' r-%'A*f^., r 7 6 6 •TOIIX A. sn-TKR. THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA BY EDWARD E. DUNBAR. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 443 & 445 BROADWAY. 18G7. 1,^3^9 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S67, by D. APPLETON & CO., ill the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for tlie Southern District of New Yorlc. ^ ^ TO THE MEMBERS OF THE TRAVELLERS' CLUB OP THE CITY OF NEW TOKK, 18 RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. 2154.13 > CONTENTS. '<■ Page Introduction, ...... 7 Early History of Sutter, • . . . 11 Remarkable Combination of Events attending the Dis- covery of Gold, . . . . .20 Attempt of the Americans to Acquire California — tue Bear Flag, ..... 29 The Mexican War — The Americans take Possession of California, . . . . .3*7 California conquered, .... 41 The Mormons, . . . . . .42 The End of the Mexican War — Acquisition of Cali- fornia, ...... 47 Establishment op the Pacific Mail Line of Steamers, 48 The Trip of the First Passengers from New York to San Francisco by Steamer, . . . .55 6 CONTENTS. Page No Positive Knowledge of the Existence of Gold in California, previous to its Discovery, . . 92 Sutter's Condition in 1848, . . . 103 Marshall, . . . . . .105 Location of the Saw-Mill, .... 106 Discovert of the Gold, . . . 107 The Discovert OF Gold becomes Public, . . 113 Consequences of the Discovery to Marshall, . .118 Consequences of the Discovery to Sutter, . . 124 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. Somebody has said that history is an incor- riffible liar. This remark is doubtless true in a greater or less degree, as applied to contempora- neous history, which, being written amid the excitement of events as they occur, and under the influence of selfish motives, passion or pre- judice, can only be relied upon for its record of facts, that cannot be perverted, and from which false conclusions cannot be deduced. The discovery of a New "World by Columbus is one of those great events respecting which there can be no mistake. It will forever loom 8 THE KOMANCE OF THE AGE; OK, up a towering headland on the shore of Time, to mark the progress of the world. But Co- lumbus, in his day, was misunderstood, under- valued, maligned, and finally he sank into his grave a persecuted, heart-broken nian. The envy, jealousy, ignorance, and seliishness of small and depraved minds, all worked together to hurl the great discoverer from the lofty posi- tion he had attained. It is only by filtering facts down through the crevices of ages that great truths are realized, and time alone can work out a due apj^reciation of great men and the great events they represent. Three hundred and seventy-five years have elapsed since Columbus discovered America. The inspiration, the genius, the heroism of the great discoverer are more clearly discerned and vastly better appreciated by the present gener- ation than they were by his own ; and the mag- nitude and importance of the event itself are more thoroughly realized as time rolls on and develops the momentous results. So with the discovery of gold in California. We who are living witnesses of the great event fail to recognize its importance. In the excite- THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 9 ment of the time, in our familiarity with the men and circumstances connected with the dis- covery, we, the first greedy, selfish, unreflecting participants in the results, pass away, and leave it for future generations to appreciate the oc- currence and properly estimate its effect on the world at large. As yet no attempt to give a connected account of the wonderful discovery of gold in California, with the remarkable com- bination of events attending the occurrence, has been made. In my present effort I propose simply to rescue certain important facts from oblivion, hoping they may prove an instructive, entertaining record at the present time, and of use to the future historian. Many of the facts stated are of my own personal knowledge ; oth- ers are gathered from living witnesses, partici- pators in the scenes described, and who, a few years hence, will have passed from the stage of action, thus sealing forever to human investi- gation the only reliable source of information so interesting and important. It is true that the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia was accidental. This event had not the eclat of national preparation or government 10 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE ; OE, patronage, such, for instance, as attended the de- parture of the first expedition down the west- ern coast of Africa, under Antonio Gongalves, in the time of Henry, Prince of Portugal, or that of Columbus from Spain. Tlie great dis- covery in California was not the result of any foreknowledge, preparation, or i)lan. Though it flaslied upon the world like an unexpected, unpredicted meteor, the occurrence was, in re- ality, the result of a combination of circum- stances as remarkable, perhaps, as ever preceded or led to any of the great events that mark the history of the world. No ]*eligious, political, or scientific organiza- tion could claim any direct agency in the great discovery, and none could command its exclu- sive benefits. This event, so far beyond the reach of any one selfish interest, so world-wide in its practical results, was at last accidentally wrought out by natural means, as humble and obscure as those which gave to the world the manger-born founder of Christianity. Kearly all great discoveries are accidental, and sometimes the most trivial circumstances lead to the greatest. It is said tlie principle of TUE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFOENIA. 11 gravitation was thumped into tlie brain of New- ton by a pippin, wliicli fell upon the cranium of the philosopher as he lay musing under the shade of the parent tree. The discovery of America, even, by Columbus, was accidental, for history says that he sailed to discover a nearer passage to the East Indies, and in due course he ran against a continent. So Mar- shall, the humble employe or associate of the pioneer Sutter, while digging a saw-mill race away in the remote and wild regions of Cali- fornia, discovered the shining particles of life's great lubricator. SI3TTER. In the history of the discovery of gold in California, no one stands forth so prominent as John A. Sdttek. This distinguished pioneer is, in reality, the hero of the grandest history of modern times. Born of Swiss parents in Baden, February 28th, 1803, reared and educated in that city, Sutter entered the military service of France as captain, where he remained until thirty years 12 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE; OR, of age. At this period, yielding to his pioneer impulses, the young adventurer embarked for New York, where he arrived July, 1S34, Captain Sutter's object in coming to the United States was to select a locality and pre- pare the way for a colony of Swiss — his coun- trymen. He at once proceeded to the unex- plored territory west of the Mississippi, and selected the region of St. Charles, in Missouri, as a proper location for his proposed colony. But this enterprise was ultimately abandoned, from the fact that the vessel containing the ef- fects upon which Sutter relied to accom])lish his colonizing project, was sunk in the Missis- sippi, and proved a total loss. After sojourning for a time in St. Charles, where he declared his intention to become an American citizen, Captain Sutter made a jour- ney of exploration to ISTew Mexico, and returned to Missouri in 1830. When in New Mexico, he met with hunters and trappers who had trav- ersed Upper California, and who described to him the beautiful sunlit valleys, verdure-covered hills, and magnificent mountains of that re- inarkable hind. These accounts so charmed Sut- THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 13 ter, that be resolved to make California the field of liis future adventures. The only way of reaching the Pacific coast at this period was to accompany the trapping expeditions of the American and English fur companies. In the month of March, 1838, Sutter joined Captain Tripp, of the American Fur Company, and travelled with his party to their rendezvous in the Rocky Mountains. From thence, with six horsemen, he crossed the mountains, and after encountering the inevita- ble hardships and dangers of the journey, the party arrived at Fort Vancouver. There was then no land route from Oregon to California that could be travelled in winter ; and as there was a vessel l^elonging to the Hudson Bay Company ready to sail for tlie Sandwich Islands, Sutter took passage in this vessel hoping to find a conveyance to California from Honolulu. On reaching the Sandwich Islands he found no available means of passage to California, and after sojourning there five months, he concluded to ship as supercargo on board an Englisli ves- sel, chartered by an American, and bound for 14 THE EOMANCE OF TflE AGE; OR, Sitka. Having disposed of the cargo at Sitka, Sutter sailed, according to instructions, down the Pacific coast. Encountering Leavj gales, the vessel was driven into the Baj of San Fran- cisco in a distressed condition. They came to anchor opposite Yerba Buena, now San Fran- cisco, on the 2d of July, 1839. The vessel was soon boarded by an officer, who ordered the captain to leave for Monterey, the port of entry, ninety miles south. Permis- sion was obtained to remain forty-eight hours for supplies. On arriving in Monterey, Sutter, having dispatched the vessel back to her owners in the Sandwich Islands, waited upon Alvarado, the Mexican governor, and communicated to him his desire to occupy and colonize a section of country on the Sacramento River. The governor warmly approved of this plan, as he was desirous that the Sacramento country, inhabited only by wild and hostile Indians, should be subdued and settled. Alvarado readily gave Sutter a passport, with power to explore and occupy any territory he should think suitable for his colony, and stated that if he returned within one year, he should be ac- THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 15 knowledgcd as a citizen, and receive a grant for such lands as he miglit solicit. Captain Sutter, thus empowered, returned to Yerba Buena, a settlement then containing scarcely fifty inhabitants. He chartered a schooner and several small boats of the firm of Leese, Spear & Hiuckly, three American tra- ders who had been located at this point several years. Jacob P. Leese was the first American settler in Terba Buena. He settled in that place in 1833, having emigrated from Pennsyl- vania ; and as a true and enterprising pioneer, lie stands prominent in the history of California at that period. Captain Sutter could find no one at Yerba Buena who had ever seen the Sacramento Eiver, or who could guide him to its mouth. They only knew that a large stream emptied into one of the connectiug bays lying in a northerly di- rection. Sutter resolved, however, to start with his company, consisting of ten whites — frontiers- men of American, Irish, and German birth — and eight Kanakas given to him by the King uf the Sandwich Islands. Passing through San Francisco and Suisun Bays, they found,* after 16 THE EOMANCE OF THE AGE; OR, eight days' search, the mouth of the Sacra- mento. Ascending this river to a point ten miles below the present site of Sacramento City, they encountered a party of two hundred Indian warriors, who exhibited every mark of hostility. Fortunately, several of these Indians understood Spanish, and Captain Sutter soon soothed them with assurances that there were no Mexicans — against whom they were particularly exasper- ated and hostile — in his party. He explained to them that he came to settle in their country and trade ; exhibited his agricultural imple- ments and commodities of traffic, which he had prepared for the purpose, and set forth the ad- vantages of a treaty. Pleased with these kindly and peaceful demonstrations, the Indians be- came pacified, and the expedition w^as permitted to proceed, accompanied by the two Indians who spoke S])anish, and who guided them to the mouth of the Feather River. Having ascended this river some distance, several of the party became alarmed at the sur- rounding dangers, and insisted on returning. Sutter consented to return to the mouth of the American Eiver, where, on the IGth of August, THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIEORNIA, 17 1839, lie caiised Lis effects to be landed on tlie south bank, a short distance from its junc- tion with the Sacramento, where the city of Sacramento now stands. Having landed his effects. Captain Sutter informed his party, that any feeling disaffected were at liberty to leave, he being resolved to remain at all hazards. But three of the party — whites — determined to go, and being put in possession of the schooner, to be returned to her owners at Yerba Buena, they left on that day. Captain Sutter fixed upon this locality as his permanent lieadquarters, and he soon commenced to build the fort, afterward famous as Suttee's Foet. This, in brief, is the history of Captain Sut- ter up to the period when he made his final lodgment in California. "We find him located at last in the region of country for which the aspirations of years of youth and manhood had caused him to search, and which five years of actual wandering had enabled him to reach. Our interest in the pioneer increases. Little did Sutter think, when he located in that wild, remote region, that he was to be one of the main instruments in suddenly creating a mag- 18 THE KOMANOE OF THE AGE; OK, nificent empire. When we reflect on the in- numerable hardships and dangers through which Sutter must have passed, hy land and by sea, during those years of determined eiFort to locate in the Sacramento country — a region far, far removed from civilization, and as little known, perhaps, as any on the face of the earth — we are almost forced to believe that he was moved by an inspiration of great things to come. There is something extravagantly romantic as well as ludicrous in the situation of this blue- eyed Swiss, when he located in the Sacramento valley. His companions were six wandering whites, of various nationalities, and eight Ka- nakas, of whom, the latter, ever faithful, con- stituted what he called his body-guard. Tiiese fourteen companions made up his colony, and his army, by means of wliich he was to hold his ground, and subdue and colonize a district of country entirely unknown, and inhabited only b}'' wild and roving bands of hostile Indians. This portion of Upper California, though fair to look upon, was peculiarly solitary and uninviting in its isolation and remoteness from civilization. There was not even one of those cattle-ranches. THE DISCOVEEY OF GOLD EST CALIFORNIA. 19 which dotted the coast at long intervals, nearer to Sutter's locality than Suisun and Martinez, below the mouth of the Sacramento, The Indians of the Sacramento were known as "Diggers." The efforts of the Jesuit Fa- thers, so extensive on this continent, and so bene- ficial to the wild Indians, wherever missions were established among them, never reached the wretched aborigines of the Sacramento country. The valley of the Sacramento had not yet become the pathway of emigrants from the East, and no civilized human being lived in this primitive and solitary region, or roamed over it, if we except a few trappers of the Hud- son Bay Company. Every human heart has its own secret his- tory, None but the true pioneer — the loyal sympathizer with Nature — can conceive what Captain Sutter saw inviting at that time in this remote and secluded spot, or what was his lead- ing motive in locating there to establish, it would seem, a frontier community of his own. It was no doubt from a pure love of this kind of life, an irrepressible desire to lead the van of civilization. It would appear that even at this 20 THE EOMAJSTCE OF THE AGE ; OR, early period, tlie bright glimmering of the star of empire in the western heavens revealed itself to his pioneer spirit, which, catching the inspiration, impelled liiiii on and on toward the setting sun, until he reached the utmost confines of the Western Hemisphere, where he cast his lot, to prepare the way for and await civiliza- tion. Its first footsteps had not been seen or heard when Sutter located there. Years passed, and a few came stealing over the border ; then more ; then a firm, solid tramp of masses was heard ; and then rushed headlong a human deluge, that overwhelmed our bold pioneer, and it may be said that lie lias been whirling in its vortex ever since. Bom and reared in the atmosphere of roy- alty and refined society in Europe, with a lib- eral military education, gentle and polished manners, and of unbounded liberality of heart, we find Captain Sutter successfully planting his little colony in the secluded and hostile Sacramento valley. At first this little colony encountered serious difficulties with the Indians, and the increase of the settlement was slow. The tide