MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 BULLETIN No 113 
 
 STATE DlViSIi 
 
 ; . .. : BUILDIN 
 
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 
 DAVIS, CALIFORNIA 
 
STATE OF CAUFORNIA 
 
 DEPABTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 
 
 GEORGE D. NORDENHOLT, Director 
 
 DIVISION OF MINES 
 
 WALTER W. BRADLEY 
 
 State Mineralogist 
 
 GEOLOGIC BFL^NCH OIAF P. JENKINS 
 
 Ferry Building, San Francisco Chief Geologist 
 
 San Francisco BULLETIN No. 113 February, 1938 
 
 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 By 
 ADOLF PABST 
 
 Associate Professor of Mineralogy 
 University of California 
 
 BERKELEY 
 
 CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 GEORGE H. MOORE. State Printer 
 
 SACRAMENTO. 1938 
 
 51440 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 Letter of Transmittal 5 
 
 Outline Map o['. California 6 
 
 Preface 7 
 
 Introduction 11 
 
 Native Elements 15 
 
 Sulphides and Tellurides of the Semi-metals 36 
 
 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, and Arsenides of the Metals 4-} 
 
 Oxysulphides 78 
 
 Sulphosalts 79 
 
 Haloids 86 
 
 Oxides 92 
 
 Cai'bonates 136 
 
 Borates 161 
 
 Nitrates 163 
 
 Sulphates 170 
 
 TeUurites 197 
 
 Chromates. Molybdates, Tungstates, and Uranates 198 
 
 Niobatos. Tantalates 203 
 
 Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates, and Antimonates 205 
 
 Hydrocarbons 220 
 
 Silicates 222 
 
 Glossary 312 
 
 Bibliograpliy 316 
 
 Index 339 
 
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^V^.\' 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 
 
 To His Excellency, the Honorable Frank F. Merriam, 
 Governor of California. 
 
 Sir: 
 
 I have the honor to transmit herewith Bulletin No. 113 of the 
 Di\ision of IMines of the Department of Natural Resources, on the 
 "JVIinerals of California." 
 
 California is known the ^vorld over for the remarkable number 
 and diversity of her mineral substances that are annually produced 
 and utilized for commercial and other beneficial purposes. She is 
 equally well known among: scientists, mineralogists, teachers, and plain- 
 citizen hobby collectors of minerals as a most fertile field for the study 
 and collection of a long and varied list of mineral species. In fact, 
 many new and rare species liave first been found and described from 
 Californian localities. 
 
 There is a growing interest among all classes of people of this State 
 in the study of minerals. To have a record of the 'what' and 'where' 
 is an important starting point to a knowledge of the mineral resources 
 of possible commercial value. Previous editions of the "Minerals of 
 California" have long since been exhausted, and the present work 
 has been one of the items in the program of coordinated study and 
 survey conducted by the Division of IMines to make available to the 
 public a record of California's resources. 
 
 The assembling and preparation of the text has been done by Dr. 
 Adolf Pabst, Associate Professor of ]\Iineralogv, Universitv of Call- 
 fornia, who also supervised the gathering of new data and revisions in 
 cooperation with Dr. Olaf P. Jenkins, Chief Geologist of the Division 
 of Mines, and with clerical assistance furnished by the Federal Works 
 Progress Administration. Many contributions have been received 
 from various individuals and organizations cooperating to make this 
 bulletin an outstanding piece of work, complete, and up to date. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 George D. Nokdenholt, Director, 
 
 Department of Natural Resources. 
 November 1, 1937. 
 
 (5) 
 
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 •DEPARTMENT•DF■NATURAL•RES0URCE3• 
 ■GEQRGE D. NDRDENHOLT - DIRECTOR- 
 ■DIVISION ■ OF -MINES- 
 •WALTER "W. BRADLEV- 
 
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PREFACE 
 
 Tlie first list of California minerals was published by W. P. 
 Blake in 1866, and it comprised about seventy-five mineral species. 
 At that early time California was a new and largely unexplored field, 
 and only a few scattered localities were known for mineral speci- 
 mens; consequently, the list was short and not at all representative. 
 
 The second list appeared in 1884 as a part of the Fourth Annual 
 Report of the State Mining Bureau, by Henry G. Hanks, who was 
 then State Mineralogist. This list included double the number of 
 pre^aously known minerals, and gave detailed descriptions of some 
 of the localities, and much instructive matter relating to minerals 
 of economic value. 
 
 The third list compiled by Dr. A. S. Eakle, was issued in 1914 as 
 Bulletin 67, ''Minerals of California," of the California State Mining 
 Bureau. In the thirty years which had elapsed since the api^earance 
 of the second list, knowledge of the geology and mineralogy of the 
 State greatly increased. The ore deposits of many of the counties, 
 the gem and borate deposits of the southern counties, and the petrog- 
 raphy of many districts, had been investigated and described, so that 
 the third list contained more than double the number of definite 
 mineral species given by Hanks, besides many subspecies and varieties. 
 
 In 1923 a second edition of "Minerals of California" was pub- 
 lished as Bulletin 91 of the California State Mining Bureau. Many 
 additional species were included, and the list of localities in which 
 some of the more common economic minerals occur was greatly 
 increased. 
 
 The present bulletin is a further revision. IMany occurrences 
 described in the literature since the second edition have been included, 
 and some material has been obtained from other sources. All of the 
 older literature on the occurrence of minerals in California has been 
 rechecked to eliminate errors. The number of citations to literature 
 both before and after the date of the last edition has been greatly 
 increased. Even with these changes, much material for which no good 
 authority can be given has been retained in the new bulletin. 
 
 Over 400 different minerals, not including varieties, are described 
 in this bulletin. Of these 54 were discovered in California, including 
 several that have proved to be of great importance. Colemanite. 
 discovered in 1882, and kernite, discovered in flm are without 
 
 1927, 
 
 (7) 
 
8 
 
 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 doubt the most important commercial borates. Lawsonite, first found 
 in Marin county in 1895, has proved to be of great petrographic interest. 
 The first new minerals discovered in California came from the gold 
 mining region of the Sierra Nevada, beginning with the nickel telluride, 
 melonite, found in Calaveras County in 1867. New minerals and new 
 mineral localities are still being discovered so that such a catalogue as 
 this is necessarily incomplete. Many minerals are so commonly dis- 
 tributed throughout the State in small bodies or as rock-forming 
 minerals that it would be impossible to cite all of their occurrences. 
 
 The minerals first found in California and the dates of their pub- 
 lished descriptions are as follows : 
 
 *Parteite, 1867 
 Melonite, 1867 
 
 *Mariposite, 1868 
 Calaverite, 1868 
 Metacinnabar, 1870 
 
 *Aragotite, 1873 
 Roscoelite, 1875 
 
 *Posepnyte, 1877 
 
 *Iouite, 1878 
 
 *Tincalcoiiite, 1878 
 Colemanite. 1883 
 
 *Hanksite, 1884 
 
 *Napalite. 1888 
 Sulphohalite, 1888 
 
 *Knoxvillite, 1890 
 
 *Redingtonite, 1890 
 Iddingsite, 1893 
 Lawsonite, 1895 
 
 *Northupite. 1895 
 
 Pirssonite, 1896 
 *Bakerite, 1903 
 *Bootiiite, 1903 
 *Tychite, 1905 
 *Benitoite, 1907 
 'Moaquinite, 1909 
 *Palaite, 1912 
 *Salmonsite, 1912 
 *Sicklerite, 1912 
 *Stewartite, 1912 
 
 Tnyoite, 1914 
 *Me,yerbofferite, 1914 
 
 Searlesite, 1914 
 *Wilkeite, 1914 
 *Crestmoreite, 1917 
 *Griffithite, 1917 
 *Riversideite, 1917 
 
 *Plazolite, 1920 
 *Yonsenite, 1920 
 *.Jurupaite, 1921 
 
 Mei-winite, 1921 
 *Kempite, 1924 
 *Foshagite, 1925 
 *Kernite, 1927 
 *Probertite, 1929 
 *Curtisite, 1930 
 
 Krausite, 1931 
 *Sanbornite, 1931 
 *Scbairerite, 1931 
 *Tilleyite, 1933 
 *Burkeite, 1935 
 *Woodbouseite, 1937 
 *EIlestadite. 1937 
 *Teepleite, 1938 
 *Veatcbite, 1938 
 
 So many minerals and localities are included in the list that 
 geological and petrographieal descriptions in detail have had to be 
 omitted, and reference must be made to the bibliography at the end of 
 the work under the author's name and number. This bibliography 
 includes, with few exceptions, only those articles which deal directly 
 with minerals of the State, omitting the literature of a general nature 
 on the geology and mining industry of California. For this, reference 
 should be made to Bulletin 104, "Bibliography of the Geology and 
 Mineral Eesources of California to December 31, 1930", of the Division 
 of Mines, and also to Bulletin 115, a forthcoming bibliography for the 
 years 1931 to 1936, inclusive. 
 
 The work of preparing this revision has been carried on in part 
 with the aid of a Federal Works Progress Administration project. Many 
 mineral collectors and mineralogists have also contributed material 
 for the revision. Two assistants, Mr. George L. Gary and Miss Alice 
 Gilbertson have helped me faithfully throughout. Mr. Gary has done 
 a large part of the work on the literature and has prepared the new 
 bibliography. "THe writer is also greatly indebted to Mr. Walter W. 
 
 * Minerals not yet been found, so far as known, outside of the State of 
 California. 
 
PREFACE y 
 
 Bradley and Dr. Olaf P. Jenkins of the State Division of Mines, Dr. 
 Ian Campbell, of the California Institute of Technology, to Professor 
 Austin F. Kogers of Stanford University, Mr. M. Vonsen of Petaluma, 
 Mr. John Melhase of Berkeley, Professor A. 0. Woodford of Clare- 
 mont, California, Dr. "W. T. Schaller of the United States Geological 
 Survey, and to Dr. "W. F. Foshag of the United States National 
 Museum, all of whom have given much valuable advice and 
 information. 
 
 Adolf Pabst. 
 Berkeley, California, January, 1938. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 In Dana's "Textbook of Mineralogy," a mineral is defined as a 
 body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, usually having a 
 definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, 
 a certain characteristic crystal structure which is expressed in its form 
 and other properties. 
 
 Practically all of the inorganic part of the earth's crust is made 
 up of what we would ordinarily call minerals. These minerals occur 
 together in various combinations and are associated in larger masses or 
 bodies, some of great extent, which we usually call rocks. Rocks are 
 the aggregates. Minerals are the individual components, often easily 
 recognizable with the unaided eye. Rocks are usualh^ classified broadly 
 according to their origin. There are three principal groups: Igneous, 
 sedimentary, and metamorphic. 
 
 Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of molten material. 
 Examples of the formation of igneous rocks are familiar to all, in the 
 cooling of lava emitted by active volcanoes. Such rocks cover great 
 parts of the earth and are widely distributed in California. 
 
 Not all igneous rocks have formed at the surface. Some have 
 formed by the cooling and consolidation of molten masses beneath the 
 surface. In the main, the granular igneous rocks such as granite have 
 formed in this fashion. They are spoken of as intrusive rocks. Granitic 
 rocks also occur in California making up a large part of the Sierra 
 Nevada and of several other ranges. 
 
 Sedimentary rocks are mostly formed by the deposition of frag- 
 mental materials of either inorganic origin, such as gravels, sands and 
 claj^s, or of organic origin, such as shells and other parts of animals 
 and plants. 
 
 Some sedimentary rocks have formed by chemical precipitation 
 either from the ocean or from the waters of salt lakes. The principal 
 kinds of sedimentary rocks are sandstone, shale, and limestone. They 
 are often characterized by a bedded or laminated appearance, and 
 sometimes carry recognizable remains of plants or animals. 
 
 Metamorphic rocks are formed by physical or chemical changes in 
 igneous or sedimentary rocks. Some of them greatly resemble certain 
 igneous rocks. 
 
 Most common rocks are simple in c<miposition, that is, they consist 
 ill' only ;t \'ow miiu'i'als. Tlic ;^raiii1i(' and I'clalcrl rocks aiv comjiosfd 
 cliirfly of fpldspni- an'l (pini-t/, with some mica and hornblende. The 
 
 (11 ) 
 
12 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 other common igneous rocks are made up of these same minerals in 
 varying proportions; some of them may also contain other minerals, 
 especially pj^roxene and olivine, in considerable amounts. 
 
 Sedimentary rocks may be composed of the same minerals as 
 igneous rocks. Some of them are largely made up of the minerals 
 most resistant to chemical and physical disintegration, as for instance, 
 sandstones composed almost entirely of quartz. Other sediments may 
 be composed of minerals formed by the alteration of pre-existing rocks. 
 Clay in some cases consists chiefly of kaolin, which may form from the 
 alteration of feldspars. Limestone consists very largely of calcite. 
 
 Metamorphic rocks may consist principally of the same minerals as 
 the rocks from Avhich they were formed, but in some cases new minerals 
 are characteristic constituents of the metamorphic rocks. Schist and 
 gneiss may be rich in chlorite and mica. Garnet is a conspicuous 
 constituent of some metamorphic rocks, and in the Coast Ranges of 
 California there are patches of metamorphic rocks that consist largely 
 of glaucophane, actinolite, and related minerals. 
 
 Some interesting or imj^ortant mineral deposits can not be classified 
 as belonging to any of these principal groups of rocks. A great many 
 mineral deposits occur as veins or segregations in other rocks. 
 
 A vein is a mineral deposit usually formed by the filling of a 
 crack, and occurring as a more or less sheetlike body enclosed in other 
 rocks. Some igneous rocks also occur in sheetlike forms. They are 
 called dikes if they cut across the structures of the enclosing rocks, or 
 sills if they parallel the bedding of the enclosing rocks. In spite of this 
 similarity between dikes and veins, it is usually easy to distinguish them 
 by their mineral composition, and also by their structure. Veins more 
 frequently contain open cavities lined with crystals, or they may be 
 banded, showing the gradual filling of a crack. Many important ore 
 deposits occur as veins, and numerous minerals described in this book 
 have been found in such deposits. 
 
 Pegmatite dikes, or pegmatites, are rocks that usually resemble 
 granite in composition but which are coarse-grained veinlike irregular 
 masses, and often contain some of the rarer minerals in large crystals. 
 Pegmatites are found associated with granites in many parts of Cali- 
 fornia, and have been the source of a number of commercial products. 
 The gem-bearing pegmatites of San Diego County have aroused special 
 interest. 
 
 Many minerals are formed by the alteration of previously existing 
 minerals. Such alterations are especially common near the surface, 
 as in the upper parts of ore deposits. It is customary to speak of the 
 original constituents of a deposit as the primary minerals, and those 
 which have formed later by alteration, as the secondary minerals. 
 
INTRODUCTION 13 
 
 Occasioiially oue mineral will so replace aiiother as to retain the shape 
 of the original. It is then said to be a pseiidomorph. For instance, 
 pyrite may be completely changed to limonite, exactly filling the space 
 originally occupied bj^ the pyrite. The limonite will then show the 
 ciystal form of pyrite. 
 
 In this bulletin a brief description is given of each mineral pre- 
 ceding the list of its occurrences in California. Those minerals which 
 occur in good crystals are best characterized by their crystal symmetry 
 and forms. The crystal sjTnmetry is stated where known, and the 
 forms of crystals that have been described from Californian localities 
 are mentioned. It is impracticable in a bulletin of this sort to explain 
 all of the terms and symbols used to describe crystals. A full discussion 
 of this subject can be found in Dana's "Textbook of Mineralogy," 
 fourth edition, 1932, or Rogers' "Introduction to the Study of Min- 
 erals," third edition, 1937. 
 
