Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/campsgeographyemOOcamprich taiflnilr to JHustrat* ^^ CAMP'S GEOGRAPHY, EMBRACING THE KEY TO MITCHELL'S SERIES OF OUTLINE MAPS. BY DAVID N. CAMP, // PEIKCIPAL OF THE CONN. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AND STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF COMMON SCHOOLS. HARTFOKD: PUBLISHED BY O. D. CASE AND COMPANY: O H I C A G}^ O : GEORGE SHERWOOD. 1861. C/S /Si/ GIFT Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by 0. D. CASE & CO., In the Clerk's OfiBce of the District Court of the United States, for the District of Connecticut. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by 0. D. CASE & CO., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the District of Connecticut. CASE, LOCKWOOD & CO., EliECTROTYPEBS AND PKINTEKS, HARTFORD, CONN. PREFACE. The preparation of the following work was undertaken by the author at the request of the publishers, and at the earnest solicitations of teachers who had used Mitchell's Outline Maps with great profit. The object first proposed was such corrections of Mitchell's series of Outline Maps as were necessary to make them accord with present geographical knowledge, and a corresponding alteration of the key. On proceeding with the work it was soon ascertained that to make the whole complete an entire change of the key would be necessary. The publishers decided to be at the ex- pense of having the maps redrawn and engraved, and a geography prepared as an accom- paniment. The geography contains exact transcripts of the larger maps reduced in size, with a key to all the maps, and questions for review or examination. Geographical definitions and a brief description of countries and the principal cities and towns have been given. "While the more important facts in geography have been included, every thing not necessary for thorough study has been omitted. Figures have been employed instead of letters for reference from the maps to the key, being more convenient, and making the whole work more uniform. The geography is complete in itself and may be used independently, or with the larger maps. The author would gratefully acknowledge the aid received from teachers and others by valuable suggestions made during the preparation of the work. It is hoped the plan may be found adapted to the wants of the school room and facili- tate the study of the interesting science of geography. ivil71855 HINTS TO TEACHERS In introducing the study of Geography to a class of young pupils, their attention should first be directed to the school yard, or a portion of the road, or fields ; prominent objects should be pointed out, and their relative position and distance noted. The whole should then be represented on the blackboard, by the teacher. Thus would be conveyed to the child the idea of a map. This map should be copied on a slate, by each member of the class, and recited from, as a lesson. Additions of surrounding fields, roads, &c. should be made at successive lessons, till a map of the district, village, town, or city, be completed. Various natural features should be described when located, such as brooks, ponds, hills and islands ; the points of the compass indicated ; the boundaries, peculiarities; and general features of the whole taught orally, and by actual view pf the same if possible. By similar and successive steps, the geography of the county or parish should be taught, while an outline of the same is made upon the board and copied by the class. The excellent state maps now published, will give the teacher an opportunity to teach well the geography of the pupil's own state. When this is done the class or school will be prepared to study with advantage from the text-book. The lessons on mathematical definitions, and on the size and motions of the earth, circles, &c., numbered from the 6th to the 15th, may be omitted till the review, if the pupils are young. The geographical definitions should be thoroughly committed to memory, and illustrated from the maps, and by a globe. In the use of the outline maps, it is desirable that the class be so arranged, that they will face the north, with the map before them. The teacher should point out the country, or part of the world to be studied, calling the attention of the class to any peculiarities of configuration or position. The pupils should then become so familiar with each map, the natural features repre- sented, the political divisions and the locality of places, as to recognize them by their forms or positions, without their names accompanying. This can be secured, by oral instruction, by a careful study of the map with the key in the geography, and by drawing the map on the slate or paper, putting down the parallels' and meridians, and accurately filling up the outline with the natural and political divisions. The principle of association, according to some particular order of arrangement, will aid the memory in retaining the name of each place or division. The following order has long been used by some of the best teachers of New England, and has been adopted in the arrangement of the maps and key. Commencing with each map at the upper left hand HINTS TO TEACHERS. corner, or north-west part, and proceeding around the map to the right, let the pupil in recitation pronounce distinctly the names classified as follows. 1 Countries, 2 Oceans, seas, gulfs and bays. 3 Straits, channels and sounds. 4 Islands. 5 Capes, peninsulas and isthmuses. 6 Mountains and deserts. 7 Lakes and rivers. Or the teacher may pronounce the name and let the pupil point out the thing named on the map. Each map is to be reviewed by promiscuous questions. A few of these have been given. But the teacher should multiply and vary them, as circumstances require. The pupils are thus prepared for the study of descriptive geography. The questions on the maps are followed by a brief description of the countries represented. The more impor- tant facts are given on each country. But a full description could not be given, without increasing the size and price of the book far beyond the wants of our schools. This can much better be obtained from gazetteers, geographical dictionaries and cyclopedias, than from any text-book. For classes of advanced scholars topical instruction will be productive of very beneficial results. The country to be studied having been selected, the teacher should assign a topic to each pupil, who, with a given and definite subject before him, should consult reference- books, public and private libraries, and all sources of available information. The following list of topics can be used, or so much of it as is adapted to the attainments of the class, or their means of obtaining the facts required. LIST OF TOPICS FOR ADVANCED CLASS. 1 Situation, extent and boundaries. 2 Coast, (indentations and projections.) 3 Rivers and lakes. 4 Surface, (mountains, plains, plateaus, &c.) 5 Soil and climate. 6 Productions, (animal, vegetable and mineral.) 7 Manufactures. 8 Commerce, (exports and imports.) 9 Cities and towns, (capital, seaports and manufacturing towns.) 10 Traveling facilities. 11 Inhabitants, (population, manners and customs.) 12 Government. 13 Education and Religion. 14 History, (Colonial Possessions.) 15 Miscellaneous. (Natural curiosities, places and objects of interest, distinguished persons, &c,) PUBLISHERS' NOTICE. At the recitation, the facts obtained should be given without questions, by the pupil while standing by the outline map and pointing out all places to which he refers. When a pupil has recited the topic assigned to him, opportunity may be given to others to add any facts, to draw inferences, or to ask questions which will lead to a more full discus- sion of the topic. The teacher may occasionally find it profitable to give out one or more of the topics for a written exercise. PUBLISHERS' NOTICE. The great popularity which Mitchell's Series of Outline Maps have acquired, has created an urgent necessity for a Text-Book, combined with the Key to the Outline Maps, suffi- ciently comprehensive for general use, and suited to the wants of all classes. Such a work it is believed Camp's Geography will prove to be. The illustrations are mostly new, from original designs, prepared by Jacob Wells, of Kew York. The maps were drawn by J. C. Thompson, Jr. of Providence, and were engraved by S. H. Clark and Wm. H. Dodd, of this city. The Earth. DEFINITIONS OF MATHEMATICAL TERMS USED IN GEOGRAPHY. Q. What is a sphere ? A solid bounded by a surface every point of which is equally distant from a point with- in, called the center. Q. What is the diameter of a sphere ? The distance from one side to the other through its center. Q. What is the circumference of a sphere ? The distance round it. Q. What is the axis of a sphere ? The straight line about which it revolves. Q. What are the poles ? The ends of the axis. A hemisphere is half a sphere. Q. What is a circle ? A portion of a plane bounded by a curved line every point of which is equally distant from a point within, called the center. The bounding line is called the circumference. NoTK. In Geography, the term circle is sometimes ap- plied to the circumference. Q. What are great circles of a sphere ? Those which pass through its center. All which do not pass through the center are small circles. Q. What is an arc ? A portion of the circumference of a circle. Q. How are arcs measured ? Every circle is divided into 860 degrees, every degree into 60 minutes, every minute into 60 seconds, and these are used for the measurement of arcs. IV GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. GEOGKAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 1. THE EARTH. Q. What is Geography ? A description of the surface of the Earth. Q. What do we understand by " the Earth?" The globe or world on which we live. Q. What is its form ? It is round, or spherical, like a ball. Q. Of what does the surface of the earth consist ? Of land and water. 2. LAND. Q. What portion of the earth is land ? About one-fourth part — the other three parts are water. Q. What are the principal divisions of land ? Continents and Islands. Q. What is a continent ? A very large extent of land, surrounded by water, as the Eastern Continent and West- ern Continent. Note. Divisions are sometimes called continents, as Asia, Africa. Q. What is an island ? A portion of land less than a continent, entirely surrounded by water, as Australia. Q. What other natural divisions of land ? Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Capes and Prom- ontories. Q. What is a peninsula ? A portion of land almost surrounded by water. Africa is a peninsula. Q. What is an isthmus ? A narrow neck of land connecting two large divisions of land, as the Isthmus of Darien. Q. What is a cape ? A point of land extending into the sea, as the Cape of Good Hope. Q. What is a promontory ? A high point of land extending into the sea. Q. How is the earth diversified ? By Mountains, Hills, Plains and Yalleys. Q. What is a mountain ? A high elevation of land.,. A continuous elevation, or a number of mountains con- nected together, is called a chain or range of mountains, as the Andes. '. Note. The tops of the highest mountains are covered with ice and snow, even in the warmest regions of the earth. Q. What is a volcano ? It is a mountain sending forth fire and smoke, also lava or melted stones, from an opening at the top, called a crater. Q. What is a hill? An elevation of land not so high as a mountain. Q. What is a plain ? A level tract of land. Note. High and extended tracts of land are called Table Lands, or Plateaus. Q. What is a valley ? A portion of land situated between moun- tains or hills. Q. What is a desert ? A sandy, barren tract of land. Note. A fertile spot in a desert is called an oasis. Q. What is a shore, or coast ? A portion of land bordering on the water ; as the Atlantic coast — ^Long Island shore. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. Mountfflns, Hills, Plains and Valleys. 3. WATER. Q. How is the water divided ? Into oceans, seas, archipelagoes, gulfs, bays, sounds, channels, straits, lakes and rivers. Q. What is an ocean ? It is the largest extent of water, — as the Pacific ocean. Q. How many oceans are there ? Five. — The Northern, Southern, Pacific, Atlantic and Indian. They are all connected and form one vast body of salt water. Q. What is a sea ? A collection of salt water smaller than an ocean, and nearly surrounded by land. Q. What is an archipelago ? It is a sea containing many islands. Note. The term archipelago is also applied to groups of islands. Q. What are gulfs and bays ? Portions of the sea or ocean, extending into the land. Q. What is a strait ? A narrow passage, connecting two large bodies of water. Q. What is a channel ? A wide strait. Q. What is a sound ? A strait or channel that may be measured with lead and line. Q. What is a lake ? A body of water surrounded by land, ex- cept where it receives or discharges its waters. Note. The water of most lakes is fresh. Salt Lakes are generally called seas, — as the Caspian. Q. What is a river ? A large stream of water, flowing from its source into larger streams or other bodies of water. Note 1. Small streams are called creeks, rivulets, brooks or rills. Note 2. The banks of a river are the land bordering on its sides. The right bank is that on the right hand side as you descend the stream, and the left bank is on the op> posite side. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. OCEAN Bodies of Land and Water. Q. How are rivers formed ? By a union of rivulets flowing from springs, issuing from high lands, or from lakes or ponds. Q. Where is the source of a river ? That place from which it begins to flow, as a spring or lake. Q. What is the mouth of a river ? The place where it discharges its waters. Note. The space occupied by the water of a river is called its bed or channeL 4. MAPS. Q. Describe a map. A map is a picture of a part or the whole of the earth's surface, as it would appear if viewed from a place above it. Note. See map of continent, &c. above. Q. What does it represent ? The forms of continents, oceans, islands, lakes, rivers, &c. Q. In what direction is the top of the map sup- posed to be ? North. Q. The bottom of a map? South. Q. The right hand? East Q. The left hand ? West. Q. What are these directions called ? The cardinal or chief points of the com- pass. 6. HEMISPHERES. Q. WTiat does the word Hemisphere signify ? Half of a globe or sphere. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 13 Q. How many Hemispheres are there ? Two, the Eastern and Western. Note. If we take an orange and cut it into halves — then place them side by side, with their flat surfaces on the wall, they will represent the Hemispheres. Q. "Which IS the Eastern Hemisphere ? The one on the right hand. Q. What does the map of the Eastern Hemisphere represent ? The Eastern side of the earth ; viz : Eu- rope, Asia, Africa, and a part of Oceanica, together with the Indian ocean, and parts of the Northern, Southern, Pacific and Atlan- tic oceans. Q. Which is the Western Hemisphere ? The one on the left hand. Q. What does the map of the Western Hemisphere represent ? The Western half of the earth. It con- tains North and South America, and the remaining part of Oceanica ; also a part of the Northern, Southern, Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Q. Which Hemisphere contains the most land ? The Eastern. Q. Which the most water ? The Western. Q, For what is the Eastern Continent distinguished ? For containing the most land, the highest mountains, and the greatest number of in- habitants. The climate is also warmer than in the same latitudes on the Western Conti- nent. Q. For what is the Western Continent noted ? For the number and magnitude of its lakes, its extended ranges of mountains, and the length of its rivers. WSSTSEK MSlMSI'IEISIBIg, EASTIBIEH HIEffiHglPIHIimEo GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. QUESTIONS ON MAP OF HEMISPHERES AND GRAND DIVISIONS. What Hemispheres does this map represent ? What grand divisions does the Eastern Hemisphere contain ? What do these divisions form ? Eastern Continent. What divisions does the Western Hemisphere con- tain? What do these divisions form? Western Conti- nent. What is a continent ? What grand division composed entirely of islands lies partly in each hemisphere ? Oceanica, Which is the largest ocean ? Which is the second in extent ? Which is the third in extent ? Which is the fourth in extent ? Which is the smallest ocean ? What three seas in the Eastern Hemisphere ? What sea in the Western Hemisphere ? Where is the Bay of Biscay ? Where is the Bay of Bengal ? What two bays in the Western Hemisphere? Where is the Gulf of Guinea ? Where is the Gulf of Mexico ? What two bodies of water are connected by the Strait of Gibraltar? What two bodies of water are connected by Beh- ring's Strait ? Which is the largest island on the globe ? Where is Australia ? What islands between North America and South America ? What cape south of Africa f Where is Cape Horn ? Where is Cape Farewell ? What isthmus connects North America and South America ? What isthmus connects Asia and Africa ? What peninsula north-west of the Island of Borneo ? In what grand division are the Himalaya Moun- tains? In what grand division are the Mountains of the Moon? What mountains in Europe ? In what grand division are the Rocky Moimtains ? In what grand division are the Andes ? What large river in North America ? What large river in South America ? Into what does the Amazon flow ? What two rivers in Africa ? What desert in Africa ? 6. SIZE AND MOTIONS OF THE EARTH. Q. What is the size of the Earth ? It is about 25,000 miles in circumference and nearly 8,000 in diameter. Note. The earth is not an exact sphere, the polar di- ameter being but 7,900 miles, while the equatorial is 7,926. Q. What is the axis of the Earth ? It is an imaginary line passing through its center, from north to south, upon which it turns. Q. What are the Poles ? The ends of the Earth's axis. The northern is called the north Pole, the southern the south Pole. Note. These are also imaginary. Q. What motions has the Earth ? It has one on its axis, called the diurnal or daily motion, and one around the sun, called the annual or yearly motion. Note. The earth revolves or turns on its axis from west to east, once in twenty-four hours ; this causes day and night. It revolves around the sun once in S65^ days. This, with the inclination of its axis to the plane of its or- bit, causes the different lengths of days and nights, and the change of the seasons. Note. The earth has other motions, which the pupil will learn about in the study of Astronomy. Questions on Map. Point out the North Pole. South Pole. 7. CIRCLES OF THE EARTH. Q. What is the Equator ? An imaginary great circle of the earth situated at equal distances from the poles. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. lY 1 Q. How does it divide the earth ? Q. How many degrees between the equator and Into two equal parts called the Northern each of the poles ? and Southern Hemispheres. Ninety. Q. How is the equator represented on the map of Q. What is said of places either north or south of the hemispheres ? the equator ? By a line crossing it from east to west, and Those north of the equator are in North marked on its sides. Latitude, and those south, are in South Lat- Q. What are the Tropics? itude. Two imaginary small circles parallel to Q. What of places on the equator ? the equator and 23^° from it. They have no latitude. The northern is called the Tropic of Can- Q. What is the length of each degree of latitude? cer, and the southern the Tropic of Capricorn. Sixty geographical miles, or sixty-nine Q. What are the Polar Circles ? and a quarter statute miles. Two imaginary small circles parallel to Note. The geographical mile must be distinguished t\ie tropics and 23^« from the poles. from the statute mile. The former may be longer or The northern is called the Arctic Circle, shorter — the latter is always of the same length. and the southern the Antarctic Circle. Q. How then may we learn the distance of a place Q. What are Parallels ? from the equator ? Imaginary circles parallel to the equator. By determining the number of degrees be- Q. W lat are Meridians ? tween it and the equator, and reducing them Great circles of the earth, extending from to miles. pole to pole, cutting the equator at right angles. Questions on Map. Point out the Equator, Trop- 9. LONGITUDK. ic of Cancer. Tropic of Capricorn. Arctic Circle. Q. What is Longitude ? Antarctic Circle. Distance east or west from some given meridian. Q. From what meridian do we usually reckon 8. LATITUDE. Longitude ? Q. What is Latitude ? That of Greenwich in England, which is Distance from the equator either north marked on the map, and is called the first or south. meridian. Q. How is Latitude represented ? Q. What is the custom of different nations in this By lines crossing the map from the right respect ? to the left, and numbered on its sides. To reckon longitude from their capitals,— Q. What are these lines called ? as the United States, from Washington city. Parallels of Latitude, because they pass Q. How is Longitude represented ? around the earth parallel with the equator. By lines extending from the top to the Q. What do the figures attached to the parallels of bottom of the map. Latitude show ? Q. What are these lines called ? The number of degrees of Latitude. Meridians of Longitude. Q. Where do we begin to reckon the degrees of Q. Where are the degrees of longitude usually latitude? marked on the maps ? At the equator. On the map of the world, they are marked 18 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. on the equator ; but on other maps thej are usually placed at the top and bottom. Q. How many degrees of longitude are there ? Beginning at the first meridian there are 180 degrees of East Longitude, and 180 de- grees of West. Q. How many degrees, then, around the earth ? Three hundred and sixty. Q. What longitude have places on the first meridian? No Longitude. Q. How can you tell whether the longitude of a place be East or West ? If the figures or degrees increase from left to right, the longitude is East ; if they in- crease from right to left, it is West. Q. What is the length of a degree of longitude ? It is sixty-nine and a quarter miles on the equator, but the degrees constantly lessen from the equator to the poles, where they cease to have any length.* 10. ZONES. Q. What are Zones ? Divisions of the earth's surface formed by the tropics and the polar circles. Note. The word Zone means a belt ; hence it is applied to these portions of the earth' s surface, because they sur- round the earth like a belt. Q. How many Zones are there ? Five.— The North Frigid ; the South Frigid; the North Temperate ; the South Temperate, and the Torrid Zone. • Q. Which is the North Frigid ? That part of the earth which lies around the north pole, within the arctic circle. Q. Which is the South Frigid ? That part of the earih which lies around the south pole, within the antarctic circle. Q. What is the climate of these Zones ? They are the coldest parts of the earth, being covered with snow and ice nearly all the year. Hence they are called the Frigid Zones. *See page 29th, Table. Q. Do they produce any grain or fruits ? Neither grain nor esculent fruits are culti- vated, and the trees are few and small. Q. What animals are found ? Only the most hardy kinds, as the white bear, musk ox, reindeer and seal. Q. AVhat can you say of their inhabitants ? No inhabitants have been found in the South Frigid Zone. Those of the North Frigid Zone are few in number, and gener- ally uncivilized. Q. What part of the earth's surface is embraced by the North Temperate Zone ? That part situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. Q. What part by the South Temperate Zone ? That part situated between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. Q. What is the climate of the Temperate Zones ? Generally mild and pleasant, but in some parts variable. Q. What can you say of their productions ? They are numerous and important. — Among them are the various grains, such as wheat, rye^ oats, Indian corn ; cotton, rice and the sugar cane ; also many other useful and beautiful productions of the vegetable kingdom. Q. What animals &re found in great numbers and variety ? The domestic, — as the horse, ox, cow, sheep, goat, swine, &c. Q. What may be said of their minerals ? They are rich and abundant, embracing almost every variety. Q. For what is the North Temperate Zone more particularly distinguished ? For containing the most important coun- tries, the most powerful nations, and the lar- gest portion of the inhabitants of the earth. Q. How may the inhabitants of these Zones be characterized ? By their possessing fairer complexions, more regular features, stronger intellects, and GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. greater energy of character, than the inhab- itants of either of the other zones. Q. Where is the Torrid Zone situated ? On both sides the equator, between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Q. What is its climate ? It is the warmest part of the earth. Snow and ice are here never seen, except on the tops of the highest mountains. For this rea- son it is called the Torrid Zone. Q. What are the productions of this zone ? Tea, coffee, pepper, spice, cloves, nutmegs, rice, oranges, lemons, and various other fruits. It has also a rich variety and profusion of the flowering shrubs, which render the scene- ry beautiful in the extreme. Q. What animals are peculiar to this zone ? The largest and most powerful in the world, — as the elephant, the lion, camelopard, rhinoceros, tiger, hippopotamus, camel, &c. NoTK. Ivory, the tusks of elephants, is chiefly found in this zone. Q. Describe its inhabitants. They are generally of a dark complexion, and with a few exceptions deficient in intel- ligence, industry and enterprise. Q. To what is the Torrid Zone subject? The most violent storms of wind, which often prostrate every thing in their way. Also to destructive earthquakes and deadly diseases. QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED FROM THE MAP OF THE WORLD. In what latitude is North America ? South Amer- ica? Europe? Asia? Africa? Australia? What is the latitude of Cape Farewell ? Cape Horn ? Cape of Good Hope ? Behring's Strait ? Borneo ? What is the longitude of the Isthmus of Darien ? Isthmus of Suez ? Cape St. Roque ? Cape Horn ? Cape of Good Hope ? Madagascar ? In what zones is North America ? South America ? Europe ? Asia ? Africa ? What seas .ind bay in the Torrid Zone ? What sea and bays in the North Temperate Zone ? What bay in the North Frigid Zone ? What is the width of the Torrid Zone ? of the North Temperate ? tab THE WORLD.. SQUAEE MILES, 190,000,000. POPULATION, 1,000,000,000. KEY TO m:a.i> ]sro. 1. 1 GRAND DIVISIONS. 14 Sea of Okhotsk, 1 North 'America, 15 Sea of Yesso, 2 South America, 16 Sea of Japan, 3 Europe, 11 Yellow Sea, 4 Asia, 18 Eastern Sea, 5 Africa, 19 China Sea, 6 OCEANICA. 20 Gulf of Siam, 21 Bat of Bengal, 22 Ska of Arabia, 23 Persian Gulf, POLES, CIRCT,ES AND ZONE& 24 Red Sea, 7 North Polk, 25 Gulf of Guinea, 8 South Pole, 26 Mediterranean Sea, 9 Equator, 27 Bat of Biscat, 10 Tropic of Canckr, 28 North Sea, 11 Tropic of Capricorn, 29 Baltic Sea, 12 Arctic Circle, 30 White Sea, 13 Antarctic Circle, 81 Gulf of Obi. 14 Torrid Zone, 82 Black Sea, 15 North Temperate Zone, 83 Caspian Sea, 16 South Temperate Zonk, 84 Aral Sea. 17 North Frigid Zone, 18 South Frigid Zone. STRAITS AND CHANNETA 35 Behring's Strait, OCEANS. 86 Davis' Strait, 1 Northern or Arctic, 37 Hudson's Strait, 2 Atlantic, 88 Magellan Strait, 3 Pacific, 39 Torres Strait, 4 Indian, 40 Bass Strait, 6 Southern. 41 SuNDA Strait, 42 Malacca Strait, > '.43 Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, • 44 Mozambique Channel, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. y <45 Strait of Gibraltar, 6 Baffin's Bay, *' ■r 46 English Channel. 1 Hudson's Bat, 8 Gulf of St. Lawrence, , 9 Gulf of Mexico, 10 Caribbean Sea, ISLANDS. 11 Bat of Panama, 47 Prince William's, 12 Gulf of California, > ^ 48 Greenland, 18 Kautchatka Sea, ■ : ^^^ 49 Iceland, THE WORLD. .3 ! 50 Newfoundland, 102 Celebes, 51 Azores, 103 Borneo, 62 Bermudas, 104 Java, 53 West India, 105 Sumatra, 54 Cape Yerde Islands, 106 Ceylon, 55 Joannes, 107 Madagascar, 56 Falkland, 108 Mascarentia, 61 Terra del Fuego, 109 St. Paul's, 68 South Georgia, 110 Kerguelen, 59 Sandwich Land, 111 Crozet, 60 South Orkney, 112 Antarctic Continent, 61 South Shetland, 113 Enderby Land, 62 Graham's Land, 114 Tristan, 63 Victoria Land, 115 St. Helena, 64 Balleny Islands, 116 Ascension, 65 Juan Fernandez, 117 Canary, 66 St. Felix, 118 Madeira, 67 Gallipagos, 119 Great Britain, 68 Aleutian, 120 Ireland. 69 Sandwich, 70 Palmyras, Tl Marquesas, 12 Pitcairn's, CAPES AND PENINSULAS is Society, 121 Pt. Barrow, 74 New Zealand, 122 Cape Farewell, 75 Navigator's, 123 Cape Race, 76 Friendly, 124 Cape Sable, N. S. 77 New Caledonia, 125 Peninsula of Florida, 78 New Hebrides, 126 Cape Sable, F. 79 Solomon, 127 Cape St. Roque, 80 MULGRAVE, 128 Cape Horn, 81 Radack, 129 Cape Blanco, 82 Spitzbergen, • 130 Caps St. Lucas, 83 Nova Zembla, 131 Peninsula of Californul, 84 New Siberia, 132 Peninsula of Alaska, 85 Koorile, 133 Cape Prince of Wales, 86 Saghalien, 134 Cape East, 87 Yesso, 135 Cape North, 88 Niphon, 136 Cape North-east, 89 Magellan's Archipelago, 137 Peninsula of Kamtchatka, 90 Loo Choo, 138 Peninsula of Corea, 91 Formosa, 139 Peninsula of Malacca, 92 Philippine, 140 Cape Comorin, 93 Ladronk, 141 Cape Guardafui, 94 Caroline, 142 Cape Good Hope, 95 New Ireland, 143 Cape Verde. 96 New Georgia, 97 New Guinea, 98 LOUISIADE, MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 99 Australia, 144 Rocky, 100 Van Diemen's Land, 145 Alleghany, 101 Spice, 146 Andes, i 1 24 THE WORLD. , 1 U1 Geral, RIVERS. 148 Brazilian, 186 Mackenzie's, 149 SCANDISATIAK, 187 St. Lawrence, 160 Ural, 188 Mississippi, 161 Altai, 189 Ohio, f 152 Stanovoi, 190 Missouri, t 163 Thias Chak, 191 Arkansas, 154 KuEN LcN, 192 Rio Grande, 156 Meling, 193 Colorado, 166 Himalaya, 194 Columbia, 157 Hindoo Koarh, 195 Orinoco, 158 Caucasus, 196 Amazon, . 159 Carpathian^ 197 Negro, 160 Alps, 198 UCAYALE, 161 Apennines, 199 Madeira, 162 Pyrenees, 200 TOCANTINS, 163 Atlas, 201 St. Francisco, 164 KoNGy 202 Rio de la Plata, 165 MaoN,. 203 Parana, 166 Crystax, 204 Paraguay, 167 Sn&w, 205 Obi, 168 Desert or Cobi^ 206 Yenesei, 169 Arabian Desert^ 207 Lena, 170 Sahara Desert. 208 Amoor, 209 HoANG Ho, 210 Yang tse Kiano, 211 Cambodia, T.AKE&. 212 Irrawaddy, 171 Great Bear, 213 Brahmapootra, 172 Great Slate, 214 Ganges, 173 Athabasca, 215 Indus, 174 Winnipeg, 216 Euphrates, 175 Superior, • 217 Amoo, 176 Michigan^ 218 Ural, 1 177 Huron, 219 Volga, 1 178 Erie, 220 Don, 179 Ontario, 221 Danube, 180 Titicaca, 222 Nile, 181 Tchant, 223 Zambeze, 1 182 Baikal, 224 Orange, 1 183 Tchad, 225 Congo, 184 Ukerew*, 226 Niger, 185 Marayi. RELATIVE HEIGHT OF £ 227 Senegal. >OME OF THE PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS ON THE GLOBE. 1 Mt. Everest, Asia, 29,002 feet. 10 Mt. TenerifiFe, Canary Isles, 12,200 feet. 1 2 Aconcagua, S. America, 23,910 " 11 Pike's Peak, North America, 11,500 " ! 3 Chimborazo, S. America, 21,424 " 12 Etna, Vol., Europe, 10,870 " 4 Cotopaxi, Vol., S.America, 18,875 " 13 Sinai, Asia, 7,500 " 5 Mt. St. Elias, N. America, 17,900 " 14 Mt. Washington, North America, 6,234 " 6 Popocatapetl, VoL» Mexico, 17,700 •' 15 Katahdin, North America, 5,385 " 7 Mt. Ararat, Asia, 17,300 " 16 Hecla, Vol., Iceland, 5,110 " 8 Mt. Blanc, Europe, 15,810 " 17 Vesuvius, Vol., Europe, 3,968 " 9 Mt. Hooker, N. America, 15,690 " ^ THE WORLD. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. SEAS, BAYS AND GULFS. Describe a sea. "What sea north of South America? 10. Describe a bay. What two large bays in the northern part of North America? 6, 7. Describe a gulf- What large gulf on the southern coast of North America? 9. What gulf west of the Island of Newfoundland? 8. What gulf on the western coast of North America? 12. What bay south of the Isthmus of Darien ? 11. STRAITS. Describe a strait. What strait separates North America from Asia ? 35. What strait connects BaflBn's Bay with the Atlantic Ocean? 36. What strait at the southern extremity of South America? 38. ISLANDS. Describe an island. What island west of BafiBn's Bay? 47. What island east of Baffin's Bay ? 48. What island east of Greenland ? 49. What island east of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? 50. What two clusters of islands in the Atlantic Ocean east of North America? 51, 52. Where are the West India Islands ? 53. What island does the Strait of Magellan separate from South America ? 57. What islands east of Terra del Fuego ? 56, 68. Where are the Islands of Juan Fernandez ? 65. "SYhat is the principal group of islands in the Pacific Ocean north of the Equator? 69. Which is the most southern island in Oceanica ? 74. CAPES AND PENINSULAS. Describe a cape. Which is the most western cape in North Amer- ica? 133. Which is the most eastern cape in the Western hemisphere ? 127. Which is the most southern cape in the Western hemisphere? 128. What is the most western cape of South America? 129. What cape west of the Gulf of California ? 130. What cape forms the southern point of Greenland ? 122. What two capes does Behring Strait separate? 133, 134. Describe a peninsula. What peninsula east of the Gulf of Mexico ? 125, MOUNTAINS. Describe a mountain. What range of mountains on the Atlantic coast of North America ? 145. What range of mountains extends the whole length of North America ? 144. What mountains extend the whole length of South America ? 146. LAKES. Describe a lake. WTiat five large lakes in North America are con- nected, and discharge their waters into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? 175-179. RIVERS. Describe a river. What river flows into the North- ern Ocean ? 186. What large river flows into the Gulf of St Law- rence? 187. Of what lakes is it the outlet ? 175-179. 26 THE WORLD. What two rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico ? 188, 192. What three principal branches has the Mississippi ? 189-191. What large rivers in South America flow into the Atlantic Ocean? 195, 196, 202. What river flows into the Rio de La Plata ? 203. What river flows into the Parana ? 204. What river flows into the Gulf of California ? 193. What river of North America flows into the Pacific Ocean? 194. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE EASTEEN HEMISPHERE. SEAS, BAYS AND GULFS. What seas on the eastern coast of Asia? 14-19. What sea on its southern coast? 22. What sea between Asia and Africa ? 24. What sea between Europe and Africa ? 26. Europe has three seas on its northern coast; give their names ? 28-30. Where is the Black Sea ? 32. What two seas east of the Black Sea? 33, 34. What sea south of the island of Nova Zembla ? 31. What bay south of Asia ? 21. What bay west of Europe ? 27. Where is the Gulf of Siam? 20. What gulf has Africa on its western coast? 25. CHANNELS AND STRAITS. In what part of Africa is the Mozambique Channel ? 44. What strait west of the Peninsula of Malacca ? 42. What strait between the island of Sumatra and Java? 41. What strait at the entrance of the Red Sea ? 43. What strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean ? 45. ISLANDS. What islands in the Northern Ocean ? 82-84. Where are the Koorile Isles ? 85. What islands east of the Sea of Japan? 87, 88. What empire do they form ? Empire of Japan. What island does the Tropic of Cancer cross ? 91. Mention the principal islands east and south of Asia in Oceanica. 102-105, 99. What island south of Hindostan ? 106. What large island on the eastern coast of Africa ? 107. What land in the Southern Ocean? 113. Where is the Island of St. Helena ? 115. For what is it remarkable ? Ans. As the place of Napoleon's exile and death. What islands on the coast of Africa near the strait of Gibraltar? 118. What islands west of Europe? 119, 120. CAPES AND PENINSULAS. Where is Cape of Good Hope ? 142. What cape east of Africa ? 141. What peninsula forms the most southern point of Asia? 139. What peninsula east of the Sea of Okhotsk ? 137. Where in Europe is Cape North ? 135. MOUNTAINS. What are the principal ranges of mountains in Asia ? 151-157. In Africa? 163-167. What two ranges form a part of the boundary line between Europe and Asia ? 150, 158. In what particular do the mountains on the Eastern Continent difier from those on the Western ? Ans. Those on the Eastern Continent have the general direction of east and west, while those on the Western, run north and south. LAKES. From what lake does the Yenesei flow? 182. What lakes in Africa ? 183-185. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 27 The Races of Men. RIVERS. What three large rivers flow into the Northern Ocean? 205-207. What two large rivers flow into the Yellow Sea ? 209, 210. What three principal rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal? 212-214. Into what does the River Indus flow ? 22. The Persian Gulf receives the waters of what river ? 216. Into what does the Nile flow ? 26. What rivers on the western coast of Africa? 225-227. What two large rivers flow into the Caspian Sea ? 218, 219. Whaf river flows mto the Black Sea? 221. 11. RACES OP MEN. Q. How are mankind divided ? Into five races of men, viz : the European, or Caucasian, tKe Asiatic, the American, the Malay, and the African. Q. How is the European race distinguished ? By fair, or white complexion and regular features. Q. What nations are included in the European race ? The people of Europe, excepting Laplan- ders, those of western Asia, northern Africa, and the white inhabitants of America. Q. How is the Asiatic race distinguished ? By a yellow complexion, flat forehead, and small eyes. Q. What nations does it include ? Those of Eastern Asia, excepting the Ma- lays, the Finns, Laplanders, Greenlanders and Esquimaux. Q. How is the Indian, or copper-colored race dis- tinguished ? By the red complexion, straight black hair and high cheek bones. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. Q. What nations does it include ? All the Indians of America except tlie Es- quimaux and those of Greenland. Q. How is the Malay race distinguished ? By a brown complexion and large features. Q. "What nations are included in this race ? The people of Malacca, Malaysia and the Asiatic isles. Q. How is the African, or black race distinguished ? By a brownish black color, low forehead, dark wooly hair and thick lips. Q. What nations does it include ? The negroes of Africa, Australia and New Zealand. 12. STAGES OP SOCIETY. Q. On what does the social condition of men depend ? On their progress in knowledge, learning and refinement; and on their skill in the mechanical arts. Q. What do the different degrees of advancement among men in these particulars form ? Various stages of society. Q. How many of these are there ? Four ; viz. Savage, or barbarous, half-civ- ilized, civilized and enlightened. Q. What can you say of savage nations ? They live by hunting, fishing, and plun- der; dwell in huts or caverns, and dress in the skins of animals, as the American In- dians. Q. What is the condition of half civilized nations ? They understand agriculture and many of the arts tolerably well. They have written languages, and some knowledge of books. Example ; Chinese. Q. What nations are civilized ? Those which have a knowledge of the arts and the sciences ; and who derive their sub- sistence from agriculture, manufactures and commerce. Q. Give examples ? The natives of Mexico, Paraguay, &c. Q. For what are enlightened nations noted ? Intelligence, enterprise, industry, and their great skill in the arts and sciences. They are also more courteous than other nations, and treat their females with respect and polite- ness. Q. What nations are enlightened ? The United States, Great Britain, and the northern and central European States. Q. How are enlightened and civilized nations dis- tinguished ? By the number and variety of their public buildings, and their works of national utility, as colleges, hospitals, libraries, bridges, canals, railroads, &c. 13. GOVERNMENT. Q. What are the different forms of government ? Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy. Q. What is Monarchy ? It is a government in which the power is vested in a king, or emperor, who usually rules during life. Q. What is an absolute Monarchy ? It is one where the will of the monarch is law, as China, Persia. Q. What is a limited Monarchy ? That in which the power of a monarch is limited by a constitution or law. Great Britain is a limited monarchy. Q. What is an Aristocracy ? A government by the nobles. Q. What is a Democracy ? A government by the people. 14. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. Q. What are the Political Divisions of the earth ? Empires, Kingdoms, Republics, &o. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 29 Q. What is an Empire ? A country controlled or governed by an emperor. Ex. Russian Empire. Q. What is a Kingdom ? A country governed by a king or queen. Q. What is a Republic ? A country governed by men who are cho- sen by the people. Q. What is the chief officer of a Republic called ? A president. Q. How are Empires, Kingdoms and Republics subdivided ? Into Departments, Cantons, Provinces, States, Territories, Parishes, Districts, &c. Note. States are subdivided into Counties, Parishes or Districts, and these into Cities, Towns and Villages. 15. RELIGION. Q. What are the principal systems of Religion ? Christian, Mohammedan, Jewish and Pagan. Q. What nations are called Christian ? Those that believe in Jesus Christ as a Saviour. Q. How are Christians divided ? Into Protestant, Greek and Catholic. Q. Who are Mohammedans ? Those who believe in Mohammed, who lived about 600 years after Christ. Q. Who are the Jews ? Those who believe in the Old Testament but reject the New, and expect a Saviour yet to come. Q. Who are Pagans ? Those who believe in false gods and prac- tice idolatry. 16. TABLE OF LONGITUDE. The following Table shows the number of miles in a degree of longitude on a parallel of latitude for every five degrees from the Equator to the Poles, — sixty geographical miles being taken equal to sixty-nine and a quarter statute miles. Degree of Latitude. Geographical Miles. Statute Miles. Degree of Latitude. Geographical MUes. Statute Miles. 60.00 69.25 60 38.57 44.43 5 69.11 68.85 66 84.41 89.64 10 69.09 68.06 60 80.00 84.66 15 67.96 66.76 65 26.86 29.21 20 66.88 64.95 70 20.62 23.64 25 64.38 62.64 75 16.68 17.89 80 61.96 59.85 80 10.42 12.00 35 49.16 56.62 85 5.23 6.02 40 46.96 62.94 90 0.00 0.00 46 42.48 48.88 NORTH AMERICA. SQUARE MILES, 8,370,000. POPULATION, 40,000,000. | KEY TO MA.I> NO. 2. || COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CHIEF TOWNS. 3 Pacific, 1 Russian America, l Sitka. 4 Caribbean Sea, 5 Coronation Gulf, 2 British America. 6 Boothia Gulf, New Caledonia. "7 Baffin's Bay, 8 Melville Bay, New North Wales. 9 Disco Bay, New South Wales. 10 Hudson's Bat, Labrador. 11 James's Bay, Canada, l Toronto, 2 Quebec, 3 Montreal, 4 12 Ungava Bay, Kingston. 13 St. Lawrence Gulf, Newfoundland, 5 St. John's, 14 Bay of Fundy, 15 Gulf of Mexico, Nova Scotia, 6 Halifax. 16 Bay of Campeacht, New Brimswick, 7 Frederickton. 1*7 Bay of Honduras, 18 Bay of Guatimala, 3 Greenland, l Upernavik, 2 Holsteinburg, 3 Suk- 19 Gulf of Tehdantepec, 20 Gulf of California, kertop, 4 New Hernhut, 5 Lichten- fels, 6 Julianshaab, "7 Lichtenau. 21 San Francisco Bay, 4 United States, l Washington, 2 Boston, 3 New 22 Gulf of Georgia, York, 4 PhUadelphia, 5 Buffalo, 6 23 Prince of Wales Archipelago, 24 Bristol Bay. Pittsburg, 7 Baltimore, 8 Charles- ton, 9 Savannah, 10 New Orleans, 11 St. Louis, 12 Louisville, 13 Cin- cinnati, 14 Detroit, 16 Chicago, 16 STRAITS, CHANNELS AND SOUNDS. San Francisco. 25 Bank's Strait, 5 Mexico, 1 Mexico, 2 Chihuahua, 3 Zacatecas, 4 26 Melville Strait, San Luis Potosi, 5 Guanajuato, 6 2Y Victoria Strait, Guadalajara, 1 Queretaro, 8 Puebla, 28 Prince Regent's Inlet, 9 Merida. 29 Barrow's Strait, 30 Wellington Channel, 6 Balize, l Balize. 31 Lancaster Sound, 32 Smith's Sound, 7 Central America, i San Salvador, 2 Old Guati- 33 Davis's Strait, mala, 3 New Guatimala, 4 San 84 Cumberland Strait, Jose. 35 Frobisher Strait, 36 Hudson's Strait, S*? 'Rli'T T ICT 1? StW k TT 38 Gulf Stream, OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 89 Florida Strait, 1 Arctic, 40 Channel of Yucatan, 2 Atlantic, 41 Strait of Juan de Fuca, 42 Prinok WuiLiam Sound, 32 NORTH AMERICA. 43 Cook's Inlet, 44 Norton Soumd, 45 Behbing's Stbait, ISLANDS. 46 Baring, 41 Meltille, 48 North Georgian, 49 Victoria Land, 50 Boothia, 51 North Detoit, 52 Prince "William's Land 53 Cumberland, 64 Disco, 65 Iceland, 66 Southampton, 67 Mansfield, 68 Newfoundland, 69 Anticosti, 60 Cape Breton, 61 Prince Edward's, 62 Long Island, 63 Bermuda Islands, 64 Bahama Islands, 1 Nassau. 65 GUANAHANI, 66 Cuba, 1 Havana, 2 Matanzas, 3 Puerto Principe, 4 Santiago de Cuba. 6*7 Isle of Pines, 68 Jamaica, 1 Spanish Town, 2 Kingston, 69 Hayti, 1 Port au Prince, 2 Cape Hay- tien, 3 St. Domingo. 70 PoRTo Rico, 1 St. John's. Tl Caribbean Islands, 72 Lesser Antilles, 73 Retillagigedo, 74 Santa Barbara, 75 Vancouver's, 76 Queen Charlotte's, 77 Sitka, 78 KODIAK, 79 Shoomagin's, 80 NUNIVAK. PENINSULAS, CAPES AND ISTHMUS. 81 Labrador, 82 Nova Scotia, 83 Florida, 84 Yucatan, 85 California, 86 Alaska, 87 Cape Barrow, 88 Cape Bathurst, 89 Cape Brewster, 90 Cape Farewell, Si Cape Walsingham, 92 Cape Chudleigh, 93 Cape St. Lewis, 94 Cape Race, 95 Cape Sable, 96 Cape Cod, 97 Cape Haiteras, 98 Cape Sable, 99 Cape St. Antonio, 100 Cape Catoche, 101 Cape Gracias a Dios, 102 Cape Cobrientes, 103 Cape St. Lucas, 104 Cape Mendocino, 105 Cape Orford, 106 Cape Flattery, 107 Cape Elizabeth, 108 Cape Romanzoff, 109 Cape Prince of Walis, 110 Icy Cape, 111 Isthmus of Darien. MOUNTAINS. 112 Rocky, 113 Mt. Brown, 114 Mt. Hooker, 115 Arctic Highlands, 116 Alleghany, 117 Sierra Madre, 118 CosiGuiNA Volcano, 119 popocatapetl, 120 Sierra Nevada, 121 Cascade Range, 122 Mount Fairweather, 123 Mount St. Elias, 124 Great American Plains. LAKES. 125 Great Bear, 126 Great Slave, 127 Athabasca, XORTH AMERICA. 33 1 128 Little Slave, 148 Nelson, 129 Deek, 149 Saskatchewan, 130 Winnipeg, 150 Severn, 131 WiNNIPEGOOS, 151 Albany, 132 Manitoba, 162 Abbitibbeb, 133 Lake' of tue Wood*, 153 East Main, 134 Superior, 154 Great Whai.i;, 135 Michigan, 155 KOKSAK, 136 Huron, 156 St. Lawrence, Vol Erie, 157 Ottawa, 138 Ontario, 158 Mississippi, 139 Nicaragua, 159 Ohio, 140 Chapala, 160 Tennessee, 141 Great Salt Lake. 161 Missouri, 162 Yellow Stonb^ 163 Arkansas, 164 Red, RIVERS. 165 Brazos, 142 Mackenzie, 166 Rio Grande, 143 Slave, 167 Colorado, 144 Peace, 168 Gila, »145 Athabasca, 169 Columbia, 146 Great Fish, 170 Lewis, 14Y Churchill, ' 171 Clarke's. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF NOETH AMEKICA. "What part of the globe does North America com- SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. prise ? \Yhat large gulf south of the United States ? 15. The northern division of the Western What sea between North and South America ? 4, Continent. What gulf west of Mexico ? 20. West of New- What is its length? foundland? 13. On the west coast of British Amer- Four thousand eight hundred miles. ica? 22. What is its breadth ? What two gulfs has British America on the north ? 5, 6. What bay separates Prince William's Land from From two thousand six hundred, to three thousand two hundred miles. Greenland? 7. What ocean bounds North America on the north ? 1. What two bays in the central part of British Amer- On the east ? 2. On the West ? 3. ica? 10, IL What isthmus connects it with South America ? 1 11. What bay north of Labrador ? 12. Bound Greenland. Russian America. British What bay between Nova Scotia and New Bruns- •America. United States. Mexico. Guatimala. Ba- wick? 14. lize. South of the Gulf of Mexico ? 16. Name the capital of British America. United East of Yucatan ? 17. States. Mexico. Guatimala. In the western part of California ? 21. South-west of Russian America? 24. 34 "ORTH AMERICA. STRAITS, CHANNELS AND SOUNDS. What strait between Asia and North America ? 45. What straits and inlet north of British America V 25-30, Between British America and Greenland ? 33. What sound north of Baffin's Bay ? 32. West ? 31. What three straits north of Labrador ? 34-36. What strait between Newfoundland and Labrador ? 37. Between the CTnited States and Cuba ? 39. What strait connects the Gulf of Georgia with the Pacific Ocean? 41. ISLANDS. What islands in the Arctic Ocean ? 46-51. Where is Prince WiUiam's Land? 52. What island in Hudson's Bay ? 56. East of Greenland ? 55. What west ? 54. What four islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? 58-61. What island upon the eastern, coast of the United States near the parallel of 40 degrees N. Latitude ? 02. What group south of Nova Scotia, in the Atlantic Ocean? 63. Which are the four largest islands in the West India group? 66, 68-70. What other islands form a part of this group ? 64, 71, 72. Name some of the Caribbean Islands. Ans. St Christopher's, Antigua, Guadaloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbadoes, St. Vincent, Gren- ada, Tobago and Trinidad. What island south of Cuba ? 67. North of Strait of Juan de Fuca ? 75. West of British America ? 76. What islands near the coast of Russian America ? 77-80. PENINSULAS AND CAPES. What peninsula south of New Brunswick? 82. South of the United States ? 83. South of the Gulf of Mexico ? 84. West of the Gulf of California ? 85. South of Russian America ? 86. Which is the most northern cape of North Amer- ica? 87. Which is the most southern cape of Greenland? 90. What cape has Prince William's Land ? 91. What two capes has Labrador ? 92, 93. What cape east of Newfoundland ? 94. What cape has Nova Scotia ? 95. What two capes on the eastern coast of the United States ? 96, 97. South of Florida? 98. West of Cuba? 99. What cape has Yucatan ? 100. Guatimala? 101. What cape upon the western coast of Mexico ? 102. At the southern point of the Peninsula of California ? 103. AVbat capes on the western coast of the United States ? 104-106. West of Russian America ? 108, 109. MOUNTAINS. What mountains extend through North America from north to south? 112. What are they called in Mexico? 117. What range of mountains on the eastern coast of the United States ? 116. What two ranges in the western part ? 120, 121. What two mountains in Russian America ? 122, 123. Where is Cosiguina Volcano? 118. LAKES. What lakes in British America drained by the river Mackenzie? 125-128. AVhat by the river Nelson? 130-132. What four great lakes between British America and the United States? 134, 136-138. What large lake wholly in the United States south of Lake Superior? 135. What lake in the United States west of the Rocky M(5untair.s? 141. What lake in Guatimala ? 139. RIVERS. What large river flows into the Arctic Ocean ? 142. What two flow into Lake Athabasca ? 144, 145- What rivers flow into Hudson's Bay ? 147, 148, 150. What into James's Bay ? 151-154. What river flows into Ungava Bay ? 155. Into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? 156. What is its principal branch ? 157. NORTH AMERICA North America. "What large river flows into the Gulf of Mexico ? 158. Mention its principal tributaries. 159, 161, 163, 164. What river forms part of the boundary line be- tween the United States and Mexico? 166. What river flows into the Gulfof California? 167. What is its principal branch? 168. What large river in the United States flows into the Pacific? 169. What are its two principal branches ? 