a row, The 
 
 
 
 People's Choice, etc. w. m. 
 
 22 
 
 1.25 
 
 2. William H. Harrison, the Hero and Statesman; reverse, 
 
 
 
 Candidate of the People b. 
 
 16 
 
 .45 
 
 3. William Henry Harrison ; reverse, Bunker Hill Monument, 
 
 
 
 Harrison Jubilee, Bunker Hill, Sept. 10, 1840 w. m. 
 
 26* 
 
 1.50 
 
 4. Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison (Turpin engraver) ; reverse, scales, 
 
 
 
 Locos, Wigs, Weighed in the Balance, etc. b. 
 
 16 
 
 .20 
 
 5. Major Gen. Wm. H. Harrison; reverse, Resolution of Con- 
 
 
 
 gress, etc. c. 
 
 19* 
 
 1.20 
 
 6. Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison ; reverse, an eagle with a ribbon 
 
 
 
 inscribed Tippecanoe b. 
 
 16 
 
 .25 
 
 7. Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison ; reverse, a log cabin, etc., The 
 
 
 
 People's Choice, etc., six soldiers in a row w. m. 
 
 24 
 
 1.70 
 
 8. Maj. Genl. W. H. Harrison ; reverse, scales, Democrats, 
 
 
 
 Whigs, Weighed in the Balance and found wanting b. 
 
 15 
 
 .50 
 
 9. Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison; reverse, a battle, Harrison on 
 
 
 
 horseback, Tippecanoe b. 
 
 15 
 
 .50 
 
 10. Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison ; reverse, Go it Tip, come it Ty- 
 
 
 
 ler c. 
 
 16* 
 
 .25 
 
 11. The same in brass 
 
 16* 
 
 .50 
 
 12. Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison ; reverse, a steamboat, Steamboat 
 
 
 
 Van Buren, Locofoco Line, for Salt River direct b. 
 
 15 
 
 .30 
 
 13. Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison; reverse, a log cabin, The Peo- 
 
 
 
 ple's Choice, the Hero of Tippecanoe b. and c. 
 
 18 
 
 .25 
 
 14. Similar to the last, but under the head March 4, 1841, He 
 
 
 
 redeems his Country b. 
 
 18 
 
 .35 
 
 15. Same as No. 13, except in size and metal w. m. 
 
 24 
 
 1.50 
 
 16. Maj. Gen. W. H. Harrison; reverse, He leaves the Plough 
 
 
 
 to save his Country b. 
 
 18 
 
 .37 
 
 250
 
 ELECTION MEDALETS. { Continued. ) 
 
 I Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 17. Maj. Genl. \V. H. Harrison ; reverse, a log cabin, etc., The 
 
 Choice of the People, etc. b. 
 
 18. Like No. 17 ; but reverse, The People's Choice in the Year 
 
 1840 b. 
 
 19. Like No. 18, but the bust has a full face b. 
 
 20. Like No. 18; reverse, date reads 1841 b. 
 
 21. Genl. W. H. Harrison, Honor where Honor is due ; reverse, 
 
 Bunker Hill Monument 
 
 VAN BUREN. 
 
 1. The Sober Second Thoughts, etc. ; reverse, eagle and safe, 
 
 The Independent Sub Treasury, etc. c. 
 
 2. The same in brass 
 
 3. Martin Van Buren, bom Dec. 5, 1782 ; reverse, a pair of 
 
 scales, Weighed in the Balance, etc. b. 
 
 4. M. Van Buren, 26 stars ; reverse, a temple, etc., Democracy 
 
 and our Country w. m. 
 
 5. The same in brass 
 
 6. Martin Van Buren ; reverse, a flag, Democrats to the Polls, 
 
 and the Victory is ours b. 
 
 7. M. Van Buren, two sprigs under the bust ; reverse, a temple, 
 
 etc. w. m. 
 
 8. M. Van Buren; reverse, an eagle on a safe, Van Buren, 
 
 The Country demands his re-election w. m. 
 
 9. Martin Van Buren and Democracy ; reverse, a temple, A 
 
 uniform and sound Currency, The Sub Treasury w. m. 
 
 10. Obverse like the last ; reverse, an eagle holding scales, Fed- 
 
 eral. Democ., March 4, 1841, Our Principles are Justice 
 and Equity 
 
 11. Martin Van Buren; reverse, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free 
 
 Speech, hollow shell b. and silvered 
 
 12. Martin Van Buren and Democracy ; reverse, Our next Pres- 
 
 ident 
 
 13. A head of Van Buren ; The Principles and Prudence of our 
 
 Forefathers ; reverse, a man plowing, the Democracy who 
 can justly appreciate, etc. w. m. 
 
 14. Martin Van Buren ; reverse, a safe and dog b. 
 
 15. Martin Van Buren ; reverse, Temple of Liberty, Democracy 
 
 and our Country w. m. 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 $ .12 
 
 .15 
 .22 
 .25 
 
 2. 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 16* 
 
 15 
 23 
 
 22| 
 23! 
 
 23! 
 16! 
 21 
 
 22 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 .17 
 
 .17 
 
 .50 
 
 1.75 
 .55 
 
 .50 
 1.50 
 1.75 
 1.30 
 
 1.60 
 .50 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 1. 
 
 1.25 
 
 251
 
 ELECTION MEDALETS. ( Continued.} 
 
 Size. | Price. 
 
 CLAY. 
 
 1 . Henry Clay ; reverse, Young Men's Convention, Baltimore, 
 
 May, 1844, The Flag we wear at our Mast should be, 
 etc. w. m. 
 
 2. Henry Clay; reverse, the Baltimore Monument, In Com- 
 
 memoration of the great Convention held at Baltimore, 
 May, 1 844 w. m. 
 
 3. The same in bronze 
 
 4. Henry Clay ; reverse, Time writing on a monument, Every 
 
 end he aimed at was his Country's w. m. 
 
 5. Henry Clay ; reverse, a ship, factories, etc., The Wealth of 
 
 a Nation is indicated by its Industry w. m. 
 
 6. Henry Clay ; reverse, Henry Clay, the Champion of a Pro- 
 
 tective Tariff, a ship, etc. w. m. 
 
 7. Henry Clay; reverse, Born in Virginia, Ap. 12, 1777, 1799 
 
 opposes the Alien and Sedition Law, 1806 elected, etc. 
 
 w. m. 
 
 8. Henry Clay of Kentucky ; reverse, a wreath of flags, anchor, 
 
 shield, etc., Equal and full Protection, etc. w. m. 
 
 9. Henry Clay, the Ashland Farmer; reverse, a plow, O. K., 
 
 The same old Coon w. m. 
 
 10. Henry Clay ; reverse, A Tariff for Protection w. m. 
 
 11. Harry of the West, 1845; reverse, The Protector of Home 
 
 Industry 
 
 12. Henry Clay and the American System ; reverse, United we 
 
 Stand b. 
 
 13. The same in copper 
 
 14. Henry Clay, 26 stars ; reverse, an eagle, Protection to Amer- 
 
 ican Industry c. 
 
 15. The same in brass 
 
 16. H. Clay, I would rather be Right than be President; re- 
 
 verse, an eagle, United States of America, 1848 c. 
 
 17. President Henry Clay, 1845; reverse, an eagle, etc. w. m. 
 
 18. Similar to the last, slightly varying w. m. 
 
 19. Obverse like the last; reverse, two hands grasping, United 
 
 we Stand, Divided we Fall w. m. 
 
 20. Henry Clay, the Farmer, etc. ; reverse, The Noble and Patri- 
 
 otic Supporter of the People's Rights b. 
 
 21. Henry Clay elected President A.D. 1844 ; reverse, The Mill- 
 
 Boy of the Slashes inaugurated March 4th, 1845. (This 
 medalet serves to show that numismatology may deceive 
 in history.) b. 
 
 22. H. Clay, the Man of the People, the Star of the West, 
 
 1844 w. m. 
 
 23. Henry Clay, the Ashland Farmer, 1844, born, etc. ; reverse, 
 
 The Noble and Patriotic Supporter of Protection b. 
 
 24. Henry Clay ; reverse, Clay and Frelinghuysen, etc. b. 
 
 25. Henry Clay, the Ashland Farmer ; reverse, Weighed in the 
 
 Balance, etc. b. 
 
 26. Henry Clay, " A Halo shines as bright as Day," etc. w. m. 
 
 27. Obverse like No. 6; reverse, factories, etc., in bas-relief 
 
 252 
 
 26* 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 26* 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 24 
 
 20* 
 17 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 16* 
 
 15 
 
 13* 
 
 13* 
 
 13* 
 
 16 
 20 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 21* 
 32 
 
 &1.75 
 
 1.50 
 
 2. 
 
 .75 
 1.05 
 1.70 
 
 1. 
 1.50 
 
 1. 
 1. 
 
 .30 
 .30 
 
 .80 
 
 .37 
 .85 
 .75 
 
 .75 
 .45 
 
 .50 
 .35 
 
 .45 
 
 .81 
 
 .30 
 1.13 
 1.50
 
 ELECTION MEDALETS. (Continued.) 
 
 Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 20 
 
 $ .87 
 
 18 
 
 .40 
 
 26 
 
 1. 
 
 22 
 
 1.75 
 
 16^ 
 
 1.25 
 
 26 
 
 1.50 
 
 19i 
 
 1.70 
 
 24 
 
 1.55 
 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 
 .50 
 .50 
 .50 
 
 20 
 
 1.81 
 
 23 
 
 1.75 
 
 26 
 
 1.25 
 
 25 
 
 1.80 
 
 17 
 
 .95 
 
 CASS. 
 
 1. Gen. Lewis Cass; reverse, The Constitution and the Free- 
 
 dom of the Seas w. m. 
 
 2. General Lewis Cass, 1848; reverse, a female figure, a boy 
 
 with a torch, etc. b. 
 
 3. General L. Cass (by Leonard) ; reverse, The Sub Treasury 
 
 and the Tariff of '46 w. m. 
 
 4. Gen. Lewis Cass (by Bird), Principles, not Men; reverse, 
 
 Liberty, Equality, etc. w. m. 
 
 POLK. 
 
 1. James K. Polk, Friend of Equal Rights; reverse, a head of 
 
 Dallas, Young Hickory, Dallas and Victory b. 
 
 2. James K. Polk, head cut by Leonard ; reverse, a bust of 
 
 Dallas, George M. Dallas w. m. 
 
 3. Jas. K. Polk, G. M. Dallas, busts of Polk and Dallas ; re- 
 
 verse, The Firm and Fearless Advocates of Democratic 
 Principles, etc. w. m. 
 
 4. Obverse, a head of Polk, Young Hickory, Press Onward, En- 
 
 large the Boundaries of Freedom ; reverse, a head of Dal- 
 las, Dallas and Victory, Equal Protection to all Classes 
 
 TAYLOR. 
 
 1. Maj. Gen. Zach. Taylor ; reverse, Fort Harrison, Okeecho- 
 
 bee, etc. w. m. 
 
 2. The same in brass 
 
 3. The same in copper 
 
 4. Maj. Gen. Zach. Taylor; reverse, "A little more Grape, 
 
 Capt. Bragg," and names of battles w. m. 
 
 5. Zachary Taylor, Whig Candidate, etc., 1848 ; reverse, Born, 
 
 etc., and names of battles w. m. 
 
 6. Major Genl. Z. Taylor never surrenders ; reverse, A little 
 
 more Grape, etc., I ask no favor, etc. w. m. 
 
 7. Major General Zachary Taylor ; reverse, Entered according 
 
 to Act, etc. w. m. 
 
 8. Major Gen. Taylor, born 1790 ; reverse, General Taylor nev- 
 
 er Surrenders, etc. b. 
 
 253
 
 ELECTION MEDALETS. ( Continued.') 
 
 Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 9. Major General Zachary Taylor, Hero of Palo Alto, etc., 
 1847; reverse, an eagle, etc. c. and b. 
 
 10. Zachary Taylor ; reverse, Taylor and Filmore, shell 
 
 b. and silvered 
 
 11. Gen. Z. Taylor, Hero of Palo Alto, etc. ; reverse, an eagle, 
 
 etc., Rio Grande, Texas, May 9 and 10, 1846 b. 
 
 12. Major General Zachary Taylor, born 1790 ; reverse, In Hon- 
 
 or of the Hero of Palo Alto, etc. w. m. 
 
 FILLMORE. 
 
 1. Millard Fillmore, engraver's name, Odling; reverse, The 
 
 Union w. m. 
 
 2. Obverse like the last; reverse, Born in N. Y., Jan. 7, 1800. 
 
 etc. w. m. 
 
 3. Like the last, in copper 
 
 4. Millard Fillmore ; reverse, Be Vigilant and Watchful, etc. 
 
 w. m. 
 
 5. The same in copper 
 
 6. Millard Fillmore, For the whole Country ; reverse, an eagle, 
 
 United States, etc. b. 
 
 7. Like the last, with the addition of 31 S. under the eagle b. 
 
 SCOTT. 
 
 1. Maj. General Winfield Scott; reverse, Chippewa, Lundy's 
 
 Lane, etc. b. 
 
 2. Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott, U.S.A.; reverse, Scott wounded 
 
 Lundy's Lane b. and c. 
 
 3. Maj. Gen. Win. Scott; reverse, Lundy's Lane, Vera Cruz, 
 
 Cerro Gordo, etc. w. m. 
 
 4. Obverse like the last ; reverse, United we Stand, Divided 
 
 we Fall b., c., and w. m. 
 
 5. Obverse like the last; reverse, our next President w. m. 
 
 6. Gen. Winfield Scott, First in War, etc. ; reverse, Scott and 
 
 Graham, etc. b. 
 
 7. Major Genl. Winfd. Scott (Leonard, ft.) ; reverse, A Gallant 
 
 and Skillful Hero, etc. 
 
 254 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 2H 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 2H 
 
 2H 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 18 
 26 
 
 .40 
 .50 
 
 1. 
 
 .80 
 
 1.30 
 2.50 
 
 .12 
 .10 
 
 .25 
 .35 
 .55 
 
 .25 
 1.50
 
 ELECTION MEDALETS. (Continued.) 
 
 I Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 FIERCE. 
 
 1. Gen. Franklin Pierce, the Statesman and Soldier ; reverse, 
 
 Pierce and King, the People's Choice b. 
 
 2. Gen. Frank. Pierce, the Statesman and Soldier; reverse, For 
 
 President, etc., for Vice President, etc. b. 
 
 3. General F. Pierce ; reverse, United we Stand, etc. w. m. 
 
 BUCHANAN. 
 
 1. James Buchanan, XVth President, etc., engraver, Paquet; 
 
 reverse, The Union must, etc. w. m. 
 
 2. James Buchanan ; reverse, Buchanan, The Crisis demands, 
 
 etc. w. m. 
 
 3. The same in copper 
 
 4. A Buck at full run, a cannon, and Breckenridge ; reverse, 
 
 Washington w. m. 
 
 5. The same in bronze 
 
 6. James Buchanan, No Sectionalism ; reverse, an eagle, United 
 
 States, etc. b. 
 
 7. Similar to last, with three stars under the eagle b. 
 
 8. Similar to last, 31. S. under the eagle b. 
 
 9. James Buchanan ; reverse, The Union one, etc. w. m. 
 
 FREMONT. 
 
 1. John C. Fremont; reverse, mountains, the White House, 
 
 surveyors, etc., Honor to whom, etc. c. 
 
