Or 7^ mW^ KORAKOU A PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT NEAR CORINTH AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS KOHAKOU A Prehistoric Sottlonicnt near Corintli BY CAUL W. 1} LEG EN, Ph.D. I!<)S'n).\ AM) M;\V 'lOKK I'l ltl,l>.|li:i) n\ I'lIK AMKIU< AN S( IIOOl OK « l.ASSK Al. STI'UIKS A I' AI'IIKNS 192 1 ('oi-viiiiiirr. I'.rJI, iiY TlIK TKISTI^-S OF Tin; AMKUICAN SCIIOOI, OK CI^SSICAI. M riHl;s at ATllliXS ALL KIUIIT» i(t:st:i{vi:D Crii \A f-KINTiai AT TIIK HUMKilMIl I'll&U* Cf>N'Cf*Hti N. H. CtlLUH I'LArKM UY tIATCIIKI, ANI» ^' "■'■*■ ■ p|iit.Abi:i.i>iiiA Zll The investiftations desfribiMl in this vohiinc wcic iiKulc i)(>ssil)lc hy ail a|)i)r()i)riati(in frmii funds (•(intriliiiti't! to the Schniil tin- tilt' imrpose uf exfavatinn by Mrs. ,1. Mdnliioniery Scars of Bos- ton in nienioiy of licr son .1. Moutgonicry Sears, Jr., a member of the School from 1899 to lUOl. P.VUL V. C. B.u H, CJkouoe H. Ch.vsk, h.vhold n. fowlkk. Publication Committee. -.^°^ ^^^^l^rds of Ephyracan Ware, Second Late Ilelladic Period. (Water-color by E. ( Jillieron, Jr.) \'ll. Two h;pli>raean Goblets Restored, Second Late Helladie Period. (Water-color by IC. Gillieron, Jr.) \III. General Plan of the Excavations at Koiakou. (Mcuismed and Dr.iwM by W, M. Dins- moor; with some Additions by Dr. .V. K. < )rl;indos) LIST OF FIGURES 1. 'I'lic Mound of Korakoii finjn the South . . 2. The Mouiul of Koiakoii frojii the West ',i. Seven Sherds of Early TIclhuhc Ware 4. S;nice-hoat, lOaily Ilelladic PeriotI, Chiss A II . 5. Four Slierds of Early Helladic Ware, Class B I . 6. Sance-l)oat, Early Ilelladie Period, Class B II . 7. Askos handle, Ivirly Ilelladie Period, Class B II S. Water-jar, Early Helladic Period, Class B II . 9. Sherds of Patterned Ware, E. IT. Period, Group C 10. Tankards, Early Ilelladie Periotl, Class C I (1)) . . 11. Large Tankard, Early Helladic Period, Class C II 12. Hound Saueers, Early Ilelladie Period, Group D \'A. Protiles of UiiMS of Saucers, E. II. Period ... 14. Deep Bowl, Early Helladic Period, Group E . . 1"). Baking-pan, Early Helladic Period, (iroiip E . ir>. Sniall Storage Jai-, Earlj' Ilelhuiic Period, (irouj) 10 17. Goblet with Incised Decoration, E. H. Period, Group F 15. Minyan Bowl, Middle Helladic Period, Class A I 11). Miiiyaii Bowl, Middle Helladic Period, Class A I 20. Miiiyan Goblet, Middle Helladic Period, Class A I . . . 21. Minyan Bowl with Uounde-d Profile, M. H. Period, Class A I 22. Minyan Bowl with Hounded Profile, M. II. Period, Class A I 2:i. Nine Sherds of Argive Minyan, M. H. Period, Class All 24. Dec]) Bowl of Black Monochronie Ware, M. H. Period, A II 25. Shallow Bowl, Hed IMonouluonie Ware, M. II. Period, All 26. Three Ladles, Yellow Minyan, M. H. Period, A III . . . 27. Six Sherds, Early Mattpainted Ware, M. H. Period, B I 28. Sniall Pithos, Mattpainted Ware, M. II. Period, B I . 29. Spouted Bowl, Mattpainted Ware, M. H. Period, B I ao. Sh.dlow Basin, ^Llttpainted Ware, IM. H. Period, B I. 31. Hcakt^d Jug, Mattjjainteil Ware, M. H. Period, B I :i2. Water-jar, Mattpaintinl Ware, M. H. Period, B I '.V.i. Ne(-k of Water-jar, IMattpaint.ed Ware, M. II. P.-iiod, B M. Sherds from Mattpainted Cups, M. II. Period, B II . .'}'). Fourteen Sherds Mattpainted Ware, M. II. Period, U II ;{(■>. Twi>nty Sherds Mattpaint.-d Ware, :\I. II. Period, H II :}7. Amphora, Mattpauited Ware, M. 11. Period, B 11 IW. Cup of Fine Fabric, Mattpainted Ware, B II . ;i\\. Fragment of Sh.dlow Bowl, Mattpainted Ware, B II . . 40. lour Sherd.s of Polychrome :Matli)ainted W.ire, Class I? Ill U. Three Sherds of Polychrome Mattpainted Ware, Class Bill 42. Neck of B(!ake(l ,Iug, Polychrome Mattpainted Ware, B III I'AOE Photograph 1 (( 2 i( K 6 H a 6 a 7 DV'AW'lU^ 7 Photograph 8 " 9 " 10 (t 11 li 11 Drawing . 12 Photograph . 12 (i 13 " 14 U . 14 ii^ 1.-) n 1.-. n 16 a 16 tt 16 It 17 11 . 18 n . 18 u . 19 a . 20 it . 21 li 21 li 22 li 22 ti 23 Dr.'iwing . 23 Photograph 24 " 26 a 26 Drawing 27 Photograph . 28 Drawing 28 ■• 29 1, . 29 <( . 28 XIV LIST OF FIcrUES *7 4:< 44. 45. 4ti. 17 \S. 411. iVi. .'.1. .V>. r^i. M. 55. 50). 57. 5S. 5!». (Ml. (il ti2. (i:i. (►4. G5. (Ui. r.7. (•►8. •iO. 70. 71. 72. 7a. 74. 75. 7S. 79. KO. SI. 82. m. 84. 85. 80. 87. 88. 8«. no. 91. Hiiii of Shallow Howl, rolycliroim- Miittpiiiiilc.l Ware. H III OrawiiiK Cup or SoKip. riipaiiit.Ml Wari', M. II. P<-rio.l, CroupC Pli<.((.Ki;ii)li Thrif StraiiuTK, Dojiu-^tif Wan-, .M. II. rciio.j, Crunp (' Two Siimll Storngi- Jars, M. II. IVriod, ( inmp (' . .is 1)1 FraKim-nl of Jun, ( la.st I) I. and (;(>i>lrt, ( "las.-* D II, M. H. I'crioil " KIcvrn Shenls Dark-on-LiKht Ware, .M. 11 Piriod, ('las.-: I) II . Fivi- SlnT(l.x with Typical .'^i>ir:ilifonn I'attiriiH, L. II. I. . KiKhl SliiT(l< with rattirn.s of Sjjirals, Late IItlla(li<- I Fivr ShtTils of Late Ilfllailic I Ware . . Ti-n FraKim-iit.s of Cups (»f tin- Vaphio Shape, L. 11. 1. " Two Cui)S of the Vaphio Shape, Lale Ilelladi'- 1 C\ip with Linear Deeoratioii, Lat*' Helhulie I Two Steliiim>niall \'ases from (!rave I, Late Ilelladic 11 Two Small Vases fnuu (irave I, Late Ilellailic II Seven Sherds of Ejjhyraean Ware, Late Helladic II I'ive Sherds I-;i)hyrae;in Ware with Nautilus Design, L. II. II F|)hyraean (iohlet with Design of Lilies, Laic Ilelladic II I'npaintcd Goblet with One Handle, Late Hellailic II Two Viises frojn Crave II, L.-ite Helladic II. . I'npaintcd .lug. Late Ilelladic II Three rni)ainted Shallow Cujis or Dishes, Late Helladic II Profiles of Hiins, Late Helladic II and Late Helladi.' Ill . Dniwing . Deep Howl, Late Helladic III I'liotognii)li I^nrge Deep Howl, Late Helladic 111 Deep Howls, Ty|)ical Decoration, Late Helladic III Deep Howl Decorated in Close Style, Late Ilelladic III Shallow Howl^with Pinched-out Handles, Late Helladic III Large Shallow Howl, Pinched-o\it Handles, I.ate Helladic ill Large Shallow Hasin, Late Helladic III SjKrtiteil Howl, Heil Monochrojiie Ware, Late Helladic III Crater on Short .Stem, Late Helladic III .... II LIST OF FIGURES XV 92. Bowl-shaped Cup, Late Llelladic III 93. Two Cupts with Profile of Two Ciirve.s, Late Helladic III 94. Ciroup of Five Cyli.xes from House P, Late Ilelladie III 95. Two ("jli.ws from House H, Late Helladie III . 96. ("ylix with Hinli Handles and Small Juk, Late Helladie 111 97. Jug with Basket Handle and A.skos, Late Hellailic HI 98. .Jar with Four Handles, Late Helladie III . 99. Stirrui) Vase, Late Helladic III . . . 1(1(1. Two Larpe Water-jars, Late Helladic 111 ... 101. Two-handled Jar, Late Helladie III 102. Two Cylixes, One Painted, One Unpainted, Late Hella(ds of Bronze and Stone, L. H. III. 131. Stratification of West Siile of Pit V. A. ( l'"ast Alley 135. Plan of the So-called Teinple of Hera at Tiryns P.\GE Photofcraph 65 (• 66 it 66 tt 66 07 it 67 K 68 it 68 n 69 li 70 a 71 ti 71 11 71 K 72 tl 73 li 74 ti 75 Drawing . 76 It 77 Photograph 78 Drawing . 81 Photograph 82 Drawing 84 Photograph 85 n 86 it 87 it 88 Drawing . 90 Photograph 91 Drawing . 92 Photograph 93 Drawing . 94 Photograph 95 ii 96 *' 97 " . 1(30 !• . 101 '• . 104 H . 105 n . IOC. >i . 107 li . lOS Drawing . 12S • i . 131 KORAKOU A PKKHISTOKIC SKTTLKMKNT NEAR COlUNTII ClIAPTKU 1 INTRODUCTION At a point cmHciI Korakoii, not (luitc tlircc kilometres west of New ("orinth and about one kilometre east of 1 he liarhor of Leeliaeuni, t lie lower Corinthian j)lateaii, which here ends in a bluff, forms a shaip aiifilc witliin a stone's throw (jf tiic sea. A consincuous moninl rises on this angle 35 in. abov(! the sea and ca. 15 m. over the level of the plateau to the south. The mound (Figs. 1 and 2), roufihly oval in shai)e, measures 2f)0 ni. in ienp;th from east to west by 115 m. in wiiitli at the widest ]ioint. ivxeavations were maile here by the .-Vmeriean School for a fortnight in the spring of 1915 and again for six weeks in the summer of 1916. A detailed account of the results of these excavations is presented in this report,' including a description of the objects found, as well as a statement of t he f(ini-hisii M' 111 KiiiiAKou from thk Wkst (from tiik Sand 1Iili,s of I,i- transition to the third jx'riod is, in fact, a gradual one, it may nevertheless be easily discerned in the character of the objects, especially the jrottery, obtained from the excavations. The characteri.sti(^ fabrics of the sc^j-ond .stratum are Minyan and Mailpainled wares (cf. b('low J). 15). The third and uiijiermost stratum averages 1.20 m. in (le])tli, but its thickness is far from uni- form, ranging from 0.40ra. to2.1()m. in ditTerent i)arts of the hill. It is deej)est toward the eastern (!nd of the crest of the moimd, inidcr and e.asi of ihnise L ((^f. jjlaii, I'i.,\tk Mil), and in this icgion the yield of potsherds was also extremely ri<'li. 'i'iiey show, as will apjicar from the description below, three successive styles which fall into essential agreement, with thr<'e distinct layers sub- dividing the stratum. In th(' ceid.n^ and western part of liu' mound, where tlu; stratmn is not so deep, a i)roce.ss of telescoping seems to hav<' t.aken place. That is, the earlier dciposit of tlic third thanks are due also to Mr. K. H. Scager, Professor James M. I'atoii, .■iiid I'lcifcssor I'. V. C. IJuur for similar lielp. To Professor (ieofRC II. Clia.se and Professor Harold N. Powlcr 1 owe a debt of Kialiliiilc for valuahlc rriticism on many points atid generous aid in prei)arinK the irianuscripl for the printer, as well as in reading the proof. Finally I desire to acknowledge my very great ohligatioii to Dr. H. H. Hill, Director of the .\mcrican ScIhmiI, who gave me the opportunity to excavate at Korakou and by his constant aid and ('ncouragement and a painstaking revision of the manuscript made this report jwssible. A summary of some of the conclusions reached in this roi>ort has .'drcady appeared in li. S. A., XXII, pp. 175 IT. INTRODUCTION :{ stratum in ^his region appears to have l)een removed by the inhabitants to whom the later de- posit of that period is duo. The characteristic pottery of the third stratum is Mycenaean ware (leconitcd in lustrous paint (cf. below p. 35). It will be seen that each of the three strata produces distinct and characteristic kinds of pottery. All these different classes of wares — "urfirnis," Minyan, Mattpainted ware, and Mycenaean — have been found at other sites, — in the Argolid, in Attica, in Boeotia, in Phocis, and as far north as Lianokladi in the valk>y of the Sperchcius near Lamia. They are typically mainland fabrics. Their exact relation to one another, however, has not hitherto been accurately ascertained.' The importance of the site at Korakou lies in the fact that, supplying the evidence which was lack- ing at Tiryns ami Mycenae, it now definitely establishes the sequence of these prehistoric wares. On the southeastern Greek mainland, therefore, the prehi.'storic age — subsequent to the neolithic — may now be recognized as falling into three great periods. With the object of giving them a name which will emphasize their essentially mainland character, in contrast to the contemporary civilization of Crete and the Cyclades, it is propo.sed in this report to call these periods respectively Early, Middle, and Late Helladic. Each of these may in turn be subdivided in accordance with llie evidence of the excavations as set forth l)elow. In the following report the discussion of the first or Early Helladic Period ilepends almost entirely on the evidence supplied bj' the deep pits which were sunk down to rock (pits C, E, G, J, IvA., L, P, S). Eor the second or Middle Helladic Period the evidence comes in part from the pits (J, E.A., L, M, N, P, R, S), in part from a larger space on the eastern slope of the hill, where the foundations of a house containing Minyan pottery were uncovered. Finally, the account of t he third or Late Helladic Period is based for the earlier stages on the material proiluced by the pits (J, K.\„ L, M, K, S, P, R), and for the later stages on a more general excavation of the whole central aica of the mound. 'Cf. />". N. .1., .\ Nil, pp. IT.iir. CILVrTKlt II THE POTTERY In tlie course of the excavations particular attention was given to the pottery, of wliirh a great (juantity (not far short of 100,000 sherds) was found. All shcids were gathered up and kept separate in trays according to level. Everything was washed and nothing was thrown away without first having been examined and judged to be valueless. A large amount of work was devoted to tlie cleaning and cla.ssifying of the pottery after it had l)een removed to tiie museum. With the help of the vase-menders, J. Katsarakis in the suniincr of IIH."), 1'. Diniakopoulos in liUti, and (1. Kontogeorgis in 1918, it was possible to put together and restore from fi'agments more than 1.50 vases, which form a valuable and representative collection of the jHchistoric ])ot- tery of Corinth. The.se vases are now in the museum at Old Corinth. FIRST STRATUM— EARLY HELLADIC PERIOD During the whole of this period a hand-made pottery was in use; there is no indication that the potter's wheel was known. In consequence the potter, recognizing his limitations — or perhaps rather compelled l)y his limitations — has to a large extent avoided shapes that call for symmetry and exactness. Round saucers or shallow bowls are, indeed, extremely common, but their perim- eter rarely, if ever, forms a perfect circle; it is often drawn out into an irregular ellipse. In com- parison with the great mass of later (chiefly Mycenaean or Late Helladic) sherds produced by the excavations, the amount of Early Helladic ware, owing to the limited area of the pits, was natu- rallj' not large. These finds were nevertheless significant and sufficiently numerous to give the basis for classification into the following groups: A. Hand-Pollshed Ware I. Unslipped} The fabric, though sometimes thin, is not very good. The clay, usually reddish, is somewhat coarse and contains numerous gritty particles, while the baking is far from perfect. The surface of the vase is buff, red, or black, or some shade varying between red and black, and is very smoothly polished. Marks of the burnishing instrument are distinctly visible. The material is very fragmentary and no whole vases were found. Shapes that couUl lie recog- nized are shallow, round bowls or saucers; D: t OK CiRQUP E). >ha|)(' and the lack of a raised ba.sc. The higlil>- polished surface may well be an inheritance or a survival of the burnished techni(iue characterislic of the neolithic jjcriod. Pottery of the same character has been found in considcnibli' (|uanlilies in the Cyclades, especially at Pliylakopi in Melos.' II. Slipped Ware* N'ases of this group arc finely made and well baked. The surface is covered with a smooth, polished slip, reddish brown, bulT, yellowish bulT.orgray in tone. Marks of the polishing implement may generally be seen. The slip is Ihin and hard but often peels off readily (cf. Fig. :i, No. 1). The shapes include small saucers and shallow bowls, sauce-boats, askoi, and jugs with a wide mouth. One jug of this class had a line of wedge-shaped incisions round the ba.se of the neck (cf. Fig. 3, No. 1). The sauce-boat shown in Figure 4 is typical in its shape save for the vertical han(ll(>, the ordinary handle of this kind of vase being horizontal. In some of the earli(>r specimens of this ware the base is formed as in group I, by flattening out the bottom of the base. In later examples, however, there is a raised base. Apart from the application of a slip, ' Cf. 'K^.'Apx., 1R98, PI. 9, 34 or 22, or perhaiw 1 or 2. *A.J. A., I, 1897, p. :521, II. 2. > Cf. I'hylakopi, §§ 2-J. •Cf. «. .S-. .1., \XII, p. 177, uroup I (b). KORAKOU FiFURE 4. Sauce-boat, Early Helladic Period, Class A II. the raised base and tlic ik^w shape {i.e., the sauce- lioat) are indications that this group marks an advance on group I. H. Glazed Wake ' This ware is ciiaractcrizcd liy its partial or complete coating of glaze-paint. It was first found by Kurtwiingler at Orchomenos and named by him " urfirnis" ware. It may be divided into the following two classes: 1. Partly Coated.^ The clay is generally buff or yellowish green in color and is sometimes rather gritty. The vases are not always carefully made, the shajic being often distorted in baking. There is no slip and no polish, but thin, glaze- like paint is applied in a careless V)and of varying width along the rim, either inside or outside or both. The fine marks of the l)rush may be easily seen, a characteristic detail of this whole group of pottery (group B). The color of the glaze is generally reddish Ijrown, though in a few cases it approaches more nearly brick red. The commonest shape of this class is a round saucer or bowl, sometimes shallow, sometimes deep, and often^ but not always, with an incurving rim. A typical example is shown in Figure 5, No. 2. In a few cases the brush-line does not follow the rim, but two lines of paint are applied at right angles to each other, extending from rim to rim and forming a large cross on the interior or exterior of the saucer (cf. Fig. 5, No. 3). Other shapes include the askos and the sauce-boat. II. Completely Coated.^ This is the commonest class of Early Helladic ware, "ur- firnis" par excellence. The fabric is like that of class B I. In this case, however, the entire vase is coated with more or less lustrous thin glaze-paint in which the marks of the brush are generally conspicuous. The 'Cf. B. S. A., XXII, p. 177, group II. 'Cf. B. S. A., XXII, p. 177, group II (a). 'Cf. B. S. A., XXII, p. 177, group II (b). Figure 5. Sherds of Early Hell.\dic Ware, Class B I, Partly Coated. THE POTTERY 7 colors are ^^)rick ic.l aiid rcdilisli lnown shading to l)lack. Both arc oci-asionally found on ili.- same vase, and the variation may in many cases Im (juitc unpremeditated. Several examples, however, in wiiicii the two colors occur in alternate, though irregular, bands (cf. Plate I, No. 1 1 imply that the mottled etTect is intentional and recall the mottled ware discovered by Scager at Vasiliki.' The following shapes of vases belonging to this class were recognizable at Korakou: 1 . Flat round saucers without handles, similar to those of class I. These saucers may be shal- low or fairly deep, and the rim may be sharply recurved inward or show merely a slight curve (cf. I'ig. 13). Many of these saucers have no raised base; the later specimens, however, arc usually provided with one. Sometimes these vessels are oval instead of round, forniiny; a middle step between the saucer type and the sauce-boat type. 2. Sauce-boats. This shape, which is very common and characteristic of the Early Helladic Period, is probably a development of the oval bowl through the aildition of a spout rising from one side and a handle set on the other o])positc it , the height of the sides being slightly increased. The spout varies considerably in elevation and almost always ends in a lip curving sharply out- ward. The handle is usually horizontal, l)ut vertical exaini)les likewi.sc occur. These vases are frequently of very good fabric. .\ small sauce-boat of this type is shown in Figure 6. The larger specimen given in Plate I, No. 1, is not from Korakou Init from the neighboring site of Gonia. It is reproduced here as the best available example of the "mottled" ware described above. 3. Beaked jugs or ewers. No whole specimen of u ={t^tsa^^^^^''^'''*^^^^itei^'5v ^^^^ shape was found at Korakou, but some sherds appear to belong to vessels of approximately the same form as certain jugs from the rock-cut tombs exca- vated at Old Corinth in 18!)(i.= 4. Askoi. The askos is one of the favorite shapes , „ ,, ,, of the Earlv Helladic Period. The pit.s at Korakou Askos Handle, Kakly Helladii- • ' Period, Class B II. yielded recognizable fragments, including a number of Figure G. Sauce-boat, Eauly Helladic Pekioo, Class H II. Figure 7. ' Cf. Transaclions, Dept. of Archaeology, Univ. of Penn., Vol. I, 100.'), I'urt III. IMs. ,34 and 35. I am indebted to Mis."; C. M. A. Hirhtcr and to Professor Charles F. Biiins for a satisfactory explanation of the method by wliieh this variation in colorinR ini^lit have been obtained. Profes.sor Hinns st«tes that the variety of coloring in the mottled ware is not due to variation of heat, but is simply a matter of oxicd of coals which were lieaped over them. The black patches would then be the elTect in each case of a live coal lying actually against the surface of the viuse. Professor Hinns thinks this explanation iloubtful, however, since the patteriw arc too distinctive to have been produ(U'd by the accidental piling together of glowing coals. '.I.,/. .1., I, 1897, pp. 310 f. 8 KOKAKOU characti'ristically loiifj, flat. cuivimI liaiullos (ef. Fig. 7), Imt no whole i-xaniplcs; several were found at the iicigliboring sites of Yiiiza and Goiiia. .'). Water-jars. The.so are mueh lii^e the later hydriae. tlioiigli rather stuiat and more nearly spherical in shape, as may be seen in the typical example of Figure S. There are two small, hori- zontal, loop handles on opposite sides of the shoulder. Tlie neck, unfoil un:itely missing, has Irmmi restored in plaster. The black paint which once covered the vessel has almost all Haked ofl. .\not her well-made water-jar from pit 1' is coated with reddish brown paint. The glazed ware descriljcd above makes its appearance in the stratification a little later than polished ware of group A; but once introduced it continues in use througlu)Ul the whole of the :..,^S^ \ - I •V FiGUUE S. \VaTEK-.I.\R, EaKLV HkLL.VDIC PeKIOD. (.'l.\SS H 11. ('I'hE Nei 1\ is Ke.stoued.) Early Ilelladic Period. It shows surprisingly little cluuifie during this long time. .\ certain improvement in fabric may, indeed, be observinl, but on the other Imnd the glaze-paint seems to deteriorate in quality. In conseciueiu'c, many of the later vases which were oiigiiially covered with paint have largely lost their coating and now present a more primitive appearance than earlier vessels of the same class. ('. Patterned \\'are' I . Dark-on-Light (a) Clay and fabric are similar to those of group R. The vase is covered with paint as in class B II, except for a reseivcd zone somewhere about the middle of the i)()t. Hei-e on a prepared 1 Cf. B. 6. A., XXll, p. 177, group 111. THIC I'OTTKRY 9 surface is^aiiitcd a linear pallcni in ulaze-paint siinilar to tliat covcrinn llic \vs{ of llic va.-t-. The colors used aic lnick red. reddish brown, or black. The pattern is simple, consisting Hfnt'ndly of parallel lines often connected by cross lines. It may be ob.served that, inasnuich as the whole va.se is dark save for the decorated zone, the contrast of the latter with the rest of the va.se gives the decoration theefiect of lifcht-on-dark. This is .seen in the partially restored tankard of this type shown on Plate I, No. 2. KiouHE 9 SiiEiiDs OF P.\TTKHNEi) \\ AUK, Eahly Hkllaiih I'KKhii.. Gnorr C. Sliajies that have b(>en recofinized are askoi. I wo-haiidle(| tankards, and small bowls with nne handle. (b) Clay ann this are painted linear i)atterns. almost always in belts, in paint similar to that of class (a). The patterns com- monly used are bands of parallel lines, hatched triangles, lozenges, or zigzags (cf. PL.\rK I, ;}; also I'ig. '.)). The colors include brick red. reddish brown, and black. Hrick red is apparently used only on bidT-colored clay and slip, while iilack and brownish black occur on the yellowish green variety a.s well. This ilistinction is regularly present in the Mycena<'an wares of the Late Helladic Period also; whether if is intentional or merely due to the accidents of tiring I do not know, .\mong I he recognizable shajM-s are: 1. T.ankards. The usual shape is tli;il shown in Kigure 10. Provided with a Hal liase. rather wide, the tankard has fairly straight sides narrowing gradually toward the lop. while the rim splays 10 KORAKOU outward anain. Two tliick rihlmii handles are set vcrtit^ally, fairly low down on opposite sides of the l)ody. 'I'lie surf ace is covered \\ illi a slip, sliglilly |)olislu'd. lionnd I lie vessel lun llireo zones of ijaint. This white is not very durable and has in some cases almost entirely disappeared, 1 B. S. A., XXII, p. 178. ' No. 6107; cf. B. S. A., XXII, PI. VII, 2. THE POTTERY 11 Icaviiifi Inil faiiil traces. Nut very many sliiTils of tliis tyju' were I'ouml at Korakou (l-ig. 9, Nos. 15, It), 20-22) and no sliapcs cuulil Ix- certainly idi'iitified. The large t wo-liandled jug shown in Eifiure 11, wliieli is published here to illustrate the type, is i'loni (Ionia. It is similar lo the l.iiik.irds jiisi described, hut considerably larger. .\ Hat base from Korakou, on which two pairs of parallel lines form a cross (white on brick red), may be from a jug of the same shape (Fig. 9, No. 22). Liglit-oii-dark ware similar to this has been found at other sites, especially at Oichomenos and at Hagia JMarina in Phocis.' Patterned ware of grouj) C appears only in the highest levels of the first stratum and only in small (luantitie: ingly to the end of the I'^arly Helladic Period. I^. l'.NI'.\l\TKD W .VliK .Vlong with the ])()lished and painted wares described in the jucceding ])aragraplis there was found a considerable quantity of pottery of the .same fabric but without slip, or paint, or polishing of the surface. These vessels arc also in general less carefully made. The buff or yellowish green day^ which is usually somewhat coarse, is rather porous, anil the vases are conse<|uently not aiiajited to hold liquids for any length of time. C'onnnon shapes are: 1. Round saxicers or bowls similar to those already described. These are fairly numerous and, in spite of their primitive appearance and frequent distortion as the result of careless baking, are not KlCURE 11. Lakck Ta.n'kako, Eakly Hklladii- I'kkidi), Class C II. It seems to belong aecorii- FiooKE 12. Kou.NU Sauceks, Eakly Helladic Tekiod, (Juour U. limited to the earlier jiart of the jieriod. Typical examples are shown in Figure 12; lunlin Figure 13 may be seen a numl>er of characteristic profiles of rims. Occasionally a pot tor's mark is impressed on the base or on the outside of the vessel, as is tlic case on the sheril seen in Figure .J, No. 0. 2. Beaked jugs. These are of the same general type as those found in tiic rock-cut tombs excavated at Old Corinth in 189(i.= No whole .specimen is available from Korakou, but .several spouts were fotmd. > Cf. liciK lit. dr., .X.KV, I'.tlJ, pp. 271 IT. 'A.J. A., I, 1897, pp. 31'J Cf. 12 Kol.'AKOU 3. Askoi arc, as in the iircwdiiif; t;r<.)iii)s. icpicsciilcd cliiclly liy frafiiiiciits of cliaractcristic hantllcs. K. Domestic Pots and Pithoi FrafjiiuMits of household cookiiifi vessels wore found in all levels of the l!]arly Ilelhidic Period. Some of tliese with a highly polished surface arc coarse specimens of the technique of group A, I'lCiiKK V.i. I'hofilks (IF Kims of iSaiicf;ks, Kaiilv IIkll.muc I'khiod. {'riii: Insidk of Tin; V'ksskl is in Kach Case to tiik Lki'T.) while others, coated witli a careless wash of jilaze or cnlircly iiii]>aintiMl, licloiiii to tlie style of groups H and 1). All show a thick, liand-niadc laluic of gritty, unsifted el;iy, and their hlackeiied exterior makes it clear that they were used for culinary i)uip() ni.). The bottom is slightly roinidcAN, Kaki.y nKi,i,.M)ie I'ekiou, Ghoui' 10. ^Domkctk- Ware.) ii!ay lie a p!iniit i\-e soil of bakii!g-i)an, foi' t he liotldin is iilackci!ed as thoujih fioni use over a fiiT. Similar ware has been fou!id in Tiiessal\- i!i levels corresponding ap])aicntly to the Early Helladic P(>riod at Korakou, namely the so-called rugose dishes at Tsani.' 