170, 171. DESCEIPTIYE GEOGEAPHY. North America contains about 8,000,000 square miles, and in size is the third grand division. It abounds with noble rivers and lakes ; has two extended ranges of mountains, and is well diversified with hills and plains. The climate is hot in the Southern portion, temperate in the Middle, and excessively cold in the Northern. Almost every variety of soil is found. Its productions are numerous and valuable. Among them are wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, grass, potatoes, cotton, sugar, lumber, butter, cheese, and honey. It is quite rich in minerals, as gold, silver, copper, lead, coal, and iron. It has a large variety of animals, though the number of wild animals is rapidly dimin- ishing. America was discovered by Columbus in 1492. Soon after, John Cabot discovered that part called North America, and sailed along the coast from Newfoundland to Florida. Previous to its discovery, rude tribes of Indians who roamed the vast wilderness, and subsisted mainly on fish, game, and the natural productions of the earth, inhabited its northern part. NORTH AMERICA, Collecting Furg. The southern part was inhabited by a half- civilized race, possessing considerable knowl- edge of agriculture and the domesrtic arts. They worshiped the sun, and made their temples flow with the blood of human sacri- fices. North America has seven principal polit- ical divisions ; viz., Greenland, Eussian Amer- ica, British America, the United States, Mex- ico, Balize and Central America. Its principal islands are Greenland, Ice- land, Newfoundland and the West Indies. Questions. What is the extent of North America ? The surface? Climate? Soil? Productions? What minerals are found ? What can you say of its ani- mals ? Its discovery ? Who inhabited its northern portion ? Who the southern part ? What did they possess? What worship? How is North America divided ? Which are its principal islands ? 1. GREENLAND. Square miles, 380,000. Population, 9,400. Greenland, a large island north-east of the continent, is a cold, elevated region, covered with ice and snow most of the year. It pro- duces lichens, mosses, currants, and a few flowering shrubs. Stinted birch, willow and ash trees are found in small numbers. The wild animals are the reindeer, polar fox, and white bear. The only domestic animal is the dog. Sea-fowls, fish, seals and walrus abound, and furnish the natives with most of their food and clothing, Esquimaux Indians inhabit it, with a few Danes. It belongs to Denmark. Questions. Describe Greenland. What are its productions? Animals? Who inhabit it? To whom does it belong ? NORTH AMERICA. 8^ 2. RUSSIAN AMERICA. Square miles, 394,000. Population, 61,000. Eussian America occupies the north-west portion of North America. It is mountainous, drearj, and but par- tially explored. Its climate is cold, and soil sterile. The productions are lichens, moss and a few shrubs. The animals are similar to those of Green- land. The inhabitants consist of Esquimaux, and a few Eussian traders, who reside there for the purpose of collecting furs. Sitka, its capital, is on a small island near the coast. It is defended by a fort It con- tains a foundery and steam engine factory. Several small steam yachts have been built here. There are a number of public schools "fot the natives and European children. Questions. What is the situation of Russian America ? What is said of its surface ? Climate and soil ? Productions ? What is said of the animals ? Who are the inhabitants ? Describe Sitka. 3. BRITISH AMERICA. Square miles, 3,000,000. Population, 2,690,000. British America is a vast territory, em- bracing all the region north of the United States, excepting Eussian AmA-icaand Grreen- land. It includes Hudson's Bay Territory, Lab- rador, and the provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Questions. Describe British America. What does it include ? Note. For a description of the British provinces see Geography of map No. 3. BRITISH PROVINCES. SQUAEE MILES, 3,080,000. POPULATION, 2,600,000. KEY TO MA.P* NO. 3. COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 15 Gut of Canso, 1 Hudson's Bay Territory. 2 Labrador. 3 Upper Canada, l Toronto, 2 Collingwood, 3 Ot- tawa, 4 Brockville, 5 Kingston, 6 Coburg, 1 Niagara, 8 Hamilton, 9 Brantford, 10 London. 16 Northumiserlaxd Strait, IT St. Mary's Strait. ISLANDS. 18 Manitoulin Isles, 19 Orleans, 4 Lower Canada, l Montreal, 2 Three Rivers, 3 Quebec, 4 Sherbrooke, 5 St John, 6 St. Hyacinthe. 5 New Brunswick, l Fredkricton, 2 Bathurst, 3 Liverpool, 4 Dorchester, 5 St, John's, 6 St. Andrew's. 20 Anticosti, 21 Magdalen Islands, 22 Cape Breton, 23 Prince Edward's. 6 Nova Scotia, l Halifax, 2 Picton, 8 Sydney, 4 Lunenburg, 5 Shelburne, 6 Yar- mouth. CAPES. 24 Des Months, 25 Whittle, 26 Bauld, 7 Newfoundland, I St. John's. 21 Race, 28 St. Mart, 29 Rat, 30 North, 81 Canso, 82 Sable. OCEANS, SEAS, &G. 1 Atlantic, 2 Hudson's Bat, 3 James's Bat, 4 Gulf of St. Lawrence, 5 White's Bat, 6 NoTRK Dame Bat, V Bonavista Bat, 8 Placentia Bat, 9 St. George's Bat, 10 Halifax Harbor, 11 Bat of Fcndt, 12 Bat op Chaxeur. LAKES 83 Caniapuscaw, 34 NiTCHEGUON, 35 MiSTISSINNT, 36 Abbitibbee, 8Y Huron, 38 Georgian Bat, 39 SiMCOE, 40 NipissiNO, 1 41 St. Clair, CHANNELS AND STRAIT& 13 Canadian Channel, 14 Bellisle Strait, 42 Erie, 48 Ontario, 44 Grand, 46 St. John. 40 BRITISH PilOVINCES. RIVERS. 66 St. Maurice, 46 Albant, 67 Ottawa, 47 Moose, 68 Gatineau, 48 Abbitibbee, 69 Madawaska, 49 Harricakaw 60 Niagara, 50 Rupert, 61 SOREL, 51 East Main, 62 St. Francis, 62 Great Whale, 63 MiRAMICHI, 53 KOKSAK, 64 St. John, 64 St. Lawrence, 65 St. Croix. 65 Saguesay, QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE BKITISH PKOYINCES. Bound British America. In what part is Hudson's What island in the St. Lawrence near Quebec? 19. j Bay Territory ? Labrador ? Bound Upper Canada. What island at the mouth of the St. Lawrence ? 20. ; Lower Canada, New Brunswick. Nova Scotia, What island east of New Brunswick ? 23. Newfoundland, What islands north-east of Pr. Edward's ? 21. What island north-east of Nova Scotia? 22. ' What cape south of Labrador ? 25. OCEANS, SEAS AND BAYS. What cape at the northern extremity of Newfound- land? 26. i What ocean east of the British Provinces? 1. At the southern extremity ? 2T. ! What large bay in the northern part ? 2. At the southwestern extremity ? 29. What is its southern extremity called ? 3. North of Cape Breton ? 30. What large gulf between New Brunswick and New- At the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia ? 31. foundland? 4. At the southern extremity ? 32. What bays around Newfoundland ? 5-9. What harbor south of Nova Scotia ? 10. What bay west of Nova Scotia? 11. What bay north of New Brunswick? 12. LAKES. What lake in Labrador ? 33. What two lakes east of James's Bay ? 34, 35, What lake is the source of the Abbitibbee ? 86. STRAITS AND CHANNET,S. What lakes between Canada and the United States ? What channel between Canada and Anticosti ? 13, 37, 41-43. What strait between Labrador and Newfoundland ? What bay connects with Lake Huron? 38, 14, What lakes wholly in Canada? 39, 40, 44, 45. What strait between Nova Scotia and Cape Breton ? 15. » What strait between Nova Scotia and Prince Ed- ward's? 16. RIVERS. What strait connects lakes Superior and Huron ? 17. What rivers flow into James's Bay ? 46-51. What river in the northern part of Labrador ? 53. What river is the outlet of the great lakes ? 54. What branches has it on the north ? 55-57. i ISLANDS AND CAPES. Which is the boundary river between Upper and What island in the northern part of Lake Huron ? 18. Lower Canada ? 57. BRITISH PROVINCES. 41 Fur Traders. "What river connects lakes Erie and Ontario ? 60. "Which way does it run ? "What falls has it ? Niagara Falls. "What rivers empty into the St. Lawrence from the south ? 61, 62. "What rivers in New Brunswick ? 63, 64. "What one is the boundary between New Bruns- wick and Maine ? 65. DESCEIPTIYE GEOGKAPHY. 1. HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORY. Square miles, 2,190,000. Population, 180,000. The Territory of the Hudson's Bay Company comprises the northern and western portions of British America, extending from the Arctic Ocean to the United States, and from Labrador to the Pacific. With the exception of the region traversed by the Rocky Mountains, this territory is generally level, and contains a great number of lakes and rivers communicating with each other. The climate in the northern part is almost perpetual winter. In the southern part the winters are very long and cold, and the sum- mers, short and very warm. Owing to the severity of the climate there are few agricultural productions. The prin- cipal animals hunted for food, are deers. buffaloes,rabbits and porcupines. "Wild fowl are also numerous. The principal articles of traffic are the skins of fur-clad animals, of which there are a great variety. Questions. "What does Hudson's Bay Territory comprise ? "What is said of its surface ? Its lakes and rivers ? Climate ? Productions ? 2. LABRADOR. Square miles, 450,000. Population, 5,000. Labrador is an extensive peninsula, lying between Hudson's Bay and the Atlantic, and extending from Hudson's Strait to the Strait of Belle Isle. The coast is mostly bleak, rugged and des- olate. The climate is too cold for most BRITISH PROYINCES. grains, but potatoes and some other vegeta- bles are raised. The inhabitants, consisting chieflj of Es- quimaux, subsist principally by hunting and fishing. The fisheries on the coast are valu- able and give employment to a large number of vessels from other provinces and the Uni- ted States. Many valuable furs are exported by the Hudson's Bay company. QcESTioNs. Describe Labrador. Its Coast. Cli- mate. Productions. What is said of its inhabitants ? Fisheries ? Exports ? CANADA. The province of Canada embraces a sec- tion of British America, lying south of the Hudson's Bay Territory and Labrador, ex- tending about 1,400 miles from east to west, and varying in width from 200 to 400 miles. It was formerly^divided into two provinces, Upper Canada, lying on the great lakes and west of the Ottawa river, and Lower Canada, occupying the valley of the St. Lawrence from the mouth of the Ottawa river to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The government of Canada is similar to that of Great Britain and Ireland. It con- sists of a Governor-General appointed by Her Majesty as her representative, aided by the Executive Council, and a Provincial Par- liament consisting of a Legislative Assembly elected by the people, and a Legislative Council appointed for life by the crown. • The prevailing religion of Lower Canada is Roman Catholic, that of Upper Canada, Protestant. There are churches of various denominations in both. Canada was first settled by the French in 1541. It was acquired by the English in 1760, and has since remained a part of the British Empire. Questions. Give the situation and extent of Can- ada. What is said of its divisions? Government? Religion? History? 3. UPPER CANADA. Square miles, 148,000. Population, 952,000. Upper Canada has generally a level or slightly undulating surface, with the excep- tion of a table ridge which forms the water shed between Lakes Superior and Huron, and Hudson's Bay. The soil is fertile, especially on the rich alluvial flats of the river courses. The climate is affected to some extent by the large lakes. It is healthy, and highly favorable to the growth of grain and the pro- duction of the finest fruits. Wheat is the staple product. Peas, rye, barley, oats, buck- wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, hemp and flax are raised extensively. In the south part peaches and apples are produced in great abundance. Extensive forests of white and red pine, and other forest treeSjfurnish large quantities of timber for exportation. Flowers of great beauty and variety abound, comprising many kinds cultivated in English gardens. Iron of the best quality is found in great abundance. Copper abounds on Lakes Su- perior and Huron. Silver has been discov- ered in small quantities, and lead and tin occur in several places. Whitefish, lake trout and sturgeon of great size abound in the large lakes, and are taken for home consumption and export. The educational system of Upper Canada is very complete. It includes provision for BRITISH PROVINCES. Educational Office, Normal and Model Schools, Toronto. higli-collegiate education, grammar and pri- mary schools, and a Normal School with model schools in connection for the special education and training of teachers. Toronto, the capital of Upper Canada, is situated on a circular bay on the north-west shore of Lake Ontario, ^he streets gener- ally cross each other at right angles. The buildings are mostly of light colored brick, giving the town a pleasant appearance. The population has increased with great rapidity. The Normal School and Education Office for Upper Canada are located here. These buildings are the most extensive of their kind in North America. Hamilton is situated on Burlington Bay at the western extremity of Lake Ontario. It contains many fine buildings. It has manu- factures of various kinds and possesses supe- rior commercial advantages, being at the head of navigation on the lake, and con- nected by railway with the best cultivated part of the province. Questions. What is said of the surface of Upper Canada? Soil? Climate? Productions? Forests? What are its minerals ? What abound in the lakes ? What is said of its educational system ? Describe Toronto. Hamilton. 4. LOWER CANADA. Square miles, 210,000. Population, 890,000. The surface of Lower Canada is broken and irregular, and in the eastern part moun- tainous, presenting varied and picturesque scenery. The country is well-watered, and though not as fertile as Upper Canada, has a good soil and some portions of it are high- ly cultivated. The winters are cold and severe, but during the summers, vegetation is very rapid. The productions are wheat, corn, rye, oats, peas, flax and hemp. From the forests tim- ber of various kinds and maple-sugar are obtained, both for consumption and export. Iron, copper and gold are the most impor- tant minerals. The majority of the inhabitants are of French origin, and still speak the French language. Montreal^ on an island of the same name in the St. Lawrence river, is favorably situ- 4t BRITISH PROVINCES. Falls of Montmorenci. ated for intercourse with, both provinces and with the United States. The buildings are principally of a grayish limestone. Some of the public edifices are magnificent struc- tures. Its quays, also built of cut limestone, are unsurpassed in America. The Victoria bridge across the St, Lawrence, now in pro- cess of construction, (1857,) will be one of the most stupendous and imposing structures in the world. It consists of a wrought iron box twenty feet deep, sixteen feet wide and seven thousand feet long, supported by tow- ers of stone, and will be used for the trains of the Grand Trunk railway. Quebec, the most ancient and important port in Canada, is situated on the left bank of the river St. Lawrence, about one hundred and eighty miles north-east from Montreal. It has a picturesque situation, and is divided into the upper and lower towns; the former on the highest part of the promontory of Cape Diamond, the latter at its base. It con- tains several conspicuous public buildings and the strongest fortress in America. Near it are tiie plains of Abraham, famous as the scene of Wolfe's victory and death in 1769, and the death of Montgomery in 1775. It is engaged extensively in trade, partic- ularly in the exportation of lumber. Questions. What is said of the surface of Lower Canada? Soil? Climate? Productions? Miner- als ? Inhabitants ? Describe Montreal. Quebec. BRITISH PROVINCES. 5. NEW BRUNSWICK. Square miles, 27,700. Population, 194,000. The province of New Brunswick is situ- ated between Maine and the Grulf of St. Lawrence. The surface is varied ; mountain ridges, and sheltered valleys and plains, alternating with each other. The soil is fertile ; the climate is subject to great extremes of heat and cold. A great part of the province is covered with dense forests which furnish large quan- tities of timber. Oats, rye, barley and the fruits of northern New England are the chief products. The coal fields are said to extend over 10,000 square miles. Iron and copper are abundant, and large deposits of manganese and plumbago have been discovered. The rivers, lakes and sea-coasts, abound with fish which are taken in great quantities. Almost the whole province can be reached by its streams. Several railways are com- pleted, or in progress. The great extent of sea-coast, with its numerous bays, furnishes excellent facilities for commerce. In each county are several grammar and other schools. The affairs of the province are adminis- tered by a Lieutenant Governor, aided by an Executive Council, a Legislative Council, and a House of Assembly chosen by the people.' New Brunswick was first settled by the French in 1639 and remained in their pos- session till 1760, when it fell into the hands of the British. It was formed into a distinct province in 1784. Fredericton, the capital, is situated on the right bank of the river St. John. It is regularly laid out and a place of considera- ble trade. St. John^s is situated on a rocky peninsula at the mouth of the St. John's river. It stands on a declivity and presents an im- posing appearance to persons approaching from the sea. Its harbor is safe and capa- cious and never obstructed by ice. Questions. How is New Brunswick situated? What is said of its surface? Soil? Climate? For- ests ? Productions ? Coal fields ? Other minerals ? With what do its rivers and lakes abound ? What are its facilities for commerce ? What is said of its schools? Government? History? Describe Fred- ericton. St. John's. 6. NOYA SCOTIA. Square miles, 19,000.* Population, 276,000.* Nova Scotia is a large peninsula lying south-east of New Brunswick, with which it is connected by an isthmus fifteen miles wide. It contains no mountains of great magnitude. A broad belt of high and broken land, extends along the Atlantic shores. The surface is undulating throughout and highly picturesque. The numerous rivers and lakes form an interesting feature in the province. The soil varies greatly in productiveness. The climate is remarkably temperate, consid- ering its high northern latitude. Dense fogs are prevalent on the Atlantic coast. The principal productions are wheat, bar- ley, rye, oats, buckwheat and potatoes. Large quantities of apples are raised in the western counties. Coal, iron and copper are abundant. ' Sil- ver and lead are found to some extent. Large quantities of gypsum are exported. Its fisheries give employment to a great number of men and boats. ♦Including Cape Breton. BRITISH PROVINCES. Cod and Mackerel Fisheries. It has over 1,200 miles of sea-coast, pen- etrated by the finest bays in the world, which are open to navigation throughout the year, giving it superior commercial advantages. The eastern arm of the bay of Fundy, called Mines Bay, is remarkable for the height of its tides, which sometimes rise sixty or seventy feet. The inhabitants consist principally of de- scendants of the English, Scotch and Irish, who now form but one race living in perfect harmony. It is subject to Great Britain, the govern- ment being similar to that of New Brunswick. Nova Scotia was first discovered by the Cabots in 1497. Halifax is a seaport, situated on Halifax Harbor. Its streets are spacious and cross each other at right angles. It has extensive steam communication with the United States and West Indies, and is the port at which the Cunard mail steamers touch on their voyages to and from Europe. It is also the terminus of the railroad designed to connect Quebec with the Atlantic. Questions. How is Nova Scotia situated ? What is said of its mountains and shores ? What is its sur- face? Soil? Climate? What are its productions? Minerals ? What is said of its fisheries ? Describe its sea-coast. Mines Bay. Its inhabitants. Govern- ment. When and by whom was Nova Scotia discov- ered ? Describe Halifax. CAPE BRETON. Cape Breton has long been celebrated for its fisheries; the principal are cod and mack- erel. Large quantities of excellent ship timber are exported. It is a colony under Nova Scotia, and sends two members to its House of Assembly. Sydney, in the eastern part of the island, is situated near the famous Sydney coal mines. It has an excellent harbor. Lunenburg is a place of considerable trade. ■QuESTious. For what is Cape Breton celebrated ? With what province is it united in government? Describe Sydney. Lunenburg. Note, The extent and population of Cape Breton are included in those of Nova Scotia. 7. NEWFOUNDLAND. Square miles, 3fi,000, Population, 102,000. Ne^vfour^rIlnr^d is a large island in the BRITISH PROVINCES. 47 moutli of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and nearer to Britain than any other part of America. It is very irregular in form, its coast being indented with numerous bays and harbors. The interior of the country has an uneven and rocky surface with numerous rivers and lakes. The climate is severe but healthful. In May and the beginning of June dense fogs prevail on the "Banks," and neighboring shores. Much of the soil is unfit for culti- vation, though some parts of the island are fertile, producing grain, grapes, and potatoes. The principal forest trees are spruce, birch, larch, willow and mountain-ash. The minerals are coal, gypsum, lead, cop- per and iron. The Grand Bank of Newfoundland forms the most extensive submarine elevation on the globe, and swarms with cod and other varieties of fish. The greater part of the population are engaged in the fisheries. The government is similar to that of the other British North American colonies. All religious sects are tolerated. Consid- erable attention has been given to education, and various grades of schoola have been established. A submarine telegraph, eighty- five miles in length, is laid across the Gulf of St. Law- rence, connecting Newfoundland with Nova Scotia, and by continuous lines with the dif- ferent parts of the United States. The Ocean telegraph connects Newfound- land with Ireland.* St. John's, the capital, is the most east- ern seaport in North America, and only 1665 miles from Galway in Ireland. It has a fine harbor enclosed by two mountains, and defended by numerous batteries and for- tifications. The town consisting principally of one street, has many good buildings, and is improving in regularity and appearance. Questions. What is Newfoundland? How is it situated? What is its form? Surface? Climate? Soil? What are its productions? Forest trees? Minerals ? What is said of the Grand Bank ? Occu- pation of the inhabitants ? Government ? Religion ? Education? Submarine Telegraph? Describe St John's. 4. UNITED STATES. 5. MEXICO. 6. BALIZE. For a description of these countries, sea Geography of Map Xo. 4. * Connection made Auguat 6th, 1868. UNITED STATES AND MEXICO. SQUAKE MILES, 3,800,000. POPULATION, 34,600,000. KEY TO M^I^ NO. 4r. STATES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 1 Maine, l AuatrsTA, 2 Bangor, 8 Eastport, 4 Bath, 5 Portland. , 2 M"ew Hampshire, l Coxcoud, 2 Portsmouth, 3 Manchester, 4 Nashua, 3 Vermont, l Montpelikr, 2 Burlington, 8 Brat- tleboro. 4 Massachusetts, l Boston, 2 Lowell, 3 New Bed- ford, 4 Worcester, 5 Springfield, 5 Rhode Island, l pRoriDENCE, 2 Newpoht. 6 Connecticut, l Hartford, 2 New Haten, 8 New London. 7 New York, 1 Albany, 2 New York, 3 Brooklyn, 4 BuflFalo, 6 Rochester, 6 Syracuse, 7 Utica, 8 Oswego, 9 Ogdensburg, 10 Plattsburg, 11 Whitehall, 12 Troy, 13 Ebnira, 14 Dunkirk. 8 New Jersey, l Trenton, 2 Paterson, 8 Newark, 9 Pennsylvania, l HARRiaBtJRO, 2 Philadelphia, 3 Erie, 4 Wilkesbarre, 5 Pottsville, 6 Reading, 1 Lancaster, 8 Carlisle, 9 Lewistown, 10 Somerset, 11 Pittsburg, 10 Delaware, l Doter, 2 Wilmington. 11 Maryland, Annapolis, 2 Baltimore, 8 Easton, 4 Cumberland. 12 District of Columbia, l Washington, 13 Virginia, 1 Richmond, 2 Wheeling, 3 Harper's Ferry, 4 Fredericksburg, 5 Peters- burg, 6 Norfolk, 1 Lynchburg. 14 North Carolina, l Raleigh, 2 Edenton, 3 New- bern, 4 Beaufort, 6 Wilmington, 6 Eayetterille. 15 South Carolina, l Columbia, 2 Abbetille, 3 Cam- den, 4 Georgetown, 5 Charleston. 16 Oeorgia, 1 MiLLEDOEritLE, 2 Atlanta, 3 Augusta, 4 Savannah, 5 Darien, 6 Columbus, 1 Macon. 17 Florida, 1 Tallahassee, 2 Pensacola, 3 Appala- chicola, 4 St, Augustiue, 6 Key West, 18 Alabama, 1 Montgomery, 2 Huntsrille, 3 We- tumpka, 4 Tuscaloosa, 5 Mobile. 19 Mississippi, 1 Jackson, 2 Columbas, 8 Natchez, 4 Vicksburg. 20 Louisiana, l Baton Rouge, 2 New Orleans, 3 ^ Natchitoches, 4 Shrereport, 21 Texas, 1 Austin, 2 Houston, 3 Galreston, 4 Matagorda, 5 Goliad, 6 Corpus Christi, 7 Rio Grande City. 22 Arkansas, 1 Little Roc^ 2 Helena, 3 Coltimbia, 4 Van Buren, 5 Batesrille. 23 Missouri, 1 JErPERsoN Citt, 2 Independence, 3 Lexington, 4 St. Charles, 6 St. Louis, 6 Potosi. 24 Tennessee, l Nashtille, 2 Enoxville, 3 Murfrees- boro', 4 Columbia, 5 Memphis, 6 Jackson. 25 Kentucky, 1 Frankfort, 2 Louisville, 3 Maysrille, 4 Georgetown, 5 Lexington, 6 Bowling Green, V Paducah. 26 Ohio, 1 Columbus, 2 Toledo, 3 Sandusky, 4 Cleveland, 5 Steubentille, 6 Zancs- TiUe, 1 Lancaster, 8 Portsmouth, 9 Chillicothe, 10 Cincinnati, 11 Dayton. UNITED STATES. 27 Indiana, l Indianapolis, 2 Michigan City, 3 5 Massachusetts Bay, South Bend, 4 Madison, 5 New 6 Narragansett Bay, Albany, 6 Evansville, 1 Vincennes, 7 New York Bay, 8 Terre Haute, 9 Lafayette. 8 Delaware Bay, y 9 Chesapeake Bay, 28 Illinois, l Springfield, 2 Galena, 3 Chicago, 4 10 Chatham Bay, Cairo, 5 Alton, 6 Quiacy, 1 Peoria, 11 Charlotte Hardor, 8 Kock Island. 12 Tampa Bay, 29 Michigan, 1 Lansino, 2 Saut St. Marie, 3 Detroit, 4 Ann Arbor, 5 Monroe, 6 Adrian, 7 Jackson, 8 Kalamazoo, 9 Grand 13 Appalachee Bay, 14 Pensacola Bay, 15 Mobile Bay, Haven. 16 Galveston Bay, 17 Matagorda Bay, 30 Wisconsin, l Madison, 2 Green Bay, 3 Fond du 18 Corpus Christi Bay, Lac, 4 Milwaukie, 5 Racine, 6 19 Gulf of Mexico, Janesville, 7 Prairie du Chien, 8 20 Gulf of California, La Crosse. 21 San Diego Bay, 22 Monterey Bay, 31 Iowa, 1 De3 Moines, 2 Dubuque, 3 'Daven- 23 San Francisco Bat, port, 4 Muscatine, 5 Burlington, 6 24 Humboldt Bay, Council Blufif, 1 Iowa City. 25 Gulf of Georgia. 32 California, l Sacramento, 2 Placer City, 3 Marys- ville, 4 Benicia, 5 Stockton, 6 So- nora, 7 San Jose, 8 San Francisco, SOUNDS AND STRAITS. 9 Monterey, 10 San Diego. 26 Long Island Sound, ' 27 Albemarle Sound, 33 Minnaiota, 1 St. Paul, 2 St. Anthony. 28 Pamlico Sound, 29 Florida Strait, 34 Nebraska, 1 Omaha City. 80 Strait of Juan de Fuca. 35 Kansas, l Leavenworth, 2 Wabounse, 8 To- peka, 4 Lecompton, 5 Lawrence. 36 Indian. ISLANDS. 81 Nantucket, 37 New Mexico, 1 Santa Fe, 2 Taos, 3 Socorro. 32 Martha's Vineyard, S3 Long Island, 38 Utah, 1 Fillmore City, 2 Salt Lake City. 34 Florida Keys, 85 TORTUGAS, 39 Oregon, 1 Salem, 2 Astoria, 3 Portland, 4 Or- 86 Santa Barbara. egon. 10 Washington, 1 Olympia, 2 Pacific City, 8 Ft. Van- couver. CAPES. U Dacotah. 87 Ann, 88 Cod, OCEANS, GULFS AND BATa 89 Malabar, 40 May, 1 Atlantic Ocean, 41 Henlopen, 2 Pacific Ocean, 42 Charles, 8 Passamaquoddy Bat, 43 Henry, 4 Penobscot Bay, 44 Hatteras, 52 UNITED STAGES. 45 Lookout, 89 Champlain, 46 Feak, 90 Moosehead, 41 Canaveral, 91 Chesuncook, 48 Florida, 92 Okechobee, 49 Sable, 93 PONTCHARTEAIN, 60 Roman, 94 Tula, 51 San Blas, 95 Pyramid, 52 Conception, 96 Klamath, 63 Mendocino, 97 Great Salt, 64 Orford, 98 Utah, 65 Flattery. 99 Nicollet. MOUNTAINSw RIVERS. 66 Katahdin, 100 St. Lawrence 57 White, 101 St. John's, 58 Green, . 102 St. Croix, 59 Catskill, 103 Penobscot, 60 Blue Ridge, 104 Kennebec, 61 Alleghany, 105 Androscoggin, 62 CuMBERLANDj, 106 Saco, 68 Ozark, 107 Merrimac, 64 Black Hills, 108 Connecticut! 65 Rocky, 109 Hudson, 66 Fremont's, 110 Mohawk, 67 Long's, 111 Delaware, • 68 Pike's, 112 Susquehanna, 69 Spanish, 113 Potomac, 70 Sierra Nevada, 114 Rappahannoc, 71 Coast, 115 James, 72 Cascade, 116 Chowan, 73 Mt. Hood. 117 Roanoke, 74 Mt. St. Helen's, 118 Tar, or Pamlico, 75 Mt. Ranier, 119 Neuse, 76 Great American Plaisb, 120 Cape Fear, 121 Great Pedee, 122 Santee, 123 Wateree, ' LAKES. 124 Savannah, 77 Red, 125 Altamaha, 78 Lake of the Woodsy 126 Oconee, 79 Rainy, 127 Ocmulgee, 80 Superior, 128 St. Mary's, 81 Michigan, 129 St. John's, 82 Green Bat, 130 SUWANEE, 83 Huron, 131 Appalachicola,' 84 Georgian Bat, 132 Flint, 85 Saginaw Bat, 133 Chattahoochm^ 86 St. Clair, 134 Mobile, 87 Erie, 136 Alabama, 88 Oktario, 136 Tombigbkk, UNITED STATES. 53 137 Pascasoitla, 189 Colorado, 138 Pearl, 190 Gila, 139 Mississippi, 191 Grande, 140 Yazoo, 192 Green, 141 Ohio, 193 Rio Virgeit, 142 Tennessee, 194 San Joaquin, 143 Cumberland, 195 Sacramento, 144 Green, 196 Feather, 145 Kentdckt, 197 Klamath, 146 Big Sandy, 198 Columbia, 147 Kanawha, 199 Willamette, 148 Monongahela, 200 Lewis, 149 Alleghany, 201 Salmon, 150 Muskingum, 202 Clarke's, 151 Scioto, 203 Bear, 152 Miami, 204 Humboldt, 153 Wabash, 205 Nicollet, 154 White, 206 St. Joseph's, 155 Kaskaskia, 207 Grand, 156 Illinois, 208 St. Clair, 157 Rock, 209 Detroit, 158 Wisconsin, 210 Maumee, 169 Minnesota, 211 NlAGAJaA. 160 Iowa, 161 Des Moines, 162 Missouri, capitals. CHIE? TOWNS. 163 Jefferson, 2 Mexico. l Mexico. 164 Madison, 1 Lower California, 2 Loreto, 3 La Paz. 165 Gallatin, 2 SoNORA, 4 Arispe. 166 Yellowstone, S Chihcahua, 5 Chihuahua. 167 Big Horn, 4 CiNALOA, 6 CuLiACAN, 7 Mazatkc. 168 Nebraska, 5 DuRANGO, 8 DURANGO. 169 North Fork, 6 COHAHUILA, 9 SaLTILLO. 170 South Fork, 7 New Leon, 10 Monterey. 171 Kansas, 8 Tamaulipas, 12 Victoria, 11 Matamoras. 172 Republican Fork, 9 San Luis Potosi, 18 San Luis Potosi. 173 Smoky Hill, 10 Zacatecas, 14 Zacatecas. 174 Osage, 11 Jalisco, 15 Guadalajara. 175 St. Francis, 12 Guanajuato, 16 Guanajuato. 176 White, 13 QUERETARO, 17 QUERETARO. 177 Arkansas, 14 Vera Cruz, 19 Vera Cruz, 18 Jalapa. 178 Canadian, 15 Mexico, 1 Mexico. 179 Red, 16 Michoacan, 20 Valladolid, 180 Washita, 17 COLIMA, 21 COLIMA. 181 Sabink, 18 Guerrero, 22 Acapulco. 182 Neches, 19 PUEBLA, 23 PUEBLA. 183 Trinity, 20 Oajaca, 24 Oajaca. 184 Brazos, 21 Tehuantepec, 25 Tehuantepeo. 185 Colorado, 22 Tabasco, 26 Tabasco. 186 Nueces, 23 Chiapas, 27 Ciudad Real. 187 Rio Grande, 24 Yucatan, 28 Merida, 29 Campeachy, 80 188 Pecos, VaUadolid. 64 UNITED STATES. 3 Balizo, IBalizk. CAPES. 231 Roxo, 232 Desconocida, BAYS. 233 Catoche, 212 Campeachy, 218 Honduras, 234 San Antonio, 235 Corrientes, 214 Tehuantkpec. 236 Palma, 237 San Lucas, 238 San Lazaro, 239 MoBRO Hermoso. ISLANDS. CAPITALS, CHIEF TOWNS. 215 Bahama, MOUNTAINa 216 Cuba, 1 Hatana, 2 Matanzas, 3 Puerto Principe, 4 San Jago. 240 Sierra Madre, 21T Isle op Pines, 241 Popocatapetl. 218 Hatti, 1 PoBT Au Prince. 219 Jamaica, 1 Spanish Town, 2 Kingston. 220 COZUMEL, LAKES. 221 Revillagigedo, 222 The Three Marias, 242 Chapala, 223 EspiRiTu Santo, 243 Terminos. 224 Carmen, 225 Tiburn, 226 Angelos. RIVERS. 22Y Margarita, 228 Cerros. 244 Santander, 245 Tula, 246 USUMASINTA, PENINSUT.AR. 247 Balsas, 229 Yucatan, 248 Grande, 230 California. 249 Yaqui. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF UNITED STATES. What country bounds the United States on the north? What ocean on the east ? What gulf and country on the south ? What ocean on the west ? What is the latitude of the United States? What is its longitude ? How many states are there ? Name them. How many territories are there ? Name them. Bound each state. Give the capital of each. What states border on the Atlantic ? On the Gulf of Mexico ? On the Pacific ? On the great lakes ? What states lie west of the Mississippi? What states are separated by the Connecticut ? Delaware? Potomac? Savannah? Chattahoochee? Sabine? Ohio? What states touch Lake Afichigan ? What three territories are bounded north by British America ? What two border on the Pacific ? What territory is bounded by Mexico ? What territory south of Oregon ? West of Missouri ? North of Texas ? UNITED STATES. 55 GULFS AND BAYS. What bays on the coast of Maine ? 3, 4. What bay on the coast of Massachusetts ? 5. South of Rhode Island? 6. What bays on the Atlantic coast south of Connec- ticut? 7-9. On the west coast of Florida ? 10-14. What bay south of Alabama ? 15. What bays on the coast of Texas ? 16-18. On the Pacific coast ? 21-24. SOUNDS AND STRAITS. What sound south of Connecticut ? 26. What two east of North Carolina ? 27, 28. What strait south of Florida? 29. North-west of Washington territory ? 30. ISLANDS AND CAPES. What islands south of Massachusetts ? 31, 32. What island south of Connecticut ? 33. What reefs south of Florida ? 34. Which is the most important island of Florida reefs ? Ans. Key West. What islands west of Florida reefs ? 85. What capes has New England ? 37-39. What capes at the entrance to the Delaware bay ? 40, 41. At the entrance to the Chesapeake ? 42, 43. What five capes between Albemarle Sound and Florida reefs ? 44-48. Which is the most southern cape of Florida ? 49. What four capes on the Pacific coast of th© United States ? 52-55. MOUNTAINS. What mountain in Maine? 56. What mountains in New Hampshire ? 57. In Vermont ? 58. In New York? 59. What three parallel ranges in the eastern part of the United States ? 60-62. What mountains in Missouri and Arkansas ? 63. What is the most extensive range of mountains in the United States ? 65. Mention the principal peaks. 66-69. What ranges near the Pacific coast ? 71, 72. Between these and the Rocky Mountains ? 70. Mention the principal peaks of the Cascade moun- tains. 73-75. LAKES. What lakes between British America and the United States ? 80, 83, 86-88. What lake between Michigan and Wisconsin ? 81. What bay in the western part ? 82. What lake between Vermont and New York ? 89. What lakes in Maine? 90, 91. ' What lake in Florida ? 92. In Louisiana ? 93. In California ? 94. What lakes in Utah ? 95, 97-99. Which is the largest? 97. RIVERS. What river is the outlet to the Great American Lakes? 100. Which are the seven principal rivers in the New England States ? 102-108. Into what do tlicy flow ? What river flows into New York Bay ? 109. Into Delaware Bay ? 111. What four discharge their waters into the Chesa- peake? 112-115. What two rivers flow into Albemarle Sound ? 116, 117. What two rivers flow into Pamlico Sound ? 118, 119. What are the principal rivers flowing into the At- lantic between Pamlico Sound and Cape Sable? 120- 125, 128, 129. What two rivers unite and form the Altamaha? 126, 127. Which is the largest river flowing into the Gulf of Mexico? 139. AVhich are the principal rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi ? 130, 131, 134, 137, 138. What large branches has the Apalachicola ? 132, 133. What two rivers form the Mobile? 135, 136. Which are the largest eastern branches of the Mis- sissippi? 140, 141, 155-158. What two' rivers unite and form the Ohio ? 148, 149. UNITED STATES. What are the main hranches of the Ohio ? 142-147, 150-153. What are the principal western branches of the Mississippi? 159-162, 175-177, 179. Where does the Missouri rise ? What are its main branches? 163-166, 168, 171, 174. Which is the principal branch of the Arkansas ? 178. What river between the United States and Mexico ? 187. Which are the principal rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico between the Rio Grande and the Mis- sissippi? 181-186. What fiver from the United States flows into the Gulf of California? 189. What is its principal eastern branch ? 190. Which are the principal rivers in California? 194, 195-197. What river in Oregon flows into the Pacific? 198. Which are the two largest branches of the Colum- bia ? 200, 202. What branch has Lewis River ? 201. What rivers of Michigan flow into Lake Michigan ? 206, 207. What river connects Lake Superior with Lake Hu- ron ? Ans. St. Mary's. What rivers between Lake Huron and Lake Erie ? 208, 209. What river connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario ? 211. What falls upon it ? Ans. Niagara Falls. Which is the most north-western ? Which states have no sea coast ? MEXICO. What country north of Mexico ? What body of water on the east ? What ocean on the south and west ? What states of Mexico are bounded north by the United Stjites ? Which border on the Gulf of Mexico ? What one on the Caribbean Sea ? What on the Pacific Ocean ? What states border on the Gulf of California? Which is the most south-eastern state ? BAYS AND GULFS. What bay west of Yucatan ? 212. What bay east of Balize ? 213. What gulf on the southern coast ? 214, ISLANDS, CAPES AND MOUNTAINS. Which is the largest of the West India Islands ? 216. What group north-east of it ? 215. What large island south-east ? 218. What two islands south ? 217, 219. What two clusters of islands west of Mexico? 221, 222. What islands in the Gulf of California ? 223-226. What islands west of California ? 227, 228. What cape at the northeastern extremity of Yuca- tan? 233. What cape west of Yucatan ? 232. West of Cuba ? 234. West of Mexico? 235. At the southern point of California? 237. What two capes on the western coast of Califor- nia? 238, 239. What range of mountains in Mexico ? 240. What is the principal volcano ? 241. LAKES AND RIVERS. What lake in the southern part of Yucatan ? 243. AVhat lake near the center of Mexico ? 242. AYhat river between Mexico and the United States? 187. What rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico? 244-246. What into the Pacific ? 247, 248. What into the Gulf of California? 249. UNITED STATES. 61 The Capitol at Washington. DESCRIPTIYE GEOGRAPHY. 4 UNITED STATES. Square miles ,2, 936, 166. Population, 26,964,312. The United States comprise a large terri- tory extending from the Atlantic to the Pa- cific Ocean, and occupying the central por- tion of North America. It has a shore line of over 12,600 miles on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Gulf of Mexico. It may be divided physically into the Northern Lake region, the Atlantic slope, the Gulf region, the Pacific slope, and the Mississippi valley. It is well watered by numerous large riv- ers and lakes. Two long ranges of moun- tains traverse it, between which stretches the great valley of the Mississippi river and its branches. It possesses a healthful climate, fertile soil, unrivaled facilities for internal navigation, and is one of the most productive countries in the world. The chief articles of cultivation are Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, oats, rye, cotton, rice, tobacco, and a great variety of fruits. The most useful minerals abound, such, as gold, iron, copper, lead, coal and lime. There are also quarries of granite, marble, free- stone and slate. The manufactures are very extensive, em- bracing a great variety of useful articles. Its commerce extends to all parts of the globe, and is second only to that of Great Britain. No other nation has so many steam and canal boats traversing its waters, or so many miles of telegraph lines and railroad, either finished, or in course of construction. The inhabitants of the United States are chiefly of English descent. Some are of Dutch, Irish, and French extraction; and about three and a half millions of African, residing mainly in the southern part. They are distinguished for industry, enter- prise and intelligence. Schools and colleges are very numerous, and there are few who may not enjoy the means of education. The prevailing religion is the Protestant, though all sects are tolerated by law. The government of the United States is a 68 UNITED STATES. Federal Kepublic. Each State is independ- ent in its local affairs, but the defence of the country, matters relating to foreign com- merce and the general concerns of the nation, are committed by the constitution to the General Government. The laws are made by Congress, which is composed of a Senate and House of Eepre- sentatives. The Senate consists of two mem- bers from each state, chosen for six years. The representatives are chosen by the peo- ple for two years. The President and Yice President are elected for four years. Each state is an independent republic and chooses its own governor. In the organized territories the people choose a legislature to make laws, but the governor is appointed by the President. The first settlement in the United States was made by the French, in Florida, in 1565 ; the second by the English, in Virginia, in 1607. The colonies were subject to Great Britain till 1776, when the colonists declared them- selves free and independent. The war of the revolution continued seven years, and closed in 1783, when Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States. The United States are divided into thirty- two states, and several territories. The states are sub-divided into four sec- tions, called the Eastern or New England, the Middle, the Southern, and the Western States. EASTERN STATES. 1 Maine, 4 Massachusetts, 2 New Hampshire, 5 Khode Island, 3 Yermont, 6 Connecticut. MIDDLE STATES. 7 New York, 8 New Jersey, 9 Pennsylvania, 10 Delaware. SOUTHERN STATES. 11 Maryland, 12 District of Co- lumbia, 13 Yirginia, 14 North Carolina, 15 South Carolina, 16 Georgia, 17 Florida, 18 Alabama, 19 Mississippi, 20 Louisiana, 21 Texas. WESTERN STATES. 22 Arkansas, 23 Missouri, 24 Tennessee, 25 Kentucky, 26 Ohio, 27 Indiana, 28 Illinois, 29 Michigan, 30 Wisconsin, 31 Iowa, 32 California, 33 Minnesota. TERRITORIES. 84 Nebraska, 85 Kansas, 86 Indian, 87 New Mexico, 38 Utah, 39 Oregon, 40 Washington, 41 Dacotah. Questions. What do the United States comprise ? Describe the surface, climate, soil, &c. What are the chief vegetable productions ? Most useful miner- als ? What can you say of the manufactures and commerce ? Steam and canal boats ? Telegraph lines and railroads ? The descent of the inhabitants ? For what are the inhabitants distinguished ? What is said of education ? Which is the prevailing religion ? What is the government ? By whom are the laws made ? Who compose the Senate ? How are the representatives chosen ? For how long are the presi- dent and vice president elected ? What is each state ? How are the organized territories governed ? Where and when were the earliest settlements made ? "VVTien were the colonies declared independent? How long did the revolutionary war continue ? How are the United States divided ? Name the Eastern states. Middle. Southern. Western. The territories. UNITED STATES. The Eastern States. EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. The Eastern or New England States in- clude Maine, Kew Hampshire, Yermont, Massachusetts, Ehode Island and Connecti- cut, and occupy the north-east portion of the United States. They were originally settled by the Puri- tans, at Plymouth, in 1620. New England is agreeably diversified in surface, has a variable but healthful climate, and has long been distinguished for the in- telligence, industry and enterprise of its cit- izens. Questions. How are the Eastern or New England States situated ? By whom and when were they set- tled? What is said of the surface, climate, and people ? 1. MAINE. Square miles, 31,766. Population, 623,862. Maine, the largest of the New England states, has in general a level or undulating surface, a productive soil, and cold climate. It abounds with beautiful forests, lakes, and rivers, and its coast is bordered with numerous bays and islands. Agriculture and lumbering are the leading pursuits, but many of its inhabitants are en- gaged in manufactures, ship building and fishing. The principal products are grass, Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, but- ter and cheese. Large quantities of lumber, lime, hay, fish, &c., are exported. Augusta, the capital, is situated on the Kennebec river, fifty miles from its mouth. Portland is the largest city in the state. It is built on an elevated site, has a good UNITED STATES. White Mountains. Making Maple Sugar. harbor, and considerable commerce. East- port, on the Passamaquoddy bay, is a place of some trade. Its harbor is remarkable for high tides. Bangor is a very flourishing city upon the Penobscot river, and noted for its lumber. Bath, on the Kennebec, is well built and enjoys superior advantages for navigation, as the river here is seldom frozen in winter. QpESTioNS. Describe the surface, soil and climate of Maine. Mention the chief pursuits of the people. The exports. What is said of Augusta ? Portland? Eastport? Bangor? Bath? 2. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Square miles, 9,280. Population, 824,701. New Hampshire has a hilly, and in some portions a mountainous surface. From the great quantities of stone it con- tains, it is called the " Granite State ; " and from the grandeur of its scenery, the " Swit- zerland of America." The climate is very healthful, and the soil varied, but generally better adapted to gra- zing than to cultivation. It has only eighteen miles of sea coast, and but little commerce. Agriculture and manu- factures are the principal employments of the people. The staple productions are wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, butter, cheese and maple-sugar. The wild and sublime scenery and the salubrious air of the White mountains, make them the frequent resort of invalids and others. Concord, the capital of the state, is a flourishing town, located on the Merrimac river about sixty miles from Boston. Portsmouth is situated on both sides of the Piscataqua river, three miles from the Atlan- tic coast, and is the only seaport in the state. It has a fine harbor, a large navy yard, and some commerce. 3fanchester, on the Merri- mac river, is the most important city in the UNITED STATES. 61 state, and is noted for its manufactures. Nashua is an important manufacturing town. Questions. "What can you say of the surface of New Hampshire ? Its climate and soil ? Sea-coast ? Employments of the people ? Productions ? What is said of the White Mountains ? Of Concord ? Portsmouth ? Manchester ? Nashua ? 3. VERMONT. Square miles, 10,212. Population, 325,206. The Green mountains extend through Yer- mont, from north to south, rendering its sur- face broken and hilly. The climate is cold and changeable, but healthful. The soil is rich, affording good tillage and grazing. This state produces the various grains, po- tatoes maple-sugar, butter, cheese, and large quantities of wool. Iron ore is abundant, and there are extensive quarries of marble. It has no sea-coast, and its inhabitants are principally engaged in agriculture. MoNTPELiER, situated on the Onion river, is the capital of the state, and a very pleasant town. Burlington has a beautiful site on the east shore of lake Champlain, commanding a fine prospect. It is the largest town in the state, and is the seat of the University of Vermont. Brattkhoro was the first town settled in Vermont. It has several manufactories. Questions. What is the surface of Vermont ? Cli- mate and soil ? Productions ? What is the chief pursuit ? Describe MontpeUer, Burlington. Brat- tleboro. MASSACHUSETTS. Square miles, Y, 800. Population, 1,133,123. The eastern part of Massachusetts is gen- erally level ; the interior and western por- tions are hilly and rugged. The climate resembles that of the other Eastern States, though the coast is subject to cold, easterly winds. The soil is light in the eastern portion and rather sandy ; in the middle and western parts more fertile. The farms are highly cultivated, and produce wheat, corn, rye, oats, fruits, butter and cheese. Manufactures and commerce chiefly en- gage the attention of its inhabitants. In cot- ton and woolen manufactures, Massachusetts is the first state in the Union. The whale, cod and other fisheries are very valuable. Massachusetts is also distinguished for the number and excellence of her public schools. The first settlements of New England were made in this state, and here the first blood was shed in our forefathers' struggles for civil freedom. Boston is the largest city in New Eng- land. It is situated at the head of Massa- chusetts Bay, and is noted for the wealth, liberality and refinement of its citizens, its numerous scientific and literary institutions, and for its excellent system of public schools. It has a variety of manufactures, and its commerce extends to nearly every nation of the globe. The city has many fine build- ings, and a large common. It is furnished with water from lake Cochjtuate by an aque- duct over twenty miles long, and is sur- rounded by other beautiful cities and towns. Charlestoion is situated on a peninsula im- mediately north of Boston. It contains the Bunker Hill monument, and United States Navy yard, which occupies an area of more than seventy acres. Lowell, on the Merrimac river, is an important manufacturing city. Cotton and woolen goods are produced in UNITED STATJJS. The Landing of the Pilgrims. great quantities. Springfield is one of the most important commercial cities on the Connecticut river. Worcester, Lawrence and Lynn are important manufacturing places. Salem holds a high rank as a commercial city. New Bedford is extensively engaged in the whale fishery. Questions. Describe the surface of Massachusetts. What is its clitnate ? Soil ? What can you say of manufactures and commerce? Fisheries? Boston? Charlestown? Lowell? Springfield? Worcester, Lawrence and Lynn ? Salem and New Bedford ? 5. RHODE ISLAND. Square miles, 1,806, Population, 166,927. Rhode Island, in extent of territory, is the smallest state in the Union. The surface is undulating; the soil, fertile on the coast, but barren in the interior, and the climate agreeable. The productions are grains, fruits, butter and cheese. This state is largely engaged in manufac- factures. It has considerable commerce. The first cotton machinery in America was started in 1790, in Rhode Island, by Samuel Slater. Cotton goods are now manufactured to a great amount. Providence, one of the capitals, is located on Providence river, and is the seat of Brown University. It has a great variety of manufactures and considerable commerce. Newport, the other capital, is built on the island of Rhode Island, which lies in UNITED STATEI Narragansett Bay. This island is a place of great resort in the summer season ; and from the beauty of its scenery, and the salubrity of its climate, is called the " Eden of Amer- ica." Questions. What is the size of Rhode Island? Surface and soil? What is the chief pursuit? Where was the first cotton machine put in opera- tion ? Describe Providence. Where is Newport sit- uated ? 