 2. The same in white metal 
 
 3. John C. Fremont; reverse, Free Soil, Free Speech, Free 
 
 Labor, etc. c. 
 
 4. The same in white metal 
 
 5. Col. John C. Fremont, engraver's name, Paquet; reverse, 
 
 The People's Choice for 1856, etc. w. m. 
 
 6. John C. Fremont, Free Soil and Free Speech ; reverse, an 
 
 eagle, Wm. L. Dayton, Free Speech, etc. b. 
 
 7. Col. John C. Fremont, Jessie's Choice; reverse, Fremont 
 
 and Dayton, etc. b. 
 
 8. John C. Fremont, Free Soil, etc. ; reverse, an eagle, United 
 
 States of America b. 
 
 255 
 
 m 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 
 2H 
 2H 
 
 30 
 30 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 2H 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 22 
 22 
 
 381 
 18 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 .55 
 1.50 
 
 1.10 
 
 .30 
 .50 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 
 .20 
 .50 
 .20 
 .25 
 
 .50 
 .25 
 
 .75 
 .40 
 .90 
 .55
 
 ELECTION MEDALETS. (Concluded.) 
 
 
 Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 9. John C. Fremont, Free Soil, etc. ; reverse, an eagle, United 
 
 
 
 States of America, with 31. S. under the eagle b. 
 
 18 
 
 $ .50 
 
 10. J. C. Fremont, born, etc. ; reverse, an eagle on a globe 
 
 X 
 
 14* 
 
 .25 
 
 25G
 
 MEDALETS OF VARIOUS INDIVIDUALS. 
 
 
 Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 1. William H. Seward, our next Governor; reverse, 
 
 The Glory 
 
 
 
 and Pride, etc. 
 
 b. 
 
 17 
 
 $ .80 
 
 2. Obverse like the last; reverse, A faithful Friend to our 
 
 
 
 Country 
 
 b. 
 
 17 
 
 .55 
 
 3. Gulian C. Verplanck, our next Govnr. ; reverse, 
 
 A faithful 
 
 
 
 Friend, etc. 
 
 b. 
 
 17 
 
 .50 
 
 4. Thomas Swann, Mayor of Baltimore 
 
 vr. m. 
 
 
 .25 
 
 5. Kossuth, three varieties, head to right 
 
 b. 
 
 18 
 
 .15 
 
 6. Kossuth, head to the left 
 
 b. 
 
 18 
 
 .55 
 
 7. Herr Alexander, 1847 
 
 c. 
 
 18 
 
 1. 
 
 POLITICAL TOKENS, ETC. 
 
 
 Jsizc. 
 
 Price. 
 
 1 . A cow, a friend, etc. ; reverse, a ship, Agriculture and Com- 
 
 
 
 merce 
 
 18 
 
 $1.10 
 
 2. The Glorious Whig Victory of 1835 ; Fellow-citizens, save 
 
 
 
 your Constitution 
 
 17 
 
 2.50 
 
 3. For the Constitution Hurra ; Whigs of New York Victorious, 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 16^ 
 
 2. 
 
 4. American Republicans beware, etc. ; reverse, Bunker Hill 
 
 
 
 w. m. 
 
 23 
 
 1.50 
 
 5. The same in copper 
 
 23 
 
 .75 
 
 6. Natives beware, etc., 1844; reverse, Our Flag trampled 
 
 
 
 upon w. m. 
 
 26* 
 
 .75 
 
 7. Millions for Defence, not One Cent for Tribute ; all the or- 
 
 
 
 dinary varieties, in uncirculated order ; each c. 
 
 18* 
 
 .05 
 
 8. The same, fillet head, inscribed United c. 
 
 m 
 
 .50 
 
 9. The same, head surrounded by stars, two varieties c. 
 
 m 
 
 .50 
 
 10. Loco Foco Mint Drop c. 
 
 19 
 
 .10 
 
 1 1. Mint Drops, two other varieties c. 
 
 18 
 
 .05 
 
 12. Turtle and Safe, Executive Experiment, two varieties c. 
 
 18* 
 
 .05 
 
 13. Turtle and Safe, Executive Financiering 
 
 18* 
 
 .25 
 
 14. Webster Credit Current and Currency, five varieties c. 
 
 18* 
 
 .05 
 
 15. General and Safe, two ordinary varieties c. 
 
 18* 
 
 .05 
 
 1 G. General and Safe, large head and fat donkey c. 
 
 18* 
 
 .15 
 
 17. General and Safe, ordinary type b. 
 
 18* 
 
 .40 
 
 R 257
 
 POLITICAL TOKENS. 
 
 
 Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 18. A plain System, void of Pomp 
 
 c. 
 
 18* 
 
 $ .20 
 
 19. Substitute for Shinplasters, two varieties 
 
 c. 
 
 18* 
 
 .03 
 
 20. Specie Payments suspended, several varieties 
 
 c. 
 
 18* 
 
 .03 
 
 21. Perish Credit, etc. ; a hog running 
 
 c. 
 
 18* 
 
 .10 
 
 22. The same 
 
 b. 
 
 18* 
 
 .50 
 
 23. Not One Cent, but Just as Good 
 
 b. 
 
 18 
 
 .65 
 
 24. The same, with various reverses of tradesmen's cards 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 other devices, have brought from $1.25 to $1.75. 
 
 
 
 
 25. Success to Republican Principles 
 
 b. 
 
 15 
 
 .20 
 
 26. The same 
 
 c. 
 
 15 
 
 1. 
 
 TEMPERANCE MEDALETS, ETC. 
 
 Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 1. American Juvenile Temperance Society; reverse, Temper- 
 
 ance pledge c. 
 
 2. The same w. m. 
 
 3. Obverse the same ; reverse, a man at a well c. 
 
 4. The same \v. m. 
 
 5. Man at a well ; reverse, Temperance leads, etc. b. 
 
 6. The same oreide 
 
 7. Man at well (well without pole) ; reverse, Declaration of the 
 
 Cold Water Army b. 
 
 8. Temperance pledge ; reverse, Our Country's Freedom, etc. b. 
 
 9. Man at a well with windlass, B. & S. N. Y. ; reverse, 
 
 Pledge w. m. 
 
 10. In Commemoration of the National Celebration of the Sons 
 
 of Temperance; reverse, Sons of Temperance insignia c. 
 
 11. The same w. m. 
 
 12. House of Temperance ; reverse, Pledge w. m. 
 
 13. The same in copper, and also in brass 
 
 14. American Total Abstinence Society, the pledge ; reverse, 
 
 I.H.S. on a shield, man and woman, two children 
 
 15. American Temperance Mission w. m. 
 
 16. American Temperance Mission, another variety w. m. 
 
 17. Father Matthew giving the pledge w. m. 
 
 18. Father Matthew; reverse, St. James Temperance Society 
 
 w. m. 
 
 19. Man at well ; reverse, The Bearer of this, etc. w. m. 
 
 20. Man at well (by Thomas); reverse, Pledge w. m. 
 
 21. Man at well; reverse, St. James Temp. Soc. b. 
 
 22. Tobacco medalet, boy trampling on leaves b. 
 
 258 
 
 22* 
 
 22* 
 
 22* 
 
 22* 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 16* 
 21* 
 
 28 
 26* 
 26* 
 26* 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 22* 
 
 15 
 
 16* 
 
 .50 
 
 1. 
 
 .50 
 .15 
 .30 
 
 .30 
 .50 
 
 .55 
 
 .30 
 .70 
 1. 
 
 .50 
 .50 
 .60 
 .65 
 
 .65 
 .25 
 .50 
 .30 
 
 .80
 
 TEMPERANCE MEDALETS. 
 
 
 Size. 
 
 Price. 
 
 23. No Repeal, State of New York c. gilt and silvered 
 Other temperance medalets will be found among Wash- 
 ington coins, etc. 
 
 18 
 
 <& OK 
 
 tjp . -> 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MEDALETS AND TOKENS. 
 
 
 Size. 
 
 IMce. 
 
 1. Am I not a Man and a Brother? (not American) two sizes 
 
 
 $1.50 
 
 2. Am I not a Woman and a Sister ? (proofs) c. 
 
 18 
 
 .50 
 
 3. California Counter, 1852; obverse, head of Liberty ; reverse, 
 
 
 
 a flag b. 
 
 23 
 
 .25 
 
 4. California Counter ; obverse, an eagle ; reverse, a flag b. 
 
 m 
 
 .20 
 
 5. California Counter ; obverse, head of Liberty ; reverse, a 
 
 
 
 flag b. 
 
 m 
 
 .20 
 
 6. California Counter ; obverse like reverse of $20 gold piece ; 
 
 
 
 reverse, a flag b. 
 
 23 
 
 .35 
 
 7. Little Samuel ; reverse, the Lord's Prayer, cut by Lovett 
 
 
 
 w. m. 
 
 22k 
 
 .50 
 
 8. Boy and dog, cut by Bridgens ; reverse, John Bull and Jon- 
 
 
 
 athan c. 
 
 20 
 
 1. 
 
 9. The same w. m. 
 
 20 
 
 .50 
 
 10. Boy and dog, with other reverses; same metals and prices. 
 
 
 
 11. Gen. Tom Thumb ; reverse, head of Liberty b. 
 
 14 
 
 .05 
 
 12. Gen. Tom Thumb ; reverse, head of Victoria b. 
 
 14 ' 
 
 .05 
 
 13. Mobile Jockey Club, members' medal silver 
 
 18 
 
 
 14. The same b. 
 
 18 
 
 .20 
 
 15. The same c. 
 
 18 
 
 .25 
 
 16. The same w. m. 
 
 18 
 
 .10 
 
 17. We all have our hobbies, witch medalet G. s. 
 
 18 
 
 
 18. The same silver 
 
 18 
 
 
 19. The same w. m. 
 
 18 
 
 .10 
 
 20. The same c. 
 
 18 
 
 .30 
 
 21. The same b. 
 
 18 
 
 .20 
 
 22. Odd Fellows' Hall ; reverse, Odd Fellows' insignia w. m. 
 
 24 
 
 1.25 
 
 23. St. Mattheu's Kirche, Walker St., N. Y. w. m. 
 
 24 
 
 1. 
 
 24. N. Y. Crystal Palace ; reverse, flags of all nations w. m. 
 
 25 
 
 1. 
 
 25. N. Y. Crystal Palace ; reverse, The first Pillar, etc. w. m. 
 
 33 
 
 .25 
 
 26. N. Y. Crystal Palace ; reverse, the globe, etc. w. m. 
 
 46 
 
 .50 
 
 27. N. Y. Crystal Palace; reverse, Liberty seated, Inimitate, 
 
 
 
 etc. w. m. 
 
 29 
 
 1.12 
 
 28. New Merchants' Exchange, New York c. 
 
 18* 
 
 .05 
 
 29. St. Thomas's Church, N. Y., Robert Raikes w. m. 
 
 22 
 
 .70 
 
 259
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TOKENS. 
 
 
 Size. Price. 
 
 30. German Musical Festival medal ; reverse, trumpets, 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 
 
 w. m. 
 
 37 
 
 $ .63 
 
 31. Balloon medalets ; great air ship 
 
 c. 
 
 22 
 
 .50 
 
 32. The same 
 
 w. m. 
 
 
 .25 
 
 33. Nassau Water Works, 1859 
 
 c. 
 
 22 
 
 .50 
 
 34. The same 
 
 w. m. 
 
 
 .20 
 
 35. The same, differently executed 
 
 w. m. 
 
 22 
 
 .50 
 
 36. Eleanor Rugg Byrne medalet b., w. m. 
 
 , and c. 
 
 19* 
 
 .30 
 
 37. The same, with milled edge 
 
 c. 
 
 m 
 
 1.38 
 
 38. Honesty is the best Policy ; Dedicated, etc. 
 
 b. 
 
 14 
 
 .25 
 
 39. Bunker Hill Monument; reverse, All Hail, etc. 
 
 w. m. 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 40. Lovett's series of Presidents of the U. S., each 
 
 c. 
 
 22 
 
 .50 
 
 41. The same 
 
 w. m. 
 
 
 .25 
 
 42. Sage's historical tokens, each 
 
 c. 
 
 22 
 
 .25 
 
 43. Sage's numismatic gallery, each 
 
 c. 
 
 22 
 
 .25 
 
 44. Ohio, 1855, sun rising, a grain-field, etc. ; reverse, a mova- 
 
 
 
 ble calendar 
 
 b. 
 
 23 ^ 
 
 .70 
 
 45. Other States of the Union, with same reverse, each 
 
 b. 
 
 23i 
 
 .70 
 
 46. Ships, Colonies, and Commerce ; ship with American flag c. 
 
 
 .45 
 
 47. The same; W. & B., N. Y., under the ship 
 
 c. 
 
 
 .50 
 
 48. Half cent's worth of pure copper 
 
 c. 
 
 15 
 
 .75 
 
 49. Massachusetts and California Co., 1849 
 
 c. 
 
 15 
 
 3. 
 
 50. The same 
 
 silver 
 
 
 3.50 
 
 51. National Jockey Club, New York 
 
 . b. 
 
 16i 
 
 .65 
 
 52. Communicant's token, oval 
 
 w. m. 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 53. The Champagne Fountain ; In Vino Veritas 
 
 silver 
 
 10 
 
 1.50 
 
 260
 
 AMEKICAN MEDALS 
 
 AWARDED BY CONGRESS TO MILITARY AND NAVAL OFFICERS. 
 
 1. GEORGE WASHINGTON. On the taking of Boston, 17th March, 1776. 
 
 2. JOHN PAUL JONE$. On the capture of the Serapis, 23d September, 1 778. 
 
 3. JOHN STEWART. On the taking of Stony Point, 15th July, 1799. 
 
 4. ANTHONY WAYNE. On the taking of Stony Point, 15th July, 1799. 
 
 5. D. DE FLEURY. On the taking of Stony Point, 15th July, 1799. 
 
 6. HORATIO GATES. On the surrender of Burgoyne, Saratoga, 17th October, 
 
 1777. 
 
 7. CAPTORS OF ANDRE. 
 
 8. NATHANIEL GREENE. For gallant conduct at Eutaw Springs, 8th September, 
 
 1781. 
 
 9. DANIEL MORGAN. For the victory at Cowpens, 17th January, 1781. 
 
 10. JOHN EAGER HOWARD. For the victory at Cowpens, 17th January, 1781. 
 
 11. WILLIAM A. WASHINGTON. For the victory at Cowpens, 17th January, 1781. 
 
 12. HENRY LEE. On the attack at Paulus Hook, 19th August, 1779. 
 
 13. THOMAS TRUXTON. On the capture of the French frigate Vengeance by the 
 
 Constellation, 1st February, 1800. 
 
 14. EDWARD PREBLE. On the attack upon Tripoli in 1804. 
 
 15. WINFIKLD SCOTT. On the battles of Chippewa and Niagara, July 5 and 25, 
 
 1814. 
 
 16. EDMUND P. GAINES. On the battle of Erie, 15th August, 1814. 
 
 17. JAMES MILLER. On the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, July 5 and 25, 
 
 and September 17, 1814. 
 
 18. JACOB BROWN. On the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, July 5 and 25, 
 
 and September 17, 1814. 
 
 19. ELEAZAR W. RIPLEY. On the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, July 5 
 
 and 25, and September 17, 1814. 
 
 20. PETER B. PORTER. On the battles of Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie, July 5 and 
 
 25, and September 17, 1814. 
 
