>~ THE LIBRARY BUILDINC BY W. R. EASTMAN PREPRINT OF MANUAL OP LIBRARY E CHAPTER X EDITION 2, REVISED American likarp 7S E. WASHINGTON ST., CHICAGO 1918 " Miss BA< Department," DR. V . . *h Cl ire: * : " ; . - : *" : '- ", * ; - , ' : j __ UBRABt X SCHOOl THE LIBRARY BUILDING W. R. EASTMAN New York State Library School Object Departments Location Book room Economy Reading-rooms Plans Delivery room General conditions Administration Books Assembly hall Required capacity Public conveniences Shelf Light Size Heat Material Stairs Pattern Shape of building Capacity Square Arrangement of cases Oblong Wall cases Trefoil Alcoves T-form Stack Hollow square Public access Preparing for the architect Radial lines Bibliography Open shelf room In the inception and progress of a library enterprise the provision of a building may properly be left for the last step. It is not the foundation but the crown of the enterprise, giving to it outward expression and permanence. OBJECT The first object to be secured by such a building is to furnish a place in which the books of a given library may be kept with all needed facilities for their ready and convenient use. It must oooi 2 MANUAL .QF; LIBRARY ECONOMY therefore b? designed; a-n'd;lyuil to m'eet conditions already exist- ing, or at least 'clearTy determined; ' A secondary object is to impress the eye and to offer attractions to the visitor. Many library buildings are also memorial in their purpose. LOCATION A library should be reasonably accessible to the body of its patrons. It belongs, however, with the residential rather than with the business section of a city. Its location should have regard for the poor as well as for the rich, for the young as well as for the old. It should be a little apart from the noise of the main street in a quieter place where land costs less and a broader lot can be secured. This last consideration is important because a library needs space within the building for good rooms on both sides and needs still more space outside the building to allow for ample side light. A broad front should be secured if possible. A corner lot has advantages in well-lighted rooms. A sharp-cornered, "flatiron" lot can sometimes be used to good purpose if there is ample open space around the building. Each one will require a separate study. A lot sloping down to the rear or to one side offers a place for a very useful basement at the lower point. A lot sloping up from the front can be used only at a disadvantage. Surroundings in the future as well as for the present must be considered. ECONOMY Economy should be carefully studied so that the money available may produce the best results. A very simple building may answer. Yet it must be substantial, not cheap. It must be a worthy building with nothing wasted; large enough, but not too large. The cost of future maintenance must be con- sidered. Quite as important is economy of service. A building carelessly planned that requires the constant service of four THE LIBRARY BUILDING 3 persons is extravagant and wasteful if better results can be obtained in a better building with less effort by the service of three. And there will be no relief from an extravagance of this sort because the additional and unnecessary salary will run on year after year. Care must also be taken not to try to include too much in one building. A sum that would be ample for a good library may not be enough for the addition of a lecture hall, a museum, and several classrooms which, although very good in them- selves, may not be in such constant use as to repay an outlay which can only be met by stinting the library. If the addition of these other features is in any way a detriment to the library, a true economy will leave them out. For $5,000, or even for $10,000, more than one good room on the main floor cannot be expected. But one large room will be far better than three small ones. For $10,000 some rooms in the basement may be added. PLANS In preparing plans there are several units of measurement, such as the book, the shelf, the case, the table, the room, and the department; while the money in hand, the income expected, and the size, shape, and location of the chosen site are also essen- tial elements in the calculation. All of these must be counted, measured, and considered in detail. The right building will be planned with due regard for all the conditions. GENERAL CONDITIONS There is one general condition, however, that is always and everywhere present the fact that every public library must, by the very law of its being, be continually growing. Like a tree, if it does not put out new leaves every year, it is dead. Hence every library building must be so contrived as to suit j a continual process of expansion. 4 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY The rule is to provide space within the walls for the esti- mated growth of twenty years and to take care that in after years expansion may be secured at the least possible cost of money and convenience. BOOKS The books must be counted. The additions of past years - are known and plans for the future are being made. From these a certain rate of successive annual additions may be fixed. Experience shows that actual additions to a living library are invariably greater than those expected. Hence any estimate must carry a liberal margin. All additions, however, do not represent a permanent increase. When a library has been in operation for five years there will appear many worn- out, superseded, and neglected books and many which, for various reasons, are not worth keeping. The removal of these becomes imperative it the library is to be kept strong and fresh. The difference between additions and removals will thus deter- mine the total remainder of books likely to require shelf room twenty years hence, and for that number the building must be planned. REQUIRED CAPACITY An estimate of the book capacity required must take account of each of the following items: 1. The present number of books. 