6. CONNECTICUT. Square miles, 4,674. Population, 401,292. • The surface of Connecticut is in general undulating or hilly, the climate agreeable, and the soil fertile, especially in the valley of the Connecticut river. Large quantities of grass, potatoes, corn, butter and cheese are produced. There are several extensive quarries of granite and freestone. It has also mines of silver, cop- per and iron. Its inhabitants are chiefly engaged in ag- riculture and manufactures. This state has long been celebrated for its munificent school fund, and the attention which has been given to the subject of pop- ular instruction. Hartford is situated on the west bank of the Connecticut river, fifty-three miles from its mouth. It is advantageously situated for trade and commerce, and largely engaged in manufactures. The city is supplied with an abundance of pure water from the Connecti- cut river. It contains Trinity College, the j^merican Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, a Ketreat for the Insane, and a Hospital. New Haven is situated at the head of New Haven Bayj four miles from Long Island Sound. It is pleasantly laid out, and is one of the handsomest cities in the United States. It is noted for its literary and edu- cational institutions. It is extensively en- gaged in manufactures and has considerable commerce. New London has a commodious harbor. and is largely engaged in the whale fisheries. Norwich^ Middletown, Bridgeport and Water- hury are the remaining cities. UNITED STATES. Middle States. Questions. Describe the surface, soil and climate of Connecticut. What are its productions ? Mines ? Principal employments of the inhabitants ? Describe Hartford. New Haven. New London. MIDDLE STATES. The Middle States are situated south-west of New England. They embrace New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware; and comprise a great variety of surface, cli- mate and soil. This section is diversified by high and broken ranges of mountains, and numerous rivers and lakes. The Alleghany is the principal range of mountains. The chief rivers are the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna and St. Lawrence. The Middle States possess superior facilities for commerce and trade. The eastern portion borders New England and the Atlantic, and the north-western the great lakes, while the interior is traversed by numerous railroads and caaals. Questions. How are the Middle States situated? Name them. What do they comprise? How are they diversified ? What is said of commerce and trade ? r. NEW YORK. Square miles, 47,000. Population, 3,470,059. New York is the most wealthy and popu- lous of the United States ; hence it is called the " Empire State." The eastern and northern parts are hilly and mountainous; the western portion spreads out in table-lands, rising from lake Ontario. The mountainous sections have a light soil ; the more level are usually very rich and fertile. UNITED STATES. New York City. The climate is healthful, but subject to ex- tremes of heat and cold. Agriculture is the chief pursuit. The commerce is larger than that of any- other state and extends to all parts of the world, and the manuflictures are extensive and constantly increasing. Wheat is the staple production. Indian corn and other grains, with potatoes, apples, pears, peaches, maple-sugar, butter, cheese, beeswax and honey are the other principal products. Iron, lead, limestone and salt springs abound ; also mineral springs, the most noted of which are those at Saratoga, Ballston and Avon. The natural curiosities of this state are on a grand scale. Among them are the Falls of Niagara, on the Niagara river, which are nearly three quarters of a mile wide, and one hundred and sixty feet high. Two miles below the cataract, the river is spanned by a magnificent suspension bridge eight-hundred feet long and two hundred and thirty feet above the water, supported by four wire cables, nine and one-fourth inches in diameter. New York is distinguished for the number and length of her canals and railroads, and for her common schools and other educa- tional institutions. Albany, the capital, is situated on the Hudson river, and has a very large inland trade. The Erie canal here unites with the Hudson. Great numbers of steamboats ply between this city and New York. New York City, situated on Manhattan island, is the largest and most importantcity in America, and is the center of trade for the western continent. In the extent of its commerce and the amount of its manufac- tures it exceeds every other city in the New 66 UNITED STATES. Normal School, Trenton, N. J. World. It has many costly and elegant buildings, and numerous literary and benev- olent institutions. Broadway, its principal street, and one of the finest to be seen in any city, is eighty feet wide and about three miles in length. The city is supplied with water by means of the Croton aqueduct, which is more than forty miles long. Brooklyn is on the west extremity of Long Island opposite New York City, and is ex- tensively engaged in commerce. It contains many fine buildings, and a large Navy Yard. Buffalo, on Lake Erie, carries on an extensive trade with the west. Its 'manufac- tures are important. It is largely engaged in the converting of wheat into flour. Its principal public buildings are a Court House, Jail, Market House and several fine church- es. Rochester is remarkable for its extensive manufacture of flour. Syracuse is noted as the seat of the inost valuable salt manufac- tures in the United States. Troy, situated on both sides of the Hudson river at the head of steamboat navigation, contains numerous manufactories and has important facilities for commerce. Questions. What rank has New York ? Describe its surface. Soil. Climate. What is said of agricul- ture ? Commerce and manufactures ? Productions ? Minerals and springs ? Natural curiosities ? Suspen- sion bridge ? For what is New York distinguished ? Describe Albany. New York City. Brooklyn. Buf- falo. Rochester. Syracuse. Troy. 8. NEW JERSEY. Square miles, 8,320. Population, 569,499. The northern part of New Jersey is hilly ; the southern, quite level. Its climate is mild, and the soil productive, UNITED STATES, ;avffs sc I\/.K Philadelphia. except in the southern portion of the state, where it is sandy. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in agriculture and the raising of fruit. The finest apples, peaches and melons are sent to New York. Philadelphia, and other markets. New Jersey is extensively engaged in manufactures. Its commerce is small. It has also valuable shad and oyster fish- eries. Iron ore is found abundantly in some portions of the state. Education is receiving increasing attention. Trenton, the capital, is situated at the head of tide water on the Delaware river. It is a pleasant city, and the place where General Washington captured the Hessians in 1776. Newark is the largest city in the state, and largely engaged in manufactures. It is ten miles west of New York City. Paterson, at the Passaic Falls, is also a very flourishing manufacturing town. 3TT0NS. "What is said of the surface of Nctt Jersey ? Its climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Manu- factures ? Commerce ? Its fisheries ? Minerals ? Describe Trenton. Newark. Paterson. 9. PENNSYLVANIA. Square miles, 46,000. Population, 2,542,960. Pennsylvania is a large and important state, distinguished for its mineral resources, manufactures, and internal improvements. Its eastern section is level or undulating, with a fertile soil and mild climate; the middle is mountainous, barren, and subject to extremes of heat and cold ; and the west- ern hilly, but productive and agreeable. The people are largely interested in agri- culture, manufactures and mining. Wheat, corn, orchard fruits, potatoes, butter and wool are the chief products. The farms are gen- erally large and well conducted. The manufactures are very extensive, and UNITED STATES. comprise a greats variety of articles. In the production of coal and iron, Pennsylvania surpasses any other state in the Union. Canals and railroads are numerous, greatly increasing the facilities of trade. This state was settled in 1681, by William Penn, a Quaker, whose kind and liberal treatment of the Indians secured peace to the settlers for seventy years. Harrisbubg, the capital, is pleasantly located on the Susquehanna river. Philadelphia^ on the west bank of the Del- aware river, is in size the second city of the United States. It is laid out in squares, is remarkably neat, and is extensively engaged in trade, manufactures and commerce. Many of the public buildings are elegant. It has a mint for coining money and a Navy Yard. Philadelphia is supplied with water by the Fairmount water-works, which convey the water of the Schuylkill river through the city in iron pipes. Erie has one of the largest and best har- bors on the lake. Lancaster is situated in the midst of a populous agricultural district, and has considerable trade. Pittsburg is a very flourishing manufacturing town, at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, and has a large inland trade. From its extensive manufactures of iron it is called the "Birmingham of America." Pottsville and Wilhesbarre are situated in a coal region. Questions. Describe Pennsylvania. "What is said of the surface, soil, and climate? Of the people? Productions ? Manufactures ? * Canals and railroads ? By whom was Pennsylvania settled ? What can you say of Harrisburg ? Philadelphia? Erie? Lancas- ter ? Pittsburg ? Pottsville and Wilkesbarre ? 10. DELAWARE. Square miles, 2,120. Population, 97,292. Delaware is the smallest state in the union except Rhode Island. It is generally level. Its soil is fertile in the northern part, but sandy in the central and southern portions. The climate resembles that of New Jersey. The principal pursuits are agriculture and manufactures. Wheat is the staple production. Apples and peaches are raised in great abundance and of a fine quality. Dover, the capital of the state, is situated on Jones' Creek. Wilmington, its largest city, is located near the junction of Christiana and Brandywine Creeks. It has considerable commerce, and is engaged extensively in manufactures. Questions. How does Delaware compare with the other states in size ? What is its surface and soil ? Its climate ? What are the chief pursuits ? Produc- tions ? Towns ? SOUTHERN STATES. The Southern States are Maryland, Vir- ginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. They extend along the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico from Delaware Bay to the Rio Grande. The coast is level and sandy ; the interior undulating and more fertile. The Alleghany mountains extend through the western por- tions of Virginia^ and North and South Car- olina. unitp:d states. Southern States. The inhabitants are mostly of English and French descent. More than three millions are negro slaves, who perform most of the labor. The southern people are distinguished for their courtesy and hospitality. Many of them are highly educated, but public schools are not as numerous as in the northern states. Questions. Name the southern states. Describe their surfoce and soil. Who compose the population ? How are the people distinguished? What is the state of education? 11. MARYLAND. Square miles, 11,124. Population, 639,580. This state comprises a small, well watered country lying on the shores of the Chesa- peake bay, which divides the state into two parts. The shores are level, warm, and in summer unhealthy. The western portion is hilly, and the climate agreeable. The soil is productive, and well adapted to the cultivation of grain and fruits. Wheat and tobacco are • raised in large quantities. Indian corn is an important product. Iron and coal are its most important min- erals. Coal is chiefly found in the western part. Agriculture and commerce are the prin- cipal pursuits of the people. This state was colonized by English Cath- olics under Lord Baltimore, in 1632. Under his wise administration the colony was very prosperous. Annapolis, the seat of government, is situated three miles from Chesapeake bay on the river Severn. Baltimore is situated on a branch of the Patapsco river, and is the largest city in the state. It has an extensive commerce, and a large trade in flour and tobacco. From the number and elegance of its monuments it is called the "Monumental city." Easton andi Gamherland are places of some importance. The latter has an extensive trade and is the second city in the state in population. Questions. What does Maryland comprise ? De- scribe its surface and climate. Soil. What are its ! 70 UNITED STATES. /f Smithsonian Institute. principal productions ? whom was it colonized ? Minerals Pursuits ? By "What is said of Anitepolis ? Baltimore ? Easton and Cumberland ? ' 12. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Square miles, 60. Population, 51,687. The District of Columbia lies on the east bank of the Potomac, one hundred and fifty mouth, and belongs to the miles from its United States. NoTK. It formerly embraced a tract ten miles square, lying on both sides of the Potomac, and ceded by the states of Maryland and Virginia. Recently, the Virginia portion has been ceded back. Washington City, the capital of the nation, is located here. It was laid out un- der the direction of General Washington, whose name it bears, and became the seat of government in the year 1800. It contains the Capitol, President's House, General Post Office, Patent Office, and other public build- ings. The capitol is built of white freestone and marble in the form of a cross. It is a magnificent building, surmounted with domes, and contains the Senate Chamber and Kepresentatives' Hall, The President's House is also a handsome building of white freestone. It is situated on an eminence about a mile and a half west of the capitol and is surrounded by beautiful grounds. South-west from the capitol, on a gently rising ground, stands the Smithsonian Insti- tute. It is a noble structure, four hundred and fifty feet long, and built of red sand- stone, in the Norman style. Questions. Describe the District of Columbia. "Washington city. "What can you say of the capitol ? The President's House ? Smithsonian Institute ? 13. VIRGINIA. Square miles, 61,352. Population, 1,512,492. Virginia is low and level in the eastern Richmond, Va. part; the interior and northern parts are hilly and mountainous. The Blue Ridge and Alleghany mountains extend across the state. The climate is warm in the lowlands, but mild and healthful in the elevated portions of the state. On the banks of the rivers and in the valleys the soil is fertile, but barren on the mountains. Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat and potatoes are the chief productions. Gold, iron, lead, copper and coal are found; also salt springs, and several mineral springs, the most noted of which are the White, Warm and Hot Sulphur. The Natural Bridge, over Cedar Creek, is a solid rock covered with earth and trees, and crosses a chasm two hundred feet deep and sixty feet wide. Virginia was settled in 1607, by colonists from England. Hence it is called the "Old Dominion." The present inhabitants retain many of the English customs and man- ners. Richmond, the capital of the state, has a fine site on the James river, one hundred and ten miles from the Chesapeake bay. It has a large trade and possesses an immense water-power, giving it great natural advan- tages for productive industry. Its manufac- tures are already extensive. Norfolk^ on the river Elizabeth, has a very commodiotis harbor, and is one of the prin- cipal naval stations of the United States. It is the chief seaport of Virginia, and has considerable commerce. Wheeling, on the Ohio River, has a large trade and extensive manufactures. The hills in the vicinity con- tain inexhaustible beds of coal. Petersburg is a flourishing town on the Appomattox UXITED STATES. river and business. extensive facilities for Questions. What is the surface of Virginia? Climate ? Soil ? Principal employment ? What are the productions ? Minerals ? Describe the Nat- ural Bridge. When was Virginia settled ? AVhat do the present inhabitants retain? "What is said of Richmond? Norfolk? Wheeling? Petersburg? 14. NORTH CAROLINA. Square miles, 50,704. Population, 921,852. The eastern section of North Carolina is level and sandj. The sea-coast abounds with swamps, and is bordered by sand-bars. The interior is undulating and productive. The western portion is a broad table-land, which rises into the Alleghany mountains. Near the coast the climate is hot, but the elevated portions are cooler and more salu- brious. The chief articles of cultivation are Indian corn, tobacco, sweet potatoes, wheat, oats, cotton .and rice. Its forests furnish large quantities of lumber, turpentine, tar and rosin. It has valuable gold mines which are ex- tensively wrought. Iron, copper and coal are also found. Rice, cotton and naval stores are the prin- cipal exports. Raleigh, the capital, has an elevated and healthful situation, and is laid out with great regularitv. It contains a fine State House built of granite after the model of the Par- thenon. Wilinwgton is the largest town in the state. It is located on the Cape Fear river, thirty-five miles from its mouth, and has considerable commerce. Newbern and Fay- etteville are also towns of considerable trade and commerce. Questions. What is the surface and soil of the eastern part of North Carolina? Of its interior? Western ? What is the climate ? What are the chief productions ? What can you say of its gold mines ? Exports ? Raleigh ? Wilmington ? New- bern and Fayetteville ? 15. SOUTH CAROLINA. Square miles, 29,385. Population, 705,661. Upon the sea-coast. South Carolina is level and marshy. The interior and western por- tions are undulating. The soil is in many places sandy and un- })roductive, but much of it is rich and fer- tile, especially on the banks of the rivers. In the lowlands, the climate is moist and unhealthful, — in the elevated districts, it is more temperate and agreeable. The inhabitants are mostly farmers or planters. Cotton, rice, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, wheat, oats and tobacco, are the principal agricultural productions. There are several islands along the coast of this state and Georgia, which produce the finest cotton, called " Sea Island Cotton." The tropical fruits here begin to flourish, as oranges, lemons, figs, &c. South Carolina has few manufactures, but considerable commerce. Its exports of cot- ton and rice are extensive. Columbia, its capital, is pleasantly situ- ated. Charleston-, at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper rivers, is handsomely builr, and the largest city between Baltimore and New Orleans. It is the principal sea-port of the state, and has a large commerce. Camden, on the Wateree river, is noted for the defeat of General Gates, by Lord Cornwallis, in the Revolutionary war. A battle was also fought here between the Americans under General Greene and the British under Lord Rawdon. UNITED STATES. 1Z : ,i Charleston, S. C. Georgetown, situated on Winyaw bay, is a place of some trade. Questions. Describe the surface of South Caroli- na. Soil. Climate. What can you say of its pro- ductions ? Manufactures and commerce ? Columbia ? Charleston ? Camden ? Georgetown ? 16. GEORGIA. Square miles, 58,000. Population, 935,090. Georgia is a large and flourishing state, level on the coast, hilly in the interior, and mountainous in the north. The Okefeiiokee Swamp extends from Florida into its southern part, and abounds with alligators and reptiles. Cotton, rice, sweet potatoes and Indian corn are the chief articles of cultivation, but large quantities of wheat, oats, sugar, tobacco and fruits are produced. The manufactures of Georgia are limited, but increasing in importance. Quite a num- ber of railroads are in operation. Considerable attention is paid to education. MiLLEDGEViLLE, the Capital of the state, is regularly laid out at the head of steamboat navigation on the Oconee river. Savannah is the principal city and seaport of Georgia. It is pleasantly located on a high bluff of the Savannah river, eighteen miles from its mouth, has considerable trade, and abounds with a flowering tree, called the "Pride of China." Augusta is a beautiful city, one hundred and seventy miles above Savannah, on the Savannah river. It has a large trade. Columbus, Macon, Darien and Atlanta, are also thriving towns. Questions. "What can you say of the size and general features of Georgia? What of the Oke- fenokee Swamp? Name the chief productions. UNITED STATEI What is said of manufactures and railroads ? Of ed- ucation? Describe MilledgeviUe. Savannah. Au- gusta. What other flourishing towns? lY. FLORIDA. Square miles, 59,268. Population, 110,725. Florida is a peninsula on the extreme south of the United States, approaching within a degree and a half of the Torrid Zone. The southern portion is covered with marshes and shallow lakes, and is called ' ' The Everglades." The northern and central portions are mostly level. The soil is gen- erally sandy, but productive in many parts. The chief products are cotton, sugar-cane, rice, tobacco, Indian corn and sweet potatoes. Oranges, dates, figs and other tropical fruits abound, with a great variety of blos- soming plants. The forests yield abundantly cedar and the live oak, which is so much used in ship building. The white inhabitants are chiefly confined to the northern portions of the state. Tallahassee, the capital, is situated on the Appalachee bay. St. Augustine was the first town settled in the United States. It has a delightful cli- mate, and is embosomed in orange trees. Appalachicola, onth^e river of the same name, and Pensacola, on Pensacola bay, are both thriving places, and have considerable trade. At Pensacola the United States have a large naval station, with a marine hospital. Key West is the most populous town in the state, and occupies an island of the same name four miles long and a mile wide. It has a safe and capacious harbor, and its principal business is derived from salvages and other perquisites of wrecked vessels. Questions. What can you say of the surface of Florida? Of its soil? Productions? Of its fruits ? Forests ? Where do the whites reside ? What is said of Tallahassee ? St. Augustine ? Appa- 1 lachicola ? Pensacola ? Key West ? 18. ALABAMA. Square miles, 50,722. Population, 835,192. Alabama is generally level, except in the northern part, where it is mountainous. The soil for the most part is productive, and in many places very rich. The climate is quite warm in the southern portion of the state. Snow and ice are occasionally seen in the mountainous district. Agriculture almost solely engages the at- tention of its inhabitants. Cotton and Indian corn are the great staples. Wheat, oats, sweet potatoes, rice and tobacco, are also raised. It has some commerce and manufactures. Montgomery, the capital, is situated at the head of steamboat navigation on the Tuscaloosa river. Mobile is the largest city in the state, and its principal seaport. It is pleasantly situ- ated at the head of Mobile bay, has a large commerce, and is the greatest cotton market in the United States, except New Orleans. Tuscaloosa, Wetumj^ka and Huntsville, are flourishing towns, possessing considerable trade. Questions. What is the surface of Alabama? Soil and climate ? The leading pursuit ? What are the productions ? What is said of commerce and manufactures ? Of Montgomery ? Mobile ? We- tumpka, Tuscaloosa and Huntsville? UNITED STATES. 15 Mobile, Ala. 19. MISSISSIPPI. Square miles, 47,156. Population, 671,619. The surface of Mississippi slopes towards the south and west. The southern part is level; the central and northern portions are undulating, and diversified by occasional bl uifs and ranges of hills. The western part of the state upon the Mississippi river, is marshy. The climate is warm, and the soil gen- erally rich and highly productive. The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to the raising of cotton. Indian corn, rice and sugar are also produced. Fruits, such as figs, peaches and bananas, are abundant. The plantations of Mississippi are gen- erally large, and often contain several hun- dred negro slaves each. Its first settlers were of French descent, who founded the town of Natchez in 1716. Jackson is the capital of the state. It is pleasantly situated at the head of steamboat navigation on the Pearl river. Natchez is one of the pleasantest cities in the western valley. It stands on a high bluff upon the Mississippi, three hundred feet above the surface of the river. Great numbers of steamboats stop here, and a large trade is carried on. Vickshurg has a very picturesque site, on the bank of the Missis- sippi river, the land rising in terraces from the river. It has an extensive trade in cot- ton. Columbus is situated on the left bank of the Tombigbee river one hundred and eighty miles from Jackson. It is surrounded by an extensive planting district and has an active business. 76 UNITED STATES. New Orleans, La. Questions. What is the surface of Mississippi ? Climate ? Principal pursuits ? Productions ? "What is said of the plantations ? First settlers ? Describe Jackson. Natchez. Vicksburg. Columbus. 20. LOUISIANA. Square miles, 41,255. Population, 600,387. Louisiana is remarkably level, and abounds with swamps and pine forests, which render much of its surface unfit for cultivation. The soil on either side of the Mississippi river is very fertile, producing large crops of cotton, sugar, rice, Indian corn and to- bacco. The tropical fruits are abundant. The climate, in summer, is excessively hot and often sickly. Agriculture is the leading pursuit, but commerce is very exten- sive and important. Louisiana formerly belonged to the French, of whom it was purchased by the United States, in 1803. Baton Eouge, the capital, is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, one hundred and thirty-one miles above New Orleans. It stands on the first high bank which occurs in ascending the river, arid is one of the healthiest towns in the southern portion of the Mississippi valley. New Orleans is situated on the east side of the Mississippi river about one hundred miles from its mouth. When the river is high the surface of the water is several feet above the streets of the city, and is kept from overflowing by levees. This city is the great emporium of the south-western and western states, and its harbor is constantl}' crowded with ships, steamboats, and the various river craft of the West. Many of the public buildings and churches of New Or- UNITED STATES. nn leans are large and costly structures. The custom house, when completed, will be the largest in the Southern States. The benevo- lent institutions are extensive and well con- ducted. Natchitoches is pleasantly situated on Red River, about five hundred miles from New Orleans. It is a place of considerable trade, having regular steam communication with New Orleans. Shreveport is a thriving place on the right bank of Red River, about six hundred and eighty miles by water above New Orleans. It is in the midst of an ex- tensive planting region and advantageously situated for trade. Questions. What can you say of the surface of Louisiana ? Soil ? Climate ? Agriculture and com- merce ? Of whom was this state purchased ? De- scribe Baton Rouge. New Orleans. Natchitoches. Shreveport. 21. TEXAS. Square miles, 237,504. Population, 500,000. Texas is the largest of the United States in extent of territory. It embraces almost every variety of surface within its limits. It is level in the south-east, undulating in the interior, and mountainous in the west and north-west. The Great American Plain extends sixty miles within the bounds of Texas on the north. The climate is free from the ex1;remes of both the torrid and temperate zones. The heats of summer are much mitigated by the winds which blow steadily from the Gulf of Mexico during that season. The soil is varied, yet its general character is that of great fertility. Cotton, Indian corn and tobacco are the staple products. Sugar-cane is cultivated in the level country. Oranges, lemons and other fruits grow well. Cayenne pepper is raised in large quantities. The minerals are gold, silver, salt, copper and iron. An immense bed of gypsum tra- verses the north-west portion of the state. Bisons, wild horses and cattle roam the prairies in large herds. Texas formerly belonged to Mexico. It declared its independence in 1836, and in 1845 was annexed to the United States. Austin, the capital, is a flourishing town, situated on the Colorado. The river is navi- gable to this point during winter. The scenery around Austin is highly picturesque. Galveston is situated on Galveston island, and is the principal seaport of Texas. It is rapidly increasing in population, and has considerable commerce. Houston is situated on the Buffalo Bayou about two hundred miles from Austin. It is well situated for trade at the head of steam navigation, and is the principal shipping port for several adja- cent counties. Matagorda is situated on a bay of the same name at the mouth of the Colorado River. It has considerable trade and is the depot for the produce of one of the richest valleys in the state. The sea- breeze renders this place a favorite summer residence of citizens from the interior. Questions. What is the size of Texas ? Surface ? Climate and soil ? What are its productions ? Min- erals ? What animals rove the prairies ? When was it annexed to the United States ? Describe Austin. Galveston. Houston. Matagorda. IS UNITED STATES. %j'-ti'i(- Western States. WESTERN STATES. The Western States are Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ar- kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minne- sota and California. They comprise the greater portion of the valley of the Mississippi and its branches, and abound with extensive forests, vast prai- ries and majestic rivers. The climate is warmer than in states of the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. The Western States are rapidly filling up with emigrants from Europe and the older States. In some of the Western States a great interest is manifested in the cause of educa- tion. Large appropriations have been made for instruction in public schools, and these schools have very much improved. Colleges and seminaries of learning have been established in important places. Questions. Name the Western States. What do they comprise? What is their climate? What is said of emigrants ? Education ? 22. ARKANSAS. Square miles, 52,198. Population, 253,117. The eastern section of Arkansas is marshy, and subject to inundations. The remaining parts are elevated and broken. In the low lands, the climate is unhealthful ; in the ele- vated districts, salubrious. Near the rivers the soil is generally fertile. Kemote from them it is sterile. The productions are Indian corn, cotton, wheat, oats, tobacco and sweet potatoes. It also produces fine fruits. There are numerous hot springs about fifty miles west of Little Eock, which are much resorted to by invalids. There is a fine cold spring so near one of these warm UNITED STATES. 79 springs that a person can put one hand into hot and the other into cold water at the same time. Little Eock, on the Arkansas river, is the capital and most important town of the state. Van Buren, on the Arkansas river, is a place of extensive commercial business and some manufactures. Questions. What is said of the surface of Arkan- sas? Climate? Soil? Productions? Describe the boiling springs. Little Rock. Van Buren. 23. MISSOURI. Square miles, 67,380. Population, 831,215. The surface of this state is agreeably diver- sified; the climate subject to extremes of heat and cold ; and the soil in general very productive. Agriculture and mining are the leading pursuits. The chief productions are Indian corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, potatoes, butter and cheese. Great numbers of cattle are reared. Missouri abounds in mineral treasures. There are several small mountains composed almost entirely of iron ore. Lead is very abundant; also coal, marble and freestone. Jefferson City, the capital of the state, occupies a high and commanding position on a bluff of the Missouri river. St. Louis, its largest city, is situated on the Mississippi river, and possesses great facilities for trade and commerce. It contains many elegant buildings, and is rapidly increasing in wealth and importance. St. Charles, near the junction of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, has a pleasant location and consider- able trade. Independence is the starting point in the trade with New Mexico and Utah. Questions. Describe the surface, climate and soil of Missouri. What are the chief pursuits? Pro- ducts ? Minerals ? Describe Jefferson City. St. Louis. St. Charles. Independence. 24. TENNESSEE. Square miles, 45,600. Population,!, 092,470. The eastern section of Tennessee is moun- tainous and rugged; the we^ern, level or undulating. It is divided by the Cumber- land mountains into East and West Ten- nessee. It has a mild, agreeable climate, and in general a fertile soil. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Cotton, tobacco and Indian corn are the chief products. Oats, wheat and potatoes are also cultivated. Immense numbers of swine and mules are raised in the state. Iron and coal are found in abundance. This state also abounds with numerous wonderful caves, from which nitrous earth is obtained for the manufacture of saltpetre. Fossil remains of gigantic antediluvian animals have been discovered, particularly of the mastodon. Among the Enchanted mountains, so called, are found footprints of animals imbedded in limestone. Nashville has a pleasant site on the Cumberland river. It is the most wealthy and prosperous city of Tennessee, and is dis- tinguished for its enterprising spirit, literary taste and polished society. Memphis, situated on the Mississippi river, is an important commercial town, Qttestions. Describe the surface of Tennessee. Climate and soil. Name the chief pursuit. Produc- tions. What is said of manufactures and commerce f Of caves ? Nashville ? Memphis ? 80 UNITED STATES. Mammoth Cave, Ky. 25. KENTUCKY. Square miles, 37,680. Population, 1,086,587. The eastern portion of Kentucky is moun- tainous. Along the Ohio river it is hilly. The remaining portions are undulating or level. It has an agreeable and healthful climate, and a very productive soil, adapted to the raising of various kinds of grain. Wheat, Indian corn, hemp, flax and to- bacco are the staple productions. Fruits of excellent quality abound. Horses and cattle are reared in great numbers. Limestone is everywhere found, and salt springs are numerous, around which the bones of the mastodon have been frequently found. Agriculture is the main pursuit, although manufactures and commerce receive much attention. Kentucky abounds with numerous caves, of which the "Mammoth Cave" is the most stupendous one known in the world. It has been explored for more than fifteen miles, and contains numerous apartments, UNITED STATES. 81 Cincinnati, Ohio. magnificent arches, and a navigable stream, abounding with eyeless fish. Kentucky was settled in 1767, by the re- nowned Daniel Boone, and a few followers. Erankfort, the seat of government, is beautifully situated on a plain that overlooks the Kentucky river. Louisville, the largest city of the state, rises gradually from the Ohio river, on which it is situated. It has broad and regular streets, and is extensively engaged in com- merce and manufactures. Lexington has a very pleasant site, and a number of excellent literary institutions. Questions. What is the surface of Kentucky? Climate and soil ? What are the chief productions ? Employments ? What wonderful cave has Ken- tucky ? When was Kentucky settled, and by whom ? Describe Frankfort Louisville. Lexington. 26. OHIO. Square miles, 39,964. Population, 2,215,750. Ohio is one of the most flourishing and important of the United States. It has in general a very level surface, fer- tile soil, and a mild climate. Its chief products are wheat and Indian corn, though oats, rye, buckwheat and to- bacco, and the fruits of the middle states are raised in abundance. Butter, cheese and maple-sugar are produced to some extent. Large numbers of horses and cattle are sent to the eastern markets. The great lakes, in connection with the rivers, canals and railroads of this state, afford abundant facilities for inland commerce and manufactures, both of which are in a very flourishing condition. Iron and coal are found extensively. 82 UNITED STATES. The state has made very liberal appropri- tipns for her public schools, both for instruc- tion, and for libraries and apparatus. Ohio was settled in 1788, but it grew very slowly till 1810. Since that time it has in- creased rapidly in wealth and population. Columbus, the capital of the state, is finely situated on the east bank of the River Scioto. It is surrounded by a rich and populous country and is a place of active business. The capitol is three hundred and eighty- four feet long, by one hundred and eighty- four wide, and is one of the finest buildings in the state. The other principal edifices are the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, Institution for the Blind, Asylum for Deaf and Dumb, and the Penitentiary. Cincinnati^ the largest city in the state, and the "Queen city" of the west, is situated on the Ohio, and rises by terraces from the river's brink. It has grown with great ra- pidity, and is distinguished for its wealth, and its literary institutions, as well as for its manufactures and trade. Cleveland is a beau- tiful city situated on Lake Erie, possessing great commercial facilities. It has one of the best harbors on the lake. Sandusky^ situated on Sandusky bay, and Toledo on the Maumee river, are both flourishing cities engaged in the commerce of the lakes. Dayton, Zanes- ville and Steuhenville are thriving places and largely engaged in manufactures. Chilicothe and Lancaster are also important towns. Questions. How does Ohio rank among the states ? What is its surface, soil and climate ? Name the chief products ? What is said of horses and cattle ? Com- merce and manufactures ? Iron and coal ? Of edu- cation? Its settlement and growth? Describe Co- lumbus. Cincinnati, Cleveland. Sandusky and Toledo. What other important towns ? 27. INDIANA. Square miles, 33,809. Population, 1,149,606. Indiana is generally level except in the south-west, which is broken and rocky. The climate is mild, and the soil exceed- ingly fertile, especially on the river bottoms. The inhabitants are principally devoted to agriculture, though the state possesses re- markable facilities for manufactures which have been to some extent improved. Large quantities of Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork and beef, are exported. Copper, iron and coal are the chief min- erals ; salt springs are also found, and several interesting caves have been discovered and explored for many miles. This state has an extensive school fund and common schools are rapidly increasing. Indianapolis, the seat of government, is pleasantly situated near the White river. It is the terminus of seven railroads, which give it important facilities for trade. It has an elegant state-house and other public build- ings. New Albany is a flourishing city on the Ohio river, remarkable for its rapid growth and active trade. Steamboat building is carried on very extensively here. Madison is ad- vantageously situated for trade, and has a considerable amount of capital employed in manufactures. La Fayette is pleasantly situ- ated on the Wabash and is the principal grain market in the state. Questions. What is the surface of Indiana ? Cli- mate and soil ? Name the principal pursuits. Ex- ports. Minerals. What is said of common schools ? Indianapolis? New Albany? Madison? La Fay- ette? UNITED STATES. Chicago, 111. 28. ILLINOIS. Square miles, 55,405. Population, 1,242,917. Illinois, in surface, climate, soil and pro- ductions, resembles Indiana. Agriculture is the chief pursuit ; and Indian corn, wheat and oats, with a variety of fruits and vegetables, are raised in the greatest abundance. The prairies afford fine pasture for horses, cattle, sheep and swine, which are reared in great numbers. Lead, coal and iron abound. The lead mines of Galena are very profitable. Illinois has made ample provision for edu- cation, and has an extended system of inter- nal improvements. Springfield, the capital, is a flourishing town near the center of the state. It is sur- rounded by rich and extensive prairies, which contain large quantities of bituminous coal. Chicago, on lake Michigan, is the largest city in the state. It has grown with remark- able rapidity, and is the center of a large and greatly increasing trade. It communi- cates by means of the chain of lakes and railroads with the Atlantic cities, and by the Illinois and Michigan canal and by railroads with the country west and south. Peoria is a flourishing city beautifully sit- uated on the Illinois river, and has an exten- sive trade. Alton, Quincy and Rock Island on the Mississippi river, are rapidl}'' increns- ing in population and importance. Galena is the center of mining operations for this state. Questions. What can you say of Illinois, in sur- face, climate, soil, &c. ? Agriculture and products? Horses, cattle, &c. ? Minerals ? Education and in- ternal improvements? Springfield? Chicago? Pe- oria? Alton, Quincy and Rock Island? Galena? UNITED STATES. Detroit, Mich. 29. MICHIGAN. Square miles, 56,243. Population, 509,374 Michigan consists of two peninsulas, the northern lying between Lakes Superior and Michigan, and the southern between Lakes Huron, St. Clair and Erie, on the east, and Lake Michigan on the west. The northern peninsula is rugged and in some parts mountainous. The southern con- sists of an extensive undulating plain seldom broken. The northern part is cold, with a sterile soil. The southern is mild and very fertile. The staple products are wheat, Indian corn, oats, potatoes, butter, maple-sugar, wool and live stock. The northern peninsula is very rich in cop- per. Iron, silver, lead, gypsum and coal are found. Michigan has an efficient common school system, and is doing much for the interests of education. Lansing, the capital, is situated on the Grand river, one hundred and fifty miles from Detroit, Detroit^ the principal city of the state, is situated on the west bank of Detroit river. It has great advantages for trade and com- merce. Monroe, on the river Raisin, is con- nected with the lake by a ship canal, and is the principal market for wheat products in this part of the state. Ann ArI)or, Adrian, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, and Grand Haven, are important, thriving towns, engaged in manufactures and trade. On the southern shores of lake Superior are bluffs and precipices, towering to the height of three hundred feet, and overhang- ing the water, They are called the "Pic- tured Bocks," because the waters have by UNITED STATES. Madison, Wis. their ceaseless surges worn them into various forms of grace and beauty. Questions. Of what does Michigan consist ? De- scribe the surface of Michigan. Climate and soil. What are its staple products ? Minerals ? What is said of Education? Describe Lansing. Detroit. Monroe. Ann Arbor, &c. The " Pictured Rocks." 30. WISCONSIN. Square miles, 53,924. Population, 552,109. Wisconsin has an undulating, and in some parts a hilly surface, but no mountains. Its southern portion has a mild climate, and very productive soil. The northern section is more sterile. The chief agricultural productions are wheat, Indian corn, oats and potatoes. Con- siderable quantities of rye, peas, barley and buckwheat are also raised. It is rich m lead and iron. Copper, fine marble, and gypsum are found to some extent. This state has increased in population with great rapidity. Liberal appropriations have been made for the support of common schools. Madison, the capital, is pleasantly situ- ated on an isthmus betweenThird and Fourth lakes. The capitol is a fine limestone struc- ture, surrounded by a public square. The city is well situated for business, and pos- sesses many attractions to those seeking health and pleasure. Milwaukic is located on the shore of Lake Michigan. The general appearance of the city is peculiar and striking from the color and superior quality of the bricks used in building. They are of a delicate and en- during cream color which is highly agree- able to the eye. It is the center of trade for a rich and rapidly improving country. It has 86 UNITED STATES. an extensive water power employed in vari- ous manufactures. Its commerce is rapidly increasing. Racine, situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, is the second city in the state in population and commerce, and has one of the best harbors on the lake. It is regularly laid out with wide streets, and contains a number of fine public buildings. Green Bay, La Crosse, Jaiiesvilk, and Fond du Lac,iiTQ flourishing towns. Questions. What is the surface of Wisconsin? Climate and soil ? What are the chief agricultural productions ? Minerals ? What is said of the increase of population ? Common Schools ? Madison ? Mil- waukie ? Racine ? Green Bay, &c. ? 31. IOWA. Square miles, 50,914 Population, 335,014. The surface of Iowa is generally composed of rolling prairies crossed by rivers whose banks are skirted with wood. A small por- tion in the north-east is rugged and rocky. The soil is exceedingly fertile, the climate agreeable and healthful. The staple produc- tions are Indian corn, wheat and live stock. Its lead mines are very rich. Coal, iron, copper and limestone, abound. Agriculture and mining are the leading pursuits. Des Moines, the capital, became the seat of government in 1857. Dubuque is the central depot of the mining region of Iowa, and a place of active trade. Davenport is a flourishing city on the Missis- sippi at the foot of the upper rapids. Mus- catine, Burlington, Council Bluff, and Iowa City are important towns. Questions. What is said of the surface of Iowa? Soil? Climate? Productions? Mines? Pursuits? Des Moines ? Dubuque ? Davenport, &c. ? 32. CALIFORNIA. Square miles, 155,980. Population, 335,000. California is the most western of the Uni- ted States, and extends for seven hundred miles on the shores of the Pacific. It has an undulating surface with numer- ous valleys, deep ravines and high mountains. The climate is warm and dry in summer, and wet in winter. In the valleys, the soil is very fertile. Bar- ley, wheat, oats, potatoes and fruits are the chief products. In the southern parts, the fruits of tropical climates are produced. The rich deposits, of gold make this one of the most important mineral regions in the world. Quicksilver is found in abundance. Copper, silver and platina have been discov- ered in various places. California was first colonized by the Span- iards. It became a province of Mexico, and was subject to revolutions and disturbances, till by the treaty of peace of 1848, it became a part of the United States. The discovery of gold in 1847, attracted the attention of multitudes of adventurers, and was the principal cause of the early rapid growth of California, which gained for it admission into the Union as a state, in 1850. Sacramento City is situated on the Sacra- mento River about one hundred and twenty miles from the ocean, and is extensively en- gaged in trade. It is accessible for steamers and sailing vessels of a large size, at all sea- sons of the year. Its streets are well laid out, crossing each other at right angles. San Francisco lies on the western side of a bay of the same name. It is regularly laid out, has a fine harbor, and considerable commerce. It is the natural market for the state, and one of the finest ports in the world. Slockton, near the San Joaquin River, is an important trading point for the southern UNITED STATES. 87 San Francisco, Cal. mines, and MarysviTle on the Feather river, for the northern mines. Questions. How is California situated ? What is its Surface? Climate? Soil? Productions? Minerals? History? Describe Sacramento. San Francisco. Stockton and Marysville. 33. MINNESOTA. Square miles, 75,000. Population, 190,000. Minnesota abounds in lakes and ponds, and though there are no high mountains in the state, it is the most elevated tract of land between Hudson's Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and from its central heights, sends its waters to every point of the compass. The climate is cold, especially in the north- ern part. The soil is various, but generally fertile in the valleys of the rivers. The agricultural productions are Indian corn, wheat and oats. Copper, lead and iron are the principal minerals. It abounds in wild animals, among which the buffalo, elk, deer and antelope are found, St. Paul is a flourishing city situated on the Mississippi, nine miles below the fall? of St. Anthony. It is at the head of steamboat navigation and a place of active business. Its growth has been rapid. St. Anthony, situated at the Falls of St. Anthony, is an important place. It has an immense water power, which is being rap- idly improved for manufacturing purposes. Questions. What is said of Minnesota ? Climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Minerals ? Animals ? St Paul ? St. Anthony ? TERRITORIES. The Territories of the United States com- prise that portion of the country not yet organized with state governments, and ad- mitted into the confederacy as states. They are mostly thinly settled, or in a wild state. UNITED STATES. The Falls of St. Anthony. A portion have territorial governments, and send delegates to Congress. Some of them are rapidly increasing in population and wealth, and will soon be organized as states, and admitted into the Union. Questions. What constitutes the territories? What is their condition ? 34. NEBRASKA. Square miles, 335,882. Nebraska Territory includes a large tract of country formerly comprised in the Mis- souri Territory, with part of Indian Territory, and extends from the Missouri Eiver to the Rocky Mountains. The surface is principally prairie land, watered by the Missouri, Nebraska, and Yel- low Stone Rivers, and their branches. A tract known as " The Bad Lands" near the head waters of the White Earth River, eighty or ninety miles long and thirty wide, is lower than the surrounding prairies, and studded with prismatic and columnar masses, and contains great numbers of fossils from tribes of animals now extinct, many of which are of enormous size. Omaha City is beautifully located on the west bank of the Missouri, twenty miles above the mouth of the Nebraska River. Questions. What does Nebraska include ? What is said of the surface ? The Bad Lands ? Omaha City? 35. KANSAS. Square miles, 114,798. Population, 70,000.* Kansas Territory lies between 37° and40<» north latitude, and between 94° 80' and 108° west longitude. The eastern part of the territory is level, • 1857. UNITED STATES. New Mexico. or gently undulating, the western varied, hilly and sometimes mountainous. It has numerous rivers. The Missouri forms its north-eastern boundary. The Kan- sas is the largest river, principally within the territory, and is said to be navigable for 900 miles. The eastern portion and the valleys of the principal rivers are unrivaled in fertility. Its productions are similar to those of Mis- souri. It has valuable forest trees and timber, consisting of oak, hickory, ash, cotton wood and sugar maple, on the river bottoms, and cedar, pine and poplar, on the slopes of the mountains. Kansas was erected into a territory in 1854, and has since rapidly increased in pec- ulation and wealth. Leavenworth, Wahounse, TopeJca, Lecomp- ion, and Lawrence are among the most im- portant places. Questions, How is Kansas situated? What is said of the surface ? Rivers ? Soil ? Productions ? Trees ? When was Kansas organized as a territory ? What is said of Leavenworth, &c. ? 36. INDIAN TERRITORY Square miles, 71,127. Indian Territory lies west of Arkansas, between Kansas and Texas. It is inhabited principally by Indians, many of whom removed from the Southern States east of the Mississippi. The Chero- kees, Choctaws, Creeks and Chickasaws are the most improved of the aborigines, and are advancing in civilization. There are good schools and churches among them. Questions. Where is Indian Territory ? By whom is it principally inhabited ? What is said of the Cherokees, &c. ? 