University of California 
 . i -^ci College of Agriculture 
 
 1 ' ' Agricultural Experiment Station 
 
 , Berkeley, California 
 
 » 
 
 SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS 
 
 SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY 
 
 Progress Report Not 39 
 
 by 
 
 Ri Li Adams 
 Preliminary *■» Subject to Correction 
 January, 1937 
 
 Contribution from the 
 Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics 
 Mimeographed Report No» 53 
 
f 
 
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(Farm Labor Survey — July-December, 1936) 
 
 Progress Report No* 39 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops 
 San Joaquin County 
 
 Scope of Presentation . — The following considerations govern the present- 
 ation of this 'progress report: 
 
 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 
 
 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 
 
 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements 
 as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed 
 on a year-round or regular basis cf employment. 
 
 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — plant- 
 ing, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, 
 tractor drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 
 
 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving 
 workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with 
 
 certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many 
 field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 
 
 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural 
 workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- 
 with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved 
 in the production of California's many crops. 
 
 Brief Description of the Area . — San Joaquin County lies directly east of 
 San Francisco and San Pablo bays and spans the San Joaquin Valley from the Coast 
 Range to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Stockton, the principal 
 city in the county, is about 60 miles east of San Francisco. San Joaquin County 
 lies directly south of Sacramento County. In the northwest corner there is a 
 continuation of the delta covering an area about 30 miles long and 15 miles wide. 
 This area is treated separately from the rest of the county in the report on the 
 entire delta region. The remaining agricultural land in the county is of slightly 
 higher elevation than that lying in the delta. 
 
 Near the northern boundary of the county about 15 miles from the Calaveras- 
 San Joaquin county line on the east is a section of intensively developed grape 
 and fruit farming, known as the Lodi section; this covers an area about 15 miles 
 square. Another intensively developed farming section is located near the southern 
 boundary adjacent to Stanislaus County about midway between the eastern end western 
 boundaries of San Joaquin County. It is contiguous to the Stanislaus River and 
 extends east and west about 30 miles and north about 15 to 20 miles. Soils in 
 this district are mainly light in character and the topography varies from flat 
 to rolling. Fruit growing and intensive truck farming are carried on within this 
 section with some alfalfa being raised. A third farming section is located around 
 Tracy and Bethany just south of the delta. There are about 15,000 acres of land 
 ranging in elevation from 80 to 160 feet above sea level. The principal soils are 
 Yolo adobes, loams, and clay loams, all of which are very deep and fertile. This 
 section is devoted to alfalfa and field crops, principally beans. The remainder 
 of the arable land in the county is either used for grazing or dry-farmed to grain. 
 
"rfhjMfl if _ ' 
 
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2. 
 
 Crops, Acreages, and Production . — The basis used in calculating occasional 
 or seasonal need for labor, other than that furnished by farm operators and regu- 
 larly employed workers, appears as table 1. This does not include that portion 
 of the county which lies in the delta, since the delta, including portions of 
 five counties, has been considered as a separate unit in Progress Report No. 59. 
 
 TABLE 1 
 
 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements 
 San Joaquin County (Excluding Delta) 
 
 Ci*ops 
 
 A f* t p o r" A s(c 
 
 "Pr oduction* 
 
 r J. c XQ. OIOpo; 
 
 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 
 "171 042 tons 
 
 is cans 
 
 31 932 
 
 456,627 cwt. 
 
 
 3 442 
 
 
 Corn — field 
 
 1^726 
 
 2,157 tons 
 
 Cow peas *f 
 
 206 
 
 **• 
 
 
 
 
 a. X1U. X jP 
 
 147 465 
 
 
 r xa.-A. 
 
 412 
 
 3,832 bushels 
 
 ,.-> J. C*. -1-2 _ -j ..j X 1 1 wvJ.ll O 
 
 6,961 
 
 8,700 tons 
 
 Hav — — TTtos'blv PTain h.av 
 
 25,834 
 
 41,251 tons 
 
 Hops 
 
 64 
 
 96,000 pounds ( dry weight) 1* 
 
 Oiii ons — — mo stlv earlv 
 
 1,161 
 
 252,200 cwt. 
 
 Potatoes — Irish 
 
 362 
 
 56,110 cwt. 
 
 sweet 
 
 810 
 
 3,272 tons 
 
 Rice 
 
 1,640 
 
 42,640 cwt. 
 
 Silage t 
 
 428 
 
 
 S 1 ] d n Yl ffrflRR t 
 
 yj WU.y.11 K.1 uOO 1 
 
 1,986 
 
 Ilostly pastured -- some for 
 
 
 hay and seed 
 
 
 986 
 
 16.762 tons 
 
 
 1,935 
 
 18,789 cwt. 
 
 Seed crops: 
 
 
 
 Carrot seed 
 
 40 
 
 
 Lettuce seed 
 
 58 
 
 
 Onion seed 
 
 188 
 
 
 Onion sets 
 
 2 
 
 
 Parsnip seed 
 
 7 
 
 
 Sugar beet seed 
 
 61 
 
 
 Swiss chard seed 
 
 40 
 
 
 Vegetable crops: 
 
 
 (1,712,900 pounds fresh 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 1,903 
 
 
 (3,996,300 pounds to canneries 
 
 Beets 1" 
 
 80 
 
 
 Carrots 
 
 269 
 
 107,600 crates 
 
 Celery "J" 
 
 26 
 
 
 Cucumbers 
 
 150 
 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 389 
 
 50,570 crates 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
5| 
 
 Table 1 continued. 
 
 Crops 
 
 Acreage* 
 
 Production* 
 
 Vegetable crops cont'd. 
 
 
 
 Peas — green 
 
 1,711 
 
 169,000 hampers 
 
 Pumpkins 
 
 422 
 
 mm 
 
 Spinach 
 
 1,513 
 
 5,750 tons 
 
 Squash 
 
 239 
 
 — 
 
 Sweet corn "t 
 
 38 
 
 mm 
 
 Tomatoes 
 
 9,013 
 
 41,460 tons (38,210 tons canned 
 
 
 
 (130,000 lugs shipped j 
 
 ivi is ce x xaneous vegeT/auxes 
 
 0 OA 7 
 
 
 Watermelons 
 
 1,850 
 
 11,100 tons 
 
 Cantaloupes 
 
 230 
 
 25,760 crates 
 
 Honeydews 
 
 220 
 
 2,640 tons 
 
 Casabas 
 
 280 
 
 3,080 tons 
 
 Persians 
 
 320 
 
 3,200 tons 
 
 Fruit and nut crops: 
 
 
 
 Almonds 
 
 3,611 
 
 1,839,000 pounds 
 
 Apples t 
 
 28 
 
 4,200 boxes 
 
 Apricots 
 
 1,731 
 
 7,631 tons (50 per cent dried) 
 
 Cherries — fresh 
 
 3,261 
 
 290,000 Campbell lugs of 15 
 
 
 
 pounds net 
 
 canning 
 
 1,136 
 
 2,522 tons 
 
 Figs 
 
 547 
 
 547 tons 
 
 Grapes — Tokay- 
 
 17,016 
 
 2,415,774 packages (fresh) 
 
 
 
 105,452 tons (wine) 
 
 juice 
 
 32,430 
 
 57,638 tons (shipped) 
 
 
 
 77,506 tons (wine) 
 
 raisin (nearly all 
 
 
 
 seedless ) 
 
 702 
 
 3,000 tons (fresh weight) 
 
 other table grapes 
 
 1,663 
 
 130,000 packages (fresh) 
 
 
 
 6,828 tons (wine) 
 
 Olives 
 
 318 
 
 636 tons of which 540 tons 
 
 
 
 canned 
 
 Peaches — cling 
 
 3,403 
 
 21,439 tons (15 per cent dried) 
 
 free 
 
 2,794 
 
 15,926 tons (75 per cent dried) 
 
 Fears f 
 
 48 
 
 144 tons 
 
 Plums 
 
 2,360 
 
 339,840 crates 
 
 Prunes 
 
 645 
 
 806 tons (dry weight) f" 
 
 Walnuts 
 
 8,752 
 
 2,013 tons 
 
 Chestnuts t 
 
 193 
 
 338 tons 
 
 Strawberries 
 
 120 
 
 33,000 crates 
 
 * Acreage and production figures are from A. E. Mahoney, Agricultural 
 Commissioner, San Joaquin County, acreages in the delta having been deducted from 
 the total county acreage. 
 
 -}"Use of seasonal labor inconsequential on these crops and hence has been 
 ignored, 
 
 ^Drying ratios estimated to be as follows: 
 
 Apricots 5.5 to 1 Prunes 2.25 to 1 
 
 Peaches 5*5 to 1 Hops 4 to 1 
 
 $ Production of shipping tomatoes estimated at 200 lugs per acre on 650 
 acres of shipping varieties. 
 
4. 
 
 Operations Requiring Seasonal Labor and Times of Ne ed. — Farm operations 
 requiring the use of seasonal labor for the various crops raised in San Joaquin 
 County (excluding that part of the county lying in the delta) are indicated in 
 table 2. This tabulation does not include the employing of shed workers needed 
 to wash, pack and prepare various commodities for shipping and narketing. 
 