2. The yearly addition of books. 3. The yearly loss and removal of books. 4. The proportion of books of a size larger than the aver- age. 5. The proportion of empty spaces needed for immediate placing of new books in their order. 6. The proportion of empty spaces needed for convenient class arrangement, finding, and handling of books. THE LIBRARY BUILDING 5 7. The proportion of shelves needed for special uses, such as new arrivals, books in process of preparation for use, books on exhibition or reserve, and for books and other material in the office and work rooms. The difference between items 2 and 3 for twenty years added to the present number will furnish an estimate of the total num- ber of volumes. The large requirement for oversized books and empty and special shelves suggested by items 4, 5, 6, and 7 cannot and need not be so closely reckoned, but may be reason- ably covered by a general rule. The unoccupied margin of shelf space needed to cover these four items will be none too large if one-half is added to the estimated number of books. That is, a library of 5,000 books, which is expected to grow in twenty years to be 15,000, should plan for a building large enough to hold 22,500. If for any cause it is intended to limit the growth of the library to any fixed number, then that limit, with one-half added, will give the required book capacity of the building. But we must take care to distinguish between full capacity and practical capacity. The full capacity of one foot of shelv- ing is, on an average, in a public library, ten books. The prac- tical capacity, under the rule given above, is a trifle less than seven books. We may therefore have a more simple and com- prehensive rule if we say, Determine the number of books to be expected and allow one foot of shelving for every seven books. With this allowance every item will be provided for and the margin will be ample. In some special libraries, where many of the books are large, it may be necessary to allow only six books, or even five, to the foot. Such cases are exceptional. THE SHELF Having determined the book capacity, it is necessary to know what space the given number of books will occupy in 6 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY proper arrangement. For this purpose we must study the shelf. Size. The common library shelf is a yard long, or a trifle less if three feet are measured from center to center of uprights. If the shelf is longer it is liable to bend under weight. ^ e stan d ar d sne lf space is ten inches high and eight inches deep. This will receive all books of octavo size or less. Indeed \l ie majority of books used for public circulation would stand in a lower space, but it is better to have some room to spare than to crowd out the oversized book too often. The line is drawn at the height of ten inches. For larger books a space X/3." of 12 inches by 12, or a still higher space, should be provided at the bottom of the case or in special cases. Shelves of standard size should be placed in sections of rff'* seven shelves each so that the highest will be within easy reach. These sections placed side by side constitute a case, and cases may either be set against the wall or stand free on the open floor to hold books on each side. Material. Shelves may be of wood or of light steel. Wooden shelves vary greatly in appearance and cost. They can be made very cheaply of pine or, at a greater cost, of hard wood. When nicely made and finished oak shelving presents the best appearance. Steel shelving, on account of its structural strength, is necessary in large book stacks. It takes a little less space than wood and is more open to the light and air. It must be obtained in fixed patterns from the makers and cannot be so readily fitted to special spaces or so easily altered as wood. As between wood and steel, the polished wood is to be pre- ferred for small libraries and for all parts of large libraries where special structural strength is not required. The cost of steel is of course greater. The risk of fire will not be seriously affected by the materia I of the book shelves. A fire once fairly started will reach the THE LIBRARY BUILDING 7 books when arranged on open iron shelves quite as surely as if on wood. Pattern. The manufactured shelves are usually made adjustable to allow for easy changes in the height of shelf space, and there are many ingenious devices for adjustment. In a reading-room this is a very necessary convenience, as it is in any other place where the occasion for such changes is likely to appear. But there are also many large collections in public circulating libraries in which the books are so nearly of uniform size that the need of changing a shelf is almost never known. In all such cases, and within limits carefully considered in each particular instance, fixed shelves will answer every purpose, give more strength, and save expense. Capacity. One foot of shelf space is long enough for ten books of average thickness to stand side by side. But for rea- sons already stated the practical capacity of each foot, under library conditions, is seven books. As each bookcase is seven shelves high, each running foot along the wall will provide for about 50 books, and each foot in a free standing floor case, having two sides, will answer for 100 books. These even num- bers enable us readily to determine the length of cases needed