 21. ALEXANDER MACOMB. On the battle of Plattsburgh, September 11, 1814. 
 
 22. ANDREW JACKSON. On the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815. 
 
 23. ISAAC SHELBY. On the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813. 
 
 24. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. On the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813. 
 
 25. GEORGE CKOGHAN. On the defense of Fort Sandusky, August 2, 1813. 
 
 26. ISAAC HULL. On the capture of the Guerriere by the Constitution, July, 1812. 
 
 27. JACOB JONES. On the capture of the Frolic by the Wasp, 18th October, 1812. 
 
 28. STEPHEN DECATUR. On the capture of the Macedonian, October 25, 1812. 
 
 29. WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE. On the capture of the Java, December 29, 1812. 
 
 30. W. BURROWS. On the capture of the Boxer, September 4, 1813. 
 
 31. EDWARD R. M'CALL. On the capture of the Boxer, 4th September, 1813. 
 
 32. JAMES LAWRENCE. On the capture of the Peacock, 24th February, 1813. 
 
 33. THOMAS M'!)ONOUGH. On the battle of Lake Champlain, llth September, 1814. 
 
 34. ROBERT HENLEY. On the battle of Lake Champlain, 1 1 th September, 1814. 
 
 35. STET'HEN CASSIN. On the battle of Lake Champlain, llth September, 1814. 
 
 36. LEWIS WARRINGTON. On the capture of the brig DEpervier, 29th March, 
 
 1814. 
 
 261
 
 AMERICAN MEDALS. 
 
 37. JOHNSON BLAKELEY. On the capture of the Reindeer, 28th June, 1814. 
 
 38. CHARLES STEWART. On the capture of the Cyane and the Levant, 20th Febru- 
 
 ary, 1815. 
 
 39. JAMES BIDDLE. On the capture of the Penguin, 23d March, 1815. 
 
 40. OLIVER HAZARD PERRY. On the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813. 
 
 41. JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT. On the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813. 
 
 NOTE. The above catalogue comprises only medals relating to the Revolution 
 and the war of 1812. Of the Revolutionary medals some may be obtained at mod- 
 erate prices, as indicated in the price tables elsewhere. But very many of the series 
 are unknown except in the original gold presentation medal. A fine series of elec- 
 trotype copies of all the medals has been made, with great labor and diligence, by 
 Thomas Wyatt, Esq., of New York, from whom they may be obtained. 
 
 Of many other American medals Indian and others the dies remain at the 
 Philadelphia Mint, and it is hoped that Congress may authorize the supply of spec- 
 imens to collectors at a moderate price. 
 
 262
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 FKONTISPIECE. 
 
 1. Silver coin of Seleucus, B.C. 280. 
 
 2. Silver coin of Philip V. of Macedon, B.C. 220-178. 
 
 3. Silver coin of Macedonia, about B.C. 280. 
 
 4. Silver coin of Lysimachus, B.C. 286-280. 
 
 5. 6. Silver medal of Syracuse. This is one of the splendid remains of ancient art. 
 
 It seems probable that it was struck as a prize in the races, or as a token. 
 Several specimens are extant. 
 
 7. A copper coin of Chalcis, showing the seven-stringed lyre. 
 
 8. Silver coin of Demetrius Poliorcetes, B.C. 294-287. 
 
 9. Silver coin of Perseus, B.C. 178-167. 
 10. Silver coin of Ptolemy Soter, B.C. 285. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 1. Egyptian ring money. No specimens are known; but it is found painted, in 
 
 countless instances, on tombs, and colored to indicate both gold and silver. 
 
 2. Ancient Egyptian method of weighing money, the weights being a lamb, a half 
 
 lamb, etc. From the wall of a tomb. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 1. Gold stater of Miletus ; the earliest known coin in any metal. 
 
 2. Gold stater of Lydia ; by some supposed to be the earliest coin. 
 
 3. Persian silver daric ; probably struck in Egypt during the Persian dynasty. 
 
 4. Persian gold daric, found in Western Asia ; date uncertain, probably a very 
 
 early coin. 
 
 5. Quarter stater of Phocea, gold. ' 
 
 6. Drachma of ^Egina ; the earliest silver coin. The tortoise was the emblem of 
 
 JEgina. 
 
 7. Silver coin of Caulonia, showing the punch corresponding with the die. 
 
 8. Drachma of Archelaus I. of Macedonia, B.C. 413; the first coin with the portrait 
 
 of a prince. 
 
 9. Drachma of ^Egina, later than No. 6. 
 
 10. Silver coin of Alexander I. of Macedonia, B.C. 450 ; one of the first coins with 
 a human figure. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 1. Large Ptolemaic copper coin; head of Jupiter on the obverse; an eagle on the 
 
 reverse ; with legend BASILEOS PTOLEMAIOU. These immense coppers are 
 by some supposed to have been medals. 
 
 2. Ancient Greek coin, showing the theatre of Dionysius, on the slope of the 
 
 Acropolis at Athens. 
 
 263
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 3. Ancient Greek coin, showing the Acropolis, the statue of Minerva, the Parthe- 
 
 non, etc. 
 
 4. Silver coin of Ptolemy Philadelphia. 
 
 5. Silver coin of a Ptolemy, showing a man cutting millet with a sickle. This coin 
 
 is interesting as showing the millet, a species of Indian corn or maize, in ex- 
 istence in Egypt at that early date. 
 
 6. Jewish shekel ; obverse, the pot of manna ; reverse, the rod of Aaron. The 
 
 shekel was, never coined till the time of the Maccabees. There are several 
 varieties, some of them of the highest rarity. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 1. Silver coin (tetradrachm) of Pyrrhus, B.C. 275 (King of Epirus, etc.); obverse, 
 
 head of the Dodonean Jupiter. 
 
 2. Silver coin (tetradrachm) of Antiochus the Great, B.C. 192. 
 
 3. Gold stater of Alexander the Great (found at Sidon recently). 
 
 4. Gold stater of Philip II., father of Alexander (found at Sidon). These coins 
 
 were found in a jar, with a large quantity like them, where they were proba- 
 bly left by a paymaster in Alexander's army. 
 
 5. Gold stater of Alexander, another variety. 
 
 6. Silver coin (tetradrachm) of Perseus, last King of Macedon, B.C. 178. 
 
 7. Silver coin (tetradrachm) of Attalus I. of Pergamus, B.C. 170. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 1. Silver tetradrachm of Mithridates VI., King of Pontus, B.C. 89. 
 
 2. Silver coin of Philip V. of Macedon. 
 
 3. Silver loin of Corinth. 
 
 4. Silver drachma of Athens. 
 
 5. Silver tetradrachm of Athens. 
 
 6. A Greek coin, having on the reverse a palm-leaf and an arrow ; date unknown. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 1. Silver coin of Gyrene, showing the Silphium. 
 
 2. Silver coin of Acarnania. 
 
 3. Phoenician coin, probably of some place on the Syrian coast under Persian 
 
 power. 
 
 4. Parthian gold coin ; legend "Of the Great King Arsaces." 
 
 5. Coin of Amphipolis', showing a lamp on the reverse. 
 
 6. Parthian silver coin, probably of Arsaces Orodes, B.C. 55 ; perhaps minted in 
 
 Syria. 
 
 7. Silver coin of Artaxerxes Ardshir, A.D. 226, founder of the dynasty of the Sas- 
 
 sanidae. 
 
 8. Silver coin of Carthage ; obverse, head of Dido ; reverse, horse, with Punic in- 
 
 scription. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 1. Roman Quincussis, five ases. See page 22. 
 
 264
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 1. Obverse of the as, head of Janus. 
 
 2. Reverse of the as, prow of a galley or ship. 
 
 3. Sextans, sixth part of the as. The two balls indicate the weight, two ounces. 
 
 4 and 5. Triens, third part of the as. The four balls indicate the weight, four 
 ounces. Figures 3, 4, and 5 on this plate are each one half the diameter of 
 the original coin. 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 1. A medalet in copper, possibly a sextans; obverse, an eagle; reverse, the wolf 
 
 of the capitol. 
 
 2. Silver coin of the Samnites, showing on the reverse the Samnite bull goring the 
 
 Roman wolf, about B.C. 340. 
 
 3. Roman denarius of Livineius, the head on which is supposed to be the head of 
 
 Regulus, B.C. 256. 
 
 4. Early Roman coin, with Janus head ; probably an as of the time of Pompey, 
 
 and the heads portraits of Pompey and his son Sextus. 
 
 5. Coin of Epidaurus, or a coin of Rome, commemorating the sacred snake (em- 
 
 blem of ^Esculapius) which the embassadors who were sent to Epidaurus 
 about B.C. 290 brought back with them. See page 12. 
 
 6. Reverse of a denarius of the Cassian gens, showing a person voting. The tab- 
 
 let or ballot is marked A. for " Absolvo." 
 
 7. Denarius of P. Porcius Laeca, who, B.C. 256, introduced the Porcian law, "de 
 
 cajrite et tergo civium," which was the law of appeal under which Paul "ap- 
 pealed to Caesar." 
 
 8. Denarius of Metellus Scipio, referring to the battle of Panormus, B.C. 250. 
 
 9. Silver coin of Marcellinus, B.C. 215. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 1. Silver coin with head of Jupiter Capitolinus on the obverse, and temple of Jupi- 
 
 ter on the Capitoline Hill on the reverse. 
 
 2. Denarius of the Quinctian gens. 
 
 3. Denarius commemorating the triumph of the consul L. Emilius Paullus over 
 
 Perseus, B.C. 168. 
 
 4. Denarius of the Clodian gens ; obverse, head of Flora ; reverse, a vestal ; prob- 
 
 ably struck in honor of the splendid Floralia during the aedileship of C. Clo- 
 dius Pulcher, B.C. 1)9. 
 
 5. Denarius of the eight Italian nations, commemorating a confederacy about B.C. 
 
 90. 
 
 6. Denarius of the last two nations who held out ; legend in Oscan characters. 
 
 7. Denarius with Castor and Pollux on the reverse, and head of Minerva on the 
 
 obverse. A very common form of the denarius. 
 
 8. Denarius of Acilius, showing a triumphal car on the reverse. 
 
 9. Gold coin of Antony, minted at Antioch. This is a very rare coin. 
 
 10. Denarius of Caesar in his fourth dictatorship, indicated by the words DICT. 
 QUART. 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 1. Obverse of a very rare and splendid silver coin of Cleopatra. No. 10 shows the 
 reverse, with head of Marc Antony. 
 
 265
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 2. Denarius of Julius Caesar ; reverse, Marc Antony. 
 
 3. Denarius of Julius Cassar, commemorating the conquest of Egypt. 
 
 4. Denarius of Julius Caesar, commemorating the conquest of Gaul. 
 5 and 6. Denarii of the Triumvirs. 
 
 7. Denarius of Caesar. 
 
 8 and 9. Denarii commemorating the death of Cassar. 
 10. Head of Marc Antony. Reverse of No. 1 on this plate. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 1 . Denarius of Publius Licinius Crassus, censor with Julius Caesar. 
 
 2. Aureus of Augustus Caesar. 
 
 3. Silver denarius ; the common form, known as a quadrigatus from the four horses 
 
 on the reverse. 
 
 4. Gold coin, four scrupula, or sixty sestertii. 
 
 5. 6, and 7. Silver denarii of different families, whose names they bear. 
 
 8. Silver denarius, on which is a biga, whence these coins were called bigati. 
 
 9. Silver denarius, with a quadriga, hence called quadrigatus. 
 
 10. Gold coin of Agrippa, with the head of Augustus. 
 
 11. Silver coin of the colony of Nismes. 
 
 NOTE. The denarius, of which so many illustrations are given on this and the 
 preceding plates, is the most common form of Roman silver. The young collector 
 will bear in mind that he must classify these coins according to their general char- 
 acter and date. There are great numbers of them which are "family coins" that 
 is, denarii bearing the names of distinguished Roman families. These were issued 
 before the empire was established. Then follow denarii of the emperors, of which 
 the variety is very great ; some bearing the heads of the emperors, others of em- 
 presses; some with the names and banners of certain legions; some commemorating 
 great events, victories, etc. The illustrations given will enable the collector to judge 
 of the general character of many of his coins by comparison, even if they are not 
 identical ; and it need not be repeated here that our object is only to introduce him 
 to his subject, that he may follow the study in other works. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Reverses of six consular denarii, showing the costumes, sella cu- 
 
 rulis, fasces, etc., of Roman lictors. 
 7. Silver denarius of the Ccelian gens, representing an Epulo preparing a couch for 
 
 Jupiter, on which is inscribed L. CALDUS VII. VIR. EPUL. 
 8 and 9. Reverses of denarii, showing the rostra. No. 8, a denarius of the Lolli- 
 
 an gens, shows probably the old rostra. No. 9, a denarius of the Sulpician 
 
 gens, shows probably the new rostra. 
 10 and 11. Reverses of denarii, showing the puteal or well in the forum, called Pu- 
 
 teal Libonis or Scribonianum. 
 
 12. Reverse of a coin of Claudius, showing the emperor sitting as censor, and a serv- 
 
 ant holding a horse. 
 
 1 3. Denarius of Flamen Martialis, high-priest of Mars, with head of Augustus. 
 
 14. Colonial silver coin of Ccela in the Thracian Chersonesus, with figure of Silenus 
 
 standing, having his hand raised, emblematical of municipal freedom. 
 
 15. Copper coin of Antoninus, showing a triumphal car. 
 
 266
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 1. Medal of Marc Antony, showing the corona radiata. 
 
 2. Medal of Nero, showing an organ and a sprig of laurel ; probably designed as a 
 
 prize medal to a musician. 
 
 3. Medal of Augustus, showing the myrtle crown, or corona ovalis. 
 
 4. Medal of Ventidius, lieutenant of Marc Antony, showing the corona triumpha- 
 
 lis ; probably struck on occasion of his victory over the Parthians. 
 
 5. Medal of Lepidus, showing the corona oleagina, or olive-leaf crown. 
 
 (!. Medal of Lepidus. The letters H. o. c. s. stand for HOSTEM OCCIDIT, CIVEM 
 
 SERVAVIT. 
 7. Medal of Agrippina, showing the carpentum, or wagon in which Koman ladies 
 
 were accustomed to ride. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 1 . Reverse of a brass coin of Antoninus Pius, which is also an example of a very 
 
 common reverse of the large brass coins of Rome. 
 
 2, 3, and 4. Reverses of Roman brass coins, showing galleys. 
 
 5. Large brass coin of Nero, showing the temple of Janus closed. 
 
 6. Brass coin of Corcyra. 
 
 7. Brass coin of Commodus. 
 
 8. Medal of Albinus Brutus ; probably commemorative of the close of the civil war 
 
 with Antony. (Showing the sacerdotal crown.) 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 1. Brass coin of Gordianus and Tranquillina, struck at Singara. 
 
 2. Brass coin of Trajan, struck at Nineveh. 
 
 5. Brass coin of Maximinus, struck at Nineveh. 
 
 4 and 5. Pigs of lead, with the stamp of Hadrian, found in England. 
 
 6. Brass coin of Faustina. 
 
 7. Brass coin of Septimus Severus. 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 1. Colonial coin of Corinth in the time of Antoninus (silver). 
 
 2. Silver coin of Philip V. 
 
 3. Silver coin of Hadrian. 
 
 4. Silver coin of Theodosius the Great. 
 
 5. Silver coin of Arcadius. 
 
 6. Silver coin of Honorius. 
 
 7. Silver coin of Theodosius II. 
 
 8. Gold coin of Leo III., A.D. 719; obverse, D. LEON. P. ATTG. ; reverse, VICTO- 
 
 RIA AtJGtI. CONOB. 
 