 TABLE 2 
 
 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Needs by Crops 
 San Joaquin County (Excluding Delta Lands) 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 Per cent of 
 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 Field crops: 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Corn -- 
 field 
 
 Mowing — 
 50 per cent 
 by tractor * 
 
 Raking 
 
 Apr, 15-30 — one-half ! 
 
 of acreage »« 50 
 
 May 1-Sept. 30 — all of j 
 *>■ acreage 
 
 Oct. 1-15 — one-half of 50 
 
 acreage 
 
 Shocking — 50 
 with rake 
 
 3aling — 75 per [May l-Oct. 31 — one sixth 50 
 cent of crop j of job each month 
 
 Picking, husking 
 and hauling to 
 cribs 
 
 Grain — 
 Wheat, bar 
 ley, oats, 
 rye and flax 
 
 Harvesting 
 
 Grain sor- 
 ghums 
 
 larvesting 
 
 (with combine) — 
 
 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Cutting off heads 
 
 by handfc- 50 
 
 per cent of 
 
 acroage 
 
 Threshing (with 
 stationary 
 machine) — 50 
 per cent of crop 
 
 Oct. 1-31 — 15 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Nov. 1-30 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Dec. 1-31 — 40 per cent f 100 
 
 of acreage 
 Jan. 1-10 — 5 per cent 
 of acreage 
 
 June — 70 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 July — 30 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 
 October -- all of job 
 
 October — all of job 
 
 October — all of job 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 1 ( 20 acres 
 /'with tractor 
 5 acres 
 th horses) 
 20 acres 
 
 17.5 
 
 [wit 
 
 30 acres 
 
 5 tons 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 7 acres 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 1 acre 
 
 100 cwt. 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
1 , 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 o 6 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 Per cent of 
 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 Field crops 
 cont ' d: 
 
 Hay — mostly 
 grain hay 
 
 Hops 
 
 Onions 
 
 Potatoes -- 
 sweet 
 
 Rice 
 
 Mowing 
 Raking 
 Shocking 
 
 Baling — 90 
 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 Training vines 
 
 Picking 
 
 Drying 
 
 Baling 
 
 Weeding (2 to 
 4 times) 
 
 Pulling, top- 
 ping and 
 sacking 
 
 Planting 
 
 Hoeing (twice) 
 
 Picking up, 
 piling, break- 
 ing and boxing 
 
 J 
 
 Windr owing 
 
 I May 1-31 — 90 per cent 
 \ of acreage 
 j June 1-7 — 10 per cent 
 _\ of acreage 
 
 May 1-31 -- 50 per cent 
 of job 
 
 June 1-30 — 50 per cent 
 of job 
 
 May 1-31 — 2 times on all 
 
 acreage 
 June 1-15 — 1 time on 
 
 all acreage 
 Aug. 7-31 — all of crop 
 
 Aug. 7-31 — all of crop 
 
 Sept. 1-7 — all of crop 
 
 Mar. — 2 man-days per acre 
 Apr. — 4 man-days per acre 
 May — 4 man-days per acre 
 July 20-31 — 25 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Aug. 1-31 — 50 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Sept. 1-15 — 25 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 Apr. 25-30 — 15 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Lay 1-31 — 85 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 June — all of acreage 
 July — all of acreage 
 Aug. 15-31 — 10 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Sept. 1-30 — 40 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Oct. 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 Nov. 1-15 — 10 per cent 
 
 of crop £ 
 Sept. 15-30 — 33 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 Oct. 1-31 — 66 per cent 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 100 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 of acreage 
 
 50 
 
 7.5 acres* 
 15 acres 
 30 acres 
 
 5 tons 
 
 Total of 6 
 man-days 
 per acre 
 
 200 pounds 
 green weight 
 2,800 pounds 
 green weight 
 12 bales 
 (190 pounds 
 dry weight) 
 
 Varies rrent 
 ly mm Bat. 10 
 man-days p^r 
 acre 
 
 30 cwt. 
 
 0.6 acre 
 
 4.0 acres 
 
 0.15 acre 
 
 10 acres 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 

 
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Table 2 continued. 
 
 6, 
 
 Crop 
 
 Field crops 
 cont' d: 
 Rice contd. 
 
 Suirar beets 
 
 Sunflowers 
 
 Operation 
 
 Threshing with 
 pick-up combine 
 
 Picking up sacks 
 and hauling 
 from field 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Hoeing (3 or 
 4 times) 
 
 Harvesting -- 
 topping and 
 loading 
 
 Thinning and 
 hoeing 
 
 Cutting off 
 heads by hand 
 
 Picking up and 
 piling heads T 
 
 Threshing 
 
 Time of need' by months 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Sept. 15-30 — 20 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Oct. 1-31 ~ SO per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 Sept. 15-30 — 20 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Oct. 1-31 — 80 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 Mar. — 20 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 /pr. -- 30 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 May — 30 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 June — 20 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 June — all of acreage 
 July — all of acreage 
 Aug. — all of acreage 
 Sept. — 20 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 Oct. -- 25 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 Not. — 25 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 Dec. — 30 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 100 
 
 )> 100 
 
 } 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 Apr. 15-30 -- one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 May 1-31 — two-thirds of 
 
 acreage 
 
 Aug. 15-31 — 20 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Sept. 1-30 — 60 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Oct. 1-31 — 20 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 Sept. 1-31 — 50 por cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Oct. 1-31 — 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 Sept. 1-30 — 50 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Oct. 1-31 — 50 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 100 
 
 > 100 
 
 100 
 
 80 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 4.5 acres 
 
 500 sacks 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 1.5 acre 
 
 6.0 tons 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 5.0 acres 
 [or about 
 5,000 lbs.) 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 7. 
 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 „ , ■ , , , 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 * 
 ( 
 
 Seed crops: 
 Carrot seed 
 
 Transplanting 
 
 Dec. — one-third of 
 
 Q f»r* (DQ CTfl 
 
 Jan. — one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 Feb. — one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 
 k 100 
 
 : 0..5 acre 
 
 
 
 Hoeing (2 times) 
 
 Mar. 15-31 — 40 per cent 
 of aPT'eflP'e 
 
 Apr. 1-30 — 80 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 May 1-31 -- 80 per cent 
 
 of acreage ^ 
 
 ) 100 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 I 
 
 
 Cutting by hand 
 and piling 
 
 (Dry on sheets) 
 Threshing, 
 
 screening and 
 
 sacking 
 
 Aug. 20-31 — 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Sept. 1-20 -- 50 per cent 
 acreage J 
 
 Sept. — all of job 
 
 \ 100 
 50 
 
 0.4 acre 
 0.33 acre 
 
 f 
 
 Lettuce seed 
 
 Thinning and 
 
 hrjeitif 
 
 Mar. 15-31 — 25 per cent 
 
 Apr. 1-30 — 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 May 1-15 — 25 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 > 100 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 May 1-31 — two-thirds of j 
 acreage 1 
 
 June 1-15 — one-third of 1 
 acreage 
 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 
 
 Cutting and 
 
 "T" rt t* nun vi fr i*\ vi 
 lull UWJ.Iig Oil 
 
 wagons 
 
 July — 10 per cent of 
 
 a cr ea ge 
 Aug. — 80 per cent of 
 
 acreage , 
 Sept. — 10 per cent of 
 
 acreage J 
 
 > ioo 1 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 
 
 Threshing — by 
 rolling, rough 
 screening and 
 sacking 
 
 Aug. — 80 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Sept. — 20 per cent of j 
 
 acreage 
 
 ► 50 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
s 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 8. 
 
 
 
 
 rer cent of 
 
 
 
 
 
 work done 
 
 Output per 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 man-day 
 
 Seed crops 
 
 
 
 
 
 cont'd: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Onion seed 
 
 Planting bulbs 
 
 Dec. 1-31 — one-third of 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan, 1-31 — one-third of 
 
 > 100 
 
 0.20 acre 
 
 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 1-28 — one-third of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hoeing (2 times) 
 
 It 
 
 March — one-third of job 
 
 
 Total of 50 
 
 
 
 Apr. — ene-third of job 
 
 > 100 
 
 hours per 
 
 
 
 May — one-third of job 
 
 
 acre 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 July 20-31 — two-thirds of 
 
 
 
 
 
 acreage 
 Aug. 1-5 — one-third of 
 
 > 100 
 
 0.20 acre 
 
 
 
 acreage > 
 
 
 
 
 Threshing — 
 
 
 
 
 
 by rolling, 
 hand screening 
 
 Aug. — all of acreage 
 
 50 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 
 and sacking 
 
 
 
 
 Beet seed 
 
 Planting 
 
 Dec. 15-31 — 25 per cent 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 30 inohes x 
 30 inches 
 
 of acreage 
 Jan. 1-31 — 75 per cent 
 of acreage •* 
 
 > 100 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 
 Hoeing (first 
 
 Mar. 1-31 — two-thirds of 
 
 
 
 
 time) 
 
 acreage 
 Apr. 1-15 — one-third of 
 
 S 100 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 
 Hoeing (second 
 
 Apr. 15-30 — one-half of ~ 
 
 
 
 
 time) 
 
 acreage 
 May 1-15 — one-half of 
 acreage ^ 
 
 > 100 
 
 1.5 acres 
 
 
 Clipping off 
 
 
 
 
 
 tops of seed 
 stalks with 
 
 May — all acreage 
 
 100 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 
 knife 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cutting off 
 
 
 
 
 
 branches (trim- 
 ming) and laying 
 
 Aug. — all of acreage 
 
 100 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 
 in piles 
 
 
 
 
 
 Threshing 
 
 Aug. 15-31 — 80 per cent 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 of acreage 
 Sept. 1-7 — 20 per cent 
 of acreage ' 
 
 \ 80 
 
 1.8 acres 
 (or about 
 1,800 lbs.) 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
i 
 
 1 I 
 
 mi JO I j 
 
Table 2 c*r_tinued. 
 
 Per cent of 
 
 work done Output per 
 by seasonal man-day 
 help 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Tine of need by months 
 
 Vegetable 
 crops : 
 Asparagus 
 
 Carrots 
 
 Practically all in delta district, or closely adjacent thereto, 
 and therefore not included in this report. See "Delta" report. 
 
