*-- 
 
 &> 
 
 .^'r 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
 BlOLOGf 
 UBRARY 
 
1 
 
(p^ /f^fdnr^^ 
 
DOMESTIC TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 IDISEASES 
 
 HORSES AND DOGS; 
 
 so conducted a^ to 
 
 ENABLE PERSONS TO PRACTISE WITH EASE AND SUCt'ESS 
 
 ON 
 
 THEIR OWN ANIMALS, 
 
 WITHOUT THE ASSISTANCE OF A FARRIER: 
 Including likewise the Natural Management, as Stablin,^, 
 Feeding, Exercise, &c. : together with the Outlines of 
 a Plan for the Establishment of Genuine Medichics for 
 these Animals throughout the Kingdom. 
 
 BY DELABERE BLAINE, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ANIMaL MEDICINE, ' 
 
 Author of " The Anatomj- of the Horse;" '• Outlines of the Teterinavy 
 
 Art;" '* A Treatise on tlie Distemper in Dogs," &c. <Sic. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION, 
 
 •WITH VERY LA.RGE ADDITIOXS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR T. BOOSEY, 4, OLD BROAD STREET, 
 ROYAL EXCHANGE. 
 
 1810. 
 
 
.<at.ii 
 
 James Compton, Printer, Middle Street, 
 Cloth Fair, London. 
 
It I o 
 
 Professional Attendance on AnimalSy 
 
 AND 
 
 INFIRMARY FOR HORSES AND DOGS, 
 
 No. 5, WELLS STREET, OXFORD STREET, 
 BY 
 
 DELABERE BLAINE, Veterinanj Surgeon, 
 
 i^/r. Blaine coRtlnues to receii-e under his care, 
 and to give his advice on, all the Diseases of Animals 
 in general, but jiarticidarlij on Horses and Docs, 
 at home, abroad, or by letter. Mr. B.'* premises con- 
 sist of an extensive arrangement of convenient stalls 
 and boxes for the reception of sick Horses, or for the 
 purpose of physicking, blistering, getting into condl- 
 tion, or ctherivise attending to as the case may re- 
 
 For the care of Dogs, some very excellent rooins 
 are appropriated, icith an extensive outlet and sepa- 
 rate apartments, where sick Dogs have every attention 
 paid to their comphmits. Puppies are also taken in 
 tQ rear, Bitches to whelp, or healthy Dogs to keep. 
 B 
 
 t 
 
 ivi3'?0Si.l 
 
PURCHASE AND SALE OF HORSES ON 
 COMMISSION, 
 
 3Ir. Blaine* long^ acquaintance ivith Horses, and 
 ike natural attachment he has to them, have led him 
 into an intimate acquaintance with their qualities and 
 defects, u'hich enables him to afford very important 
 assistance to persons wanting to purchase. His en- 
 gagemerds of this kind are so numerous, that he is 
 acquainted with every source from whence they can he 
 procured, and he engages to find any description of 
 Horse that may be wanted. The advantages he is 
 enabled to hold to purchasers are very numerous ; the 
 most important is, that his professional knowledge en- 
 sures to his employers sound, safe, and useful animals^ 
 instead of the danger, vexation, and trouble, arising 
 from the tricks usually practised. His acquaintana; 
 with the value ivill also prevent imposition. In most 
 instances this will make a saving of 10, 15. or 20 per 
 cent, to gentlemen employing him. His extensive con- 
 nection and acquaintance with every market where 
 Horses are to be procured, entirely frees gentlemen from 
 all trouble in looking out for them. Any gentlema?iy 
 tJierefore, wanting Horses, by favouring Mr. Blaine 
 with a description of the kind that is required, he ivill 
 engage to procure them for their inspection and ap- 
 proval: and he presumes that his known integrity 
 ivill be a sufficient guarantee that he will faithfully 
 discharge the trust reposed in him. 
 
Ill 
 The Sale of Hoeses is also very txtensiveli/ car- 
 ried on hy Mr, B.; for which purpose he has appro- 
 priated a very excellent shew stable, where may be 
 always seen Horses of almost every description, shewn 
 without art, and freed from every deception. His 
 very extensive connection gives Horses so placed a 
 ready sale. Gentlemen, the^^efm^e, having Horses to 
 dispose of, will have a very eligible opportunity of 
 disposing of them speedily and. advantageously. Mr. 
 Blaine will only nndertake to sell useful, sound 
 Horses, as such. Hoi^ses Iiaving blemishes, or hiddeii 
 defects, he will engage only to sell as defective; and 
 all faults, if serious oneSf will be mentioned to the pur- 
 chaser. A strict integrity is the basis on which every 
 transaction between buyer and seller will be founded, 
 Mr. B. never engages in either the purchase or sale of 
 Horses on his own account, but solely on Commission; 
 and for which, in either the purchase or sale, his 
 charge is '5 per cent. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 J."^ ARPtlEIlY, ill an eiilarged sense (now usually 
 rulied tlie Veterinary Art), is the art ot' curing the 
 diseases of tlie horse and other domestic aiiimals; and, 
 as these animals are essential to our comfort, so this 
 must be a very important subject, and must interest 
 every part of mraikind. This art may be said to be 
 learned in tv.o ways, v.hich, with a little latitude of 
 expression, may be called, the one, — the scientific or 
 regular mode; and the other, tlie domestic or imitative 
 mode. 
 
 The scientijic mode of leavjiing farriery \s that which 
 all persons intending to practise extensively on the 
 animals of others, as farriers or veterinary surgeons, 
 should adopt; and without which their exertions can 
 never be crowned with much success, or eminence re- 
 ward their labours. This mode of curing the diseases 
 of domestic animals can only be gained by an intimate 
 acquaintance with anatonii/, physiologi/, chemistri/, 
 ph^rmacif, and the materia medica. When the vete- 
 rinary art is learned in this manner, the practice of it 
 requires no set rules, no ready-formed prescriptions or 
 recipes ; but the mind of the practitioner is enabled to 
 meet any case that may occur, and to act on it from 
 well-grounded principles. This, therefore, is by far 
 the most important and useful mode, and. In fact, is 
 tlie only one by which either farriers who practise on 
 tiie animals of others, or amateurs who practise exten- 
 sively on and examine attentively their own, should 
 utt. Tiie iuiportaiice of tliis scicRlific investigation 
 
5 
 
 of the subject has, lately, become so evident, that a 
 regular seminaiy, called the Veteiinary College, has 
 been established for the purpose of teaching it : but 
 it is not in the power of the greater number of those 
 persons who may even wish to study farriery in this 
 manner, to attend such a length of time from their 
 homes, or to meet the expenses attendant on this 
 course; therefore it is necessary to devise some other 
 mode by which all the branches before recapitulated 
 may be taught in a Tegular, scientific, but intelligible 
 manner. A Work, the result of great experience and 
 indefatigable application, I have been for some years 
 forming, having this for its object, and which Work 
 has been presented to the Public in the following form : 
 
 1802 — MARCH 1. 
 
 This day is published. 
 
 In 2 very large volumes, 8vo, with plates, 1/5*, boards^ 
 
 THE 
 
 OUTLINES of the VETERINARY ART; 
 
 OR, 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE, 
 
 As applied to the Medical Treatment of the Horse, 
 
 the Ox, the Sheep, and the Dog. 
 
 BY DELABERE BLdlNE, 
 
 Professor of Animal Medicine, and Author of the 
 
 " Anatomy of the Horse," the " Treatise on the 
 
 Distemper in Dogs," &c. cS:c. 
 
 London : printed for Longman and Rees, Paternoster 
 
 Row, and T. Boosey, Old Broad Street. 
 
 The object of the above Work is, to offer to every 
 one coDcerned in domestic animals the knowledge of 
 B3 
 
the means of preserving them in health, and the art 0|- 
 removing their diseases, in a manner at once instruc- 
 tive, satisfactory, and entertaining; and, as such, in- 
 teresting readers of every class. 
 
 To form a progressive arrangement of its subjects, 
 the Work is divided into three parts. 
 
 Part I. is appropriated to the collateral brandies 
 of the veterinary art, commencing ^^lih the history 
 of medicine in genertd, and proceeding to an histori- 
 cal account of that branch of it, that, as applied to 
 the diseases of domestic animals, is termed veterinary 
 medicine ; or, as immediately regarding tiie horse, is 
 c^W^d farrier tj ; — the particular history of this art in 
 England ; with a comparison between English and 
 continental farriery : — a history of the rise, origin, 
 and progress of the Veterinary College : — chemistry, 
 and its relation with tlie healing art : — the hivv s of 
 organic life ; with a comparative view of the various 
 animals surrounding us. 
 
 Pakt il. considers the anatomical structure, func- 
 tions, and {fecoaomy of tlie horse, commencing with 
 his exterior conformation, and proceeding to a de- 
 scription of the internal parts ; comparing them wiih 
 those of the ox, sheep, and dog ; and accompanying 
 the whole with plates, ilhistrative of the subjects de- 
 scribed, drawn from the subjects by the autiior. 
 
 Part 111. i& intended to teach the practice of 
 this art, by a systematic arrangemetit of the diseases 
 of the horse into twenty classes, united with a more 
 concise account of these of the ox, sheep, and dog. 
 The plan of medical treatment laid down and direct- 
 ed will be found entirely new; founded on reason and' 
 science, and eonsoiiant to the late great improve- 
 
'7 
 meats in this impoi tant branch of healing : the whole 
 being attempted in such a maiiiier as to prove easy 
 of attainment, yet fully adequate to its proposed 
 purposes. 
 
 Testimonies in Favour of this Worh, 
 " Mr. B had previously published the Ana- 
 tomy of tlie Horse, re-published in this Work, m 
 which he professes the parts treated of have been 
 jvo3t of them taken from his own dissections. So far 
 he hus a fair claim of originality.''—" The drawings 
 appear extremely correct ; are executed in the most 
 handsome manner ; and the descriptive part is very 
 correct.'' — London Medical Review. 
 
 " The second division of the Work is occupied 
 with the Anatomy of the Horse, including the phy- 
 siology, or knowledge of functions. This part of 
 the Work is materially illustrated by engravings, the 
 execution of w Inch has considerable merit." — " The 
 third division is_ allotted to the practical part of the^ 
 veterinary art, or a description of the diseases of the 
 horse, ox, sheep, and dog, with the most approved 
 modes of cure. From the length of the anatomical 
 part of the Work, the present part is, perhaps, more 
 compressed than might be wished. The classification 
 adopted by the author vAW materially assist the stu- 
 dent in this branch of medicine, w ho is too apt to be 
 misled by the barbarous and unmeaning j'lrgon adopt- 
 ed, in general, in books of farriery." — Medical and 
 Chirurgical Review. 
 
 " Mr. Blaine, we believe, is the first who has at- 
 tempted, in the English language, a systematic view 
 of the whole, founded m)oa scientific principles, in 
 
8 
 <"Oiiformiiy with the modern discoveries in anatomj' 
 and pliysioiogy ; and with the modern theories, con- 
 cerning the nature and causes of the ditFerent morbid 
 changes which the living frame undergoes." — " In 
 treating of each disease, he gives a clear and accurate 
 description of its symptoms ; points out its causes, 
 states the degree of danger, and usual modes of 
 termination; and subjoins a simple, rational, aiid 
 scientific plan of cure. What a pleasing contrast this 
 forms to the miserable productions entitled * Stable 
 Directories,' ' Complete Farriery,' &c., every page of 
 which is crammed with farragoes, called receipts; 
 certainly not inert, but often possessing a potency of 
 the most dangerous sort." — " It appears to us, that 
 this Work is the best and most scientific system of the 
 veterinary art that has hitherto appeared in this coun- 
 try ; and we therefore recommend it to all who are 
 desirous of acquiring a competent knowledge of the 
 structure and diseases of the horse, and other do- 
 mestic quadrupeds." — British Critic. 
 
 To the above testimonies it may be added, that 
 this work has been translated into French, German, 
 and Italian, by the order of the Veterinary Colleges 
 of France, Germany, and Italy. The iMoniteur, of 
 the 25th July, IS 04, contained a very copious review 
 of this work by M. Feuchet, the celebrated French 
 Professor, and which ended with the following sum- 
 mary. — " Nous pensons a la m.aniere claire et simple 
 ** dont I'auteur a traite chaque objet, qu'il a rempli 
 " son but; que cet ouvrage a le double merite d'etre 
 " a la portee de tons d« tous ies genres de lectures ; 
 ** que Ies personnes dont la profession est de faire la 
 " medecine des animaux se priveraient d'un grand 
 
.9 
 " secours en negligeant de le consulter, et qu'ii pent 
 " tres utiiement servir a ceux qui se iivrent a la plus 
 " importante braiiche de recoiiomie rurale, celle dc 
 "' Teducation des bestiaux/' 
 
 THE DOMESTIC TREATMENT OF THE DIS- 
 EASES OF ANIMALS, 
 which I have called the domestic or imitative mode of 
 learning farriery, is not acquired altogether on these 
 grounds, for to study the art fundamentally, as it re- 
 quires considerable time, v/ith great application and 
 attention, so it neither suits the leisure nor convenience 
 of the greater part of mankind, who, having either 
 Jiorses or dogs, might yet be glad of a nearer road to 
 the knowledge of their diseases and cure. This do- 
 rnestic practice is theief ore fitted for them; and con- 
 sists in having the diseases, to which the animals 
 treated on are liable, clearly and plainly described by 
 their distinguishing characteristic marks or symptoms, 
 whh plain practical rules for the treatment, and sim- 
 ple, but efficient, receipts for the cure. Now, these 
 descriptions, these rules, and these receipts, can only 
 be formed by a person fully aware of the subject in 
 its jnost extensive point of view; and such descriptions, 
 rules, and receipts, collected, will then form a 
 JDomestic Treatise on the Diseases of Horses and Dogs, 
 enabling all persons not within the reach of a regular 
 veterinarian, or in cases of emergency, or in those in- 
 stances in which tliey may cliuse to make trial them, 
 selves, to distinguish easily between one disease and 
 another, and, having so distinguished, to proceed 
 with ease and dispatch towards the cure, without 
 wading through laborious reasoning, long cases, or 
 
10 
 cramp technical phrases. In human medicine, a do* 
 niestic treatise on the cure of disease is supposed to 
 border on empiricism, and a man so writjng is deem* 
 ed liable to injure the health of mankind, and the 
 particular welfare of the regular practitioner; but 
 though this may in some measure apply to human 
 medicine, because in most places, however small, 
 there is commonly some surgeon or apothecary near, 
 from whom the sick may find ready relief, yet in 
 veterinai^ medicine it cannot apply ; for even large 
 towns, many of them, have no regular veterinarian, 
 v.'Iiile smaller towns, villages, and the country at 
 large, are all of them deprived of any other assistance 
 than what can be gained from the neighbouring smith ; 
 or, at least, they can very seldom produce any person 
 at all fit to be trusted : therefore any plan that renders 
 persons in general able to treat the diseases of their 
 animals successfully, without risk or trouble, must 
 be a valuable one. This I have endeavoured to lay 
 down in the following sheets. 
 
 But even A\'hen this is gained, that is, when per- 
 sons are enabled readily to distinguish one disease 
 from, another, and vvlien the treatment of the several 
 diseases is miderstood, even then, in most cases, the 
 remedies are often not within their reach ; for, frci- 
 quently, no chemist, druggist, or apothecary, is near 
 to compound the prescribed remedies ; or, even w hen 
 present, these medicines, on account of their expense, 
 may be adulterated, or made deficient ; or one drug, 
 as is frequently the case, may be substituted for an- 
 other : and as to entrusting a regular recipe with 
 farriers of the common class, they, in the first place, 
 seldom have an assortment of drugs or compounds ; 
 
11 
 
 unS. if they bare, it is less seldom that they have 
 cand'^.ur eii'-aaU to in <ke up any receipts bwt their 
 own. I sjT^iik Hot hoe of eminent farriers, uor of 
 mivny of those more reguUtrly educated, even though 
 not ('ubhei veterinanass, for many of these I have 
 met With who are very sensible and candid. 
 
 It wf>uid add, the.^fore, very considerably to the 
 advantages derived from this Domestic Treatise, if 
 the remedies prescribed were faithfidly prepared, at 
 G moderate price, and accompanied the Work itself , 
 being generally distribvted in the hands of every re- 
 spectable vender of medicines throughout the kingdom, 
 so as to be within the reach of every one. — There have 
 been many persons who have made and vended reme- 
 dies, as they termed them, for several diseases of the 
 horse. I do not wish to depreciate the merits of any 
 one ; but thus much I must be allowed to say, that 
 no person can pretend judiciously to compound horse 
 or other medicines who is not acquainted with che- 
 mistry ; and what knowledge some of the inventors 
 of these medicines have of this subject, let their writ- 
 ings shew. Without a knowledge of chemistry, drugs 
 may be mixed so as to produce a third substance whol- 
 ly different from their separate qualities, and which, 
 in fact, may prove poisonous. This is by no means 
 unfrequent; and yet many of these compounders 
 jumble, without any judgment, a vast variety of ar- 
 ticles into one mixture. With regard to the com- 
 pounded medicines which I here offer, I can say of 
 them, that they have been chemically considered in 
 every point of view ; and the recipes from which they 
 are formed are the result of long experience and fre- 
 quent experiment ; most accurately compounded, so 
 
12 
 as to be always of one determinate strength. They 
 are made from the very best drugs, without any eye to 
 the expense : and, that I may always be enabled to 
 compound them in the same way, I have affixed a 
 price that will allow of the purchase of the best drugs ; 
 yet as these medicines are prepared in large quantities 
 at a time, so the price set on each is such, that no 
 individual recipe could be made up for the same 
 price, of good drugs, and in just proportions. They 
 are likewise so compounded as to preserve good al- 
 most any length of time, and under every variety of 
 temperature ; and which is a circumstance too seldo]n 
 considered in the making up of medicines. The form 
 I have also endeavoured to make as convenient as pos- 
 sible ; they are likewise very portable. 
 
 These ready prepared medicines, according to the 
 following arranged list, are placed in the hands of all 
 the respectable venders of medicines throughout the 
 United Kingdom. The whole are prepared imme- 
 diately by myself, and signed with my name ; and 
 none but these can be genuiae. 
 
13 
 
 AX 
 
 ARRANGEMENT 
 
 OF 
 
 READY PREPARED MEDICINES 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 Prevalent Diseases of Horses and Dogs : 
 JPrcgarcB anti jstgneu Ii? 
 D. BLAINE; 
 And sold, Wholesale, by T. Boosey, No. 4, Old 
 Broad Street; and Barclay and Son, Fleet Market: 
 Retail, by all the Venders of Genume Medichies 
 throughout the United Kingdom. 
 
 ^^ Each Article encloies a regular practical Treatise oa ths 
 Complaint the Medicine is intended to remove. 
 
 HORSES, 
 
 CHOLIC BALLS, Cs. 6d. each. 
 By Cholic is here meant what is generally known 
 by the name of Gripes, or Fret ; and not Red Cholic, 
 which is a more dangerous, but less frequent, com- 
 plaint. For the Gripes, tliese Balls are very effica- 
 cious; and one alone, if given according to the co- 
 pious directions accompanying it, seldom tails of giv- 
 ing instant and permanent relief. Persons keeping 
 horses would liiid it their interest to have some of 
 these Balls always by them, as the disease is sudden 
 in iti attack, and generally strengthens by neglect. 
 
 CORDL\L BALLS, Is. each, or 5s. the half dozen. 
 Persons in the habit of giving what are termed 
 C 
 
14, 
 Cordial Balls on every occasion, are often guiliy of 
 error ; for it is not every one of these cases that re- 
 quires cordials, and, even when they are proper, the 
 substances usually given are, in fact, no cordials at 
 all : a little aniseed, a few juniper berries, or turmeric, 
 &c., can produce no lasting effect on the constitution, 
 except depraving the appetite; but when the circu- 
 lation droops from excessive exertion, as, in racing, 
 hunting, &c., and hence becomes incapable of per- 
 forming its proper functions, as eating, digesting, sleep- 
 ing, &'c., then, a medicine that at once allays the irri- 
 tability of the constitution, and gives it strength, will 
 be of essential service. This is obtained by these 
 Balls, which, therefore, are of great use after severe 
 exercise, as, a long day's hmit, a Jiard contested race, 
 along journey, or when a cold may be suspected to 
 have been caught. These Balls are particularly use- 
 ful for tender flue horses, who on any unusual work 
 refuse their food : they are likewise well adapted to 
 prevent these tender horses from getting out of con- 
 dition, Avhicli they are very apt to do on any fatigue, 
 change of diet, or when moulting, in spring and fidl. 
 These and other cases wherein they may be advisable 
 are specified at length in the directions enclosed with 
 them. 
 
 FEVER CORDIAL BALLS, Is. 6d. each, or Ss. the 
 half dozen. 
 At the end of fevers, or towards the close of long 
 and severe colds, or other lingering complaints, Iiorses 
 are frequently very low and faint : in these cases, the 
 active inflannnatory symptoms having ceased, these 
 Balls V ill give strength to the constitution to throw 
 
15 
 off the remains of the disorder, and perfect a reco- 
 very. But ill the beginning of fevers and other in- 
 fianimatory affections, the Fever Powders hereafter 
 mentioned are preferable. 
 
 COUGH BALLS, 5s. the half dozen. 
 The coughs which horses are subject to from being 
 out of condition, from long continued colds, or that 
 accompany thick wind, will always be relieved, and 
 frequently cured, by these Balls; and in every in- 
 stance of cough unaccompanied with fever, I would 
 strongly recommend them. 
 
 STRONG DIURETIC BALLS, Is. 2d. each, or 
 6s. the half dozen. 
 Diuretics are useful in removing su elled legs, in re- 
 solving inflammation, and promoting condition. 
 Whenever, in either of these cases, an active but safe 
 diuretic is required, I would recommend these. They 
 are compounded of none of those rough substances 
 that so frequently ]Muve fatal, biit ir. rvrriy case will 
 act with safety, though actively; but when it is in- 
 convenient to give balls, or a more slaw and mild 
 plan is tliought prudent, then the 3Ii'd DluretiG 
 Poivders hereafter mentioned mav be made u^e of. 
 
 FARCY BALLS, 6's. the half dozen. 
 A regular course of these Balls, according to the 
 directions contnined in the Treatise accompanying 
 thsiii, in most cases efl'ects a cure of this loathsome 
 complaint, when it is within the rcarh of medicine. 
 
 C 2 
 
16 
 STRONG PURGING BALLS, 2s. each, or 10s.6d. 
 the half dozer.. 
 When brisk purging is deemed proper, as in swelled 
 legs, general foultiefis, too great fatness, thick wind, 
 or pursivene.ss, these Balls %vill be found active ; but, 
 from the excellence of the aloes entering their com- 
 position, they will always prove safe, never raking 
 tiie bowels, or producing those fatal gripes often the 
 consequence of coarse, drastic, and badly com- 
 pounded physic. 
 
 MILD PURGING BALLS, Is. 6d. each, or 8s. 
 the half dozen. 
 In lesser horses, or in those more weak and deli- 
 cate, or in any case where the operation of purging 
 is required only to be very gentle, these Balls will be 
 found adequate to the purpose. 
 
 STRONG MERCURIAL PURGING BALLS, 
 ^s. 6d. each, or 13s. the half dozen. 
 
 There are cases where the common forms of physic 
 are not thought sufficient, but something that still 
 more excites the absorbing vessels of the body is re- 
 quired : in this case mercurial physic is given, of 
 which tiie above Balls are of the very best kind. 
 
 MILD MERCURIAL PURGING BALLS, 2s. 
 each, or 10s. 6d. the half dozen. 
 These are a milder form of the above, intended 
 for small or more delicate horses. 
 
 BLISTERING OINTMENT, 3s. per Pot. 
 Blisteriiig Ointment may be, and very common!)' 
 
17 
 is, cheaply prepared of euphorbium, corrosive sub* 
 liniate, or other caustic substances ; but, independent 
 of the pain they give, and thereby reduce the con- 
 dition of the horse, they very often act so deep as to 
 occasion a lasting blemish, and sometimes even more 
 serious mischief. The above Ointment is principally 
 composed of Spanish flies, with a mild preparation of 
 mercury added, to make it more certainly stimulate 
 the absorbents ; and is a very excellent Blister for 
 strains, s^vellings, wind galls, curbs, spavins, splents, 
 &c. 
 
 LIQUID SWEATING BLISTER, 2s. 6d. per Bottle. 
 This is a warm, stimulating application, that takes 
 some time to produce its eftect, and even in the end 
 seldom raises a very active blister ; it is, therefore^ 
 very proper to sweat away (as it is called) old chronic 
 swellings of the back sinews, or to bathe and embro- 
 cate old strains ; and, in fact, to apply to any part 
 where it might be inconvenient to put a regular blis- 
 ter on. This Liquid is likewise particularly fitted for 
 injecting into old fistulous sores. 
 
 MILD WASH for GREASE, 3s. 6d. per Bottle. 
 
 This most efficacious application will be found of 
 the greatest benefit in the early stages of grease, and 
 in moist cracks of the heels. It is likewise often of 
 great service in running thrushes, when not very vi- 
 rulent. 
 
 STRONG PASTE for GREASE, 4s. per Pot. 
 This Paste can be recommended for its almost 
 unlimited efficacy in the worst stages of grease, whea 
 C 3 
 
18 
 milder applications have failed. In pole evil, likew ise, 
 or other obstinate fistulous sores, this Paste, melted 
 and poured into them, seldom fails of promoting 
 a healing state. In canker, if spread over the sore* 
 it prevents its cauliflower sprouting, and heals it. 
 Ill quittor, if it is mixed with flour, and put into the 
 pipes of the wound, it has likewise the same eftect, 
 coring out the sore, and afterwards healing it. 
 
 EMBROCATION for STRAINS and LAME- 
 NESSES, 3s. per Bottle. 
 This will be found a valuable application for all 
 strains, whether old or new : it is likewise proper for 
 shoulder-wrung sores, saddle galls, &c. &c. 
 
 MANGE OINTMENT, 7s. per Pot. 
 This Ointment, intended for the cure of Mange in 
 horses, I never yet saw fail of producing the desired 
 eflect, if applied according to the directions enclosed. 
 It is equally eflicacious iu destroying vermin on cattle, 
 and has often relieved widcTspreading farcy. 
 
 EYE WATER, 2s. 6d. per Bottle. 
 The diseases of horses' eyes are very diflicult to 
 remove, and even v» hen removed are very liable to 
 return, and end in blindness ; so that no application 
 can boast of much certainty. Bat the above is pos- 
 sessed of as much, and perhaps something more, 
 than most others ; and I have used it with great ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 ALTERATIVE CONDITION POWDERS, 5s 
 
 the half dozen. 
 Horses are frequently hide-bound, as well as out 
 
19 
 of condition: this may arise from musty hay or oats, 
 from moulting, or from Morms; in all which cases 
 these Powders mixed with the food will render it more 
 nutritive, loosen the hide, lay the hair, and in every re- 
 spect promote condition. They are liliewise very pro- 
 per before and after a course of physic. 
 
 COUGH AND FEVER POWDERS, 5s. the half 
 dozen. 
 These Powders may challenge all tlie medicines in 
 the v.orld for efficacy m the coughs that accompany 
 colds, and are so constantly teazing horses, upon any 
 change of temperature, or any accidental exposure to 
 cold. As soon as a cough tirst appears, one only 
 given in a mash at night will commonly remove it ; 
 and in raor? serious cases, one given night and morn- 
 ing will, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, be suf- 
 ficient without any other aid. In high fevers and in- 
 liamniations, they aie not less efficacious, given with 
 the directions accompanying them. No person hav- 
 ing a horse shoukl be without these Powders : the 
 proprietor himself constantly uses them, in his veteri- 
 nary stable, nor does he ever for coughs and colds 
 use anv other medicine. 
 
 WORM POWDERS, 5s. th« half dozen. 
 It is a most difficult thing to destroy worms within 
 the body, except by very active purges, or other 
 strong medicines, that often fail altogether, and in 
 almost every instance do as much harm as good. The 
 substance of which these Powders is coniposed is the 
 only one in existence that is capable of completely 
 destroying worms in the body, without any sensible 
 
20 
 effect on the stomach and bowels. It is a discovery 
 of the proprietor's, and totally unknown to any other 
 person ; and is so efficacious, that he can with truth 
 assert, it has never failed in a single instance. 
 
 MILD DIURETIC POWDERS, 5s. the half dozen. 
 When an active diuretic is wanted, I would recom- 
 mend the Ball ; but when it is inconvenient to give a 
 Ball, or to spare the horse for a regular course of diu- 
 retics, these Powders are convenient, as they may be 
 mixed with the corn, and will be eaten readily by the 
 animal, who need not be confmed by their operation. 
 
 APPLICATION FOR THRUSHES IN HORSES' 
 FEET, 3s. per pot. 
 There is perhaps no opinion among horsemen that 
 is more erroneous, or productive of greater mischief, 
 than that thrushes in the feet of horses never do 
 harm. On the contrary, there is no instance in 
 which they do not do much harm, and very often 
 are the occasion of the entire loss of the horse. It 
 is equally erroneous that it is improper to dry them 
 up. In every instance they should be immediately 
 stf >pped ; and in every instance, if suffered to remain, 
 they will occasion the ruin of the feet. The propri- 
 etor, fully sensible of this, has been at imm.ense pains 
 to perfect a mixture that is completely efficacious iu 
 radically curing this complaint, and bringing on per- 
 fect health in the foot. And such this will be fouad 
 on a few times using. 
 
21 
 
 DOGS. 
 
 Tlie diseases of these animals are understood, by 
 the generality of persons, even less than those of 
 horses, oxen, and sheep ; and I believe I am the 
 first person in this country, and perhaps in any other, 
 who has paid any direct and decided attention to 
 them on scientiiic principles. The following medi- 
 cines have stood the test of experience for many 
 years, and are therefore offered with confidence to the 
 public ; at the same time remarking, that, as with the 
 horse medicines, none can be genuine but what are 
 signed by myself. 
 
 DISTEMPER POWDERS, price Is. 6d. each, or 
 
 six for 8s. 
 These Powders have been long known to the pub- 
 lic for their unlimited efficacy in the cure of this most 
 fatal disease. They are put up in packets, No. 1, 2, 
 and 3, according to the sizes, ages, and strengths of 
 different dogs, and are accompanied by a Treatise on 
 the Disease, price Is. describing its various symptoms 
 and appearances, with tlie mode of distinguishiiig it 
 from other affections, particularly from madness, 
 with which it is frequently confounded. 
 
 SPECIFIC OINTMENT FOR THE MANGE, 
 
 2s. 6d. per box. 
 This Ointment will be found, as named, a perfect 
 specilic for the complaint. It is so efficacious, tliat 
 one application is sufficient in many cases; and yet 
 so safl\ that if the \^hole quantity should be licked off, 
 not the least harm would arise. This quantity will 
 cure two small, or one large dog. 
 
MANGE POWDERS, 2s. a Set. 
 Though the Ointment is always found equal to the 
 cure of every kind of mange, yet frequently a dog is 
 so wholly out of condition, and his blood is so com- 
 pletely tainted, that it much expedites the cure, if 
 some internal remedy is given. When there is a heat 
 and redness of the skin, very troublesome to the dog, 
 but not amounting to mange, these Powders will 
 cure alone: and when a dog has had the mange, and 
 there is reason to fear a return (which in mange often 
 happens), these Powders, given now and then, will be 
 a preventive. In spring and fall, when dogs are 
 usually very foul, they are particularly useful. — These 
 Powders have likewise a rcinarkable property of pro- 
 moting the condition, and, when a dog is thin, of 
 assisting his fattening : on the contrary, in fat gross 
 dogs, by keeping Jhe body gently open, they prevtiit 
 the increase of iat. In fact, too much cannot be said 
 in praise of them. A Set consists of several Powders, 
 with ample direct ions. 
 
 ^VASH for CANKER in the EARS, 2s. 6d. Bottle. 
 There is hardly a more common complaint than 
 the canker in the ear. 1 do not here mean the ulcer 
 that is sometimes on the outside of the ear, but. that 
 issue of either blood or matter from its inside. This 
 complaint I ain very constantly consulted about ; 
 and I can with truth assert, that the above ap})iica- 
 lion has never in any one instance failed of curing. 
 
 OINTxMENT for CANKER on the FLAP of the 
 EAR, 2s. 6d. per Box. 
 This Ointment is a speedy and certain cure for that 
 obstinate and troublesome ulcer on the i^ap of tiie 
 
?3 
 car which divides and eats into the lower edges, and 
 is also termed canker. By this Ointment, the ne- 
 cessity of rounding or burning out, the only means of 
 cure before known, is totally prevented. 
 
 WORM MEDICINES, 2s. 6d. per Set. 
 Worms in dogs, as in horses, are peculiarly hard to 
 destroy, and are much more fatal to dogs than horses. 
 The symptoms of worms in dogs, are, loose slimy 
 stools, and often frothy; a hard belly; a voracious 
 appetite, though frequently a lean carcass ; the hair 
 stares; and sometimes the nose runs. It is likewise 
 not unfrequent that the convulsive tits, which dogs 
 are subject to, are brought on by worms. The above^ 
 Medicines I have given in these cases with the greatest 
 success; and whenever there is reason to suspect 
 worms, I would recommend them. 
 
 PURGING BALLS, 2s. 6d. per Set. 
 To get dogs into condition for hunting, to cool 
 them, or when they are costive, physic is often given. 
 For any of these purposes the above is very proper; 
 and tfiis is so made up, of different strengths, that 
 the various ages, sizes, and strengths of dogs, may 
 be exactly suited with the proper proportions. Phy- 
 sic in dogs is always observed to do them most good 
 when it vomits as well as purges, for in them vomit- 
 ing is a natural act, intended to cleanse them, and 
 they are always better after it : these Balls are com- 
 pounded in such a manner as to produce both purg- 
 ing and vomiting ; and, as such, I have always found 
 taeni infinitely preferable to any of the other forms 
 of phjsic made use of by spf>rtsmeii. 
 
3i 
 
 DOMESTIC TREATISE 
 
 ON 
 
 Jlorses ant) Bojgs. 
 
 AGE OF THE HORSE AND DOG. 
 
 JLIOMESTIC quadrupeds have all of them certain 
 alterations that take place in their bodies at fixed pe- 
 riods of their life, by wiiich their age may be ascer- 
 tained Avith considerable precision. Oxen have a 
 temporaneous set of horns, which give place, at three 
 years old, to a permanent pair, which produce a 
 circle every succeeding year; so that by counting 
 three years for the point of either of the horns, and 
 a year for each circle, the age is gained. 
 
 Deer acquire an additional branch to the palm of 
 the horn each year. 
 
 Skeej) and goats do not change their horns : one 
 year, therefore, being counted for the point, and an 
 additional year for each circle tJicy present around 
 them, furnish the observer with their ages. 
 
 Do^s have no exact criterion of their age ; but 
 their habits of domestication enable us to judge 
 with considerable ceilainty relative to it. At about 
 four years tlie teeth lose their points, and gain a 
 surface, which increases as the age advances; they 
 likewise become less v^bite, and Diore uneven ; aiid 
 
2.5 
 frequently by picking of bones one or more are lost. 
 At seven or eight the hair about the eyes become* 
 slightly grey, which gradually extends over the face ; 
 but it is not till ten, eleven, or twelve years, that 
 the eyes lose their lustre: whenever that takes place, 
 the dog breaks fast, though many dogs last iifteen, 
 sixteen, or seventeen years, and I have seen a mo- 
 ther and son vigorous at twenty and twenty-one 
 years. 
 
 The age of horses is also gained by a knowledge of 
 the appearances their body puts on at diiferent pe- 
 riods: as they become old, their eyes sink, their 
 muzzles turn white or grey, and their eye-pits be- 
 come hollow ; but these appearances depend so 
 much on the previous usage of the animal, that the 
 exact age cannot be gained from an attention to any 
 of them : we therefore have recourse to the tectli, 
 w hich furnish certain alterations in their appearance 
 every year in all horses nearly alike. Horses have 40 
 teeth, and mares 36: 24 of these are grinders, or 
 double; 12 are front teeUi, or gatherers; and four, 
 that occupy the space between the double and the 
 front, are called tushes, but of which mares are usu- 
 ally deprived. Horses have two sets of teeth ; a 
 temporaneous or milk set, and a set called permanent, 
 or horse teeth. Till five years the age is judged of by 
 the shedding of the twelve front teeth of the milk set. 
 At two years and a half, the two front nippers above 
 and below fall out, and are clianged. Xi three and a 
 half, the two teeth next to these, above and below, 
 are replaced by others; and before five the two 
 corners also ; about which period the tushes likewise 
 appear, and the colt assumes the name of tke horse ; 
 D 
 
26 
 and without tliein, on the appearance of the two 
 corner ones, the filiy becomes a mare. Each of 
 these permanent set of nippers, or horse teeth, has a 
 mark or cavity in its upper surface, and the appear- 
 ance or absence of which cavity forms the prmcipal 
 mode of judging of the age. At six years the cavi- 
 ties of the two front nippers of the lower jaw are 
 filled up. At seven, those of the two next of the 
 same jaw fill up; and from this to eight the corner 
 ones fill up likewise, when the horse is said to have 
 lost his mark, and to be aged. The upper teeth may, 
 however, after this period, furnish some criterion to 
 judge by, though perhaps not altogether with equal 
 precision ; for at the same time that the cavities of 
 all the lower nippers are obliterated, tliose only of 
 the two front upper ones are effaced : so that at eight 
 years the two front upper nippers lose their mark; 
 at ten, those of the two next; and at twelve, those of 
 the two corners. 
 
 Various tricks are practised by breeders and country 
 dealers to make horses appear either older or younger, 
 as best suit their purposes of sale. Horses are not 
 considered as eligible for the London market at less 
 than five years old : it is common, therefore, at four 
 years old, to beat out the corner teeth; by this 
 means the horse teeth underneath sooner spring up, 
 and thus make the animal appear older than he is : but 
 a nice inspection w ill readily detect the imposition ; 
 for the cavity in a five year old horse should appear 
 considerably w orn out or filled up ; that is, the mark 
 should be nuich less distinct than in the others. 
 
 The deception is also rendered conspicuous when 
 this is the case, by the animal not being sufficiently 
 
2f 
 f-ivnishedi as it is termed ; that is, by his not having 
 lost his coltish form, or his muscles having become 
 swelled and furnished by exercise, A four year old 
 horse is leggy, his forehand is thick and low, his feet 
 are round and very wide at the bottom, hisniuzzle is 
 round, and his mouth has no depth. As the above 
 is practised to make horses appear older than they 
 are, so bish&pping, as it is called, is an operation per- 
 formed on the teeth to make them appear younger 
 than they are, and consists in making an artificial ca- 
 vity in the surface, now worn plain, by means of a 
 eharp hard tool, and then burning the cavity black 
 with ?. heated pointed iustiumeut: but the strokes of 
 the graver aetect the imposition, and the two inner 
 grooves of tiie tushes cannot be restored by similar 
 int ,13; nor can its blunt point be again made sharp 
 aii.l prominent. The tush, therefore, should always 
 be attevided to in examining the teeth for a horse's 
 age. It is, indeed, in many respects, a more certain 
 criterion than the nippers, and is among judges more 
 attended to than tnem. 
 
 Thus mudi is said on the mode of judging of the 
 age by the teeth to satisfy public oj/inion ; but it would 
 be iiiliniteiy more judicious were the marks in the 
 mouth less attended to. It is but little considered 
 that the period of a horse's life, with moderate care 
 and good usage, is protracted to 25, o5, and 45 
 years: and an instance lately occurred of a horse 
 dying at 50. The instances of their being vigorous 
 and strong at 30 and o5 are very numerous, and as 
 frequent as activity in men of 80 and 90. A gentle- 
 man at Dulwich, near London, has three monuments 
 of three horses, w ho severally died in his possession at 
 
 D2 
 
28 
 the ages of 35, o7, and 39. The oldest, it is to hQ 
 remarked, was in a carriage the very day he died, 
 strong and vigorous; but v.'as carried off in a few 
 hours by spasmodic colic, to which he was subject. 
 Hence it must be at once evident how small a pro- 
 portion of a horse's natural life is eigiit years ; and 
 yet this is the period that the majority of persons be- 
 gin to consider him as aged, and beginning to get 
 unfit for service. The more I see of horses, the more 
 I am astonished at the want of attention and conside- 
 ration it evinces: my long acquaintance with the am'- 
 mal has induced me to drav/ the following comparison 
 between the ages of man and the horse; that is, 
 at these several periods of comparison the constitution 
 of the man and horse may be considered as in an 
 equal degree of perfection or decay, according as 
 youth or age preponderate. Thus, the first five years 
 of a horse may be considered as equivalent to the first 
 twenty years of a man ; that is, that a horse of fae 
 years may be comparatively considered as old as a 
 man of twenty ; a horse of ten years as a man of 
 thirty-five ; a horse of fifteen as a man of forty-five ; 
 a horse of twenty as a man of fifty-five ; of twenty- 
 five as a man of sixty-five ; of thirty as a man of 
 seventy-five and eighty; and of thirty-five as a man 
 of eighty-five or ninety. Whoever attends to these 
 comparisons will be convinced they are not over- 
 strained, and hence how evident it must be, that we 
 reject horses as aged who have not yet attained their 
 prime ; and that long after the mouth has lost its 
 marks, provided the legs and feet remain firm and 
 sound, ahorse should not be rejected. 
 
29 
 ALTERATIVES. 
 
 Alteratives are medicines that act on the body in a 
 slow and nearly imperceptible manner, thereby cor- 
 recting any latent evil- It is an improper custom to 
 give alteratives when an animal is in health, under the 
 idea of increasing it, or keeping him so ; for it is evi- 
 dent that, when an animal is in health, any alter- 
 ation must be for the worse. 
 
 The substances used as alteratives are of different 
 kinds, and act in different ways; but they may prin- 
 cipally be referred to such as act on the skin, called 
 sudorijics, or sweats, as sulphur, antimony, mercury^ 
 warm cloatbing, &c. 
 
 Sulphur has not much effect taken inwardly; it is, 
 however, an assistant to compounded alteratives, and 
 may be given in doses of half an ounce. Antimony is 
 a very excellent alterative. Its most common form is 
 that of crude black antimony, of which two, four, or 
 six drams are given once or twice a day. Antimonial 
 powder is a very useful alterative, though not much 
 in use, one dram of which is a proper dose. Tartar 
 emetic is another form of antimony, but the virtues of 
 which are very little understood among the generality 
 of veterinarians. It is one of the most valuable me- 
 dicines, particularly as an alterative, in the whole ma- 
 teria raedica. In some particular cases of want of 
 condition it is highly beneficial, and in coughs it has no 
 competitor. Poor Taplin, whose limited information 
 w^as extraordinary, wrote to prove the cruelty of 
 giving more than twenty grains of this substance, 
 because two grains were a sutlicient dose in the hu- 
 man sribject. Such is theory without practice, 
 and so long did this unblushing pretender gull and 
 D3 
 
30 
 deceive the public. From oue dram to two or three 
 is a proper dose. — Corrosive sublimate and calomel 
 are the most common fonns of mercury used in vete- 
 rinary medicine. — Corrosive sublimate is used in farcy 
 and glanders, and may be given in doses of ten grains, 
 increasing with caution to two scruples in desperate 
 cases, and sometimes even to much more. Calomel 
 is given as an alterative in worms ; in hide bound, 
 surfeits, and mange. The dose is from one scruple to 
 two daily ; but caution is necessary in watching it very 
 strictly ; for a horse m ill bear much less mercury, 
 Mithout salivation, comparatively, than a man. 
 
 Another class of alteratives are Diuretics, which 
 act on the kidneys, and increase the flow of urine. 
 Diuretics are very uncertahi in the human subject, 
 but in the horse are very certain ; hence they are 
 "very frequently resorted to. Those in general use are 
 resin, nitre, cream of tartar, oil of juniper, turpen- 
 tine, tobacco, foxglove, &c. &:c. — Resin is an active 
 and useful diuretic, but it simply empties the system ; 
 w hile nitre appears to cool and lessen the circulation, 
 as well as stimulate the kidneys. From two drams to 
 four of the former is a dose as an alterative ; and from 
 three dianis to six of the latter. — It requires rather 
 more of cream of tartar to produce a diuretic eftect. 
 — x4bout a scruple ef foxglove, and about two scruples 
 of tobacco, ar« necessary to produce any effect. — Oil 
 of juniper may be given in doses of one to two and 
 three drams ; and double or treble of this quantity 
 of oil of turpentine will have the same effect. 
 
 A third very important class of alteratives are such 
 as act on the stomach, increasing its tone, called 
 Stomacliics; to which may also be referred drrdials, 
 as bitters of various kiiids, spices, malt, beer, d:c. 
 
51 
 
 Purscatives are well known as alteratives in veteri- 
 nary medicine. The substances used are principally 
 aloes, gamboge, calomel, salts, &c. From six drams 
 to eight of aloes will purge. Two drams of calomel, 
 repeated two or three times at intervals of two hours, 
 will also purge. Gamboge is less certain ; but may 
 be given in doses from two to four drams, and re=- 
 peated. It requires half a pound of salts to purge a 
 horse. These various species of alteratives are treated 
 of at length under their several heads. See SuDO^ 
 EiFics, Diuretics, Purges, Stomachics, and 
 Cordials. 
 
 To these may be added those alteratives that act 
 by all the above means, that is, such as gently sti- 
 mulate ail the secretions at the same time, as the 
 skin, the kidneys, the bowels, &c. Various sub^ 
 stances are used for this purpose, as nitre, antimony, 
 sulplmr, and mashes: an entire change of food, f.s 
 from stable-fed to grass, may either of them prove 
 an excellent alterative, as they act on all the secre- 
 tions at the same time. 
 
 The cases that require alteratives are surfeits, 
 swelled legs^ grease, tliick wind, hide-bound, and ge- 
 neral relaxation, which is shewn by faintness, dulness, 
 and constant sweating. The best general alterative 
 that I have found in my practice is a compound that 
 may be seen among my ready prepared remedies, 
 called Alterative Con(tition Powders. See page IS. 
 
 These Powders act imperceptibly on ail the secre- 
 tions at the same time, and hence are very proper for 
 surfeits, swelled legs, mange, hide-bound, and want 
 of condition ; and are very convenient, because they 
 may be mixed with the food, and hence occasion 
 
littTe trouble, and require no confinement nor pre- 
 
 caution. 
 
 BALLS, REMARKS ON. 
 
 Balls are a very common form of putting horse 
 inedicines into, and they are also the most conve- 
 nient form to give medicines to dogs: many sub- 
 stances, hkewise, will not readily compound into any 
 other form. When persons are expert at it, delivering 
 (as it is called) a horse ball is much easier than the 
 giving a liquid or drench. The mode of giving balls 
 to dogs may be seen in the Preliminary Remarks on 
 Dogs, at the end of the book. 
 
 A horse hall should be less than a pullet's egg, 
 but longer : it should be firm in consistence, and not 
 liable to crumble ; nor yet should it be too hard, or 
 it may choke. This is a fault that most ready pre- 
 pared horse balls have : some are so hard, that, even 
 if they do get down, all the powers of the stomach 
 can hardly dissolve them, and they may pass away 
 unacted upon. This defect arises from making use of 
 an improper substance to mix them with: it will, 
 however, be found, that the ready prepared balls I 
 recommend never harden by age. There is an in- 
 strument called a hailing iron, often used by persons 
 not very expert at delivering bails : it is best to give 
 them without it ; but, when it is used, it should al- 
 ways be guarded w ith cloth, to prevent the bars of the 
 mouth from being w ounded. The most convenient mode 
 of delivering a ball is, to back tne horse in his stall, 
 when the operator, raising himself on a stool (the 
 bottom of the bucket is a very usual convenience, 
 but it sometimes fails in, and alarms the horse), 
 
33 
 iflioukl gently draw the tongue a little out of the 
 mouth, so as to prevent its rising to resist the passage 
 of the hand ; but the tongue should not be held out 
 alone, or the struggles of the horse may injure it, 
 but it should be held firmly by the fingers of the 
 left hand against the jaw. The ball, being previously 
 oiled (the silver paper that is round all neatly and 
 properly prepared balls should not be taken off), 
 must now be taken in the fingers of the right hand, 
 lengthways, when the hand, being squeezed into as 
 small a space as possible, should be passed up the 
 mouth close to the roof, by which injury from the 
 teeth will be avoided : having placed the ball on 
 the root of the tongue, the hand should be with- 
 drawn, and the tongue liberated, but not the head ; 
 when the ball will pass down. The head should, dur- 
 ing the whole, be but moderately elevated : w hen it 
 is held too high, there is frequently danger of chok- 
 ing the horse. As the operation of giving balls, 
 and even drenches, is a very forcible one, and pro- 
 duces great resistance on the part of the horse, so it 
 is impossible to give them (except in cases of con- 
 siderable emergency) more than twice a day ; and 
 yet some veterinarians, who write from theory, and 
 not from practice, are found, in common cases, di- 
 recting balls and drinks every three or four hours. 
 
 Balls should be prepared with vei-y great care : 
 the dry ingredients should be very finely powdered, 
 and the moist most intimately mixed. In preparing 
 them, an accurate knowledge of chemistry is neces- 
 sary, or one substance may have such an effect on 
 another as to convert it into a poison. When in- 
 tended to be kept, great care is requisite to preserve 
 
tliem from spoiling : this is best done by compound^ 
 ing tiiem in such a M'ay as neitlier to harden, moulder, 
 nor ferment. The bails entering into my ready pre- 
 pared medicine arrangement have these advantages; 
 they likewise retain their virtue any length of time, 
 are most intimately mixed, never harden, and are 
 of a proper size and convenient form. Those intended 
 for horses are, mercurial and common Purging Ballsy 
 Diuretic Balls, Cordial Balls, Cough Bolls, Farcij 
 Balls, Fever Cordial Balls, Ckolic Balls: those for 
 clogs are Purging Balls only, as the other remedies 
 are purposely made in the form of powders, to leave 
 it optional with the giver what form he may chuse as* 
 the most convenient. 
 