5. Jars. Small stoi-age jars ai'c represented by a numbei- of f!ag!nei!is. This shape has a Hat base and s|)!cadi!ig sides which e!id i!i a wide inuul ii wit li splayi!ig !i!u. The fabric is coarse and heavy. There aic no handles. Paint is lacking ami theic is veiy little if any polish. Decoration is limited to a raised idpe l)ai!il j\ist below the !i!ii, or is omitteil altogether. .\ t\i)ical example is shown in Figm-e IG. 0. Pithoi. No whole ))ithoi were recovered, lait the sherds indicate that there was a consider- :ible rai!gc in size as well as in sha])e. Some of the f!agments belong to ve.ssels of very great di- mensions. One such sherd from the upper part of a huge pithos shows a broad flat rim decorated with several rows of wedge-shaped incisions or impi'cssions; while below the short neck appears the beginning of the body bioadeiiing out in a wide curve. The ujiper part of the body, at least, was encircled by !iume!<>us raised rope bands with i!iipressions made by some blunt instrument (Fig. 3, No. 4). No base was found. Smallci- jiithoi also had cuneifoi!ii incisions on the rim, and raised rope bands ran about the body. In some cases the space between certain pairs of bands was coated with brown-black paint, thus ap|)areiilly pieseiiting alternate bells of painted and unpainted .siuface (Fig. 3, No. 7). F. ()tiii:h W.vnrs There remains to be mentioned the small va.se shown in I'iguie 17, a fairly well mailc cup or gob- let with two hai!dlcs (both missing but restored in jilastcr). The clay is dark and gritty. The shape has Cycladic ai!d T!(ijaii parallels; but the |)olished bidwii surface a!id the peculiar inci.x«>d decoration, which consists of a row of cimeifoii!! impressions between twn parallel lines running ' Cf . Ware utid 'riioiiipsoii, Prehixtoric Thensaty, |i. 111. 14 KORAKOU round tlic lower part of the body, finil their closest analogy in the prehistoric pottery of Olympia.' This vase is unique at Korakou and can hardly be a local fabric. I reganl it as an importation from the west. It was found in the highest layer of the first stratum and belongs therefore to the end of the Early Helladic Period in ilate. Although, as already mentioned, six floor-levels (or, to be more accurate, levels of habitation) apjiear in the side of the pits in the stratiun belonging to the Early Helladic Period, it was not possible in the limited space excavated to bring them into connection with changes in the style of the pottery. The potterj' itself, however, according to its sequence in the stratum, falls roughly into tiiree chronological stages, and in accordance W'ith these.(and without laying too much stress on the distinction) the period may be provisionally subdivided into three .secondary divisions. i J i Figure 17. (Joislet with Incised Decok.\- TioN (Possibly Impouted from OLyMPi.\), Eaui.y IlELLADir Peuioi), Group F. FiouRE 16. Small Stor.^ge Jar, Early Helladic Period, Group E. Tyi)i(a] of the earlic'st is the polished ware of group A with its .sub-neolithic character, while glazed ware is only just beginning to appear. This might be called Early Helladic I. Glazed ware of group B is characteristic of the seconil stage, which may be named Early Helladic II. This stage is much longer than the first and yields a much larger quantity of pottery. In the last stage, or I'^.arly Helladic III, glazed ware continues to maintain its predominant position and includes the bulk (if the sherds found, but a new departure in the ceramic art is seen in the patterned W'are of group ('. Though these latter sherds were comparati\-ely few, they are extremely significant in their bearing on the relations of the settlement at Korakou to other |)rehist<)ric establishments in the Aegean area (cf. below p. 112). Unpainted ware of grouj) D and domestic vessels of grouj) K occur in all stages of the period without perceptible change. > Cf. Ath. Mitt., XXXVl, 1!)11, pp. 104 IT. THE POTTERY 15 SECOND STRATUM— MIDDLE HELLADK" PERIOD The pottery of the Middle Helladio Period falls into four iiuiiii classes: Minyan ware. Matt- painted ware, unpaintcd domestic ware, and Mainland ware (-(jrrespondint; to fabrics of the Third Middle Minoan Period, each of which may be further subdividisd. A. MiNYAN Ware* T. Craii Minyan {or True or Northern Minyan). This fine potter>', named by Schliemann, who first fuxnid it at Orchonienos and Mycenae, has since been discovered at numerous oilier sites. It has been fully described In' Forsdyke,^ but a brief summary of its characteristics may be (tiven here. It is a w hccl-iiiaile pottery of high technical excellence. The clay is extremely fine and of a characteristic color which varies in different vessels from a veiy light to a veiy dark gray. This color is in most cases uiiifonn quite throtigh the biscxiit, as well as on the surface, and is |)robably due to the effect of some ii.irticuhir process of firing on the mineral elements in the clay. The sur- face is smoothly polished and has a characteristic soapy feel. The fabric is usually thin. The shajjcs of the vases are graceful and lia\c the unmistakable appearance of imitations of metal prototyiK's. The great bulk of this (;ra> Minyan is undccorated, but a number of sherds were < FlGURB IS. Ml.NYAN' l!l)«l., MnHlI.i: lIl.I.LADlr PeKIOI), C'l.VS.S a 1. I'lGURE 1'.). .\llNYAN HoWL, .\lM>l>Lf. IIkI.I.AIHC Pkkiod, Class A I. foiuid wiiich have a simple incised design in curved or wavy lines. The incision is very shallow and no white filling was used. Shapes recognized at Korakou are the following: 1. Deep open bowls with two high-sw\ing, ribbon handles and sides formed with a sharply angular profile (Fig. 18). The rim is high and splays outward. In some cases the bottom of the bowl is merely flattened (Fig. 19); in others there is a low raised base as in Figure 18. 2. Similar bowls with the same angular sides but with two small, tial lim)) handles set verti- cally below the liin. .\gain there are the two types of base: flat and raise*!. '.i. Similar iiouls iiut cdnsiderably shallower. There arc two round bow handles set vertically directly on the rim. 4. Ooblets, essentially of the same Inrni as sli.apc 2 aiiovc. but set on a high, ringed stem (Fig. 20). Sonu' stems have only one or two rings the so-called southern (ypc;^ while others have as uumy as six or seven the so-called northern type.* The stem is hollnw. 'Cf. «. .S'. A., X.XII, pp. 180ff. » J. //. .S'., XXXI V, l!lll, pp. 12ti-l.'if.; if. iil.soCliil.lc,. /.//,. s'., XXXV. I'll.'., pp. 1!m; 2(17; iiii.l lUwkiiisiui.l l)reen restored in plaster. The stem does not join aiul may. indeed, Ije from another vessel of the same shape.) Tlic shai]) angle of the side, tlic Hat haiullcs. and the thin flat rim in all the preceding shapes are decidedly metallic in their et^'ect. The gray color, too, may hi' due to an attempt to imitate silver or lead. 5. Bowls similar to shape 1 with high handles; but the side of the vessel instead of being angu- lar is curved. The rim, however, splays outward as in the preceding shapes (Fig. 21). 6. Bowls similar to shape 2 with small flat loop handles below the rim; but differing in that the side of the bowl is rounded, there being no angle at tlie sliotdder (Fig. 22). FiiiiRE 21. MiNYAx Bowl with Hounded Profile, Middlk Helladio Period, Class A 1. V FuiURE 22. MiNVAN Bowl with Hounded Profile, Middle Helladic Period, Cl.\ss A I. (Largely restored.) THK POTTERY 17 7. Siiia^ll cups witl. one iil.l)()ii liaiidlc. The profile up tc ll.c lir.i is cuiv..,!; tho rim splays outward. II. "Argive Minyan." ' This seems to be a local (po.ssibly Peloponncsian) imitation of Gray Miiiyan, sonietiines turned on the wheel, hut more often hand-made. The elay is usually not very earefully sifted. The hiseuit is hulT or reddish-hrown at thf con'. Imrned darker near the surface. FiGURK 2;?. SllKItDS OK "AlKilVE MiNY.Vn" WaHE, MlDDLE 11eLL.\I>IC PeRIOD, C'LASt- A 11. The surface of tlie vase both inside and out is covered with a heavy slip, grayish green, brown, brownish black, or black, wliicli is connnoncst. in color, ll is highly ])olished and hard, lacking the .soapy feel. Much of this "Argive Minyan" w.'ire is decorated with sinii)le incised curviliiu>ar |)atlerns and wilh stanipc'pe which was used for I he bmial of two small infants. Though broken into many pieces, it was practically complete ami has now l)een put together. It illustrates the characteristic shape of small storage jars of the |ii ridd; small fiat base, low belly on which are set two massive horizontal handles, and broad flat rim. Foiu' string-holes at. rcgidar intervals in the rim ajiparently served for ftistcning on a lid. The decoration is also characteristic; it covers the ujiper two-thirds of the vessel, this space being 'Cf.iJ..S. ,4., XXII, pp. lS3ff. » C'f. -E^. -Apx., ltr(> there is an angle or a short curve. Between this shoidder and the plain rim are two thick horizontal handles opposite each other. The space between the shoidder and the rim, marked off bj' broad lines, forms the decorated zone. The pattern is very simple, consisting merely of a series of St. Andrew's crosses made of do\d)le lines. ^ ' For a similar hasiu from Aegina see 'E<^. 'Apx-, ISO.'), PI. X, No. 7. The same type oeoiirs also at Argos, B. C. //., XXX, 1906, pp. 22-2:J, Figs. 29, 30, and wa.s founcl by Wide at Aphidna, Alh. Milt, XXI, 1896, PI. XV, 4-6. THK POTTERY 21 KicuKK 28. Small I'itikis, .Maiti-ainted \\ auk, Middu; IIlllauu I'tiiiui), l'LA.•^.•^ II 1. \ KlUOKk; 'J'J. Si'uini;!) ISowi,, M ai-ii'aintkI) W mu., Miiini.i. Hi i.i.aiiic 1'kiiiuu, Claps U I. 22 KORAKOU k Figure 30. Shallow Basin, Mattpainted \\'aue, Middle IIelladic Period, Class D I. 4. Beaked jugs. No whole s])eciiiHUi of this shape was recovered. Fif^ure 'SI shows part of a beaked jug with the ui)])er two-thirds divided off into a zone decorated with cross-hatching and parallel lines. 5. Water-jars. The upper part of a large water-jar was found (Fig. 32). Tlie body is not roiuid in section Init more or less oval. This shape, liowever, seems to l)e due to intent rather than to the accidents of firing. There is a long neck ending in a fairly wide mouth. Between the neck and the shoulder are two small flat vertical handl(>s set ojjposilc each other at the ends, \ i Figure ol. Ulakku Jug, Mattpainted Wake, Middle IIelladic Period, Class B I. roughly, of the long axis of the jar, while lower down, about the middle of the i:)ody, are two larger round horizontal handles at the ends of the short axis. The upper half onlj- is decorated with a careless linear pattern in faint piu-plish black paint. Around the neck three parallel dashes are repeated five times; this seems to be a careless version of the reversed sigma, 5, which, as will be seen below, is a frequent motive on the ware of class II. This jar is very coarse in fabric, made from unsifted clay, and exhibits much carelessness of finish. The surface, though extremely im- even, is somewhat polished. THK POTTEIJY 2:i l''iuuiiE oL'. \\ atlu-.Jah, Maiti'aintkd Wahi;, .Mieium. IIii.i.mih I'i.kiod, Ci.a.s;- \i I. I'lic ((Miiuioiu'.sf foiiii of \v:it('i-jar, however, is round in cross-seetioii, iiiut-li like the same type of v.isc ill I he Late Helhuhc I'eriotl. It lias a high, eoinijarativcly narrow iiecii, often witli concave ])rofii(', which meets the l)ody iisuaiiy at a sharp anslc- The hody widens out sharjily to its great- est diainetci- t'aiil\- liijih U|i and then gradually diminishes to ;i rather small l)ase. 'i'here arc two tyjies: in one there is one larsje roimd vertical handle cxtciidiii^i l'ii>i.K IIki.ladic rKitioo, Cla.-^s H 1. 24 Kf^T^AKor or two alxnit tlio IxkIv at tlio lovcl of (lie lower haiullcs. Tlic dec-oral ion is liiniled lo I he space ahove tliis hand. AHlioiigh more than t went >• necks were found ( Fifi. 33). il was nol possihle to reconstruct coniplftcly a sinjtle watcr-jai-. II. Fine Wdre. This ware is nmcli linei' Ihan llie precedinji.and the vases, often \vheel-inaih\ are generally small. The clay is well relined, usually ImfY or yellowish fjreen in color. There is almost always a slij) of the same tone as the day. In some eases it is ])oor, ijciufi rather soft and powdery; in other cases it is harder and has received a certain aniovuit of polish. The patterns (Figs. 34, 35, and 30; also Pi,.\te II, Xos. 1, 3, o, and 7; Pl.\ti-; 111, Nos. 1 to 4), in a i)erfectly matt Mack or |nui)lish Mack, are for the most part curxilineai'. and apart from m 3 -^ 8 \ /J ^^ 4 -■*'♦» \ 13 Figure 34. Sherds of MattpAinted W'ahe, Cups, Middle Helladic Peuiod, Class B II. spirals, concentric circles and half-circles, runnin) Dcpp (lips with convex sidcis (as tswii from llii' uuisiiU-; and raist-d liase. Tin- base is broader than tliat of the shape just described and there is no real stem. This is approximately the same as a very coiiinioii shape at Phylakopi.' Sherds from cups of this type found at Korakou may be seen in Figure 'M, Nos. 2, 6, 11, and 14. (c) Cups with concave sides (as seen from tlie outside) and a fiat base (Fig. 34, Nos. 3, 7, 8, 9, and 12). A cup of this type, restored, is shown in Plate III, No. 4. It will be seen that this is essentially the same shape as that of the gold cups from Vaphio, (jr perhaps more nearly the Keftiu cup.- ()n cuy)s of shapes (a) and (1)) the decoration is apparently always arranned in two panels. One of tiicse is usually left ])lain or has only tlie simplest |)attern; the other, which is always to the right of the hauille, has a more elaborate ornaiuent. The more ornamental panel is, therefore, on the side of the I up whieli would he turned away from the person drinking, but visible to spectators. In the case of shape (c), though the panelled arrangement is fre(|ucnt, there is often a pattern rumiing entirely round the cup. The latter shape suggests prototypes of nu-tal. Some of the sherds also show a metallic looking raised band around the middle of the cup; and a rivet-head formed in clay is often present at the ]ioint wliere llie liandle joins the rim. 2. Beaked jugs. Among the other shapes recognized w'ere beaked jugs re.send)linK son>e\vliat the jugs found at Phylakopi (Phijinkopi § 0, PI. XIV). No wiiole examples were recoveretl at Korakou. The upper part of a jug with the handle and a portion of the neck was put together us shown in Figtne 35, No. 3. This pot is like the vases from Phylakojii mentioned above also in the faetthat it had two raised brcast-like projections just below the neck on the side opposite the lian- dle. Spouts of these jugs were usually decorated with iiarallel lines, Bometimt>s supplemented liy a |)air of dotted circles (Fig. 36, Nos. 4 and 0). :>. ( (pen bowls both deep and shallow. These, judging by t he mnnber of fragments, were fairly common. Some have the angular shoulder eliaracteristic of Oray Minyan ware; others have the rounded profile which is more usual in Yellow ■Minyan. In both cases the shape is essentially Min- yan (Fig.35, Nos. l,2,4;Fig. 30, Nos. 3,9, 13, 17; Pl.\tkII, Nos.Sand 7; Pl.\tk III, Nos. land 2). The most frequently used i)atterns are comuH'ted spirals — both true and false spirals— and con- cent ric half-circles dotted at the centre. Both of these patterns are familiar from Minoan ware of tlie Middle Minoan Period in Crete.^ It is exactly these patterns that occur in the light-on-dark style on the earliest sherds of Minoan technique— though certainly of Maiidand fabric- that ap- liear at Korakou (cf. Class D I below, p. 32, and Pl.vtk II, Nos. 2, 4, ti, 8). In these Matt painted vases, accordingly, which exhibit southern or Minoan patterns applied in local (Mainland) tech- niic I'kkiod, Cl.\.-s H II. l)aint. On the shoulder are two small vertical handles. Between these on each side are two somi-- what fantastic curvilinear motives filled in with cross-hatching (one of the four, perhajis i)y over- sight of the decorator, shows only sim])le hatching).' Two types of vases, which are comparatively rare, deserve to i>c meiiiioned here; they may form a connecting link between wares of classes I and II, cond)ining the patterns of the former with the fabric of the latter. f). Cups of fine fabric with a profile of two opjrosite ciu'ves. The clay, which is pale, of a green- ish tinge, is extremely well purified, and the vases are carefidly shaped with extraordinarily thin walls. There is a flat base, antl the cup has one or two vertical ribbon handles which extend high above the rim. The .surface is coated wit h a fine clay slip, sometimes iiolished, sometimes powdery, on which is painted in dull purplish black paint an angular linear pattern in fine sure lines. This sureness and delicacy of treatment, in striking contrast with the rather careless exec\ition of the bulk of Mattpainted ware, suggests the i)ossil)ility that the.se cujjs may be of foreign origin. It may be remarked, however, that the clay appears to be local, wiiiii- the general arrangement of the decoration is practically the same as tiiat found in the shallow basins of eliuss I. No whole example was obtained at Korakou. Figiue 38, however, shows a cup part ially restored from frag- ments that came to light at Gonia. Ware similar to this was found by \ollgraf at Argos.* ' Cf. li. S. A., IX, p. 30(), FiK. 0. ' Cf. FurtwJiiiulor and f^oesclicke, M i/keiiLiclit Tlmuijefiissc, PI. X, No. .'lO. » In tccluiique and fiuish tliis viisc scenis cXoavU nliidd Ici tlii> iKilyilironie fiil)rics dimu.-M'd uiiJir C'lrn* III Ulow. * B. C. II., XXX, V.m\, p. 28, Figs. 50-53. 28 K()1!AK()[T 7. Wi'll-inadr sliallow huwls of a type found also at Ar^os.' \'('iv few slicids were (lisc(i\('i('(l at Korakoii. Tlicy show a fiin' fabric of well purified day, covorcd with a siuootii slip. Around the up])er i)art of the howl runs a hand of decoration in dull pinpie iiaint. The i)attern, eonsistin;; of a belt of lozenges arranged in pairs, point to point , is carefully executed. The lower part of the vessel Ijelow tiie angle of tlie profile seems to carry a number of rays radiating from the base. In shape these vases may be parallel to the later exami)li's in the scries of bowls from IMiylakopi.- A sample sherd is given in Figure 30. III. Poh/chioiiU' MaUpainlcd Ware.'' A third class of Mat I paint e(l ware is shaijily distinguished from the two just deseribeil b\- I he fact that its decoi'ation is carried out in nolvchrome. As FiciUKE 38. Cup of Fine F.\buic, Matt- painted Ware, Middle Helladic Peiuod, Class B II. Fiuuke 39. Fracme.nt of .Shallow Howl, Matt- '.UNTED Wahe, Middle Helladic Peuiod, Cla.-;s B II. compared with the other two styles, sherds of this type were relatively few. The best of them belong to wheel-made vases of excellent fabric. The biscuit is brick red or reddish buff in color, while the surface is covered with a smooth sli]) of the same tone. The i)atterns are chiefly linear (Figs. 40 and 41), such as bands of lines in ret! with black edging; broad wavy lines in red with irregular edging of white or purple (Fig. 40, No. 1); tri- angles or lozenges outlined in black with red filling (Fig. 41, No. 3), etc. In many cases, however, the upper part of the vase was apparently divided into panels, each containing a bird or some fantastic animal of which the outline is painted in black and the body is filled in with red. In all cases the paint is perfectly matt, and its lack of lustre is emphasized by contrast with the polished slip. Shapes that could be recognized are the following: 1. Beaked jugs. Fragments of five or six beaks were found (Fig. 42). The jugs to which they belonged were similar to the well-known jugs from the sixth shaft grave ' B. C. //., XXX, 1900, p. 28, Figs. 47^9. 2 Cf. Phylakopi, § 1.5 and PI. 33. 'Cf.B.S..-l.,XXII,p. 185f. Figure 42. Neck of Beaked .Iug, M.\tt- PAiNTED Ware, Middle Helladic Period, Class B III. THE potti-:ry 29 ^ -X} / FioURF. 40. Sherds of Polyi'iikomi: Matti'aintki) Wauk. Miudi.k IIki.i.xdic I'kuioo, Class H 111. ^^/«* "^•Tvvvv^^yw- FlOUElK tl. SlIKIlKS OK I'ol.VilinoMi: MaTT1'AINTK.I> WmIK, MikDI.K IIkIJ.MUC I'KKIiID, fUA»!* H III. 30 KORAKOU at Mycenae.' There is also a similar jug from Phylakopi in the National Museum at Athens;'' and a related (Cyeladic) type is represented among the finds from the Tem[)le Repositories at Cnossns.' 2. Large jars with fairly narrow mouth, similar to a jar from the sixth shaft grave at Mycenae.'' 3. Deep bowls with wide opening and he:iv>- Hal lini (Fig. 40, No. 1). 4. Shallow howls with angidar shoidder, splaying rim, and vcitiral rililioii handles. A fragment of n rim of this type is ilhist rated in FigtU'e 43; the pidlile sccins clcarlN' takcMi from Minyan ware. In atldition to this fine polyehrome ware there is also ;i poorer faluic represented liy an equal mnnber of siierds. These arc of varying quality, ranging from good wheel-made specimens to very coarse examples made by hand. The clay is generally lighter than in the finer ware and is not so well purified. The polished slip characteristic of the fine ware is lacking, and the surface is not so smooth. The ])aticrns are linear, prodiicccl in two colors, black and red, the outline being most frequently done in black with rcMl as the accessory for filling. ,\ few sherds are nnich like the black and reil waic of Mclos.'' Tlic material at Korakou is too frag- ment a i'\' III allow t lie rest oi'at ion of any shapes. Shallow bowls wit h I hick, (lat rims seem coniinon. Figure 43. Rim of Shallow Bowl, Poly- riinOMK M.VTTP.MNTED WaRE, MIDDLE HeI-- LADic Period, Class R III. FiouRE 44. DoMEsTir Vessel Suggestive of Mintan Origin, Middle Helladic Period, Group C. C. Coarse Unpainted Domestic Ware Along with the Mitiyan and Mattpainted fabrics described abfive there were manj' sherds be- longing to coarse unpainted vessels used for domestic purposes. These for the most jiail. do not ' Cf. Furtwiingler and Loesclicke, Mykenische Thoru/efdsse, Pl. VIII. 2 Cf. Phylakopi, p. 159. 3 Cf. B. S. A., IX, p. 150, Fig. 26, g. * Cf. Furtwiingler and Loeschcke, Mykenische Thnngefdsse, PL IX. ^ Phylakopi,^ 10, p. 118. THE POTTERY 31 (liffer iiuiteii;illy liom the household pots of the prcfcdiiiK or of the foUowmt: prn.«ls and their datiiiR, therefore, depends chiefly upon their plaee in tlu- stralificiition. Primitive ckint: over an f)ii(ii fire does not tend to produce Rreat variety and specialization in forms. In the followiiifc shapes which were rcM-ognized from the second stratum at Korakou the clay is extremely coarse and the biscuit usually shows a brick red color: 1. Cooking pots of simple types, (lenerally the vessel is a fairly deep bowl with wide. splaying rim. Specimens of both hiKh and low handles were found. The ve.s.sel shown in Figure 44, made of coarse grayish buff clay, by its profile .suggests the influence of Minyan ware in its origin. In some cases the pot apparently stood on three short legs which allowed it U) be set down over the fire. 2. Strainers. Three small strainers were foimd, all of coarse thick fabric (Fig. 45). One (Fig. 45, No. 1) has a flat base, curved side, and splaying rim, while a thick loop handle extending I Figure 4.5. Stuaineiis. Domestic Wahe. Middi.k IIki.i.mik: Pkuiod, C'iHoup C. vertically high above tlic rim is attached at one end to the rim and at the other to the shoulder of the vessel. The base is perforated, and there is also one row of holes around the side of the pot just ab()\-e the base. The other two strainers are smaller but of equally coarse fabric. They have a flat base, straight sides, and a heavy loop handle, both ends of which spring from the rim. The base is perforated. Strainers may be a misleading liamc for these pots. Larg). They staml on n flat base and their spreading sides curve inward again to form a short neck, from which rises a splaying rim. There is no decoration save, perhaiis, the three or four iirojecling knobs .set at intervals :ii(iiiiiil I he shoulder and taking the place of handles. 4. i'iilidi. I.;iige pilliiii of llie same cnaise fabric were in use. They have a very small— sometimes pointed — base and were apparently intended to stand at least partially buried in the earthen floor of the room in which they w(>re kept. Raised rope bands running aboni il..' b.-.K ..f the i)il hos are the oidy form of decoration. Some of these i)ithoi are of huge size. 32 KORAKOTT D. Mainland Waiu: Corresponding to Fabrics ok tiii; Tiiini> Middle MiNOAN Pkuiod The i)ottci>- iiu'huli'd in this section belongs teelinically with the ware of the Late llelladie Poriod: in the stratified deposit, however, it is found together with the hitor Minyan and Matt- painted wai'<>s and nnisl aecordin;il>' lie eonsiderecl alonii with t hem in t he discussion ol' the Middle llelladie Period. Though not very numerous these sherils are imijortant as re])resenting the earliest " Mycenaean " vases in use at Korakou. These vases iTitroduced a iw\\ ti^'lmicjue, namely the employment of lustrous paint as the decorative medium. The new teihni(|ue after its adoji- tion rapidly forged ahead of the ro(luced the fiiiishecl Mycenaean wares of llie L:ile FiGDRE 40. Small Stohahi-; .Iar.s, (.'oaksk Ware, .Muidlk IIei.lauk rKuioi), (Iroiti' C. Helladic Period. The sherds in ciuestion represent a Mainland version corresponding to both the light-on-dark and the dark-on-light styles of the Third Middle Minoan Period in Crete. I. LigM-on-Dark . A number of typical sherds are show'u in Figure 47, four of which are re- peated on Platj; II. These vases are wheel-made from carefully prepared buff or yellowish green clay. The biscuit often shows pink at the core^ shading to buff at the surface. The surface is covered with a coat of smooth lustrous paint, red or brownish black in color, on which are painted curvilinear, geometric patterns in dull white. The patterns are commonly rumiing spirals or double spirals, crossed circles, concentric half-circles, and belts of lines. A comparison of Figure 47 with Figures 35 and 36 will show the essential identity of these patterns with those on the Matt- painted ware of class II; and on Plate II certain typical patterns of this group are shown side by side in the two different technifiiies. The origin of these patterns is uiuloubtedly to be sought in Crete (cf. above p. 25). Among the sherds there are a few which stand out by the excellence of their fabric and paint. They are not, howevcu-, identical with the M. M. Ill fabrics of Crete and are probably to be explained not as importations but as the best product of the best mainland potters. Other sherds, of somewhat poorer fabric, made of yellowish green clay of the Corinthian variety, are certainlj' of local niaiuifactiu'e. Quite without parallel, so far as I know, are a few THE POTTERY 33 odd sherdte vvhicli on a ])ii.kisl, icI Kionnd sIk.w liiu'ar patterns in white and l>lack-l.kek being the accessory color, tised for laiKc loujid dots on the white lines (Platk III, No. 8). The following shapes could he recognized: 1. Small roiind-l.odi.'d jii^rs will, fairly high necks and only one handle (cf. Figs. 47, No. 3; 48 No. 1). 