 9. Silver denier of Charlemagne, A.D. 770. 
 
 10. Gold coin of Irene, A.D. 800, struck during her sole reign; obverse and reverse 
 alike. 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 
 1. Medal of the Emperor Justinian. 
 
 2. Medal of Martin V., A.D. 1417, who first of the Popes, after an interval of 300 
 
 years, resumed the royalty of coining, and whose medals are the first of the 
 Papal series. 
 
 3. Medal of John Pahcologus II., by Pisani, A.D. 1438. 
 
 267
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 1. Gold coin of Basil I. and his son Constantine ; obverse, busts of the Emperors, 
 
 BASII.IOS ET CONSTANT. ADGG. ; reverse, Christ seated, j- ras XPS REX REG- 
 NANTiUM>fi (A.D. 867). 
 
 2. Gold coin of John I. Zimisces; obverse, 6EOTOK. BOHO. IQ. AE2., busts of 
 
 the Emperor and Virgin Mary, over the Virgin M. 0. (M^rij/o Of ow);- reverse, 
 
 J.IH8. XPS. REX. REGNANTIfM., figure of Christ (A.D. 1000). 
 
 3. Gold coin of John II. ; obverse, figures of the Emperor and the Virgin Mary. 
 
 Legend, Iw. Atairor. Tw. II. <^vpoyiinjr ; reverse, Christ seated. Legend, ic. 
 xc. (A.D. 1180). 
 
 4. Gold coin of Haroun Al Raschid ; obverse, No Deity but God, He hath no 
 
 partner. In the name of God, this Dirhem was made at El Basrah, Anno 
 Hegirae 182; reverse, Mohammed is God's Apostle. By order of Emir El 
 Amin Mohammed, Son of the Prince of the Faithful. Mohammed is God's 
 Apostle, sent with the command and religion of truth to exalt it over all re- 
 ligions in spite of their upholders (A.D. 800). 
 
 5. Gold coin of the Calif El Mustansir Billah ; obverse, Allah. No Deity but 
 
 God. He has no partner. Mohammed is God's Apostle, God's friend. Mo- 
 hammed, God's Apostle, sent with command and religion of truth to exalt it 
 over all religions in spite of their upholders ; reverse, Maad Abdallah, servant 
 of God and his vicar Irnaum Abou Temim El Mustansir Billah, Prince of the 
 Faithful. In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, this Dena- 
 rius was struck at Misr (El Fostat, Cairo in Egypt), A.H. 439. 
 
 6. Gold sequin of Roman Senate; obverse, S. PETRUS SENATOR URBIS, Peter de- 
 
 livering a banner to a Senator; reverse, ROMA CAPUT MUNDI s. p. Q. B. 
 Christ holding a book (A.D. 1140). 
 
 7. Silver coin of Alexius II., Emperor of Trebizond ; obverse, the Emperor on 
 
 horseback. A\t. HEN. (AXttoe b KO/UV/JI'OH) ; reverse, O.A-E. f. N. ('O 
 Ewytveoc), the saint on horseback (A.D. 1204). 
 
 8. Silver coin of Senator BRANCALEONE of Rome, A.D. 1252-1258. 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 1. Medal of Pope Eugenius IV., A.D. 1438. 
 
 2. Dutch medal on the overthrow of the Armada, A.D. 1588; reverse, the Church 
 
 on a rock in the midst of the sea. 
 
 3. Medal of Cosmo dei Medici. 
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 1. A coiner at work ; from the capital of a column at St. George de Boucherville, 
 
 in Normandy. 
 
 2. Coining in the Middle Ages ; from a wood-cut made by order of the Emperor 
 
 Maximilian, and published in his life (Der Weiss Kunig), by Keiser. 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 1. Medal of Lorenzo de Medici. 
 
 2. Medal of Gregory XIII. commemorating the massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
 
 3. An ancient patera. This is an engraved plate or dish, and illustrates the use 
 
 of the simple scales for weighing. The scene represented is the examination 
 by Mercury and Apollo of the fates of Achilles and Memnon by weighing 
 their respective genii against each other. 
 
 268
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XXIII. 
 
 English torques, or ring money. The larger ones were worn around the body, 
 or even over the shoulder, as ornaments. Some were wristlets, and others 
 smaller ornaments. They are all multiples of one unit, the unit being the 
 weight of the smallest one yet found. This regularity of weight leaves no 
 doubt of their uses. 
 
 Earliest English coins (gold), which, if struck as coins, were of a period between 
 the invasion of Caesar and the reign of Claudius. By some these are supposed 
 to be tokens, or masonic pledges of a later period. The one having an ear 
 of wheat is a reverse, which has been found with other obverses, as in Plate 
 XXVII., and is probably of Cymbeline. That marked Boduo is perhaps of 
 Boadicea or Boduodicea. 
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 Great Seal of Edward the Confessor. 
 
 PLATE XXV. 
 
 1. Copper coin of Hadrian, relating to Britain, A.D. 120. See Humphreys, p. 32. 
 
 2. Coin of Claudius, relating to Britain, representing his triumph in Britain, A. D. 
 
 43. 
 
 3. Gold coin of Claudius, relating to Britain ; struck in honor of the triumphal arch 
 
 which the Senate decreed to him, about A.D. 46, after his conquest of Britain. 
 See Humphreys, p. 31. 
 
 4. Copper coin of Antoninus Pius, about A.D. 138, showing figure of Britannia, 
 
 which was adopted afterward in the reign of Charles II. 
 
 5. Copper coin of Antoninus Pius, commemorating his victory in Britain, about 
 
 A.D. 138. 
 
 6. Gold coin of the Emperor Carausius, who reigned in Britain A.D. 290-297. 
 
 7. Silver coin of Edward the Confessor, A.D. 1042. 
 
 8. Another silver coin of Edward the Confessor. 
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 Great Seal of "William the Norman. 
 
 PLATE XXVII. 
 
 1. Gold coin (aureus) of Emperor Carausius; obverse, IMP. CARAUSIUS p. F. AUG. 
 
 (Imperator Pius Felix Augustus) ; reverse, RENOVAT. ROMANO. (Renovatio 
 Romanorum). 
 
 2. Silver coin of Offa, about A.D. 780. 
 
 3. Silver coin of Egbert, about A.D. 832. 
 
 4. Silver coin of Ethelwulf, A.D. 837-857. 
 
 5. Silver coin of Canute, A.D. 1017-1035. 
 
 6 and 7. Silver coins of Alfred, A.D. 871-901. 
 
 8. Silver penny of Ethelbert II., King of Kent and Bretwalda, about A.D. 616. 
 
 This coin is evidently an imitation of the Roman see coin of Carausius, No. 
 1 but the genuineness of this coin is doubtful. 
 
 9. Gold coin of Cynobelin, or Cunobelinus, about A.D. 40; obverse, CAMU ; re- 
 
 verse, CCNO. This monarch is supposed to be the Cymbeline of Shakspeare. 
 
 269
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 10. Silver penny of William L, A.D. 1066-1087. 
 
 11. Silver penny of William II., A.D. 1087-1100. 
 
 12. Silver penny of Henry L, A.D. 1100-1135. 
 
 PLATE XXVIII. 
 Great Seal of William Kufus. 
 
 PLATE XXIX. 
 
 1. Silver penny of Stephen. 
 
 2. Silver penny of Henry II. 
 
 3. Irish silver penny of John. 
 
 4. Silver penny of Henry III. 
 
 5. Silver penny of Edward I. 
 
 6. Silver penny (probably) of Edward II. 
 
 7. Groat of Edward III. 
 
 8. Noble of Edward III. 
 
 i 
 
 PLATE XXX. 
 Great Seal of Henry I. 
 
 PLATE XXXI. 
 
 1. Half groat of Edward III. 
 
 2. Penny of Edward ILL 
 
 3. Groat of Richard II. 
 
 4. Penny of Richard II. 
 
 5. Half groat of Richard II. 
 
 6. Half noble of Henry V. 
 
 7. Quarter noble of Henry V. 
 
 8. Noble of Henry V. 
 
 PLATE XXXII. 
 Great Seal of Stephen. 
 
 PLATE XXXIII. 
 
 1. Penny of Henry V. 
 
 2. Half groat of Henry V. 
 
 3. Groat of Henry V.' 
 
 4. Groat of Henry VI. 
 
 5.- Half groat of Henry VI. 
 
 6. Penny of Henry VI. 
 
 7. Angel of Edward IV. 
 
 PLATE XXXIV. 
 
 Great Seal of Henry II. 
 
 270
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 
 PLATE XXXV. 
 
 1. Half groat of Edward IV. 
 
 2. Half angel of Edward IV. 
 
 3. Groat of Edward IV. 
 
 4. Penny of Edward IV. 
 
 5. Half groat of Richard III. 
 
 6. Groat of Richard III. 
 
 7. Perkin Warbeck's groat. 
 
 8. Penny of Richard III. 
 
 PLATE XXXVI. 
 Great Seal of Richard I. (Cceur de Lion). 
 
 PLATE XXXVII. 
 
 1 . Sovereign of Henry VII. 
 
 2. Rose real of Henry VII. 
 
 3. Groat of Henry VII. 
 
 4. Half groat of Henry VII. 
 
 5. Penny of Henry VII. 
 
 PLATE XXXVIII. 
 Great Seal of King John. 
 
 PLATE XXXIX. 
 
 1. Gold noble of Henry VIII. 
 
 2. Gold crown of Henry VIII. 
 
 3. Gold half crown of Henry VIII. 
 
 4. Shilling of Henry VIII. 
 
 5. Cardinal Wolsey's groat. 
 
 6. Wolsey's half groat. 
 
 7. Wolsey's penny. 
 
 PLATE XL. 
 Great Seal of William of Scotland. 
 
 PLATE XLI. 
 
 1. Gold sovereign of Edward VI. 
 
 2. Gold crown of Edward VI. 
 
 3. Sixpence of Edward VI. 
 
 4. Groat of Edward VI. 
 
 5. Shilling of Edward VI. 
 
 PLATE XLII. 
 Great Seal of Henry III. 
 
 271
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XLIII. 
 
 1. Silver medal of Henry VIII. 
 
 2. Gold medal of Henry VIII. The legends, on the obverse in Latin, and on the 
 
 reverse in Hebrew and in Greek, are of similar purport : " Henry the Eighth, 
 King of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and in the 
 Land of England and Ireland, under Christ, the Supreme Head of the 
 Church." 
 
 3. Medal of Philip and Mary. 
 
 PLATE XHV. 
 Great Seal of Edward I. 
 
 PLATE XLV. 
 
 1. Shilling of Edward VI. 
 
 2. Penny of Edward VI. 
 
 3. Gold sovereign of Mary. 
 
 4. Gold real of Mary. 
 
 5. Penny of Mary. 
 
 6. Groat of Mary. 
 
 PLATE XLVI. 
 
 Great Seal of Edward II. 
 
 
 
 PLATE XLVII. 
 
 1. Medal struck in honor of the Earl of Essex, about A. D. 1640; obverse, portrait 
 
 of the Earl ; reverse, the two Houses of Parliament, the King presiding in the 
 Lords and the Speaker in the Commons. From the parliamentary series by 
 Simon. 
 
 2. Medal of James I. Curious from the use of the title Imperator. 
 
 3. Medal of Sir Thomas Fairfax. 
 
 4. Medal given for service in the action with the Dutch, July 31, 1653. Monk and 
 
 Penn commanding the English, and Van Tromp commanding the Dutch. 
 
 PLATE XL VIII. 
 Great Seal of Edward III. 
 
 PLATE XLIX. 
 
 1. Shilling of Philip and Mary. 
 
 2. Sixpence of Philip and Mary. 
 
 3. Penny of Elizabeth. 
 
 4. Groat of Elizabeth. 
 
 5. Sixpence of Elizabeth. 
 
 6. Gold real of Elizabeth. 
 
 7. Gold angel of Elizabeth. 
 
 272
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 PLATE L. 
 
 Great Seal of Richard II. 
 
 PLATE LI. 
 
 Medal of James, Duke of York, afterward James II., commemorating the naval vic- 
 tory over the Dutch, June 3, 1665. 
 
 PLATE LII. 
 Great Seal of Henry IV. 
 
 PLATE LIII. 
 
 1 . Silver crown of Elizabeth. 
 
 2. Shilling of Elizabeth. 
 
 3. Penny of James I. 
 
 4. Twopence of James I. 
 f>. Halfpenny of James I. 
 G. Silver crown of James I. 
 
 PLATE LIV. 
 Great Seal of Henry V. 
 
 PLATE LV. 
 
 1 . Medal of Charles II. and Catharine ; probably relating to the Queen's dowry. 
 
 2. Medal struck to commemorate the appointment of James, Duke of York, Lord 
 
 High Admiral. 
 
 8. Medal struck to commemorate the flight of James II! from Ireland, and the 
 supremacy of the house of Orange ; obverse, bust of King James ; reverse, 
 an orange-tree in full fruit, and an old oak broken down. 
 
 PLATE LTI. 
 Great Seal of Henry VI. 
 
 PLATE LVII. 
 
 1. Gold thirty-shilling piece of James I. 
 
 2. Half sovereign of James I. 
 
 3. Sixpence of James I. 
 
 4. Sovereign of James I. 
 
 5. Fifteen-shilling piece r.f James I. 
 
 6. Shilling of James I. 
 
 PLATE LVIII. 
 
 Great Seal of Edward IV. 
 
 S 278
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 / 
 
 PLATE LIX. 
 
 1 and 2. Medals struck to commemorate the murder of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, 
 A.D. 1677. 
 
 3. Titus Oates medal, in commemoration of the Popish plot. 
 
 4. Medal struck to commemorate the acquittal of Earl Shaftesbury. 
 
 PLATE LX. 
 Great Seal of Edward V. 
 
 
 
 PLATE LXI. 
 
 1. Oxford crown of Charles I., 1644. EXURGAT DEUS, DISSIPESTER INIMICI. 
 
 2. Groat of Charles I. 
 
 3. Sixpence of Charles I. 
 
 4. Gold twenty-shilling piece of Charles I. 
 
 5. York half crown of Charles I. 
 
 PLATE LXII. 
 Great Seal of Richard III. 
 
 PLATE LXIII. 
 
 1. Medal relating to the Rye House Plot ; obverse, the King as Hercules menaced 
 
 by a hydra-headed monster, the heads representing the supposed conspirators, 
 a hand in the clouds holding a thunder-bolt ; reverse, a shepherd the King 
 with his flock, in the middle of which two wolves are hung, London in the 
 distance. 
 
 2. Medal of Archbishop Sancroft and the seven bishops arrested with him in 1688. 
 
 3. Medal of James II. and Mary of Modena. 
 
 4. Medal of William III. 
 
 PLATE LXIV. 
 Great Seal of Henry VII. 
 
 PLATE LXV. 
 
 1. Shilling of Charles I. 
 
 2. Pattern for a broad of Charles I. 
 
 3. Colchester shilling, siege-piece of Charles I. 
 
 4. Beeston Castle shilling, siege-piece of Charles I. 
 
 5. Half penny of Charles I. 
 
 6. Penny of Charles I. 
 
 7. Scarborough half crown, siege-piece of Charles I. 
 
 8. Newark shilling, siege-piece of Charles I. 
 
 PLATE LXVI. 
 