37. NEW MEXICO. Square miles, 207,007. Population, 61,547. New Mexico is south of Utah, between Texas and California. This territory is principally a high table- land traversed by broken ranges of moun- tains, the most prominent of which is the Sierra Madre. The chief rivers are the Kio Grande, Gila and Colorado. UNITED STATES. The soil is generally sterile, except in the valleys of the rivers, which are productive, yielding large crops of wheat, Indian corn, oats and barley, and apples, peaches, melons and grapes. The minerals are gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, coal and gypsum. The inhabitants are Indians, Mexicans and Americans. New Mexico is a part of the tract acquired from Mexico by the treaty of 1848. Santa Fe, the capital, is situated on the Santa Fe River, a branch of the Rio Grande. The houses are princially built of adobes, or sun-dried bricks. Each house usually forms a square with a court within, upon which nearly all the apartments open. This town is the great emporium of the overland trade from Missouri and Kansas. Questions. Where is New Mexico situated ? What is its surface ? Its principal rivers ? Soil ? Minerals ? Inhabitants ? When was New Mexico acquired ? Describe Santa Fe. 88. UTAH. Square miles, 269,170. Population, 11,480. Utah Territory is situated west of the Rocky Mountains, and is wholly in the in- terior. The eastern part is diversified with hills, mountains and fertile valleys. The west- ern portion, known as the Great or Fremont Basin, is an elevated table land hemmed in by mountains, with its own system of rivers and lakes. The climate of the plateau, in mid-summer, is dry and hot, with cool mornings and even- ings. The winters are mild, and the tem- perature is generally more uniform than in the eastern states. The greater part of the territory is barren and can not be cultivated with profit. Some of the valleys are fertile, and produce wheat, rye, oats, barley and Indian corn. Gold has been discovered in considerable quantities; and salt is collected from the lakes. The most extensive lake is the Great Salt Lake. It is about seventy miles long and thirty wide, with no visible outlet. The water is so salt that no living thing can exist in it. The Utah lake, about thirty-fire miles long, is a fresh water lake stored with fish. It is connected with Great Salt Lake by the Jordan River. The other principal lakes are the Pyramid, Humboldt and Nicollet lakes ; all of them without any visible outlet. Most of the civilized inhabitants of the territory are Mormons. They are settled in a well-watered fertile district east of the Great Salt Lake. Salt Lake City is situated near the east bank of the Jordan river. It was laid out in July, 1847, and in 1850 was supposed to contain 10,000 inhabitants. Questions. Where is Utah Territory ? What is said of the surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Minerals ? Great Salt Lake? Utah? Other principal lakes? Inhabitants? Salt Lake City ? 39. OREGON.* Square miles, 100,320. Population, 60,000. Oregon lies north of California, between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It is generally a mountainous country and may be divided into three portions. The lower country, lying next the ocean, from seventy-five to one hundred and twenty miles wide, includes the Willamette, Ump. * Admitted as a State, Feb. 14, 1859. UNITED STATES. 91 Canoe Voyaging. qua and Rogue River valleys. The middle section lies between the Cascade Range and the Blue Mountains. It is about one hun- dred and sixty miles wide and consists, prin- cipally, of elevated plateaus. The eastern section occupies the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, and is mostly a sterile and dreary region, covered to a great extent with lava. "^ The climate is milder than in the same latitude on the eastern side of the continent. The valleys in the first, or western section of the state are very productive. Wheat is the staple; but oats, barley, turnips, and most of the fruits of the Middle States flourish. Gold has been discovered in Oregon. The forests abound with wild animals, such as deer, black and grizzly bears, elks, foxes, wolves and antelopes, and the rivers are well stocked with fish. This territory is very rapidly increasing in population. Salem, the capital of Oregon, is on the "Willamette River, seventy-five miles from its mouth. It is beautifully situated in a rich prairie country, and is one of the most flour- ishing towns in the territory. Astoria, on the Columbia, ten miles from its mouth, is the principal port of entry. Portland, at the head of ship navigation, on the Willamette River, is the largest and most commercial town in Oregon. Questions. Where is Oregon situated ? What is said of the lower country ? Middle section ? Eastern section? Climate? Soil? Productions? What mineral is found? Animals? Salem? Astoria? Port- land? 40. WASHINGTON. Square miles, 207,732. Population, 19,000. Washington Territory occupies the north- west portion of the United States, lying on the Pacific, with British America for its northern boundary. The surface, soil, and productions are sim- ilar to those in Oregon. The climate is more variable. The highest peaks of the moun- tains are covered with perpetual snow. Coal has been found. Olympia, the capital, is situated at the head of Puget's Sound. Questions. What does Washington Territory oc- cupy ? What is said of the surface, &c. ? Climate ? What mineral is found ? Where is Olympia ? 2. MEXICO. Square miles, 850,000. Population, 7,662,000. The Republic of Mexico occupies the southern portion of North America, and comprises twenty-two states, one federal dis- trict, and five territories. It has in general a very elevated though broken surface; and is traversed by the Sierra Madre, or the southern portion of the Rocky mountains. The shores are low, hot, and unhealthy ; the table lands, mild and salubrious; the mountainous districts are cold. MEXICO. Volcano of Popocatapetl. There are some barren tracts, but most of tlie soil is very fertile, producing the grains and fruits of the temperate zone, and, in the lowlands, the most valuable tropical products. Indian corn, wheat, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and the American aloe, or maguey plant, are the chief vegetable productions. Agriculture, manufactures and commerce, are all much neglected. The gold and silver mines of Mexico are exceedingly rich, and constitute its chief re- source. Iron, copper and lead are abundant. The inhabitants consist of whites, Indians and mixed races. The mass of them are ignorant and insubordinate. The Eoman Catholic is the prevailing religion. Mexico was conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez, in 1521. It remained a Span- ish province until 1821, when it became a republic. The government is very unsettled. When the Europeans discovered Mexico, it was inhabited by partially civilized but warlike Indians, the most civilized^of which_ were called Aztecs. Many monuments of their arts still re- main, the most remark^le of which is the Pyramid of Cholula, on which was the "Tem- ple of the Sun," where they offered thousands of human sacrifices. Mexico, the capital, is a large and wealthy city, situated in a delightful valley, 7000 feet above the level of the sea. It is regu- larly laid out, has spacious streets, and con- tains many costly cathedrals and other build- ings. Guanajuato and Zacatecas are large cities, chiefly important for their rich silver mines. La Puebla is a handsome city, containing a few manufactures. Vera Cruz, the principal seaport and commercial town, is situated on the Gulf of Mexico. Its harbor is strongly fortified by the castle of Juan deUlloa, which was captured by the United States in 1847. Questions. Where is Mexico situated? "What does it comprise? Describe its surface. Climate. Soil. What are its chief productions ? What is said of agriculture, manufactures and commerce? Of mines ? The inhabitants ? Of the History of Mexico ? By whom was it inhabited when discovered ? What still remain ? Describe the city of Mexico. Guana- juato and Zacatecas. La Puebla. Vera Cruz. 3. BALIZE. Square miles, 15,000. Population, 11,000. Balize, or British Honduras, is situated east of Yucatan. Its shores are studded with numerous small islands; along the CENTRAL AMERICA. coast the land is swampy, and in the interior wooded. The soil of the valleys is fertile. The climate is moist, but net unhealthful. The productions are sugar, cotton, coffee and indigo. Mahogany, logwood, and other dye- woods are exported. It is a British Colony. Balize, the capital, is inhabited princi- pally by blacks, and has considerable trade. Questions. How is Balize situated ? What is said of its shores? Soil? Climate? Productions? To whom does it belong ? Describe Balize. 7. CENTRAL AMERICA.* Square miles, 200,000. Population, 2,150,000. Central ximerica is the most southern por- tion of North America. It is a mountainous country, abounding with elevated plains and numerous volcanoes. The climate is ex- tremely warm on the coast. In the interior it is temperate and salubrious, resembling perpetual spring. The soil is rich, and yields choice fruits and other tropical products in great abundance; mahogany is also found here in large quantities. The forests are very extensive and contain many kinds of trees fatal to animal life. Most of the travel between the Eastern United States and California, passes through this territory. Central America includes the five states of Guatimala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nic- aragua and Costa Rica. These were for a time associated in a confederation, similar to that of the United States, but this being dis- solved in 1839, the different states, though nominally republican, have since been in reality ruled by a succession of military des- pots. Attempts have been made to form • See Map and Key of North America. other and partial confederations, whose dura- tion, when formed, is but short. The population consists of three classes ; whites and Creoles ; Mestizoes, or the de- scendants of whites and Indians; and abo- riginal natives. San Salvador is situated on a small stream which flows into the Pacific Ocean. It stands in a well-watered vale, several thou- sand feet above the Pacific. It has greatly suffered by earthquakes, and was nearly destroyed by one in 1854. Guatimala, the capital of the state of Guatimala, is pleasantly situated in a rich and spacious plain. It contains upwards of sixty richly ornamented churches and several public ofiices. It has a flourishing trade. Questions. How is Central America situated ? What is said of its surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Pro- ductions ? Forests ? Travel ? What does it include ? Describe its government Population. San Salvador. Guatimala. WEST INDIES.* Square miles, 91,800. Population, 3,800,000, The West India Islands are a numerous group lying in the torrid zone, between North and South America. ' The larger islands are traversed by ranges of mountains ; others contain isolated peaks, many of which are volcanic; while the smallest are mere islets formed of coral reefs, and uninhabited. The winters are mild and pleasant. The heat of summer is extreme, though mode- rated by the mountains and sea-breezes. Some of these islands are well-watered by mountain streams, and are remarkably fertile, yielding cotton, sugar, maize, coffee, spices, medicinal plants, dye-stufis, and a great variety of fruits, as oranges, lemons, pine. WEST INDIES. Havana. apples, bread-fruit, tamarinds, citrons, &c. Cuba, Hayti and Jamaica belong to this class. The forests abound with mahogany, cedar, and lignum vitse. The commerce is impor- tant and very flourishing. The West Indies are divided into the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Caribbee and Bahamas. All of them are subject to vari- ous European powers, except Hayti. GREATER ANTILLES. Cuba is the largest of the "West India Islands, and lies at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico. The northern part is generally level and has rich valleys and plains. The central and southern portions are more diversified and in some parts mountainous. The productions are tobacco, cotton, sugar, coffee and tropical fruits. Havana, the capital, is the most impor- tant city in the West Indies. It has a secure and commodious harbor. Matanzas is an important commercial town, and has a flourishing trade with the United States. Cuba belongs to Spain. Jamaica is about ninety miles south of Cuba. A chain of mountains crosses the island from east to west. Its productions are the same as those of Cuba. The capital is Spanish Town. Kingston is the chief commercial city. The island belongs to great Britain. Hayti, or St. Domingo, lies east of Cuba. The center of the island is mountainous. The soil is fertile, the climate hot, and during most months of the year, unhealthful to for- eigners. Coffee and cotton are the chief articles of export. Mahogany is abundant. The island is inhabited and governed by blacks. Porto Kico lies east of Hayti. The sur- WEST INDIES. face is varied and well watered. The soil is fertile, and the climate fine and salubrious. The principal productions are sugar and coffee. The capital is St. Johns, which is also the principal seaport. This island belongs to Spain. The Lesser Antilles consist of a num- ber of small islands, which lie off the coast of South America. The Caribbee Islands lie between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and extend from Porto Rico to South America. The northern are called the Leeward, and the southern, the Windward Isles. The Bahamas lie north-east of Cuba, and are supposed to number about five hundred. Many of them are simply coral rocks, not inhabited. The principal product is cotton. Salt is also exported. These islands belong to Great Britain. Questions. Where do the West Indies lie ? De- scribe their surface. Climate. Soil. What are their productions ? What of their commerce ? How are they divided ? To whom subject ? Which is the largest ? What is said of its surface ? What are its productions ? Describe Havana. Ma- tanzas. To whom does Cuba belong ? How is Jamaica situated? What is its capital? Its commercial city ? To whom does Jamaica belong ? Where is Hay ti ? What is said of it ? Its produc- tions ? By whom is it inhabited and governed ? Describe Porto Rico. What are its productions ? Capital ? Principal seaport ? To whom does Porto Rico belong? WTiat are the Lesser Antilles ? Where are the Ca- ribbee Islands ? Bahamas ? What is said of them ? What is the chief product? To whom do these islands belong ? SOUTH AMERICA. SQUARE MILES, 6,500,000. POPULATION, 16,000 ,000. J^EY TO M A T> ISrO. 5. STATES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 1 New Granada, l Bogota, 2 Aspinwall, 3 Cartha- 1 Atlantic Ocean, gena, 4 Santa Marta, 5 Mompox, 2 Pacific Ocean, 6 Socorro, 1 Honda, 8 Popayan, 9 3 Caribbean Sea, Panama, 4 Gulf of Darien, 2 Venezuela, 1 Caracas, 2 Coro, 3 Valencia, 4 La 6 Gulf of Venezuela, 6 Gulf of Paria, Guayra, 5 Cumana, 6 Bolivar City, 7 PiNzoN Bat, 7 Trujillo, 8 Maracaybo. 8 Bat op All Saints, 3 Guiana, l Georgetown, 2 New Amsterdam, 8 9 Paranaoua Bat, Paramaribo, 4 Cayenne. 10 Blanco Bat, 11 St. Matthias Bat, 4 Brazil, l Rio Janeiro, 2 Macapa, 3 Para, 4 12 Bat of St. George, Maranham,5 Parnahiba, 6 Aracati, 13 Queen Adelaide's Archipei ago, 7 Pernambuco, 8 Bahia or St. Sal- 14 Archipelago de Madre de Dios, vador, 9 Espirito Santo, 10 San 15 Gulf of Penas, Paulo, 11 Porto Alegre, 12 Rio 16 Chonos Archipelago, Grande, 13 Diamantina, 14 Cuyaba, 17 Gulf of Guattecas, 15 Matto Grosso, 16 Barra, 17 18 Concepcion Bat, Santarem. 19 Gulf of Guataquil, 20 Bat of Choco, 5 Paraguay, 1 Assumption, 2 Concepcion, 3 Curu- 21 Bat op Panama. guaty, 4 Villa Rica, 5 Neembucu. 6 Uraguay, 1 Montevideo, 2 Maldonado. 7 Argentine Republic, 1 Buenos Atres, 2 Cor- rientes, 3 Cordova, 4 Mendoza, 6 STRAITS. 22 Maracatbo, 23 Magellan, 24 Le Mairz. Rioja, 6 Catamarca, Y Tucuman, 8 Santiago. 8 Patagonia. 9 Chili, 1 SAirriAGO, 2 Copiapo, 3 Huasco, 4 Co- • ISLANDS. quimbo, 6 Quillota, 6 Valparaiso, 7 25 CURACOA, Concepcion, 8 Valdivia, 9 Castro. 26 BuKN Atre, 10 Bolivia, l Chuquisaca, 2 La Paz, 3 Cochabamba, 4 Potosi, 6 Cobija. 27 Margarita, 28 St. Vincent, 29 Barbadoes, 11 Peru, 1 Lima, 2 Payta, 3 Caxamarca, 4 Tru- 80 Grenada, jillo, 5 Cerro Pasco, 6 Callao, 7 81 Tobago, Huamanga, 8 Cuzco, 9 Arequipa, 82 Trinidad, 10 Puno, 11 Arica. 83 Joannes, 84 Itamaraca, 12 Ecuador, l Quito, 2 Ibarra, 3 Guayaquil, 4 Rio- 85 Abrolhos, bamba, 5 Cuenca, 6 Loja. 36 St. Sebastian, 98 SOUTH AMERICA. 87 Cananea, 38 St. Catharina, 39 Falkland, 40 SbCTH Georgian, 41 Staten Land, 42 Terra del Fckgo, 43 Hermit, 44 Wellington, 45 Chiloe, 46 Juan Fernandez, 47 St. Felix, 48 LoBOS, 49 Puna, 50 QuiBO, 51 St. Anne, ISTHMUS AND CAPES. 52 Isthmus of Dauien, 53 Gallinas, 54 Orange, 55 North, 56 St. Roquk, 57 Frio, 58 St. Antonio, 59 Corrientes, 60 Blanco, 61 Horn, 62 Pillar, 63 Blanco, 64 San Lorenzo, 65 San Francisco. MOUNTAINS AND DESERT. 66 Parima, 67 Pacaraima, 68 ACARAY, 69 Brazilian, 70 Vulcan, 71 Andes, 72 Aconcagua, 73 Gualateiri, 74 Illimani, 75 Sorata, 76 Chuquibamba, 77 COTOPAXI, 78 Chimborazo, 79 TOLIMA, 80 Geral, 81 Desert OF Atacama. LAKES. 82 Maracatbo, 83 Patos, 84 MiRIM, 85 Ibera, 86 Coluguape, 87 Bevedero, 88 Porongos, 89 TiTICACA, 90 Reyes. RIVERS. 91 Magdalena, 92 Cauca, 93 Orinoco, 94 Apure, , 95 Meta, 96 GUATIAKE, 97 Caroni, 98 ESSEQUIBO, 99 Demerara, 100 Berbice, 101 Surinam, 102 Marowyne, 103 Oyapok, 104 Amazon, 105 Trombetas, 106 Aniba, 107 Negro, 108 Branco, 109 Cassiquiabe, 110 Uaupes, ■ 111 Caqueta, 112 Putumayo, 113 Napo, 114 HUALLAGA* 115 UCAYALE, 116 Javary, 117 JUTAY, 118 JURUA, 119 PURUS, 120 Madeira, 121 Beni, 122 Mamore, 123 Guapai, 124 GUAPORE, 125 TOPAJOS, 126 Arinhos, 127 Tres Barbas, 128 XiNQU, SOUTH AMERICA. 99 129 Paka, 145 CUYABA, 130 TOCANTINS, 146 PiLCOMATO, 131 Araguat, 147 Vermejo, 132 R. DE8 MOBTES, 148 Salado, 133 Gpeupe, 149 Tercero, 134 Maranham, 160 Salado, 135 Parnahiba, 151 DULCE, 136 St. Francisco, 162 Colorado, 137 Parahiba, 163 Rio Negro, 138 Rio de la Plata, 154 Camarones, 139 Uruguay, 165 Port Desire, 140 Parana, 156 Chico, 141 TiETE, J 157 Santa Crux. 142 Paranaiba. f 158 Biobio, 143 Paraguay, 159 Desaguadero. 144 Tacuaei, QUESTIONS ON" THE MAP OF SOUTH AMEEICA. Bound South America. How many square miles has it ? Inhabitants ? What is its latitude ? Longitude ? In what zones does it lie ? How many states has South America ? Name them. The capital of each. Bound each state. What states border on the Pacific Ocean ? The Atlantic Ocean ? The Caribbean Sea ? Which one has no sea coast ? What state entirely west of the Andes ? Which is the largest state in South America ? What What What What What What What Brazil ? What nia? 13, What 15, 17. What What OCEANS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. ocean east of South America ? 1. West ? 2. sea north ? 3. bay south of the Isthmus of Darien ? 21. gulf north ? 4. gulf noi-th of Venezuela ? 5. three bays on the coast of Brazil ? 7-9. three bays on the Atlantic coast south of 10-12. archipelagoes on the west coast of Patago- 14. two gulfs on the west coast of Patagonia ? gulf on the coast of Ecuador ? 19. bay on the west coast of New Granada ? 20, ISLANDS. What islands north of Venezuela ? 25-32. What island at the mouth of the Amazon ? 33. What five islands near the coast of Brazil ? 34^38. What islands east and south of Patagonia ? 39-43. What west ? 44, 45. West of Chili ? 46, 47. West of Peru ? 48. South of the Isthmus of Darien ? 50. CAPES. Which is the most northern cape ? 53. Which is the most eastern ? 56. Southern ? 61. Western? 63. What four capes has Brazil ? 54-57. What two has the Argentine Republic ? 58, 59. What cape at the western extremity of Terra del Fuego? 62. What two capes has Ecuador ? 64, 65. MOUNTAINS. What mountains between Guiana and Brazil ? 67, 3. In the south-eastern part of Brazil ? 69. What in the western ? 80. 100 SOUTH AMERICA. What chain of mountains extends the whole length of South America ? 71. Mention the principal peaks. 72-79. .^ LAKES. What 'lake in Venezuela ? 82. What ^two lakes in the southern part of Brazil ? 3, 84 • ; , What lakes in the Argentine Republic ? 85, 87, 88. What lake in the southern part of Peru ? 89. RIVERS. What river in New Granada flows into the Carib- bean sea ? 91. What river in Venezuela flows into the Atlantic ? 93. Wliich is the largest river in South America ? 104. Mention its principal branches. 107, 115, 119, 120, 125, 128. What river flows into the Atlantic about 11" south latitude? 136. What at about 35° south latitude ? 138. Mention its principal tributaries. 139, 140. DESCKIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. South. America is a vast triangular pen- insula, occupying the southern half of the western continent. Its greatest length is 4800 miles, and its greatest breadth 3230, and it contains 6,500,000 square miles. It is naturally divided into three great sec- tions, the eastern, or table lands of Brazil ; the middle, or valley of the Amazon, La Plata and Orinoco ; and the western, or mountainous districts of the Andes. It is distinguished for its lofty mountains, majestic rivers and extensive plains. Though partly in the Torrid Zone, the climate is not excessively hot, but usually mild and salu- brious. The soil is much of it fertile. The elevated plains and mountain declivi- ties abound with the fruits and vegetables of the temperate zone, and the lower regions yield all the most valuable tropical produ-ctg. The vegetation \)f this countey is j^psur- passed in its luxuriance and beauty. - In most pldfees wlntet. is-unknown, and the hills and valleys are clothed with con^nt ver- The potato, maize, cocoa, vanilla, and many other useful plants,are found in their native state. The dense forests contain excellent timber, and remain in their primitive grand- eur. It is rich in mineral productions, among which are gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and precious stones. The most ferocious animals of South America are the puma, jaguar and ocelot. The sloth, ant-eater, armadillo, tapir and an- telope, are numerous. The lama, guanca and vicuna are animals of the sheep kind, and dwell in the mountainous regions. A variety of monkeys is found, and birds of the most superb plumage. The condor, the largest bird of flight, inhabits the snowy solitudes of the Andes. Vultures, harpies, eagles, toucans, orioles and parrots abound. There are numerous insects and reptiles. The serpents and alli- gators are of monstrous size. 'The domestic animals were imported from Europe. They have multiplied so rapidly as to relapse into a wild state, and now roam the country in valrherds. ^ •• \' South America was fir^t visited '^y Ameri-^ cus vespueius, in 1499. Soon after, the Span- iards and Portuguese conquered the native Indians, and made numerous settlements. SOUTH AMERICA. 101 Mountain Scenery in New Granada ; Bogota ; Falls of Tequendama, and Travelers ascending the Mountains. / . These settlements or provinces remained subject to Spain and Portugal until the pres- ent century, when thej threw off the yoke and became republics. South America comprises the following divisions, viz., New Granada, Yenezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argen- tine Kepublic, Patagonia, Chili, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Questions. What is the size of South America ? How divided ? For what distinguished ? What are the products of the different sections ? What of the vegetation ? What plants are found in their native state? Minerals? What can you say of the wild animals of South America ? The domestic ? Of the early settlement of South America ? What farther of the provinces ? Name its divisions. 1. NEW GRANADA. Square miles, 480,000. Population, 2,360,000. New Granada is traversed by three ranges of the Andes, and contains some of its lofti- est peaks. The scenery among these moun- tains is extremely grand and beautiful. The lower tracts are hot and unhealthy. They abound with the most valuable tropical products. The elevated plains on which most of the inhabitants reside, are cool and salu- brious. Cocoa, coffee, sugar, tobacco, indigo, hides, Brazil and dye woods are the principal arti- cles of cultivation and commerce. It has rich mines of gold and silver, also precious stones. X.C2'. ' SOUTH AMERICA, The country is in many parts so rugged as to render the construction of roads im- practicable. Travelers are carried in a chair by persons hired for that purpose, or on mules. Eope bridges are thrown over the chasms, on which the inhabitants pass with ease. The Panama railroad, about fifty miles in length, extends across the isthmus from As- pi n wall to Panama. Bogota, the capital, is a handsome town, situated in the interior, on an elevation a mile and a half above the level of the sea. The streets are narrow but regular. Carthagena has a fine harbor and an ex- tensive trade. AspinwaUj on the north, and Panama, on the south side of the isthmus of Darien, are the principal ports. Questions. What is the surface of New Granada ? Climate ? What are the chief articles of cultivation and commerce ? In what is it rich ? What is said of roads and travelers ? Bridges ? Describe Bogota. Carthagena. Aspinwall and Panama. 2. VENEZUELA. Square miles, 426,000. Population, 1,419,000. The northern part of this state is traversed by the Andes. The southern portion com- prises the vast fertile plains of the Orinoco and its branches. The climate is extremely hot in the low lands, but temperate in the higher regions. The soil is very rich, yielding large crops of sugar, tobacco, coffee, cotton, and the trop- ical fruits. The plains or llanos are covered with tall, coarse grass, on which graze numerous herds of cattle, horses and mules. Caracas, the capital, is situated in. a pleas- ant valley, and is subject to earthquakes. It was nearly destroyed in 1812, with 12,000 of its inhabitants. It has since been rebuilt. La Guayra has an important commerce. Gumana and Angostura are places of some trade. The Island of Margarita belongs to Yen- ezuela. QcESTioNS. What is the number of square miles in Venezuela? The population? The surface? The climate ? Soil jind productions ? What animals are foimd in great numbers ? Describe Caracas. La Guayra, &c. What island belongs to Venezuela ? 3. GUIANA. Square miles, 163,000. Population, 214,000. Guiana is a level, fertile country, belong- ing to the English, Dutch and French. It has two dry and two wet seasons in a year. In the dry seasons the climate is agreeable. The principal productions are sugar, cof- fee and maize. Cayenne pepper and cloves are largely exported from Cayenne. The population consists of foreign resi- dents, aboriginal tribes and negroes ; the lat- ter constituting the majority. Georgetown, the capital of British Gui- ana, at the mouth of the Demerara river, is regularly built. Its streets are broad, mostly with canals in the middle, communicating with each other and the river. The low, swampy position of the city renders it un- healthy. Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch Guiana, has a fine harbor, and is the center of trade for the colony. Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana, is situated on an island, and is noted for its pepper. Questions. Mention the number of square miles in Guiana. The population. Describe Guiana. Its climate. Name its chief products. What is said of Georgetown ? Paramaribo ? Cayenne ? SOUTH AMERICA. Rio Janeiro. 4. BRAZIL. Square miles, 3,956,000. Population, 6,065,000. Brazil is an extensive country, comprising nearly the whole of the valley of the Ama- zon, and the country lying on the coast south of it as far as 82°. It abounds with majestic rivers, extensive plains, and vast forests. A part of it con- tains low ranges of mountains. The climate is mild and salubrious in the elevated and southern sections, but hot and unhealthy near the equator. The soil is very fertile, and vegetation exceedingly luxuriant. Its staple productions are coffee and sugar, but cotton, rice, tobacco, maize, wheat, ginger and yams are found in great abundance. Oranges, lemons and bananas grow luxuri- antly in some parts. It is also rich in mineral treasures, as gold, silver, diamonds, topaz and other precious stones. Wild animals are very numerous, among which are enormous serpents, alligators, and birds of beautiful plumage. Immense herds of cattle, which are hunted for their hides and horns, graze on the plains. Horses and mules are numerous in the south. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. There are few manufactures. It has considerable commerce. Sugar, cotton, hides, horns, cof- fee, cabinet and dye woods, and gams are among the chief exports. The government is a hereditary, constitutional monarchy. The inhabitants consist of Whites, Negroes, mixed races, and several savage tribes of Indians. Labor in the fields and in the mines is performed principally by negro slaves. Free schools for teaching the rudiments of learning are established. The religion is Roman Catholic, but other religions are tolerated. Rio Janeiro, its capital, and the largest city in South America, has a very fine har- bor, an extended commerce, and several lit- erary institutions. It contains several public buildings, and is surrounded by varied and picturesque scenery. 104 SOUTH AMERICA. Para, Maranham, Pernambuco and Bahia are the other principal seaports. Questions. How many square miles has Brazil? Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? With what abound? What is the climate? Soil? Name the chief products. Minerals. What is said of wild an- imals? Cattle? Agriculture and manufactures? Commerce? Exports? Government? Schools? Re- ligion ? What is said of Rio Janeiro ? What are the other principal seaports ? 5. PARAGUAY. Square miles, 84,000. Population, 800,000. Paraguay occupies the peninsula between the Parana and Paraguay rivers. This is a small, level state, well watered and fertile. The climate is temperate and healthy, and the productions various and valuable. Maize, rice, sugar, drugs, and tropical fruits abound ; also matte, or Paraguay tea, used in South America as China tea is used in this country and in Europe. Large herds of wild cattle roam the plains, and birds of beautiful plumage live in its dense forests. Its inhabitants are chiefly civilized Indians, and descendants of Europeans, from Spain. They are generally intelligent and industri- ous ; and want is scarcely known. The government is a republic. The re- ligion, Roman Catholic. This state became independent in 1813, and soon after was governed by Dr. Francia, who ruled under the title of Dictator, until his death in 1840. He was a native Creole, and lived without ostentation. He prohibited foreigners from entering the country, had all the people in- structed, and obliged every one to work at some occupation. Although he was arbitra- ry, and ruled with absolute sway, yet he very much improved the condition of the people, and secured to them peace and prosperity, while the neighboring republics were unset- tled and distracted. Assumption, the capital, is finely situated, but poorly built, and has considerable trade. Foreigners are now admitted, and commerce with other nations is encouraged. Questions. Paraguay has how many square miles ? What is the population? Describe it. Name the chief products. What abound on its plains and in its forests ? What is said of the inhabitants ? What can you say of its history? Of Dr. Francia? Of Assumption ? 6. URUGUAY. Square miles, 75,000. Population, 120,000. Uruguay is a small state lying between the river Uruguay and the Atlantic. The surface is generally level, and the climate agreeable. The soil is fertile, but remains for the most part uncultivated. The principal productions are wheat, maize and beans. Melons are raised in abundance. Hides, horns and tallow are its chief ex- ports. The government is republican. This republic, formerly known as the Ban- da Oriental, belonged to the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres. On account of its com- mercial facilities, Brazil laid claim to it ; but after a protracted war both parties assented to its independence. Montevideo, the capital, is situated on the Rio de la Plata, which is here eighty miles wide. It has a good harbor and an important trade. Questions. What number of square miles and population has Uruguay ? Describe its situation. Sur- face, soil and climate. Mention its productions. Its exports. What is its history ? Describe Montevideo. SOUTH AMERICA. 106 7. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Square miles, 820,000. Population, 820,000, This extensive country occupies a section drained by the waters of the Paraguay and Colorado. The northern part is mountainous and barren. The central and southern portions are fertile, and consist principally of immense plains called Pampas. These have few trees and are covered with tall grass that affords fine pasture. The plains are extremely warm ; the coast and elevated tracts are cool. The climate is remarkable for its dryness. The productions are sugar, cotton, tobacco, maize, wheat, and the various fruits of the temperate and torrid zones. It has rich mines of gold, silver, copper, iron and coal. Yast herds of horses and cattle feed on tbe plains, which are taken by the Indian with his lasso, a leathern thong. Deer, jaguar, and the American ostrich also abound. Wool, hides, horns and tallow, are the chief articles of export. The government is nominally a republic, but the president, or director, possesses in reality the powers of a dictator. The religion is Eoman Catholic. Educa- tion throughout the province is in a low state. This Eepublic became independent of Spain in 1816. It has taken, at different times, the names of the United Provinces of the Eio de la Plata, the Argentine Eepublic, and Buenos Ayres. Buenos Ayres, the capital, is strongly fortified, and has an extensive commerce, somewhat impeded by the difficulty of nav- igating the La Plata. The houses are mostly built of brick, and whitewashed. It con- tains fine public buildings, a good college well endowed, normal and other schools. Mendoza has an extensive trade with Chili, carried on by means of mules. Questions. Give the number of square miles in the Argentine Republic. Its population. Describe its situation. Surface. Climate. Name its products. Minerals. Animals. Articles of export. "What is said of its government ? Relipjion ? Education ? History ? Names ? Of Buenos Ayres ? Mendoza ? 8. PATAGONIA. Square miles, 350,000. Population, 120,000. Patagonia comprises the southern portion of the western continent, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. The Andes pass through it, rendering its surface mountainous and rugged. The great- er portion of it is cold and barren, only a very small portion being under cultivation. Fish abound on the coast. It is thinly inhabited by independent tribes of Indians, who are said to be excel- lent horsemen. Questions. How many square miles and inhabit- ants has Patagonia ? What does Patagonia comprise ? What is its surface and climate ? What abound on its coasts ? Who inhabit it ? •. CHILI. Square miles, 1YO,000. Population, 1,200,000. Chili is a long, narrow tract of land, lying between the Andes and the ocean. It has a mountainous surface, is subject to violent earthquakes, and has several volcanoes con- stantly burning. The climate is equable and very salubrious. Numerous mountain streams which flow into the Pacific, fertilize the soil, especially in the southern part, where it is productive ; the northern part is barren. 106 SOUTH AMERICA. QiESTioNS What is the area of Chili? Population ? Surface ? Its climate and soil? What is said of fruits, grains, &c? The rearing of cattle ? Mines ? Chilians ? Government ? Religion ? What islands be- long to Chili ? What can you say of Juan Fernandez? Santiago? Valparaiso? Quil- lota ? Valdivia and Coquimbo ? Chilian Huts. Fruits, grains, and vegetables, are abun- dantly raised, but the rearing of cattle is the most important branch of industry. Mines of gold, silver and copper, are ex- tensively worked. The Chilians are courteous, humane, and industrious. The general government is administered by a president elected for five years. He is assisted by a council of eight members. The legislature consists of two houses, the Senate and Ilouse of Deputies. The established religion is Koman Catho- lic. Other religions are tolerated. Chiloe and its adjacent islands, also those of Juan Fernandez, belong to Chili. Juan Fernandez is celebrated as the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor. His adventure gave rise to the story of Eobinson Crusoe. Santiago, the capital, is beautifully situ- ated. Valparaiso, its port, has a fine harbor, and an extensive trade with Europe, the United States and China. Qaillota has re- markably rich mines of copper. Valdivia and Coquimbo possess good harbors. 10. BOLIVIA. Square miles, 450,000. Population, 1,700,000. Bolivia is an extensive republic situated north of Chili and the Ar- gentine Eepublic, and west of Brazil. The surface is mountainous and greatly elevated. The climate is generally tempe- rate. Eye, maize, potatoes, cotton, rice, indigo and cocoa are the chief productions. It is noted for its valuable mines of gold and silver. The silver mines of Potosi are the richest in the world. They were discov- ered by Hualpo, a Peruvian Indian, in 1545, while climbing a mountain in pursuit of some goats. Laying hold of a shrub to assist his ascent, it was torn up by the roots, exposing the silver beneath. Bolivia was a Spanish province till 1825, when it achieved its independence under General Bolivar, from whom it derives its name. The constitution, which was drawn up for the new state by him and adopted by con- gress in 1826, makes ample provision for personal and political liberty, securing re- ligious toleration and the freedom of the press. The religion is Eoman Catholic. Chuquisaca, the capital, has a university and several fine buildings. Potosi is situated 13,000 feet above the level of the sea, in a region cold and barren, OUTH AMERICA. 107 Hualpo, discovering silver. but ricli in silver mines. Cochabamba has considerable trade in gr.vn and fruits. Questions. What is the area of Bolivia ? Pop- ulation ? What is said of i^s pituationV Surface? CUnuite? Productions? For what is it noted ? Who discovered its mines ? When and under whom did it become independent? What is said of the govern- ment ? Describe Chuquisaca. PotosL Cochabamba. 11. PERU. Square miles, 400,000. Population, 2,279,000. Peru is a lonsr, irregular tract of land, tra- versed by two ranges of the Andes. On the coast the climate is very hot, and the soil arid. The table lands have a cool climate and fertile soil. The chief productions are cotton, maize, sugar, coffee, Peruvian bark, &c. There are also rich mines of gold, silver, and mercury, or quicksilver. Agriculture and manufactures are neg- lected. The country is almost destitute of roads and bridges. Transportation is carried on principally by means of lamas and mules. A railroad between Lima and Callao has been completed, and another from Arica to Tacna has been commenced. The native Peruvians were a peaceable race, who understood agriculture and the arts, and worshipped the sun. The present inhabitants are supposed to be about one-half Indians, one-fourth white per- sons, or Creoles, and the rest colored people of mixed breeds. 108 SOUTH AMERICA. The Peruvians achieved their independ- ence in 1824. The J possess a good degree of enterprise, wealth and refinement. The government is popular and represent- ative. The president is elected for six years. The dominant religion is Roman Catholic but other creeds are tolerated. Lima, the capital, is a wealthy city, re- markable for its magnificent public buildings. It has several manufactories, and a large trade through the port of Callao. Cuzco was the capital of the ancient Peru- vian empire, and the residence of the Pe- ruvian Incas. It was founded by Manco Ca- pac, the first Inca of Peru, in 1043, and con- tained numerous elegant palaces and temples. In 1534 it was taken by the Spaniards, under Pizarro, who cruelly put to death the reign- ing Incas, and pillaged the city. Questions. "What number of square miles has Peru ? Inhabitants ? Describe its surface, climate and soil. "What are its productions ? "What is the state of agriculture and manufactures? What of roads and bridges ? "What can you say of its inhab- itants ? "When did Peru become independent ? What of the government ? Religion ? Lima ? Cuzco ? 12. ECUADOR. Square miles, 240,000. Population, 620,000. Ecuador is situated on the coast of the Pacific, north of Peru, and directly under the equator. It is remarkable for its lofty mountains, elevated plains, and varied climate. Vege- tation is luxuriant, and the forests are covered with perpetual green. All the tropical fruits abound. Cocoa, rice, pepper, sugar cane, Indian corn, cotton, wheat and barley are also produced. Earthquakes and violent tempests are fre- quent. Some of the most elevated peaks of the Andes are found in this country; among which are Mount Chimborazo and the volca- noes Cotopaxi and Pichincha. The form of government is republican, with a president and vice-president as the head. The religion is Eoman Catholic. Education is in a very backward state. Quito, the capital, is a beautiful city, built on the side of a volcano, 8000 feet above the level of the sea. It is well-built and has several handsome squares. Eleven snow- capped mountains may be seen from the city. Guayaquil has a fine harbor and an exten- sive commerce. It is well laid out and has some good public edifices ; but it is mostly built of wood, on low ground, and is ill sup- plied with water. Questions. Number of square miles in Ecuador? Population ? Describe its situation. Surface. Veg- etation. Productions. To what is it subject ? What of its mountain peaks? Government? Religion? Describe Quito. Guayaquil. GOVERNMENT AND RELIGION. NORTH AMERICA. | EUROPE. States. Form of Gorerament. Religion.* state*. ^ , Form of Government. BeUgion. Balize, Subject to Gt. Britain, Protestant. Austria, Absolute Monarchy, Catholic. British America, Subject to Gt. Britain, Prot. & Cath. Baden, Limited Sovereignty, Evangelical. Central America, Repubrics, Catholic. Bavaria, Limited Monarchy, Catholic. Greenland. Subject to Denmark, Prot. & Cath. Belgium, Limited Monarchy, Lutheran. Mexico, Republic, Catholic. Denmark, Limited Monarchy, Luth'eran. Russian America, Subject to Russia, Pagan. France, Limited Monarchy, Catholic. United States, Republic, Protestant Great Britain, Limited Monarchy, Protestant. Greece, Limited Monarchy, Catholic. Hanovep, Limited Monarchy, Evangelical Holland, Limited Monarchy, LoMBARDo Vene- Reformed. tian Kingdom, Subject to Austria, Catholic. SOUTH AMEEICA. Mecklenburg, Limited Sovereignty, Modena, Absolute Sovereignty, Lutheran. Catholic. Argentine Repcb., Republic, Catholic. Naples, Absolute Monarchy, Cathelic. Bolivia, Republic, Catholic. Norway, Limited Monarchy, Lutheran. Brazil, Limited Monarchy, Catholic. Parma, Absolute Sovereignty, Cathohc. Chili, Republic, Catholic. Portugal, Limited Monarchy, Catholic. Ecuador, Republic, Catholic. Prussia, Limited Monarchy, EvangeUcal. GciANA, British, Subject to Gt. Britain, Prot & Cath. Russia, Absolute Monarchy, Greek Church. Guiana, Dutch, Subject to Holland, Prot. & Cath. Sardinia, Limited Monarchy, Catholic. 1 Guiana, French, Subject to France, Catholic. Saxony, Limited Monarchy, Catholic. New Granada, Republic, Catholic. Spain, Limited Monarchy, Catholic. 1 Paraguay, Republic, Catholic. States of the Ch., Absolute Sovereignty, Catholic. j Patagonia, Independent Chiefs, Pagaa « Sweden, Limited Moparchy, Lutheran. ! Peru, Republic, Catholic. Switzerland, Republic, Prot. & Cath. j Uruguay, Republic, Catholic. Turkey, Absolute Monarchy, Mohammedan. Venezuela^ Republic, Catholic. Tuscany, Absolute Monarchy, Catholic. *• "Wibtemberg, Limited Monarchy, Lutheran. Aborigines of Ai nerica are mostly pagan. EUROPE. SQT7AEB MILES, 3,800,000. POPULATION, 264,000,000. KEY TO ]MA.I> NO. 6. COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CHIEF TOWNS. Mantua, 9 Verona, 10 Padua, 11 1 Norway, 1 Christiania, 2 Drontheim, 8 Konigs- burg. 4 Bergen. 11 Parma, Venice, (Duchy,) 8 Parma. 12 Modena, (Duchy,) 4 Modena. 2 Sweden, 1 Stockholm, 2 Gefle, 3 Fahlun, 4Upsal, 13 Tuscany, (Duchy,) 5 Florence, 24 Letrhorn. 5 Kalmar, 6 Carlscrona, 1 Gothen- burg. 14 States of the Church, 6 Rome, 12 Bologna, 18 11 San Marino, 14 Ancona. 1 3 Eussia, 1 St. Petersburg, 2 Archangel, 8 Kasan 15 Kingdom of Naples, 7 Naples, 15Bari, 16 Ta- || 4 Saratov, 6 Astrakhan, 6 Sevasto- ranto, 17 Reggio, 18 Messina, 19 pol, 1 Kherson, 8 Odessa, 9 Ismail, Catania, 20 Syracuse, 21 Trapani, 10 Kiev, 11 Minsk, 12 Vilna, 18 22 Palermo, 23 Salerno. Riga, 14 Revel, 15 Abo, 16 Cron- Btadt, 17 Novgorod, 18 Yaroslav, 16 Prance, 1 Paris, 2 Brest, 3 Rennes, 4 Cher- 19 Tver, 20 Moscow, 21 Kalooga, bourg, 6 Caen, 6 Havre, 7 Rouen, 22 Orel, 28 Smolensk. 8 Calais, 9 Lille, 10 Amiens, 11 Rheuns, 12 Mctz, 13 Nancy, 14 BUSSIAN PBOViWOES. Strasbourg, 15 Dijon, 16 Lyons, 4 Lapland, 1 Kola, 2 Tornea. 17 Bastia, 18 Ajaccio, 19 Toulon, 5 Poland, 1 Cracow, 2 Warsaw, 8 Lublin. 20 Marseilles, 21 Montpelier, 22 Toulouse, 23 Bayonne, 24 Bor- 6 Austria, 1 Vienna, 2 Prague, 3 Brunn, 4 Olmutz, deaux, 25 Nantes, 26 L'Orient, 5 Wicliczka, 6 Bochnia, 7 Lemberg, 27 Angers, 28 Tours, 29 Orleans, 8 Cronstadt, 9 Hermanstadt, 10 80 Troyes, 81 St. Etienne, 82 Li- Temesvar, 11 Agram, 12 Ragusa, moges. 13 Cattaro, 14 Trieste, 15 Laybach, 16 Gratz, 17 Lintz, 18 Presburg, 17 Spain, J Madrid, 2 Compostela, 3 Corunna, 4 19 Buda, 20 Pesth, 21 Debreczin. Ferrol, 5 Gijon, 6 Bilbao, 7 Bar- celona, 8 Tortosa, 9 Valencia, 10 7 Turkey, 1 Constantinople, 2 Belgrade, 3 Widin, Ahcante, 11 Murcia, 12 Cartage- 4 Bucharest, 5 Brahilov, 6 Jassy, na, 13 Granada, 14 Malaga, 15 7 Silistria, 8 Shoomla, 9 Varna, 10 Gibraltar, 16 Cadiz, 17 Seville, 18 Adrianople, 11 Gallipoli, 12 Seres, Cordova, 19 Badajos, 20 Toledo, 13 Salonica, 14 Larissa, 15 Arta, 21 Salamanca, 22 Leon, 23 A^alla- 16 Yanina, 17 Scutari, 18 Bosna- dolid, 24 Burgos, 25 Saragossa. Serai, 19 Sophia. 18 Portugal, 1 Lisbon, 2 Braga, 8 Oporto, 4 Coim- 8 Greece, 1 Athens, 2 Corinth, 8 Nauplia, 4 Trip- bra, 5 Elvas, 6 Evora, 7 SetubaL olitza, 5 Patras. 18 England, 1 London, 2 Newcastle, 3 York, 4 Hull, ITALY. OB ITALIAN STATES. 5 Norwich, 6 Cambridge, 7 Dover, 8 Portsmouth, 9 Southampton, 10 9 Sardinia, 1 TcRiN, 25 Genoa, 26 Nice, 27 Sassari, Plymouth, 11 Bristol, 12 Birming- 28 Cagliari. ham, 13 Liverpool, 14 Manchester, 10 Lombardo Venetian Kingdom, 2 Milan, 8 15 Leeds, IG Sheffield. EUROPE. 113 20 Wales, l Caernarvon, 2 Merthyr T-dvil, 3 Car- 14 Gulf of Taranto, digan, 15 Gulf of Genoa, 21 Scotland, l Edinburgh, 2 Wick, 3 Inverness, 4 16 Gulf of Lyons, Aberdeen, 5 Dundee, 6 Perth, 1 17 Bay of Biscay, Paisley, 8 Glasgow. 18 Galway Bay, 19 Donegal Bay, 22 Ireland, l Dublin, 2 Londonderry, 3 Belfast, 4 20 Irish Sea, Waterford, 5 Cork, 6 Limerick, 1 21 North Sea, Galway, 8 Sligo. 22 Murray Firth, 23 Belgium, l Brussels, 2 Ghent, 3 Antwerp, 4 23 Firth op Forth, Liege. 24 ZuYDER Zee, 24 Holland, l Hague, 2 Amsterdam, 3 Groningen, 25 Baltic Sea, 26 Gulf or Riga, 27 Gulf of Finland, 4 Rotterdam. 25 Denmark, l Copenhagen, 2 Elsinore, 3 Flens- 28 Gulf of Bothnia, borg, 4 Sleswick. 29 Faxe Bay, 26 Prussia, l Berlin, 2 Stettin, 3 Colberg, 4 Dant- SO Bredk Bay. zic, 5 Konigsberg, 6 Memel, 1 Thorn, 8 Posen, 9 Breslau, 10 Liegnitz, 11 Halle, 12 Magdeburg, STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 13 Potsdam, 14 Elberfield, 15 Co- 31 Skager Rack, logne, 16 Ail la Chapelle. 32 Cattegat, 27 German States, l Frankfort, 8 Bremen, 9 33 The Sound, Hamburg, 10 Lubeck.* 34 Strait of Yenikale, 28 Mecklenburg, 2 Schwerin. 35 Channel of Bosporus, 29 Hanover, 3 Hanover, 11 Gottingen, 36 Strait of Dardanelles, 30 Saxony, 4 Dresden, 12 Leipsic. 37 Strait of Otranto, 38 Strait or Messina, 31 Bavaria, 5 Munich, 13 Nuremberg, 14 Augsburg. 39 Strait of Bonifacio, 32 Wirtemberg, 6 Stuttgart, 15 Ulm. 40 Strait of Gibraltar, 33 Baden, V Carlsruhs, 16 Manheim. 41 English Channel, 34 Switzerland, l Berne, 2 Basel, 3 Zurich, 4 Ge- 42 Strait of Dover, 43 Bristol Channel, neva. 44 St. George's Channel, 45 North Channel. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Arctic Ocean, ISLANDS. 3 White Sea, 46 Iceland, 4 Onega Gulf, 47 Loffoden Islands, 6 TcHESKATA Gulf, 48 SOROE, 6 Caspian Sea, 49 Mageroe, 7 Azof Sea, 60 Cyprus, 8 Black Sea, 51 Rhodes, 9 Gulf of Burgas, 52 SCARPANTO, 10 Sea of Marmora, 63 Samos, 11 Archipelago, 64 Scio, 12 Mediterranean Sea, 65 MiTYLENE, 13 Adriatic Sea, 66 Stalimni, * Frankfort, Bremen, Hambu rg and Lubeok, are free citiea. 114 EUROPE. 1 5*7 Negropont, 101 Spartitento, 58 Cyclades, 102 Passaro, 69 Candia. 103 Teulada, IONIAN ISLANDS. 104 CoRso, 60 Cerigo, 105 San Martin, 61 Zante, 106 Palos, 62 Cephalonia, 107 Gata, 63 Corfu, 108 Trafalgar, 64 Sicily, 109 St. Vincent, 65 Malta, 110 FiNISTERE, 66 LiPARi Islands, 111 Ortegal, 67 Elba, 112 La Hague, 68 Corsica, 113 Land's End, 69 Sardinia, 114 Clear, 10 Minorca, 115 Wrath, 11 Majorca, 116 The Naze. 12 Itica, 7 3 Jersey, 14 Guernsey, MOUNTAINS. 15 Wight, 117 Scandinavian. 16 SciLLY Islands, 118 Ural, 11 Great Britain, 119 Caucasus, is Ireland, 120 Carpathian, 19 Anglesea, 121 Balkan, 80 Isle of Man, 122 Alps, 81 Hebrides Islands, 123 Mount Blanc, 82 Orkney Islands, 124 Apennines, 83 Shetland Islands. 125 Mount Vesutius, 84 Faroe Islands, 126 Mount ^tna. 85 Zealand, 127 Sierra Nevada, 86 Funen, 128 Sierra Morena, 81 Laaland, 129 Cantabrian, 88 Falster, 130 MONTSERRAT, 89 RUGEN, 131 Pyrenees, 90 BORNHOLM, 132 Cevennes, 91 Oland, 133 AUVERGNE, 92 Gothland, 134 Grampian Hills, 93 Oesel, 135 Mount Hecla. 94 Dago, 95 Aland. LAKES. 136 Wener, PENINSULAS. 137 Wetter, 96 Crimea, 138 Maelar, 91 MORBA. 139 PuRUS, 140 Sego, 141 Vigo, 142 Onega, CAPES. 143 Ladoga, 98 North, 144 Ilmen, 99 Sviatoi, 145 Peipus, 100 Matapan, 146 Platten See, EUROPE. 115 147 Constance, 196 Ebro, 148 Gknkta. 197 Guadalquivir, 198 guadiana, 199 Tagus, RIVERS. 200 DouRo, 149 Drammen, 201 MiNHO, 150 Glommen, 202 Garonne, 151 Klar, 203 DORDOGNE, 162 Dahl, 204 Loire, 153 Indal, 205 Seine, 154 Umea, 206 Mkus?:, 155 Skelleftea, 207 Rhine, 156 LULEA, 208 Weser, 157 TORNEA, 209 Elbe, 158 Keni, 210 Oder, 159 Onega, 211 Wartha, 160 DWINA, 212 Vistula, 161 SOOKHONA, 213 Bug, 162 Vitchegda, 214 Niemex, 163 Mezene, 215 Duna, 164 PETCnORA, 216 Neva, 166 OosA, 217 VOLKHO, 166 Ural, 218 SVEER, 167 Volga, 219 HUMBER, 168 Samara, 220 Thames, 1 169 Kama, 221 Severn, 1 170 BlELAYA, 222 Shannon. 171 VXATKA, 172 Oka, 173 SCRA, APBICA ON MAP OF EUBOPE. 174 KooMA, COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. • 175 Terek, 1 Morocco, 1 Morocco, 2 Rabat, 3 Mequinez, 4 Fez. 176 KOOBAN, 2 Algiers, l Algiers,2 Oran, 3 Constantme,4 Bona. 177 Don, 3 Tnnia, l Tunis, 2 Kairwan. \ 178 Manitcii, 179 Khoper, 4 Beled el Jereed, i Tooggoort. 180 Donets, 5 Tripoli, l Tripoli, 2 Mesurata. 181 Dnieper, 6 Barca, l Derne, 2 Bengazi. 182 Desna, 7 Egypt, 1 Cairo, 2 Alexandria, 3 Rosetta, 4 183 Pripets, Damietta. 184 Bog, 185 Dniester, 1S6 Danube, ASIA ON MAP OP EUBOPE. 187 Pruth, COUNTRIES AND CHIEF TOWNS. 188 Theiss, 11 Persia, 2 Tabreez. 189 Drave, 190 Save, 12 Arabia, 5 Petra. 191 Maritza, 13 Turkey, l Smyrna, 2 Brusa, 3 Trebizond, 4 Erz- 192 Po, room, 5 Kars, 6 Diarbekir, 7 Mo- 193 Tiber, sul, 8 Bagdad, 9 Bassorah. 194 Rhone, 14 Syria, 1 Aleppo, 2 Damascus, 3 Jerusalem, 4 195 Saonb, Beyroot. 116 EUROPE. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE. Bound Europe. How many square miles has it ? Inhabitants ? What is its latitude ? Longitude ? In what zones Is it? What are its principal political divisions ? Which is the most Northern ? Eastern ? South- ern ? Western ? Bound Norway. Sweden. Russia. Austria. Tur- key. Greece. Italy. France. Spain. Portugal. England. Wales. Scotland. Ireland. Belgium. Holland. Denmark. Prussia. Germany. Switzer- land. Name the capitals of each. OCEANS, SEAS, BAYS AND GULFS. What ocean west of Europe ? 1. North ? 2. What sea in the north of Russia ? 3. North of Prussia? 25. East of Great Britain ? 21. West? 20, What sea separates Europe from Africa? 12. What two seas south of Turkey? 10, 11. What three south of Russia ? 6-8. What bays west of Ireland ? 18, 19. What bay west of France ? 17. What gulf north of Russia ? 5. What three west ? 26-28. What two gulfs south and west of Italy ? 14, 15. What gulf south of France? 16. North of Holland? 24. STRAITS AND CHANNELS. What three channels at the entrance of the Baltic Sea? 31-33. What two channels between Great Britain and Ire- land? 44,45. What channel between England and France ? 41. In the south-west of England ? 43. What strait separates England from France ? 42. What strait is the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea? 40. What strait between the islands of Sardinia and Corsica? 