2. Small rouMd-lKMliiMJ jars with narrow opening, resemi)ling the holc-nioutiied jars of Crete (Fig. 47, No. 2). 3. Round howls with splaying rim. In some cases the side is rounded, in others angular (Fig. 47, Nos. 5, 8, and (i). There is also the net pattern (Fig. 4«.>, Nos. 3, 8, and !t) wiiich hccomcs familiar on Late Ilclladi<' 1 vases and later; and .some sherds have ' Figs. 48, No. 2; 4!). 34 KORAKOU a purely linear design not arranged in bands. One sherd, unfovtuuately rather small, seems to have a fragiiu-nt of the nuining-ciuirk jKittern: and this, apart from two sherds decorated witli an ordinary spiral (Fig. 40, Nos. I and 2), is, among the material available u]) to the present time, the only connecting link in j)atteriis with tlie IJKht-on-dark style. .V small stemmed ^olilct (I'^ig. 48, No. 2) is covered with pdorly drawn dimhle ax<'s, anil a similar, liut V('r\- well drawn, design recurs on another va.se, possibly a hole-mouthed jar (Pl.\tk III, No. 7). Some of these sherds, namely those with bands of conventional sea-shells (Pl.\te III, Nos. 5 and ()) and with the net pattern (Fig. 49, Nos. 3, 8, and 9), are remarkable for their shiny glazed sm'face. (piite difTerent from anything else found :i1 l\(ii;ik(iu. Apart fnim a few similar sh(>rds Figure 4S. Part of HiGH-XErKED Jnc. with Light DEroR.'iTioN on D.\nK Ghotjkd, and Fragment of Stemmkd Goblet in Dark-on- Light, Middle Helladit Period, (!lass D I and D IL discovered at Tiryns, I know of examples from no other site. It may not be a local fabric in cil her place, and is certainly not like any known Cretan variety. The shapes, so far as they could be recognized, include: 1. Small jugs with squat body and fairly wide neck (Fig. 49, Xo. 3). 2. Small goblets on a stem (Fig. 48, No. 2). 3. Hole-mouthed jars (Fig. 49, Nos. 1 and 2). 4. Cups of the Vaphio or Keftiu shape (Pl.\te III, No. 6). It will be seen that although the patterns are almost entirely different, the shapes are inactically identical with those of the light-on-dark style. The difference in pattern may, of course, l)e due merely to chance; not a very large number of these sherds was found. Gray Minyan ware predominates in tlie lower levels of the second stratinn and seems, tlierefore, to have been in general use during api)rf)ximately the first half of the period. Along with it occurs Mattpainted wai'e of class I, and particularly of the angular linear style. Minyan is the fine pot- tery of this time, while the coarser vessels are produced in the Mattpaintetl style. This period might be called Middle Helladic I. In the upper levels of the stratum, corresponding to the second half of the period, Gray Minyan still occurs, but in diminishing quantities, while the amoinit of Yellow Minyan has grown to a large proportion of the whole. Mattpainted ware of class I continues to be represented by numer- THE POTTERY 35 ous coarse pots, hut the pattonis are now ahiiost entirely curvilinear. .Mutipau.ted ware of class II has likewise come into general use, and the vases of class III also belong here; while the " Myce- naean" ware described above in p;rou|) D has made its initial appearance.. Thus in the second half of the period the fine pottery is chiefly Yellow Minyan, Mattpainte.i ware of style II, and the earliest Mycenaean ware; while the coarse pottery is Mattpainte.i ware of style I. Unpaintinl domestic pots naturally occur at all times throughout the period. The name Middle Helladic II may be used to designate this latter lialf of the .second period. TlilliD STH.ATr.M- L.\TK HET.T.ADIf PERIOD Mycenaean pottery is so familiar from the cxcavaiions at Mycenae and Tiryns an.l jmmerous other sites on the Mainland that it might seem supertiuous at this time to offer a rletaile.l account of tlic Mycenaean ware found at Korakou. Since the pioneer work of cla.ssification by Furt- FiGDKE 49. Shkuds with D.MiK DEron.\TioN ON Light t!nocxi>. Middi.k Hkllaoic I'F.nion, C'i.as» I) II. wiiriglcr and l.oeschcke nH)re than thirty years ago,' however, no re-exainination of Mycenaean l>(illciv as a whiih' lias liiilicriii appeared. .\iid yet, during this same period, fresh mat I'rial for such an investigation has come to light in increasing fiuanlities from almost all parts of the (Jreek .Mainland, and the great discoveries in Crete have changed the whole basis of cla.-isificalion. The Cretan system of il.issificat inn elaborated by Sir .\rlhur ICvan.s lia.s be«'n extended by many aichaeologisls (o iin hide t lie lIcJL-idii' .Mainland as well. ' MykenUche Thoiigvfdxne, lS7n, iind MykenUchr Vasen, 18SG. 36 KORAKOU But at practically all the Mainland sites which have up to the present been excavated, the series was not found to be complete. Either no stratification was preserved al all, or a break in the stratification caused sonic stage in the process of development to beiuirepreseiited. Consequently no attenipt lias yet been made, nor was i1 hitherto, indeed, an easy unckutakint!;, to trace the evolu- tion of Mycenaean potteiy on the Mainland, revise its classification, and establish more closely its relation to the wares of Crete. Now, however, simi' the stratificil sequence at Korakou was un- liroken and the com-se of develojiment of Mycenaean jiottery heie ajipears cl(>ar, it has sihuihvI worth while, instead of stating merely that "a great deal of Mycenaean pottery of the well known Late Minoan I, Late Minoan II, and Late Minoan III types was foiinfl," to give as complete a description and classification as possible of the pottery- that actually came to light. It has already been stated that the third stratum in certain of the pits exhibits three well- marked layers which yield three styles of Mainland Mycenaean jiottery. Tt must be borne in — «irn«w*««r Figure 50. Sherds with Patterns of Spir.\ls, Late Helladic I. mind that there is no sharp break in continuity from one of these stages to another. The whole Late Helladic Period presents one continuous development. Each stage shades gradually and spontaneously into the succeeding stage, and there are naturally manj' vases showing a transi- tional character which it would be difficult to classify on one side or the other of a hard and fast line. The three stages will be called Late Hellatlic I, II, and III, and are as follows: L.\TE HELLADIC I A. Painted Pottery These vases are all wheel-made, in most cases, however, with a slight touch of carelessness in the execution. The fabric is excellent. The clay is finely sifted and free from gritty particles. In color it is almost always either yellowish green, of the kind typical in Corinthian vases of all periods, or ]iinkish bufT; and in both cases the biscuit often appears pink at the core. The baking is well THE POTTERY 37 iloiif. The s\iif;Hc nl ilic va«' is covered with a smooth shp similar to the elay in color. The p.iiiil is lustrous and <>t (iood (luality. In a consideralde nuinlier of cases the paint has partly linked t dtie to something in the nature of that clay which does not allow the paint to adhere with al>solnte l)ermanency. Black paint, varying to l)rownish black, is always used on vases of yellowish (jreen clay, while on vases of Iniff clay a good red is almost as freejuent as black. This distinction, already noticed in tlic discussion of patterned ware of the Early Helladic Period (ef. above p. 9), is so regular as to suggest the conclusion that it is due rather to .some technical limitation imposetl MHH 4^^ FlGURK ")1. SlIBRDS WITH Si'UtALlFOUM I'ATrEUNS, L.\TE HkLLADIC 1. I)y (lie yellowi.sh green clay than to deliberate desi^rn. Whatever the cause, it is no doulil con- nected with the other circumstance alluded to above, namely, that the black paint on yellowish green vases easily Hakes off. In some instances fin buff clay) the patterns apjiear in black on one side of the vase, graihially changing to red on the other. This gradation of colors, though gener- ally irregidarly carried out, may in some cases be intentional. On the earlier vasrs sui>sidiary (litails are often adiled in white. The patterns are largely, but not cxclu.sively, linear. In the linear group the most freciuent are the spiral, a belt of ([uirks, groui)s of straight or wavy parallel lines, and festoons. This is the great period of the spiral. The spiral is usually fairly well drawn in a rather fine line wliiili, start ini; Iroiii a large central eye, makes five, six, or seven or more revohitions In'fore it lerniinates in the lirii.id line forming the circumference (cf. Fig. .'jO. Nos. 2, 3, -J, and 5). In 38 KORAKOU later examples the drawing is less careful and the central cj'e is often lacking, hut the miiulier of revolutions remains aboiit the same (cf. Figs. 50, No. 1; 51, No. 6). Tlie spirals arc arranginl in most cases in a hell filling a scone around the upper half of the vase. They arc conncctcil l)y tangents or wavy lines, singly or in pairs, wliicli usually rise from near the base of one spiral and extend to the top of (he next (Fig. 51). Quite typical nf Late Heliailic 1 \ascs arc tlic Iwn large roimd dots placed one above and one below the tangent connecting each i)air of spirals ( I'ig. 56, No. 2). These dots and the central eyes arc freciucntly pointed with wiiite and a row of small white dots is also often super-added to the tangents or wavy lines connecting the spirals (Figs. 50, No. 5; 51, No. 2). Derived from the spiral is the pattern shown in Figure 51, No. 4. Here we have a series .of pear-shaped objects, filled in witli cross-hatching, which arc connected by enclosing lines into a spiraliforni system. The running (|uirk i)attcrn, which, as wc haxc seen, occurs on Matti)aiulcd ware of class 11, and on tlark-on-light as well as light-qn-dark Mainland wave corresponding to Middle Mi- noan III, continues to ap])car in Late Helladic L In its simjjlest form it consists of a series of unconnected, doubly curved lines or {piirks, each one overlapping the next, forming a belt around the vase. In a more developed form the quirks are elaborated into simple tailed spirals, overlap- ping but not coimected (Fig. 57, No. 1). In a further stage, finally, the tail of each spiral joins a wavy line which encircles the vase and thus imites all the spirals into a connected system.' The (piirk pattern regularly occurs in a belt around the uj^per part of the vase, which is sejiaratcd from the lower part by one or more plain bands of paint (Fig. 57, No. 1). Groups of parallel lines are frequently the only ornament, nnniing either in a veitical or a hori- zontal direction. The latter is the more common variety. The great nnijority of the vases of this period carry their main decoration in a zone around the upper part of the vessel, while the lower part is marked off, and often occupied, by broad bands of paint, which varj' in number from one to five or .six. In most cases these bands are rather careless free-hand productions; in only a few instances do they seem to have been ])aintcil carefully while thc'vasc was revolving on tlu^ wheel. Cups of the Vaphio or Keftiu shape have a typical pattern of this type (Plate IV, No. 3; Figs. 53, No. 1, 4, 5, and G; 54). About the U])iier ]iart of the cup nm two or three jiarallcl horizontal lines. Above and below this group is a row of rather shapeless dashes, which in some of the better executed examples have roughly a crescent form and look as if they might be a conven- tional rendering of lanceolate leaves. The whole pattern might then be a degenerate version of the foliate sprays familiar on Minoan vases. Parallel lines running vertically are arranged in a variety of ways. In some cases they are short, filling a zone around the upper part of the vase, while the lower portion has the usual horizontal bands (Fig. 56, No. 1). In another type the lines are longer and \isually wavy, antl occur I'ithcr in groups of four, five, or six — in which case the groups are repeated at intervals around the body of the vase (Fig. 57, No. 2) — or consecutively, filling the whole space available. Ornamentation of this type is probably connected with the so-called ripple motive,- which on the Mainland reaches its finest development in the tortoise-shell cups of the'Second Late Helladic Period (cf . below p. 47). ' Cf. Hall, The Di-rorativc Arl'oJ Crete in the Bronze Age, Fig. 4.5, p. 30. 2 Cf. Mackenzie, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, p. 160 and PI. IV, 1-5. ( ■1 FuiCRE 52. Sherds of Late Hell.vdk I Ware. r.Oul ox 1KA,.MKN.-S ,.K CU.-S OK T.-K Va.-M.O .U KkKV.U SHV-E, I.AXE HeUU^U.. I. 40 KORAKOU Festoons soinotinics oecur in conjinu-tion with parallel lines, a row of festoons being inserted between pairs of lines. In other cases a network of festoons fills the upper part of the vase (Fig. 53, No. 2). Naturalistie designs arc eonsiilcrably rarer than the linear patterns described above. Floral motives are the most frequent types of this class and include very naturalistic iv_\- leaves O'ig- o-^> No. 10), grasses (Fig. 52, No. 2), ami a variety of flowers; while sea motives are also represeiitt'd. Ratiier noteworthy is a sort of conventionalized double axe with curved blades. In the lioUow between the blades, above and below, are two vertical dashes. This pattern seems to have been repeated seviM-al times around the vase, the space between the axes being occupieil in one case by the handle, and i« the others by three vertical parallel lines (Fig. 52, Nos. 1 and 4). The most important shapes of vases of this First Late Helladic P(M-iod at Korakon are the following: 1. Cups. Cups of the Vaphio or Keftiu shape,' which began to ajjpear in the Second Middle Helladic Period among the Mattpainted wares of class II and in both styles of Mainland ware Figure 54. Cns m nii: \ aimuo or Kefti0 Sh.'Vpe, Late Helladic I. corresponding to Middle Minoan III (light-on-dark and dark-on-light), have now Ix'come very numerous. The shape is strongly suggestive of a metallic prototype. The sharp angle of the flat base with the side of the cup resembles work in metal. Furthermore, the raised ridge encircling the midille of the cup seems a survival in clay of the joint where two thin plates of metal over- lapped. There is, moreover, in a large number of these cups, at the point where the lower end of the handle joins the body of the vase, a raised knob reminiscent of a metal rivet. Actual originals in metal of this shape are of course well known, including the two famous gold cups from Vaphio,^ though these are probably somewhat later in date. The commonest form of decoration consists of the linear pattern which, as mentioned above, suggests a highly conventional, foliate spray (Figs. 53, Nos. 1,4, 5, and 6; 54, Nos. 1 and 2). Run- ning spirals also occur frequently (Fig. 53, Nos. 7, 8, and 9), while festoons (Fig. 53, No. 2) and the ripple pattern (Fig. 53, No. 3) are somewhat less common. From the end of the First Late ' For the sake of convenience the cups described above are referred to as "cups of tlie Vaphio sliape." It must be admitted, however, that the sliapes are not absolutely identical. In tlie gold cups the concavity of the side, which is so pronounced in the clay specimens, is very slight, but tliis maj' be due in part at least to their decoration in relief. Essentially the shape seems to me to be the same. ' ■Eiuiile is far more euiiimnn, and i he latter becomes one of the favorite shape.- of the First as well as the Second Laic ilelladic I'erio.i. Tiie decoration includes ahnost all of the varieties menti '.I above, alihniigh linear molives arc nnu-li more numerously represented than floral. ."). .lugs. A large ntmiber of fragments lu-long to small jugs with •' cutaway " necks, tliat is, the rear part of lheiief this, the fal)rie is considerably thickened about the base of the neck and presents a very rou^jh surface on the inside. As regards the decoration, the \ipper ])art of the body is usually embellished with a l)elt of spirals, while the lower j)art remains un|)ainted. The siierds illustrated in Figure 50, Nos. 1 and ."), and Figure 51, No. 1, are from jugs of this shape. The pattern of a double axe with curved blades also occurs (Fig. 52, No. 4). 6. Hole-mouthed jars. This shape is an inheritance from the preceding period, where it is found in Mattjiainted fabrics, as well as in light-on-dark Mycenaean ware. Here there are very FiGUHE 57. Ste.mmkd ('■(iblets. Late Hellauic I. few sherds, barely enough in fact to establish the occiu'rence of the shape, whicii a|)i)arenliy lUed out in lliis ])eriod; at least no example of a later date was found. 7. Scpiat bowls.' To the First Late Helladic Period belong the earliest examples of thesf|uat bowl, which becomes a much favored shape in the following ])erioil and, iiuii'ed, in Late Helladic III as well. Two types are here representeil. One has a wide liase, straight sides, and an angular shoulder. The mouth is narrow and ha> a iiroad li]). while on the sloi)ing sjjace bclwcen the shoulder and the neck are three small horizontal loop handles. The decoration is of various kinds. Thus, in one example, the field above and l)elow the shoukler is merely filled in with small dots (Fig. 52, No. 5); in another, the sloping upper part carries a belt of connected loops, while the lower part (now broken away) apparently was ornamented with nothing more than a group of parallel horizontal bands. These vases are very nicely made, with fine regular wheel-marks showing on the inside. The second type, of which not many examples were found, is the ordinary squat bowl which becomes very common in the succeeding period (Late Helladic II). It has a curving side proceed- ing from a broad Ijase to a narrow neck. One of these vases is decorated with heart-shaped leaves and five-petalled flowers. 8. Two examples of a low vase resembling the squat bowl, but with only one vertical handle — described under number 9 of the Second Late Helladic Period — were recognized. One is ' This is the shape usually called "alabastron" by excavators: see Sir Arthur Evans, The Tomb of the Double Axes and Associated Group (Archaeologia, LXV, 1914), p. 16 and PI. II. THE POTTERY 4:{ (iin,iiii(ntp4 Willi ivy loaves (FIk- o'-', No. 3), tiie otluT has a liii.-ar (lc.-...ui,..n .uiimmihh ..i wavy liiimls. '.). In addition lo the above, liicii- wore a iiuiiiImt of fragiiK-iits of larger vases of wliii-li tlie shapes coulil not easily l.e made (jiit. ( )ne of these shapes, however, seems (o be a deep ImjwI with large side-spoilt. B. U.N'P.M.NTKO \\ AKi; Along with the painted pottery deserii)ed above, a great (luaiitity of uiipaiiited slierds of good quality was found. A large proportion of the.se sherds belong to va. ('inil)MK W AKK. l.ATK Ib.l.l.MMi I. ('ilnil I' C thill MIT. and the slip still snioollier and more like glaze. Turning lo I he >liape>, we liiid lliai ilie stemmed goblet with rounded profile has almost entirely .s\ipplaiited that with angular profile. A typical examjjle is shown in I'igtire 08. Other shapes well represented among lhe.se slienis are the j-U!i with (III -away neck: a dippcicn ladle wit h one high ribbon handle: a deep bowl with small side-sjjout ; and a liaiidleless cu|) wit li Hat bottom. (". Mo.VOCHKOMK W.\KK Sherds of red and black moiiochidme ware, which had begmi to ai)pear, ihougli in i-xtreniely small (|uaii(iiies. tow^ird I he end of the .Middle Helladic Period, increase rai)idly in the early part of the First Late Helladic straluiii until they become very immeroiis. The fabric is the same as that of Yellow Minyan. Instead, however, of being finished with a fine slip, these vases are com- pletely covered with a smooth coal of black or red i)aint of good <|Uality. In many casi-s uneven firing has caused the red paint to tui 11 black in patches, thus i)roducing a mottled efTecJ. Shupwi recognizecl were the following: 44 KORAKOU 1. StcimiH'd fiuhlcts. Tlicse have oil luM- nmiidcd or aiiguhir profile of side. Tlu' larger ex- aiiii)les have two ril>l)oii handles (Fig. 5'J). the smaller only one (Fig. (JO). 2. Dee]) bowls with two Hat loo]) handles jilaced vertically. 3. Large bowls of heavier fabric with a s])()ii( on one side liclwien the two handles. D. (;l{A^ .Miw.w Cray Minyan occurs, but has become extri'mely rare; only slightly more than two per cent of the total number of sherds found belong here. E. Matti'aintki) Wahi-; Mattpaiuted ware of class II is foiuid,l)Ut is very rare. Sherds of class I, however, are niimerous. They are, of course, of the ciu'vilinear style and belong chiefly to coarse vessels such as water- jars and spouted bowls. They form about fifteen per cent ol the total number of fragments. 1'. DoMKSTic Pots These include a variety of large, coarse vessels usually made of uiu'etined buff, yellowish green^ or brick nvl clay. Among the shapes may be noted high-necked water-jars, tleep bowls, \u-ns on 1 FiouRE IJl). Stemmku Goulhts, Red Moinochhome \\'.\he (li, Black Mij.nochko.mk Wake (2), Late Helladic I, Ghoup C. a heavy stem, small jars or crocks on a small I'aised base, shallow basins, and sundry cooking i)ots with one or two handles. Many of these vessels have a potter's mark stampeil or scratched in the base, in a few cases on the handles. The marks consist of one, two, three, or more parallel dashes, across (-ForX), or one ormore dots. LATE HELLADIC II This period marks the highest development of ceramic art at Korakou. Here we reach the culmination of a process that had been going on since the second stage of the Middle Helladic Period, the process of fusion of "Minyan" with Mycenaean art ; and the completion of that process gives lis the finest results ever achieved by oin- local potters of KorakoTi. Graceful shapes and naturalistic designs are here seen at their best, particidarly in "Ephyrean ware," described in section B below. Before the period ends, however, it shows us the potter's art well started on its THE POTTERY 45 decline. Shortly after its highest stage of perfection was attained a pradual deterioration set in, affecting both fabric and decoration; and, degenerating steadily, Mycenaean potter>- finally ter- minated in the poorly made vases with lifeless, conventionalizerl designs of the end of the Thir.l Late Helladic ( = Latc Minoan III) Period. .\. P.\iNTED Pottery The fabric is identical with that found in the First Late Helladic stage and the paint is also of the same good quality and of the same colors. The use of white, however, as an aeces.sorv color Figure 01. Smiud^ Illdsthatini; .■^piu.m.s, Latk IIki.ladic II, Cl.vvs .\. is nowvery uncommon. In t lie decoration a still more noticeable change is evident in that natural- istic designs liave become very much more common, wiiile linear patterns take a sccctmlary place. ATMong the linear patterns the spiral still holds its own. The Late lleiladir II spiral, however. is not so well mailc as thai of I he preceding period. The iciii r.il eye is fre(|Ucnlly lacking, and I hi-re is a tendency to draw with a broader line wiiiih. making a smaller munber of revolutions, producer a coarser effect (Eig. (il). On the otiicr hand there is sometimes a more artistic condiinalion of spirals, .s\nh, for exanijjle, as that in Kiginc til. No. '2, where p.airs of spirals are joined together by .1 broad line with a ])rojecting point, so as to form lieart-shaped leaves; or as that in Pi.atk V, whcica iiioic comjilicated design is managed. 46 KORAKOU At least one exaini)li' of the niniiin^ (luirk iiattcrn rnu he shown (Via. 78, Xo. 1), and two or three more were recorded. Along with the traditional system of decoration in zones, from wliich the Corinthian artist was only for a hrief time (Mnancii)ated, liorizontal hands, siiifily or in f!;roiips, continue to occur with great fretiucncy, and when the spirit of naturalism has spent itself, to lie succeeded hy a general decline, t he old zonal i)rinciple st ill survives and asserts itself again. But whereas in t heir better (lavs horizontal hands ser\-cd nierel>- to mark off and emph.asizi' I he zone of main deeor.-il ion, they Figure 62. Fragments of (.'rps of the Vaphio Shape, Late Hei.i.auk II. sometimes become, in the degenerate vases introdru'ing the Third Late Helladic Period, them- selves the main and, indeed, the only decoration. The linear pattern on cujis of the \'a|)luo shape characteristic in Late Helladic I is still em|)loyed hut has become somewhat more conventional. In the carli(>st examples, it will be renuMubei'cdi the dashes branch off directly from the horizontal lines and suggest that the design is derived from a foliate spray. In th(> case of Late Helladic II cups, however, the dashes are unattached, stand- ing free in the middle of the zone between the groups of parallel horizontal lines (Plate IV, No. 2). The ripple motive finds its best expression in this period.' So far as could be noted at Korakou ' The best examples of this rippled ware in Crete are practically a full period earlier than the cup.s of Late Ilelladio II described above. The deep pits at Zakro yielded the finest Minoan specimens. \o adequate illustration of lliese has yet been jniblished. but an idea of their appearance may be gained from ./. U.S., X.\ll, 1(102, PI. XII, Nos. 2 and 3. THE POTTERY ,- il seems to he limilcl U, lups of the \apliio shape with very metallic i)rofile. Sume ..i iu,-i- are extraordinarily well made of gray or terraeotta clay, and have their surface painted so a-s to imitate tortoise shell or K'aiiied wof)d. An example in color is given in Platk IV. No. 6: another in Figure 62, No. 10. Festoons in narrow zones defineil hy horizontal lines sometim«>s occur on i\ip^ oi me \ apinu shape (Fig. 62, No. 8). A nunilK I of sherds sliow a scale or net pattern in which each section is Kenerallv emheliished Figure 0.3. Sherds Illustrating P.atterns, L.\te Helladic II. with a stalk (Fig. (i;5, No. II). This pattern, usually without the stalks, lieconiea a favorite motive for filling in background in the Third Late Helladic Period. 'I'hr liiiest vases of this period :ire dcrorali-il willi ii:ilur;disl ic designs of which the great <'r part .UT (il hci floral or taken from marine life. Among floral designs the most fretnient representations are the iris, the lily, the crocus, ivy leaves, daisies, and other jilants not so easily identified. Sea- weed, the octoi)us, and the nautilus ;ire tlie chief eienu'iits in the marine designs. l{o.inils, festoons, tortoise shell, ivy leaves, a lily-like flower, ete. Except in the case of the slierils with tortoise shell decoration, the sungeslion of prototypes in metal is not so pronounced as it was in cups of the First iMc Helladic Period. 2. Small howls. Wide shallow teacups such as those which occurred in the preceding period are no longer found. Instead there is a dc-epi-r cup, like a small howl in shajie, with one flat rihhon handle. The shertl seen in Figure (i:i. No. '), with 1 he chnihle axe i)atterii. belongs to a cup of this kind. ;{. Deep howls. Deep howls with two handles are of frequent occurrence. Tin y are often of coiisiderahl(> size, larger than in the I'irsi l.ate Helladic Period. Two good examples arc shown FiGUUE tH. Fr.