of Anier- THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 21 ican emigration was entirely to Oregon, from ■whence a few stragglers occasionally found their Avay to Sutter's colon}'. In the fall of 1839 there was an accession of eight white men, and in August , 1840, five of those who liad crossed the Rocky Mountains with Sutter, and whom he had left in Oregon, joined him. During the fall of this year the Mokelumne Indians, with other tribes, became so trouble- some that Sutter and his little band waged open warfare against them, and, after a severe but short campaign, they were beaten on every side and forced to keep the peace. Other bands of Indians organized many secret expeditions to destroy the colony, but by force and strict vigi- lance these machinations were finally frustra- ted, and Sutter soon conquered the entire Sa- cramento and part of the San Joaquin valley, bringing into willing subjection many of those who had been his fiercest enemies. In due time he taught them a certain degree of civili- zation, lie established a police among them- selves ; of some he formed a body of uniformed soldiers, and many of these l)ecame good artil- lerists and riflemen. Others were required to 22 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE ; OR, learn several of the mechanical trades, and a large number were made to cultivate the soil, herd cattle, etc., etc. In due time they built what afterward became famous as Sutter's Fort. Several cannon were mounted, and an abun- dant supply of small-arms and amnmnition was acquired. In the subsequent military history of Upper California, Sutter and his Indians be- came a power in the land. In course of time, progress and prosperity attended the colony. Sutter sent hides to Yerba Buena, furnished the Hudson Bay Company and wandering trappers with supplies, receiv- ing in exchange their fui*s. Emigrants who sought work were emploj^ed as mechanics or tillers of the soil. In June, 1841, Sutter visited Monterey, the capital of the province, where he was declared a Mexican citizen, and received from Governor Alvarado a grant of the land upon which he had located — eleven leagues — under the title of " New Helvetia." Alvarado also gave him a commission as the representante del gdbierno en las fronteras del norte^ y encargado de lajusti- cia. V T r K i: s |- () i: r . THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 23 Returning to his colony, Sutter was shortly after visited by Captain Ringgold, of tlie United States Exj)loring Expedition, under Commander Wilkes. About the same time Mr. Alexander Rotchoff, Governor of the Russian Possessions, known as " Ross & Bodega," situated on the coast near the entrance of San Francisco Bay, visited Sutter and offered to sell liim all those possessions. The negotiation was finally con- cluded, and Sutter came into possession of all the real and personal property, in the latter of which were two thousand cattle, one thousand horses, fifty mules, and two thousand five hun- dred sheep. This increase of Sutter's resources, together with the natural increase of his stock and other property at New Helvetia, enabled liim the more rapidly to advance his settlement and improvements. In the year 1844: Sutter petitioned Governor Manuel Micheltorena for the grant or purchase of the sohrante^ or surplus over the first eleven leagues of the land within the bounds of the survey accompanying the Alvarado grant. In February, 1845, Micheltorena complied with Sut- ter's petition, partly on account of military ser- 24 THE KOMANCE OF THE AGE; OE, vices rendered the State in suppressing tlie Cas- tro rebellion. About this period, (1844) small bodies of em- igrants began to find their way to California direct from the States, striking Sutter's Fort, the first settlement after crossing the mountains. Year by year these emigrants increased in num- bers, till the discovery of gold, when tlicy were counted by thousands and tens of thousands. It is here that the value of Sutter's settle- ment, and the generous qualities of the man, became strikingly apparent. No weary, travel- worn and destitute emigrant ever reached Sut- ter's Tort, who was not supplied with every necessary, and sent on his way rejoicing. The cry of distress never came over the mountains from any party of emigrants, however large, but what it received the immediate attention of the noble-hearted Sutter. Cattle, in droves, with the necessary number of horses and In- dians, were at once dispatched to supply the broken-down, starving emigrants, and bring them safely in. The following incident Mas related to me by Sutter. It exhibits something of the terrible THE DISCOVEKY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 25 hardships to which emigrants to the Pacific shores were then exposed. A solitary emigrant was just able to reach Sut- ter's Fort, and report his companions some dis- tance hack in the desert country, dying of starva- tion. Sutter immediately caused a number of his best mules to be packed with supplies, and dispatched under the guidance of the messenger and two Indians. Tliey arrived among the starving emigrants in time to save most of them, but just as they were about to move forward, another party of famishing emigrants unex- pectedly arrived. In their frenzy they seized upon all that remained of the supplies sent by Sutter, killed his mules and ate them ; then they killed the two Indians and ate them. Said Sutter with much feeling: "They eat my fine Indians all up." After eating numbers of their companions as they fell exhausted and lifeless, the remaining portion of these wretched emi- grants finally arrived at Sutter's Fort, where they were supplied with all the necessaries of life, and maintained until their health and strength were restored. Year after year Sutter exercised this munificent liberality and Ivind- 26 THE EOMANCE OF THE AGE; OR, ness, never looking for or accepting any re- ward. REMARKABLE COMBINATION^ OF EVENTS AT- TENDING TPiE disco\t:ry of gold. We will now leave Sutter in liis adventurous, prosperous career, to set forth tliat remarkable combination of events preceding the discovery of gold in California, and which has a very ini- portant bearing on the realization of the fact itself. Mankind, under the influence of supersti tious vagaries, are prone to attribute remarkable coincidences and occurrences they do not com- prehend to a supernatural agency. In the present instance it would add so much to the piquancy and romantic interest of the history, by casting upon it the fitful glimmer of super- naturalism, that the historian is sorely tempted to be less clear in his explanation of the natural causes of the events chronicled. It must be acknowledged that the precise working of events in cycles, all tending with nndeviating precision to the discovery of gold THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD LN CALIFORXIA. 27 in California, and the rapid development of its results, is remarkable and in the highest degree interesting. The superstitious would charac- terize this — to use the mild term of the age — as a special providence, which means that Na- ture will go out of her way in all things, from serving an old ladj with a cup of tea, to the creation or destruction of an empire. This superstitious belief drags God and His laws down to the fallible standard of sinful man. It affords the excuse for ten great crimes where it incites to one small virtue. It underlies all the prevailing systems of religion, and it en- genders the several degrees of fanaticism alike in Thug, Dervish, Jesuit, and Puritan ; and so long as it rules the world as at present, the pure and simple religion of Jesus Christ can never attain. Omnipotent Power, in administering the whole law, which is the law of progressive good, cannot deviate to the right hand or to the left. This makes providences general, and not special, as applied by tlie superstitious masses. At the time gold was discovered in Califor- 28 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE; OE, nia, that country was practically a terra incog- nita to the whole world. It must be said, however, that the hour had come. Events were big in the womb of time. The greedy eye of the commercial world was beginning to turn toward that fair land. Ocean steam-navigation and the electric telegraph had just become es- tablished successes, and there was that natural tendency to explore for new fields which in- creased populations and augmented facilities of great importance and variety would naturally induce, particularly in the American and Eng- lish nations. Subsequent to 1844, the tendency of events in California was such as to render the posses- sion of that territory a political necessity to the United States. Our omnipresent rival, Eng- land, was looking to that coast with wistful eyes. It was known that Mexico was about to give one McNamara, an Irish Catholic priest, immense land grants, such as would include the best portions of Upper California ; and these land grants McNamara had stipulated to place under a British ])rotectorate. At this period (1844) there were located in THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFOKXIA. 