for any given number of volumes. Thus for 1,200 books we shall need 12 feet in a floor case or 24 feet in one along the wall, and the length of shelving for the total requirements of a build- ing can be quickly ascertained. ARRANGEMENT OF CASES Wall cases. The best place in which to read or select a book is an open, square-cornered room with cases lining the walls. For a small library there is no difficulty in securing such a room. Even in a large library there will be some rooms like this. Occasionally a library is planned to cover the walls of one room and no more, with a distinct provision that when the shelves overflow, as they will, there shall be a storage place in 8 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY the basement to which the least worthy material shall frequently be sent. In such a library, once filled, whenever new books are added an equal number of inferior books must go out, and con- sequently the library garden is subjected to a persistent process of weeding and is fresher and every way the better for it. Then the books left behind are all worth while. It is a good rule to cling to the open room as long as possible. Alcoves. But with the rapid increase of books it is hard to find sufficient space, and when, in spite of every effort, the library passes beyond the mark of 5,000 books, free standing floor cases must be used. These floor cases, having books on both sides, add greatly to the book capacity. When placed at right angles to the wall at regular intervals of ten or twelve feet, they make up a system of alcoves which will carry almost three times the number of books which can be placed along the walls of the same room. Add to this another fact, that the sheltering wings of the alcove with a table in its center offer the choicest place for quiet study, and we cannot wonder that this arrange- ment was long considered the ideal one for the large and growing library. Elaborate alcove systems were planned and built. Most of our colleges adopted the plan, and the Peabody Library in Baltimore still shows five stories of alcoves surrounding its great cathedral hall. The stack. But libraries continued to grow. Books mul- tiplied and floor space could not be found for more of these open alcoves. Tables were taken out and intermediate bookcases put in their place. It seemed more important to keep all the books together than to keep the readers, and these were accord- ingly banished to another room. It then became an object to put the largest number of books in the smallest possible space, leaving only the necessary passages for the attendants. This produced the book stack. Cases were set in parallel rows so close together that there was barely room to pass between. They were drawn away from the side walls so as to obtain better THE LIBRARY BUILDING 9 light from frequent windows. They were extended toward the center of the room so as to use all available space. And then the floors were " stacked." That is, they were placed one above another in one compact, cagelike construction of steel resting on its own foundation and rising to three, five, seven, and even nine stories in height. One story is generally placed below the main floor in order that in the first three stories the approach may either be on a level or require but a single flight of stairs. A fourth story would then be level with the second story of the building. It is not unusual in large reference libraries to place the book stack immediately beneath the reading room, requiring the books to be brought up by lifts. In a true "stack" the entire weight rests on the stack foundation, but in a small library an equivalent arrangement may be obtained by placing double-faced cases on the main floor of the book room and an equal number of cases in the base- ment immediately beneath, leaving a space between cases on the main floor and the ceiling in which a third tier of cases can be put when the increase of books requires additional room. In a two-story building the same process can be repeated on the second floor. Such an arrangement adapts itself to the growth of the library and has obvious advantages where the conditions permit. Passages between cases should never be less than two and a half feet wide. The center aisle, if any, should be at least three feet wide. In making calculations for floor space it is 4r most convenient to measure from the center of one row of cases to the center of the next. Thus, in the closest stack, the cases 3 will stand in parallel lines, four feet apart between centers. In more open stacks, or in one in which wider shelves are used, there maybe four and a half, five, or five and a half feet between centers. Public access to shelves. The importance of public access has led to changes in the form of stack arrangement, chiefly in two io MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY respects: providing wider passages and direct lines of approach. To allow free passing, the aisles must be three and a half, or better, four feet wide. For direct approach, with due super- vision, the cases are set on lines running back from the delivery desk so that light is obtained from the rear wall only. Radial lines. Bookcases are sometimes set on lines radiating from a point in or near the delivery desk. The advantages are : direct access to any given point with consequent saving of steps both by visitors and attendants, direct supervision from the desk, and ample light from windows in a semicircular outer wall. The disadvantages are: a waste of space in the intervals between the cases as they spread outward, the greater cost of building a curving wall or one with many angles, the impossibility of satisfactory