 BLEEDING, 
 
 Sweats, diuretics, and purges, are all particular 
 modes of lessening the quantity of blood in the body,, 
 for what is removed from the body by tliem is forced 
 to be supplied by the blood ; but bleeding is a more 
 quick and effective mode of lessening the blooci ; and 
 has this difference from the former, that it removes 
 all the pavts of this fluid at once, and is therefore 
 used to reduce the constitution ; whereas the others 
 only remove the watery parts,, and therefore can be 
 safely applied ui almost all cases, when bleeding 
 would weaken too much. In all great and violent in- 
 flammations, the blood vessels appear distended with 
 blood; bleeding, therefore, in these cases, by reliev- 
 ing the vessels from their distention, tends to remove 
 the iniianimation. Hence bleeding is the most effec- 
 tual means of treating risiiig of the lights, or iufiamma- 
 lion of the lungs ; red cholic, or iiiilanuiiation of tlie 
 
35 
 l>0W€ls; red water, or inflammation of the kidneys, 
 &c. Blood may be drawn from any part of the 
 body ; but in common cases it is usually drawn from 
 the great neck veins that run up, one on each side, in 
 the hollow between the windpipe and the flesh of the 
 neck. Bleeding is not a diflicult operation v.hen 
 once learned, and is commonly practised by a flearaji 
 which, being held just on the vein, is struck vrith a 
 stick sufliciently forcible to penetrate the vein, but 
 not to pass through it. Every practitioner should, 
 however, accustom himself to bleed with a lancet. 
 It is the most easy method, and infinitely the safest; 
 for inflammation in the vein will often follow from 
 bleeding, by even the nicest hand, whereas it never 
 occurs by the use of the lancet. Spring fleams are 
 used by some, but they seldom strike with suflicient 
 force. Mr. Long, of Holborn, has, however, lately 
 invented one that succeeds in most instances. Gen- 
 tlemen should make their grooms bleed with these, 
 from their perfect safety. The most proper part 
 to be opened is about a hand's breadth from the 
 jaw. If a ligature round the neck is used to raise the 
 vein, it should not be tied too tight ; but it may, in 
 most instances, be avoided, by pressing one of the 
 fingers of the hand holduig the fleam on the vein, 
 which will then rise. It is prudent to cover the eye 
 df the side the blood is to be drawn from, as the 
 flourish of the blood-stick, when a fleam is used, may 
 make the horse start, and thus a wrong part be struck, 
 or the operation frustrated. The pin should never 
 be suffered to remain more than twenty-four hours, or 
 the wound often festers. 
 
 The quantity of blood drawn must be regulated by 
 
36 
 the age, size, and strength of the horse, together with 
 the nature of the disease. In violent inflammations 
 of important organs, as the lungs, bowels, &c. too 
 little is usually taken away : in these cases, five, six, 
 or even seven quarts are not too much. A horse has 
 lost forty pounds without fainting, and has recovered. 
 If, in acute or violent diseases, the blood drawn is 
 firm, with a white tough crust on it, a repetition of the 
 bleeding in a few hours is warranted. This particu- 
 larly is the case if the symptoms yet remain in force, 
 though the animal seems but little weakened by the 
 former bleeding; also if his pulse, or the beating 
 of the heart, which was before obscure, became more 
 evident as the blood flowed. Blood, when drawn, 
 should always be measured ; that is, never suffer it to 
 fall from the horse into straw, or on tlie ground, ^or 
 horses have bled to death by this means; or too 
 small a quantity has been taken, which has proved 
 equally fatal. 
 
 When it is necessary to drav/ blood from the plate 
 vein, or those of the legs, great care is requisite to 
 avoid piercing through the blood vessel, and w ound- 
 ing the parts below, which might occasion very serious 
 inflammation. In these cases, -a lancet or spring 
 fleam can alone be used w ith safety, but the lancet is 
 by much the most proper. The neck vein may like- 
 wise be very properly and easily punctured by this 
 means, and w hich in timid horses proves an excellent 
 mode. 
 
 Bleeding in health, to prevent disease, is seldom 
 necessary; however, to condemn it altogether is as 
 improper; for there are cases when it may prevent 
 very fatal diseases. When it is necessary to get a 
 
S7 
 horse, from very low living, into condition very quick- 
 ly, as from grass, straw yard, &c., if in this case 
 high feeding is began upon in its full extent without 
 previous bleeding, it is more than probable that the 
 horse will be attacked witli stasrsers, or some other 
 disease. Whenever, therefore, a horse alters his 
 mode of living from a lower regimen to a fuller, it 
 should either be gradually done, or he should be bled 
 once previous to the process, and once during it. 
 Bleeding is by some deemed absolutely necessary lO 
 the cure of mange ; but though this is not the case, 
 nevertheless, when the disease is very inveterate, it is 
 not improper: it is, however, less proper when it has 
 been occasioned by too low feeding, or is acrompa- 
 nied by great emaciatioi?; but when the animal is fat 
 with it, it is very proper. 
 
 BLINDNESS 
 
 Is a very frequent disease among horses, and is 
 generally one of two kinds: that arising from the 
 weeping inflamed eye, by some termed hmattc, 
 which, after frequent attacks, ends in a white hard 
 mass, seen within the globe of the eye, forming a ca- 
 taract. The other species of blindness, among far- 
 riers, horse-dealers, &:c. is known by the name of 
 glass eyes, from the green shining appearance these 
 eyes have ; but which, to persons unaccustomed to 
 looking at horses' eyes, is not easily observable ; but 
 it may be detected by the animal not winking when 
 the hand is moved a little from the eye, and by his 
 caution in coming out of the stable, lifting his legs 
 high, and moving his ears quickly, as in alarm. 
 The origin of this disease is supposed to exist iu a 
 E 
 
3S 
 paralyse aiTection of the optic nerve. The treat- 
 meni of both may be seen under the article Eyes- 
 
 BLISTERING 
 
 Is an operation of great utihly, and is, perhaps, 
 the safest that is performed. BHsters act by inflam- 
 ing the skin, which, drawing a large quantity of blood 
 to the partj its watery portion, or serum, is sepa- 
 rated, and this forms the rumiing. In a day or two 
 tiie irritation of the blister ceases, and the part is 
 then in the condition of a common wound, and, as 
 such, produces pus, or matter. At the same time, 
 likewise, that a blister acts on the skin, it stimulates 
 the surrounding absorbents to take up other fluids ; 
 and if the blister is strong, and they are much excited, 
 these same absorbing vessels remove even the solids 
 likewise. 
 
 Mercury is known to stimulate these vessels more 
 than most other substances ; therefore, when we wish 
 particularly to stir up the absorbents to remove a 
 part, we make use of a mercurial blister; that is, 
 calomel, or corrosive sublimate, is mixed with the 
 Spanish flies, euphorbium, or whatever the blister is 
 composed of. Mercurial blisters are therefore used 
 for splents, curbs, ring-bones. Sec; but when we 
 wish only to inflame a part, thereby to draw the in- 
 flammation from some other part, we content our- 
 selves with tlie flies, or other simply irritatiug sub^ 
 stance. 
 
 It is a law in the animal economy, that two in-r 
 flammations seldom exist in the vicinity of each 
 other; therefore, when an inflammation has taken 
 place in any part, and we wish to remove it, we at^ 
 
tempt to raise an artificial inflammation in the neigh- 
 bourhood by means of blisters, which, if v^^e elTect, 
 "vve remove, or at least lessen, the more natural in- 
 flammation. Therefore, in inflammations of the 
 lungs, bowels, &c. it is proper to blister the chest, 
 belly, &c. very extensively, by which means the in- 
 flammation may be removed from the vital organs to 
 parts of less importance. 
 
 The substances nsed as blisters are various; the 
 more active are, corrosive sublimate, Imtter of anti- 
 mony, oil of vitriol, euphorbium, &c.: the more 
 mild are, preparations of Spanish Hies, of horse-ra- 
 dish, mustard, &c. Great care is necessary in the 
 compounding of blisters to advantage, as well as 
 much judgment: they are frequently so strong as to 
 leave a blemish through life, and this is particularly 
 the case with euphorbium and corrosive sublimate. 
 I have succeeded in compounding an ointment equally 
 adapted for all the purposes of blistering, distin- 
 guished in the medical arrangement under the title — 
 
 Blistering Ointment [see page l6]. This 
 will be found efficacious in all bony swellings, as 
 curbs, splents, bone-spavins, ring-bones, &c.; blis- 
 tering the skin actively, w ithout destroying the roots 
 of the hair, and blemishing the part, as is frequently 
 the case with the blisters in use for these complaints. 
 It likewise will be found a most excellent application 
 when blisters are required for old strains of any part ; . 
 elaps of the back sinews, ruptured ligaments, and 
 in every case requiring an active but safe blister. 
 
 Liquid Sweating Blister [page 17]. There 
 are some cases in which a more salutai*y effect is pro- 
 duced by gently stimulating an aftected part for a 
 E 2 
 
40 
 considerable length of time, without raising the skifi^ 
 or producing much running: this is effected by what 
 is termed a sweating bhster, Avhich is commonly in 
 the form of a liquid. Great pains have been taken to 
 render the above an excellciit warm stimulating ap- 
 plication. Tiie cases in which this kind of applica- 
 tion is advisable are, old strains of parts surromided 
 with much flesh, as the round bone, the stifle ; and it 
 is frequently useful, as a long continued application 
 to pasterns and back sinews having old enlargements, 
 not being gourdy, from that simple swelling which 
 disappears on exercise. This kind of enlargement, 
 called technically swelled legs, should be distin- 
 guished from the hard thickened enlargements of the 
 tendons and ligaments. The Liquid Blister is a good 
 application for old shoulder strains. There is likewise 
 another case in which this application may be found 
 particularly useful, but in which it is less generally 
 used by farriers and persons who profess to make 
 liquid blisters. This Liquid Sweating Blister will prove 
 one of the best injections for fistulous sores that want 
 some sthnulating fluid injected into them, which may 
 be done by a syringe, or poured in by a pipe. When, 
 however, fistulous sores of great inveteracy, as can- 
 ker, pole evil, &c. want coring out, then some of 
 the Strong Grease Paste, melted and poured in, will 
 be a more proper application. 
 
 The mode of application of blisters is sufiiciontly 
 known. In blistering the legs, it is more prudent to 
 l)hster two legs at a time than all the four. Some- 
 times this raises a considerable fever. The hair 
 should be cut as close as possible from around the 
 part to be blistered ; the ointment should then be 
 
41 
 trell rubbed in with the hand against the hair, wliich 
 should lastly be smoothed down, and some of the 
 ointment then plastered on with a knife or spatula. 
 There is a kind of prevention to the horse's licking or 
 biting the part, by means of what is termed a cradle 
 round the neck. When this is not at hand, the head 
 should be tied up short to the rack for twenty-four 
 hours. In three or four days from its application, 
 when the part becomes dry and scurfy, a little lard 
 nibbed on will assist the falling oif of the scab and 
 the reproduction of the hair. 
 
 BREAKING DOWN. 
 
 The accidental injury horses sometimes sustain, 
 called Breaking Down, is either total or partial. The 
 total, or complete breaking down, is a perfect rup- 
 ture of the back sinews, between the knee and fet- 
 lock, la this case the fetlock is brought to the 
 ground ; and though union may take place between 
 the divided ends, it is so incomplete as to render the 
 animal of little or no service. 
 
 The partial breaking down, and which is the most 
 common, arises from a rupture of the suspending li- 
 gaments of the pastern [vide " Veterinary Outhnes," 
 vol. ii. plate 8, where these ligaments are exhibited, 
 and from whence the nature of the injury may be 
 perfectly understood]. It is this accident that so fre- 
 quently happens to young horses in training. Here 
 likewise the pastern is brought almost to the ground, 
 but the line of back sinews remains complete, and 
 the general derangement of the limb is infinitely less 
 than in the former case. It is seldom, even in fnis 
 minor injury, that the cure is so complete as to leave^ 
 E3 
 
42 
 the affected limb the full strength and freedom of the 
 other : it may however be attempted by elevating the 
 heels, by a proper shoe, three inches above the level 
 of the toe. The inflammation should be abated by 
 bleeding, and a mild diet ; and to the part itself may 
 be applied an emollient poultice, or it may be kept 
 constantly moistened by a rag wrapped round it wet 
 with the 
 
 Embrocation for Strains [page IS]. When 
 the inflammation has subsided, blistering will gene- 
 rally assist in the cure. 
 
 BROKEN WIND. See Wind. 
 
 CANKER. 
 
 When a runmng thrush has been neglected, and 
 has made its way through the frog, and attacks the 
 fleshy sole of the horse's foot, it is called a canker : 
 its tendency to spread is such that the part appears 
 inoculated with the disease, and, unless its virulence 
 is stopped, it very soon destroys the whole foot. 
 
 The ciire must be begun by cutting away all the 
 luxuriant fungus, or proud flesh, that appears even 
 with the surface, when some butter of antimony may 
 be spread over it ; or it may be touched with oil of 
 vitriol; or, in fact, any caustic substance will be pro- 
 per; but I have generally found that a compound of 
 several substances of a desiccative nature has proved 
 more beneficial than any individual substance ; and 
 hat form which has never failed me is what I have 
 called 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 17]; this 
 being well smeared over the whole surface of the sore, 
 
4^5 
 u firm but regular pressure must he applied oil 
 it by means of layers of tov/, over which may be 
 placed a piece of stiff leather, kept in its situation by 
 means of cross bars of iron placed under the shoe. 
 The dressing should be repeated every other or every 
 third day, as the growth of the fungus appears more or 
 less luxuriant ; but it is a very wrong practice, which 
 some farriers fall into, to dress these cases once only 
 in four days : where the sprouting of the fungus is 
 very luxurious, to dress every day is m.uch more 
 proper. I have in some very inveterate cases found 
 much benefit from sprinkling over the fungus, before 
 I applied the Paste, a powder of equal parts of red 
 precipitate and alum. It is to be remembered in the 
 cure of canker, that though pressure is one of the 
 great means of cure, this pressure ought not to be 
 made by the hoof; on the contrary, wherever this 
 binds in on the affected part, it must be taken away, 
 m' at least thinned sufiiciently. 
 
 CATARACT. See Eyes. 
 
 A COLD. 
 
 A cold, as applied to disease, is what in human 
 medicine is termed catarrh, and in old books of far- 
 riery morfoundering; and, when it becomes epidemic, 
 it gains the name of distemper in horses, and influ- 
 enza in man. It consists of an inflammation of the 
 membranes of the nose, which sometimes extends to 
 the gullet, and produces sore throat. As it attacks 
 with more or less violence, the fever is more or less, 
 and the disease becomes formidable or triflinff. 
 
 A cold is caught from exposure to cold, particu- 
 
hrly t'o a current of air ; tlius riding against tlie 
 tvind will often produce it both in the horse and the 
 rider : the stable door opening against the horse's 
 flanks is a frequent cause also; in fact, any unusual ex- 
 posure will produce it. But what is less generally 
 known isi that this complaint is frequently taken from 
 the removing from a cold into a warm situation : thus 
 a horse removed from grass to a stable, commonly ex- 
 hibits symptoms of a cold. Any alteration of tempera- 
 ture, therefore, whether from heat to cold, or from 
 cold to heat, may produce it: — this is an additional 
 argument against the keeping of stables so hot as they 
 usually are. There are some circumstances, independ- 
 ent of the known causes producing this affection, 
 with which we are not well acquainted: at some 
 times horses wilt resist the greatest variations of tem- 
 perature ; at others, the slightest change affects them» 
 It is peculiar that a horse, becoming habituated to 
 one stable, is hardly ever moved into another, even 
 though of the same apparent heat, w ithout having a 
 cough. In many cases, colds and coughs seem de- 
 pendant on some particular effect the air in general 
 has on them ; in which cases they rage universally, 
 and put on an epidemic form. 
 
 When a horse has been much exposed, and is sus- 
 pected of having caught a eold ; if, before its effects 
 have become apparent, w^arm clothing, a warm mash > 
 of malt, some sound ale, or in fact any thing that 
 proves a cordial to the constitution, is made use of, 
 the access of cold is prevented ; for a slight fever is 
 raised by this means in the constitution, that pre- 
 vents the foniiation of that which would have arisen 
 from the cold : — the same takes place in ourselves^ 
 
45 
 wlilcli has given rise tothe Aistom of drinking brandj' 
 when we have been exposed to cold or wet. When, 
 therefore, I have, in my own stable practice, feared a 
 cold, I give a cordial ball, a malt mash, and clothe 
 warmly for the night ; and by this means I have sel- 
 dom found a cold or cough come on. 
 
 The symptoms of catarrh or cold are a dull, heary 
 aspect; a cough at first harsh and dry, afterwards 
 rattling and moist ; the appetite is lost, and frequently 
 the drink is refused, and the flanks heave. If the 
 breathing becomes very difficult, the inside of the 
 nose very red, and the legs and ears cold, inflamma- 
 tion of the lungs, or, as the farriers term it, rising of 
 the lights, may be suspected ; and if without these the 
 dejection should be considerable, with a hot slimy 
 mouth, the case may prove troublesome from its de- 
 generating^ into a regular fever. But when the ap- 
 petite fails but little, the heat of the body being re- 
 gular and moderate, and the animal coughing strong, 
 and snorting out moisture or matter from his nose, 
 no danger is present. 
 
 All colds are, in the first instance, to be treated 
 as fevers and inflammations. If the symptoms rua 
 high, bleed ; open the body by raking and clysters, 
 and give mashes, but abstain from much corn; clothe 
 the head, and keep the stable regularly warm, but not 
 hot ; and by no means expose the animal, even for 
 exercise, and avoid giving cold water. Night and 
 morning give, mixed with a mash, one of the 
 
 Cough and Fever Powders [page 19]. If 
 there is much cough, treat as under Cough. When 
 the disease has lasted some day:*, if the horse appear* 
 
46 
 weak and faint, as is sometimes the case, give maU 
 mashes, and every morning one of the 
 
 Fever Cordial Balls [page 14]. By this 
 means the care will be soon completed; and by 
 keeping him to this diet, and not exposing him too 
 early, he will avoid being so completely out of con- 
 dition as is usually the ease after long colds. 
 
 CHOLIC SPASMODIC, called GRIPES or FRET 
 The cholics of horses arc of two kinds, extremely 
 different to each other in their nature, and totally 
 opposite in their treatment, and hence it requires the 
 utmost nicety of distinction between them ; but which 
 distinction being frequently neglected not only by in- 
 different persons, but by the generality of farriers, 
 eholic becomes a very fatal disease, and kills many 
 hundred horses every year.. 
 
 The two cholics I hint at are, first, th^t which 
 forms our present su]>ject, and which is known to^ 
 farriers and grooms by the names of Gripes and Fret, 
 It appears to consist of a spasniodic affection or con- 
 striction of the intestines from the application of 
 some morbid matter or cause, producing, by its irri- 
 tating quality, those convulsive and painful twistings 
 we have reason to believe take place in them. The 
 other species of choiic is that which is known to far- 
 riers by the term Red Choiic, either from the high 
 coloured urine made in it, or from the dark red ap- 
 pearance it gives the intestines. Red C/ioIic consists 
 in a greater determination of blood to the intestines, 
 which constitutes their inflammation : hence red cho- 
 iic is what veterinai'ians call inflammation of the 
 bowels* 
 
4r 
 
 . Tiie Gripes, or Spasmodic Ch&Uc, may be occa- 
 sioned by air distending the bowels ; being let loose 
 from green food, particularly when unripe, or in a 
 state of fermentation, as is the case when it has been 
 cut some time. This species of cholic is frequent 
 where horses are soiled, from the carelessness of 
 grooms in heaping up the green food in large quanti- 
 ties, and pressing it close, and particularly from giy- 
 ing it stale : it should never be given beyond the se- 
 cond day. 
 
 Too large a quantity of food may occasion it: 
 thus horses newly turned to grass, particularly into 
 tares, clover, Sec, are very apt to have it. After long 
 fasting, when their eagerness induces them to eat vo- 
 raciously, cholic is not unfrequent.- 
 
 Cold, likewise, is a cause of cholic ; but cold wa- 
 ter drank when a horse is warm is the most frequent 
 of all the causes. 
 
 The principal point, is, to distinguish these two 
 kinds of cholic from each other, which an attention 
 to the following circumstances will generally render 
 not difficult. When a horse is suddenly seized with 
 a violent pain ; kicking his belly with his hind foot ; 
 laying down and stretching out his luubs as though 
 dying ; suddenly getting up again, and when down, 
 rolling on his back ; his pulse being but little affect- 
 ed; breaking out in cold sweats, but the legs and 
 ears not much altered in their general warmth ; the 
 distress very great, and the pain ha\ing sudden re- 
 missions; — when all these symptoms appear, a horse 
 may be safely concluded to be labouring under the 
 gripes. 
 
 But when a horse is more slowlv seized, and his 
 
48 
 pain, though violent, is fixed and constant, not having 
 intervals of ease ; when he rolls, if he does not usually 
 turn on his back ; the jmlse likewise, and the beating 
 of the heart, not being easily felt, but very obscure ; 
 and the legs and ears cold, with a frequent painful 
 staling of a red coloured urine, and appearance of 
 fever, accompanied with costiveness ; — when these ap- 
 pearances take place, the horse may be said to have 
 red cholic, or inflammation of the bowels. 
 
 The distinguishing marks, therefore, between gripes 
 and red cholic are, that gri}3es usually attack very 
 suddenly, but red cholic more slowly. Gripes usually 
 present some intervals of ease ; but in red cholic the 
 pain is fixed and constant : and though, in both these 
 cholics, tlie horse may lie down raid roll, and then 
 rise again, yet, in gripes, he commonly has a dispo- 
 sition to turn on his back. In gripes, likewise, the 
 beating of the heart and pulse, though it may be a 
 little quickened, is yet as evident as usual ; but in red 
 cholic it is small and obscure. In gripes there are sel- 
 dom any marks of fever, and the legs and ears remain 
 warm ; but in red cholic the mouth is hot and dry, 
 and the legs and ears are usually cold. 
 
 Tlie cure of gripes should be began, if vei-y vio- 
 lent, by bleeding ; after which the horse should be 
 raked [see Raking], and a very large clyster of 
 w^rni water throv/n up ; or, what may be preferable, 
 the following : 
 
 A large onion bruised. 
 Oil of turpentine, two ounces. 
 C«ruel, tripe liquor, or broth v/arined, three 
 qviarts: mix and hiject as a clyster. 
 
49 
 While the clyster is preparing, one of the 
 
 Cholic Balls [page 13] should be given, ac- 
 cording to the directions accompanying them, and 
 which seldom fails to relieve. If the horse can be 
 walked about, it will be very proper to let exercise be 
 given. It has likewise been found useful in some 
 cases to make a large mash, and, after having spread 
 it on a horse cloth, by means of an assistant on each 
 side of the horse, to apply it as liot as possible to the 
 belly. When the Cholic Balls recommended are not 
 at hand, the following may be substituted : 
 
 Ethereal spirit of turpentine, two ounces. 
 
 Tincture of opium, two ounces. 
 
 Castor or salad oil, a pint. 
 
 INFLAMMATION of the BOWELS, called RED 
 CliOLlC. 
 
 This, as we have said, is an inflammation of the 
 bowels, and requires a very different treatment front 
 the former, being a much more serious but less fre- 
 quent complaint. It may be distinguished from simple 
 gripes by its having no cessation or intervals of ease ; 
 for though the horse may cease to make violent ef- 
 forts, from tafigue, yet he will still appear restless, la 
 pain, and his flanks will heave. To a person ac- 
 customed to feeling a horse's pulse, this complaint 
 presents usually a great difference to that of gripes ; 
 for in this case the pulse is small and oppressed, 
 but much quickened ; the ears and legs are cold ; tlie 
 mouth dry and parched ; and the horse, though he 
 lies down, from the excess of pain, yet he gets up 
 again generally without rolling : whereas a horse in 
 gripes 1ias a constant inclination to roll oa his back, 
 F 
 
50 
 iuul tlie urine is frequently voided in small quantities, 
 and very red. 
 
 There are balls and other medicines advertised for 
 this complaint ; but whoever pretends to cme this 
 kindof choiic by the mouth, either Receives himself 
 or the public. The fact is, no medicine can reach 
 t!ie whole line of intcetiues sufficiently quick to do 
 much good ; and, moreover, they are at this time 
 in such a state of tenderness and irritation, tliat even 
 the mildest medicines prove hurtful : solid food even, 
 therefore, should be denied, and nothing but bran- 
 water, or thin gruel, allowed. 
 
 The cure mus^ be begun by bleeding, and that 
 very plentifully ; six or seven quarts may be taken 
 from a large horse : back rake immediately, and 
 throw up some warm water ; and, if the horse is 
 costive, a quart of castor oil may be given, mixed 
 with a pint of warm water, as a drench : nothing 
 more active must be admjtted into the stomach. But 
 a most essential circumstance to attend to, is the 
 raising an external inflammation on the outside of the 
 belly. This may be done by rubbing in two ounces 
 of the 
 
 Blistering Ointment [page l6], melted with 
 two ounces of oil of turpentine ; or eight ounces of 
 fiour of mustard may be mixed as in making it for 
 eating, into which two ounces of spirit of hartshorn 
 may be poured to make it more active. This paste, 
 applied over the belly, and kept there, will raise a 
 considerable hiflammation. 
 
 All the particulars of the treatment must be re- 
 peated, if complete success does not attend the first 
 efforts. 
 
01 
 
 CONDITION OF HORSES. 
 
 Coiulition h, properly speaking, nothing more tiiaa 
 the appearances that denote perfect or imperfect 
 health. When a horse is in perfect health, he is in 
 perfect condition; and, on the contrary, ^vhen a horse 
 is in any respect out of health, he is, to speak correctly, 
 out of ccndition: that is, in ?i condit'wn that neither 
 fits him for perfect service to his oa\ cer, nor for per- 
 fect comfort to himself. But CGiulitlon is used with 
 a latitude of expression exceeiling this ; and when 
 technically applied, as it usually is, it is more com- 
 prehensive but less correct in its signitication. Thus 
 a farmer rides a horse to market in full vigour ; but, 
 perhaps, from constant exercise, lie is not full of fiesh, 
 and probably, from being exposed to tlie air, he iirc.y 
 have a very rough coat. This horse, in the general 
 acceptation of the word, would not be said to be in 
 condil'wn ; and though lie may be in a state to do 
 every thing a rider might require, yet, if he passes in 
 this state into the hands of a dealer, he must malvc 
 some material alterations in the horse before he pro- 
 nounces him in condition, or expects to sell him a> 
 such. It would be, therefore, best always to consider 
 condition under two distinct views. First, as when it 
 applies to the alteration of the condition of a horse who 
 labours under, or who has laboured under, any ma- 
 lady ; or when it relates merely to that alteration in 
 appearance (supposing a horse in perfect health both 
 l^efore mid after the alteration) which makes the ani- 
 ' mal come up to the standard, or to be pronounced 
 technically in condition. Condition, in this sense, 
 ^ consists of a sleek coat ; a plumpness and fulness of 
 muscle, without much adipose membrane intervening, 
 F 2 
 
52 
 tliat is, without fat. A horse to be hi perfect condi'- 
 lion must be lusty, that is, he iiiiist have his muscles 
 large ; but a horse is never in condition that is loaden 
 with fat. To produce condition in a horse labouring 
 under malady we must first remove liis disease, and 
 wliicli can only be done >vhen we have discovered 
 what the disease is. The artificial or technical con- 
 dition must be promoted by, first, bleeding ; next., 
 give two doses of physic at proper intervals ; clothe 
 warmly, gi3 e exercise twice a day, at first only walk- 
 ing exercise, but not less than an hour each time ; feed 
 liberally, particularly of corn; gradually give trot- 
 ting, and, laslly, galloping exercise, which particu- 
 lars, judiciously applied, are the sum total of all 
 the secrets and arts used in getting a horse into con- 
 dition. It is supposed by some that no horse can be 
 got into condition without some medicines, particu- 
 liirly alterative ones; and it is most certain that they 
 wonderfully promote the operation by assisting all 
 the secretions, and getihig the blood into a better 
 state. The substances used are various, but tlie best 
 are colKpcundedof seveifel substances, as may be seen 
 pisge 18. 
 
 COrxDIALS. 
 
 Cordials and stomachics are such medicines as are 
 given either to invigorate the circulation in general, 
 or to act on the stomach in particular. 
 
 Cordials invigorate the constitution, either by their 
 contents being immediately received into the mass of 
 blood from the absorbing vessels, or they act by syni- 
 };athy through the medium of the stomach : tlms a 
 dji:in, v,l:en a person is fauit, instantly exhilarates 
 
' 53 
 before it can get into the blood vessels ; but the ent- 
 iiig of any thhig requires some digestion before it can 
 invigorate much, because it principally depends on 
 being received into the general mass of biood for its 
 effects. Nevertheless, it is not easy to draw exact 
 lines ; and ail cordials, natural and arliucial, act 
 probably in both these ways, but in different degrees* 
 Natural cordials may be said to be the common food 
 and drink ; artiiicial cordials, such substances as we 
 make use of to produce an invigorating effect on 
 the constitution. These artificial cordials are given 
 to horses very frequently, and, in many cases, very 
 improperly. A horse, as living a life of art, and tak- 
 ing, in some measure, artificial exercise, nray some- 
 times require a cordial ; but to suppose that wheii- 
 ever a horse appears duU, or whenever he may have 
 done a iiltle more \\ oik than usual, or whenever he 
 eats a little less, that in these cases he always v. ants 
 a cordial, is erroneous. 
 
 But, on the other hand, there are cases in which 
 the judicious ase of cordials may do much good. 
 When a horse has been remarkably fatigued from a 
 Ions: journey, a very severe day's hunt, or several hard- 
 contested heats, the powers of the constitution may 
 fias: so much, that either the horse refuses to eat at 
 all, or, if he eats, he has nat strength to digest ; for the 
 circulation, which was kept up by the exercise above 
 its natural standard so long, now, as the exercise is 
 over, diminishes below the natural standard as much 
 as it has been before urged beyond it, and with the 
 circulation the whole powers of the constitution: 
 any thing, therefore, that artificially supports the 
 animal by furuishing the stomach ^^ ith the means of 
 F3 
 
54 
 accelerating the circulation, and keeping up the flag- 
 ing powers till the constitution is able to re-establish 
 itself, will be of very material assistance to the 
 animal. 
 
 And, again, when a horse may have been ex- 
 posed to cold, and appears rather sluggish from the 
 eftects of it, without any strong symptoms of disease, 
 in this case a proj^er cordial prevents tlie access of 
 what othervvise he might the next day labour under, 
 — a cold. 
 
 Tender horses who readily purge, get out of con- 
 dition, and lose their appetite on very slight exer^ 
 cise, very frecpiently benefit by a cordial. In these 
 cases, one proper cordial ball will frequently prevent 
 the necessity of a fortnight or three v\ eeks' active care 
 to get such a horse into condition again. 
 
 Lastly ; after the inflammatory symptoms of very 
 -•serious colds are gone off, at the close of fevers, and 
 particularly where horses are weakened by strong 
 physic, in tliese cases cordials are very useful. 
 
 It is not only the cases that require cordials that 
 should be attended to, but the drugs used for this 
 purpose sliould be to tlie full as attentively examined. 
 Cordial balls have always been a fruitful source of 
 gain to farriers, druggists, &c.; and but few persons 
 are aware of the trash they introduce into a horse's 
 stomach under this name. Even those who com- 
 pound good drugs, reasoning from analogy only, 
 make in most instances as cordials, compositions 
 wholly inert. A horse's stomach bears little analogy 
 to a man's. Four grains of emetic tartar irritate the 
 human stomach to absolute danger : four ounces even 
 have not so much effect on the stomach of a horse. 
 
55 
 and twice the quantity could not make liim vonii( : 
 therefore Spanish liquorice, liquorice powder, ani- 
 seed powder, turmeric, &c., can be readily supposed 
 to have httle eftect in stimulating the stomach and ex- 
 hilarating the spirits of a horse. Nor, en the other 
 hand, is it strong caustic substances that are neces- 
 sary ; bnt a judicious mixture of such as have been 
 found by experience to raise the pulse without mak- 
 ing the mouth dry, and of those that increase the ap- 
 petite to-day, without vitiating it to-morrow ; giving 
 permanent vigour, without the consequent debility 
 arising from substances that act in the temporary 
 manner of a dram. 
 
 The Cordial Balls [page 13] are compounded 
 of such substances ; and I can venture to recommend 
 them as a preparation embracing all the advantages 
 pointed out above, and applicable to all the above 
 cases, as well as all others requiring an active but not 
 heating cordial. There is another kind of cordial '; 
 but as it is more particularly applicable to fever, and 
 the close of acute diseases, it will be described with 
 Fevee. 
 
 Stomachics are intended to express such medicines 
 as act more immediately by determining a greater 
 quantity of blood to the stomach, hence increasing 
 the secretion of its gastric juice, as warm spicy bitters, 
 &c. ; or those supposed to act by strengthening its 
 muscular tone, as bark, steel, acids, &c. A very 
 efficacious stomachic may be gained in either of the 
 following, given every or every other day. 
 
 Oak bark, one ounce. 
 
 Aloes, one dram. 
 
 Qinger, one dram. 
 
6& 
 Tv iiite viiiiol, one dram. 
 Powder firidy, and make into a ball. 
 Of; Oak brak, two ounces. 
 
 Tincture of aloes, half an ounce. 
 Ginger, in powder, one dram. 
 Forge water, one pint. 
 Boil the oak bark in the forge water, and, when 
 old, add the ginger and tincture of aloes. 
 
 CORNS. 
 
 Corns in the feef of horses arise from bruises on 
 the heel, commonly the inner one, exactly in the 
 angle formed by the crust of tiie hoof and the bars as 
 they turn inwards. These bruises are the consequence 
 cf pressure, sometimes from a small stone or gravel 
 getting between the foot and shoe, but more com- 
 monly from the imecjual pressure of the shoe itself, 
 either from its being injudiciously put on, or from 
 being suffered to remain on too long. Corns are 
 very difficult of cure, particularly if of long standing ; 
 but it is erroneous to suppose them incurable. They 
 are discovered from the tenderness and lameness they 
 produce ; and on removing the shoe and paring the 
 heels a black or red part is observed, which consists of 
 extra vasated blood. In this state the cure nmst be 
 begun by removing the whole surrounding honi, that 
 is, whatever appears bruised, down to the quick; care- 
 fully, however, avoiding to wound any of the sensible 
 part itself. The opening made should then be care- 
 fully stopped up with a small tent of tOw dipped in 
 butter of antimony ; another piece of tow may then 
 be put in dipped in tar. Either the shoe should then 
 be put on, or something of the nature of a bandage 
 
of 
 lb keep it secure; but a slioe, properly chiiuibered 
 out opposite this part, is the best protection lor the 
 foot in this state. The foot should be dressed every 
 day in a similar manner till all the parts become hard 
 and firm. By these means a corfi may be completely 
 eradicated; but it vviil maierially assist the cure should 
 the horse be turned out to grass. It should be kept 
 in mind that when a corn is removed, that heel will 
 alwavs be rather w eaker than the other, or at least 
 that any accidental pressure will more easily produce 
 it in this heel than the other ; consequently great care 
 should be taken that the shoe is carefully and judi- 
 ciously put on, and never suffered to remain on too 
 long. Tlie horn likewise between the crust and bars, 
 exactly over the corn place, should always be kept a 
 little lower than the crust, that no pressure may reach 
 it. 
 
 COSTIVENESS 
 
 In some horses is habitual, and has various causes. 
 Worms occasion a variable state of the bowels, at one 
 time lax, at another bound : the cure in this instance 
 must depend on an obsen-ance of the directions under 
 the head Worms. Horses who perspire much are 
 frequently costi\'e, and w holly dry food has a tenden- 
 cy to produce this complaint, in which case a bran 
 mash now and then is the best means to adopt. Ac 
 tive purges are not the proper means of counteracting 
 habitual costiveness ; for, after a purge has worked 
 off, the costiveness is commonly increased; but mild 
 opening substances, as bran, grass, malt, A:e., fonu 
 the best means of relief. 
 
5S 
 
 COUGH. 
 
 What i mean here by cough is not that ^vhich ac-^ 
 companies other conipiaints, as inflammation of the 
 lungs, glanders, nor yet broken or eveia thick wind ; 
 though the cough I here mean frequently is a fare- 
 runner of both these affections. But sometimes, with" 
 out any difiiculty of breathing, ahorse has a perman- 
 ent cough, which is usnaiiy more coiisiderable night 
 or morning, after eating or drirrKing., or on a.s^y vio- 
 lent exertion. It is very commonly the efiect of a 
 fold, which leaves such aninitablc state of tlie wind- 
 pipe, that, y^hen cold air is breatiied, the difierencc 
 of tenipeiatuie between thv^. insphed and the expiied, 
 occasions repeated convulsive ciforts of the chest to 
 get rid of the oflerding cause. When a cough of this 
 description has continued a considerable time, it is 
 often found veiy obstinate. In these cases it is some- 
 times the effect of worms, and gives way then to the 
 proper worm medicines described under that head. 
 But when an obstinate hard dry cough exhibits no 
 appearance of worn 'S, then the cure should be began 
 by bleeding. SomeJimes blistering tlie throat is found 
 nseful. Alteratives as the following: calomel one 
 scruple, povi'dered opium tinee grains, powdered fox- 
 glove one scruple, tartar emetic tv/o drams. Give all 
 tliese every night in a mash. Carrots instead of corn 
 will cfion prove useful in these cases. I have also ex- 
 perienced good effects from a drink given every day 
 composed of a pint of tar-water, with a pint of lime- 
 water, and an egg beaten therewith ; but the medi- 
 cines that have succeeded best with me are the 
 
 Cough Balls [page 15], winch not only relieve 
 and remove this species of cough, but likewise allevi- 
 
59 
 ^te that which accompanies thick wind, and prevent 
 either from degenerating into broken wind. A course 
 of tar-water or lime-water may be tried alone, or 
 may accompany the use of these Balls, and wliich 
 very often relieves. It is common, in this obstinate 
 habiliial cough, for dealers to give, on the morning 
 they mean to shew their horse for sale, balls of butter 
 or lard: these, by lubricating the throat, and lessen- 
 ing its irritability for a few hours, stop the cough. 
 But this trick does not succeed when the wind is 
 broken, for in that case it is not tiie upper part of the 
 throat that forms the disease, but the lungs them- 
 selves. The cough (that is, the effect of cold, v. hich 
 is known by its being recent and of short date) is best 
 treated by the Cough and Fever Powders [page 
 19]. For this sort of cough these are perfectly certain 
 in their operation of removing it. 
 
 CRACKS. See Grease. 
 
 CRIBBITING. 
 This affection is prevented by placing a straj) roujid 
 the upper part of the horse's neck, tightened till the 
 cribbiting action ceases, without hurting his breathing. 
 Cribbiters labour under an undeserved stigma: it is true 
 they are seldom very full of ficsh, but they are in ge- 
 neral perfectly fit for all the purposes required of 
 them ; and though they cannot he warranted sound, 
 they are but Httle, if any, the worse for this peculiar 
 affection. Cribbiting is often the cocsequence of a 
 winter's run in a strav,-yard, badly supplied with fod- 
 der: whoever, therefore, turns his horse to straw- 
 yard for the winter, would do well first to satisfy 
 
60 
 
 himself of the Immar/ity and probity of the yard- 
 owner. Various are llie conjectures relative to crib- 
 biting : the most prevalent one is that the horse sucks 
 ill wind. It is not a iittle surprising that so Jong a 
 period should have elapsed since the study of this ani- 
 mal became general, and yet that no one should have 
 discovered the true reason for and action of cribbiting. 
 It is nothing more than an eructation or ejection of a 
 §mail quantity of air from the stomach, ouing to a 
 particular defect in this organ. Bence it is tliat foul 
 feeders become cribbiters, and thus it is that horses 
 badly fed in straw-yard prove so when taken up. I 
 do not believe it is ever caught, or ever acquired ; but 
 that it is always brought on by a morbid affection of 
 the stomach. Vv'hoever pays much attention to the 
 subject will be convinced of this. 
 
 CURB. 
 
 A Curb is sometimes an enlargement of the bone 
 at the back part of the hock ; at others, it is only 
 a thickening of the ligaments of this part ; but in 
 either case it is usually the effect of weakness, brought 
 on by strains, by too early or too hard work. In the 
 early stage of the complaint it is generally cured by 
 a blister once or twice applied. 
 
 Tlie Blistering Oint.ment [page 16"] will be 
 found a very efficacious application for tliis purpose ; 
 but should the complaint have existed a considerable 
 time, and great callosity have taken place, the part 
 should be first iired, and the next day the blister be- 
 fore mentioned applied over it. 
 
61 
 DIABETES, 
 
 Or profuse staiiug, frequently arises from some- 
 thing improper in the hay ; sometimes from musty 
 corn. Now and then it proves very difficult of cure, 
 but generally it gives way to the following balls : 
 White vitriol. . . .half a dram. 
 
 Alum two drams. 
 
 Extract of bark, .lialf an ounce. 
 Make into a ball. 
 Whenever a horse is observed to stale frequently, 
 and in large quantities, particularly if the urine ap- 
 pears milky, he sliculd be watched, that the cojuplaint 
 may be early detected ; otherwise it soon wears the 
 animal down, and the length of time of its existence 
 greatly adds to its obstinacy. Equal parts of lime- 
 water and blood, given as a drench, have been found 
 useful, repeated daily. In these cases green food is 
 not proper, but the corn and hay should be of the 
 verv soundest kind. 
 
 DIURETICS. 
 
 Diuretics are substances that act by determining 
 a greater quantity of blood to the kidneys, and by 
 stinmlating them to separate a larger quantity of 
 \Nater from this fluid. The blood, therefore, losing 
 a larger quantity of its serum, or watery part, must 
 be supplied from other sources : this is done by the 
 absorbing vessels, which take up, in that case, any 
 superfluous fluids they meet with to supply the de- 
 ficiency ; therefore it is, that in swelled legs, in cracks, 
 in grease, or in any preternatural enlargements oc- 
 casioned by fluids, we give diuretics with great ad- 
 vantage, 
 
 G 
 
62 
 
 When, likewise, the kidneys seaete too little, as 
 in gravel, which sometimes brings on a sparing and 
 painful How of urine. Me promote a more plentiful 
 formation of it, and a removal of the cause, by di- 
 uretics: but when the urine is in small quantities, 
 fiom mf.ammation of the kidneys, diuretics only ag- 
 gravate the complaint ; for by stimulating the kidneys, 
 and driving more blood to them, they heighten the 
 inflammation. Inflammation of the kidneys may be 
 distinguished from the common cases of strangury by 
 the symptoms of fever that accompany it, and by the 
 very high colour of the urine. Bloody urine is some- 
 times made after very severe exercise ; here likewise 
 diuretics are hurtful : plenty of mild diluting liquids 
 are the most proper means of cure. 
 
 Diuretics, though of great service in the cases above 
 noticed, should never be given too strong, nor too 
 Jong continued ; otherwise they may bring on a weak- 
 ened state of the kidneys. Various substances are 
 used as diuretics ; and whatever is used as such, acts 
 with infinitely more certainty in the horse than in 
 man: hence these medicines are much more fre- 
 quently employed in the one than the other. Water, 
 given to a horse who has been deprived of it for 
 twenty-four hours, proves a very strong diuretic. 
 Nitre, mixed with the food, is frequently used as a 
 mild diuretic, and, when it does not gripe, is a very 
 good one. Resin is likewise a very common diuretic ; 
 but it is strong <md active, and, whenever given, an 
 interval of three, four, or five days, according to the 
 force with which it acts, should be allowed between 
 each dose. But, to prevent the fatal effects of giving 
 
t)3 
 improper substancts, I would recomrneud, that/ivhen 
 ever an active diuretic is wanted. 
 
 The Strong Diuretic Balls [p. 15] should be 
 made use of. These are compounded with greut care, 
 and will in every instance be found adequate to their 
 intended purpose, and yet perfectly safe ; removing 
 pursiveness, swellings of the legs, infianied eyes, vS^c, 
 as well as loosening the hide, and promoting condi- 
 tion. 
 
 When a more mild diuretic is wanted, as is fre- 
 xjuently the case when a horse is very weak, or when 
 he cannot be spared to lay wholly by, or when it is 
 not convenient to give a ball, and likewise in those 
 cases where diuretics are given merely to promote 
 condition, then 
 
 The Mild Diuretic Powders [page 20] are 
 peculiarly proper, being readily eaten with the food, 
 and acting so mildly as to need no conrinement. Both 
 these forms contain farther practical remarks on the 
 general ejects of diuretics, and on the particular rules 
 necessary to be observed in their administration. 
 
 DRINKS, or DRENCHES. 
 Many medicines are more readily and properly 
 compounded into drinks than into balls, and some 
 horses take the one more readily than the otiier. 
 Most grooms, ostlers, and farmers* servants, can give 
 a drink, but few are expert at delivering a ball; 
 therefore, in the medicines I have compounded for 
 public sale, I have, wherever remedies are to be of- 
 ten repeated, and wherever the case would admit of 
 it, adopted the form of powders ; because, if the hors^ 
 refuses them in his food, they can be infused in a 
 G2 
 
64 
 'Jreiicb^ The mode of giving dienches is sufficiently 
 known ; the tongue being held by the fingers against 
 the jaw, or within the mouth, so as to be incapable 
 of pnsliing the horn away ; the head is elef ated by 
 means of a noose introduced between the upper tushes 
 and grinders ; when the drink being poured into the 
 mouth, the tongue is liberated, but not the head, 
 which nevertheless luust not be held too higli, or it 
 hnpcdes swallow ing, and disposes the horse to resist. 
 
 A bottle is not a safe vehicle to give a drench 
 from, though it is not an inconvenient one; for some- 
 times, in the straggles the horse makes, the neck may 
 be bit or broken off. In cases of locked jaw, a drench 
 n;ight be given by pouring it down the nostrils. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Nothing is so convincing a proof of the necessity of 
 exercise to animals as their love of play in a state of 
 li^ture ; from w hich natural act we likewise infer, 
 that it is much more necessary to the young and to 
 the robust than to the old and weakly : this remark 
 should influence our domestic management of horses 
 and of dogs likewise. 
 
 '' Horses and dogs live a life of art when they be- 
 come domesticated ; some of them more so than 
 others : a racer and a lady's lap dog are as remote 
 from a natural state as art can make them. Now, 
 as luxury has introduced these refinements, nature, 
 in order to keep pace with them, has introduced nu- 
 nierous diseases, unknown in a state of nature : and as 
 animals thus artificially treated have a constant ten- 
 dency to fall into disease, it is our duty to counteract 
 it as much as lies in our power. 
 
65 
 We confine horses and dogs not only to have them 
 at our hnmediate call, but to bring them hito par- 
 ticular states, which are artificial. 
 
 The wind, durability, and emulation of the race- 
 horse are increased by artificial means : the same art 
 is requisite to form the manage horse's cadences, 
 which could not be retained, was he permitted con- 
 stantly to run at grass. The speed, docility, and even 
 scent, of the sporting dog are, in a great measure, ac- 
 quired by his education and constant practice. 
 
 Nature is always equal to her v, ants, but is never 
 lavish of her gifts. Horses in a state of nature are 
 strong and active ; they can tight when necessary, or 
 they can fly swiftly from their enemies; but the 
 profoundest philosopher, and the strongest advocate 
 for nature, would confess that no Arabian, browzing 
 on the simple herbage of the field, would be equal to 
 the continued exertions of Eclipse : therefore, if we 
 expect peculiar and unnatural exertions, we must 
 also give unnatural powers ; and this we do by our 
 grooming and high feeding: but as this is a deviation 
 from Nature, so she always punishes it with a ten- 
 dency to disease, which we again counteract by art. 
 
 Horses under strong exercise require full feed- 
 ing ; and so long as the exercise is proportioned to 
 their feeding, they seldom hurt ; but there are times 
 when we do not want to exert them, and yet we 
 wish to keep them in a state to be able to it when 
 we do want their exertions ; and it is at this time 
 that they frequently suffer ; for the necessity of ex- 
 ercise proportioned to their keep is not suificieiitly 
 considered, or the time cannot be spared, or servants 
 neglect them ; and thus the horse becomes pursive, 
 G 3 
 
66 
 
 accumulates fat, his legs swell, and his heels crack, 
 and at length become greasy, and which must ne- 
 cessarily be the case : for the receipts of the consti- 
 tution beiijg great by the high feeding, so the out- 
 goings, by perspiration, &c. dc. ought to be large 
 likewise ; and if the secretions do not find their na- 
 tural vents, they will find themselves artificial ones. 
 
 Tlie muscles are composed of fibres, having a con- 
 tractile power, by which all the motions of the body 
 are performed. These fibres act best when they are 
 in a right line to each other ; but it is not always 
 that they are so placed. Every one has seen beef, 
 where the fieshy fibres (which form the muscles of the 
 ox) were interspersed witii fat : it is the same some- 
 times with horses; and these muscles, therefore > 
 iiaving their fibres separated from each other by the 
 fat, cannot act to advantage. 
 