 Great Seal of Henry VIII. 
 
 274
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE LXVII. 
 
 1. Medal commemorating the raising of the siege of Londonderry; obverse, the 
 
 English fleet advancing to relieve Londonderry, in front a bust of King Will- 
 iam crowned by Valor and Abundance ; reverse, Poverty and Slavery take 
 from the head of Louis XIV. a broken wreath of laurel. 
 
 2. Medal commemorating the battle of the Boyne, A.D. 1690. King William cross- 
 
 ing the river at the head of his troops. 
 
 3. Medal in honor of the Queen, after the defeat of the English and Dutch fleets in 
 
 the Channel in June, 1690. 
 
 PLATE LXVIII. 
 
 1. Angel of Charles I. 
 
 2. Ten-shilling piece of Charles I. 
 
 3. Twopence of the Commonwealth. 
 
 4. Penny of the Commonwealth. 
 
 5. Crown of the Commonwealth. 
 
 6. Copper farthing of the Commonwealth. 
 
 PLATE LXIX. 
 Great Seal of Edward VI. 
 
 PLATE LXX. 
 
 1. Medal of Queen Anne in honor of the Union ; struck at Leipzig. 
 
 2. Medal struck to commemorate the battle of Blenheim ; obverse, portraits of 
 
 Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough ; reverse, the battle. 
 
 3. Medals commemorating the trial of Dr. Sachaverell, February 27, 1710. The 
 
 Doctor's portrait was accompanied by different reverses, to suit the taste of the 
 purchasers, whether Romish or English Episcopal. 
 
 PLATE LXXI. 
 Great Seal of Mary. 
 
 PLATE LXXII. 
 
 1. Twenty-shilling piece of the Commonwealth. 
 
 2. Pewter farthing of the Commonwealth. 
 
 3. Ten-shilling piece of the Commonwealth. 
 
 4. Shilling of the Commonwealth. 
 
 5. Sixpence of the Commonwealth. 
 
 6. Half penny of the Commonwealth. 
 7- Shilling of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 PLATE LXXIII. 
 
 Great Seal of Elizabeth. 
 
 275
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE LXXIV. 
 
 1. Medal commemorating the battle of Ramilies; obverse, Union of England and 
 Holland between busts of Marlborough and D'Ouwerkerke ; reverse, the 
 battle. 
 
 PLATE LXXV. 
 Great Seal of James I. 
 
 PLATE LXXVI. 
 
 1. Silver crown of Cromwell. 
 
 2. Copper farthing of Cromwell. 
 
 3. Sixpence of Cromwell. 
 
 4. Copper halfpenny of Charles II. 
 
 5. Silver crown of Charles II. 
 
 PLATE LXXVII. 
 Great Seal of Charles I. 
 
 s 
 
 PLATE LXXVIII. 
 
 1. Medal struck to commemorate the surrender of Lille, A.D. 1708; obverse, Vic- 
 
 tory taking the crown from prostrate Lille ; reverse, Britannia with the aegis 
 striking France with terror. 
 
 2. Medal commemorating the battle of Dumblane, A.D. 1773. 
 
 3. Medal commemorating the victory of Oudenarde, A.D. 1708; obverse, Marlbor- 
 
 ough and Eugene as Castor and Pollux; reverse, the battle of Oudenarde 
 and the town. 
 
 PLATE LXXIX. 
 Great Seal of the Commonwe'alth. 
 
 PLATE LXXX. 
 
 1. Shilling of Charles II. 
 
 2. Silver crown of James II. 
 
 3. Guinea of Charles II. 
 
 4. Halfpenny of James II. 
 
 5. Silver crown of William and Mary. 
 
 PLATE LXXXI. 
 
 Great Seal of Scotland under the Protectorate. 
 
 276
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE LXXXII. 
 
 1. Medal of George I. ; reverse, the horse of Brunswick leaping across the map of 
 
 the northwest part of Europe. 
 
 2. Medal of James III., the elder Pretender, and Clementina, his wife. 
 
 3. Medal of George II. 
 
 PLATE LXXXIIL 
 Great Seal of Charles II. 
 
 PLATE LXXXIV. 
 
 1. Shilling of William and Mary. 
 
 2. Shilling of William III. 
 
 3. Copper half penny of Queen Anne. 
 
 4. Crown of Queen Anne. 
 
 5. Shilling of Queen Anne. 
 
 6. Half penny of William III. 
 
 PLATE LXXXV. 
 Great Seal of James II. 
 
 PLATE LXXXVI. 
 
 1. Medal commemorating the capture of Porto Bello by Admiral Vcrnon, A.D. 
 
 1740. 
 
 2. Medal of the young Pretender, A.D. 1745. 
 
 3. Medal commemorating Sir Edward Hawkes's victory in Quiberon Bay, A.D. 
 
 1759. 
 
 PLATE LXXXVII. 
 Great Seal of William and Mary. 
 
 PLATE LXXXVIII. 
 
 1. Shilling of George I. 
 
 2. Farthing of Queen Anne. 
 
 3. Farthing of Queen Anne. 
 
 4. Farthing of Queen Anne. 
 ~>. Farthing of Queen Anne. 
 
 6. Farthing of Queen Anne. 
 
 7. Farthing of Queen Anne. 
 
 8. Farthing of Queen Anne. 
 
 9. Half penny of George I. 
 
 . PLATE LX 
 
 Great Seal of William HI. 
 
 277
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XC. 
 
 Medal of George II., commemorating the Battle of Dettingen, A.D. 1743, in which 
 he commanded in person. 
 
 PLATE XCI. 
 Great Seal of Anne before the Union. 
 
 PLATE XCII. 
 
 1. Crown of George I. 
 
 2. Shilling of George H. 
 
 3. Half penny of George II. 
 
 4. Half pennies known as Wood money, with three different reverses. 
 
 5. Crown of George II. 
 
 PLATE XCIII. 
 Great Seal of Anne after the Union. 
 
 PLATE XCIV. 
 
 1. Medal commemorating the battle of Minden, in which Frederic of Brunswick 
 
 defeated the French, A.D. 1759. 
 
 2. Medal commemorating the battle of Plassy, A.D. 1758. 
 
 3. Medal commemorating the battle of Trafalgar, A.D. 1805. 
 
 PLATE XCV. 
 Great Seal of George I. 
 
 PLATE XCVI. 
 
 1. Medal in honor of Lord Howe's victory over the French fleet, A.D. 1794. 
 
 2. Medal in honor of Lord North ; struck by the University of Oxford at the time 
 
 of the American troubles, A.D. 1775. 
 
 3. Victoria medal of the battle of Aliwal. 
 
 PLATE XCVII. 
 Great Seal of George II. 
 
 PLATE XCVIII. 
 
 Medal of Washington before Boston; struck by order of Congress, March 25, 177G. 
 The original medal was gold. 
 
 278
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE XCIX. 
 
 1. New England shilling, silver; first issue of the Massachusetts Mint. 
 
 2. New England sixpence, silver. 
 
 3. Pine-tree shilling, silver. 
 
 4. Virginia half penny, copper. 
 
 5. Copper piece of Louis XIII., said to have been issued for Louisiana in 1721. It 
 
 was probably issued for all the French colonies, and had no special reference 
 to Louisiana. 
 
 6. Lord Baltimore shilling, issued for Maryland. 
 
 7. Granby or Higley copper of 1737, issued at Granby, in Connecticut. 
 
 PLATE C. 
 
 1 and 3. Medal presented to Paul Jones by resolution of Congress, October 16, 
 1787; struck in Paris under the direction of Mr. Jefferson. 
 
 2. Medal presented by Congress to General Morgan, in honor of his conduct at 
 Cowpens. 
 
 PLATE CI. 
 
 1. Rosa Americana penny. 
 
 2. Vermont copper, usually known as the Vermontensium Res Publica. 
 
 3. Vermont copper, known as the Vermon Auctori. The reverse of this coin is 
 
 usually the same as the reverse of the Connecticut copper, Plate CIII., No. 3. 
 
 4. Pitt or No Stamps token of 1766 ; struck in England for American circulation. 
 
 5. Nova Constellatio copper. 
 
 6. Nova Constelatio copper, another variety. 
 
 PLATE OIL 
 
 1. Medal awarded by Congress to General Anthony Wayne, after the storming of 
 
 Stony Point, A.D. 1779. 
 
 2. Medal awarded by Congress to Lieutenant-Colonel De Fleury, "first over the 
 
 walls" at the storming of Stony Point, A.D. 1779. 
 
 3. Medal awarded to General Greene by Congress, after the battle at Eutaw, A.D. 
 
 1781. 
 
 PLATE CIII. 
 
 1. Georgius Triumpho copper. There should be thirteen bars ir the barrier behind 
 
 which Liberty is standing. 
 
 2. Massachusetts copper cent of 1786. 
 
 3. Connecticut copper of 1787, commonly called Auctori. Connec. 
 
 4. New Jersey copper of 1786. 
 
 5. Kentucky token, copper ; so called because Ky. appears uppermost among States 
 
 on the stars, also called the Triangle cent. 
 
 6. Immunis Columbia copper of 1787. 
 
 279
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE CIV. 
 
 1. Medal awarded by Congress to Major Stewart, after the battle of Stony Point, 
 
 A.D. 1779. 
 
 2. Medal awarded by Congress to Lieutenant-Colonel Howard, "because, rushing 
 
 suddenly on the line of the wavering, enemy, he gave a brilliant specimen of 
 martial bravery at the battle oftCowpens," A.D. 1781. 
 
 3. Medal awarded by Congress to Major Henry Lee, for brilliant conduct at Pau- 
 
 lus's Hook, 19th August, 1779. 
 
 PLATE CV. 
 
 1. George Clinton copper of New York, A.D. 1787. 
 
 2. Confederatio copper. (Unique piece in the collection of Benjamin Haines, Esq., 
 
 of Elizabeth, New Jersey.) 
 
 3. A Spanish (Mexican) pistareen, of the kind called Cob money, in circulation in 
 
 the northern part of America during the latter part of the 1 8th century (sil- 
 ver). Similar coins were struck in gold. 
 
 4. Chalmers shilling of Annapolis, A.D. 1788. 
 
 f>. New York copper, commonly called Nova Eborac. 
 
 6. New York copper, commonly called the New York Washington piece. 
 
 7. Talbot Allum & Lee token or card of 1794. 
 
 PLATE CVI. 
 
 1. The captors' medal, awarded by Congress to the captors of Major Andre 
 
 Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart A.D. 1780. The originals were in 
 silver. 
 
 2. Medal presented by Congress to General Gates in honor of the surrender of 
 
 Burgoyne at Saratoga, 1777. 
 
 3. Medal presented to Colonel William Washington, for valor at Cowpens, 1781. 
 
 PLATE CVII. 
 
 1 and 2. The Washington half dollar of 1792 (silver), and also known, in copper, 
 as the Washington cent of 1792. 
 
 3. Washington token, brass, SUCCESS TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 4. Obverse of the large eagle Washington cent of 1791. 
 
 5. Reverse of the small eagle Washington cent of 1791. 
 .6. Reverse of the large eagle Washington cent of 1791. 
 
 7. Obverse of a Washington cent of 1792. This is a very rare coin, and is, in fact, 
 
 the only Washington cent of 1792. 
 
 8. Washington and Independence token of 1783, laureated head. 
 
 9. Washington and Independence token of 1783, military bust. 
 
 PLATE CVIII. 
 
 1 . Seal of the Old Colony, Plymouth, Massachusetts. 
 
 2. Seal of Tryon, Governor of North Carolina, 1765-1771, and of New York from 
 
 1771 till nominally superseded in 1780. 
 
 3. Seal of William Penn. 
 
 4. Seal of Virginia. 
 
 5. Seal of Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 280
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE CIX. 
 
 1 . U. S. A. or thirteen bar copper. 
 
 2. Fugio or Franklin cent of 1787. First national copper coinage. 
 
 3. Continental pewter piece, 1776. 
 
 4. First United States dollar, 1794. 
 
 5. U. S. cent of 1793, obverse. 
 
 G. Another variety of U. S. cent of 1793. 
 7. Reverse of the U. S. Link cent of 1793. 
 
 PLATE CX. 
 
 1 . Dollar of 1795, as it appeared in the latter part of the year, and continued till 
 
 1804. 
 
 '_'. Reverse of the dollar as adopted 1798, latter part of the year. 
 :{. Flying eagle (pattern) dollar of 1836 and 1838. 
 4. Dollar of 1841, being the pattern still in nse. 
 
 PLATE CXI. 
 
 1 . Reverse of the half dollar of 1794. 
 
 2. Obverse of half dollar as adopted in 1795, and continued till 1807. 
 
 3. Reverse of half dollar as adopted in 1801. 
 
 4. Half dollar of 1846. The reverse was adopted in 1836, and the obverse in the 
 
 latter part of 1839. 
 
 5. Half dollar of 1853, after July 1, when the change occurred in the weight of the 
 
 coin. 
 
 6. Quarter dollar, reverse, of 1796. 
 
 7. Quarter dollar, obverse, adopted in 1804. 
 
 8. Quarter dollar, reverse, adopted in 1804. 
 
 9. Quarter dollar as adopted in 1839. 
 
 10. Quarter dollar of 1853, after July, when tli3 change occurred in the weight of 
 the coin. 
 
 PLATE CXII. 
 
 1 . Reverse of dime of 1796. 
 
 2. Dime as adopted in 1797, and continued until 1807. 
 3 and 4. Dime as adopted in 1838. 
 
 5. Half dime of 1794. 
 
 6. Reverse of halt' dime as adopted in 1800. 
 
 7. Reverse of half dime adopted in 1837. 
 
 8. Three-cent piece of 1841. 
 
 9. Reverse of gold eagle of 1795. 
 
 10. Reverse of gold eagle adopted in 181)8. 
 
 11. Reverse of gold double eagle, 1849. 
 
 12. Half eagle of 1795. 
 
 13. Reverse of half eagle of 1798. 
 
 14. Reverse of half eagle of 1808. 
 
 281
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE CXIIL 
 
 1. Half eagle of 1846 (adopted in 1838). 
 
 2. Quarter eagle of 1796. 
 
 3. Three-dollar piece. 
 
 4. Fifty-dollar piece. 
 
 5. Gold dollar. 
 
 6. Five-dollar piece of Bechtler (private coinage in North Carolina). 
 
 7. One dollar of Bechtler. 
 
 8. Private coinage of San Francisco, half eagle. 
 
 PLATE CXIV. 
 
 1. Specimens of continental money. 
 
 2. A counterfeit continental bill. 
 
 282
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS on Greek coins, 172. 
 
 Abbreviations on Roman coins, 182.. 
 
 Abraham's purchase of Machpelah, 17. 
 
 Acropolis, on a coin, 36. 
 
 -^Egina, produces first silver coins, 30. 
 
 . -*Egina, Drachma of, 9. 
 
 -<Esculapius, Embassy to Epidaurus, 12. 
 
 Acs, Roman word, 42. 
 
 Agneau. L', French coin, 150. 
 
 Alexander I. of Macedon, Coins of, 34. 
 
 Alexander the Great, Coins of, 34, 36. 
 
 Alexander, Herr, medalet, 257. 
 
 America, Coin in, 60. 
 
 American Liberty copper, 74. 
 
 American medals awarded by Congress, Ta- 
 ble of, 261. 
 