enlargement to the rear, and the unequal width of passages at different points between the cases. Many ingenious devices have been used to reduce such difficulties to the mini- mum. But the unequal width of the passage remains and the narrowest point must always be nearest the center at the very place where the current of those who meet and pass is naturally the widest. The space between cases at this point should never be less than three feet. In the basement or on the floors above the first the radial arrangement presents no advantage. The open shelf room. A library may have so many books that it cannot afford space in which to allow the public to handle them all. In that case it may select a considerable number of books which are in most demand and place them in an " open- shelf" room. This may be entirely separate from the stack room, or it may be the main floor or some other special section of the stack. Some recent libraries are trying the plan of an open room just behind the delivery desk with cases along the walls, keeping a larger collection of books in reserve in a room immediately beneath which can be entered by a staircase for attendants only. Such an arrangement offers many obvious advantages of light, convenience, and supervision. A real serv- THE LIBRARY BUILDING n ice is rendered by thus selecting and offering on open shelves the books which are most worth while. DEPARTMENTS The book room. While every room in a library will have provision for books, there will be one place for the principal col- lection containing the great remainder which are not assigned to reading-rooms, office, or work rooms. This central place we call the book room, and in very many instances it will be a book stack. The required capacity of a book room will therefore be determined by deducting from the estimated total capacity of the building the number of volumes for which provision has been made elsewhere. This capacity should be settled in advance in order to produce an intelligent plan. With this definite capacity in mind, the question of one or more stories of books can be decided and a proper distribution made showing the capacity of the main floor. Cases equal to this capacity should then be drawn to scale, placed at proper intervals, and grouped in the desired shape with such additions of tables, stairs, lifts, etc., as to present a complete room. At this point choice will be made between parallel and radial lines of cases, between public or restricted access, as to the location, size, and pattern of windows, and the use of the basement space immediately beneath. But the exact proportions of the room will be subject to modification as other rooms are fitted to it and as the limitations of the building lot may require. The book room is the heart of the library with which every other feature must be in proper adjustment. Reading-rooms. At least two reading-rooms or reading spaces are desirable, one for adults and one, equally large, for children. In a large library these will be separate rooms. In a small library they may be in one room with a dividing line of low cases or a hand rail marking them off from the central 12 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY passage or from one another. The absence of partitions will add greatly to the largeness of effect which may be given to a comparatively small building and will at the same time, by the very publicity that is assured, tend to prevent disorderly con- duct and make the work of supervision easier. Each reading- room will have bookcases on the walls and tables on the floor. Small tables for four or six readers each are preferred to long tables, on account of the greater degree of privacy and con- venience of access. But long tables accommodate a larger number in a given space and are therefore indicated for small or narrow rooms. The ordinary library table is three feet wide and five or six feet long. A space five feet wide on every side of a reading-table should be kept open to allow for chairs and passing. Tables are sometimes, however, set close to the side walls. In this way a larger number of readers can be received in a given room, at the sacrifice of wall space for books. In such cases reference books are kept at one end or in an adjoin- ing room. The delivery room. The delivery room is the open space or vestibule through which every visitor passes on his way to the several departments. It is between the reading-rooms and leads directly to the book room, so that both reading-rooms and books are to a certain degree under the supervision of the desk attendant. In this room are found the catalog and bulletins. Care must be taken to secure good natural light. When access to the books is not permitted it becomes a waiting-room and must be furnished accordingly. Administration. The librarian needs an office and a quiet place in which she or her assistants may work undisturbed. Such places will usually be found in the angles after the larger rooms of the library have been fitted together. A small board of trustees will find a convenient meeting-place in the librarian's office. A basement room is often convenient for work. A place should be provided for receiving and unpacking boxes. THE LIBRARY BUILDING 13 Assembly hall. An audience room may be quite desirable in a public library. There is a marked tendency among small libraries to place a hall of this sort in the basements where there appears to be abundant room for it without much additional expense. But such a room requires more height than an ordinary basement. This additional height is rather favored by the archi- tect because it adds to the outside effect of the building. But when the main floor is raised