 Tlie absorbents of the body, or the vessels that 
 are continually taking up both solids and fluids, are 
 stimulated to act by various means. Exercise is one 
 of the strongest of these ; it is by these means, there- 
 fore, that fut horses are made lean : for this fat is 
 taken up from the interstices of the muscles, and 
 pluce^l where there is less pressure ; so that the horse, 
 if well fei], still continues lusty, but the fat becomes 
 more advantageously di.vpfised. Exercise enlarges the 
 muscles, for ISature endeavours to become equal to 
 her wants; therefore, when horses or dogs are trained 
 for hunting or racing, they should have regular and 
 loijg continued exercise. Exerci&e improves the 
 wmd, by taking up the surrounding fat from the 
 heart and chest, and thus allowing the lungs to ex- 
 pand: it sdio enla-rges the air cells of the lungs; and 
 
6r 
 
 lienee, by imbibing moTe air, the animal can remain 
 longer between his inspirations. 
 
 To give rules as to what quantity of exertion i» ne- 
 cessary, we should know exactly what is the age, con- 
 stitution, and feeding, of the horse. A young horse 
 requires more than an old one ; but, if very young, 
 it nmst then be neither very fatiguing, nor very long 
 continued. Some colts are observed to come out of 
 the hands of the breaker with windgalls, or sp'ents. 
 A full-fed horse should have his exercise continued 
 for some time : if once a day only, not less than an 
 hour and a half, or two hours; iftwiceaday, which 
 is most proper, an hour each time. Horses exer- 
 cising should be always walked a considerable way ; 
 they then may be gently trotted, and, if intended for 
 hunting or racing, may be nioderately galloped. 
 r am not here giving directions as to the training for 
 either: I am only speaking of exercise as necessary 
 for health. Tdany valuable horses are spoiled by ser- 
 vants exercising them. Grooms have most of them a 
 very heavy hand on a horse, and conceive the principal 
 use of the bridle is either to hold on by or to stop the 
 horse ; whereas a good rider considers the bridle as 
 having various other in^portant uses, and as such he 
 wishes his horse's mouth to remain susceptible and 
 tender. Servants should^ therefore always ride to 
 exercise on a slavering bit made very thick, and 
 never be allowed a thin snaffle. It is usual with 
 them, when exercishig, to gallop their horses against 
 each «: 'her ; and a horse frequently gets more severe 
 exercise in one hour's work with the servant, than a 
 week's riding of the master : to prevent this, horses 
 
^8 
 should either be exercised within sight of the house, 
 or on some road where they may be now and then 
 seen by some one interested in tlie management. 
 Another injury horses sometimes sustain in being 
 exercised is in their temper ; for, if they commit the 
 most trivial fault, they are punished by the groom 
 without mercy, which in the end makes them resist, 
 and they become restiff: not to mention their heat- 
 ing their horses, and then stopping with them at ;i 
 public house to drink. All these evils should be 
 guarded against by circumspection and watchfulness. 
 However a horse is exercised, he should never be 
 brought home hot, otherwise he frequently contracts 
 serious indisposition: this is more particularly hurt- 
 ful, if, as is frequently the ci*se, he is washed with 
 cold water, and permitted to dry at leisure, which is 
 always a bad ctistom, for the heiit and moisture en- 
 courage a determination of blood Ic the legs, and 
 occasion swelling, and often grease. A horse, there- 
 fore, should be brought home after his exercise as 
 cool as possible, and, if washed, he should be care- 
 fully rubbed dry. Friction may be considered as a 
 species of aititicial exercise, and as the best substi- 
 tute; and w believer, therefore, circumstances prevent 
 exercise, a grodter share of hand-rubbing should be 
 made use of. 
 
 EYES. 
 The eyes of ihe horse, from his artificial manner 
 of living, are more subject to disease than those of 
 any other animal we are acquainted with. The dis- 
 eases of the human eye are more numerous, but less 
 destructive. 
 
69 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE. 
 Intlammatiou of the eye, called in human noso- 
 logy ophthalmia, and among farriers lunatic, is a very 
 common disease among horses, and a very destructive 
 one to the organ it attacks. That it is brought on 
 by some alteration from a common or natural state 
 is certain, as the disease is Httle observed but where 
 horses live nearly a life of art. Draught horses are 
 particularly subject to this disease, apparently from 
 the pressure of the collar preventing the free return 
 of the blood from the head. All horses subjected to 
 violent exercise are liable to it, because, under any 
 violent exertion, the breath is held, which prevents 
 the passage of blood through the right side of the 
 heart, and hence it accumulates in the head. Young 
 horses are more subject than old, because their ves- 
 sels are incapable of resisting the increased impetus of 
 the blood. The acrid urine confined in hot stables 
 is a very general cause of the disease. Want of ex- 
 ercise and too full feeding have a great share in the 
 production of the complaint. When the inflamma- 
 tion of a horse's eyes recurs every five or six weeks, 
 the farriers call it lunatic, thinking the moon has 
 ' some influence over the complaint. Sometimes one 
 eye only is inflamed ; at otJiers both ; and somethnes 
 they are alternately so. After one or both eyes have 
 had repeated attacks of this kind, there appear some 
 specks in the centre, or within the pupil : these gra- 
 dually increase ; and though the horse may have no 
 more inflammation, yet he goes blind, having, what 
 is termed, a cataract. 
 
 The cure is seldom permanent ; it should, how- 
 ever, be attempted by clean stables, bleec'ing mo- 
 
70 
 
 ikratciy, keeping the body open, putting a rowel 
 under the throat ; but, above all, the eye must be 
 kept covered with a linen cloth, wet with some ap- 
 plication. Vinegar ?nd water, goulard, salt and wa- 
 ter, Ac, niay be tried ; but the best remedy I have 
 found is the 
 
 Eye Water [page 18]. This, applied accord- 
 icg to the directions that acconjpany it, will, in most 
 instances, remove the complaint, though it will not 
 always prevent its recurrence. When the affection 
 has lasted some time, calomel blown in will often 
 have considerable effect in removing the opacity or 
 film. Through the whole complaint a great deal of 
 exercise should be allowed, but not of a violent na- 
 ture. The custom of putting out one eye to save the 
 other is a cruel one, but it often succeeds. 
 
 To prevent the return of the complaint, the cause 
 bringing it on must be attended to : if the stubies are 
 too hot, let them be ventilated, and kept very clean ; 
 if the horse is very fat, lower his diet, avoid irre- 
 gular work, as sometijues severe gallops ; at others, 
 intervals of several days' rest. Give alteratives, as the 
 Alterative Condition Powders; or diuretics of a mild 
 kind, as the iVild Diuretic Powders, Avoid drawing 
 for some time after an attack ; and though, under 
 the immediate e&cts of the disease, grazmg only adds 
 to the complaint, yet in a young horse, w hen he has 
 recovered the fit, a six months' run at grass frequently 
 prevents a return. 
 
 In no case remove the spongy excrescence at the 
 corner of the eye, by farriers called the haw : this 
 never occasions the disease, and its removal always 
 aggravates it» 
 
n 
 
 GLASS EYES. 
 
 Horses sometimes have one or both eyes of a glassy 
 appearance and greenish colour, with the pupil or 
 sight of one determinate shape : such an eye is blind, 
 however deceptive it may appear. The disease arises 
 either from blood thrown over the retina, or from a 
 palsy of this nervous expansion. Sternutatories, or 
 sneezing powders, have been used, and stimulating 
 applications, as brandy, gall, &c. introduced within 
 the eye; but the benefit derived has seldom been 
 considerable. Dogs now and then have a similar 
 complaint : a remarkably handsome pug, in my posses- 
 sion at this time, labours under it. 
 
 FARCY. 
 
 Farcy and glanders have some connection with 
 each other; but how much, or of what nature, it is 
 difficult to say. Farcy is, however, more worthy of 
 notice in this place, as it is sometimes curable. 
 Farriers have long supposed it a disease of the veins ; 
 but it proves to be a disease of what we have spoken 
 of as the absorbents of the body. The absorbents 
 of the skin follow the track of the veins, and henee 
 farriers thought the disease had this seat. Every 
 one loiows that farcy appears in the form of small 
 buds, which are first hard and indolent, and then 
 burst, and discharge a thin watery matter, and at 
 last degenerate into extensive ulcers. It appears to 
 be both caught and generated : while it confines it- 
 self to the skin alone, the horse lives ; but when it 
 degenerates into glanders, or attacks the lungs, it 
 soon produces its fatal effects. While it is confined 
 only to the buds, even though they should Y\m mat- 
 
7.2 
 ter, it raay be cured, provided the poison is de- 
 stroyed in each of these ; but w ithout this, a cure is 
 seldom made. In the first stage of farcy, while it 
 is confined to the buds, the cure may be eflected by 
 outward means only, in the following manner : Let 
 the horse be twitched ; then proceed to cut open 
 every one of the buds with a red-hot iron, knife 
 shaped ; after which, sprinkle the sore with verdi- 
 gris, or red precipitate. In tiiis manner do with 
 every bud, taking particular care to avoid leaving 
 any unattended to, as a single one would ensure the 
 return. The animal may now be turned to grass, if 
 at a proper time of the year. 
 
 But wiien the ulcers have become extensive, and 
 the constitution is affected, nothing but internal 
 means can save the horse; and these even fail in 
 many cases. The sores in this stage should be 
 washed vvith a solution of lunar caustic, a dram of 
 it to four ounces of water ; but if the expense of 
 this is objected to, one ounce of spirit of sea-salt 
 may be diluted with the same quantity of water ; or 
 oil of vitriol ; or aquafortis, with water in the same 
 proportion. Besides which, the 
 
 Farcy Balls [page 15] should be given, as di- 
 rected, with unremitting care ; but I would likewise 
 remark, that as many cases otler themselves, when 
 one medicine fails in this disease, therefore if, on a 
 fair trial of these Balls, benefit does not appear to be 
 derived, then either of the following may be used 
 with an almost certainty of advantage. 
 
 Corrosive sublimate 3 drams. 
 
 Arsenic 3 drams. 
 
 Crocus metallorum 1 ounce. 
 
73 
 
 Verdigris 3 ounces. 
 
 Resin (yellow) 3 ounces. 
 
 Conserve of any kind . .,,... 3 ounces. 
 Powder all the articles, and then mix them tlio- 
 roughly with the conserve into a mass, of which mass 
 give first three quarters of an ounce for two morn- 
 ings. Should no apparent effect arise, increase the next 
 dose to an ounce. In two mornings more, should there 
 still be no effect apparent, increase to an ounce and a 
 quarter. In two mornings more, should the animal 
 slill remain with his liealth, appttite, and spirits un- 
 affected, increase to an ounce and a half; in fact, in-^ 
 creasing' the dose two drams every two mornings till 
 a visible effect is apparent. When that is the case, 
 give the dose every other morning so long as tlie dis- 
 ease remains in force. 
 
 The following I have also found very efficacious. 
 
 Corrosive sublimate 3 drams. 
 
 Arsenic 3 drams. 
 
 Madder root, bruised 8 ounces. 
 
 Hempseed ditto S ounces. 
 
 Oil of tartar 4 ounces. 
 
 Boil the madder and hemp seed in four quarts of wa- 
 ter to three quarts, then add the arsenic and corro- 
 sive sublimate finely powdered, and tlie oil of tar- 
 tar. When to be given, shake thoroughly up together, 
 and give three quarters of a pint, increasing the dose 
 every day a quarter of a pint till it sickens the hor&e 
 considerably, tlien give every other day only. In very 
 bad cases give the drink at night, and in tiie morning 
 a ball composed of half an ounce of verdigris with one 
 ounce of conserve of roses. But there are so man}' 
 varieties of the complaint, and tlic symptoms alter so 
 H 
 
74 
 during the progress, that when any difficulty occurs it 
 will prove prudent to have recourse to the author's 
 personal or written assistance, in which case there 
 will be seldom any farcy so desperate but what may 
 be removed. 
 
 Green food has a particularly good effect on this 
 complaint: putting a horse into tares or clover has 
 sometimes alone cured farcy : and when grass cannot 
 be had, the corn may be speared ; that is, Avetted till 
 it sprouts, as hi malting. 
 
 That kind of farcy which appears in the legs-only, 
 swelling them to an enormous size, is to be cured only 
 by a free use of the internal medicines, united with 
 warm fomentations of strong alum water. 
 
 FEEDING. See Stable Management. 
 
 FEET CONTRACTED. See Founder. 
 
 FEVER. 
 
 It is doubted by some eminent farriers whethei 
 horses ever have what we understand by the word 
 fever, for they think that all the inflammations of the 
 horse become local and confined ; as inflammation 
 of the lungs, of the heart, of the stomach, of the 
 bowels, of the bladder, kidneys, or any of the tho- 
 racic or abdominal viscera ; and, as such, they con- 
 sider all the symptoms of fever which horses present 
 as symptomatic only ; but whoever attends minutely 
 to these animals, will observe, and that not uufre- 
 quently, the disease of simple fever pervading the 
 whole frame, and scarcely more prevalent in one 
 part than another. When a horse appears dull either 
 
in the field or stable, is at some times hot, at others 
 cold, refuses his food, and seems desirous of water; 
 if to these symptoms he does not add the appearance 
 of great pain, by trembhng, partial sweating, laying 
 down and rolling, standing with his legs wide, or fre- 
 quently looking at his flanks, and has no remark- 
 able difHculty of breathing, such a horse has simple 
 fever. 
 
 The cure should be began by taking a^vay three 
 or four quarts of blood, after which back rake, and 
 throw up a clyster. One of the Cough and Fever 
 Powders [page 19] should be given every night and 
 morning in a mash, if he will eat; if not, in a drench. 
 If on the second day he seems not amended, but is 
 hot, dry, and restless, with the beating of the flanks 
 considerable, take tw o quarts more of blood from 
 him ; and this will be more particularly proper, if, on 
 the surface of the blood drawn on the first day, there 
 should be a thick tough yellow crust or coat. The 
 clyster should be repeated, and the Powders conti- 
 nued. On the third day, unless the weakness is very 
 great, continue the Powders, keep moderately warm, 
 give bran mashes and bran water Uikewarm in plenty 
 to drink. But should the weakness prove excessive, 
 give malt mashes, nourishing clysters, aad every night 
 and morning one of the Fever Cordial Balls 
 [page 14], washing it down w ith ale or gruel. 
 
 FISTULA. 
 
 Fistulous sores are such as have an external open- 
 ing, with a large surface under the skin : if the sinuses 
 are numerous, they are called by farriers pipes. Pole 
 evil is an instauce of bad fistulous sore. Fistulous ivi- 
 H 2 
 
76 
 thers is another. Quittor forms a third ; togelh-er wiih 
 several others* The cure in essentials must be the 
 same. A depending oritice must be gained ; that is, 
 an opening communicating \vith the skin should be 
 made at tlie lowest part of the fistula, that the matter 
 may run out freely. This may be done with a com- 
 mon penknife, or a lancet ; but the best method is 
 by means of a long seton needle passed from the na- 
 tural opening to the bottom of the wound, and so 
 out through the skin. But sometimes even these 
 means are not equal to the cure ; for the whole sur- 
 face has, in some cases, become so diseased, that no 
 healing will take place. In this case, the 
 
 Mild Wash for Grease [page 17] may be 
 .syringed mto the wound every day, which will bring 
 on a more healthy action, and heal the sore : but, 
 should tliis fail, even stronger means must be used ; 
 and the best possible that 1 know of will be the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 17]. This 
 should be melted and poured into the pipes, of a pro- 
 per warmthj neither scalding, nor cold enough to be- 
 come stiff. In some cases I have found that syringing 
 the part with the 
 
 Liquid Sw^eating Blister [page 17] has 
 brought on a cure, when every thing else has failed. 
 As the last resource, in the most desperate cases, the 
 horse should be thrown, when the whole of the sinuses 
 must be laid open, and they may be dressed with 
 the Siro7ig Paste for Grease, in this case made scald- 
 ing hot. 
 
 FOUNDER. 
 
 A foundered horse is thought by ignorant farriers 
 
ft 
 
 to be aftected in the loins or shoulders : but founder 
 is nothing more than an inflammation of the very 
 fender and sensible substance within the foot, the 
 tessels of v, hich become so full of blood, that their 
 Own coats and the surrounding nerves become pressed 
 upon, produce intolerable pain, and are incapable 
 of performing their office: hence deformity of the 
 feet in the end'takes place. Founder is brought on 
 by any of the means that bring on inflammation- 
 of other parts : riding fast, and for a long time, on 
 a hard road ; riding: in snow, and then suddenly put i 
 ting the horse into a ver}' warm stable ; placing a 
 horse in cold water when he is hot, &c. As soon as 
 the disease is perceived, which it may be by the 
 horse's impatience of standing on the aftected legs, 
 immediately draw blood from tlie neck, and like- 
 wise very freely from the foct, by paring the toe to 
 the quick. The horse should then be treated altoge- 
 ther as directed in fever, and the feet themselves kept 
 constantly in warm water, which will encourage an 
 oozing of biood from the toe. The sole should be 
 pared thin, and the hoof rasped all round as thin as is 
 prudent for the support of the foot. This will tend 
 to diminish the pressure on the vessels of the foot, and 
 hence to abate the inflammation. If the horse shews 
 a wish to lay down, let the feet be wrapped in v»et 
 cloths. If the disease, notwithstanding these pre- 
 cautions, proceeds its v/hole length, the horse will be 
 found to grow lamer and lamer, hardly being able to 
 stand long enough to feed, and in a few days there 
 will be an apparent oozing between the hair and hoof, 
 and from the cleft of the frog; the sole also will be- 
 come pumiced, and at last the hoofs will drop off" al- 
 H3 
 
7S 
 together, and iie\v ones uill form in process of time ; 
 but these are in general too imperfect to make the 
 horse of much value. 
 
 It is evident that the complaint above alluded to is 
 acute {bunder : but there is a more common kmd, 
 which is chronic or slow founder, and which is gene- 
 rally known by a name arising from its common ap- 
 pearance, — Contracted Feet, 
 
 Contracted Feet may be the cause, or may 
 be the consequence, of founder. Contraction in the 
 feet is frequently brought on by external causes, in 
 which case the pressing in of the horn on the sensible 
 parts of the feet inflames them, and brings on all the 
 evils attendant on founder. For, to understand this 
 matter, it should be considered that the foot is a box 
 exactly filled up with a bone of the precise shape of 
 the hoof, not quite so large, but very nearly so, 
 the intermediate spaces being filled up with blood 
 vessels and nerves wedged in as full as possible : now, 
 if the hoof contracts, it must pinch those most sen- 
 sible parts against the foot bone, and hence bring on 
 infiammaticn, intense pain, and tenderness. Heat ac- 
 companies the inflammation; and this still further 
 tends to contract the foot. . The causes bringing on 
 this contraction from external means are various; 
 bad shoeing, suffering the feet to grow too long from 
 neglect in not being sufficiently often shod, or, when 
 they are, from not being sufficiently pared : but the 
 most usual cause is the standing on hot litter during 
 the day, perhaps for weeks together, with half an 
 hour's exercise only during twenty-four hours. When 
 contracted feet are the consequence of an internal 
 disposition to founder, the case is more desperate, as 
 
75r 
 the means made use of for the recovery, though fhey 
 may succeed, will be but for a tune. Some horses 
 have this disj^ositiou hereditarily. In some breeds it 
 is more prevalent than others. Dark chesnut horses 
 are peculiarly liable to it. It is brought on likewise 
 by hard riding, occasioning a determination of blood 
 to the feet* 
 
 The cure must be attempted by first taking^ off the 
 pressure,, and next opening the foot. L believe no 
 person in tliis kingdom has paid so much attention to 
 this subject as myself,, and I may venture to assert 
 that I have succeeded in relieving more foundered 
 horses than any other person, by a process very simple, 
 but only practised by myself. The radical parts of 
 all treatment for this complaint must be the rencving 
 all the superfluous horn lirst; next applying moisture 
 to the remaining part ; and, lastly, by additional helps, 
 to expand the crust. The de|ail of all the processes 
 iii use w^ould swell this beyond the limits of a do- 
 mestic treatise. It is the province of the judicious ve- 
 terinarian, and can only be done effectually by one per- 
 fectly experienced in this branch. Those within 
 reach of the author's personal assistance, will find 
 their benefit in consulting him. Tiiose without his 
 personal reach may receive all the necessary instruc- 
 tions by letter. 
 
 GALLING. 
 The skin of some horses is more tender than that 
 of others; however, all are liable to chafe, from the 
 pressure of the saddle or the friction of the harness, 
 and sometimes these cases are productive of great 
 injury and mischief to the animal. The galling may 
 
go- 
 Be prevented in the tenderest horse by placing under 
 the saddle a dressed Iamb's skin with the wool on, 
 or a hare's skin with the fur ; or any skin with the 
 hair remaining and placed next the horse. When a 
 part has become galled, washing with cold water fre- 
 quently, or placing over the sore a piece of raw meat, 
 proves useful. When the galled part is not yet raw, 
 but there is simply a swelling, a cloth wet with vine- 
 gar or goulard water, constantly kept on, will pre- 
 vent its suppurating. The points that the saddle or 
 collar particularly press on should be frequently ex-^ 
 amined, and, the moment any swelling or fretting is 
 observed, the saddle or collar should have some of 
 its stuffing removed from that immediate point : the 
 bearing points by this means are removed to parts less^ 
 tender. 
 
 GANGRENE, or MORTIFICATION. 
 
 When an extensive wound is made, pnrticularly if 
 it is much torn, some part of it usually gangrenes, 
 as it is called, or mortities : if it is extensive, the 
 constitution suffers ; that is^ the liorsc becomes very 
 weak, and, unless strength is given to support the se- 
 paration of the living from the dead parts, the ani- 
 mal dies. Gangrene is known by the dark colour of 
 the part, the peculiar offensive smell, and black thin 
 discharge. 
 
 Gangrene is always to be considered as a weakened 
 state of the part, and as such the whole affected por- 
 tion must be strengthened into action ; and if this is 
 extensive, the body in general must be strengthened 
 likewise; that is, the horse must be liberally suj> 
 por-ted with corn and malt masiies ; and if he will 
 
81 
 Hot eat, ale and gruel must be forced on him. The 
 wound should be dressed with camphorated spirits 
 of whie, or with an ointment composed of equal 
 parts of lard and oil of turpentine. When the of- 
 fensive smell ceases, and the part produces proper 
 matter, the case may be then regarded as likely to 
 terminate favourably. The healthy parts surround- 
 ing the mortified edges should never be cut or scari- 
 tied : that is only producing a greater effect on the 
 constitution, and bringmg the living into the same 
 state as the dead parts. 
 
 GLANDERS. 
 
 When a horse has confirmed glanders, it would, 
 perhaps, be better, in every instance, to kill him ; 
 though there is little reason to doubt that the chsease 
 is curable, although the means are unknown to us. 
 
 If a convenient place can be set apart, a course 
 of the 
 
 Farcy Balls [page 1.5] may be tried, and they 
 now and then do good. In fact, the whole treatment 
 should be similar to that of farcy. It is usual with 
 farriers to blister the lymphatic glands under the 
 throat that become inflamed in this complaint, when 
 the horse is vulgarly said to be chogged ; but these 
 become swollen only from the irritating effect of the 
 poison passmg from the nose through their capillary 
 pores ; consequently attending to them is only attendmg 
 to the effect, and not to the cause. It is very necessary 
 to distinguish glanders from other complaints : it is not 
 every running from the nose that is to be considered 
 as glanders, even though it lasts some time; for 
 strangles may produce it, or a severe cold, a blow on 
 
S5? 
 the nose, or iiiiiained eye, <lc. When to the run- 
 ning are added little ulcers within the nose, the disease 
 i^ certain; but let it last ever so long, tijl it has this 
 character it is not certain. 
 
 GLYSTERS 
 
 Are of very great use in many cases : they are al- 
 ways safe, and, in general, very easy to give ; there- 
 fore they are peculiarly worthy of notice in a Treatise 
 on Domestic Farriery. Glysters are particularly use- 
 ful to open the bowels in the horse in some diseases, 
 because physic by the month takes so long to act, 
 that the animal is often lost before the efl'ect that is 
 wished can be produced. They are particularly use- 
 ful in those cases in Vi'hich it is not proper to give 
 much medicine by the mouth, as in most great internal 
 inflammations. They are very useful to give nou- 
 rishment to the horse in those cases where it cannot 
 be got down the throat, as ki locked jaw, some in- 
 stances of strangles, womids of the gullet, or stabs of 
 the small guts, long fevers, &c. 
 
 When glysters are given to remove costiveness, it 
 is always proper to back-rake first [see Raking], 
 as it removes any hardened dung that might obstruct 
 the passage of the liquid. The apparatus should be 
 a large hog's or ox's bladder capable of holding three 
 or four quarts, with a smooth wooden pipe an inch in 
 diameter, and fourteen or sixteen inches long. The 
 liquor should not be too \varm ; but the pipe being 
 oiled, the whole must be conducted gently, so that 
 the horse may not be surprised with its being thrown, 
 up too suddenly. 
 
S3 
 An opening Glijsier. 
 
 Tiim gruel, or tripe liquor fojir quarts. 
 
 ^iJ four ounces. 
 
 S^lt four ounces. 
 
 Mix. 
 A Glyster against Gripes. 
 Mash two moderate sized onions, 
 over which pour oil of turpen- 
 tine three ounces. 
 
 Thin gruel four quarts. 
 
 A nourishing Glister, 
 
 Thick gruel three quarts. 
 
 Strong ale a quart. 
 
 Or, Strong broth two quarts. 
 
 Gruel two quarts. 
 
 This should be repeated three or four times a day. 
 A Glyster against violent Purging occasioned by too 
 strong Physic, or other Causes, 
 Tiipe liquor, or suet boiled in 
 
 milk three pints. 
 
 Thin starch two pints. 
 
 Laudanum half an ounce, 
 
 GRAVEL 
 
 Is a complaint to which horses are now and then 
 subject. It usually has its origin from the hardness 
 of the water they drink, and from the springs being 
 replete with small sandy particles. Well water is 
 particularly hurtful : pond nater is by far the best 
 for horses, especially that which is on a chalky soil. 
 In cases of gravel, the Mild Diuretic Powders will 
 be found a useful remedy ; but if it appears that the 
 hardness of the water has occ4sioned tlie cojnplaint. 
 
84 
 
 it must be changed. A course of lime wafer iias 
 sometimes effected a cure in very desperate cases; 
 but a horse must be starved into a voluntary drinking 
 of it. 
 
 GREASE. 
 
 Tins disease may be much more easily cured than 
 persons in general find it ; for the generality of far- 
 riers, by treating all cases alike, fail in three out "of 
 five. Grease is always the effect of some deviation 
 from a natural state ; that is, horses in a state of 
 nature never have grease : therefore the owner of a 
 horse having grease would always do well, tirst to 
 consider in what principally the treatment of his horse 
 differs from the natural habit of tlie animal. It 
 is more than probable that this ])articular is the cause 
 of the disease, the removal of which alone would tend 
 greatly to the cure. 
 
 Thus, when a horse exercises very severely two or 
 three following days in the week, and then rests en- 
 tirely the remainder, it follows, of course, that the 
 fluids will stagnate in the heels, where they have to 
 rise in a direction per})endicular and contrary to their 
 own gravity. To a horse very full fed, and who 
 gets, perhaps, only two or three nnles of exercise 
 every day, it is evident that, the feeding and work of 
 this horse not being proportionate, the superfluous 
 blood made must have an exit somewhere : cracks 
 in the heels are thus formed, and ichor or serum 
 flows out, and the blood vessels unburthen themselves 
 in this way. To a horse rode through snow, with 
 liis legs and heels benumbed, and then put into a 
 warm stable without his legs being rubbed, the pre- 
 
85 
 vious cold having weakened the parts, the warmth is 
 only a temptation, or a drawing of the blood and 
 juices to that part; and the limbs lience suell, and 
 grease follows. Does a horse work violently, and 
 yet gets but little food, he falls into a state of debi- 
 lity ; that is, he becomes thin and weak. Now his 
 V. eakness is general and universal ; but those parts 
 the farthest from the source of life, from the spring 
 of the whole, and the fountain of animal warmth, — ■ 
 A\hich source, spring, and fountain, is the heart; — 
 the parts, as I have said, that are the farthest re- 
 moved from this, which are the hind legs, will, it is 
 evident, suffer the most ; and hence the blood accu- 
 mulates in them, the parts not having strength to pro- 
 pel their contents ; and from this accumulation cracks 
 take place, and grease follows. Standing in wet litter 
 may bring it on ; and the obliquity of the stall, like- 
 wise, by M eakening the parts. A very common cause 
 of it is the washing horses' legs without rubbing them 
 dry. This is a most common but a most erroneous 
 practice. The moisture becomes a continual poultice, 
 and hence brings on a determination of iiuids to those 
 parts. 
 
 Grease, it may be gained from this, maybe the effect 
 of too full condition, or it may be occasioned by too 
 httle ; that is, by weakness. It tiierefore becomes 
 essentially necessary, whenever a case of grease oc- 
 curs, to consider whether it is brought on by the 
 exertion beiiig greater than the support, or the sup- 
 port greater than the exertion ; for, in the one case, 
 we must feed the horse hberaily, and lessen his work ; 
 but, in the other, we must diminish his food, and in- 
 crease his exercise. 
 
 I 
 
S6 
 
 fiirase appears under several foniis, and it has se- 
 reral stages. Horses, when full fed, have sonietmie.^ 
 a d7y scurfy ei^iiption at the heels, with here and 
 there a slight scratch, as it were. These heels itch 
 intolerably, but no great moisture comes from them : 
 if suffered to remain long in this state, they become 
 greasy. In this early stage, washing with soap and 
 water, night and morning, and rubbing them care- 
 fully dry, giving gentle but long continued exercise, 
 plenty of grooming, with bran mashes at night, will 
 generally remove this stage of the complaint. The 
 only internal medicines necessary will be the 
 
 Mild Diuretic Powders [page 20]. One of 
 these may be given every day till the urine flows 
 freely, and then one each other day, continuing the 
 whole of this treatment till the cure is complete. 
 
 But when these scratches become deepish cracks, 
 and matter oozes out plentifully, in that case, to the 
 above treatment must be added the bathing them 
 very frequently with the 
 
 Mild Wash for Grease [page 17], first having, 
 for one day, washed them well with warm water. 
 
 SiceUtd Legs, with Dischai^ge.—Theic: is a state or 
 kind of grease differing from the former, and which 
 sometimes comes on very suddenly, particularly 
 when a horse has been for some time out of condition. 
 In this case the hind legs (but seldom the fore) be- 
 come hot, painful, and swelled ; and matter, or a 
 watery serous discharge, issues from the cracks. 
 The first treatment proper for this kind of grease, is, 
 to apply a poultice to the legs and heels formed of 
 bran with warm water, into which put two drams 
 of sugar of lead. This poultice should be repeated 
 
S7 
 Kight aiul morning, till the sweUiiig abates, a«(I tlse 
 parts get into the state of simple cracks or scratclies. 
 A rowel should be put into the inside of each thigh, 
 and one or two doses of physic may be given. When 
 the swelling is completely reduced by these means 
 combiiied with plenty of exercise, tiie cracks may 
 be washed with any mild astringent : tlse best I know 
 is the 
 
 Mild Wash for Grease [pa-e 17]. 
 
 When grease becomes confirmed, that is, when tlier^ 
 is a general ulceration over the skin of the heeis, with 
 a peculiar smell that strongly characterizes the com- 
 plaint, the cure becomes more complex ; and it will 
 commonly require a skilful farrier's attendance, 
 though determined care might render this unne- 
 cessary. 
 
 If the horse is in full condition, the cure should be 
 l^gun by giving a dose of mercurial physic ; but if 
 the horse is not very full and fat, then the 
 
 Mild Diuretic Pow'DERS [page 20] may be 
 substituted ; or tlie 
 
 Strong Diuretic Balls [page 15], giving 
 one every fifth, sixth, or seventh day, as they ope- 
 rate. A rowel should be put into each thigh ; and 
 if the lieels run a thick ichorous discharge, then a 
 poultice composed of po\vdei;ed charcoal and oat- 
 meal, equal quantities, mixed with stale beer grounds, 
 should be applied ; or a fermenting poultice made 
 with water and flour, or oatmeal fermented with 
 yeast : either of these, after a few applications, will 
 'bring the parts to run better matter, when the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 17] niay be 
 1 2 
 
88 
 applied accordiiig to the directions contained, and 
 the cure will be completed. 
 
 When the legs swell much,- support may be given 
 by flannel rollers, or roiling hay-bands romid them. 
 It is likewise often requisite, in long continued cases, 
 to complete the cure by a run at grass. 
 
 HAW, or HAWES, oft he EYE. 
 
 In inflammation of the eye the haw is found to pro- 
 trude over a part of its surface to produce a salutary 
 office, that of protecting the weak pupil from the 
 light ; but farriers, in these cases, ignorantly regard 
 the haw as the cause of the disease, and cut the pro- 
 truding part olF, which frequently blinds the horse, 
 and is always cruel and hurtful. 
 
 HIDE-BOUND. 
 
 This is rather a symptom of some other disease 
 than a disease of itself, and may arise from any long 
 continued complaint, and is a very common attend- 
 ant on worms. To eftect a cure, the disease it 
 springs from must be attempted to be discovered ; but 
 as sometimes this is not evident, proceed in the fol- 
 lowing majmer. Clothe the body wannly, give only 
 mild exercise, and every night a malt mash, with 
 w hich mix the 
 
 Alterative Condition Powder [page 18] 
 one night, and a Mild Diuretic Powder the other night; 
 thus alternating them for a fortnight. Bv this means a 
 cure will be soon effected, provided the horse is ex- 
 posed to no excess of cold during the treatment ; for, 
 as the whole of this treatment is intended to determine 
 juore blood to the skin, a default of which is com- 
 
89 
 moaly the principal cause, so any ciieck at this time 
 must peculiarly aggravate the complaint. See Con- 
 dition OF Houses. 
 
 JAUNDICE. 
 
 This disease in horses seldom arises from a defect 
 in the secretion of bile, but commonly from its redun- 
 dance, or diseased quality ; hence is often accompa- 
 nied with purging. Now and then, however, it is 
 acco\npanied with ccstiveness. 
 
 In jaundice, the horse is dull and heavy, the appe- 
 tite bad, the urine dark coloured, and the eyes and 
 mouth yellow. When fever is present, the disease 
 arises from inflammation of the liver, and must be 
 treated as other iniiammations. 
 
 The cure of jaundice, when there is costiveness, will 
 consist in giving three doses of 
 
 Strong Mercurial Purging Balls [page 
 1()] ; but when the bowels are already loose, 
 the following wiii be preferable, given every morn- 
 ing : 
 
 Calomel one dram. 
 
 0])ium. half a dram. 
 
 Powder of chamqmiie flowers, and 
 
 powder of gentian, of each. . . .two drums. 
 Make into a ball with honev. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 
 Inflamed lungs is a very frequent disease among 
 horses, and kills more of them every year than any 
 other compLtint. Nothing so much shews the im- 
 proved state of farrier}' in this country as this disease : 
 heretofore, vrhen a horse died of iufiairjuatio;i of the 
 1:3 
 
90 
 lungs, he was tlioiiglit to have died rotten; and, 
 therefore, durmg the complaint, hot spicy cordials 
 were usually given, which only hastened the fatal 
 termination. The i)rogre53 of this disease is conniion- 
 ly very quick, and in thirty-six or forty-eight hours 
 from ihe attack the horse is often dead. The treat- 
 ment must, therefore, be Tery active to be efficacious. 
 A less active treatment, if it succeeds, is only 
 temporary in its success ; for though the horse ap- 
 pears to mend from the first violence of the attack, 
 yet water is formed in the chest, and a second attack 
 soon comes on, and proves fatal. 
 
 It is of great consequence to be able to distinguish 
 this disease from any oilier. When a horse is found 
 dull, holding his head low, with a difficulty of breath- 
 ing, a distressing dull short cough, quick heaving 
 iianks, uneasiness and anxiety in the countenance and 
 manner, but no fury, as in choiic, or other inflamma- 
 tory affections, it may be conjectured he has inflamed 
 iungs ; and if to these are added cold legs and ears, 
 with a hot mouth, and a very obscure beating of the 
 heart, the case is certain. 
 
 But the strongest characteristic symptom is, that 
 the horse hardly ever lies down in this disease, till he 
 falls from weakness. 
 
 The principal treatment to be depended on in this 
 complaint consists in active bleeding, and blisterinf^. 
 No time must be lost ; but as soon as the complaint is 
 ascertained, take seven quarts of blood from a cart- 
 horse, six from a hunter or roadster, and four from a 
 galloway or poney ; after which, the beating of the 
 heart will probably become more evident. On letting 
 this blood cool gradually, without shaking, it will 
 
91 
 
 exhibit a white or yellow tough crust over the red 
 part: this warrants a repetition of the bleeding pre- 
 sently. As soon as the first blood is drawn, back- 
 rake, and throw up the opening clyster ; after which, 
 rub the sides of the chest, and between the fore legs, 
 very plentifully with spirits of turpentine. 
 
 The reason of applying this is, that it inflames more 
 speedily than a blister, and hence is far preferable ; 
 and if a case should occur where it cannot be pro- 
 cured, scald the chest with a scalding hot mash ; but 
 either of the other applications are preferable. 
 
 The legs should now be very well hand-rubbed, 
 and then bound up in hay-bands, but not tightly. 
 The horse must likewise be warmly cloathed, but the 
 stable should be rendered cool, though not cold. 
 
 A Cough and Feveh Powder [page 19] may 
 now be given in a horn of warm water, repeating 
 every three hours ; and in three hours from the first 
 bleeding, if the beating of the heart is still obscure,, 
 and the breathing ditficult, take away two thirds of 
 the original quantity of blood drawn, without fear, 
 and renew the application to the sides. 
 
 After the first symptoms are removed, if there is 
 great weakness, give thick gruel, with malt mashes ; 
 but avoid heating cordial drinks. 
 
 LAMENESS. 
 Lameness may be the consequence of strains in the 
 muscles, ruptures of the tendons or sinews, or of 
 some of the small ligaments. It may originate also 
 in splents, spavins, ring-bones, thorough pins, &c. ; 
 or it may, as is very usual, arise from some disease 
 within the foot, as contraction, founder, thrush, <S:c, 
 
9^2 
 When a liorse beconies lame, it is sometimes no easy 
 matter to fix upon tlie right limb ; and, even if that 
 is ascertained, what part of that limb is affected is 
 often very difiicult to determine on. When a recent 
 strain takes place, there is generally heat in the part ; 
 therefore the first thing to examine is, whether ail 
 the limbs are equally cool, and each limb in every 
 part. 
 
 A strain in the shoulder is known by the heat ; 
 besides which, the horse usually rests his toe only on 
 the ground, or, if he stands on it, he points the foot 
 very forward. When he walks, he drags the limb, 
 and swings it round ; and going down hill appears 
 to distress liim very nmch. When the strain is of 
 long standing, the shoulder is frequently found to be 
 wasted. 
 
 Lameness in the pastern usually shews itself by the 
 pastern being carried more upright in action, and the 
 whole limb likewise more straight ; and though the 
 horse willingly bends his shoulder and knee, yet he 
 carries the leg in general but little forward. 
 
 Lar/te7iess in the foot is discovered by the violent 
 catches the horse gives in his paces to take the 
 v/eight from off the affected foot, w hich is not so ob- 
 servable in other cases. 
 
 Strains of the hack sinews, when recent, always are 
 accompanied with heat ; and when old, with a hard 
 sweliirjg. 
 
 BoTii/ sweUings, as splents and ring-bones, arc 
 evident to the eye. 
 
 Wlien the loins are strained, the horse has a most 
 irregular gait ; he crouches as he walks, and flinches 
 from any weight on his back. In the stable he stands 
 
93 
 ^vltli his legs ail together. If the hand is drawn down 
 the back, he flhiches from it ; and this sign seldom, 
 if ever, fails. 
 
 Lameness in the ivhirl-bone, or joint of the tliigh 
 with the body, is known by the peculiar and low 
 dropping of the haunch, more than in any other 
 lameness. 
 
 Lameness in the stifle is known by the circuitous 
 motion of the limb, to prevent the bending of the 
 joint between the leg and thigh. 
 
 Spavins and thorough pins are evident to the eye, 
 
 Foiindej' produces a lameness often mistaken among 
 farriers for either shoulder-wrench or strained loins ; 
 for, when the fore feet are foundered, tlie horse stands 
 w ith his hind legs under him, to relieve himself from 
 the weight before ; and when the hind feet are affected, 
 which is less frequent, he stands with iiis fore feet 
 under him, to relieve the hinder extremities. When 
 all four feet arc affected, he obstinately refuses to 
 rise. — For the cure of these various lamenesses, see 
 the articles themselves. 
 
 LAMPAS. 
 
 The swelling at the roof of tlie mouth of young 
 horses, so called, frequently gives way to a little alum 
 and honey rubbed on; but if it is thought proper to 
 scarify, it should be done very lightly, to prevent 
 unpleasant consequences. 
 
 LOCKED JAW. See Stag Evil. 
 
 LOOSENESS. 
 
 Some horses, particularly those with small car- 
 
^4 
 casses, have loose purging stools on ibe slightest cxcl- 
 tion : grooms and dealers call these washy horses, 
 and it is found that they are not capable of much con- 
 tinued labour. In other cases it comes en as a 
 sudden disease, occasioned by different causes. Horses 
 commonly purge on changing their food from dry 
 fed to grass. It is sometimes brought on by cold, and 
 likewise by the application of some morbilic matter 
 in the air,' or something of this kind may be gene- 
 rated in the stomacli. Now and then it arises from 
 an increase of bile, in which case the stools are black 
 and fetid. See Jaundice. 
 
 A continual dropping of a little excrement must 
 not be mistaken for purging, for this may take place 
 in absolute costiveness, and in dysentery ; but in the 
 real diarrhoea, or looseness, the stools are copious and 
 liquid. 
 
 The cure may be begun by starch clysters, and the 
 following drink given immediately upon it. 
 
 Take opium . , ^ two drams. 
 
 Powdered ipecacuanha... ..... .three drams. 
 
 Prepared chalk. four ounces. 
 
 Powdered i^ino-er two dram.s. 
 
 Boiled starch one pint. 
 
 Mix, and give morning and evening. 
 The superpiugation brouglit on by over-strong 
 physic is treated of under the head Physic. 
 
 LOTIONS, or WASHES, 
 Are liquid applications, chosen in this form for 
 the convenience of compounding, or of application. 
 The washes I have thought proper t-o coD;pound, ar.d 
 keep ready prepared in my arrasigement of medicines, 
 are. 
 
95 
 
 Mild Wash for Grease [page 17]. 
 
 Embrocation for Strains, &c. [page 18]. 
 
 Liquid Sweating Blister [page 17]. 
 
 Eye Water [page IS]. 
 
 Wash for the Canker in the Ear of Dogs 
 [page 22]. 
 
 Lotions are rubbed in with the hand, if sph itiious ; but 
 if merely aqueous, and it is necessary that they should 
 produce tlieir effects slowly, as in eye-water, embro- 
 cation for strains, &c., it is better to keep a cloth 
 moistened with them over the part. 
 
 MADNESS. 
 
 Sometimes horses become rabid from the bite of a 
 mad dog, and it is hardly possible to conceive a more 
 terrific or horrible sight than a mad horse. Rabies in 
 a horse comes on at indeiinite periods : in some four, 
 in others five, six, or seven weeks from the bite. It 
 commences by restlessness, sweating violently, with 
 great appearance of pain; rolling on the ground, and 
 pawing with his feet. In a few hours he becomes more 
 violent, kicking, plunging, and tearing; so as to de- 
 molish every thing around him. He is particularly 
 furious and vicious, and in every respect different 
 from a mad dog. It is in vain to attempt any cure, 
 but prevention may with propriety be attempted, and 
 usually succeeds ; the means of which are detailed un- 
 der the article Madness in Dogs. 
 
 MALLENDERS and SELLENDERS. 
 The first is a scurfy eruption at the back of the knee 
 joint; the second, a similar breaking out within the 
 
96 
 ply of the hock. Wash with soap and water even 
 day, and rub in a little mercurial ointment after eath 
 time ; or a little of the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 17] will cure 
 alone, being once well rubbed in. 
 
 MANGE. 
 
 This disease is not only generated by filth, and low 
 living, but it may be caught. It shewsitself by the 
 animal's rubbing and biting himself; by the hair com- 
 ing off, and leaving the skin scabby. 
 
 The Mange Ointment [page 18] is the most 
 effectual application, and never fails of curing: it 
 seldom requires any other assistance than one or two 
 applications of it. If, however, the horse is too fat, 
 it may be proper to bleed once; and, if very lean, 
 he should be better fed. Cleanliness is necessary in 
 either case. When the disease is of very long stand- 
 ing, it may be prudent to give a course of the 
 
 Alteratjve Condition Pow^ders [page 18]. 
 
 The stall a mangy horse has been in should be 
 washed with lime and water to prevent infection, and 
 the appointments he has ever worn should be care- 
 fully washed and dried. 
 
 MOULTING. 
 
 Nature is ever equal to l:er wi-.nts, but she is sel- 
 dom superfluous. In autumn, as winter approaclies, 
 the coat of the horse, in common v.itli many other 
 animals, lengthens, and much new hair is added 
 also; but that nothing may be given in vain, in the 
 spring, a new coat, short, fine, and adapted to the 
 
97 
 approaching warmth, is given. Tliese changes are 
 called moulting ; and the forming these coats appears 
 to call much of the powers of the constitution forth ; 
 for at this time there is a great debility pervading the 
 animal frame, and the horse is very dull in spirits : 
 in some instances this becomes so great as to approach 
 disease. When this is the case, the exercise should be 
 moderated, and malt mashes given; and should it 
 still continue obstinate, and the hide becomes bound, 
 it will be highly proper to give a course of the 
 
 Alterative Condition Pov^dhrs [page 18]; 
 and, after they are finished, to complete the cure, 
 give a 
 
 Mild Mercurial Purging Ball [page l6]. 
 
 PHYSICKING HORSES. 
 This is a very important subject, and deserves 
 verv attentive consideration ; and though I shall in- 
 troduce here all that is practically necessary, yet those 
 who wish for more extended information will find it 
 in my Veterinary Outlines, vol. ii. page 76O. It has 
 been the opinion of some modern veterinarians, that 
 purging is not so necessary to horses as it has been 
 thought ; but though there is reason to think that 
 purging is often made use of wlien uimecessary, yet 
 this o})inion has led into error ; for horses are, in 
 many cases, move beneiited by purging than any other 
 animal ; and it is certain that they cannot be got into 
 condition so readily by any other mo(5e. But one 
 thing is likewise certain, and allov/ed bv all who con- 
 sider the subject attentively, that there is uo occasion, 
 in any case, for the violent })urges grooms and farriers 
 commonly make use of; on the contrary, they, in all 
 K 
 
9S 
 cases, do much mischief, weakening the stomach and 
 bowels, and even the constitution, for a great length 
 of time, and they not unfrequently prove fatal. 
 
 Horses are purged to bring them into what is 
 termed condition ; that is, into a state in which they 
 are fitted to undergo active exercise, having wind 
 enough to render it easy to them, and strength 
 enough to continue it. Purges are given likewise to 
 remove worms : in this case the dose should be to- 
 lerably strong, to dislodge them, if possible ; and it 
 is thought mercurial physic is particularly adapted 
 both to kill and remove worms. Physic is given to 
 remove swellings from the legs, or other parts of the 
 body. It produces this effect by purging out the 
 fluids of the stomach and bowels, by which means 
 the absorbing vessels remove the fluid from the legs 
 to make up the deficiency. Purges are given to re- 
 move too great fat, the fat being one of the fluids; 
 and the body becomes absorbed to supply the waste 
 occasioned by the purging : thus the fat that was too 
 redundant, and hindered the lungs from expanding 
 and the muscles from contracting, is removed; and 
 hence the horse becomes more vigorous and lasting, 
 and his wind strengthened; — and this is called being 
 m condition. 
 
 Horses are, some of them, purged more easily 
 than others : hence the first purge should be mild ; 
 for, if it does not operate, it does no harm, though it 
 is often erroneously supposed so to do. 
 
 From the horizoiital position of the body, and the 
 long track of intestines, with tiieir peculiar structure, 
 it requires not only a medicine of coiisidcrable 
 strength, but likewise it requires a long time to purge 
 
99 
 a horse. It is from tiiis cause that purging aft'ects the 
 constitution infinitely more in a horse than in our- 
 selves: but it does not require ten or twelve days 
 for a horse to recover himself between each dose, as 
 is usually supposed, unless the operation has been 
 tery severe, which is always hurtful, and unneces- 
 sary. 
 
 Exercise is of particular importance in physicking ; 
 but I do not recommend very active trotting : brisk 
 and continued walking, or, at most, a very gentle 
 trot, is to be preferred. The importance of exercise 
 is by no means sufficiently considered : half the quan- 
 tity of any purge, with plenty of walking exercise, 
 w ill purge nearly as much as double without ; so that 
 the degree of purging may be always regulated nearly 
 to our wish, and which is a very desirable circum- 
 stance ; but it is again to be observed, that fast trot- 
 ting is not advisable at any time. 
 
 The exercise should be proportioned to the physic's 
 working : it should be continued at short intervals of 
 two hours, till it operates favourably, and then may 
 be omitted, as it would fatigue. Cold water should 
 never be allowed; but if the horse will not drink it 
 warm, it may be cool, but never cold. 
 
 Unless a horse is very open ir. his body, he should 
 always be prepared for physic, oue or two days at 
 least before, by bran mashes. 
 