39. Sicily and Italy? 38. Italy and Tur- key ? 87. What strait connects the Sea of Marmora and the Archipelago ? 36. The Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea ? 35. The Black Sea and the Sea of Azof? 34. ISLANDS. What islands off the west coast of Norway? 47, 48, What large island west of Norway ? 46. What group south-east of Iceland ? 84. To what country do they belong ? To Denmark. What islands north of Scotland ? 82, 83. What west? 81. What islands in the Irish Sea ? 79, 80. What large island west of Great Britain ? 78. What islands between England and France? 73-75. What islands between Sweden and Denmark? 85-88, What islands in the Baltic Sea ? 89-95, What three islands east of Spain ? 70-72. What islands south of Italy ? 64, 66-69, What island south of Sicily ? 65, To what gov- ernment does it belong ? To England, What islands west of Greece ? 61, 62, What large island south of the Archipelago ? 59, What two islands south of Turkey in Asia ? 60, 51. PENINSULAS AND CAPES. What Peninsula south of Russia ? 96. Which is the most northern cape of Europe ? 98. What cape south of Norway ? 116. Southwest of England? 113. South of Ireland? 114. Of Portu- gal? 109. What two capes has Spain on the northwest ? 110, 111. What cape south of Greece ? 100. MOUNTAINS. What mountains between Europe and Asia? 118. Between Norway and Sweden? 117. What mountains in Austria? 120. Turkey? 121. Switzerland? 122. Italy? 124. Spain? 127-130. France? 132, 133. EUPOPE. 117 What mountains separate France and Spain ? 131. What volcano in Iceland? 135. In Italy? 125. Sicily? 126. LAKES. What are the three principal lakes of Sweden? 136-138. What lakes has Russia? 139-145. What two lakes in Switzerland ? 147, 148. What lake in Austria? 146. RIVERS. What rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean? 163, 164. Into the White Sea? 159, 160. What rivers of Russia flow into the Caspian Sea ? 166, 167. Into the Sea of Azof? 177. Into the Black Sea? 181, 184, 185. What river from Turkey flows into the Black Sea? 186. Mention its principal branches. 187-190. What two rivers in Italy ? 192, 193. What are the rivers of Spain and into what do they flow? 196-201. What are the principal rivers of France? 194, 202, 204, 205. What rivers flow into the North Sea? 206-209. Into the Baltic Sea? 210, 212. What river flows into the Gulf of Riga ? 215. What rivers flow into the Gulf of Bothnia ? 152- 158. What river flows from Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland? 216. What three rivers in England? 219-221. What river in Ireland ? 222. DESCEIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. Europe is the least of the grand divisions in size, but the first in social, political, and commercial importance. Numerous seas, gulfs and bays penetrate its coast ; and the surface is agreeably diver- sified with mountains, hills, valleys and plains. The climate is cold in the north and east, generally temperate and healthful in the mid- dle and west, and warm in the south. The soil is mostly fertile, producing the most important grains in the north, while in the south, the vine, olive, orange, lemon, and other tropical fruits, are found in abundance. Coal, iron, copper, lead, tin, zinc, mercury and salt are abundant. Gold, silver, and precious stones are found in the Ural moun- tains. Europe has comparatively few wild ani- mals, but the domestic thrive in great num- bers and variety. Agriculture, manufactures, and the arts are carried to a high degree of perfection, and its commerce is extensive. The population is chiefly of Caucasian de- scent, and great inequalities in society exist. The lower classes are often extremely ignorant and degraded, and the masses are unable to read and write. The nobility live in great luxury and often oppress the poor. In many of the European states common schools are unknown, but universities and colleges abound, which are more liberally endowed with funds and libraries than those of our own country. Many of them contain two or three thousand students. Great improvements have been made in education the present century. The Roman Catholic, Protestant and Greek are the prevailing religions. The govern- ments are chiefly monarchical. A few are small republics. The principal political divisions of Europe 118 EUROPE. Scene on the Norwegian Coast. are Norway, Sweden, Eussia, Austria, Tur- key, Greece, the Italian States, France, Spain, Portusral, England, Scotland, Ireland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Prussia, the German States and Switzerland. Questions. What is the rank of Europe among the grand divisions ? What is said of its coast and surface? Climate? Soil? What minerals are abun- dant ? "NYhat animals arc numerous ? What is said of agriculture, &c. ? What is said of the population ? What is their condition ? The condition of education ? What religions prevail ? Governments ? Name the principal political divisions. 1. NORWAY. Square miles, 123,000. Population, 1,328,000. Norway is a rough, mountainous country, abounding with cataracts and precipices, and presents much romantic scenery. The winters are long and severe ; the sum- mers short and very hot. The soil is rocky and barren, and but a small part of it suita- ble for cultivation. Potatoes, barley, rye and other kinds of grain are raised, but the rearing of cattle, mining and the manufacture of lumber are the chief occupations of the people. Korway is rich in mines of lead, iron, copper and silver. The Norwegians are well educated, frank, hospitable and industrious, manufacturing their clothing, furniture and tools. Norway has a legislature of its own, but is subject to Sweden. EUROPE. 119 Stockholm from the Maelar. The Lutheran is the religion of the state and professed by the great body of the people. Education is very generally diffused ; in- struction is gratuitous, and children are re- quired to attend school. Norway was united with Sweden in 1814. Christiania, the seat of government, has a picturesque situation and a fine harbor. It is regularly laid out and built wholly of stone and brick. Droniheim was the residence of the ancient kings, and is one of the most northern towns in Europe. Questions. How many square miles has Norway ? Inhabitants ? What is its surface ? Climate ? Soil ? What can you say of its products and pursuits? Mines? The Norwegians ? Government? Religion? Education ? When was Norway united with Sweden ? Christiania ? Drontheim ? 2. SWEDEN. Square miles, 170,000. Population, 3,482,000. Sweden is situated east of Norway, and with it forms the peninsula of Scandinavia. It has in general a level surface, and is di- versified by numerous beautiful lakes and rivers. The climate is cold but healthy. The soil is light, and a part of it only, capable of cultivation. It produces rye, barley, oats and potatoes. The chief resources of the people are the forests, fisheries and mines. There are extensive mines of iron. Cop- per, silver and lead are also found. The inhabitants are industrious, virtuous, and distinguished for their intelligence and independence. From the polish of their manners, they are called the French of northern Europe. The government is a limited constitutional monarchy. Great pains is taken in education, and its 120 EUROPE. primary, grammar schools and universities are superior. The Lutheran religion is professed by the great body of the people, though other relig- ions are tolerated. Stockholm, the capital, is beautifully sit- uated between lake Maelar and the Baltic sea. It is built partly on the main land, and partly on several islands connected with each other and the main land by bridges. It has an excellent harbor, and considerable com- merce. Gothenburg is, next to Stockholm, the most important trading city of the kingdom. Questions. How many square miles has Sweden ? Inhabitants ? What is its surface and climate ? Soil ? The chief resources? Mines? Inhabitants? Gov- ernment? Education? Religion? Stockholm? Goth- enburg ? RUSSIAN EMPIRK The Russian Empire is the most extensive empire in the world, containing over seven millions of square miles, and sixty-five mill- ions of inhabitants. It embraces Russia in Europe, Russia in Asia, and Russian America. Questions. "What ^s the extent of the Russian Empire ? What does it embrace ? 3. RUSSIA. Square miles, 2,142,000. Population, 60,000,000. Russia is a vast plain occupying all the east- ern part of Europe, and comprising more than one-half of it. It abounds with lakes, majestic rivers, and immense forests. The northern part is excessively cold, and only adapted to grazing. The other sections are temperate, with a fertile soil, producing abundantly wheat, rye, oats, barley, maize, potatoes, flax, hemp, hops, and various kinds of fruits. Iron, copper, salt, gold, platina, diamonds and other precious stones abound. Cattle and sheep are reared in great num- bers. Manufactures and the arts are much en- couraged, and have rapidly improved within a few years. It has an extensive system of canals, and several railways are completed, or in progress. The traveling in the winter is principally by sledges drawn upon the snow. The inland commerce of Russia is exten- sive, but its foreign commerce is limited, many of its harbors being frozen over most of the year. Tallow, wheat, hemp, flax, flaxseed, timber and leather, are the chief exports. The inhabitants are divided into the nobil- ity, clergy, citizens and serfs. The larger portion are serfs, or slaves, and extremely ignorant and superstitious. The nobility are wealthy, and live in great splendor. The government is a military despotism, supported by an army of seven hundred thousand men. The Emperor, styled the Autocrat of Russia, is at the head of both church and state. The established religion is that of the Greek church. St. Petersburg, the seat of government, is situated at the head of the Gulf of Fin- land. It was founded by Peter the Great, and from the extent and magnificence of many of its buildings, is called the city of pal- aces. It also contains many elegant churches. In commerce and science it is the first city in Russia. Moscow is a very populous city, abounding with beautiful palaces and gardens. It was EUROPE. 121 Traveling in burnt to the ground in 1812, to prevent tlie army of Napoleon from occupying it, but has been rebuilt with increased splendor. The celebrated bell of Moscow is nineteen feet high and sixty-seven in circumference, and weighs nearly 200 tuns. Sevastopol is an important town and the principal naval station of Kussia on the Black Sea. The forts were principally destroyed by the English and French in 1855. Odessa, on the Black sea, Riga, on the Baltic sea, Archangel, on the White sea, and Cronstadt, on an island in the gulf of Finland, are im- portant seaports. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Russia? Inhabitants? What is the surface? Climate, soil and productions ? What is said of min- erals ? Manufactures ? Canals and Railways ? Com- merce and Exports? Inhabitants? Government? The Emperor? Religion? St. Petersburg ? Moscow? Sevastopol? Odessa, Riga, Archangel and Cron- stadt? EXrSSIAir PKOVIBTCES. 4. LAPLAND. Lapland is a dreary, mountainous region, lying at the extreme northern part of Europe, and belongs principally to Kussia, but a por- tion of it to Sweden and Norway. It is intensely cold, and covered with snow two-thirds of the year. Vegetation is scanty, but minerals are abundant. The Laplanders are a small, hardy race, and rude in their customs. They live in huts, in the center of which they build fires, while the smoke escapes through a hole at the top. The reindeer, of which they own great numbers, draw them over the snow in sledges ; while their milk and flesh supplies them with food, and their skins and horns, with clothing and household furniture. Tornea and Kola are the chief towns. Questions. What is Lapland ? Its climate ? Veg- etation ? What can you say of the Laplanders ? The reindeer ? Tomea and Kola ? 122 EUROPE. Austrian Palace. 5. POLAND. Poland, a once powerful country, was con- quered in 1795, and divided between Eussia, Austria, and Prussia. The portion that fell to Eussia was erected into a kingdom in 1815, but seeking to re- gain its independence in 1830, it was com- pletely subdued. The surface is almost a perfect level ; the soil very fertile ; and the inhabitants, as in Eussia, divided into several grades. The Jews are very numerous and enjoy many privileges. Cracow, the ancient capital of Poland, is situated on the Vistula, and is celebrated for its magnificent cathedral, in which most of the Polish kings and illustrious men are buried. Questions. When was Poland conquered ? What occurred in 1815 ? In 1830 ? What is the surface, soil, &c. ? The character of the nobles ? Describe Cracow. 6. AUSTRIA. Square miles, 257,000. Population, 36,514,000. Austria lies west of Eussia and embraces a portion of ancient Germany and Poland, Gallicia, Hungary, Dalmatia, and Lombardy in Italy, being one of the most populous and powerful states in Europe. (The Lombardo Venetian Kingdom is an important part of the Austrian dominions, but is situated on the south side of the Alps within the geographical limits of Italy. It will be described in connection with the Italian States.) It is generally mountainous, though there is a great variety of surface. The soil is good in the valleys and on the plains, but is not well cultivated. The productions are, in the north, wheat, rye, oats and barley; in the central and southern provinces, the vine, maize and olives are produced. EUROPE. Various minerals, as gold, silver, iron, copper, quicksilver, and lead, are found, and salt in great quantities. The commerce of Austria is limited, but its manufactures are of considerable impor- tance. It has but a small extent of sea- coast. The inhabitants are chiefly Roman Cath- olics and the body of them, though possess- ing a common education, much oppressed. The government is very intolerant, restrain- ing the liberty of the press and freedom of speech. The emperor has almost unlimited power. Vienna, the capital, is situated in the midst of a beautiful plain on the river Dan- ube. It has many handsome buildings, and is the residence of great numbers of wealthy noblemen. The inhabitants are chiefly de- voted to pleasure. Prague is peculiar in its architecture, and from its domes has quite an oriental appear- ance. Pesth^ on the left bank of the Dan- ube, is an important city. It is regularly laid out, and is the seat of the only univer- sity in Hungary. Dehreczin has extensive manufactures of soap, tobacco pipe bowls and shoes. Questions. How many square miles in Austria ? Inhabitants? How is it situated? What does it embrace ? What is its surface, soil, &c. ? What grauis and fruits grow ? What minerals are found ? Wirat is said of commerce and manufactures ? The inhabitants ? Government ? Vienna ? Prague, Pesth, and Debreczin ? TURKISH, OR OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Tijrkey, or the Ottoman empire, comprises Turkey in Europe, Turkey in Asia, and a large territory in Africa, including Tunis, Tripoli and Egypt, and their dependencies. It is ruled by the Sultan, or Grand Porte, whom the Turks impiously style the "Shad- ow of God" — the "Brother of the Sun," &c. Questions. What does Turkey embrace? How is it ruled? r. TURKEY IN EUROPE. Square miles, 210,000. Population, 15,500,000. This country is situated on the west of the Black sea and sea of Marmora, and south of Austria. It is beautifully diversified with moun- tains, plains and valleys; and the climate, though subject to extremes of heat and cold, is generally healthy. The valleys are fertile, and yield in profu- sion wheat, maize, rice, cotton, tobacco, and various fruits, but agriculture is miserably conducted. Immense numbers of silk-worms are reared on the leaves of the mulberry. Manufactures are much neglected, and the commerce is chiefly in the hands of foreign- ers. Education and the arts receive little attention. The Turks are a well formed race, but ex- tremely haughty, grave and indolent. They are rigid Mohammedans, and very supersti- tious. Their customs and dress are unlike those of other Europeans. They wear tur- bans, and loose flowing robes, — sit on cush- ions, and dispense with knives and forks in eating. Bathing and smoking seem to be their favorite employments. The government has the characteristic fea- tures of an Asiatic despotism, but has been very much modified by the influence of Euro- pean powers, and especially by that of the 124 EUROPE. Constantinople and the Golden Horn. allied powers of France and England, whose armies occupied the country during the strug- gle with Kussia in the war of 1854-56. Constantinople is the capital of the Ottoman Empire, and the residence of the Sultan. It is a strongly fortified, populous, and beautiful city, situated on the Bosporus, with considerable commerce. Its harbor, called the Golden Horn, is one of the most secure, capacious and beautiful in the world. Adrianople, the former metropolis, is a flourishing city. Questions. How many square miles has Turkey in Europe ? Inhabitants ? What is the situation ? What is the surface and climate ? Soil and produc- tions ? What is said of manufactures and commerce ? Education and the arts? Describe the Turks. Their customs, &c. Government Constantinople. Adri- anople. 8. GREECE. Square miles, 18,500. Population, 1,002,000. Greece is a small kingdom south of Tur- key, comprising two peninsulas united by a narrow isthmus, and several islands. The surface is mountainous in the interior, interspersed with fertile vales. There are a few small plains. The climate is mild but variable. Wheat, maize, rice, cotton, wool, silk, oil and a vari- ety of fruits are produced. The Greeks are an active, brave, and pol- ished people, possessing much genius and love of distinction. They have little learn- ing, but are adepts in cunning and intrigue. Schools and colleges have recently been established, and the inhabitants seem desi- rous of improvement. The government is a hereditary monarchy. A constitution was granted in 1844. The Greek church is the religion estab- lished by law. For several centuries the Greeks were in subjection to the Turks, who took every method to degrade and oppress them. In 1820, they asserted their independence ; and after a long and bloody contest, secured it through the mediation of England, France and Kussia. Ancient Greece was one of the most pow- erful empires in the world. Two thousand EUROPE, The Areopagus. years .ago it was the land of song, and the seat or learning and the arts. Eains of archi- tecture and sculpture still remain, and afford the artist many of his finest models. Athens, -one^. of the most famous cities of antiquity, is the capital of modern G^ee.,, Kuins of magnificent temples and theaters still exist, but they render the meanness of its present buildings only the more conspic- uous Corinth^ in remote times, was one of the most flourishing cities of Greece, and pro- verbial for its luxury. It is now an import- ant port, and its citadel and fortifications are, next to those of Nauplia, the strongest in Greece. Nauplia is a strongly fortified sea- port in the Morea. Questions. How many square miles has Greece ? Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? What is its surface? CUmate? What are its productions ? What is the character of the Greeks ? What is said of edu- cation? Government? Religion? Of the subjection of the Greeks? Their independence? Ancient Greece? Ruins? Athens? Corinth? Nauplia? ^-IONIAN ISLANDS. The Ionian republic comprises the islands in the Ionian sea, west of Greece; and is under the protection of Great Britain. About half the surface is under cultiva- tion, yielding wheat, barley and other grains, wines, olive oil and currants. The inhabitants number about two hun- dred^ thousand, chiefly Greeks and Italians, and are shrewd, active, and industrious. Corfu, on the island of Corfu, is the capital. Questions. What does the Ionian republic com- prise ? What can you say of the inhabitants ? Corfu ? 126 EUROPE. St. Peter's as seen from the Tiber. ITALY, OR THE ITALIAN STATES. Square miles, 119,000. Population, 24,700,000. Italy is a celebrated country in the south of Europe and consists of a large peninsula and several islands. It is subdivided into a number of independent kingdoms, duchies and dependencies, but is distinctly marked as one great whole, by its natural boundaries and common language. Its surface is varied ; a rnnfre of mountains extending north and south nearly through the peninsula. Between the mountains are numerous fertile valleys, abounding in beau- tiful scenery. In the north is a large and fertile plain, very productive. It has an excellent climate ; the atmosphere is remarkable for its clearness. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Wheat, maize, rye, rice, oil, wine, silk, dates, al- monds, figs, and oranges are the chief pro- ducts. Manufactures and commerce are in a languishing condition. It is rich in mineral products, but has few metals except iron and lead. The Apennines furnish the beautiful mar- ble of Carrara. The Italians possess ardent feelings, lively imaginations, and much skill in music, paint- ing and sculpture ; but are deplorably indo- lent, ignorant and superstitious. The Eoman Catholic is the established religion ; and the clergy compose a considerable portion of the population. Italy was once the seat of a mighty empire, and renowned in the arts and sciences. Monuments of its former wealth and mag- nificence are every where seen. The principal divisions of Italy are the kingdom of Sardinia, the kingdom of Lom- bardy and Venice, the duchies of Parma and Modena, the grand duchy of Tuscany, the States of the Church, and the kingdom of Naples. Questions. What is the number of square miles EUROPE. 121 in Italy ? Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? How is it subdivided? What is its surface? Climate? "What is said of agriculture ? AYhat arc its chief pro- ducts ? What is said of manufactures and commerce ? Minerals? The inhabitants ? Religion? The former condition of Italy? What are seen? Name the principal divisions of Italy. ^ 9. SARDINIA. The kingdom of Sardinia embraces that portion of Italy bordering on France, and also the island of Sardinia. Though containing lofty mountains it is very productive. Turin, the seat of government, is situated in the midst of a fertile plain, and remarka- ble for its neatness and regularit}^ Genoa, the birth place of Columbus, is a commercial city on the gulf of Genoa ; and from the beauty of its location, and the splendor of its structures, is called the proud, or superb city. It was once the seat of a powerful republic. Question's. is said of it ? What does Sardinia embrace ? Describe Turin. Genoa. What 10. LOMBARDO VE>;ETIAN KINGDOM. This kingdom comprises a highly fertile and well cultivated plain, situated between the Po and the Alps, and is subject to Aus- tria. Vast quantities of silk of the finest qual- ity are annually produced. Milan, the capital, is considered the most splendid city in Italy. Its cathedral is a superb structure of pure white marble, and is said to contain 4000 statues. Venice is situated at the head of the gulf of Venice, on eighty-two islands, connected by 860 bridges. Canals, and a light boat called a gondola, are used in the place of roads and carriages. Three hundred years since it was the most wealthy and magnificent city in Europe. Questions. What does the Lombard© Venetian kingdom comprise ? Describe Milan. Venice. 11 & 12. PARMA AND MODENA. These are small, populous states, lying be- tween Tuscany and the kingdom of Lom- bardy and Venice. Parma and Modena, are in their order the capitals, and well built cities. Questions. What are Parma and Modena ? Name their capitals. 13. TUSCANY. Tuscany, east of the island of Elba, is one of the most flourishing Italian states, and considerably engaged in the manufacture of silks and Leghorn bonnets. Florence, the capital and birth-place of Americus Vespucius, is situated on the river Arno,and celebrated for its beautiful fountains, churches, palaces, statuary and paintings. Questions. Describe Tuscany. Florence. 15. THE STATES OF THE CHURCH. The States of the Church occupy the cen- ter of Italy, and are under the exclusive dominion of the Pope, who is the Head of the Eoman Catholic Church. The sovereign, or pope, must be, at the time of his election, a cardinal priest, and is chosen for life by his fellow cardinals. EoME, the capital, is situated on the Tiber, and built on seven hills. In its palmy days it was the metropolis of the renowned, an- 128 EUROPE. The Ancient Forum. cient Eoman Empire, — tlie city of tlie Cae- sars, and the queen of the world. Its chief glory in modern times consists in the number and grandeur of its fountains and churches. The church of St. Peter is the most magnifi- cent temple ever built by man, and was erected at an expense of over 80,000,000 of dollars. The Vatican, situated on the hill of the same name, and the winter residence of the Pope, is the largest palace in Europe. Questions. What do the States of the Church occupy ? What is said of the sovereign ? Describe Rome. What is said of the Vatican ? 15. NAPLES. The kingdom of Naples comprises the southern section of Italy, Sicily and its adja- cent islands. Notwithstanding its great facilities for agriculture and commerce, both are much neglected. Indolence everywhere prevails, and beggars crowd the streets of its" cities. Mount Etna, a burning volcano, is situated on the island of Sicily, and Mount Vesuvius, near the bay of Naples. Naples, the seat of government, is located at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, on the north side of the bay of Naples. In beauty of situation, clearness of atmosphere, and mild- ness of climate, it is almost unrivaled. Questions. What does Naples comprise? What is said of agriculture and commerce ? What prevails ? What two movmts ? Describe the city of Naples. 16. FRANCE. Square miles, 200,700. Population, 35,780,000. France is an important empire in the west of Europe, extending from the Mediterra- nean to the Atlantic. The surface is level in the north, consist- ing mostly of an extensive plain, but hilly and mountainous in the south. The soil is usually fertile, and the climate temperate and agreeable. It surpasses all the other countries of Eu- EUROPE, 129 rope in the variety of its agricultural pro- ducts. The chief productions are wheat, rye, oats, barley, maize, potatoes and grapes. The grape vineyards cover several millions of acres, and produce large quantities of wine. Agriculture is in an advanced state, and a chief pursuit. In the variety and value of its manufactures, France is only second to England ; and its commerce is very extensive. Its minerals are lead, iron, coal and salt. The French are very gay, social and po- lite, remarkable for their versatility and bravery, and extremely fond of amusements, especially dancing. Public libraries and colleges are numerous, and many of the French are distinguished for their learning and science, but a large proportion are almost destitute of education. All religious sects are tolerated, but the peo- ple are chiefly Catholics. The government was formerly one of the most powerful monarchies of Europe. In the revolution of 1848 it became repub- lican in form, and in 1853 was changed to an empire. Paris, the capital, situated on the river Seine, is the handsomest city in Europe, and the second in population. It is noted for the number and elegance of its public buildings and gardens, and as the seat of lit- erature, science and fashion. It is extensive- ly engaged in manufactures, and is celebrated for its mathematical and optical instruments. Lyons is a populous, wealthy and commer- cial city, celebrated for its manufactures of silk, and gold and silver stuffs. Marseilles is the chief seaport on the Mediterranean. Rouen is noted for its manufactures. Bordeavx, for its wines. Toulon and Brest are large naval stations. Havre has an extensive trade with the United States. To France also belongs the island of Cor- sica, in the Mediterranean sea. Ajaccio, on this island, was the birth place of Bonaparte. Questions. How many square miles l^as Fmnce ? Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? What is^id of its surface, climate, and soil? Products? Agricul- ture, manufactures, and commerce ? Minerals ? The French ? The state of education ? The government ? Paris? Lyons? Marseilles? Rouen? Bordeaux? Toulon and Brest ? Havre ? To whom d^es Corsica belong ? IT. SPAIN. Square miles, 188,000. Population, 13,900,000. Spain occupies the larger part of the pe- ninsula in the south-west of Europe. Several ranges of mountains render its surface broken, and afford much wild and romantic scenery. The climate is warm on the coast, but sub- ject to great changes on the table lands. The soil is varied. In the fertile regions, wheat, rice, maize and barley are produced, and various fruits flourish, particularly grapes, oranges, lemons, figs and melons. The minerals are numerous and valuable, but at present little worked. They include gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, iron and zinc. Manufactures and commerce are greatly neglected; and the people lack a spirit of enterprise and improvement. The Spaniards are proud, friendly and brave ; but ignorant, easily excited and re- vengeful. They are extremely fond of amusements, among which are dancing, music and bull-fights. In religion they are Catholics. The government is a limited monarchy, and formerly possessed vast territories in North and South America. The only Amer- ican colonies now subject to Spain are Cuba, EUROPE. Madrid and the Plaza Mayor, with statue of Philip III. Porto Rico, and the Virgin islands. Its de- pendencies in the Mediterranean are the Ba- learic islands. Madrid, the capital, is built on low and irregular sand hills, and is surrounded by a barren and extensive plain. It has several fine palaces, churches and public squares, but is almost destitute of manufactures and trade. Oibraltar, the most strongly fortified city in the world, is situated at the southern ex- tremity of Spain, on a bold, rocky bluff. It has been in possession of the British since 170i. Cadiz, on the island of Leon, is the principal seaport. Questions. How many square miles has Spain ? Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? What is its sur- face ? Climate and soil ? Productions ? What min- erals are found ? What can you say of manufactures, commerce, &c. ? The Spaniards ? Government ? Madrid ? Gibraltar ? Cadiz ? 18. PORTUGAL. Square miles, 35,090. Population, 3,471,000. Portugal is situated in the south-western part of Europe. It is beautifully diversified with hills and plains and possesses a mild and agreeable climate. The soil is fertile, but agriculture is in a very backward state. Wheat, barley, oats, flax, rice, olives, oranges, lemons and grapes are the chief products. The manufactures are limited. The com- merce, formerly large, is now less extensive, and mostly in the hands of foreigners. The Portuguese resemble the Spaniards in their characteristics, but the two nations have a deep rooted antipathy to each other. The government is a limited monarchy. The religion Roman Catholic. Lisbon, the capital and principal seaport, is situated at the mouth of the river Tagus, and has considerable commerce. It has sev- eral fine public buildings and churches. Oporto is noted for its wines ; Coimbra for its University ; and Setuhal for its manu- facture of salt. Questions. What number of square miles in Por- tugal ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? What in respect to its surface and climate ? Soil and pro- ductions ? Manufactures and commerce ? What is said of the Portuguese? Government? Lisbon? Oporto, Coimbra, and Setubal ? EUROPE. 13] r^^».^;;^.^^ View of London from Greenwich Park. THE BRITISH ISLES. Great Britain comprises England, "Wales and Scotland; and with Ireland forms "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- land," also called " The British Isles." Its principal foreign possessions are Brit- ish America, West Indies, Cape Colony, a large part of India, and Australia. These, with other colonies, united with the British Isles, form the British Empire. Great,Britain is distinguished jfor the en- terprise and intelligence of its inhabitants, and is unrivaled in the extent of its manu- factures and commerce. The government is a limited and heredita- ry monarchy. Questions. What does Great Britain comprise? What are the principal possessions of the United Kingdom ? What does the whole fonn ? How dis- tinguished ? Government ? 19. ENGLAND. Square miles, 51,000. Population, 16,922,000. England comprises the southern portion of the island of Great Britain. It has a beautifully diversified surface, and abounds with picturesque scenery. The cli- mate is mild, but damp, and the soil, though not naturally fertile, has been brought to a h?gh state of cultivation, and yields the va- rious grains and vegetables in abundance. Coal, iron, copper, tin, lead and salt are found in large quantities. Several mineral and hot springs exist, to which throngs of invalids and fashionable people resort. England has carried agriculture to a very high state of perfection, and excels every other nation in the variety and value of its manufactures. It is densely populated, but striking differ- ences are seen in the character and social con- 132 EUROPE. Greenwich Park and Hospital. dition of its citizens. The nobility live in affluence and luxury, — the poor, often in great want. As a nation, however, the Eng- lish may be characterized as grave, honest, industrious, benevolent and brave. The universities of England are numerous and distinguished ; but many of the poorer classes are entirely destitute of instruction. The religion is protestant, though all relig- ious sects have perfect freedom. London is the capital of the British Em- pire and the largest city in Europe. It is situated on the river Thames, and in wealth and commerce, and its literary and benevo- lent institutions, it surpasses every other city on the globe. A number of beautiful bridges cross the Thames, and a tunnel forms a passage under the bed of the river. Many of its pub- lic buildings are very imposing structures. St. Paul's Church is next to St. Peter's at Rome, in point of magnificence. Greenwich, a borough and parish adjoining London, contains the royal observatory from which the longitudes in all British charts are reckoned, and it has a magnificent naval hospital, for the maintenance of wounded or unfortunate seamen. Greenwich park contains about two hundred acres of undu- lating and wooded land, and is a place much resorted to by the inhabitants of London. Liverpool, on the river Mersey, is the second commercial city, carrying on an im- mense trade with all parts of the world. Bristol is situated on the Avon, and has an extensive commerce. It was the first port in Britain, whence regular steam communi- cation with the United States was establish- ed. Birmingham is noted for its iron manu- factures, and Manchester for its manufactures of cotton. Portsmouth and Plymouth are im- portant naval stations. Questions. How many square miles has England? Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? What is the surface ? Climate ? Soil ? What is said of minerals and springs ? Of England in respect to agriculture and manufactures? Its citizens? How may the English be characterized ? What of education ? What can you say of London? Greenwich? Liverpool? Bristol? Birmingham and Manchester? Portsmouth and Plymouth ? EUROPE. 133 Edinburgh. 20. WALES. I, SCOTLAND. Square miles, 7,400. Population, 1,005,000. Wales is situated west of England, and has generally a mountainous surface. Its climate is similar to that of England, and its soil is fertile. The principal productions are barley, oats and potatoes. Coal, iron, copper and lead are abundant. The Welsh are descendants of the ancient Britons, and are an industrious and hospita- ble people. Until 1283, Wales was an inde- pendent kingdom, when it was united to England. Merthyr-Tydvil is the principal town, and situated in a mining district. Questions. What number of square miles in Wales ? Inhabitants ? What can you say of its sit- uation, surface, climate, soil, productions ? Minerals ? The Welsh? History? Merthyr-Tydvil? Square miles, 30,000. Population, 2,888,000. Scotland occupies the whole of the north- ern part of the island of Great Britain. It has a broken surface, and is noted for the wildness and grandeur of its mountain scenery, its rapid streams, and beautiful lakes, called lochs. The Grampian Hills divide it into two sections, called the Highlands and the Low- lands. The Highlands are cool, and chiefly adapted to pasture ; the Lowlands are mild- er, and productive of various kinds of grain and vegetables. The principal minerals are coal, iron, lead and copper. Manufactures are flourishing; and commerce and the fisheries are exten- sively pursued. The Scotch are grave, hardy and enter- prising ; of a moral and religious turn of 134 EUROPE. mind; and are remarkably well instructed. Schools are established in every parish, and many of the most distinguished scholars, historians and poets, have sprung from Scot- land. Edinburgh, the metropolis of Scotland, is distinguished for its romantic site, and nu- merous literary and charitable institutions. Glasgow is a large city, with flourishing manufactures, and noted for its university. Aberdeen and Dundee are very flourishing manufacturing and commercial towns. The Hebrides, Orkney, and Shetland islands comprise several hundred in number, and belong to Scotland. Fingal's Cave, a very romantic cavern, is on the island of Staffa, one of the Hebrides. It is composed of basaltic columns, beauti- fully jointed and of various forms. Questions. How many square milet has Scotland ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? For what is it noted ? How divided ? What is said of the High- lands ? Lowlands ? Minerals, manufactures, &c. ? The Scotch ? Schools, scholars, &c. ? Edinburgh ? Glasgow ? Aberdeen and Dundee ? The islands ? Fin- gal's Cave ? 22. IRELAND. Square miles, 32,500. Population, 6,553,000. Ireland is a large island, west of Great Britain, sometimes called "Green Erin," from the beauty of its verdure. Its coast is generally bold and rugged. The surface is undulating, a large part of the interior consisting of an expanse of bog, from which peat for fuel is obtained. The climate is mild ; but its great moist- ure renders the country better adapted to grazing than tillage. Potatoes, oats, flax, wheat and barley are the chief crops. Linen is the principal article of manufacture. Cot- ton and woolen goods are made to a limited extent. The Irish are ardent, brave, generous, and possess a large share of good humor and wit ; but the mass of them are in a state of extreme wretchedness and poverty. The majority are Eoman Catholics. The Giant's Causeway, on the north-west coast, consists of perpendicular columns of rock, which rise from 200 to 400 feet above the level of the sea. It is the most remarka- ble curiosity in Ireland. Dublin, the capital, abounds with mag- nificent edifices and handsome streets, and is surrounded by beautiful suburbs. But, in the midst of all this splendor, is to be found the deepest indigence and distress. Cork is the second city in size, and has a capacious harbor with an extensive com- merce. Belfast is also a commercial city. Questions. Give the number of square miles in Ireland. Of Inhabitants. What is the surface and soil ? What can you say of the climate ? Crops ? Linen? The Irish, &c. ? The Giant's Causeway? Dublin? Cork? Belfast? 23. BELGIUM. Square miles, 11,400. Population, 4,359,000. Belgium is a small kingdom of Western Europe, situated north-east of France. Its surface may be regarded as an inclined plane, somewhat rugged, elevated in the south-east and sloping to the north-west. The climate is temperate and agreeable, but the low flats are considered unhealthy. The soil is so highly cultivated as to re- semble a garden, and agriculture is carried to the highest perfection. Grains, tobacco, flax, hemp and fruits grow in great luxuri- EUROPE. The mineral kingdom is exceedingly ricli in lead, manganese, zinc, iron and coal, and manufactures and commerce are in a flourish- ing state. The roads of Belgium are very superior, and spacious canals connect the principal cities. The Belgians combine the persevering in- dustry of the Dutch with the vivacity of the French, and are distinguished for mechanical skill. They are rigid adherents of the Cath- olic religion. The government is a limited monarchy. Brussels, the capital, is a beautiful city, adorned with elegant palaces, handsome squares, fountains, and shaded walks. It is also noted for the manufacture of laces, car- pets and linens. Ohent has extensive manufactures. The treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain was signed here in 1814. Antwerp is the chief commercial city of Bel- gium, and contains one of the most magnifi- cent cathedrals in Europe. Questions. How many square miles has Belgium ? Inhabitants? What is Belgium? What of its sur- face ? Climate ? Soil and agriculture ? Of grains, &c. ? Mineral kingdom ? Manufactures and com- merce? Roads and canals? The Belgians? Gov- ernment? Brussels? Ghent? Antwerp? 24. HOLLAND. Square miles, 13,000. Population, 3,962,000. Holland lies on the North sea, east of Bel- gium. It is a flat country, and lower than the level of the sea, which is kept from over- flowing its surface by embankments raised along its coasts. It has a moist and cool climate, and a sur- passingly rich and productive soil. Grains and fruits are raised abundantly ; but more attention is paid to the raising of cattle, and the making of butter and cheese. Commerce and manufactures, though not so extensive as formerly, are in a flourishing condition. Canals are very numerous, and afford the principal means of conveyance. The Dutch are a remarkably neat, frugal, industrious, patient and honest people. Prot- estantism is the prevailing religion. The government is a limited monarchy. Hague^ the capital, is handsomely built, and intersected by numerous canals, whose banks are bordered with trees. Amsterdam^ the most populous and chief commercial city of Holland, is built on piles driven into a marsh of the Zuyder Zee. It is divided by canals into ninety islands, which are connected with each other by nearly 800 bridges. Its stadt-house is a most magnificent build- ing of freestone, resting on piles driven very deep into the ground. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Holland ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? What is said of its surface ? Climate and soil ? Grains and fruits ? Commerce and manufactures ? Canals ? The Dutch? Rehgion? Hague? Amsterdam? 25. DENMARK. Square miles, 23,000. Population, 2,108,000. Denmark comprises the peninsula of Jut- land, and the adjacent islands, lying north of Germany. It has a moist, but healthy climate. The soil is in general sandy, interspersed with some extensive fertile tracts. Agriculture is the leading pursuit, and wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat and peas, are raised in considerable quantities. Cattle 18S EUROPE. The Geyser and Hecla. and poultry are reared in great numbers. The products of the dairy are important ar- ticles of export. Denmark is favorably situated for com- merce and is extensively engaged in the whale and herring fisheries. The Danes are industrious, honest and well educated. Common schools are very numer- ous, and the attendance of the children is enforced by law. The Lutheran is the estab- lished religion. The government is an un- limited monarchy, but wisely administered. Copenhagen, on the island of Zealand, is the capital. It has an exeellent harbor and extensive dockyards, and is adorned with numerous beautiful squares and fine build- ings. The Danish possessions include Greenland, already described, Iceland and the Faroe islands. Iceland is cold and mountainous,' abound- ing with volcanoes andboiling springs. Veg- etation is scanty, and the inhabitants chiefly subsist on cattle, sheep, and fish. The Ice- landers are simple in their habits, but indus- trious and well instructed. Questions. How many square miles has Denmark ? Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? What is the climate? Soil? What can you say of agriculture and the products ? The situation of Denmark in re- spect to commerce ? The Danes ? Common schools ? Religion and government? Copenhagen? Danish ? Iceland and its inhabitants ? 26. PRUSSIA. Square miles, 109,000. Population, 16,935,000. Prussia is divided into two sections by the kingdom of Hanover. The principal division is situated between the Baltic sea and Austria. The western division lies south of Holland and Hanover. EUROPE. 137 The eastern division is very level, abound- ing in plains, some of tliem covered with extensive forests. The western division has numerous low mountain ranges enclosing fertile valleys. The climate is in general healthy. Much of the soil in the eastern section is sandy and unproductive; that of the western is more fertile. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes and cat- tle, are largely produced. Minerals are abundant, iron, coal, copper, zinc, tin, silver, salt, and on the shores of the Baltic, amber. The inhabitants are chiefly Protestants, of German descent, and well educated. Prussia has a well organized and complete system of public instruction, and every child is required by law to attend school. The government is an absolute monarchy. Berlin, the seat of government, is built on a sandy plain, on both banks of the Spree, and is about ten miles in circumfer- ence. It is surrounded by a wall sixteen feet high. It is an elegant city, distinguish- ed for the magnificence of many of its public buildings, and for its literary institutions, and possesses extensive manufactures and trade. Bresktu is extensively engaged in manu- factures and trade. Dantzic and Konigsberg are the principal sea})ort3. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Prussia ? Inhabitants ? How is it divided ? What is its situation ? The surface ? Climate ? What are produced ? What minerals are abundant ? What can you say of the inhabitants ? System of instruction ? Government? Berlin? Breslau? Dantzic and Kon- igsberg? 27. GERMANY. Square miles, 92,000. Population, 17,592,000. Germany proper occupies the central part of Europe. The Germanic confederation comprises one- third of Austria, nearly all of Prussia, the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg in Den- mark, the kingdoms of Bavaria, Hanover, Saxony and Wurtemburg, with twenty-eight smaller states, or princioalities, and four free cities. * The northern section of Germany consists of a plain, which is low and sandy ; the cen- tral part, of a plateau and mountainous re- gion, and the southern, of mountains and valleys. The climate is remarkably uniform, except in the district south of the Alps. With the exception of the loftier moun- tain districts, the soil is fertile, producing the various grains, and hemp, flax, potatoes, to- bacco and hops. Grapes are extensively cultivated south of latitude 61° and in the valley of the Rhine. Iron, copper, coal, gold, silver, and other metals are found. Agriculture is the leading pursuit Manufactures are flourishing, but commerce receives but little attention. The Germans have light complexions, and are noted for industry, perseverance, frank- ness and hospitality. They are generally well educated, imagin- ative, and fond of music and dancing. Uni- versities of the highest celebrity, schools and valuable libraries abound, and no nation pro- duces a greater number of authors, or men more distinguished in science, than Germany. The German Diet, composed of delegates from the several states, holds its sessions at Frankfort, on the Maine, a city noted for the amount of business transacted at its semi-atmual fairs. 138 EUROPE. Questions. How many square miles has Germany proper? Inhabitants? Where is it situated ? What does the Germanic Confederation comprise ? What is said of the surface of Germany ? Climate, soil and products? Minerals? Pursuits? The Germans? Universities and Schools ? The German Diet ? 28. MECKLENBURG. Square miles, 5,600. Population, 641,000. Mecklenburg is a level, agricultural tract, bordering on the Baltic Sea. Cattle are rear- ed in great numbers. Liquor distilled from corn is the principal article of manufacture. ScHWERiN is the capital, and Rostwick the chief seaport. Questions. Describe Mecklenburg. Name its cap- ital and seaport 29. HANOVER. Square miles, 14,800. Population, 1,819,000. Hanover is a kingdom in the north-west of Germany. In the low alluvial flats, the soil is remark- ably rich, "but it has many barren heaths. Agriculture and manufactures are in a low condition. Gold, silver, copper, lead, iron and coal are found ; and mining constitutes a chief branch of industry. Hanover, the capital, is built in a sandy plain. It is divided by the Leine, a branch of the Weser, into the old and new town ; the former, ill built and dirty ; the latter, reg- ularly laid out. Oottingen is the seat of a university ; the library, observatory, and botanical gardens of which, are among the most celebrated in Europe. Questions. Where is Hanover situated? What is said of the soil ? What is the condition of agricul- ture and manufactures in Hanover ? What minerals are found ? What is said of Hanover ? Gottingen ? 30. SAXONY. Square miles, 5,900. Population, 1,988,000. Saxony, a kingdom of central Germany, is situated south of Prussia. The climate in the loftier mountain dis- tricts is cold and bleak, but in other parts it is milder than in most countries of Europe in the same latitude. This kingdom is distinguished for the pro- ductiveness of its soil, the superiority of its cattle and sheep, and the variety and rich- ness of its minerals. Agriculture, manufactures and trade are in a flourishing condition, and education is uni- versally diffused. Its university, gymnasia and schools have been much celebrated. Universal toleration is guaranteed to all religious creeds; but the principal religion is Lutheran. Dresden, the capital, is a beautiful city, with superb palaces and churches, and valu- able libraries and galleries of paintings. Leipsic is the second city in Saxony, and one of the chief seats of commerce in Ger- many. It is noted for its fairs, at which people are congregated from all parts of Eu- rope, and from Asia and America. It is ex- tensively engaged in the manufacture and trade of books. Its university is one of the most distinguished in Germany. Questions. Where is Saxony situated ? What is said of the climate ? For what is it distinguished ? What is the state of agriculture, manufactures, &c. ? What is said of its religion? Describe Dresden. Leipsic. EUROPE. 139 Drpsden. 31. BAVARIA. Square miles, 29,600. Population, 4,559,000. The kingdom of Bavaria, situated west of Austria, with a small portion of territory west of the Rhine, in extent and population, is the most important state of G-ermany proper. The climate is temperate and healthful, though on account of its general elevation, it is colder than the other countries of Ger- many. The soil is fertile, the mountains yielding excellent pasturage, while the valleys are productive in grains and fruits. Munich, the capital, is one of the hand- somest cities in Germany, and noted for its literary institutions, and fine galleries of paintings and sculpture. Nuremberg has an antique appearance, and is celebrated for the manufacture of watches, musical instruments, &c., and the ingenuity of its citizens. Questions. What is said of Bavaria ? Its climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Munich ? Nuremberg ? 