 Pulling, tying, 
 and putting 
 in crates 
 
 Cucumbers 
 
 Peas -- green 
 
 Spinach 
 
 Tomatoes 
 
 Hoeing (3 
 times) 
 
 Picking 
 
 Hoeing (2 
 times) 
 
 Picking 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Picking up and 
 crating 
 
 Transplanting 
 
 Planting in 
 fields 
 
 Hoeing (2 
 times) 
 
 Jan. -- 
 
 10 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 Feb. — 
 
 7 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 May.— 
 
 30 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 June — 
 
 34 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 Nov. — 
 
 4 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 Dec. — 
 
 13 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 100 
 
 Balance scattering and in- 
 consequential 
 
 May 50 per cent of job 
 June — 50 per cent of job 
 
 July 15-31*— all of 
 
 acreage 
 Aug. 1-31 -- all of 
 
 acreage 
 Sept. 1-15 — all of 
 
 acreage 
 
 Feb. — all of acreage 
 Mar. — all of acreage 
 
 Apr. 19-30 — Su per cent 
 
 of crop 
 May 1-18 -- 70 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 Jan. — 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Feb. — 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 
 Mar. 15-31 50 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Apr. 1-15 — 50 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 Feb. 15-28 — all of job 
 
 May 1-15 — by regular 
 help 
 
 May — two -third 3 of 
 
 acreage 
 June — two -thirds of 
 
 acreage 
 July — two -thirds of 
 
 acreage ^^^^ 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 80 
 
 ) 
 
 100 
 
 12 packed 
 crates 
 
 Total of 20 
 hrs. per acr* 
 (varies 
 greatly) 
 
 Requires one 
 man on each 
 two acres 
 continuously 
 
 1.0 acre 
 10 hampers 
 
 0.75 acre 
 4 tons 
 
 5,000 plants 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
\ 
 
 v. 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 10. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 Tomatoes 
 cont 1 d: 
 
 Picking for 
 canning 
 
 Picking for 
 shipping 
 
 Aug* — 15 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 Sept. — 45 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 Oct. — 40 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 (Canning sometimes extends 
 into November) x 
 
 July 1-31 — 17 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Aug. 1-31 — 30 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Sept. 1-30 — 6 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Oct. 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Nov. 1-31 — 4 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Dec. 1-31 
 
 of crop 
 
 Watermelons 
 
 Picking 
 
 3 per cent 
 30 per cent 
 
 July 10-31 
 
 of crop 
 Aug. 1-31 -- 60 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Sept. 1-15 
 
 of crop 
 
 -- 10 per cent 
 
 Cantaloupes 
 
 Picking 
 
 July 1-31 — 90 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Aug. 1-7 — 10 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 ) 
 
 Casabas and honeydews mostly picked by regular employees. 
 
 Fruit and nut 
 crops : 
 Almonds 
 
 Apricots 
 
 Knocking 
 
 Hulling with 
 machine 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Aug. 15-31 
 
 crop 
 Sept. 1-30 
 
 of crop 
 
 Aug. 15-31 
 
 crop 
 Sept. 1-30 
 
 of crop 
 
 Dec. 1-31 - 
 
 acreage 
 Jan» 1-31 - 
 
 acreage 
 Feb. 1-28 - 
 
 acreage 
 
 - one-third of 
 
 - two-thirds 
 
 - one-third of 
 
 - two -thirds 
 
 one-third of 
 one-third of 
 one-third of 
 
 100 
 
 > 100 
 
 > 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 1,500 lbs. 
 
 45 pkd. lugs 
 
 20 tons 
 
 40 crates 
 of about 
 
 80 pounds 
 
 300 pounds 
 
 500 oounds 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 11. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 Per cent of^ 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Output per 
 men-day 
 
 A. nricots 
 cont'd: 
 
 Thinning 
 
 
 Apr. 15-30 — 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage^ 
 lofty 1-15 — 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage _ 
 
 100 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 
 June 10-30 -- 70 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 July 1-15 — 30 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 100 
 
 1,750 lbs. 
 
 
 Cutting for dry- 
 ing — 50 per 
 cent of crop 
 
 June 10-30 -- 70 per cent 1 
 of crop \ 
 
 July 1-15 — 30 per cent 1 
 of crop ** 
 
 k 100 1 
 
 1,000 lbs. 
 
 
 Other labor 
 dry yards 
 
 in 
 
 June 10-30 — 60 per cent 
 of job 1 
 
 July 1-20 -- 40 per cent 1 
 of job J 
 
 > 100 
 
 11 hours 
 per fresh 
 ton II 
 
 Cherries 
 
 Pruning 
 
 
 Nov. -- 5 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Dec. — 10 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Jan. — 20 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Feb. — 40 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Mt;r. — 25 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 
 > 100 
 
 0.6 acre 
 = 30 trees 
 
 
 Picking for 
 canning or 
 barrelling 
 
 
 May 24-31 — 50 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 June 1-7 — 50 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 f 100 
 
 200 pounds 
 
 
 Picking for 
 shipping 
 
 
 May — 40 per cent of ship 
 ments 
 
 June — 60 per cent of 
 shipments 
 
 \ 100 
 
 180 pounds 
 (12 lugs 
 when packed) 
 
 
 Packing for 
 shipment 
 
 
 May 1-31 -- 40 per cent 
 of shipments 
 
 June 1-10 -- 60 per cent 
 of shipments 
 
 1 
 
 \ 100 
 
 225 pounds 
 = 15 lugs 
 
 Grapes (Tokay 
 and other 
 table varie- 
 ties) 
 
 Pruning 
 
 
 Dec. 1-31 — 20 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Jan. 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Feb. 1-28 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 k 50 
 
 / 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 Table oontinued on next page 
 

 
 r - — — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 12. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 l or cent of 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 Grapes (Tokay 
 etc.) cont'd 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Mar. 15-31 — one-third 
 
 of acreage 
 Apr. 1-30 — two-thirds 
 
 of acreage J 
 
 
 25 
 
 5 acres 
 
 
 Thinning — on 
 50 per cent of 
 Tokay acreage 
 only 
 
 May 20-30 — 20 per cent 
 
 of Tokay acreage 
 June 1-15 — 50 per cent 
 
 of Tokay acreage 
 
 
 1 00 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 
 Picking and pack- 
 ing for ship- 
 ment 
 
 Sept. 1-30 — 33 per cent 
 
 of shipments 
 Oct. 1-31 — 60 per cent 
 
 of shipments 
 Nov. 1-15 — 7 per cent 
 
 of shipments * 
 
 j 
 
 100 
 
 900 pounds 
 = 30 dis- 
 play lugs 
 
 
 Picking for 
 winery 
 ( stripping) 
 
 Sept. 1-30 — 10 per cent 
 
 of tonnage 
 Oct. 1-31 — 50 per cent 
 
 of tonnage 
 Nov. 1-30 — 40 per cent 
 
 of tonnage 
 
 
 100 
 
 2 tons 
 
 Grapes (juice 
 
 ... \ 
 
 varieties) 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Dec. 1-31 -- 20 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Jan. 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Feb. 1-28 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage ~ 
 
 • 
 
 50 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Mar. 15-31 — one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 Apr. 1-30 — two-thirds of 
 
 acreage ^ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 5 acres 
 
 
 Picking for 
 shipping 
 
 Sept. 1-30 — 33 per cent 
 
 of shipments 
 Oct. 1-31 — 60 per cent 
 
 of shipments 
 Nov. 1-15 — 7 per cent of 
 
 shipments > 
 
 
 100 
 
 80 boxes = 
 1 ton 
 
 
 Picking for 
 winery 
 
 Sept. 1-30 — 30 per cent 
 
 of tonnage 
 Oct. 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 
 of tonnage 
 Nov, 1-30 — 30 per cent 
 
 of tonnage 
 
 
 100 
 
 2 tons 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
t 
 
 , . .- 1 ' ' -—•■"«•■**•*■.•.«-." . 4—-*-r*—- • - - "f 1 " » i W i l l ■ H i ■! . t 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 13. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Fruit and nut 
 crops cont'di 
 Grapes — 
 Raisin (near 
 ly all seed- 
 less variet- 
 ies) 
 
 Olives 
 
 Peaches — 
 clingstone 
 
 Operation 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Picking for both 
 drying and 
 winery 
 
 Picking for 
 pickling 
 
 Picking for oil 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Dec. 1-31 — 20 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Jan. 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Feb. 1-28 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 Sept. 15-30 — 80 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Oct. 1-7 — 20 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 Oct. 15-31 — 25 per cent 
 
 of 
 
 job 
 
 
 
 
 i'JOV. 
 
 1-30 — 
 
 75 
 
 per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 job 
 
 
 
 
 Doc. 
 
 1-31 — 
 
 40 
 
 per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 job 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1-31 — 
 
 40 
 
 per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 job 
 
 
 
 
 Fob. 
 
 1-15 — 
 
 20 
 
 per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 job 
 
 
 
 
 Doc • 
 
 1-31 — 
 
 15 
 
 per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1-31 -- 
 
 35 
 
 per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1-26 — 
 
 35 
 
 per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 
 
 1-15 — 
 
 15 
 
 per 
 
 cent 
 
 of 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 
 Brush burned by regular help or disked under. 
 
 Thinning Lay 1-31 — 75 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Juno 15-30 — 25 per cent 
 of acreage 
 
 Smudging 
 
 Picking 
 
 Mar. 24 to May 10 
 
 Aug. 1-31 — 80 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 Sept. 1-10 — 20 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 2,400 
 pounds 
 
 275 pounds 
 
 400 pounds 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 Must have 
 one man 
 available 
 for each 10 
 acres 
 
 1 ton 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
! 
 
 ! 
 
 t I 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 ; 
 
 !! 
 