 During tiie working, he should be kept warm ; and 
 he must be exercised (if in winter) in clothes propor- 
 tioned to the cold. 
 
 A purge is to be given thus:— A horse having fasted 
 an hour or two in the morning, the bail is to be 
 given him; after which he should be offered some 
 K2 
 
100 
 warm water, as it will not be improper lo let him 
 have his ball a quarter of an hour after he has had 
 about half his usual quantity of water only luke- 
 warm ; for it sometimes happens that the ball disgusts 
 him, and then he will not drink for some hours after, 
 which is not so favourable. x\fter the ball is given, 
 he should be fasted another hour, or an hour and a 
 half, when a small quantity of good hay may be al- 
 lowed, or a bran nrash, witli a very few oats sprinkled 
 in it, to make it palatable: he should, at noon, be 
 walked for half an hour, and again half an hour in 
 the evening, being allowed warm water during the 
 day, and hay and bran mashes again tovv^ards night. 
 
 Early on the following morning tlie physic will 
 probably begin to work, which if it does briskly, no 
 more exercise need be given; but if not, an hour's 
 walking motion should be allowed, when the horse 
 may have a masli, and his warm water. After this, 
 another hour's exercise should be given (walking 
 only), and which is to be repeated every other hour 
 or two, till the physic works kindly, allowing mashes, 
 clean hay, and warm water betv.een times. Should 
 the horse appear griped and uneasy, a warm clyster 
 of the common kind may be given, which will ge- 
 nerally relieve with exercise ; but if the griping still 
 continues, which can hardly ever be the case when 
 good physic is used, then the following drink will at 
 once remove it. 
 
 Sound ale, a pint and a half, into which pour 
 two table spoonfuls of Hollands, or gin, and 
 give it rather more than blood warm. 
 On the next day the pliysic will be usually set ; 
 that is, the horse will cease to purge : should it, how- 
 ever, continue with violence, he must have a drench 
 
101 
 of thin starch, and starch and tripe liquor as a 
 clyster; but this super-purgation only happens when 
 very strong coarse physic has been used. 
 
 The horse may now return to his former habits, 
 giving him corn at first rather sparingly, with mode- 
 rate exercise; and, in three or four days from its 
 setting, if the operation has been only moderate, a 
 second dose may be given, which is sometimes required 
 a little stronger than the first; and after this, if 
 deemed necessary, a third, which is usually considered 
 a course of physic. 
 
 When, as is sometimes th.e case, the physic that 
 has been given is too strong, a super-purgation is pro- 
 duced that proves troublesome to stop, and is now and 
 tlien fatal. Grooms and farriers frequently fall into 
 this error, from a mistaken opinion that violent purges 
 alone cleanse the animal. This overpurging should 
 be treated nearly as is directed under the head 
 Looseness, except that instead of the chalk intro- 
 duced in the drink, four ounces of port wine may 
 with propriety be substituted. 
 
 PHYSIC, FORMS OF. 
 The substances used to purge horses are usually 
 compounded in the form of balls, by which their 
 nauseous taste becomes hid. Jalap, rhubarb, salts, 
 &c., are not found to purge a horse, at least not so 
 readily as has been supposed, and they are, therefore, 
 abolished hom the prescriptions of intelligent farriers. 
 Castor oil is sometimes used, and with great pro- 
 priety, in cases that do not admit of rougher ca- 
 thartics, as in infiamlnation of any of the internal 
 K3 
 
102 
 organs, cbolics, &c. The pieBarations of mercury, 
 particularly calomel, are ifiven as purges ; but from 
 their peculiar properties, and disposition to gripe and 
 salivate, are seldom given alone, but as auxiliaries 
 to other substances, as aloes. Mercurial purges are 
 peculiarly fitted for horses having worms, or when 
 there is much water in the system, or fipit; but as 
 merely condition physic, they are not, periiaps, so 
 advisable. 
 
 But the most common substance used as physic is 
 aloes; and which, when properly prepared, and when 
 the aloes themselves are of a good kind, is certainly 
 not only the most convenient, but the best physic. 
 It is, however, too connnon to powder aloes very 
 grossly, which alone frequently occasions gripingsand 
 other bad consequences ; but when to this defect is 
 added a bad quality in the aloes themselves, such as 
 is often found in the coarsest kinds of Cape and 
 Plantation aloeg, the mischief is commonly serious. 
 It is usual, likewise, to introduce too much heating 
 spice, or oils, into physic, which often inflame the 
 bowels. 
 
 Aloes should be of the very best kind, and very 
 finely powdered ; and the quantity given, regulated 
 bylhe size, age, and strength of the horse, from three 
 cframs to ten. But that no mistake may arise about 
 proportions, and that such pLysic may be always 
 obtained as persons may be assured are j)repared of 
 the best drugs, and in the most judicious manner, 
 there enters into my meditiiie ariangement the fol- 
 lowing varieties of purges: — Strong Purging Bells, 
 »uitable for strong horses ; Milder Purging Balls, 
 
103 
 adapted for the first dose given to most horses, ancf 
 likewise those that are lesser or weaker. There are 
 also 
 
 Strong Mercurial Purging Balls, and 
 Mild Mercurial Purging Balls [see page 
 16, medicine arrangement]. 
 
 POLE EVIL. 
 
 As this is only,to be regarded as a fistulous sore, so 
 its treatment, when it has broke, is the same as is de- 
 scribed under the article Fistula, 
 
 But before it breaks, it must be treated as a com- 
 mon inflammation ; that is, by bleeding, keeping the 
 horse low, and constantly applying the saturnine or 
 goulard poultice [see Poultice, No. 2], and never 
 making use of hot, spirituous, or oily embrocations, 
 when it is in this state, as that only advances ths 
 disease. The cooling treatment must not be conti- 
 nued after the tumour is felt to fluctuate, that is^ 
 after it feels soft : in this case the horse must be bet- 
 ter kept, and the common poultice [see Poultice, 
 No. 1] applied till it breaks, or is fit to open, which 
 should be done with a seton needle passed from the 
 top of tiie tumour to the side, so as to let out ail the 
 matter gradually. If the tumour is large, from the 
 top opening, another seton should be passed through 
 tlie other side, as near the bottom of the sac, or ab- 
 scess, as possible. After this, treat exactly as is de- 
 scribed under the head Fistula, having recourse to 
 the scalding mixture there described, if the case 
 proves obstinate. 
 
104 
 POULTICES. 
 
 Bread would be too expensive an article to make 
 poultices of in common cases. Bran, therefore, is 
 very commonly used ; and, to give it a proper con- 
 sistence, some linseed meal may be mixed with it ; or, 
 iu default of this, a little of any other meal. A 
 poultice should be made of a sufficient consistence, 
 that it may not run through the cloth it is put in ; 
 and yet it should not be so thick as to dry too quickly, 
 for a poultice acts principally by its moisture; there- 
 fore it should be frequently wetted through the 
 cloth with the predominating fluid, of whatever kind. 
 In applying poultices to the legs, care should be 
 taken not to tie them too tight, as is frequently 
 done, and thereby the mischief aggravated instead 
 of relieved. A piece of broad list is, for this rea- 
 son, very proper to fasten them on with. They should 
 never be applied too hot; very little good can be 
 derived from it, and much pain may be occasioned. 
 A hot poultice soon eomes to the heat of the part ; 
 and as, in most cases requiring poultices, the part 
 at the moment of application is in a state of com- 
 parative debility, too great heat only farther weak- 
 ens it. 
 
 No. 1. A COMMON SOFTENING POULTICE. 
 
 Bran, any quantity ; pour on it boiling water, to 
 form a thin pasle ; add linseed meal sufficient to make 
 it adhesive. After this, stir in one or tvvo ounces of 
 sweet oil. 
 
 No. 2. A COOLING POULTICE. 
 
 Instead of common water, form the above with 
 goulard water. 
 
105 
 
 No. 3. A POULTICE AGAINST GHEASE. [See 
 
 GREASE.] 
 
 No. 4. A POULTICE AGAINST GANGRENE. 
 
 Linseed meal, or flour, any quantity: mix with 
 boiling water, and fepnent with a table spoonful of 
 yeast; and, as it rises, put in an ounce of oil of 
 turpentine. 
 
 POWDERS. 
 Powders are medicines prepared in a dry pulve- 
 rized form, and are hence convenient for carriuge 
 and package. They are very convenient likewise to 
 administer, because tliey may be made into either a 
 drink, or a ball ; or they may be mixed with food, 
 if not very nauseous. Powders, however, when com- 
 posed of any thing very volatile, are apt to spoil: 
 they should, therefore, in these cases, be kept very 
 dry and close. In my prepared medicine arrange- 
 ment, I have compounded as powders only such ar^ 
 tides as will readily preserve themselves, without 
 any particular precaution. I have com.pounded into 
 powders some articles, because then it is optional 
 with the giver what form he m ill chuse to give thera 
 in, «s some horses will not readily take balls, and 
 many grooms and ostlers cannot give them ; but 
 most horses will take, and most persons can give, a 
 drink : sometimes, however, even this trouble may be 
 avoided, for the powders sprinkled with the food will 
 be readily eaten. Of this kind are the 
 Alterative Condition Po^vders [page 18]. 
 Worm Powders [page 19]. 
 Mild Diuretic Powders [page 20]; and 
 Cough and Fever Powders [page 19I. 
 
10^ 
 PURGING. See Looseness. 
 
 QUITTOR. 
 
 In a Domestic Treatise on Medicine, niore^ perhaps, 
 may properly be said on the prevention of this disease 
 than on the cure ; as the one is often easy, and the 
 other must claim the assistance of the experienced 
 farrier. 
 
 A quittor almost always arises either from a ^vo^md 
 or bruise on the coronet, or from a nail prick ; cither 
 of which, if taken in thne, would hardly ever pro- 
 duce this diseased state. But when one or the other 
 has been neglected, infjansmation follows, and an 
 abscess forms within the cothn, which at last makes 
 its way out of the quajteis above the coronet. The 
 only proper method is that which farriers term coring 
 out the wound; for curing it by cutting is some 
 months about, and leaves an irreparable blemish, 
 and ofcen a false quarter. When the direction of the 
 fistulous sores forming the wound is ascertained, some 
 of the 
 
 Strong Paste for Grease [page 17] should 
 be mixed with flour, so as to make it hard enough 
 to be forced with a probe to the bottom of all the 
 fistulous pipes; or blue vitriol coarsely pounded, and 
 piixed with pitch or tar, may be introduced. This 
 raises a considerable inflammation, the consequence 
 of which is, that a large slough comes out, which 
 farriers call the core ; and if the substance has 
 reached the whole of the sinuses, the wound then 
 heals; if not, it must be repeated. The principal 
 management is in introducing the substance to the 
 bottom, and into all the pipes, or sinuses. 
 
107 
 There is a i?pecles of qnittor broiiglit on by press- 
 ing the inner calkins of the shoe on tlie coronet ; for 
 this reason the shoes should have only tlie outer heel 
 turned- 
 
 BACK RAKING 
 Is a metliod of emptying the bowels by means of 
 the hand. The right hand arm (if possible, of a small 
 jnan) being stripped, and oiled ; with the left hand the 
 tail is drawn aside, when the right hand, being made 
 as small as possible, and cone like, is gently intro- 
 duced up the fundament, and any quantity of hard- 
 ened excrement the hand meets with carefully re- 
 moved in small pieces. From this it will at onte be 
 evident that hack raking must be useful in a vast va- 
 riety of cases. It should always be made use of pre- 
 vious to givuig a dyster, othenvise the hardened 
 matter may prevent the passage of the fluid. It is 
 also always proper in cholic ; and in all cases of cos- 
 tiveness it should never be dispensed with. 
 
 RING BONE. 
 
 This is a bwiy swelling about the coronet. When 
 it has been of long standing, it is seldom curable ; 
 but in early cases a blister may be tried. See Blis- 
 ters. 
 
 And if this is not found sufficient, firing must be 
 had recourse to. 
 
 RISING OF THE LIGHTS. See Inflammation 
 OF THE Lungs. 
 
10$ 
 ROT IN HORSES, 
 la tlie north of England, and, indeed, in many 
 other parts, the rot is made to express either inflam- 
 niation of the lungs, or intestines, or liver, or of any 
 internal organ, because the gangrenous appearance 
 of these parts in these cases makes farriers con- 
 clude that their horses have long been rotten : but 
 improved farriery has now not only given more pro- 
 per terms to these diseases, but has taught us how to 
 distinguish them from each other, from \\hence has 
 spruijg a more active and judicious mode of treat- 
 jnent. 
 
 ROWELS. 
 
 Tiiese, like blisters, act by inflaming the surface, 
 whereby more deep-seated inflammations are re- 
 moved. The mode of making a rowel is well known. 
 A slit being cut in the skin, about an inch in length, 
 the finger is introduced to separate the surrounding 
 skin from the flesh. Sec, leaving, by this means, a 
 circle of the size of half-a-crown, into which is in- 
 troduced a piece of stiff leatiier of the same size, 
 smeared over with blistering ointment, or yellow basi- 
 licon. The sooner the inflammation is wished to be 
 raised, the more active is the substance we chuse to 
 put on the leather ; hence, in rising of the lights, in 
 red cholic, staggers, &c., when we use rowels, it is 
 proper to smear the leather with blistering ointment. 
 Rovsels are of great service as a drain in farcy, 
 swelied legs, inflammation of the eyes, grease, Sec. 
 &c. The parts they are usually placed in are, under 
 the throat, between the fore legs, along the belly, 
 and withhi side the thighs. 
 
109 
 
 SADDLE GALLS 
 
 Are usually easily removed by bathing them with 
 tlie 
 Embrocation for Strains, &c. [page 18]. 
 
 SAND CRACK. 
 
 This is a division of the horny fibres of the hoof 
 from above dov^nvvards in the form of a crack. It 
 sometimes comes on at once by a sudden splitting of 
 tlie hoof in hot dry weather, more frequently on the 
 outer than the inner side, and more usual in the fore 
 than the hinder feet ; but the most frequent cause, is, 
 a wound of the coronet by a tread, puncture, or too 
 free use of the rasp ki shoeing. 
 
 To cure, the principal circumstance to be attend- 
 ed to, is, to prevent the communication between the 
 crack and the new horn, or as this grows it will take 
 on the opening likewise. The lioof should therefore 
 be thinned where the crack exists, and at the upper 
 j)art a transverse section should be made a little way 
 across v.ith a firing iron: the crack should then be 
 kept carefully closed by binding a bandage tightly 
 around the hoof; for if the edges of the vascular 
 substance come between the edges of the crack, it 
 gives intolerable pain ; and it is this that brings a horse 
 w ith sand crack nearly to the ground by those sudden 
 jerks that are observed in them. Opposite the part, 
 the shoe should be slightly chainbered, w hich gives a 
 disposition to the divided edges to come together, 
 and the hoof should be pared away at this part a 
 little. 
 
110. 
 SPAVINS 
 
 Are of two kinds; blood spavin and bone spavin. 
 Blood Spavin consists, outwardiv, of an enlargement 
 of^ the vein that passes over the inside of the hock^ 
 but, inwardly, there is another enlargement, which is, 
 in fact, the real cause of the disease ; this is in the 
 mucous reservoirs that lubricate the joints, the nature 
 of which enlargement is similar to vvindgalls below ; 
 so that, in fact, blood spavin is only a windgall of 
 the hock, and the enlargement of the vein is only the 
 consequence of this windgall : therefore it is evident 
 ihat taking up this vein, as is usually practised, can 
 only afford temporary relief. Blocd or Bog Spavin, 
 as it is sometimes called, does not often occasion 
 lameness till it is very large, in which case blisters and 
 rest give some relief: but it is seldom that a perma- 
 nent cure is obtained. 
 
 Bone Spavin, in its early state, may be known by 
 the lameness it occasions in the hock, and the heat of 
 the part ; but the swelling is seldom considerable at 
 tirst. It is at this tiffie only we are at all certain of a 
 cure, which may be usually brought about by an 
 active blister. If it should not give way to this, fire, 
 and apply at the same time anotlier blister. In the 
 advanced stages of it, when the swelling is of long 
 standing, blister actively ; and as soon as quite well, 
 fire, and blister over it. 
 
 SPLENT. 
 
 Splents are usually situated on the inside of the 
 fore legs between the knee and pastern. They are 
 to be treated exactly in the same manner as bone 
 
1 i j 
 
 spavins. Splents are brought on by being too early 
 put to work: and tht?Ve is another very common 
 cause, but not usually attended to, which is the raisinji; 
 the outside of the foot by calkins, or by a tliick heci, 
 whicfr, throwing the weight on the inner side, puts 
 the parts on the stretch, and weakens them. It is of 
 very great consequence to consider the situation of a 
 splent, for on that depends whether it is hurtful or 
 harmless. When it is situated close to the canon or 
 shank bone, it is seldom of any consequence, for it 
 does not interfere then with any of the tendons or 
 ligaments that are in constant mot-on upon the Hex- 
 ion or extension of the foot. But if it is situated 
 more backward, and appears among the sinews, it is 
 then a serious evil, and almost certainly will lame 
 the hovse,— Horses in old age generally lose their 
 splents, uiiless very large. 
 
 STABLE. 
 
 The limits of this little Treatise do not permit 
 more than a few hints, of the more importaiU kind, 
 on this suliject. Stabling of horses, as it is wholly a 
 deviation from nature, so it is surely paving the way 
 to the attack of many diseases; and we really find 
 that the higher this artificial system is carried, so 
 much the more are the horses who are the subjects of 
 it obnoxious to disease. As, therefore, our comforts 
 and convenience have made a life of art necessary to 
 these animals, and thereby rendered them liable to 
 disease, so should our endeavours be turned towards 
 the prevention of those maladies, w^hich a little atten- 
 tion will, in most cases, in a great measure effect. 
 A stable should be airy: in nothing are the horse- 
 L2 
 
112 
 men of this country more erroneous. However con- 
 genial'narmth may be to the constitutions of horses, 
 particularly of the blood kind, as being originally 
 natives of a warm climate, it is self-evident that 
 breathing and re-breathing the same air, as is the 
 case in all close stables, must be pernicious ; and as 
 being completely removed from what in a state of 
 nature they enjoy, it must be highly productive of 
 disease. The very great difference of the tempera- 
 ture without doors and that within, subjects horses 
 kept so warm to that vast chain of diseases arising 
 from what is termed catching cold. A stable should 
 be only moderately warn), and it should be always 
 ventilated ; the ventilation should likewise be as near 
 the top as possible, for the foul air is always upper- 
 most. Where the ceiling is low, and there is no large 
 window, there should be a tube or funnel passing up 
 through the stable ceiling, and through that of the 
 loft above, and w hich is the most effectual way of 
 ventilating possible: the tube should be funnel-shap- 
 ed towards the stable, giving, by its bell mouth, a 
 greater freedom to the foul air to pass off. The heat 
 of stables should be regulated by a thermometer, 
 constantly kept in them: 5.5 degrees of Falirenheit is 
 a very good winter heat, and it would be desirable 
 never to have it higher than 65 in summer; 60 degrees 
 is an excellent medium heat. A stable should like- 
 wise be very light ; when it is otherw ise, the newly 
 received liglitthe horse gains when he goes out, is a 
 painful stinuilus to the eyes, and his imperfect vision 
 makes liim start ; and, however horses may fatten in 
 dark stables, it must be the fat of a pig, and not with 
 the lusty and cheerful gain of a horse, open to the 
 
113 
 cheering innueiice of the sun. Stables should be well 
 ceiled, and that very closely ; when this is not the 
 case, not only is the dust from tlie hay-loft coming 
 down on the horse, and frequently in his eyes, but, 
 what is as bad, and much less thought of, the 
 foul air, which is always uppermost, lodges in the 
 hay, which becomes its receptacle, and the hay-loft 
 by this means proves a source of contagion. In fact, 
 no hay-loft, properly, should ever be over a stable ; 
 neither should corn be kept over it : they both im- 
 bibe salt acrid particles by this means, and this more 
 particularly if it is not ceiled. Neither is it a whole- 
 some practice for servants to sleep over a stable. As 
 little hay or corn should be kept, likewise, in the stable 
 as possible; but as it is wanted it should be brought 
 to the horses. Narrow stalls are very prejudicial to 
 horses : strains in the back are often occasioned by 
 them ; and whenever a stall is less than six feet, the 
 groom should have peremptory orders never to turn 
 a horse in that stall. Bars or bails are also objec- 
 tionable, from the ease with which horses may play 
 with each other over them : they may likewise kick 
 each other by this means. It is seldom that horses 
 eat alike in point of quickness: when they are sepa- 
 rated by bars only, the slowest eater gets robbed of 
 his food. 
 
 The acclivity of the generality of stalls is also a 
 very serious objection to them, for they occasion a 
 horse to have a false bearing : the greater weight is 
 thrown on the heels, and the back sinews are put on 
 the stretch ; and there is little reason to doubt that 
 many of the lamenesses of horses are attributable to 
 L3 
 
114 
 this craise. The ground should he made even, or 
 nearly so, with only a very slight slope. To remedy 
 the inconTenieiice of the urine not flowing freely off, 
 in many good stables, in the center of each stall, is a 
 small <rratin?, coverinii a little well immediatelv un- 
 der the horse's belly, to receive the urine, aid which is 
 a very good practice ; but it has its disadvantages, 
 th.e principal of which is, that it is not so w ell adapt- 
 ed to mares ; and, as such, a slight slope in the stall, 
 with a grating at its bottom, or a gutter, is the pre- 
 ferable and most convenient plan. Whenever these 
 gratings commui.icate w ith one common cesspool, it 
 should be very frequently emptied, and it should like- 
 wise be covered up, or it encourages a drauglit of cold 
 air under the horses. 
 
 There is much contrariety of opinion relative to 
 the propriety of permitting horses to stand during the 
 day on litter. There are cogent arguments for and 
 against it. Litter entices horses to lie dow'n during 
 the dav, which, if they are in constant severe w ork, is 
 certainly desirable. Litter, likewise, when the stable 
 is paved roughly, prevents the unevenness of the 
 stones pressing on the feet. — On the other hand, 
 horses are very apt to eat the litter, and which proves 
 imwholesome. It is likewise apt to retain the urine, 
 whose acrid salts, ascending, impregnate the air, and 
 stimulate the eyes. The constantly standing on the 
 litter makes many horses' legs swell, which is proved 
 by removing it, when they immediately return to 
 their proper size. Horses standing constantly on 
 the litter appear to feel the difference of the road, 
 jiiid heEce are more liable to be tender footed : the 
 
115 
 warmth and moisture retained, likewise, are very apt 
 to occasion cracks and swelled lego. Those who are 
 advocates for litter under horses during the day, 
 should be very careful to have it changed as often as 
 it is either soiled or wet, for wet litter is one of the 
 strongest causes of blindness. But whoever attends 
 minutely to the subject on an enlarged scale, will be 
 at no loss to determine on tlie propriety or impropriety 
 of suffering horses to stand constantly on litter. It is 
 my opinion that this custom alone ruins more horses 
 than all the mails and stage coaches put together. It 
 is the fruitful source of contracted feet, and brings on 
 this ruinous affection much more certainly than the 
 hardest work. Horn has a natural tendency to con- 
 tract inwards, and towards the heat. The feet, it 
 must be evident, are more hotly placed in litter than 
 on the bare and moist ground, consequently the horn 
 gains this additional stimulus to contraction. The 
 litter keeps them dry as well as hot, and thus one of 
 the best preventives of contraction is not suffered to 
 come near them. In my own stables no litter is ever 
 suffered to remain under the fore feet during the day. 
 The horses stand oh the bare bricks, and which in 
 summer are watered to make them more cool; by 
 which means I have experienced astonishing benefit. 
 Behind, a little litter is strewed, because they are apt 
 to kick and break the bricks with their hinder feet, 
 and because the litter thus placed sucks up the moist- 
 ure of the urine, which would be detrimental to the 
 hinder feet, which are more liable to thrushes than 
 contraction. 
 
 A horse should always be brought into a stable 
 with his skin nearly of the temperature of that stable. 
 
116 
 It is not generally known, though certainly the case, 
 that passing from a cold atmosphere into a warm one 
 will give cold, with almost as much certainty as from 
 a warm into a cold situation. But if a horse is brought 
 home very hot, he must not be hung by the bridle at 
 the door till he gets cold ; he should be walked till 
 he is cool, but not cold. The feet and legs, in 
 dirty weather, may be washed, and carefully picked ; 
 but after which, unless they are rubbed dry, it is bet- 
 ter not to wash them at all ; and when the time can 
 be spared, it is a better plan to rub off" the loose dirt 
 with a very soft broom., and then to wisp till dry, after 
 which curry or rub off the dust completely. A cool 
 stable, with a proper proportion of cloathing, is a 
 great desideratum in stable management, and, if more 
 attended to, would lessen tiie maladies these valuable 
 animals are liable to. * 
 
 STABLE MANAGEMENT. 
 This is a subject of considerable importance, and 
 it is evident the Hniits of a work of this nature will 
 not admit of all the detail that may be wished; ne- 
 vertheless the points most necessary will be touched 
 on, and more may be icarned on a reference to my 
 larger pubhcation, " Veterinary Outlines.'' The 
 duties of a groom consist in feeding, dressing, exev' 
 cising, and attead'.ng to the feet of his horses; in addi- 
 tion to w hich he has the care of the appointments, as 
 harness, saddles, bridles, &c. ; and in this order I shall 
 just touch on these subjects. 
 
 FEEDING 
 
 Forms the most essential part in the care of horses, 
 and more error is committed on this head, from a 
 
11? 
 
 want of a knowledge of tlie internal econoD:iy of the 
 horse, than is at first imagined. The horse, as an 
 animal intended for speed, is furnished with a very 
 small stomach, but capacious intestines ; he therefore 
 should be fed but a little at a time; and as we know 
 that whenever the stomach is empty a great debihty 
 pervades the whole frame, and as a small stomach 
 must be frequently empty, so we should frequently 
 feed our horses, giving them but a little at a time. 
 The general food of horses is herbage green or dry, 
 and srain, which is always dry. Green herbage is 
 from all the various grasses ; the dry is commonly ot 
 clover and meadow hay ; and, among saddle horses, 
 meadow hay is used by far the most frequent. Any 
 kind of grain nourishes a horse, but barley and' oats 
 are the most in use, and in South Britain oats are 
 almost exclusively used. To horses under common 
 labour, from sixteen to twenty pounds of sound mea- 
 dow hay, with from half a peck to three quarters of 
 a peck of old full oats daily, will be fully sufficient: 
 should frost or other circumstances prevent or lessen 
 their exeriise to a very small degree of exertion, then 
 even the above quantity may be lessened, and a small 
 proportion of bran substituted for son.e of the corn; 
 on the other hand, when the exercise is very severe, 
 it may be increased. But since corn and hay have 
 become so extravagantly dear, many other substances 
 have been substituted as food for sadd.e horses, which 
 were before but little used, or confined to draught 
 horses, as straw, chaff, carrots, potatoes, Ckc. Some 
 persons, v»hen hay is dear and corn cheap, substitute 
 wheaten straw for hay ; others mix straw with their 
 hay. But by far the most economical mode for the 
 
118 
 owner, and the most nutritious for llie bovse, is the 
 use of clialt, \viiici], v. hen mixed with corn, is called 
 manger feeding ; and whenever com is cheap and 
 hay dear, this jnanger feeding wil' be found a ip.ost 
 excellent mode of horse keeping. The proportions 
 of this manger food I iind most convenient are, one 
 part of hay, two parts of sti'aw, and one part of oats. 
 Of this mixture three, fotir, five, or six pecks may be 
 given daily, according to the size of the horse and 
 e?:tent of his exertion. It will add very much to the 
 nutriment thi^ mixture affords, if the oats are previ- 
 ously bruised ; and, in fact, it is much to be %vished 
 that this practice was completely established. It \^ill 
 likewise be peculiarly grateful to the hor^e if half the 
 quantity of hay should be of the clover knid, of which 
 horses are very fond. On this food three horses may 
 be supported at as little expence as tv^o horses can in 
 the usual manner, and for the common purposes they 
 are fail as well nourished. In tiie country, potatoes 
 and corn may be mixed ; or bran, with potatoes baled 
 and mashed, forms an economical and nutritious 
 food ; and it will agree with ail constitutions if a little 
 bean meal is mixed with it. In this manger feeding, 
 a few pounds of hay put into the rack night and morn- 
 ing are sufHcieut, and even this is more to satisfy the 
 prejudices of the groom than any necessity of the 
 horses. Carrots form an excellent food for horses, 
 particularly for pursive and thick-winded ones. On 
 carrots, hay, and a small quantity of bean meal, horses 
 may be advantageously kept in times when corn is 
 dear and hay cheap. It is not here meant to insi- 
 nuate that this mode of feeding will do for hunters, or 
 even for those horses whose riders or drivers are never 
 
119 
 contented without their animals are going at speed. 
 For these horses, old oats iu liberal quantities, with a 
 moderate allowance of hay, is best. Changing the food 
 of horses is found very beneficial to some ; others, again, 
 do not thrive well on a change, any change being very 
 apt to scour. 
 
 In the spring, when horses cannot be turned to 
 grass, it is peculiarly beaeficial to soil them ; that is, 
 to allow them green food in the stable ; but great 
 care is necessary in giving it fresh every day, or at far- 
 thest each other day. It should never likewise be 
 put up in large quantities, which gives it a disposition 
 to ferment, and turn sour. 
 
 WATERING 
 
 Of horses is a part of their dieting that is not of 
 trifling import. All horses prefer soft water, and it 
 is infinitely more wholesome : so partial are they to 
 it, that a muddy chalky pond is an irresistible stimulus 
 to every horse. It is not a good custom to warm 
 water generally for horses ; but it is a much worse 
 custom to give them water just from a pump or well; 
 and this becomes more pernicious in summer, when 
 well water is, comparatively, colder than in winter, 
 and likewise when a horse is heated by exercise. As 
 some horses drink quicker than others, it is more 
 proper to give them their, water in the stable than at a 
 pond, where they often drink inmioderately. 
 
 The quantity given should be regulated by the ex- 
 ercise aud otlier circumstances. In summer, and when 
 the exercise has been severe, more is necessary. In 
 common cases, a large horse requires rather more than 
 half a pail full, and that three times a day : at night 
 a full pail should be allowed. It is erroneous to sup- 
 
120 
 pose that abstinence from water increases' the v.ind or 
 vigour. Horses should never be galloped after drink- 
 incr — it is the common cause of broken v/ind ; nor 
 
 o 
 
 should horses liave nmch v/ater given before eating : 
 but on a journey, when the animal is very dry, give 
 two quarts ; then feed ; and when that is done, give 
 the remainder of tlie quantity intended. 
 
 DRESSING, OPw GROOMING. 
 
 There are three intentions answered by dressing 
 horses : it cleans them from dust and dirt ; it counter- 
 acts the artificial state of long continued rest and 
 inactivity they are underby their confinement, which 
 it does by exciting the circulation; and, lastly, it 
 gives a beauty and sleekness to the coat. Grooms 
 usually consider only the latter intention; and, as 
 dressing requires much labour, they natn.rally resort 
 to such means as produce a sleek smooth coat with- 
 out the exertion ; and this, experience tells them, is 
 best effected by hoi stables. It is idleness, in fact, which 
 has been the origin of this deviation from nature ; 
 ])ut which, to give it a hold on the good opinion of 
 tlieir masters, grooms assert is intended to add to the 
 health and useful qualities of a liorse. 
 
 But nothing is so absurd, nothing so unnatural, 
 and nothing, but hard \\ ork, is productive of so many 
 evils to this valuable class of animals, as hot stables. 
 Let the advocates for them live for a month (con- 
 fmed as many hours out of the hventy-four as horses 
 are) in the dressing-room of a warm bath : they may 
 become tine and delicate, but their vigour and dura- 
 bility will be lost. Whenever, therefore, aline coat 
 is wanted, let it be gained by proper dressing. I shall 
 not here describe the mode used in dressing a horse ; 
 
1^51 
 
 . it is sufficieutly known : but I must make collateral 
 remarks. The dressing in the stable should, if pos- 
 sible, be avoided, otherwise tlie dust gets among the 
 hay and corn, and falls on the oilier horses, as well as 
 spoils the appointments. The currycomb sliould not 
 be too sharp : some horses become vicious by the use 
 of one too harsh. In autumn, when the coat is thin, 
 avoid currying altogether. No violent correction 
 should be s'uftered, nor any unnecessary tickling. The 
 legs should be rubbed by the groom on his knees, 
 having a whisk of straw in both hands, and the les 
 
 •-/ ■'9 
 
 bet'.veen the two. 
 
 THE FEET. 
 
 The feet are always an object of particular atten- 
 tion with every prudent horseman, and every careful 
 groom. Every morning the feet should be carefully 
 picked and examined. Observe whether the shoes 
 are fast, what state they are in ; whether the clenches 
 are not raised so as to cut the horse, and that the 
 heels are pressing en the foot. Where the feet grow 
 fast, the shoes ought to be removed once in three 
 weeks, whether the shoes are worn or not. A want 
 of attention to this particular, is the ruin of many 
 horses ; ignorant grooms supposing, that because the 
 shoes are not worn out, the hoof wants no alteration. 
 As well might the ploughman, who puts on a heavy- 
 pair of tipped shoes, never cut his toe nails till his 
 shoes wanted renevviiig. The moment a foot be- 
 comes too high, so soon it begins to contract. In hot 
 \\eatiier, |>drticulariy if the feet are naturally of a 
 dry hard kind, tliey should be stopped every niglU. 
 Clay stopping, by getting dry, is not gaod. Cow 
 dung, or even horse dung, is a better sl-ippin:,,. aud i;-^ 
 
rendered particularlv useful if a small quantity of taj- 
 is put into it. Oiiiiig the hoofs is a very bad practice, 
 and certainly renders them brittle ; but the Mix- 
 ture advertised at the end of this book will greatly 
 assist them. Let all the litter be moved from under 
 the fore feet the first thing in the morning ; and if 
 tlie feet should be naturally hard and dry, or tending 
 to contract, then wet the stall ; or, what is better, 
 w rap some thick pieces of cloth around the hoof dip- 
 ped in water. Carefully pick the feet after exercise. 
 Enquire of the smith the convenient time for a horse 
 to be shod : horses sometimes remain many hours in 
 a cold shop, exposed to the tricks or brutality of per- 
 sons around ; but by suiting this operation to the con- 
 venience of the smith, it must be attended to imme- 
 diajtely. After a long journey, it is a very good plan 
 to pull off the shoes, and turn the horse into a loose 
 place witli plenty of litter under him. It recovers 
 the feet very fast; for they suffer, like ourselves, 
 from tender heated feet in summer, or after long ex- 
 ercise, without causing any real disease in them. 
 
 THE APPOINTMENTS OF THE HORSE. 
 
 In attending to these, some things are essential to 
 the health of the horse, others only to the appoint- 
 ments themselves. Of the former kind, is airing 
 evei7 thing belonging to the horse thoroughly, and 
 which is more essential than may be at first imagin- 
 ed. When a horse comes in hot from a journey, his 
 saddle must have absorbed a large quantity of mois- 
 ture : without care, this must remain damp ; and if 
 put on in this state the next day, will very frequently 
 give cold: — the same ofren happens from the body- 
 clothes, and even from the girths. It is a very pro- 
 
123 
 per mode to wear a cloth under the saddle : this can 
 more easily be drie 1, and never can get hard, with a 
 little care. Ilorsc cloths are certainly necessary, as 
 they keep the animals from draughts of air, and 
 from the access of dust to their coats ; but in this, 
 as in the stables, grooms err in point of heat, for 
 their horses are almost always too much cloathed. 
 In summer, a single sheet is fully suthcient ; and in 
 winter, one woollen cloth alone is all that is requisite. 
 Neither hacks nor hunters should have head clothes ; 
 and breast clothes, though ornamental, are some- 
 thing more than useless, for they keep a part, while 
 at rest, warm, which, as soon as the horse goes out, 
 is the part that most meets the air, and is most ex- 
 posed. 
 
 STAG EVIL. 
 I shall waste no more time on this flital complaint 
 than is necessary to make persons acquainted with it 
 when it happens. From long exposure to coid, from 
 a prick, or any wound made into a very tender part, 
 ii horse sometimes becomes rather suddenly stiff in 
 his limbs; his jaws by degrees become set, his ears 
 pricked, his tail cocked, his eyes stare, with the haw 
 partly over them, and he looks animated, but he 
 can hardly move : — this is stag evil, of which not one 
 horse in a thousand recovers ; and, as such, it is, per- 
 haps, always better to relieve tiie suffering animal 
 by putting him to death, than to prolong his misery 
 by fruitless efforts. 
 
 M 2 
 
124 
 STAGGERS. 
 
 This disease is divided by farriers into sleepy and 
 mad. 
 
 lii slcej)}/ staggers a horse is always dozing, and 
 resting bis liead in the manger ; and, if w aked from 
 this state, he soon relapses into it again. 
 
 From this state it sometimes degenerates into a 
 frantic state, when it is called mad staggers: at others, 
 the horse becomes more and more stupid, and at last 
 sinks. 
 
 Bleeding is the principal means of relief to be de- 
 pended on. Four, five, or six quarts should be taken 
 away ; after which a blister may be applied to the top 
 of the head, and a seton or rowel put under the jaws ; 
 the horse should be back-raked, and an opening 
 clyster thrown up ; after v.hlch a diuretic ball may 
 be given, if practicable. In four or five hours the 
 bleeding should be repeated ; and on the following 
 day, if the stupidity is only slightly decreased, it must 
 he again had recourse to, by which means a cure will 
 commonly be obtained. 
 
 31 ad staggers. — \'ery frequently the sleepi/ staggers 
 degenerates, after a few days, into this; at other 
 times mad staggers comes on at once. In this dis- 
 ease the horse is furiously delirious, so as to render it 
 very dangerous to come near him. He should be 
 carefully secured ; and, if possible, either slung, or 
 kept on the ground. Five, six, seven, or even eigiit 
 qi'iaris of blood, according to his size, sJiould be 
 taken away, and which, if necessary, in a few liours, 
 sliould be repeated ; but the first bleeding gives the 
 greatest chance of recovery. If the horse cannot 
 safely be got at, plunge the fleam into the vein,, and 
 
125 
 kt it bleed without any attempt at stopping it : even 
 fainting from the loss of blood v/iil be of no preju- 
 dice. If the horse can be approached, a similar 
 treatment in other respects should be pursued as in 
 the former case. 
 
 STALING PROFUSE. See Diabetes. 
 
 STALING 'DIFFICULT. See Ge avel. 
 
 STOMACHICS. See Cordials. 
 
 STRANGLES. 
 This disease consists in an inflammation of tiie 
 glands under the throat, wliich usually attacks young 
 horses between four and tive years old. These glands 
 commonly proceed to suppuration, and burst ; and 
 during this process the horse is a little dull, has a 
 cough, and a discharge from his nostrils. Some- 
 tunes the disease is not so mild, but is attended 
 with considerable fever and sore throat, and with 
 symptoms of strangulation. In all cases, if a horse is 
 fat and strong, bleeding is proper before the tumour 
 forms matter : but here, when the disease is violent, 
 it is essentially necessary. The bowels should like- 
 wise be opened by raking and clysters, and the swelled 
 glands poulticed, hrst cutting off the hair. If they 
 seem to have a disposition to go back without suppu- 
 ration, suffer them so to do, as it will save the ani- 
 mal a painful disease, and no harm can arise from it. 
 When the throat is so much affected as to prevent 
 the animal swallowing, blister it, by cutting the hah 
 close, and rubbing the 
 
 MS 
 
126 
 
 Blii?;tep.ing Ointment [page l6] dovai the 
 throat, and nesr the brisket. To allay the fever, the 
 
 Cough and Fever Powders [page 19] may be 
 given. The horse should have his head cloathed, 
 and kept generaily v/ariii, v,ith mashes and v.arm v.a- 
 ter allowed ; and in every respect he sh.oirid be treated 
 as a horse in fever. When the glands have formed 
 their mailer, v.hich is known by the increased swell- 
 ing and softness, open with a seton or common lancet, 
 an-d gently press the matter out. 
 
 The horse should now be supported with picked 
 liay, and malt mashes, till the cure is completed. 
 
 STRAINS. 
 >To affection is so much mistaken as that called a 
 strain, nor any comp-Iairit so variously treated. This 
 arises from two sources : the ojie is, considering the 
 tendons, the frequent seat of strains, as elastic sub- 
 stances, put too much on the stretch ; and the other 
 arises from not considering strains as having two 
 stages,— one composed of inflammation, and ano- 
 ther of the debility left in the part from the effects 
 of the inflammation, and of the violence. A strain 
 is an unnatural extension of an elastic part, and a 
 rupture of an inelastic part : now the muscles may 
 be relaxed, but the tendons, perhaps, are seldom or 
 ever extended ; but more usually their sheaths have 
 ?;ome of their connections, or perhaps some of their 
 fibres, ruptured. The treatment is the same in 
 either case ; for infiammation always follows a strain, 
 and the part becomes hotter and 'larger than usual ; 
 this must, therefore, be treated as other inflamma- 
 tions : the horse should be bled when it is violent; he 
 
127 
 sliouki be allowed perfect rest, and his bowels opened. 
 The Emhrocatlon for Strains and Lamenesses [page 
 18] should be constantly kept on the part, till its 
 heat and swelling are reduced : when this is the case, 
 exercise must be gradually made use of; and, if any 
 lameness remains, the part must be considered as in 
 \^i\e second state of strains, and nmst be strengthened. 
 An excellent application for this purpose is tiie 
 
 Liquid Sweating Blister [page 17], rubbed 
 well into the part night and morning, or the fol- 
 lowing: 
 
 Sal ammoniac, crude, .one ounce. 
 ' Vinegar .one pint. 
 
 Should lameness still remain, a regular blister may 
 be applied ; and if this also fails, firmg is often useful, 
 as it forms an artificial bandage to the part. 
 
 SUDORIFICS or SWEATS. See Altebatives. 
 
 SURFEIT 
 
 Is what every body talks of, but what no one can 
 exactly describe; it is, something like a cold, a con- 
 venient term for any disease of the skin that appears 
 under no regular form, and has no assignable cause. 
 V/hat, however, is most generally understood by this 
 name is a disease of the skin, appearing in small 
 tp.mours, or bumps, under the hair ; frequently the 
 effect of perspiration suddenly checked, and as sud- 
 denly promoted. It is readily removed by the 
 
 Alterative Condition Powders [page 18], 
 and by the loss of two or three quarts of blood. 
 
V2S 
 THOROUGH PIN. 
 When t!ie mucous reservoirs that lubricate ihe 
 hock Joint from great exertion become enlarged be- 
 tween its point and ply, so as to be seen on the inner 
 and outer sides, the enlargement is called a thorough 
 pin. Like spavin, it seldom lames, unless very consi- 
 derable; and, like that, Vvlien it does, the cure is 
 seldom more than temporary. A mild blister may be 
 tried, and, if it does not remove it, pressure may 
 be made use of by a bolster on each side of the hock, 
 directly over the swelling, fastened on by nieans of a 
 coarse worsted stockuig drawn over the hock. 
 
 THRUSH, RUNNING. 
 This disease consists of a running of stinking matter 
 from the cleft of the frog. In many horses it proves 
 very obstinate of cure, and this is particularly the 
 case in contracted feet ; hence it is reasonable to infer 
 that this is one cause of thrush : another appears to be 
 the standing in hot fermenting litter; and of this kind 
 is that rotten thrush that often attacks the hind feet, 
 increasing till it eats away the w hole frog, making the 
 foot hollow, and at last degenerating into canker. 
 Common running thrush is, howevei-, more frequent 
 in the fore feet, because those hoofs are more liable 
 to contraction. There is hardly any opinion relative to 
 horses more general than that the aiiiection of the feet 
 called Thrmhea does no harm ; many even suppose 
 that they do good, by drawing humours from the eyes 
 or other parts. Considering how much the general 
 knowledge of the horse is improved, and how much 
 the medical treatment of the animal is now attended 
 to, it is a matter of very great surprise that so very 
 
V29 
 *ross and palpable an error shculd be suffered to re- 
 main predominant, to the utter destruction of many 
 hundred horses annually. There is no circumstance 
 in the whole animal economy that I am more perfectly 
 convinced of,than that there never was a harmlessThrush 
 existing in a horse's foot; for the moment a Thrush 
 attacks a foot, so certainly that foot begins to contract: 
 and there are several reasons why this must necessarily 
 be the case. In the first place, by its destroying the 
 frog, it destroys the very pad nature placed to keep 
 the heels apart ; and, in the next place, the heat that 
 necessarily accompanies the inflammation, always pre- 
 sent when there is a Thrush, naturally inclines ti;e 
 horn inwards, and hence contracts the heels. The 
 tenderness likewise brought on by Thrushes gives 
 great pain to horses in travelling, and frequently brings 
 them to the ground on treading on sharp stones, &c. 
 Thrushes may always be considered as merely local, 
 and never constitutional, for they are never observed 
 in an unbroke colt who has remained at grass ; conse- 
 quently no harm can ever arise from stopping them ; but 
 harm always arises from sufiering ihem to remain ; 
 nor do they ever come on until a horse has been 
 stabled and suffered to remain on hot or w et litter, or 
 tliat his feet have began to contract ; for as Thrushes 
 are sometimes the cause of contracted feet, so in 
 other instances they are the consequence of contrac- 
 tion, which by making the heels press on the frog in- 
 flames it, and hence it takes on the secretion of pus 
 instead of horn. Every Thrush, therefore, should be 
 immediately stopped : any drying astringent substance 
 applied will dry up the oozing of matter ; but there 
 are few substances that will heal the foot from th^-boi- 
 
130 
 torn of the frog. Among the iwdny things applied, 
 any of the following will be found proper : Tincture 
 of mynh poured in ; or a mixture of white vitriol, 
 alum, and sugar of lead, say one dram of each in a pint 
 of water. A better mixture is tar and salt, ink 
 pouved in will sometimes stop the Thrush. I have 
 tried innumerable articles and iiiuuii.ei able compounds : 
 but for the last five years I have invariably applied the 
 Mixture mentioned in page 20, and v ith invariable suc- 
 cess, it beii:g the oiAy application that I have found 
 that will radically cure the complaint. 
 Mode of AppUcation. 
 ^\hen the frog is become very rotten, the cure 
 should be began by taking away all the rotten dead 
 pieces to the ver\ bottom; and if the foot is high, 
 that should also be taken down, and the heels should 
 not be suficred to press in on the irog, !iut cleaned away. 
 Alter this the surface of the frog should be smeared 
 over \mX\\ the Mixture ; but more particularly a small 
 piece of tow should be dipped in the Mi?.tare, and 
 with a pointed skewer or (.ther tliin mstinment it 
 should be pressed gently down into the cleft of the 
 frog to tlie bottom. The same should be done to 
 e^ery other crack in the fiog that may exist, as is 
 frequently the case on each side of it where it unites 
 with the heels. In a very mild Thrush there is no- 
 thing more than an oozing of matter from the cleft of 
 the frog, in which case notliing more is necessary than 
 to introduce a small piece of tow or rag smeared with 
 the Mixture (but toy/ is preferable) into the cleft of the 
 frog, neatly uitroducing it all, so that no parts hang 
 out ; by this uieans it will remain secure two or three 
 days. The application should be repeated according 
 
131 
 to circuiiistaiices ; in very bad cases once a day, in 
 others evei-y other day ; and where the complauit is 
 very trifling, twice a week will be sufficient. 
 
 WIND, BROKEN. 
 
 If the appearances that usually precede this com- 
 plaint are attended to in the early state, it may some- 
 times be prevented, but never, I believe, is cured 
 when coniirmed. Broken wind is often occasioned by 
 a severe cold remaining some time, or being improper- 
 ly treated ; or from a horse behig exercised violently 
 during it : it is brought on by the foolisii custom of 
 riding hard after taking water, or after a full meal. 
 Horses who feed grossly, and eat their litter, become 
 so. It is generally preceded by a pursiveness and 
 cough, which is most troublesome in the morning, 
 and likewise after eating and drinking. Bleeding, 
 moderately, must be the iirst means male use of; 
 after which a dose of mercurial piiysic sliould be 
 given; and when this is set, a course of the 
 
 Cough Balls [page 15] should be tried; but, 
 siiould they not succeed, recourse may be had to the 
 following : 
 
 Extract of hemlock .one dram. 
 
 Opium, and tartar emetic, of each, one dram. 
 
 Anisated balsam of sulphur half an ounce. 
 
 Make into a ball. Give one every or every other 
 morning. ^ '^ 
 
 When broken v.ind is become complete, ik^tredU 
 meat may yet be so conducted as to be palliative. 
 Little water should be given; the hay and corn 
 should be of the oldest and best quality, and given 
 in moderate quaistities frequently. 
 
132 
 Mixed food, as bran, chaff, d:c. should not be 
 given in this disease ; but chopped carrots are often 
 found serviceable. If a journey is to be attempted 
 on a broken-winded horse, any oily duid poured 
 down the throat will assist the breathing during that 
 dav. 
 
 WIND, THICK. 
 
 The foregoing treatment applies equally to thick 
 wind ; only here, if the com})laint is not of long 
 standing, the addition of a blister to the throat is 
 sometimes of considerable service. The 
 
 Liquid Sweating Blister [page 17] rubbed 
 into the throat, half way down the neck, every morn- 
 ins^ and evening, for three or four days, will answer 
 the end. Here, likewise, there is greater relief to be 
 hoped from a course of the 
 
 Cough Balls [page 15] continued sometime. 
 