 Amyntas, Coins of, 34. 
 
 Anjou, Charles of, coins, 120. 
 
 Annapolis, Chalmers coins of, 76. 
 
 Annealing medals, 156. 
 
 Anne of Brittany, Coins of, 150. 
 
 Antiochus to Simon, authorizing coinage, 
 40. 
 
 Aquileia, Coins of, 124. 
 
 Arabic, curioas English coin, 54, 126. 
 
 Aragon, House of, coins, 124. 
 
 Archelaus, Coin of, 34. 
 
 Arrangement of coins, 164. 
 
 As, The Roman, 44. 
 
 Athelstan, Laws of, 52. 
 
 Athens, Owl of, 32. 
 
 Auctori. Connec. coins, 78. 
 
 Aureus, Roman, 46. 
 
 Baldred, Coin of, 54. 
 
 'Bale, James, 158. 
 
 Baltimore, Lord, coins, 66. 
 
 Bar, Counts of, coins, 130. 
 
 Barfcochebas, Coins of, 40. 
 
 Base money coined by government of Hay- 
 
 ti, 110. 
 
 Bassians, counterfeiter, 112. 
 Becker, counterfeiter, 112. 
 Bigatus, Roman, 46. 
 Billon, French money, 150. 
 Black coin, French, 150. 
 Blancs, French coin, 150. 
 Boadicea, Coin of, 50. 
 Bohemia, Coins of, 136. 
 Books on coins, 166. 
 
 Bourbon, Cardinal, Coins of, 152. 
 Bourgeoise, French coin, 150. 
 Bracaleo, Senator, Coin of, 118. 
 BRADLEY WILLEY, etc., on Washington 
 
 cent of 1791, 88. 
 Brass, Hardness of, 154. 
 British settlement, Kentucky, copper, 84. 
 British coinage, 50. 
 British early coins, 50. 
 British ring money, 26, 50. 
 British torques, 50. 
 Bronze, Medals in, 154. 
 Buchanan, James, medalets and tokens, 235. 
 Budee, Treatise of, 150. 
 Bungtown coppers, 108. 
 Bunsen on Nile pottery, 16. 
 
 Cabinet for coins, 162. 
 
 Cassar speaks of ring money, 26. 
 
 Capet, Hugh, Coins of, 148. 
 
 Capita aut navem Head or tail, 44. 
 
 Carats, a measure of fineness, explained, 
 
 234. 
 
 Carats and thousandths, Table of, 234. 
 Carats, to turn into thousandths, 234. 
 Carausius. Coins of, 52. 
 Carolina, God preserve, piece, 66. 
 Carteron, counterfeiter, 112. 
 Cass, General Lewis, medalets and prices, 
 
 253. 
 
 Castor-land piece, 84. 
 Castile, Coins of, 126. 
 Catalogues of counterfeits, 112. 
 Cattle used as exchange, 20. 
 Caulonia, coin of, 32. 
 Cavino, counterfeiter, 112. 
 Cent, copper patterns, 1792, 96. 
 Cent, First United States, 96. 
 Cent, Variations of, 100, 102. 
 Cents, heads on, 102. 
 Cents of 1793, 100. 
 Cents, rare dates, 224. 
 Chaise, La, French coin, 150. 
 Chalmers coins of Annapolis, 76. 
 Charlemagne, Coins of, 118, 148. 
 Charles of Anjou, Coins of, 120. 
 Charles VII., Coins of, 150. 
 Chattel, Derivation of word, 54. 
 Cicero, allusion to the well in the forum, 12. 
 Claudius, British coins of, 52. 
 
 283
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Clay, Henry, medalets and prices, 252. 
 
 Cleaning coins, 164. 
 
 Clement V., Pope, Coins of, 120. 
 
 Cleopatra, Coin of, 38. 
 
 Clinton piece of New York, 80. 
 
 Coinage of British Empire, by Humphreys, 
 166. 
 
 Coin cabinet, 162. 
 
 Coin Chart Manual, Thompson's, 166. 
 
 Coin Collector's Manual of Humphreys, 
 116, 166. 
 
 Collars for dies, 154. 
 
 Collection, Directions for making, 1G2. 
 
 Colonial coins in America, 60. 
 
 Colonial coins, with prices, 245. 
 
 Colonies FraiiQoises coppers, 68. 
 
 Color of gold coins, Reason for, 232. 
 
 Comparative prices of medals, etc., at dif- 
 ferent sales, 243. 
 
 Confederatio copper, 82. 
 
 Congornier, counterfeiter, 112. 
 
 Congress, Medals awarded l>y, 261. 
 
 Connecticut coinage, 76, 78. 
 
 Continental currency of 1776, 74. 
 
 Continental Europe, Coinage of, 116. 
 
 Copper coins, How to clean, 164. 
 
 Copper first used for coins, 30, 44. 
 
 Coppers, Smooth, 102. 
 
 Counterfeit coins, 108. 
 
 Counterfeits, Catalogues of, 112. 
 
 Cro3sus, coin possibly of, 28. 
 
 Crowns, origin of the coin, 150. 
 
 Cunobelin, Coin of, 50. 
 
 Cuthbert, Coin of, 54. 
 
 Cutting of dies, 154. 
 
 Cybele of the lonians, 26. 
 
 Daric, Origin of, 30. 
 Daric, Persian, 28. 
 Denarius, Roman, 46, 266. 
 Denmark, Coins of, 140. 
 Dervien, counterfeiter, 112. 
 Dickeson's American Numismatical Man- 
 ual, 168. 
 
 Die cutting or die sinking, 154. 
 Dime, The first, 98. 
 Dime, Variations of, 98. 
 Dimes, rare dates, 222. 
 Dionysius, Theatre of, on coins, 36. 
 Disnie and half clisme, 96. 
 Dollar, first issued, 98. 
 Dollar, Variations of, 98. 
 Dollars, United States, rare years, 220. 
 Doubloon of New York, 82. 
 Dowry of John Hull's daughter, 64. 
 Drachma, The Greek, 26. 
 Drams, possibly darics, 30. 
 Drops for striking coins, 156. 
 
 Eastern Empire, Coinage of, 48. 
 
 Kckel, Price of, 166. 
 
 Ecus, or crowns, French, 150. 
 
 Edges of coins, Inscriptions on, 154. 
 
 Egbert, Coins of, 54. 
 
 Eg}'?*! Coins of, 36. 
 
 Egypt, Ring money of, 24.. 
 
 Egypt the Bible illustrator, 20. 
 
 Egyptian tombs, Picture from, 20. 
 
 Eleazar of Damascus takes rings to Re- 
 becca, 24. 
 
 Election medalets, 106. 
 
 Election medalets, price table, 249. 
 
 Eleetrotyping rare coins, 112. 
 
 Emblems on coins, 32. 
 
 English tokens, 104. 
 
 English coins, Prices of. 216. 
 
 Epidaurus, Coin referring to the Embassy 
 to, 12. 
 
 E Pluribs Unum of New Jersey, 84. 
 
 Erie Canal opening tokens, 106. 
 
 Ethelbearht, Coins of, 54. 
 
 Ethelbert II., Coin of, 54. 
 
 Ethelred, Coins of, 54. 
 
 Ethelwulf, Coins of, 54. 
 
 Europe, Continental, Coins of, 116. 
 
 Experimental pieces, price of, 244. 
 
 Ferrara, Coins of, 124. 
 
 Fillmore, Millard, medalets and prices, 254. 
 
 Fineness of gold and silver, 232. 
 
 First American copper coinage, 70. 
 
 First coinage, 26. 
 
 First copper coined, 44. 
 
 First portrait on coin, 34. 
 
 First recorded use of money, 16. 
 
 Fleur de lis, Origin of, in arms of France, 
 
 122. 
 
 Florence, Coins of, 120. 
 Florins, etc., of Edward III., 56. 
 Foreign coins, modern, Prices of, 218. 
 Forged coin better than genuine, 110. 
 Forgeries of rare coins, 112. 
 Forgeries, Catalogues of, 112. 
 Forum, Well in Roman, 12. 
 France, Coins of, 146. 
 France, Origin of national arms of, 122. 
 Francis, Dr. J. \V., 106. 
 Franco-Americana piece, 84. 
 Franklin coppers, 94. 
 Franklin coppers, Keg of, found in a bank, 
 
 96. 
 
 Fremont, John C., medalets and prices, 255. 
 French colonial coins for America, 68. . 
 Fugio copper, 94. 
 
 Genoa, Coins of, 122. 
 
 George Clinton copper, 80. 
 
 George, King, with reverse Inde. et Lib., 78.' 
 
 Georgius Triumpho copper, 76. 
 
 German silver, Hardness of, 154. 
 
 Germany, Coins of, 128. 
 
 Glaubrecht, George, 158. 
 
 God preserve Carolina piece, 66. 
 
 God preserve London piece, 64. 
 
 God preserve New England piece, 66. 
 
 Gods, Heads of, on coins, 32. . 
 
 Gold, Comparative value of, in Greece and 
 
 Rome, etc., 46. 
 Gold coinage of Rome, 46. 
 Gold coinage of United States, Table of, 236. 
 Gold, fineness and weight, 232. 
 Gold, First, of modern Rome, 120. 
 
 
 284
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Good Samaritan shilling, 68. 
 Granby coppers, 70. 
 Greek coins, Abbreviations on, 172. 
 Groat, Origin of word, 66, 148. 
 Grosso, coin, 148. 
 
 Hadrian, Pope, Coins of, 118. 
 
 Haines, B., Esq., Collection of, 82. 
 
 Half cents, rare dates, 224. 
 
 Half dime, rare dates, 222. 
 
 Half dime, The first, 100. 
 
 Half dime, Variations of, 100. 
 
 Half dollar, first issued, 98. 
 
 Half dollar, rare dates, 222. 
 
 Half dollar, Variations of, 98. " 
 
 Half pennies, English, sent out to America, 
 66. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, and the first cent, 
 96. 
 
 Harrison, General W. H., medalets and 
 prices, 250. 
 
 Harttman & Smith, 158.' 
 
 Hayti, Base coin of, 110. 
 
 Head or tail Capita aut navetn, 44. 
 
 Heads on coins, when introduced, 32. 
 
 Hebrew coins, 38. 
 
 Henri II., Coins of, 150. 
 
 Henri, French coin, 150. 
 
 Herod, Coins of, 40. 
 
 Herodotus on counterfeits, 110. 
 
 Herr Alexander medalet, 257. 
 
 Higlej- coppers, 70. 
 
 Hints to young collectors, 162. 
 
 History preserved by coins, 12. 
 
 History, Study of, encouraged by coin col- 
 lecting, 10. 
 
 Holland, Coins of, 136. 
 
 Homer speaks of oxen, brass, etc., 22. 
 
 Horace, allusion to medals, 11. 
 
 Horse-heads, 108. 
 
 Hull, Massachusetts Mint-master, 64. 
 
 Humphreys, Noel, Works of, 116, 166. 
 
 Hungary, Coins of, 138. 
 
 Immune Columbia, 76. 
 Immunis Columbia, 82. 
 INDE. ET LIB. legend, 78, 80. 
 Independena Status copper, 74. 
 Ionian stater, first known coin, 26. 
 Island in Tiber, 12. 
 Italy, Ancient, Coinage of, 42. 
 Italy, Modern, Coins of, 116. 
 
 Jackson, General Andrew, medalets and 
 
 prices, 249. 
 
 Jacob's purchase of a field, 18. 
 James II. tin piece, 70. 
 Janus, Heads of, on Roman as, 44. 
 Jerusalem, Coins of, 40. 
 Jews, Coinage of, 38. 
 
 Job's friends bring him ear-rings, etc., 24. 
 Judea, Coins of, 40. 
 Justinian, Medal of, 50. 
 
 Kentuck}- cent, 84. 
 Keshitah, Hebrew word, 18. 
 
 Key (medalist), 158. 
 Kossuth medalets, 257. 
 
 Lambs used as currency, 18. 
 
 Lambs used as weights, 20. 
 
 Lamb, The, French coin, 150. 
 
 Laj-ard found lamb weights at Nineveh, 
 20. 
 
 Legends, Curious, on some English coins, 
 56. 
 
 Leo IX., Pope, Coins of, 118. 
 
 Liard, French, 150. 
 
 Libella, Roman, 48. 
 
 LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM DKFENDO le- 
 gend, 82. 
 
 Liberty-cap cent of 1793, 100. 
 
 Libert}', Parent of Science, etc., 96. 
 
 Link cent of 1793, 96, 100. 
 
 Lion, The, French coin, 150. 
 
 Liverpool Washington half penny, 92, 
 
 Lombards, Coins of, 116. 
 
 Lorraine, Coins of, 132. 
 
 Louis XII., Coins of, 150. 
 
 Louis XIII., Coins of, 152. 
 
 Louis XV. money for Louisiana, 68. 
 
 Louis d'or, The first, 152. 
 
 Louis le Debonnaire, Coins of, 148. 
 
 Louisiana coppers, 68. 
 
 Lovett, George H., 158. 
 
 Lovett, John D., 158. 
 
 Lovett, Robert, 158. 
 
 Lovett, Robert, Jun., 158. 
 
 s. d., Origin of d in, 48. 
 
 Lydia, First coinage attributed to, 26. 
 
 Lydia, Forged coins of, 110. 
 
 Lydian stater, 26. 
 
 Macedonia, Coins of, 34, 36. 
 
 Machpelah, Purchase of the Cave of. 1C. 
 
 Maille, French coin, 150. 
 
 Manfred, Coins of, 124. 
 
 Mantua, Coins of, 124. 
 
 Manufacture of rare coins, 112. 
 
 Marcus, coin of Oft'a, 54. 
 
 Markush, coins of Arabs, 126. 
 
 Maryland coinage, 66. 
 
 Massachusetts cents and half cents of 1787 
 
 and 1788, 84. 
 Massachusetts Mint, 62. 
 Master proof coins, 224. 
 May, George W., 158. 
 M'Coy, John F., Collection of, 84. 
 Measuring coins, 239. 
 Medalets and tokens, 104. 
 Medalets, Miscellaneous, Prices of, 259. 
 Medalets, Political, 106. 
 Medalists, American, 158. 
 Medals and medalets, Prices of, 242. 
 Medals awarded by Congress, Table of, 26. 1. 
 Medals, Striking o"f, 154. 
 Metals used for coins and medals, 154. 
 Milan, Coins of, 120. 
 " Millions for Defence," etc., 108. 
 Mint, American, 158. 
 Mint machinery, 156. 
 Mint pieces, Price of, 244. 
 
 285
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Mint, United States, established, 96. 
 
 Mionnet, Price of, 166. 
 
 Mionnet, Scale of, 239. 
 
 Miscellaneous medalets and tokens, Price 
 
 table of, 259. 
 
 Modern foreign coins. Prices of, 218. 
 Money first mentioned, 16. 
 Monuinentum aere perennius allusion to 
 
 medals, 11. 
 
 Mott & Co. card, 1787, 104. 
 Myddleton P. P. P. copper, 84. 
 