 * 
 
 i' 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 14. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Tine of need by months 
 
 Per cent of 
 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 Peaches , 
 clingstone 
 cont'd: 
 
 Peaches , 
 freestone 
 
 Cutting for dry- 
 ing — 15 per 
 cent of crop 
 
 Other labor in 
 dry yard 
 
 Aug. 1-31 — 80 per cent 
 of job 
 
 Sept. 1-10 — 20 per cent 
 of job 
 
 J 
 
 Aug. 1-31 — 75 per cent 
 of job 
 
 Sept. 1-15 — 25 per cent 
 of job 
 
 mt | 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Thinning 
 Smudging 
 
 Dec. 1-31 -- 15 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Jan. 1-31 — 35 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Feb. 1-28 — 35 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 Mar. 1-15 — 15 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 May 1-31 — all of acreage 
 Mar. 24 to May 10 
 
 Picking for 
 
 July 20-30 - 
 
 - 15 per cent 
 
 shipment — 
 
 of job 
 
 
 25 per cent 
 
 Aug. 1-31 ~ 
 
 50 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 of job 
 
 
 
 Sept. 1-30 - 
 
 - 30 per cent 
 
 
 of job 
 
 
 
 Oct. 1-31 — 
 
 5 per cent 
 
 
 of job 
 
 
 Packing — 25 
 
 July 20-30 - 
 
 - 15 per cent 
 
 per cent of 
 
 of job 
 
 
 crop 
 
 Aug. 1-31 — 
 
 50 per cent 
 
 
 of job 
 
 
 
 Sept. 1-30 - 
 
 - 30 per cent 
 
 
 of job 
 
 
 
 Oct. 1-31 — 
 
 5 per cent 
 
 
 of job 
 
 
 Picking for dry- 
 
 Aug. 1-31 — 
 
 all of job 
 
 ing 
 
 
 
 Cutting for 
 
 Aug. 1-31 — 
 
 all of job 
 
 drying 
 
 
 
 Other dry yard 
 
 Aug. 1-31 — 
 
 80 per cent 
 
 work 
 
 of job 
 Sept. 1-7 
 
 of job 
 
 20 per cent 
 
 i 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 600 pounds 
 = 24 boxes 
 
 llg- hours 
 per fresh 
 ton // 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 Must have 
 one man 
 available 
 for each 
 10 acres 
 
 2,000 pound 
 
 100 boxes 
 a 3,000 lbs 
 
 3,000 pound 
 2,000 pounds 
 
 llg- hours 
 per fresh 
 ton II 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
4 
 
 1....L-. 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 15. 
 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 Per cent of 
 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 
 Fruit and nut 
 crops cont'd: 
 Plums 
 
 Pruning — 50 
 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 Dec. — 10 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Jan. — 40 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Feb. — 40 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Mar. — 10 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 ) 50 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Apr. 15-30 — 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 May 1-15 -- 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 
 J 
 
 > 100 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 June 23-30 — 1 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 July 1-31 — 67 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Aug. 1-31 — 32 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 J 
 
 \ 100 
 
 25 crates 
 of 28 lbs. 
 = 700 lbs. 
 
 
 
 Packing done in 
 
 shipping sheds 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Prune s 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Dec. — 40 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Jan. -- 40 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Feb. -- 20 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 
 >! 
 j 
 
 \ 25 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 
 
 Thinning (on 
 sugar prunes 
 only) — 50 per 
 cent of acreage 
 
 April 15-30 — 50 per cent 
 
 of job 
 May 1«»15 -- 50 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 
 f 90 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 
 
 Picking up 
 
 July 15-31 — 12-|- per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Aug. 1-31 — 75 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Sept, 1-15 — 12g per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 
 > 100 
 
 1,500 
 pounds 
 
 4 
 
 
 Dipping and dry- 
 ing 
 
 July 15-31 — 12-g per oent 
 
 of crop 
 Aug, 1-31 — 75 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Sept. 1-15 -- 12-g- per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 
 ► 25 
 
 O • O I1U UI b 
 
 per freSh 
 ton II 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
* 
 
 I 
 
Table 2 continued 
 
 16 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need by months 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done 
 by seasonal 
 help 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 Fruit and nut 
 crops cont'd: 
 Walnuts 
 
 Pruning — on 
 
 acreage annu- 
 ally 
 
 Jan. — one-third of 
 
 Feb. — one-third of 
 acreage pruned 
 
 ltiTo Y* . fMO r"% — "^V* T Y*fn f*"*T 
 
 iviui . — — onu — unu u. UJ. 
 
 acrcage pruned ^ 
 
 1 
 
 y 50 
 
 ! 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 
 Spraying ( C 
 times ) 
 
 April — one time 
 May — one time 
 
 [ 25 
 
 3 acres 
 
 
 Knocking off 
 up 
 
 Sept. 1-30 — 75 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 Oct. 1-15 — 25 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 300 pounds 
 150 pounds 
 
 
 Hulling practica 
 
 lly all by machine with regular omployeus. 
 
 Strawberries 
 
 Picking 
 
 May — 24,000 crates 1 
 June — 9,000 crates , 
 
 > 70 
 
 15 crates of 
 12 baskets 
 
 * Use of power mowers in hay cutting is apparently increasing, with conse- 
 quent reduction in labor needs. These machines cut about 20 acres per day. 
 
 ■j" Grain sorghums are usually cut by hand in the Escalon district, where fields 
 are relatively small. Larger fields of dwarf types, however, are generally cut 
 with "combines." 
 
 Sunflower heads are sometimes picked up and threshed without piling, but 
 the labor need is about the same either way. 
 
 Based on estimated pack out of one packed lug for every field lug of 50 
 
 pounds. 
 
 <ft Apricot thinning varies greatly and was light in 1955. Kay sometimos require 
 4 or 5 man-days per acre when set is heavy. 
 
 || From Christie, A. W. and L. C. Barnard. The principles and practice of sun- 
 drying fruit. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 388. 1925. 
 
 Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs . — Details and summaries of seasonal 
 requirements of San Joaquin County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "s ' ze 
 of task" are figures drawn from table 1, in terms of either acreage or output in 
 tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" 
 is an average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in crates, hampers, 
 boxes or 3ther units as indicated in the table. If the work is of a nature that 
 requires a crew different members of which perform different tasks, then the 
 average shown is per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, 
 
16a. 
 
 November to February; 10 hours March to October, unless otherwise stated. Yftde 
 variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season 
 and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, 
 yields, and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can per- 
 form in a given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male 
 worker without reference to use of women, children, and more or loss inexperienced 
 help that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring 
 use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limi- 
 tations set from the period within which the work must be performed because of the 
 nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, weeding and cutting, and 
 (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather reducing 
 the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required number 
 of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection with 
 "output per man-day." 
 
 It is probable that the ' estimated number of workers required, as recorded in 
 table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, 
 during which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short 
 period. This wou]d naturally require a much greater number of workers than when 
 the work is spread over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor 
 (in man-days) remains the same. 
 
* 
 
TABLE 3 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs -- San Joaquin County -- by Months and Tasks 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man-days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 January 
 
 Corn--field: Picking, husk- 
 ing, and hauling to crib 
 
 87 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 116 
 
 6 
 
 20 (Jan. 1-10 ) 
 
 
 Carrots for seed: Transplant- 
 ing 
 
 13 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 
 Onions for seed: Planting 
 bulbs 
 
 Beets for seed: Planting 
 
 63 acres 
 46 acres 
 
 0.2 acre 
 C75 acre 
 
 315 
 
 62 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 18 
 4 
 
 
 Carrots: Pulling, tying, and 
 
 putting in crates 
 Spinach: Hoeing 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 Cherries: Pruning 
 
 10,760 crates 
 756 acres 
 433 acres \ 
 879 acres 
 
 12.0 crates 
 0-75 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 0.6 acre 
 
 897 
 1,008 
 1,732 
 1,465 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 ie 
 
 50 
 56 
 97 
 82 
 
 
 Grapes — Tokay and other 
 
 table varieties: Pruning 
 
 3,736 acresf 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 7,472 
 
 18 
 
 416 
 
 
 Grapes — juice varieties: 
 Pruning 
 
 6,486 acres +■ 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 8,648 
 
 18 
 
 481 
 
 
 Grapes — raisin varieties: 
 
 Pruning 
 Olives: Picking for oil 
 Peaches — clingstone: Pruning 
 Peaches — freestone: Pruning 
 Plums: Pruning 
 Prunes: Pruning 
 Walnuts: Pruning 
 Totals 
 
 Carrots for seed: Trans- 
 planting 
 
 Onions for seed: Planting 
 bulbs 
 
 140 acres t 
 38 tons 
 596 acres 1" 
 489 acres 1" 
 236 acres"*" 
 64 acres "t 
 730 acresi" 
 
 0.75 acre 
 400.0 pounds 
 0.25 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 
 187 
 190 
 2,384 
 1,956 
 472 
 256 
 1.460 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 11 
 11 
 133 
 109 
 27 
 15 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 28.646 
 
 18 
 
 1,592 man-months =f" 
 
 February 
 
 14 acres 
 63 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 0.2 acre 
 
 28 
 315 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 2 
 17 
 
 
 Carrots: Pulling, tying, and 
 putting in crates 
 
 7,532 crates 
 
 12.0 crates 
 
 628 
 
 19 
 
 34 
 
 Table continued on next page. -a 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 February 
 contd . 
 
 March 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Peas — green: Hoeing 
 Spinach: Hoeing 
 Tomatoes: Transplanting 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 Cherries: Pruning 
 Grapes--Tokay and other 
 
 table varieties: Pruning 
 Grapes — juice varieties: 
 
 Pruning 
 Grapes — raisin varieties: 
 
 Pruning 
 Olives: Picking for oil 
 Peaches — clingstone: Pruning 
 Peaches — freestone: Pruning 
 Plums: Pruning 
 Prunes: Pruning 
 Walnuts: Pruning 
 
 Totals 
 Onions: Weeding 
 Sugar beets: Thinning 
 Carrots for seed: Hoeing 
 Lettuce for seed: Thinning 
 
 and hoeing 
 Onions for seed: Hoeing 
 Beets for seed: Hoeing 
 Peas — green: Hoeing 
 Spinach: Picking up and 
 
 crating 
 Cherries: Pruning 
 Grapes — Tokay and other 
 
 table varieties: Hoeing 
 Grapes--juice varieties: 
 Hoeing 
 
 Peaches — clingstone: Pruning 
 Smudging 
 
 1 
 
 
 Required 
 
 nVdlidUic 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man - d ay s 
 
 d o.y s 
 
 
 workers* 
 
 1,711 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1,711 
 
 19 
 
 91 
 
 
 757 acres + 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 1,010 
 
 19 
 
 54 
 
 (Feb. 15-28) 
 
 10,382,976 plants 
 
 5,000.0 plants 
 
 2,077 
 
 9 
 
 231 
 
 433 acres ♦ 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1,732 
 
 19 
 
 92 
 
 
 1,759 acres 
 
 0.6 acre 
 
 2,932 
 
 19 
 
 155 
 
 
 3,736 acrest 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 1 ,4 f C 
 
 iy 
 
 394 
 
 
 6,486 acres f 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 Q C A Q 
 
 iy 
 
 456 
 
 
 141 acrest 
 
 0-75 acre 
 
 TOO 
 
 loo 
 
 ±y 
 
 10 
 
 (Feb. 1-15) 
 
 10 tons 
 
 400.0 pounds 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 596 acres f 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 2, 384 
 
 19 
 
 126 
 
 
 488 acrest 
 
 0 -25 acre 
 
 i , y o<c 
 
 1 Q 
 
 xy 
 
 103 
 
 
 236 acres' 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 a n o 
 4/2 
 
 iy 
 
 25 
 
 
 33 acrest 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 132 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 
 730 acrest 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 1.460 
 
 19 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 
 to , iyi 
 
 iy 
 
 1.747 
 
 man-months 
 
 1,161 acres 
 
 
 c, , Otic. 
 