 Optical properties liave not been given because they are useful 
 only to those trained in microscopy. Information on the optical 
 properties of most of the minerals mentioned in this book can be found 
 either in the "jMicroscopic Determination of the Non-opaque Minerals" 
 by E. S. Larsen and Harry Berman, Bulletin 848, or in "Microscopic 
 Determination of the Ore Minerals" by M. N. Short, Bulletin 825, of 
 the United States Geological Survey. 
 
 Many crystallized minerals show the property of cleavage. Cleav- 
 age is the tendency of a crystal to break with particular ease in the 
 direction of certain planes. Maiw minerals show a characteristic 
 cleavage, and this may be a feature by which they can be easily recog- 
 nized. Cleavage is best described in er^'stallographic terms for which 
 reference must also be made to the books just mentioned. 
 
 Streak is the color of the powdered mineral obtained when a 
 specimen is rubbed on a streak plate, a piece of unglazed porcelain. 
 
 Luster is the appearance of the mineral surface, or the manner in 
 which it reflects light. It is described by such terms as: adamantine, 
 gemlike ; resinous, like resin ; vitreous, like glass. 
 
 The hardness of minerals is stated in terms of the so-called 'scale 
 of hardness.' Ten minerals have been chosen as standards of hardness, 
 and their hardness has been designated by numbers. Numerical values 
 iire then given for the hardness of other minerals by which they can 
 be compared with the standard. The scale of hardness is : 
 
 1. Talc 6. Orthoclase 
 
 2. Gypsum 7. Quartz 
 
 3. Calcite 8. Topaz 
 
 4. Fluorite 9. Corundum 
 
 5. Apatite 10. Diamond 
 
14 MINEliALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Many minerals tend to occur with a characteristic mode of aggre- 
 gation, or arrangement of the grains or crystals. This is referred to 
 as the habit or strneture of the mineral. Terms in usc^ to describe such 
 mineral structures are explained in the glossary. 
 
 A few characteristic chemical reactions of the minerals, and their 
 behavior before the blow^^ipe, are also given in the text. To some 
 extent it will be possible to identify minerals from the descriptions 
 given in this book, l)ut minerals are best identified with the aid of 
 tables especially pi-epared for the purpose. Such tables will be found 
 in Rogers' "Introduction to the Study of Minerals" or in Brush and 
 Penfield 's ' ' Determinative IMineralogy and Blowpipe Analysis. ' ' 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 
 
 Non-metals 
 
 Semi^metals 
 
 
 Metals 
 
 
 Diamond 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Gold 
 
 
 Mercury- 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Tellurium 
 
 Gold ama 
 
 ilgam 
 
 Lead 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Antimony 
 
 Electrum 
 
 
 Platinum 
 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 Bismuth gold 
 
 Platiniridiuni 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 Iridosmine 
 
 
 
 Copper 
 
 
 Iron 
 Awaruite 
 
 
 NON-METALS 
 
 
 
 
 
 DIAMOND 
 
 
 
 Native carbon, C. 
 
 Isometric. Octahedrons and hexoctahedrons common. Crystal 
 faces often curved. Perfect octahedral cleavage. Brittle, Adamantine 
 to greasy. Yellow and colorless crystals common. Red, orange, green, 
 blue, brown, and black are rarer shades. H. = 10. G. := 3.5. 
 
 Unaffected by heat except at very high temperatures. Not acted on 
 by acids or alkalies. 
 
 The extreme hardness and brilliant adamantine luster serve to dis- 
 tinguish diamond from quartz and other glassy minerals. 
 
 Boi-t is a hard rounded form without distinct cleavage. Unsuitable 
 for gems. 
 
 Carbonado is a hard black variety without cleavage. 
 
 Diamonds were found in California soon after placer mining 
 began. As early as 1849, Lyman (49) reported seeing a straw-yellow 
 crystal about the size of a small pea, which came from one of the 
 placers. A few years later they were observed in the gold gravels 
 at Cherokee, Butte County, and this locality has become the most 
 noted one in the State for the number found. 
 
 Placer deposits elsewhere have also yielded them from time to 
 time, so their occurrence has not been limited to any one field. No 
 record has been kept of the total number found, but it is probably 
 between four and five hundred. Since all of them are chance finds, 
 there can be no doubt that many more have been overlooked or 
 destroyed. 
 
 A few of the stones found are over 2 carats in weight and of 
 good quality, but the majority are small and mostly 'ofl: color,' 
 usually with a pale-yellow tinge. Most of these diamonds, now in the 
 possession of different individuals, were found during the days when 
 placer mining and hydraulicking were at their height, and since that 
 time diamond finds have been less frequent. 
 
 In California, diamonds have only been found in placer gravels 
 and in the black sands and concentrates of placer mines. Presumably 
 their origin has been in the basic igneous rocks from which the ser- 
 
 (15) 
 
16 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 l)entiues of the gold regions have beeu derived. Tlie discovery near 
 Oroville of an apparent pipe of serpentinized rock bearing a resem- 
 blance to the diamond pipes of Sonth Africa led to some active 
 operations on the part of the United States Diamond Mining Company, 
 and a shaft was sunk, \\hich proved not snccessfnl. The rock is a hard 
 eclogite differing in its character from the kimberlite of South Africa. 
 Hanks (84) gives an interesting account of the diamonds found during 
 the early days of gold mining, and Turner (99) and Storms (17) 
 contribute short articles on California diamonds. 
 
 Amador County: A few small stones have been picked up near 
 the towns of Volcano, Oleta and Piddletown, Silliman (67b) ; and, 
 more recently, one of 21 carats near Plymouth. 
 
 Butte County: In 1853 it was observed that diamonds occurred 
 in the gravels at Cherokee Flat, about 9 miles north of Oroville, Silli- 
 man (67b). More than three hundred good diamonds have been 
 obtained from the placers in this district, and it leads all the other 
 districts in the State. It seems quite probable that the source of these 
 diamonds is not far from this locality. Silliman (73), (73b) gave the 
 contents of the black sands at Cherokee as platinum, iridosmine, gold, 
 pyrite, chromite, magnetite, limonite, diamond, quartz, rutile, alman- 
 dite garnet, topaz, zircon and epidote. A diamond weighing 2^ carats 
 was found at this locality. Found at Morris Ravine and Yankee 
 Hill, W. W. Bradley (28). Some have also been found in the placers 
 at Thompson Flat, 2 miles north of Oroville. 
 
 El Dorado County: A diamond weighing 1^ carats was found at 
 Forest Hill, Silliman (67b). About sixty have been found near 
 Placerville, on Webber Creek, in White Rock Canyon and at Smith's 
 Flat. 
 
 Fresno County: Small diamonds are reported to have been 
 found a few miles north of Coalinga. 
 
 Nevada Cannty: A 11 carat stone was found at French Corral, 
 Silliman (67b)-. The largest diamond recorded from California, 7^ 
 carats, was from Nevada County, Kunz (05). 
 
 Plumas County: Diamonds were found at Gopher Hill and 
 Upper Spanish Creek, W. W. Bradley (28). 
 
 Siskiyou County : Diamonds occur in the placer gravels at Ham- 
 burg Bar. 
 
 Trinity County: Microscopic examinations of the black sands of 
 the Trinity River and some of its tributaries have shown the presence 
 of small diamonds as a constituent of these sands. 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 17 
 
 GRAPHITE— Plumbago— Black Lead 
 
 Native carbon. C. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. In six-sided tabular crystals. Commonly 
 in embedded foliated masses, also columnar or radiated ; scaly or slaty ; 
 granular to compact; earthy. Cleavage; basal, perfect. Thin laminae 
 flexible, inelastic. Feel greasy. Luster metallic, sometimes dull, earthy. 
 Iron-black to dark steel-gray. Streak gray. H. — 1 — 2. G. = 2.09 — 2.23. 
 
 B. B. infusible. Unaltered by acids. 
 
 Graphite is prominent in some schists and gneisses and when 
 present in considerable amount the graphitic gneiss or schist is some- 
 times mined for the graphite. In mining districts it is often seen 
 coating the walls of veins and mixed with the talcose gouge. 
 
 It is a common constituent of crystalline limestones and is often 
 disseminated through the limestone in minute flakes and in larger foli- 
 ated masses. , i 
 
 No extensive deposits of good quality graphite are known to 
 occur in the State, but a few small deposits have been worked for the 
 manufacture of paints and lubricants. Much of the graphite of Cali- 
 fornia is so intimately mixed with silica that its separation as pure 
 material is an expensive operation. It is typically a constituent of 
 metamorphic rocks and as such may be found in every county. 
 
 Amador County: Graphite occurs in considerable amounts in the 
 wall rock at the Argonaut mine, Josephson (32). 
 
 Calaveras County: It is found in the copper-bearing schists. 
 Specimens have come from Copperopolis and Campo Seco. 
 
 Del Norte County: Foliated plates of graphite are found in the 
 limestone near Gasquet. 
 
 Fresno County: It is a prominent mineral in the rocks near 
 Dunlap and at Borer Hill. Graphite schists occur on the Kean and 
 Ruth ranches, 4 miles east of Squaw Valley ; also on Sycamore Creek, 
 near Trimmer. 
 
 Humboldt County: Graphite occurs near Eureka. Small depos- 
 its at Autx) Rest on the South Fork of Trinity River. 
 
 Imperial County: A good grade of graphite is found 7 miles 
 northwest of Coyote Wells on the San Diego and Arizona Railroad. 
 
 Inyo County: Graphite occurs 18 miles east of Independence. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It is found on the northern slopes of the 
 Verdugo Hills, southwest of the San Gabriel Range. In the San Fer- 
 nando area, one deposit occurs in Kagel Canyon and two in Pacoima 
 Canyon. Another deposit is located on the west side of San Francis- 
 quito Canyon, near its head, and two more occur in the upper part of 
 Elizabeth Lake Canyon, near its junction with the San Andreas Rift 
 
 2—51440 
 
]8 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Valley. These occurrences are all found in the schistose rocks of the 
 shear zones which are related to a complex system of faults traversing 
 tlie San Gabriel Range, Beverly (34). 
 
 A deposit occurs in Sees. 11 and 12, T. 6 N., R. 15 W., S. B. M., in 
 Bouquet Canyon, that has been worked at intervals over a period of 
 25 years, Simpson {S4£). Graphite occurs in nodular masses and veins 
 in schist or gneiss in Evey Canyon, a tributary of San Antonio 
 Canyon. 
 
 Mendocino County: Graphite for paint and lubricant has been 
 obtained from a deposit about 15 miles east of Point Arena. 
 
 Monterey County : Graphite is disseminated in the limestones and 
 metamorphics of the Santa Lucia Range south of Monterey. 
 
 Riverside County: Flakes of graphite are prominent with brucite 
 in the limestone at Crestmore. Good quality gi^aphite is found near 
 Temecula. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Large deposits are said to exist in the 
 San Bernardino mountains, 15 miles from East Highlands. Graphite 
 is found as a constituent of the limestone near Colton and near Oro 
 Grande. It occurs in nodular masses and veins in schist and gneiss 
 in San Antonio Canyon. 
 
 San Diego County: Graphite in mica schist occurs near Masons. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: It occurs in flakes and foliated masses at 
 the limestone quarries near Santa Cruz. 
 
 Sierra County: Graphite is found in veins and wall rock of the 
 Eldorado, Plumbago and Oriental mines of the Alleghany district, 
 Ferguson and Gannett (32). 
 
 Siskiyou County: It has been reported from the head of Kelsey 
 Creek in the Marble Mountain district, and from the headwaters of 
 the East Branch of Seiad Creek. 
 
 Sonoma County: Deposits occur near Guerneville; 4 miles west 
 of Healdsburg, and 4 miles south of Petaluma. Specimens have come 
 from Cazadero, Pine Flat and Santa Rosa. 
 
 Tulare County: Graphite occurs in metamorphic rock in Drum 
 Valley north of Auckland, and on quartz at Three Rivers. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Large foliated masses and dull earthy masses 
 of graphite occur in the limestones north of Sonora, near Columbia. 
 Graphite has been mined here. 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 19 
 
 SULPHUR 
 
 Native sulphur, S. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Pyramidal an* thick tabular crystals. Also massive, 
 incrusting, and in powder. Brittle. Resinous. Yellow, brownish or 
 greenish-yellow. Streak white. H = li — 2J. G. = 2.05 — 2.09. 
 
 Burns with a bluish flame. Insoluble in water. Readily distin- 
 guished by the color, fusibility, and combustibility. 
 
 Yellow sulphur is common in the vicinity of geysers, hot springs 
 and volcanoes. It is also found in gypsum beds, and in association 
 with borax. 
 
 Alpine County: Sulphur occurs in brecciated tuff and is pro- 
 duced at the Leviathan mine, Leviathan Peak district, 10 miles east 
 of Markleeville, W. W. Bradley (35). 
 
 Colusa County: On the banks of Sulphur Creek solfataric action 
 has produced fine crystallized masses and granular coatings of sulphur, 
 sometimes in association with cinnabar, Fairbanks (94). Good speci- 
 mens have come from the Manzanita and the Elgin quicksilver mines, 
 the latter also at one time being the scene of a small commercial output 
 of sulphur. 
 
 Imperial County: The solfataric vents near Volcano have rims of 
 sulphur crystals and salt. They have been described by Hanks (82a). 
 A small sulphur deposit occurs on the eastern slope of Coyote Moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Inyo County: A deposit occurs at Sulphur Bank on Owens Lake, 
 near Olancha. Sulphur has been found with fluorite and gypsum in 
 the Defiance mine. Sulphur deposited by solfataric action occurs in 
 an area of several acres, 9 miles east of Coso Junction, Tucker (26). 
 A small deposit is reported in the mountains east of Big Pine, and a 
 number of deposits of sulphur in limestone occur in the Last Chance 
 Range, Hamilton (21). 
 
 Kern County: On both sides of the San Joaquin Valley impure 
 beds of gypsum and limestone occur, having considerable sulphur 
 intermixed. Sulphur occurs with alum in the Sunset district. 
 
 Lake County: An interesting deposit at the Sulphur Bank quick- 
 silver mine on Clear Lake was described by Le Conte and Rising (82), 
 and by Becker (88). The black basaltic rock which outcrops on the 
 lake has been bleached white and altered to a porous mass of silica 
 by the action of fumes coming from several vents. Brilliant crystals 
 of sulphur and acicular crystals of cinnabar have formed in the pores 
 and cavities of this altered mass of rock. The forms of the sulphur 
 crystals are: (111), (113), (Oil), (101), and (001). Sulphur was 
 obtained in considerable quantity commercially from this deposit before 
 it was found to overlie a richer deposit of cinnabar. Sulphur also 
 occurred with borax at Little Borax Lake, just south of Clear Lake. 
 
20 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Mariposa County: Crystals of sulphur have been found with cin- 
 nabar on Horseshoe Bend Mountain, near Coulterville. 
 
 Mono County: It occasionally occurs in large balls filling cavities 
 in the andalusite ore at the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorpo- 
 rated, on the western slope of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of 
 Molcano, Melhase (25). 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurs at Searles Lake as one of the 
 many associated minerals of borax. Sulphur occurs in lenticular 
 masses of mixed salts in the Calico Hills, 6 miles from Yermo, 
 Foshag (31b). 
 
 Santa Barbara County: Sulphur crystals occur at Point Rincon, 
 and on the north side of Graciosa Ridge, south of the Santa Maria 
 Valley, at openings caused by the escape of gases from burnt shales, 
 Arnold and Anderson (07). 
 