 WINDGALLS. 
 
 Motion requires, in most instances, a fiuid to take 
 off the effects of friction : the friction of the bones is 
 prevented by the joint oil, and that of tlie tendons 
 by little bags containing a very slippery mucus. Now, 
 as motion increases, so this mucus increases; and 
 hence, in very hard-worked horses, these bags become 
 very much enlarged in the neighhvourhocd of consider- 
 able* tendons. It is these preternaturally enlarged 
 mucous capsules that form what are termed ivindgalls, 
 but which do not lame, unless they become so large 
 as to press on any of the parts, and impede their 
 f nictions ; but they always shew the effe<'t of consider- 
 able exertion, and hence evince the luibiiity to future 
 
133 
 lameness. It has been recommended to open tlie|)i, 
 and in the hands of a skilful operator it might perhaps 
 be attended with seme success ; but the operation is 
 hazardous, particularly in the hind legs, and still more 
 in capsules about the hock. I would, in preference, 
 recommend pressure, with absolute rest for some 
 time. A small bolster should be so formed as exact- 
 ly to apply over the windgall, without slipping from 
 off it, and which should be kept in its situation by 
 . means of a strong worsted stocking sewed around ; 
 but no very tight bandage should be used. At the 
 same time, this bandage and bolster should be kept 
 constantly wet with the Embrocation for Stj^ams. By 
 these means, continued for a month or six weeks, the 
 contents of the windgall, or sac, will become absorb- 
 ed, and moderate exercise will keep them down ; 
 though, it n^ust be remarked, they will be likely to 
 return to their former size, on hard work. 
 
 A more quick mode of treatuient is blistering them, 
 and which is often attended with good effects, especi- 
 ally if followed by a run at grass. But in cases where 
 neither the one nor the other of tliese plans can be 
 pursued, from the horse being fiequtntly wanted, 
 the windgalled liiiib may be constantly bathed, after 
 the horse returns from his work, with the 
 
 Embrocation? for Strains and Lamenesses 
 [page IS], and then bandaged up with an elastic 
 roller made of strong fiannel ; by wh'cli ir;eaLS they 
 will slowly amend, or, at ail events, their increase will 
 be prevented. 
 
 VrORMS. 
 Worms produce a large belly, voracious appetite, 
 
134 
 liot foetid brcatli, a frequent looking towards the 
 sides, and sometimes a striking of them with the hin- 
 der foot; but, more particularly, the horse looks 
 unthrifty, his hair stairs, and is dry ; and though 
 his belly may be large and hard, the rest of his 
 carcass is lean. Bots are a short round worm, and 
 inhabit the stomach ; and unless they exist in pro- 
 digious quantities, which is sometimes the case, they 
 do not often do so much mischief as is supposed. 
 There is a dark round worm, longer tlwu bots, in- 
 habiting the large intestines, and w'lich are apt to do 
 more mischief ; there is likewise, but less frequently, 
 a long round worm similar to those found in chil- 
 dren. Horses are subject also, now and then, to 
 the small ascarides, or thread-worm, which com- 
 monly confine themselves to the rectum, or last gut, 
 and occasion an intolerable itching of the tail. 
 
 Worms are known to exist not only by the fore- 
 going symptoms, but likewise by the presence of a 
 yellow matter at the anus, which horses having 
 worms are seldom without. 
 
 All worms are very dithcult to destroy. Bots can 
 7;ardly be killed, even out of the stomach. Salt has 
 been said to destroy them ; or, rather, that horses 
 who have had salt now and then sprinkled in their 
 food have never been troubled with them. The 
 mineral poisons, as mercury, arsenic, &:c., have 
 been thought to kill them; but the effect is un- 
 certain. 
 
 The other kinds are also as nearly as difficult of re- 
 moval; but here mechanical means may be em- 
 ployed to more advantage, that is, the juices of the 
 intestines mav be rendered unhealthy by a course of 
 
\'35 
 medicines, Vviiich loosening them from the surround- 
 ing mucus, tbev come a'.vay by purging the horse. 
 Bitters, simply as bitters, cannot destroy worms; 
 for these animals live in the most acrid bitter we 
 Ij_now, — the bile : but a course of aloes in small quan- 
 tities, as a dram a day, till purging is produced, has 
 proved useful. 
 
 The cure of worms is nov>', however, reduced to a 
 matter of certainty, by a discovery originating entirely 
 with the author of these pages. The Worm Pow- 
 ders [page 19] are compounded of a substance un- 
 known but to the proprietor, and he believes the only 
 substance in existence capable of killhig v> orms with- 
 out at all injuring the constitution. 
 
 WOUNDS. 
 
 The wounds of abscesses, ulcers, &c., have been 
 considered in their several places; but by wounds 
 here, is meant accidental laceration. A wide gaping 
 wound, made with a sharp cutting instrument, should 
 be closed up with stitches, one to evtry inch of 
 fiesh. These st itclies should take in a portion of fiesh, 
 as well as skin, to hold them together, and they should 
 not be too tight. Over this closed wound a double 
 cloth, wet with a saturnine wash, should be placed; 
 and if the wound is in a situation likely to be influ- 
 enced by motion, a bandage must be carried over the 
 whole. When matter appears, dress with any simple 
 ointment, and keep the surface from the air, but do 
 not bind it tightly up. 
 
 When a wound is much torn, or bruised, stitches 
 are better avoided. In this case the part should be 
 well VN ashed with warm water, if it is suspected any 
 
 N 2 
 
136 
 
 (III t, or other extraneous substance, is \\ ithii3. Wari« 
 fomeatgtions should tbee be made use of for the 
 first day or two, repeated every four or five hours, 
 after which the part rcay be dressed with yellow basi- 
 licoii ; or it may be washed (instead of fon)ented) 
 ^¥15 h the foUowing: 
 
 Spirit of turp-entine half an ounce. 
 
 Tincture of nivrrh .one ounce. 
 
 Opodeldoc two ounces. 
 
 When this complicated wound runs good matter, 
 firess with common ointment, guarding it from the 
 
 
A 
 
 DOMESTIC TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 DISEASES OF DOGS 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF EVERY DISEASE 
 To which they are generally Halle, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 MODE OF CURE: 
 
 Being the Kesult of nearly Twenty Years' diligent Attention to the 
 Subject. 
 
 TOGETHEK WITH A 
 
 VERY COPIOUS DETAIL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SYMPTOMS AND PROGRESS 
 
 "WITH A 
 
 Prevenilue Remedy both for the Human and Bnite, 
 BY DELABERE BLAINE. 
 
 1810. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 JlT is nov some years sijice the First 
 Etlilion of this Domestic Treatise on the 
 Diseases of Dogs made its appearance; since that 
 time it has passed tbrough several large editions, but 
 to which no aiteration or addition was made, partly 
 from a want of time and opportunity, but pvijicipally 
 because it was intended to separate the Treatise on 
 Horses from that on Dogs. But though this has not 
 been deemed expedient in this instance, yet it will 
 be ft»und that the present work is enlarged beyond all 
 comparison, and rendered iuiinitely more complete 
 than the former work. Many years' very extensive 
 practice have elapsed since the first appearance of the 
 former. In no year have I seen and examined less 
 than from two to three thousand sick dogs ; and as, 
 in every instance wliere it was in my power, the dis- 
 ease has been followed up to its termination, tlie effects 
 of the various remedies tried and noted, and every al- 
 teration in the complaint minutely attended to, so it 
 must naturally be supposed that the remarks resulting 
 from such a practice must be curious, and, to the 
 lovers of dogs, not uninteresting : nevertheless, at a 
 future time, 1 contemplate ja very full and complete 
 work en this suljject, though the completion of it 
 will probably be deferred for some years. I propose 
 that work to be a complete detail of medical practice, 
 N3 
 
13S 
 described in a manner nerer yet attempted : it will be 
 a complete dictionary of symptoms, and so conducted 
 as not only to describe in full every discovery I have 
 made, but fully to enable every person to discover 
 the disease of their ov/n dog, and as successfully to 
 combat it as myself. 
 
 As I am the first person in this country who has 
 paid any attention to the diseases of dogs on scientific 
 principles, it will be considered as little less than a Her- 
 culean task to have brought a knowledge of their nu- 
 merous complairsts to the perfection it has been ; and 
 when it is considered that not a line has ever been 
 ^^ritten on the subject that could give a single hint 
 worth notice, the following pages will be viewed as a 
 proof of industry and faithful attention to an im- 
 portant subject. 
 
 Having been educated as a medical man, and by 
 the liberality of my relations having been enabled to 
 embrace all the advantages that an attendance on 
 numerous lectures, and a considerable residence at 
 one of the first hospitals in London, could afford ; 
 and having afterwards practised with some success as 
 a surgccn, both privately and in the army, it greatly 
 offend'jd ir.y relations, as well as surprised my friends 
 and acquaintance, that I should stoop, as they con- 
 sidered it, to study and practise oa the diseases of 
 animals : but, above all, my attention to the diseases 
 of dogs has given offence to some, and occasioned sur- 
 prise in others. Till the estabhshment of the Vete- 
 rinary College, and the practice of the veterinary art 
 by men of education and respectability, farriery was 
 deemed a low and servile pursuit ; but at present, by 
 a retrograde step towards enlarged reasoning, it has be- 
 
139 
 come ranked among the liberal arts: for, though its 
 practice is of sufficient importance to ennoble its 
 practitioners, it was not till the situation, manners, 
 and character of some of these practitioners had con- 
 ferred a portion of dignity on tlie subject itself, that 
 it \v as even creditable to seem to understand it. 
 
 Precisely as farriery or veterinary medicine then 
 was situated, a curative practice on the diseases of 
 dogs now stands. A person practising on tliese ani- 
 mals has hitherto been considered as follov»ing a very 
 mean pursuit ; and the very term of dog doctor con- 
 veys an idea remote from gentility: but it is not the 
 unwortliiness of the pursuit, but the kind of persons 
 w ho have hitherto followed it, that has made it so. 
 I believe no one will dispute the value of dogs : com- 
 mon humanity dictates the necessity of alleviating 
 their distresses; and their faithful attachment to man- 
 kind clahns not only the exertion of our humanity, 
 but the full efforts of our gratitude and afiection. 
 And though, in real utility, they are subordinate to 
 the horse, they are, in many points, more essential 
 to our immediate comfort; and are certainly, bv 
 their domestic habits, connected to us by much more 
 winning ties. 
 
 If, then, they are so valuable, and if it is our duty 
 to attend as well to their sick as their healthy mo- 
 ments (which it undoubtedly is, for it is the life of 
 art we have subjected them to that has entailed dis- y- 
 ease upon them), surely those who improve this 
 branch of the healing art deserve attention, and not 
 reprobation. But, in the first instance, it must, iu 
 this as in farriery, be the respectability of the practi- 
 tioner that must rescue the pursuit from ignomin\ ; 
 
140 
 and afterwards, as the ideas of muukind become 
 more liberal and extended, and the public eye opens 
 on the necessity and utility of the subject, the art 
 will then not only bear itself up, but even add re- 
 spectability to its practitioners. In every country the 
 practice of medicine, in all its branches, iias been 
 esteemed a liberal and nob'e pui suit ; and it has al- 
 wavs been deeniCd necessary that its professors should 
 possess refined nianvjers and extensive education. The 
 study of medicine embraces a great variety of sub- 
 jects, and is necessarily divided into a great nundier of 
 parts ; and as greater individual improvements can 
 be made by devoting the attention to one of these 
 parts than to the whole, so it lias given rise to the 
 various medical occupations of physician, surgeon, 
 apothecary, mid^vife, veterinarian, <S:c. Animais are 
 healed by the same means as ourselves; hence their 
 treatment is only a branch of the healing art: and 
 though, for the above reasons, this branch is usually 
 pursued alone, yet it is equally a part of a grerft and 
 noble whole, v,liich, as its attainment m.ust be ac- 
 complished by the same means, jso it siiouid be pur- 
 sued by similar persons, namely, those of education 
 and refinement. 
 
 If, therefore, dogs, as being faithful, deserve our 
 gratitude ; if, as being generous and brave, they me- 
 rit our protection ; and if, as being useful, they call 
 for our utmost care ; it is evident, that whatever de- 
 velopes the means of preserving them in health and 
 curing their diseases ; whatever tends to improve their 
 condition, and make them more subservient to our 
 use, must be a useful and even a noble pmsuit : for 
 
141 
 
 it has for its object (that which only truly ennobles 
 any one) — universal philanthropy, and general utility. 
 I have, from my attention to this subject, been 
 taxed V itii a want of coaunon and proper pride. I 
 beJieve it might not be diliicult to prove that ihis very 
 ])ride v,onId be a sufficient motive, independeiit of a 
 strong affection for the animal in question, to stimu- 
 late some persons to the pursuit ; for in human me- 
 dicine there are so many ingenious practitioners, that 
 thete is little chance of rising to superior eminence : 
 in the attention, likewise, to the diseases of horses, 
 an individual has also too many cotemporaries to be 
 able greatly to signalize himself; but the diseases of 
 dogs otier aa unbeaten track : and here the practi- 
 tioner may start alone and unrivalled, and for some 
 time, at least, is likely to reap his honours and emo- 
 luments undisturbed. And, for myself, I nmst own, 
 that I think it more satisfactory to stand tirst even in 
 a subordinate pursuit, than unnoticed in a superior 
 one. 
 
DISEASES OF DOGS. 
 
 iLJOGS are much more nearly allied t« 
 ourselves in constitution than either horses, oxen, or 
 sheep ; hence their diseases are more like our own ; 
 and living, as (hey do with us, a life of art, their 
 diseases become not only very numerous, but very 
 mixed and irregular. This places their medical treat- 
 ment V. ithout the reach of the conunon farrier ; and 
 even tlie veterinarian, who follows analogy only, 
 without a particular attention to the structure, oeco- 
 noiiry, habits, and manners of the dog, will hnd 
 himself totally at a loss in the same ; and though the 
 similarity of their constitutions, from their eating, 
 like us, mixed food, and being immediately domes- 
 ticated With us, gives their diseases a reseniblance 
 to our own, yet the great difference in their mode 
 of expressing these di&eases, and the peculiar eiTect 
 that some medicines have on them, render the hu- 
 man surgeon, wi'^hout a decided attention to the 
 subject, perfectly incapable of aclirg from analogy : 
 independent of vv'hich, dogs have several specific dis- 
 eases equally unknown to horses, or ourselves. 
 
 Without a very strict and very extended attention 
 to the subject, no one would be aware how very nu- 
 merous are the diseases of these animals. Rheuma- 
 tism, both chronic and acute, is very common among 
 them, I liave seen an affection producing chalk- 
 stones in the joints of the toes, not unlike human 
 
143 
 gout. PieurisY destroys many of Ihera ; and inflam- 
 mations of the stomach, bowels, and kidneys, are 
 not unfrequent. They are subject likewise to con- 
 sumptions, and are not free from the whole train of 
 nervous affections, as apoplexy, lethargy, spasm, 
 palsy, epilepsy, &.c. Disienrrrtr, worms, and manoje, 
 are too well known to need comment. 
 
 The distiaguishing the diseases of dogs, and the 
 proper mode of treatment, are not the only dilncul- 
 ties to be overcome ; but how to administer the re- 
 medy, whe-A the others are evident, is often a very 
 serious ditliculty. Now and then, dogs prove very 
 refractory; bur. in the greater number of cases, me- 
 dicines may easily be given to them : to a large 
 dog, not less tlian three persons are often requisite. 
 In general cases, ho.vever, two persons can manage it 
 readily in the follcv/ing njanner : Place the dog up- 
 right on his hind legs between the knees of a seated 
 person, with h's back towards the person ; then apply 
 a napkii around his neck and shoulders behind, 
 bringing it over his lore legs, and securing it by the 
 knees of the person holding the dog ; by this means 
 his fore legs cannot act against the medicme. The 
 jaws being now opened by the person between whose 
 knees he is, a second attendant now holds the tongue 
 down with one hand, and with the other places the 
 medicine on the root of the tongue ; when his mouth 
 being closed, and kept so by the hands, it is of ne- 
 cessity sv.allowed. Nutriment may be given in a si- 
 milar manner. 
 
 Dogs in sickness must be attended to with the 
 same care tha* a child requires : whatever is worth 
 doing at all, is worth doing well ; and if dogs d%- 
 
 ^*>.. 
 
14 t 
 serve any attention, they must deserve good atten- 
 tion, and humanitj dciiiaiids that our utmost ex- 
 ertions should be bestowed to relieve them ; and if 
 ill a state of health they are allowed to come near 
 the lire, to sleep vvarni, to be caressed, and to eat 
 good food, — in sickness Ihcy require still more: and 
 ^vlien, merely to avoid trouble, they are in this case 
 confined in a cold room, or outhouse, attended by 
 a neglectful servant, without solace, and v.ith cold 
 food and water alone, neither can we expect their 
 recovery, or answer to our own minds their deaths. 
 Dogs are very irritable ; and though it may seem an 
 aftectation of tenderness, it is yet a very necessary 
 caution, that, when tl ey are ill, their minds should 
 be soothed by every means in our power, or tlieir 
 complaint, in many ijistances, will be greatly ag- 
 gravated. I have seen a sick dog fall into convul- 
 sions at the Uxomeniary sight of a dead one ; and I 
 have many times witnessed an angry w^rd spoken to 
 a healthy dog have the above effect on a sick one, 
 who was near. Joy and surprise will produce the 
 same. A dog, under my care, who was rapidly re- 
 covering from a lingering illness, was visited by a 
 servant, of whom the animal was particularly fond : 
 on seeing this servant, he at once fell into convulsions, 
 and never afterv> ards recovered from them ; and 
 this I have seen frequently liappen. So great is the 
 gratitude and attachment of these animals, and so 
 feelingly alive are they to kindness, that even in 
 death they are not unmindful of their benefactors. 
 A large setter, who, after being tenderly nursed in 
 distem.per for three weeks, had lain on a bed for 
 three days in a dying situation, without the ability 
 
14.5 
 to rise; — a lady, who had been very attentive td 
 him, on entering the room after a short absence, 
 observed him to fix his eyes attentively on her, and 
 make an eftui t to crawl across tie bed towards ^er : 
 this he accomplished, evidently for the sole pur- 
 pose of licking her hands ; which having done, he 
 expired without a groan. I am as convinced that 
 the animal was sensible of liis approaching dissolu- 
 tion, and that this was a last forcible eilort to ex- 
 press his gratitude for the care taken of him, as I 
 am of my own existence ; and had I never witnessed 
 but this proof of excellence alone, I should tiiink a 
 life devoted to the melioration of their situation far 
 too little for their deserts. 
 
 Being engaged on a subject, in which I profess 
 myself an enthusiast, I beg to be indulged in one 
 more story, to which, though 1 was not, as in the 
 above instance, a witness, yet, from the authority 
 on which I received it, I can venture to unsv^er for 
 its autlieiiticity. In the parish of St. Olave, Tooley 
 Street, Borough, tlie church -yard is wholly detached 
 from the church, and surrounded with high build- 
 ings, so as to be w holly inaccessible but by one large 
 close gate. 
 
 A poor tailor, in this pari.>!i, dying, left a small 
 cur-dog inconsolable for his loss. The little animal 
 would not leave the dead body, not even for food ; 
 and whatever he ate was forced to be placed in the 
 same room with the corpse. When the body was re- 
 moved ibr burial, this faithful attendant followed 
 the coitin. After the funeral, he was bunted out of 
 the church-yard by the sexton, who, on going to 
 ring the morning bell the next day, again found tlie 
 O 
 
146 
 animal, who bad made his way hy some unaccounb- 
 able means into the church-yard, and had dug him- 
 self a bed on the grave of his master : again be was 
 hunted out, and again found in tl.e same situation 
 the following day. The minister of the parish now 
 hearing of the circumstance, had him caught, taken 
 home, and fed, and by every m.eans endeavoured 
 to win his aftections : but they were wedded to his 
 late master ; and, in consequence, he took the fsrst 
 opportunity to escape, and regain his lonely situation. 
 With true benevolence, the worthy clergyman per- 
 mitted him to follow the bent of his inclinations ; 
 but, to soften the rigour of his fate, he built him on 
 the grave a small kennel, which was replenished once 
 a dav with food and water. Two years did this 
 example of fidelity pass in this manner, when deatli 
 put an end to his griefs ; and the extended philan- 
 thropy of the good clergyman allowed his remains 
 an asvlum with his beloved m.aster. 
 
 Vvarmth is always congenial to the feelings of 
 dogs ; but in sickness it is even more necessary than 
 fresh air : their diseases are very apt to end in con- 
 vulsions, if they are not kept warm. 
 
 Liberal feeding is essentially necesary in most dis- 
 eases to which dogs are liable : living, like ourselves, 
 a hfe of art, their complaints are most of them those 
 of weakness ; that is, under disease, they seldom can 
 bear to be much lowcrt d : there are cases, however, 
 as active inflammation, v^here a cooling plan only 
 can be proper. When dogs are very weak, their 
 stomachs cannot digest meat, even if they willingly 
 eat it : but in these cases they receive more nutriment 
 from broth, jelly, &c., but most of all from gruel ; 
 f<jr broth often purges, but gruel never. They must 
 
147 
 be enticed to eat likewise by the sairie little arts we 
 use to persuade sick children to take nourishment ; 
 for they are, under these circumstances, to the full as 
 fickle, and as fanciful. A steak very nicely dressed 
 will entice them frequently ; and pork, ia many cases, 
 when no other meat will. Raw meat, or meat that 
 is nearly so, will often entice dogs to eat when every 
 thing beside fails; and the most delicate dogs, who 
 have in vain been solicited with every dainty, will 
 often eat voraciously of horse flesh. Broiled or 
 roasted meat is always taken in preference to boiled, 
 and is more nutritive. Game bones ^\ili often be 
 taken even by sporting dojs, when every thing beside 
 is refused. But in all cases of sickness, wheu a dog 
 obstinately refuses to eat, he must be forced ; and 
 the best food for this purpose is thick oatmeal gruel, 
 poured down by means of a butter-boat. In cases 
 requiring cordials, ale may be mixed with the gruel, 
 or even wine in some instances, as in putrid diseases ; 
 but wine must be given with caution, as it is apt to in- 
 flame the bowels. 
 
 Cleanliness is not only essential to the health, but 
 to the comfort of dogs, and in sickness is refreshing 
 to them. 
 
 Not only are dogs improperly treated in sickness, 
 but the means of preserving them in health are not 
 sufficiently attended to. The want of exercise is a 
 great cause of disease among dogs : by this means 
 they become mangy, get obstinate coughs, canker 
 ill tlie ears, and cancerous swellings, or they become 
 absolutely choaked witii lat. The not })ermittiRg 
 the females to breed is in them a fruitful source of 
 disease : — cancers along the Ime of the teats originate 
 
 O 2 
 
148 
 from this ; obesity, foul coats, and cankers in the 
 eitr, likewise are brought on by this neglect. Vo- 
 niit'mg is a natural act in dogs, and they purposely 
 excite it in themselves by eating dog-grass ; but where 
 they are conliued, as in great cities, from the want of 
 this natural cleanser, they fall into disease. An art;- 
 ficial vomit, therefore, is very proper to be given now 
 •and then, and will greatly tend to prevent disease. 
 This subject may be seen treated on more at length 
 under the article Emetics. 
 
 Costiveness is a great cause of disease in dogs : all 
 animals living on flesh require very active exercise 
 to carry oif the contents of the bow els ; when, there- 
 for<^., dogs cannot be regularly exercised, they should 
 have some vegetable food ; or, if this cannot be 
 given, they should now and tlien have an artificial 
 purge. See the article Physic. 
 
 ALTERATIVES. 
 
 There are many states in which there is no very 
 :?erious disease, and yet a sufficient remove from health 
 to make some alteration in tlie constitution necessary : 
 w hen this is the case, the end may in general be an- 
 swered by alttratives. There is also frequently some 
 actual disease existing, whose remove is best effected 
 by the slow gradual alteration that is brought about 
 in the constitution by what are from this circumstance 
 termed alteratives. Hence, excessive fatness, chronic 
 coughs, fits, glandular s\<ctlings, mange, surfeits, v!lc. 
 <\c. arc best attacked by these sorts of remedies. 
 
 Various substances are used as alteratives, as anti- 
 monials, the various preparations of mercury, nitre, 
 cream of tartar, aloes, common salt. Tartar emetic 
 is a verv useful alterative in the chronic usthniatic 
 
149 
 cough to which dogs are very subject, given as au 
 emetic once or tvvice a week in a dose of from one 
 grain to three. James's powder, in doses of double 
 the foregoing quantity, may be given with the same 
 intent. Crude antimony will be found useful in dis- 
 eases of the skin ; but it is subject to one inconve- 
 nience, which is, that it is very uncertain in its ope- 
 ration : that is, some dogs will bear a very consider- 
 able dose, while others cannot bear a very small one 
 without most violent and dangerous sickness. The ge- 
 neral dose is from jialf a scruple to half a dram, or two 
 scruples. Nitre is a very useful alterative to dogs in 
 hot itciiing humours and redness of the skin, in doses 
 ofiive grains to a scruple. Cream of tartar may be 
 given in similar doses in tlie same cases. Ail the pre- 
 parations of mercury require great caution when given 
 constantly as alteratives. Dogs are very easily sali- 
 vated, and salivation produces very hurtful effects on 
 tlienj, tiieir teeth seldom becoming clean ever after ; 
 and tliose dogs lose their teeth very early, and their 
 breath also continues in general ofi^ensive through 
 life. 1 have observed that quadrupeds in general are 
 more easily affected by mercury than hu^'nan subjects. 
 Horses are particularly easily salivated ; but saliva- 
 tion, though very violent and distressing in its effects 
 on them, does not appear to leave any hurtful conse- 
 quences. The whole of the feline tribe are also most 
 easily affected by mercury. 1 was desired to inspect 
 the very large lion that so long graced Pidcock's me- 
 nagerie. It may be remembered by many, that this 
 uoble annual constantly had his tongue hanging with- 
 out his mouth, which arose from his having been iii- 
 judiciously salivated, some years ago, by some nier- 
 03 
 
1.50 
 curiul preparation apidied by the keeper for the cure 
 of mange. Calomel is vi^ry irregular in its action on 
 dogs : I have seen ten grains fail of opening the 
 bowels of even a sniall one, while I have been called 
 in to see a poiiiter fatally poisoned by the same dose. 
 Even ulien intended merely as a j)urgative, it \^ ill fre- 
 quently hardly irritate the bowels, but very fully irri- 
 tate the mouth. Sulphur is tiie article most generaily 
 given to dogs as an alterative in domestic })ractice ; 
 but it is, I believe, ahnost wlioily inert and useless. 
 There is nothing in vvliich persons' keeping dogs are 
 more deceived than in their opinions of the eiiicacy of 
 sulphur as an alterative. It is a very coriunon practice to 
 put a roll of brinistone into the pans from whence dogs 
 drink their water ; and from the virtues which this 
 is to impart to the v. ater, they expect to keep tiieir 
 dogs in iicaith: but so completely iuso]jd)le in vvater 
 is brimstone in this state, that a roll of it would not 
 lose ten grains of its weight in ten years, though con- 
 stantly kept hi water ; or would it becojne in the least 
 altered in its quality. Sulpimr in general passes 
 through the bowels as it was taken in without being 
 in the least altered, or v, ithout being taken into the 
 system. In some cases it proves slightly purgative ; 
 but in tiiis resj)ect it is very uncertain. 
 
 But tiie best alteratives for dogs are those which 
 are judiciously compounded of several articles that do 
 not chemically interfere with each other. The com- 
 pound I in general adm.inister and recommend (page 
 2-2) I can with truth aftlrm to be a most excellent al- 
 terative in mange, and all eruptive complahits. It 
 greatly assists the use of external applications in de- 
 tided maiige: in slight cases is equal to the cure 
 
151 
 alone, and is peculiarly useful in preventing the re- 
 currence of the complaint. It keeps dogs cool, and 
 obviates the ill eifects of animal food, and of confine- 
 ment. In s}>orting dogs it is very useful, giving them 
 wind, and increasing their scent, by cleansing their 
 blood ; for no dog will scent whose blood is tainted 
 with mange or other foulness : this is most certain. 
 These Alterative Powders prevent accumu- 
 lation of fat, of milk ; tbey prevent also the coring of 
 the milk in the teats, and wheezing in the breast. All 
 fat dogs, especially those who are confmed much, 
 should have regular recourse to alteratives to* keep 
 them in health. Dogs with mange of long sranding, 
 those with cankered ears, or chronic asthmatic 
 coughs, swelled necks, or cored teats ; all these can 
 only be cured by a regular course of alteratives. 
 
 ASTHMA. 
 
 Dogs are very subject to a fixed chronic cough, 
 which, however it may not answer in all its characte- 
 ristics to lumian asthma, it is yet sufriciently like it to 
 warrant our calling it by this familiar term. Except 
 Distemper, their is hardly any disease so prevalent ; it 
 shortens the life of thousands. It is wholly the effect 
 of a deviation from natural habits, and hence is only 
 observed among dogs who have lived a confined life, 
 or are suffered to grow too fat. It begins at very uncer- 
 tain periods : in those who are very niucii confined and 
 very improperly fed, it will come on at two or three 
 years old ; in those less improperly managed, it does 
 not make its attack till six or seven years old ; • nd in 
 some it does not appear till even a later period : but, 
 sooner or later, most of the dogs who live confined 
 
\5t 
 stnci luxiuious lives, parliculaily in close situaticns, 
 become subjected to it ; and as certaiiily have their 
 lives shortened by it. It is very seldom unaccom- 
 jj^anied with fatness, iior does it usually appear but in 
 those who are preternaturaliy so previous to its coming 
 on ; and, from tiie appearances that exist on dissection 
 ©f the subjects \\ ho die of it, it appears to me that it 
 originates iu an improper accumulation of fat within 
 the chest, or sometimes a translation of fat from with- 
 out inwards. Besides this accun)ulation, the lungs 
 themselves becoine diseased in tiiose who have long 
 hiboured under it. 
 
 The cough that bespeaks the complaint has a sound 
 very different from any other cough to which dogs 
 are subject: it is peculiarly harsh, dry, sonorous, and 
 hollow, and seems, as it were, to come from \\ithiu the 
 chest. It is hisidious in its approach, being at first 
 very slight, and only observed on exercise, or on any 
 accidental cold being taken. 
 
 It is in mosthiStances accompanied with sickness ; 
 but nothing biit a little frothy mucus is iu general 
 brought oft" the stomach. In most cases the approach 
 of the disease is very gradual, and is hardly observed 
 till it becomes fixed ; but in some it comes on more 
 suddenly. 
 
 The cure of this complaint is difficult, and is seldom 
 brought about perfectly ; and, where it js efi'ected, it 
 can only be iu the early stages. When it has been of 
 long standing, it may be considerably palliated, but 
 seldom, if ever, wholly removed. As continement 
 and over-feeding are very common causes of the com^ 
 plaint, so it is evident that an attention to these par- 
 ticulars is essentially necessary to the cure. It is uu- 
 
153 
 fovtunate tliat the accumuhition of fat is in some dogs 
 ^0 Hiucli a disease, that, feed as you will, they will 
 fatten. Changing the diet is a very good mode to 
 reduce the tiesh. Little or no meat should be given, 
 but potatoes, or bread and iniik. 
 
 Dogs may be brought to live wholly on vegetables, 
 bv mincing meat they are accustomed to with a small 
 quantity of vegetable cf some kind, so that it cannot 
 be separated from the meat. Every day the quantity 
 of vegetable may be increased, and that of the meat 
 lessened : by this means the dog will be satisfied with- 
 out having his fat increased. This food is also 
 opening, and tlms good to keep down fat; and, more- 
 ever, it has a peculiar quality in restoring the lungs. 
 In all these cases, therefore, the most strenuous means 
 should be made use of to bring them to live on this 
 kind of food. Bleeding in some cases givei a tem- 
 porary relief. Purgatives are useful, given in mode- 
 ration, aud not too frequently and not too strong ; 
 for they greatly promote absorption of the fat, and, ai 
 auch, must considerably assist the cure. 
 
 But, of all the means made use of, emetics are the 
 best ; but they must be long continued, and at regular 
 intervals, as twice a week. In the intermediate days 
 alteratives will be found very useful. The Alte- 
 RiiTivE Powders [page 22] are extremely proper 
 for this purpose ; and, perhaps, a long continued 
 course of these would be the very best medicine that 
 could be given. Exercise is an admirable remedy 
 likewise, but it should be long continued, and not 
 violent ; for if violent, it increases cough, by deter- 
 mining more blood to the lungs. 
 
 When the disease terminates in death, it destroys 
 
154 
 sbniethiH'S by absolute suffocation ; in others tliC 
 eough fairly wears out the dog by its violence and 
 constancy. In some cases fits become very frequent ; 
 and in ctiieis the termination is by dropsy, and tliis 
 not unfrcquently. 
 
 ASTRINGENTS. 
 
 Astringents are substances, that, by their bracing 
 quality, are used to clieck immoderate secretions or 
 fluxes. Wlien used to restrain a flux of blood, they 
 are termed styptics. Of tlsis kind is alum, dra- 
 gon blood, &c. A very usefiril domestic styptic is 
 puff bail, or scraped hut or cobweb. Sometimes 
 there is in dogs a secretion of h>ood from the^)enis, or 
 higher up from the Madder or kidneys ; snd in 
 bitches from the womb as well. In these cases a 
 small proportion of alum., with a large one of japan 
 earth, is a most excellent astringent. I have used 
 likewise sugar of lead with success ; but it requires a 
 very judicious hand to administer it. Used as an in- 
 jection into the womb, it occasions violent cholic ; 
 but given internally by the mouth, no such symptoms 
 take place, if given with caution. 
 
 The astringents used to check diarrhoea or purging 
 are various. Rice milk is very excellent. Starch is also 
 good, and in violent cases it may be given in clysters 
 as well as by the mouth. Opium, in doses of half a 
 grain to a grain, sometimes prove useful ; but opium 
 is very uncertain in its action on dogs : in this respect, 
 sometimes, so far from proving an astrhigent, it proves 
 a purgative. It may be remarked here, that opium 
 eannot be made a poison to dogs : no quantity will 
 poison them. A very large dose given, is soou 
 
155 
 brouglit up again without deranging the health at 
 all. Chalk and gum arable in equal proportions are 
 the nK)st certain astringent for the purging of dogs. 
 [See this subject under the article Distemper.] 
 
 BATHING. 
 
 Both the warm and the cold bathini^: of dogs is 
 attended in many cases with the happiest eflects. 
 Warm bathing seems peculiarly congenial to them, 
 and is often even a sovereign remedy. In inflamma- 
 tion, particularly of the bowels, it is highly proper. 
 In lumbago and other rheumatism, which are very com- 
 mon to dogs, it is attended with the best effects. In 
 obstinate costiveness it will often relax the bowels 
 when every other remedy has failed. When inter- 
 nal injuries are received from accidents, it relaxes and 
 prevents inflammation. In pupping, there is sometimes 
 great difficulty ; in w hich case the warm bath fre- 
 quently relaxes the parts, and the puppies become 
 evacuated. In spasms it is also excellent. 
 
 Wiien a warm bath is used for a dog, the heat 
 should be regulated according to the case. In inflam- 
 mations it should be considerable, and in rheuma- 
 tisms also ; but it must be remendjered, that, from 
 habit, many persons can bear water hotter than a 
 dog can bear it ; consequently, in ascertaining the 
 heat by the hand, this should be considered. 100 de- 
 grees is a very considerable heat to dogs, and is only 
 proper in inflammations and rheumatism. For in- 
 juries, for spasms, or to relax, 96' or gj degrees is suf- 
 ficient. The continuance in water also is to be re- 
 gulated according to circumstances. To relax, as in 
 pupping bitches, slight spasms, or where the animal 
 
156 
 is very weak, or the bathing is to be renewed daily, 1 
 minutes is a sufficient time to sufi'er them to remain in 
 the water. But in suppression of urine, in violent 
 spasms, costiveness, iiifi-ammations, particularly of 
 the bowels, 15 or even 20 minutes are ret too much. 
 A dog will shew his faintness by painting and dislress * 
 in w hich case he should be removed from the water, 
 particularlyif it is a case wherein faiiiting would be 
 prejudicial, as in pupping. The water should come 
 ail over the dog, except his liead ; and when any onr 
 particular part is affected, that part may be rubbed 
 in the water with the hand. When the aniural is re- 
 moved from the water, the utmost care sliould be 
 taken to avoid cold. He sliouid be rubbed as dry 
 as may be, and then put into a clothes basket, w rapped 
 up in a blanket, and there confined till thoroughly 
 drv. 
 
 BLEEDING. 
 
 Dogs are much benefited by bleeding in many 
 cases, as in inflammations of the lungs, stomach, 
 bowels, &:c. In red mange and surfeits, in dry inflam- 
 matory coughs, and in fits, blooding is useful. 
 
 Dogs may be conveniently bled by the jugular or 
 neck vein, with a fleam or common lancet, which 
 latter is preferable. When circumstances prevent its 
 being done by the neck, the ear maj be j)unctur€d, or 
 an incision made withinslde of the flap, but not 
 through the substance. Or the tail iiray be cut, in 
 vhich case it is better to cut off a small piece tlian to 
 merely make an incision underneath, unless it is done 
 with caution ; for I have seen, when this has been done 
 injudiciously, that the whole tail has mortified, and 
 coir.e awav. 
 
25f 
 The quantity of blood dratva must be regulated 
 hy the size of the dog : for a very small dog twe 
 ounces are sufficient ; for a middling sized dog, three 
 or four ounces ; and for a large dog, five, six, seven, 
 or eight ounces, according to size, strength, and the 
 nature of the disease. 
 
 BLINDNESS. 
 
 In a book like this of reference, it vvill be prudent 
 to mention the general sources of blindness under this 
 general term. A dog may become blind from se- 
 veral causes. In distemper, an abscess frequently 
 forms in one or both eyes : when this bursts, if it 
 does not gather again, the eye may become clear, and 
 it frequently does so when the apparent injury is 
 very great. In these cases the distemper itself must 
 be attended to with great energy, as upon the re- 
 moval of that principally depends the cure. The 
 external applications should be vitriolic and Goulard 
 washts. Ophthalmia, or pure inflammation of the 
 eye, is another source of blindness in dogs. In this 
 case the eyes become suddenly weak, water much, 
 and, if viewed in the light, look red at the bottom, and 
 likewise within the eyelids. It may be distinguislied 
 from the affection of the eyes arising from distemper ; 
 inasmuch as, in the inflammation proceeding from 
 distemper, there is Hsually a speck or slight ulcer on 
 one immediate part of the eye ; whereas in ophthal- 
 mia the inflammation is more acute, and apparently 
 more painful, and the eye more irritable and iaipa- 
 tient of light. Bleeding should be used, and in very 
 considerable quantities. A seton may be inserted 
 in the neck, and every third day a purge sho»ld be 
 P 
 
15$ 
 giveti. Two grains of James's Powder and dve 
 grains of nitre, as a cooling powder, ma^ also be given 
 every night when the purge is not operating. The 
 eytts should be frequently bathed with Goulard water : 
 in some cases a vitriolic wash succeeds belter. Violent 
 exercise and exposure should be avoided, and the 
 diet should be \er\ spare. 
 
 Cataract is another source of blindness in dogs : 
 it soraetiines comes on slowly, without any great ap- 
 parent external inflammation ; at others, though 
 more seldom, it follows ophthalmra. Cataract is very 
 common in old dogs. Distemper seldom leaves ca- 
 taract ; at least that perfect cataract in which the 
 crystalline lens is alone afl^cted. This disease is in- 
 curable in dogs. 
 
 Dropsy of tlie eye is another source of blindness in 
 dogs, though not a very common case. It sometimes 
 <^\ists in one eye ; in others in both. It sv,ells the 
 eye prodigiously. It now and then accompanies dis- 
 temper ; but in this case it is not a pure increased 
 secretion of the humours of the eye, but a collection 
 of pus or matter^ 
 
 BREEDING. 
 
 In a state of nature, bitches are subject to very little 
 difficulty or trouble in bringing forth ; but a life of 
 art, such as they experience from confinement and 
 luxurious living, wholly alters their nature, and sub- 
 jects them nearly to the same difficulties and dangers 
 in pupping as the human female experiences in bring- 
 ing forth. 
 
 Bitches beaome at heat at irregular periods. The 
 average is about three times in two years; it is. 
 
159 
 liowever, more usual to be more than less frequent 
 thai* tins. At this time there is generally great heat 
 and fever in tne constitution, and dogs that have any 
 teiiaeiicy to fits iiave tlicni now very bad ; and others, 
 tbuf ha\^ never had them before, often have them 
 iio;y. 
 
 Bitches, when at hciit, are very cunning, and elude 
 the greatest vigilance to escape and seek a dog. From 
 this cause numbers are destroyed every year; for, 
 gettiBg ioose, they uuite with any dog, however 
 large, aud^ in tiieir puppmg time, die from the exces- 
 sive s.ze of the puppies. Nothing, therefore, short of 
 perfect continemeut can make them safe. From the 
 beat and fever that exist in the constitution, they 
 should have but Giocterate food ; and^ if not intended 
 to hveed, tiiey should be still further restricted in this 
 particular, and ti.e bowels should be kept open with 
 physic. It is, however, by no means prudent to let 
 bitches be wholly without puppies, even ii ever so in- 
 convenient : whenever they contnme long v/ithout 
 breeding, they are almost sure to become diseased in 
 «ome way or other. They become immoderately fat, 
 aiirl the glaiids of the teats swell and harden: some- 
 times those of the throat do the same, and the ovaria 
 (which is the part situated in the loins that is removed 
 in spaying) likewise takes on a diseased collection of 
 fat. 
 
 When the glands that secrete the milk have be- 
 come very much enlarged, they frequently ulcerate, 
 and a cancerous complaint is brought on, which no- 
 thing but complete extirpation will remove, and fre- 
 qiiciiily not even that. 
 
 Wiiea bitches aie prevented from breeding, there 
 P 2 
 
l6o 
 is, notwithstanding, so miicb sympathy going fonvani 
 in the constitution, that, ?.t th- lime when pupping 
 should have taken pkce, had trt^y bred, there is a very 
 great secretion of milk. At this time it is proper to 
 increase their exercise, to be sparing in their diet, and, 
 above ail, to give them some opening medicine. 
 Should the teats become very turgid and full, they 
 may be rubbed with a mixture composed of one part 
 brandy and two parts vinegar. It should also be re- 
 membered that the suffering bitches to breed, so far 
 from shortening their lives, is almost a certain means 
 of lengthening them, and they continue to breed to 
 almost the latest period to w hich they live. 
 
 Bitclies breed some at once, others at the third, 
 fomth, or fifth, copulation. In those who are much con- 
 fined and petted, it is not safe to put them together less 
 than three or four times when they are wished tol)reed. 
 
 While bitches are in pup, they do not appear to 
 suffer much derangement in the system ; some, how- 
 ever, are slightly affected with sickness and heaviness. 
 It is diilicult to detect whether a bitch is in pup till 
 five or six weeks aie elapsed. At this time, the belly 
 begins to drop and tlie teats to enlarge ; and, in the 
 last two or three (iays of pregnancy, the belly becomes 
 more and more pendulous, though not larger, and the 
 contents seem to getmor« backward. See the article 
 Pupping. 
 
 BEONCHOCELE. 
 
 Brf^nrhocele is ? swelling of the glands of the throat, 
 
 and is a '^ery con: i:.o»> complaint among dogs. Pugs 
 
 aiid F " h pointers r'!t ■>ecuiiarly liable to it. In the 
 
 huwsiii species this disease is very peculiar to the in-. 
 
1^1 
 
 habitants of mountaiuous countries, and has teen 
 supposed to be dependant on some particiilar quality 
 of the water in those vicinities. But in dogs no such 
 peculiarity takes place : it does not appear in them 
 indigenous to any particular soil, but almost pecuiiar 
 to some particular species of dogs, though other dogs 
 sometiiijes have it, as terriers ; but it is much less fre- 
 quent, and in the larger tribes is hardly ever seen. It 
 comes on geaerdly while very young, and continues 
 to increase to a cevtain size, when it becomes stati- 
 onary, seldciiii ii;crea«iiig to such a degree as to prove 
 fatah It ish: v<evcr troublesome, and in some mea- 
 sure hurtful, from the pressure it occasions on the sur- 
 rouuc'ing parts. If an oinliuent is made with equal 
 parts of mercurial o:d biistering ointment, and the 
 swelling rubbed with it every day, avoiding salivation, 
 it commonly lessens and frequently wholly removes 
 it. But it is necessary also at the same time to give 
 internal alteratives : four, five, six, or seven grains 
 of burnl sponge, wiih hf.lf the quantity of nitre givea 
 £very mornin^g^ will be fomid useful. 
 
 CANCER. 
 Two parts only m dogs are subject to a caaceroi^ 
 affccuon, and both these are organs ccnceined in ge- 
 neration. The teals of bitches become at times in- 
 durated, and swelled v .th a schirrous indolent tumour, 
 which more comm; ily remains indilent and witaout 
 ulcer : but now and then, w hen such a tumour hus in- 
 creased to a v^ry considerable size, a small ulcer 
 bursts out, which slowly iii/:reases to a very consider- 
 able surface. In the v^^orst of these cases there is 
 uQt present the virulent ani horrible spreading of the 
 P3 
 
162 
 human cancer, nor does it appear to give much pain, 
 or to injure the health ; and dogs who are suffered to 
 remain with it, live for a great length of time without 
 much inconvenience to themselves. This state admits 
 of only one cure, which is the complete removal of 
 tlic wiiole tumour. The vagina or rather the womb 
 of bitches ?Jso frequently takes on an ulcerous state, 
 accompanied M'ith a fungous excrescence, which is 
 brought on oftentimes from the horrible brutality of 
 boys V. ho force dogs from bitches in the act of copu- 
 lation. This complaint-admits of no cure, that I have 
 witnessed . In the penis of dogs also a similar fungous 
 excrescence sometimes forms, but it docs not appear 
 to erode the neighbouring parts much : it increases 
 rather than diminishes the size, till its offensiveuess 
 obliges the animal to be made away with. 
 
 CANKER IN THE EAR. 
 
 An effusion of blood or matter within the ear is a 
 Tery common complaint among dogs. It participates 
 in nature with mange, being nothing more than an 
 outlet to the constitution to get rid of the overflux of 
 blood formed by too little exercise and too much 
 food. It is more common with Newfoundland dogs 
 than any other, and likewise in all dogs who are na- 
 turally fond of the water : hence it is also almost in- 
 digenous to poodles and other water spaniels. Setters 
 are also very liable to it. Not only do those dogs who 
 affect the water much prove naturally more obnoxious 
 to its attack, but the water itself appears particularly 
 to have a tendency to produce it. It appears first in 
 the form of a dry red substance within the ear, on 
 looking in it towards the bottom. This is nothing 
 
l63 
 more than an effusion of blood. If it is suffered to 
 go unattended to, gradually matter forms, and then 
 the ear is seen moist ^vilhin. The itching is intolera- 
 ble ia the complaint, and in the advanced stages of it 
 the ear is very tender. When it has remained long, 
 the ear becomes closed, and the hearing lost : no\y 
 and then it penetrates inwards, and destroys the dog. 
 When it first appears, it may be easily removed by 
 any astringent wash, assisted by cooling physic. The 
 Canker Wash [page 122] is the best application I 
 have discovered. When it lias existed a considerable 
 length of time, great attention inust be paid to the 
 constitution. The dog must have less food and more 
 exercise, and in addition to the Canker Wash 
 {page 22] he should have a continued course of the 
 Alterative Condition Powdeks [page 22] 
 with an occasional dose of piiysic. 
 
 CANKER ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE EAR. 
 
 This, though it bears the same name and arises from 
 the same cause, viz. a mangj- alfection, is in ap- 
 pearance a very different disease. It consists in an 
 ill disposed ulcer on some part of the flap of one or 
 both ears, most frequently on its edge, dividiiig it into 
 a sort of sjil. It is not a little remarkable, that 
 whereas long hp^red dogs (as Newfoundland, setters, 
 and water spaniels) are more subject to internal can- 
 ker of tnc ear; so smooth coated dogs (as pointers 
 and hounds) are tne only ones in general afiected with 
 this outer canker. Pointers and hounds who have 
 l)eef rounded, wl.ch is having the dap shortened, are 
 less liable to it than those who haire their ears of the 
 ^atitral length, From this circumstance it is commoa 
 
l64> 
 to round them after the disease has appeared ; but 
 this frequently fails, piuticulariy unless the part takeu 
 off" exten'is considerably beyond the surface of tiie 
 ulcerated slit. It is common to burn out tlie ulcer 
 eitlier with the actual caatery or some caustic sub- 
 stance ; but this is also a very uurc tain cuie. Tlie 
 most eit'ectual application I ha\^ ever found is aa 
 Ointment, vide page 22. If this is applied with 
 full attention, it seldom if ever fails; and in any case 
 when this proves too mild, the part may b« first burnt 
 or touched with caustic sufficiently deep, and dressed 
 afterwards with the Oimiiieiit. As this is also a 
 mangy affection, so attention must be paid to cieajist 
 the constitution. See Manxes. 
 
 CATARACT. See Blindness. 
 