29 California but few Americans. Those most prominent were Thomas O. Larkin, in Monterey ; Leese, Spear & Hinckley, in Yerba Buena ; George Yount, in Sonoma ; and Bidwell, Read- ing & Hensly, in other parts of the territory. But now others came stra[;-gling into the coun- try from Oregon and from over the Sierra Kevada, while others landed on the coast. Early in 1846, the Americans in California numbered about 200, mostly able-bodied men, and who in their activity, enterprise, and au- dacity, constituted quite a formidable element in this sparsely inhabited region. The popu- lation of California at this time was 6,000 Mexi- cans and 200,000 Indians. ATTEMPT OF THE AMERICANS TO ACQUIRE CALIFORNIA.— THE BEAR FLAG. "We now come to a period in the history of California that has never been made clear, and respecting which there are conflicting state- ments and opinions. The following facts were obtained by careful inquiry of intelligent parties who lived in California during the period men- 30 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE ; OK, tioned, and who participated iu the scenes nar- rated. Tlie native Californians appear to Lave entertained no very strong affection for their own government, or ratlier, tliey felt that under the influences at work they would inevitably, and at no distant period, become a dismembered branch of the Mexican nation ; and the matter was finally narrowed down to tliis contested point, namely, whether this state surgery should be performed by Americans or English, the real struggle being between these two nationalities. In the northern part of the territory, such native Californians as the Yallejos, Castros, etc., with the old American settlers, Leese, Lar- kin, and others, sympathized with the United States, and desired annexation to the American republic. In the south, Pio Pico, then governor of the territory, and other prominent native Californians, with James Alexander Forbes, the Endish consul, who settled in Santa Clara in 1828, were exerting tliemselves to bring the country under English domination by means of tiie McN'amara papers, or other pretexts. This was the state of affairs for two or three THE DISCOVEEY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 31 years previous to the Mexican "War. For some months before the news that hostilities between the United States and Mexico had commenced reached California, the belief that such an event would certainly occur, was universal throughout the territory. This quickened the impulses of all parties, and stimulated the two rivals — the American and English — in their efforts to be the first to obtain a permanent hold of the country. The United States Government had sent Colonel Fremont to the Pacific on an explor- ing expedition. Colonel Fremont had passed through California, and was on his way to Ore- gon, when, in March, 184G, Lieutenant Gilles- pie, of the United States marine service, was sent from "Washington with dispatches to Colo- nel Fremont. Lieutenant Gillespie went across Mexico to Mazatlan, and from thence by sea to California. He finally overtook Fremont early in June, 1SA6, a short distance on the road to Oregon, and communicated to him tlie purport of his dispatches, they having been committed to memory and the papers destroyed before he entered Mexico. What these instructions au- 32 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE; OK, thon'zed Colonel Fremont to do has never been promulgated, but it is said tbey directed him to remain in California, and hold himself in readi- ness to co()perate with the United States fleet, in case war with Mexico should occur. Fremont immediately returned to Califor- nia, and camped a short time on Feather River, and then took up his headquarters at Sutter's Fort. A few days after, on Sunday, Juno 14tli, 184G, a party of fourteen Americans, un- der no apparent command, appeared in Sonoma, ca]3tured the place, raised the Eear flag, pro- claimed the independence of California, and carried oif to Fremont's quarters as prisoners four prominent citizens, namely, the two Valle- jos, J. P. Leese, and Colonel Prudhon. On tlie consummation of these achievements, one Merritt was elected captain. This was a rough party of revolutionists, and the manner in which they improvised the famous Bear flag, shows u^^on what slender means nations and kingdoms are sometimes started. From an estimable old lady they ob- tained a fragmentary portion of her white skirt, on which they painted what was intended to THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFOKNIA. 33 represent a grizzly bear, but not being artistic in their work, it was difficult to determine wliat kind of an animal they had selected as the em- blem of the new nationality ; so the Mexicans, with their usual happy faculty on such occa- sions, called it the " Bandera Colchis^'' or " Hog Flag." This flag now ornaments the rooms of tlie Pioneer Society in San Francisco. On the 18th of June, 1846, William B. Ide, a native of New England, who had emigrated to California the year previous, issued a procla- mation as commander-in-chief of the fortress of Sonoma. This proclamation declared the purpose to overthrow the existing government, and establish in its place the republican form. The proclamation particularly requested the people to remain at peace, and follow their usual occupations, while the change that w^as to bring every imaginable blessing to the country took place. General Castro now proposed to attack the feebly-manned post at Sonoma, but he was frus- trated by a rapid movement of Fremont, who, on the 4th of July, 1846, called a meeting of Americans at Sonoma ; and this assembly, act- 34 TETE EOMANCE OF THE AGE ; OK, ing under bis advice, proclaimed the independ- ence of the country, appointed Fremont Gov- ernor, and declared war against Mexico. During these proceedings at Sonoma, a flag with one star floated over the headquarters of Fremont at Sutter's Fort. The meaning of this lone-star flag no one seems to have understood, nor, in fact, does it appear to be known to this day precisely what end the several parties en- gaged in these military movements (under the direction, it was supposed, of Fremont) had in view. The people of Northern California ap- peared at first to take no very decided stand against the raising of the Bear flag, and the proclamation of the independence of California. They were very much incensed, however, by the captm'e and imprisonment of four of their most prominent citizens; and they allege that when Colonel Fremont appeared in the country and took a leading part, his course was so indis- creet as to create an antagonism to American interests, and provoke the warlike opposition wliich subsequently manifested itself among the native inhabitants, when otherwise there would have been only iriendship. THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFOKNIA. 35 This allegation would appear to be sustained from tlie fact that Governor Pio Pico, the liead. of the an ti- American party in Soutliern Cali- fornia, speedily and adroitly seized, upon the act of the Americans in capturing Sonoma, to inflame the minds of the people against for- eigners of the United States of America, as appears by the following extract from a com- munication addressed by Governor Pico to Thomas O. Larkin, Esq., United States consul, and dated Santa Barbara, June 29, 1840 : " The undersigned, constitutional Governor of the Department of the Californias, has the deep mortification to make known to Mr. Thomas O. Larkin, consul of the United States of North America, that he has been greatly surprised in being notified by official communi- cations of the general commandancia of this Department, and the prefectura of the second district, that a multitude of foreigners of the United States of America have invaded that frontier, taken possession of the fortified town of Sonoma, treacherously making prisoners of the military commandante, Don Mariano G. Vallejo, Lieut.