 Shasta County: It occurs in the gossans of the copper belt, L. C. 
 Raymond (35) ; at Bumpass Hell and Supan Springs in Lassen Vol- 
 canic National Park, Day and Allen (25). 
 
 Siskiyou County: Crystals of sulphur and gypsum are abundant 
 at the spring near the summit of Mount Shasta, H. Williams (34). 
 
 Sonoma County: Sulphur is found at The Geysers. 
 
 Ventura County: Deposits occur in Sulphur Mountain 3 miles 
 east of Fillmore, and at the borate deposit of Frazier Mountain. 
 
 SEMI-METALS 
 ARSENIC 
 
 Native arsenic. As. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Generally granular massive ; sometimes 
 reticulated, reniform, stalactitic. Perfect basal cleavage. Brittle. Metal- 
 lic. Color and streak tin-white, tarnishing to dark gray. H. = 3i. 
 G. r=5.7. 
 
 Heated on charcoal, very volatile white fumes are obtained similar to 
 antimony, but more difficult to catch on the coal ; fumes have strong garlic 
 odor. 
 
 Monterey County: The native metal was said to have been found 
 in the old Alisal mine on El Rancho Alisal, about eight miles south- 
 east of Salinas, in the foothills of the Gabilan Range, W. P. Blake 
 (58). This mine contained a small body of argentiferous galena 
 and sphalerite. 
 
 Nevada County: A specimen in the Museum of the State Divi- 
 sion of Mines, from the Alcalde gold mine, near Grass Valley, con- 
 tains native arsenic with stibnite in a calcite gangue. Small botryoi- 
 dal masses of native arsenic have been found on the 1600-ft. level of 
 the Empire Mine, Grass Valley, Johnston (37). 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 21 
 
 TELLURIUM 
 
 Native tellurium, Te. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. In prismatic crystals ; commonly columnar 
 to flne-granular massive. Perfect prismatic cleavage. Luster metallic. 
 Color and streak tin-white. H. = 2 — 2 J. G. == 6.2. 
 
 B. B. wholly volatile. Gives red solution in warm concentrated 
 sulphuric acid. 
 
 Native tellurium is sometimes found in association with the tellu- 
 rides of gold, silver, lead and bismuth. It is occasionally found in 
 the gold concentrates when not visible in the ore, and has been reported 
 from some of the mining districts of the State. 
 
 Butte County: Tellurium was reported to have occurred in a 
 cavity in a fragment of unrounded coarse gold washed from gravel, 
 Turner (98). 
 
 Calaveras County: Foliated masses of native tellurium with the 
 gold tellurides occurred in the old Stanislaus mine and the INIelones 
 mine. Foliated tellurium was reported to have been found in one 
 of the mines at Angels Camp by Genth (68). 
 
 Shasta County: Native tellurium was found in the Eureka mine, 
 near Redding. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Some native tellurium has been found associ- 
 ated with tellurides of gold and silver in the mines near Tuttletown 
 
 and Jamestown. 
 
 ANTIMONY 
 
 Native antimony, Sb. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Generally massive, lamellar. Perfect basal 
 cleavage. Brittle. Metallic luster. Color and streak tin-white. 
 H. = 3 — 31. G. = 6.7. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal fuses very easily, and is wholly volatile giving a 
 white coating. The white coating tinges the R. F. bluish-green. Crystal- 
 lizes readily from fusion. 
 
 Antimony occurs in metal-bearing veins with silver, antimony, 
 and arsenic ores, especially Avith stibnite. 
 
 El Dorado County: Specimens of native antimony have come from 
 Pleasant Valley. 
 
 Kern County: There are notable deposits of antimony in the 
 Havilah and Kernville districts. Deposits occur on a spur of the 
 mountains bordering San Emigdio Canyon in Sees. 10 and 15, T. 9 
 N., R. 21 W., S. B. M., and 10 miles west of Koehn, in Sees. 5 and 6, T. 30 
 S., R. 36 E., M. D. M. Also found in Sec. 36, T. 26 S., R. 33 E., M. D. M.. 
 about 6 miles southeast of Isabella, and in Sec. 24, T. 27 S., R. 33 E., 
 M. D. M., about 36 miles north of Caliente in the Valley View Mining 
 district, Tucker (29). Specimens from the last location, also known as 
 the Erskine Creek deposit, east of Vaughn, have been described by 
 Behre (21). 
 
22 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 BISMUTH 
 
 Native bismuth, Bi. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Usually in arborescent-reticulated shapes. 
 Brittle. Metallic. Color and streak silver-white with reddish hue, tarnish- 
 ing darlt-brown. H. = 2|. G. :=r9.8. 
 
 Heated on charcoal, it g'ives a lemon-yellow coating. Mixed with a 
 flux of potassium iodide and sulphur and fused on charcoal, tlie coating 
 is bright-red, which distinguishes it from lead, which is yellow. 
 
 Crystals and veinlets of metallic bismuth sometimes accompany 
 ores of bismuth, cobalt, silver and gold. It is also occasionally found 
 in pegmatitic veins. 
 
 Inyo County: Bismuth was found with bismutite at Big Pine 
 Creek, and at Antelope Springs, Deep Spring Valley. 
 
 Mono County: It was found at Oasis. 
 
 Nevada County: The concentrated sulphides of the Providence 
 mine, Nevada City district, contained bismuth, Lindgren (96). 
 
 San Diego County: Metallic bismuth has been obtained from the 
 pegmatitic vein of quartz, lepidolite, feldspar, tourmaline and amblygo- 
 nite at the Stewart mine of the American Litliia Company, at Pala. 
 The mineral occurred in platy crystalline masses, and long irregular 
 crystals, Kunz (Oob). Bismuth is also found in small metallic cleav- 
 ages in lepidolite at the Victor mine at Rincon, Rogers (10). 
 
 Tuolumne County: Minute crystals of bismuth have been observed 
 in the gold ore at the Soulsby mine. 
 
 METALS 
 GOLD 
 
 Native gold, Au. 
 
 Isometric. Good crystals are rare. Common in grains, scales, plates, 
 and arborescent forms. No cleavage. Highly malleable and ductile. 
 Metallic. Color and streak gold-yellow. PL = 21 — 3. G. = 15.6 — 19.3. 
 
 Unaffected by any single acid, but soluble in the combined hydro- 
 chloric-nitric acids called aqua regia. Its insolubility in nitric acid dis- 
 tinguishes it from chalcopyrite and pyrite. 
 
 Gold has a very wide distribution in California. It has been found 
 in every county and is now produced in two-thirds of them. Practically 
 all of the gold exists as the native metal, either as free gold in the 
 quartz and gravels or else mechanically mixed with the sulphides of 
 iron, copper, lead or zinc. Tellurides of gold occur, but they are quite 
 subordinate in quantity. 
 
 Crystals, arborescent groups, spongiform masses, wires, plates, 
 scales, grains, nuggets and all shapes known for gold have been found. 
 Cubes, rhombic-dodecahedrons and octahedrons are the prevailing forms 
 of the crystals. The forms given by E. S. Dana (86) and Alger (50) 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 23 
 
 for some placer gold crystals were: (111), (311), (18.10.1), and (421), 
 with twinning on the octahedral plane. 
 
 Crystalline masses and nuggets of large size have occurred in the 
 placer gravels and in the pockets of quartz veins. A specimen found 
 in 1854 at Carson Hill, Calaveras County, weighed 2,340 troy ounces, 
 and another found in 1860 at the Monumental mine, Sierra Buttes, 
 weighed 1.596 ounces. Many valuable nuggets and masses have been 
 found and Hanks (82) gives a descriptive list of some of them. 
 
 Gold in quartz is the usual association, and the mineral is often in 
 the quartz in such a finely divided state as to be invisible, even in high- 
 grade ore, Silliman (67). Flaky gold has been found implanted on 
 clear quartz crystals at Placerville and elsewhere. 
 
 Gold in p3^rite, or ' auriferous pyrite ' is abundant and is the source 
 of much of the gold produced in the State. 
 
 Gold in arseuopyrite is common in the Mother Lode region and in 
 the Alleghany district, Sierra County. 
 
 Calcite is a common gangue mineral with gold, and in some of the 
 mines it is found with wires and scales of included gold. Lenticular 
 masses of calcite with gold were found in Minersville, Trinity County, 
 Diller (90). Gold has been found with calcite in the Soulsby mine, 
 Tuolumne Countj^ in the Calico district, San Bernardino County; and 
 in tlie Alcalde mine, Nevada County. 
 
 Gold in barite is uncommon, though barite is a gangue mineral in 
 the copper-gold districts as well as in the silver-lead districts. It 
 occurs in barite at Pine Grove, Amador County ; at the Malakoff mine. 
 North Bloomfield, Nevada County ; in the barite of some of the Shasta 
 County copper mines. 
 
 Gold in cinnabar is an exceptional occurrence, yet the association 
 has been noted in a few localities. At the old Manzanita mine in the 
 Sulphur Creek district, Colusa County, minute specks of gold occurred 
 in the cinnabar and implanted on cinnabar crystals; also in the old 
 Redington or Boston mine, Knoxville, Napa County, some gold has 
 been found with the cinnabar, and likewise near Coulterville, in Horse- 
 shoe Bend Mountain, Mariposa County. 
 
 Gold has also been observed wutli graphite, galena, altaite, petzite, 
 hessite, tetradymite, calaverite, native tellurium, chalcopyrite, chal- 
 cocite, native bismuth, stibnite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, fluorite, chal- 
 cedony, jasper, cuprite, magnetite, hematite, limonite, pyrolusite, 
 dolomite, ankerite, rhodocrosite, siderite, albite, rhodonite, chlorite, 
 roscoelite, talc, serpentine, asbestos, chrysocolla, asphaltum, and many 
 other minerals. Gold is not confined to one class of rocks, but the 
 gold-bearing quartz veins are principally in metamorphic schists and 
 slates. 
 
24 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Primary deposits occur along the Mother Lode Belt, at various 
 points in the Sierra Nevada, east and north of the Lode and in isolated 
 ranges in the northwestern and southeastern part of the State. The 
 western slopes of the Sierra Nevada where the main streams leave their 
 deep canyons to enter the valley, the large river courses in the north- 
 west, and parts of the desert regions in the southeastern part of the 
 State are important placer mining areas. 
 
 Some gold is found in the Coast Range and some is mined in the 
 southern counties, but the great bulk of it comes from the northern 
 half of the State and from counties along the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Gold occurs in so many localities in the State that it would be 
 impossible to cite all of them. The literature on the gold deposits is 
 also extensive. The gold placers of California have been described in 
 Bulletin No. 92 of the State Division of Mines, and the Mother Lode 
 Gold Belt has been described in Bulletin No. 108. Professional Papers 
 73 and 157 of the United States Geological Survey are the best authori- 
 ties on the Tertiary Gravels of the Sierra Nevada and the Mother 
 Lode Gold Belt, respectively. 
 
 The leading lode-gold producing counties of the State are : Ama- 
 dor, Calaveras, El Dorado, Kern, Mariposa, Nevada, Shasta, Siskiyou, 
 Sierra, Trinity and Tuolumne. 
 
 The leading placer-gold producing counties of the State are : 
 Butte, Merced, Placer, Sacramento, Stanislaus and Yuba. 
 
 Amador County: The Mother Lode crosses the county. Some of 
 the famous mines are : The Argonaut and Kennedy mines at Jackson ; 
 the Central Eureka mine at Sutter Creek; and the Plymouth mine at 
 Plymouth. The Bunker Hill, Fremont, Keystone and Amador mines 
 at Amador City were noted mines. 
 
 Butte County: Much of the gold of this county has come from 
 dredging operations along the Feather River at Oroville and other 
 towns. Cherokee Flat, Forbestown and Magalia are old noted places. 
 
 Calaveras County: The Mother Lode crosses this county. Some 
 of the noted mines were: the Utica, Angels, and Lightner mines at 
 Angels Camp ; the Gwin mine near Mokelumne Hill and the Sheep 
 Ranch mine at Sheepranch. The Carson Hill mine at Melones is one 
 of the largest producers in the State. 
 
 El Dorado County: Placerville, Georgetown, El Dorado, Grizzly 
 Flats, Shingle Springs and Greenwood are all noted districts, 
 
 Kern County: The Yellow Aster mine at Randsburg has been the 
 largest producer of the southern mines. The Amalie, Cove, Tehachapi, 
 Mojave, Rand and Stringer districts are well known. 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 25 
 
 Mariposa County: The Princeton and other mines on the JMariposa 
 Estate, the mines near Coulterville, Ilornitos and Bagby were all 
 noted producers. Rogers (32) has described crystals of gold from the 
 North Duncan mine near Hornitos. 
 
 Merced County: The Merced unit and the Snelling Dredge at 
 Snelling are large producers. 
 
 Nevada Comity: The Grass Valley and Nevada City mines have 
 been the largest producers of gold. The Empire, Idaho-Maryland, 
 North Star, and Murchie mines are among the most noted in the 
 State. Native gold collected by W. D. Johnson, Jr., from Grass 
 Valley was analyzed by E. T. Erieksou, AVells (37). 
 
 Au Ag undetermined 
 
 84.37 • 11.56 4.07 =100% 
 
 Placer County: Auburn, Colfax, Emigrant Gap, Gold Run, Blue 
 Canyon, Dutch Flat, Michigan Bluff, Forest Hill and Weimar are 
 historical mining districts, mostly for placer mining. 
 
 Sacramento County: Most of the gold of this county is obtained 
 by dredging along the ancient courses of the American River near 
 Fair Oaks, Folsom and Natomas. 
 
 Shasta County: This is more of a copper county, but considerable 
 gold is produced. The largest quartz mines are in French Gulch and 
 Harrison Gulch. Much of the gold is obtained from smelting copper 
 ores. 
 
 Sierra County: The gold mines are mostly on the Sierra Buttes, 
 on Kanaka Creek, and near Downieville, Alleghany and LaPorte. 
 The Original 16 to 1 and Tightner at Alleghany are leading producers 
 of gold. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Both quartz and placer mining are carried on 
 in the county. Sawyers Bar, Scott Bar, Humbug Creek, Callahan, 
 Happy Camp, Quartz Valley, Klamath River and Scott River are 
 noted districts. The Black Bear group of quartz mines near Sawyers 
 Bar has been the largest producer. Fine large nuggets have come 
 from the placers. 
 
 Trinity County: The principal mines are centered around the 
 famous towns of Minersville, Trinity Center, Deadwood, Douglas City, 
 Carrville, Lewiston, and Weaverville. 
 
 Tuolumne County: The IMother Lode crosses the county and many 
 noted mines are along it. Sonora, Columbia, Soulsbyville, Tuolumne, 
 Jamestown, Tuttleto^\^l, Big Oak Flat, Chinese Camp, Stent and 
 Groveland are all noted places. 
 
26 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Ytcba Count I/: Most of the gold of this county is obtained from 
 dredging operations along the Yuba River. Some quartz and pocket 
 mining is also done. 
 
 Fresno, Humboldt, Inyo, Lassen, Los Angeles, Mono, Plumas, 
 Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties also produce gold. 
 
 Gold Amalgam. — A native alloy of gold and mercury very rarely 
 found. 
 
 Mariposa County: It occurred in some of the mines near Mariposa 
 and was analyzed by Sonnenschein (54). 
 
 Analyses : 
 
 Au 
 
 Hg 
 
 39.02 
 
 60.98% 
 
 41.63 
 
 58.37% 
 
 Nevada County: It was reported from the Odin shaft. Grass Val- 
 ley, by Lindgren (96). 
 
 Electrum. — A pale-3'ellow alloy of gold and silver of rather frequent 
 occurrence where considerable silver is found with gold. 
 