 CLAWS. 
 Puppies are born frequently vith dew claws : some- 
 times these are double and bupernun.<irary. The dew 
 claws are the little side claw situated on the inner 
 side, distinct from and much above tlie claws of the 
 toes. They are frequently Uxiattachcd, except by a 
 small portion of skin ; but wh':^ther attached or ot, it 
 is always prudent to cut liiem off in a few dajs after 
 birth, as they become very troubiesoDie as the dog 
 ^rows up ; for the naii attached to tlie end frequently 
 tiuas in and wounds the claw, or, by its hook-iike 
 shape, it catches into every thing the dog treads ou. 
 T^he other c^aw s of dogs are also subject, when tiiey 
 liave not sufficient exercise, to become preteniaturaliy 
 loug, aii'^ by tuiui-'g in, become troublesome, and 
 tame ti*e dog. These claw* should ne^er be cut off 
 
16'5 
 Mith scissais, v.liich are apt to split them ; but they 
 should be saw ed off with a very fine and hard cocks- 
 ^pur saw, and then filed smooth. Tlie toes of dogs 
 also are subject to a peculiar disease, in which one of 
 them appears very highly inflamed, swollen, and 
 somewhat ulcerated, around the claw. The dog is 
 continually lickii g it, and this, instead of doing good, 
 as is supposed, always makes it worse. This coniphtint 
 is coaiiMonly mistaken for an accident, and persons 
 are surprised that the common attempts at cure do 
 not succeed : the fact is, that this affection is notb.ing 
 more than Kiange, and it may be readily cured by 
 applyingthe Mange Ointment [page 21], sewing 
 it up in leather to prevent the dog's licking it. 
 
 CLYSTERS, 
 
 Clysters are of the utmost service in many cases 
 lo dogs : they are a most powerful stinmlant to the 
 bowels in obstinate obstructions, and in many in- 
 stances tliey alone, can be depended upon ; for, in an 
 accumulation of hardened exrrement existing low 
 down in the bowels, purging ph^ric by the nujuth 
 loses all its efhcacy, and oidy iri!.^>;,aes the evil. In 
 inflamed bowels, bladder, kidneys, or wi.ni!», clys- 
 ters act -as a fomentation : clysters aisu aiiord nourish- 
 meiit in a very great dee'ee when riiade of nutritioas 
 liquids. Cases wherein they /iiay be beneficially used 
 as nutri nent occur very frequently : as wiien tiiere is 
 so obstinate a sickness that nothing wiii remuin on 
 the stomach ; a:«d when, likewise, from disinclination a 
 dog refuses his food, and cannot be forced ; in wounds 
 of the mouth, face, or throat. In these and other 
 cases, clysters of broth, gravy, or gruel, will ailbrd 
 
166 
 
 a very considerable share of nutriment : a small pro- 
 portion cf opium, as 20 drops of laudanum, may be 
 given in each, to enable them to he. longer retained. 
 Astringent clysters, as starch, i ice-water, aluraine 
 infasici , ii^fc ;icu of red roses, or oak b:irk, are all 
 usefui in vi jknt loosenesses. Purging clysters may 
 be made cA' veal or mutton broth, with a portion of 
 salt or mr.ist sugar in them : the eftect may be 
 quickened by adding castor oil. 
 
 CONDITION. 
 
 The term condition, as applied to dogs, is siiriilar 
 to the same term as used among horses, and oni^ 
 means the plentitude of health and perfection in ex- 
 ternal appearance, united with a capability from w ind 
 and vigour to go through all the exercises required 
 of them ; it is therefore evident that condition is of 
 materi?l consequence to sportsmen. Many dress 
 their sporting dcgs over twice every year with sul- 
 phur, to improve the condition of their coats : others 
 give them ujeicu-i^l su^phurets or antinionials : but 
 the best ir.eans I knov/ is a course of the Altera- 
 tive CoNTiTiON PowDEES [page '22]. See the 
 articles Alteratives and Mange. 
 
 COSTiVENESS. 
 A life of art subjects dogs to great irregularity in 
 the evacuations from their bowels, and hence costive- 
 ness is a most frequent complaint amo? g them. If 
 a dog continues costive I'^ny days, the contents of the 
 ^30wels accumulate, and bring on infiammation. In 
 this case, violent purging physic frequer.tly does harm, 
 for it not only heightens the infiammation, but, by 
 
lo7 
 hurrying what niay happen to lie in the bowels for- 
 ward, it increases the evil. Thus, whenever a dog has 
 had any obstruction for rio*-e than three days, he 
 should have a clyster as well as a pvirgative. Habitual 
 costiveness is best relieved by vegetable food. 
 
 COUGH. 
 
 Dogs and horses are more subject to coughs, or 
 as much so as ourselves. Horses indeed are nmcli 
 more so. Dogs have several kinds of cough, and as 
 these arise from yery different causes, require very 
 different treatment, and have very different termina- 
 tions, so they require particularizing. One of the 
 most general coughs to which dogs are liable is that 
 which usually accompanies distemper. This in gene- 
 ral is a short dry cough, with an effort to bring 
 something up ; it is seldom, however, any thing 
 comes up, unless a little frothy mucus. This cough 
 in general appears when a dog is just attaining his 
 full growth, sometimes between four and nine or ten 
 montlis ; it may, however, appear sooner or much 
 later, but the majoiity of instances occur whi'ie they 
 continue puppies, or just as they attain their growth. 
 When, therefore, a young dog coughs much, shivers, 
 is dull, and wastes, though he may eat as usual, in 
 that case the dog has the cough of distemper, and it 
 is to be cured by the means recommended under 
 that head. 
 
 Sometimes a young full grown dog has a short oc- 
 casional cough that may likewise distress him, or occa- 
 sion any sickness In general some starlii^; cf tiie 
 hair and foetor of the breath accompany it. This arises 
 from worms, and is to be cured by the means recom- 
 mended under that head, 
 
16^8 
 Dogs may also and frequently do have cough from 
 a coiiniion cold taken, which must be treated by 
 cooling medicines and gentle emetics. When ii be- 
 tokens much inflammation of the lungs, treat as under 
 that article. Another very common cough is that 
 which most old dogs are subject to, and is particular- 
 ized under the head Asthma. 
 
 DISLOCATIONS. 
 
 These are very liable to happen to dogs ; to almost 
 all the joints. Those most liable to it are tlie 
 shoulder and knee before, and the knee and hip be- 
 hind. To give any particular direction for the re- 
 ducing them would be nearly useless, because they 
 can be effected with safety by no one but a person 
 acquainted with the anatomy of the animal. It is suf- 
 ficient to say that, when a dislocation has happened, 
 care should be taken to exk .yn'ne whether there is 
 a fracture as well, which is very frequently the 
 case. Under these circi!mst?Dces, it is seldom that 
 the dislocation can be reduced without using too 
 much violence to the limb : the only t';ing that can 
 be done is to suppoil: the paits as in fractures, which 
 see. 
 
 The mode of detecting fracture is not difficult ; for if 
 there is a fracture, on movirgthe joint there will be 
 an evident roughness and grating of the bones, which 
 will be sensibly felt by the hand. If any attempts 
 are made at reducing a dislocation, it is evident that 
 the direction in which the dislocated bone is^ parted 
 from its socket should be taken into consideration in 
 the means used for reducing it; and it is this that 
 renders it difficult to lay down rules except to those 
 
169 
 acquainted with the anatomy of the aniiual. A m<»- 
 deriitely firm extension should be made by two persons ; 
 one holding the body and one part of the joint, and 
 the olher the inniiediate dislocated limb. If this ex- 
 tension is sufficiently and properly made, the dislo- 
 cated bone will slip into its socket, and the limb be 
 found perfect. When the shoulder is dislocated, 
 which is a very rare occurrence, it may be forwards or 
 backward?. It is generally forwards. Tlie elbow 
 may be dislocated either inwards or outwards ; it i{» 
 more usually inwai'ds. The hip is more freqr.ent'y 
 disl;w:nted than either of the former cases, and it more 
 generally happens tliat the head of the thigh bone is 
 carried ui)wurds and backwards. In which case it 
 makes the hip of that side sensibly higher and more 
 backward than the other, and hence it becomes easily 
 detected. The muscles of the loins are so strong, 
 that reduction of tl^e thigh is exceedingly diificult. 
 
 The knee joint, that is the joint next the hip, is 
 also subject to dislocation ; and this is more fre- 
 quently inward than outward; and, from the strength 
 of the surrounding muscles, it is often foimd difficult 
 to reduce. It is but seldom the elbow is dislocated 
 without u fracture also. Wlicn a dislocation has been 
 reduced, then a pitch plaster slv.uiid be judiciously ap- 
 plied to the part to keep it in its place. 
 
 DISTEMPER. 
 As I liave dedicated a Hi tie Treatise purposely to 
 th-s disease, so i oidy here offer a few general re- 
 murks. The little woik above alluded to, is sold by 
 every vender of the medicines, as well as by most 
 booksellers ; ajjd, as it contains a very copicus ac- 
 
 Q 
 
170 
 count of the disease, and its mode of nire, those who 
 wish for further information are referred to it, its 
 price being only One ShilHng. Tiie Distemper, 
 though ROW so general and common, is nevertiieless a 
 disease that does not appear to have been kno'vvn a 
 century ago; and even yel throughout the European 
 Continent it is considered as an epidemic that visits 
 them every three or four years. But now hardly any 
 dog escapes it ; it being a disease to which every dog 
 is born with a constitutional liability, and which is 
 broujrht into action by either the predisposition exist- 
 ing within him, or by a cold taken. In most instaiices 
 the attack occurs either before or about the period 
 that a dog attains his full growth. Dogs however 
 will, in sojue very few instances, escape it altogetiier, 
 and others have it at two, tliree, or even several years 
 old ; no period whatever being exempt from its at- 
 tack. In pugs, terriers, and some others, it will apr 
 pear in two or three weeks after they are born ; and 
 this is still more frequent with pugs than with any 
 other kind of dog. It is not unfrequent for dogs to 
 have it a second time : this second attack is generally 
 within a year from the first ; but sometimes they will 
 have it at a much longer period from the first attack, 
 and I have seen dogs have it more than twice even. 
 
 From the vast number of cases that fall under my 
 notice, these peculiarities are sufficiently common with 
 me ; but, in general, a dog who has once had distem- 
 per is considered safe from future attack, and perhaps 
 not one dog in a hundred ever does have it a second 
 thiie. 
 
 The distemper commences its attack in various 
 ways; in tact, it is a disease that in its rise. appearuBccs, 
 
171 
 
 progress, duration, and termination, exhibits more 
 variety than any other complaint known. In very 
 numerous cases that occur, the first symptom noticed 
 is a violent looseness or scowering ; in others, an occa- 
 sional tit betokens its approach ; but in the majority 
 the first appearances observed are, a gradual wasting ; 
 the dog loses flesh, perhaps for weeks before mucli 
 notice is taken of it ; a sliglit cough is observed ; and 
 by degrees the nose and eyes becomes moister than 
 usual, and water runs from them in small quantities. 
 This moisture gradually changes to matter, and the 
 eyes and nose are glued up with it, particularly when 
 the dog is first observed in tiie morning. 
 
 There is, in genera!, a very great inclination to 
 sneeze, from the allection of the nose ; but, according 
 to the part affected, so do the symptoms vary ; and as 
 these are as various as there are various parts almost, 
 60 this disease becomes the most varied that can pos- 
 sibly exist. 
 
 Dogs attacked with distemper exhibit generally all 
 the appearances of fever : they shiver much, and are 
 always seeking the fire ; they are dull, and have a dis- 
 ineliuation to food, and frequently tiiere is an occasi- 
 oiral sickness and thro\^ ing up. The progress of the 
 complaint is as various as its attack. 
 
 The above are all the general symptoms that pre- 
 vail ; some cases have them all at the same time ; 
 many others have some only. The varieties are im- 
 mense, but there is no dog v.ho has distemper but 
 what is attacked with some of the a])ove syiiiptoms. 
 In some cases the disease is very long, even many 
 weeks, before it arrives at its heiglit ; in otliers, its 
 Q2 
 
m 
 
 V. hole force appears in a few days from the first ap- 
 peariince. 
 
 Its commencement may be very freqtiently attri- 
 buted to seme accidental cause, as unusual exposure to 
 cold. Throwing into the water, or carelessly wash- 
 ing and not drying, are very common causes. Another 
 very general cause is contagion. It is catching in the 
 highest degree : a dog who has i.ot had it, seldom 
 escapes if lie is in company v»iih one ^^ho has it. 
 When caught in this way, it is longer or shorter in 
 its approach according to the disposition and state of 
 the dog's health. 
 
 Some breedi have it much worse tlian others; so 
 much so, that a whole litter of one bitch will die, 
 while asiolher cf the same bitch will have it very 
 mildly. Particular kinds of dogs have it also worse 
 than others : it is very fatal to pugs and greyhounds ; 
 terriers have it likewise badly, and it may be regarded 
 as a general rule, that the younger a dog has it, the 
 worse will the disease prove. Very young puppies 
 seldom live with it. 
 
 As has been before sated, the immediate part of 
 the body that it fixes its particular attack upon is va- 
 rious according to circumstances. it somethnes 
 seems to exist principally in the head, when it pro- 
 duces sneezing, watery eyes and nose, and every ap- 
 pearance of a violent cold taken. In some cases it 
 seems to affect the bowels only, and there is an ab- 
 sence of almost every other symptom but a violent 
 looseness. The cliest, in other cases, appears more 
 alfected than the head, and there is then a sliort dis- 
 tressing cough iippeais before the ruiniing from the 
 
173 
 nose and eves coir.meRces. In some others, also, the 
 first attack is made on the loins, and weakness of 
 them and the hiivder extremities is the first symptom 
 observed : but though this paralytic affection is very 
 common, yet, in the greater number of cases, it comes 
 on soiiie time after the other symptoms have appeared. 
 
 In some cases the disease will make its attack by 
 an universal eruption over the body, particularly 
 under the belly and down the inside cf the thighs: 
 tiiis eruption is pustular, and tlie pustules are not very 
 dissimilar to those of the small pox. In one year in 
 particular, almost every case that fell under my notice 
 was accompanied with this appearance. It was also 
 attended with very deep yellow-coloured urine, and 
 great marks of biliary affection. 
 
 The distemper v» ill sometimes appear by a violent 
 gathering or tumour forming in some part of the 
 body, particularly of the head ; but this is not a 
 common mode of attack. 
 
 The convulsions tlmt dogs are subject to from dis- 
 temper are of two kinds : the one is this paralytic af- 
 fection, which frequently leaves a spasmodic twitching 
 in one or more of the limbs for life ; the other is a 
 perfect fit, when every part of the body is convulsed 
 and strangely contorted, and there is a total mental 
 alienation. When a dog very early in distemper has a 
 fA, or an occasional fit now and then, such a dog 
 may recover ; but when the complaint has made some 
 progress, and tits come on, followed in succession by 
 each other, such a dog never recovers. This sort cf 
 fit is frequently triiiing at first, producing only a slight 
 champing of the mouth, with a little froth ; from 
 which state a dc^ may be almo-t immediately brought 
 Q3 
 
174 
 out, by any sudden surprise, a little cold water being 
 thrown in the face, or by being coaxed : but these at- 
 tacks gradually strengthen, and, becoming more ob- 
 stinate, they wear down the animal on the second or 
 third day from their appearance. 
 
 As the commencement of this disease is so various, 
 so is its progress. In some cases it seems to spend all 
 its fury on the head ; in others, the bowels are princi- 
 pally affected ; while others waste from consumption. 
 Some again become wholly putrid, and exhibit all the 
 marks of putrid fever. Others appear to have the 
 affection moderately ; but on a sudden the disease 
 appears to be translated to the head, and they are pre- 
 sently taken ofl'by fits. 
 
 According to the mode in which the disease at- 
 tacks a dog. so must the treatment be conducted. It 
 is to this immense variety in the disease, and to the 
 very varied appearance it puts on, that so many re- 
 medies are prescribed for the complaint, and which 
 all of tliem, from being occasionally beneficial, become 
 in the minds of those using them infallible. Disteni 
 per is therefore seldom spoken of among a number of 
 sportsmen, but every one of them knows a certain 
 cure, one that has never failed with him. The fact is, 
 thit something has been tried by each, which per- 
 haps did good in two or three instances ; or nature 
 very probably has effected a cure : what was given is 
 therefore extolled into a sovereign remedy, till the 
 cext cases that happen are found to resist its effect, or, 
 the person meeting with no more cases, continues to 
 think this remedy certain, and in all companies where 
 the si-bject is spoken of he extols it as infallible. 
 
 There is, perhaps, iiardly any one thing that is ever 
 
175 
 givenfor distemper but what I have fully tried, and 
 not one among the various remedies but v^hdt lias 
 failed oftener than it has succeeded. The powder 
 known so generaily as my Distemper Powder 
 [page 21] was discovered by me twenty years ago; 
 and I can with truth assert that it is the most sovereiiru 
 remedy that I have been able to meet with. I am 
 free to confess, from the very great varieties in the 
 complaint, that tliis remedy wants other helps fre- 
 quently, and sometimes even fails altogether. But 
 was this celebrated remedy always given with proper 
 care, and judicious attention to the varying symptoms, 
 it would very seldom fail, so seldom as to make it fair 
 to consider it as a most certain general remedv. The 
 reason this Powder is not found a!w ays to succeed, is 
 the improper time in which it is administered in many 
 cases. It is often given too early in the complaint, 
 without any preparation ; that is, without an emetic : 
 and it is often given wlien there is great looseness and 
 purging, by wdiich means it runs quickly ojft", and does 
 more harm than good. 
 
 When a dog is attacked with the cough, the eyes 
 being red and watery, and the animal heavy and dull, 
 an emetic should be given. One, two, or three grains 
 of emetic tartar is a proper emetic, according to size, 
 age, and strength ; or a desert spoonful of salt may 
 be substituted. The next day let a Distemper 
 Powder be given [see page 21]; and, if the fever 
 appears considerable, every evening he may have one, 
 two, or three grains of James's Powder, with or with- 
 out double the quantity of nitre. This will be found a 
 jjiost excellent auxiliary. Tlie only caution to be oh- 
 served is, that the James's Powder should not purge ; if 
 
170 
 it does, it must be omitted. This plan may be con- 
 tinued for four davs, when the emetic should be again 
 repeated ; and which should be resorted to oftener 
 or seldonier, as the cough is more or less a troublesome 
 symptorti. The body should not be costive, but may 
 be gently opened by castor oil ; but by no means 
 should violent purging be brought on ; on the con- 
 trary, every means should be taken to avoid purging^ 
 which is one of the most fatal sysnptoms that a dog 
 can have, and, whenever it appears, it should be im- 
 mediately stopped. Rice, or starch, may be given as 
 food, but the most efiicacious means of checking the 
 looseness consists in giving balls made of equal parts 
 of gum arabic and chalk. These should be given two 
 or three tim.os a day till the purgirig is stopped, when 
 the former treatment may be resumed. 
 
 In case fits come on, a strong emetic should be im- 
 mediately given, and the dog kept very warm. Should 
 the disease take a putrid turn, that is, should the 
 dog smell miucb, run much matter from the nose, 
 and this matter become bloody, if he gets weak and 
 refuses food, the followiiig balls will in that case be 
 necessary: Distemper Powder, one part-; Peruvian 
 Bark, and Chamomile Flower Powder, two parts of 
 each : mix witli honey, and give as balls two or three 
 times a day, as much as the stomach will bear. 
 Should it purge, give ten or twenty drops of laudanum, 
 or a quarter of a grain of opium with each dose. 
 Sometimes, \^ ithout any great apparent putridity, a 
 dco- li rubers on a long time, in vvhich case it is not ne- 
 cessary to give a Di3tv;mper Powder more thrm once 
 in four or live days : nor is it always proper in the.>e 
 cas^sto give the Jan.es's Pov.dcrici any great IcLgtb 
 
177 
 of time together. Every morning a ball made of equal 
 parts of bark and chamomile flowers, as large as the 
 clog can swallow, may be very usefully given, 
 Tiirougbout the disease the" animal should be nutri- 
 liously fed, except in the very lirst stages ; when, if he 
 has much fever and is already fat, he may be sparingly 
 fed : but, as a general rule, it is not proper to feed 
 too sparingly; for, as it is uncertain how long the 
 disease may last, so it is necessary to keep up the 
 stre:igtlj by every means. The exercise should not be 
 excessive ; when it is, fits frequently come on. The 
 dog should be kept in a moderate temperature, 
 rather warm than c dd ; and it should be particularly 
 i:npressed on the recollection, that, as it is a disease 
 particularly subject to relapse even after two or 
 three weeks, so the medicines should not be hastily 
 discontinued. 
 
 More copious directions may be found on a re- 
 ference to the DISTEMPER TREATISE, sold with 
 the Pov/DSR [page 21]. 
 
 DROPSY. 
 
 This is by no means an uncommon complaint in 
 dogs. They are most subject to ascites or ventral 
 dopsy ; next, they have dropsy of the chest : less fre- 
 quently they have encysted dropsy ; and least of all 
 are they subject to anasarca, unless acconspanied by 
 ascites. 
 
 Ascites or dropsy of the belly is, as I have before 
 remarked, not an uncommon disease, and a prodigious 
 quantity of water is sometimes accumulated. The 
 cause of the complaint appears of various kmds, and 
 its attack is sometimes slow and sometimes rapid. It 
 
is very often preceded by a cough ; in other instances 
 nothing is observed but a ravenoas appetite; and the 
 dog, tiiough he eats this additional quantity, yet 
 wastes in flesh. Gradually, however, he begins to 
 swell in the beliy, which grows round, hard, and 
 shining. The breathing becomes quick ; he drinks 
 much ; and though in the early stages he may 
 eat, yet, as the disease advances, his appetite fails, 
 m^l at last he becomes suffocated from the pressure 
 the water makes on the diaphragm, or membrane that 
 parts the lungs from the bowels. 
 
 This disease never, that I am aw are of, admits of 
 a natural cure; nor does it much ofter.er admit of a 
 cure by operation or medicit-e. I have drawn oif 
 the water by tapping iii many instances, but in all 
 they filled again. In some I have repeated the 
 cj.eration ; but the eflect has been the same, though 
 all the usual iheans of tonics and diuretics have been 
 intervened. 
 
 Diuretics sometimes seem useful in the very €ariy 
 stages ; from the later ones none, I believe, iiave re 
 covered. I have used cream of t«rtar with benefit, and 
 also the foxglove ; but I have found most activity 
 from calomel, antiniony, and fox glove, in union. 
 
 Dropsy may be di^tijiguished from fat by the par- 
 ticular tuinour that the belly forms in dropsy hang- 
 ing down, while the back bone sticks up, and the 
 ]iij)s start througli the skin. The hair likewise stares, 
 and the coat is peculiarly harsh. It nniy be distin- 
 guislied from being in pup by the teats, which always 
 enlarge as the belly enlarges w^en in pup; but 
 more particularly may it be cistinguislied by the un- 
 duialiou of the vrater in the belly in dropsy, wiiereas 
 
17.9 
 in pregnancy there is no undulation. The belly, 
 however full, has not that tight tense feel that diopsf 
 has. There may also be inequalities distinguished 
 in it, which are the puppies, and, when preguancj 
 is at all advanced, tbey may be felt to move. 
 
 In dropsy, the most certain mode of detecting the^ 
 presence of water is by the tpucli. If the right hand 
 is laid on the belly, and with the left hand the other 
 side of the belly is tapped, an undulating motion is 
 felt by the right hand, exactly similar to what would 
 be felt by placing one hand on a bladder of water, and 
 striking it wiih the other. Sojue dogs will live a very 
 considerable time with a great quantity of water in 
 them ; others are more speedily carried off. 
 
 The next dropsy is that arising from the accumu- 
 iation of water in the cliest, or, as it is termed in 
 hanran medicine, hydrothorax. It may occur as a 
 chronic affection, that is, as a slow accumulation ; or 
 it may be the effect of an acute disease. In inflamma- 
 tion of the lungs, very frequently about the third day, 
 water begins to be thrown out into the chest rapidly, 
 which in a few hours destroys the animal : if an in- 
 judicious practitioner is called in, he frequently 
 bleeds; the consequence of which is, the dog dies un- 
 der the operation generally. Opening a principal 
 artery is not more certainly fatal in other instances 
 than the opening a vein in this disease. The chronic 
 cases of dropsy of the chest are, in general, the ef- 
 fect of long continued asthma, whicli very frequently 
 terminates in this manner. Long continued mange 
 will also bring it on. I have always found it incurable. 
 
 Encysted Drops\. — An accumuktioa of wa- 
 ter, or of. a fatly ox geiat.iao us matter, in the ovam, 
 
ISO 
 sometimes exists. It is detected by the dropsitai 
 sv.elilng being not so universally diluised over the 
 belly, and the undulation is more obscure. It rensains 
 also a longer time without proving fat?!. I have 
 never succeeded in any attempts at a cure. 
 
 Hydatids likewise now and tlien, but very rarely, 
 form a species of dropsy. I have seen them in the 
 liver, the lungs, the spleen, and the brain. 
 
 EPILEPSY. See Fits. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 The w ant of due exercise is the cause of one half 
 of the diseases of doijs; and the ill effect of this is 
 heightened by inordinate feeding. It should be re- 
 Rienibered that a dog is an animal of prey, destined 
 by nature in a wild state to hunt for his food, by 
 preying on lesser and weaker animals, ^^hose exerticLS 
 to escape must keep him in a continual state of most 
 active exercise. Iir this state dogs probably get a 
 regular and full meal not twice in a week. How 
 very difficult must be their remove, therefore, from a 
 state of nature, either shut up in a warm room twenty- 
 two out of twenty-four hours, or perhaps chained by 
 the necks m.any months together without any other 
 exercise than the length of their chain allows ! If they 
 Iiave plenty of air, and are moderately {ad, then the 
 want of exercise shews itself by mange or canker. If 
 a dog is conlined in a room well washed, and otlier- 
 wise attended to, then it shews itself by increased fat 
 and cough, which ends in aslhna. Nothing is a more 
 con\ inciiig proof of the necessity of exercise to animals 
 ihau their uatural love of play ; from whicti.wc infer 
 
181 
 that nature intended exercise as one of tlie most natu- 
 ral means of encouraging health. See tlie article 
 Exercise in Horses. 
 
 It is a very excellent plan to learn young puppies 
 to play with a ball; by this means they will exercise 
 themselves very well; and continue through life at« 
 tached to tlie exertion : those who will not amuse 
 themselves in this way, yet may all be taught to be 
 fond of fetching. A very mistaken opinion prevails, 
 that, because a dog is turned out into a yard or 
 court an hour or half an hour, that he exercises ; on 
 the contrary, in general he looks on this as a punish- 
 ment, and sits shivering at the door the whole time. 
 
 Dogs are more disposed to take exercise in com- 
 pany tlian alone : emulation induces them to run and 
 frolic with each other. For sporting dogs, constant 
 exercise is essentially necessary ; otherwise, when 
 they are laid by for the season, and continue in con- 
 finement, when they are again wanted they will be 
 found fat, without wind, and easily fatigued ; for 
 not only are they less accustomed to exercise, but the 
 muscles of the body actually become lessened, and 
 hence m eakencd by want of exercise. Exercise im- 
 proves the wind, by taking up the surrounding fat 
 from the heart and chest, and thus allowing the lungs ^ 
 to expand. But wherever circumstances preclude 
 exercise altogether, then greater circumspectioa 
 should be used in the feeding : it should be moderate, 
 and as much as may be composed of vegetables. 
 
 Dogs deprived of exercise are very subject to fjts ; 
 and those who have been long confined, and then 
 suftered to exercise, are equuliy liable Xq them. This 
 R 
 
182 
 is very comnion with sporting clogs, and it is also com- 
 mon with dogs coming from on board ship. 
 
 To lay down any general rule as to the quantity of 
 exercise proper, is impossible. In fat dogs it should 
 not be violent, but it should be long continued : when 
 it is too violent, it is apt to produce cough, and, in 
 the end, is the parent of asthma ; it likewise occasions 
 fits in many instances. Sporting dogs require gallops 
 to fit them for their work, and to give them wind ; 
 and for this purpose they should be taught to follow 
 a horse. 
 
 Lesser dogs, for the purpose of health, require at 
 least two hours' exercise every day. 
 
 FATNESS EXCESSIVE. 
 
 This is a most common complaint among dogs. A 
 proper plumpness of appearance denotes health ; but, 
 when the animal oil, called fat, becomes inordinately 
 disproportionate to the rest of the component parts of 
 the body, it is then asource of numerous diseases, many 
 of them fatal: hence a very great nuinber of dogs 
 die of mere fat. Any dog may be nrade fat by 
 excessive feeding and but little exercise. Provided 
 this has been done in a hurry, the dog may be 
 reduced to his former state without prejudice ; but, 
 when a dog gradually accumulates fat from indul- 
 gence, then it becomes so completely a disease, that 
 even exercise and abstinence will not reduce him ; for 
 the generation of fat is so habitual a work of the con- 
 stitution, that, however little the animal takes, that 
 little turns to fat ; it is thus that it is very usual for 
 fat dogs to eat but little. 
 
183 
 There are two sources of fat ; one is over-feeding, 
 the other want of excercise ; and when, as is very 
 frequently the case, both happen to meet in the same 
 subject, then the accumulation is certain. When 
 dogs are over-fed, whatever is taken into the body 
 more than the general secretions require is either 
 converted into fat, or forms some other unusual se- 
 cretion ; such as matter in the ears, as in canker ; 
 or scabs on the skin, as in mange. 
 
 Exercise increases all the secretions ; hence, under 
 strong e?;ercise more nutriment is required ; and 
 thus, in these cases, full feeding does not produce 
 f;it ; but even in full exercise, provided some of the 
 secretions are stopped, though others may be in full 
 force, yet the accumuluticn of fat becomes great : 
 thus spayed bitches and csstrated dogs become very 
 fat, however they may work. 
 
 Fat more readily accumulates in middle aged and 
 old dogs than In young ; and the fat of old dogs 
 is more hurtful than of the youiig, because all old 
 animals have their fat placed more inw ardly, while 
 young ones have it placed upon the surface of the 
 body. 
 
 Fat occasions several diseases ; it is the parent of 
 dropsy, it generates mange and canker : but the 
 most fatal disease it occasions is asthma, which see. 
 Sometimes it occasions continued fits, from the press- 
 ure it produces on the vessels of the head and chest. 
 
 FEEDING OF DOGS, 
 This is an important subject, as upon judicious 
 feeding much of their health and comfort depends, 
 and by injudicious feeding very many of their cojii- 
 K 2 * 
 
184 
 plaints are brought on. It is curious that the want 
 of food and the excess of it should both produce the 
 same disease. Jt is very seldom that a dog is badly 
 kept for a considerable lengtb of time, but that he 
 contracts mange ; and it is also seldom that a dog is 
 permitted to eat to excess for a continuance, but 
 that he becomes mangy. However, if the same 
 cleanliness and care were to be observed in both the 
 cases, the lean dog would Iiave the least mange, 
 and his also would be of a kind much more easy of 
 cure. 
 
 To feed judiciously, the physiology of digestion 
 should be understood. All the juices of the body, 
 and indeed all the solids of the body as well, are 
 furnished from the blood ; and these juices are in a 
 continual state of waste, and the solids in a continual 
 state of wear, by exertion, and tliis in proportion 
 to the exertion used ; consequently, there must be 
 some means of recruiting this waste of the fluids, 
 and some means of repairing this '.vear cf the solids. 
 Nature has intended that tiiis should be douG by 
 food, which consists of solid and iiuid substances 
 taken into the mouth, which are there masticated 
 and broken dov.n into small masses by the teeth, 
 and mixed into a paste with the saliva, which makes 
 a soft pulp, fitted to be acted upon when it is passed 
 from the mouth into the stomach by the act of 
 swallowing. 
 
 Having passed into the stomach, it there meets 
 with a strong solvent juice generated by the stomach, 
 and called gastric juice ; by mixing with which it 
 becomes animalized, and, in fact, wholly altered. 
 In a complete pultaceous mass it is passed into tliti 
 
185 
 bo\felsj \vliere there are little vessels thiit strain sucli 
 fluid parts as are litted for nourishing the body, and 
 pass it forwards in very minute streams into glands, 
 called the mesenteric. These pour their contents 
 into one common receptacle, from \^ hence the fluid, 
 called the chyle, is poured into the heart to form 
 blood. The blood, therefore, is constantly recruit- 
 ing from this source ; and from this idea it will na- 
 turally suggest itself, that, when food is withheld, the 
 blood must waste, from which all the fluids become 
 wasted, and the solids wear fast ; and, on the con- 
 trary, Avhen tlie food is in too great quantities, the 
 blood will in that case be too rich, and be generated 
 in too large quantities, and hence some or all the 
 fluids of the body will be formed in too large quan- 
 tities. The moisture that goes to the skin will be- 
 come acrid, and form a disease called mange : the 
 subaceous glands of the ear, instead of forming 
 wax, will form blood or matter, called canker : or 
 it will tend to the teats, where, if it is not the time 
 to form milk, it will form a spurious secretion, lay- 
 ing the foundation for cancer; or otherwise it may, 
 and does very commonly, form an inordinate quantity 
 of the oily fluid called fat. 
 
 It next becomes a question, what kind of food is 
 best. On observing a dog, both as a naturalist and 
 phvsiologist, we are not at a moment's loss in deter- 
 mining that the dog is ueither wholly carnivorous, 
 nor wholly herbivorous, but of a mixed kind, in- 
 tended to take in both, and formed to receive 
 nourishment from either; and this his iiicliration, as 
 well as the anatomy of his organs, leads him to. A 
 dog has sharp cutting teeth for tearing fle-h, and 
 113 
 
186 
 he has also broad surfaces on other of his teeth, 
 capable of griiidii!,-}; more taiinaceoiLS substances. 
 His stonrach and interlines also hold u middle 
 place between carnivorous and herbivorous ; and 
 tiiough the anatomical conformation of his teeth and 
 of the whole of liis digestive organs appears rather 
 more intended for flesh than herbage, his habits like- 
 .wise tend that way, and he is evidently a beast of prey, 
 intended to live on other animals : the stronger he 
 hunts in troops, the weaker he conquers singly ; yet 
 his organs, nevertheless, evidently fit him for re- 
 ceiving nutriuient from vegetable matter ; and hence 
 it is not difiicult to determine that a proper mixture 
 of both is the most proper food for dogs ; the pro- 
 portions of each also are best judged of by the exer- 
 tions of the animal. As animal food gives most 
 nutriment, so should the exertions of the animal be 
 great ; then flesh is best. On the contrary, when 
 bulk without much nutriment is required, then 
 vegetable niatter is best. 
 
 No questions are more frequently asked the author 
 of these pages, than what kind of food he conceives 
 best, and w hat quantity of it. It is very difficult to 
 prescribe any precise quantity ; and, from what has 
 been before said, it will be evident that it is not less 
 difficult to direct any particular quality and kind. 
 It will, however, naturally be inferred, that, as 
 general food, he would always recommend a mix- 
 ture of animal and vegetable malter. In the author's 
 iniirmary, where there are never less than from 20 
 to 30 dogs, and often many more, it is a niatter of 
 greiit moment to rtguh-te a general food that shall 
 embrace neaih ail the essentials. After trying every 
 
IS? 
 substance and every article used as food, he now 
 adiieres to one mode of feeding ; and ^vllich mode, 
 from a very extensive experience, lie recommends as 
 the most convenient, uniting nutriment v. ith cleanly, 
 wholesome food, that will not give a disposition to 
 fouhiess. This feeding, it is to be observed, is pe- 
 cuHarly adapted for kenr.els, or where there are 
 large dogs to be fed. It consists in the tripe of 
 sheep, which is commonly called the paunches, which 
 being thoroughly well cleaned from tilth, are then 
 boiled half an hour, or forty minutes, in a moderate 
 quantity of water. When taken from the water they 
 are hung up to cool, and the boiling liquor they 
 cante from is poured on bread raspings ; if possible 
 of French bread. Tlie quantity of raspings should 
 be so regulated, that, when soaked and cold, the 
 mess may be of the consistence of an ordinary pud- 
 ding before boiling. The paunches, being now cold 
 should be cut uito tine pieces, and mixed with the 
 soaked raspings, and more or less of the mixture may 
 be given. The mixture, it is evident, may be made 
 to contain more or less animal matter by increasin*^ 
 or lessening the proportion of paunch ; thou«di the 
 author is disposed to think that tripe is, of all animal 
 substances, the purest food, and tends least of ail 
 meat food to make a dog foul and gross. When it 
 is intended or wished to make the mixture more 
 enticing, the otfal or intestines of chickens and other 
 fowl from the poulterers may be procured and 
 boiled with the tripe. Of all substances, the en- 
 trails of chickens is the one most eagerly soui^ht 
 after by dogs, and it fattens them fastest. 
 
 Sportsmen in the country use various mixtures as 
 
18S 
 food. Dogs in kennels are sometimes fed wholly on 
 meal and milk, and they will thrive on it during 
 the season they do not hunt ; but when they are 
 strongly exercised, this food will not be suthciently 
 nutritious, or stay by them. This makes it here 
 proper to inquire wliat meal is best ; and it is no 
 dithcult matter at once to decide that wheat meal is 
 preferable, for it is much less likely to produce 
 mange and a heated skin. 
 
 Barlev, meal, and oatmeal, are very generally 
 used, and are nutritious when mixed with milk or 
 broth ; but they have tome tendency to produce a 
 red itching skin when constantly used, for which 
 reason a portion of potatoes should be mixed with 
 them. Potatoes, it will be found, form a most ex- 
 cellent food for dogs who are not wanted to hunt : 
 they are nutritive and yet cooling, and, when mix/d 
 with milk or buttermilk, will be found a conve- 
 nient, economical, and wholesome food. Many dogs 
 are found not readily to lake to potatoes as food, par- 
 ticularly when it is found necessary to feed them 
 almost wholly on ih.em ; and which becomes often a 
 very necessary niatter, as in many cases when the 
 health requires a comi lete change in the diet, and 
 that that change sliould be from a meat to a vege- 
 table one. 
 
 Potatoes in this histarce are particularly conve- 
 nient as well as pioper, because they are within every 
 one's reach ; and as, being at every one's table, they 
 are peculiarly iitted for food for small dogs and 
 pets. 
 
 However averse dogs may be to vegetable food, it 
 will be always in the power of those who feed them 
 
1S9 
 lo bring them to eat it : but it must be in some cases 
 bv great determination and perseverance. If the 
 usual quantity of meat a dog eats is minced extreme- 
 ly fine, and a small portion of mashed potatoes is 
 mixed with it, it is not possible for the dog to sepa- 
 rate them, rf he will not eat the mixture, let it 
 remain till hunger obliges him. The next meal a 
 very small additional quantity of potatoes may be 
 added, and w hich practice, if persisted in, w ill bring 
 ilie animal at last to live wholly on potatoes, or any 
 other vegetable that may be chused. The cases that 
 make a change from a meat to a vegetable diet are 
 very numerous : in ail cases of mange, or of any 
 other affection arising from too full livii;g, in coughs, 
 and various other complaints, this change is esseu- 
 tially necessary to the health of the dog. 
 
 Carrots, parsnips, cabbages, and, in fact, all ve- 
 getable matter, will feed dogs. Damaged ship bis- 
 cuit is often bought for tliis purpose, and it makes 
 a most excellent food when soaked in broth or nnlk ; 
 but broth is preferable. It is, however, necessary for 
 n.e here to introduce one caution, which is, that the 
 broth or liquor in wliich salted meat has been boiled 
 should never be used. Most dogs wlio have come 
 a long vo\age have a very bad kind of mange, 
 owing to their being fed on salt pot-liquor. This is 
 not sufficiently attended to among sportsmen, and 
 their servants constantly give the liquor in which 
 salt pork and bacon have been boiled, with other 
 brine, to the great injury of the animals. 
 
 Greaves are also, w ith many, a common food : 
 these are the residue from tallov/, w inch, being hard 
 pressed and dried, become the large, hard, heavy 
 
195 
 
 masse?, called greaves. For very large dogs, or in 
 the place of ollipr food, they may be a convenient 
 substitute, but ought not to be used when any thing 
 before mentioned can be procured. 
 
 Many opinions prevail on the subject of horse- 
 flesh as food, it being as strenuously supported by 
 some as it is condemned by others. But the pro- 
 per opinion to form is to consider it as a strong and 
 most actively nutritious food, and hence only fit for 
 dogs who undergo great exercise ; and v ith them it 
 never proves hurtful : but wiiere it is given to dogs 
 who have iittle exercise, it produces a foul stinking 
 coat and itching skin. Much diversity of opinion 
 prevails also hs to whether it is better raw or dressed. 
 In a state of natu'^e, it is evident that dogs live on 
 raw meat, and tlicre is no doubt that this best fits 
 them for their various purposes, and enables them to 
 perform all their functions with vigour and durability ; 
 and where fivsh can be procured sweet and fresh, in 
 that state, it will go farthest and nourish most ; but 
 when at ail putrid, dressing considerably restores it. 
 
 At v.'hat })eriods dogs ought to be fed is frequently 
 also a matter of dekite. Tins requires to be con- 
 sidered in a similar point of view with the foregoing 
 subjects when we shall readily correct cur judgment 
 on the subject. In a state of nature, a daily meal 
 even must be very precarious; for, in some situations, 
 vegetable food cannot be obtained, and then the 
 bunting down of other animals, or the meeting with 
 the otial or refuse of what may have been hunted 
 by others, must be the principal support. For tliis 
 reason, Nature has kindly and wisely fitted a dog 
 with a stomach tliut digests his food, particuiarW 
 
1^1 
 
 ficsl), very slowly' ; so that a lull meal of animal food 
 is not digested in less than twenty-four hours. Those, 
 therefore, who feed their dogs on flesh never need 
 feed them more than once a day, nor do they require it 
 ofteiier with meal» if full fed. But it must be re- 
 membered that, in a state of art, where all the 
 functions are weakened, as they are in those do<»9 
 who are confined and indulged, it is better to feed 
 twice a day. If fed once only, such dogs become 
 heavy and sleepy, and lose much of their vivacity. 
 This may here call forth a remark, that hard-worked 
 dogs should as soon as fed be shut up to encourage 
 sleep. Digestion goes on better sleeping than wak- 
 ing ; and more nutrinient is obtained in this way, 
 than when an animal is suftered to run about after 
 eating. 
 
 FEVER. 
 
 Simple fever seldom exists in dogs. Inflammations 
 of the principal organs of the body, as of iha lun«ys, 
 intestines, kidneys, bladder, &c. are very common ; 
 but fever, as a oisease, dees not occur, except it is 
 of tlie specific kind, as the fever of distemper and 
 the fever of rabies. 
 
 FITS. 
 
 Fits in dogs, though not very different in appear- 
 ance from each other, arise from very difierent 
 causes, and, therefore, require very different treat- 
 ment. The fit's that attack apparently healthy 
 dogs of all ages are commonly arising from either 
 costiveness or worms. In countries where there are 
 lead mines, dogs fiave violent fits from the effects of 
 
19^2 
 the lead on the water; in which dreadful disease the 
 oxen, sheep, goats, and horses, participate. Mercury 
 forms the best antidote, either rubbed externally or 
 given internally. In the treatment of fits, it is evi- 
 dent the cause producing them must be removed to 
 effect a cure. The immediate fit itself niay be re- 
 moved at the time, by plunging the dog intd cold 
 v.ater. Whenever a fit has happened to a healthy 
 dog, he should immediately have a brisk purge given 
 him, for fits are very frequently brought on by simple 
 costiveness ; and even if this was not the case, previ- 
 ous to the fit, this treatment would be the most pro- 
 per. If it becomes really ascertained that costive- 
 ness was not the cause, the subsequent treatment 
 must be different : should it be at all suspected the 
 affection arose from worms, treat as directed under 
 that head. Some dogs are so irritable, that whatever 
 raises any strong passion in their mind produces fits ; 
 hence dogs much confined, on being suffered to run 
 out, frequently have a fit. It is this irritability in the 
 mind likewise that produces fits in pointers and set- 
 ters when hunting, for they are more frequent" in the 
 high-bred and eager than in the cool coarse dog. 
 In the first instance, more frequent exercise should le 
 allowed ; and in this latter instance of sporting dogs, 
 the constitution should as much as possible be 
 strengthened, for fits are here the eflect of too much 
 energy of the mind beyond the powers of the body, 
 and in all cases they are the effect of a peculiar de- 
 bility. The irritability of the mind must also be 
 lessened, and which is best done by habituating the 
 dog to the sight of game, thereby destroying his eager- 
 uess. In a very valuable dog belonging to a gentle- 
 
193 
 mail in Kent, affected with fits whenever he hunted, 
 I recommended a removal into a country more plen- 
 tifully supplied with game than his neighbourhood : 
 the consequence of which was, that though for a few 
 days after his removal he had more frequent fits 
 than ever, yet they gradually lessened, and at length 
 wholly left him. Some dogs, however, who exer- 
 cise much, have fits merely from the repletion of the 
 vessels of the head : in this case, bleeding, and a 
 seton worn some time in the neck, prove useful ; and 
 whenever fits have been habitual, a seton should be 
 applied. Fear in irritable dogs produces fits ; and 
 it was but the day preceding the writing of this ar- 
 ticle, that I saw a Newfoundland pappy, from being 
 moved to a new situation amonc; other dogs, imme- 
 diately fall into a fit from fear, from which he never 
 recovered, though before only slightly indisposed. 
 Teething in puppies will sometimes produce fits ; 
 but those sportsmen who are aware of this, frequently 
 fall into an extreme, and consider all the fits of 
 puppies as originating from this cause, when by far 
 the greater number of these cases are the efiect of 
 worms. 
 
 The fits that are the consequence of distemper 
 may be usually discovered by the other attendant 
 symptoms : sometimes, however, fits are the first 
 symptom, in which case the dog may recover ; but 
 when fits come on some time after distemper has made 
 its appearance, the animal seldom recovers. The fits 
 accompanying distemper are more frequent in winter 
 than in summer, which shews that v.armth is one of 
 the best preventives against these fits. The most fre- 
 quent kind of fit that accompanies distemper is a quick 
 S 
 
1S4 
 champing of the mouth, with a shaking of the head, 
 a distortion of the countenance, and a flow of frothy 
 sahva from the jaws : as the disease advance.% these 
 fits increase, and become more violent. Another 
 form in which tits make their appearance in this dis- 
 ease is h^ running round, and other violent contor- 
 tions of the whole body. In other instances there is 
 universal and continued spasm of the whole body, 
 which has no suspending intervals : all these are 
 sometimes blended, or degenerate into each other. 
 
 In the habitual tits of dogs, giving them, every 
 third, fourth, or fifth day, according to the efi'ect 
 produced, one of the 
 
 Alterative Mange Powders [P^ge 22], 
 proves often a salutary and efficacious mode of treat- 
 ment. 
 
 When fits appear whose cause is more obscure, it 
 would be prudent to state the case accurately to the 
 author, who might judge thereon, and direct a pro- 
 per mode of treatment. 
 
 FRACTURES. 
 
 The limbs of dogs are very liable to have their 
 bones fractured ; but the irritability of the constitu- 
 tion is so much less in them than in ourselves, that 
 they suffer comparatively but little on these occa- 
 sions, and the parts soon reinstate themselves, even 
 without assistance, though in general the limb re- 
 mains crooked. The thigh is a very common sub- 
 ject of fracture, and though it appears a most seri- 
 ous bone to break, yet it is one that, with a little 
 assistance, commonly unites straight, and forms a 
 good limb. When an accident of this kind has hap- 
 pened, in case the violence has injured the fleshy 
 
1P5 
 parts as well, soa« to produce swelling, foment with 
 vinegar and water till the swelling is reduced : when 
 this is effected, then apply a pitch plaster spread on 
 moderately firm leather, that will cover the outside 
 of the thigh, and double a little over the inside of 
 it. Then attach a long splent upon this, which 
 must reach from the toes to an inch or two above 
 the back : this steadies the limb very much. This 
 must be kept in its situation by a long bandage care- 
 fully wound round the limb, beginning at the toes, 
 and continued up the thigh ; when it must be crossed 
 over the back, and continued down the other thigh 
 and fastened. This would slip over the tail, for 
 which reason it must be kept in its place by means 
 of another slip round the neck and along the back. 
 Fractures of the shoulder must be treated in a simi- 
 lar manner. 
 
 In fractures of the fore and hind leg, very great 
 care is necessary that they may unite straight. As 
 soon as the inilamraatioQ and swelling will admit 
 ^sometimes there is little or none from the first), ap- 
 ply a pitch plaster neatly and firmly around the part ; 
 then fill up the inequalities by tow or lint, so that 
 the limb shall be of one size, otherwise the points of 
 the joints will be irritated and made sore by the 
 pressure of the bandages. Then apply two, three, or 
 four, splents of thin pliable wood before, behind, and 
 on each side of the Innh, which secure in their places 
 by a flannel bandage. In all fractures great caution 
 must be observed not to tighten the part so as to bring 
 on swelling : if this is done, mortification will proba- 
 bly follow. In fractures of the fore legs, a support- 
 ing bandage with side splents should be kept on a 
 S 2 
 
196 
 longer time than is necessary in tlie hinder ones, 
 otherwise the limb will gradually become crooked 
 
 after the bandage is removed. 
 
 GLANDULAR SWELLINGS. 
 
 Dogs are very liable to swellings of the various 
 glands of the body. The parts most subject to be- 
 come swelled and enlarged are the glands of the neck. 
 This complaint is treated on under the head Bron- 
 CHOCELE. The glands of the belly are also very 
 frequently enlarged in bitches. See Cancer. Pup- 
 pies now and then have the mesenteric glands dis- 
 eased, in v.'hicli case they pine and waste away, till 
 complete emaciation carries them off, and no remedy 
 seems la arrest the disease. The pancreas and spleen 
 also are liable now^ and then to become diseased. 
 