there must be a longer flight of outside steps or an interior stairway, which is an inconvenience to everyone coming to the library. This stairway must also be shut in between partitions which tend to cramp every room on the main floor. Unless the hall is used with uncommon frequency the constant climbing of the stairs, the lost effect of the main floor, and the sacrifice of space beneath the book room needed for books are a large price to pay for it. On the other hand, if there were no interior stairway and no partitions, the two open reading-rooms with the passage between could be readily made into a hall on occasion by simply pushing back the tables and bringing in chairs. A good hall upon the second floor may be of great use in a community which will appreciate and use it. Public conveniences. Every library should provide for the personal comfort and convenience of members of its staff, and in a large library it may be found best to include cloak and toilet rooms for the use of the public. But a small library is not under obligation to supply these conveniences, which involve considerable expense both in their first cost and for needed care and supervision. A library should not be regarded as a public waiting-room. LIGHT Good light, both natural and artificial, should be secured as far as possible for every part of every room. Windows with clear glass should be frequent and extend well up toward the ceiling with square tops so as to light the remote parts of a room. 14 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY Light will not penetrate to advantage more than 30 feet. Ceil- ings and walls should be finished in colors which reflect rather than absorb light. In reading-rooms it is admissible to have high windows on the side or rear walls; that is, the sills may be seven or eight feet above the floor so as to allow an unbroken line of bookcases to pass beneath. But at the front such high windows, presenting a blank wall beneath, are an injury to the outside appearance. For inside rooms, especially in large build- ings, interior courts may be introduced and overhead light must often be obtained from clerestory windows and skylights. The latter must be made secure against the weather. Windows that slide are more satisfactory than those which swing or turn on pivots. In some recent buildings which require unusual capacity for storage the attempt to obtain natural light in the book stack has been frankly abandoned. The stack then becomes a vault without windows, depending on electric light by day as well as by night. The ventilation is also artificial. In this way a vast accumulation of books is compactly and securely housed and is at the same time easily* accessible. The closed court of the Library of Congress and the enormous stack beneath the reading-room of the New York State Library at Albany are examples. For artificial light incandescent electric lamps are better than gas, not only because they are safer and can be readily carried to any point by a wire, but also because the fumes of gas will taint the air and injure the books. Each room hi use should have diffused light from above with smaller shaded lights on or directly above each table and section of shelving. Indirect lighting is well adapted to library rooms. HEAT Heat from hot-water pipes and radiators is the most satis- factory. If pipes are arranged behind the bookcases at any THE LIBRARY BUILDING 15 point, great care must be taken to protect the latter from the risk of fire. Radiators will naturally be placed in front of the windows where the exposure to cold is greatest. STAIRS The location of stairways is a special problem for the archi- tect. They must be so placed as not to interfere with the clear open entrance used by the chief patrons of the library. They must not be crowded into insufficient space. The rise and tread of each step must be so calculated as to make ascent easy for old and young. Spiral staircases are inconvenient and unsafe and should be avoided. SHAPE OF BUILDING Square. A very small library may be accommodated in a square room with bookcases along the walls and one or two tables in the center. But as the number of patrons increases there will be danger of annoyance to readers by reason of others passing back and forth in front of the shelves. Oblong. A somewhat larger room with a front twice as long as the depth is a decided gain. One end of the room may then be reserved for readers, while the books chiefly wanted for circulation will be found on the other side and patrons entering at the center will go to right or left according as they wish to read or to borrow. In this way disturbance will be avoided. The library will have two departments. Trefoil. The next step is to add a third department at the rear, using it for books because it is central, while the two wings of the original room are two reading-rooms, one for adults and one for children. This gives us the trefoil rudimentary scheme upon which circulating libraries are commonly planned. While the library is small there is no need of any partition to separate the departments. The best effect and the best supervision are secured by one large room. A few columns may be used for 1 6 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY needed support of the roof or of the floor above. By filling out the angles between the book room and the reading-rooms place will be found for the librarian's office and cataloging room and perhaps for a small reference room or study. This will give a rectangular shape to the building. T-form. For a larger library of the same general form, but with larger rooms, partitions may become necessary. But in such a library there will be