 Imperial Coimty: A considerable quantity of electrum is said to 
 have been found in the Oro Plata mine, in the extreme eastern part 
 of the county. 
 
 Madera County: Wire electrum occurred with gold in Fine Gold 
 Gulch. 
 
 Placer County: It occurred in the Moore mine, Ophir district, 
 according to Lindgren (94), and was analyzed by Hillebrand. 
 
 Analysis : Ag Au 
 
 27.91 72.09% 
 
 Bismuth Gold. — An alloy containing about 60 per cent gold and 40 
 per cent bismuth. 
 
 El Dorado County: It was observed in the Goon Hollow mine, 
 near Placerville. 
 
 SILVER 
 
 Native silver, Ag. 
 
 Isometric. Crystals rare. Acicnlar, reticulated, or arborescent ; also 
 massive. Ductile and malleable. Luster metallic. Color and streak 
 silver-white, often gray to black by tarnish. 
 
 H. = 2J — 3. G. = 10.1 — 11.1, pure 10.5. 
 
 B. B. on charcoal fuses easily to a silver-white globule. Easily 
 soluble in nitric acid, giving on addition of hydrochloric acid a curdy 
 white precipitate of silver chloride, which turns dark on exposure to light. 
 
 Native silver has not been found in any large masses in the State, 
 yet it is present in many gold and copper districts, and occasionally 
 arborescent crystallizations, wires, and thin sheets are found. It is 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 27 
 
 more common in the silver-lead districts, where it often occurs near the 
 walls of veins and intrusive dikes. 
 
 Alpine County: Good specimens of native silver have come from 
 the Silver Mountain district. 
 
 Calaveras County: It occurred in arborescent forms with the 
 copper ore at Quail Hill. 
 
 Inyo County: Occasional sprinklings of native silver occur with 
 argent ite in tlie quartz-calcite veins of Saline Valley, about 30 miles 
 northeast of Mount Whitney, Warner (26). 
 
 Kern County: It occurs with the silver minerals in the Amalie 
 district and near Garlock. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Native silver was associated with argentite, 
 and with cobalt and nickel minerals at the Kelsey mine, near San 
 Gabriel Canyon. 
 
 Madera Conntfi: Silver occurs in quartz veins at the SuUenger 
 property, 3 miles northwest of Agnew Meadows on the eastern slope of 
 Middle Fork Canyon, Erwin (34). 
 
 Mono County: It occurs in narrow veins cutting granitic rocks on 
 Blind Spring Hill at Benton. Good specimens have come from the 
 Diana and Comanche mines of this district. Some native silver occurs 
 in the Silverado mine in the Patterson mining district. At Bodie it 
 has been found with the copper-gold ores. 
 
 Placer County: Silver occurred at the Gold Blossom and the Cali- 
 fornia mines in the Ophir district, Lindgren (94). 
 
 Plumas County: Native silver has been found in the old Pocahontas 
 mine, associated with native copper and cuprite. 
 
 8an Bernardino County: The Calico district described by Lindgren 
 (87), and Storms, (93), the Grapevine district, the Silver Reef district, 
 and the Silver Mountain district have produced some native silver with 
 the cerargyrite and embolite. Native silver with gold occurs in the 
 Avawatz Mountains. 
 
 Shasta County: Native silver is rare in the copper deposits of this 
 county, but a few arborescent specimens have come from the Bully 
 Hill, Afterthought and other mines. Fine crystallized silver occurred 
 in the old Excelsior mine, Copper Citj'", Fairlmnks (93). Native 
 silver in arborescent crystallization associated with stephanite, galena, 
 and sphalerite, in a calcite-quartz gangue occurs at the Igo Consolidated 
 mines. 
 
28 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 COPPER 
 
 Native copper, Cu. 
 
 Isometric. Good crystals rare. Generally in wires, thin sheets and 
 arborescent crystallizations. No cleavage. Malleable and ductile. Luster 
 metallic. Color copper-red. Streak metallic, shining. H. =: 2| — 3. 
 G. = 8.8 — 8.9. 
 
 B. B. fuses readily. Soluble in nitric acid. The solution turns deep 
 azure-blue with excess of ammonia. 
 
 Metallic copper has been found in most of the copper mines of the 
 State, but no deposits of native copper are known. It is frequently 
 mixed with cuprite and malachite in the oxidized zone of copper 
 deposits, or found as coatings along the walls of copper veiixs, or near 
 intrusive dikes, which have brought about a natural reduction of the 
 ores. Most of the localities cited for chalcopyrite have yielded some 
 native copper. 
 
 Alameda County: Fine arborescent crystallizations of native copper 
 were found in the Alma pyrite mine at Leona Heights, East Oakland. 
 The minerals of this mine have been descril)ed by Schaller (03). 
 
 Amador County: Arborescent masses of copper occurred in the old 
 Newton mine. 
 
 Calaveras County: Some of the mines along the copper-sulphide 
 belt, especially at Copperopolis and at Campo Seco, have produced 
 native copper. It occurred with silver at Mokelumne Hill. 
 
 Colusa County: It is found in serpentine with cuprite and mela- 
 eonite at the Gray Eagle mine; also at the Lion mine. 
 
 Del Norte County: Some large pieces of native copper have come 
 from the Diamond Creek district and from tJie Pearl and Occidental 
 mines. 
 
 El Dorado County: The old Cosumnes mine near Fairplay has 
 yielded small masses of native copper with bornite, chalcocite and 
 cuprite. The Alabaster Cave mine near Newcastle, the Cambrian mine 
 near Placerville, the Ford mine near Georgetown and the Oest mine 
 near Auburn have had native copper with the cuprite. 
 
 Glenn County: Large float pieces of native copper have been found 
 a few miles north of Chrome Mountain and on Elk Creek. 
 
 Humboldt County: It occurs on Ked Cap and Boise creeks, and 
 at Horse Mountain. 
 
 Inyo County: The copper deposits in the Ubehebe Mountains con- 
 tain native copper. 
 
 Lake County: It was observed as finely disseminated particles in 
 the serpentine of this county. 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 29 
 
 Lassen County: Native copper occurred in epidote rock at the 
 Lummis mine. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It was found at the Free Cuba mine, near 
 Acton. 
 
 Mariposa County: Massive copper occurred with malachite in the 
 Copper Queen mine. 
 
 Mendocino County: Sheets and grains of metallic copper occur at 
 Ked Mountain, 15 miles southeast of Ukiah, and in the serpentines in 
 Lost Valley. 
 
 Merced County: Copper occurs with quartz and chalcopyrite in the 
 Victor Bonanza mines. 
 
 Modoc County: It was observed witli malachite and limonite near 
 Fort Bid well. 
 
 Mono County: It was found sparingly in the Lundy and Benton 
 districts. 
 
 * 
 
 Monterey County: Native copper is disseminated in serpentine on 
 Table Mountain, near Parkfield ; also in serpentine with chalcopyrite 
 near the summit of the Santa Lucia Range, 7 miles from Santa Lucia. 
 
 Nevada County: It occurs with cuprite and chalcocite at Meadow 
 Lake. 
 
 Placer County: It occurred at the Algol mine near Spenceville, in 
 sheets and hackly masses; at the Valley View mine, 6 miles from 
 Lincoln; and on magnetite near Todd. Lindgren (94) reported native 
 copper as one of the minerals of the Ophir district. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs with rhodonite at Mumford's Hill. Large 
 lumps occurred witJi cuprite, malachite and native silver in the old 
 Pocohontas mine, Indian Valley. 
 
 Riverside County: It occurs in the McCoy Mountain district. 
 
 San Luis Obispo County: It occurred at the Tiptop mine, 10 miles 
 north of San Luis Obispo, and on Chorro Creek. 
 
 Shasta Coiinty: Arborescent growths and compact masses of copper 
 have been found in the Bully Hill mines, Copper City mines, Shasta 
 King mine, Mountain Copper mine, Mammoth mine, Balaklala mine, 
 Greenhorn mine, and Kosk Creek mine. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It occurs with pyrite and chalcopyrite at Preston 
 Peak. 
 
 Tehama County: It was found on Elder Creek and at White Bluff. 
 
 Tulare County: Masses of copper have been found on the Middle 
 Fork of Tule River, about 30 miles east of Porterville. 
 
30 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 MERCURY— Quicksilver 
 
 Native mercury, Hg. 
 
 Liquid. Forms small fluid globules in the matrix which is usually 
 cinnabar. Brilliant metallic luster. Color tin-white. G. = 13.59. 
 
 Vaporizes at comparatively low heat and disappears ; the vapors are 
 invisible. Soluble in nitric acid. 
 
 Liquid globules of mercury are common in most of the cinnabar 
 mines, formed either by reduction of the sulphide or by sublimation 
 of mercuric vapors. It occurs in deep workings and in those parts of 
 ill-ventilated mines where intense heat is developed by the decompo- 
 sition of iron sulphides. It is also frequently found near the walls of 
 cinnabar veins. 
 
 Kings County: Mercury occurred with serpentine in the Kings 
 mine. 
 
 Lake County: It v/as abundant in the gravels and with cinnabar 
 in quartz veins in the Wall Street mine ; occurred also in the Big 
 Injun and Big Chief mines, west of Middletown. 
 
 • Napa County: It was found in the mines at Oat Hill and Knox- 
 ville. 
 
 Orange County: Small amounts of native mercury have been 
 reported to occur with veins of barite in sandstone, 2 miles east of 
 Tustin. 
 
 • San Benito County: It occurs in the cinnabar deposits at New 
 Idria, and with cinnabar in serpentine at the Alpine Quicksilver mine. 
 
 • San Francisco County: Liquid globules of mercury have been 
 found in siliceous rock near Twin Peaks. 
 
 • Santa Clara County: It is common in some of the shafts at New 
 Almaden. 
 
 Sonoma County: It was prominent in the New Sonoma mine, 
 Pine Flat district, 16 miles northeast of Healdsburg. Much native 
 quicksilver occurred in the Rattlesnake and the Socrates (Pioneer) 
 mines; in the Bright Hope (Esperanza) mine, near The Geysers; 
 with cinnabar in the Clear Quill mine about 1 mile from the Great 
 Eastern mine. 
 
 Trinity County: It was found with cinnabar at the Altoona mine. 
 
 LEAD 
 
 Native lead. Pb. 
 
 Isometric. Crystals rare. Usually in thin plates and pellets. Mal- 
 leable. Metallic luster. Color lead-gray. H. = 11. G. = 11.4. 
 
 Easily fusible. Heated on charcoal, it gives a yellow coating. Soluble 
 in hot dilute nitric acid. 
 
 Native lead is an exceedingly rare mineral and its reported occur- 
 rence as a true mineral is sometimes doubtful. Small bits of lead found 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 31 
 
 in the placer gravels may be portions of lead bullets, but the occurrence 
 of the metal in deep placer mines is indicative of its origin as a 
 natural reduction product. 
 
 Butte County: Pieces of native lead found in a placer at ]\Iagalia 
 were believed by Hanks (84) to be flattened bullets. Small angular 
 fragments of native lead have been found at a prospect 14 miles east 
 of Chico, on the West Fork of Feather River, Rogers (12). 
 
 Kern County: Several pieces of native lead have been found in 
 the dry washings at Goler. 
 
 Placer County: Small pellets of native lead have been found in 
 a placer mine in North Ravine, in the Edgewood district, adjoining 
 
 the Ophir district. 
 
 PLATINUM 
 
 Native platinum, Pt. 
 
 Isometric. Generally occurs in grains and small nuggets. Malleable 
 and ductile. Metallic luster. Color and streak whitish steel-gray. 
 H. = 4 — 4i. G. = 14 — 19. 
 
 Platinum and the platinum group of minerals are soluble only in 
 aqua regia. To detect small amounts of these minerals in sands, first 
 concentrate by panning until a sufficient number of the gray metallic 
 grains are obtained. Dissolve in aqua regia and in the clear solution 
 add a few drops of potassium chloride, which will precipitate orange- 
 yellow potassium platinic chloride. 
 
 Gray metallic grains and small nuggets of platinum were early 
 observed in some of the gold-bearing black sands of the streams and 
 beaches, and also in the concentrates from the gold washings. Little 
 attempt was made to save the platinum and it is only in recent years 
 that any record has been kept of the production. Though it occurs 
 widely in the State, it has not been positively identified as a constit- 
 uent of any rocks. 
 
 Analyses of California platinum liave been made by Deville and 
 Debray (59) and by Genth (52a). 
 
 Ft 
 
 Ir 
 
 Iridos 
 
 Pd 
 
 Rh 
 
 Fe 
 
 Cu 
 
 Au 
 
 SiOa 
 
 Deville and Debray_85.50 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.10 
 
 0.60 
 
 1.00 
 
 6.75 
 
 1.40 
 
 0.80 
 
 2.95 
 
 Genth 90.24 
 
 2.42 
 
 0.68 
 
 some 
 
 some 
 
 6.66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Most of the platinum is alloyed with iridium, osmium, palladium 
 and other metals of the platinum group, and much of it would be 
 classed as platiniridiuin. Many of the black sands have been investi- 
 gated by Day and Richards (06). 
 
 Butte County: It is a constituent of the black sands of the Fea- 
 ther River and some of its tributaries, and the largest production is 
 from the dredging operations at Oroville. It is present in the con- 
 centrates of Butte Creek, Brush Creek, Magalia, Cherokee, and 
 Buchanan Hill. 
 
 Calaveras County: It has been observed in the concentrates at 
 Douglas Flat and Mokelumne Hill. 
 
32 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Del Norte County: It occurs in the black sands at Crescent City, 
 Day and Richards (06). 
 
 El Dorado County: Small amounts of native platinum have been 
 recovered by the dredging operations of the Natomas Co. in T. 9 N., 
 R. 7 E., M. D. M. 
 
 Humboldt County: It is one of the constituents of the gold-bear- 
 ing beach sands at Gold Bluff, Day and Richards (06). 
 
 Inyo County: It is reported to have been found in the concen- 
 trates of the Mount Hope mine, near Citrus. 
 
 Kern County: Traces of platinum have been observed in the 
 sands at Kane Springs. 
 
 Mariposa County: It is reported to have been found in Devils 
 Gulch near the junction of Devil Creek and the South Fork of Merced 
 River, about 5 miles from Jersey dale, Castello (21). The ore is said 
 to carry mainly platinum, gold and small amounts of cobalt, nickel 
 and tin. 
 
 Mendocino County: It occurs in the beach sands near Little River. 
 Platinum minerals occur in the superficial deposits in the Russian 
 River Valley, near Hopland. Gold and osmiridium accompany the 
 platinum. 
 
 Merced County: The platinum mined since 1930 has come from 
 the dredging operations of the Merced Dredging Co. and the Yuba 
 Consolidated Gold Fields, near Snelling in T. 5 S, R. 14 and 15 E., 
 M. D. M. 
 
 Nevada County: It occurs in the concentrates of the Rough and 
 Ready district and in considerable amounts at Relief Hill. 
 
 Placer County: A few grains of platinum were found with placer 
 gold on the North Fork of American River about 30 miles from 
 Sacramento, Genth (52). 
 
 Plumas County : It occurs in the concentrates at Genesee, La Porte 
 and Rock Island Hill. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Platinum has been identified in cerusite 
 ore, associated with gold, silver and copper in the Piute mine, near 
 Cima. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: It has been observed in some of the 
 beach sands. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: It is found in the beach sands at Lompoc 
 and north of Point Sal. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: It occurs in some of the beach sands of the 
 county. 
 