 00 
 
 106 
 
 
 197 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 
 oo 
 
 18 
 
 (Mar. 15-31) 
 
 16 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 14 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 OQ 
 CO 
 
 1 "i 
 i.1 
 
 3 
 
 (Mar. 15-31) 
 
 188 acres 
 
 
 313 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 
 41 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 55 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 
 1,711 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1,711 
 
 22 
 
 78 
 
 
 2,875 tons 
 
 4.0 tons 
 
 719 
 
 11 
 
 66 
 
 (Mar. 15-31) 
 
 1,099 acres 
 
 0.6 acre 
 
 1 , 832 
 
 22 
 
 fid 
 
 
 1,557 acrest 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 312 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 (Mar. 15-31) 
 
 2,703 acrest 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 541 
 
 11 
 
 50 
 
 (Mar. 15-31) 
 
 255 acres f 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1,020 
 
 11 
 
 93 
 
 (Mar. 1-15) 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Mar. 24-31) 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
^ 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 1 C^Ult. »J \ 
 
 I 
 
 — . — r 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 
 workers* 
 
 March 
 
 Peaches — freestone: Pruning 
 
 210 acres f 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 840 
 
 11 
 
 77 
 
 
 contd. 
 
 Smudging 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( Ma r ) 
 
 \. f Ct"Jl f 
 
 
 Plums: Pruning 
 
 59 acres + 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 118 
 
 22 
 
 A 
 y 
 
 
 
 Walnuts: Pruning 
 
 730 acres-f" 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 1.460 
 
 22 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 11,687 
 
 22 
 
 532 
 
 ma.ii— rno nt. Yis 
 
 April 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing with tractor 
 
 3, 564 acres + 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 179 
 
 11 
 
 1 7 
 
 (Apr. 15-30) 
 
 Mowing with horses 
 
 3,555 acres 1" 
 
 7.5 acres 
 
 476 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 (Adt. 15-30) 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 7,127 acres-r 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 357 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 (Apr. 15-30) 
 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 7,127 acres t 
 
 30.0 acres 
 
 238 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 (Apr. 15-30) 
 
 
 Onions: Weeding 
 
 1,161 acres 
 
 
 4,544 
 
 22 
 
 212 
 
 (Apr. 25-30) 
 
 
 Potatoes--sweet: Planting 
 
 61 acres ■+ 
 
 0.6 acre 
 
 102 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 
 Sugar beets: Thinning 
 
 296 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 592 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 Sunflower: Thinning and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Anr. 15-30) 
 
 
 hoeing 
 
 645 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 645 
 
 11 
 
 59 
 
 
 Carrots for seed: Hoeing 
 
 32 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 43 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 Lettuce for seed: Thinning 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and hoeing 
 
 29 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 58 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Onions for seed: Hoeing 
 
 188 acres 
 
 
 313 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Beets for seed: Hoeing first 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Apr. 1-15) 
 
 
 time 
 
 20 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 27 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 
 Hoeing second time 
 
 30 acres 
 
 1.5 acres 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 (Adt. 15-30) 
 
 
 Peas — green: Picking 
 
 50,700 hampers 
 
 10.0 hampers 
 
 5,070 
 
 22 
 
 231 
 
 
 
 Spinach: Picking up and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Apr. 1-15) 
 
 
 crating 
 
 2,875 tons 
 
 4.0 tons 
 
 719 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Thinning 
 
 866 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 3,464 
 
 11 
 
 
 fAnr 
 
 
 Grapes — Tokay and other 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 table varieties: Hoeing 
 
 3,113 acres "t" 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 623 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 Grapes--juice varieties: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 5,405 acresf" 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 1,081 
 
 22 , 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Peaches — clingstone: Smudging 
 
 /I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Peaches — freestone: Smudging 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Apr. 15-30) 
 
 
 Plums: Thinning 
 
 1,180 acres 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 3,576 
 
 11 
 
 326 
 
 
 Prunes: Thinning 
 
 145 acres f 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 725 
 
 11 
 
 66 
 
 (Apr. 15-30) 
 
 
 Walnuts: Spraying 
 
 2,188 acres + 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 730 
 
 22 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 23.682 
 
 22 
 
 1.077 
 
 man-months 
 
 «5 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 MOnT/il 
 
 
 Size of t as k 
 
 May 
 
 Hll alia, mowing wilu trttL-bur 
 
 
 Uawi «rr nil + Vi Vi f% Y* CI P Q 
 mOWlHR wi III Ilux oco 
 
 7 127 acrps"i" 
 
 
 PpVl in CT 
 IVC J\X 11^ 
 
 14 254 acres T 
 
 
 UllUUAXIig WX HI 1 <-A-tV<— 
 
 14.254 acres"t" 
 
 
 Dai. x Ilg 
 
 10 690 tons + 
 
 
 ndj — II1U b Uljr g.1 axil I jcljt • wiu w — 
 
 1 I 625 acres t 
 
 
 ing 
 
 
 Palfi n cr 
 
 ivcmx\xixm 
 
 11 625 acres'!" 
 
 
 OllUuivxiAg 
 
 11 625 aerest 
 
 
 pa 1 T yirr 
 DcLxXXXg 
 
 18 563 tons 
 
 Xv f w vu vvllw 
 
 
 T-lr^ n c * Trfl i ni ncr u i r a q 
 nu j o » 1 1 ax iii tig vxjico 
 
 Q0 a p.rp*? T 
 
 
 WH X Uiio • iiCwulIig 
 
 1 161 acres 
 
 
 Potflt opc;- - Qu/ppt" ■ PI Ant i np 1 
 
 348 acres 
 
 
 ^ii it? v* o o + ■ r Tl"j i n K> n vi it 
 
 O UKCX-X UC C t-o » XUXIIIaXI ig 
 
 2Q6 acres 
 
 
 ^unf 1 nu/Ay" Thi nni tier flnH hop — 
 
 
 
 
 1 290 acres 
 
 
 Ha r*T*A"f q ■Tor' spp fi * Hop i np 
 
 32 acres 
 
 
 Let,t,u cp for seed i Thinnin.2 
 
 
 
 auu i iu c x i if-) 
 
 1 S ROT*P ^ 
 
 
 Hop 1 np 
 
 39 acres 
 
 
 On lnnc! for cppH* Hop i y\s? 
 
 188 acres 
 
 
 Ra o "t" c f nv cp^rl * Unpi kict cP^nnH 
 
 OCC Lo X UX OCCU* liUClIlg OvUUIlU 
 
 
 
 t^ime 
 
 31 acres 
 
 
 fli 1+ + i no 1 off tnn of* qppH 
 
 
 
 ?i 1 Vs \a/i + Vi k"irif*p 
 o uaxAD wi uii xv 1 1 x x c 
 
 fil acrps 
 
 WX LJ. \_> 1 w O 
 
 
 npy*v*o+c3* Pnllii^cr t vi np 1 snH 
 vui i w u o » r uixiiigf b j x ilg ) aiiu 
 
 
 
 mitt i no 1 in f*ratp*5 
 
 3? 280 crater 
 
 
 Cii f*i]inTop * Hop i no - 
 
 1 SO acres 
 
 
 Ppft Q--ffrpPn • Pi /»Vi n cr 
 x cao~~gi ceil* x dLw&XUK 
 
 118 300 hamnpr 
 
 
 iomai.oes. noeing 
 
 o ] uuy acres 
 
 
 Apricots: Thinning 
 
 865 acres 
 
 
 Cherries: Picking for canning 
 
 
 
 or barreling 
 
 1,261 tons 
 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 
 116,000 lugs 
 
 
 Packing for shipment 
 
 116,000 lugs 
 
 
 Grapes --Tokay: Thinning 
 
 3,403 acres 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Requ 
 
 ired 
 
 number of 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 
 wo rke rs * 
 
 20 acres 
 
 357 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 7 »5 acres 
 
 951 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 713 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 30.0 acres 
 
 476 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 5 .0 tons 
 
 2,138 
 
 24 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 7.5 acres 
 
 1,550 
 
 24 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 15.0 acres 
 
 775 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 30.0 acres 
 
 388 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 5.C tons 
 
 3,713 
 
 24 
 
 155 
 
 
 
 0.17 acre 
 
 540 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 4,644 
 
 24 
 
 194 
 
 
 
 0.6 acre 
 
 580 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 592 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1,290 
 
 24 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 43 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 ( May 
 
 1 — 10 j 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 78 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 T? 
 
 314 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1.5 acres 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 {May 
 
 1-5) 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 12.0 crates 
 
 2,690 
 
 24 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 #* 
 
 150 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 10 .0 hampers 
 
 11,830 
 
 24 
 
 493 
 
 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 6,009 
 
 24 
 
 251 
 
 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 3,460 
 
 12 
 
 289 
 
 (May 
 
 1-15) 
 
 200.0 pounds 
 
 12,610 
 
 6 
 
 2,102 
 
 (May 
 
 24-31 ) 
 
 12.0 lugs 
 
 9,667 
 
 24 
 
 403 
 
 
 
 15.0 lugs 
 
 7,734 
 
 24 
 
 323 
 
 
 20-31) 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 10.313 
 
 8 
 
 1.290 
 
 (May 
 
 Table continued 
 
 on next 
 
 page . 
 
t 
 
 : ! 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 May 
 contd . 
 