\g.\ilm or Laju.i. rwo-ii.\.\DLKD Howl, \.\ii. Ui.llauu U. in Figures 64 and 65. The pattern of gracefully curving streamers is known from C'ret(\' from Melos,^ atid from other sites on the Mainland.^ 4. Stemmed goblets. Stenuned goblets with one or two handles are numerous. The finest of these goblets belong to a special class which is described iu detail in section B below; but ex- amples of the ordinary variety both with one and with two handles may be given here (Figs. (Ki, No. 1 ; 74, No. 2: 70, No. 1). The careless, conventionalized patterns indicate that these exami)les fall into the later part of the period, when arti.stic feeling was on the decline. 5. Jugs with cut-away neck. This type, occurring first in Late Helladic I, is now still more I U.S.A.. IX. p. 2S.5. FiR. .i. ■li.S.A..\\ll. PI. XI. l(;:i. ' E. g. Vapliio; "K.^. 'Apx • I"^*^'-'. I'l. \... 1!). THE POTTERY 49 prevalent. Figure GO, X„. 2, gives an example on whieh, in a zone aWe a band of fonnalized roek pattern, is painted a conventional niiuiiiiK plant. Another similar jug, re=.torcd as shown in Figure G7, is irregularly speokled in reddish or re.ldiM. I.rown paint over the entire surface l)etween the base an- siniplv FlOURK (>.'). FnAflMKNT OF Two-IIANDLED DeEP IklWL, L.\TE IIeLI.ADIC II. ornanirniiil with three bmail lianove and below whii li is .111 iihjeei resembling a conventional lotus blo.s.som. Three waving streamers, which S('em to ropres(!nt the en ( iiii I II \\ii Jr.. u rni ( r \u \i \eck, Latk IIelladic II. The junctimi of tlic Imdy witli I lie m-ck is marked by a raised ridge of sharp profile, below whieh is painted a foliate bonier. The neck itself is decorated with a vertical linear pattern composed of much elongated festoons down the centre of which r\ins a l)road stem. Opposite the handle a sjiont i)rojects at an angle of approximately 45°. A band of jiaint follows the rim bolii inside and out, and the exterior is further embellished by three transverse bands. From the toj) of the neck a ridged ribbon h;indle bends down to the shoulder. The handle is ]iainted in solid color. The paint is a ricli reddish brown which in l)la('es darkens to brownish i)lnck. It is of good (|Uality, tliougli some of it has flakeil off, and was carefully aiijilicd. Tlie sharp, raised ridge between the neck and the body, the decoration of the neck, which suggests relief work, and the rivet- like knob at the base of the flat ridged handle point strongly to a metal original as the model from which our vase was made. \'ases of similar shape have been found in Attica* and also at Thebes.^ 8. Squat bowls. The squat bowl has already been mentioned as making its first a])pearance in Late Hclladi<' I (cf. j). 42 ajiove). Examples from Late llclladie II are much more mmiei'ous, but the first type with straight sides is represented liy only one example. This exhibits a late ' .\Iarl«)|i()iil.), 'V.^. 'Apx., l.Vl'), I'l. X, S. ■ 'Apx. ^t\T., I'.IIT, p. 83, KifT. ."><(; p. 1.-).'), Fig. 1 Hi, 2; and p. 1!)!), I''ig. 143, 1. I'KiUKE li". J 00 WITH CCT-AW.W Xec'K, StIPPLEIi Decobation, Late IIeli.adr: II. THE POTTERY style of decoration with carelessly drawn connected spirals both above and below the angle of the shoulder, and is not far icnioved from the typical squat bowl of i he Third Late Helladic Period.' The second type is now the normal shape. The side rises in a grad\ial inward cm'vc which begins uluKisI (liiTctlv at I he wide basr anil Icrnii- natcsal the narrow neck. The ni'ck, which ends in a si)laying rim, is very short and contributes to give t he vase its squat ajipear- imcc. There aie three horizontal, round looj) handles symmetrically placed some- what above the middle line of the side. The finest of tliese bowls were unfortunately too badly shattered to be restored. Fragme at least three were found, whirh have as their main decoration a life-like octopus with a I i FiouRE tw. Plain .Iug, Late Heli^dic II. nts of back- FlOURK ()i). KWKU, SllDWINc. KlIlllDN tilts \\II.mHh.ii\\ lUsi.l.l, l.MI lU.l.l.AI.I. II. ground of naturalistic seaweeil and rock (two sample sherds in Fig. ti:5, Xos. 7 and I'i). .Vnoilur which is also of excelh-nt fabric was put together from a great number of fragments a.s shown in FigiueTO, Xo. 2. This is decorated with a lonvenlional rock pattern against a background IiIUhI ' Cf. Furtwangler and Loosclickc, Myk. Vtistii, I'l. IX, iw. 52 KORAKOIT in witli tlots, while. on the bottom is a eomplicate.l pattern of ciossinfi lines. .Ml I he loiegoing are extremely well mH i.u^w. •<>■■ tmk Skcom) Late Hi:i,hi>h' rriiinu. .VI KnllAKor ils shoultlcr (FiK- ":*. N"- 1^' 'n>i''"f wi-ro also si-vnal fr:i;imciits ..f a .Iccii Ixiwl willi iiarmw iic.k :iiul a stiinly s|i«.mI piojcflinn on oiu- sidt- jiisl la-low I lie rim. A /.oiii- aioiiml llic upiur i)ail of tliis Viist- was .Ifcoratc.i wilii a tUiral pattern. A larni- imiiilicr of sIkt.Is also liuloiiMU'd to vcsscis of which tin- shape t-oiilil not lu' niaiii.- out with i-i-rlainty. IV ICniVH.VK.W \V.\KK-' A niiniln-r of shenls were found— tht-y form two ami one-half per I'eiil of I lie total which fioni liifir distinctive character in fahric and decoration deserve to be coiisi.lcud in a scparalc urou]). This new kind of Mycenaean pottery was first distinnuished at Korakon (which may ))erhaps be the Homeric Kphyra) and has for the sake of c<(nvenience been arbitrarily christened " l^ijhyraean ware." An examination of the material in the National Museum at Athens has shown ihat this KiCUKE 74. Two .S.M.\Ll. V'aSE.S KHOM .\ Cilt.WE OF THE SECOND LaTE HeLLADU' I'eUIOI). ware occurs al I'hylakopi, Mjceaae, and the Argive lleraeuiu; and it was I'uund also in a rcci'nl, excavation at Tiryns. It seems — from the finds up to t he i)resen( I ime, al least — to lie limited to one shai)e, naniel\- a deep two-haniUed goblet on a low stem. Goblets of the same form occurring in both the First and Second Late Helladii' Pcribds have alreaU II. 56 KoKAKOU ThouKli i.lluT iiii.tivi-s omir, Hoiiil dosifjiis arc tlu' iik.sI frchiiit reaehes down almost to the stem of the goblet, while the fanciful roots curve upward and outward toward the liaiidlcs. \\\wiv tiiis main design was not felt to be quite sufficient in proportion to the field, a small rosette was adihid in the space between the flower and the handle (Fig. 75, No. 3). In a few cases, however, instead of one large flower, two or three smaller blossoms ornanientetl the side of the goblet. .\n examitle of this method may be seen in Figure 77. Under each handle tiiere is a characteristic (luirk or flourish. Often it consists of three short, wavy lines springing from a <'oiuiii()n point ; i)ut frequently these lines are divided each inln two branches, thus form- ing three chevrons, one above the other (Fig. 75, Nos. 1 and ()). There is no further decoration. One of the striking features of this ware is that the rim is (piitc unpainted; and tiic iiasc likewise has no ])aiiit added to its glaze-like slip. These goblets were in a liadly shattered condition, anil in spite of much effort it wa.s not possible to put together more t ban three, and they hail in part to be restored in [)laster (Fig. 77; 1'l.\te VII, Nos. I and 2). Nevertheless, they serve to give an adequate idea of the pleasing ctTect of l\])hyraeaii va>e>, an ctfect due to tiie iiarnioniuus cnmbiMation of gracefid .^lia])!' and a decoiation wliieii unites freedom of fancy with simplicity anil moileration of execution. ('. FiN'K I'.NPAIXTKU W.VHi; Fine \mj)ainted jxittery of yellowish bull' or yellowish green l"u;CI(K 7S. I'nI'MSTKIi (ioHl.KI WITH Dm; IIandlk. I.,ate 11i:ll.\i>i<' II. clay, which, as we have seen, was very conunon in the first stage of the Late llelladic Period, continues to present itself in large (jinintities in the second stage. There is no appreriaMc dilTeninc in the fabric. Some of these slierds, however, which show an extraordinarily smooth, glaze-Hke sli]), maybe from the undecorated parts of Kj)hyraean goblets. This ware is, of course, the Late IfelLidic version of Yellow Minyan. FiGURK 79. Two N'asks khom a Latk t;uAV»;, I.^te IIeulakk II. KOHAKHU KlliUKK >^ll. I'l \T\ rsi'MNTKl) .lou, LaTK HeLLADU: 11 liijuiu; &1. SHALLOW Cui's OK UisHES, UNTAivriiU Wake. Late Heelauic 11. 'I'lll'; I'OTTKKY .Vj 'I'lic lOiniiKiii f^lKipcs aif the .-l)t. Ti-chmcally this ware is as a wholi- ver>- gtMMJ. riie fabric is fine, the vases are well formed and well baked, and the .surface is in most eiww coHtwl K'f. UawkiiLS, J. II. N., .\.\III, I'.HKi. p. -'f.t, l-in- -'. tiU KnKAKOU Figure 83. Deep Bowl, Late 11i;i,lai)Ii III. <^filh Figure 84. Large Deep Bowl, Late Helladk: III. THE POTTERY Gl with a gok, even slip. It must be admitted, too, that there is still a certain i;, a, •.■■,. ll,.•^^ i„ ...lue of the shapes, sucli, for example, as that of the higli-steinracd cyUx. Tiie decoration, however, lias suffered the full effects of the artistic decline which we saw beginning in the Second Ljitv Helladic P(Mi()wI Figure So. Dekp Bowls iLLUSTUATiNf; Typkat. Dkcoration, Latk IIkli.aiiic III. (slinpc 1 below) on which the earliest Late Heliaijii' III rxM'iiple.s occur; ami it is well adajiteil to the surface to be decorated on vases of this form, liut the panelled system of decoration was also extended to vases of other shapes, such as the jar described under nund)cr 17 below,- th(> high- stemmed cylix, and jugs like that from Thebes fiiriniNl b\- K'cr.iMioponllos in ' A/i\ni(iXo->i*oi' AtXrioi' III, 1917, p. 103, Fig. 121, 8. The spiral, along with its derivatives, be(^ojnes again the l('a'pl. Here the painter, insi)ir(il by luinor racui, has set himself to fill all available space with complicated geometric pat- liMiis, frecpiently liuilt uj) of rosettes; and Ik^ lias also a noticeable liking for strange and curious .•Kjuatic birds in his main design. \ greatiT contnu-^t thin exists bi-tween vases of this close style ' Well illustrated In Furtwiinglor ami I-cicsclicke, Miikeninchc Viincn, I'Is. X.XNIll, \.\\1\ . XX.XV, rlr. » 'Apx- At\T., Ill, 1<»17, p. 192, Fig. i:{7, a. double jar from 'I'liflKis. (J2 KORAK(^U ami ti.e wmplt-. tasteful Kphyracan p.blets of the Sec-oiul Late Helhulic- Poriod cmuI.I Iku.IIv he iniagiiied. Ill this prri.ul the inlcii..!- <.f tl.c vase is almost always painted, usually brownish blaek in color. This .lifters from the custom of the prece.linji i.erio.ls, wlu-n 1 he inside of the vases was, in all but the rarest eases, left unpainted. A change in shape is also noticeable. Stenuued poblt^ts, jups with cut-away necks, and eups of the Vajihi.. shape are no lonKcr foiuid. On the other hand, n.-w lyjies are seen in the cylix on a hi^h stem, the typical Late Hellai: ,liinited by a hand or l»ands, carries the (k-coration, whieh is most coinmonly a linear pattern, such as the spiral or some motive derived from the spiral (Fig. 85). The large vessel already mentioned (Fig. 84) has a more elahorate design, consisting of a net- work pattern which is enlivened by the in.sertion of two concentric half-circles in each section. This vase lulmifis to the earlier part of the Third l.ai.' Ilclladic Period. Broken up into small fragments, it was used to pave a heart ii in a house which dates from the end of the period. The close style of decoration is re]ircscnte(l l.y tlic howl shown in Figure Sti. Here two carefully drawn, though cnm'cntioiial, aijuatic birds in sep- arated panels face each other on each side of the vessel between the handles. The iiackground i> partly filled in with a net pattern. 2. Shallow bowls. .\ shallower type of bowl is iiiusiiatcd in l''igurc 87, and a large example of the same type may be seen in Figiu-e 88. The two flat loop handles set horizontally, with their centre l)in(hed out to form an angU', are jiecidiar. The dccoratiiin consists merely of a few bands of paint insiile. as well as on the exterior. ;}. Shallow basins. .\ shallow basin of rather tliirk f.iiirii- is shown in Figure 89. It has a heavy, overhanging rim, and there an- two lioiizontal, niunii loop handles. Three broad bands of paint, which have now almost entirely ll:iki'il ofV, ;irc' t Ik' sole oriianicnt . I. Spouicd liowls. These are ilccj) howls resembling shape 1, but with heavy, vertical band liaiidles, and a large spout in the middle of one side. No conii)letc decorated examples were found, the spcM'iinen in I''igure '.10 iieing of red monochrome ware. ."). ( 'raters on a stem. The large crater shown in Figure 91 is sindlar to howls of type 1 above in shape, .hut h.is two vertical ribbon handles and slamls on a low stem of solid proportions. The li.indlcs are flattened on top, iierhaps to form a tliumh-rcst. The decoration, in a zone aixnit Fi<;ciikS7. .Small •■^iiAi.unv Uowl with 1'is- oHT Handlks, Late Helladic III. Ficuui; ss. 1,ai((m: Shalldw linwi. wnii I'incjiek-oct 11a.\i>u>, Latk Ib.i.i.MH' 111 fil KORAKOU FiouRK Mt. Sn,vLi/OW Basin, Latk Heli.adk III. the upper part of the vase, consists of a conventionalized flower or plant with a wavy streanier on either side.' f). Bowl-sliapod cups. In Figure 02 is shown a small cup of the typical howl-shape, with one .^ vertical flat loo]) handle. The decoration is limited to one band of paint alonf; the rim. V 7. Cups with annular i)rofile. ("ups w'ith a profile of two opposite curves, the lower \Mvi being { convex. I he iip|>cr <'oncave, as seen from the outside, were not rare. Some of I licsc ciijis arc liandic- "^rsB FinuRE IK). Spouted Bowl. IIkd Monochkomk Ware, Late Helladic III. less; others have a vertical flat loop handle carried uj) high above the rim (Fig. 93). In some cases the upper concave zone is covered with paint, while the lower part is left impainted. Many of these cups, however, are ('oated all over with red or brownish black jtaint. There is no further decoration. 8. Stenuueil cylixes. The cylix on a high stem is one of the most characteristic vases of the Third Late Helladic Period. The examjiles offered in Figiu'es 94 and 95 give a good idea of the shape. In the ordinary lyi)c the stem is slender and (all, while the cu]i is rather shallow ; a certain 'A similar crater from Sphet.tos in .\tlica is sliowii in >>. Wpx-, 189.5, PI. 10, 0. ('f. also Furtwiingler and Loeschckc, Mykenisfhe ViLien, PI. XXXI, No. 297. THE POTTERY 65 variation*!!! the proportions seems, however, to be per!nitted. The handles are thin and small, licndiiiji: in a rather narrow, vortical loop from the rim down to the middle of the body. Many of these cylixcs nio cxtremch- well in;uli, and their slender, graceful proportions produce a pleasing effect. The stcDi is very fiequcuitly ornamented Ijy a number of painted bands— a fact which inri.uscs the p()ssil)i]ity, iiheady suggested by general similarity in shape, that the Laic Hclladic III cylix niiiy be (Iciivcd iK.ni the Minyan goblet; for the painted bands are a graphic ccpiivalent of the Figure 91. Crater on Short Stkm, Latk IlELLAPir III. rings executed in relief on the stems of Alinyan goblets. At the same lime it must be admitteil that the non-appearance of these raised rings, as well as of the painted bands, on vases of Ihe First and Second Late Helladic Periods, and the infinitesimal amount of genuine Gray Minyan ware still found in the Tiiird Late Helladic Period present a serious difficulty in the way of accepting this theorj' with- out further evidence. The upper part of the cylix is iisiially decoratetl merely with paralU'l bands of paint. Another common form of decoration, however, is a degenerate rendering of the muivx or triton-shell, repeated several times on each side of the vase. Li a few cases the entire cylix is done in mono- chrome paint. 9. "Canthanis." A cylix of somewhat dilTeient shape, rcMiinding one of the classical cantharus, is shown in Figure lit). Here the stem is shorter, and the handles ai'e carried !ip in a loo]) high above the rim. This cj'lix is nnpainted.' ' Kor .a similar v.nso finm 'Pliclir.'), rf. 'Ap\. ItXr., 1917, p. l.')l, I'ig. 1 15, 5; p. 182, Fig. VM),>. Figure 92. Huxvl-shai-kd Vvr, l^m IIelladic III. (i)> KORAKOU ^^T^ FiocRE 4)3. Cups with Thofile of Two Opposite Curves, Latf. Hki.i.auk III. FianRE 94. Group of Cyli.\es from IIousk 1', Latk IIklladic III. y< L ^ I I I I I Figurf, 9.'). I wij ( YLiXF.s FiioM HousE H, Latk IIelladic hi. THE POTTERY 67 10. Sftiall jugs. Tlic small jug of Figure 96, No. 2, is verj" mui-li like jugs that were in use in the preceding perio.l. Its .sole tlecoiatiou consists of four bands of paint, one each around the rim and the base of the neck and a pair ai)out the middle of the body. 11. .lugs with basket handles. A shape represented for the first imic ai Korakou in the riiinl Late Helladic Period is a jug with a basket handle and with a spout projcctiim from Ficjuiii: 1)1). CvLi.\ umi llh.ii llwi'i.i- wu .Small .Iuu, L.\te IIell.vuic 111. one side. T^csides the ('xami)l(' given in Figiu'e 97, No. 1, another (|uite similar specimen was put together. Both are of rather thick fabric, though fairly well made. In one the upper half of the body is coated with brownish black paint, the lower part being left unpainted; in the other three bands of paint about the body and one around the neck are the only decoration. I I I I I FmUKK 97. .Il>i Willi IVvsKKF ll.\NDLE AND .\sKOS, LaTK IIkLLM'I' 111 08 KORAKOU FiaoRE 98. Jar with Vovr Handles, Latk Hellai>i(' III. Figure 99. Stirrup Vase, Late IIelladic 111. riii; i*t)TTi;i{Y 69 12. Aflvoi. A small askos, restored linm miiiicrniis fragiiieiits, is sliowii in l-'iRnre y7, No. 2. It lias a rouiiilcl, almost spherical l.o.ly. One handle, wliicli i.s attadie.i at (hi- centre of the top, forms a loop toward one side, wliile in line with the htmdle on the otiier side of the top is a xniall spout. Five hroad hundsof paint eneirele tlie iiody, and in the spaees iietween llieni and parallel to them are several fine lines. Aeross the top, beside th.- jiaii.ll.- anrl ih.- sjwut, runs a line of eonnected lozenges. 1:5. Jars. .V somewhat lar(i;er ve.ssel is the jar with four haiidh's illustrated in Figiire 'J8. They are all round loop handles, two .set horizontally half way slicrds found licldiiii; t(i un])ain(('(l pottcr.N' of huff or ycllowisli green flay. It is inferior both in fabric and baking to the corresponding ware of the preceding ix'rind. The chiy sHp covering the .surface is often powdery; in no case is it so fine or so sniootiily l)i)hslied as on the similar ware of the Second Laic Uelladic Period. The conniioncst shape is the high-stcniiMcd cylix described above (an example of the unpaintc^l kind is given in Figure 102); the cu|) with angular profile is also well represented. C. Monochrome Wark About sixteen per cent of the sherds found belong in this grouj). The colors are red, reddish brown, or brownish black, a true black being extremely rare. The commonest shapes are the deep bowl with two hanilles (Fig. 103). and the cup described above (P. 04, Xo.. 7; Fig. 93, No. 1). There were also fragments of l\\-o oi- 1 hree black cylixes, as well as of several large water-jars. D. .\XD E. MiNYAN AM) MaTTPAINTED WaRES These two fabrics have almost reached the vanishing point. In pit E. A., for example, among 804 sherils of the Third Late Helladic Period, only ten are Minyan (Gray Minyan) and eleven of the Mattpainted style. These are very likely merely stray sherds, and it seems probable that Gray Minyan and Mattpainted wares had quite ceased to be made and used in this period. THE POTTERY 73 FuiuitE lot). Large Pithos fhom House L. Laik Helladh' III. F. Domestic Pots a.mj Piiiiui A very laif^c nuiiilicr of slienis licliiniriiifi in coarse household vessels were found, ami it was possililc to i)ut together a number of these. They are generally made of un|«nitied hrick red i-lay and are fr<'(|Ucntly very thick and heavy. There is no painted decoration. 1. In I'igme 104, 2 is shown an example of a low, wide pot with Hat hase and spreading sides. The rim is only roughly made and the eireumfereiu-c is a poor attempt at a circle. There are two irregular lugs instead of handles. The ves.sci i.< clearly hand-nuide. 2. A slightly better made pot is ilhistrateil in Figure KM, No. 1. It re.-^endiles theprecednig in shape, but has a thick, ineiuving rim — evidently intended to prevent the contents from spilling .or boiling over — and there are no handles or lugs. A peculiar decoration is fornu-d by raisertain ; perhaps they were used for cold storiige a.s a primitive sort of .•ellar; but it is also i)o.ssible that they sometim.-s in some ca.^es stv. 27 IT.; \\ii. 7(1 K(»I{AK()U ■.••v>.--;-:\^ .• ( t ruiuiiK 100. Vkuticai, Section OK HitTIIIKIS AT KollAKOU, EaHLY lltLLADIC I'kKIOU. hothros jit Korakuii, Imwi'vcr, for tin- day lining; is not baked ami shows no tiaci's of the heat lu which it iiiiisl nctT.s.sarily have biHMi subji'cti'enis never to have stood hiffher than it does now. In III her words, the foundations are merely the stone socle on which rested the actual walls of the house built of dried crude bricks; these latter were thus protected by the stone socle from dissolution through contact with moisture from the groimd. Exactly the same method of con- struction is still employed to a great extent in Greece, and houses built on the same principle which governed builders of the second millenniiini n.<\ may be seen today in the immediate vicinity of ovn'site. The prehistoric bricks, like their modern counterparts, were quite imbaked, and in conse- quence no whole specimens were recovered; all that remains of them is an irregular layer of day above the floor of the house. The house, oriented nortii ami s(juth, is coniparalivdy limj; in proportion toitswidlii. measur- ing 11.40 m.X4.40 m. The south front is rectangular, the north end has the form of an apse. A general view, from the south, of the fomidations as they now appear is given in Figme 111. Two cross-walls divi Hodsf. F, KoHAKon, Mn>i>LK IIrixadk- PKHioh. ware belongs. Walls of this same period hav(>, indeed, luen found elsewhere, especially at Drcho- menos, hut in no ease were I hey well enough preserved to allow a certain reconst met ion of the plan. It is, therefore, interesting to note thai in (he Minyan or .Middle llelladic Period the meg- aron type of house was in use at Korakou. Whether this type of hou.-ie originated in the Middle 78 KORAKOU Hellaclic Period or goes back to a still earlier date (Early Hellaiiic) camiol l)e est.il.lislinl Inun the evidence available at present. Its later development, however, can easily l>c I raced, and it be- comes dear that in the Late Helladic (or Mycenaean) Period tiie nieKaron-house is adopted as the repidar form of i-onstnn-tion. The only important change whicii will i)e ol)served there is that the apse of the Minyaii plan has been slrainhtened out in the Mycenaean house lo make a rec- tangular end. Nut all the houses of the Middle Helladic Period, however, had an apsidal end. Just west of IIdusc !•' described iibove, a small fo\inilation was laid bare, in which both ends are rectanp;idar. This buildiuK (House B, Fin- UttJ, with walls similar to those of House F, but even thinner (they measure only 0.27 ni. in thickness), has a length of 4.40 ni. and is 2.00 iii. wide. (The interior dimensions are approximately 3.90 m. X l.riO ni.) There is only one room. Nothing w:is found in it .'^ave a few potsherds of Minyan ware lyinn f)n (he floor of beaten (>arth. The posi- tion of the door is not certain, though it may have been in the cast wall near the south corner, at y^ ■ V- ■ - FiauRE 111. Gener.\l View of House F iiiom the .South. a point where a small section of the wall is at pre.sent missing. A threshold block may perhaps have been removed at this point. This house seems altogether too small for a dwelling; its proxim- ity and relation to House F suggest that it belonged to the latter, possibly as a storehouse or a stable. Passing along the front — that is the south end — of House F and House B is an area paved with small pebbles, ranging from 1.60 m. to more than 2.00 m. wide and boiuuled on the south by a wall whicli runs east and west. This is imdoubtedly a street, for it can be traced several metres farther eastward as well as a short distance to the west. Its direction does not, however, correspond exactly with the oricniatiou of House F. The \v:ill limiting the street on the south Ix'loiigs, no doubt, lo another house. It appears, then, that the village of the Middle Helladic Period consisted of small houses placed close together and separated by narrow streets. East of House F part of the foundation of another building was laiil bare at a lower level. The western half of this foundation lies underneath House F and consequently could not be cleared. The building is oriented north and south, and both ends are rectangular. Mea.suring approxi- mately (VTO m. in length, it is of the megaron type and contains two small rooms behind a narrow THE ARCHITECTURE 79 portico (P5g. 1 10). U is possible that the fewstones interpreted in the plan as indic-ating a dividing wall are in reality mereij' chance stones fallen from thesirie wall; in that case we should have, in- stead of two small rooms, a single large room behind the portico. The floor of this earlier houne was, like that of House F, formed simply of hard earth. The pottery found here was chiefly Minyan ware; a small jar of coarse, unpainted ware stood in the southeast corner of tin- portii-o. paitly Slink into a hole in the iloor. In a pit alxmt fifteen metres farther to the west (Plan, Platk VIII, just west of House H;, at a depth of 1.2.') m., another ap.-^e was uncovered. It seems to form the west end of a house which faced the east. The wall is 0.50 m. thick. The northern part of the ajwe is not preserved, appar- ently liaving been torn out in order to give place to later walls, but the width of the room was api)roximately 4.00 ni. No cross wall separate.s the apse from the rest of the house to the ejwt of it up to the ]K)int reached l)y our digging {en. 1 .2.") m. l)eyond the l)a.se of the ap.-entimel.res of soil. Consefiuently.uinoc '/I../. .1., XXIV, 1920, |). :i20. 