more assistants, so that each room will be independent of the others. In this case the limits of light will forbid the filling up of the open angles and the pro- jection of the book room may continue for some distance to the rear. Hollow square. For a library still larger, instead of one extension to the rear there will be two, and, instead of going out from the center, one of the two may be joined to each of the extreme ends, one behind each reading-room, leaving an interior court at the center. Being sufficiently prolonged, they may be joined again across the back, resulting in a large square building on four sides of an inner court. The New York Public Library has two such interior courts and the Library of Congress had formerly four interior courts. PREPARING FOR THE ARCHITECT 1. Study the conditions and be sure of what you want. 2. Consult the state library commission or some experienced librarian. 3. Visit libraries similar to your own. 4. Draw, to scale if possible, an outline group of the rooms that seem desirable. 5. Having heard of several architects during your consulta- tions and visits and having received overtures, perhaps, from more than one, choose one whose reputation and work strike you most favorably. Do not be influenced by importunity or favor. THE LIBRARY BUILDING 17 You will want a man of good judgment, who is willing to listen and to take the library point of view; one who is not so ambitious for artistic success that he is willing to overlook library needs; one whom you can trust. 6. Before accepting any plan refer it to your library com- mission or to some good librarian for revision and find out, as nearly as you can, what it will cost. Then allow a margin of 10 to 12 per cent for expenses, furnishings, etc., not included in the contract. It will be little short of disaster, if, after you have begun to build, you find yourselves compelled to be cut- ting out here and there in order to bring the cost within the fixed limit or else to incur debt. BIBLIOGRAPHY Art Metal Construction Co., Jamestown, N.Y. Planning the library for protection and service. 47 p. n.d. $1.00. Bostwick, A. E. The American public library. N.Y. Appleton, 1917. Pp. 270-302. Chapter on "The library building." Carnegie Corporation of New York. Notes on the erection of library buildings. 4 p. Chandler, Alice C. The country library versus the donor and the architect. 12 p. Mass. Lib. Commission, Boston, 1915. Hunt, Clara W. Brooklyn opens the first children's branch. Library journal, October, 1914, 39:761-62. Marvin, Cornelia. Small library buildings. 102 p. 1908. Ameri- can Library Association, 78 East Washington St., Chicago. $1.25; o.p. Contains plans with exterior and interior views of 20 buildings. Each plan is accompanied by name of architect, statement of cost, and descriptive and critical notes. The editor's notes are particularly valuable. A general introduction of 15 pages treats many important details of arrangement and gives a full description and typical list of furniture with prices. Snead & Co. Iron Works, Jersey City. Library planning, bookstacks and shelving. 1915. Pp. 103-20. i8 MANUAL OF LIBRARY ECONOMY Soule, C. C. How to plan a library building for library work. 403 p. 1912. Boston Book Co. $2.50. The most complete manual of the subject. Wisconsin Free Library Commission. New types of small library buildings. 88 p. Madison, Wis., 1913. The annual reports of municipal public library systems and of state library commissions often contain plans and pictures with descriptive notes of buildings. For plans of branch buildings under city conditions the reports of the New York Public Library, of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, and of the Brooklyn Public Library may be consulted to advantage. The files of the "Library journal" and of "Public libraries" contain many plans and descriptions, with useful articles from librarians and architects on different phases of this subject. "Pub- lic libraries" for 1898, for December, 1901, and for the year 1902 are specially helpful. The Proceedings of the Narragansett Pier confer- ence of the A. L. A. printed in the "Library journal," for 1906, contain an instructive symposium on the subject of library architecture. A.L.A. Catalog, 1904-11, I : postpaid. Guide to reference books. Edi - enlarged edition. By I re G. kludge. Cloth. Cataloging for small libraries. 83 Cheresa Hitchler. enlarged edition. Cloth Hints to small libraries. Plummer, : Brief guide to the literature of Shakes? ear e * Paper, 50 ceiv Subject headings for use in dictionary catalogs of juvenile books. Mar,:- : ann. Cloth, $1.50. Ll 3 >] FOREIGN B . i Selected list of Hungarian books. : Selected list of German books. Pur List of French books. Paper, 25 ce; List of Norwegian and Danish books. Pa French fiction. Paper, 5 G< List of Swedish books. Paper List of Polish books. Paper, 25 Selected list of Russian books. Recent French literature. Pa; LIB; . . : VDBOOKg ttded co help the lib" ians )f Liill r del library work. 1. Essentials in library administration. K- M L : Paper, 25 cents. 5. Binding for small libraries. F -d by the A.L.A. commit f>. s on bo 6. Mendhig and repair of books. B 15 cc 7. U.S. Government documents in small libraries. By J. I, Paper, 15 cen 8. Kow to choose edition*, i ; Foster. : 9. Normal library budget. Ji ; ! 10. Manual for institution libraries, rrie E UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. LIE3ASY SCHOOL LIBEAIff LD 21-100m-7,'52(A2528sl6)476 ETURN LIBRARY SCHOOL LIBRARY )*> 2 South Hall 642-2253 )AN PERIOD 1 2 7DAYS 3 5 6 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS DUE AS STAMPED BELOW EB 1 RM NO. DD 18, 45m 676 BERKELEY, CA 94720