 June 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Peaches — clingstone: Thinning 
 
 Smudging 
 Peaches — freestone: Thinning 
 
 Smudging 
 Plums: Thinning 
 Prunes: Thinning 
 Walnuts: Spraying 
 Strawberries: Picking 
 Totals 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing with tractor 
 Mowing with horses 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 Baling 
 Grain: Harvesting 
 Kay — mostly grain hay: Mow- 
 ing 
 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking 
 
 Baling 
 Hops: Training vines 
 Potatoes--sweet : Hoeing 
 Sugar beets: Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Lettuce for seed: Hoeing 
 
 Carrots: Pulling, tying, and 
 putting in crates 
 
 Cucumbers: Hoeing 
 
 Tomatoes: Hoeing 
 
 Apricots: Picking 
 
 Cutting for drying 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 Cherries: Picking for canning 
 or barreling 
 Picking for shipping 
 Packing for shipment 
 
 Size of task 
 
 2, 552 acres 
 II 
 
 2,794 acres 
 // 
 
 1,180 acres 
 145 acres "i" 
 2,188 acresf 
 16,800 crates t 
 
 7,127 acres t 
 7,127 acres t 
 14,254 acrest 
 14,254 acrest 
 10,690 tonsf 
 61,935 acrest 
 
 1,292 acrest 
 1,292 acres t 
 1,292 acrest" 
 18,563 tons 
 45 acres t 
 204 acrest 
 197 acres 
 986 acres 
 19 acres 
 
 36,584 crates 
 150 acres 
 6,009 acres 
 5,342 tons 
 2,670 tons 
 2,289 tons 
 
 1,261 tons 
 174,000 lugs 
 174.000 lugs 
 
 Output per man- day 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 0.33 acre 
 0.2 acre 
 3.0 acres 
 12.0 crates 
 
 20.0 acres 
 7.5 acres 
 20.0 acres 
 30.0 acres 
 5.0 tons 
 7.0 acres 
 
 7.5 acres 
 15.0 acres 
 30.0 acres 
 5.0 tons 
 0.17 acre 
 4.0 acres 
 0.5 acre 
 1.5 acres 
 0.5 acre 
 
 12.0 crates 
 ** 
 
 1.0 acre 
 1,750.0 pounds 
 1,000.0 pounds 
 t t 
 
 200. pounds 
 
 12.0 lugs 
 
 15.0 lugs 
 
 Required 
 man-days 
 
 12,760 
 13,970 
 
 3,576 
 725 
 730 
 
 1.400 
 
 116.830 
 
 357 
 951 
 713 
 476 
 2,138 
 8,848 
 
 173 
 87 
 44 
 3,713 
 
 270 
 51 
 
 394 
 
 658 
 38 
 
 3,049 
 150 
 6,009 
 6,106 
 5,340 
 2,516 
 
 12,610 
 14,500 
 11.600 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 12 
 24 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 26 
 13 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 13 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 
 6 
 26 
 26 
 
 Required number of 
 workers* 
 
 532 
 
 583 
 
 298 
 61 
 31 
 59 
 
 (May 1-10) 
 
 (May 
 (May 
 (May 
 
 1-10) 
 1-15) 
 1-15) 
 
 4.868 man-months 
 
 14 
 37 
 28 
 19 
 83 
 341 
 
 29 (June 1-7) 
 15 (June 1-7) 
 8 (June 1-7) 
 143 
 
 21 (June 1-15) 
 
 2 
 16 
 26 
 
 3 (June 1-15) 
 
 118 
 6 
 
 232 
 
 360 (June 10-30) 
 
 315 (June 10-30) 
 
 148 (June 10-30) 
 
 2,102 (June 1 
 558 
 
 447 
 
 ■7) 
 
 To~ 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
4 
 
 j 
 
 - 
 
 - ' i 
 
 j..,.. ........... - ^ *IV" 
 
 .1. ........... — 
 
 i ~ 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 June 
 cont' d. 
 
 July 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Grapes — Tokay: Thinning 
 Peaches — clingstone: Thinning 
 Plums: Picking 
 Strawberries: Picking 
 Totals 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing with tractor 
 Mowing with horses 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 Baling 
 Grain: Harvesting 
 Onions: Pulling, topping, 
 
 and sacking 
 Potatoes — sweet: Hoeing 
 Sugar beets: Hoeing 
 Lettuce for seed: Cutting 
 
 and throwing on wagons 
 Onions for seed: Picking 
 Cucumbers: Picking 
 Tomatoes: Hoeing 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 Watermelons: Picking 
 Cantaloupes: Picking 
 Apricots: Picking 
 
 Cutting for drying 
 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 Peaches — freestone: Picking 
 for shipping 
 
 Packing 
 Plums: Picking 
 Prunes: Picking up 
 
 Dipping and drying 
 
 Totals 
 
 Size of task 
 
 5,015 acres 
 851 acres 
 3,398 crates 
 6,300 crates -f 
 
 7,127 acres t 
 7,127 acres + 
 14,254 acresH- 
 14,254 acres4- 
 10,690 tons+ 
 26,544 acres f 
 
 58,050 cwt. 
 204 acres+ 
 986 acres 
 
 6 acres 
 126 acres 
 150 acres 
 6,009 acres 
 22,100 lugs 
 3,330 tons 
 23,184 crates 
 2,289 tons 
 1,145 tons 
 1,526 tons 
 
 597 tons 
 
 597 tons 
 
 227,693 crates 
 
 227 tons 
 
 57 tons + 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 0.33 acre 
 0.2 acre 
 25*0 crates 
 12.0 crates 
 
 20.0 acres 
 7.5 acres 
 20.0 acres 
 30.0 acres 
 5.0 acres 
 7^0 acres 
 
 30.0 cwt. 
 4.0 acres 
 1.5 acres 
 
 0.33 acre 
 0.2 acre 
 f * 
 
 1,0 acre 
 45.0 lugs 
 20.0 tons 
 40.0 crates 
 1,750.0 pounds 
 1,000.0 pounds 
 tt 
 
 1.0 tons 
 1.5 tons 
 25.0 crates 
 1,500.0 pounds 
 1 .2 tons 
 
 Required 
 man- days 
 
 15,197 
 4,255 
 136 
 
 525 
 
 100.904 
 
 357 
 951 
 713 
 476 
 2,138 
 3,792 
 
 1,935 
 51 
 658 
 
 19 
 630 
 1,200 
 6,009 
 492 
 167 
 580 
 2,616 
 2,290 
 1,677 
 
 597 
 398 
 9,108 
 303 
 48 
 
 37.205 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 13 
 13 
 6 
 26 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 
 9 
 26 
 26 
 
 26 
 9 
 16 
 26 
 26 
 17 
 26 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 
 9 
 9 
 26 
 13 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 Required number of 
 workers* 
 
 1,169 (June 1-15) 
 328 (June 15-30) 
 23 (June 24-30) 
 21 
 
 3.881 man-months 
 
 14 
 37 
 28 
 19 
 83 
 146 
 
 215 (July 20-31) 
 2 
 26 
 
 70 (July 20-31) 
 75 (July 15-31) 
 232 
 19 
 
 10 (July 10-31) 
 
 23 
 
 202 (July 1-15) 
 177 (July 1-15) 
 129 (July 1-15) 
 
 67 (July 20-30) 
 
 45 (July 20-30) 
 351 
 
 24 (July 15-31) 
 
 4 (July 15-31) 
 
 1.431 man-months 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
 ro 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 ; 
 
 i 
 
 
 ; 
 
 ; 
 
 [ ■ 
 
 
 
 •: 
 
 t 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 ■ i 
 
 ' ■ : 
 
 ■■■■ 
 
 •• 
 
 
 • 
 
 ; 
 
 
 • ," ' . 
 
 1 
 
 f**"J *v.v 
 
 I 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L « " — * *F " » "J • J ' * ■ i 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 August 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing with tractor 
 Mowing with horses 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 Baling 
 Hops: Picking 
 Drying 
 
 Onions: Pulling, topping, 
 
 and sacking 
 Potatoes — sweet: Picking up, 
 
 piling, breaking, and 
 
 boxing 
 Sugar beets: Hoeing 
 Sunflowers: Cutting off 
 
 heads by hand 
 Carrots for seed: Cutting by 
 
 hand and piling 
 Lettuce for seed: Cutting and 
 
 throwing on wagons 
 Threshing, rough screening 
 
 and sacking 
 Onions for seed: Picking 
 Threshing, screening, and 
 
 sacking 
 Beets for seed: Cutting off 
 
 branches and laying in 
 
 piles 
 Threshing 
 Cucumbers: Picking 
 Tomatoes: Picking for canning 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 Watermelons: Picking 
 Cantaloupes: Picking 
 Almonds: Knocking 
 Hulling by machine 
 
 Size of task 
 
 7,127 acrest 
 7,127 acres t 
 14,254 acrest 
 14,254 acres+ 
 10,690 tons+ 
 384,000 pounds^ 
 192,000 poundst<# 
 
 116,100 ewt« 
 
 41 acrest 
 986 acres 
 
 387 acres 
 
 20 acres 
 
 46 acres 
 
 23 acres -f 
 62 acres 
 
 94 acres t" 
 
 61 acres 
 39 acrest 
 150 acres 
 5,732 tons 
 39,000 lugs 
 6,660 tons 
 2,576 crates 
 613,000 pounds 
 306,500 poundsj- 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 7»5 acres 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 30.0 acres 
 
 5,0 tons 
 
 200.0 pounds W 
 
 2,800.0 pounds^ 
 
 30.0 cwt. 
 
 0.15 acre 
 1.5 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 0.5 acre 
 0.2 acre 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 0.5 acre 
 1.8 acres 
 f f 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 45.0 lugs 
 20.0 tons 
 40.0 crates 
 300.0 pounds 
 500.0 pounds 
 
 Required 
 man-days 
 
 357 
 951 
 713 
 476 
 2,138 
 1,920 
 69 
 
 3,870 
 
 274 
 658 
 
 387 
 
 50 
 
 140 
 
 46 
 
 310 
 
 235 
 
 122 
 22 
 2,325 
 7,643 
 867 
 333 
 65 
 2,044 
 613 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 20 
 20 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 13 
 31 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 6 
 13 
 13 
 
 Required number 
 of workers* 
 
 14 
 37 
 28 
 19 
 83 
 
 96 (Aug. 7-31) 
 4 (Aug. 7-31) 
 
 149 
 
 22 (Aug. 15-31) 
 26 
 
 30 (Aug. 15-31) 
 6 (Aug. 20-31) 
 6 
 2 
 
 78 (Aug. 1-5) 
 10 
 
 2 (Aug. 15-30) 
 75 
 294 
 34 
 13 
 
 11 (Aug. 1-7) 
 158 (Aug. 15-31) 
 48 (Aug. 15-31) 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 

 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * * ., - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 * j 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0 
 
 Table 3 c 
 
 antmued. 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man- day 
 
 man -days 
 
 days 
 
 nf 
 
 um v Vp y q * 
 
 August. 
 