80 KdRAKOU tlic site lias long been iisetl as a eiiltivateti field, most of the higlier stones have been torn out. by the ploiiRh or reniovetl l>y the cnllivator himself beeause they formed obstaeles to ploiighin}-;. In :if New Corinth. The greater (lart of the walls are, therefore, so hopelessly denuilishcd that it is no lunger possible to recognize the plan of the houses to wliirh llicy once l>elonged. In a nundn-r of cases, however, where the state of preservation is better, the idan can in the nnun be made out. (1) HoisK L (plan, Fig. 112) During the excavation of the trial trenches it was observcil lliat i)it L at a dcptli of ().'M) ni. cut directly through a well-trodden floor-level and the edge of a hearth. I'urt her search in tlic ncigli- borhood .soon brought to light the walls of the hoii.se to which these belonged. The house is of the megaron type, con.sisting of a fore-hall or portico, a vestibule, and a large room or megaron, behind which there was probably an additional chand)er. This latter is not very clear, for, owing to the activity of zealous seekers after Imilding stones, it is not possible to stale with absolute certainty where the rear wall of the hou.sc stood. Fortunatelj', however, the walls on the other sides are comparativelj- well jireserved. These walls are Ijuilt of rough, imshaped stones hiid in clay or nuid. They are not very high, t he total height measiu'ing only 0.40 ni. to 0.50 m., approximately one-half of which projects above the floor-level of the hou.se. The average width of the walls is 0.48 m. At corners and at jmut.ions with cros.s-walls nuich larger stones arc used than elsewhere in the con.struetion. It is for this rea.son that the corners are usually demolished, since the larger stones were greatly preferred by the modern Corinthian builders. The present top of the wall, which is practically level and fin- ished olT, is doubtless the original top, the wall having been, of course, only the socle suppoiting a superstructure of crude brick. Practically nothing of this latter is preserved. A general view of the foiuidations as they now appear is shown in Figure 113. Before describing t he house in tlctail, it maj- be pointed out that two periods can be distinguished, though not separated by a long interval of time, nor marked by any serious architectural alteration.' At the south end the house is 6.05 m. wide including the walls, aod 5.09 m. measured inside; farther north it narrows to 4.72 m. interior and 5.70 m. over all, as the two side walls are not exactly parallel. Up to the north end of the megaron the building is en. 10.20 m. long; but including the rear chamber indicated by scanty remains still surviving to the north it attains a total length of ca. 14.30 m. The portico is 1.35 m. deep, bomided on either side by an anta-like projection of the side walls of t he ho\ise. The antae are built of vei'v large stones, that on the east, in part icular, being formed of one block with dimensions of 0.075 m. X 1.025 m. In the portico midway between the two antae is a flat stone which uniloubti'illy served as the base of a wooden pill.-ir support inji the roof. The front wall, 0.42 m. thick, is made of small stones in its upper part, hut thelowei- part, which is ajiparently earlier in date, seems to be of somewhat moie solid construction. A dooiway, 1.05 m. wide, may be distinguished at a di.stance of 1.18 m. from the east wall. In the later period > The floor-level of the later period is from 0.05 m. to 0.10 m. higher than that of the earlier; the hearth has been oxtendcil a little farther to the north; and this nooessitated the insertion of a new coluinn-hase hoyoiid the heartli. It is possible, too, that the inner wall of the vestibule belongs to tlie period of reconstruction. THE ARCHITECTURE 81 ^V_V-V-Vi^. mentione(J above, its threshold was paved with small stones; in the earlier stage, however, the threshold consisted of a large block of hard lime- stone on which was cut a sill, as well as a pivot- hole for the door. It will be seen that the door is not in the centre of tlic wall hut is pushed far over toward one side. This was, no doubt, condi- tioned by the practical consideration of avoiding the pillar which stood in the axisoftlie shallow l)()rtico, where it w()\ild have proved a serious obstacle to free passage through a central door. The small vestibule into which this door opens is 1.36 m. deep on the east side and 1.20 m. on t he west. It was roughly paved with loose stones in the central part ami t m. This part jirojected aiuive the Hoor and protected the wooden column, which it no Figure 113. Gf.\er,\l View of House L from the South, Thiiu) L.vte Hei.ladio PEnion. doubt supported, from injury throu^li contact with moisture on tlie call hen floor. The liases is (piitc similar, excej)! in material, to llie well-known colunin-liases i'onnd at .M\een:i(', at 'I'iryns, and on the .\cro])()Iis at, Athens. Farther northward (2.(10 m. measured from centre to centre) is a flat stone with dimensions of 0.40 m. X 0.38 m. This appears to have served as a second cohnim-base, btit at an earlier date than (he final occupation of the house; for the later hearth extends partly over it. The; earlier hearth, on the contrary, does not reach it. Belonging definitely to t he later period of the house, however, is another flat stone still farther to the north (0.70 m. centre to centre from the first) in which may be recognized the corresjjonding column-base of the later i>eriod. Roughly square, THE ARCHITECTURE 83 ineasurin{j 0..3G ni. X 0.37 m., it lies well beyond the hearth and was iintloiihtedly iiitenders were liuilt of large stones whi<-ii otTcred too good material to be overlooked by tlu' modern peasants. The cent i;il part of tlie wall wiiich still survives is 3.90 m. long. There appears to be a thresliold ill it (l..'i2 III. from the east line of the room and l.tiO m. long) indicating that a door openeil to the north. Of the rear chamber relatively very little now remains. The east wall is. indi-ed. preserved almost intact. It does not continue exactly the line followed by the east wall of the megaron; but a fil.iiice at the plan of other iiouses at Korakou will show (hat perfectly straight lines were (he excc])tioii rather than the rule in ordinary dwellings of the Third Late Helladie Period. At the north end of this wall there are traces of a corntT and of the beginning of a wall nnuiing west- ward. ( )i)i)osite this corner and approximately in line with the west side wall of the house two stones of fair size seem to be in nitu at a point where the corresponding northwest corner might be expected. Of a west wall. Iiowcm'i, there is no trace. Reconstructing the chand)er from these scanty remains we obtain a room apjiroximately 3.()0 m. deep and en. 4.8') ni. wide. Near the iniildle of the chandier are two flat .stones, but it is not certain that they served a structural pur- jxise, Kouiid about them were scattered many fragnuMits of a huge ()ithos similar to that fouiul in the megaron (Fig. 107). (2) House P (plan, Fig. Ill; general view, Fig. 110) Considerably larger and more complicated than the simple Late Helladie dwelling described above is House P, situated some forty metres farther west on the (op of (he hill. Here, too, some of the foundation walls are missing, and (he plan is further involved by the fact that at least two periods of occupation seem (o b(> represeiKed. The main features of the house are a small vestibule leading into a large megaron, which may have been in part, at least, open to the sky, ami behind this two rather spacious rooms side by side. Hou.se P, like House L, is oriented ainio.st directly noilliaiMlsDuih.aiKl I he front entrance is on the south side. The walls of I Io\ise Pare const rueled like those of House L. They vary from 0.4.') m. to O.oO m. in thickness and project O.IT) m. to ().'20 III. above the floor. The unbaked bricks of which t he superstructure wi- l..iili l,-.\ .• \ m.- islicd, leaving but scaiii> trarc-.. The floor, like that (M House I„ consisted, except for the small i)i<'ce of cobblestone pavement iiKiitioiK'd below, of trodden eartii »v clay. This floor was freipiently renewed; when (Uie layer was worn out or became unsalislactory for odier reasons a new carpe( was easily |)U( n which a large t luvshold block was at some time removed. The gap in tiie wall is, however, doubtless considerably wi.ler than the actual .loorway. Th.- v.-.stib.de is a sn.all room 4.()U 111. wide with a d. ptli of ;i.lOin. The walls at the southwest corner have been .lemoli>lud. and FlGUKE Ho. \\.\.-.HTUB OK WaTEKI.NU 1 KoUUH utlTBIDE HoCSE P. tlie exact reccHislnictioii ol tlic plan at this point is not certain. .\ depression in the north wall opposite I lie e.xtcrior door |)resuiiialily indicates the position of the inner door opening into liie niegaroii. Passing through the vestilmle one enli'rs a s|)acious megaroii approximately S.(HI m. >t|uaii-. ( 'utting into its southwest angle is the corner of a room which lies to the west of the veslibide and which may, perhaps, belong to another Imilding. The room, measuring tvi. 3.t>5 m. X 4.01) m., (•onlaine(l nothing of note, and its relation to House I' could not be determined. H«'tween this room anil the vestiliule is a narrow corridor. There was nothing to indicate its purpose; perhaps a stairway at this point led to an upper story. \{ the southeast corner of the megaron. for a dis- tance of 3.50 m., no trace of an enclosing wall was found. .\ wall no doubt originally exislwl here, however, and its disappearance may be ascrii)ed to the activity of modern builders seeking nuilc- rial. Till' restoration in the plan is j)urely conjectural. .\|)proxiniately in the centre of the megaron is a hearth of considerable size. It is rotighly s m. X 1.37 m.), made of a layer of pebbles and potsherds, chiefly the liUler. set in clay with, naturally, a covering of ashes. There is n slight concavity toward the centre of the hearth, and round the eilge is a sort of rim of clay. The hearth appears in the cent re of Figure 117, which presents a general \iew of the megaron from the southeast. 86 KOHAKOU Distant l.'Jd in. norlli of llic licarlli :in.l in llic axis (if the room is a cul .■nluinn-liasc of soft (jn-onish stono liki- that .lcsciil)c.l al>ovc in tlic nictiaron of House 1.. It is ciroilai in iilaii, 0.15 ni. in a liat-loppeii pialform composed of reddish earth ami ashes im-hnlinc some pehhles and a ^ood many jxitsherds, mostly of rather fine fabrie.' .\ layer of loose sea jiebblcs forms the top of the ])latforni. which reaches the same level I'louuE llti. C!i;.\ER.\L \'ii;\v of Housk I' khom thk Southwest. (The uoy i.s sitting on the shaped column- base). asthe topof thecolumu-base (Fi^. 118). The i)lalforni is appro.ximately square, measuring l.iU m. on a side. On the west side it has a retaining wall or frame built of three small stone slabs set on edge. On the other sides nothing resembling a frame appeared, save for a single rough stone near the northeast corner. Nothing could be made out with certainty as to the pmpose of this platform. It seems, however, to have some relation to the shaped column-base, or "baetylos," and may perhaps have been used as a sacrificial table or altar. In the northwest part of the megaron is a peculiar construction in the form of two strips paved with pebbles and potsherds, meeting in a right angle. The north strip is 1.50 ni. long, that on the west 3.00 m. The actual corner itself is missing, apparently having been demolished. The sf rif) ' In tlic edge of tlie platform :iiid Ijctwccn it and the column-base were found a ^ood many carbonized olive-i)it«. THE AHCHlTlXTUHt: S7 is ()..{() lM^^vi,l.. MM.l .onsisls .,f „„T.-ly one layer of pd.l.lc-s an.l i-.,ar«e .sl.cr.ls set in day i.. (he rto..r ..t I he .n.Kai..!,. It has (■.,ns(.,,u,.n(ly a hn^Ui of rather less thai, 0.05 i... The pur|iose of ».hi« airai.}i.n...nt .■..,,1,1 not be .letenui.ied from t he evi.lenre at hai..l:l,ut it luav |,-rha,.s haveserv.-.! as the foun.iation of a low bench rouii.l the pillar-base an.l the "altar.- The l.ei.eh itself iniKht hav,. b,.,.ii ma.!,, of .ru.!.. bri.ks, or possibly woo.l, with fol.led eloths as a euveriii(5; or skins may have been sprea.l tiireetly on the pebble pavenu-nt. No traee of a similar construction was founil on the east and .south sides of the niegaron. I.e.ss than half a metre north of the strip of pebbles is the n..rth wall of the mepiron. behind which are two rear chambers. The .l....r from each chamber seems to have been at its .southeast corner. l'..r, although there is no clear indication of a .loorway, in each ca, A small round pit, iiulicated in the i)lan (Fig. 1 14) close to the eastern wall of the menain... l>len) of nmfini;, and the question must be asked: Was the room covered or open to the sky? A certain amount of evidence appears to favor the first alternative, namely, that the megaron was provided with a simple roof. South of the hearth are two fair-sized Hat stones, one roughly circular, the other roughly rectangidar, 2.00 m. apart, centre to centre (Fig. 117and plan, Fig. Ill):anil r«i. l.'iOni. farther west in line with t li.in is a fragment .>f wall near the corner of the chamber which pniject!* int.) the .southwest angle of the megaron. To the east of the hearth, distant r«. I.U) ni. from il.s rim, and slightly less than 2.00 m. north .if the rectangular stone mentioned alxive. is n rather solid block of limesl.me will, a Mat l.ip. ( '.>nl itiuini; 2.(M) m. still farther northwanl we find in a S8 KOUAKOU fniKiiifhl uf wall a secinul similar l>l..ck. On I lie west side .if llio mcfiaroii also, just west of tin- strip of pi'lilili's and potslicnls ilosciilKMl ahovi-, is another fiannu-iil of wall containiii}!; a fairly lar(jc sloni'. These flat. slt)nes were alinust eertaiiily (iesifjned to serve as bases for wooden posts supporlinnalinht roof. Two arrannenients subtlest themselves as possible. There may liavelucri merely a .simple eovered i-olonnade ninninn round tlie sides of the niejiaron, leaving the central hearth open to the sky ; or the whole area may have been roofed, with the eenlral jHirtion jierhap.s slijjhlly elevated, forminn a elerestory to provide light. The roof was probably built of reeds, plastereil with elay, laid aero.'^s rafters which, in turn, rested on the posts. It seems likely that one or two pillar-bases are mi.s.sing on the west side. .Arounil the colonnade the sikui of the rafters would, then, nowhere be greater than 2.0(1 m. If. however, the central >|)acc above the hearth >.\. .o,-.<-T5afc^"'>'.*t1 I'^IOURE lis. iSuAl'liD C0LUMN'-B.\SE .\N'D PLATFORM PaVED WITH PeBBLES IN MeGARON OF lloUSE P. were roofed, this would involve a s))an of ca. 3.70 ni.; but this is, as a matter of fact, less (lian the span which nuist have been necessary in t he two rear cham1)ers. The position of the doors leading into tlie.sc two chambers has ahead}- been mentioned. The two rooms themselves are both spacious apartments, though not exactly of the same size. For, as may l)e seen in the plan (Fig. 114), the re;ir line is not i)er|)endicidar to the side walls, but slants considerably toward the southwest. In consequence the eastern chamber is somewhat larger than the western, and in each case the eastern side of the room is longer than t lu; western. So far as could be observed, there was no door between the two chambers; each had but one entrance, that from the south. The eastern chamber is 3.85 ni. wide and has an average length of 6.45 m. (6,75 m. on the east, 6.15 m. on the west). There was no trace of a cohnnn-base in it. SomeW'hat to the east of the middle of tlie room is a hearth of the usual construction, roughly 1.00 m. scjuare. Close to the hearth stood a small flat stone, perhaps used to support cooking vessels taken from the fire, and nearby lay an oidinary small saddlc-qucrn. Against the east wall jtist opposite the hearth is a low elevation with a top layer of rather coarse sea pebbles. A similarly paved area (but not ele- vated above the floor) occupied the southwest corner of the room. The pinpose of these pebbles was not evident, but it may be conjectured that the corner was reserved for a bed. Scattered THE AKCHITIX'TUKE 89 I liickly aboiil I Ih- hcaii li wric imiiKTous iR-sts of potshcids wliicli iillowi-d ;i mori- or less i-oiiipli-lf icstorali(jii of Iwi'iity-four vases. Tliis pottei->- is all of the latest type of the 'I'liirtI Late Helhulie Period iUid, althounh not of iniicli aeeoniit from an artistic |)oint of view, is, nevertheless, vahiahle as giving a representative colleetion of the ordinary houscliold ware in use ul the end of the Mycenaean sell lenient at Korakou. The western (luunher, ineasurinf? cti. I.OO m. in width, wilh an average lennth of 5.80 in. (tau-t side, ().[() in., west side, o.oO ni.), was still more hare of furnilin-e than the eastern apartment. Near the centre of the room is a hearth; in the southwest corner an area paved with sea pei)l)les (l)erhaps another bed); but apart from a trianfjular Hat-topped stone set against the west wall. nothing further was found. Potsherds were far less numerous than in the adjoining room. From this it ajjpears that the cooking of the household was carried on in the eastern chamber, and the kitchen utensils stored there, while the W'estern room may have been used merely as a sleeping ajjartmcnt or a guest-cluunber. It may also be suggested that the large hearth in the meguron was used on more ceremonial occasions, jjerhaps in connection with religious rites about the "baetylic" pillar .and the ''altar." It is possible that the long narrow room to the east of the megaron i l''ig. Ill) aUo belongee P, however, lie in the fact that we have here a fairly complele example of a private dwelling from the end of Mycenaean times; and new light is thus thrown on the conditions of life in a period le.ss familiarly known, but archeologically hardly less significant, than the high sea.son of Mycenaean prosperity. (3) House M (plan. Fig. IH)) House M lies just east of, and pai allrl to, House L, separated from it by a pa.ssage or alley from 2.0(1 111. (o '2.7.') 111. wide. A dnui inio (lie nu'garoii of Hou.sc M apparently opened from this I)as.sage and is con.seiiuently in the long side of the hou.se. There is no vestibule, such as app.'ars in Houses 1. and P, but the door seems lo have .set into a slight recess in tin- wall. The megaron is .')..")() m. witle and 7.75 ni. long, but these nu-asurements are only approximate, as the walls are not perfectly straight, nor are the corners exactly reetangtdar. Furtherinore.it will be seen from the plan that a considerable .section of the east wall wilh the southeast corner is missing. The south wall adjoining the southwest corner i- al-. lacking foi m di-i.me of 1.7(t m. 90 KORAKOU It is possililc llial :i llin-slmld liloi-k li:i> Imtii ifimivcil .il lliis |) of iiard stone, roughly oval in shape (0.45 in. X O.tiO ni.) which projects slightly 5M. FioiTRE 119. Plan of House M, Tinui) Late Hei.i.adk I'lcmon. above the Hoor of trodden earth (,1'ig- I'-^U, left centre). This stone is ])laced almost exactly in the centre of the niegaron and looks as if meant to support a pillar hearing considerable weight. An- other stone of more irregular shape, close to the east side of this base, is probably to be understood as a support for cooking vessels taken from the fire. Two smaller stones at the northeast corner of the hearth may have had a similar purpose. Just l)ey(intl these stones, and ca. 0.50 ni. north- THE ARCHlTKCTrKE 9, casl of th\. luvutl,, is a ••wl ,,illa.-l,as.. „f tl,,. sai.i.. soft Kri'enisl, sKmu- that was ust.| for the l,a.se ..f th. .l.u-f pillar i„ H,n,s,.s 1, a.,.1 P. This stonf, whirh is roughly drcular in plan (dian.cter, 0.47 Ml., cf. F.fr. 120), is not so well shaped as the basos just ri-feiml to; yet it ran hardly I.0 douhti-.! that ail throe hasos s,-rvopresent(.'d in the conslruclion. Originally the house apparently consistetl of a portico, a large megaron, and a spacious chambei' behind it. In the later period a partitioning wall seems to have been erected across the megaron, dividing it into two small rooms; and the wall now closing the east end of the imilding evidently also belongs to this stage. The entrance to the house was probably in both periods at the west end. Not much remains of the portico, nor is it ])ossible in the present state of the walls to dvlvrmine the position of the doorway leading into the megaron. The megaron (Fig. 122. view from the northwest) is a large room, with a length of t)..'>t) m. and a width of 1.(10 m. Somewhat east of the centre is the customary hearth, irregular in shape, fa. 1.20 m. across, with a Hal stone near it. Less than one metre to the northwest slamls a l«rg»'. 92 KOHAKOU worked hlock of liiiu'titoiic. it i> roughly squari- in plan, nicasnrint; 0. 1.") ni. on a siilc, ami lias a thickiu'ssof ().4U ni. This I take lo l>c tin- imso of the "baotylic" pillar of Hoiisi- II. It showsan inlcrcstinn variation fioni tin- more cnstoinary round type which we havi' seen in Mouses L, M, and P. S(iuari' pillar-bases have been found at Phylakopi in Nb'hls' and in Crete,-' i)Ut they be- long to a period (•onsiderai)ly earlier than that represented by the late setlleriieiil at Korakou. Thcs(|uare pillar of House 11 is, so far as I know, tlie first nf it> kind to l)c uiicovcicd lui tlic ( '.reck mainland.' There was nothing else of note in the niegaron. In the reeonstriution of House H, as mentioned above, a rather poorly built dividing wall thrown across the menaron converted it into two small rooms (Fin. '22). The westernmost is 2.25 ni. deep. In its southern wing a small hearth was built, witii the us\ial tlal stone placed near V- -?-^^ FiouKE IJl. I'l.AN OK House 11, liiinD L.\Ti: IIki.i.aoic Pehiod. it. The wall which, in the plan, seems to separate this section I'ldin the rest of the room is .ictiially at a lower level and probably belongs to a forerunner of House, H. The other room is 3.75 m. deep and includes the large hearth of the former megaron. The "baetylic" pillar likewise still remained, the dividing wall having passed just west of if. The rear chamber is 4.65 m. wide. The east wall of the earlier ])lan of I lie house is missing, liut the reconstructed east wall presumably followed approximately the line of its predecessor. This makes the room 4.25 m. deep. .\t a point 1.70 m. east of the west wall of the room and 1.20 m. from the north side wall is a circular flat stone, 0.35 m. in diameter. In a corresponding posi- tion in the southern part of the room is a small area laid with sea pebbles, which may have served as substructure for a second similar Hat stone. This stone itself was fo»md still farther south, I Phylakopi, pp. 17 f., 40, and also 260, 269. ^ B.S.A., IX, pp. 6fT. ' A second base similar to this was laid bare at Korakou l.l.OO ni. farther west. It has a shallow ciri'iilar depression CO. 0.20 ni. iu diameter iu it.s top. The walls of the house to wliiih it beloiijicd are no loii|j;er di.slinguisliuljle. THE ARCHITECTURE 03 lying agaiist the side wall of the chamber, obviously out of its proper place. These two flat stones certainly look as if they were intended to support posts, and it thus appears likelv that the room contained two pillars. The room is,indeed,.so large that, if it was roofed, some sort of inU-rior sup- ports would seem necessary. The pillars were presumably included in both plans of the house. The floor-levels seem to have been practically identical. Apart from a ven,- large number of ihA- sherds, yielding a total of twelve complete vases, nothing of con.sequence was foun.l in the cham- ber. These vases nndoul)tedly date from the later period of the house and corresinrnd exactly with the similar pottery-groups hom Houses L and P. '5) House (plan, Fig.123) A small house can be made out in the middle of the complex marked O in the general plan. This house consists of a portico, a shallow vestibule, and a small mcgaron. 'I'hc l>uilding is oriente r.ii-ed -liu'liilv abovi- the 94 KORAKOU level of the floor of tlie nxim. aiid pieces seem to be from the socket of a spear. There were also a good many potsherds lying about, including almost the whole of an unpainted buff cylix. Apart from the buildings descrilied above, no complete house-plans were recovered. Some of the rooms and portions of rooms laid bare deserve, however, a few remarks. In the area (marked K on the plan) immediately to the west of House L there seems to have been a large house in the early ])art of the Third Late Helladic period. It is ai)parently separated from House L by a jiassage similar to that between House L and House M. This alley was walled THE ARCHITECTURE 95 up in the Ritcst Mycenaean period of reconstruction. A pivot-stone set close to the wall of Hou.se I> show.s that a door opened into the passage from the south. The IniikiinK itself has evidently .suffered from repeated destruction, restoration, and alteration, and in consequence the area now presents a puzzling complex of partially demolished walls, some superpo.^ed on others, making it impossible to gain anythinti more than a general idea of the original plan. This plan pn.l.al.ly included an entrance or gateway on the .south side leading into a large court or niegaron of the type seen in House P, behind which t here were two or more chand)ers. Not much of this structure is now i)reserved. The existing remains are the following: In the southwest corner of the area is a small complex of walls, forniinga room3.18 ni. X 2.W m., which resembles a gateway. A doorway in the north wall of this preserves a threshoUl of worn rough stones and a small pivot-stone on its west side. The threshold and the upper part of tlu- walls of the gateway date from the very latest Mycenaean occupation of the site ami arc prob- .■-'A'^fr^- >^'p FiorRE 124. Reqion Sodth of Hodse O. ably connected with the late buililing, the erection of which causeil the demolition of the south- east corner of the original neighboring house O Icf. above j). 04). In their Iciwer part, however, the walls seem to go back to an earlier plan. The space directly to the north is somewhat more clear of semi-tleinolished walls than the rest of the area, and it is here that I would r(>cogniz(? the earlier megaron or court. In this region were uncov(M'(Ml three or four large irregular fragments of a solid artilicial pavement which is made of some sort of natural cement, very hard and apparently containing lime. This presmnably (U>ce covered I lie enl ire iiicf::ircpii. In the e;ist ci'Mtral part of this space is a iM'arth pavc^l with [vitshenis and clax'. Farther to the east, against a section of what, was presumably the esust wall of the mega- ron, is -A semicircular pavement of large flat blocks of coarse conglomerali'. It has a radius of m. 1.25 m. and has a sligiilly concave surface. In its western edge slamls a ihii-k flat slab of soft greenish stone, set on end, and |)roj(M-ling ((.Id ni. above the pavement. It mcjksuros l).'A\ ui. X (111! m., is rounded on its short, and Hat on its long .si(h'S. The sha|M' of the stone suggt-sls that it may be a piilar-ba.se, shaved off on two sides. On thei-ast side of the wall a narrow gutter built of stones .set on ('dgi? apparently servod to drain the paved area. suinal)lo iiK'Karoii there may have been two large chambers side by side. The eastern of tliese was at some hiter date in Late Helladic III divided into a northern and a southern room by a liailly l>\iill tross wall of only one course. The southern room Ihvis formed has now only fragini'iils of wall rcmainiufj on its south and west sides. Its eastern end was paved with small stones. Auainst the jjoorly built dividing wall (tn ilic north), and approxiuKilcly in llic axis of the room, is a curious pavement of stone, roughly cinidar in shape, with a diameter of 1.10 ni. It extends partly imder the wall and consecpiently seems to belong to the earlier period of the huge chand)er, being in fact in the middle line of this latter. The northern room has walls of solid con- struction on the north and east, imdoubtedly a heritage from the earlier period; on the south is the late partition wall already nictil ioncd. and a siiiiilaii>- ill-cniist iiirlcd wall closes the room on the west. The corners of thest^ walls do not form right angles, and the opposite side walls are ;\ccordingly not parallel. The room nieasnr(>s a|)pro\iinMtely ;i).') m. X .t.OO m. The floor consists FiouRK 12.5. Laucic .