 There is a swelling of the whole of the substance 
 of the neck that is sometimes confounded with gland- 
 ular swellings, but which it is wholly different from, 
 and depends entirely on spasm ; which see. 
 
 GRAVEL. 
 Dogv«i have stone it is certain ; that they therefore 
 might have gravel also it is natural to suppose, though 
 it is not easy to detect it. i have, however, seen the 
 complaint well marked. From ten to twenty drops 
 of oil of turpentine, or twice the quantity of spirits 
 of nitre, twice a day, with a few drops of laudanum 
 in case of much pain, will form the best means of 
 treatment. See the article Stone. 
 
 HUSK. 
 
 This is the popular term in some countries for dis- 
 
t97 
 temper ; it is also, with some, merely the name for any 
 cough a dog may have. In Ireland it very cominonl/ 
 implies distemper. 
 
 HYDROPHOBIA. 
 
 As dogs never refuse water when mad, or ever 
 shew the least aversion to it, but on the contrary are 
 eager, from the fever they feel, to lap it, so it is evi- 
 dent this term is a complete misnomer with regard to 
 them : the reader is therefore referred to tiie article 
 Madness. 
 
 INFLAMMATION. 
 
 General inflammation, as simple fever, we have 
 shewn does not appear in dogs, except in distemper or 
 madness ; but individual niflammations of the vari- 
 ous organs of the body are very frequent. 
 
 INFLAMED BLADDER, 
 This is not a very common complaint among dogs, 
 nevertheless it now and then appears ; and it is very 
 remarkable that this year (1810) there has been aa 
 epidemic prevalent, in which this organ was in almost 
 every instance very much inflamed ; in some cases it 
 was exclusively so. This complaint shews itself by 
 great restlessness and panting ; in some cases the water 
 is evacuated by frequent drops, tinged with blood ; 
 in others there is a total stoppage of it, when the 
 belly becomes swelled and very tender between the 
 hind legs. The animal should be liberally hied, and 
 have opening medicines, but principally clysters and 
 the warm bath are to be resorted to. Diuretics ars 
 impropero 
 
 S3 
 
198 
 INFLAMED BOWELS. 
 
 The intestines of dogs are very irritable, and ex- 
 tremely subject to inflammation : and the inflamma- 
 tions are of yarious kinds, according to tiie cause that 
 produces the affection. Distemper produces a species 
 of iiifiammation that shews itself by a constant purg- 
 ing. Dogs are very liable to rheumatism : but a 
 dog never has rheumatism that he does not have 
 more or less of inflammation of his bowels ; and this 
 is a peculiarity to the dog alone. In many cases the 
 bowels are the only seat of rheumatism, and which 
 produces a peculiar inflammation, easily distinguished 
 by one conversant with the diseases of dogs. See 
 Rheumatism. Poisons produce a most fatal in- 
 flammation on the bowels of dogs, the effects of 
 which are treated on under the head Poisons. 
 Three kinds of inflammation are most connnon to 
 the intestines of dogs. One is tliat which is brought 
 on by rlieumatism, which we have above alluded to ; 
 another kind, very common, is brouglst on by costive- 
 ness. Dogs will bear costiveness for many days be- 
 fore intlanimation comes on ; but when it has come 
 on, it is with difiSculty removed. It is known by the 
 gradual manner in which it attacks, and by its not 
 being accompanied with very active symptoms. The 
 dog appears dull, and dislikes to move ; he also hides 
 himself. The costiveness is sometimes so complete, 
 isiat nothing conies from him at all ; at others a few 
 drops of fceces are strained out at every effort, and 
 whicli soiiietinies makes the observer suppose that 
 tlie dog is not bound but purged, and hence is induc- 
 ed to neglect the principal means of relief. When 
 inflammatioii coiiics on fi'om simple costivenesS; the 
 
199 
 
 gickiiess of stomach is not so distressing, nor is the 
 dog so extremely anxious for water, as he is when it 
 arises from cold taken, or comes on spontaneously. 
 The obstruction that exists is commonly low down in 
 the bowels, so much so, that frequently by introducing 
 the finger into the fundament a quantity of hardened 
 excrement may be felt. 
 
 In this case, it is evident that purging medicines by 
 the moutli can do but little good. The hardened 
 mass should be endeavoured to be broken by th» 
 finger, or by a forceps, or handle of a spoon ; and it 
 may then be brought away piecemeal. If this cannot 
 be effected, clysters should be constantly kept up the 
 intestines : as soon as one comes away another should 
 be thrown up. The dog should be put into warm 
 water frequently, which proves to dogs one of the 
 most active means of removing costiveness. Medicines 
 by the mouth are not to be neglected ; a large dose of 
 castor oil should be first tried, which if it fails should 
 give place to stronger means. From four to ten grains 
 of calomel may be mixed with from one to two drams 
 of aloes, according to size and strength. If the 
 stomach rejects the first dose, add half a grain of opium 
 to the second. Repeat the purge every four hours. 
 
 In the inflammation that comes on spontaneously, 
 or is the effect of cold, there is great heat, thirst, pant- 
 ing, and restlessness. The stomach is incessantly 
 sick and throwing up, and food is refused. The 
 helly is extremely hot and painful to the touch, and 
 the eyes are red. The animal frequently lays on his 
 belly, and has great anxiety in his countenance. In 
 this complaint the dog should be freely bled. From 
 tiiree to six ounces may be taken away, according to 
 
200 
 the size and strength. A laxative of castor oil should 
 be administered ; but unless the bowels are obstinate- 
 ly bound, and have been so several days, nothing 
 stronger should be given, as it would only heighten the 
 inflammatory symptoms. The dog should be put into 
 warm water every four or five hours ; or, if that is 
 found too troublesome, from his size or other circam- 
 stances, the belly may be rubbed with hot water. 
 Clysters of castor oil with mutton broth should be 
 frequently thrown up, till evacuation is procured ; and 
 the belly may also be rubbed with oil of turpentine 
 between the bathings, if the symptoms are very urgent 
 No food should be given, and cold water should be 
 removed ; but the dog may be drenched with mut- 
 ton broth. In case the vomiting is obstinate, with 
 every dose of castor oil, and every drench of mut- 
 ton broth, from ten to twenty drops of laudanum 
 may be given. Should the animal become paralytic 
 in his lower extremities, the sickness prove incessant, 
 and the mouth and ears become cold and pak, mor- 
 tification is near at hand. — This complaint is some- 
 thnes accompanied with obstinate costiveness; at 
 others there is very little; and in some cases the 
 bowels are even lax. 
 
 INFLAMED LUNGS. 
 
 This is not an unfrequent complaint among dogs, 
 and in general cases is brought on by a cold taken. 
 Clipping is a frequent cause ; and bathing is another, 
 when dogs are not dried afterwards. Any exposure 
 to cold may occasion it ; it is also now and then epi- 
 demic. About three years ago it raged in London 
 and its vicinity, to such an extent as to carry oflT num- 
 l^ers. There was nothing in tlie weather to account 
 
SOI 
 for it : it was a warm mild spring. Most of the dogs 
 attacked with it died on the third day with a very 
 large quantity of water within the chest, which ap- 
 peared to be pouring out from an early stage in the 
 complaint. 
 
 This disease shews itself by a very quick laborious 
 breathing ; the head is held up to enable the dog to 
 breathe more freely, and this peculiar posture very 
 strongly characterises the complaint. There is a con- 
 siderable moisture from the nose, which with the ears 
 and paws are in general extremely and unnaturally 
 cold. The cure must be begun by bleeding, and that 
 very largely; but it must be remembered that the 
 bleeding can only be attempted early in the com- 
 plaint : if it is performed after the second day, the dog 
 commonly dies under the operation ; this, therefore, 
 should never be forgotten. The first bleeding, if 
 early attempted, may save, if it is a full and copious 
 one. For every pound a dog weighs as far as eight 
 pounds, he may lose half an ounce of blood. From 
 that weight upwards he may lose a quarter of au 
 ounce for every pound he weighs, unless it should be 
 a very large heavy dog, when that proportion must 
 be moderated. The whole chest nuist be blistered 
 between the fore legs and behind the elbows by rub- 
 bing in blistering ointment, and covering over with a 
 cloth ; or, if this is not at hand, oil of turpentine well 
 rubbed in, and repeated at intervals of two or three 
 hours, will do as well. A clyster should be given, 
 and no time should be lost in administering the fol- 
 lowing by the mouth : 
 
 Powdered foxglove 12 grains 
 
 Tartar emetic 3 grains 
 
 Nitre | a dram 
 
202 
 Mix and divide into ten powders, if the dog is very 
 small ; if of a middle size, into seven ; and if very 
 large, into five powders ; and give one every two or 
 three hours. The animal should be kept cool, and 
 nothing should be offered as food but thi» broth. 
 
 INFLAMED STOMACH. 
 
 The stomach is less frequently inflamed than the 
 bowels ; however, it is still often the seat of inflam- 
 mation even of itself, and still more frequently it 
 accompanies the inflammation of the bowels. When 
 the stomach is mflamed, the sickness is incessant and 
 most distressing, and the thirst is unquenchable. 
 Whatever is drank is immediately thrown up again. 
 Tliere is also very great distress in the comitenance, 
 but less disposition to hide. The mouth slavers, and 
 is hot and cold by turns. In this case there is seldom 
 any relief obtained, even by any treatment. When 
 it does adnjit of cure, it is by bleeding, warm bath- 
 ing, and injections. The chest should be blistered ; 
 but nothing should be given by the mouth. 
 
 LOOSENESS, or PURGING. 
 
 Dogs are subject, under some circumstances, to 
 be violently scoured. It is seldom that dogs have 
 the popular disease termed Distemper but that they 
 are purged with it ; and it is one of the most fatal 
 accompaniments the disease can have, and therefore 
 should be innnediately checked. In distemper, the 
 stools, however liquid, vary much ; being sometimes 
 yellow and sojnetiines totally black: when the purg- 
 ing has lasted some time, they become yellow. Ano- 
 ther common cause of purging among dogs arises 
 
205 
 from worms, in which case the stools are less liquid, 
 but more glairy and frothy ; and here also the 
 stools vary from day to day, being one day loose and 
 another day costive. Dogs having had purging many 
 days become, ulcerated within the fundament, in 
 which case there is a constant irritation kept up ; and 
 the animal, having the sensation of wanting to eva- 
 cuate, is continually trying to bring something away. 
 Persons seeing this are frequently led into errror, and 
 suppose that there is actual costiveness ; they accord* 
 ingly give purging medicines, which must aggravate the 
 complaint, and frequently destroy the dog. In purg- 
 ing there is always violent thirst, and cold water is 
 sought with great eagerness, but which only increases 
 the evil, and hence should be removed, and broth or 
 rice water substituted in its room. Rice milk should 
 also be given as food, or rice with meat. If violent, 
 starch clysters may be thrown up ; and, as medicine, 
 balls made with equal parts of prepared chalk and 
 gum arabic may be given every two or three hours. 
 
 LUMBAGO. See Rheumatism. 
 
 MADNESS. 
 
 This important article the author of these pages is 
 enabled to treat of with more perspicuity, perhaps, 
 than it has ever yet been treated of in any language, 
 as he is bold to affirm that he has seen more of it, 
 and paid more attention to it, than any other person 
 in the world. Within the last three years upwards of 
 three hundred cases have fell under his particular and 
 attentive examination ; and nearly half that number 
 have been carefully dissected by him. Many circum- 
 
1!04 
 stances conspired to make the author particuUirly at- 
 tentive to this subject: a primary one was, the total 
 ignorance that has hitherto prevailed on it. Except 
 some remarks by Mr. Meynell, of sporting celebritj-, 
 %vhich were given some years ago in the iptli vol. of 
 the Medical Commentaries, nothing has appeared in 
 print in any language worthy of the smallest notice ; 
 and it is evident that, however attentive Mr. Meynell 
 might be, he must yet have had his scope of observation 
 iimch confined ; most likely to his own kennel, and 
 to one kind of dog only: nevertheless, at the time 
 these remarks appeared they were valuable, as being 
 the only account of the disease tliat at all approached 
 to truth. This gentleman considers a loss of appe- 
 tite as the first symptom of the complaint, which is 
 materially erroneous, and which arose from the kind 
 of dog he saw, ajid from his not being immediately 
 domesticated with the animals attacked, so as to see 
 the immediate commencement of it. The first ap- 
 pearance of the disease is to be dated not from a loss 
 of appetite, but from a certain peculiarity in the dog's 
 manner, some departure frojn his usual habits, and 
 his doing something, however trifling, that is un- 
 common. 
 
 This complete ignorance of the nature and appear- 
 ance of the complaint, and the many erroneous and 
 most dangerous ideas that prevailed relative to it, 
 gave the author a particular wish to become conver- 
 sant with it. Tiiis desire was also greatly heightened 
 by a sympathy he felt for those fellow^ creatures who 
 were rendered unhappy from apprehension and danger, 
 he having, in IS07, been himself very severely bitten 
 by a dog unquestionably mad ; and to this accident 
 
20.5 
 may be athibuted in a principal degree the bringing 
 forward the valuable preventive detailed at the end 
 of this article ; a discovery that, when it beconiei 
 properly appreciated, succeeding ages will hail. 
 There, in fact, needs but one remark to shew how ex- 
 tremely ignorant the generality of persons are relative 
 to the nature of this disease, which is that the univer- 
 sally received distinguishing characteristic of the disease 
 should never exist, and that the general term also 
 applied to the complaint should be as inapplicable to 
 it as it would be to the human small pox or measles. 
 The dread of water, it is evident, must be here meant ; 
 and the term Hydrophobia, as characterising what 
 never exists, it is equally clear, must be a perfect 
 misnomer, and an error existing in general and vulgar 
 prejudice. It is incalculable the mischief that this 
 universal prejudice has produced : it has rendered 
 thousands of unfortunate persons miserable for months 
 and years, and many others it has lulled into a fatal 
 security. If a poor dog, from illness or affection of 
 any kind whatever, is prevented from swallowing, he is 
 immediately pronounced mad, and is unreluctantly 
 destroyed, while horror pervades the mind of every 
 one who has been within his reach. Nor is the un- 
 fortunate person who may have been bitten by this 
 same dog years or months before exempt from the 
 panic ; for, among the popular prejudices that pre- 
 vail, is one, that, if a dog becomes mad, any person 
 who may have been formerly bitten by this dog, even 
 though he was in perfect health, is in danger of be- 
 coming mad. On the other hand, if a dog under any 
 complaint can drink, then he is pronounced free from 
 all danger of madness ; and so universal is this opi- 
 T 
 
20(> 
 nion, that an eminent pli^'sician now in very extensive 
 practice in London, wh© was consulted by a persoa 
 bitten, immediately enquired whether the dog could 
 drink ; when, on being informed he could, he peremp* 
 torily pronounced that there was no danger. 
 
 The ignorance of pedantry is always the most to 
 be dreaded ; and as much as a person wishes his opi- 
 nion to have weight, so much the more necessary is 
 it for him rightly to inform himself on all matters 
 that are likely to come within his cognisance, the 
 omission of which reduces him to a mere empiric. 
 This gentleman was guilty of apiece of presumption 
 unworthy his situation, for he gave a most fatal and 
 erroneous judgment, that, had it been followed, 
 might have caused the death of three persons ; for, 
 when told that I had pronounced the dog mad, he 
 made no hesitation in saying, that, let my opinion be 
 what it would, provided the dog drank he was not 
 mad. Fortunately his opinion was not attended to, 
 and I dissected the wounded parts out of three per- 
 sons bitten by this dog. In five weeks a dog bittern 
 by this same animal became mad, and in six weeks a 
 horse bitten by him becanie mad also. So much for 
 popular prejudice, and s© nmch for pedantie and pro- 
 fessional ignorance. 
 
 It cannot be too strongly inculcated, that dogs 
 labouring under the dreadful complaint of madness 
 never have the least distaste to water, or the slightest 
 dread of it ; on the contrary, in almost every instance 
 they seek it with avidity, and lap it incessantly. Now 
 and then there is some obstruction in the swallow, by 
 which the water taken returns as fast as it is lapped ; 
 but this can never lead into error, because in all these ia- 
 
 > 
 
207 
 dances the dog hangs over the water, continually lap- 
 ping, though perhaps he ^v/allows none. In no in- 
 stance is there any thing like a dread of water dis- 
 coverable, but on the contrary, a violent thirst induces 
 them to take whatever drink comes in their way. 
 How completely erroneous, therefore, must be the 
 opinion formed of madness from the drinking or not 
 drinking, is evident from this ; and it is also as evident, 
 that the term hydrophobia is completely absurd as 
 applied to madness m dogvS, and no more applicable 
 to it, as Ijefore noticed, than it is to human measles 
 or small pox. 
 
 Another very popular error prevails with regard 
 fto madness, and which error it is lamentable to see 
 men of genius and information still propagating in 
 :some lately published works, whose elegance, and 
 the reception they have met with, should not have 
 rendered them the vehicle of such mere traditionary 
 ignorance, that the slightest conversance with the 
 natural history of the animal would have corrected. 
 The error alluded to is, that the removjug the wonn 
 under the dog's tongue will prevent his becoming mad 
 at any future time. Others do not go this length ; 
 hut these are equally certain, that, if he does go mad^ 
 he cannot bite when be is so. It is almost contempt- 
 ible to combat so childish and ignorant an opinion, 
 ^nd nothing but its widely extended reception and its 
 baleful influence could make me consent gravely to 
 Tefute so absurd a notion. There is, in the first place, 
 no such thing as a worm, or any thing like one, in 
 any part of a dog's mouth. Anatomists all know that 
 Biost pendulous parts attached to others have ^ 
 doubiing of the skin to secure them, technically 
 T2 
 
termed a froenuiTi, a sort of bridle. It is this diiplica* 
 ture of skin that is cut by nurses under a child's tongue 
 to give it more liberty, in general very erroneously^ 
 It is this froenuni that at once appears on opening a 
 dog's mouth and lifting up his tongue, when from al- 
 jmost the point to tlie root of it is seen a skin that 
 evidently was intended to confine it from passing 
 backwards into the throat, whkh otherwise it might 
 readily do in convulsions. This skin is doubled, and 
 has besides an intervening thickening ; and when this 
 is ripped up, and taken out, it is called the worm : 
 the elastic property of the skin making it recoil from 
 the stretch it was put on in taking it away, is adduced 
 as a proof that it is alive, and proves it a worm, ia 
 the opinion of credulity. That there is no such thing 
 as a worm in the mouth, any person may easily con- 
 vince himself of; and, having convinced himself 
 of this, it m«^.t be evident that the removal -of a bit 
 of skin, whose use is so apparent, can have no 
 effect in preventing madness. In the new Cyclopaidia 
 of Arts and Sciences this error has also crept in, with 
 several others on the subject of dogs. It is to be la- 
 mented that the ingenious collator of the above work 
 had not placed his authorities opposite to each article, 
 by which he would have avoided a very manifest in- 
 justice to some. ?<luch matter on the subject of the 
 diseases of dogs was furnished by the author of this 
 Treatise at the express request of Dr; Rees, and so 
 much was contributed as to leave this subject as com- 
 plete as the nature of circumstances would admit of; 
 but, not content with what long experience and atten- 
 tive observation had made unquestionable, the colla- 
 tor mixes witli these the farrago of sportsmen, kennel 
 
50p 
 keepers, and grooms; and among other vulgar 
 errors is detailed the mode of extracting the worm 
 from \mder the tongue. It may be remarked as a 
 ;proof of the literary liberality of that work, that the 
 articles which were furnished gratuitously, and had a 
 claim to originality, have no acknowledged author; 
 while those which have been hajided down by long tra- 
 dition have the names of their respective authors as- 
 signed them, 
 
 A third very dangerous prejudice prevails relative 
 •to madness, which arises from the popular and more 
 common name of madness, which is almost as much 
 a misnomeras the hydr .phobia. From the term mad 
 dog, persons naturally suppose that a dog to be affect- 
 ed with the complaint mast necessarily be wild and 
 furious, and in every written description it is so made 
 -out ; but so far is this from being the case, that in 
 hardly any one instance did I ever observe a total 
 alienation of the mind, and in very few have the men- 
 vtal fiiculties been disturbed : on the contrary, they 
 -commonly know tlie voice of their master, and are 
 obedient to it, frequently to the vei^ last moments of 
 : their existence. 
 
 Among the other eiToneous prejudices that prevail 
 relative to the disease, it is not one of the least hurtful 
 that it is universally supposed that other animals besides 
 the dog, becoming rabid, can entail it. I believe that 
 no rabid animal but the dog, and perhaps his prototypes 
 the fox and wolf, is capable of producing madness ia 
 others by bite. In no other animal is there any in- 
 crease of saliva, or any disposition to bite, unless that 
 ;happens to be its natural mode of attack; and Ie 
 T3 
 
210 
 every other animal it deserves the name of madness 
 infinitely more than it does in the dog, for even the 
 peaceable sheep becomes astonishingly ferocious in 
 the malady. In the horse the sight is most terrific ; 
 J have seen one, clear a six-stall stable of racks, man- 
 gers, standings, posts ; and every tlting but the bare 
 walls has been in one huge mass of ruin around him. 
 Even fowk are rendered vicious by it. With regard to 
 the cat, so many instances are on record, that I would 
 not lightly pronounce that this animal is incapable of 
 producing the disease ; but I have never seen it repro- 
 duced by a cat, and from analogy I am disposed to 
 doubt it, in spite of all that has been asserted relative 
 to it. 
 
 Another -erroneous idea prevails, and which I shall 
 probably find great difficulty in •combating ; but I 
 am certain that no dog breeds madness; that is, that 
 no dog becomes mad froin any cause whatever, but by 
 his being bitten or inoculated by another dog. It is 
 in vain that it is answered. How came the disease at 
 first 1 How came human small po^x, measles, or 
 syphilis 1 They were first generated, but are never 
 DOW produced but by infection. Out of the vast va- 
 riety of cases I have met with, I have never met with 
 one instance that I could not trace to having been 
 exposed to danger, though I have often had to search 
 very closely to come at the truth ; so willing are 
 people often to deceive themselves. But it will be 
 found an incontrovertible fact, that no dog ever has 
 rabies but such as have been bitten ; nor can any dis- 
 ease, or any pain or irritation, ever bring on the ma- 
 ladv : nothing short of the actual bite of another dog 
 ia the same state can produce it. It is also erroneous 
 
2il 
 Ko suppose that madness is more prevalent in summer 
 than in winter : as rabies depends wholly on inocula- 
 tion, it is evident that the prevalence of it must be 
 wholly accidental. Heat and drought have neither 
 any effect in producing it : in some of the countries 
 under the torrid «one it is unknown. However tra- 
 dition and error may have implanted the above errors 
 in the minds of the public, tljey will be found, on 
 attentive examination and experience, to be wholly 
 false, and that they lead to false conclusions, and to 
 lannecessary fear and dread. 
 
 I shall proceed now to describe the disease, such 
 as it appears under its immense varieties ; varieties 
 which make it very difficult to decide upon it in many 
 instances, except to those much accustomed to if, 
 and who hav« paid particular attention to the subject. 
 I have already noticed that the disease commonly 
 commences with some peculiarity in the dog's manner, 
 some departure from his usual habits, or the introduc- 
 tion of new ones. In a great number of instances this 
 peculiarity consists in a disposition to pick up straws, 
 thread, and paper; it is particularly the case with 
 smaller dogs who are living in the house. I have 
 seen a dog clear a carpet so perfectly, that not the 
 smallest object of any kind has remained on it. 
 Others, again, as the first symptom, shew an eager 
 disposition to lick the anus and privates of another 
 dog. In one instance I foretold the disease from the 
 unconmion attachment of a pug puppy towards a 
 kitten that he was continually licking, as well as the' 
 cold nose of a healthy pug that was with him : this 
 p^appy likewise w as attached to every thing cold, as 
 Ihe^rateand fiie iroas. This is a very usual sym|H 
 
212 
 *ora. Some dogs wfU early in the disease eat 'theif 
 >owa excrement ; and lapping their own water is very 
 connnonly observed among them, and is so strong a 
 mark of the disease, that it should always be looked 
 ibr. Another very early symptom of madness in dogs 
 kept in the house is an antipathy to cats: the very cats 
 they have lived in friendship with are very early in the 
 complaint the objects of their unceasing annoyance. 
 The progress of this irritability is often clear and well 
 marked. Cats are tlie first objects of their anger, 
 Avhile no dislike is manifested towards dogs. Next 
 rhowever dogs, particularly strangers, are attacked ; 
 -but those they are accustomed to are still respected. 
 As the disease advances, however, they do not 
 spare those they are accustomed to ; and last of all 
 they attack the persons around them : but except in 
 a moment of irritability they seldom absolutely attack 
 any human person. In contradiction to this it may 
 be said. How are persons, then, bitten in the streets 
 and roads by dogs passing? Whendogs leave their home, 
 it seems they are impelled by some inward impulse 
 to go abroafi to propagate the disease : this actually 
 appears almost their immediate object ; it is instinc- 
 tive, not a rational effort ; the proof of which is, that 
 they pursue no other object. This being the case, 
 they turn hastily, and snap at every thing that comes 
 in their way*, but even here they less willingly bite 
 Siuman persons than their own species : but in those 
 %vho do not take on this wandering disposition there 
 is seldom much mischief manifested in their disposi- 
 tion towards human persons. It must be remembered, 
 in this as in every other remark I offer on this subject, 
 that 1 speak oa the Ibroad scale .of .extended experi- 
 
213 
 ttnce. Solitary facts will occur as varieties, tlitt are 
 at variance with many or most of these appear- 
 ances ; but these will be found correct in the aggre- 
 gate. In kennek of hounds many of these remarks 
 may not immediately apply ; because the disease is 
 not observed in its very first commencement, and be- 
 cause if they escape they are imimediately hunted into 
 fury and wiidness, but if left to themselves the disease 
 would put on very different appearances, and whoever 
 is at pains to study tl>e subject will find these obser- 
 vationsjust. The irritability that induces rabid dogs to 
 bite is very strong, but it is almost always devoid of 
 wildness and fury; it is more like the irritability and 
 peevishness of a child ; at least tliis is the case in 
 the early stages of the disease : in the latter stages there 
 may be in some few instances some alienation of the 
 mind, and a greater impatience. In the dogs that are 
 x.loniesticated and living always about th«ir owner, in 
 the greater number of cases, the same gentleness, at- 
 tachment, and obedience, are observed during tli€ 
 first days of the disease that is common to them at 
 •other times: by degrees, however, they snap gently, or 
 run at a person's foot as though in }>lay, and will not 
 at this time bite, but will take the foot or hand in the 
 mouth with a certain sort of playful quickness ; but it 
 is peculiar that a stick held to a dog even in this stage 
 is sure to excite his anger, even from those he is most 
 fond of, and he will seize and shake it with violence. 
 This is a very common and almost invariable charac- 
 ter in the coi^plaint, and may almost be considered as 
 one of the few unerring criterions. But though there 
 is no violence, and though the usual attachment is 
 manifest, yet there is almost always a wonderful iia- 
 
514. 
 patience of controul, and the animal is with difficulty 
 frightened ; though in some instances again, the meek- 
 ness and obedience continue to the very last. This 
 is by no means uncommon, and, from the universal 
 idea that prevails relative to mad dogs, it is very hard 
 for some persons to bring tlicmselves to conceive such 
 a dog mad. I have very frequently seen a rabid dog 
 throughout the whole of the complaint, and to the very 
 last moment, never evince one disposition to bite, but 
 -on the contrary has looked up to those about him 
 -with distress and apparent entreaty. The parched 
 tongue has been eagerly carried over the hands and 
 feet of those he has been fond of, and dogs in such 
 'Cases have suffered themselves to be carried about 
 with the same mildness as ever. 
 
 Many scores of dogs have been brought to Tne, fol- 
 lowing persons quietly through the street, or carried 
 •imder the arm, whose total disinclination to do any 
 harm has never once given their owners the slightest 
 ■suspicion of the ?ea1 nature of their complaint, t 
 the more strongly dwell on this circumstance, that I 
 may open the public mind, and do away the fatal 
 jmistake that exists in considering those dogs only as 
 mad who are mischievously inclined. On the other 
 hand, let not these remarks lead any one into a 
 fallacious fearlessness and security relative to the 
 ■peaceableness of the temper in rabies ; for it must 
 he remembered, that it is not in every ease that 
 perfect mildness exists, and that, though there is 
 seldom that wildness and fury the generality of per- 
 sons expect in madness, yet that there is in most cases 
 .a treacherous disposition that cannot be too nmch 
 guarded against : for though dogs labouring under 
 
215 
 it may coiue when called, wag the taif, and seem 
 pleased with attention, yet it is very common for them 
 on a sudden to turn and snap. This, when it happens 
 to a dog that is at other times good tempered, ought 
 to be considered as a very strengthening help to a 
 conviction that he is affected with madness. 
 
 Among sportsmen there are described two varieties 
 of the complaint, raging and dumb madness ; but 
 whoever sees as much of the complaint as I have done, 
 and watches it as attentively, will find that there is 
 no real ground for such a distinction ; at least, that 
 the distiuctiou is not sulirciently deiined to make it 
 at all to be depended on. We have proved that the 
 wild raging kind is very uncommon, unless a dog is 
 hunted into it by pursuit and fear, and frequently, on 
 the other hand, when he has sulRcient irritability ta 
 make him an object of danger, still he shall be dumb; 
 and agaip, that frequently in those who have the gene- 
 ral term of dumb madness applied to them, there are 
 irritability, restlessness, and even continued howling. 
 In fact, so immense are the varieties, that no twa 
 eases are alike ; nor is there one symptom that any 
 complaint can put on, but what is to be seen in this 
 most variable disease. The principal differences that 
 can be fairly noticed are what arise from the part 
 that is more immediately the seat of the complaint. 
 When the disease exists principally in the bowels, it 
 produces an affection of the throat and neck ; the 
 tongue lolls out, and there appears a swelling and en- 
 largement of all the parts about the mouth, throat, 
 and swallow ; with greater heaviness, stupor, distress, 
 and weakness of the hinder parts. On the contrary, 
 when the lungs are the principal seat of tlie complaint, 
 
2i6 
 there is more quickness, irritability^ and a ui^)osilioii 
 to rove, to bark or howl, and tear. 
 
 Whenever any noise is made by a dog who is mad, 
 it ought to be particularly attended to, for it forms 
 one of the most certain aiid infallible criterions that 
 present themselves: except t)»e certain peculiarity, and 
 hardly excepting that, it is the most unerring guide 
 that occurs. No dog that is mad ever barks with his 
 natural bark ; his voice becomes changed, and his 
 manner also. The bark a mad dog makes is some- 
 thing between a bark and a howl, consisting of some- 
 thing longer than the one, dud shorter than the other ; 
 and is so totally unlike any thing beside, that when 
 once heard and noticed it can never be forgotten. It 
 is so familiar to the ear of the writer of these pages, 
 that he has heard it from one street when he has been 
 himself in another, and, following the sound, has ap- 
 prised the owners of tlieir danger. This happened 
 once particularly where the howl attracted his steps 
 into a farrier's shop, when the master of it had been 
 drenching the dog for a supposed stoppage in his 
 bowels. His hands, which he had passed into the 
 dofl^'s mouth, were covered with scratches, the effect 
 of his business, which without my caution would have 
 remained unattended to, though superabundantly 
 inoculated with the poison. The noise made is more 
 like the giving tongue of a heavy slow ht)und, and is 
 commonly made with the head held up in the air. 
 There is either great distress apparent in the counte- 
 nance, or a quick anxious look: the eyes are always 
 red ; frequently the infiamnration is such as to pro- 
 duce matter ; the sight in some instances becomes de- 
 ceptive, and they snap at objects they fancy they 
 
e!7 
 
 perceive. Flies are eagerly watched by theirj, and 
 snapped at with great eagerness, and frequently, from 
 the deceptive vision, they appear to see them when 
 they do not. 
 
 In many (I might say in most) of them there is a 
 remarkable tendency to carry straw about in their 
 mouths, industriously appearing to make a bed ; and 
 when they are littered down with it they are connnon- 
 ly observed scratching it under their bellies, as tliough 
 anxious to apply it to the belly. This will be found 
 to be also a most unerring criterion of the complaint. 
 Whenever it has occurred, I have found the intestines 
 after death very highly inflamed. Gnawing is almost 
 invariable with them also : boards, chains, the vessel 
 that holds their food or water, are gnawed, and some- 
 times taken up and shook witli immense violence. 
 
 The atteuPj^ts to escape form a very remarkable 
 trait in the disease. Whenever the madness is not 
 of the stupid heavy kind, there is almost always a very 
 great anxiety to escape, and which is not the effect of 
 pain nor of delirium, but is a most peculiar disposi- 
 tion to propagate the disease solely ; for, having ram- 
 bled about, biting every animal that comes in his 
 way, such a dog, if he is not worried or hunted, returns 
 home in a few hours. This fact is not known in the 
 country, for there a dog is soon discovered, and is 
 soon hunted ; and if he is not overtaken, he is too 
 frightened to return immediately, and he falls a sacri- 
 fice in sonje other village or town. The very hunt- 
 ing makes him more mad, or otherwise there would 
 seldom be much ferocity ; and it is but seldom but 
 such a doi,^ would return when lie was tired. Having 
 tired himself, unless malested he returns home ; and 
 U 
 
218 
 €ven if molested, lie will frequently even then, though 
 later, find his way back. I have often met with 
 them in the street trotting leisurely along, looking out 
 for every dog that came in their way. Sometimes 
 they seek the communication by crossing the road 
 and turning out of their way ; at others they merely 
 snap at those that fall in their line of march ; but 
 few dogs, however, escape that are within their reach. 
 They seldom turn out of their way to bite human 
 passengers, and, when they do bite, it is not often a 
 continued attack, but simply a snap, and they then 
 pass on : much, however, must depend on the natural 
 character and habit of the dog. In the early stages 
 of the disease, when their activity is yet considerable, 
 and they have shewn an anxious wish to escape, the 
 desire of mischief is very strong, and they roam in 
 every direction, seeking every living object with an 
 earnestness that is truly surprising. Under these cir- 
 cumstances, it must be evident that they are likely to 
 be beaten by other dogs, or attacked by persons ; and 
 I have known numerous instances of their returning 
 home half killed from the attacks they have met 
 with. Whenever this is the case, I have invariably 
 found that the progress of the complaint was in some 
 degree arrested : those dogs have uniformly been 
 more calm for two or three succeeding days, so much 
 so as to deceive those around them, and give hopes 
 of recovery. This is a very curious fact, but it is no 
 less certain than curious The constitution seems to 
 have received a shock that is capable of diverting the 
 morbid fever into another course. Soon, however, 
 the deadly poison again resumes it vigour, and the 
 wretched animal sinks. 
 
219 
 Some rabid dogs have great affection of the mouth 
 and throat ; in some the mouth appears swollen and 
 incapable of being shut ; the tongue is always in 
 these cases black, particularly towards the point of 
 it. Sometimes it is quite dry and parched ; at others 
 it is very moist, and there is a quantity of slaver con- 
 tinually flowing from the jaws. In these cases there 
 is also, in general, an affection of the throat, accompa- 
 nied with a very peculiar deep choaking kind of 
 noise issuing from the bottom of the throat appa- 
 rently. There is also a considerable diflicuity expe- 
 rienced in swallowing, but no convulsive affection or 
 dread, as in hydrophobia. In some instances this 
 affection of the throat exists without the mouth being 
 affected, or the lower jaw dropping and becoming pa- 
 ralysed : but when the mouth is affected in this man- 
 ner, the sufferings of the poor animal are extreme, for 
 his thirst induces him to be continually lapping ; but, 
 as the paralysis of the lower jaw prevents his retain- 
 ing the liquid in his mouth, so it falls out as fast as 
 taken in. There is seldom much mischievous ten- 
 dency in the animal when these affections of the 
 mouth and throat are the principal symptoms ; but 
 it is not from the inability to bite, as is supposed, but 
 because there is in general a total absence of the dis- 
 position to do mischief in this peculiar kind of the 
 disease : on the contrary, I have seen many instances 
 when the mildness of character has been most distress- 
 mg to witness. The earnest imploring look for 
 relief, the strong attachment manifested to those 
 around, while the parched tongue licks the hands and 
 feet of those who notice it with more than usual gra- 
 titude, and this continues to the last moment of life 
 U2 
 
220 
 in many cases, without one manifestation of any dis= 
 position to bite, or do the smallest harm. I have seen 
 this particularly in pugs and terriers. A very great 
 number, indeed a majority, of those who are affected 
 have obstinate costiveiiess, and which is a very gene- 
 ral and well marked symptom. This costiveness is 
 found to be very obstinate, and, when overcome, it 
 yet docs not appear to produce any relief. It ap- 
 pears to arise from the peculiar infiammation that 
 exists in the bowels of most of them, and it is to this 
 source that it is so common for them to appear para- 
 lysed and weak in the loins. I have seen an affec- 
 tion of the bowels produce a tendency in a dog to 
 sit constantly oh his rump wholly upright, and in 
 others it has produced convulsive spasms not unlike 
 St. Vitus's dance, and I have seen one side wholly 
 paralysed, while the other has been unaffected : but 
 an evident failing in the loins is a very common ac- 
 companiment to the disease. There is also in every 
 one of them marks of great oppression on the head ; 
 for in the most furious, however watchfid they may 
 appear, they are every now and then closing their 
 eyes, and the head drops as in dozing. The dura- 
 tion of the complaint is various in dogs : few die 
 sooner than the third day, and few survive longer 
 than the seventh. The average number die on the 
 fourth and fifth day. In other animals the existence 
 of the complaint is much about the same time. 
 
 I shall now proceed to notice the appearances on 
 dissection, as strict attention to this subject will often 
 be found to be of the utmost importance ; for very 
 frequently it is only after death that an animal is sus- 
 pected of being affected with madness, though he 
 
221 
 may have bitten several persons while living. Under 
 these circumstances, it is evident that it would be of 
 the very first importance to be able, from an atten- 
 tive observation of the body after death, to pronounce 
 with certainty whether the animal died mad or of 
 some other disease. 
 
 I shall sliew that this may readily be done, and 
 with me it is as easy to pronounce on the disease 
 from the internal appearances after death, as though 
 I had watched it during its whole progress. Begin- 
 ning with the head, it will be found that in those who 
 have exhibited much irritability, panting, and dispo- 
 sition to mischief, there is always more or less in- 
 creased vascularity of the brain ; but that the in- 
 flatmnation never exists in any degree sufficient to 
 make it a very important mark. Where the mouth 
 and throat have been affected, there is also, on exa- 
 mination, some slight inflammation and swelling ; but 
 by no means are these appearances after death at all 
 in proportion to the degree of affection that prevailed 
 during life. It is to the lungs, the stomach, and the 
 bowels, that we must look for marks of specific affec- 
 tion after death. Remarkable as k may appear 
 among the numerous observatfbns by various authors 
 on this peculiar complaint, none have gone so far as 
 to notice the cause of it, or to mention the appear- 
 ances after death, and which appearances are first 
 detailed in these pages, except what have appeared 
 from the same pen in the New Cyclopiedia of Dr. 
 Rees. In human subjects who have died of hydro- 
 phobia, it is remarkable that hardly any alteration of 
 the organs of the body is discoverable after death ; 
 while in the dog in every instance vast and decided 
 U3 
 
.222 
 marks of inflammation and gangrene are always pre- 
 sent in either tlie lungs, stoniacli, or bowels ; gene- 
 rally in all, but often not in equal degrees. To those 
 %vlio are niedicully educated, it will be a matter of 
 some curiosity to learn that the lungs should be united 
 so generally with the stomach and bowels in the 
 common affection. In those cases where there has 
 been much restlessness, quickness, violent panting, 
 and .much mischievous tendency, with almost incessant 
 howling or barking, the infiannnation of the lungs 
 has commonly been found to be excessive, while the 
 stomach and bowels have been less so. Sonjetimes 
 one side of the cavity of the chest is found to be more 
 affected than the other ; at others both are equally 
 so ; but wherever the affection does exist, the inflam- 
 mation is commonly of the most violent kind, and 
 the lobes affected are found black and gangrenous. 
 
 When the complaint has appeared milder in its 
 symptoms, at least when there has been but little 
 irritability ; when the loins have been affected with 
 paralysis ; w hen there has been much spasm, much 
 disposition to dig, and scrape the straw under the 
 belly, and much sickness of stomach, which is a 
 symptom that appears early in the complaint ; ia 
 these cases it will be found that the stomach and 
 bowels are principally affected. In some instances 
 the stomach will be found very highly inflamed, and 
 the bowels less so, and vice versa ; but it is seldom 
 that th^ one is affected and the other wholly unaffect- 
 ed ; nor is it frequent that either the stomach or 
 bowels should be wholly free from marks of inflam- 
 mation, when the lungs are the principal seat of the 
 complaint: nevertheless, it should be remembered 
 
223 
 as a caution, that now and then no inflammation is 
 evident in the bowels, but iii these cases the inflam- 
 mation of the lungs will be sufficient to characterise 
 the disease, when, superadded to it, there exists the 
 appearance we shall next describe. I believe there 
 never was a mad dog, or a dog atfected with what is 
 known by the popular term madness, but who, from 
 some characteristic and specific aftection of the sto- 
 mach and bowels, had a disposition to pick up and 
 swallow substances that at other times he would refuse. 
 This begins very early in the complahit, and con- 
 tinues sometimes all the way through it. Substances 
 the most incongruous are taken in. Hay, straw, rope, 
 stones, cinders, in fact every thing that can be swal- 
 lowed, is taken down, and are there retained after 
 the first day or two. More early in the complaint 
 there is often sickness of the stomach, and which some- 
 times continues, but still the appearances will be the 
 same ; still invariably, on dissection, when the stomach 
 is cut into, there will always appear a very large mass 
 within it, composed of substances unfit to be eaten. 
 This, it should be carefully remembered, is a sign of 
 the existence of the disease, subject to the fewest ex- 
 ceptions of any one that we have noticed ; and when- 
 ever other circumstances have rendered the case 
 doubtful, if there exists this appearance (which if it 
 is madness there will be every probability of), that 
 then it need be no longer considered as a matter of 
 doubt, for I have never witnessed any thing like a 
 similar appearance in any other complaint. 
 
 The whole of the under line of the stomach is ge- 
 nerally very highly inflamed ; often it is completely 
 gangrenous, WhcD there has been ttiucli stupor and 
 
224 
 dulness, and when the affection of the throat has 
 been considerable, and the weakness and paralysis of 
 the hinder extremities have been considerable ; there 
 is sure to be found much inflammation in the bowels. 
 The mesentery is also very vascular and charged with 
 blood, and the diaphragm and liver also have some 
 appearances of mflammation. But the lungs, stomach, 
 and bowels, are so invaria!)ly affected, that I have 
 not the least hesitation m considering what k called 
 madness, but what should be termed rabies, as a spe- 
 cific inflammation of these organs ; and that all the 
 svraptoms observed, are to be accounted for by the 
 effects arising from inflammation of these organs, 
 superadding the speciticcharacter of the complaint to 
 the inflammation. It is to be remarked, that dogs 
 having died of madness very soon become putrid ; but 
 there is no peculiarity in the smell, nor do other dogs 
 avoid the eflliuvia that arises from them. Neither do 
 dot's avoid a mad dog when alive, any more than 
 they do any other dog, the dread that is supposed to 
 be impressed on their minds at the sight of a mad dog 
 being merely imaginary. 
 
 We shall now proceed to detail the preventive re- 
 inedy that was hinted at in the begiiming of this arti- 
 cle. For some years I had been informed that there 
 lived a cottager near Watford, of the name of Webb, 
 who dispensed what is commonly called a drink as a 
 preventive of madness ; and the many testimonies I 
 had received relative to it gave me reason to suppose 
 that it possessed some preventive qualities : but till 
 the year 1807 I had not embraced any opportunity of 
 putting its qualities to the test of experiment. To- 
 wards the latter part of that year, I was myself un- 
 
225 
 fortunately bitten by a small terrier bitch belonging 
 to Mr. Buxton, of Great Marlborough Street, which 
 had exhibited some peculiarity of manner for several 
 days. She was taken from amidst her puppies, suck- 
 ling of them, and brought to my house in a servant's 
 arms. As soon as she was set down almost, she seized 
 ray finger, and innnediately afterwards gave one of 
 the signiticant howls before mentioned. Conscious 
 of her state, I immediately directed the servant to 
 take her home, and that I would send directions about 
 her ; but I gave this servant no reason to suspect 
 her situation, because she would have been too much 
 alarmed, and because 1 was certain, from my expe- 
 rience of the habits of dogs in this state, that she 
 would not bite the servant ; and the event proved it: 
 she suffered herself to be taken up quietly, and as 
 soon as taken home went immediately to her puppies, 
 and died in an hour afterwards. As soon as she left 
 my house, I immediately dispatched my assistant to 
 apprise the family of the nature of the case, and of 
 the danger and the necessity of the animal's being 
 immediately confined : he also mentioned the very 
 serious accident I had met with in being very deeply 
 bitten by the dog in the hand, which they had al- 
 ready been informed of by the servant. I shall, 1 
 dare say, hardly gain belief when 1 relate that no 
 concern was expressed on the occasion, nor was there 
 ever once afterwards the slightest inquiry made as to 
 my fate. From a necessity of removing the parts to 
 a considerable depth, it was uncertain for a fortnight 
 w heth.er I should not lose my finger, and perhaps my 
 hand, by mortification. Under one of the most seri- 
 ous and afflicting accidents that could happen, it 
 
2'26 
 would hardly be believed that there could be found a 
 family in respectable life so totally devoid of any of 
 the common principles of humanity, as never to ex- 
 press one regret, nor to make one inquiry after the 
 effects of an accident that they themselves were the 
 immediate though the innocent cause of: but such 
 was the fact, and, was it not so glaring, it would never 
 have appeared here. Being myself endangered, my 
 attention was awakened to the value of any preven- 
 tive remedy (if it could be proved really so) against 
 this dreadful malady, particularly in such cases where, 
 from the depth of the wound, its situation, or other 
 circumstances, the application of the knife or actual 
 cautery might not be advisable. To endeavour to as- 
 certain the grounds on which the reputation of this 
 remedy stood, I went to Watford, and prosecuted 
 my inquiries with such success, that from one of the 
 two brothers who had dispensed the medicine I gained 
 the original receipt, and w hich had been verified on 
 oath before a magistrate. As rabies was then ex- 
 tremely common, I lost no time, but detailed the re- 
 medy, with all I had learned relative to it, in the 
 Medical Review for December 1807, where the form 
 of the original receipt and mode of preparation may 
 be seen at length. The following is tlie form under 
 which I have long prepared this remedy, and which, 
 after a long course of experiment, I find the best : 
 Take of the fresh leaves of the tree box . . 2 ounces 
 
 Of the fresh leaves of rue 2 ounces 
 
 Of sage |- an ounce 
 
 Chop these fine, and boil in a pint of water to half a 
 pint ; strain carefully, and press out the liquor firmly: 
 beat the ini^redieiits then in a mortar, and put tiiem 
 
227 
 into a pint of new milk ; boil again to iialf a pint ; 
 strain as before ; mix both the liquors, which forms 
 three doses for a human subject. Double this quan- 
 t tity is proper for a horse or cow ; two thirds of the 
 quantity is sufficient for a large dog, calf, sheep, or 
 hog ; half the quantity for a middling sized dog ; and 
 one third for a small dog. The quantity above 
 directed makes three doses for a human person, 
 which are given, one every morning fasting. Ani- 
 mals are treated in a similar manner, according to 
 their proportions, as directed. In the human sub- 
 ject I have never found it produce any effects what- 
 ever. The old recipe directs that it should be taken 
 two or three hours before rising in the morning, 
 which is not a bad plan, because it will be less likely 
 to be brought up again, which so large and nauseous 
 a dose might otherwise be. Neither in any animal, 
 except the dog, have I ever witnessed any strong effect 
 from the exhibition of this remiedy ; but in dogs I 
 have frequently seen it produce considerable affection : 
 in two or three it has proved fatal ; bat as I conceive 
 that it should shew its effects on the constitution to be 
 certain, and as at the same time it is prudent to guard 
 against the efiects being too violent, so our plan is 
 always to begin with a smaller dose, and to go on in- 
 creasing it every morning till it shews its effects by > 
 sickness of the stomach, panting, and evident uneasi- 
 ness. 
 
 I have given this remedy in one hundred and 
 thirty-five cases, forty-five of which were human per- 
 sons, eight were horses, a few sheep and hogs, and 
 the rest were dogs : but the whole had been unques- 
 tionably bitten by dogs actually mad. Out of this 
 
228 
 number three cases only of failure have occurred; 
 but candour obUges me to own that these were pal- 
 pable and fair cases, for the medicine was given with 
 every caution. In the two cases of failure in dogs, 
 both w ere bitten in the head ; and from what I have 
 seen, 1 am disposed to believe that the disease more 
 certainly takes j)lace, and in a less time, in those who 
 are bitten in the head than elsewhere. The horse 
 was also bitten in the lip, as well as in other parts ; 
 but time must shew how far this opinion is well found- 
 ed. Out of the forty-five human persons who tried 
 this remedy, I believe not more than seven of them 
 trusted to its preventive powers alone ; in all the rest 
 I applied either the cautery or the knife to the com- 
 plete extirpation of the j)arts bitten : and in those who 
 trusted solely to it, it was by their own express desire, 
 and their dread of the other and more established 
 means of relief; for I am free to confess that I 
 think this remedy ought to be nuich more certainly 
 established in its reputation, before any human being 
 should be allowed to trust to it alone. It may not be 
 improper to remark, that tiie reputation and the 
 proofs of el^xacy of this preventive can only be esta- 
 blished on animals ; for the disease in them is much 
 more certain of followmg the inoculation than it is in 
 the human sul)ject. Out of ten dogs bitten, I be- 
 lieve not more than two on an average escape ; but 
 out of the same number of human persons bitten, 
 perhaps not so many as two would become hydro- 
 phobous. 
 
 It will not, perhaps, be considered as wholly irrele- 
 vant to my subject to introduce some other remarks, 
 the effect of an extensive experience on this subject 
 
with regard la niaiilund, and the result of a very par- 
 ticular attention paid to it. Various circumstamos 
 have conspired to throw into my way a nuicli greater 
 number of persons who have been bitten than has fell 
 to. the lot of the most eminent surgeon in London. I 
 have operated upon nearly fifty persons, every one of 
 v'hom are now perfectly well. The knowledge of 
 the attention 1 had paid to the subject, drew me also 
 the conimunications of many of the facultv ; but 
 it is chiefly from my own experience and remarks 
 that I ground the following observations, many of 
 them new; others, though not novel, yet hitherto want- 
 ing the sanction of experience to confirm them, and 
 being but little known. I have collected all the 
 facts, either written or oral, tliat a most sedulous and 
 diligent inquiry enabled me to do ; I have w aded 
 through every thing written on the subject m every 
 language; and, more than all, I have brought all to 
 the test of actual experiment : 1 am not, therefore, in 
 liie least dread of comniittiiig myself when I offer a 
 very consolatory fact to th.ose who have been unfor- 
 tunate enough to have been bitten ; which is, that it 
 is of no consequence that tlie excision of the pait 
 should be immediately effected ; on the contrary, I 
 believe (and indeed am as certain of it as I can be of 
 such a matter) that the operation may be as safely 
 ])erformed at any time previous to the secondary in- 
 flammation of the part bitten, as it would be in the 
 •first moment after the accident. Nevertheless, 
 as it is alv» ays uncertain at what time this second- 
 ary inflam.mation may take place, so it is ylways pru- 
 dent to perform it as soon as is convenient : but it is 
 a matter of immense moment to the peace of the u-i- 
 X 
 
230 
 fortunate, to know that, when any accidental caust has 
 operated to delay the operation, it may be as safely 
 done at the end of one, two, or three weeks as at the 
 first. I have frequently performed the operation 
 many days after the original wound has been perfect- 
 ly healed up, and it has always been with perfect suc- 
 cess. Nor is there an authenticated instance to the 
 contrary on record. It becomes a matter of the high- 
 est importance that this should be universally known, 
 as the contrary is the opinion of many medical men, 
 and almost the universal opinion among the public. 
 To reason upon it physiologically, is not easy ; for 
 then, by analogy, it would seem reasonable to con- 
 clude that the virus is immediately absorbed, and 
 hence that it must at some time become active, 
 CuUen and some others, who maintained a similar 
 opinion as to the safety of delaying the operation, 
 did not suppose that the virus was innnediateiy ab- 
 sorbed, and that therefore it was to this source that 
 the safety of the parties was to be attributed when 
 the operation was delayed ; but it is hardly recon- 
 cileable to any known fact that a wound shall heal 
 with a foreign and malignant virus within it. On 
 the contrary, I am of opinion firmly, that the poison- . 
 ous matter from the dog is absorbed nearly as soon 
 as received, and that it is taken into the constitution 
 with the other absorbed fluids. Here it remains dor- 
 mant till called into action by some agents unknown 
 to us ; but I am of opinion that, before it can pro- 
 duce any of its effects, it nmst raise a secondary in- 
 flammation in the original bitten part, and that, \\ith- 
 out this inflammation takes place, no miscliief can ever 
 ensue. Consequently, when the original bitten part has 
 
231 
 been removed either by caustic or by the knife, no se- 
 condary inflammation can take place; for it is onlv in 
 the immediate point where the tooth came in contact 
 that there is a painful sensation felt in those im for- 
 tunate cases where infection has followed the wound. 
 I am aware that I shall lay myself open to nuu h 
 animadversion, and to much criticism, in thushazaid- 
 ing so boldly these remarks; but, whatever may he 
 the critiques on the theory, the facts cannot, T am 
 persuaded, be disputed, and the establishment of 
 them is my principal aim. I am now too old an 
 author, and too hackneyed in the warfare of letters, 
 to be frightened at the shafts of pedantic and often- 
 times envious satirists; though the opinion of the better 
 informed and the liberal I ever hold in the highest 
 reverence and estimation. 
 
 With regard to the efficacy of the removal of the 
 bitten part, I hope I need not here enlarge on it : it 
 is now fully established, and it may, in every in- 
 stance, be done w ith safety and without much pain. 
 It is seldom that these bites are very deep or exten- 
 sive, and, when they are, a skilful surgeon can com- 
 monly reach them all with safety. I shall in a future 
 work enlarge much more on this subject; at present, 
 I must content myself with what is already offered. 
 
 MANGE. 
 This is a very prevalent complaint among dogs, and 
 is a pure disease of the skin, either generated by the 
 dog, or cauglit I'rom another. It is however not so 
 contagious as is supposed ; for some dogs will sleep 
 with others who have it for n-onths, and not become 
 man LTV ; while only a few minutes shall suffice to give 
 
 X2 
 
532 
 it to another under similar circumstances. It is pro* 
 bable, therefore, that some peculiar state exists in the 
 constitution someiimes that reriders it less easily taken 
 than at others, and in some dogs than in others. It 
 will be found that hereditary and constitutional 
 mange is not so contagious as that v/hich is caught 
 from another animal. The disease has very consider- 
 able varieties; the most connnon kind is a scabby 
 eruption along the back from the neck to the tail : in 
 large dogs it is often worst across the shoulders ; in 
 lesser dogs it is worse towards the tail. It comes also 
 under the neck and behind the arms. Another 
 variety is, when there are no scabs, but an universal 
 redness and intolerable itching of the skin. Some- 
 times this has a peculiar tendency to discolour the 
 hair, particularly in white wire-haired dogs, and in 
 setters ; it is then called red mange, and this kind is 
 very dithcult of cure. The mange often fixes itself 
 to one part : when in the ears, it produces canker ; 
 w hen on the outside of the ear, it is the outer canker. 
 
 It often fixes itself also in the toes, and makes a 
 raw red-Icokim; sore between the claws, but which 
 is seldom considered as mange, but will be found so. 
 See Gladys. In some insiances it fixes itself in the 
 eyes, and such dogs have matter always running from 
 the eyes, as though they had distemper; in others it 
 is in the eyelids alone, which it m.akes bare. 
 
 Mange may be equally produced by too full or too 
 poor living ; consequently the cause must be attended 
 to, to effect the removal. In full plethoric dogs bleed- 
 ing is very useful, and in dogs who have been nearly 
 starved it will be necessary to improve the condition. 
 In them, simply dressing the body over with any pre- 
 
Q33 
 paration of sulphur will eftect a cure, if not of very 
 long standing. Physic is often given to cuve mange, 
 and it cei ttiinly assists ; but it is not so efficacious as 
 a course of alter. tives : both united are, however, 
 the most proper means. When there is sin)ple red- 
 ness and itching of the skin, alteratives and purges 
 will cure commonly without an external application ; 
 but wlieu tiiere is a breaking out, something must be 
 applied to the skin. 
 
 Sulphur in various ways, and with various other 
 things, as salt, nitre, turpentine, tobacco, hellebore, 
 &c. are used for the cure : but the best application is 
 formed out of niuiierous articles. As those who read 
 this article can get the Ointment for Mange, 
 described page 21, so it is unnecessary to give any 
 other f >rmul3e : this v,'ill be found a most efficacious 
 preparation. 
 
 When much has been tried, and a case is found 
 particularly obstinate, mercury may then be resorted 
 to ; but in general it may be considered as a rule, 
 that mercury does not agree witfi dogs externally 
 or internally : it is very apt to salivate ; but now and 
 then it will succeed when the various other means 
 have failed. An ounce of strong mercurial oint- 
 ment may in these cases be mixed with a box of the 
 Mange Ointment, and the dog dressed with the mix- 
 ture as directed. The best alteratives in every case 
 are those termed the Alterative Mange Pow- 
 DERSj> page 22. 
 
 Sometimes washing with lime water is found use- 
 ful ; but in many cases, however well the disease may 
 be cured, it will return again. Whenever it proves 
 very obstinate; but that the w ish of the owaer is supe- 
 X3 
 
234 
 rlor to all obstacles for his recovery, I would recoiii' 
 mend that the dog be kept dressed with the Ointment, 
 even though iie may have little breaking out, for six 
 months or even longer. I have known this cure the 
 most obstinate mange I ever saw, by wearhig out the 
 disposition to it. 
 
 Dogs frequently have mange from improper food ; 
 this shews tlie necessity of giving that which is clean 
 and pure. In those who are fat, the food should be 
 altered to a vegetable diet. See the article Feeding. 
 In dogs brought from abroad, there is often contract- 
 ed on board the ship a very bad mange, from the 
 salt provisions, and which proves very dilficult of 
 cure. This shews that salt is bad for them ; though 
 salt pot liquor is sometimes given to sporting dogs for 
 weeks together. Mange in old dogs verj frequently 
 ends in dropsy. 
 
 PALSY. 
 
 Palsy is a complaint to which dogs are very liable 
 from a variety of causes. Universal palsy sometimes 
 affects dogs who are mad ; more commonly Hiey are 
 only palsied in the loins and hind legs in this dreadful 
 malady. In distemper there is vejy often universal 
 palsy : sometimes the hinder parts are only affected. 
 An accident, as being run over, <ii:c. is often the means 
 of briiiging on palsy. One of the most common pal- 
 sies of dogs is that which is brought on by rheuma- 
 tism, which see. According to its origin so must the 
 treatment be varied, and this will be found by having 
 recourse to the various articles conoected with it ia 
 this treatise. 
 
235 
 
 PHYSIC. 
 
 On many occasions, purging medicines are very 
 proper and useful to dogs. In sickness, by purging 
 we frequently restore health ; and in health, by the 
 same means we often ensure its continuance. Cos- 
 tiveness is very prevalent among dogs, particularly 
 those who have little exercise, and are fed wholly 
 on flesh : this complaint frequently occasions piles, 
 and likewise not unfrequently degenerates into ab- 
 solute and obstinate constipation : and numerous 
 are the dogs I have seen destroyed by this means: 
 In these cases a proper purgative now and then is 
 highly proper. The disposition to fatness some dogs 
 shew, and which certainly ends in disease, is kept 
 down by proper physic. Fits frequently arise from 
 a costive habit, and the want of proper physic. 
 Worms are removed by purgatives frequently. With- 
 out physic, dogs cannot readily be got into hunting 
 condition : when it is of a proper kind, it increases 
 their wind, vigour, and durability. In the first 
 stages of disicmper, purging is sometimes useful. 
 
 The physic I generally make use of for all the 
 aforementioned purposes, and which answers these 
 purposes with safety and efficacy, may be seen un- 
 der the title 
 
 Purging Balls [page 23]. It is so com- 
 pounded, as to have regulated doses in each package, 
 adapted to the various sizes, ages, and strengths of 
 dogs. 
 
 PILES. 
 Dogs are veij subject to piles, though the com^ 
 
236 
 plaint is by no means known as sucl!. The piles in 
 do^s are not altogether similar to tlie human piles, 
 thongh not very dissimilar. They are brouL'ht on by 
 too full heated living, and shew theuiselves !^y a sore 
 red [jrolruded anus, that the dog is constantly dragging 
 on the floor, but w liich gives great pain when he does. 
 It is often the effect of costiveness, and likewise is 
 verv often brought on by the contrary, continued 
 looseness. In this case, to effect a cure, restrain the 
 looseness, and apply any cooling application to the 
 part. 
 
 The hiii)!tual piles may be readily cured by the 
 following ointment and Alterative Powders, 
 page 22. 
 
 Take sugar of lead 6 grains 
 
 Tar 5 a dram 
 
 Elder ointment, or fine lard .... 3 drams 
 Mix, and anoint the fundament with it two or three 
 times a day. 
 
 POISONS. 
 Dogs are very frequently poisoned by design or ac- 
 cident, generally with either arsenic, corrosive subli- 
 mate, white lead, or crow fig. When either arsenic 
 or corrosive sublimate have been taken, the effects 
 are incessant vonn'ting, with unf[uenchable thirst, 
 great distress, and pain ; the animal hides himself, 
 and seeks a cool retreat. It soon affects the bowels 
 also, which become violently purged: the latter 
 stools are commonly bloody. It may be satisfac- 
 tory, in many cases after death, to ascertain whetlier 
 the animal has been poisoned by either of these 
 jniuerals, and which may be generally done by an in- 
 
.?57 
 spection of the stomach and bowels. The inflamma- 
 tion brought on by either of these mineral poisons is 
 much more rapid in its progress, and produces more 
 pain and distress, than the infiainmation from other 
 causes ; and the stomachj on being opened, is found 
 more highly inflamed at one part than another. It 
 will have partial spots of inflammation, and the vil- 
 lous folds of its inner surface will have gangrenous 
 and ulcerated spots on it. The intestines will also be 
 found highly inflamed on the inter surface, and with 
 similar gangrenous specks ; an appearance not ob- 
 servable in other intlainmations : they will be filled 
 also with a thick bloody mucus. In cases wiiere sus- 
 picion of this kind arises, some of the contents of the 
 stomach and bowels should be jjut into a phial, and 
 which should undergo a chemical analysis by an ex- 
 perienced chemist, who, in case of any remains of 
 poison being present, will be able to detect them. 
 
 Som.c times, from paint being left about, dogs will 
 iick it. When tliere is lead in it, the effects are stu- 
 pidity, dislike to food, irregular pains in the bowels 
 that make the dog scream out by fits and starts, and 
 there is generally costiveness. After death, evident 
 inflammation appears, particularly of the bowels, 
 and the inflamed parts appear in patches, but not in 
 spots, as in arsenic or corrosive sublimate ; nor are 
 the appearances of gangrene so considerable. 
 
 But the most common poison is the vegetable 
 called crow fig, which produces its deleterious effects 
 by robbing the nervous system of all its energy in a 
 few minutes. In a case of madness I have seen a 
 very strong Newfoundland dog destroyed in five 
 minutes and a half bv a dram of this substance ; and 
 
238 
 ivhere it is necessary, from peculiar circumstances^ 
 to destroy a dog, this is one of the best means. 
 Dissection cannot detect this poison with any cer- 
 tainty ; and unless an emetic is given within three 
 minutes after the poison has been taken, provided the 
 dose has been a full one, no benefit will arise from 
 any medicine. 
 
 It is peculiar that this vegetable substance is most 
 irregular in its action. Some dogs are hardly af- 
 fected by it, while others are destroyed by a very 
 slight dose. 
 
 Opium, which forms a very powerful and com- 
 mon poison to the human subject, has no deleterious 
 effect on dogs, no quantity being suliicient to destroy. 
 It becomes a most admirable remedy, and agrees 
 with them extremely, b»tt will in no instance, nor in 
 any quantity, prove even seriously injurious. 
 
 When it can be ascertained that a dog has taken 
 either arsenic or corrosive sublimate, an emetic com- 
 posed of sufficient ipecacuanha (say from one to two 
 scruples), with the same quantity of liver of sulphur, 
 should be immediately given, and this should be done 
 even though the stomach is already sick. If the 
 vomiting, however, has been long and violent, then 
 give only the liver of sulphur dissolved in boiled milk, 
 and repeat it every hour or two ; throw some up as a 
 clyster also in milk. When the stomach seems a 
 little appeased, give laudanum and castor oil. 
 
 When white lead has been taken, give active pur- 
 gatives of calomel, in doses of from five to eight and 
 ten grains, and repeat till the bowels aic perfectly 
 clear, which forms the most judicious and efficacious 
 treatment. 
 
239 
 PUPPING. 
 
 Great numbers of dogs die every year in bringing 
 forth their young. A life of art has brought the 
 human curse upon them; and they seem, in common 
 with then- owners, to be doomed in sorrow and paiii 
 to bring forth. 
 
 When bitches are at heat, care should be taken to 
 prevent their intercourse with dogs much Lirgcr than 
 tJiemselves, otherwise they are very frequently de- 
 stroyed from tlie size of the })ups being such, that 
 they cannot bring them into the world. [See Spay- 
 ing]. Cats, as being nearly all of one size, seldom 
 die in kittening. All dogs who are much domesticated 
 and confined are subject to ditSculty in bringing 
 forth. Sometimes the constitution is not equal to 
 the exertion, and sometimes there is false presenta- 
 tion. Whenever there appears diiliculty which has 
 existed more than three hours, the hitch sliould be 
 examined, and, if a puppy presents any of its parts, 
 so as to be reached with the iiuger, if possible a 
 skain of worsted should be fastened around it, and 
 during the throes of the animal it should be gently 
 pulled at. If it cannot be reached this way, a pair 
 of forceps may be used. It is a good practice to 
 give a mild purgative as soon as any symptoms of 
 pupping appear ; and, in case of difficulty, it is of 
 the utmost consequence to bathe in warm water, and 
 to give occasional doses of laudanum. 
 
 The Cesarian operation never succeeds, though \ 
 bave frequently tried it with every attention. 
 
 PUPvGING. See Looseness. 
 
240 
 RHEUMATISM. 
 There is no disease, except distemper and mange, 
 to which dogs are so liable as to a rheumatic affec- 
 tion of some part of the body. This complaint has 
 almost as many varieties in dogs as it has in man ; 
 and it has some peculiarities that are observed in the 
 dog only. One very extraordinary peculiarity is, that 
 the rheumatism never exists in a dog without its affect- 
 ing the bowels; that is, whatever part of the body 
 is affected, either an active rheumatic inflammation 
 of the bowels is going on, or there is a pjinful torpor : 
 in either case there is commonly costiveness present. 
 The most common form of this complaint is a similar 
 affection to what is in the human subject termed lum- 
 bago. In tliis case a dog is in general seized willi a to- 
 tal loss of the use of his hind legs;, his back, about the 
 loins, is tender and painful to the touch. He screams 
 on being moved, mid he has in general costiveness, 
 but always pain and affection, of llie bowels. Some- 
 times there is not total paralysis of the hind legs, in 
 which case the complaint is only less violent ; while 
 at others not only the hinder legs but the fore legs 
 are also completely paralysed and helpless. 
 
 A certain prognostic of the termination of this 
 complaint is very ditlicult to form, for sometinies the 
 limbs recover themselves very speedily, at others more 
 slowly ; but in the end they becon:e stroi^g; while 
 in some other cases the paralysis reinains complete 
 through life, and the dog drags his hind legs after 
 him as long as he lives, or carries them completely 
 from the ground by the strength of his fore quarters. 
 When the paralysis is universal, the chance of per- 
 fect recovery is less than when it is partial, though 
 
♦41 
 from this also they often recover. Even on recovery 
 there is often left a considerable weakness in tlie 
 back ; and it may be regarded as a rule from which 
 there are few deviations, tliat, when a dog has once 
 had rheumatism, he will be peculiarly liuble to it 
 again. 
 
 There is another kind of rheumatism tiiat seems to 
 be combined with a spasmodic affection, and which 
 kind peculiarly atibcts the neck, causing it to swell 
 and produce great pain to the dog, in general draw- 
 ing him into a convulsed state of the neck and 
 throat; sometimes affecting one or both fore legs. 
 In this case the bowels also are always affected, and, 
 Avhen they are relieved, the violence of the complaint 
 is always mitigated. 
 
 I have not found that any one kind of dog is more 
 prone to rheumatism than another: all seem alike 
 liable to it, that, from being kept warm, become 
 exposed to wet or cold, suddenly or long applied. 
 
 The spring produces more instances of the disease 
 than any other time of the year ; the reason of which 
 is, that the easterly winds prevail then more gene- 
 rally : for it will be found that this wind is peculiarly 
 injurious to dogs with regard to this complaint. I 
 know many dogs who cannot be exposed to an 
 easterly wind for a quarter of an hour, without be- 
 coming affected with rheumatism. 
 
 The treatment of this coniplaint is as follows : — 
 In every instance the bowels should be first attended 
 to; for which purpose, place the animal in warm 
 water, in which keep him for a quarter of an hour, 
 rubbing him well all over during the time. When 
 tak^n out, rub nearly drv, and wrap up in a blanket 
 
 y 
 
242 
 carefully, and place before a fire, first givin^ the 
 following : 
 
 Tincture of opium. ....... ."^O drops 
 
 iTltlier 30 drops 
 
 Castor oil 1 ounce 
 
 This is for a middling sized dog, and may be in- 
 creased or diminished in strength at pleasure: should 
 it not be found to operate, a clyster should be also 
 administered ; and in default of tliat also, give the 
 following ball, increasing or dimhiishing its size and 
 strenoth accordins; to circumstances : 
 
 Calomel 7 grains 
 
 Powdered opium 5 of a grain 
 
 Oil of peppermint 1 drop 
 
 Aloes 2 scruples 
 
 Make into a ball witli lard or butter. These must 
 be repeated till the bowels are perfectly open, and 
 they must then be kept so for several days. Tlie 
 affected parts should also be embrocated two or three 
 times a day with the following : 
 
 Oil of turpentine 2 ounces 
 
 Spirit of hartshorn 2 ounces 
 
 Laudanum 2 drams 
 
 Sweet oil 2 ounces 
 
 The bath should b^e repeated at intervals of one or 
 two days, according to the quickness or slowness of 
 the amendment ; but little should be given to eat, 
 though it is rarely the case but the animal is as 
 willing to eat as at other times. 
 
 SPASM. 
 A spasmodic affection is very common in dogs : 
 one very usual cause of spasm is the rheumatic affec- 
 
243 
 tion above alluded to. Another souicc of spasiu 
 arises in the spasmodic twitchiiigs in distemper, 
 which see. In madness also there are frequently 
 dreadful spasms, as there described. The bowels 
 are very liable to become spasmodically afl'ected. In 
 all spasms, opium is the best means of relief, \vitii the 
 assistance of the warm bath» 
 
 SPAYING. 
 
 This is a cruel and useless operation : it is fre- 
 quently practised to prevent inconvenience to the 
 owners; but it should never be resorted to but in 
 cases where the omission of it would endanger the 
 life ; as some peculiarity that prevents a bitch pup- 
 ping with ease and safety ; or when a bitch has been 
 connected witli and is found to be breeding by a dog 
 nmch larger than herself. In this case, as she w ouid 
 probably die in pupping, it is not improper to re- 
 move the puppies at three or four weeks advance in 
 pregnancy. The operation is performed by making 
 an opening in the tiank on either side, and drawing 
 the ovaria out, which are then cut off. The pig 
 gelders, or other castraters, commonly perform the 
 operation w ith safety ; but it should never be resorted 
 to but from some of the foregoing causes. 
 
 WASHING OF DOGS. 
 
 This is a very salutary and useful practice ; never- 
 theless from conducting the process injudiciously 
 much mischief is sometimes occasioned. Dogs should 
 be carefully rubbed dry after they have been washed. 
 I have known it in many instances, when this has 
 been neirlected, to produce fatal colds, cholics, &c. 
 
 y 2 
 
244 
 Larg^ dogs, ^vhen ivashed, may be permitted to run 
 into tiie stable among clean straw, and which is a 
 very excellent means of^drying them, and, from its 
 v.armti), a very safe one. It should be remembered, 
 in ascertaining the proper warmth of the water for 
 washing dogs, that the heat that appears Irifiiiig to 
 the hai.d of a servant always used to dabbling in 
 suds, will scald an anim.al subjected to no unusual 
 heat. Pearl ashes in moderate quantity mixed with 
 the water are more proper than soap to wash them 
 with, particularly when the skin is foul, and itches. 
 Soap is made from fat and an alkali ; consequently, 
 if moi e fat is attempted to be mixed with the soap, 
 it cannot dissolve it : therefore, as there is much 
 grease or unctuous matter on a dog's hide, so soap, 
 unless in large quantities, finds a difticulty in mixing 
 with and washing it off ; but pot ashes being the ley 
 with which soap is made, this readily mixes \Aith the 
 fat on the skin, dissolves it, and forms itself the best 
 soap for washing. When a dog is placed in water, a 
 desert or table spoonful of pot or pearl ashes may be 
 mixed with a pint of warm water : with this the 
 whole skin should be iirst rubbed, carefully guarding 
 the eyes from it : when this is done, then wash well 
 Avith the general quantity of water. This plan is par- 
 ticularly useful where there is any mange or redness 
 of the skin, or many iiea^s ; for by irritating the skiu 
 it promotes its removal ; but unless it is done with 
 care, the quantity of pearl ashes had jjetter be mixed 
 with the general mass of water. Washing should not 
 be repeated oftener than every third day, and in 
 common cases three times a fortnight is sufficient. 
 It must, however, be remarked, that in some dogs 
 
245 
 washing rather promotes mange ; and it is often tlie 
 cause of canker. In these cases, rubbing dry witli a 
 brush and bran is better. 
 
 Bathing- in warm or hot water is of the greatest 
 service in many cases of disease. Plunging into cold 
 water commonly brings a dog instantly out of a fit, 
 and afterwards bathing in warm water prevents the 
 return. Bathing in hot water subdues or lessens 
 most inflammations, and is the best means of over- 
 coming obstinate costiveness. 
 
 WORMING. 
 Worming of dogs is practised for two purposes, and 
 both of them erroneously. The one is to prevent 
 them from going mad ; or, when mad, from biting; 
 the other to cure them of gnawing improper sub- 
 stances. It has been said, and is much believed, that 
 when a dog has been wormed, provided he after- 
 wards goes mad, he cannot bite ; but worming can 
 be no preventive. [See Madness]. The mouth, in 
 )^ome cases of madness, may become so swelled, that 
 the dog cannot close his jaws ; but this nray happen 
 in a wormed or unwornied dog equally. Worming 
 does not prevent gnawing but as it makes the mouth 
 sore; hence as soon as tliat is well, the dog returns 
 to his old habits ; perhaps not in an equal deg! ee 
 quite, for, if it has been harshly done, he gets so:iie- 
 thing older before it is well. I therefore conceive 
 this a very useless practice, and one that will wear 
 away with a greater knowledge of the proper treat- 
 ment of this animal. 
 
 Y3 
 
"216 
 WORMS. 
 There is no complaint, distemper exceplcJ, that 
 (lestroys so many dojjs as 2L'or?7is: almost every do*^ 
 has thein at some period of his iii'e, and iiiuiiy liave 
 ibcoi always. There are several kinds of worms that 
 alfcct dogs. The taps ivpnn is a common kind ; and 
 it is not an unusual circumstance for a puppy^ to pass 
 four or five Inindred joints of these worms, whose 
 nnited length would encircle the \\hole body many 
 times. 1 have seen instances where one of these 
 v»orms coiled itself up into one ball, and so made an 
 impenetrable obstruction, of which the dog died. 
 Another kind is the hug round icorm, similar to tlie 
 Jiuman. Tiiese sometijnes crawl from the intestines 
 into the ston:ach, and, makiitg the dog sick, are 
 brought up; at others, they pass only from the anus; 
 but I have o})served they more frequently produce 
 fatal effects when brought by the mouth. There 
 ' is a third kind, not nmch unlike maggots, witli red 
 heads: these are not so frequent as the two former, 
 and I think not so fatal. A fourth hind, which are 
 likewise less fatal, are similar to the human ascarides, 
 or thread worm. 
 
 Worms are particularly fatal to pupp'es; and 
 when tliey exist in any cousidtrable quantities, they 
 commonly destroy them. Worins are easily delected, 
 even though tliey should not pass away ; for, when a 
 dog has niuiiy worms, his coal always stares; lie 
 eats voraciously, but seldom fattens; he has fre- 
 quently a cough, and in puppies the nose commonly 
 runs : but the stools are the most unequivocal symp- 
 toms; for these are commonly loose, slimy, and 
 
C-17 
 mixed with froth. Sometimes, when loose stools are 
 tiie consequence of worms, on the taking any iistriu- 
 geot niedicine, Ihey become of a proper consistence, 
 but they soon return to their former state. The 
 belly likewise is often hard, and somelimes swelled. 
 When puppies have worms, the first that are passed 
 are seldom but little noticed, for they seem to affect 
 the health but little ; but gradually purging becomes 
 more frequent, and the animal, though lively, wastes^ 
 and his hip-bones may be plainly felt, though the 
 staring of the coat may make him still appear fat : 
 the growth likewise is completely stopped, and in 
 this way it is very common for puppies to continue, 
 till a fit or two carries them off. In grown do^^s, 
 worms are less fatal, though, from tlie obstructions 
 they form, they not unfrequently kill; they like- 
 wise, in grov.n dogs, produce hts, the first of whicli 
 is passed over, and little notice is taken till a second 
 appears, and so on. It does not follow, because no 
 worms are seen to pass away, tliat the dog has none ; 
 nor, because they are not seen, does it follow even 
 that none pass; for if they remain long after they 
 are dead in the intestines, they are digested like other 
 animal matter: this is frequently the case when do^^s 
 take medicines that destroy them ; for they become 
 digested, and pass away dissolved. 
 
 Worms occasion such af^ irritability of the bov/cls, 
 particularly in young dogs, that strong purging me- 
 dicines to dislodge them cannot with safety be given. 
 The remedies I make use of Vv itli the greatest success 
 are the 
 
 Worm Powders [page 23], and which in every 
 mstiince reuiove them with safety and certainty. 
 
^48 
 These Powders are composed of substances unknown 
 to any human beins; but myself, and form one of 
 the most valuable discoveries that medicme has been 
 benefited by of late years. 
 
 HAVING now finished tliis Treatise, I must claim 
 the reader's indulgence for numerous inaccuracies 
 that will be found in it, and for a general and con- 
 siderable looseness in the style and manner. The 
 matter, I believe, is correct, and the result of nearly 
 twenty years' experience, twelve of which have been 
 principal! v devoted to animals ; but, from extensive 
 and constant calls on my time, it is with the utmost 
 difficulty that I have been able to snatch an hour now 
 and then to commit the subjects of the foregoing 
 sheets to paper, wliich have always been sent to the 
 press wititout being re-written, and with only the 
 correction of once reading over. The subject has 
 been now much more fulsy treated than in the former 
 edition ; but I huve not written one quarter of what 1 
 would have wished, nor treated on one half of the vari- 
 ous lesser complaints that daily fall under m.y notice. 
 
 At a future time, when my health may require 
 retirement, and I am enabled to leave some one 
 adequate to the medical treatment of dogs, I will 
 then write a volaminous treatise on the subject, in 
 which I ^^ill describe every thiag I know, and give 
 the formulie of every rriedicine I use, with such 
 ample directions as shall enable every or.e to prac- 
 tise on their own dogs as successfully as myself; and 
 with such a peculiar table of symptom?; methodised 
 
*:49 
 
 and arraijgod iii such a way as to enable evcrv one as 
 readily to distingiiisli every disease, however uncommon, 
 as myself. At present, and while 1 remain in practice, 
 1 hope t!ie foregoing pages will do ail that is prin- 
 cipally requisite towards meliorating the condition of 
 an animal that Providence has most peculiarly placed 
 tinder our protection. 
 
INDEX- 
 
 A 
 
 ACE of the Horse, 24— of oxen, 24— of deer, 24— of sKeep and 
 
 goals,24— of dogs, 21. 
 Age, comparison between the Man and Horse, 28 
 Alteratives for Horses, 29— their mode of action, 29— cases that 
 
 require them, SO — Alterative Condition Powders, 18 
 Alteratives for Dcgs, 14S — Alterative Powders for them, 22 
 Appointments of a Horse, 122 
 Asthma in Dogs, 151 
 Astringei'.ts, 15i 
 
 B 
 Back raking, 107 
 Balls, remarks on, 32 — mode of giving to Horses, 92 — mode of 
 
 giving to Dogs, 143 — mode of preparing, 33 — Balls for Cholic, 
 
 Ij—Cordial Balls, 13— Cordia! Fever Balls, 14— Cough Balls, 
 
 15 — Diuretic Balls, 15 — Farcy Balls, 1.5 — Strong Purging 
 
 Balls, 16— Mild Purging Bills, 16— Strong Meicurial Balls, 
 
 16— Mild Mercurial Balls, 16 
 Bathing of Dogs, 155 
 
 Bishopping of Horses described, 27 — how it may be detected, 27 
 Bleeding, remarks on, 34 — parts proper to bleed from, 35 — when 
 
 necessary, 36— ^Bleeding of Dogs, 156 
 Blindness, 37 
 Blindness in Dogs, 157 
 Blisters, utility and mode of operation, 38 — Blistering Ointment, 
 
 16 — Blister, a Liquid Sweating, 17 — the cases in which it i^ 
 
 most serviceable, 39 — mode of application, 40 
 Bowels, inflammation of, in Horses, described, 49 — ditto in 
 
 Dogs, 193 
 Breaking down, 41— what it is, 41— treatment cf, 41 
 Breeding in Dogs, 158 
 Bronchocele in Dags, 160 
 Broken wind, 131 
 
ixN'DEX. 
 C 
 
 Cancer in Dogs described, 161 
 
 Canker in the feet of Horses described, 42 — Paste for, 17 
 
 Canker in the ears of Dogs described, 162 — -Wash for. Si.'— on the 
 outside of the ears described, 163 — Ointment for, 22 
 
 Cataract in the eyes of Horses, 69 — in Dogs, 158 
 
 Cholic, spasmodic, in Horses, described, 46 — manner of distin- 
 guishing between it and Red Cholic, 47 — Balls for, 13— Clyster 
 for, 48 
 
 Cholic, red, cr inflammation of the bowels, described, 49— treat- 
 ment of, 50 
 
 Cholic Balls, 13 
 
 Claws in Dogs, 164 — subject to inflame, 165 
 
 Cold, or Catarrh, described, 43 
 
 Compounded Medicines, 11 — their advantages, 11-12 
 
 Condition of Horses, 51 — what it is, 51 — Cordials necessary to 
 preserve it in tender Horses, 53 — Diuretics promote it, 62 — Ex- 
 ercise tends to it, 65, 66, 67 — HiJe-bound usually accompanies 
 it, 88— Alteratives promote it, 30 — Purges particularly pro- 
 mote condition, 97 
 
 Condition Powders for Horses, 19 
 
 .Condition of Dogs, 166 — Condition Powders for Dogs, 27 
 
 Contracted feet, 78— thrushes a cause of, 128 
 
 Cordials, effjcts of, 52 — cases they are proper for, 53 — propersub- 
 stances for, 55 
 
 Cordial Balls, 13 
 
 Cordial Fever Balls, 14 
 
 Corns of Horses, 56— cure of, 56 
 
 Costivcness in Horses, 57 — in Dogs, 166 
 
 Cough of Horses described, 58 — treatment of, 58 
 
 Cough Balls, 15 — Cough Powders, 19 
 
 Cough of Dogs, 167 
 
 Cracks in the heels of Horses, 86 
 
 Cribbiting, what, 59 — mode of preventing it, 59 
 
 Curb in Horses, 60 
 
 D 
 
 Dew claws, 164— should be removed, 164 
 
 Diabetes, or profuse staling, in Horses, 61 
 
 Diseases of animals, how distinguished hy persons not tnedlcally 
 educated, 9 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Dislocations In Dogs, 158 
 
 Distemper in Dogs, 169 — Powders for, 2l 
 
 Distemper in Horses, 43- 
 
 Diuretics for Horses, their mode of action, 61 — cases they are us«« 
 
 ful in, 61 — articles that prove diuretic, 30 
 Diuretic Balls, 15 
 Diuretic Powders, 20 
 
 Dogs, introduction to the subject of their treatment, 137 — dis- 
 eases of, 142 — their medical treatment must be scientificallj 
 conducted, 142— their diseases very numerous, 142— mode of 
 giving them medicines, 143 — in sickness what care they re- 
 quire, 143 — their irritability, 1 t4 — fidelity of, 145 — feeding, 
 146 — what is requisite in sickness, 147 — exercise necessary in 
 health, 147 — costiveness a cause of disease, 148 — Dog Medi- 
 cines, 21 to 23 
 Domestic Practice on the Diseases of Animals, 9 — its utility, 10 
 
 — necessity for its being generally known, 10 
 Domestic Treatise on Horses and Dogs, nature and advantages 
 
 of, 9 
 Dressing of Horses, 120 
 Drinks, remarks on, 63 — mode of giving, 64 
 Dropsy in Dogs, 177— dropsy of the belly, 177 — dropsy of the 
 chest, 179 — dropsy encysted, l79 — hydatids, 180 — dropsy of 
 the eyeball, 158 
 Dropsy of the eye in Dogs, 158 
 
 E 
 Economy of the Horse, general outline of, 30 
 Epilepsy, 180 
 Exercise of Horses, 64 — its necessity, 64 — mode of acting, 66 — 
 
 directions relative to it, 67 
 Exercise of Dogs, 180 
 
 Eyes, inflammation of, in Horses, described, 69 
 Eyes, glassy, 71 
 Eye Water, 18 
 
 F 
 Farcy Balls, 15 
 
 Farcy described, 71 — treataient of, 72 
 Farriery, what, 4 — two modes of learning it, 4— its importance, 5 
 
 — simplified and tendered easy, 5, 6j 7 
 Fat in Horses, how removed, 93 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Fat in Dogs, 182— a cause of asthma, 151 
 
 Feeding of Horses, 116 — food proper for, 117 — various modes of, 
 
 117 — green food particularly useful in farcy, 7t 
 Feeding of Dogs, 183 
 Feet of a Horse, management of, 121, 116 
 Feet contracted, 78 — thrushes a cause of, 128 
 Fever in Horses, 74- — treatment of, 73 
 Fever in Dogs, 191 
 Fever Cordial Balls, H 
 Fever Powders, 19 
 Fistula, 15 — Paste for the cure, 17 
 Fi(s in Dogs, 191 
 Food, 74 — green food useful in farcy, li — food proper for, and 
 
 various kinds of, 116 
 Founder in Horses, 76 
 Fractures in Dogs, 194— how managed, 193 
 Fret in Horses, 65 
 Frontispiece, description of, 20 
 
 G 
 Galling in Horses, how prevented, 80 
 Gangrene described, 80 
 
 Glanders, 81 — how distinguished, 81— Balls for, 15 
 Glands swelled, 196 
 
 Glysters, remarks on, 82— an opening one, 83 — against gripes, 83 
 — a nourishing one, 83— .against over purging, 83— for Dogs, 
 165 
 Gravel in Horses, 83 — in Dogs, 196 
 
 Grease described, 84 — causes of, 84 — various stages of, 86 — cracks, 
 or scratches, 85 — swelled legs, with discharge, 86 — confirmed 
 grease, 86 
 Grease, Mild Wash for, 17 
 Grease, Strong Paste for, 17 
 
 Gripes in Horses described, 46 — Balls for, 13— Glyster for, 48 
 Grooming or dressing of Horses, 142 
 
 H 
 Haw, or Havves, of the eye, 88 
 
 Hay, bad, a cause of crlbbiting, 60— 'quantity proper for feed- 
 ing, 17 
 Hide- bound, 88 — Powders for, 13 
 Horses, purchase of, 2 
 
INDEX. 
 Horses, sale of, 3 — Horse Medicines, 13 to 20 
 Husk in Dogs, 196 
 Hydrophobia, 197 
 
 I 
 Jaundice in Horses, 89 
 Inflamed bowels in Horses, 49— lungs in Horses, -89— eyes in 
 
 Horses, 83 
 Inflamed bladder in Dogs, 197 — bowels in Dogs, 198— lungs in 
 
 Dogs, 200— stomach in Dogs, 202 
 Influenza in Horses, 43 
 
 L 
 ]>ameness, 91 — in the shoulder, 92— in the pastern, 92 — in the 
 foot, 92, 76 — in the back sinews, 92, 41 — in the loins, 92— in 
 the T^•'ni>l.borie,93— ir-th££'.:fls, 93 
 Lampas, 93 
 Lights, riiing of, 89 
 Lion salivated, 149 
 Locked jaw, 93 
 Looseness in Hoises, 93 
 Looseness in Dogt:, i^02 
 Lotions, 94 
 
 Lumbago in Dogs, 203 t© 231 
 
 Lung?, inflammation of, in Horses, 89 — lungs, inflammation of, 
 in Dogs, 197 
 
 M 
 Madness in Horses, 95 
 Madness in Dogs, 203 
 Mallenders, 95 
 
 Mange in Horses described, 96 — Ointment for Mange in Horses, 18 
 Mange in Dogs described, 231— Ointment for Mange in Dogs, 21 
 
 — -Powders for Mange, 22 
 Medicines, ready prepared, the utility of such, 11, 12— Arrange- 
 ment of, 13 
 Mercurials not good for Dogs in general, 11 9 
 Mercunal Physic for Horses, 16 
 Moulting in Horses, 96 
 
 O 
 Ointment for Mange in Horses, 18— Ointment for Mange in Vop, 
 
 21 
 Ointment^ Elisieiing, 16 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Ophthalmia in Horses, 69— .Ophthalmia in Dogs, 16': 
 
 P 
 Palsy in Dogs, 23* 
 Paste for Grease, 17 
 Physic for Horses, 16— forms of, 101 
 Physic for Dogs, 23 
 
 Physicking' of Horses, remarts on, 97 — uses of, 93— proper mode 
 
 of conducting it, 99, 100— forms of, 16— superpurgation, 101 
 
 Physicking of Dogs, remarks on, 233 — want of, the cause of ii$- 
 
 case, 235 — proper purges, 23 
 Piles in Dogs, 235 
 Poisons in Dogs, 236 
 Pole Evil in Horses described, 103 
 Poultices, lOi— a common, 104 — a cooling, lOl^against grease, 
 
 105 — against gangrene, l05 
 Powders, 105 — forms of, 105 — Alteratiye Condition, for Horses, 
 18 — for Fever in Horses, 19 — ^for Worms, 19— Diuretic for 
 Horses, 20— Mange ditto, for Dogs, 22 
 Prospectus of the Outlines of the Veterinary Art, 5 
 Pupping, 239 
 Purchase of Horses, 2 
 Purging Balls, various forms of, 16 
 Purging in Horses, Gljster for, 83 
 Purging in Dogs, 202 
 Purging Balls for Dogs, 23 
 
 a 
 
 Quittor, 106 
 
 R 
 Raking, 107 
 
 Remedies, ready prepared, advantages of, 11 — arrangement of, 13 
 Rheumati,sm in Dogs, 240— varieties of, 240— >^au»e8 of, 211— 
 
 treatment of, 242 
 Ring bone, 107 
 Risingof the lights, 107 
 Rot in Horses, lOS 
 Rowels, 103 
 
 S 
 Saddle, remarks on, 122 
 Saddle, galls, 109 
 Sale of Horses, 3 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Sandcrack, 109 
 
 Sellenders, 95 
 
 Shoes to be examined, 121 
 
 Spavins, 1 10 — blood spavin, 110 — bone spavin, ] 10 
 
 Spaying, 243 
 
 Splent, 110 
 
 Stable, remarks on, 111 to 116 
 
 Stable Mana<jement, 116 
 
 Stig- evil, 123 
 
 Staggers, 124— the sleepy, 124 — the mad, 124- 
 
 Staling profus?, 125 
 
 Staling- difficult, 125 
 
 Stomach, inflammation of in Dogs, 198 
 
 Stomachics, 55 — forms of, 55, 56 
 
 Strains, 126 — Embrocation for, 18 
 
 Strangles, 125 
 
 Sudorifics, or Sweats, 29 
 
 Superpurgation, 101 
 
 Si/rfeit in Horses, 127 
 
 T 
 
 Testimonies in favour of the Outlines of the Veterinary Art, 
 7,8,9 
 
 Thorough pin, 128 
 
 Thrush, running, 128— Thrush Paste, 20 
 
 Throat swelled, 160, 161 ' 
 
 V 
 
 Veterinary Art, Outlines of, 5— testimonies in favour of, ", 8, 9 
 W 
 
 Washing of Horses legs hurtful , unless dried afterwards, 1 1 6 
 
 Washing of Dogs, remarks on, and modes of, 243 
 
 Watering of Horses, 119 — vrhat kind of water is most proper, 119 
 
 Wind, broken, 131— thick wind, 132 — \\ind improved by ex- 
 ercise, 66 
 
 Windgalls,l32 
 
 W^orms in Horses, 133— in Dogs, 216 
 
 Worm Powders for Horses, 19 
 
 Worm Powders for Dogs, 23 
 
 Worming of Dogs, 215 
 
 Wounds, 135 — joint wounds, S2, 
 
 THE END, 
 
penetrating Animal 
 
 OIL, 
 
 FOR SUPPLEING AND SOFTENING ALL EX- 
 TERIOR APPENDAGES TO ANIMALS, 
 
 AS HOOFS, HORN, CLAWS, NAILS ; LIKEWLSE 
 LEATHER, WHICH IS THE SKIN OF ANIMALS, 
 AND EVERY KIND OF ANIMAL COVERING. 
 
 Mr. Blaine can with confi- 
 dence announce the discovery of a very 
 important kind in the above compound- 
 ed Oil, particularly for the Feet of 
 Horses and for the Preservation of all 
 kinds of Leather, which it is evident is 
 a matter of the utmost importance to 
 every one concerned with Horses, Car- 
 riages, kc. 
 
 The preventing the hrittleness of 
 Horses' Hoofs has long been a matter of 
 attention. It is well known that the 
 application of common oil is most erro- 
 neous, for nothing tends to make the 
 Hoofs so brittle as this application : nor 
 has any thing been discovered tbat v/iil 
 produce a constant and nnitbrm tough- 
 ness in the Hoof till the above applica- 
 tion was discovered. 
 
PENETRATING ANIMAL OIL. 
 
 In Leather, the tendency that washing- 
 has to render it brittle and perishable is 
 most inconvenient. This Oil will totally 
 prevent this; and has so extraordinary 
 an effect on all kinds of Leather, that, if 
 the most brittle old piece is taken that 
 cannot be bent without cracking, and is 
 immersed in this fluid, it becomes imme- 
 diately as pliant as it was on the first 
 moment of using : and, as a proof that 
 it entirely supersedes the hurtful effects 
 of water, it is really necessary that the 
 Leather should be well n:ioistened before 
 the application becomes completely use- 
 ful. The moment it is applied, so com- 
 pletely does it enter into the substance 
 of the Leather, that it may iumiediately 
 be polisl]ed and glossed. All kinds of 
 Leather whereon this IMixture is used 
 Avill last, at least, three times as long as 
 Leather treated in the common manner. 
 
 This Oil, the price of which is little 
 more than common oil, can only be had 
 of I\Ir. Blaine, but will be sent, with 
 ample directions, to order. 
 
 Janies Ccmpton, Printer, Jliddle SUeet, 
 Ciolh Fair, Loudoa. 
 
BOOKS 
 
 Srinted for and sold by T, Boo.sei/j 
 Broad Street. 
 
 DISTEMPER IN DOGS. 
 
 Price Is, the Fourth Edition, with Additions, of 
 A CONCISE DESCRIPTION of the DISTEM- 
 PER in DOGS ; with an Account of the Discovery 
 of an efficacious Remedy for it. To which are added, 
 The Outlines of a Plan for a general Arrangement and 
 Distribution of Remedies for the prevalent Diseases of 
 the Horse and Dog. With plates. By DELABERE 
 BLAINE, Veterinary Surgeon. 
 
 Where may be bad, by the same Author, 
 
 OUTLINES of the VETERINARY ART, 
 or Principles of Medicine, as applied to the Horse, the 
 Ox, the Sheep, and the Dog ; 2 vols. 8vo. with nine 
 Plates, boards, ll. 5s. 
 
 FLORIAN's PASTORAL ROMANCE, EST- 
 ELLE ; translated from the original by Mr. M AXE Y, 
 and ornamented with 7 beautiful Plates. 
 
 The jMontfely Review, in noticing this work, re- 
 marks, that the Romance of Ebtelle has been generally 
 admired for its affecting simplicity, and tor its moral 
 tendency ; that this translation gives a perfect idea of 
 the original ; that the poetry is expressed with simpli- 
 city and taste, and adjoins a specimen of one of the 
 songs. Vide Review, February. 
 
 Price 6s. boards. 
 
 NATIONAL LIFE ANNUITIES, 1808; com- 
 prising all the Tables, and every other Information con- 
 tained in the Act of Parliament for granting the same, 
 both on Single and Joint Lives, with Benefit of Sur- 
 vivorship. Also, additional Tables, contrasted with 
 the former throughout, calculated to shew what An- 
 nuity can be purchased for 100/. Sterling at the same 
 Rates, upon the same Lives. By E. F. T. FORTUNE, 
 Stock Broker. Price 3s. 6d. 
 
Books sold D\) T, Booseij, 
 
 EPITOME of the STOCKS, containing every 
 Thing necessary for understanding them. Is, Od. 
 
 HISTORY of the IVANK of ENGLAND, with 
 their Charter. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Complete LIST of COUNTRY BANKERS, 
 Cvontaining all the Country Bankers resid'ng in England, 
 Scotland, and Ireland, with the Names of the Bankers 
 upon whom they dra.v : to which are added separate 
 Lists of ihe Bankers of London and Dublin, Duties on 
 Bills, &c. &c. Eighth Edition, price 2s. 
 
 MR BLAINE'S MEDICINES 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 VARIOUS DISEASES 
 
 OF 
 
 Horses and Dogs 
 
 Are sold retail at his House, and at T. 
 BOOSEY's, Broad Street^ Exchange ; also 
 
 * Wholesale arid Iletail by Bahclay and S(->iNs, 
 Fleet Market, where Country Venders are de- 
 sired to apply for Assortments of the same. 
 
1^'