 Peaches--clingstone : Picking 
 
 17,151 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 17,151 
 
 26 
 
 OOU 
 
 
 cont 1 d . 
 
 Cutting for drying 
 
 2,572 tons 
 
 600.0 pounds 
 
 8,574 
 
 26 
 
 OOVJ 
 
 
 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 2,411 tons 
 
 1 4 
 
 2,772 
 
 26 
 
 i n7 
 ±u i 
 
 
 
 Peaches — freestone: Picking 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 for shipping 
 
 1,990 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 1,990 
 
 26 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 Pa c* k"i n c 
 
 1,990 tons 
 
 1,5 tons 
 
 1,327 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 Fiokinff for drvinc 
 
 11,945 tons 
 
 1.5 tons 
 
 7,964 
 
 26 
 
 ou / 
 
 
 
 Cutting for drying 
 
 11,945 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 11,945 
 
 26 
 
 4oU 
 
 
 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 9,556 tons 
 
 ft 
 
 10,984 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 Plums: Picking 
 
 108,749 crates 
 
 25.0 crates 
 
 4,350 
 
 26 
 
 loo 
 
 
 
 Prunes: Picking up 
 
 1,360 tons 
 
 1,500.0 pounds 
 
 1,814 
 
 26 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 Dipping and drying 
 
 340 tonst 
 
 1,2 tons 
 
 284 
 
 26 
 
 J. J. 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 95,783 
 
 26 
 
 
 man-months 
 
 September 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing with tractor 
 
 7,127 acres "f 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 357 
 
 25 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 
 Mowing with horses 
 
 7,127 acres t 
 
 7.5 acres 
 
 951 
 
 25 
 
 o? 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 14, 254 acres "t 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 713 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 14,254 acres + 
 
 30.0 acres 
 
 476 
 
 25 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 Baling 
 
 10,690 tons t 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 2,138 
 
 25 
 
 flfi 
 00 
 
 (Sept. 1-7) 
 
 
 Hops: Baling 
 
 57,600 pounds 1" 
 
 12.0 bales 
 
 4,800 
 
 6 
 
 o c\r\ 
 800 
 
 
 Onions: Pulling, topping, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Sept. 1-15) 
 
 
 and sacking 
 
 58,050 cwt. 
 
 30.0 cwt. 
 
 1,935 
 
 13 
 
 1 AQ 
 
 
 Potatoes — sweet: Picking up, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 piling, breaking, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 boxing 
 
 164 acres + 
 
 0.15 acre 
 
 1,094 
 
 25 
 
 A A 
 
 44 
 
 /do n+ i r ^ 
 |oepT.. id - jU j 
 
 
 Rice: Windrowing 
 
 273 acres + 
 
 10.0 acres 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Threshing with pick-up 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vbept. lb-oU; 
 
 
 combine 
 
 164 acresf- 
 
 4.5 acres 
 
 365 
 
 12 
 
 31 
 
 
 Picking up sacks and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Sept. 15-30) 
 
 
 hauling from field 
 
 8,528 sacks 
 
 500.0 sacks 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 
 Sugar beets: Harvesting 
 
 3,352 tons 
 
 6.0 tons 
 
 559 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 Sunflowers: Cutting off 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 heads by hand 
 
 1,161 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1,161 
 
 25 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 Picking up and piling 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 heads 
 
 967 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 967 
 
 25 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 Threshing 
 
 774 acres f 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 155 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 
 Table continued on next page, 
 
S i 
 
 . * . » 
 
* * 9- 
 
 Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 • ' L 11'. L f 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man-days 
 
 days 
 
 OI 
 
 workers* 
 
 September 
 
 Carrots for seed: Cutting by- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / O J. 
 
 (Sept. 
 
 1-20) 
 
 cont 1 d . 
 
 hand and piling 
 Threshing, screening, 
 
 20 acres 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 50 
 
 13 
 
 A 
 
 
 and sacking 
 
 20 acres + 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 61 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lettuce for seed: Cutting and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 throwing on wagons 
 
 6 acres 
 
 0.33 acre 
 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Threshing, rough screening 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and sacking 
 
 6 acres t 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 X 
 
 (Sept . 
 
 1-7 ) 
 
 
 Beets for seed: Threshing 
 
 10 acres + 
 
 1.8 acres 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 Cucumbers: Picking 
 
 150 acres 
 
 ft 
 
 1,125 
 
 15 
 
 7S 
 
 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking for canning 
 
 17,194 tons 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 22,926 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 
 78,000 lugs 
 
 45.0 lugs 
 
 1,734 
 
 25 
 
 70 
 
 (bept . 
 
 1-15 J 
 
 
 Watermelons: Picking 
 
 1,110 tons 
 
 20.0 tons 
 
 56 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Almonds: Knocking 
 
 1,226,000 pounds 
 
 300.0 pounds 
 
 4,087 
 
 25 
 
 1 fid 
 
 
 
 
 Hulling by machine 
 
 613,000 pounds t 
 
 500.0 pounds 
 
 1,226 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 Grapes--Tokay and other table 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 varieties: Picking and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 packing 
 
 840,105 lugs 
 
 30.0 lugs 
 
 28,004 
 
 25 
 
 l i pi 
 
 J. , XCSX 
 
 
 
 
 Picking for winery 
 
 11,228 tons 
 
 2.0 tons 
 
 5,614 
 
 25 
 
 PPS 
 
 
 
 
 Grapes--juice varieties: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 
 19,020 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 19,0i;0 
 
 25 
 
 / OX 
 
 
 
 
 Picking for winery 
 
 23,252 tons 
 
 2.0 tons 
 
 11,626 
 
 25 
 
 *±ou 
 
 
 
 
 Grapes--raisin varieties: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Sept. 
 
 15-30) 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 2,400 tons 
 
 1.2 tons 
 
 2,000 
 
 12 
 
 1 A7 
 X D / 
 
 
 Peaches — clingstone: Picking 
 
 4,288 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 4,288 
 
 8 
 
 JOD 
 
 (Sept . 
 
 1-10) 
 
 
 Cutting for drying 
 
 643 tons 
 
 600-0 pounds 
 
 2,144 
 
 8 
 
 
 (Sept. 
 
 1-10) 
 
 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 804 tons 
 
 t + 
 
 925 
 
 13 
 
 7 P 
 
 (Sept. 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Peaches — freestone: Picking 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 for shipping 
 
 1,194 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 1,194 
 
 25 
 
 A Q 
 
 
 
 
 Packing 
 
 956 tons 
 
 1.5 tons 
 
 638 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 (Sept. 
 
 1-7) 
 
 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 2,389 tons 
 
 
 2,746 
 
 6 
 
 458 
 
 
 Prunes: Picking up 
 
 227 tons 
 
 1,500.0 pounds 
 
 303 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 (Sept. 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Dipping and drying 
 
 57 tons"h 
 
 1.2 tons 
 
 48 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 (Sept . 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Walnuts: Knocking off and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 picking up 
 
 1,510 tons 
 
 300.0 pounds 
 
 10,067 
 
 25 
 
 403 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 135.636 
 
 25 
 
 5.426 
 
 man-months 
 
 Table continued on next page. p> 
 
1 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 Montr. 
 
 Urop SLnu ta-SJv 
 
 
 On+nni" npr man-rlftv 
 
 UU Up U 1/ JJ C I 1I1GLI1 VJ. CLjr 
 
 idm n fV V 
 
 Aval la ui c 
 
 Required number 
 of workers* 
 
 October 
 
 Alfalfa: Mowing with tractor 
 
 3,564 acres t 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 179 
 
 12 
 
 1 b 
 
 V UCt ■ 1-lD ) 
 
 
 Mowing with horses 
 
 3,563 acres + 
 
 7.5 acres 
 
 476 
 
 12 
 
 A A 
 
 \ UCl ■ 1 —10 J 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 7,127 acres+ 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 357 
 
 12 
 
 OU 
 
 \ UCX • 1— ID ) 
 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 7,127 acrest 
 
 30.0 acres 
 
 238 
 
 12 
 
 
 i n<*+ i ~\ k \ 
 
 
 Baling 
 
 10,690 tonst 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 2,138 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 Corn — field: Picking, husk- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing, and hauling to cribs 
 
 259 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 346 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 Grain sorghums: Harvesting 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with combine 
 
 1,740 acresf 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 696 
 
 23 
 
 ol 
 
 
 
 Cutting off heads by hand 
 
 1,740 acrest 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1,740 
 
 23 
 
 n c 
 
 ib 
 
 
 
 Threshing with stationary 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 machine 
 
 2,175 tonst 
 
 100.0 cwt. 
 