■^tcini: riiui:siioi.i) i\ Wimii Akk (ft \ mm. ami a I'ivot-holk. of trodden earth. Near the middle of it is a paved hearth, and some distance north of it a peculiar tongu(^ of clay, raised above the level of the floor, projects fi'om the north wall. There seems to have been some sort of opening in the wall .'it this point, but it docs not resemble a doorway. No explanation of this arrangement was found, nor was there anj' indication as to the position of the door of the room. The western chamber lacks a wall on the south, as well as on the west. The only evidence that it is a room at all is the presence of a hearth, near which lies the customary flat stone, while a small platform paved w'ith sea pebbles stands clo.se beside it. Northwest of Hou.se 1., in the region letter<(l X on the plan, are two walls, the eastern 9.80 m., the western 8.00 ni. in length, built of fairly solid material, approximately parallel, and 1.6.5 m. to 1.80 in. apart. Their relation to each other is not very clear, but they appear to be exterior walls of two neighboring houses, with a narrow alley between them. No other walls of these houses could, however, be identified. The passage seems to have been enclosed at some time, for the remnants of a cross wall at its north end are still preserved, and 6.5.T m. farther south is a partially demolished foun0 m. thick and liav(; a i)rojecti()n of 1.00 m. Another tyiK" of buttress— if it is a buttress— may l3e seen at I lie north end of House P. Hero, by the ad«htion of a number of fairly largo stones, the thick- ness of the wall is increa.soil OM^ m. to 0.50 m. for a dis- tance of 2.00 m. This thickening of the wall does not fall exactly in the middle of the north end of the house, but slightly west of it, — just far enough to the east, however, to meet the interior partition wall (cf. plan, Fig. llli. .\l the edge of the i)lutT, t)..')0 in. north of House 1' and ca. 0.18 m. i)elow the level of the Hoor of Hou.se P, is a massive flat block of hard conglomerate cut to form a threshold for a door swinging northward. The stone measures 1.74 m. X 0.87 in. The cutting in iIk; edge of the top for the door-sill has a width of 1.48 ni. .\t the ejust end of the rutting is a round pivot-hole (diameter, 0.08 m., depth, 0.05 m.), but there is no corresponding hole at the west end. There was, therefore, a single door of very large dimensions, which swung on a wooden jxtst, set — perhaps with a heel of bronze — into the |)iv<)t-hole. The stone with the cutting for the sill is shown in Figure 125. .\ fragment of wall running ea-stward seems to belong to th(> room to which the tiircshold gave entrance, but the room itself lay to the north and has, along with the whole northern edge of the mound, fallen away toward the sea. The seaward face of the bluff, which be- neath the prehistoric deposit is composed of soft conglomerate, overlying a stratum of hard clay, is now very precipitous (Fig. 126), and below, between its base and the sea, are many hug<; bouldei-s which have evidently lirok(!n away lidin I he I op and roiled downwaril, carrying with them all the remains of the nortliern part of the settlemeiil . I n .Mycenaean times the hill probablyextontled eight or ten metres farther north than it does at present. Th(^ monuniental threshold block obviously iM'longed to a more pret(!ntious building — and one perhaps somewhat earlier in date— than any of those descrilx'd above. By the whim of Fortune it may be just the pahice of Korakou that time and weather have precipilaleil into tlie ( 'oiiiil luaii ( lulf. Distant ;}.7."i m. to the south of the large thnislwdd, and almost in its axis, is a small circular foundation of rough stones, 0.05 m. in diameter. It wsis covered and surroumled by a thick layer of .islies, containing a considerai)l(! number of animal bones and a largo ma.ss of |Mitjdu'rds which penult led I he restoration often complete va-scs. The circular foundaticm c()rros|)onds wi-ll luilh in K^vel and position with the threshold, and the two seem undoubtedly U* Mong to the same s\-sU'm. The area south of the (breshold block may, in fact, 1h! the fore-court of the nu-ganm which lay to iciijui; lliO. XoHTii Kdck of Till-: Hill ok Kor.^kou. 98 KORAKOU the nortli. and in that case \vp may have in tlic circular foundation the remains of an altar analogous to that in the court of the larue megaron of the jialaee at Tiryns. The small "altar" at Korakou, however, does not, like its Argolic counterpart, enclose asacrificiiil pit, hut has a continuous solid foundation. Reference has already heen made to the steepness of the northern edge of tlic hill. It is, in fact, so precipitous as to provide a sufficient natural defence against attack, and it seems unlikrl\-, accordingly, that this side of the settlement was ever fortified. If. nevertheless, a wall was erected here, it has heen carried down into the sea hy the land-slide which destroyed the palace as well, and no traces of its former existence remain. The gentle slope on the landward side of the niounil, on the contrarj', woidd seem to have made a defensive work necessary. T" llii' eiisl any it stood a shaped pillar-base. From the fact that one such THE ARCHITECTURE 99 carved pHhir-base was found associated with the hearth iii every well preserved megaron, while casual flat stones were used as bases for the other pillars in the room, it seems likely that the shaped base supported a "baetylic" pillar, with which the household worship was connected. This jiillar, though presumably different iated from the other supports in the house, was proba- bly, like them, made of wood. The ordinary pillar was very likely no more than a stout wooden post. Tlic disposition of the jjillars shows considerable variety. In one instance they are arranged in a single row down the axis of the house; in another thej' appear to form a colonnade round the sides of the megaroii; while in a third there is one large central column ba.«e. The nK>f was prol)ably made of rafters su|)pi>rting small branches or reeds covered with day. Behind the mcfiaidn was an inner clianilx'r. or in some cases two, each normally provided with a hearth. These clKiinbcrs seem to have hail nii other entrance than that from the meguron; no trace of a rear door was discovered. Doors were |)robably made of wood, swinging, on a post set in a pivot- liole, against a sill cut in stone. Evideiu-e is largely lacking, l)Ut in the better houses, at least, I here is reason to bclicNc thcic were substantial thresholds, each fashioned out of a large block of stone in w hirh t he door-sill am! a i)ivoi-li(>l<' were cut. Single doors seem to have been the rule in these houses; no threshold with pivot-holes for a double door came to light. The indications are that walls were generally not i)lastered with anything more pretentious than clay; only one small fragnuMit of a true wall ])taster was recovered. In almost ever>' instance where a hearth was laid bare, one or more flat stones were found in I lie immediate vicinity, manifestly having .served some purpose in connection with cooking operations over the fire. In .several rooms, usually in a corner. was a slightly elevated platform paved with small stones or pebbles, po.ssibly a bed. This ends the brief list of the simple furniture surviving from the houses of the latest .settlenu>nt at Korakou. C:iIAPTEIl IV THE TOMBS FIRST STRATUM— EARLY TIKI.I.ADK" PERIOD No graves of the Early Helladic Period have yet come to light at Korakou, but the rock-cut tombs discovered at Old f'nrinth in 1800 are shown by the vases found in thoin to bolonR to the early i)art of this period and may, until further evitlencc is forthcoming, be provisionally taken as typical. These' are constnicted in the form of two small, roughly oval chambers opening at oppo- site sides — north and soxith — from the bottom of a rectangular vertical shaft, all cut in the rock. From the small size of the chambers and their shape, as well as from the indications furnished by the position of the bones, it was evident that the bodies were placed in a contracted attitude — an arrangement familiar now from other prehistoric graves both on the Greek mainland and on the Islands. It should be noted, however, that these rock-cut grave-ihamhersopenuigfrom a shaft are totally different from the ordinary cist tombs belonging to the corresponding Early CyclaiUc Period in the Islands. B\it near Chalcis in Euboea Papavasiliou has found a closely related type, consistijig of single grave-chanibers opening from vertical shafts cut in the r(i<'k.- SECOND STRATUM— MIDDLE HELLADIC^ PERIOD At a depth of 1 . 10 ni. near tlu; north edge of t he hill, underneath two walls of the Late Helladic Period, a small pithos of Mattpainted ware was found which proved to be an interment. The pithos lay on its side, with its mouth toward the east (Fig. 127). Although cracked in many places, it still retained its shape fairly well. A large bowl of polished red ware was originally l)l:iced across the mouth as a cover, but, having been criished into fragments by the weight of the earth over it, had fallen away to the north side.' Inside the pithos were the bones of two infants. One child was larger than the other; we esti- iiiaicd its age at approximately two years, while the other » was hardlj' more than a new-born infant. The bones were V(>ry fragile and crumbled when touched. No orderly ar- rangement could lie made out; the bones seemed distuibetl and mixed together. Two skulls were fouiul, one measuring (I. It ni. long and 0.13 m. wide, while (lie other was consid- FlGtlKE 127. PlTHOS-nnRIALOPTwO Small Infants, Middle Helladic Period. 'A.J.A., I, 1S97, pp. 313 ff., FiKs. 1 .and 2. ' lIo?ro/3o(7iXeJou, Ufpl tojv iv V.vpola '\pxaiuf Tq0w>', pp. 2 ff., and I'ls. I, III, IV, VI, X, XII. ' The pithos restored is shown in Figure 28; the bowl in F'igure 25. 100 THE TOMBS Kil on.I.l.v ^ih.all.r. !'...tl, wen- near the bottom of the pithos. Apart from the buia-s, i.o other ol,- j.-.ts wen- [>Li: IICLLAblC I'kKIOI). occu])ied by the burial was very small, measuring nnl.\' (1.17 m. X O.UO m. The liodv la> on lis left side in a contracted attiliidc, with the hea' ^\ it h I he object of filt iiijj t ii<' iic.dy into t he limited s|>ace available. Tlic lioncs were very jxiorly picscivccl. but fr.ijinicnts of a ratlins showed that I he arms werefohU-d l)ack over the breast with the hands before the face (['in. I'JS). The extreme meiistiremenl of the skull from front to back was O.b') m. In the prave itself nolhinR was found .save the bom's. Hound about it, however, were a few scattered sherds of Minyan ware. It is evident that we are here dealing with the intramural interment of an infant — a tyjie of burial well known at other sites, especially at Phylakopi,' where it belongs to a corresponding period. The pithos-grave described above is, no doubt, likewise of the same type. ' Wucc 1111(1 Tlioiiipsoii, I'rehisloric Thessaly, p. I'Jt). '^ I'rehisloric Thcssabj, p. IGI. ' Uawkins and Droop, B. S. A., XVII, pp. GJI. IIIIKI) STUATl'M l.ATi; 111.1. 1. Al )li I'liKlol) Tliici' nra\cs prcplmliiy from the i-iid of tlic Second l.alc llcUiKlic Period were found, all dose together, alxnil ;5.')() ni. nortli of the northeast ehainlierof House P. .\il three were simple earth burials. (iR.WK J. This lay at the bottom of a small circular siiaft whii'h >iraduall\ widened ovit to form an oval urave-eluunber measuring 0.50 lu. across anresent surface of the ground and extended 1.00 m. deeper before reaehini; the grave projier. Along the east side of the grave is an early wall of the Middle Helladic Period, which, continuing northward at. 0.15 m. beyond the grave, turns at right angles toward the east. The body lay on its left side in a contracted attitutle, with head to tlie north. The bones were in a l>a(l state of preservation and very fragile. Passing round tlic neck and rxl('n' two inorc vases: a small mug and an askos (Figs. 73 aiul 74), The necklace and the chaiaclcr of these small vases seem to indicate that the grave was that of a young gii 1. CiUAVK IT, Lying ca. 0.35 m. north of Grave I, and i)arlly alongside the above-mentioned wall after its turn eastward, was the second |;rave. It ran east and west, wiih a length of O.UI) in, and a width of 0.35 ni. to 0.40 ni. It was at the same lc\-el as ( Irave 1 ami Imilt in I lie same wa>'. Imt the traces of the shaft were less clear. The bones were sonicwiiat smaller and cxcn iikh'c fi-agile than those of (Jrave I. The body lay extended on its back, with head to west and arms at sides. .Just south of the head, and a little above it in level, were two small vases: a stenuned goblet with sim])le ornamentation and a plain unpainted jug (Fig. 79). Nothing el.se was found in the grave, save a flat white pebble with a rude cross scratched upon it (Fig. 130, No. 11). Grave III. Ca. 2.00 m. to the southwest of Grave I, and approxinuitely at the same level, a third grave was uncovered, lying beneath a poorly built wall of the Third Late Helladic Period. The construction of the grave was similar to that of the two preceding. Oriented from south- east to northwest, it had a length of 0.50 m. and a width of 0.35 m. The body lay on its right side in a contracted position, with head to the southeast. The bones were in an extreme state of dissolution, but it was possible to measure the skull, which had a length from front to back of 0.15 m., and a thigh-bone, which was 0.215 m. long. The arms were evidently laid over the breast, for the finger-bones were found close to the chin. No objects were discovered in this grave. It is clear that all three graves described above were those of children, and their position almost in the centre of the settlement, with houses on all sides, shows that we have here in the Late Hel- ladic Period, just as we have seen in the Middle Helladic Period, instances of the intramural THE TOMBS 103 burial of gliildiTii. The tomhs of adults, on the other hauii, are uiulnubtodly to U- isought uutMde the limits of the settlement. It is interestiufi to note that in these graves of the Second Lale llelladie IVriod al Korakou there is a])|):irciill,\- no canniiical posiiidn for tiic body. One lay on its left sii'«- Obsuman.-Two small arrow heads of the barbed type (Fig. 130, Nos. 4 and 5). and a large number of flakes. THIRD STilATUM-L.VTi: 1I1;LI..\1>1C I'KIMnn LATE HELLADIC I Rone -A snudl spool, or spool-shaped bead, 0.021 n,. l.mg and 0.018 n.. to 0.02 m. .n d.a.n- ..„.,•. TlH. iH.le is very large, .neasuring 0.011 n,. .n dumu-ter. A slightly ra,.- worn, wliirh h;is cut in il a rcprcsenlat ion of ii l)ull with long ciirved horns, charging spiritedly to the right. .Viiove his hack is something dilKcult to nuike oiit, which may be meant for foliage beyond him, or perhaps an acrobat vaulting over him ".' 14 FiGUKic 13t. Teur.\iott.\ FiiiUKi.NEs, TimiD L.\TE Hell.\dic Pehiod. (Fig. lliO, No. 7). Tliis gcui has evidently been much worn as an amulet or l)ea(l; tlic string hole has broken through on the reverse side for most of its extent. In connection with the above may be mcutionecl two other similai' gems which could not be dated from their place of finding. Their character seems, however, to attrilnite them rather to Late Helladic III than to Late Helladic II. The better of these (Fig. 130, No. 8), though well preserved, is of much inferior workmanship to the foregoing. It shows a stag to left, with head turned back oN'cr his shoulder. The stag is I'athei- carelessly cut in a strained altitude, leaning backwartl, and with thick elongated legs. Before, above, and below him are what appear to be fronds of palm trees. The other gem (Fig. 130, No. 9) is not very well preserved, nor is its work- manship of much merit. A conventionalized cuttle-fish is represented. MISCELLANEOUS FINDS ,07 I.ATi: IlKLLADIC III T..;K>iACOTTA.-F«/M,me,s.-lMagnu.nts of twenty-tw,. HK,ni.„.s ^,vrc l,r..UKl,t t.. li^ht Five ol tlic-se arc .nerHy bases, ami five are heads. The others represent the following tvpes: (1) Flat, with wiiiK-like projections from the shouhh-rs. (a) (Fig. 131. Nos. (i, N, 1:5. 1 n. Tl,, iH.a.l is thin an.l rather shapeles.s with a large pro- jecting ridge for the nose, on eaeh side of which is painted a round d.,t representing the eye. The head is either hare (Fig. 1.31, No. o) or wears a high bonnet with flat (Fig. i:jl, Xos. 3. 'Jl'or concave (Fig. 131, No. 4j to],. In the fir.st ca.se tiie hair a,,pears in one central braid in' relief KuiOKE Vi2. TeRK.\COTT.\ FiUUUKS ok A.VlMAl.s, Pllllll) l.ATi; llcLLAUIC rKIIIUI). riuiniiig (l(]\vii 1 he middle of the back. In the second case there is no braid, but a number of jjainted locks. The sex of the figurine is indicated by conspicuous breasts. The lower part of the figure, below the waist, has mereh' the form of an eli'V.ated round base with flat hollow bottom. Six examples belong to this tyi)e. which is the most common at Korakon -itiil w fnnitiii fn.in almost all Mycenaean sites. (h) (Fig. IMI. Xo. 12). I'hii ligurincs like the abcvc, bill wish no breasts indicated. Only one specimen. .Vmong the five heads miiiiiipncd almvc there is one (Fig. 131, No. 3) on which I he eyes are ren- dered plastically by two small lumps of clay, instead of by painteil dots, .\notlier (Fig. 131, 108 KORAKOU No. 10) wears a Ixinm-t willi cDiicavc ti)]), tlic sides of wliicli aic ilnnc in open wmk, inslcid of tlie more usual cKiscd varii-ty. A mw of dots rouiKJ tlie lliroat pinlialilx n picsciils a lu'ikhui'. (2) Flat figurines without wiun-likc i>iojoctious frojii siioidilt'is. (a) The shoulders are nu-rely rounded, and no arms are indicated. Breasts arc pnniiiiicnt . Three examples were found (Fig. 131, Nos. 2, ">, 11). (6) Like the foregoing. Hat witii rounded shoulders, liul arms are clearly modelled; llie left down the side and then l)ent up toward I lie breast, tlie li^lit extena( majority aiv the f.amiliar saddle- (|uerns. Two or three hav(! a flat surface insleail of a concave one. Flint. .\ nundjer of small fragmr-nis, some widi a tooth edge (Fig, 133, Nos. 10 and IP. Obsidinn.—A great many chii)s and ll.ikes, and somi- fragments of knifi'-blades. CHAITEH VT rOXCLUSION CONXKCTIONS Willi o'l'llIlH SITKS H.\viN(; ('XiiiiiiiKMl ill sdiiio dotaii the results of the cxcavalions at Korakou, we iiuist next con- sider tills nuiteiial more s<'in'ially in the lifiht of its relation to tiie discoveries maile at other pre- historic sites in the Aep'aii area. In this lonncction pottery naturally forms our chief standard of conii)arison. Arcliitcct ure. tombs, and niiscellaneous objects, though eipiallx' important . are, unfortunately, tip to the present time too scantily rei)resenled, either at Koiakou or at othei' i)re- historie sites, as the case may be, to cast their share of light on the problem. We begin with the Karly Helladic Period. i;.\Hl.V TIKLLADIC PKHlol) Potsherds representing all the classes of lOarly Helladic wai'e describccl above have been ])icked up in quantities at ten othei' sites lying in the immediate neighborhood, between the Isthmus and a line about two miles west of Old Corinth.' Oidy three of these sites have yet Ixmmi tested by digging. In the main excavations of the American School at Old Corinth a considerable amount of polished ware (cf. Class A, p. 4) and glazed ware (cf. Class B, p. (J) has been obtained ;- and at Gonia and Yiriza, two points just north of the modern village of Examilia, trial pits opened in I'.nti. besides uncovering walls of the period in iiuestion. jjrodticed a mass of sherds correspond- ing fully with the results gained at Korakou. and furnishing several new shapes. The great abundance of this pottery in the Corinthia and the variety of shapes, including many vessels of very large size, iioint to local manufactm'e. The clay, furthermore, is for the most part of the well known typical yellow-green Corinthian variety, .\ccordingly there seems no reason to doubt that the liulk of this ware is a native Corinthian product, which, however, forms part of a larger group that has a wide-spread distribution.^ For pottery of the same type, but generally of local clay and with local peculiarities, has been found at the following places: Tiryns, as well as other sites in the Argolid,* the Acropolis at Athens,^ Phylakopi,* Naxos,^ Syra,* and other i.slands of the ' Sec A . ./. .1 ., XXIV, 1920, p]). 1 ff. ami p. 271 for an ac'count of these prehistoric sites. - A full account of these wares is to be given by Dr. A. L. Walker in connection with her fnrthcdniinn piiblicaf ion of the pottery found at Old (\)rinth. ' Cf. \\'acc and 'I'lionipson, Prehixloric Thessaly, ("bail. XII and elsewhere. * Cf. Ath. ^[itt.. XXXVIII, li)13, pp. .SS f.; p. 341. Karo, Fiihrcr ilurch die Rtiinn, rot, Tirym (Athens, 191.5), pp. 7 f. See also Schlieinann, Tiryns, pp. .55 ff. For "urfirnis" at Myli, I/crna, and Asinc, cf. Prehistoric Tliex.snh/, p. 224. ' Cf. Graef, Die antiken Vasen von dcr Akropolis zii Allien, Nos. 1 to 4, Plate I, 2 to 4. A recent excavation of a very small area just to the west of the Erechtheura revealed three layers of undisturbed prehistoric stratification, including sherds of Early, Middle, and Late Helladic ware of the tyi)es described in this report. « Cf. Phyhkopi. §§ 2 to 4. Dawkins and Droop, B. S. A., XVII, 1910-11, p. 1(1. ■ Cf.npokrui, 190:5, pp. .5.5 f. (four sites); 1904, pp. .57 IT.; 1900. pp. SO IT.; 190S, pp. 11.5 IT.: 1909, pp. 209 fT.; 1910, pp. 270fif.; 1911, p. X57. »Cf. Tsountas, 'E0. 'Apx-, 1^99, i>i). 17 IT. 110 CONCLUSION HI Cy(-lades*Aulis,2 0ichomenosin Roeotia,' Diachmani,-' Haniu Marina in Phoeis.MJanokla.li in the Spcrcheius valley ,« and Tsani in Thcssaly.' In other words, it occupies a compact area includ- ing the whole of southeastern Greece,' and spreading out to the adjac-nl islands, with an off-shoot to the north into Thessaly as well. Corinth, lying near the centre of this region, might, from it.s advantageous geograpliiral position, he expected to have served as an important meeting-point of comnuuiications and trade. The fact that at least eleven settlements nourished in the limited district adjoining the Isthmus lends strong support to this infen-nce. which is, imleed, further con- firmed hy a closer examination of the finds at Kor.akou :i< .-cmpared with those from the other sites mentioned above. Tlic pottery of tlic lowest stratum at Tiryns, discovered in the more recent excavations, ha.s not yet l)eeii pulilishcd, hut in the nuiseum at Xauplia there are on exhibition examples of polished ware, both unslii)ped and slipped, as well as of the varnished, patterned, and impainted fabrics classified above. These seem practically identical with the vases from Korakou, and the ciiief shapes represented arc also the same, namely the shallow Ikiw! or saucer, the .sauce-boat, and the askos." Thus in the earliest period at Tiryns we have apparently the same ceramic history that has revealed itself in the Early Helladic Period in the Corinthia. In view of this it can hardly be doubted that the connection between the Argolid ;inil the renidii ni ilic Ntlunu- wi- il..-.- throughout the lvni>- Ilelladic Period. No architectural remains have yet come to light at Korakou which can be cnm|)ared witii the inoiunueutal circular building recently discovered at Tiryns,'" but when tin- architecture of the Eail>' Ilelladic Period is more clearly revealed by finther excavation we may confidently expi-ct it to corroborate the evidence of the pottery. Turninii ikiw to the east, we find that the characteristic polt<'ry of the Cydades in the Early Cydadic Period is a hand-made ami polished ware which is fre(|uently incised with geometrical jiatterns, chiefly parallel lines, hatched triangles, and spirals. This polished ware, tliotigh made of local clay (which in several of the islands contains a consideral)le amount of micai, I'learly be- longs to the ,same group with the ])olished ware at Korakou, At Korakou, furthermore, we have seen (p. 4 ) that there were found a few sherds wit h incised decoration in i he ( "ydadic style. The Corinthian examples seem to be later than tliose from Pelos," but consiilcrably i-arlier than the incised ware of Syra. Ciuiously illustrative of this relation, though it may be due merely to ' .\iiiorKos, I'aros, .Xiitiparos, and DcspDtiku, cf. Tsoimta.s, 'E0. 'Kp\., IsllS, |i|>. 1.17 fT. Siphnos, rf. 'K<^. 'Apx ■ IWW, pp. y.i IT. - ' XpxawXoyiKdf .ifXrW, I, lill,"), llopdprijjio, p. .").5. ^ Hullc, Orchinmnox. p. 17. Sec also Sclilicrnanii, ./. //. N., II. pp. I;VJ (T. U'f. .Sotiriadis, Atli. Milt., .\.\.\l, KMMi, pp. :{9i» ff. (liclil iif Dr. Clicva.s). In llic iiiiis<'iiin jil ( "liaiTiiiioii I null-.! sherds of "iirtirnis" alonn with Snoiid Period 'riie.^sali.'iii ware from this .site. .S-e alio llfia>rika, ItHKI, p. 1^7 (tirlil of Messrs. (iiaiinakopoillos and I'iperis). Kor this latter sili' .see also Ilpa^rika, PHO, p. Il'.l. • lIpoKTiKd, 1910, pp. \iS.\ IT. and espe|-.', pp. •-'71 ft. " Cf. I'rehutnric 77if.s-,s(i/i/, pp. 177 IT. Also at .\miiri, op. cil., p. II. • I'riltixloiir Tlii.i.iy I'apavasiliou in I'JilMH-a likewise lielonK hen-; ef. llatatiaaiMov. IhpJ rut t Ik^pu brought to light at Koraktni, or indeed at other excavations on the maiidaiid.-' This latter may be partly tkie to the fact that uj) to the i)re*ent time practically no graves of the lOarly Helladic Period have been discovered. But it seems equally likely that Cycladic civilization, developing perhaps from the same origin as its mainland counterpart, for some reason — no doubt its contact with Crete and the East — advanced more rapidly than the latter and event\ially, undisturbed by pressure fiom the outside, reached a higlier and difTerentiated stage. The settlements on the mainland, on \he other hand, perhaps of later growtli and progressing more slowly, came to an abrupt end through the intervention of an external factor before attaining their highest development. At any rate, while there evidently was a general connection between the Cyclades and the settlements on the mainland throughout the Early Helladic Period, the jiolished and incised wares seem to show a more special bond between those islands and the Corinthia. The quantity of Early Helladic ware found on the Acropolis at Athens is very small and need not detain us loMir here. It may suffice to state that it includes slicids of ]iolislied and glazeil fabrics in all respects similar to those at Korakou, and that among the shapes the sauce-boat occiu's. We may proceed, then, directly to the finds in Boeotia and Phocis. The pottery from Orchomenos has unfortunately not yet been puljlishcd, but an excellent sum- mary of the results is given by Wace and Thompson;' and a full account of the discoveries at Hagia Marina has been presented l)y Professor Sotiriadis.'' We see, then, that a considerable amount of "urfirnis" has been brought to light, and along with it a smaller ciuantity of sherds bearing a simple linear decoration in thin white on a semi-lustrous gray-black ground. This "urfirnis" is essentially the same as the glazed ware of Korakou, though apparently somewhat more limited in color than the latter, and among the shapes the characteristic small saucer or .shallow l)owl and tlu; askos occur. The decorated (so-called Kamares) ware is practically identical \vith class C II of the patterned ware at Korakou, and a large tankard similar to that from Gonia shown in Figure 11 is a common shaiie. It is this giou]) tiiat is significant of special connections between Phocis and tlic Istluiius. For light-on-dark ware of this type, though fairly' common in Phocis, has, up to the present time, been fovmd at no southern sites save those of the Corinthia. In the museum at Chaeronea I have also noted examples from Hagia Marina of the other typc^ of patterned ware, with d(u-oration in dark paint on a light ground, which arc altogether similar to those of class C I ' Cf. B. S. A., XXII, PI. VII, 2. See also 'E^. 