32. WURTEMBURG. Square miles, 7,500. Population, 1,815,000. Wurtemburg is a kingdom of Germany, situated west of Bavaria. Though mountainous, it is one of the most fertile and highly cultivated portions of Ger- many, producing grain, fruits and wine. The inhabitants are among the most high- ly civilized and best educated in Europe. Schools and libraries are very numerous. Stuttgart is the capital. It is well built, with broad and handsome streets and fine squares. It has an extensive public library and many private libraries. Vim is noted for its splendid cathedral. Questions. Where is Wurtemburg situated ? What is said of its soil ? Inhabitants ? Schools and libra- ries ? Stuttgart ? Ulm ? 33. BADEN. Square miles, 5,900. Population, 1,357,000. Baden is a narrow, fertile tract, bordering the Rhine. The Black Forest extends over 140 EUROPE. Summit of Mont Blanc and the Glaciers. a large part of the state. Many of its liills are covered to their very summits with vine- yards. Agriculture, manufactures and trade are in a flourishing state. Carlsruhe, the capital, and Manheim, are well built towns. Questions. What can you say of Baden ? Carls- ruhe ? Manheim? FREE CITIES. 1. Frankfort, 2. Bremen, 3. Hamburg, 4. Lubeck. These are all that remain of the eighty- five*cities which were united in the middle ages for mutual assistance, and called the Hanseatic leasue. . Frankfort, on the Maine, the seat of the Germanic diet, is pleasantly situated in a beautiful, but narrow valley. It has a large number of public squares. It is rich in establishments for the promotion of art and literature, and has considerable trade. Bremen, situated on both banks of the Weser, has an extensive foreign trade, espe- cially with' North America. It is the prin- cipal German port for the shipment of emi- grants. Hamburg, the largest of the free cities, and the greatest commercial port on the continent of Europe, is situated on the right bank of the Elbe, seventy miles from its mouth. Luhech is enclosed by ramparts and a prom- EUROPE. 141 enade. Its trade is less important than for- merly, but is still thriving, especially with the Baltic states. Questions. Name the free cities. What is said of Frankfort? Bremen? Hamburg? Lubeck? 34. SWITZERLAND. Square miles, 15,000. Population, 2,390,000. Switzerland, a federal republic of central Europe, comprises twenty-two cantons, called the Helvetic Kepublic. It is a land of mountains and vales, lakes and streams, presenting some of the wildest, most picturesque, and sublime scenery in the world. The Alps, which form its southern boun- dary, are the loftiest mountains in Europe, and extremely rugged. Dazzling glaciers, or fields of ice, crown their summits, and vast avalanches of snow, rushing from their sides into the vales below, sometimes bury whole villages. j*" Switzerland has a great variety of climate. The declivities of the mountains are cold, and only adapted to grazing; the vales are warm, and productive of grain and fruits. Cotton goods and watches are the princpial manufactures. A variety of minerals has been found in the different strata, but none are worked to much extent, except iron. The cantons are united for mutual defence, but retain their individual independence in regard to all matters of internal administra- tion. The diet meets alternately at Berne^ the nominal capital. Lucerne^ and Zurich. The Swiss are well educated and industri- ous, honest and hospitable, and ardently attached to their country. In religion they are nearly equally divided between the Prot- estant and Roman Catholic. Berne, on a branch of the Rhine, is one of the finest cities in Europe, and is sur- rounded by a picturesque country. Geneva^ distinguished for its literary insti- tutions, and the manufacture of watches, is beautifully situated on lake Geneva. Questions. How many square miles has Switzer- land? Inhabitants? What does it comprise? De- scribe its surface. The Alps. What is said of the climate? Declivities and vales? Manufactures? Minerals ? The cantons ? The diet ? The Swiss ? Berne? Geneva? ASIA. SQUARE MILES, 16,000,000. POPULATION, 650,000,000. KEY TO M^I* NO. 7. COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CHIEF TOWNS. 1 Siberia, l Omsk, 2 Irkootsk, 3 Yekaterinboorg, 4 Tobolsk, 5 Tomr?k, 6 Barnaul, 1 Kiakhta, 8 Yakootsk, 9 Okhotsk, 10 Petropaulovski. 2 Chinese Tartary, Soongaria, 1 Eelee. Mongolia, 2 Maimaitchin. Mantchooria, 3 Saghalien, 4 Clunyang. Toorkistan, 5 Yarkand, 6 Kashgar. 3 Corea, 1 Kingkitao. 4 China, 1 Peking, 2 Tccntsin, 3 Nanking, 4 Shanghai, 6 Hang-chow-foo, 6 Amoy, 7 Canton, 8 Macao. 5 Thibet, l Lassa, 2 Jiga Gounggar. 6 Japan, 1 Yeddo, 2 Miaka, 3. Osaka. 7 Farther India, Burmah, l Monchoboo, 9 Rangoon, 10 Amara- poora. Anam, 2 Hce, 5 Ketcho, 6 Saigon. Siam, 3 Bangkok. Malacca, 4 Malacca, 1 Singapore. Tenasserim, 8 Amherst. 8 Hindostan, l Calcutta, 2 Cashmere, 3 Amrit- seer, 4 Lahore, 5 Delhi, 6 Luck- now, 7 Benares, 8 Patna, 9 Dacca, 10 Nagpoor, 11 Hyderabad, 12 Madras, 13 Colombo, 14 Poonah, 15 Bombay, 16 Surat, 17 Baroda, 18 Ahmedabad, 19 Hydrabad, 20 Oojein. 9 Beloochistan, l Kelat. 10 Afghanistan, l Cabool, 2 Herat, 3 Peshawer. 11 Persia, l Teheran, 2 Tabreez, 3 Reshd, 4 Me- shed, 5 Ispahan, 6 Sheeraz. 12 Arabia, l Mecca, 2 Derayeh, 3 Muscat, 4 Sana, 5 Petra, 6 Medina, 7 Mocha, 8 Aden. 13 Turkey, l Smyrna, 2 Brusa, 3 Trebizond, 4 Erzroom, 5 Kars, 6 Diarbekir, 7 Mosul, 8 Bagdad, 9 Bassorah. 14 Syria, l Aleppo, 2 Damascus, 3 Jerusalem, 4 Beyroot. 15 Georgia, i Tiflis. 16 Independent Toorkistan, l Khiva, 2 Khokan, 3 Bokhara, 4 Tashkend, 5 Sa- marcand. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 1 Arctic Ocean, 2 Pacific Ocean, 3 Indian Ocean, 4 Sea of Kara, 5 Gulf of Obi, 6 Yenisei Gulf, 7 Gulf of Lena, 8 Gulf of Anadir, 9 Sea of Kamtchatka, 10 Sea of Okhotsk, 11 Penjinsk Gulf, 12 Jijiginsk Gulf, 13 Tomsk Gulf, 14 Sea of Yesso, 1 5 Ska of Japan, 16 Yeddo Bay, ^ 17 Yellow Sea, 18 Pecheelee Gulf, 19 Eastern Sea, 20 China Sea, 21 Gulf of Tonquix, y 144 ASIA. 22 GCLF OF SlAM, 66 NiPHON, 23 Gulf of Martaban, 67 SlKOKF, 24 Bay of Bengal, 68 Kioosioo, 25 Gulf op Manaab, 69 QuELPAERT Islands, 26 Arabian Sea, 10 Loo-Choo Islands, 2Y Gulf of Cambat, 71 Formosa, 28 Gulf of Cutch, 72 Hongkong, 29 Gulf of Okmus, 73 Hainan, 30 Pirsian Gulp, 74 Singapore, 31 Gulf of Aden, 75 Sumatra, 32 Red Sea, 76 Penang, 33 Dead Sea, 77 Junk-Ceylon, 34 Mediterraneak Sea, 78 NiCOBAR, 35 ^GEAN Sea, 79 Andaman, 36 Sea of Marmora, 80 Ceylon, 37 Black Sea, 81 Maldite Islands, 38 Sea of Azof, 82 Coralline Islands, 39 Caspian Sea, 83 LAfCADiVE Islands, 40 Dead Gulf, 41 Aral Ska. STRAITS AND CHANNEL& 42 Behring's Strait, 43 Channel of Tartary, 44 Perouse Strait, 45 Strait of Yesso, 46 Strait of Corka, 47 Strait of Formosa, 48 Strait of Malacca, 49 Palk's Strait, 50 Strait of Ormus, 51 Strait of Bab-el-Mandbb, 52 Strait of Dardanelles, 58 Channel of Bosporus. 64 Strait of Yenikalk. ISLANDS. 55 NoTA Zkmbla, 56 kotelnoi, 57 Fadietskot, 58 New Siberia, 59 Liaghoff, 60 Behring's Islands, 61 Tctiantar, 62 Saghalien, 63 KooBXLE Islands, 64 Staten Islands, 65 Yesso, 84 Kishm, 85 Bahrein, 86 SOCOTRA, 87 Cyprus. PENINSULAS, CAPES AND ISTHMUSES. 88 Peninsula of Kamtchatka, 89 Cape Zelania, 90 North East Cape, 91 Chelagskoy Capk, 92 East Cape, 93 Cape St. Thaddeus, 94 Cape Lopatka, 95 Cape Cambodia, 96 Cape Romania, 97 Cape Negrais, 98 Cape Comoriw, 99 Cape Rasalhad, 100 Cape Isolette, 101 Isthmus of Kraw, 102 Isthmus of Suez. MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 103 Ural, 104 Eonjakofski, 105 Little Altai, 106 Stanovoi, 107 Aldan, 108 Khingan, 109 Peling, AS lA. 145 110 Meling, 148 TOONGOOSKA, 111 KUENLUN, 149 PlASINA, 112 Himalaya, 150 Khatanga. 113 KUNCHINJ^NGA, 151 Anabara, 114 Beloor, 152 Olenek, 115 Tin AN Shan, 153 Lena, 116 Peshan Volcano, 154 ViTiM, 117 Ghauts Mountains, 155 Aldan, I 118 Hindoo Koosh, 156 Amga, 1 119 Elbrooz, 157 Yana, ' 120 Demavend, 158 Indighirka, 1 121 Ramleah, 159 Kolyma, ' 122 SiNAi, 160 Anadir, 123 Taurus, 161 Amoor, 1 24 Ararat, 162 Chikiri, 125 Caucasus, 163 Shilka, ; 126 Great Desert op Gobi, 164 Argoon, 12*7 Sandy Desert, 165 SOONGARI, 1 128 Great Sandy Desert, 166 OosooRi, 129 Great Salt Desert, 167 Pei-Ho, 180 Desert of Akhaf. 168 Hoang Ho, 169 Yangtse-KianG, 170 Hong Kiang, LAKES. 171 Cambodia, 172 Menam, 131 Tchant, 173 Salwin, 132 Baikal, 174 Ibrawaddt, 133 Balkash, 175 Brahmapootra, 134 Zaisan Nor, 176 Ganges, 1 135 Lop Nor, 177 Jumna, 1 136 KoKO Nor, 178 Mahanuddt, 1 137 POTANG, 179 GODATERY, 138 TON-TINQ Hoo, 180 Kristnah, 139 ZURRAH, 140 Ooroomekyah. 181 Nerbudda, 182 Indus, 183 SUTLEJ, 184 Chenaub, RIVERS. 185 Helmund, 186 Tigris, 141 Obi 142 Irtish, 187 Euphrates, 188 KooR, 143 ToBOL, 144 Ishiv, 189 Attruck, 190 Ural, 145 Yenisei, 191 Sihon, 146 Angara, 192 Amoo, 147 Selknga, 193 Yarkakd, 146 ASIA. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF ASIA. Bound Asia. What is the number of its square miles ? Inhabitants ? What is its Latitude ? Longitude ? In what zones is Asia ? With what grand divisions is it connected ? * Name its poUtical divisions. Their capitals. Which division extends farthest north ? South ? East? AVest? What divisions have no sea-coast ? OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. What ocean north of Asia ? 1. East ? 2. South ? 3. What sea between Nova Zembla and Siberia ? 4. What two seas east of Siberia? 9, 10. What sea east of Corea? 15. West? 17. South of China? 20. West of Hindostan ? 26. Between Asia and Africa? 32. West of Turkey ? 34. What three seas between Asia and Europe ? 36, 37, 39. What sea north of the Black ? 38. What sea in Independent Tartary ? 41. What is there remarkable in respect to the Caspian and Aral seas ? Ans. Large rivers flow into them, but no outlets have yet been discovered. What three gulfs north of Siberia ? 5-7. What four gulfs on the east ? 8, 11-13. What bay in the east of Japan ? 16. What gulf south of China ? 21. What gulfs south of Farther India? 22, 23. What bay east of Hindostan ? 24. What gulfs west of Hindostan? 27, 28. What gulf south of Beloochistan ? 29. South of Persia? 30. South of Arabia? 31. STRAITS AND CHANNELS. What strait separates Asia from North America ? 42. What channel east of Chinese Tartary ? 43. What strait between the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Yesso ? 44. What strait between Niphon and Yesso ? 45. What strait south of Corea ? 46. East of China ? 47. West of Malacca? 48. South of Persia? 50. South of Arabia? 51. ISLANDS. What islands north of Siberia? 55-59. East of Kamtchatka ? 60. What island north-east of Chinese Tartary? 63. What islands east of the Sea of Japan ? 65, 66. What islands east of China ? 67-72. What island south of China ? 73. What island west of Malacca ? 75. What islands west of Farther India ? 76-79. What large island south of Hindostan ? 80. What groups south-west of Hindostan ? 81, 83. CAPES AND PENINSULAS. Which is the most northern cape of Asia ? 90. The most eastern ? 92. What cape south of the Peninsula of Kamtchatka ? 94. East of the gulf of Siam ? 95. South of Ma- lacca ? 96. South of Burmah in Chin India ? 97. What cape south of Hindostan ? 98. What isthmus unites Asia to Africa? .102. What penins.ula east of the Sea of Okhotsk ? 88. MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. What mountains between Asia and Europe ? 103. Siberia and Chinese Tartary ? 105, 106. What mountains and deserts in Chinese Tartary ? 108, 115, 126, 127. What mountains in China? 109, 110. North of Thibet? 111. North of Hindostan? 112. What mountains and desert in Persia? 119, 129. What mountains and desert in Arabia? 121, 130. What mountain near the isthmus of Suez ? 122. What mountains in Turkey ? 123. ' See Map of Hemispheres. ASIA. 147 LAKES. "What two lakes in Siberia? 131, 132. What lakes in Chinese Tartary ? 133-136. What lake in Afghanistan ? 139. What lake in Persia? 140. RIVERS. What rivers flow from Siberia into the Arctic Ocean? 141, 145, 149-153, 157-159. Mention the tributaries of the Obi. 142-144. Of the Yenesei. 14G-148. Of the Lena. 154-156. What river flows into the Channel of Tartary ? 161. What are the principal rivers of China? 167-170. Of Farther India? 171-175. What rivers from Hindostan flow into the Bay of Bengal ? 176, 178-180. What into the Arabian Sea ? 181, 182. What river flows into Lake Zurrah ? 185. What rivers of Turkey flow into the Persian Gulf ? 186, 187. What river between Independent Tartary and Rus- sia ? 190. What two rivers flow into the Sea of Aral? 191, 192. DESCEIPTIYE GEOGEAPHY. Asia is tlie largest and most populous grand division of the globe, containing about 16,000,000 square miles, and 650,000,000 in- habitants. It contains immense plains and elevated plateaus, traversed by lofty mountains. It has large inland seas, or lakes, and numer- ous rivers. Asia is distinguished for its delicious fruits, iragrant spices, and medicinal drugs. Rice, the vine, the tea-jDlant and many of the fruits of the torrid zone, are extensively cul- tivated. It is rich in gold, diamonds and other precious gems. Silver, copper, iron, tin and lead are also found. The elephant, rhinoceros, lion, tiger, bear and other wild animals are numerous. All the domestic animals are found. In the southern part, insects and reptiles are abund- ant — also birds of splendid plumage. The inhabitants belong to the Caucasian, Mongol-Tartar, Malayan and Ethiopian fam- ilies. The Caucasian occupies the western part; the Mongol-Tartar, the northern and eastern ; the Malay tribes, the whole of Malaysia ; and the Ethiopian, Ceylon, Borneo, Sumatra, Timor and many other islands. Almost every nation has its learned men, yet the great mass are deplorably ignorant and superstitious. The women are very de- graded, and often treated like slaves. Agriculture is pursued in some parts of Asia with great care, but not with the same skill as in Europe. The arts and manufac- tures are in an imperfect state, though the most superb silks and shawls in the world are manufactured in Asia. The religion is mostly Pagan and Moham- medan ; far the greatest number of people are Pagan. Asia formerly contained the most wealthy and enlightened nations of the world, and was the seat of the powerful empires of As- syria, Babylonia and Persia. It has been the theatre of the greatest events that ever transpired on our globe. 148 ASIA. Tower near Babylon. Here man was created and placed in «the garden of Eden — here he sinned and brought death into the world — here the patriarchs and prophets dwelt — and here, too, was the scene of the birth, crucifixion, and ascension of Christ, the Eedeemer of mankind. Questions. What is the size of Asia ? Mention its natural characteristics. For what is it distin- guished? In what is it rich? What animals are found ? Who inhabit it ? What is their character ? What is said of agriculture and the arts ? Religion ? What did Asia formerly contain? What has trans- pired here ? 1. SIBERIA. Square miles, 5,000,000. Population, 3,000,000. Siberia is a vast country occupying the northern part of Asia, and subject to the Russian government. It is one immense plain, abounding with numerous marshes and large rivers. The northern portion is excessively cold, scarcely admitting of cultivation. The south- ern abounds with extensive forests, and pro- duces grain and potatoes. The mountainous sections are rich in mines of gold, silver, iron, platina, and in precious stones. Bears, sables, ermines, beavers, lynxes and marmots are numerous, furnishing valuable skins and furs for export. The reindeer, sheep and dog are the principal domestic animals. The inhabitants consist of wandering na- tive tribes, and exiles, who have been ban- ished from Russia for crime. Hunting and mining are their chief employments. Numerous bones of the mammoth, elephant and other animals of the torrid zone, are ASIA. Traveling in Siberia. found on the banks of tlie rivers, and shores of the Arctic Ocean. Tobolsk, the capital of West Siberia, is situated at the junction of the Irtish and Tobol rivers. It is surrounded by a strong brick wall, and the streets are mostly paved with wood. Irhootsh, the residence of the governor of East Siberia, is situated on the Angara, thirty miles from lake Baikal. It has several pub- lic buildings and numerous schools, and is a place of considerable commerce. Questions. How many square miles has Siberia ? Inhabitants ? Where does Siberia lie, and to whom is it subject ? What is said of its surface ? Climate and productions ? Mines ? Animals ? Inhabitants ? Bones of the Mammoth, &c. ? Tobolsk ? Irkootsk ? CHINESE EMPIRE. Square miles, 5,000,000. Population, 400,000,000. The Chinese Empire is an immense terri- tory, stretching from the center to the east- ern extremities of Asia, and occupying near- ly a third of its surface. It is the most populous empire in the world, and comprises Chinese Tartary, China, Corea, Thibet, and numerous islands. The government is despotic, and the Em- peror is styled the "Son of Heaven," and the " Father of his people." Questions. How many square miles has the Chi- nese Empire ? Inhabitants ? Describe it ? What is its government ? What is the Emperor styled ? 150 ASIA 2. CHINESE TARTARY. This extensive country consists chieflj of elevated table land, abounding with deserts and mountain ranges, and is better adapted to grazing than to tillage. The inhabitants lead a roving life, and raise large numbers of horses and cattle. It is divided into the following provinces, commencing on the east, Mantchooria, Mon- golia, Soongaria and Toorkistan. The last is the most thickly settled. Yarkand is the present capital of Chi- nese Toorkistan. It is enclosed by an earth- em rampart, and its houses are built of stone and clay, mostly of one story. It is the chief emporium of trade between the Chinese Empire and the countries west. Kashgar, the former capital of Toorkistan, is a city of considerable importance. It has manufactures of cotton goods, and articles of gold and jasper. Questions. Describe Chinese Tartary. Its inhab- itants. How is it divided ? Describe Yarkand. Kashgar. 3. COREA. Square miles, 80,000. Population, 18,000,000. The peninsula of Corea is traversed by mountains ; the climate is cold. The soil is generally fertile, and the productions are barley in the north ; wheat, cotton, rice, mil- let and hemp in the south. Gold, silver, copper, iron, rock salt and coal are found. KiNGKiTAO, the capital, is situated on the Kiang river near the center of the kingdom. Questions. How many square miles has Corea ? Inhabitants ? What is said of the surface and soil ? Productions ? Minerals ? Kingkitao ? 4. CHINA. Square miles, 1,298,000. Population, 367,633,000. China proper is a large country in the south-east of Asia. It is mountainous in the interior and west- ern parts, and slopes gradually toward the shore. The climate is cold in the north, and more mild in the south, though all parts are sub- ject to great extremes of heat and cold. The soil is fertile, especially in its rich alluvial plains, and cultivated with great care. The most noted product is tea. Eice, cotton, wheat, barley and potatoes are also extensively raised. Gold, silver, copper, iron and coal are found to some extent. The Chinese excel in the manufacture of silk and porcelain. Teas, silks and China ware are the principal exports. China has a very dense population, and is remarkable for the great antiquity of its gov- ernment, and the peculiarity of its customs. The inhabitants are mild, intelligent and industrious. Learned men are highly es- teemed, and much attention is paid to edu- cation. The religion of the Chinese is Pa- gan. The Chinese wall is the most stupendous in the world, and was built 2000 years since, as a defense against the Tartars. It is 1,500 miles in length, twenty or thirty feet high, and sufficiently wide for six horsemen to ride abreast. Peking, the capital city of China, is situ- ated on a sandy plain a hundred miles from the Yellow Sea. It consists of two contig- uous cities, separately inclosed by lofty walls. The northern, or imperial city, is occupied by the Tartars, and contains several public buildings and magnificent temples. The ASIA. 151 The great Chinese Wall. southem, or Chinese city, contains the larg- est number of inhabitants. Its entire circuit is twenty-five miles. It has considerable trade and manufactures. Canton is the greatest commercial city in China. It has a large foreign trade, and ex- ports immense quantities of tea. Thousands of its inhabitants live in boats upon the riv- er. Nanking, a large city and the ancient capital of southern China, is situated near the right bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang, about ninety miles from its mouth. It has important manufactures of crape, satin, Nan- keen cloths, artificial flowers and Indian ink. It contains the celebrated porcelain tower, which was built in the fifteenth century at a cost of over $35,000,000. The principal Chinese islands are Hainan and Formosa. Large quantities of rice, with camphor, maize, salt, sulphur, fruits and tim- ber, are exported from the latter. Questions. How many square miles has China ? "What is its population ? How is it situated ? What is said of its surface ? What is the climate and soil ? What is said of its productions ? Minerals ? Man- ufacture of silk and porcelain ? Of exports ? For what is China remarkable ? What can you say of its inhabitants? Learned men? Rehgion? The Chi- nese wall ? Describe Peking. Canton. Nanking. 5. THIBET. Square miles, 723,000. Population, 8,000,000. Thibet occupies the southern portion of the great table land of central Asia, and is walled in by lofty mountains. It has a cold, dry, healthful climate. The soil is poor, and the vegetable productions are very few. It is rich in mineral productions. Gold, silver, iron and salt are abundant. There are large numbers of cattle and sheep. A kind of goat furnishes a very fine hair for the manufacture of cashmere shawls. Lassa is the capital. The grand lama resides here, and has a magnificent temple near the city, which is constantly thronged with multitudes of worshipers. Questions. Give the number of square miles of Thibet Population. How is Thibet situated ? By 152 ASIA. what is it walled in ? "What is its surface, climate and soil ? Minerals ? What do the goats furnish ? What is said of Lassa ? 6. EMPIRE OF JAPAN. Square miles, 160,000. Population, 30,000,000. This empire includes the islands of Yesso, Niphou and Kioosioo, with several small adjacent islands. The surface is generally uneven. The coasts of the larger islands are extremely irregular, having numerous bays and gulfs. It has a changeable climate and fertile soil, producing in abundance, rice, cotton, sugar, wheat, tea and the finest fruits. Gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron and coal abound. Buffaloes and zebus are common, and used for agricultural purposes. Horses are small but excellent, and are used only by the nobility. There is a great variety of birds and insects. The Japanese belong to the Mongol race. They are divided into eight classes, prin- ces, nobles, priests, soldiers, civil officers, merchants, artisans and laborers. Many of them are very intelligent. They are skilled in agriculture and manufactures. Females |» are treated witb great respect. The government is an absolute hereditary monarchy. Their religion consists chiefly in the worship of departed spirits of good men. Yeddo, the capital, is one of the most populous cities. The houses are usually of one story, but it contains many palaces. Questions. What number of square miles has the Empire of Japan ? Inhabitants ? What does it in- clude ? What is said of the climate, soil and produc- tions ? Of Minerals ? Animals ? The Inhabitants ? How are females treated? In what consists their re- ligion ? Describe Yeddo. INDIA. India is an extensive and populous coun- try, embracing Chin-India on the east, and Hindostan on the west. It is distinguished by its numerous rivers, fertile soil, and luxuriant vegetation ; and is rich in gold, diamonds and other precious stones. Lofty and beautiful forests are numerous. Some of these are rendered almost impene- trable by vines and shrubs, and are called jungles. The elephant, tiger, lion, panther, leopard, hyena, and rhinoceros abound — also birds of beautiful plumage, and swarms of insects. Most of the inhabitants are superstitious pagans, and exceedingly degraded. Questions. What is India ? By what is it distin- guished ? In what is it rich ? What is said of the forests ? What animals are found? Describe its in- habitants. 7. FARTHER INDIA. Square miles, 1,000,000. Population, 22,000,000. Farther India, or India beyond the Gan- ges, is situated between the bay of Bengal and China Sea. Four parallel mountain chains traverse this region, from north to south, bounding the great basins of its principal rivers. It contains many rich valleys, yielding a variety of vegetable products. The climate is healthful. Agriculture is in a backward state. Kice is the principal product. Maize, cotton, sugar-cane, ginger and tropical fruits are raised to some extent. In some parts of Farther India, gold, silver, iron and copper are found. Farther India comprises the empires of ASIA. 163 Anam and Burmah, the kingdom of Siam, the peninsula of Malacca, and the British Anam extends from China and the Gulf of Tonquin, to the Gulf of Siara, and in- cludes Tonquin, Cochin China, Champa, and the east portion of Cambodia. Burmah occupies the western part of the peninsula, extending from China to the Gulf of Martaban. Siam occupies the center of the peninsula, lying between the empires of Anam and Burmah. Malacca is the most southern portion of Continental Asia, lying between the China Sea and the Strait of Malacca. It was for- merly an independent territory, but is now divided between European powers and the king of Siam. • The British possessions embrace a section of country on the east and north of the Gulf of Martaban, the southern portion of Malac- ca, and the island of Singapore. Hue, the capital of the empire of Anam, is situated on the Hue river, ten miles from the China Sea. It is surrounded by walls mounting numerous cannon, and its fortress is considered the strongest in Asia. Bangkok, the capital of Siam, is situated on both banks of the river Menam, twenty miles above its mouth. It has manufactures of tin and iron wares, and leather, and is one of the most commercial cities in Asia. MoNCHOBOO has recently become the cap- ital of the Burman Empire. Singapore^ situated on the south side of the island of the same name, is one of the prin- cipal commercial emporiums of the east. It . has an extensive trade with eastern and southern Asia, Great Britain, France, and the United States. The port is free to vessels of all kinds and nations. Questions, "What is the extent of Farther India ? Population ? How is Farther India situated ? What is said of its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Minerals ? "What does it comprise ? Describe Anam. Burmah. Siam. Malacca. British Possessions. Hue. Bangkok. Monchoboo. Singapore. 8. HINDOSTAN. Square miles, 1,280,000. Population, 150,000,000. Hindostan comprises the great central pe- ninsula of Southern Asia. It consists of a vast plain in the north, and high plateaus bounded by mountains in the south. Its soil is very fertile. The climate in the northern part is mild and agreeable. In the southern, it is op- pressively hot and often unhealthy. Eice, sugar, tobacco, opium, cotton, silk, indigo and various kinds of grain and spices, are the vegetable productions. The most delicious fruits grow spontaneously. One of the remarkable vegetable curiosi- ties of Hindostan, is the Banian, or Indian fig tree. Its limbs send downward to the earth numerous shoots, which take root and become large trunks. One tree will some- times form a grove large enough to shade several thousand persons. Its minerals are gold,* iron, coal, diamonds and other precious stones. The Hindoos have excelled in a few man- ufactures ; the embroidered shawls of the province of Cashmere being unrivaled. The population is dense, and divided into castes, which never associate or intermarry with each other. In some districts the in- habitants are intelligent and industrious, in others, ignorant and extremely degraded. Their religion is paganism. They wor- ship many thousands of deities — also the river Ganges, and various animals. 164 ASIA. ^•^^ The Banian Tree. The Britisli Government has the control of the larger portion of the country. The British also possess Ceylon, a beautiful and fertile island, abounding with fruits and spices, and valuable* for its pearl fisheries. Calcutta, the capital and largest city in Hindostan, has an extensive commerce, and is thronged with persons from all parts of the globe. Bombay, the capital of Western British India, though inferior to Calcutta and Ma- dras, has an extensive commerce, and is the chief Indian port, connected with the estab- lishment of steam navigation between India and Great Britain. Madras is situated on a sandy shore on the eastern coast. It has no harbor, but is a place of extensive trade. Benares is a wealthy city, situated on the north bank of the Ganges. It is the holy city of the Hindoos, and contains numerous mosques and temples. It is famous for its trade in diamonds. Questions. How many square miles has Hindos- tan ? Inhabitants ? "Where is it situated ? What is the surface of Hindostan ? What can you say of the soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Banian tree ? Minerals ? Manufactures ? Population ? Religion ? What objects are worshiped ? Who control most of the country? Describe Ceylon. Calcutta. Bom- bay. Madras. Benares. ASIA. 155 9. BELOOCHISTAN. Square mUes, 160,000. Population, 2,000,000. Beloochistan lies west of Hindostan, and extends six hundred miles on tlie shore of the Arabian sea. It is a mountainous country, covered chief- ly with barren wastes, and thinly populated. The climate is various, being cold in the elevated parts, and excessively hot in the val- leys. In the low and watered plains, rice, sugar-cane, cotton, indigo and tobacco are raised: in other parts, wheat, barley and fruits are the principal products. The government is despotic, and the relig- ion, Mohammedan. The inhabitants consist of Belochees and Brahoees. The Belochees are a warlike race, living by plunder. The Brahoees are mild, peaceful, and subsist on their cattle. Kelat is the principal city and capital. Questions. How many square miles has Beloo- chistan ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? De- scribe it. Climate. Productions. Government and religion. The inhabitants. Name its chief city. 10. AFGHANISTAN. Square miles, 800,000. Population, 5,000,000. Afghanistan lies directly north of Beloo- chistan, which it resembles in surface and soil. The summits of the mountains are often covered with snow, while the valleys in summer are extremely hot. It is inhabited by various tribes, of which the Afghans are the chief, and of a brave character. Arts and manufactures are in a backward state. Cabool, the capital, is beautifully situated on the Cabool river in a fertile plain, and has a delightful climate and active trade. Herat is important for its manufactures and trade. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Afghanistan? Population? Describe Afghanistan. Its inhabitants. CabooL Herat is important for what ? 11. PERSIA Square miles, 450,000. Population, 10,000,000. Persia extends from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf It consists of an exten- sive central plateau, encircled by mountain- chains on three of its sides. These with vast salt or sandy deserts, and long, arid valleys destitute of streams, are the most striking characteristics of Persia. The climate is subject to extremes of heat and cold ; only in the vales is the soil fertile. Silk of the finest quality, grains, rice, to- bacco, cotton, wines and fruits are the chief products. Agriculture receives comparatively little attention. The most elegant silks, shawls, carpets and porcelain are manufactured. The Persians are a handsome, active and warlike people. Pastoral tribes, or shepherds, who fre- quently plunder the more fertile tracts, in- habit the mountainous districts. In ancient times Persia was one of the most powerful empires of the East, but its power and influence have been much reduc- ed. The sovereign is an absolute despot. Teheran, the capital, is strongly fortified, and has an unhealthy site. It has manufac- tures of carpets and iron goods. Ispahan is a populous city, with a beauti- ful situation. Beshd is a seaport on the Cas- pian Sea. Questions. Give the number of square miles in Persia. Inhabitants. What are its striking charac- teristics ? Climate ? Chief products ? What is said of agriculture and manufactures? The Persians? Pastoral tribes ? Persia in ancient times ? Govern- ment? Teheran? Ispahan? Eeshdf 156 A S I A . Mecca. 12. ARABIA. Square miles, 834,000. Population, 10,000,000. Arabia occupies a large peninsula in the south-west of Asia. It consists chiefly of broken mountains and sandy plains, or deserts, interspersed with fertile spots; and is almost destitute of streams of water. The mountainous districts are temperate — the plains are excessively hot, and subject to a pestilential wind, called the Sirocco. In the fertile regions, coffee and fragrant spices are abundant. Dates, oranges, figs and melons grow spontaneously, and furnish the people with much of their food. The Arabian horse is fleet and beautiful. The camel is the most useful animal. The Arabs are proud, active, intelligent and hos- pitable to their guests, but rob all whom they meet in the desert. The Arabs are Mohammedans, and pre- serve the patriarchal form of government. The Bedouins are a wandering tribe, who live in the deserts and dwell in tents. They subsist principally on vegetables and the milk of their camels and as.ses. The pearl banks, in the Persian gulf, give employment to nearly thirty thousand men. Mecca, the birth place of Mohammed, is considered a sacred city, and resorted to by vast numbers of pilgrims. Medina contains the tomb of Mohammed, inclosed by magnificent mos(j^ues. It is called the " City of the Prophet." Mocha is the center of trade with Europe, and exports large quantities of coffee. Muscat^ a seaport on the Indian ocean, is the grand emporium of Eastern Arabia, and a key to the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Questions, How many square miles in Arabia ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? Of what does it consist ? What is the soil ? Climate ? Name the products. What is said of the horse ? Camel ? De- cribe the Arabs. What is their religion and govern- ment? The Bedouins. What can you say of the pearl fisheries ? Mecca ? Medina ? Mocha ? Muscat ? ASIA. 157 Mount Tabor. 13. TURKEY IN ASIA. Square miles, 538,000. Population, 10,000,000. Turkey in Asia extends from Arabia to t"he Black sea, and embraces Asia Minor and Syria. It is remarkable for having been the seat of the most thrilling occurrences recorded in the Sacred Scriptures. It is still an interesting country, and con- tains the ruins of the mighty Babylon, of Nineveh, Balbec and Jerusalem. It consists of two plateaus and an exten- sive plain. The larger plateau occupies the whole of its northern portion, and has an elevation of from four to five thousand feet ; the other includes Syria and Palestine, and lies to the east of the Mediterranean. The plain forms the lower basin of the Euphrates and Tigris. The soil and climate present many varie- ties. The river banks and valleys are very fertile, but in the south are vast arid plains, and but few productions. The summits of the mountains are covered with snow, while the valleys have a tropical climate, and pro- duce the fruits of Southern Asia. The chief products are grain, cotton, coffee and tobacco. Asiatic Turkey once was the seat of pow- erful empires. It has been conquered by one nation after another, and is now subject to the Turks. The inhabitants are ignorant and barbar- ous. They comprise a motley assemblage of Jews, Arabs, Moors, Tartars, Greeks, Turks, Armenians, &c. Syria is a country of Asiatic Turkey, bounded south by Arabia, and west by the 156 .SIA. Mediterranean, and a large part of it is very productive. The southern part of Syria is called Palestine. ^ Jerusalem, the capital of ancient Pales- tine, is celebrated as the " Holy City" of the Jews, and the scene of many important events recorded in Scripture. It retains few traces of its ancient grandeur, except the foundation stones of some of its walls, and the remains of arches, aqueducts and subter- ranean passage ways. Smymn is the most populous city of Tur- key, and has an extensive trade and com- merce. Damascus is celebrated for its anti- quity, and the fineness of its manufactures. A highly fertile and beautiful country sur- rounds it. Questions. How many square miles has Turkey in Asia ? Inhabitants ? What is its situation ? What does it embrace ? For what is it remarkable ? What is its surface, climate and soil ? Its chief products ? Of what was it once the seat ? Describe the inhabit- ants. Syria. What can you say of Jerusalem? Smyrna ? Damascus ? 15. GEORGIA. Square miles, 28,800. Population, 300,000. Georgia is usually employed to designate the whole territory claimed by the Eussians, between the Black and Caspian seas, and south of the Caucasus mountains. The central part is occupied by a large and fertile valley, having a mild and healthful climate. The soil in the valleys is very fertile, pro- ducing maize, hemp, flax, great quantities of wine and cotton, and also fine fruits. The natives are distinguished for their fine forms, and for the beauty of the women. The Georgians belong nominally to the Greek Church. TiFLis, the capital, is situated in a narrow valley on the Koor. It is the residence of the Eussian governor, and is defended by waUs and several forts. Questions. What is the extent of Georgia ? Pop- ulation ? Where is it situated ? What is its surface ? Soil ? Productions ? For what are the natives dis- tinguished ? What is said of their religion ? Tiflis ? 16. INDEPENDENT TOORKISTAN. Square miles, 720,800. Population, 4,000,000. Independent Toorkistan extends from Chi- nese Tartary to the Caspian sea, occupying the central portions of Asia. It has an elevated surface, a mild climate, and abounds with vast deserts. The southern part of Independent Toor- kistan is called Bokhara, and is far the most fertile and best cultivated section. It was formerly the seat of a powerful empire. The principal productions are cotton, silk, wool, maize and fruits. Yarious independent roving tribes inhabit it, some of whom subsist by agriculture, but more on their flocks. They are generally Mohammedans. Bokhara, the capital of the Khanat of Bokhara, is situated in a flat country, em- bosomed among the hills, and is enclosed by earthern ramparts. It has long been famous as a seat of Mohammedan learning. Questions. How many square miles in Independ- ent Toorkistan ? Inhabitants ? What is the surface and climate ? What abound ? What can you say of Bokhara ? Where is it situated ? What are the principal productions of Toorkistan? Who inhabit it ? How do they live ? Describe the city of Bokhara. GOVERNMENT AND RELIGION. ASIA. AFEIC A. States. Form of Government. Religion. States. Form of Government. Religion. Afghanistan, Absolute Monarchy ; Abyssinia, Absolute Monarchy, Corrupt Chris. divided into three Adel & Ajan, Absolute Monarchy, Pagan & Mo. chief-ships, Mohammedan. Algiers, Barca, Subject to France, Mohammedan. Subject to Turkey, Mohammedan. Arabia, Independent Chiefs, Mohammedan. Bosjesman's Coun- • II Beloochistan, Absolute Monarchy ; trt, Absolute ; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan. ruled by a Khan, Mohammedan. Cape Colony, Subject to Gt. Britain, Protestant. China, Absolute Monarchy, Pagan. CiMBEBAS, Egypt, Absolute ; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan. Absolute Monarchy, Mohammedan. Chinese Tartart, Absolute Monarchy ; Ethiopia, Absolute ; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan. chiefly subj. to China Pagan. Fezzan, Absolute; (Ind. Chiefs,) Mohammedan. COREA, Subject to China, Pagan. Hottentot Farther India, Absolute Monarchy ; a Country, Absolute ; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan & Prot. portion subject to Kaffraria, Partly subject to Great Great Britain, Pagan, Britain, and partly ab- solute ; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan. Georgia, Subject to Russia, Greek Church. Liberia, Republic, Protestant. HiNDOSTAN, Mostly subject to Great Lower Guinea, Absolute ; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan. Britain, but partly Madagascar, Absolute Monarchy, Pagan. absolute. Pagan. Morocco, Absolute Monarchy, Mohammedan. Independent MOZAMBIQUK, Absolute; (Ind. ChiefsJ subject to Portugal, Pagan. TOORKISTAN, Absolute Monarchy; Natal, Colony of Gt. Britain, Pagan. governed by Inde- Nubia, Subject to Egypt, Mohammedan. pendent Chiefs, Mohammedan. Seneqambia, Absolute Monarchy, Pagan & Mo. 1 Japan, Absolute Monarchy, Pagan. Sierra Leonb, British Colony, Protestant. SOODAN, Absolute ; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan & Mo. Persia, Absolute Monarchy, Mohammedan. Tripoli, Absolute Monarchy ; Siberia, Subject to Russia, Greek Church. subject to Turkey, Mohammedan. Stria, Subject to Turkey, Mohammedan and Jewish. Tunis, Absolute Monarchy ; subject to Turkey, Mo.& Catholic. Thibet, Subject to China, Pagan. Upper Guinea, Zanguebar, Absolute ; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan. Absolute; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan & Mo. TUKKET, Absolute Monarchy, Mohammedan. ZOOLOO COVNTKY Absolute; (Ind. Chiefs,) Pagan. % • y AFRICA. SQUARE MILES, 12,000,000. POPULATION, 60,000,000. KEY TO MA.1^ NO. 8 COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. I Morocco, 1 Morocco, 2 Rabatt, 3 Mequinez, 4 2 Algiers, Fez. 1 Algiers, 2 Oran, Boiia. Constantine, 4 3 Tunis, 1 Tunis, 2 Kairwan. 4 Beled el Jereed, i Tooggoort. 5 Tripoli, l Tripoli, 2 Mesurata. 1 Derne, 2 Bengazi. 6 Barca, 7 Egypt, 8 Nubia, 1 Cairo, 2 Alexandria, Damietta, 6 Sioot. Rosetta, 4 1 New Dongola, 2 Khartoom, 3 Sen- naar. 9 Abyssinia, l Gondar, 2 Massowah, 3 Antalo. 10 Adel and Ajan, l Berbkra, 2 Zeyla. 11 Zanguebar, or Essawah.il, l Maqadoxo, 2 Mombas. 12 Mozambique, l Mozambiquk, 2 Quilimane, 3 Sofala. 13 Zooloo Country. 14 Natal, l Pietermaritzbueo. 15 KafiVaria. 16 Bosjesman's Country, 1 Kurrichane, 2 Lat- takoo. 17 Cape Colony, l Cape Towk, 2. Graham's Town, 8 Georgetown. 18 Hottentot. i 19 Cimbebas. 20 Lower Guinea, l Loango, 2 San Salvador, 3 St. Paul's de Loanda, 4 New Ben- guela. 21 Upper Guinea, l Coomassie, 2 Abomey, in. 4 Abbeokoota. Ben- 22 Liberia, l Monrovia. 23 Sierra Leone, l Freetowk. 24 Senegambia, l Bathurst, 2 St. Louis, 3 Teemboo. 25 Pezzan, 26 Soodan, 27 Ethiopia. 1 MooRzooK, 2 Zueela. 1 Kemmoo, 2 Sego, 3 Timbuctoo, 4 Sac- CATOO, 5 KoBBE, 6 Obeid, 7 Booda, 8 Katunga, 9 Kano, 10 Angornou. 28 Madagascar, l Tananarivoo, 2 Tamatav, 3 Man- anzary. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BATS. 1 Indian Ocean, 2 Atlantic Ocean, 8 Mediterranean Sea, 4 Gulf of Cabes, 5 Gulf of Sidra, 6 Red Sea, 1 Gulf of Aden, 8 Delagoa Bat, 9 Algoa Bat, 10 St. Helena Bat, 11 Cruz Bat, 12 "Walvisch BaTj 13 Great Fish Bat, 14 Gulf of Guinea, 15 Bight of Biafra, 16 Bight of Benin, 17 Antongill Bat, 18 Bembatooka Bat. 162 AFR ICA. STRAITS, CHANNELS AND SOUNDS. MOUNTAINS, DESERTS AND OASES. 19 Strait op Gibraltar, 61 Atlas, 20 Strait of Bab-el-Mandkb, 62 MiLTSEEN, 21 MozAiiBiQUE Channel. 63 Kong, 64 Cameroon's, 65 Mts. of the Moor, 66 Abba Yaret, ISLANDS. 67 Kenia, 22 Abd-el-Curia, 68 KiLIMANDJARO, 23 Socotra, 69 Radama, 24 Seychelles Islands, 70 Red, 25 Amirante Islands, 71 LUPATA, 26 Pemba, 72 Snow, 27 Zanzibar, 73 Crystal, 28 MONFIA, 74 Sahara Desert, 29 Comoro, 75 Libyan Desert, 30 Madagascar, 76 Nubian Desert, 31 Mauritips, 77 Desert of Challkhengi, 32 Bourbon, 78 Oasis of Seewah, S3 St. Helena, 79 Oasis of Tuat, 34 Ascension, 80 Oasis of Tibesti, 35 Annobon, 81 Oasis of Bilmah, 36 St. Thomas, 82 Oasis of Agadkz. 37 Fringe's, 88 Fernando To, 39 Cape Verde Islands, 40 Canary Islands, LAKES, 41 Madeira Islands, 83 Melqig, 42 Azores Islands. 84 Sibkah, 85 Tchad, 86 Fittrk, 87 Dembea, ISTHMUS AND CAPES, 88 Ukerewe, 43 Isthmus of Suez, 89 Nyassi or Marati, 44 Bon, 90 Ngami, 45 GUARDAFUI, 91 Debo. 46 Orfui, 47 Bassas, 48 Delgado, 49 Ambro, RIVERS. 50 St. Mary, 92 Nile, 51 Corrientes, 93 White, 52 Agulhas, 94 GOJEB, 53 Good Hope, 95 Blue, 54 Cross, 96 Tacazzi, 55 Frio, 97 Haines, 56 Palmas, 98 Juba, 57 Verde, 99 Ozi, 58 Blanco, 100 Sabaki, 59 BOJADOB, 101 Matoni, 60 Noon. 102 Zambezi, 103 Orange, 1 II AFRICA- 163 104 Vaal, 105 Bembarouohe, 106 COANZA, 107 Ambriz, 108 Ck)NGO, 109 Umbrk, 110 Niger, 111 Chadda, 112 VOLTA, 113 St. Paul's. 114 Rio Grande, 115 Gambia, 116 Senegal, 11*7 Yeoo, 118 Shary, 119 Missel AD. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF AFEICA. Bound Africa. In what Zones is it situated ? Point out its chief divisions on the map. What states border on the Mediterranean Sea? On the Red ? On the Indian Ocean ? Atlantic ? What What OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS, What Ocean east of Africa ? 1. West ? 2. sea north ? 3. Between Africa and Asia ? 6. gulfs north of Africa ? 4, 5. What gulf north of Adel and Ajan ? 7. What bay south of Mozambique ? 8. South of Cape Colony? 9. West? 10. West of Hottentot Country? 11. West of Lower Guinea? 13.. What gulf south of Upper Guinea? 14. What strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea? 19. Red? 20. What channel between Mozambique and Madagascar ? 21. ISLANDS. Which are the most important islands east of Afri- ca ? 23, 29-32. Which are the principal islands in the Atlantic Ocean west of Africa? S3, 34^ 39-42. ISTHMUS AND CAPES. What isthmus connects Africa with Asia ? 43. Which is the most northern cape of Africa ? 44. Eastern? 45. Southern? 52. Western? 57. What capes on the eastern coast south of Cape Guardafui ? 46-48, 61. Which is the most northern cape of Mad- agascar? 49. Southern? 50. What capes on the coast ofCimbebas? 54, 55. On the coast of Liberia? 56. On the western coast north of Cape Verde ? 58-60 MOUNTAINS, DESERTS AND OASES. What mountains in the north of Africa? 61. What mountains in the east? 66-68, 71. North of Ethiopia? 65. North of Cape Colony? 72. East of Lower Guinea? 73. North of Upper Guinea? 63. What mountains on the island of Madagascar ? 69, 70. What large desert north of Soodan ? 74. South of Barca ? 75. In Nubia ? 76. Mention the principal oases in the Desert of Sahara. 79-82. What desert in the southern part of Ethiopia ? 77. LAKES AND RIVERS. Which is the largest lake in Soodan ? 85. In Ethi- opia? 89. What river flows into the Mediterranean ? 92. What are its principal branches ? 93, 95, 96. What are the principal rivers flowing into the In- dian Ocean? 98-102. Into the Atlantic? 103, 105- 108, 110, 112-116. What rivers flow into Lake Tchad ? 117, 118, What one into Lake Fittre? 119. 164 AFRICA. DESCKIPTIYE GEOGRAPHY. Africa is wholly surrounded by sea, ex- cept where the Isthmus of Suez connects it with Arabia. It has a coast line of Upwards of fifteen thousand miles, but it is nowhere indented by any great gulf or bay, except the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast. It is about 6,000 miles in extreme length, and 4,800 in its greatest breadth, containing 12,000,000 square miles. It has three principal ranges of mountains, and numerous extensive deserts ; but it is almost destitute of large gulfs, bays and in- land seas, and has few rivers and lakes. The climate of Africa is exceedingly hot, and rain seldom falls. Most of it lies in the torrid zone, and is subject to scorching winds. The well watered sections are exceedingly fertile, and yield the richest tropical pro- ducts. The deserts are barren tracts of dry, burning sand. It has rich mines of gold ; and iron, cop- per and salt are found in some parts. Africa contains a great variety of wild an- imals. The principal are the lion, leopard, camelopard, elephant, rhinoceros, hippopota- mus, panther, hyena, zebra, and antelope. The most useful animals are the camel and the ass. The former requires little food, while it supplies the owner with milk. There is a great variety of birds, of which the ostrich is the largest, and dwells in the deserts. The vulture is next in size and very ferocious. Monkeys, insects, reptiles, and enormous serpents and alligators are also very numer- ous. Northern Africa is chiefly inhabited by Europeans, who are generally Mohamme- dans, and in various stages of civilization. Negroes inhabit the central and southern parts, most of whom are Pagans, and live in a barbarous state. Africa contained in ancient times many wealthy and enlightened nations, and is dis- tinguished for its antiquities. Questions. What is the position of Africa ? "What is said of its coast ? What is the size of Africa ? What is said of its mountains, deserts, gulfs, bays, &c. ? Climate ? Soil and productions ? Minerals ? Wild animals ? Useful animals ? Birds ? Other animals ? By whom is Africa inhabited ? What did Africa formerly contain ? BARBARY STATES. These border the Mediterranean Sea, and comprise the states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and the districts of Barca and Beled-el-Jereed. They are traversed by the Atlas mountains, and contain elevated table lands. The climate is warm, the soil fertile, and the productions resemble those of southern Europe. Noxious animals and ferocious lions, pan- thers and hyenas, also serpents and scorpions of the most deadly venom, roam here. Agriculture is not well understood, and manufactures and commerce are very limited. The inhabitants are chiefly Moors, Jews, Berbers, and Arabs. 1. MOROCCO. Square miles, ^222,000. Population, 8,500,000. Morocco, the ancient Mauritania, includes the kingdom of Morocco, Fez and Tafilet. AFRICA. 165 The Date Palm. It yields an abundance of fruit and grain, and is noted for the manufacture of morocco leather. Horses, cattle and sheep are numer- ous. From the latter, wool of the. finest quality is obtained in large quantities. Morocco, the capital, is situated in a fertile plain, and is surrounded by a wall thirty feet in height. The streets are narrow, irregular and unpaved. It contains many elegant mosques. Fez was formerly an important city, but is now much decayed. It has a variety of manufactures of the common articles of clothing. It contains upwards of two hun- dred mosques. 2. ALGIERS. Square miles, 90,000. Population, 2,500,000. Algiers, formerly called Numidia, is a mountainous country, lying on the Mediter- ranean, east of Morocco. It has a very variable though salubrious climate, and a soil which is rendered fertile by irrigation. The principal productions are figs, pomegranates, oranges, lemons and dates. It has extensive coral fisheries. It is now a French colonial province, un- der the supreme power of a governor-gen- eral, appointed by the French government. Algiers^ the capital, is strongly fortified, 166 AFRICA. and has some commerce. It is rapidly im- proving in its appearance. 8. TUNIS. Square miles, 70,000. Population, 2,500,000, Tunis, the ancient Carthage, lies next east of Algiers, and is the most fertile and flour- ishing of the Barbary States. Owing to the extortions of government, agriculture is very much neglected. It is rich in mineral products. The government, is nominally tributary to the Turkish sultan. Tunis, the capital, is about twelve miles from the ruins of Carthage, and one of the finest cities in Africa. It has an extensive trade. 4. BELED EL JEREED. Square miles, 140,000. Population, 500,000. Beled el Jereed is a narrow but extensive tract of land, lying between the Atlas moun- tains and the Grreat Desert. The soil is gen- erally sterile, but the country contains sev- eral oases fertile in dates. It is inhabited by nomadic tribes. 