-Coloncl Victor Prudhon, Captain 3G THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE; OE, Salvador Vallejo, and Mr. Jacob P. Leese ; and likewise have stolen the property of these indi- viduals. " The undersigned can do no less than make known to the consul of the United States that acts so alarming have caused very great grief. " Until the present the department govern- or is wanting the least positive info]*mation that would give him to understand of a decla- ration of war between the United States and Mexico ; and, without such information, he judges the course pursued at Sonoma the most atrocious and infamous that can be imagined, so much so that the like is not seen among barbarians." It was believed by many in California that those directing the movements of the Bear-flag party intended to establish an independent republic. I simply state these historical facts, without entenng into further details, or g,iving any opin- ion as to the merits of the controversy, which at one time was carried on with great bitterness. It may be that the action of the censured i)arty was dictated by a desire to secure the country TIIE DISCOVERT OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA, 37 to the United States before England could raise any claim. >TnE MEXICAN WAR.— THE AMERICANS TAKE POSSESSION OF CALIFORNIA. Pending these movements, and just as Fre- mont, with his company, had started for the coast to confront Castro, and act on the aggres- sive generally, he was suddenly brought to a stand by the astounding intelligence that Commodore Sloat had arrived at Monterey, and that on the 7th of July, 1846, he had raised the American flag and taken possession of the place ; also, that, by command of Commodore Sloat, Com- mander Montgomery, of the United States sloop- of-war Portsmouth, then lying in San Francisco Bay, had, on the 8th of July, taken possession of Yerba Buena, and raised the American flag on the plaza. This of course settled the busi- ness for all parties. The Mexican flag and the Bear flag were lowered, and in due time, nolens volens, all acquiesced in the flying of the Stars and Stripes. The accounts, even among Californians, re- 215413 38 THE KOMANCE OF THE AGE ; OR, specting the date on wliicli the American flag ■was raised at Monterey, the circnmstances at- tending this important event, and the degree of responsibih'ty assnmed by Commodore Sloat, are somewhat conflicting. By the kindness of L, "W. Sloat, Jr., Esq., ■wlio was on board the Savannah, commanded by his father, I liave been fm-nished with the following extracts from the ship's log : " U. S. Frigate Savannah, Commodore. Sloat. } Mazatlan, Mexico, May 31, 1846. f " Received report of General Taj'lor's victory over the Mexicans on the 8tli and 9th of May, on the north bank of the llio Bravo. " June 5th. News of General Taylor's victories con- firmed — of his taking possession of Matamoras the 18tli of May, received. "June 7th. Lieutenant Trapin performed divine service. News received of the blockade of Vera Cruz ))y the American squadron. At 2 p. m. got under way for Monterey, California. "July 1st. Stood into the harbor of Monterey, and came to anchor at 4 p. m. in front of the town, about one-quarter of a mile from the fort, which bore by com- pass N. W. The captain of the port, accompanied by Mr. Iluriwcll, attached to the Custom-House, called. Cyane and Levant in port. THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFOKNlA. 39 "July 2d. Thomas O. Larkin, Esq., United States consul, made a long call, and on leaving was saluted Avith nine guns. "July od. Called ujion tlie authorities. "July 4th. Ship dressed and salutes fired. "July 5th. Lieutenant Trapin performed divine service. "July Gth. Mr. Larkin sj^ent the day on board pre- paring proclamations, etc., for taking possession of California to-morrow. " July 7th. Seven a. m., landing forces. Took jdos- scssion ; hoisted flag. " July loth. United States frigate Congress, Commo- dore Stockton, arrived from Honolulu. Whilst in the offing, saluted the flag with thirteen guns, which was returned. R. M. Price and Dr. Gilchrist appointed alcaldes of Monterey. " July 27th. Gave up the command of the squadron to Commodore Stockton to-day, and turned over to him the papers aiipcrtainiug thereto. "July 29th. Sailed in Levant for Mazatlan and Panama," These extracts from Commodore Sloat's log settle all questions as to dates, and thej prove the fact that, though the commodore had heard of the commencement of hostilities on the Rio Grande, he sailed from Mazatlan for California, 40 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE; OR, took possession of the country, and raised the American flag on his own responsibility. These decisive steps on the part of Commo- dore Sloat were not taken a moment too soon, as on the 14th of Jnly the British man-of-war Collingwood, Sir George Seymour command- ing, arrived at Monterey, and, to his utter amazement, he saw the American flag flying from the Mexican fort, and tlie town in posses- sion of the Americans. Sir Goorge Seymour informed Commodore Sloat that he could salute his ship, but he could not salute the American flag ashore, for he had come to do the same thing; that is, he had come to take possession of that jjortion of the country and raise the English flag. This was to have been done on the strength of the McNa- mara papers, which the English commander believed had been executed and delivered. It is said these papers subsequently fell into the hands of one of the United States army officers in Southern California. THE DISCOVEKY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 41 f CALIFORNIA CONQUERED. Commodore Stockton, on assuming command of the squadron, immediately instituted bold and vigorous measures for the subjugation of the territorj. All his available force for land oper- ations Avas three hundred and fifty men — sailors and marines. But so rapid and skilful were Stockton's movements, and so efiicient was the cooperation of Fremont with his small troop, that California was efiectuallj conquered in January, 1847. During all this period the people of the United States were ignorant of what was trans- piring in California, and vice versa. But the action of Commodore Sloat in raising the American flag in California, and that of Com- modore Stockton in conquering the territory, did but anticipate the wishes of the United States Government, which had in June, 1840, dispatched General Kearney across the country from Fort Leavenworth, at the head of sixteen hundred men, with orders to conquer California, and when conquered, to assume the governor- ship of the territory. General Kearney arrived 4:2 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE; OK, in California via San Pasqual with greatly di- minished forces, December, 1846, a few weeks before active military operations in that region ceased. The United States Government had also dispatched a regiment of volunteers from New York via Cape Horn, under Colonel J. D. Ste- venson, September, 1846. This regiment ar- rived in San Francisco, March, 1847, and in detached bodies it performed garrison duty throughout the conquered territory, until peace was declared. THE MORMONS. Tlie Mormon movement should here be ex- plained, as furnishing a singular coincidence in connection with affairs in California at this pe- riod, not omitting the serio-comic end of Mor- mon hopes brought about by the war with Mexico. The exodus of the Mormons from Nauvoo took place in the early part of 1846. It is a well-known fact that this singular people had become so obnoxious in the West, that their THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFOKNIA. 