'Apx., 1898, PI. IX; 1899, PI. VIII. - Cf. Prehialorir Theanahj, p. 22,5. |8inop the above was written, a marble figurine of the Cycladic tyi)C has been found at Zygouries, a prehistoric site near Ilagios Vasilios, excavated by the American School.] •■' Prehialoric Thessaly, pp. 194 fl. • Rev. f:i. Gr., XXV, 1912, pp. 2.53 IT. CONCLUSION 113 at Korabou. Here too, however, there are differences to be observed: in particular, the non- occurrence in Phocisof the highly polished ware which at Corinth and in the Cydades forms the earliest group. This fact might jjossibly indicate that the "urfirnis" settlements at Orchomenos and Hagia Marina arc later establishments than those in the south, and begin approximately in Early Helladic II as represented at Korakou. Likewise it is remarkable that no example of the sauce-boat, so characteristic in the south, has yet lx>en obtained from the Piiocian site- In spite of these differences the general connection with the southern sites is, ne vert hele->,.vi(i.ti i, and in the light-on-dark patterned ware we see a special link between Phocis and the Corintliiit. The "bothros" at Korakou also deserves mention here, since it is obviously the same kind of con- struction as those at Orchomenos. The parallel is not limited to the one example at Korakou, for at least three others were discovered at the neighboring site of fJonia. As at Orchomenos, they were found filled with carbonized matter, bones, and potsherds, but tim-es i.f biimiiiL' «■ r.. not visible. The ■ urfirnis " of Lianokladi corresponds closely with that of the two Phocian sites and requires no furtlier discussion here.' Curiously, no light-on-dark |)atterned ware was turned up at Liano- kladi, though this site is not far from Hagia Marina. The "urfirnis" at Tsani in Thessaly- does not differ materially from the corresponding ware at Lianokladi. The shallow bowl .iiid I lie a,skos are typical shapes. It is interesting to note that in the rugose dishes at Tsani we apiiaicntly have vessels closely resembling the baking-pans of Korakou and (Ionia (cf. above p. 13). No direct connection with Crete has yet appeared for this early period at Korakou. Tlie possibility of indirect ( 'I'ctan inlluence in the light-on-dark patterned ware, though l)y no means a certainty, must, liowe\'er, be recognizcnl.' Having thus completed our bric^f survey of the sites at which Haiiy Hellailic pottery has Ih-j-h discovered, we may conckule that Corinth shows conii)lete similarity with the south (Tiryns), close relations witii the east (Cyclades), and special connections with the north (Phocis). It is temi)ting at this |)oiiil to box the compass by continuing around to the west, but imtil further evidence is available it seems wiser to refrain from emphasizing the imiMtrtance of the single Vii.se which, it was suggested above (p. 14), might be an impoitation from Olyinpia. To judge from tin- pottery, Early Helladic civilization began in the south,* apparently in the Cyclades, though it very soon embraceil the adjacent shore of the mainland. Thence it gradually spread inland and northward until, in the latter part of the period — that is, Early Helladic II and III — it reached its widest diffusion. MIDDLE 11K1.L.M)1( rKHloD Tiie distribution of Minyan ware is too well kin>wn to n-cpiire restatement here.' Apart from Korakou, however, six other sites in the Corinthia at which this waiv occurs have n-cently Iwconie ' I'rehixloric Thessiily, pp. 177 IT. - Prehistoric TliexKahj, p. I !•">. » Rev. fit. dr.. XXV, 1!>P_', pp. 2X2 ff. * Cf. I'rchi.iloric Tlicsxnhi. p. 2t."). M'f. I'rehixtoric Thessaly, p. 2(59; Forsdyko, ./. //. N.. .\.\X1\ , I'.dt, pp. 12(1 IT.; CliiUlo, J. U.S., .WW. lltl.-i, pp. lilt) IT. 114 KORAKOU known.' It thus appears that the Isthmian region is a verj'- import ant one in the sphere of Minyan ware, and the material from these seven sites may not he overlooked in any fiitiii-e study of Minyan pottery. Of the two varieties which have l)e('n previously distinnuishcil, namely CJray, or northern Minyan, and Argive, or southern Minyan, hotli occur freely at Ivn'akou and at (!onia. (!ray Minyan is, however, far more abundant than Arrive, which is. in fact, a local i I'eloponnesian?) imitation. Arjiive Minyan is almost alw.ays decorated witii simijle curvilinear patterns in incised lines, and at Korukou we lind that this system of ornamentation is occasionally api)lied also to Gray Minyan — a development |)erliai)s due to southern influence. In the case of llie typical goblets on a hij!;h ringed stem, furtlieiinore, we have seen that Korakou furnishes a vaiiety of examples, in which the number of raised rings varies fioni one to eight, repi-esentinii, therefore, both the southern and the northern types. In addition to the two classes mentioned above, th(> excavations at Korakou produced also a great mass of Yellow Min\'aii, another and more successful offshoot of Gray Minyan,-' which is exceedingly important as forming the first step in the development of Mycenaean ware, ^■ellow Minyan has been foimd in some, quantity also at (^rchomenos and in the .\riiolid. .\s regards the world of ^Minyan ware, therefore, Corinth takes a cosmopolitan position. The Mattpainted fabrics found along with Minyan ware at Korakou occur likewise in identical style in the Argolid, apparently at all the prehistoric sites that have been excavated. Gioup 1, the coar.se ware, is chiefly represented, and pottery of this class has been found also at .\egina. The ^lattpainted vases discovered at Aphidna in .\ttica' are probably likewise closely related to this group, and similar ware has been found at ( )rcli(iinenos. ( lidup 11, the finer style, is not yet so well represented from other sites, but there are a luunber of g 1 specimens from the shaft graves at Mycenae and several from Tiryns; and others have recently come to light at Eleusis.* Two vases from Geraki in Laconia shovdd also be mentioned here.' In some of this fine Matt- painted ware Cretan inHuence .seems unmistakable. Mattpainted ware of group III, with decora- tion in two colors, red and black, has, so far as present knowledge goes, approximately the same distribution. The familiar examples are, of course, those from the sixth shaft grave at Mycenae," but there is a good deal of similar ware from Orchomenos and other sites in the north. Phylakopi has likewise fiunished a fine beaked jug in this style,^ though the usual Cycladic parallel is the black and red ware of Melos, of which a good example was also found in the Temple Repositories at Cnossus in Crete.* We come now to the Mycenaean or mainland fabrics corresponding to Middle Minoan III wares. Here the material from other sites is still extremely scanty, and not much can be said until fiuther discoveries are made. Professor Karo has, however, shown me a number of similar sherds from Tiryns, and it is evident that the state of affairs in the Argolid corresponds exactly with that at ' Cf. A. J. A., XXIV, l'.i20, pp. 1 IT. 'CI. B.S. A., XXII, p. 181. ' Cf. Ath. MM., XXI, 1896, PI. XV, 4-0. ' 'K4>. 'kpx; 1912, p. .3, Fig. 1, Nos. 4, 0. Cf. also 1898, p. 70, Fig. 9. ' Cf. B. S. A., XVI, pp. 78 (T., Figs. 3 .nnd 4. 'Cf. Furt\v:i?igler .-uid Lopsdickc, Myk. Tlmngcjiufne, Pis. VIII, i'.i, aiul IX, 44. ' Phylakopi, p. 159. 'CLB.S.A ., IX, p. .50, Fig. 26 g. I CONCLUSION 11.-, Corinth. Save, possibly, for one or two sherds from Tiryns,' none of this ware can be claimed US genuine Cretan, but the ultimate Minoan source of the patterns on many of these vases can- not be ciucstioned. Since it seems equally free from doubt that most of this ware was fabricated on the mainland, Minoan originals must have been imported for use Jjy the mainlantl potters. Whether any ol these actual originals, wliieh were obviously not numerous, is ever brought to light by further excavation or not, the fact of connections with Crete is nevertheless established. This somewhat cursory review of the distribution of the chief kinds of pottery characteristic of the second stratum at Korakou shows that in the Middle Helladic Period, as in the precedinp age, ( 'orinth continued to be the central point of a more or less homogeneous ceramic area. Again we have found substantial identity with the south (.\rgolid), close connections with the east (Cychides), and comijlete general agreement with the north. Furthermore, we have seen definite points of contact with Crete, .\gain the evidence from the west is too shght to throw sufficient hglit on the question of iclations in this direction, and we must await the results of new excavations in the western part of (Jreece. In the meant inie it may, however, be pointed out that in his recent digging at Thermon- Romaics has discovered fabrics verj- similar to our dray and Yellow Minyan, as well as to our Mattpainted wares. Ttuiiing now to architecture, wo find at the last named site, Thermon, a house practically identi- nil in plan and construct ion wit li our House F .it Koiakou.' It is, indeed, longer in proportion to its width tJKin House F and considerably larger, but thi^ same principle of division into rooms is observed, including a vestibule, a large megaron, and an enclosed ap.se at the northern end. A glance at the plan will show that House A at Thermon givt^s the same impression of care and preci- sion in construction that we have noted above in the Middle Helladic Period at Korakou. .\psidal buildings are by no means conlinitl to the two sites mentionetl above, nor are they particularly rare in the jnehistoric area under consitleration (cf. Olympia, etc.), but the remarkably close simi- larity between the houses at Thermon and Corinth seems more than fortuitous. The house discovered in the upper stratum at Lianokladi* is also, to judge by the pottery found in that stratum (Minyan ware), approximately contem|)orary with House F at Korakou. It seems, however, far more carelessly built than House F. and has a jjeculiar plan which may jK-rhaps bo the result of a reconstruction. In its earlier form it apparently consisted of a large megaron with a store-room adjoining it, and the entrance may have been on the long south side of the megaron. This house appears to have little in common with House F at Korakou. Reference may also be made here to the house uncovered by Kourouniotis in the up|>ermast stratum at Rini in Thes.saly.' This is irregularly oval in plan, having a walled-ofT apse at each end with a large central room lietween. The door may have been in the east side of the large room. .\ house of the same period, but with an apse at one end oidy. was found at Hachmani.* It consists of one largo chamber including the apse to the south, and a smaller room lo the nortii containing the iienith. Thi' entrance was |)robably in the sir.iiuht end. opening to the northeast. ' Cf. Schlicniiinn, Tiryns, I'i.s. X.W lil, .\XV11 d. » Cf. ' Kpxaio\oyiKii> AtXrioK, I, 191.5, pp. 225 (T. >(;f. -Apx. -ieXr., I, lOl.'-), p. 2:51, l'i({. 2. * Cf. I'rMsUiric Thcfsntij, p. IS'J, l''ig. i;i". » Cf. I'rehixloHc riieKnaly, pp. i:{2 f., ami Kigs. Sllaiiil SI. ' House P; cf. I'rehUloric Tlussnly, p. .'iS, Kin. 17. no KORAKOU At Orchomonos, where Minyan pottery was abundant, we should expect to find sufficii>nt nichi- tcctural material for comparison, hut, unfortunately, at this important sitono completohousc-pluns were recovered. In methods of const ructit)n, however, there seems to he essential agreement with what has been discovered at Korakou. No further material for comparison is yet available from the inainlaml. In t he Cyclades, as, for example, at Phylakopi,' and in Crete, contemporary hou.ses lit into a iiuich mor(< closely organized urban system and apparently have not much in common with the more rustic establishments we have seen in soutli central (ireece. We may conclude, then, that in liie Middle Helladic Period no one uniform house-plan was followed in the Helladic area, nor, indeed, even at .any (nie site. On tlie contrary, we find wide diversity in shape and orientation of houses, as well as in arrangemod of the iiderior. showiuf; that each builder felt free to build according to his own convenience. It remains to refer iirieliy^o burial customs. We have seen al)()ve(i). 101 ) that the graves of the Middle Helladic Period at Korakou find a close parallel in the intrammal lnuials at Phylakopi; and similar interments are not uncommon at Orchomenos. ( 'ist graves of t he ty|)ical ( )rcliomeiii:in kind, which are not rare in the whole north Helladic area and occur in the Cyclades as well, have not yet been discovered at Korakou, but at Cionia, only two miles away, five were uneartheil which correspond in every way with those at Orchomenos. These Middle Helladic graves are very simple and visiiall.\- contain notliing but the skeleton. In one case at (Ionia three Ixine hair- pins came to light, and ixittery was exceedingly rare, lieing limited to a solitary nondescri])! vase. This simplicity of interineid is characteristic at otiier sites as well. L.'VTE HELLADIC I'lllMoD That the Corinthia was an inii)<)rtant centre for the development of Late Helladic or Mycenaean pottery is amplj' demonstrated by the fact that at least five other sites at which these wares apiiear to occur in considerable quantities exist within a railius of live miles of Korakou. ()iily one of these sites has yet been excavated; but, tiiough the trial pits at (Ionia did not yield such aljundaiit material for the Late Helladic Period as was obtained at Korakou, the restilts nevertheless fully confirm the conclusions which have been drawn from the stratified deposit at the latter site. The other four sites still await investigation, but it may be noted that at one of these — Cheliotomylos, hardly more than half a mile to the northwest of Old Corinth — sherds corresjionding to the First, Second, and Third Late Helladic styles have been collected. .A.t the remaining three sites Myce- naean sherds visible on the surface of the ground are limited to the Third Late Helladic style, as was the case also at Korakou before excavations were undertaken. It has already been statinl tiiat the great Imlk of Late Helladic or " Mycenaean " pottery found at Corinth is almost certainly of local manufacture, evolved through a gradual and regular develop- ment of Yellow Minyan ware under constantly growing Minoan influence. The early shapes are thus for the most part those taken over from the Minyan stock, chieHy the goblet on a stem, and a deep bowl with high, splaying rim; but, once the new technique has passed the experimental stage and established itself,it rapidly prevails overthe oldermethods and, as it progresses,it undoubtedly imports from abroad along with its flesigns many new shapt^s as well. The source of these importations is of course Crete; but although the evidence of sucii trade ' Cf. Phylakopi, plan. Pis. I. and XL CONCLUSION ,17 rilatioiii^jccoincs exceedingly strong in tlie First Late Holladic- Period, it is not until the Second Late Helladic Period that the height of Cretan influence seems to he reached at Korakou. It is to this stage that we must assign the fine squat l)o\vi« with carefully painted marine designs, the well made cups of thin faljric with a pattern suggesting tortoise shell or grained wood (the8o-fallo seen t« be dominant over the Minoan. Turning now to a consideration of the nialcrial from other sites, we find that Mycenaean pot- tery of the First and Second Late Hellatlic types has not yet come to light in great cpiantities on the mainland. The .\rgoli(l. however, again shows complete agreement with Corinth. Thus at Tiryns and at Mycenae numerous vases and sherds have i)een found, representing both the spirali- form style of decoration characteristic of Late Helladic I and the naturalistic style belonging to Late Ilcllaiiir II.' Tlic shapes of these vases, fmllicrnioic, tell the same story that has In-cn revealeil in the Corinthia. It may be noted that Ephyraean ware occui-s not-only at Tiryns and Mycenae but at the Argive Heraeum as well.- Tlie excavations at Eleusis' have likewise producccl ciiaractfristic va.ses of the First and Seclis (1918) to the west of the Erechtlieiini, liowever. a few sherds of Late Helladic I and Late Helladie II styles came to light, ami others are known from earlier digging.* In shajH-s and decoration these vases agree closely with the finds at Corinth. Again, stemmed goblets and deep bowls, chiefly with spiraliform ornament, represent the First Late llelladu- Period, whih- .-^ciuat bowls wilii marine designs and straight -sided cui)s i-eliect the more dominant Minoan standards of the S«>cond Late Helladic Period. Sjioradic lind> of pottery at other places near Athens— such a.s the fine holc-moulhed jar numbered 98(j in thi' National Museum*— j"'''t>fy iis in believing that futiin> ' Tlio pottery from the recent Ciermuii e.xciiviitions at Tiryii-s (1910) liiut not yei Ihvii iml.li.slicl. but »»a »lio*ii lo nie by 1'rofe.s.sor Karo. 2Cf. tf.S.i4., XXII, |). 182. ' Cf. 'E4>. -Apx-, 189H. PP- ^il 'L l"-'l-'. PP- 1 T. • Cf. Graef, Die anlikcu Vasoi von ilcr .IAt/./ki/is zu Mhcn, I'la. 2 aiul H; l«xt, pp. 1 IT. 'Thi.s vase, ac(|uiriMl from a lojiicl ion, may, iHrhapa. Iiavf l«'<'n found out.siilr \--- 118 KORAKOU excavations will reveal at various points in Allica lloinisliitin settlements lielontiin^ to the tinest period of Mycenat'an art. In till" Cyclades wo find tiial elose assoeiation witli Crete makes itself foreihly felt in the tieid of (Traniics considerahly sooner than on the mainland. Minoan vases are imported at an earlier date and in inueh larger quantities. Thus, respondiiit: iid (lnui>l to popular demaiul. ihi' jxitters of Melos early develo)) a sehool of their own foi- the i)rodnition of \ases in the Minoan style, and northern intluenci- is far less vijjorons than we have seen it in the Corinthia. While the develo])- nient of pottery aeeordingly proceeds alon;; somewhat difTerent lines, and we meet with no <'xaet correspondence to the spiraliform and naturalistic stafji's which are so clearly maikeil on the main- land, the same general process certainly worked itself out at Melos also, though to he sure at an earlier date. Characteristic of the difference in process, however, apart from that in chronology, is the fact that stemmed goblets and deep howls with wide, splaying rim. which at Corinth so definitely reflect their Minyan oi'igin, are very rare at IMiylakopi, where the conunon shapes are apparently for the most part taken over from Crete. But by the end of the First Late Helladic Period or the begiiuiing of Late Helladic II the pottery of Corinth is so thoioughly Minoanized that, save for differences due to local manufacture, it is essentially the same as that at Melos. That the relations l)ctween the Cyclades on the one hand and ( 'orinth and the .Vrgolid on the other wei"e especially intimate in the Second Late Helladic Period may, furthermore, lie inferred from the presence at Phylakt)])i of l',|)liyraean ware. \\lii<'h is almost certainly a mainland jiroduct. In Boeotia almost no Mycenaean shertls of the First Late Helladic Period have yet been dis- covered. The excavations of Keraniopoullos, however, have brought t o light at Thebes tombs and the remains of a palace, which the evidence of the pottery assigns to the Second Late Helladic Pei'iod.' This jiottery corresponds fully with that of the second Mycenaean stage (Late Helladic II) at Corinth and other mainland sites, conforming generally to the Minoan standard. .\t Thebes we might exjiect northern I i.e.. "Minyan") influence to be paiticidarly strong, but this expectation must await confirmation fiom further discoveries, especially of material of the First Late Helladic Period. There seems every reason to believe that Thebes lay on an imi)ortant trade route from the south, which passed from Corinth acioss the ('orintliian (!ulf to Thisbe and thence to the north. Search for a i)rehistoric settlement in the neighborhood of Thisbe should yield extremely valuable results. In Euboea the investigations of the late (<. Papavasiliou in the viciiiit\' of Chalcis ha\'e duiing recent years brought to light a rapidly incieasing amount of Mycenaean remains.- This material, which comes chiefly from tombs, is in large part still unijublished, but, though the bulk of it falls within the Third Late Helladic Period, it a])i)arently also includes some vases in t he familiar Second Late Helladic style. Farther north, in Phocis, no pottery of the First or Second Lute Helladic types has hitherto been found; and apart fiom two renuirkable vases which may be Middle Minoan II importations from Crete,' no direct southern influence before the Third Late Helladic Period is yet i)redicable. But in Thessaly, which was much more accessible by sea, the Second Late Helladic style is repre- ' Cf. 'K. 'Ap\.. 190!l. pp. oo fT.; IIpoKriKd, 1910, pp. 1,52 If. See al.so 'Apx- -ieX''-, HI, l^l*", pp. 1 (T. 'Cf. IlnirafJaaiXfiou, llipi Twf iv Kvlioif. 'Xpxaiv 'Vdaf, .\tliens, 1910, pp.21 IT. See al.so lIpojtTtKa, 1910, p. 2t)ti; 1911, pp. 237 f. ' Cf. 'E<(>. "Apx., 1908, p. 87, KiK. 13, i'l. o, 2. CONCLUSION 110 sciitoill^-aiiumlKrof vaHosfioiM tdiiil.sat Pasa.sae,' and at lulcos'oii llie littoriil of llii- FaKasaoan Culf; wliilc a lew similar vast's an- icconlcd as havinti hccn fuun.l at Matjula m-ar Eliissoiia.' In Western Creece. despite the important researches of Diirpfeld. systematie exploration of prehistoric sites has lagged eonsiderahly behind that in Eastern (oeece, and the material foreoin- parison is still scanty, especially as refjanls the jjcriod anterior lo Late Helladie ML It is, curiously, in the pottery of Thermon, a mountain fastness of Aetolia, that we s»'em to find the close«t parallel to tile First and Second Mycenaean stajies of Corinth. Here Dr. Roniaios has diseoven-d example!; of goblets and deep bowls with spiraliform ornament, as well as strainlil-sided cups. iar.-. ami a rliyton with a |)atlerii of duuliie axes, wliich show strong Minoan inlluence.* Mycenaean remains discovered up In i he present time in .\carnania'' seem to be limited entirely to the Third Late Helladie Period, as is also the case at the excavations of Dorpfeld in I^-iicjut. Consideralily more material has been unearthed in Cephalonia, where mmierous Mycenaean tombs have been o|)eniMl.'' From the accoimt of these excavations published by Kavvadias it does not appear that oi)jects of First or Second Late Helladie date are included among the finds. On the west coast of the Peloponnesus traces of Mycenaean civilization have Iw-en found at several points. W Olympia there is one lone Late Minoan III sherd.' W Kakovatos, however, — Triphylian Pylos — the Second Late Helladie P«'riod and. probably, the end of the Fii>it, an- well represented among the limis fiimi ilic three ro\al tombs and from the adjacent prehistoric settle- ment." In the important series of vases discovered here, Minoan ascendancy appears IoIh- practi- cally complete, antl few, if any,' of the northern elements so characteristic at Corinth can be distin- guished. Farther south, near the Messenian Pylos. a bee-hive tomb, excavated in I'.tl'i by l)r- Kouiduniotis, yirldcil a nuini)er of vases of the "early palace style," including a large amphora with a design of ivy leaves remarkably similar lo that on the well known beaked pitcher from the first shaft grave at Mycenae.'-' Here as at Kakovatos, the vases are almost certaiidy of niainland manufacture, but again they show signs of powerful Minoan inllnence and little coimectioii with the nortii. Both the Messenian and tiir Triijhylian Pylos lie close to the sea, and it is liardlx' going li(\|>- -'112 ir., ri.s. ll ami 10. »Cf. >:,<,. 'Apx.. 1!I0(>, I'l. IJ. 'C'f. I'rchisioric Thissdiy, p. 2(17. 'Cf. 'Apx. -^fXr., I, lill.j, pp. 2titl IT.: alsii II, Itllli, pp. ISI f. K'f. npasTiKCL. I'.HW, p. 100. K"f. UpaKTiKa. I!)l-', pp. IIK) IT.; 247 IT.; also Kavvadiius, llpoioTopi»4 'ApxaioXoyla, pp. XVi IT. ■ Cf. Mh. Mill.. .W.W 1. t'.lll, p. l~(i. l''iK. 20 a. »C'f. Mil. .Mill., .\.\.\l\ . I'.inn, pp. :«>2 IT., I'Is. If. 21. »Cf. 'Kit). '\px; I'" I. pp. '••'•' IT. ami f.s|KTiiilly I'l. 2. i"Cf. 'E.^. 'Apx,, ISWI, |). 151, I'l. 7, li). 120 KOKAKOU In till' Tliird Late Ht-lladic I'l'iiod (Late Minoan III) Mycciuuan iniltciv attains its wklcst dilTiisioii. A compli'tc list of the sites at wliieh it oeciirs would l)e sn])ciHii()iis lu-ie; and it may suffice to say in general that vases and potsherds of this type and of essential luiiformity have been found at numerous plaees throughout the Greek mainland, on the islands of the Aegean, at several points on the coast of Asia Minor, in Cyprus, Syria, and Kg\'pt. in Soiitlicrn It.ily, Sicily, as well as Sardinia, and a related type, at least, appears in the extreme west, in Spain.' It thus aijjiears that there existed at this period a wide-spread, active sea-horne traffic tlinnifiliout the Mediter- ranean. There is every reason to believe that Corinth, with her oxtraorilijiaiiiy favorable situa- tion and her background of similar activity in preceding ages, took an active i)art in this extensive intercourse, and, as in earlier days, jilaycd an esjiecially important role as an intermediate station in com n ami cat ions between the Aegean area and Northern Greece. No reference has yet been made to the architectural evidence of the Late llelladic I'eriod, and, in fact, but few remarks are needed. For at Korakou no remains of the First and Second Late Helladic stages have yet been found to afford comparison with the luoiiuiiicntal palaces of other mainland and island sites; and, on the other hand, the humble dwellings of the Third Late Hellatlic Period at Korakou have, up to the present time, almost no counterpart elsewhere. The private houses excavatetl by Tsountas at Mycenae are. iiuleed, uiidoul)tedly of the same general type, but they furnish no certainly complete plan. At Tiryiis alone is there a coniijlcte and clo.se parallel to House L at Korakou. but a discussion of this question involves a considerable amount of detail and is, therefore, relegated to an appendix (cf. Appendix IV, p. 130 below). L'ntil JNIycenaean tombs are discovered at Corinth and miscellaneous finds conic to light in greater abundance, there is no material available in these fields for comparison with other sites. CHRONOLOGY We conic now to the jiroblcin of dating the prehistoric set t lenient at Korakou. Helving chietly on the ceramic affinities discussed in the preceding chapter, we have ventured to construct pro- visionally a table of relative chronology (p. 121). As a basis for the synchronisms here set out we naturally take the Minoan system established by Sir Arthur Evans, to which is joined the closely related Cycladic system as elaborated by the British excavators at Phylakopi.'