5. TRIPOLI. Square miles, 105,000. Population, 1,500,000. Tripoli is a barren and thinly populated state. Much of its surface is a desert, but some of its plains are very fertile. On these rich crops of wheat, barley, millet and In- dian corn are grown. The government is an unlimited and bar- barous despotism. Tripoli, the capital, is situated on the Med- iterranean, and has a good harbor. 6. BARCA. Square miles, 35,000. Population, 300,000. Barca is a maritime country, east of Tri- poli. It is fertile along the coast, but the interior and southern part is desert. It has no permanent rivers, but numerous moun- tain torrents. It belongs to Tripoli. Derne is the capital. Questions. Name the Barbary States. Give the square miles and population of each. What is said of their surface ? Climate, soil, &c. ? Noxious ani- mals ? Agriculture, &c. ? Inhabitants ? Describe Morocco. Its productions and manufac- tures. Its animals. Its capital. Fez. Algiers. Its climate and soil. Productions. Government. Its capital. Tunis. Its agriculture. Minerals. Govern- ment. Its capital. Beled-el-Jereed. Tripoli. Its government. Its capital. Barca. Derne. 7. EGYPT. Square miles, 180,000. Population, 2,890,000. Egypt, a country in the north-eastern part of Africa, comprises the narrow valley of the Nile, with extensive deserts on either side. This valley, throughout its whole ex- tent, is hemmed in on both sides by contin- uous chains of hills. Those on the east side approach more closely to the river. The climate is remarkable for its uni- formity. In the upper part, rain is hardly known, but the Nile overflows its banks, leaving behind a rich loam that annually yields two or three crops. Eice, cotton, wheat, maize, barley, durra, a kind of grain, and fruits grow in great luxuriance. Considerable attention is given to agricul- ture, though the system of husbandry is probably the same now that it was thou- sands of years ago. Much trade is carried on by means of AFRICA. 107 The Sphynx and Pyramids. caravans. Canals have been constructed, and a railroad extends from Alexandria to Cairo. Egypt is governed by a Pasha, subject to Turkey, who encourages education and the arts. The prevailing religion is the Moham- medan. Egypt was anciently a wealthy and pow- erful kingdom. Many stupendous ruins of its former glory still remain. Pyramids, obelisks and catacombs are scattered over the country. The largest pyramid is near Cairo. It is 500 feet high and covers eleven acres. The ruins of Thebes extend several miles, 'and are among the most magnijScent in the world. Cairo, the capital, is the largest city in Af- rica and the center of trade with Europe and Asia. The streets are narrow, crooked, ill- paved and unfit for the passage of carriages. Alexandria was once renowned in the arts and sciences. It is the principal seaport of Egypt and connected by means of steam- vessels with the chief ports of the Mediter- ranean. Questions. What is the extent of Egypt ? Pop- ulation? What does Egypt comprise? What is said of the valley of the Nile ? What is said of the climate? Rains? Productions? Agriculture and trade ? Government and religion ? What was Egypt anciently ? Describe the pyramid near Cairo. Ruins of Thebes. Cairo. Alexandria. 168 AFRICA. 8. NUBIA. Square miles, 300,000. Population, 500,000. Nubia is situated south of Egypt, on the shore of the Eed Sea. It consists chiefly of mountains and sandy deserts. The cultivated portion occupies the narrow valley of the Nile, and yields cotton, barley, tobacco and palm trees. The climate is hot and dry, but healthful. The Nubians belong to the Arabian and Ethiopian races. They are of a dark-brown complexion ; bold, frank, cheerful and sim- ple in manners. Nubia is divided into petty kingdoms, subject to the pasha of Egypt. Magnificent ruins abound, the principal one of which is the temple of Ipsambul, which is cut out of a solid rock. It is sup- posed to be 2000 years old, but is in a state of complete preservation. New Dongola, the capital, is important as a military depot and place of trade. Khartoom, the capital of a province of Nubia, is regularly built and very flourishing. Questions. How many square miles has Nubia? What is its population? What is the surface of Nubia? Productions? Climate? Who inhabit it ? How divided? What is said of its ruins? New Dongola and Khartoom ? 9. ABYSSINIA. Square miles, 250,000. Population, 280,000. Abyssinia comprised in the ancient Ethi opia, is a country of East Africa, south of Nubia. It is a mountainous country, with an agreeable climate and fertile soil. Wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, a small grain called teff, fruits and honey are the chief products. The minerals are iron ore, rock-salt and gold. Ivory and gold are the principal exports. The inhabitants are Jews, Arabs and Negroes. Their religion is a curious mix- ture of the Jewish and Pagan religions. The government is divided up among sev- eral petty states. GoNDAR, the capital city, is twenty miles from lake Dembea ; it contains a ruined pal- ace and was formerly a royal residence, but is now a meanly built town. Massoiuah, the principal seaport town, is on a small island in the Eed sea. Questions. What is the extent of Abyssinia? Population ? . How is Abyssinia situated ? What is the surface? Climate and soil? What are the pro- ductions? Minerals? Exports? What is said of the inhabitants ? The government ? Gondar ? Mas- sowah ? EASTERN AFRICA. Eastern Africa comprises all the coast between Abyssinia and the Tropic of Cap- ricorn. In consequence of the excessive heat, numerous wild animals and ferocious natives, it has been little explored. 10. ADEL AND AJAN. Adel and Ajan are noted for their gold, ivory, frankincense and myrrh. Berhera is a seaport station on a bay of the gulf of Aden. An annual fair is held here from October till April, at which from ten to twenty thousand people assemble. Zeyla stands on a low sandy cape on the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. 11. ZANGUEBAR. Zanguebar contains several independent states,and has a number of unimportant towns. AFRICA. f^^ African Dwellings. The trade is chiefly in the hands of the Arabs. Magadoxo is a maritime town, enclosed by stone walls, and divided into two parts, one composed wholly of tombs. 12. MOZAMBIQUE. This state nominally belongs to the Por- tuguese. Its trade consists principally in gold and ivory. Mozambique, the residence of the Portu- guese Governor, is situated on an island near the coast. It has a good anchorage for ships. Questions. What does Earlem Africa comprise? What has prevented its being explored? For what are Adeland Ajan noted? Describe Berbera, Zeyla, Zanguebar. What is said of the trade ? Magadoxo ? Mozambique ? Describe Mozambique. SOUTHERN AFRICA. Southern Africa includes Zooloo Country, Natal, Kaffraria, Bosjesman's Country, Cape Colony, and Hottentot Country. 13. ZOOLOO COUNTRY. This is a small extent of territory, and lies south of Mozambique. 14 NATAL. Natal, a colonial possession of Great Brit- ain, lies south of Zooloo Country. The surface is undulating, well-watered, the soil generally fertile, and the climate healthy. Cotton and indigo grow wild. The other productions are coffee, sugar, wheat and tobacco. Iron is abundant, and a superior kind of coal is found. PiETERMAKiTZBUBG, the Capital, Is fifty miles inland. 15. KAFFRARIA, Kaffraria, a country in South-eastern Africa, is level near the coast ; the western portion is varied. The soil is generally fertile. The principal productions are maize, millet and melons. ITO AFRICA. The Kaffres are tall and well-formed. Their color is a dark gray. The men are chiefly engaged in war, and in the care of their cattle. 16. BOSJESMAN'S COUNTRY. This country lies north-west of Natal and Kaffraria. The inhabitants, a race of Hottentots, are of small stature and of a savage disposition. 17. CAPE COLONY. Cape Colony, occupying the southern extrem- ity of Africa, consists of several plateaus and mountain ranges, rising one above another. The climate is changeable; the alternations of heat and cold being frequently great and sudden. The soil is fertile on the coast, and produ- ces an abundance of grain, fruits and good pasturage. Large herds of cattle are kept by the farmers, or boors. Cape Colony belongs to Great Britain, and is inhabited by English, Dutch and Hottentots. Cape Town, the capital, is a fortified sea- port, regularly laid out, with broad streets lined with shade trees. It nas a royal ob- servatory and other public buildings, and is visited annually by a large number of vessels. 18. HOTTENTOT COUNTRY. The Hottentots are stupid and degraded. The wild Hottentots, called Bushmen, are a miserable race, living like wild beasts, and subsisting on roots, insects and reptiles. Questions. What does South Africa include? What is said of the Zooloo Country? JNatal? Its surface, soil and climate? Productions? Minerals? Pietermaritzburg ? jesman's Country ? Its climate? Soil? scribe Cape Town. Kaflfraria ? The Kaffres ? Bos- The inhabitants ? Cape Colony ? To whom does it belong ? De- The Hottentots. WESTERN AFRICA. Western Africa embraces the coast from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Great Desert It is remarkable for its fertility, luxuriant vegetation and vast numbers of wild ani- mals. It is inhabited by degraded Negroes, many of whom worship reptiles. They are sub- ject to vindictive chiefs. Cimbebas, Lower and Upper Guinea, Li- beria, Sierra Leone and Senegambia, are its divisions. , 19. CIMBEBAS. Cimbebas lies north of Cape Colony, and is but little known. It is inhabited by an inoffensive farming community, who reside chiefly in the interior. 20. LOWER GUINEA. This is a fertile and thickly populated coun- try, embracing a number of different states. The northern part is little known. The central and southern portions belong to the Portuguese. The trade consists of ebony, palm-oil, gold-dust and slaves. Its principal divisions are Loango, Congo, Angola and Benguela. The palm tree is the most useful production. 21. UPPER GUINEA. This state is situated between the Kong AFRICA. 171 Ant-hUls of the White Ant. mountains and the Gulf of Guinea, and contains several native kingdoms. It has a large trade in slaves, gold-dust and ivory. Most of its inhabitants are deeply degraded and ferocious. Thousands of human beings are sometimes sacrificed at the death of a king. The British, Dutch, and Danes, have sev- eral small garrisons on the coast. 22. LIBERIA. Square miles, 25,000. Population, 250,000. Liberia lies on the coast, west of Upper Guinea. It is well-watered and the soil is fertile, producing cotton, coffee, sugar-cane, dye-woods and fruits. It was established by the American Col- onization Society in 1821, ars a home for emancipated and free negroes. It is a republic, the government consisting of a president, vice president, senate, and a house of representatives. Monrovia is the capital and principal town, and has a number of schools, churches and a public library. 23, SIERRA LEONE. Square miles, 25,000. Population, 45,000. This is a small British settlement, made in 1787, for the purpose of putting a stop to the slave trade, and civilizing Africa. Freetown, the capital, is regularly built, and contains the government offices, barracks and various schools. lU 172 AFRICA. Monrovia. 24. SENEGAMBIA. This extensive region in Western Africa, includes all the countries lying on the Sen- egal and Gambia rivers. The climate is ex- tremely hot, and the soil well watered and fertile. The principal productions are palm oil, ivory, gold-dust and gums. It is densely populated, and trades in ivory and gold-dust, with the English, French and Portuguese, who have settlements on the coast 25. FEZZAN. Fezzan is a kingdom of Africa, bounded on all sides by the Sahara, or Great Desert, except on the north. The northern part consists of ranges of mountains perfectly barren; in the south, sandy plains, destitute of vegetation, alter- nate with low hills and valleys, which contain all the cultivated soil in the country. The principal products are dates, figs, pomegranates and garden vegetables. It has considerable trade, carried on by caravans. The country is governed by a chief with the rank of Sultan. Questions. "What does Western Africa embrace ? For what is it remarkable ? By whom is it inhabited ? "What are its principal divisions? Describe Cimbe- bas. Lower Guinea. What are its principal divis- ions ? Describe Upper Guinea. What is said of its trade ? Inhabitants ? How is Liberia situated ? When was it colonized ? What is its government ? Describe Monrovia. Sierra Leone. Freetown. What is said of Senegambia? Climate rf* Soil? Produc- tions ? Trade ? How is Fezzan situated ? What is said of the surface and soil ? Productions ? Trade ? How is it governed ? CENTRAL AFRICA. This section includes all the interior of Africa south of the Great Desert, embracing Ethiopia and Soudan. AFRICA. 173 26. SOUDAN. Soudan has been only partially explored. It is a large, fertile and populous tract, em- bracing the valley of the Niger, and abounds with valuable tropical products. It is divided into a large number of states, ruled by petty chiefs, called kings. The inhabitants are generally humane and industrious. There are a number of large cities, of which Timbuctoo is the most important. 27. ETHIOPIA. This is a vast country in Central Africa, lying soijth of the Mountains of the Moon. It is for the most part an unexplored and unknown region. Eecent travelers have represented the country as extremely popu- lous, containing regularly organized gov- ernments. Questions. What does Central Africa include? "What is said of Soudan ? How is it divided ? What is said of Ethiopia ? AFRICAN ISLANDS. 28. MADAGASCAR. This island is in the Indian ocean about one hundred miles from Africa. It is 1,000 miles in length with an average breadth of 240 miles, having an area a little larger than France. It is low and level on the coast, and in the interior, mountainous. The heat in the low lands is often intense, and rains are nearly constant, rendering the climate of the coast very unhealthful both^to natives and Eu- ropeans. In the interior it is salubrious. Its- vegetable productions are rich and varied, containing many species of plants not found elsewhere. Cotton, sugar-cane, tobac- co, hemp and rice are cultivated. Ginger, pepper and indigo grow wild in the woods. It has also a variety of fruits, among which are the orange, peach, citron and mulberry. The population appears to have sprung from different races, but has a perfect unity of language. Though nearly in a barbarous condition, the people have manufactures of iron utensils and of cloths. The government is a monarchical des- potism. The religion is pagan. Tananarivoo, the capital, is near the center of the island. It is little known by Europeans, but is reported to be large, and to have manufactures of gold and silver chains, and of silk stuffs. Bourbon and Mauritius are fertile isl- ands. . Coffee and sugar are the chief pro- ducts. Bourbon has a volcano constantly burning. Seychelles and Amirante Islands are dependencies of Mauritius. Both produce cotton and cocoa-nuts. Pemba, Zanzibar and Monfia are fer- tile islands belonging to Muscat. SocoTRA, an island in the Indian ocean, one hundred and twenty miles from cape Guardafui, is inhabited principally by the Bedouins. It produces aloes of the finest quality. It belongs to the Sultan of Keshin. \u AFRICA. The Peak of Tcnoriflc The chief islands on the western coast are the Azores, Madeira, Canary, and Cape Yerde islands. Excepting the Cape Yerde Islands, they have a mild, healthful climate, a fertile soil, and produce wine and various kinds of grain and fruits in abundance. The Island of St. Helena is noted as the place of Napoleon's exile and death. Questions, What is Madagascar ? Its size ? Surface ? Climate ? Productions ? What, is said of the Poiiulation? Manufactures? Government? Religion ? Tananarivoo ? What is said of Bourbon and Mauritius ? Sey- chelles and Amirante ? Pemba ? Zanzibar and Mon- fia ? Socotra ? What are the principal islands on the western coast ? AVhat is said of their climate, soil, &c ? For what is St, Helena noted ? QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 175 QUESTIONS FOE EXAMIKATION AlsTD EEYIEW, ON NORTH AMEBICA, SOUTH AMEKICA EUEOPE, ASIA, AND AFKICA. How 13 North America bounded? What is the latitude of Washington? Montreal? What is the longitude of Cape Race ? Of the mouth of the Co- lumbia ? In what zone is British America ? Mexico ? What divisions extend from the Atlantic to the Pa- cific Oceans ? How is Montreal situated ? Toronto ? Which of the United States border on the Atlantic Ocean ? Which on Lake Erie ? What are the prin- cipal agricultural productions of the Southern States ? Which is the largest city in New England? What are the principal Atlantic seaports of the United States ? What seaports On the Pacific ? For what is Pennsylvania distinguished? What are the prin- cipal productions of Georgia ? What do the Western States comprise ? What mountains in Mexico ? What are the principal productions of Mexico ? What are the four largest of the West India Islands ? What are the productions of Cuba ? How is South America bounded? Name each division and its capital Which is the largest division ? Which has no sea-coast ? What mountains extend the whole length of South America ? Mention the principal peaks of the Andes. What rivers in Guiana ? What are the principal tributaries of the Orinoco? Of the Amazon? Of the La Plata ? What are the chief agricultural productions of Brazil? What are the exports of Uruguay? For what is Bolivia noted? What are the productions of Peru? For what is Ecuador remarkable ? How is Europe bounded ? What divisions of Europe border on the Atlantic? What on the North Sea? What on the Mediterranean ? Which is the largest division? What sea between Sweden and Russia? What sea between Turkey and Italy? What gulfs connect directly with the Baltic Sea? With the Mediterranean ? Where are the Scandinavian Movm- tains? The Alps? Pyrenees? Where is Mount Vesuvius ? Mount /Etna ? Where is Lake Wener ? Constance ? What are the principal rivers of Eng- land? Of Sweden? Of Prussia? What are the tributaries of the Danube ? Where is the source of the Rhine ? The Rhone ? Into what body of water docs the Ebro flow ? Th6 Loire? TlieElbe? What are the mineral productions of Sweden ? What is the government ? How is Stockholm situated ? What is the climate of Russia ? What can you say of its commerce ^ What is the latitude of St. Petersburg ? How is Vienna situated ? What does Turkey com- prise? Describe the Turks. What was ancient Greece? Of what does Italy consist? How is it divided ? What is the surface of France ? What are its chief productions? The minerals? What is the character of the French ? What is the climate of Spain ? Describe Madrid. How is Lisbon sit- uated ? What is the climate of England ? What can you say of its agriculture? Manufactures? Commerce? For what is Scotland noted? What does the Germanic confederation comprise ? How is Frankfort situated ? What is the climate of Holland ? What are the chief productions of Denmark ? How is Copenhagen situated ? What is said of the scenery in Switzerland ? Bound Asia. What division of Asia is crossed by the Arctic Circle ? What divisions by the Tropic of Cancer ? What seas on the east of Asia ? What seas on the west ? Where is the Bay of Bengal ? What are the principal mountains in the Chinese Empire ? In Hindostan ? Where is Mount Sinai ? Ararat ? Where is Lake Baikal ? Lop Nor ? What rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean ? Into the Yellow Sea? Bay of Bengal? What is the climate of Sibe- ria ? What are its minerals ? What is the most n6ted product of China? How is Peking situated? To what race do the Japanese belong ? What are the characteristics of the Mongol race ? For what is India distinguished ? What does Farther India com- prise ? How is Singapore situated ? What remark- able tree is found in Hindostan ? In what have the Hindoos excelled ? What are the chief products of Persia? The manufactures? For what is Turkey remarkable? What ruins does it contain? By whom is Toorkistan inhabited ? Bound Africa. What is the latitude of the Cape of Good Hope ? What is the longitude of the Strait of Bab el Mandeb ? For what is Egypt remarkable ? What are the principal productions of the Barbary States ? Describe Madagascar. What countries of Africa are subject to Great Britain ? What is known of Ethiopia ? OCEANICA. SQUARE MILES, 4,400,000. POPULATION, 23,5Q0,000. KEY TO M^F* ISrO. 9. OCEANS AND SEAS. 1 Pacific Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean, 8 China Sea, 4 Coral Sea. ISLANDS. 1 Polynesia. 5 BoNiN Islands, 6 Magellan's Archipelago, 7 Guadalupe, 8 Anson's Archipelago, 9 Sandwich Islands, 10 Oahu, 11 Hawaii, or Owhtheb, 12 Palmyras, 13 America Islands, 14 Christmas, 15 Marquesas Islands, 16 Nookaheeta, 17 St. Paul's, 18 Easter, 19 Ducie, aO PiTCAIRN 21 Gambier Islands, 22 Pearl Islands, 23 Palliser Islands, 24 Society Islands, 25 Tahiti, 26 Austral Islands, 27 Cook's Islands, 28 Kermadec Islands, 29 Friendly Islands, 30 Hapai Islands, 81 Tonga Islands, 82 Fekjee Islands, 83 Navigator Islands, 84 Central Archipelago, 85 Mitchell's Islands, 86 De Peyster's Islands, 37 Taswkll's Islands, ' 88 Gilbert's Archipelago, 89 Scarborough's Range, 40 MuLGRAVE Islands, 41 Radack Islands, 42 Caroline Islands, 43 Ulalan, 44 Strong's, 45 Torres, 46 Mortlock Islands, 47 Hall Islands, 48 Egoi Islands, 49 Pelew Islands, 60 St. Andrew's Islands, 61 Ladrone Islands. 2 Australasia. 52 Australia, T Towns. 3 North Australia. 4 New South Wales, l Brisbane, 2 Sydney. 5 Victoria, 3 Melbourne, 4 Portland. e South Australia, 5 Adelaide. 7 West Australia, 6 Albany, 7 Freemantle. Perth. 63 Melville, 64 Arroo Islands, 65 New Guinea, 66 Admiralty Islands, 67 New Ireland, 68 New Britain, 69 louisiade, 60 New Georgia, 61 Solomon's Archipblaoo, 62 Rennel Islands, 63 Egmont, 64 New Hebrides, 65 New Caledonia, 66 Norfolk, 178 OCEANICA. 6*7 New Zealand, 68 New Ulster, 69 New Munsteb, 70 N«:w Leinster, 71 Chatham, 72 Van Diemen's Land, 1 HoBART Town. 8 Malaysia. Towns. 73 Sumatra, 1 Acheen, 2 Padang, 3 Pa- lembang, 4 Bencoolen. 74 Banca, 75 Jata, 1 Batatia, 2 Samarang. 76 Borneo, 1 Borneo, 2 Banjermassin, 3 Sarawak. 77 Celebes, 1 Macassar. 78 SooLOO Islands, 79 Philippine Islands, 80 Luzon, 1 Manilla. 81 Samar, 82 MiNDORO, 83 Palawan, 84 Mindanao, 85 Sangir, 86 Spice Islands, 87 GiLOLO, 88 Timor, 89 Flores, 90 Sandalwood, 91 SUMBAWA, 92 Bally Islands, 93 Keeling. GULFS AND BAYS. 94 Cambridge Gulf, 95 Gulf of Carpentaria, 96 Halifax Bat, 97 Botany Bat, 98 Spencer's Gulf, 99 Shark's Bay, 100 Bay of Islands, 101 Bay of Plenty. STRAITS. 102 Malacca, 103 SUNDA, 104 Macassar, 106 Torres, 106 Bass, 107 Cook, 108 Foveaux. CAPES. 109 Engano, 110 Rodney, 111 York, 112 Flattery, 113 Townsend, 114 Sandy, 115 Howe, 116 Chatham, 117 Leeuwin, 118 North West, 119 Leteque, 120 bougaintille, 121 Maria Van Diem en. MOUNTAINS. 122 Mt. Ophib, 123 Blue, 124 Australian Alps, 125 Mt. Kilauea. LAKES. 126 TORRENS. RIVERS. 127 Ltnd, 128 MURRAT, 129 Darling, 130 Lachlan, 131 Swan. OCEANICA. 1*79 SANDWICH, OR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1 Nihau. 2 Kauhai. CAPES. 1 KoOLAU, 2 Kahaka, 3 Hana, 3 Oahu, 1 Honolulu. 4 Upola. 4 Molokai. 2 Lahaina, 3 Wairukil. 5 Maui, 6 Lanai. MOUNTAINS. 7 Kahoolawe. 6 Mauna Kka, 8 Hawaii, 4 HUo, 6 Kaaha, 6 Kealakeakua. 6 Kilauea, 1 Mauna Loa. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF OCEANICA. In what two oceans are the islands of Oceanica situated ? Which are the three grand divisions of Oceanica ? What part of Oceanica constitutes Malaysia? Australasia ? Polynesia ? What are the principal islands in Polynesia ? What archipelago is crossed hy the equator ? 34. What groups between the equator and 10^ north latitude ? 13, 39, 42. What two archipelagoes are crossed by the tropic of Cancer ? 6, 8. What' are the principal groups in Polynesia south of the equator? 15, 24, 28, 29, 33. Which is the largest island in Australasia ? 52. What are the divisions of Australia ? What large island north of Australia ? 55. What south? 72. Southeast? 67. East? 65. What islands in Australasia east of New Guinea ? 61. What three large islands in Malaysia are crossed by the equator ? 73, 76, 77. What group of islands northeast of Borneo ? 79. East of Celebes ? 86. What large island southeast of Sumatra ? 75. What sea west of the Philippine islands ? 3. What sea east of Australia? 4. What gulf north of Australia ? 95. What two bays on the east? 96, 97. What gulf on the south ? 98. What bay on the west? 99. What bays on the north of New Zealand ? 100, 101. What strait north-east of Sumatra ? 102. Between Sumatra and Java ? 103. Between Australia and New Guinea ? 105. Between Australia and Van Diemen's Land ? 106. Between the islands of New Zealand ? 107. CAPES, MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS. What cape north of the Philippine Islands ? 109. What cape at the northern point of Australia ? 111. What capes on the east? 112-114. Southwest? 116, 117. What cape west? 118. What mountain in Sumatra ? 122. What moun- tains in Australia? 123, 124. What lake in Australia ? 126. What rivers ? 127, 128, 131. SANDWICH OR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Which is the largest of the Sandwich Islands ? 8. What are the other principal islands ? 1-7. Mention the principal towns of Hawaii ? 4-6. Mountains? 5, 7. What two towns in Maui ? 2, 8. What town in Oahu? 1. Mention the principal points of each of the four larger islands ? 1-4. 180 OCEANICA. OGEANICA. Oceanica includes the many islands lying in the Pacific and eastern portion of the In- dian ocean, and is divided into Polynesia, Australasia and Malaysia. Questions. What does Oceanica include, and how divided ? 1. POLYNESIA. Square miles, 151,000. Population, 445,000. Polynesia includes a great number of islands in the Pacific ocean, lying on both sides of the equator. These islands are dis- tributed into different groups, which are usually composed of one or more large islands and numerous smaller ones. They are all more or less of coral formation. The temperature, owing to the influence of the surrounding ocean, is mild and comparative- ly uniform. The climate is delightful and salubrious. The soil is generally fertile, except on the mountains. The productions are bread-fruit, cocoa, banana, yams, sweet potatoes and cotton, besides various fruits. There are several species of timber trees, especially sandal wood, and a few spices. The inhabitants consist of two races, one of Malay origin, and the other a variety of the negro race. A few years since they were all idolaters, and sunk in the lowest paganism. Through the efforts of mission- aries many of them have received Christian- ity and civilization. The Sandwich Islands are the most impor- tant group of Polynesia, and form a kind of connecting link between America and China. The group consists of thirteen islands, seven of which are inhabited. The surface is mountainous. The islands are of volcanic origin. Several active vol- canoes still exist. European manners and arts have been adopted by the people, and a regular govern- ment established. Churches and schools are common, and books and newspapers are printed in the language of the country. Honolulu^ the principal town and seaport of the Sandwich Islands, is on the south side of the island of Oahu. Its harbor, capable of containing between seventy and eighty ships, is often visited by British and American vessels. Questions. What does Polynesia include ? What is said of these islands ? Climate ? Soil ? Produc- tions ? Trees ? Inhabitants ? Which is the most important group ? What is said of the surface ? Cus- toms, government, &c. ? Honolulu ? 2. AUSTRALASIA. Square miles, 3,500,000. Population, 1,500,000. Australasia embraces Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Van Die men's Land, New Hebrides, and New Britain, with nume- rous smaller islands. Australia is the largest island in the world, and on account of its vast extent is often called a continent. It lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans, south-east of Asia, and is about 2,400 miles in length from east to west, and nearly 2,000 in breadth from north to south. It is traversed by several ranges of moun- tains, though it is mostly level. It is subject to severe droughts of several months duration, which are sometimes fol- lowed by sudden and heavy rains. Notwith- standing these sudden changes, the climate, especially in the southern part, is salubri- ous. C E A N I C A . 181 Sydney. The soil on the coast and in the low lands is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, flax, indigo and to- bacco are the principal productions. Oranges, lemons, figs, bananas, pine-apples, olives and peaches thrive well. The chief mineral is gold, which, since its discovery in 1850, has been exported in large quantities. There are also rich depos- its of copper. Tin and iron are found to some extent. The aboriginal inhabitants are usually small, very ignorant, and live in the lowest state of degradation. The island is divided into New South Wales, North, West, and South Australia, and Victoria, and is claimed by Great Britain. The government consists of a legislative council, and a governor, appointed by the crown. Melbourne and Sydney are the principal cities and seaports, and are rapidly increasing in population and importance. Van Diemen's Laxd is directly south of Australia. The interior is rugged and moun- tainous. The climate and productions are similar to those of South Australia. This island was for a long time used by Great Britain as a penal colony. Papua, or New GIjinea, is a large island, north of Australia, lying immediately south of the equator. It is supposed to be mountain- ous in the interior. The coast is lined with coral reefs. Little is known of the climate and productions. It is inhabited by negroes and Malays. New Zealand consists of a group of islands in the south Pacific ocean, belong- ing to Great Britain. The two principal islands are New Ulster and New Munster. 182 OCEANICA, The Bamboo Tree, The surface is mountainous, the climate remarkably healthful, and the soil fertile. The native plants, like those of other islands in the South Pacific, differ from veg- etable forms in other parts of the world. European fruits and plants are cultivated. The inhabitants belong to the Malay race, and have been much improved, through the exertions of the missionaries laboring among them. Questions. What does Australasia embrace ? De- scribe Australia, Its situation and size. Its sur- face. Climate. Soil. Productions. Minerals. In- habitants. How is the island divided ? "What is said of the government ? Melbourne and Sydney ? How is Van Diemen's Land situated ? Describe it. New Guinea, Of what does New Zealand consist ?♦ Describe its surface. Climate, Soil, Productions. Inhabitants, 3, MALAYSIA, Square miles, 760,000, Population, 21,600,000. Malaysia, or the Malay Archipelago, in- cludes the most important and extensive group of islands on the globe, the largest of which are Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Ce- lebes. Malaysia embraces also the Sunda, Philippine, and Spice Islands. The surface is generally mountainous in the interior. The climate is for the most part warm, and in some portions delightful. OCEANICA. 183 The soil is very fertile, and yields an abundance of spices, gums and delicious fruits. The interior of most of the islands is cover- ed with thick jungles, containing forest trees of great variety and of gigantic size. One of the most useful is the bamboo tree. The principal minerals are gold, tin, silver, copper, iron, and coal. The inhabitants are chiefly of the Malay race, and dwell principally upon the coasts. Their chief towns are in many instances built over the water. The Philippines belong to Spain. Pen- ang and a few other islands belong to Great Britain. I The north and north-west portions of Borneo, and the Sooloo islands are under native rulers. The remainder of this vast Archipelago is under the control of the Dutch, and is frequently named the Dutch East Indies. Maj^illa, the capital of the Spanish pos- sessions, and Batavia, the capital of the Dutch,, are large and flourishing commercial cities. Questions. \VTiat does Malaysia comprise ? What can you say of the surface ? CHmate ? Soil and pro- ductions? Forests? Minerals? Inhabitants? To whom do the islands belong ? Describe Manilla and Batavia. I THE PHYSICAL WORLD. KEY TO M^I> NO. 10 HYDROGRAPHIO BASINS. 1 Arctic. 2 Atlantic. 8 Pacific. 4 Indian. 5 Continental. PRINCIPAL VOLCANOES.* 6 Hecla. V Vesuvius. 8 Stromboli. 9 ^tna. , 10 Peak op Tenebiitk. 11 cotopaxi. 12 JoKULLO, IN Mexico. OCEAN CURRENTS. 1 Arctic. 2 Gulp Stream. 8 Caribbean. 4 North Atlantic. 5 Guinea. 6 Equatorial. ^ Brazil. ^ 8 South Atlantic. 9 Cape. 10 South Connecting. 11 Counter. 12 Mozambique. 18 Japan. 14 Antarctic. 15 Cape Horn. 16 Perutuk. 17 Mexican. 18 Sargossa Sea. A GEOLOGY. 1 Granite. {Unstratified.) 2 Primary or Metamorphic. 3 Silurian, 4 Old Red Sandstone. 5 Carboniferous. 6 New Red Sandstonk. 7 Oolite. 8 Cretaceous. 9 Tertiary. 10 Superficial. B RAIN. 1 Constant Rain. 2 Periodical Rain. 3 Variable Rain. 4 Rainless District. C WINDS AND CALMS. 1 North Polar Winds. 2 Southwesterly Currents. 8 Calms of Cancer. 4 Northeast Trade Winds. 5 Variable Winds and Calms. 6 Southeast Trade Winds. 7 Calms of Capricorn. 8 Northwesterly Currents. 9 South Polar Winds. 10 Monsoons. * Volcanic regions are marked by small circles, east and west, with degrees marked. The Temperature is indicated by isothermal lines crossing the Map PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Physical Geography treats of the solid mass of the earth, of the waters that partly cover it, of the air that surrounds both, and of the vegetables and ani- mals by which all these are inhabited. 1. LAND. It has been found that there is a rapid increase of heat, as the earth is penetrated toward its center, and this fact, together with the eruption of fiery melted matter from volcanoes, leads to the belief that the interior of the globe is rendered fluid, by intense heat, and that the solid land with which we are fa- miliar, is only a crust formed by gradually cooling, and extremely thin compared with the mass it en- closes. The elevation and sinking of land and vari- ous other phenomena, show that some powerful agents, such as steam and expansive gases, are still at work below us. Men have been unable to examine this crust, except to the depth of a few thousand feet, but enough has been found to satisfy them that at least its few outer miles of thickness are composed of series, more or less broken up, of distinct classes of rocks, which of themselves indicate something of the time and mode of their formation. Lowest of these are the Granite Rocks, made up of quartz, felspar, and mica, mixed irregularly together, coarser or finer, as if the pieces had been broken up, half melted, and then cemented together under con- ditions of great heat and pressure. These arc called Igneous, and sometimes Plutonic Boch. — Above them come many series, all which are said to be stratified, because they seem to be made up of small particles deposited in water, whence their name, Aqueous, and so united as to break readily into thin plates or layers. Of these rocks the lowest is known as the Primanj OT MetamorpUe formation, then the Silurian series, above which is the Old Red Sand- stone, which is followed by the Carboniferous or Coal-hearing, over which lies the ITew Red Sandstone, then the Oolite, the Cretaceous, or chalky formation, and lastly the Tertiary or upper series, which is made up of the clays, marls, sand and drift that we now see on or near the surface of the earth. Above these is the recent deposit of soil, or the Alluvium, which contains much decayed or decaying animal and veg- etable matter. In nearly all the stratified rocks are found the re- mains of animals and plants, many of which are quite difierent from any that now exist, and seem to have inhabited the earth by families or races and then to have become extinct, leaving their remains in these stratified rocks which were then being deposited un- der the waters. Such rocks are called Fossiliferous. There is also a class of rocks which are stratified and evidently of aqueous origin, but which also have the appearance of having been exposed to great heat, which has partly melted and quite cemented them together like the granite. They are called Metamor- phic or changed rocks, and are probably either the stratified rocks, deposited next the granite whose heat has thus transformed them, or they have been heated and crystalized by the injection of fiery masses from below, into the fractures and fissures made in their own substance. There are other rocks of Igneous origin, to which is given the name of Volcanic. These include trap rock, basalt, and greenstone, — the products of ancient volcanoes ; and also the lavas, &c., ejected at the pres- ent time. These are neither stratified nor fossiliferous. There is far more land in the northern than in the southern hemisphere. If a great circle be drawn through the south of Asia and the coast of Peru, nearly all the land surface of the globe will be on the upper or northern side of this line. The land is arranged chiefly in two great masses called Continents. There is much doubt as to the mode by which these have arrived at their present form and condition. Many suppose there has been a succession of elevations and depressions, produced by the agency of the heat beneath. However this may be, they have undoubt- edly passed through both sudden and gradual changes, with alternating periods of rest. The Continents present several notable resem- blances and differences. Both have their great moun- tain ranges running in the same direction as the FHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. greatest length of land ; both are broad at the north, and terminate at the south in tapering rocky points. With two exceptions the important peninsulas of both point southward, and have to the eastward an island or groups of islands. A large member of each is nearly isolated, and has a deep bend of its western coast to the interior. They differ in the direction of the land, — that of the western stretching from north to south, and that of the eastern from east to west, giving to the former great variety of zone, hence of climate and production, and to the latter great extent in the same climatic belt. The western is simple in A volcano^ properly so called, exists only where a permanent connection is established between the inte- rior of the earth and the atmosphere. The number of active volcanoes is estimated at about three hun- dred, of which two-thirds are found around the shores on the islanc^p of the Pacific ocean. There are five principal lines of volcanoes : one from Patagonia to Oregon, which is divided into several volcanic spaces, with intervals entirely free; one from the Aleutian Isles to Borneo ; another in the East Indies, through Java and Sumatra ; a fourth frcm Greece, through the Mediterranean, to the Azores ; and the its form, its edges unindented by the sea, except j last from the West Indies, across Mexico, to the slightly on the eastern side, and • its masses little broken by irregular or transverse mountains. Its distinguishing characteristics are its lofty chain, un- interrupted from Bherings' strait to the Magellan, its vast plains, and its system of inland waters. On the eastern continent, Africa is simple in its structure ; but Europe is divided and re-divided by deep arms of the sea, and Asia, though so extensive as to keep a vast mass entire, still has in the east and south, a succession of land-locked seas and broad indenting bajj^. Each of these divisions is traversed by frequent mountains, secondary to its main ranges, making comparatively small river basins. The marked fea- ture of this continent is its wide and elevated plateaus, which appear especially in Central Asia. It will be noticed that in America the line of greatest elevation follows the direction of the meridians, and in the eastern world that of the parallels, while the converse is true of the secondary ranges ; and that in both the central axis is located near one side of the mass of land, so that the abrupt descents are respectively to the west and south, and the gradual slopes to the east and north. Islands arc either continental, having at one time formed part of the neighboring main land, as the British Isles, or are sandy accumulations deposited by the waves, as along the east coast of North Amer- ica ; or are the products of volcanic action, as the Azores ; or are the work of the coral insects, as many of those in the Pacific. By volcanic action is meant the influence exerted by the heated interior of 'the earth on its external covering. Its effects are known to us, — not only in the eruption of volcanoes, but in earthquakes and all kindred phenomena, in emanations of gases and vapors from the earth, and in geysers and hot springs. Sandwich Islands. The vents of Iceland seem to form a short chain by themselves, and besides these, are some isolated or grouped volcanoes on land, and probably many in the bed of the ocean. The earliest recorded eruption is that of Vesuvius, A. D. 79. Stromboli is noted for its constant activity, — Hecla, for its violent eruptions, — Cotopaxi, for its great height, — and Jorullo, in Mexico, for having been thrown up from a plain within a few months. Sudden and violent disturbances of the earth's crust are called cart'hqna'kcs, and occur usually within the region, though not in the immediate vicinity of volcanoes. Some of the most destructive on record are those of Lisbon, in 1755, of Riobamba, in 1797, and those of Caraccas and the Mississippi valley, in 18i2. Questions. Of what does Physical Geography treat? What is the interior of the earth supposed to be ? What is said of the crust ? The changes in the land ? Of what is the crust composed ? Describe the granite rocks. What roclts arc above the granite V Wliat are found in the stratified rocks ? Describe the metamorphic rocks. The volcanic. Which hemi- sphere contains the most land V Describe the continents. How are islands divided? What is meant by volcanic action? How ^ many volcanoes now active? Describe the principal vol- canic regions. For what is Stromboli noted? Hecla? Co- topaxi? Jorullo? What are earthquakes? Mention some of the most destructive. 2. WATER. The waters of the land are found in the form of Springs, Laics, and Rivers. Springs are hot or cold, according to the depth of the reservoirs by which they are supplied. If these are above the stratum of invariable tempera- ture, the heat of the water will only vary with the PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY seasons; if the water come from this stratum itself, it will be invariable ; and if from below it, its temper- ature will be proportionate to the depth. Hot and boiling springs are very constant in their heat, and are more frequent in volcanic regions, though there are many examples of them remote from such places. Many mineral substances are dissolved by both hot and cold springs, whence the medicinal prop- erties of their waters ; especially are they often highly impregnated with common salt. Lakes are of four kinds : those having inlets and outlets, as the Great American Lakes ; those having neither inlets nor outlets, found among mountains and fed by springs, and in which the evaporation equals the supply ; those having outlets but no inlets, which are fed by springs and are the sources of riv- ers ; and those having inlets but no outlets, as the Caspian, Arab, and Deaa Seas in Asia, Titicaca and the Great Salt Lake, in iVmerica. These last, with their tributaries, form Continental Systems of rivers, and their basins cover a vast extent of territory. Rivers are streams of water flowing over the land to some other body of water. They have their ori- gin in Springs, Lakes, and in ice-covered mountains. The basin of a river is the entire country drained bj' it and its tributaries, and the elevation, whether great or small, which separates one such basin from another, is their water-shed. The velocity of a river depends on the form and slope of its bed, and the volume and pressure of water in the upper part of its course. The Danube, Tigris, and Indus ai-e the most rapid of the large rivers. Owing to the structure of the highland and moun- tain chains, most of the important rivers flow in an easterly direction, and the next in size towards the south and north, while those flowing west are gener- ally small. The soil borne down by streams is deposited as their velocity diminishes, and if the lower courses be through a flat country, subject to inundation, deltas are formed at their mouths, as in the Mississippi and Nile. The great mass of waters, covering two-thirds of the earth's surface, receives the general name of Ocean. This contains from three to four per cent, of salts, is of a dark blue or green color, and of great depth. It is characterized by three great movements, Wnven, Tides, and Currents. Waves are the alter- nate elevations and depressions of the surface of a body of water, produced by a force acting unequally on that surface. There is no real onward motion, ex- cept in case of violent winds and over shoals. Tides are alternate risings and fallings of the water of the ocean, occurring twice in twenty-four hours, and are owing to the united attraction of the sun and moon. The influence affects the whole mass of the water, and is thought to originate in the un- broken expanse of water about the Antarctic Circle, and to spread thence to all seas having ready com- munication with each other. In the open ocean the rise of the tide is small, being only two or three feet ; it varies on various shores, and when it enters nar- row bays, or is forced round a head land, it some- times rises to the height of fort)', fifty, and even sev- enty feet, as in Bristol, England, — St. Malo, France, — and in the Bay of Fundy. The tidal wave occupies about a day and a half in traveling from its great southern reservoir to the British Isles. It moves rapidly through deep seas, and slowly through shallows, as in the Pacific, where its influence is hardly perceptible. Currents are like rivers in the ocean, effecting an interchange of the waters of one latitude with those of another. Temporary currents are produced by violent winds or by tides, as Hurlgate, in East River, near New York. Periodical currents are owing to periodical winds, as the Monsoons of the Indian Ocean, Constant currents are the result of constant forces, of which the principal are, the heat of the sun, the salts of the sea, and the rotation of the earth. Direction is often given to them by the configuration of the land, and together they constitute a great sys- tem of oceanic circulation. They seem, like the tides, to have their source in the Southern Ocean ; a great stream known as the Antarctic Current, flow- ing thence northward toward South America, where ' it is divided ; a small part goes east, around Cape Horn, while the rest flows north along the western coast, and turning suddenly to the west, is lost in the Equatorial Current of the Pacific. This flows west- ward until it meets China, India, and the East India Islands ; a part makes its way among these and joins the Equatorial Current of the Indian Ocean. Passing between Madagascar and the main land, it rounds Cape of Good Hope and turns northward along the coast of Africa, until off" Guinea it flows westward in the Atlantic Equatorial. This, reaching Brazil, is divided- one branch flowing south, then 190 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. eastward to the Indian Ocean, is known as the Southern Connecting Current ; the other and princi- pal branch goes round the point of Brazil, through the Caribbean Sea, sweeps round the Gulf of Mexico, and appears oflF the peninsula of Florida as the Gulf Stream. This great current flows along the United States coast, toward Newfoundland, where, spreading, it goes eastward, mingling with and warming the waters west of Europe. The British Isles divide it, a part of it going north to the Polar sea, and a part, turning south, seems to appear again on the coast of Africa in the North African and Guinea Current^ which completes the circuit of the North Atlantic by- mingling with the Equatorial Current. Within this circuit of waters is an area matted over with gulf weed, known as the Sargossa Sea. A stream originates in the ice masses around the North Pole, and coming southward past Labrador, di- vides, sending one current inside the Gulf Stream to the Gulf of Mexico, and another, as an under current, to the Caribbean. On the eastern coast of Asia is the Japan Current^ in many respects closely resembling the Gulf Stream of the Atlantic. Like that, it has a cold counter current near to the coast, and also sends a return current along the shores of California and Mexico, to mingle with the Pacific Equatorial. Of the five oceans, the Pacific is the largest and is re- markable for its calm waters and many islands. The Indian, really a branch of this, is noted for its peri- odical and violent winds. The Atlantic occupies a long and narrow trough between the two continents ; it is deep, almost unbroken by islands, traversed by well defined currents, and extends through all zones of climate. The Northern and Southern Oceans are within the Polar Circles, and are alike remarkable for their masses of ice and the icebergs which they •send off" to warmer seas. The basin of an ocean includes not only the space actually occupied by its waters, but all the land drained by rivers flowing into it. The Atlantic re- ceives the waters of Western Europe, Northern and Western Africa, and of the greater part of America ; the Northern Ocean those of the great northern slope of the Eastern Continent, and the vast upper plain of North America ; the Indian, those of Southern Asia and Eastern Africa ; and the Pacific those of Eastern Asia and of America west of the mountains. A fifth hydrographical system includes those con- tinental basins drained by rivers having no outlet to the sea, of which the principal are mentioned under Lakes. Questions. Describe Springs. Lakes. Rivers. What is tlie general direction of the largest rivers ? How are del- tas formed? What is the ocean? By what is the ocean characterized? Describe waves. Tides. Currents. The Antarctic Current. Equatorial Currents. Southern Con- necting Current. Gulf Stream. Guinea Current. Japan Current. Describe the five oceans. What is meant by the basin of an ocean ? Describe the hydrographic systems. 