43 presence in any great numbers was not tolera- ted. In February, 1846, sixteen hundred men, women, and children, constituting the main body of the sect inhabiting Nauvoo City, started with their movable effects for the Pacific, sha- king the dust from their feet, and hurling anath- emas loud and deep against the people and in- stitutions of the United States. Those who remained in IS^auvoo were soon forced to follow the main body, and the city with its temple finally became a heap of ruins. The destina- tion of the polygamists was California, some part of which territory, especially that border- ing on San Francisco Bay, they proposed to acquire from Mexico. Simultaneously with the movement of the main body of the Mormons from ^auvoo City, some two hundred of the sect, including several of their prominent leaders, purchased the ship Brooklyn, and sailed from Xew York, January, 1846, for San Francisco Bay, where they ar- rived July 31st, but twenty-three days after Commander Montgomery had taken possession of the place and raised the American flag. It was a fine, brilliant California day, that 44 THE EOMANCE OF THE AGE ; OE, on wliicli tlie Moniion-freighted sliip Brooklyn passed tbrougli tlie Golden Gate and entered San Francisco Bay. The long-wished-for haven was gained at last. AYliat a magnificent har- bor ! "Wliat a fine country ! And all that vir- gin territory awaiting in silence and peace the coming of the latter-day saints. These, as may be imagined, weary of their long and tedious voyage, were eager to set foot on the promised land flowing with milk and honey, where, free from persecution, like the Pilgrims of old, they could worship God after their own fashion, and M'here polygamous institutions were to rise in all their loveliness, beauty, and grandeur. The Brooklyn sailed majestically into the bay, her decks crowded with impatient human beings, when, on coming opposite the town, one of the leaders was observed to shade his eyes and gaze anxiously ashore. Suddenly his coun- tenance became ghastly, and, pointing to our national emblem, which floated over the ])laza in all its beauty and glury, he exclaimed, " By God! there is that damned American flag ! ''"' These Mormons had left the United States several months before the commencement of the THE DISCOVEEY OF GOLD EST CALIFOENIA, 45 war with Mexico, and the sight of our flag floating over the plaza of Yerba Biiena was the first intimation they had of that event and its consequences. An express was immediately sent off to meet the main body of Mormons coming overland. This Mormon host bad pur- sued their toilsome march westward to the 20th July, 1846, when, from the "Wasatch Moun- tains, they beheld the placid waters of Salt Lake, gilded by the beams of the setting sun. On the 24th, just one week previous to the ar- rival of the Brooklyn in San Francisco Bay, the entire body of Mormons, with the High Council and the President, reached the valley and camped to recruit their exliausted strength. Here they were met by the express from the Brooklyn, with the astounding intelligence that the Americans had. taken possession of Cali- fornia, and that the project of finding a resting- place on the Pacific shore must be abandoned. After a brief deliberation, they determined to remain where they were. This conclusion was the more readily reached, as the land was good, and the isolated location offered great advan- tages. Planting commenced immediately, and 46 THE KOMANCE OF THE AGE; OE, measures were at once taken to build their seat of empire, now known as Salt Lake City. This explains the settlement of the Mormons in Utah. But this people did not long remain unmo- lested in their new locality, for they were speed- ily called upon and compelled by the United States Government to furnish a battalion to serve in California. Under officers of the United States Army, this battalion was marched forthwith to that territory, aud it must be said that it performed good and faithful service until the end of the war. The Brooklyn party, disappointed and dis- pirited, soon quarrelled among themselves, and finally dispersed. Some remained in Yerba Biiena, while others settled in the Sacramento Yalley, and yet a company of others went to San Bernardino, in the southern part of the State, and there formed a settlement. Several of these prominent Mormons who had come so far to get beyond the reach of the American flag, and who remained in California, eschewed Mormonism, contented themselves with the dual blessedness of the Gentiles, THE DISCOVEliY OF GOLD IN CALITOKNIA. 47 amassed wealth, and became good and influen- tial citizens. When tlie great rebellion broke out, instances of boisterous loyaltj among them occurred, and it was refreshing to behold the intense affection they manifested for the old flag, and their liberal contributions to sustain its glorj. Tims runs the world. Circum- stances alter cases. We may live to see the day when those same parties will deem it expe- dient to curse the American flag as heartily as ever. • THE EIs^D OF THE MEXICAN WAE.— ACQUISI- TIOIT OF CALIFOEi^IA. The arrival of the several military bodies that have been mentioned, of the Mormons and other emigrants who found their way over the Snowy Mountains and from Oregon, considera- bly augmented the white population of Cali- fornia in the years 184:6-'47. The number of white emigrants — soldiei"s and civilians — settled throughout California in the early part of 1848, when the gold was discovered, may be estima- ted at two thousand. While active hostilities 4:8 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE; OK, continued in Central Mexico, peace and order, under American rule, were maintained through- out California. It Avill be perceived that the Mexican War had an immediate and direct effect on the des- tiny of California — more so, perhaps, than on that of any other portion of Mexican territory ; and it precipitated the development of the great wealth discovered at that period. The war commenced in April, 1846, and terminated by a treaty of peace in which, for a trilling consid- eration, we came into quiet possession of the en- tire territory, with New Mexico, February 2, 1848, the very day on which gold was discov- ered in California ! ESTABLISHMENT OF THE rACIFIO MAIL LINE OF STEAMERS. There is still another event which I will narrate, as one of the singular coincidences, and as having a higlily important bearing on the rapid development of the discovery of gold in California, namely, the establishment of the Pacific mail line of steamers, in connection with THE DISCOVEKY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 49 Sloe's line to ]^ew Orleans and Chagres. Mauj, doubtless, believe tliat these lines of steamers were called into existence by the dis- covery of gold in California. The great discov- ery had nothing to do with originating these enterprises. The idea of an American line of mail-steam- ers from Panama np the Pacific coast, touching at several Mexican ports and terminating at Astoria, Oregon, is said to have originated with one J. M. Shively, a plain sort of man, who, at an early day, drifted from Massachusetts or Connecticut, across the continent, and finally located at Astoria, of which })lace he was ap- pointed postmaster. Shively returned to the United States in 1845, and when in Washing- ton, it is said, he suggested this line of steamers. At this time the controversy between the United States and Great Britain, respecting the Northwestern boundary, had become a very ex- citing topic. Our Government was exceedingly anxious to turn emigration into Oregon, and it is possible that Shively's idea of aline of steam- ers from Panama up the Pacific coast, may have been regarded favorably in Washington, 50 THE EOMANCE OF THE AGE ; OR, Wlietliei* this be true or not, President Polk, in the latter part of 1845, took decided measures to establish a means of convej'ance to Oregon, that should be available to emigrants. In fur- therance of this project, the President invited Mr. J. M. Woodward, of N'ew York, to visit Washington, and assist him with his informa- tion and counsels. Mr. Woodward was then engaged in the Baltic trade, and he had frequent and large consignments of emigrants from Norway, Swe- den, Denmark, and Prussia. lie at once com- plied with the President's request. After sev- eral conferences with this high official, and some weeks s})cnt in obtaining all the informa- tion possible on the subject, Mr. Woodward presented the following plan, namely : To prepare and send out a number of small boats, sufficient to take an entire shipment of emigrants and their baggage from the vessels, on their arrival at Chagres, and proceed uj) the Chagres Iliver as far as Cruces ; from thence by pack-mules across the Isthmus of Panama, whence they were to ejnbark on board sailing or steam vessels for Oregon, This plan was THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFOKNIA. 51 accompanied by the requisite estimates for its acconiplislinient, and the whole was submitted in the shape of a report to the President. lie signiiied his liearty approval of the plan pro- posed, and by his direction, immediate steps were taken to obtain from Congress, then in session, the necessary apj^ropriation. Thus the proposed transit line to Oregon was progressing favorably when the ultimatum of the British Government was submitted to the President and Senate, and accepted. This at once obviated the immediate necessity for the settlement of Oregon, and as a Government matter, the proposed transit line to that part of the world was dropped. As is customary with governments on such occasions, Mr. Woodward was unceremoniously dismissed, with no thanks for the time and money he had sj^ent in the ser- vice of the administration. But Mr. Woodward, in the course of his efforts in behalf of the Government, had gained information respecting the commerce of the Pacific coast which induced him and several associates to believe that a line of steamers from Panama to Oregon would pay as a private 52 THE ROMANCE OF THE AGE; OR, enterprise, and lie accordingly gave the matter this shape. At this time Colonel Sloo was applying for a grant of subsidy to carry the mail by steam- vessels from New York to Havana and New Orleans. E. K. Collins was also endeavoring to get a bill through Congress authorizing a line of mail-steamers between New York and Liver- pool. Mr. Woodward framed his bill to cover the Pacific coast route ; Sloo so changed his bill as to extend his line to Chagres, in order to con- nect with Woodward on the Isthmus of Darien, and all the bills, namely, Woodward's, Sloo's, and Collins', were passed on the last day of the session of 1846-'4T. But either by oversight or design, Mr. Woodward's name was left out of the engrossed bill, and the Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Mason, decided tliat he must advertise for proposals for tlic Pacific line. He accordingly advertised for bids to carry the mails twice a month by steam from Panama to Astoria, in Oregon, touching at Realejo in Central Amer- ica, Acapulco, Mazatlan, and Monterey in Mexico. San Francisco was not known at this THE DISCOYEEY OF GOLD IN CALIFOENIA, 53 time, and beyond shipping one or two cargoes of liides annually, Yerba Buena, its present site, had no commercial importance. Mr. Woodward put in a bid of $300,000 per annum, ten years, for side-wheel steamers, and an associate bid $150,000 for propellers. One Arnold Harris, as a speculation, blundered into a bid of $199,000 per annum. These were the only bids. The contract was awarded to Woodward's associate, who had bid $150,000 per annum for propellers, but with such conditions, not era- braced in the advertisement, as made it wholly inadmissible, and the bid was withdrawn. The contract was then awarded to Harris, as the next lowest bidder. Before AVoodward's asso- ciate withdrew his bid, Harris had bound him- self in a bond to assign the contract to Wood- ward should it fall to him, Harris, by reason of such withdrawal. The contract having fallen to Harris, he paid no regard to his bond — which proved worthless —and after receiving the contract, he hawked it about New York for several months ; but as little was known respecting the proposed route. 54 THE KOMANCE OF THE AGE; OR, and taking into consideration the fact of the existence of the bond from Harris to Woodward, responsible parties outside of AVoodward's com- pany manifested little inclination to midertake the enterprise. General Armstrong, then American consul at Liverpool, and a relative of Harris, now came forward and induced Mr. W. H. Aspinwall to take the matter into consideration. After a lively negotiation between the parties in New York, and the Secretary of the Navy at Wash- ington, in which Mr. Woodward was entirely ig- nored, Mr. Aspinwall assumed the contract. A fierce litigation now ensued between Woodward and Harris and Aspinwall. But as usual in such cases, the brains and industry that had modestly and quietly originated and developed the enter- prise to a practical ])oint, were forced to suc- cumb to the audacity and ravenous greed of capital, wliicli never originates or invents. The contract assumed by Mr. Aspinwall called for three side-wheel steamers, the first of which should sail for the Pacific in October, 1848. The Calilurnia was the pioneer steamer, and she sailed for her destination at the stipu- TUE DISCOVEEY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA, 55 lated time. The Oregon followed in JSToveniber, and lastly, the Panama. The news of the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia reached Xew York in Novembei*, ISiS, about one month after the steamer California had sailed. TEE TEIP OF THE FIRST PASSENGEES FR05I NEW YORK TO SAN" FRANCISCO BY STEAM. The first reports of the great discovery made but little impression on the public mind, but in a few weeks parties arrived direct from Cali- fornia, and their wonderful tales of auriferous developments, with the exhibition of consider- able precious dust from the placers, soon gave the people the gold fever. About the middle of December, 1848, the steamer Isthmus was advertised to sail for Cha- gres the 25th inst. But this steamer being de- layed, the Crescent City, Captain Stoddard, was dispatclied by Messrs. Howard & Sons on the 23d December, 1848. This steamer, with about one hundred and fifty passengers, myself among the number, arrived at Chagres January 2d, 1849. 5G THE EOMANCE OF THE AGE; OR, Notliiiig of moment occurred on the voyage from ISTcw York to Cliagres, except that, in a furious gale off Ilatteras, a steward was washed overboard. Several large arm-chairs were thrown over to the unfortunate man as he floated past the stern of the ship, one of which he suc- ceeded in grasping, and, thus sustained, he was finally picked up and saved by the daring and good seamanship of a Boston sea-caj)tain com- manding the life-boat, manned by four brave sailors, who, after an liom-'s most desperate ex- ertion, succeeded in pulling back to the steamer, which could do nothing more than lie-to and await their return. On reaching Chagres, M'C found the steamer Fulton had arrived the day before from New Orleans, with two hundred passengers. Here were nearly four hundred excited, adventurous gold-seekers congregated at this wretched place, composed of a hundred or moi'e jacaJs, or cane huts, and inhabited by Indians, negroes, half- breeds, dogs, pigs, etc. These adventurers were robustiously frantic in their efforts to cross the isthmus and secure a passage on the steamer California, the arrival of which was THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 57 daily expected at Panama. The dusky natives witli their squalid cliildren, their dogs and pigs, the monkeys, alligators, snakes, and all created things of the aligerous order, were roused from their dreamy lethargy by this sudden irruption of the Northern white race. The hubbub was terrific. The only mode of passage across the isthmus was by boats up the Chagres Kiver to Cruces — some thirty-five miles — aud thence by pedal or quadrupedal conveyance to Panama. Every species of boat that could be poled up the river \7as in tremendous demand. An astonishing number of lanchas^ hungos, ccmoas, etc., were speedily brought together ; and in forty-eight hours from the time of their arrival, the passen- gers were experiencing the distressing and highly peculiar navigation of the Chagres Piver. Just as the larger portion had reached Cruces, the cholera, which had made its appearance on the steamer Fulton, broke out among them. The panic soon became fearful. The great body of gold-seekers rushed off for Panama, helter-skelter, pell-mell, some on mules, some on horses, and some on foot. Friend left friend 58 THE EOMANCE OF THE AGE; OR, to die ; and men brave under otlicr circum- stances, sIudIv away from the danger tliey could not see, leaving their baggage to its fate on the river's bank, and scattered all over tlie town. I had joined a i)arty of five in arrangements to cross the isthmus together. At Cruces we occupied a cane hut, where we gathered our baggage, proposing to start for Panama after a night's stretching of our aching limbs, that had for many long hours been painfully cramped in the river boat. At four o'clock in the morning, one of our party, Mr. M , of New York, a gentleman of most agreeable disposition, and whose acquaintance I liad made on board tlie Crescent City, roused me, and said he felt ill. An hour later he complained of being much worse, and in low tones begged me not to desert him should his illness prove to be the cholera. I immediately found a Dr. Clements — afterward torn to pieces by a grizzly bear in California — and recpiested him to call and see Mr. M . lie did so, and at once pronounced him ill of cholera. In five minutes not one of my com- panions was visible, and in less than half an hour they were all on the road to Panama, their THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA . 59 baggage remaining piled up in tlie but. One of tliese was the Boston sea-captain who liad SO nobly risked Lis life in saving the steward of the Crescent City from a watery grave. That was a visible and familiar danger, against which he did not hesitate to oppose his strength, ex- perience, and skill ; but the unseen messenger of death hovering about, armed with a terrible pestilence and striking down his victims at ran- dom, was more than he could face. Of course I assured Mr. M that I would remain and do all in my j^ower to save him from the terrible malady. For fifty dollars I hired a kind-hearted Irishman — left in charge of the baggage of General Persifer F. Smith, wlio had passed on to Panama — to assist me ; and then in the blaze and heat of the tropical sun we fought death with such slender means as under the circumstances we could command, till two o'clock, p. M., when poor M , wasted to a perfect skeleton in a few hours, yielded up his life. He feared not death, but his distress at the thought of leaving his family was over- liowering. The last words he was able to utter, some two hours before his death, were a request GO THE EOMANCE OF THE AGE; OK, that if ever I got back to the city of New York, I would sec his family. I complied with this request during my visit to Xew York, in 1853, and I could not marvel at the distress of the father as he faced death, and felt that he must part with all that was dear to him on earth forever. I met with a lovely family — the mother and six children. There was the little one just able to speak the words of gi*atitude as instructed by the mother, and so on, boys and girls, up to the line youth of fifteen. As these children entered the room to meet me, they took my hand one after the other, and said, in the most touching manner, "God bless you, sir, for your kindness to our father ! " This was a trying scene. In the great revolution for good, and the hajipincss and comfort, direct and indirect, which we trust were among the first results of the discovery of gold in California, it must be admitted that there was also a vast amount of attendant evil, and that sorrow and miseiy were brought to the hearts of thousands and tens of thousands of loved and loving beings. There was scarcely a iamily tliroughout the length THE DISCOVEKY OF GOLD IN CALIFORXIA, 61 and breadth of the land, but what was affected for good or ill during the first years of the Cali- fornia gokl-fever. With the assistance of several natives we buried Mr. M at 3 p. m., where other vic- tims among the passengers had been laid, the Kev. Mr. Douglas performing the funeral cere- mony. This clergyman remained and heroi- cally filled his sad oflSce till there w^as no longer any necessity. Mr. M was the last victim in Cruces. He had several trunks well filled with every thing requisite for his comfort, on the long and uncertain journey before him, all evidently prepared and packed by loving hearts and willing hands. To go through the forms required by the alcalde, and get this little prop- erty in a condition to return to the family in New York, occupied me till far into tlie night — and what a weary, unearthly night it was ! Every passenger, except an old man, Mr. Eras- tus Sparrow, and Mr. Raymond, agent of tlie New York steamer, had departed. The natives Avere dying of cholera in considerable numbers ; but, as usual in these Catholic countries, the poor Indians evinced a kind of stolid rcsigna- G2 THE KOMAJVCE OF THE AGE ; OK, tioii to Fate, and resorted to religious ceremo- nies. Durin<^ the nioint of time ! Sutter's s a w - m i i, t. , c o i, o m a 0? TJ* TDE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 100 Marshall stated that the laborers — white and Indian — had picked up some of the particles, and he thought a large quantity could be col- lected. Captain Sutter was at first quite incredulous as to these particles being gold, but happening to have a bottle of nitric acid among his stores, he applied the test, and, true enough, the yellow grains proved to be pure gold. The great dis- covery was made ! Yiew these men as they sit at the hour of midnight in the dimly lighted room of that adobe fort, located far up the Sacramento, the other side of the world to everybody but them- selves, isolated, all unknowing and unknown ; one an educated, polished gentleman from Eu- rope, the other a plain, honest mechanic from the United States. Regard them as they ex- amine those little yellow grains and learn that they are gold. The action of no king on his throne, no ^svarrior at the head of his army, no statesman or legislative body that ever existed, was more conducive to events of the highest import to the human race, than was that of these two humble, private individuals, when 110 THE KOMANCE OF THE AGE; OK, they sat at tlic midnight hour, secluded and lonely, in that remote country, and discovered that they were handling gold. What a subject for the dramatist ! "What a scene for the painter ! This was the denoue- ment of the plot in the drama Omnipotence was enacting in California, It must not be forgotten that another scene in this omnipotent drama was being enacted in the Mexican capital. On the very day, perhaps the very moment that Marshall discovered the grains of gold in Sutter's mill-race, the treaty that closed the Mexican War and gave us Cali- fornia, was signed in the city of Mexico ! The acquisition of California, and the dis- covery of gold, are events beyond the range of man's calculation in their influence on the des- tiny of the great American Republic. Though the occurrence of those two events on the same day is a startling coincidence, there is no mys- tery about it — nothing that need arouse the nonsense of superstition. Age by age we can clearly trace the footsteps of time coming down, jjcriod by period, with unciTing precision, to those occurrences that have [)rccipitatcd the THE DISCOVEKY OF GOLD IN CALIFOKNIA. Ill United States onward in their course of empire with a bewildering rapidity. Columbus had discovered America, and the Spaniard had en- forced his bloody, soul-crushing Christianity from ocean to ocean, and from Terra del Fuego to the everglades of Florida, where Ponce de Leon searched for the waters of youth. A little more than two centuries after the landing of the Spaniard, tlie Anglo-Saxons appeared on the Atlantic shores of the northern portion of the continent, and one by one the colonies and peculiar institutions of the race were planted from l^ova Scotia to the Mexican Gulf. Then the American Revolution gave birth to a new nation, which created a republic that soon ac- quired the Louisiana territory and Florida, and extended to the Pacific shore. The native races had thrown off the Spanish yoke, and republics skirted the Andes and Cordilleras, from Chili to California. Stephen Austin, of Connecticut, had obtained the consent of Mexico to colonize the Province of Texas with ISTorth Americans ; and these, bringing their slaves into the prov- ince, contrary to Mexican law, caused the be- ginning of trouble with Mexico, wliich resulted 112 THE KOMAKCE OF THE AGE ; OK, in the war that gave Texas her indepeTidence, which led to annexation to the United States. This brought on the war with Mexico, which resulted in peace and the acquisition of New Mexico and California, February 2, 1848. Now look at another class of events, tending directly to the same great end. Sutter, bom in 1803, the year in which we acquired the Louisiana territory, had emigrated from Europe and settled in the Missouri portion of that terri- tory. From thence, after five years' wandering in New Mexico, over the Eocky Mountains, through Oregon, to the Sandwich Islands, and the Russian possessions, he had located in the wild and isolated Sacramento valley, built his fort, subdued the country, established an exten- sive and flourishing colony; and all this occurred just in season to make the great discovery. of gold, through the immediate instrumentality of Mai-shall — who liad found his way there from New Jersey — at tlie opportune moment when the title of the territory jjassed into our hands, free from any complication that might have arisen out of the more timely action of the Eng- lish, the Mormons, or the raising of the Bear flard Macaulaj'. The contents are arrauired in this edition as follows: Vols. I. to lY., History of luiL'hiiid since lh<' Accession of .lames the !^(•eo^(l ; "Vols. 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