 435 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 Potatoes — sweet: Picking up, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 piling, breaking, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 boxing 
 
 164 acres 
 
 0.15 acre 
 
 1,094 
 
 23 
 
 A Q 
 
 
 
 Rice: Windrowing 
 
 547 acrest 
 
 10.0 acres 
 
 55 
 
 23 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 Threshing with pick-up 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 combine 
 
 656 acrest 
 
 4.5 acres 
 
 146 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Picking up sacks and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hauling from field 
 
 34,112 sacks 
 
 500.0 sacks 
 
 69 
 
 23 
 
 "2 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Sugar beets: Harvesting 
 
 4,190 tons 
 
 6.0 tons 
 
 699 
 
 23 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 Sunflowers: Cutting off 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 heads by hand 
 
 387 acres 
 
 1 .0 acre 
 
 387 
 
 23 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 Picking up and piling 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 heads 
 
 968 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 968 
 
 23 
 
 4o 
 
 
 
 Threshing 
 
 774 acrest 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 155 
 
 23 
 
 Cf 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking for canning 
 
 15,284 tons 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 20,379 
 
 23 
 
 qui 
 
 00 I 
 
 
 
 Picking for shipping 
 
 52,000 lugs 
 
 45 lugs 
 
 1,156 
 
 23 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 Grapes--Tokay and other table 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 varieties: Picking and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 packing 
 
 1,527,465 lugs 
 
 30.0 lugs 
 
 50,916 
 
 23 
 
 2,214 
 
 
 
 Picking for winery 
 
 56,140 tons 
 
 2.0 tons 
 
 28,070 
 
 23 
 
 1,221 
 
 
 
 Grapes — juice varieties: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Picking for shipment 
 
 34,583 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 34,583 
 
 23 
 
 1,504 
 
 
 
 Picking for winery 
 
 31,002 tons 
 
 2.0 tons 
 
 15,501 
 
 23 
 
 674 
 
 
 ro 
 
 Table continued on next page. f> 
 
I 
 
 > 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 October 
 cont' d , 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Grapes — raisin varieties: 
 Picking 
 
 Olives: Picking for pickling 
 Peaches--f reestone: Picking 
 for shipping 
 Packing 
 Walnuts: Knocking off and 
 picking up 
 Totals 
 
 Corn — field: Picking, husk- 
 ing, and hauling to cribs 
 
 Potatoes — sweet: Picking up, 
 piling, breaking, and 
 boxing 
 
 Sugar beets: Harvesting 
 
 Carrots: Pulling, tying, and 
 harvesting 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking for ship-, 
 ping 
 
 Cherries: Pruning 
 Grapes- -Tokay and other table 
 varieties: Picking and 
 packing 
 Picking for winery 
 Grapes — juice varieties: 
 Picking for shipping 
 Picking for winery 
 Olives: Picking for pickling 
 Plums: Pruning 
 Totals 
 
 Corn — field: Picking, husk- 
 ing, and hauling to cribs 
 Sugar beets: Harvesting 
 Carrots for seed: Trans- 
 planting 
 
 Size of task 
 
 600 tons 
 135 tons 
 
 200 tons 
 200 tons 
 
 503 tons 
 
 690 acres 
 
 40 acres t" 
 4,190 tons 
 
 4,304 crates 
 
 5,200 lugs 
 220 acres 
 
 178,204 lugs 
 44,912 tons 
 
 4,035 tons 
 23,252 tons 
 405 tons 
 59 acres j" 
 
 690 acres 
 5,030 tons 
 
 13 acres 
 
 Output per man- day 
 
 1.2 tons 
 275.0 pounds 
 
 1.0 ton 
 1.5 pounds 
 
 300.0 pounds 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 0.15 acre 
 6.0 tons 
 
 12.0 crates 
 
 45.0 lugs 
 0-6 acre 
 
 30.0 lugs 
 2.0 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 2.0 tons 
 275.0 pounds 
 0.5 acre 
 
 0.75 acres 
 6.0 tons 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 Required 
 man-days 
 
 500 
 9,819 
 
 200 
 134 
 
 3,354 
 
 174.790 
 
 920 
 
 267 
 699 
 
 359 
 
 116 
 367 
 
 5,941 
 22,456 
 
 4,035 
 11,626 
 2,946 
 
 m 
 
 49.850 
 
 920 
 839 
 
 26 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 6 
 11 
 
 23 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 
 12 
 23 
 
 12 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 Required number 
 of v/orkers* 
 
 84 
 893 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 (Oct 
 (Oct, 
 
 1-7) 
 15-30) 
 
 280 (Oct. 1-15) 
 
 7,600 man-months 
 
 40 
 
 23 (Nov. 1-15) 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 16 
 
 496 (Nov. 1-15) 
 977 
 
 337 (Nov. 1-15) 
 
 506 
 
 128 
 
 6 
 
 2.168 man-months 
 
 49 
 45 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
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Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and "task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 Hofo m Vi o v* 
 
 U C vClUUCI 
 
 Oni on<? f*ni** qppH' PI ant i ntr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UU1 Do 
 
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 J)CtiJ CLuI CO 1 
 
 
 
 
 PP D 
 ceo 
 
 
 GraDes — rai sin varie t, i es : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pruning 
 
 70 acres f" 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 94 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 
 Olives: Picking for oil 
 
 38 tons 
 
 400.0 pounds 
 
 190 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 
 Peaches — clingstone: Pruning 
 
 255 acres *t 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1,020 
 
 19 
 
 54 
 
 
 Peaches — freestone: Pruning 
 
 210 acres 1" 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 840 
 
 19 
 
 45 
 
 
 Prunes: Pruning 
 
 64 acres + 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 256 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 16.294 
 
 19 
 
 858 
 
 On a monthly basis unless otherwise noted. 
 
 f Portion of task performed by seasonal help . 
 
 4= It should be noted that this figure, rather than representing the total number of individuals required, 
 represents the number of man-months of labor required and is derived by dividing the total number of man-days by the 
 number of days available for work during the month. 
 
 4 It is estimated that a total of 10 man-days per acre is required for weeding onions, which is divided 
 approximately as follows: 2 man-days per acre in March, 4 man-days per acre in April, and 4 man-days in May. 
 
 ^ Hoeing onions for seed requires a total of 50 man-hours per acre, which is distributed equally through March, 
 April, and May. 
 
 Footnotes continued on next page. M 
 
 00 
 
 \ 
 
r ~- 
 
 ■•r-i"..-~-r=-- 
 
Eootnotes to table 5 continued. 
 
 II Smudging is done on a portion of the acreage only and only when necessary, and requires that one person be 
 available on call for each 10 acres to be smudged. 
 
 ** A total of 20 man-hours per acre is required for hoeing cucumbers, half in May and h^If in June- 
 -Mr Dry-yard labor, other than cutting, is estimated to be as follows: 
 
 Apricots -- 11 man-hours per fresh ton- 
 Peaches 11.5 man-hours per fresh ton. 
 
 Cucumber picking requires 1 man on each 2 acres continuously from July 15 to September 15. 
 % Green weight. 
 
 <-D 
 
« - 
 
TABLE 4 
 
 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months 
 San Joaquin County 
 1935 
 
 Month 
 
 Required man-days 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 Available 
 work days 
 
 Required man-months 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 January 
 
 28,646 
 
 18 
 
 1,592 
 
 February 
 
 33,191 
 
 19 
 
 1,747 
 
 March 
 
 11,687 
 
 22 
 
 532 
 
 April 
 
 £3,682 
 
 22 
 
 1,077 
 
 May 
 
 116,830 
 
 24 
 
 4,868 
 
 June 
 
 100,904 
 
 26 
 
 3,881 
 
 July 
 
 37,205 
 
 26 
 
 1,431 
 
 August 
 
 95,783 
 
 26 
 
 3,684 
 
 September 
 
 135,636 
 
 25 
 
 5,426 
 
 October 
 
 174,790 
 
 23 
 
 7,600 
 
 November 
 
 49,850 
 
 23' 
 
 2,168 
 
 December 
 
 16,294 
 
 19 
 
 858 
 
 Total 
 
 824,498 
 
 
 34,864 
 
J 
 
31. 
 
 Notes 
 
 Notes on Table 2 .-- Data concerning "time of need" as shown in this table 
 break down required seasonal labor into the period in which the work is performed 
 in order to permit a subsequent determination of labor needs by months (table 3). 
 Some operations are performed only to a limited extent with seasonal labor. For 
 instance, only abour 60 per cent of the labor in harvesting grain is done by 
 seasonal workers. 
 
 The amount of work done each month is based on the cropping system followed 
 during 1935. The allotting of amounts of work is based on findings concerning 
 local farm practices, and required time to "make" a crop resulting fron: incuiry 
 of producers, and records of carlot shipments, the latter proving helpful in fix- 
 ing dates of planting and of subsequent tasks involved in producing certain crops. 
 Proportionate amounts of output harvested each month were determined from data of 
 local practices with respect to harvesting, and from carlot shipments of perishable 
 products. Records of truck shipments were also used when available. 
 
 Notes on Table 3 .— Table 3 is the condensed summary of labor needs as 
 worked out for San Joaquin County as a result of findings pertinent to 1935. The 
 data are presented by months with the tasks which were performed in each month 
 indicated by both crop and task. The size of the job was calculated from the data 
 appearing in table 1 (acreage and production) and table 2 (task, time of perform- 
 ance, and percentage of work pertinent to a given month). The output per man-day 
 was calculated as indicated in the foreword presenting table 3. The number of 
 required man-days is a result of dividing the size of task by output per^ man-day. 
 The available days for the different tasks involve two variables. The first is 
 the number of days when field work is possible because of favorable weather condi- 
 tions. The basis for this column was determined from a study of the monthly 
 weather charts of the United States Weather Bureau of the years 1933, 1934, and 
 1935. These data indicated available days per month as follows (based on a 26-day 
 working month without allowance for holidays): 
 
 
 Available 
 
 Length of 
 
 
 Available 
 
 Length of 
 
 Month 
 
 days 
 
 work day 
 
 Month 
 
 days 
 
 work day 
 ■/ — - 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 January 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 July 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 February 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 August 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 March 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 September 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 April 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 October 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 May 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 November 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 June 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 December 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 Source of data: 
 
 Based on precipitation records of the Stockton station of the United 
 States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935. 
 
 The second factor influencing the number of available days was the size of 
 the job. If the output was only a few cars, then the number of days was limited 
 to the time needed to get out those cars efficiently. If a field operation had 
 to be performed in a period less than the number of available days in the month, 
 then the specific number of days was noted. These restrictions are shown in par- 
 entheses. For example, in July picking of apricots was limited to the first half 
 
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32. 
 
 of the month, picking cucumbers to the last half, etc. 
 
 The totals of table 3 show the total required man-days of needed seasonal 
 labor, the available days for field work during the month, and the necessary 
 number of men (as defined in the opening paragraph of table 3) required on a month- 
 ly basis to care for the tasks ordinarily performed by seasonal workers. 
 
 In an area such as San Joaquin County, involving a variety of annual crops, 
 the findings as set forth in this report are bound to fluctuate materially from 
 year to year, because of the market outlook upon what and how much acreage is 
 planted, and when it is planted; because of variable seasonal conditions affecting 
 yields, time of performing operations, and available days; and because of harvest- 
 ing operations on certain crops being speeded up to supply a good market, or 
 retarded to avoid a poor one, resulting in marked variations in the need for har- 
 vest labor. 
 
4 
 
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