 Naples, Coins of, 124. 
 National coinage of United States, 94. 
 Navarre, Coins of, 126. 
 Neo Eboracensis copper, 82. 
 Neo Ehoracus Excelsior, 1787, 82. 
 New England coins, 62. 
 New England, God preserve, piece, 66. 
 New Jersey coins, 84. 
 New York coins, 80. 
 New York doubloon, 82. 
 New York Washington piece, 82. 
 Nickel cent introduced, 102. 
 Nicknames for bad coins, 108. 
 Noble, Gold, of Edward III., 56. 
 Non vi Virtute vici, legend, 82. 
 Northern Europe, Coins of, 140. 
 Norwaj-, Coins of, 140. 
 No Stamps token, 74. 
 Nova Constellatio coins, 76. 
 Nova Eboraca Columbia Excelsior, legend, 
 82. 
 
 Nova Eborac copper, 80. 
 Nuremberg, Coins of, 128. 
 
 Obolus, The Greek, 26. 
 
 Ofta, Coins of, 54. 
 
 Offa coin with Arabic legend, 54, 126. 
 
 Olof, Coins of, 144. 
 
 Origin of coins, 9. 
 
 Oxen on coins, etc., 22. 
 
 Paduan counterfeits, 112. 
 
 Palestine, Coins of, 38. 
 
 Parthenon on coin, 36. 
 
 Pattern pieces. Price of, 244. 
 
 Pecuniarv, Origin of word, 22. 
 
 Pennies, Gold, of Henry III., 56. 
 
 Pennj r , Derivation of word, 54. 
 
 Penny, English, the denarius, 48. 
 
 Penny, Origin of, 47. 
 
 Pepin, Coins of, 148. 
 
 Persian darics, 28. 
 
 Peter, Saint, on coins, 118. 
 
 Philip I. of France, Coins of, 148. 
 
 Philip II. of Macedon, Coins of, 36. 
 
 Philip of Valois, Coins of, 148. 
 
 Philips, gold coins, 36. 
 
 Philip the Bold, Coins of, 148. 
 
 Phocea, Quarter stater of, 32. 
 
 Phoeea, Seal of, 32. 
 
 Pieces of silver, in Bible, 18. 
 
 Pierce, General Franklin, medalets and 
 
 prices, 255. 
 Pine-tree silver coins, 62. 
 
 Pine-tree copper, 74. 
 
 Pite, French coin, 150. 
 
 Pitt token, 74. 
 
 Poland, Coins of, 138. 
 
 Polk, James K., medalets and prices, 253. 
 
 Political cards, 106. 
 
 Political tokens, etc., price table, 257. 
 
 Polj-crates counterfeits, 108. ' 
 
 Popes, various, Coins of, 118, 120. 
 
 Portrait, First, on coin, 34. 
 
 Portugal, Coins of. 128. 
 
 Potter}- in Egypt, Bunsen upon old, 16. 
 
 Pound, origin of money value, 56. 
 
 Preservation of historj- by coins, etc., 12. 
 
 Presidential medalets, 108. 
 
 Presidential medalets price table, 249. 
 
 Presses for striking coins and medals, 156. 
 
 Priced catalogues, 168. 
 
 Prices at various auctions, Table of, 243. 
 
 Prices high for tradesmen's cards, 104. 
 
 Prices of coins, medals, medalets, etc., 242. 
 
 Prices of English coins, 216. 
 
 Prices of modern foreign coins, 218. 
 
 Prices of rare United States coins, 2$0. 
 
 Price table of Mint or pattern pieces, 244. 
 
 Price table of miscellaneous medalets and 
 tokens, 259. 
 
 Price table of political tokens, etc., 257. 
 
 Price table of Presidential and election 
 medalets, 249. 
 
 Price table of temperance medalets, 258. 
 
 Price table of United States silver and cop- 
 per coins, 240. 
 
 Price table of Washington coins, etc., 247. 
 
 Progress of the art of coinage among an- 
 cient nations, 32. 
 
 Proof coins. Explanation of, 224. 
 
 Provence, Coins of Charles of, 124. 
 
 Prussia, Coins of, 140. 
 
 Ptolemies, Coins of, 38. 
 
 Punch mark on coins, 28. 
 
 Punch mark on coins disappears, 34. 
 
 Putealis, The, in forum, 12. 
 
 Quadrans, The Roman, 44. 
 Quadrigatus, Roman, 46. 
 Quarta Decima Stella, legend, 78. 
 Quarter dollar, rare dates, 222. 
 Quarter dollar, The first, 98. 
 Quarter dollar, Variations of, 98. 
 Quincussis, Roman, 22, 44. 
 Quinarius, Roman, 48. 
 
 Rare United States coins, Remarks on, 
 
 220. 
 
 Rarity no proof of value, 164. 
 Raritv of United States silver and copper, 
 
 table, 228. 
 
 Ravenna, Coins of, 116. 
 Revere, Colonel, of Boston, 74. 
 Ring money, 24. 
 Ring of bad coins, 114. 
 Rings worn by Eastern people, 24. 
 Roman coinage, 42. 
 Roman coins, Abbreviations on, 182. 
 Roman copper, 42. 
 
 .286
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Roman gold, 46. 
 
 Roman silver, 46. 
 
 Rome, modern, Coins of, 118. 
 
 Rosa Americana pieces, 70. 
 
 Rostra, The, on coins, 12. 
 
 Russia, Coins of, 138. 
 
 Sales at various auctions, 243. 
 
 Samaritan, Good, shilling, 68. 
 
 Scales for measuring coins, 239. 
 
 Scott, General Winfield, medalets and 
 
 prices, 254. 
 
 Scovill Manufacturing Company, 106. 
 Screw presses, 156. 
 
 Scripture history affirmed by coins, 14. 
 Scrupulum, Roman, 46. 
 Segonax, Coin of, 52. 
 Sembella, Roman, 48. 
 Semis, The Roman, 44. 
 Sequin, Origin of word, 122. 
 Sestertius, Roman, 48. 
 Sestini's catalogue of forgeries, 112. 
 Sewall, Samuel, and John Hull's daughter, 
 
 64. 
 
 Seward, William H., Medalets of, 257. 
 Sextans, The Roman, 44. 
 Shekel as a coin, 40. 
 Shekels used by Abraham, 18. 
 Shekels, Value of, 40, 41. 
 Shilling, Derivation of word, 56. 
 Shilling, Good Samaritan, 68. 
 Shilling introduced into England, 54. 
 Shilling, Lord Baltimore, 66. 
 Shilling, Pine-tree, 62. 
 Shinplasters, 108. 
 Shrub or scrub oak coins, 62. 
 Sicily, Coins of, 124. 
 Siege-pieces, Various, 58. 
 Silver coinage, Earliest, 30. 
 Silver coins, How to clean, 164. 
 Silver, Comparative value of, in Greece and 
 
 Rome, 46. 
 Silver, Roman, 46. 
 Silver, weight and fineness, 232. 
 Simon authorized to coin, 40. 
 Skeattae, Saxon, 52. 
 Smith & Harttman, 160. 
 Snake, Coin alluding to the sacred, from 
 
 Epidaurus, 12. 
 Solidus, Roman, 46. 
 Somers Islands piece, 60. 
 Spain, Modern coins of, 124. 
 Spanish American coins, 128. 
 State coinage, 76. 
 Stater of Ionia, 26. 
 Stater of Lydia, 26. 
 Standard of fineness of coins, 232. 
 Sterling, Origin of word, 56. 
 Striking of medals and coins, 154. 
 Success to the U. S. tokens, 88. 
 Swann, Thomas, Medalet of, 257. 
 Sweden, Coins of, 140. 
 Swift, Dean, on the Wood money, 68. 
 
 Table of American medals awarded by Con- 
 
 gress, 261. 
 
 Table of comparative prices at various sales 
 in New York, 243. 
 
 Table of comparative rarity of United States 
 silver and copper coins, 228. 
 
 Table of prices of colonial and rare Ameri- 
 can coins, 245. 
 
 Table of prices of Mint pattern or experi- 
 mental pieces, 244. 
 
 Table of prices of miscellaneous medalets 
 and tokens, 259. 
 
 Table of prices of political tokens, etc., 257. 
 
 Table of prices of temperance medalets, 
 
 ^Oo 
 
 Table of prices of United States silver and 
 copper, 240. 
 
 Table of prices of Washington coins, etc., 
 247. 
 
 Talbot Allum & Lee card, 104. 
 
 " Tascia" on early coins of Britain, 52. 
 
 Taxatio, Early English coins struck for, 52. 
 
 Taylor, General Zachary, medalets and 
 prices, 253. 
 
 Temperance medalets, Price of, 258. 
 
 Teruncius, Roman, 48. 
 
 Testons, French, 150. 
 
 Testoon, Origin of, 150. 
 
 Tests of counterfeit coins, 114. 
 
 Thompson's Coin Chart Manual, 166. 
 
 Thousandths', a measure of fineness, ex- 
 plained, 232. 
 
 Thousandths and carats, table, 234. 
 
 Thousandths, to turn into carats, 234. 
 
 Three-cent pieces, 100. 
 
 Tokens and medalets, 104. 
 
 Tokens, English, 104. 
 
 Tokens, Political, etc., price table, 257. 
 
 Torques, British, 26. 
 
 Tortoise, Emblem on coin, 30, 32. 
 
 Tradesmen's cards, 104. 
 
 Tradesmen's cards, English, 104. 
 
 Trial pieces, Prices of, 244. 
 
 Triens, The Roman, 44. 
 
 Trumbull, J. H., Colonial Records of Con- 
 necticut, 70. 
 
 Ulpian, Extract from, 42. 
 
 Uncia, The Roman, 44. 
 
 United States gold and silver coins, weights 
 
 and fineness, 232. 
 
 United States gold coinage, Table of, 236. 
 United States rare coins, Remarks on, 220. 
 United States silver and copper, table of 
 
 rarity, 228. 
 Unity States of America token, 86. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, medalets and prices, 
 
 251. 
 
 Venice, Coins of, 122. 
 Vermont coins, 78. 
 
 Verplanck, Gulian C., medalet of, 257. 
 Victoriatus, Roman, 48. 
 Virginia coppers, 72. 
 Virt. et Lib., legend, 80. 
 
 Wampum, 60. 
 
 Washing coins, 164. 
 287
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Washington coins and tokens, 86. 
 Washington coins, etc., Prices of, 247. 
 Washington piece of New York, 82. 
 Washington rejects the cents, 96. 
 Waterbury Button Companj-, 106. 
 Waterbury tokens, 106. 
 Weighing money by lamb weights, 20. 
 Weighing out money by Abraham, 18. 
 Weight and fineness of gold and silver, 
 
 232. 
 
 Well in Roman forum, 12. 
 White metal, composition, 15-4. 
 White metal, How to clean, KM. 
 William I., Coins of, 54. 
 Wolf and twins, 12. 
 Wood mpnej-, 68. 
 Worn coins worthless, 102. 
 Wreath cent of 1793, 100. 
 Wright, Charles C., 158. 
 
 288
 
 INDEX TO THE PLATES. 
 
 ACARXANIA, Coin of, VI. 
 Acilius, Denarius of, X. 
 Acropolis, on a coin, III. 
 JEgina, Drachmas of, II. 
 .^Esculapius, snake on coin, IX. 
 Agrippa, Coin of, XII. 
 Agrippina, Medal of, XIV. 
 Alexander I., Coin of, II. 
 Alexander the Great, Gold stater of, IV. 
 Alexius II., Coin of, XIX. 
 Alfred, Coins of, XXVII. 
 Aliwal battle medal, XCVI. 
 Amphipolis, Coin of, VI. 
 Andre captors' medal, CVI. 
 Annapolis shilling, Cv. 
 'Anne, Coins of, LXXXIV., LXXXVIII. 
 Anne, Medal of, LXX. 
 Anne, Seal of, after the Union, XCIII. 
 Anne, Seal of, before the Union, XCI. 
 Antiochus, Coin of, IV. 
 Antoninus Pius coins relating to Britain, 
 
 XXV. 
 Antoninus Pius,' Coins of, XIII., XV., 
 
 XVII., XXVII. 
 Antony, Coin of, XI. 
 Antony, Gold coin of, X. 
 Antony, Medal of, XIV. 
 Appeal, Law of, Coin relating to, IX. 
 Arabic coins, XIX. 
 Arcadius, Coin of, XVII. 
 Archelaus, Drachma of, II. 
 Armada, Medal on the overthrow of, XX. 
 Arsaces Orodes, Coin of, VI. 
 Artaxerxes Ardshir, Coin of, VI. 
 As of time of Pompey, IX. 
 As, Roman, and parts of the as, VIII. 
 Athens drachma, V. 
 Athens tetradrachm, V. 
 Attalus, Coin of, IV. 
 Auctori. Connec., CIII. 
 Augustus Caesar, Aureus of, XII. 
 Augustus Caesar, Head of, XII., XIII. 
 Augustus Caesar, Medal of, XIV. 
 Aureus of Augustus Csesar, XII. 
 
 Balloting shown on coin, IX. 
 Baltimore. Lord, shilling, XCIX. 
 Bar cent, U. S. A., CIX. 
 Bartholomew. St., medal on massacre, 
 XXII. 
 
 Basil I., Coin of, XIX. 
 
 Bechtler pieces, CXIII. 
 
 Bigatus, XII. 
 
 Biflah, Calif, Coin of, XIX. 
 
 Blenheim battle medal, LXX. 
 
 Boyne battle medal, LXVII. 
 
 Brancaleone, Senator, Coin of, XIX. 
 
 British torques, XXIII. 
 
 Britannia, First figure of, on coin, XXV. 
 
 Brutus, Albums, Coin of, XV. 
 
 Caesar, Augustus, Aureus of, XII. 
 
 Caesar, Julius, coins on his death, XI. 
 
 Caesar, Julius, Denarius of, X., XI. 
 
 Canute, Coin of, XXVII. 
 
 Capitoline temple on coin, X. 
 
 Captors of Andre medal, CVI. 
 
 Carausius, Coins of, XXV.. XXVII. 
 
 Carpentum on a coin, XIV. 
 
 Carthage, Coin of, VI. 
 
 Cassian gens, Denarius of, IX. 
 
 Castor and Pollux on coin, X. 
 
 Caulonia, Coin of, II. 
 
 Cents of 1793, CIX. 
 
 Chalcis, Coin of, Frontispiece. 
 
 Chalmers shilling, CV. 
 
 Charlemagne, Com of, XVII. 
 
 Charles I., Coins of, LXI., LXV., LXVIII. 
 
 Charles I., Seal of, LXXVII. 
 
 Charles II. and Catharine. Medal of, LV. 
 
 Charles II., Coins of, LXXVL, LXXX. 
 
 Charles II., Seal of, LXXXIII. 
 
 Claudius, Coin of, as censor, XIII. 
 
 Claudius coins relating to Britain, XXV. 
 
 Clementina, Medal of, LXXXII. 
 
 Cleopatra, Coin of, XI. 
 
 Clinton, George, copper, CV. 
 
 Clodian gens. Denarius of, X. 
 
 Cob nione)*, CV. 
 
 Coela, Coin of. XIII. 
 
 Coelian gens, Denarius of, XIII. 
 
 Coiner at work, XXI. 
 
 Coining in Middle Ages, XXI. 
 
 Commodus, Coin of, XV. 
 
 Commonwealth, Coins of, LXVIII., LXII. 
 
 Commonwealth, Seal of the, LXXIX. 
 
 Confederatio copper, CV. 
 
 Connecticut copper, CIII. 
 
 Constantino, son of Basil, Coin of, XIX. 
 
 Continental money, CXIV. 
 
 289
 
 INDEX TO THE PLATES. 
 
 Continental pewter piece, CIX. 
 Corcvra, Coin of, XV. 
 Corinth, Coins of, V., XVII. 
 Cosmo dei Medici, Medal of, XX. 
 Costumes on Denarii, XIII. 
 Counterfeit continental money, CXIV. 
 Crassus, Denarius of, XII. 
 Cromwell, Coins of, LXXII., LXXVI. 
 Crowns, Triumphal and other, on medals. 
 
 XIV., XV. 
 
 Cymbeline, Coin of, XXIII., XXVII. 
 Cyrene, Coin of, VI. 
 
 Darics, II. 
 
 De Fleury, Lieutenant-Colonel, medal, CII. 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes, Coin of, Frontispiece. 
 Denarius, Roman, IX., X XL, XII., XIII. 
 Dettingen battle medal, XC. 
 Dido, Head of, on coin, VI. 
 Dimes, Various, CXIL 
 Dionysius, Theatre of, on a coin. III. 
 Dollar, First United States, CIX.. 
 Dollar, Gold, CXIII. 
 Dollar, Gold, Bechtler, CXIII. 
 Dollars, Various United States, CIX., CX. 
 Double eagle, CXIL 
 Drachma of Archelaus, II. 
 Dumblane battle medal, LXXVIII. 
 Dutch medal on the overthrow of the Ar- 
 mada, XX. 
 
 Eagles, Gold, various, CXIL 
 
 Edward the Confessor, Coins of. XXV. 
 
 Edward the Confessor, Seal of, XXIV. 
 
 Edward I., Penny of, XXIX. 
 
 Edward I., Seal of, XLIV. 
 
 Edward II., Penny of, XXIX. 
 
 Edward II., Seal of, XLVI. 
 
 Edward III., Coins of, XXIX., XXXI. 
 
 Edward III., Seal of, XLVIII. 
 
 Edward IV., Coins of, XXXIIL, XXXV. 
 
 Edward IV., Seal of, LVIII. 
 
 Edward V., Seal of, LX. 
 
 Edward VI., Coins of, XLIL, XLV. 
 
 Edward VI., Seal of, LXIX. 
 
 Egbert, Coin of, XXVII. 
 
 Egyptian, Ancient, weighing money, I. 
 
 Egyptian ring money, I. 
 
 Eight Italian nations, Denarius of, X. 
 
 Elizabeth, Coins of, XLIX., LIII. 
 
 Elizabeth, Seal of, LXXIII. 
 
 English coins, Earliest, XXIII. 
 
 English torques, XXIII. 
 
 Epidaurus, Coin of, IX. 
 
 Epulo on a coin, XIII. 
 
 Essex, Medal of Earl, XLVII. 
 
 Ethelbert, Coin of, XXVII. 
 
 Ethelwulf Coin of, XXVII. 
 
 Eugenius IV., Pope, Medal of, XX. 
 
 Fairfax, Medal of, XLVII. 
 Faustina, Coin of, XVI. 
 Fifty-dollar piece, CXIII. 
 Five-dollar piece, Bechtler, CXIII. 
 Five-dollar pieces, CXIL, CXIII. 
 Flamen Martialis, Coin of, XIII. 
 
 Flora head on coin, X. 
 Flying eagle dollar, CX. 
 Franklin coppers, CIX. 
 French colonial coppers, XCIX. 
 Fugio copper, CIX. 
 
 Gallej's on coins, XV. 
 
 Gates, General, medal, CVI. 
 
 George L, Coins of, LXXXVIIL, XCII. 
 
 George L, Medal of, LXXXII. 
 
 George L, Seal of, XCV. 
 
 George II., Coins of, XCII. 
 
 George II., Medals of, LXXXII., XC. 
 
 George II., Seal of, XCVII. 
 
 Georgius Triumpho copper, CIII. 
 
 Godfrev, Sir Edmondbury, Medals of, LIX. 
 
 Gold dollar, CXIII. 
 
 Gordianus, Coin of, XVI. 
 
 Granby coppers, XCIX. 
 
 Greek coin with palm-leaf and arrow, V. 
 
 Greene, General, medal, CII. 
 
 Gregory XIII., Pope, Medal of, XXII. 
 
 Hadrian, Coin of, XVII. 
 
 Hadrian coin relating to Britain, XXV. 
 
 Hadrian, pigs of lead, XVI. 
 
 Half dimes, Various, CXIL 
 
 Half dollars, Various, CXI. ^ 
 
 Half Eagles, Various, CXIL, CXIII. 
 
 Haroun al Kaschid, Coin of, XIX. 
 
 Hawkes, Sir Edward, medal, LXXXVI. 
 
 Henry L, Penny of, XXVII. 
 
 Henry L, Seal of, XXX. 
 
 Henry II., Penny of. XXIX. 
 
 Henry II., Seal of, XXXIV. 
 
 Henry III., Penny of, XXIX. 
 
 Henry III., Seal of, XLIL 
 
 Henry IV., Seal of, LII. 
 
 Henry V., Coins of, XXXL, XXXIIL 
 
 Henrv V., Seal of, LIV. 
 
 Henry VI., Coins of, XXXIIL 
 
 Henry VI., Seal of, LVI. 
 
 Henry VII., Coins of, XXXVII. 
 
 Henry VII., Seal of, LXIV. 
 
 Henrv VIII., Coins of, XXXIX. 
 
 Henry VIII., Medals of. XLIII. 
 
 Henry VIIL, Seal of LXVI. 
 
 Higley copper, XCIX. 
 
 Honorius, Coin of, XVII. 
 
 Howard, Lieutenant-Colonel, medal, CIV. 
 
 Howe, Lord, medal, XCVI. 
 
 Immunis Columbia, CIII. 
 
 Irene, Coin of, XVII. 
 
 Italian nations, Denarius of, X. 
 
 James I., Coins of, LIII., LVII. 
 James L, Medal of, XLVII. 
 James L, Seal of, LXXV. 
 James II., Coins of, LXXX. 
 James II., Medals of, LL, LV., LXIII. 
 James II., Seal of, LXXXV. 
 James III., Medal of, LXXXII. 
 Janus, Head of, on coin, VIIL 
 Janus temple closed, XV. 
 Jefferson, Thomas, Seal of, CVIII. 
 
 290
 
 INDEX TO THE PLATES. 
 
 Jewish shekel, III. 
 John, Irish penny of, XXIX. 
 John, Seal of, XXXVIII. 
 John Zimisces, Coin of, XIX. 
 John II., Coin of, XIX. 
 Jones, Paul, medal, C. 
 Jupiter Capitolinus on coin, X. 
 Justinian, Medal of, XVIII. 
 
 Kentucky copper, CHI. 
 
 Laeca, Denarius of, IX. 
 
 Lamb, a weight, I. 
 
 Lead, Pigs of, XVI. 
 
 Lee, Major, medal, CIV. 
 
 L. Emilius Paullus denarius, X. 
 
 Leo III., Coin of, XVII. 
 
 Lepidus, Medals of, XIV. 
 
 Lictors' costumes, XIII. 
 
 Dlle, Surrender of, medal, LXXVIII. 
 
 Link cent of 1793, CIX. 
 
 Livineius, Denarius of, IX. 
 
 Lollian gens, Denarius of, XIII. 
 
 Londonderry siege medal, LXVII. 
 
 Lorenzo de Medici, Medal of, XXII. 
 
 Louisiana coppers, XCIX. 
 
 Lydia, Stater of, II. 
 
 Lysimachus, Coin of, Frontispiece. 
 
 Macedonia, Coin of, Frontispiece. 
 
 Marcellinus, Coin of, IX. 
 
 Marl borough, Duke of, medals, LXX., 
 
 LXXIV., LXXVIII. 
 Mars, high-priest, Coin of, XIII. 
 Martin V., Pope Medal of, XVIII. 
 Mary, Coins of. XLV. 
 Mary, Seal of, LXXI. 
 Mary, Queen (of William III.), Medal of, 
 
 LXVII. 
 
 Mary of Modena medal, LXIII. 
 Masonic tokens, XXIII. 
 Massachusetts cent, CIII. 
 Massachusetts pine-tree shilling, XCIX. 
 Maximinus, Coin of, XVI. 
 Metellus Scipio, Denarius of, IX. 
 Miletus, Stater of, II. 
 Millet, Coin showing, III. 
 Minden battle medal, XCIV. 
 Minerva head on coin, X. 
 Mithridates VI., Coin of. V. 
 Monk and Penn medal, XLVII. 
 Morgan, General, medal, C. 
 
 Nelson medal, XCIV. 
 
 Nero, Coin of, XV. 
 
 Nero, Medal of, XIV. 
 
 New England shilling and sixpence, 
 
 XCIX. 
 
 New Jersey copper, CIII. 
 New York copper coins, CV. 
 Nismes, Coin of the colony, XII. 
 Non vi Virtute vici, CV. 
 North, Lord, medal, XCVI. 
 No Stamps token, CI. 
 Nova Constellatio coppers, CI. 
 Nova Eborac copper, CV. 
 
 Gates, Titus, medal, LIX. 
 
 Offa, Coin of, XXVII. 
 
 Old Colony seal, CVIII. 
 
 Orodes, Coin of, VI. 
 
 Oscan letters on coin, X. 
 
 Oudenarde victory medal, LXXVII. 
 
 Pala;ologus, John, Medal of, XVIII. 
 
 Panormus, Battle of, IX. 
 
 Parthian coins, VI. 
 
 Patera, Ancient, XXII. 
 
 Paul Jones meda_l, C. 
 
 Paullus, L. Emilius, denarius, X. 
 
 Paul's appeal to Caesar, Coin relating to, 
 IX. 
 
 Penn and Monk medal, XLVII. 
 
 Penn, William, Seal of, CVIII. 
 
 Pergamus, Coin of, IV. 
 
 Perkin Warbeck's groat, XXXV. 
 
 Perseus conquered by Paullus, X. 
 
 Perseus, Coin of, Frontispiece, IV. 
 
 Persian darics, II. 
 
 Peter, Senator of Rome, XIX. 
 
 Philip and Mary, Coins of, XLIX. 
 
 Philip and Mary, Medal of, XLIII. 
 
 Philip II. of Macedon, Stater of, IV. 
 
 Philip V. of Macedon, Coin of, Frontis- 
 piece, V. 
 
 Philip of Rome, Coin of, XVII. 
 
 Phocea, Quarter stater of, II. 
 
 Phoenician coin, VI. 
 
 Pine-tree shilling, XCIX. 
 
 Pisani, Medal by, XVIII. 
 
 Pitt token, CI. 
 
 Plassy medal, XCIV. 
 
 Plymouth Colony seal, CVIII. 
 
 Pompey, coin, possibly with portrait, IX. 
 
 Popes, Medals of, XVIIL. XX., XXII. 
 
 Porto Bello medal, LXXXVI. 
 
 Pretender, the, Medal of, LXXXVI. 
 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, Coin of, III. 
 
 Ptolemy Soter, Coin of, Frontispiece. 
 
 Ptolemaic coins, III. 
 
 Pulcher, C. Clodius, Floralia X. 
 
 Puteal in forum on a coin, XIII. 
 
 Pyrrhus, Tetradrachm of, IV. 
 
 Quadrigatus, XII. 
 Quarter dollars, Various, CXI. 
 Quarter eagle. CXIII. 
 Quinctian gens denarius, X. 
 Quincussis, Roman, VII. 
 
 Ramilies battle medal, LXXIV. 
 Regulus head on coin, IX. 
 Richard I., Seal of, XXXVI. 
 Richard II., Coins of, XXXI. 
 Richard II., Seal of, L. 
 Richard III., Coins of, XXXV. 
 Richard III., Seal of, LXII. 
 Ring money, British, XXIII, 
 Ring money of Egypt, L 
 Roman Senate, Coin of, XIX. 
 Rosa Americana pennj T , CI. 
 Rostra on coins, XIII. 
 Rye House Plot medal, LXIII. 
 
 291
 
 INDEX TO THE PLATES. 
 
 Sachaverell, Dr., medals, LXX. 
 
 Samnites, Coin of, IX. 
 
 Sancroft and seven bishops medal, LXIII. 
 
 San Francisco coin, CXIII. 
 
 Sassanidse, Coin of the, VI. 
 
 Scipio, Denarius of, IX. 
 
 Seleucus, Coin of, Frontispiece. 
 
 Service medal for action with Dutch, 1G53, 
 
 XLVII. 
 
 Severus, Coin of, XVI. 
 Sextans, Roman, VIII., IX. 
 Sextus head on coin, IX. 
 Shaftesbury, Earl, medal, LIX. 
 Shekel, Jewish, III. 
 Silenus on a coin, XIII. 
 Silphium, Coin showing, VI. 
 Snake of -lEsculapius on a coin, IX. 
 Spanish pistareen, CV. 
 Stater of Alexander the Great, IV. 
 Stater of Lydia, II. 
 Stater of Miletus, II. 
 Stater of Philip II. of Macedon, IV. 
 Stephen, Penny of. XXIX. 
 Stephen, Seal of, XXXII. 
 Stewart, Major, medal, CIV. 
 Success to the United States, CVII. 
 Sulpician gens, Denarius of, XIII. 
 Syracuse, Coin or medal of, Frontispiece. 
 
 Talbot Allum & Lee token, CV. 
 Temple of Jupiter on a coin, X. 
 Ten-dollar pieces, CXII. 
 Theatre of Dionysius on a coin, III. 
 Theodosius, Coin of, XVII. 
 Theodosius II., Coin of, XVII. 
 Three-cent piece, CXII. 
 Three-dollar piece, CXIII. 
 Torques or ring money, XXIII. 
 Trafalgar medal, XCIV. 
 Trajan, Coin of, XVI. 
 Tranquillina, Coin of, XVI. 
 Trebizond, Coin of, XIX. 
 Triangle cent, CIII. 
 
 Triens, VIII. 
 
 Triumphal car on coin. X. 
 Triumvirs, Denarii of, XI. 
 Tryon, Governor, Seal of. CVIII. 
 Twenty-dollar piece, CXII. 
 
 U. S. A. or bar cent, CIX. 
 
 Van Tromp, Medal relating to, XLVII. 
 Ventidius, Medal of, XIV. 
 Vermont coppers, CI. 
 Vernon, Admiral, medal, LXXXVI. 
 Victoria medal, XCVI. 
 Virginia half penny, XCIX. 
 Virginia, Seal of, CVIII. 
 Voting shown on a coin, IX. 
 
 Washington before Boston medal, XCVIII. 
 Washington coins and tokens, CVII. 
 Washington copper of New York, CV. 
 Washington, William, medal, CVI. 
 Wayne, General Anthony, medal, CII. 
 Weighing money in Egypt, L 
 Weighing money in ordinary scales, XXII. 
 Well in forum on a coin, XIII. 
 William and Mary, Coins of, LXXX., 
 
 LXXXIV 
 
 William and Man-, Seal of, LXXXVII. 
 William II., Penny of, XXVII. 
 William III., Coins of, LXXXIV. 
 William III., Medal of, LXIII. 
 William III., Seal of, LXXXIX. 
 William of Scotland, Seal of, XL. 
 William Rufus, Seal of, XXVIII. 
 William the Norman, Coin of, XXVII. 
 William the Norman, Seal of, XXVI. 
 Wolfofcapitol, IX. 
 Wolsev, Cardinal, Coins of, XXXIX. 
 Wood money, XCII. 
 
 Y&rk, James, Duke of, medals, LI., LV. 
 Zimisces, John, Coin of, XIX. 
 
 292 
 
 THE END. 

 
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