- It must be em- phasized again that this table (which is essentially the same as that given in B. S. A., XXII, pp. 186 f.) is a provisional one, and that future discoveries on the mainland may render some modifica- tions necessary. To guard against misunderstandings it must also be pointed out that these synchronisms are not presumed to be absolutely exact, but only approximate, with allowance of a certain amount of leeway in both directions. In discussing briefly the table here presented it may be well to begin at the bottom, that is, with the latest phases of the Prehistoric Age; for here at least we are not on doubtful ground. The three Late Helladic stages as exemplified at Korakou are obviously parallel to the three Late Minoan stages in Crete and the corresponding stages in Melos. Whereas, however, the Third Late phase is practically identical at all these sites, and can be approximately dated bj' the dis- coveiy of Late Helladic III pottery at Tel El Aniarna in a refuse-heap belonging to the palace of ' A. J. Evans, Scripta Minoa, I, p. 96. 2 Cf. Phylakopi, pp. 238 ff. MAINLAND CONCLUSION TAIiLE OF SYNCHR()NLSM.S 121 CYCLADES CKLTE Earhj llrllndic I I'olislicd \\:iic riisii|)|)c(i A 1 Slippcil A II Incisi'd Ware (Early Cydadic I) Poiisiied Ware Primitive Ineised Ware Pelos, Ani()rg(j.s, >Sij)|inus Phylakopi, § 2 Early Minoan 1 ToniKs at Corintli (A. J. A., 1897, p. a 13 IT.) (Early Cydadic 11) Advanced Incised Ware Phylakopi, §§ :!. 1 Early Miuihiii II Karlij Ihlladtc II Clazcd Ware H I ami 11 (Early Cydadic II h Phylakopi, §§ ;i, -1, G Incised Ware of .Syra and Naxos? Early Minuan III Early lldlmUc III Cilazcii Ware B II Paftcrncd Ware (' I-II (Middle Cydadic I) Phylakopi, §§ G, 7 Middle Miuaan I Middle Hdladic I (iray Minyaii Ware Matlpaiiiti'd Ware I (Middle Cydadic II) Hed Burnished Ware Kainares Ware Gray Minyan up|K'ars MiddU MiiuMiu II Kaniarcs Wari' Middle llcllndir II ^'(■llcpw ^liiiyaii Maltpaiiilcd Ware 1 with curviliiicar patlcrns Mall painted Ware II-lII Mainland M. M. Ill {Middle Cydadic III) Phylakopi, § '.) Black and Red Ware Spiraliforni tieonielric Middle MifuHin III Melian Black and He.l in Temple l{c|H>!ii(orieM Uite Helladic I Myocnaean Ware with Spiniiifonii Decoration (bale Cydadic I) Hed and Black Ware (Naturalistic) Late Minonn 1 ImU' Ihllmlic 11 Myeenaean Ware with Natinahstie Patterns ICphyraean Ware (Oile Cydadic II) Late Minnan II and Late Helladic II Ware, I^)eal and Imported Kphyraean Ware End of Gray Minyun Ij4ilt MtniMiii II Late Ihlladic III Degenerate Myeenaean Tel 101 Aniania Style (Late Cydadic III) LateHclladi( III Ijate Minoan III 122 KOHAKOU Akhciuiti'ii," (•I'ltain dilTeicnccs havi- lu-eii mkIciI in tlu' 1\vo earlier j)hast's. Tims at Ki)i;ik(i\i in the Second Late Helhidic Period we observe that Cretan ])att('rns of Late Minoan I style are niiicli favored; and, furthermore, the proce.'^s of ilevelojjnient from linear to iiatiiralistic decoration, which in Melos was larnely cpartnre. In conse(|uence, the artistic development at Korakou may iie a,>< much as half a sta^e ln'hiTiil lliat prc\;iilinK dui'iliM: tlie s;iine ])erin(| in Melos, .iinl almost a full staiie hehinil t hat in < 'rcte. Turiiinn now to the Middle Heiiadic I'eriod. we meet no serious difiicidly in t he way of eslalilish- iii}? fairly safe synchronisms here also. From the Second Middle Ileiiaili<' slraluni at Korakou we obtain our earliest Mycenaean ware — that is, pottery of mainland nianufad ure witii (l(>sinns and liuisli in Minoan technique — correspoiulint; closely with fabrics of the 'i'iiiid Middle MiiKian Period in Crete. .Vt the same time, ainonn the ceramic finds Iroin the Temple Keiiositories at Cno.ssus are included examples of bird-vases like those conunon in the Third ^Middle Cydadic I'eriod at Phylakopi, cori'es])ondinj; to the bichronie Maltjiainted ware of the Second Middle Ilrllailic siratujn at Koiakuii and better known iVojn the sixth shaft <;rave at Mycenae. We are tiierefore justified in acceiitinn' the Second Middle IlelL-idic I'eiiuil as a))pii)ximately ciintcm- jiorary with tlu^ Third .Middle Minoan Period of Crete. In the First Middle Heiiadic Period at Korakou, Gia>' .Miii\aii is the i)i'ed(iininanl pottery. The olhservations of Dawkins and Droop at Phylakopi- are illuminat in^i in this coiniection; for they show t hat t he bulk of < Iray Minyan in Melos occurs in associat ion wit h iiat ive ;icoinet ric and Cretan Kamares ware. The ajjpearance of Clray Minyan at Korakou may be slightly earlier, certainly is not later, than its occurence at Phylakopi. In consequence we afe enabled to ecpiate roufthly the First Midtlle Heiiadic Period at Corinth with the Melian and Cretan Second Middle Minoan Period. I'"(ir till' relative chroniilotiy of the Early Helhulic Perioil there is less evidence available; but we are. nevertheless, provided with a definite trniiimis iiiitc iiiicm. For, as already recorded, the final Karly Heiiadic settlement was destroyed by fire, probably as the result of capture by invaders from the north. Hestinff directly on the layer of ashes, which testifies to this conHaiiration, is the early deposit of the succeedinji settleinent. There is no indication that any considerable time elajised between this destruction and the new occupation of the site; on the contrary everything points to an immediate continuity of habitation. Accordingly, we may safely assign the latest of the three phases we have ventured to distinguish — that is, Early Heiiadic III — to the time im- mediately preceding the First Middle Heiiadic Period. Early Heiiadic 1 1 1 would t bus synchronize approximately with the First Middle Minoan Period in Crete. In confirmation of this we may point to the patterned ware of group C II, regarding which it was suggested (cf. p. 113 above) that the light design on a dark ground might be the result of Cretan influence. The Minoan technique in question is characteristic of the Third Early Minoan Period. But, on the one hand, it miistbe remembered that the Cretan stimulus would produce its effects later on the mainland than in ' I'elrie, Tel El Anmrna, pp. 15 IT., I'ls. XXVI-XXX. ^C[.li.S.A.,X\ll,p. 17. CONCLUSION 123 Cnossusitsclf ; and, on tlie other hand, there is also the possibiHty that (he lieninuinii of the Third Early HclUuIic Period falls within Early Minoan III. As there is, up to the present time, no evidence defininu ilie upper hum oi Uie 1 Innl lujrly Hi-i- ladie Period, so the confines of the S-eond Early lielladie phase are likewise not clearly marked out. Hut that I his stage lasted a loufj time is manifest from the thiekn«fssof tiie stratum and the quantity of the characteristie i)()lli,i. J;ii. We come, finally, to the First Early HclhuHc Period, and again we are able to make use of Cyeladic parallels. Thus the polished and inci.sed sherds from Korakou, with their evident sub-neolithic character, correspond <-losely with the incised and polished ware of Phylakopi. .\morgos, Siphnum, etc. The most primitive va.ses from Pelos may, indeed, be slightly earlier than the similar ware from ("orinth, but it seems clear, as remarked above, that both are included in the .same category. These early wares of the Cydades are associated by Mackenzie (cf. I'ln/lakopi. p. 248) with Cretan vases of the First Early Minoan Period. In our tal)le. con.secpiently, it will be s«-<'n that the First Early Helladic Period is made in part contemporary with Early Minoan I and allowed to overlap somewhat into Early Minoan II. The relative chronology' indicated by the above tabulation (»f synchronisms, Ix'ing for the present, at least, accepted, may tentatively be translated into ab.solutc terms. The problem here involved depends entirely on the evidence of Egj-ptian objects fotnid in the Aegean area and Minnan object.s found in EgA'pt, and is too large and too far afield to be discussed in this report. Accepting Breasted's system of p]gji)tiaii chronol.)gj', we may take the following lus the ajjjiroxi- niate dates, which, though not absolutely exact, are undoubtedly roughly correct: Early Helladic 2500-2000 n.c. Middle Hella IToO n.c. Mithlle Helladic II IT.".!) ItJdO n.c. Late Helladic I KUtO loOO ».r. Late Helladic II LiOO-14flO h.c. Late Helladic III 1400-1100 n.c THE PKEHISTOHIC crLTrKK (>F KoPAKOI' In concluding this account of tiie excavations at Korakou we may now, on the b:usisoi tlic evi- dence presented above, attempt a brief sununary of the prehistoric civilization and "history" of ("orintii subsequent to the Neolithic Period. The Corinthia wa.s, indeed, already inhabited in the Neolithic Age, as is shown by stone implements and neolithic pottery found at two sites. This material has not yet been prepared for i)ublication, but the pottery is clearly n-lated to Pli(K-ian and Thessaliau fabrics chielly of the Second Period. At C.onia. one of the two sites, |M»lychrome ware of a type belonging to the Second Thessalian Period' was discovered imine architects who produced the great fortification walls of Tiryns and Mycenae. Obsidian was still nuich employed for knives and weapons — such as arrow-heads — - but stone implements were chiefly limited to hand-mills (querns) and grinders. Bronze must have CONCLUSION 12.-, hocn 1*0(1 to a considoial)le extent, though the evidence on this point at Korakou is extremely scanty. There is no doubt, however, that metal-work wa.s carried to a high doRree of perfection; for Cray Minyan ware with its grafefiilly shaped va.ses is clearly an imitation of oriKinal« in metal— probably silver or lead. Polished bone pins and other implements are also of frequent occurrence. The pottery shows a marked advance over that of the Early Helladic PeriwI. for the pot tci's wheel was now a regular accessory of the trade, and there is, in consequence, a notice- .able iiiii)n)veinent in form and fabric. Indeed, in point of fabric Cray Minyan ware was seldom, if ever, surpassed in any subsequent period. Thougli details of the process are yet in large part wanting, the course of development of Middle Hcllailic civilization is in its main lines, at least, clear. Heginning a.s a distinctively northern or mainland culture, it ra])idly absorbs, in its new domain at the cross roads of communications formed by the Isthm- ment, as we have examined it, seems rather due to peaceful |M-netration, chielly of Minoan com- merce and Minoan standards, ami perhaps of colonies of Minoan arti.sans. among a \yvi>]t\v ready .and eager to .seize tipon new ideas and new inventions, and willing to modify it« own. The stiiuu- hi8 came from the sotith, but it acted on a maiidand race whi<-h had a vigorous sjnrit of progress. The importance of the evidence from Corinth lies in the new light it nll.Mis on the evolution of Mycenaean civilization. K(uakou exi)lains Tir>'ns and .Mycenae. In ,-,,nrlnsi,>n wc may draw attention again to the fact that for the very emi of the Myi-enaean Period wc have now at Koraki.u a clearer picture of the life of the private ciliz.-n than was |«>s.sible bcfoie. Agamenuion and his nobh- peers have long enjoyed tin- prominence that w«u» their due; 126 KOKAKOU now light is shed also on the conditions of lift' nf tiic IminMi' commoner — the nameless Tts of the Homeric poems, who with his fellows formed the bulk of the population and rendered Aga- memnon's glory possible. We have recovered his modest house, though its clay walls have long since fallen away. We can picture him conducting his household worship about the pillar in his megaron. We have seen his sin>i)le bed. raised but slightly above the earthen floor. We have fdund the storage jars in wliich he kept his oil and grain, the (lucrii (in wliich lie ground his Hour; the hearth where he iirejiaied his food: the vessels in which he cooked, and the dishes from which he ate his meal, and the cup from which he drank his wine. And in the ilisorder of his abandoned house we may recognize the haste with which he fled before that mysterious peril which, un Mycenaean palace. Another point of considerable perplexity for the supporters of this theory is the determination of the floor-level or ground-level of the temple; and upon the settlement of this problem depends the answer to a further question, namely, whether the walls as now preserved were originally foundations, and therefore covered, or actual walls visible above ground. Frickenhaus very prop- erly points out that the walls arc too thin to be foundations; the door-opening is carried down to the level of the floor of the megaron; the east wall is built so that its west face is in the same plane with the west face of the corresponding megaron-wall on which it is superposed, implying iTiri/n-i, Vol. I, .\thens, 1912, pp. 2^6. APPENDICES 131 i 1 1 1 1 h 12 3 4 5 10 M. KlrMIIli: l:!"i. I'LA.t OK TlIK S(>-CALLKD 'I'EMrLE OK lUlM AT TlHYNK. 132 KORAKOU that this face was intciulcil to he \isil)l('; and, t'lirt hn miuic, i he walls iif t he luiildiiig begin exactly at the top of tlie two steps whieli led up from tiie court to the luegarou. C'onseiiueiitly he con- ehides that the floor of the temple was at the same level as the earlier Mye(>iiaeaii floor and that the court to the south was also clear down to its Mycenaean level. This involves, however, a very serious difficulty, for during the excavations of Schliemann it was observed that the whole acropolis of Tiryns was covered to a de])lli of niic metre or more with a layer of earth and ashes containing almost exclusively Mycenaean debris and potsherds. A certain nund)er of fragments of geometric pottery were indeed gathered up; but the percentage of later Greek sherds was infinitesimal, if indeed they were found at all. The question imme- diately arises: how is it possible, if a Greek temi)le was established at the Mycenaean level in the megaron and if the open court before the megaron was used at its Mycenaean level from tlic seventh century b.c. onward — how is it then possible that this same area was later covered over with almost purely Mycenaean debris, while the d6bris and potsherds which we shoidd expect from the seventh century and subseciuently, during the period when the temiile was in use, have almost completely vanished? This is, however, not the only difficulty encountered by the theory that a Greek temiile of the period mentioned stood at the Mycenaean level in the megaron. For the Doric capital, which has previously been used as confirmatoiy evidence for dating the temple in the seventh century B.C., now becomes exceedingly embarrassing. In fact, no suitable place for a Doric cohunn in the portico can be discovered at the Mycenaean level. There is no foundation to support it, nor is there any trace to indicate that such a column ever stood on the Mycenaean floor. Being loth to discard the capital altogether, Frickenhaus finally erects it on the old Mycenaean stone base for a wooden i)illar, which is still preserved exactly in the axis of the portico, although he admits that the result obtained is quite unparalleled. Finally there is a serious chronological difficulty. As Frickenhaus very well observes, the builders of the temple nuist have be(>n familiar with the megaron of the Mycenaean palace as it appeared before its total destruction by fire. The jilan is essentially the same; certain elements of the megaron appear, indeed, to have been used again in their original position. Thus the new building is so placed that one of the column-bases of the megaron and one of the portico lie exactly in its axis — a fact certainly not due to chance. Again, the old steps at the front of the megaron w-ere evidently still used as an approach to the new building. Furthermore, the Mycenaean foundation, which still remains in the megaron against its east wall, obviously continued to stand in the later structure. To explain all this Frickenhaus is obliged to suppose that the Mycenaean palace con- tinued to exist and to be inhabited quite to the end of the Geometric Period; that it was not till about 700 B.C. that it w-as finally destroyed in a great fire; and that shortly afterward a Greek temple was erected on the site of the megaron, by builders who were familiar with the appearance of the older structiue. I5ut, even if it be accepted that the palace dates from the very end of the Mycenaean Period, it is still almost impossible to believe that a bxiilding constructed in its upper part, at least, entirely of unbaked brick and wood could endure for four hundred years without suffering damage from earthquakes, or fire, or other causes, so serious as to necessitate repairs or alterations extensive enough to leave manifest traces. No parallel to such a survival can be shown anywhere. The great palaces of Crete were comparatively short-lived. So great an amount of wood was used in the construction of Mycenaean buildings that their destruction by APPENDICES 133 fire waft iiltimalcly inevitable, and this fate was never very long delayed. The early Greek temples, ill w iiicii I he ceiling and t he roof were Iniilt of wood.suffered in a similar way, and it was only when stunc began largely to supplant wood as the material of construetion that they became safer and more permanent buildings. It is not necessary, however, tu heap up further difficulties in the way of the theory here din- cussed; for ill the light of the plan of House L at Korakou the solution of the problem l>ecouie« evident. The later building within the megaron at Tiryns is not a (Jreek temple; it is simply u modest reconstruction of the earlier megaron— a reconstruction carried out toward the end of the Mycenaean Period after the destruction of the palace by fire. Thus is explained the strikinn similarity, both in construct ion and in pian.uf the new and the old megaron. The new megaron was snudler than its predecessor. One interior column was sufficient to support the roof, and one pillar only was needed in the facade. The building was, therefon-, so placed that two of the older pillar-bases lay in its axis, and on these the new wooden pillars were en-cted. Exactly the sjime arrangement of columns is seen in House L at Korakou. The later megaron was also built in the same tcclmical style as the earlier — that is, the low walls as they still exist are merely the stone socle on which was laid the superstruct\ire of crude brick. This is clearly prove of the pnrti.u .i nicidrsi successor to the splendid "cyanus-frieze" of the great palace. The prcduiiiinance of Mycenaean potsherds in the layer of deliris covering the palace is now satisfactorily explaineil. The great majority of these sherds are, as nu>ntione<| above, of the Late .Mycenaean or Third Late Helladic type and belong, of course, to the period of reconslrue- linii. I vent\ire to suggest that, ai)art from the new megaron, certain other reconstructions marked ini I lie plan of Tiryns also dale t'loiii this period, and indicate a general .Mycenaean reocciipatidii of tiicapose the hill of Tiiyns to have bivn occupied agaui by a few humble houses of the Ceometric Age. Traces of these may still exist in the later walls eiutt of the megaron; and the geometric pottery found by .Schliemann is untloubtel>ably kept alive at least a small shrine on the acropolis. There is no rejison for supimsing it to have i:}t KORAKOU been ;iii\ thing iiiori' tliaii a sliriiic. Xow that thr icciiiistfiicli )t' tlic iiicgaioii lia.s Ix'cii restored to its proper context, tliere remains available on the upper citadc-l no foundation that jnay be attributed to a temple. The lone Doric caijital does not suffice to establish the existence of such a building; for it may easily, as l)oii)fel([ remarks,' liave been dragged up in the ]\Iiddle Ages from some other part of the citadel to be built into the late wall in wliieh it was found. ' Mycenae, p. 271. INDEX Acarnania, L. II. Ill pottery from, 119. Aegina, I\I. II. Maltpainti-d pithos from, 10; .M. H. Mattpainlcd Imsiii from, 'JO, ii. Aphicliia, M. II. Mattpainteil basin.s from, 20, n.; Maltijainted ware from, 111. Architecture, of E. H. period, 75 f. ; of M. H. period, 76 IT.; of M. H. period compared with that of Crete and the Cyclades, 116; of L. H. period, 79 ff. ; orientation of houses, 98; general remarki< about plans of houses, 98 f.; of so-called Ti'mi)le of Hera at Tiryns, 130 ff.; altar (?), 96.97; buttress (?), 97; column biise, 82, 86, 91, 92, 92 f.; door, 81, 88, 95; door, 82, 83, 95, Wi; fresco, fragment of, 94; hearth, 83, 85, 89, 90, 92, 96; megaron, 82, 85, 89, 91, 93; pillar, baetylic (?), 99; portico, 80, 91, 93; roofing, problem of, 87 f.; threshold, 81, 85, 87, 95, 97; vwitibule, 81, 85, 93. Argive Iloraeum, Mpliyraean ware from, .")1, 117. Argolid, pottery from, in general agreement with that found at Korakou, 3. Argos, Argive Minyan ware from, 17; Mattpainted pithos from, 19; Mattpainted b:uiins from, 20, n.; Mattpainted cups from, 27; Mattpainted shallow bowls from, 28. Athens, E. H. ware from Acropolis, 112; L. II. I and II ware from Acropoli.x. 117. Attica, pottery from, in general agreement with that fouml at Korakou, 3; Mycenaean pitrhrr found at Markopoulo, 50. Boeotia, pottery from, in general agreement with that foutid a( Korakou, 3. Bone objects, E. H. pins, 104; M. H. pins, 105; L. II. I spool or bca.l, 10.'.. Bothroi, at Korakou, (Jonia, and Orchomeno.s, in E. H. period, 75 f., 113. Bronze objects, E. II. pin, 104; L. H. Ill knife, 109; L. II. Ill pins, 109; I,. II. HI .hiscls, KMl; I,. H. Ill sword-tip, 109; i.. II. Ill .spear-socket, 109. Burial customs, M. II. period, 116. See also under Tombs. Cephalonia, L. II. Ill tombs in, 119. Chalcis, grave chambers opening from shaft, E. H. period, KMI; 1.. II II pottery from, IIS. Cheliotomylos, prehistoric site near Old Corinth, 116. Chronology, of strata at Korahou, 120 IT.; relative, of llelladic, Cydadic, and Mmuan pcruHl.s, 121; absolute, of Ilellailic civilization, 123. Clay objects, K. II. cylindrical loom-weights (?), 10-1. Cnossos, Cydadic pottery from Temple Repositories. 30. Corinthia, in ll.c Neolithic .\ge, 123; in the E. II. peri..d. 124; in the M. II. periml. 124; iii the L. II. period, llti, 12.V 136 13G INDEX Crete, Cretan civilization ciintrasted with lliat of Maiiiland ( = Hclladic). -J; I'oimccticins of with the Corinthia in K. H. period, 113; possiltle Cretan influence on E. H. Liniit-on-Uark |)ai iniud ware, 113; Cretan oriffin of patterns on M. 11. pottery, 32; Cretan iiiHnence in L. H. period, 52, 117; hole-nioutiied jars from, 27, 33; L. M. 11 patterns of curving streamers on pottery fiom, 48. See also under Minoan. Cyclades, Cycladic civilization contrasted with that of Mainland ( = Helladic), 3; early Cycladic pottery, 5, 111 f . : connections with the Corinthia in Iv II. perioti, 112; Cychuiic and Main- land pottery in L. II. I and II compared, 118 Elassona (i. c. Magoula), L. H. II pottery said lo Kc from, IIU. Eleusis, Mattpainted ware from, 114; L. II. I and II i)oltery from, 117. Frickenhaus, his account of the so-called Temple of lli^ra at Tiryns, 130 IT. (leraki (in Laconia), Mattpainted ware from, 114. Glass objects, L. II. 11 necklace of heads, lOfi. Cionia, prehistoric site near Corinth, 110; stratification of, eonfirnn'ng that of Korakou, 1 Ui; E. H. mottled Wiue from, 7; E. H. askoi from, 8; E. H. tankard from, 11; Mattpainted cup from, 27; E. H. bothroi at, 75 f.; M. H. graves at, 116; Neolithic pottery from, 123. Hagia INIarina, E. H. pottery from, 112; E. H. patterned ware from, 11. Helladic civilization (see also under Architecture, Pottery, Tombs, etc.) : Early Helladic, suggested source and spread of, 113, in the Corinthia, 124: Middle Helladic, in the Corinthia, 124 f.; Late Helladic, development of from ^Middle Helladic, 125, in the Corinthia, 125. Kakovatos, L. H. 1 and II |)oltery from ro>al tombs at, U'.t. Kef tin cup, 25, 40. Korakou, description of site, 1 f.; plan of excavation of. Plate \1II; relative chronology of settle- ment at, 120 IT.; destruction of E. II. settlemeiil at, 121. Lead objects, 109. Lianokladi, pottery from, in general agreement with that found at Korakou, 3; "Urfirnis" at, 113; M. H. (?) house at, 115. Maket tomb at Gourob, L. H. jug from, 52. Markopoulo (in Attica), L. H. pitcher from, 50. Megaron type of house in M. H. period, 77 f. Melos, black and red ware from, 30; pattern (jf curving streamers on pottery from, 48. Sec also under Phjdakopi. Minoan, influence on Mattpainted ware II, 24 f. ; Middle Minoan III wares as relalci! to Mainland fabrics, 114 f. See also under Crete. INDEX ,37 Mycenaok Gray Minyan ware from, 15; Mattpaintod waro from, 114; Mattpainted ware III from sixth shaft grave at, 28 ff. ; Ephyraeaii ware from, 54 ; Warrior Vast- from, 02 f. ; L. H. Ill houses at, 120. Mycenaean ( = Late Helladic) ware, forerunner of, 25; earliest fouiKi at K(,nik>.ii 32 \axos, K. II. sauce-boat from, 10. Neolithic pf)ttery from C'orinthia, 123. Obsidian objects, E. H. period, 104; M. II. period, 105; L. H. period, 109. Old Corinth, prehistoric site at, 110; K. 11. graves at, 7, 100; E. H. beaked jugs from, 11. Olyiiipia, early incised pottery from, 14; L. H. Ill .sherd from, 119. Orchomcnos, E. H. ware from, 11, 112; E. H. bothroi at, 75 f.; Gray Minyan ware from, 15; Malt- painted ware from, 114; Mattpainted pithoi from, 19, n.; M. H. house construction at. 77, 116; burial beneath half pithos at, 101. Phocis, pottery from, in general agreement with that foutid at Korakou, 3; connection.^ with the Corinthia in K. H. period, 113; probabli' source of invasion which destroyed E. II. settlement at Korakou, 124. Phylakopi, early polishe with .sea- shell pattern from, 34; Ephyraean ware from, 54, 117; L. H. Ill hou.«e at, 120; so- Wark, Smiiwi.su iilUILAKin MiDDI.K itci.l.MiK I't Kliili. Si 1 1 I I I ^ t^Zl 6 ^ -i 8 Four Shkros ok .M.vr.TA.N.M. UM.k. Cla«. II. and Kotm or I)Ai.K-..~-I.l..itT Ma.m»m. « «". MlllKU: llKIJ-APir I'KHinli SrMJ. I I PI-.\ 1 I- 1 \ muun:^' KXAMI'I.K.S UK I'aTTKUNH OS t'l'l-H OK TMK V M'lllO ShaTK. I.ATIt II' SrALK ;t I PLATE V KWKK OK li....l) IMHIU . M...M> \.\Ty. llKl.t.\UIC Tl-KKlU. PLATE VI CVJ ^ CO PI-ATE VH S 2 >; ' 1 % PLATE VIII CZ3 EARLY HELLADIC MIDDLE LATE General Plan of the Mxi-avationb at Kohakou. r ^v University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 • Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. JAN 1 7 200S UCLA COL LIB ,mm RECEIVED ^^"^ 1 2 2008 -Tt: immo/ ()S-ANGEl£j^ AUSANI ^Ct ?a1 iw^ lL^