3. THE ATMOSPHERE. The atmosphere is the fluid which we breathe, and which surrounds the earth to a height, probably of forty or fifty miles. It has weight and great elastic- ity, and is nearly colorless. The quantity of sensible heat, as indicated by the thermometer, is called tem- perature. The depth to which the solid earth is affected by heat or cold varies with the latitude ; at the equator it is about one foot ; in the temperate zones, fifty or sixty feet ; in the Polar regions, 300 or 400 feet. Below this, the heat increases regularly. In the ocean there is also a line of invariable tempera- ture, (39°.5,) found at the equator at a depth of 7,200 feet, in lat. 56^, at the surface, and in lat. 70°, 4,500 feet below it. The temperature of water is far more equable than that of the land. The atmosphere re- ceives its sensible heat chiefly by radiation from the earth. The temperature of any place depends prin- cipally on its latitude, its elevation, the vicinity of the sea, and prevailing winds. Wind is air in motion. Whenever the equilibrium of the atmosphere is, for any cause, disturbed, there follows an exchange of place among its particles, until this equilibrium is restored. The heat of the earth in the equatorial regions causes the rarefied air to rise, to supply the place of which other air rushes in from the north and south, the air which ascends flowing off to the Poles again, thus completing the cir- cuit of the globe. The revolution of the earth on its axis gives a westward direction to the air from the Poles, and an eastward one to the returning currents. The force and constancy of these are greatly modified by the alternating land and water over which they flow. Within the Tropics, gentle winds blow con- stantly from the east, called the Trade winds. These are in two bands or zones, between which is a zone PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. of calms that is near but north of the Equator, and shifts its position with the change of seasons. Out- side of these Trades are narrow belts of calms, north of the northern and south of the southern of which the prevailing direction of the winds is found to be from the west, as far as 60' or 70' of latitude, beyond which limits the courses of the winds are not accu- rately known. The westerly winds of the temperate zone are called the Return Trades. They are by no means constant, and their prevalence is determined only by careful and continued observation. There are certain Periodical winds, such as the Morning and Evening Ireezes on the sea-coast ; the Monsoons of the Indian ocean, changing their course with the seasons ; the Etesian winds, blowing from the north in the Mediterranean in summer ; and the cold Northers of Texas and Mexico. Winds are hot or cold, moist or dry, taking these characters from the countries over which they pass. Among the noted hot winds are the Simoon, of Ara- bia, Syria, and Nubia, and the Sirocco, of the Sahara Desert. Whirlwinds are produced by currents meeting each other obliquely. Hurricanes arc violent revolving winds, which occur chiefly in the West Indies, the Indian Ocean, and Chinese waters. They spring up suddenly, move rapidly over wide areas, and are more frequent in the Autumn. Waterspouts, caused by whirlwinds near the surface of the water, are very common in the Mediterranean, The atmosphere is constantly receiving moisture from the earth, by means of evaporation. The capac- ity of the air for containing this moisture depends on its temperature. It is said to be saturated^ or at the dew point, when it contains all its temperature will allow it to receive, and any above this quantity will be condensed and precipitated. It is often deposited, during still nights, on bodies which are cooler than the dew point of the atmosphere at the time, and in this form is called dew. Hoar-frost is frozen dew. Mists and fogs are masses of vapor near the earth, sufficiently condensed to be visible, differing from clouds only in position. When clouds come in con- tact with air or vapor cooler than themselves, their moisture is condensed and falls to the earth in the form of rain. Rain is very unequally distributed ; it is found that it decreases in quantity from the Equator to the Poles, and from the coasts to the inte- rior of a continent ; that the greatest number of rainy days occur in the temperate zones ; that more rain falls in mountainous than level districts, and more in the Northern than in the Southern hemispheres ; and the same is true of the Western coasts of the continents in the temperate zones, because the moisture is brought by westerly winds, which lose it before they reach the eastern shores. Rains are Periodical within the Tropics and wherever periodical winds prevail ; and are Frequent beyond the Tropics, where it may rain on any day of the year. Large rainless tracts occur in Peru, Central America and Mexico, and j in Central Asia ; the moisture brought from the sea by the winds being condensed by mountain ranges before they arrive at these districts. The annual fall of rain is estimated at 8.5 feet in the Torrid Zone, at 3.05 feet in the temperate, and in the Frigid at 1.25 feet. Hail is frozen rain, and snow^ frozen vapor. By the snow line is meant the limit on mountains above which snow is perpetual. At and below this limit the snow and ice are melted or softened by the heat of summer, and here it is that Glaciers have their origin. These are large masses of ice and snow, which, becoming attached, are in time consolidated, and, increasing from year to year by additions from above, move slowly down valleys and gorges, until, reaching a milder temperature, they dissolve and form the sources of rivers. By Climate is meant the condition of the atmos- phere with reference to heat and cold, moisture and dryness, healthiness and unhealthiness. It is affected, in all these particulars, by the form and elevation of the land, the nature of the soil, and the neighborhood of bodies of water, and is by no means the same in similar latitudes. Lines pass- ing through places which have the same mean tem- perature, are called isothermal lines. By tracing any one of these throughout its course, it will be found to pass over widely differing latitudes. Es- pecially is this the case with those isotherms which cross North America and the Atlantic Ocean, Questions. "What is the Atmosphere ? What is temper- ature? What causes wind? What are the principal pre- vailing winds? What are whirlwinds ? Hurricanes? Wa- terspouts? Dew? Frost? Mists and Fogs? What is said of rain? Where are rains periodical? Frequent? Where are the rainless districts ? What is the annual fall ofi-ain? What are Glaciers ? What is climate ? What are isothermal liues ? TO TEACHERS The following pronouncing vocabulary contains the names of the countries, states, cities, towns, oceans, gulfs, bays, seas, islands, peninsulas, capes, mountains, deserts, lakes and rivers found on the outline maps or mentioned in the geography. The pronunciation of names has not been re-written where the ordinary spelling indicates with sufficient exactness the proper manner of pronouncing them. Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World, a •work prepared with great care and accuracy, has been adopted as the standard of pronunciation. The extent of countries, the population of cities and towns, the length of rivers, and the height of mountains have been given wherever authority could be found for the same. In the population of cities and towns the latest census taken, has been followed. KEY TO THE PKONUNCIATION OF YOWELS. Fite, far, fail, Mt— M6te, mSt, her— Pine, pit— Note, n6t— Tube, tub, fuU. Vowels not marked, (excepting final e,) when ending a syllable that is accented, are long; when followed by a final consonant, they are short or obscure. TABLES. 1. STATES AND COUNTRIES. New Cal^edo'nia, Bavaria, hi-vk'-re-a. North America. New Hamp'shire, New Jersey, nujer'-ze. Bel'gium, Den'mark, Alabama, al-a-b3,h'ma. New North Wales, England, ing-gland. Arkansas, dr-kan'-sas. New South Wales, France, Amer'ica, Brit'ish, New York, . Ger'many, " JlUSSIAN, roo'-shan. Nova Scotia, no'-va sko'-she-a Greece, grSs. " Centra'l, sen'-tral. Ohi'o, Han'over, Balize, ba-leez'. Or'egon, Hol'land, California, kal-i-for'-ni-a. Pennsylvania, pen-sil-va'-ne-a. Ireland, Ire'-land. Canada, kan'-a-da. Rhode Island, r6d-l'-land. It'aly, Carolina, kar-o-ll'na. Ten^nessee', Lap'land, Columbia, ko-lum'-bi-a. Tex'as, Lombard© Venetian, lom-bar-do ve- District of, Utah, yoo'-t3. nee'-shan. Connecticut, kon-net'-i-kat. Vermont', Mecklenburg, mek'-len-burg. Delaware, del'-a-wSr. Virginia, ver-jin'-e-a. MODENA, mod'-§n-&. Flor'ida, Wash'ington, Naples, na'-pl'z. nor'-wA. Georgia, jor'-je-a. Wiscon'bin. Norway, Green'land, Parma, p^r'-ma. Illinois, ir-li-noi'. South America. Po'land, Indiana, in^-de-an'-a. Portugal, p6r'-tu-gal. Indian, in'-de-an. Argentine Republic ar'j en-teen. Prussia, proo-she-a. Iowa, I'-o-wa. Bolivia, bo-le'-vi-a. Russia, roo'-she-a. Kan'sas, Brazil, br^-zil'. Sardinia, sir-diq-e-a. Kentuck'y, Chili, chil'-le. Sax'ony, Lab^rador', Ecuador, ek-wti-d6r'. Scot'land, Louisiana, loo-ee-ze-ah'-na. Guiana, ghe-^'-nll. Swe'den, Maine, New Granada, grk-nh'AL Swit'zerland, Ma'ryland, Paraguay, pS-rS-gwi'. Tur'key, Mas'sacuu'setts, Patagonia, pj-ta-go'-ne-a. TUS'CANY, Mex'ico, Peru, pe-roo'. Wales, wilz, Michigan, mish'e-gan. Uruguay, oo-roo-gwi'. Wirtemburg, wur'-tem-berg. Min^neso'ta, Venezuela, ven^-ez-wee'-la. Mis^sissip'pi, Asia. Missouri, Nebras'ka, New Brun'swick, mis-soo'-re. Europe. Afghanistan, &f-gan^-is-t4n'. S-nSm.' a-r4'-be-a. Austria, Baden, is'-tre-a. b&'den. Anam, Arabia, 194 VOCABULARY. Beloochistan, bel-oo-kis-tin'. Tenasserim, ten-asiseh-rim. Egypt, e'-jipt. Essawahil, es-sa-w&'-heel. BURMAH, bur'-mi. Thibet, tib'-et. China, chl'-na. TooRKiSTAN, Indk- toor'-kis-t&n'. Fezzan, fSz^-z4n'. Chi'nesk Taetart, pend'ent, Guinea, ghin'-ne . COREA, ko-ree'-a. Tub'key. Hot'tentot, Far'ther India, in'-de-a. Kaffraria, k&f-fri'-re-a. Georgia, jor'-je-a. hin^-doo-stin'. Africa. Liberia, li-bee'-re-a. HiNDOSTAN, Morocco, mo-rok-'ko. Japan, ja-pdn'. A-BTSSIHIA, ab^-is-sin'-e-a. Mozambique, mo-zam-beek'. Malacca, mi-l^k'-ka. Adel, i-dfel'. Natal', nUai'. Mantchooria, man-choo' re-a. Ajan, i-zhan'. Nubia, nu'-be-a. Mongolia, moD-go'-le-a. Algiers, &l-jeerz'. Senegambia, sin-e-gam'-be-l Persia, per'-she-a. Barca, b^r'-ka. SooDAN, sooMan'. SlAM, si-am.' Beled el Jkreed, be-lSdeljer-eed' Tripoli, trip'-o-Ie. Siberia, sl-bee'-re-a. Bosjesman's, boslyes-m&nz^ Tu'nis, SOONQABIA, soong-gi're-a. Cape Col'ony, Zanguebab, zfiag^-ghi-bar'. Syria, 8lr'.e-a! Cimbebas, sim-bi'-bas. Zoo'loo. 2. CITIES AND TOWNS. Colum'bia. Tenn. 2,600 North America. Colum'bus, Ga. 9,000 Colum'bus, 0. 27,000 ACAPULCO, i-k&^-pool'ko, 6,000 Con'cord, 9,000 A'drian, 6,000 Corpus Christi, kor'pus kris'te, 1,200 Al'ton, 6,000 Coun'cil Bluff, 6,000 Albany, ai'-ba-ne, 60,000 CuLiACAN, koo-le-&-kW, 7,000 Annap'oliS; 8,000 Cum'berland, 6,000 Ann Ar'bob, 5,000 Da'rien, 500 Appalachicola, ap-pa-lah'-che-ko'-la, 1,000 Day'ton, 21,000 Arispe, i-ris'-pi, 7,000 Des Moines, de moin. Atlan'ta, 4,000 Dav'enport 8,000 Augus'ta, Me. 10,000 Detroit', 45,000 Aogcs'ta, 6a. 12,000 Dor'chesteb, Balize, ba-leez', 3,000 Do'ver, 8,20Q Baltimork, bil'-te-m6r^ 200,000 Dubuque, d«-book', 18,000 Ban'qor, 16,000 Dun 'kirk, 4,400 Bath, bith. 12,000 Durango, doo-rang'-go, 22,000 Bath'urst, 2,000 Eas'ton, Pa. 7,300 Beaufort, bi'-fort, 2,000 Eas'ton, Md. 1,500 Benicia, be-nish'-e-a, 2,000 East'port, 4,200 Bos'ton, IVS.OOO E'denton, 1,600 Bowling Gbbih, bil'-ling green, 8,000 Elmi'ra, 10,000 Brant'ford, 4,000 E'rie, 6,000 Brattleboro. brat'-t'l-bur-ro, 4,000 Et'ansville, 10,000 Brock'villk, 8,000 Fay'etteville, 7,000 Brook'lytj, 208,000 Fill'more City, Bdf'falo, 80,000 Fond du Lac, 6,000 Bur'lington, Vt. 6,500 Fort Leavenworth, f6rt-lcv'-en-wurth, Bur'lington, Iowa, 15,000 Fort Vancouver, van-koo'-ver, Cairo, kliro. Frank'fort, 6,000 Cam'den, 1,500 Fred'ericksburg, 4,000 Campeacht, kam-pee^he, 18,000 Fred'ericton, - 5,000 Cape Haytieh, ba^te-en, 12,000 Fred'erictown, 6,000 Carlisle, kar-l-il', 6,000 Gale'na, 9,000 Charles'ton, 43,000 Gal'veston, 7,000 Chicago, Bhe-ki'-go, 80,000 George'town, S. C. 1,600 Chihuahua, che-w4'-w&, 16.000 George'town, Ky. 2,000 Chillicothe, chil-li-k6th'e, 7,500 Grand Rap'ids, 6,500 Cincinnati, sin-sin-nah'te, 175,000 Green Bay, 2,500 Cleve'land, 44,000 Guadalajara, gwi-Mi-ia h&'-ri, 70,000 Co'buro, 4,500 Guanajuato, gw&-ni-hwa'-to, 63,000 COLIMA, ko-leeimi, Hal'ifax, 28,000 Colum'bia, S. C. 8,000 Ham'ilton, U. C. 20,000 VOCABULARY. 195 Har'per'sFer'rt, 2,000 Natch'ez, 6,000 ; Har'risburq, 9,000 Natchitoches, natch-i-totch'-iz. 1,300 Hart'ford, 25,000 New Albany, lU'-ba-ne, 14,000 Havan'a, 200,000 New'ark, 61,000 Helena, hel-e'-na, New Bed'ford, 21,000 HOLSTEINBDRG,^ hollfitln-burg, New'bern, 5,000 Houston, hu'-ston, 4,000 New Guatimala, gw&-ta-m4'-lJ, 60,000 HUNTS'VILLE, 4,000 New Ha'ten, 34,500 I'owA City, 6,000 New Hern'hutt, Indepen'dence, 8,000 New London, lun'-don, 10,000 Indianapolis, in-de-an-ap'-o-lis, 18,000 New Or'leans, 145,500 Janes'ville, 7,000 New'port, 10,000 Jalapa, hM4'p4, 10,000 New York, 660,000 Jef'ferson Citt, 3,000 Niag'ara, 4,500 JULIANSHAAB, yoo''-le-ins-hib', Nor'folk, 16,000 Key West, 3,000 Oajaca, wft-hi'-ki, 2,500 Kings'ton, U. C. 16,000 Og'densburo, 7,000 Kings'ton, W. I. 35,0(0 Omaha, o-mi'-ha, Knoxville, nox'-vil, li kross'. 6,000 Oswe'go, 16,000 La Crosse, 2,000 Padu'cah, 3,000 Lafayette, Uf^-i-yett', 10,000 Pat'erson, 19,000 1 Lan'caster, 15,000 Pen'saco'la, 4,000 Lan'sing, 3,000 Peoria, . pe-o'-re-a. 12,000 La Paz, l&piz. Pe'tersburg, 15,000 * Lew'istown, 3,000 Philadel'phia, 600,000 Lex'ington, Ky. 12,000 Pic'ton, 2,000 ; Lex'ington, 4,000 Pitts'burg, 90,000 LlCHTENAU, lik'-teh-naw, Placer City, pla-sair'. 6,000 LiCHTENFELS, Uk'-ten-ftls\ Platts'buro, 5,700 Lit'tle Rock, 3,000 Port au Prince, port prfng, 20,000 Liv'erpool, Port'land, « 26,500 London, lun'-don, 10,000 Ports'mouth, N. H. 12,000 ; Lore'to, 4,000 Ports'mocth, Ohio, ' 6,500 LOUISTILLE, looiis-va, 65,000 POTOSI, po-to'-se. 500 Lowell, lo'-el, 88,000 Potts'ville, 11,000 Lu'nenburo, Prairie du Chien, pri'-re du sheen, 2,000 Lynch'buro, 10,000 Prot'idence, 60,000 Ma'con, 7,000 PUEBLA, pwSb'-la, 70,000 Mad'ison, Ind. 12,000 Puerto Principe, pwer'-to preen'-se-pi. 45,000 Madison City, W. 12,000 Quebec, kwe-bfik'. 60,000 Man'chester, 20,000 Queretaro, ki-ri'-ti-ro, 80,000 Mar'shall, 8,000 Quin'cy, 12,000 Ma'rystille, 9,000 Racine, rAs-seen', 14,000 , Matagor'da, 1,200 Raleigh, ri'-le. 6,000 Matamo'ras, 20,000 Reading, rSd'-ing, 18,000 Matanzas, mft'^taji'-zas. 46,000 Rich'mond, 33,000 Mays'ville, 7,000 Rio Grande City, ree'-o grin'-di, 1,000 ■ Mazatlan, m&z-it-lan', 11,000 Roch*ester, 45,000 Mem 'phis. 12,000 Rock Island, Illand, 7,000 Merida, mSr'-e-da, 40,000 Sac'^ramen'to, 26,000 Mex'ico, 180,000 Sa'lem, Oregon, Michigan City, mish-'e-gan, 25,000 Saltil'lo, 20,000 Mill'edgeville, 3,500 Salt Lake City, 12,000 Milwau'kee, 40,000 San Diego, B&a de-a'-go, 2,000 Mobile, mo-beel,' 26,000 Sandus'ky, 16,000 Monroe, mori-ro', 3,500 San Francisco, sAn frin-sis-'ko, 70,000 Monterey, Mex. mon-ti-ri'. 13,000 San Jose, sin ho-sk', 2,000 Monterey, CaL 2,000 San Luis Potosi, sin loo'-is po-to'se, 40,000 Montgom'ery, 7,000 Santa Fe, sin'-t&ft. 8,000 Montpelier, mont-peel'-yer, 2,400 Santiago, sin-te-d'-go, BOO sent mi'-re, 26,000 Montreal, mon-tre-il'. 76,000 Saut St. Marie, 1,000 Mur'freesboro, mur'-fres-bur-o, 2,000 Savan'nah, 24,000 Muscatine, mu8^-ka-teen', 7,000 Shelburne, shcl'-burn, 20,000 Nashua, nash'-yu-a, 6,000 Sher'brooke, 4,000 Nash'ville, 20,000 Sit'ka, Nas'sau, 7,000 Socor'ro, ; 196 VOCABULARY. j Som'erset, 4,000 Cayenne, kl-enn'. 4,000 i Soxo'ra, 3,000 Cerro Pasco, ser^-ro pas'-ko, 16,000 i SocTH Bend, 2,000 Chuquisaoa, choo-ke-sa'ka, 13,')00 Span'ish Town, 6,000 COBIJA, ko-bee'-ha. 800 : Spring'field, Mass. 16,000 Cochabamba, ko-cha-bam'-ba. 25,000 1 Spring'field, III. 14,000 CoNCEPCioN, Paraguay, kon-sep^-se-6n'. 7,000 ! It, .Sn'drews, 8,000 CoNCEPCiON, Chili. 10,000 St. Anthony, sSnt an'-to-ne. 2,500 COPIAPO, ko-pe-A-po', 4,000 St. ArousTiNE, sfent S'-gus-teen^, 2,000 COQUIMEO, ko-keem'-bo, 8,000 St. Domingo, sfent do-ming'-go, 12,000 Cor'dova, 14,000 St. Hyacinthe, hi'-a-sinth, 4,500 Co' RO, 4,000 St. John's, N. B. 22,000 Corrien'tes, 20,000 St. John's, L. C. 4,000 CUENCA, kwen'-ka. 20,000 St. John's, Newfoundland , 25,000 CUMANA, koo-ma-na', 6,500 1 St. Louis, loo!is. 120,000 CURUGUATY, koo-roo-gwa-tee'. St. Paul, 8,000 Cuyaba, koo-ya'-ba, 8,000 Steubenville, Btu-'ben-vil, 12,000 Cuzco, koos'-co. 42,000 Stock'ton, 10,000 DiAMANTINA, de-a-man-tee'na. 4,500 Suk'kertop, EspiRiTO Santo, ^s-plr'-e-to san-to. 1,000 fevD'NKY, 700 George'town, jorgc'-town, 26,000 Syracuse, slr'-a-kiz, 32,000 Guayaquil, gwi'-a-keel. 25,000 Tajasco, a-bis'-ko, Hon'da, 5,000 Tallaiias'see, 1,000 HCAMANGA, wa-mang'-ga. 20,000 Ta'os, HUASCO, was'-ko. Tkhuantepec, t^-win-ta-pSk', 8,000 Ibarra, e-bar'-ra. 12,000 Tkri!E Haute, t&r'-reh-hot, 9,000 La Guayra, lagwi'-i-a, 8,000 Tule'do, 15,000 La Paz, lap^^sz, 20,000 Tokon'to, 60,000 Lima, lee'-ma. 100,000 Then 'ton, 10,000 LOXA, lo'-ha, 16,000 Tkoy, troi, 50,000 Macapa, ma-'.ca-pa'. 6,000 TUS'-CAEOO'SA, 3,500 Maldonado, mai-do-na'-do, ma-ra-kl'-bo, 2,000 Lpernatic, oo-per-n^'-vik, Maracaybo, 9,000 Valladolid, val-ya-do-lfed', 18,000 Mar^anham', 30,000 Van Bu^ren, 1,800 Matto grosso, mat'-to gros'-so. 14,000 Vera Cruz, T^'-ri kroos, 8,200 Mendo'za, 12,000 Vicks'burg, 5,000 MOMPOX, mom-poh'. 10,000 VlNCENNES, Tin-senz', 2,200 Mon^tetid'eo, 12,000 Wash'ington, 60,(;00 JS'eembucu, na-Sm-boo-koo', AVetump'ka, 3,C00 New Am'sterdam, 6,000 Wheel'ing, 20,0(0 Panama, pan-a-ma', 6,000 White'hall, 6,000 Para, pa-ra'. 10,000 Wil'mington, Del. 18,000 Paramaribo, par-a-mar'-e-bo. 20,000 Wil'mington, N. 0. 11,000 Parnahiba, par-na-ee'-ba. 8,000 WiLKESBARRE, wilks'-bar-re, 5,800 Payta, pi'-ta, 5,000 Worcester, woos'-ter. 23,000 Pernambuco, pSr-na«i-boo'-ko, 24,000 Zacatecas, zik-a-t^'kas, 25,000 FOPAYAN, po-pa-yan', 20,000 Zanes'yxlle, 16,000 Porto Alegre, por'-to a-ia'-gri, 12,000 . Potosi, po-to'-se. 17,000 South America. PUNO, Quillota, poo'-no, keel-yo'-ta. 9,0C0 10,000 Aracati, a-ra-k&-tee'. 5,000 Quito, kee'-to, 65,000 Arequipa, a-ri-kee'-pL 35,000 Rio Bamba, re-o bam'-ba. 16,000 Arica, a-ree'-ka, 3,500 Rio Grande, re'-o gran'-da. As'pinwall\ 3,000 RiOJA, re-o'-ha, 4,000 Assump'tion, 12,000 Rio Janeiro, rl'-o ja-nee'-ro, 200,000 Bahia, btee'-a, 120,000 San Paulo, san pow'-lo, 22,000 Bar'ra, 6,000 Santa Marta, san-ta mar'-ta. 8,000 Bogota, bo-go-t&', 40,000 Santarem, san-ta-rem,' 10,000 Boi/ivAR City, 8,500 Santiago, A. R. san-te-a'-go, 48,000 Buenos Ayres, b6'-nos i'-riz, 5,000 Santiago, Chili, 80,000 Callao, kai-I&'-o, 8,000 Socorro, so-kor'-ro. 12,000 Caracas, ka-r&'-k&s, 63,000 Trujillo, Peru, troo-heel'-yo, 8,000 Cartagena, kir-ta-jee'-nS, 18,000 Trujillo, Ven. 4,000 Castro, cas'-tro. 3,500 TUCUMAN, too-koo-man', 9,000 Catamarca, ka-ta-mar'-k&, 4,000 Valdivia, vai-dee'-ve-a. Caxamarca, ka-ha-mar'-ka, 8,000 Valencia, va-len'-she-i, 17,000 VOCABULARY. 1^1 Valparaiso, Villa Rica, Ab^erdeen', Abo, • Adrianople, Agram, Aix LA Chapelle, A.TACCIO, Alicante, Amiens, Amsterdam, Ancona, Angers, Ant'werp, Arciiakgel, Arta, Astrakhan, Ath'kns, Augsburg, Badajos, Barcelona, Bari, Basel, Bastia, Bayonne, B.CLKAST, Bs:lgrade', B org EN, Bicr'l^n, B:;rne, Bilbao, Birmingham, Bociinia, Bologna, Bo.^deacx, Bo ^na Serai, Braga, Brahilot, Bremen, Breslau, Brest, Bristol, Brunn, Brussels, Bucharest, Bo'uA, Burgos, Cadiz, Caen, Carliari, Calais, Cambridge, Cardigan, Carlscrona, Carlsrche, Caernarvon, Cartagena, Catania, Cattaro, Cherbourg, Christiania, Coimbra, Col'bero, vll-p3.-rl'-so. 50,000 Cologne, ko-l6n', 92,200 veel'-yi ree'-ki, 8,000 Compostela, kom-pos-ta'-l3,, 29,000 Constantinople, kon-stan-te-no'-p'l. 787,000 Copenhagen, ko-pen-h&'-ghen, kor'-do-va. 133,000 irope. Cordova, 42,000 72,000 Cor'inth, Cork, 2,000 84,500 4'-bo, 15,000 Corun'na, 19,000 ad-rc-an-o'-pel, 160,000 Cracow, kri'-k6, 43,000 6g-r6ni', 14,800 Cronstadt, Aus., kron'-stS,tt, 36,000 iksh\cha-pell', 48,700 Cronstadt, Russia, kron'-stltt. 40,000 a-yi\t'-cho. 12,000 Dant'zic, 58,000 H-le-ldn'-ti, 19,000 Debreczin, di-brSt'-zin, 63,000 am'-i-enz. 52,200 Dijon, de^-zhon,' 32,500 &m-ster-dam', 229,000 Do'VER, 22,000 an-ko'-n&. 36,000 Dresden, drSz'-den, 104,500 an'-jerz. 46,600 Drontheim, dr6nt'-hlm. 13,800 90,000 Dub'lin, 258,000 &rk-an'-jel, 25,000 Dundee', 79,000 kr'-a, 5,000 Edinburgh, Sd'-in-bur-ruh, 160,000 is-tr&-kSn', 46,000 Elberfeld, ^l'-ber-filt\ 35,000 30,000 Elsinore, fer-sin-6r'. 8,000 augs'-burg, 38,000 El'vas, 16,500 bad-a-h'os, 12,000 Ev'oRA, 15,000 bi\r-si-lo'-ni, 122,000 Falun, fj'-loon. 4,500 bi\'-re, 27,300 Fkrrol, ftr-rol'. 16,600 ba'-zel. 27,300 Flensborg, flens'-borg, 16,500 b&s-tee-'d. 12,600 Flor'ence, 111,000 ba-yonn', 18,900 Frankfort, frank'-furt, 62,500 bel-f4st'. 120,000 Gallipoli, gil-lip'-o-le. 17,000 30,000 Galway, gai'-w4, 24,700 ber'-ghen, 25,600 Gefle, y6v'-li 8,100 442,000 Geneva, jen-ee'-va, 29,000 bSrn, 28,000 Genoa, jen'-o-a. 125,000 bil-b;\'-o. 11,900 Ghent, ghSnt, 112,500 bir'-ming-am, 223,000 Gibraltar, je-brai'-ter, 13,100 bok'-nc-a. 6,300 GlJON, he-h6n'. 6,500 bo-lou'-ya. 75,000 Glasgow, glas'-go. 350,000 bor^-do'. 131,000 Gothenburg, got'-en-burg, 29,000 bos'-nj ser-l', 60,000 Gottingen, gSt'-ing-cn, 107,000 bri'-ga, 17,000 Granada, gra-n3,'da. 61,600 bra^-hee-lov , 6,000 Gratz, grSts, 50,000 br6m'-en. 74,000 Groningen, gron'-ing-en. 83,700 brSs'-lau, 112,200 Hague, naig. 72,500 brSst, 61,000 Halle, hil'-leh, 20,800 bris'-tol. 140,000 Ham'burg, 161,400 brunn. 45,000 Han 'over, 42,500 bru^-seU', 145,000 Havre, Uv't 30,000 bu^-k&-rgst', 60,800 Hermanstadt, h6r'-min-st&tt\ 21,000 40,500 Hull, 82,500 boor^-gos'. 15,500 Inverness', 12,700 kJi'-diz, 54,000 Ismail, is-mUV, 21,700 k8n, 45,500 Kalooga, kk-loo'-sK 80,000 k&l'-y4-re, 30,000 Kazan, U-zkn' 41,300 kal'-i3. 100,000 Kherson, ker-s6n'. 24,400 kim'-brij. 28,000 Kiev, ke-Sv', ' 47,500 , ka,r'-de-gan. 3,000 Kola, ko'-l&. 1,000 k&rls'-kroo^-n^ 12,400 Kongsberg, kongs'-berg. 4,000 k&rls'-roo\ 25,700 Konigsberg, kSn'-igz-berg, 76,000 ker-iidr'-von. 8,000 Larissa, 1 g • / • lA-ns'-s^, 20,000 kilr-ta-je6'-na. 30,000 Laybach, li'-b5k. 17,400 ki-ti'-ne-a, 54,000 Leghorn, ISg'-horn or iSg-hom ', 8(»,'»00 kat'-til-ro, 4,000 Leipsic, llp'-sik. 66,000 sher'-burg. 28,000 Lem'berg, 75,000 kris-te-^'-ne-a. 26,000 Leon, lee'-on. 7,100 ko-eera'-br&, 15,000 Liege, leej, 66,500 7,600 Liegnitz, leeg'-nits. 14,000 198 VOCABULARY. Lille, leel, •76,000 Salerno, * sa-ler.'no. 19,000 Lim'erick, 55,000 Salon I CA, sMo-nee'-ki, '?6,000 LiNTZ, linte, 31,000 San Marino, sAn mi-ree'-no, 7,600 Lisbon, Uz'-bon. 280,000 Saragossa, 8&-ri-gos'-si, 80,000 Liv'erpooi., 380,000 Saratov, si-ri-tov'. 45,000 London, l&n'-dun. 2,400,000 Sassari, sas'-sa-re, 24,500 LONDONDEREY, « lun'-dun-der'-re, 20,000 SCHWERIN, shwa-reen'. 17,400 L'Orient, lo-re-6ii'. 26,000 Scutari, skoo'-t^-re. 40,000 LUBECK, lu'-bfek, 27,000 Seres, sSr'-es, si-too'-bil, 30,000 Lublin, loo'-blim 16,000 Setubal, 15,000 Lyons, ll'-onz. 200,000 Sevastopol, 8^v^-as-to'-pol, 40,000 Madrid, m&-drid'. 260,000 Seville, sev'-il or se-vUl', 85,000 Magdeburg, mag'-de-burg. 68,000 Shef'field, 136,000 Malaga, mal'-a-ga. 68,500 Shoomla, shoom'-ia. 21,000 Man'chester, 400,000 SiLISTRIA, se-lis'-tre-a, 20,000 : Mannheim, in&nn'-liim. 28,500 Sles'wick, 12,000 : Mantua, man'-tu-a, 31,000 Sligo, 8li'-go, 11,000 Marino, mi-ree'-no. 5,100 Smolensk', 13,000 Marseilles, mar-silz'. 193,000 Sophia, 80-fee'-&, 60,000 Memel, mfem'-el or m&'-mel 9,900 Southampton, suth-hamp'-ton, sant a-te-Sn', 35,500 Merthyr Tydvil, mer'-ther tid-vil. 63,100 St. Etienne, 56,000 Metz. mets, 43,500 Stettin, 8tSt-teen', 47,000 Milan, mil'-an, 162,000 St. Pe'tersbubg, 633,000 Minsk, 23,600 Stockholm, .8t6k'-h6m, 93,000 MODENA, mod'-Sn-i, 27,500 Strasburg, strSs'-burg, 75,000 Montpeliek, mont-p^l'-i-er, 38,000 Stuttgart, .stoot'-gdrt, 80,000 , Moscow, loos'-ko. 360,000 Syracuse, ,8lr'-a-kAz, 11,000 Munich, mu'-nik, 120,000 Taranto, tA'-ran-to, 15,000 MURCIA, m&r'-she-a. 55,000 Thorn, tfirn, 12,700 Nan'cy, 45,100 Toledo, to-lee'-do. 13,000 Nantes, nants. 96,400 TORNEA, tor'-ne-a, 700 Na'ples, 416,000 TORTOSA, tor-to'-sa. 20,600 Nauplia, naw-'ple-a. 14,000 Toulon, too^-l6n', 70,000 Newcastle, nu-kas'-sel, 87,800 TOULOUSB, too^-looz', 95,000 Nice, nees, 25,000 Tours, toor. 85,000 Norwich, nor'-rij, 68,700 Trapani, tr^'-pi-ne, 25,000 Novgorod', 32,000 Trieste, tre-fest'. 64,000 Nu'remberq, 45,400 Tripolitza, tre-po-lit'-sJ, 10,000 Odes'sa, 71,400 Troyks, troi, 27,500 Ol'mutz, 12,600 TuEm, tu'-rin. 143,000 Oporto, o-por'-to 80,000 Tver, tv&r, 24,000 Orel, o^r&l'. 25,700 Ulm, film. 13,500 Orleans, or'-le-anz, 47,400 Upsal, fip'-sal. 5,000 Padua, pad'-u-a, 60,000 Valencia, .va-lSn'-she-a, 76,000 Paisley, p4z'-le. 48,000 Valladolid', 80,000 Paris, par'-is, 1,060,000 Varna, T4r'-n4, 14,000 Par'ma, 40,900 Venice, ySn'-is, 120,000 Patras, pMris', 8,000 Verona, ya-ro'-nd, 48,000 Perth, 24,000 Vienna, ye-en'-nd. 408,000 Pesth, pftst. 65,000 ViLNA, vil'-n4. 62,500 Plymouth, plim'-uth, 52,200 Warsaw, wir'-saw, wa'-ter-ford, 164,000 Portsmouth, p6rt3'-muth. 73,000 Wat^rfobd, 25,000 POSEN, po'-zen. 32,000 WiDIN, yid'-din\ 26,000 Pots'dam, 38,000 WUELICZKA, ve-litch'-ka, 4,500 Prague, praig. 68,700 Yanina, j&a'-ne-ni, 86,000 Pres'buro, 38,000 Yaroslav, Ti-ro-sUv', V-rik. 85,000 Ragusa, r&-goo'-s4, 6,000 Zurich, 17,400 Reggio, r8d'-jo, 18,500 Rennes, renn. 89,500 Asia. Revel, r«v'-el. 25,000 Rheims, reemz. 45,800 JiDXH, .4'-den, 20,000 Riga, ree'-ga. 71,000 Ahmedabad, i'-med-J-bad', 100,000 Rome, 176,000 Alep'po, 75,000 Rot'terdam, 89,000 Amarapoora, im-i-ra-poo'-ri', Rouen, roo'-en, fla-ia-m&ng'-ki, 100,300 Amherst, AHi'-erst, 5,000 1 Salamanca, 14,000 Amoy, i-moi', 300,000 1 VOCABULARY. 199 Amritseeb, am-rit'seer', 115,000 Rangoon, rang'-goon', 20,000 AVA, i^-va, 25,000 Reshd, rfesht. 60,000 Bagdad, bag-dSd', 65,000 Saghalien, B&-ga-lee'-en, Bangkok, ban-kok', 60,000 Saigon, «I-gon', 180,000 Barnaul, b^r-nowl', 10,000 Samarcand, sa-mJr-k&nd', 10,000 1 1 Baro'da, 100,000 Sana, s&-n4'. 40,000 1 Bassorah, ,bis'-so-rS, 60,000 Shanghai, shang^-hl'. 190,000 : Bknajies, ben4'-r§z, 680,000 Sheekaz', 80,000 1 Beyroot, bi'-root\ 30,000 Singapore, sing^-ga-pore', 50,000 ^ I Bokhara, bo-k&'-ra. 160,000 Smyr'na, 150,000 1 Bombay', 500,000 Surat, •Boo'-rit', 157,000 Brdsa, broo'-sS, 60,000 Tabreez, ta^-breez'. 60,000 Cabool, kib-ool', 60,000 Tashkend, tash-kend', 40,000 Calcut'ta, 300,000 Teentsin, teent^-seen'. Canton, kan'-ton. 1,000,000 Teheran, teh^-her-an', 60,000 Cashmere, kash-meer', 200,000 TlFLM, tif-lis. 60,000 Chintang, shin-yang', 12:>,000 Tobolsk', 20,000 Colom'bo, 32,000 Tomsk, 24,000 Dac'ca, 200,000 Trebizond, treb'-e-zond^. 40,000 Damas'cus, 112,000 Yakootsk, ya^-kootsk', 7,000 Delhi, del'-le, 250,00?) Yarkand, yar^-kaad', 100,000 DiARBEKIR, de^-ar'^-be-keer', 40,000 Yeddo, y6d'-do. 1,500,000 Krzkoom, erz-room', 50,000 Yekaterinboorg, yi-ka-ta-rin-boorg'. 15,000 Hangchowfoo, h&nj^'^-chow^-foo'. Herat, Hue, her-at', hoo4, 30,000 60,000 Africa. Hyderabad, hr-der-a-bid', 200,000 Abbeokoota, ab-be-o-koo'-ta, 50,000 Hydrabad, hl-dri-b4d', 20,000 Abomey, ab^-o-mi', 20,000 Irkootsk', 120,000 Alexan'dria, 60,000 Ispahan, ia-pa-h&n', 150,000 Algiers, il-jeerz'. 95,000 Jeru'salem, 20,000 Angornou, &n-gor-noo'. 30,000 Jiga Gounggar, jee'-gh goong^-gar', 100,000 Antalo, &n-ta'-lo. 8,000 IvARS, k&rs, 12,000 Bath'urst, 3,000 Kashgar, kash^-gSr', 16,000 Bengazi, b&n-ga'-ze, 5,000 Kelat, ke-l&t'. 12,000 Benin, ben-een', 15,000 Ketch'o, 100,000 Ber'beea, 15,000 ^ Khiva, kee'-v4. 10,000 Bona, bo'-na. 10,000 Khokan, lio^kW, 80,000 Boo'da, Kiakhta, ke-&k'-t&. 5,000 Cairo, ki'-ro, 250,000 KiNGKITAO, king-ke-ta'-o, li-h6r'. Cape Towk, 23,000 Lahore, '20,000 Constantink, kon^-stan^-teen'. 28,000 Las'sa, 50,000 COOMASSIE, koo-mas'-se, 18,000 j Ldcknow, Juck'-now^, 800,000 Damietta, dam-e-fet'-ta, 28,000 ' Macao, m&-kow', 40,000 Derne. der'-n6b- 6,000 ' Madras, ma-dnas', 720,000 Fez, 90,000 Maimaitchin, ml-ml-chin', 1,500 Freetown, 18,000 Malacca, m&-lac'-ca, 12,000 Georgetowk, jorj'town, Mecca, mek'-ka. 80,000 Gon'dar, 6,000 Medina, me-dee'-nj, 20,000 Gra'ham's Towk, 6,000 i Meshed, mesh'-ed. 45,000 Kano, ka^-no'. 80,000 MlAKO, me-i'-ko, «00,000 Katunga, ka-t&ng'-ga, 18,000 Mocha, mo'-kft. •7,000 EIem'moo, ! Monchoboo', 4,000 Khartoom, kar-toom', 18,000 I Mosul, mo'-sU, 40,000 Kobbe, kob'-be. 6,000 Muscat', 40,000 KURRICANK, kur-re-ka'-na, 16,000 Nagpoor, n4g-poor'. 115,000 Lattakoo, lat-ta-koo', 1 Nanking, n&n-king', o-kot8k\ 400,000 LOANGO, lo-ang'-go. 20,000 \ Okhotsk, 800 Magadox'o, 4,000 j Omsk, 11,500 Mananzart, ma-nan-za'-re^, i OOJEIN, oo-jin', Massowah, mas'-so-wa. 4,000 Osaka, o-si'-ki. 800,000 Mequinez, mSk'-e-nSz'', 60,000 Pat'na, 284,000 Mesurata, mes-oo-ra'-ta, Peking, pe^-king', 1,500,000 Mombas, mom'-bas, 2,000 Peshawer, p&sh-ow'-er, 50,000 MoNRo'riA, 2,000 Pe'tra, Moor^zook', 3,500 Petropaulovski, pi-tro-pow-lov'-ske, 900 MOROCOO, mo-rok'ko, 100,000 200 VOCABULARY. Mozambique, mo-zam-beek', 4,000 New Benguela, new bSu-g4'-l&, New Dongola, new dong'-go-14, 6,000 Obeid, o-bid'. 30,000 Oran', 24,000 Pi etermaritzbceg, pee'-ter-m&r'-itz-burg, 2,000 QaiLIMANE, ke-le-m3,'-ni. 2,000 Rabatt, r4^-bit,' 27,000 R03ETTA, ro-zet'-ti, 4,000 Saocatoo, sUk-ka-too', 40,000 San Salvador, sin 841-va-d6r', 20,000 Se'go, 80,000 Sennaar, ein-nkv,' 4,000 SlOOT, se-oot', 20,000 SOFALA, 80-fl'-l4, Sr. Lotus, sint loo'-is, 12,000 St. Paul de Loanda, di lo-an'-di. Tamatav, ti-mi-t^v', Tananarivoo, a-nlL-n4'-re-voo', 12,000 Teem^boo', 16,000 Timbuc'too, Tooggoort', " 12,000 Tripoli, trip'-o-le. 15,000 Tunis, tu'-nis, 130,000 Zetla, zi'-l4, 500 ZUEEI^ ioo-ee'-la. Oceanica. ACHEEN, Adelaide, Albany, BANJERMASSm, Batavia, Bencoolen, Borneo, Brisbane, Free'mantle, Hi'lo, Honolulu, Kaaha, Kealakeakua, Lahaina, Macassar, Manilla, Melbourne, Padang, Falembang, Perth, Port'land, Samarang, Sarawak, Sydney, Waibuku, at-cheen', 40,000 ad'-e-lad. 20,000 Sl'-ba-ne, b&n-yer-mSs-sin', 1,500 ba-ta'-ve-a, l20,0(;o b6n-koo'-len, 6,0C0 bor'-ne-o. 22,000 briz'-b^, 1,0C0 hon^-o-loo'-loo, 6,000 U-k-W, k&-ia-k^-A-koo'-i, la-hi'-na. m?i-k&s'-sar. 20,((0 m^-nee'-la. 140,0(0 mel'-burn, 60,< ( pk-dhng\ 22,01 pi^-lfem-bSng', 25,C(0 B^-mS-r^ng' 50,0(0 B&-rr-w4k', 12,(,f0 Bid'-ne, 100,000 •wa-ru'-ku. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS, AND BAYS. Aden, &'-dSn or k'-dhn Adriatic, ad'-re-at'-ik. .(ICgean, e-jee'-an. Al'bemarle, Algo'a, All Saints, Anadir, a-ni-deer'. Antonoill, an-ton-zheel'. Appalachee, ap-pa-lah'-che. Ara'bian, Aral, ar'-a!. Archipelago, &r-ke-pel'-a-go. Arctic, irK'-tik. Atf.an'tic, Azof, az'-of. Baf'fin's, Baltic, b^l'-tik. Bsngal, ben-gSl'. Benin, ben-een'. Bembatoo'ka, felAFRA, be-af-ra. Brs'cAT, Black, bUk. Blanco, bl&ng'-ko. Bonavis'ta, Boothia, boo'-tbi-i. Bot'any, Bothnia, both'-ni-i. Brede, bra'-di. Bris'tol, Burgas, Cases, Cal'ifornia, Cambay, Cambridge, Campeachy, Carpentaria, Caribbean, Caspian, Chaleur, Chat'ham, Ches'apeaks, Chi'na, Cho'co, Cronos, Concepcion, COREA, Coronation, Cor' pus Chbisti, Cruz, Cutch, Da'rien, Dead, Delagoa, Delaware, Dis'co, East'ern, English, Faxe, Fin'land, Forth, Fujn'dy, Gal'veston, boor^-gis'. k&b'-es. kam^-bi'. kim'-brij. kam-pee'-che. k&r-pen-t&'-ri-a. k&r^-rib-bee'-an. kSs'-pi-an. 8h4-locr'. ko'-nos. kon-sfep-se-in'. ko-ree'-a. kor-o-na'-shun. kris'-te. kroos. kutch. dSd. del-a-go'-a. dfel'-a-w^. ing'-glish. faks'-i. f6rth. Galwat, Gen'oa, Georgia, Great Fish, guatimala, Guayaquil, guaytecas, Guinea, Halifax, Honduras, Hud'son, Hum'boldt, Indian, I'rish, Islands, Bay op James's, Japan, JlJIGINSK, Kamtchatka, Kara, Lena, Lyons, Madre de Digs, Maracaybo, Marmora, Martaban, Mass^achu'setts, Mat^agor'da, Mediterranean, Melville, Mex'ico, gjl'-wa. jor'-je-a. gwi-te-mS'-ld. gwI-A-keel'. gwi-ta'-kas. gbin'-ce. Lal'-e-fax. litn-dco'-ras. bum'-bolt. in'-de-an. I'-lands. jimz'-ez. jl-pan'. je-je-ghinsk'. kim-chat'-ka. kk'-rk. Ik'-nL ll'-onz. mk'-drk di dee'- 09 ma-rS-kl'-bo. mir'-mo-ra. mdr^-ta-ban'. med^ -ter-ra ■ ne-an. mel'-vil. VOCABULARY. 201 Mobile, mo-beel'. Charlotte, 8hi\r'-lot. Jamaica, ja-mi'-ka. Monterey, mon^-ta-ra'. Cook, kook. Ko'diak, Mozambique, mo^-zam-beek'. COREA, ko-ree'-a. Long, Mlr'ray, Cumberland, kum'-ber-land. Mag'dalen, Nar^ragan'sett, Dardanelles, dar^-di-nSlz'. Mans'field, Notre Dame, nit'r dim. Da'tis, Margarita, m&r-ga-ree'-ta. Obi, o'-be. Do'VER, Martha's Vineyard, mar'-thaz vin'- || Okhotsk, 0-kotsk'. Flor'ida, yard. One'ga, FORMO'SA, New'foundland, Or'mus, FOVEAUX, fo-vo'. North Dev'on, Pacific, pl-sif-ik. Frob'isher, NUNNIVAK, noo^-ne-Yak'. Pamlico, pam'-li-ko. Gibraltar, je-brai'-ter. Orleans, or'-le-anz. Panama, p4n-a-ma'. Juan de Fuca, ju'-an da fu-c3,. Porto Rico, p6r'-to ree'-ko. Paranagua, pi-r4-n&-gw4'. Lan'caster, PiNE^ Isle of. Paria, pk'-ie-L Le Maire, leh mir. Prince Ed'ward, Passamaquod'dt. Long Island, long I'-land. Prince Will'iam, Pecheelee, Penas, pi^-chee-le'. Macassar, mi-kis'-sar. Queen Charlotte, ehar'-lot. pfen'-yAs. Magellan, mi-jel'-lan. Revii^lagigedo, ri^-veel'-yA-he- : Penjinsk, pSn-jinsk'. Malacca, m4-lak'-ka. hk'-do. j Penob'scot, Manaar, md-nir.' Santa Barbara, Bin'-til bar'-bi-ri. ! Pen^saco'la, Messina, mes-see'-n3,. Shoomagins, shoo-mi-'gins. j Persian, per'-shan. North, Sit'ka, 1 PlNZON, pill-son'. Northum'berland, The Three Mari'as, || 1 Placentia, pla-sen'--shl Nor'ton, Ti'burn, Plen'ty, Or'mus, Tortugas, tor-too'-gas. 1 Qteen Adelaide's, ad'-e-lid. Otranto, o-trin'-to. Vancouver's, van-koo'-verz. 1 Red, Palk's, pawks. 1 Riga, ree'-ga. Perouse, pe-rooz'. South Amerioa. II San Diego, sin de-a'-go. Prince Re'gent's, San Francisco, sin fran-sis'-ko. Prince William, wil'-yam. Abrolhos, i-brol'-yoce. 1 Shark's, Skager Rack, skag'-er rak. Barbadoes, bi\r-ba'-doz. 1 „ ' j SlAM, sl-am'. Smith, BuEN Ayre, bwen Ir'-a. j SiDRA, sid'-ra. St. Ma'ry's, Cananea, U-nh-nk'-L ■ Spencer, spen'-ser. St. George's, jor'-jes. Chiloe, cheel-o-i'. 1 St. Helena, hel-e'-na. SUNDA, sun'-da. CURACOA, ku-ra-so'-a. i St. Law'rence, Tar'tary, Falkland, faik'-land. i St. Matthi'as, Tor'res, Grenada, gren-i'-da. Tam'pa, Well'ington, Her'mit, j Taranto, ta,'-ran-to. Yenikale, y5n^-e-kl'-li. Itamaraca, ee-ti-ra&^-r&-ei'. j Teheskaya, ti-hes-kl'-ya. Yes'so. Joannes, zho-an'-iifes. Tehdantepec, ti-win^-ta-pek'. Ju'an Fernandes, fer-nan'-des. Tomsk, TONQUIN, tomsk. ton^-keen'. 5. ISLANDS. Lo'bos, Margarita, mar-ga-ree'-ta. Ungava, ung-gah-'va. North America. Puna, poo'-na. Venezuela, v6n^-6z-wee'-la. J.^NTIC0STI, an-te-kos'-te. QUIBO, kee'-bo. Victo'ria, Antilles, an-teel'. South Geor'gian, jor'-je-an. Walvisch, wil'-vish. Bahama, ba-hi'-ma. hTATEN Land, stat'-en laud. Yed'do, Ba'ring, St. An'ne, Yel'low, Bermudas, ber-moo'-da. St. Catharina, kk-tk-ree'-riL Yenisei, yhn^-e-sk'-e. Boothia, boo'-the-a. St. Fe'lix, ZuYDER Zee, zl'-der zee. Cape Breton, kip brit'-un. St. Sebastian, se-bast'-yan. Caribbees, kar'-re-biz. St. VlN'CENT, 4. STRAITS AND CHANNELS. Carmen, Cerros, kir -men. ser'-ros. Terra del Fuego, Toba'go, th-rk' del fwa'-go. Bab el Mandeb, bAb-Mman'-deb\ Cozumel, ko-zoo-mel'. Trinidad, trin-i-dad'. Bank, bdnk. Cuba, ku'-ba. Well'ington. Bar'row, Cumberland, kum'-ber-land. Bass, Us. Disco, dis'-ko. Europe. || Behring's, bee'-ringz. Espiritu Santo, Ss-p!r'-e-too Aland, i'-land. Bellisle, bftl-Ile'. sin'to. Anglesea, ang'-g'l-see. Bonifacio, bo-ne-fi'-cho. Flor'ida Keys, Bornholm, born'-holm. BOS'PORUS, Georgian, jor'-ji-an. Can'dia, kan'-di-i. Bris'tol, Great Manitouline , man^-e-too'-lin. Cephalonia, sef-a-lo'-ne-i. Cana'dian, Guanahani, gw;Vni-ha'-ne. Cerigo, ch6r'-e-go. kor'-fu. Can'so, Hayti, hi'-te. Corfu, Cat'tegat^, Ice'land, Corsica, kor'-si-ka. .202 VOCABULARY. CTCLAI>Bg, sik'-Ia-dk. New Sibe'bia, Gil'bert's, 1 Cyprus, si'-prus. da'-go. Nic'OBAR, Gilolo, je-lo'-lo. Dago, Niphon, ni-fon'. Guadalupe, gw^-d^-loo'-pi. El'ba, Nova Zembla, no'-va zem'-bl3,. Hall, Falster, lar-ster. Pe'^nang', Hapai, M'-pi\ Faroe, fi'-ro. Quelpaert, kwSl'-part\ Hawaii, h&-wl'-ee. Fc'-NEN, Saghalien, si-gi-lee'-en. Java, j^'-vl GOTHLANn, goth'-land. SiKOKF, see'-kokf. Keel'ing, Guern'set, ghern'-ze. Singapore, . sing'-ga-pore'. sok'-o-tr^. Ker^madec', Hebrides, hSb'-rid-ez. SOCOTRA, Ladrones, 15d-r6nz.' Ice'lanp, Staten, stat'-en. LOUISIADE, loo-ee-zee-^d'. Ionian, I-o'-ne-an. Sumatra, soo-ma'-trS. Luzon, loo-z6a'. Ihe'land, Tchantap, chkn-tkr'. Magel'lan's, IVICA, e-vee'-s3,. Yes'so, Malaysia, mal-i'-she-a. Jersey, jer'-ze. Marquesas, mir-ki'-sas. Laaland, lA'-land. AMca. Melville, mel'-vil. LiPARI, .lip'-a-re or lee'- Mindanao, nun-di-na'o. pa-re. Abd el Curia, Sbd^-Sl koo'-re-5. Mindo'ro, Loffo'dkn, Amirante, am^-e-rant'. Mitch'ell's, Mageroe, mag'-er-o. Annobon, Jn^-no-bon'. Mort'lock, Majorca, ma-jor'-k4. Ascension, as-sen'-shun. Mul'grave, Malta, mai'-tl Azores, az'-orz. Nav'igator, Man, Bourbon, boor-bon'. New Britain, nu brit'-en. Minorca, min-or'-kS. Cana'ry, New Caledonia, kal-e-do'-ni-a. Mitylene, mit-e-lee'-ne. Cape Verde, kip-verd. New Georgia, jor'-je-d. Neg'ropont, Com'oro, New Guinea, ghin'-nee. Oesel, e'-sel. Fernando Po, fer-nSn'-do po. New Hebrides, h6b'-rid-6z. O'land, Madaoas'car, New Ire'land, Ork'net, Madeira, md-dce'-rL New Leinster, lin'-stei-. Rhodes, r&dz. Mauritius, maw-rish'-e-us. New Mun'ster, Rugen, ru'-ghen. MONFLi, mon-fee'-a. New Ul'ster, Sa'mos, Pem'ba", New Zealand, zee'-land. Sardinia, Bir-din'-i-a. Prince's, prins'-ez. Nookaheeva, noo-kd-hee'-va. SCARPANTO, sc&r'-pan-to. Seychelles, sa^ -sheer. Nor'folk, SCILLY, sil'-le. St. Hele'na, Oahu, •wh'-hoo, Scio, si'-o. Sj. Thomas," tom'-as. Owhyee, o-wi'-he. Shet'land, Zanzibar, z&n-zi-bar'. Palawan, pl-l^-w^n'. Sicily, sis'-i-Ie. Pal'liser, SoROE, Stalimni, so'-ro. 6t&-lim'-ne. Oceanica. Pal'myra,s, Pearl, perl. Wight, wit. Ad^miral'ty, Pelew,' Zante, zin'-te. Amer'ica, Philip'pine, Zealand, zee'-land. Asia. An 'son's, Ar^roo', Aus'tjial, PlT^CAIRN, Radack, Ren'nell, Tl-dSik'. Australasia, aws-tral-^'-she-a. San'dalwood, Andaman', Australia, aws-tra'-le-a. Sand'wich, Bahrein, bih-rine'. Bal'ly, Sangir, sin-gheer'. Behring's, bee'-ringz. Banca, Unk'-kL Samar, s&-mJr'. Ceylon, see'-lonorsil-on'. BONIN, bo-neen'. Scarborough. skdr'-bur-o. Coralline, kor'-al-lin. Bor'neo, Soci'ety, Cyprus, si'-prus. Car'oline, Sol'omon's, Fadietskoi, fa-de-fev'-skoi. Celebes, s61'-e-b53. SOO^LOO', Formosa, for-mo'-s4. Central, sen'-tral. Spice, .spis. Hainan, hf-nan'. Chat'ilmi, St. An'drew's, Hongkong, CHRISTMAil, Cook's, krist'-mas. St. Paul's, Junk Ceylon, junk see'-lon or Sumatra, soo-m&'-trA. junk sil-on'. De Peyster, de pl'-ster. SUMBAWA, Boom-baw'wi. Kioosioo, ke-oo'-se-op'. DUCIE, dn'tSQC, Tahiti, ta-hee'-te. KiSHM, Eas'ter, Tas'well's, KOORILK, koo'-ra. Eg'mont, Timor, te-m6r'. KOTELNOI, ko-tel-noi'. Egoi, e-goi'. Ton'ga, Laccadive, lik'-ka-div\ Friendly, frend'-le. Tor'res, Liaghofp, le-ig-hof. Fee'jee, Ula'lan, Loo^ Choo^ Maldive, Flores, flo'-res. Van Diemen's Land , v&n dee'-men's mal'-dlv. Gambier, gam'-bi-pr. jand. VOCABULARY. 203 6. PENINSULAS, ISTHMUSES St. Lewis, lu'-is. Kamtchatka, Um-cUt'-U. AND CAPES Walsingham, . wol-sing-ham. Lopatka, lo-pat'-kl Yucatan, yoo-kiVt^n'. Negrais, ne-grlse'. North America. North East, Rasalhad, north hst.' r&s-al-had'. Alaska, 41-4s-'ki. South America. Romania, TO-mk-nec'-L Barrow, bir'-o. Blanco, bUn-ko. St. Thaddeus, Suez, Bknt thad'-de-us. soo'-6z. Bath'urst, Corrientes, kor-re-en'-tes. Brewster, bru'-ster. Da'rien, Zelania, ze-U'-ni-a. Canav'eral, Frio, free'-o. Can'so, i Catoche, kS-to'-chi. Gallinas, gal-yee'-nas. Horn, . hSrn. Africa. 1 1 Charles, ch&rlz. North, nSrth. Am'bro, r Chudleigh, chud'-le. Or'ange, Agulhas, A-gool'-yas. ! Cod, kod. Pil'lar, Bas'sas, 1 Conception, kon-sep'-shon. San Francisco, fr&n-sis'-ko. Bon, b6n. Ij Corrientes, kor-re-en'tes. San Loren'zo, BOJADOR, boj-a-dor'. Ij Darien, da'-ri-en. St. Antokio, &n-to'ne-o. Blan'co, Des Montes, da raon'-ta. St. Roque, r6k. Corrientes kor^-re-6n'-t6s. Desconocida, da-kon-o-se'-d4. Cross, kr6s. Eliz'abeth, Delgado, dfel-gd'-do. free'-o. Fear, f6r. Europe. Frio, Flat'tery, Clear kl^r. Guardafui, gw^r-dil-fwee'. Flor'ida, CoRgo, kor'-so. Crimea, krim-ee'-a. Finistere, fin-is-tair'. Good Hope, good hop. Gracias a Dios, gri'-se-&3 J dee'- 6s. Orfui, Pal'mas, or-fwee'. Hat'teras, Henlo'pen, Hen'ry, Gata, gk'-tL La Hague, lahAg'. Matapan, mi-t&-p&n'. St. Ma'ry, Verde, Suez, ,vSrd'. soo'-fi«. I'CY, Labrador, Lookout', Malabar, Iab-ra-d6r'. mal-a-b&r'. mi. Naze, iiAz. North, nSrth. Ortegal, or-tA-g4r. Palqs, p&'-los. Oceanica. 1 Bougainville, boo^-eran-vill'. 11 May, San Martix, sin mJr-teen'. Chat'ham, Mendocino, m6n-do-see'-no. Spartivento, spar-ti-ven'-to. Engano, 4n-g&'-no. Mor'ro Hermo'so, St. Vincent, vin'-sent. Flat'tery, Or'ford, SviATOi, 8ve-&'-toi. Howe, how. Pal'ma, Teulada, t^-oo-li'-dS. Hana, h&'-nL Prince of Wales, Race, Ray, RoMANZOFP, Roxo, priDS of wAk. rh. tL ro-man-zof. roks'-o. Trafalgar, traf-al-g&r'. Wrath, r^th. Kahaka, KOOLAU, ka-h^'-kd. koo-Un'. Asia. Leeuwin, Leteque, Maria Van Diemen lee'-wiuorli'win. li-vaik'. dee'-men. Sable, San Antonio, sa'-bl'. s4n &n-to'-ne-o. Cambodia, kara-bo'-de-a. Northwest, Rod'ney, San'dy, nfirth-west. San Blas, sin bl&s. Chelagskoi, che-ldg-skoi'. San Lazaro, s&n l4z'-a-ro. CoMORiN, kom'-o-rin. St. Lucas, sAnt loo'-kas. East, ist. Town 'send. oo-po'ia. St. Ma'bt, IsoLETTE, e-so-let.' Upola, York. 7. MOUNTAINS. Cats'kill, Cum'berland, 8,800 North America. Mt. Fairweath'si^ 14,000 Height in Feet. Green, 4,860 Alleghany, al-le-ga'-ne 4,200 Katah'din, 6,380 Black Hills, Ozark, o'-z&rk. Blue Ridge, blu rij. 6,4^0 POPOCAITAPKTL, ^p-po-cAt-a -pet'-l. 17,'720 Cascade, kas'-kid. Rock'y, Mt. Hood, 14,000 Mt. Browk, 16,000 Mt. St. Hel'ens. Fremont's Pe. IK, 13,500 •Mt. Ranieb, ra-neer. Mt. Hook's9, .i.e.^oo 204 VOCABULARY. Long's Peak, ' 12,000 Asia. Pike's Peak, 11,500 < Span'ish Peak, Sierra Madre, se-er'-rJ m&'-dra. Aldan, Altai, Beloor', Caucasus, Elbrooz, Ghauts, k\-dkn', ai-tl'. 4,260 12,210 Sierra Nevada, se-Sr'-ra nk-\k'-dL Mt. St. Eli'as, 17,900 White, 6,230 kaw'-kS-sus, M-brooz'. gawts. 20,000 18,493 8,000 Himalaya, hiin^-a-h'-a South America. Ev'erett, Kunchinginga, koon-chin'- jing'-gL 28,177 II AcARAT, ak-a-ri'. Hindoo Koosh, hin'-doo koosh, 18,000 Andes, an'-diz. ' Khingan, king-gan'. Aconcagua, &-kon-ka.'-gw3,, 23,900 CiiiMBORAZO, chim-bo-ril'-zo, 21,425 Kuenlun, kwen'-loon ', 14,700 Meling, ma^-ling'. CiiUQUiBAMBA, choo-ke-b&m'-b3,, 21,000 Peling, pa'-ling'. CoTOPAXi, ko-to-pax'-e, 18,870 Gualateiki, g\fk-\k-tk-e-ree\ Ram'leah, Sinai, si'-nk or si -n^-I, 7,500 Illimani, eer-ya-m3,'-iie, 21,150 Stanovoi, str-no-voi' SoRATA, BO-ri'-t&, 21,280 Tau'rus, 13,100 Brazilian, bra-zeel'-yan. ThIAN SHAN, tee'-^n^ shan. Geral, zha'-r^l. Pacaraima, pi-k4-rl'-m4. Africa. Abba Yaret, kh'-hk y&'-ret. 15,000 Europe. At'las, Alps, Mount Blanc, blank, 15,800 Mt. MiLTRii;F,N Cameroons, Crystal, kam-er-oons', krist'-al. 11,400 13,000 Apennines, ap'-en-ninz. Mt. Vesuvius, ve-soo'-ve-us, 3,950 Kong, LuPATA, loo-p&'-tl 4,000 Auvergne, o-vairn', 6,221 Moon, Balkan, b^l-kin', 10,000 Cantabrian, kan-t^'-bre4n, 11,000 Ke'nia, Kilimandjaro. kir-e-mdn^ jk-vo', 20,000 20,000 Carpathian, k&r-pi'-the-an, 8,675 Radama, rk'-dk-mk''. Caucasus, kaw'-kd-sus, 18,000 Red, rSd. Cevennes, si-venn', 5,820 Snow, sno. Mt. Et'na, 10,885 Gram'pian, 4^370 Mt. Hec'la, 5,210 Oceanica. Pyrenees, plr'-en-eez, 11,425 Australian Alps 6s-trd'-le-an, 12,000 Scandinavian, 8,720 Blue, blu. 8,330 Sierra Morena, se-Sr'-ra mo-r^'-nS, 4,000 KiLAUEA, ke-lau'-e-a. Sierra Nevada, Be-Sr'-ri ni-va'-dd, 11,657 Ophib, o'-phur. 8. DESERTS AND OASES. Sahara, Bk-hk'vk. Grand, grind South America. Seewah, se'-vfk. Great Bear, Uv. Tibesti, tee'-bes'-tee'. Great Salt, silt. Atacama, k-tk-kk'-mL Tuat, too-at'. Great Slave, Green, sUv. gr^n. Asia. 9. LAKES. Hu'ron, Klamath, kl&m' ■kt or kid- Akhaf, kk-hkf. North America. math'. CoBi, ko'-bee\ San'dt. Abbitibbee, ab-be-tib'-e. Little Slave, Bikr. Athabasca, atli-a-bas'-ka. Manitoba, man^- e-to'-ba. Caniapuscaw, kan^-e-ap'-us- Michigan, mish' ■e-gkn. Africa. kaw. MisVissin'ny, Agadez, 3,'-o'&-dez. Champlain, sham-pUn'. Chapala, chk-pk'-\k. Chesuncook, che-sun'-kook. Erie, e'-ri. Georgian, jor'-ji-an. Nicaragua, nik- a.r-k'-gvfk. BiLMAH, bil'-ml. Challehenga, chil'-le-hen-gi. Libyan, lib'-i-an. Nubian, nu'-bi-an. Nicollet, Nip'issing\ Nitcheguon, Okechobee, nik-o-li', nitch^-e-gwon'. o^-ke-cho'-be. 1 VOCABULARY. 205 Ontario, on-ta'-ri-o. Reyes, rk'-Yhs. Balkash, ' bai-kash'. POXTCHARTRAIN, p6n-char-trin'. Titicaca te-te-k4'-ka. Koko Nor, k6-k6 nor. Pyramid, pir'-a-mid. Lop Nor, lop nor'. Rainy, ra'-ne. Europe. Ooroomeeyah, oo-roo-rae' -yL Sag'inaw. Poyang, po-y&ng'. SiMCOE, 8im'-ko. Constance, kon'-stanz. Tchany, ch&'-ne. St. Clair, sint kiar. Geneva, jen-Vva. TON^TING^-HOO', St. John, sknt jon. Ilmen, il-men' or il'-men Zaizan, zi-rAn'. Terminos, ter'-me-nos. Ladoga, la-do '-g^. ZuRRAH, zur'-ra. TtlI.E, too'-le or too'-lL Maelar, mi'-lar. Winnipeg, win'-i-peg. Onega, o-ne'-ga. Africa. WiNNIPEGOOS, win'-i-pe-goos. Peipus, pi'-e-poos. Woods, woodz. Flatten See, piat'-tea sk'. Debo, dk'-ho. PURUS, poo'-roos. Dembea, dem'-be-a. South America. Sego, Vigo, sk'-go. vee'-go. FiTTRE, fit'-triV. Maravi, md-ri'-ve. Bevedero, hk-xk-dk'-vo. Wener, wi'-uer. Melgig, mfel-ghig'. CoLnGUAPE, ko-loo-gwa'-p^. Wetter, wet'-ter. Ngami, n'g&'-me. InERA, e-hk'-vL Nyassi, ne-as'-se. Maracatbo, m<\r4-ki'-bo. Asia. Sib'kah. MiRIM, me-reeng'. Tchad, chid. Patos, p^'-tos. Baikal, bl'-kal. Ukerewe, u-ka-ra'-we 10. RR^ERS. Grand, Mich., Great Pedee', 270 300 North America. Green, Ky., 800 Length in Miles. Har^rican'aw, 270 AnniTIBBEE, ab-be-tib'-e, 250 Hud'son, 800 Albany, ai'-ba-ny. 840 Humboldt, hum'-bilt, 850 Alleghany, al-le-ga'-ne. 400 Illinois, ir-Iin-oi', 400 Altamaha, &r-ta-ma-haw'. 140 I'OWA, 800 Androscoggin, an-dros-kog'-in, 140 Jame;!, 450 Appalachicola, ap^-pa-Iah-che-ko'-la, 100 Jefferson, jef-fer-sun. k4-naw'-wa. Arkansas, fir-kan'-sas, 2,000 Kanawha, 400 Athabas'ca, 500 Kan's AS, 1,000 Bal'sas. Kaskas'kia, 800 Bear, bare. 400 Ken'nebec, 200 Bro IIoRN, 400 Kentlck'y, 200 Big San'dt, 80 Klamath, kU'-math, 250 Brazos, brah'-zo3, 900 Lew' IS, 900 Cana'dian, 900 Mackenzie, mak-k&n'-ze, 900 Cape Fear, 800 Mad^awas'ka, 210 Ciiat'taiioo'che, 550 Mad'ison, Chowan, cho-wSn', 50 Maumee', 200 Chitrch'ill, 700 Mer'rimac, 110 Clarke's, 650 Miami, mi-ah'-me, 150 Colorado, Tex., kol-o-rah'-do, 900 Min'nesota, 450 Colorado, Cal, *1,200 Miramichi, mir^-a-me^-she'. 76 Colum'bia, 1,000 Mis'sissip'pi, 8,160 Connecticut, kon-net'-i-kut, 400 Missouri, mis-soo'-ree, 8,100 Citm'berland, 600 Mobile, mo-beel'. 50 Del'aware, 800 Mohawk', 160 Des Moines, de moin, 400 Monon^gahe'la, 250 Detroit', 25 Moose, 250 East Main, 400 Nebras'ka, 400 Feather, feth'-er. Neches, netch'-ez. 150 Flint, 800 Nel'son, ?00 Gal'latin, 150 Neusk, nuse, 800 1 Gatineau, g^-te^-no'. 400 Niagara, nl4g'-a-rah, 84 i Gila, heel'-a, 450 Nicollet, nik^-o-li'. * Including the Green. 206 VOCABULARY. North Fork, 800 Nueces, nwi'-scs; 350 ocmulgee, Oco'nee, ok'-mul-ge, 300 280 Ohi'o, 950 O'saqe', 200 Ottawa, ot'-ta-wJ, 800 Pascagoula,- pas^-ka-goo'^laj 100 Peace, p^s. 800 Pearl, perl. 250 Pecos, pa'-k6s, 100 Penob'scot, 300 Poto'mac, 400 Rappahan'nocK, 125 Red, 1,200 Repcb'lican Fork, 400 Rio Grande, Mex., ri'-o grand. 1,800 Rio Virgen, ree'-o veer'-hen. Ro^anoke', 450 Rock, 830 Rdpert, roo'-pert, 300 Sabk.e, sa-been. 600 Saco, saw'-ko, 150 Sacramen'to, 870 Saguenat, 8*g^'-nif, 100 Sal'mon, San Joaquin, sin ho^4-keen', 350 Sa-ntander, sin-tan'-der. 110 San^tee', 150 Saskatchewan, sSs-kitch'-e-won, 1,300 Savan'nah, 450 Scioto, 8l-o'-to, 200 Sev'ern, 850 Slave, 300 Smo'ky Hill, 800 SOREL or RiCHKLTETT, eo^-rel', 80 South Fork. St. Clair, 40 St. Croix, kroi', 15 St. Francis. St. Fran 'CIS, Miss., 450 St. John's, Flor., 250 St. John, 450 St. Jo'seph's, 250 St. Law'rence, 750 St. Ma'ry's, 100 St. Maurice, sing mo-reess',' 400 Sus^quehan'na, 400 Suwanee, eu-w&'-ne. Ten^'nessee', 800 Tombig'bee, 450 Trin'ity, 550 Tula, too'-Ia, 200 USUMASINTA, oo-soo-m&-sm'-t4, 400 Wabash, waw'-bash. 550 Washita, wash'-e-taw, 600 Wateree, waw-ter-e'. 200 White, Ind., 60 White, Ark., 800 Willamette, Wiscon'sin, wil-lah'-met, 150 600 Yaqui, y&-kee'. 400 Yazoo, yj-zoo', 290 Yel'low Stone, 1,000 South America. Amazon,' Aniba, Apure, Araguat, Arinoce, Beni, ' Berbice, Camarones, Caqueta, ob Jafura, Caroni, Cauca, Chico, Colorado, cosiquare, or Cassiquiabi, CUTABA, Demarara, Desaguadero, DULCE, ESSEQUIBO, GUAPAI, GUAPORE, GUATIARE, GURAPY OR GUBTTPI, Huallaga, Jatary, JURUA, Jutay, Madeira, Magdalena, Mamore, Maranham or Miarim, Marowyne, Meta, Negro, Orinoco, Oyapok, Para, Paraguay, Parahiba, Parana, Paranaiba, Parnahiba, PiLCOMAYO, Port Desire', PURUS, Putumayo, Rio de la Plata, Rio das Mortes, Rio Negro, Pat. Salado, (148) Salado, (150) Santa Cruz, St. Francisco, Surinam, Tacuari, Tercero, Tiete, Tocantins, Tapajos, Trombetas, Uaupes, UCAYALE, XiNGU, ' am -a-zon, i-ne-bi'. 4-poo'-ri. 2,r-4-gwl', &-ree -n6s, bi-nee', ber-bees', kam-a-ro'-nez. ki-k&'-ta, ki-ro-nee', kow'-k3,, chee'-ko. kor-o-rah'-do, ko-se-k&'-re, k&s-se-ke-4'-ra. koo-yS'-ba. dSm^-er-S'-ra, d&s'-a-gwa-di'-ro, dool'-sa. is-seh-kee'-bo, gwi-pi', gwd-po'-ri, gw&-ve4'-rA. goo-roo-pee', hwai-yS'-ga, ha-va-ree', hoo-roo'-S, hoo-tl', mi-di'-ra, mag-da-lee'-na, mk-mo-rk', mar^-an-him', ma^-ro-wlii', mk'-tSi, ni'-gro, o-re-no'-ko, o^-y&-pok', pk-rk', pk-rk-gwh' or pk-rk- ■pk-rk-ee'-hk, pk-rk-nk', pk-rk-nk-Qe'-hk, pkr-nk-ee'-hk, pil-ko-ml'-o, poo'-roos, poo-too-ml'-o, ree'-o di \k-p\k'-tk, ree'-o dka mor'-tes. ree'-o ni'-gro, Bk-lk'-do, ekn'-tk kroos, fran-sees'-ko, 600-rin-am', tS-ku-'^-re, ter-si-ro, te-i'-ti, to-kin-teens', tk-pk'-zhbs, trom-ba'-tas. wow '-pes. oo-kl-a'-la, shin-goo'. 4,000 1,000 700 *2,000 200 1,200 400 600 130 180 180 450 650 400 450 250 600 450 700 1,800 900 600 850 400 600 1,000 1,600 180 200 gwi', 1,600 800 2,000 600 750 1,000 200 600 700 *2,500 600 1,000 400 200 1,250 600 1,000 600 600 1,300 * Including the Marmore. VOCABULARY. 207 Europe. Tornea, Umea, tor'-ne-6, oo'-me-6. 230 250 BlELAIA, be4^-ll'-i, 600 Ural, yoo'-ral. 1,800 Bog, 840 VlATKA, \e-kt'-U, 500 Bug, 300 Vistula, vis'-tu-la, 630 Dan'ubb, 1,800 VlTCHEGDA, ve-chSg'-di, 380 Dahl, d&l. Volga, vol'-ga, 2,500 Desna, . dSs'-ni, 500 Volkhov, vol-kov'. 130 Dnieper, nee'-per, nees'-ter, 1,230 Wartha, war'-ta. 450 Dniester, 500 We'seb, 250 Don, 1,000 Donets, do-n6ts'. 400 DORDOGNB, dor-d6n', 220 Asia. DOURO, doo'-ro, 400 Aldan, ai-dan'. 800 Drammen, dr&m'-men. Amga, am'-ga'. 460 Drave, driv. 860 Amoo, i-moo', 1,300 Ddna, du'-n&. 400 Amoob, a-moor'. 2,200 DWINA, dwl'-na, 330 Anabara, a-na^-ba-ra', 400 Ebro, ee'-bro. 340 Anadir, a-na-deer'. 450 Elbe, Garonne, fclb, gi-ronn'. 650 880 Angara, Ar^goon'. 4ng.ga-ra', , 1,000 Glommen, glom'-men. 280 Attrcck'. GUADALQCIVIB, gaw-dal-kwiv'-er, 280 Brahmapootra, brah^-raa-poo'-tra 1,500 GCADIANA, gw2,-de- i'-ni, 880 Cambodia, kam-bo'-de-a. 1,800 Hum'ber, 40 Che^naub'. TOO In^dal, 60 Euphrates, VL-frk'-tkz, 1,800 Kama, ki'-mJ, 1,400 Ganges, gan'-jfez, go-da-ver-e, hSl-mund', 1,960 Kem, 100 GODAVERT, 100 Khoper, ko'-per, 250 Helmund, 650 Klar, kl&r, 200 HOANG Ho, ho-ang' h6,' 2,000 Kooban, koo'-ban', 880 HOANG KlANG, ho-ang' ke-ang-. 800 KOOMA, koo'-mi, 800 IndighirAa, in^-de-ghir-'ka, 750 Loire, lw4r, 640 Indus, in'-d&s, 1,650 LULEA, Man ITCH, loo'-le-o, mi-neeich', 200 800 Ir'rawad'dt, Ir'tish, 1,200 1,700 700 \ Maritza, m&-rit'-si, 260 Ishim, ish'-im. Meuse, muz, 430 Khatanga, l^tif?' 660 I Mezene, m&z-in'. 450 Kolyma, 700 I MiNHO, meen'-yo, 130 KOOR, Kist'nah, 620 Neva, ni'-va. 40 600 NiEMEN, nee'-men, 400 Le'na, 2,400 O'deb, Oka, ^^'■'^A^' . ' 650 650 Mahanuddt, Menam, ma-ha-nud'-de, mi^-nam', 250 800 Onega, o-ni'-ga, 250 Nerbodda, « ner-bud'-da, 620 OOSA, Petchora, oo'-si, petch'-o-ri, 200 900 Obi, Olenek, o'-be, o-ia-ngk'. 2,000 800 Po, 840 OOSOORI, oo^-soo'^-ree', 840 Pripets, prip'4ts, 850 Pei Ho, pa'-h6', pe-a-see'-na, 170 Pruth, pruth. 860 PlASINA, 250 Rhine, rrn, 950 Salwin, sai'-win. Rhone, r6n. 640 Selenga, si-Ifeng'-ga, ehil'-kl 600 Samara, si-ma-ri', 280 Shilka, Saone, sin, 820 SiHON, sl-hon'. 900 Save, s4v or siv, 650 SOONGARI, soon-ga'-ree or soon- Seine, sin or sSn, 600 ga-ree', 800 Sev'ern, ?10 SUTLEJ, sfit'-lej, 950 Shan'non, 220 CCHIKIRI, chee-kee^-ree', 450 Skelleftea, skfel-lef-te-o, 120 Ti'gris, 1,150 SOOKHONA, 80o-ko'-n4, 250 Tobol, to-bol'. 600 Sdra, Sveer, soo'-ri. 400 130 Toongooska, Ural, toong-goos'-ka, yoo'-ral, - 1,800 Ta'gus, 640 VlTIM, vit'-im. 900 Terek, ti-rfek', 850 Yana, yj'-na, yang^-tse ke-ang , 600 Thames, Theiss, tSmz, 220 Yang tse Kiang, 2,500 tis, 600 Yarkand, yar^-kand'. 500 Ti'beb, 185 Yenisei, yfen^-e-si'e, 2,500 VOCABULARY. A£nca. Ambriz, BEMBAROnGHE, Blue, Chad'da, COANZA, Congo, Gambia, GOJEB, Haines, JUBA, Matoni, MiSSELAD, Niger, Nile, Orange, Ozi, Eio Gbano£} am'-briz. bem-ba-rooj' ko4n'-za, kong'-go, glm'-be-a, go'-jeb.^ h^nz. zhoo'-bi. m^-to'-ni. niis-se-Ud'. ni'-jer, or'-inj, o'-ze. ree'-o grdn'-di. 800 600 240 1,000 2,500 1,800 1,000 Sabaki, Senegal, Shary, St. Paul, Tacazze, Umbre, Vaal, VOLTA, White, Yeoo, Dar'ling, Lachlan, Lynd, Murray, Swan. s&-b&'-ke, sen'-e-gll, shd'-re. ta-k4t'-s4. oora'-bri. vdl. vol'-tH, y2i-oo', Australia. lak'-Un, lind. mur'r£. 1,000 800 1,200 300 1,000 400 1,400 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 25-J5 2LU JAN1B1954LU 13Ja'57PT REC'D LD JAN 10 1957 LD 21-95to-11,'50 (2877816)476 YD040676 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY