Professor A. 0. Leuschner 1868-1953 Gift of Dr. Erida Leuschner Reichert ^ARNER 8r> SWASEY Qompany } 1880-1920 WARNER & SWASEY (Company 1880 -1920 (fortieth c/Lnniversarv Celebration CLEVELAND OHIO Copyrighted, 1920, by THE WARNER & SWASEY COMPANY BRIEF CATALOGING? REQ. OF SSRS GIFT 'Designed, Engraved and 'Printed by the BARTLETT ORR PRESS, 3\ew York .FOREWORD O record the celebration of the Fortieth Anniversary of the founding of the firm 0/^ WARNER &^ SWASEY, and to present briefly the history of the de- velopment and character of thebusiness, this volume is published. It has been prepared for distribution to the members and employees of THE WARNER fir 9 SWASEY COMPANY, and the many friends who join in celebrating this occasion. Two distinctive periods mark the development and achievements of the business the Partnership^ 1880-1900; and the (Corporation^ 1900-1920. After association as partners for twenty years ^ cJfrTr W^arner andzjtfr Swasey recognized that to realize their desire for continued development ,t hey must build an organi- zation that would carry on when the passing of time might demand a lessening of their individual effort. The corporation which resulted, celebrates on this occasion the completion of its twentiethyear^ and at the same time^ the fortieth anniversary of the original partnersh^ The character of the business finds expression in the succeeding pages of this book, which portray some of the results of nearly half a century of mechanical, engineering and scientific progress. In keeping with the traditions of the business, it has, from the beginning, been the policy of the founders to attain the highest standards in its product, whether Machine Tools, great Telescopes or other instruments of precision. While the nature of the product has been somewhat varied, its high standard throughout has been invariable. On this anniversary of the establishment of the business, the founders are happy and grateful that it has been their privilege to lay a broad and solid foundation of lasting achievement. They are also keenly appreciative of the devotion of their employees and co-workers, and in the spirit of friendly celebration offer this book as a symbol of mutual good will and esteem CLEVELAND, OHIO MAY, 1920 -{ 6 The FOUNDERS The FOUNDERS N this fortieth anniversary of the partner- ship of WORCESTER R. WARNER and AMBROSE SWASEY, it seems fitting that something be said about the deeper signifi- cance of their long and happy association, which covers, altogether, fifty-five years. Rarely have two lives moved with such unity of spirit and purpose. Although they did not know each other until they had grown to be young men, their habits of study and characters appear to have developed in astonishing parallel, almost from boyhood. Born on New England farms, in the same year, they worked on the land like their pioneer ancestors ; and that pioneer blood in them responded equally to the stirring of a new age that was taking shape during their boyhood the Age of Mechani- cal Achievements. The two farm lads felt something of the greatness of the new day. It was not the mechanic's trade, as a possible livelihood, that interested them chiefly, it was Machinery as a means to an end, as a servant to mankind. Their meeting was in itself one of the many parallelisms in their lives. They had, independently, determined at about the same time to leave the farm for industry, and they entered the same machine shop as apprentices within a few months of one another, in the same year, at the same age of nineteen. The apprentice in those days was viewed more as a convenient drudge than as an asset to be made into a valuable entity, and the two farmer boys had the same ample lack of opportunities as their comrades. -B{ 9 )- But machinery was being produced before their eyes, and if there were few attempts to teach, there were at least no attempts to prevent them from learning. What one thus learned, he passed on to the other. Thus the interest in and knowledge of astronomy on the part of one of the lads inspired the other, and later led to that united work which was to grant them the high privilege of serving that great science. The Lick, Yerkes, United States Naval and Cana- dian telescopes were born then, though the two apprentices did not dream it. The thousands of machine tools and instruments of pre- cision that have been produced by them and their organiza- tions were parts of the same conception of the nobility of labor and of honorable pride in execution. That their suc- cess in inventing and manufacturing machine tools has been augmented by the construction of great telescopes is only incidental. The great measure of the successful human life is the usefulness of its deeds ; and it is in that sense that the scientific achievements fall truly into place with all else that they have tried to do in their long partnership. In this fortieth anniversary celebration their deepest hap- piness comes not from the extent of their works, or from any worldly fame that has accrued to them. They look back over the long span with gratitude that they were fortu- nate enough to go measurably in the right way, and that, as a result, the world is able to do some useful things better than they had been done before. WORCESTER R. WARNER Worcester Reed Warner was born May 16, 1846, near Cummington, Massachusetts, and was educated in the rural district school. At the age of 19 he found his first employment in the Boston drafting room of a machine works, but soon obtained his transfer to the company's shops in Exeter, New Hampshire. Here he made friends with Ambrose Swasey, and on the completion of their apprenticeship in 1870, both young men entered the em- ploy of Pratt & Whitney in Hartford, Connecticut. After a short time, Mr. Warner was placed in charge of one of the firm's largest departments, and when the Centennial Exposition was held in Philadelphia he was entrusted with the management of the company's exhibit there. After working for a time as foreman, he undertook, according to the custom in those days, to build machines under contract, and he attracted attention, among other things, by greatly reducing the production time. Astronomy had been his delight in youth, and his mother had encouraged his study and inspired him to construct crude telescopic models with such means as were available. . He continued his research and experimentation during his apprenticeship, and later in Hartford he succeeded in finding time to make decided progress. A mounting for a portable telescope which he constructed then during his leisure hours was so successful a piece of apparatus that he followed it by building a larger and more powerful instrument. A charter member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, he was its President in 1 897. He is a past Presi- dent and honorary member of the Cleveland Engineering Society, a member of the British Astronomical Society, and of the American Astronomical and Astrophysical Society, a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Among other honors he has received the degree of Doctor of Mechanical Science. His activity in the business, financial and general community life of Cleveland has given him such positions as Vice President of the Society for Savings, Director of The Guardian Savings and Trust Company, member of the Advisory Board of The Citizens Savings and Trust Com- pany, trustee of Case School of Applied Science, trustee of Adelbert College, of Western Reserve University and of the Cleveland School of Art, member of the Advisory Board of the Cleveland Museum of Art, and past President of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. AMBROSE SWASEY Ambrose Swasey, born near Exeter, New Hampshire, on December igth, 1846, obtained his school education from the rural district school and developed early interest in mechanical problems, experimenting with the few farm implements of the time and growing more and more eager to produce intricate machinery. He entered his apprentice- ship in the Exeter Machine Works in 1865. After he entered the employ of Pratt & Whitney, he perceived and studied a field for invention in the unsatisfac- tory method then used for cutting gears. While in charge of the Gear Cutting Department of that firm, he devised and constructed the Epicycloidal Milling Machine for produc- ing true theoretical curves from which cutters for gear teeth are made. He invented also a new gear-cutting machine for generating and at the same time cutting the teeth of spur gears, the process being a solution of the difficult problem in the interchangeable system of gearing. Among his later contributions to science is the design of the Warner & Swasey Automatic Dividing Engine. He also invented the Swasey Depression Position Finder for seacoast defense fortifications. Many honors have been conferred upon Mr. Swasey. In 1 900, the decoration of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor was bestowed upon him by the French Government. In 1905, Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Engineering, and in 1910 he received the degree of Doctor of Science from Denison University, Granville, Ohio. He was one of the forty-eight men who organized the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He served as President of the Society in 1 904, and in 1916 was made an honorary member. He is a past President and honorary member of the Cleveland Engineering Society and a member of the National Research Council. His connection with foreign engineering and scientific societies includes membership in the Institution of Mechanical Engineers of Great Britain, the British Astro- nomical Association, and he is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. Mr. Swasey has held many positions of trust in the business world. He was President of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce in 1905, and has always been deeply interested in civic affairs. He served as a member of the Jury of Awards of the Nashville, Pan-American and St. Louis Ex- positions and as Vice President of the Jury of Award of the Jamestown Exposition. In 1914, he provided the initial fund which established the Engineering Foundation of the United Engineering Society the first known instance of a foundation devoted to engi- neering purposes and intended for promoting the good of mankind through the work of the engineer along the broadest lines. PARTNERSHIP The PARTNERSHIP N May 5, 1 880, the two founders established the firm of WARNER & SWASEY, their initial investment having been their combined savings up to that time. Four young men came with them from Connecticut and formed the nucleus of the new organiza- tion. Their first venture was in Chicago, but up to that time few skilled mechanics were found so far distant from the industrial centers of New England, and on that account the business was removed to Cleveland during the following year, the first factory building having been constructed, in 1 88 1, on the site occupied by a portion of the present plant. Their first order was for ten Hand Lathes, and other orders for different types of machines soon followed until their modest resources were early taxed to the limit. Although more rapid increase in volume of business was perhaps possible, the partners from the beginning determined to adhere to their ideals of workmanship and high standard of product. Labor-saving machinery formed an important part of their product from the beginning. During the early years machines for milling the cams of sewing machines were designed and constructed, as well as other machines for the manufacture of sewing machines. Vertical milling machines for die sinking and similar work, were also made in considerable quantity. Later a horizontal boring machine was added, and proved to be an important addition. The Turret Lathe was destined from the beginning to be the principal product of the firm. In due course, the 19 ]-- line of standard Turret Lathes was established by the addition of various sizes and styles, including hand Screw Machines. Much attention was later given to highly developed brass-working machine tools. The Automatic Boring and Tapping Machine was brought out for simultaneously machining the two ends of globe valves. The introduction of the air brake led to the design and construction of an Automatic Angle Boring and Tapping Machine. About the same time there were brought out the Taper Key Turning Lathe and the Cock Grinding Machine. The extent to which the design and construction of special purpose machines had been undertaken and the demand for the services of the firm as engineers in this field, made necessary the further specialization in the standard product, and this era was marked by the adaptation of the Turret Lathe to large quantity production of duplicate parts in the bicycle and other industries. Another important develop- ment about this time was the introduction of Turret Lathes into the European countries, in unprecedented quantities, until the exports to these countries resulted in further specialization in product and marked increase in production. But the business was not destined to be devoted exclu- sively to Machine Tools. The first telescope to be designed and constructed by the partners was a 9^ -inch Equatorial, completed in 1881, this venture having been made possible by available earnings from the early orders for machine tools. The application of the genius and experience of the partners in producing mechanical work of the highest order, com- bined with their exceptional interest in engineering and science, resulted in marked improvements in the design and construction of telescopes as made up to that time. The success of this first telescope served to create added interest 20 THE PARTNERS (seated) with their Associates who went from Hartford to Chicago in 1880, and the following year to Cleveland Sta?iding left to right William S. Lane, George C. Bardons, George D. Phelps and Frank H. Woods Portion of First Shop in Cleveland, 1881 --{ 21 ^- 1881 1887 '893 -{ 22 }>- 1910 AVENUE 'Property in 1920 The illustration above shows the buildings indicated in the diagram at the left, which oc- cupy the half of the property north of Carnegie Avenue. The two groups of buildings are connected by tunnel, under Carnegie Avenue Bf 23 }B*- WALTER M. ALLEN, Works Manager, JVlR. ALLEN began his apprenticeship in 1885 and early displayed exceptional interest and aptitude in mechanical problems. In recognition of his ability he was given the opportunity to serve a portion of his apprenticeship in the drawing room, where he progressed so rapidly that in 1891 he was appointed head of the department. The higher development of the Machine Tools produced was notable during the period of his administration and he was also closely related to .the design and construction of large telescopes. In 1893, when 27 years of age, he was made Superintendent. In 1900, he was elected a Director of the Company; and in 1905, he became Works Manager, which posi- tion he filled until his untimely death in 1909. WILLIAM E. REED, Secretary, 1900-1905 ]VtR. REED came with the firm in 1892, and was in charge of the office and correspondence. In 1893 he was appointed the firm's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in charge of the instrument exhibit including the 4o-inch Yerkes Tele- scope. For several years he was in charge of advertising and did much editorial and publicity work. In 1900 he was the representative in charge of both the Machine Tool and Instrument Exhibits at the Paris Exposition. On the incorporation of the business in 1900, Mr. Reed was elected a Director and Secretary, which positions he held until 1905, when ill health caused his partial retirement and his resignation in 1909. WILLIAM S. LANE JV1.R. LANE was one of the four men who at the beginning of the partnership came in 1880 with the principals from Hartford and located in Chicago. For many years he was the head Pattern-maker, and as the business increased he trained and managed the growing force in this department. At the time of the formation of the corporation, he was foreman of the Pattern Shop, which position he held until 1914, when ill health compelled him to give up active work. His death occurred in 1915, while still in the service of the Company. GOTTLIEB L. PECKER IVlR. FECKER became associated with the firm in 1895, as designer of precision instruments and theoretical optician, and was made Superinten- dent of the Instrument Department. Among his early contributions of especial note was his work in the perfecting of the 4O-inch Automatic Dividing Engine. In addition to his accomplishments in connection with astronomical instruments, he gave much attention to research work and the development of military instruments of precision for the Army and Navy. For his contributions in the design and construction of the instruments exhibited by the company at the great Expositions, Mr. Fecker, as collaborator, received awards. Because of ill health it became necessary for him, in 1916, to retire from active association with the Company. 24 )- in that direction, and during the several years following numerous contracts came to them for the construction of other instruments. The first of these great engines of science which the new firm designed and constructed was the 36-inch Refracting Telescope of the Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, Cali- fornia, which was erected during the winter of 1886-1887. This was the largest refracting telescope constructed up to that time, and was the first to be adapted to the triple purposes of visual, photographic and spectroscopic work. This instrument proved so satisfactory that the government commissioned the firm to construct a mounting similar in design for the 26-inch objective of the United States Naval Observatory, Washington, and later they were entrusted with the task of designing and constructing the 4o-inch telescope, as well as the 9o-foot dome and the 75-foot elevating floor, for the Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wisconsin. This latter instrument remains the largest refracting telescope yet constructed. Transits, meridian circles, astronomical and other instru- ments of extreme accuracy have also held a large place in the firm's work. The design and construction of these types of precision instruments represent the highest order of mechanical and scientific achievement, and involve the per- fecting of methods and mechanisms to a degree of refinement almost beyond the range of understanding. One of the most important of these achievements was the construction of a Dividing Engine for automatically graduating circles of 40 inches or less in diameter, requiring the greatest accuracy, such as are necessary for astronomical and other instruments. The severest tests show that the greatest errors of this engine are less than one second of arc. A second of 25 fr~ arc subtends about one-third of an inch at the distance of one mile. Although the graduations on the inlaid silver band of this machine are so fine that they can scarcely be seen with the naked eye, the width of each line is twelve times the maximum error in the automatic graduations which the machine produces. This machine has proved to be the most accurate in existence. During the Spanish-American War, in 1898, the firm was asked to undertake the manufacture of military instru- ments of precision, and it gave considerable attention to the impending needs in that class of equipment. As a result of this service to the Government, many of the military problems in optical instruments, including especially the fire control of guns, were from time to time presented to the firm for solution and subsequently numerous important instruments were designed and manufactured for this purpose. Some evidence of merit of the Machine Tools and Astronomical Instruments produced during the time of the partnership (1880-1900) may be found in the reproductions in this book of medals and diplomas awarded to the firm for exhibits made at the Paris Exposition, 1 889, and the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. Private Observatory of Messrs. Warner & Swasey 26 )- The CORPORATION N 1900, the business which for twenty years had been conducted as a partnership, was incorporated under the name of The Warner & Swasey Company. This change was desirable on account of the growth of the business and to better provide for a larger organization and further expansion in facilities. Before this time the product of the firm had been thor- oughly established in a standardized line of Machine Tools and also as designers and constructors of Astronomical Instru- ments. While the latter proved to be a highly important adjunct with respect to the character of work involved, yet in relative importance in volume of business, it was only incidental. Recognizing early the new era in industrial development and the relationship of modern machine tools to the growth of industry, plans were made soon after the time of incor- poration for the complete reconstruction of the plant, which was not only greatly enlarged, but completely modernized, as was also the equipment. The Hollow Hexagon Turret Lathe was first introduced in 1900, following a period of thorough development. This type of machine represented greatly advanced practice, and was designed and constructed with special reference to the maximum production of which the new high-speed tool steels were capable. The Hollow Hexagon turret, an original and perhaps the most characteristic feature of the machine, together with other new features, served at once to establish the machine in a distinctive place. -<{ 27 ]- In 1911, the Universal Hollow Hexagon Turret Lathe was brought out, embodying an independent cross and longi- tudinal carriage for simultaneous operation with the turret, and adapting the machine to a wide range of both bar and chucking work. New production standards were again established generally, by these improvements introduced in advance of the practice of the most progressive users of machine tools. Improved designs of the plain types of Turret Lathes kept these machines in increasing demand for large quantity production of the simpler classes of work requiring single purpose machines equipped with highly specialized tool equipments, and also for small lot production with general tooling. To better serve our customers and in order to meet the rapidly changing conditions as related to machine tools, the new organization, following the incorporation of the com- pany, included most comprehensive sales plans. Accordingly, during the last score of years the Sales Organization was established and constantly increased, including branch offices in the leading industrial centers of the country. At the same time much attention has been given to the sale of machine tools in foreign countries until the export business of the com- pany has been extended to all the principal countries of the world. The earlier achievements in producing telescopes and other instruments were augmented by numerous important contracts. The most notable among these achievements were the further development of military instruments for the Government and the design and construction of the 72- inch Reflecting Telescope for the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory of Canada. i88o INCH MONITOR LATHE. 1881 1920. No. 4 Universal Turret Lathe 29 ) IQOO. Hollow Hexagon Turret Lathe 1920. No. 3 A Universal Hollow Hexagon Turret Lathe -- PRESENT FRANK A. SCOTT, Vice President "The past at least is secure" HE achievements of twoscore years have passed into history. The structure created by forty years of effort; the character which an organization develops from the nature of its directing forces; the standing of a name in trade and industry, and in the world of finance, which represents the total of both char- acter and performance, must be upheld and carried on by men too young to have done more than contribute to that for which they must become responsible. Will this organization be able to maintain the high standards now established; will it be able to build still higher the dignified structure already created; will it be found to have within itself the power of continuous develop- ment; will its services be worthy of the name it bears? To answer these questions in the negative would be to reflect at once upon those who now compose the organiza- tion and upon the men who are responsible for its existence. To have created a business, sustained by a group of trained industrialists, and not to have provided within it that power which would make it self-perpetuating, would not have evidenced either wisdom or capacity. Fortunately, the entire history of the forty years we now celebrate testifies to recognition of the need for developing men. The apprentice school has supplied the renewals needed within the body that has supported it, and has made liberal contributions of trained and talented men to the metal working industry generally. The sales organization has grown outward from the parent body, until now it ramifies into every State in the Union and Canada ; into England and Europe, South America, Australia, China, India, Japan; indeed into the four corners of the earth. The personnel of our official staff is made up almost entirely of men who have developed, within the organiza- tion, from humble positions, to the offices which they now fill. Machine tool makers are practical men if they dream, such dreams must take form in drawings, wood and metal before the world can recognize value in them. Never- theless, even a dreamer would hardly have dared to predict what the present generation of machine tool workers has seen come true within the years spanned by its own experience. The history of mechanical progress within the twoscore years covered by the life of this organization is so marvellous as to test credulity. As the increasing use of iron and steel in the past neces- sitated more efficient machine tools, so will the need of the future be for machines to perform work which may now seem impossible. We are at the threshold of an era of bigger things in metal working. From the years when wood was a generally used and acceptable material for many purposes, when metal was required but rarely, compared to its uses today, this business has come into a period which the future will recognize as distinctly a rnetal age. The machines originally designed were for use on brass, cast iron or a steel of known character, limited in the degree of its possible variability. Today, the uses of these machines have been expanded in propor- tion to the world development of forty years. Brass is still one of those materials commonly worked on ; cast iron also, but added to the list we find steel forgings, aluminum, hard rubber, ebonite ; the steels of the days of old and alloys of infinite variety. If we are at times inclined to feel the commonplace in our calling, let us remember that these changes in the mechanical arts, which our business had helped to make possible, represent the steady onward march of the human race toward a broader and happier existence. Let us remember that the sometimes hard and prosaic tasks of our daily lives are all woven into this great romance of human progress; and, immediately, we recognize the dignity of labor and the glory of practical achievement. The machine tool then becomes one of the instruments contributing to human welfare, without which the peoples of the earth would perhaps still have been 'way back on the road, lumbering along in ox-carts with solid wooden wheels. Added to this, we enjoy the peculiar satisfaction of knowing that not only the mechanical world, but the scientific world also, has received contributions from the genius and efforts of this group of workers. The knowledge of the universe which mankind possesses has been increased by our efforts, for nightly, the eyes of earnest men in many lands search the skies through instru- ments that are the product of this plant and this organization, and report their discoveries to all men. We find, within this organization, inventive brains to design and develop a product that keeps pace with the advance in mechanical arts; skilled hands to work out that product; trained minds and aggressive spirits to present it to the industrial world; financial men to study and direct the economics of the business and administrators to co-ordinate these activities and to formulate policies which shall govern all. All this, to endure, must rest on character; on honest endeavor in each of these fields; on a sincere purpose to serve worthily; on acceptance of the belief that to have purpose and to serve means to live, and to be without pur- pose means to die. "The Present/' to me encompasses all these and many other things unexpressed. My confidence is serene that the men and women who now make up what we call "the organization" feel and believe all these things; that when another forty years shall have rolled around, the young men and women of that day will be as proud of eighty years of WARNER & SWASEY history as we are today of forty, and will be viewing their future steady-eyed and as ready as are we, "to greet the unknown with a cheer." L. B. StaufFer, Secretary P. E. Bliss, Treasurer E. P. Burrell, Works Jtfanager A Conference of Officers and Department Heads Adam Herkner, Superintendent Fred J. Prindle, Sngineermg T>ept. Twenty-five Tears and Upwards in the Service of the Company 47 ) Twenty-five Tears and Upwards in the Service of the Company John H. Fathauer Graduate Apprentices in the employ of the Company 48 ORGANIZATION L. B. STAUFFER, Secretary L. B. Stauffer entered the employ of the company in 1896, as a general assistant in correspondence and accounting. In 1900, he became the chief office executive, including charge of the corres- pondence for both the Machine Tool and Instrument Departments. His responsibilities subsequently included also the Advertising, Credit and Purchasing Departments. For more than twenty years he has been directly and continuously associated with the principals of the company in the administration of the business. In 1914, he was made Assistant Secretary of the company. In 1915, he became a Director, f and* in the following year was elected Secretary, which position he now occupies. P. E. BLISS, "Treasurer P. E. Bliss entered the company's employ in 1910 as a clerk in the Accounting Department. Two years later he was appointed Cashier, and in 1915 was made Auditor. In this capacity he made a special study of matters pertaining to taxes of all kinds, and is a recognized authority on such questions. In addition to his financial duties, he has been associated in problems of organization. He was elected Treasurer of the company in 1918, and the following year became a Director, both of which positions he now holds. E. P. BURRELL, E. P. Burrell came with the company in 1900, in the capacity of Technical Engineer (Cornell M. E. E. E., M. M. E.). Later he was engineer in charge of buildings, including plant arrange- ment, and subsequently supervising engineer in charge of the erection of the present plant. He was also associated in the design of smaller telescopes and more recently was in charge of designing and constructing the 72-inch Reflecting Telescope, for the Dominion -4 49 - Observatory of Canada. During the European war period he was prominently associated in the design and production of military instruments of precision. His principal work has included the engineering and technical problems relating to the design and con- struction of Machine Tools. In 1909, he became Works Manager, and in 1915 was made a Director of the Company, which positions he now holds. A. C. COOK, (general Sales A. C. Cook began as clerk in the Order Department, in 1901. He became assistant to the Sales Manager in 1905, and two years later was sent to the New York Office as assistant to the manager of that territory. He was made Manager of the New York Office in 1911, and the following year went to Europe, where he spent two years as the Manager of European Sales and in the study of European machine tool markets. Returning in 1914, he was made Sales Manager, and the latter part of the same year made another trip to Europe, remaining until 1915. In 1919, he made another tour of Europe to study the conditions in those countries immediately following the war. As Sales Manager he took a leading part in developing the volume of sales both in domestic and foreign markets. In recognition of the service rendered, he was made General Sales Manager, in 1919. L. K. BERRY, "Domestic Sales ^Canager L. K. Berry came to the company as an office boy in 1904, and was promoted the following year to the Order Department, where he served successively as billing clerk, order clerk and correspondent. From there he was transferred to the Sales Department, where in 1906 he became Assistant to the Sales Manager. After an absence of two years, he returned in 1910 as Sales Representative in Ohio. He became Manager of the New York Office in 1914, returning to the Cleveland Office two years later, and was made Assistant Sales Manager in 1917. He became Domestic Sales Manager in 1919, which position he now holds. i * -*( 50 fe- C. J. STILWELL, Foreign Sales C. J. Stilwell began in the shop as a special apprentice in 1910. After completion of this course, he was transferred to the office, where he worked in the Order and Sales Departments. In 1912, he became the Manager of the New York Office. He was sent to Europe in 1914. Returning to this country, he was made Assistant to the Vice President in 1916. During the war period he was engaged in the negotiations with and follow-up of other manu- facturers associated as sub-contractors in the company's war contracts. In 1919, he was appointed Foreign Sales Manager, in which capacity he has just completed a second European investigation. G. A. DECKER, Works Engineer G. A. Decker was among the first apprentices, having begun service in 1882. Early in his career he won distinction by being appointed Foreman of an important department before the completion of his apprenticeship. Subsequently he served as Foreman until 1895, wnen ne became Assistant Superintendent. He visited Europe in 1900, and for many years has been associated in the designing of Machine Tools. During the construction of the great telescopes, he gave much attention to this work and was in charge of the installation of some of the largest instruments. In 1905 he became Superintendent and was made Works Engineer in 1913, which position he now holds. ADAM HERKNER, Superintendent Adam Herkner began as an apprentice in 1892, and, on becoming a journeyman, he worked in the Lathe Department. He left the employ of the company for a time, returning in about two years. In 1900, he was made Foreman of the Tool Room, giving special attention to making tools, jigs and fixtures. He became Assistant Superintendent in 1909, in charge of machining methods and production problems. In 1913, he was advanced to the position of Superintendent, in which capacity he still serves. -Hg 51 ji~- P. J. HERKNER, ^Assistant Superintendent P. J. Herkner entered the service as an apprentice in 1898. Upon becoming a journeyman he worked in the Tool Room. After an absence of less than a year he returned as tool maker in 1 903 . Two years later he was given charge of the unit assembly work, going from there to the Drilling Department, where he was made Foreman. In 1909, he was placed in charge of the Tool Room and remained its Foreman until 1916, when he was appointed Assistant Superintendent. W. J. BURGER, Production Engineer W. J. Burger began his apprenticeship in 1899, an d, after its completion, progressed successively to positions of increasing responsibility until he became Chief Inspector, Demonstrator, and subsequently head of the Sales Engineering Department. In this latter capacity he specialized in the design of small tools and rapid production methods, and also made exhaustive studies and original research in metals, inaugurating in the factory an advanced system of metallurgy. In 1915, he began important improvements in production methods and the introduction of the Bonus System. During 1917 and 1918 he devoted much time to devising equipment and supervising the manufacture of military instruments of pre- cision. In 1918, he became Assistant Superintendent, and in 1920, was made Production Engineer. STEPHEN LAWSON, Foreman of Designing Department Stephen Lawson began his apprenticeship in 1904. The latter part of his time was served in the Drafting Room, and on completion of his apprenticeship he assumed advanced duties in that department. In 1910, he was made Foreman of the Design- ing Department, in which position he is a leading associate in the design of Machine Tools and related engineering work. In addition to his other duties, he was, in 1920, made Chief Sales Engineer. -g 52 3H- WAR RECORD N modern warfare, machinery is second in importance only to men. The Warner & Swasey Company contributed both. For two and a half years before the United States entered the war, this plant poured out a constant stream of machine tools and instruments for use in munitions factories or on the battlefields of Europe. When our country became a bellig- erent, this organization, as is shown elsewhere in this volume, gave of its personnel in equally generous measure. Four of the brave men who went forth from this plant to the conflict gave their lives for their country. Within a few weeks after the beginning of the war, machine tools were generally recognized as one of the limiting factors in war preparations, since the production of munitions was restricted by the available equipment of ma- chine tools. This crucial condition resulted in the necessity for increasing the manufacture of machine tools to corre- spond with the unprecedented war demand. The turret lathes made by this company were used for the manufacture of gun parts, rifle parts, pistol parts, fuses, shells, hand grenades, cartridges, gas containers, gas masks and many hundreds of similar parts. They were used by the original plant constructing tanks; and by practically every American maker of Liberty motors or other airplane motors, as well as by practically every Arsenal and Navy Yard. Large quantities of machines were supplied to the important munitions plants in England, France, Italy and Russia, particularly during the first two years of the war. 53 ~ During the first two years of the war, the Company, in addition to its production of turret machines, supplied the Allies with a considerable quantity of binoculars and tele- scopic musket sights. After our country entered the war, the demand for machine tools was so much greater that, in the opinion of the officers of the Company, it was desirable both from the standpoint of machine tool production and the Company's interests, that the entire plant and organi- zation be devoted to turret lathe manufacture. Early in