NATIVE ELEMENTS 33 
 
 Shasta Couniy: It is found in the sands at Redding and on Cot- 
 tonwood Creek. The black sands of Beegum Creek contain platinum, 
 iridium and a little gold. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Platinum has been observed in the sands at 
 Callahan, Castella, Henley, Happy Camp, Sawyers Bar, Oak Bar, Fort 
 Jones, Hornbrook, Cecilville, Klamath River, and Rock Ranch, 
 
 Tehama County: It is found in the sands near Beegum. 
 
 Trinity County: Platinum was early observed as a constituent of 
 the black sands of the Trinity River and its tributaries, and nuggets 
 weighing several ounces have come from the county. Its presence has 
 been shown in the sands at Douglas City, Burnt Ranch, Junction City, 
 Big Bar, Hawkins Bar, Helena, and in the Hayfork district. 
 
 Ventura County: It has been observed in minute quantities in 
 some of the beach sands. 
 
 Yuba County: It is found in the concentrates at Indian Hill, 
 Camptonville, and near Hammonton in the Brownsville district. 
 
 PLATINIRIDIUM 
 
 Native alloy of platinum and iridium, (Pt.Ir). 
 
 Isometric. Generally in grains and nuggets. Metallic luster. Color 
 silver-white. H. = 6 — 7. G. = 22.65 — 22.84. 
 
 Much of the so-called 'platinum' of the State is really this alloy, 
 and several nuggets of a few ounces weight have been found along the 
 Trinity River. 
 
 IRIDOSMINE— Osmiridum 
 
 Native alloy of iridium and osmium, (Ir,Os). 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Generally in grains. Cleavage perfect 
 basal. Metallic luster. Color tin-white to light steel-gray. H. = 6 — 7. 
 G. = 19.3 — 21.12. 
 
 This alloy is a frequent associate of platinum and an analysis of 
 it by Deville and Debray (59) shows the presence of the rarer metals, 
 rhodium and ruthenium. 
 
 Ir Rh Ru Os 
 
 53.50 2.60 0.50 43.40 
 
 Siserkite is a variety with not over 30 per cent iridium. Accord- 
 ing to Genth (52a) the composition of some gray metallic grains from 
 California is: 
 
 Siserkite 49.4% 
 
 Platinum 48.4% 
 
 Platiniridium 2.2% 
 
 New element and gold n.d. 
 
 Butte County: Iridosmine has been reported with platinum from 
 the black sands at Cherokee, Silliman (73b). 
 
 3 — 51440 
 
34 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Trinity County: Flakes and nuggets of iridosmine are found in 
 the gravels of the New River, and the Trinity River and its tributaries. 
 
 IRON 
 
 Native iron, Fe. 
 
 Isometric. Generally massive. Malleable. Metallic luster. Color 
 steel-gray to iron-black. H. = 4 — 5. G. = 7.3 — 7.8. 
 
 Its strong magnetism and the fact that it is malleable distinguishes 
 it from all other iron minerals. 
 
 Iron occurs native chiefly as meteoric iron. Terrestrial iron is 
 sometimes found in basaltic rocks, but its occurrence in this form is 
 not known in the State. Meteoric iron has been found in six localities 
 in California, and analyzed. Nickel and cobalt are always present in 
 meteoric iron. 
 
 El Dorado County: An iron meteorite weighing 85 pounds, found 
 near Shingle Springs in 1869 or 1870, was reported by Shepard (72) 
 and later described by Silliman (73a) with analysis by F. A. Cairns: 
 
 Fe Ni Co Al Cr Mg Ca C Si 
 
 81.480 17.173 0.604 0.088 0.020 0.010 0.163 0.071 0.032 
 
 P S K 
 
 0.308 0.012 0.026 — 99.987% G. = 7.875. 
 
 l7iyo County: An iron meteorite weighing 425 pounds, found 22 
 miles northeast of Big Pine, was described by G. P. Merrill (22) with 
 analysis by Brinkley : 
 
 Fe Ni Co S P Cii C insol. 
 
 89.89 7.65 0.45 0.12 0.01 tr. 0.03 1.88 = 100.03% 
 
 Kern County: A stony meteorite, weighing 80 pounds, found in 
 the San Emigdio Mountains was described l)y G. P. Merrill (89) as 
 coming from San Bernardino County: The metallic part, constituting 
 6.21 per cent of the stone, was analyzed by Whitfield (90) : 
 
 Fe Ni Co 
 
 88.25 11.27 0.48 = 100% 
 
 San Bernardino County: An irregular mass of meteoric iron which 
 weighed about 117 pounds was found in the Ivanpah district in 1880. 
 Analyzed by Shepard (80), and by G. Gehring. 
 
 Analyses : 
 
 
 Fe 
 
 Ni 
 
 Co 
 
 P 
 
 C 
 
 S 
 
 Si02 Graphite 
 
 
 Shepard 
 
 ___ 94.98 
 
 4.52 
 
 
 
 0.07 
 
 0.10 
 
 
 
 ___ ___ = 99.67% 
 
 G. = 7.65. 
 
 Gehring 
 
 ___ 94.86 
 
 4.47 
 
 0.26 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.12 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.04 0.07 = 99.82% 
 
 G. = 8.076, 
 
 This meteorite was also studied by Cohen and Weinschenk (91), 
 and by Cohen (92). It is now in tlie Museum of the State Division 
 of Mines. A piece of meteoric iron weighing about S^ pounds was 
 
NATIVE EIvEMENTS 35 
 
 found in 1899 near Surprise Springs in the Bullion Range. Tt was 
 analyzed b}^ Cohen (01) : 
 
 Fe Ni Co Cu Cr S P C CI 
 
 91.01 7.65 0.89 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.22 0.02 0.02 = 100.00% 
 
 Trinity County: A small oval-shaped nia.ss weighing 19 pounds 
 wiis found at Canyon City about 1875, Ward (04). The surface was 
 oxidized to limonite. Analysis of the purer porlion was iikuIc by 
 Shepard (85). Analysis: 
 
 Fe Ni Co P 
 88.81 7.28 0.17 0.12 = 96.38% G. = 7.1. 
 
 AWARUITE 
 
 Native alloy of nickel and iron, FeNie. 
 
 Isometric. Grains and nuggets. Tin-white to steel-gray color. 
 Magnetic. H. = 5. G. = 8.1. 
 
 Del Norte County: Small grains of awaruite averaging 0.15 to 
 1.5 mm in diameter were found in the residues from the gold wash- 
 ings of the South Fork of Smith River, associated with magnetite 
 and chromite. Analyzed by Jamieson (05). 
 
 Ni F^ Co Cu P S 
 
 76.69 21.37 1.20 0.64 0.04 0.06 = 100% G. = 7.85. 
 
SULPHIDES AND TELLURIDES OF THE SEMI-METALS 
 
 Realgar Stibnite Tetradymite 
 
 Orpiment Blsmuthinlte Molybdenite 
 
 REALGAR 
 
 Arsenic monosulphide, AsS. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals short prismatic, striated vertically ; also 
 granular massive and incrustations. Sectile. Resinous luster. Color 
 bright-red to orange-yellow. Streak orange-yellow. H. = 1J — 2. G. = 3.56. 
 
 Heated on charcoal, it gives volatile white fumes of arsenic oxide 
 having a garlic odor. Soluble in caustic alkalies. 
 
 Alpine County: Deep-red realgar coating pyrite, with minute 
 white octahedrons of arsenolite, occurred in the Monitor mine. 
 
 Imperial County: Kelley (36) has reported the occurrence of 
 realgar with sulphur and claudetite at a sulphur prospect 6 miles 
 north of the 4S ranch and 1| miles west of the Colorado River. 
 
 Kern County: A small amount of realgar occurs with borax and 
 kernite in the borate mines of the Kramer district, Schaller (30). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Small crystals of realgar have been 
 found with hanksite, pirssonite and halite in the salt beds of Searles 
 Lake. Weeks (25) has reported that realgar occurs in the mines of 
 the Calico district, 
 
 Sonoma County: Realgar occurs with metacinnabar and curtisite 
 in the cracks and interstices of sandstone at Skaggs Springs, Wright 
 and Allen (30). 
 
 ORPIMENT 
 
 Arsenic sulphide, AS2S3. 
 
 Monoclinic. Usually In foliated masses. Perfect clinopinacoidal 
 cleavage. Sectile. Pearly luster. Color lemon-yellow. Streak pale-yellow. 
 H. = li — 2. G. = 3.4 — 3.5. 
 
 Like realgar in the reactions. 
 
 Readily distinguished from realgar by color. The two are usually 
 associated and realgar alters into orpiment. 
 
 Lake County: Orpiment with realgar is said to have been found 
 on the Eel River, about 15 miles northwest of Bartlett Springs. 
 
 Trinity County: Yellow orpiment occurs in the decomposition of 
 the iron sulphides at the Island Mountain copper mine. 
 
 (36) 
 
SULPHIDES AND TELLURIDES OF THE SEMI-METALS 37 
 
 STIBNITE— Antimonite 
 
 Antimony sulphide, SbzSs. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Long prismatic crystals, often bent and curved and 
 with faces striated and furrowed. Cleavage perfect brachypinacoidal. 
 Metallic luster. Color and streak lead-gray. H. = 2. G. = 4.52 — 4.62. 
 
 Melts in a candle flame. Heated on charcoal, it gives dense white 
 coating and odor of sulphur. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Stibnite is the common ore of antimouy, and good deposits of it 
 exist in the State. It occurs generally as veins in granitic rocks and 
 schists. In gold and copper districts it is a common associate of 
 galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and tetrahedrite. It is char- 
 acteristically associated with cinnabar. 
 
 Calaveras County: Stibnite has been observed with gold at 
 Mokelumne Hill, at the Oro y Plata ]\Iine near jMurphy, and in the 
 Mother Lode region. 
 
 Contra Costa County: Stibnite occurs at the Mount Diablo quick- 
 silver mine. 
 
 Inyo County: In the Cerro Gordo district stibnite was found 
 with the silver-lead ores, and some limonite specimens from there seem 
 to be pseudomorphs after long prismatic stibnite crystals. Large 
 bodies of stibnite with cervantite are said to occur on the western slope 
 of the Panamint Range near Wild Rose Springs. A large outcrop 
 occurs on the eastern slope of the Argus IMountains, between Revenue 
 and Shepherd canj-ons; also near Owens Lake. 
 
 Kern County: The deposits in the San Emigdio Mountains at 
 the head of San Emigdio Canyon have long been known and were 
 the first worked in the State, W. P. Blake (58). Veins of stibnite 
 are plentiful in the mountains in the northeastern part of the county. 
 On Erskine Creek stibnite has been found with native antimony. 
 Stibnite also occurs in the Mammoth Silver mine in the Caliente dis- 
 trict. Good crystalline stibnite occurs at Piute; in the Tom Moore 
 mine, Clear Creek district ; near Tehachapi ; near Kernville ; at Hot 
 Springs ; near Havilah ; in the Cedar Creek mining district. It occurs 
 in the Sierra Sue mine near Glennville. Minute spherulites of stibnite 
 occur in kernite and borax in the Kramer district, Schaller (30). 
 
 Lake Caunty: Stibnite has been found with cinnabar at Sulphur 
 Bank, on Clear Lake. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Stibnite has been found in the mountains 
 south of Lancaster. 
 
 Mariposa County: Stibnite occurs in the gold districts of the 
 county. 
 
 Merced County: Fine specimens of prismatic stibnite have come 
 from the McLeoud mining district. 
 
38 MINERALS OF C.ALTFORNIA 
 
 Blono County: Stibnite is common in tlie Blind Spring Hill dis- 
 trict, associated with the silver-lead ores, and good specimens have 
 come from the Comanche, Comet and Diana mines. 
 
 Monterey County: Stibnite occurs nhoni !) miles ri-om San Lucas. 
 
 Napa County: Fibrous bands of stibiiilc occurred with the cinna- 
 bar at the Manhattan and the Boston or old Redington mines at 
 Knoxville. 
 
 Nevada County: Stibnite occurs witli galeiui in (piari/. at the 
 Red Ledge mine; also in the Mohawk antimony mine near Nevada 
 City. 
 
 Placer County: It occurs with gold-bearing quartz in the St. 
 Laurence mine, Opliir mining district. 
 
 Riverside County: Bnnches of stibnite were found at the Crowell 
 mine, 5 miles southeast of South Riverside. Fine-grained stibnite was 
 found near Corona. 
 
 San Benito County: There are numerous veins of stibnite in asso- 
 ciation with the cinnabar deposits, especially in the northeastern part 
 of the county. Fine crystallized specimens have come from the Rip 
 Van Winkle, Alta, Gleason and Shriver claims on Antimony Peak, 
 northeast of Hollister, and some of the crystals have the forms (010), 
 (130), (110), (310), (210), (430), (113), (4.5.12), and (102), Eakle 
 (08). Long divergent prisms of stibnite have come from the Blue 
 Wing vein of the Stayton quicksilver mine. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Stibnite was foiuid in a boulder at the 
 Centennial mine. A small vein of stibnite associated with wolframite 
 was found in Clark Mountain. It occurred with the scheelite at 
 Atolia and in large crystals in the silver ores of the Rand district, 
 Hulin (25). 
 
 San Diego County: Stibnite occurs on the Laguna Mountains; 
 also 4 miles west of Jacumba. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: It occurs near the head of San Simeon 
 Creek ; radiating prisms in quartz occur near Cambria ; beautiful 
 crystalline stibnite with pyrite in quartz occurs on the South Fork of 
 San Simeon Creek, near the summit of the Santa Lucia Range. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Large divergent columnar masses have come 
 from near Gilroy. Stibnite is an associate of cinnabar at the New 
 Almaden quicksilver mines. 
 
 Sierra County: It occurs with the gold ores at Downieville. 
 
 Sonoma County: It occurs in small amounts on San Antone 
 Creek, near the Marin County line. . . 
 
SULPHIDES AND TELLURIDES OF THE SEMI-METALS 39 
 
 Trinity County: It is found with quartz and pyrite near Weaver- 
 ville; also found near Hayfork, 
 
 Tulare County: It is found in the Mineral King district as an 
 associate of argentiferous galena; in quartz with pyrite on the Den- 
 nison Mountains; in a quartz vein cutting slate at the Lady Alice 
 iiiiue. a quarter of a mile soutli of Mineral King. 
 
 BISMUTHINITE 
 
 Bismuth suli^hide, BisSs. 
 
 Orthoi-hombic. Usually fibrous massive. Metallic. Culoi- and streak 
 lead-gray. H. = 2. G. = 6.4 — 6.5. 
 
 Heated on charcoal, it gives a yellow coating and sulphur odor. Coat- 
 ing assumes a bright-red border when fused with potassium iodide and 
 sulphur. 
 
 Bismuth has frequently been detected in the concentrates from 
 several of the gold and copper districts, but the form in which it occurs 
 has not in general been determined. Bismuthinite as a distinct mineral 
 has only been noticed in a few localities. 
 
 Fresno County: Some small pieces of bismuthinite were found at 
 the Second Sierra and Lot One mines, Kings Eiver district. It is 
 found about 20 miles north of Trimmer on the Kings River. 
 
 Inyo County: It is said to occur in some of the mines in the Kear- 
 sarge Mountains, near Independence. 
 
 Madera County: It was reported by Turner (96) as occurring in 
 the ore of the Sierra Gold and Silver mine in the Minaret district. 
 
 Mono County: It is found with bismutite at Oasis. 
 
 Riverside County: It is found at the Lost Horse mine. 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurred with bismutite in the United 
 Tungsten Copper mine, Morongo district. 
 