the summer of 1917, however, both the War and Navy Departments decided that the instrument section of the plant must be devoted to the production of military instruments. The three instruments which the Government desired from this plant were Naval Gun Sights, Telescopic Musket Sights and Panoramic Sights. Of these, the one most important, as well as most difficult of manufacture, was the Panoramic Sight. This instrument is used for the direc- tion of field artillery fire, and, during the period of the greatest stress, was placed first in priority of all fire-control instruments required for both the Army and Navy. Prior to the war, the sight had been produced only in small quan- tities and the output was greatly restricted on account of the very difficult problems involved in its manufacture. In fact, large quantity production of the sight, corresponding to the production of field guns and other equipments, was considered impracticable. Here, again, the use of fine turret lathes and tooling equipments provided by The Warner & Swasey Company were in marked evidence. In addition, however, the Company had the advantage of its experience in the design and construction of instruments of precision, which made possible the most complete equipment of special machinery, tools, fixtures, etc. Briefly, the result was the -<*( 54 production of the Panoramic Sight in a manner and on a scale so satisfactory as to receive from our Government the Certificate of Merit shown below. This was accompanied by the following citation by the Chief of Ordnance, as follows: "For exceptionally rapid development of manufacturing methods and quantity production on a vast scale of Panoramic Sights'* RECOGNIZES IN THIS AWRD FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE THE LOYALTY ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE WAR WORK BY WHICH AIDED MATERIALLY IN OBTAINING VICTORY FOR THE ARMS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE WAR WITH THE IMPERIAL GERMAN GOVERNMENT AND THE IMPERIAL AND ROYAL AUSTRO -HUNGARIAN GOVERNMENT Xy Of WAI)* <8( 55 ]-- FRANK A. SCOTT In March, 1917, Secretary of War Baker, Chairman of the Council of National Defense, appointed Mr. Scott to the chairmanship of the Munitions Standards Board, Council of National Defense. On March 3ist, the Council called him to the additional post of Chairman of the General Munitions Board, a co-ordinating body of army and navy officers of high rank and of representative business men, working in co-operation with the War and Navy Departments. The effective assistance rendered by this Board in the early months of our participation in the war, is generally recog- nized. Without its expert aid in locating and creating new sources of supply and production, and in promoting co- ordination between the several governmental departments, as well as between American manufacturers and government, the United States would have been delayed indefinitely in constructing cantonments, and in placing the masses of contracts for the vitally essential small arms, artillery, ammu- nition and equipments. The work and effectiveness of the General Munitions Board made evident the opportunity for a larger body, with still greater powers; and this need was met by President Wilson in August, 1917, when he created the War Industries Board. Mr. Scott was appointed to the chairmanship of this Board, and the work of the General Munitions Board was merged with the broader duties of the new body. The Distinguished Service Medal was awarded to him in June, 1919, by the President, with the citation: " For exceptionally meritorious and conspicuous services in assisting and organizing and as Chairman of the Munitions Standards Board and The General Munitions Board. He was later first Chairman of the War Industries Board. He thus contributed greatly in developing the War Department's programs." 56 HONOR ROLL MEN OF THE WARNER & SWASEY COMPANY ORGANIZATION WHO ENTERED WAR SERVICE 1917 1918 NAME ORGANIZATION J. Abbott Infantry A.Abraham, 314 Amm. Train , A. E. F. Louis Adamski .... Polish Army W. Albanowski, Prov. Battalion, M. P. D. G. Allen Arthur Alsterburg .... Infantry Joe Angelo Infantry J. Anovsky Infantry L. Arata John Archibald Infantry Joe Arman Amos Aspery J. Bahara, jS^th Infantry, y6th Division W. K. Bailey . . . . U. S. Navy W. Baird Signal Corps Wm. Balacek . . . . U. S. Navy D. J. Baster William Becka . . Quartermaster Corps Ralph H. Behrend . . . Infantry F. Bennig Infantry Norman Betz .... 4th Infantry Raymond Betzmer . . U. S. Navy A. Biando 28th Infantry Fourragere A. Biscotti J. J. Bittner . Citation Frank A. Blaha William Blake . Alex. Boehnlein A. Bolt Infantry I. C. Bolton, Capt.,i3$thF.A., A. E. F. Infantry Infantry Motor Transport Corps NAME ORGANIZATION G. Bompessutto, 2nd Corps, School Det. R. Boynton Infantry W. A. Branscome .... Infantry Earl Brasse Infantry Steve Brbak Infantry Joseph Breitman .... Infantry P. Brossek Infantry W. Brunner Infantry N. Burmeister . . Quartermaster Corps T. H. Bushnell, Jr. . Naval Reserve Ignazio Calcavecchio . . Italian Army Joe Calcavecchio . . . Italian Army L. Camillieri Infantry T. Campbell .... Tank Corps Dan Carol Infantry Chas. Caronita, ist U. S. Eng., A. E. F. L. Cassegrande, R. U. , 28th Div. , A. E. F. Howard Casterline Chas. Cerni Infantry C. Cilinti Infantry Spencer Coleman .... Engineers Frank Conday E. Crane Infantry Walter Crease . . . . U. S. Navy G. Crumley, jjist Infantry, A. E. F. H. Daedelow, 332nd Infantry, A. E. F. Medaille de Paleur C. R. Davis . . Quartermaster Corps F. E. Davison Dwight L. Deckert,75-M