 TETRADYMITE 
 
 Bismuth telluride, Bii (Te,S)3. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Commonly in bladed forms foliated to 
 granular massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Metallic luster. Color steel- 
 gray. H. r=li — 2. G. r: 7.2 — 7.6. 
 
 Yields a yellow coating on charcoal wliich becomes bright red on its 
 outer border when fused witli the potassium iodide and sulphur flux. 
 
 The characteristic reaction for all tellurides is the violet solution 
 obtained by boiling a little of the powdered mineral in a few drops of 
 concentrated sulphuric acid. 
 
 Calaveras County: Tetradymite was found with gold in the Melones 
 and in the Morgan mines on Carson Hill, associated with other tellu- 
 rides of this famous telluride locality. Hanks (H4). 
 
 Inyo County: It was found with rutile, chalcopyrite and bismutite 
 in a brecciated quartz vein in the Cerro Gordo district, Webb (35). 
 
40 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Nevada County: It occurred at the old Murchie mine near Nevada 
 City, Hanks (84). 
 
 Tuolumne County: Tetradymite was found with free gold in calcite 
 
 and dolomite in the Jumper and Golden Rule mines near Jamestown, 
 
 Sharwood (11). 
 
 MOLYBDENITE 
 
 Molybdenum disulphide, MoS=. 
 
 HexagonaL Usually in scales and foliated masses. Cleavage perfect 
 basal. Metallic luster. Color lead-gray. Streak bluish to greenish -gray. 
 H. =: 1 — H. G = 4.7 — 4.8. 
 
 Fusible, giving sulphur odor. Soluble in nitric acid. This readily 
 distinguishes it from graphite, which it closely resembles. 
 
 Molybdenite is the principal ore of molybdenum. The mineral 
 is widely distributed in the State, occurring in small flakes and leaves 
 in quartz veins and granites. It strongly resembles graphite but can 
 generally be distinguished from that mineral by its lighter bluish lead- 
 gray color and its occurrence with granitic rocks. 
 
 Amador County: Molybdenite occurs in the ore of the Zeila mine, 
 near Jackson, Knopf (29). 
 
 Calaveras County: It occurs in the hanging-wall orebodies of the 
 Carson Hill mine at Melones, Knopf (29). 
 
 El Dorado County: Broad foliated plates of molybdenite occur in 
 a pegmatite vein with bornite, chalcopyrite, epidote, garnet, axinite, 
 hornblende and orthoclase at the old Cosumnes copper mine, near Fair- 
 play. It also ocelli's in plates at Grizzly Flats. 
 
 Fresno County: It occurs in quartz at the Kings River Canyon 
 copper mine. Good broad plates have been found in the quartz rock 
 of Green Mountain, on the South Fork of San Joaquin River. It occurs 
 with calcite and epidote on the Kings River, 30 miles east of Trimmer. 
 It occurs in flakes in the White Pine district. 
 
 Inyo County: It occurs in quartz on the White Mountains. A 
 thick ledge containing much molybdenite was reported on the west side 
 of Death Valley. Molybdenite occurs in large masses at the Pine Creek 
 Tungsten mine. It occurs in a quartz vein at contact of granite and 
 limestone at the Lucky Boy Prospect, 7 miles east of Kearsarge; on 
 the upper part of Lone Pine Creek. 
 
 Madera County: Plates of molybdenite were found in the Specker- 
 man mine at Fresno Flat. A small deposit of it occurs at Sugar Pine. 
 
 Mariposa Comity: Specks of molybdenite occur in a lens of garnet, 
 epidote and quartz, on the southeastern slope of Mount Hoffman, Tur- 
 ner (98), and at Knights Creek near Big Trees, Turner (96). It 
 occurs with molybdite in quartz in the Kinsley mining district 7 miles 
 from El Portal. 
 
SULPHIDES AND TELLURIDES OF THE SEMI-METALS 41 
 
 Mono County: Molybdenite is found with molybdite at Cameron, 
 near Bridgeport; in quartz at the Minnie mine, Sweetwater Range; 
 with molybdite at Silverado Creek, Whiting (88). It is found with 
 molybdite 1 mile north of Star City. It occurs in granite about 6 
 miles west of Sweetwater, Nevada; also in a quartz ledge 10 miles 
 south of Fales Hot Springs. 
 
 Monterey C aunty: It occurs in quartz on the Westcott ranch, 8 
 miles east of Soledad. 
 
 Napa County: It is found in quartz on Mount St. Helena. 
 
 Nevada County: Molybdenite occurred with limonite at Nevada 
 City, Genth (59) ; in good plates in the Mayflower mine, Nevada City; 
 in the Excelsior mine, Meadow Lake district; in the rocks of Signal 
 Peak; in broad plates in white quartz near Truckee. 
 
 Placer County: It occurred in a granodiorite with copper minerals 
 at the Elder mine, about 4 miles west of Clipper Gap. It occurred in 
 some of the mines of the Ophir district, Lindgren (94). It occurs 
 with pyrite in quartz near Cisco. 
 
 Plumas County: Broad plates of molybdenite occur in the Meadow 
 Valley mining district. 
 
 Riverside County: Small flakes of molybdenite occur in thin peg- 
 matite veins intersecting granite at a quarry about 4^ miles northeast 
 of Corona. 
 
 San Diego County: It is found in granite at Campo; with mala- 
 chite and chalcopyrite at Potrero and in the Grape^dne mining dis- 
 trict. It is found in an aplite dike about 6 miles west of Ramona, 
 Calkins (16) ; with molybdite 20 miles north of Encinitas. 
 
 Shasta County: It occurs in granite on Hazel Creek and also on 
 Tom Neal Mountain, near Delta ; in aplite or alaskite with molybdite 
 coatings, on Boulder Creek near Gibson where it has been concentrated 
 by flotation and several tons produced. 
 
 SisJciyou County : It occurs in the Yellow Butte Copper mine, east 
 of "Weed, and near Dunsmuir. 
 
 Trinity County: It was found with molybdite near Lewiston, in 
 Sec. 31, T. 33 N., R 8 W., M. D. M. ; in quartz with pyrite near Helena. 
 
 Tulare County: Molybdenite occurs in plates at Three Rivers and 
 with molybdite in the Mineral King district. Fine large foliated 
 plates of molybdenite occur in granodiorite at the head of the KaAveah 
 River. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It occurs in a quartz vein in granite on the 
 south side of Knights Creek, northeast of Columbia ; in a quartz vein 
 
42 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 with garnet, epidote and sphalerite, about 3 miles west of Tower Peak, 
 Turner (98). 
 
 Ventura County: It is reported from Frazier Mountain and 
 McDonald Peak. ' 
 
 Yuha County: Plates of molybdenite with yellow molybdite occiir 
 in granitic rock near Camptonville. 
 
ST^LPHIDES, SELENTOES, TEriLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 43 
 
 SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES and ARSENIDES 
 
 of the METALS 
 
 (4alena 
 Altaite 
 Alabandite 
 Argentite 
 FTessite 
 Petzite 
 Chalcocite 
 Stromeyerito 
 Cubanite 
 Sphalerite 
 Metacinnabar 
 
 Tiftmannite Chalcopyrlte 
 
 Coloradoite Pyrite 
 
 Pentlanditc Cobaltite 
 
 ("innabar Smaltite 
 
 (ireenockite Marcaslto 
 
 Millerite Lollingite 
 
 Pyrrhotite Arsenopyrite 
 
 Troilite Melonite , 
 
 Covellite Sylvanlte 
 
 Bornite Calaverite 
 
 Violarite Nagyagite 
 
 GALENA 
 
 Lead Sulphide, PbS. 
 
 Isometric. Cubes and cubo-octahedrons common ; also massive, 
 coarse or fine granular. Cleavage perfect cubic. Metallic luster. Color 
 and streak lead-gray. H. = 2J. G. = 7.4 — 7.6. 
 
 Heated on charcoal, a dense lemon-yellow coating forms and a slight 
 odor of surphur can be detected. It is easily reduced to a bead of metallic 
 lead. 
 
 Galena is a common mineral and is prominent in many of the 
 gold, silver and copper districts. Much of it is argentiferous and 
 forms the silver ore of the State. The characteristic associates are 
 sphalerite, pyrite, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, barite, fluorite and calcite. 
 Its two common alteration products, cerusite and anglesite, very often 
 accompany it. 
 
 Alpine County: Argentiferous galena occurs in the Silver Moun- 
 tain district. Argentiferous galena was observed in the Monitor 
 raining district, Eakle (19). 
 
 Amador County: Galena is common in the mines near Plymouth 
 and along the Mother Lode. 
 
 Butte County: It occurs with chalcopyrite and quartz in the Butte 
 Creek mining district. 
 
 Calaveras County: It is louiid on Carson liiU; at Angels Camp, 
 and in many of the mines of the Mother Lode. Galena occurs with 
 splialerite at the Buckhorn mine, Oromiento mine, Washington mine, 
 Yaller Kid mine, Collier mine near Murphj^ ; at Westpoint in the Star 
 of the West mine and Gold Nugget mine ; at the Comet mine on the 
 Mokelumne River. 
 
 El Dorado County: Some of the mines of the county from which 
 galena has been reported in the ores, usually accompanied by pyrite 
 and sphalerite, are: Grand Victory mine, Diamond Springs; Flag- 
 
44 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 staff, Mount Pleasant and Hnmbnnr mines of Grizzly Flats; Boneset 
 and Vandalia mines near Shingle Springs ; Pilot Hill mines. 
 
 Fresno County: It occurs at the Luakala mine, Contact mine, 
 Fresno Chief mine and Jumper Claim near Spanish Peak. 
 
 Imperial County: Small veins and pockets occur 5 miles east of 
 Picacho ; large masses in the Paymaster mine in the northern part of 
 Barren Mountain near the Colorado River. 
 
 Inyo County: Argentiferous galena has been the important silver 
 ore of the county. At the old Modoc, San Felipe, Defiance, and other 
 mines of the Cerro Gordo district galena formed the chief silver ore. 
 It is common in the Panamint Range, and fine crystals have come 
 from the Blue Wing mine. It occurs in fine-grained masses at the 
 Hidalgo mine. It occurs at the Blue Dick mine ; Kingston Mountain ; 
 with cerusite in limestone at Chloride Cliff mine; in limestone with 
 sphalerite at Camp Burgess; with smithsonite and cerusite in lime- 
 stone at the Ophir mine, Slate Range; in the Deep Springs mining 
 district; at the Morning Star mine, Saratoga Springs; in banded 
 masses with chalcopyrite at the Custer mine ; with cerusite at the 
 Montezuma mine, 10 miles southeast of Big Pine; at the Marble Can- 
 yon mine, Opal mine. Lucky Hike Prospect, Nancy Hanks mine, and 
 Daisy mine, in the Waucobe mining district; at the Union Mine, and 
 Santa Rosa mine ; in most of the mines of the Resting Springs district ; 
 with anglesite and cerusite in the Ubehebe mine; in the Darwin 
 mining district ; mined at the Monster mine on the eastern slope of the 
 Inyo Mountains. 
 
 Kern County: It occurs in the mines near Garlock; with scheelite 
 in Jawbone Canyon, Amalie district; with arsenopyrite at the Bright 
 Star mine, Piute district. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Galena occurred at the Kelsey mine near 
 San Gabriel Canyon. Argentiferous galena occurs in the Renton, 
 Quarry and Blackjack mines near the eastern end of Santa Catalina 
 Island, Gieser (27). 
 
 Madera County: Large cubes of galena have come from the Star 
 mine, Mount Raymond district. It occurred at the Gambetta mine. 
 Grub Gulch. Argentiferous galena is one of the principal ore minerals 
 in the Silver King, Galena King and Nidever groups of claims in the 
 Minaret district, Erwin (34). 
 
 Mariposa County: It occurs with light-yellow sphalerite dissemi- 
 nated through auriferous quartz in the Treasure mine, Quartzburg 
 district; also in the Moore Hill and Bondurant mines. 
 
 3Iono County: This is one of the silver-lead counties and argentif- 
 erous galena forms important bodies of ore. It is very common in 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 45 
 
 the Bodie, Benton and Lundy districts and in the claims on the Sweet- 
 water Range. 
 
 Monterey County: Small veins of argentiferous galena occurred in 
 the old Alisal mine on El Rancho Alisal, about 8 miles southeast of 
 Salinas, W. P. Blake (58). 
 
 Na2)a County: Galena occurs with the gold and silver ores of the 
 Palisades mine, 2 miles north of Calistoga. 
 
 Nevada County: Galena is found in the Meadow Lake and other 
 mining districts of the county. It is mentioned by Lindgren (96) as 
 one of the minerals of the mines at Grass Valley and Nevada City. 
 
 Orange County: Argentiferous galena occurs in the Silverado dis- 
 trict; at the Blue Light mine, Santiago Canyon. 
 
 Placer County: It is found at several of the mines in the Ophir 
 district; also in the Last Chance, Weimar, Michigan Bluff, Butcher 
 Ranch, Dutch Flat, Canada HiU, Deadwood and Rock Creek districts. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs in the Meadow Valley and Light's Can- 
 yon districts; at the Plumas Eureka mine; in the Butte Bar mine; 
 with gold at Granite Basin; on the Feather River a few miles above 
 Quincy. 
 
 Riverside County: It is found in the Free Coinage mine, the Steele 
 mine and Gold Galena mine. Masses and cubes of galena are asso- 
 ciated with garnet, quartz, sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite at Crest- 
 more, Eakle (17). 
 
 Sacramento County: It occurred with sphalerite and pyrite at 
 Michigan Bar, Hanks (84). 
 
 San Bernardino County: It is common in the Silver Mountain, 
 Silver Reef, and Calico districts. It occurs with linarite, anglesite, 
 cerusite and smithsonite in a dolomitic limestone at the Ibex mine, 
 Black Mountains, 6 miles north of Saratoga Springs. 
 
 San Diego County: A small body of galena occurs in mica schist 
 north of Valley Center. 
 
 Shasta County: It occurs in most of the copper mines. 
 
 Sierra County: It occurs in the Pride, Ironsides, Phoenix, Sierra 
 Buttes, Willowby, Alhambra, Bullion, Four Hills, Gold Canyon, Black 
 Jack Alaska, Kanaka, Nixon and other mines. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Argentiferous galena occurs near Callahan; also 
 at the Siskiyou mine, Seiad Valley ; Hunter mine ; near Yreka ; altered 
 to anglesite and cerusite at Happy Camp. 
 
 Tehama County: It occurs on Cow Creek, Hanks (84). 
 
46 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Trinity County: It was reported from Dobbyn Creek near Grizzly 
 Creek. 
 
 Tulare County: It is prominent at the White Chief mine in the 
 Mineral King district. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Galena occurred with gold in quartz at the 
 Marble Springs mine, W. P. Blake (58). It was found at the Soulsby 
 ]nine, and with pyrite and sphalerite in the mines on Quartz Mountain 
 and Whiskey Hill; also at the Black Oak, Mount Dana, Santa Maria, 
 Porto Fino, Piatt, Mary Ellen, Keltz, Eising Sun, Golden Treasure, 
 Juliana Bar, Star, Seminole, Providence, Carlotta, Gem, Sonnet and 
 Experimental mines. 
 
 Ventura County: It occurs with pyrite in the Long Dave mine 
 near Stauffer. 
 
 ALTAITE 
 
 Lead telluride, PbTe. 
 
 Isometric. Small octahedrons and massive. Metallic luster. Sectile. 
 Color tin-white to dark-giay, with a vellowisli tinge tarnishing to bronze- 
 yellow. H. = 3. G. = 8.16. 
 
 The yellow coating of lead and the violet solution for tellurium 
 serve to determine it. 
 
 Altaite is found associated with hessite, petzite and gold tellurides 
 in a few localities. 
 
 Calaveras County: Altaite occurred with hessite and petzite at the 
 Stanislaus mine, Carson Hill, and was analyzed by Gentli (68). 
 
 Pb Ag Au Te 
 
 60.71 1.17 0.2G 3.31 = 99.45% 
 
 Nevada County: It was one of the minerals at tlie Providence 
 mine, Nevada Cit}^, occurring in bunches in tlie Ural vein intergrown 
 with native gold and associated with quartz, pyrite, and galena, Lind- 
 gren (9(i). Altaite has been found in the ore of the Clianipion mine, 
 Johnston (38). 
 
 Tuolumne County: It occurred in the Golden Rule mine near Tut- 
 tletown, Genth (68). It was also found at Sawmill Flat with the 
 forms (111), and (322), and was partly analyzed by Sharwood, 
 Eakle (01). 
 
 Te Pb Ag Au Fe Se S 
 
 32.5 65.0 0.1 none tr. tr. tr. 
 
 "Clusters of gold-altaite crystals" have been found in the 
 Bonanza and O'Hara mines near Sonora, Sharwood (11). 
 
 ALABANDITE 
 
 Manganese sulphide, MnS. 
 
 Isometric. Usually granular massive. Perfect cubic cleavage. Sub- 
 metallic. Iron-black to dark-brown. Streak green. H r=31 — 4 
 G. = 3.95 — 4.04. 
 
 _ The roasted mineral gives a manganese bead with borax. Soluble 
 
 in hydrochloric acid with the evolution of hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Manganese occurs usually as oxides or oxygen compounds, but 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 47 
 
 tlie sulphide is found occasioiially as a vein mineral in metallic sul- 
 phide deposits, especially with sulphides of copper. 
 
 San Diego County: Specimens of alabandite have come from this 
 county, perhaps from the Julian district. 
 
 ARGENTITE 
 
 Silver sulphide, Ag=S. 
 
 Isometric. Octahedral crystals, often distorted. ICommonly in 
 arborescent and reticulated shapes. Sectile. Mejtallic luster. Color dark 
 lead-gray to black. Streak black. H. = 2 — 2i. G. == 7.2 — 7.36. 
 
 Heated on charcoal, it gives a slight odor of sulphur and is readily 
 reduced to a bead of metallic silver. 
 
 Alpine County: Small octahedral crystals of argentite are said 
 to have come from the Advance mine in the Monitor district. 
 
 Inyo Cou7ity: Argentite is common at the Cerro Gordo mine. 
 It occurs massive and in crystals in the Oriental mine, Deep Spring 
 Valley. Is occurs as an important silver mineral in the Minietta 
 Belle mine. Argentite occurs with native silver in quartz-calcite veins 
 in Saline Valley, Warner (26). 
 
 Kern County: Argentite occurs with tetrahedrite and pyrargy- 
 rite at the Amalie mine. Crystals of argentite with native silver have 
 been found in the Silver King mine, near Garlock. It occurs at the 
 Golden Queen mine on the western slope of Soledad Mountain, 7 miles 
 south of Mojave, Tucker (34). 
 
 Los Angeles County: It is found in the Kelsey mine, near San 
 Gabriel Canyon, associated with native silver, erythrite, smaltite, and 
 annabergite. It is also found at Silverado with argentiferous galena. 
 
 Mariposa County: The Bryant Silver mine contained argentite 
 and ruby silver. 
 
 Mono County: It was found sparingly in the Bodie and Benton 
 districts with gold, tetrahedrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena. 
 The mines in the Sweetwater Range, north of Bridgeport, contained 
 argentite with gold, cerargyrite, tetrahedrite, and native silver. 
 
 Napa County: Argentite occurs at the Palisades mine, about 2 
 miles north of Calistoga. 
 
 Nevada County: It is mentioned by Lindgren (96) as occurring 
 in the Allison Ranch mine, near Nevada City. 
 
 San Bernardino County: The mines of the New York Mountains, 
 near Manvel, and also the old Imperial and Tiptop mines show some 
 argentite. The Lava Beds district has produced crystals of argentite. 
 It occurred to some extent with cerargyrite in the Calico and Barstow 
 mining districts. It is found witli galena, chalcopyrite, and pyrite in 
 the Goldstone district. 
 
Au 
 
 Ag 
 
 Pb 
 
 Ni 
 
 Te 
 
 3.28 
 
 46.34 
 
 1.65 
 
 4.71 
 
 44.45 
 
 3.22 
 
 55.60 
 
 
 
 1.54 
 
 (39.64) 
 
 48 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 HESSITE 
 
 Silver telluride, AgaTe. 
 
 Isometric. Generally in distorted octahedrons. Sometimes massive. 
 Metallic luster. Color lead-gray to steel-gray. Streak dark gray to black. 
 H. — 2i — 3. G. = 8.31 — 8.45. 
 
 Easily reduced to a metallic button of silver when fused on char- 
 coal, and yields a white coating of telluric oxide. Gives the tellurium 
 reaction like tetradymite. 
 
 Hessite generally contains gold and often grades into petzite so 
 the two telhirides are apt to be together in mines. They occur in most 
 mines where gold tellurides are found, often associated with sylvanite 
 or calaverite. 
 
 Calaveras County: Hessite was one of the tellurides of the old 
 Stanislaus mine on Carson Hill. It was analyzed by Genth (68). 
 
 100.43% 
 
 It occurs in the Ford mine, half a mile east of San Andreas, 
 Knopf (29). 
 
 El Dorado County: It was found massive as a drift specimen 
 with galena and inclosing gold at Georgetown, W. P. Blake (57). It 
 Avas reported to occur in the Barnes Eureka mine, 8 miles northeast 
 of Shingle Springs. 
 
 Kern County: Hessite has been observed with the silver minerals 
 at the Amalie mine. 
 
 Mono County: It has been found in the upper workings of the 
 Silverado mine in the Patterson mining district. 
 
 Nevada County: A specimen of pyrite, galena, and native gold 
 from the Nevada City mine contained some soft gray hessite, Lind- 
 gren (96). Hessite also occurs in the Idaho-Maryland mine. 
 
 Shasta County: It was found in the Shearer and Rattler mine, 
 3 miles from Redding. 
 
 Sierra County: It was found in the Golden King mine on Kanaka 
 Creek, near Alleghany. 
 
 Trinity County: Hessite occurs in some of the mines of the 
 Carrville district. 
 
 Tuolum7ie County: It occurred in the old Reist mine on Whiskey 
 Hill, Silliman (68), and in the Jumper and Bonanza mines near 
 Jamestown. 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 49 
 
 PETZITE 
 
 Silver and gold telluride, (Ag,Au)2Te. 
 
 Isometric. Massive. Metallic luster. Color steel-gray to black. 
 Streak black. H. — 2i — 3. G. = 8.7 — 9.0. 
 
 Similar to hessite in its reactions, but yields more gold to the 
 buttons. Hessite and petzite may grade into each other so as to be 
 indistinguishable by the blowpipe. 
 
 Petzite is usually associated with hessite, sylvanite and calaverite. 
 It is the commonest g'o^d telluride found in the State. 
 
 Calaveras County: Petzite was found with hessite in the Stan- 
 islaus and Melones mines on Carson Hill. Specimens from the Stanis- 
 laus mine have been analyzed by Gentli (68) and Klistel (65). 
 
 Au Ag Te 
 
 ^„„^. f25.55 41.93 32.52 
 
 Oenth 125.70 42.36 31.94 
 
 Kustel 24.80 40.60 35.40 
 
 It occurs in the Ford mine, half a mile east of San Andreas, 
 Knopf (29). 
 
 El Dorado County: It was found with calaverite at the Darling 
 mine about 3 miles northeast of American Flat. 
 
 Nevada County: Petzite occurs in the Idaho-Maryland mine. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It has been found in the northern part of the 
 county near the State line, with calaverite and free gold. 
 
 Trinity County: Petzite occurs in some of the gold ores of the 
 Coffee Creek district, Stines (07). 
 
 Tuohimne County: Petzite is one of the tellurides that occurred 
 in the Golden Rule, Rawhide Ranch and Norwegian mines near Tuttle- 
 town. It was analyzed from the Golden Rule mine by Genth (68) and 
 from the Norwegian mine by Ilillebrand (99). 
 
 Au Ag Te Se Mo 
 
 r-^i/i^^ -o,,!^ f25.60 41.86 32.68 __ — =100.14% 
 
 Golden Kule 124.97 40.87 34.16 — __ =100.00% 
 
 Norwegian 25.16 41.87 33.21 tr. 0.08 = 100.32% G. = 8.925. 
 
 CHALCOCITE — Copper Glance— Redruth ite 
 
 Cuprous sulphide, Cu^S. 
 
 Orthorhomblc. Crystals with deeply striated faces. Generally 
 compact massive. Metallic luster. Color dark lead-gray to black. Streak 
 black. Sectile. 11. — 2\ — 3. G. = 5.5 — 5.8. 
 
 Chalcocite is easily reduced to metallic copper on charcoal. Dis- 
 solved in nitric acid and adding ammonia produces a blue solution. 
 Some reddish ferric hydrate is apt to be precipitated as an impurity. 
 
 Chalcocite is common in many of the copper mines of the State, 
 but large bodies of this valuable copper mineral are rare. Bornite 
 and chalcopyrite are often intermixed with the chalcocite, and mala- 
 chite commonly coats the surfaces of specimens. 
 
 4 — 51440 
 
50 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Alpine Coufity: Probably the first copper claim in the State was 
 the Uncle Billy Kogers claim located in 1855 in Hope Valley, in the 
 northwest corner of the county. The claim was described as a chim- 
 ney-shaped deposit in a garnet rock which carried some chalcopyrite, 
 ]iyrite and chalcocite. 
 
 Calaveras County: Small amounts of massive chalcocite have been 
 found in the copper deposits at Campo Seco and Copperopolis. It also 
 occurred on Quail Hill, Silliman (67a). It occurred in small amounts 
 in quartz at the Excelsior mine, Angels Camp ; also in the Telegraph 
 mine. Hog Hill. 
 
 Colusa County: It was found massive at the American mine. 
 
 Del Norte County: Chalcocite occurs in large masses with mag- 
 netite in serpentine on the Cleopatra claims, in the Diamond Creek 
 mining district, about 18 miles east of Smith River, Hershey (08). 
 
 El Dorado County: It occurred with boruite and chalcopyrite in 
 the old Cosumnes copper mine, near Fairplay; with bornite and 
 chalcopyrite in serpentine at the Boston mine, Latrobe. 
 
 Humboldt County: It occurs in the Horse Mountain district. It 
 occurs in large masses and disseminated particles in serpentine, with 
 native copper, malachite, and cuprite, at the Iron Mountain mine. 
 
 Inyo County: Good specimens of massive chalcocite have come 
 from the Ubehebe Moimtains; eluilcoeite also occurs in the Minietta 
 mine. Lookout mining district. 
 
 Ker7i County: It was found with clialcopyrite on Mesquite Moun- 
 tain, near Garlock. 
 
 Lake County: It was found on the Laugtiy ranch, 7 miles south of 
 Middletown. 
 
 Lassen County: A fine specimen of chalcocite has come from the 
 Lummis mine. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It occurred in the mines at La Soledad Pass. 
 
 Madera County: It was found in the old Buchanan mine. 
 
 Mariposa County: It occurred in small amounts in some of the 
 claims near Coulterville ; in the Comet mine, Pocahontas mine, and at 
 Hornitos. 
 
 Napa Cou7ity: It occurred with covellite and malachite in the 
 Jumper mines. 
 
 Nevada County: Chalcocite occurred with cuprite and malachite 
 at the Oro Grande mine, C'iseo : with native copper and cuprite at 
 Meadow Lake. 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF TIIE_ METALS 51 
 
 Placer County: It is reported to have occurred in the Baker mine 
 near Lincoln. 
 
 Plumas County: Rich copper ore consisting of chalcocite and 
 bornite is found in the Genesee Vallej'- and Light's Canyon districts. 
 Chalcocite occurs with bornite and chalcopyrite in tlic Engels mine, 
 Knopf and Anderson (30). 
 
 Riverside County: It was observed at the Mountain King mine. 
 A little chalcocite is present with other sulphides in the limestone at 
 Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Benito County: Small grains of chalcocite occur in the natro- 
 lite with the benitoite of this county, Louderback (09). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Good specimens of chalcocite have come 
 from the Silver Prize, Copper World, Francis, Arabella, Florence and 
 Ilettie mines. It occurs with bornite at the Francis Copper mine, Kelso 
 district. Providence Mountains. It was found in a quartz porphyry 
 7 miles south of Ludlow ; with bornite 4 miles east of Judson ; with 
 tenorite 38 miles east of Mojave. 
 
 San Diego County: It occurs massive at Potrero. 
 
 Shasta County: Chalcocite has been found in most of the copper 
 mines of the county, but it is not prominent in any of them. Speci- 
 mens of it have come from the Mountain Copper, Balaklala, After- 
 thought, Bully Hill and Copper City mines. 
 
 Sierra County: It was observed in the Four Hills mine. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It was intermixed with molybdenite at the Yel- 
 low Butte Copper mine, De Laney ; in the Copper King mine ; in 
 the Bonanza mine near Honolulu. 
 
 Trinity County: Chalcocite occurred in the Copper Queen lode, 
 Carrville district. It occurs with the pyrrhotite mass at Island Moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It occurred in the "Whiskey Hill mines, Silli- 
 man (67a). 
 
 STROMEYERITE 
 
 Silver and copper sulphide, (Ag,Cu)2S. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Generally compact massive. Metallic luster. Color 
 and streak dark steel-gray. H.= 2i — 2. G. = 6.15 — 6.3. 
 
 Dissolves in nitric acid : a few drops of hydrochloric acid added to 
 the solution produce a precipitate of white silver chloride. Ammonia 
 added to .solution di.ssolves this precipitate and the solution turns deep 
 blue. 
 
 Alpine County: Stromeyerite was observed in the Monitor mining 
 district, Eakle (19). 
 
52 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Inyo County: The Silver Queen and other mines of the Panamint 
 Range contained stromeyerite with tetrahedrite and cerargyrite. It 
 was found in the Cerro Gordo and Wild Rose districts. 
 
 Mono County : It occurs with tetrahedrite in the silver ores of the 
 Blind Spring Hill district, Fairbanks (96a). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Stromeyerite occurred as one of the 
 numerous minerals of the Calico district and an analysis of it from the 
 Silver King mine was made by Melville and Lindgren (90). 
 
 Ag- Cu Fe S Res = BaS04 + Si02 
 
 53.96 28.58 0.26 15.51 1.55 = 99.86% G. = 6.28. 
 
 Sierra County: A specimen of stromeyerite came from the Orig- 
 inal 16-1 mine, Alleghany. 
 
 CUBANITE 
 
 Copper and iron sulphide, CuFe2S3. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Generally massive. Metallic luster. Color bronze- 
 yellow. Streak black. H.. = 3h- G. = 4.7. 
 
 Gives reactions similar to chalcopyrite. 
 
 Plumas County: Cubanite occurs with chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite 
 in the Walker mine, 9 miles northeast of Spring Garden, Knopf (35). 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: A large mass of cubanite is said to have 
 been found on Santa Rosa Creek, near San Simeon, Hanks (84). 
 
 SPHALERITE— Zincblende— Black Jack 
 
 Zinc sulphide, ZnS. 
 
 Isometric ; hextetrahedral. Imperfect crystals, granular and massive. 
 Cleavage perfect dodecahedral. Brittle. Resinous luster. Color yellow, 
 brown, black. Streak colorless to yellowish-brown. H. = 31^ — 4. 
 
 G. = 3.9 — 4.1. 
 
 A slight coating, yellowish while hot and whitish when cold, is 
 obtained by intense heating. A few drops of cobalt nitrate added to the 
 assay and intensely heated gives a yellowish-green color, which is charac- 
 teristic of zinc minerals. Gives .strong hydrogen sulphide odor when 
 dissolved in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Sphalerite is very common and is prevalent in most of the mining 
 regions. It occurs from clear light-brown to very dark-brown, almost 
 black masses. Its typical associate is galena, but it is also often inti- 
 mately mixed with pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite and 
 lead-silver minerals. In the smelting of zinc-bearing ores few of the 
 smelters have endeavored to save the zinc. 
 
 Alpine County: Sphalerite occurred as one of the minerals in the 
 Uncle Billy Rogers claim, Hope Valley. 
 
 Calaveras County: It is common in the pyrite ore at Campo Seco 
 and Copperopolis ; with galena in the mines near Murphy ; in the 
 Washington mine, Indian Creek; with galena in auriferous quartz in 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDER, TELLTTRIDES, ARSENIDES OP THE METALS 53 
 
 the Gold Nngget, Star of the West and other claims at Westpoint ; in 
 the Grasshopper, Comet, and Jones mines. 
 
 El Dorado County: It occurred in the mines at Grizzly Flats and 
 Pilot Hill ; with galena in the Mount Pleasant, Eagle King, Sun Dog, 
 Flagstaff, Humphrey, and Grand Victory mines. 
 
 Fresno Connty: It was found in the Jumper Claim near Spanish 
 Peak; with galena and quartz in the Luakala mine. 
 
 Humboldt County: It was found as float on Yager Creek. 
 
 Inyo County: W is common with galena in the Darwin, Cerro 
 Gordo, and Inyo Mountain mines. It occurs in small amounts with the 
 garnet and scheelite near Bishop. 
 
 Kern County: Very fine-grained masses of sphalerite occur in the 
 Cinderella mine ; with pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite near Lebec 
 Post Office; and in the Urbana mine. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It occurs with galena and chalcopyrite on 
 Santa Catalina Island. 
 
 Madera County: It occurred with galena in the McMurray and 
 Homestake mines, Mount Raymond; in the Gambetta mine, Grub 
 Gulch ; at the Fine Gold Mine, Railroad Flat ; with galena and chalco- 
 pyrite at the Nellie and Abbey mines, Hildreth district. Pale colored, 
 resinous sphalerite is abundant on the north side of Shadow Creek 
 in the Minaret mining district, Erwin (34). 
 
 Mariposa County: It occurs in the mines along the Mother Lode. 
 A light-brown tribo-luminescent variety mixed with wiiite barite and 
 gray tetrahedrite, the ore resembling a dark-gray schist, was found at 
 the Fitch mine and was described by Eakle (04) and Eakle and Shar- 
 wood (04). The sphalerite emits a peculiar train of light when 
 scratched or rubbed. I./iglit-yellow sphalerite occurs with galena at the 
 Treasure mine. Quartzburg district ; dark sphalerite with chalcopyrite 
 on the Chowchilla River; with galena and quartz in the Bondurant 
 mine. 
 
 Mono Cauniy: It occurs in the Homer, Ijundy, and Benton dis- 
 tricts. Massive black sphalerite with pyrite occurs at the Bunker Hill 
 mine, Largo district; with galena in the White Mountains east of 
 Benton. 
 
 Nevada County: Sphalerite occurs in many of the gold mines of 
 this county. It is prominent in the Meadow Lake district and in the 
 mines of Grass Valley and Nevada City. 
 
 Orange County: It occurs with galena in the Blue Light mine, 
 Santiago Canyon. 
 
54 MINERALS OF CATilFORNIA 
 
 Placer County: It was found in the gold ores at Ophir; with 
 galena and pyrrhotite in the True Fissure mine ; in the St. Lawrence 
 and Bullion mines. 
 
 Plumas County: The mines of the Meadow Valley, Indian Valley 
 and Light's Canyon contain some sphalerite witli the other sulphides. 
 Small crystals of sphalerite occur in the fine-grained quartz at Crons- 
 berg ; with galena and gold-bearing quartz in Granite Basin and in the 
 Plumas Eureka mine. Small amounts of it occur with the copper 
 ores at Engels. 
 
 Riverside County: Black sphalerite, some of it coated with yellow 
 greenockite, occurs in the idocrase-garnet masses at Crestmore, 
 Eakle (17). 
 
 Sacramento County: It occurs with galena at Michigan Bar. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Sphalerite is found with the silver-lead 
 sulphides of the Silver Leaf, Calico, Grapevine, and Lava Beds districts. 
 Perfect tetrahedral crystals of sphalerite were found in the Morongo 
 district; also common in the New York mountains. 
 
 San Diego County: It occurs with pyrrhotite and pyrite near Fall- 
 brook. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Sphalerite in quartz was reported from the 
 Dennis Martin ranch, 4 miles west of Menlo Park. 
 
 Shasta County: Masses of sphalerite occur in the Rising Star, 
 xifterthought, and Peck mines. 
 
 Sierra County: It occurs with galena, chalcopyrite, and arseno- 
 pyrite in the Alleghany district; in the Sierra Buttes mine, Kanaka 
 mine, and in the Nixon Group, American Hill district. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It is common with galena and chalcopyrite at 
 Callahan. It occurs with pyrite in gold quartz in the Grizzly Gulch 
 mine, Indian Creek, and in the Hunter mine. Cherry Creek. 
 
 Trinity County: Small amounts of sphalerite occur with the ore at 
 Island Mountain. 
 
 Tulare County: It is common in the Mineral King district. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Massive sphalerite was found at the Soulsby 
 mine, and sparingly in the mines along the Mother Lode. It is asso- 
 ciated with galena and occasionally with pyrrhotite at the Starr, Lost 
 Fox, Keltz, Mary Ellen, Piatt, Porto Fino, Pine Mountain, Louisiana, 
 Mount Dana, Santa Maria, Black Oak, Sonnet, Draper, Densmore, 
 and Carlotta mines. 
 
SULPHroES., SELENroES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 55 
 
 METACINNABAR 
 
 Mercuric sulphide, HgS. 
 
 Isometric ; hextetrahedral. Usually massive. Brittle ; but sectile 
 when massive. Metallic luster. Color grayish-black. Streak black. H. = 3. 
 G. = 7.81. 
 
 Vaporizes with invisible fumes and gives a slight sulphur odor. 
 Distinguished from cinnabar by its black color. 
 
 Colusa Couiifij: .Mcljicinnabar was found with cinnabar and 
 gold at the IManzanita mine in 1lio Sulphnr Creek district. 
 
 Contra Costa (^juhIi/: IMotaciniiabar is the principal ore mineral 
 mined with subordinate cinnabar and stibnite to date (May, 1937) at 
 the Mount Diablo mine (old Ryne). 
 
 Inyo CoKiihi: It occurrcil in the Cerro Gordu mine and was 
 analyzed by Melville and Lindgren (90). 
 
 HgS FeS + SiOa 
 
 95.62 4.38 
 
 Lake County : It was prominent in the Great Western, Baker, and 
 Abbott mines : also found in the Bradford mine. 
 
 Monterey County: It occurs with the cinnabar in the Parkfield 
 district. 
 
 XajM County: ]\Ietacinnabar was discovered in the Redington 
 or Boston mine, Knoxville ; also in the ^tna mine. It occurred in 
 black seemingly amorphous masses and Avas described as a new mineral 
 by G. E. Moore (70). Good crystals were later found in the same 
 mine which showed tbe mineral to be isometric instead of amorphous, 
 Penfield (85). Forms: (111), (211), (322), and (975). Analyses 
 of metacinnabar from this mine were made by G. E. Moore (70) and 
 also by ]\Ielville and Lindgren (90). 
 
 S Hg Fe SiOs 
 
 Moore 13.82 85.79 0.39 0.25 = 100.25% 
 
 HgS FeS SiOs 
 
 Melville and Lindgren 98.48 0.69 0.71 = 99.88% 
 
 I\Ietacinnabar was found coated with white calomel in the Oat Hill 
 mine. 
 
 Orange Count y: .Metacinnabar was found on the San Joaquin 
 ranch disseminated through a ferruginous barite ; analyzed by Genth 
 (92). 
 
 Hg S CI 
 
 85.89 13.69 0.32 = 99.90% 
 
 San Benito County: Large pieces of it have been found in the 
 New Hope vein of the New Idria mine. It is found in black masses 
 at the Picachos mine, Rogers (12). 
 
56 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: It has been found in the Adelaide and 
 Oceanic districts. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Considerable amounts of metacinnabar have 
 been found in the New Almaden and Guadalupe mines. Melville (90) 
 analyzed metacinnabar from the New Almaden mine and described 
 the crystals as hexagonal, with some complex and doubtful forms. 
 Analysis : 
 
 Vol. org. 
 S Hg Fe Co Zn Mn CaCOs SiOa matter 
 
 13.68 78.01 0.61 tr. 0.90 0.15 0.71 4.57 0.63 = 99.26% G. r=7.1. 
 
 Solano County: It occurred with cinnabar in the Hastings mine 
 near Benicia. 
 
 Sonoma County: Metacinnabar was found in the Culver-Baer 
 mine, east of Cloverdale. Metacinnabar occurs abundantly with cinna- 
 bar, curtisite and realgar in sandstone at Skaggs Springs, Wright 
 and Allen (30). 
 
 Yolo Cou7ity: The ore of the California mine, later called Reed 
 mine, was principally metacinnabar. 
 
 TIEMANNITE 
 
 Mercuric selenide, HgSe. 
 
 Isometric ; hextetrahedraL Generally massive ; compact. Brittle. 
 Metallic luster. Color steel-gray to dark lead-gray. Streak black. 
 H. = 2.3. G. = 8.19 — 8.47. 
 
 Gives the peculiar 'rotten-radish' odor of selenium when heated on 
 charcoal. Reduces easily to metallic globules of mercury. 
 
 Lake County: According to W. P. Blake (66) tiemannite 
 occurred in large masses near Clear Lake. Masses of it occurred in 
 tlie Abbott mine associated with cinnabar and petroleum. 
 
 Orange County: It was found with cinnabar and metacinnabar at 
 the San Joaquin Ranch mine. 
 
 Santa Clara County: It was found with cinnabar at the old 
 Guadalupe mine near New Almaden. 
 
 COLORADOITE 
 
 Mercuric telluride, HgTe. 
 
 Isometric ; hextetrahedraL Massive, granular. Octahedral cleav- 
 age. Metallic luster. Color iron-black. H. = 2J. G. =: 8.07. 
 
 A white coating of telluric oxide and globules of mercury are obtained 
 when roasted on charcoal. Gives the characteristic reaction for tellurium 
 like tetradymite. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Hillebrand (99) found one specimen which 
 he identified as coloradoite, associated with the other tellurides of the 
 Norwegian mine near Tuttletown. 
 
SULPHroES, SELENIDES, TELLURmES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 57 
 
 PENTLANDITE 
 
 Nickel and iron sulphide, (Fe,Ni)S. 
 
 Isometric. Massive, granular. Octahedral cleavage. Brittle. Metal- 
 lic luster. Color light bronze-yellow. Streak light bronze-brown. 
 H. = 3J — 4. G. = 5.0. 
 
 Fuses easily, yielding a magnetic globule. Soluble in nitric acid. 
 
 San Diego County: Hudson (22) has reported the probable 
 occurrence of pentlandite with pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite in the 
 nickel ore of the Friday mine near Julian. 
 
 CINNABAR 
 
 Mercuric sulphide, HgS. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Small crystals common ; also granular 
 massive. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Adamantine luster. Color cochineal- 
 red. Streak scarlet. H. = 2 — 2J. G. = 8.0 — 8.2. 
 
 Volatilizes completely and yields a slight sulphur odor on heating 
 before the blowpipe. 
 
 Cinnabar was known in the State long before the discovery of gold, 
 and the old mine at New Almaden had been in active operation for 
 some time when Lyman (48) described a visit to it in 1848. The most 
 important deposits lie in the Coast Ranges extending from Del Norte 
 County to San Diego County. Those in the Sierra Nevada are of 
 minor value. Lake, Napa, Santa Clara and San Benito counties have 
 been most important in the mining of cinnabar. 
 
 The quicksilver deposits of California have been described in 
 Monograph XIII of the United States Geological Survey, Becker (88) 
 and Bulletin No. 78 of the State Division of Mines, W. W. Brad- 
 ley (18). 
 
 Alameda Co^mty: Strealcs of cinnabar occur in a chalcedonic 
 mass in the Cragmont district, North Berkeley. 
 
 Calaveras County: A small amount of cinnabar with quartz has 
 been found in the Blue Wing mine, north of Murphy. 
 
 Colusa County: Deposits of cinnabar occurred on both sides of 
 Sulphur Creek in sandstones and shales, associated with sulphur, bitu- 
 men, and gold, Fairbanks (94). The ^lanzanita, Elgin, Empire, and 
 Wide Awake mines were former producers. The Manzanita mine 
 was noted for its occurrence of gold Avith cinnabar. 
 
 Contra Costa County: A deposit of cinnabar was found in ser- 
 pentine on the eastern slope of the North Peak of Mount Diablo, 
 where recent operations have yielded commercial production, princi- 
 pally from metacinnabar. 
 
 Del Norte County: Cinnabar is found in the northern part of 
 the county in the Diamond Creek district. 
 
58 MINERALS 01' fAUFORNIA 
 
 El Dorado ('otatlij: The Bernai'd or old Amador quicksilver 
 mine on Fanny Creek, 2 nriles west of Nashville and about 8 miles 
 from Shingle Springs, in slates and quartzites, has produced cinnabar. 
 
 Fresno County: Cinnabar occurs in the Little Panoche district 
 on the Gabilan Range and on Cantua Creek. The Mexican mine, 
 about 9 miles southeast of New Idria, was an early producer. 
 
 Glenn County: It has ))een i-eported on the Nye ranch, .south- 
 west of Fruto, and on the Turner ranch, west of Elk Creek. 
 
 Humholdt County: A small deposit of cinnabar occurs near 
 Orleans Bar. 
 
 Inyo County: Small amounts of cinnabar occurred at the Cerro 
 Gordo mines. It is found in the Chloride Clitf mine in the Funeral 
 Mountains west of Rhyolite; also at Coso Hot Springs. 
 
 Kern County: Cinnabar occurs in a porous porphyritic rhyolite 
 at the Cuddeback cinnabar mine, 3 miles from Woodford, Bradley 
 (18). Cinnabar has been observed about 2| miles west of Cinco and 
 20 miles from Mojave. 
 
 Kings County: Small deposits of cinnabar occur on Table Moun- 
 tain in the southern part of the county, and the Kings mine has native 
 mercury associated with the cinnabar. It occurs in serpentine, shale 
 and metamorphosed sandstone. 
 
 Lake County: The important and interesting deposit of cinna- 
 bar at Sulphur Bank on the shore of Clear Lake has been described 
 at length by Becker (88) and by Le Conte and Rising (82). Cinnabar 
 is at present in process of formation in the porous disintegrated basalt 
 which outcrops on the lake. Crystals of ciniiabar are long hexagonal 
 prisms capped by the low rhombohedron (2023). Melville and Lind- 
 gren (90) gave the forms (3034 and (03'34). The Great Western, 
 Baker, Helen, Wall Street, and Mirabel mines a few miles from Mid- 
 dletown were famous producers. 
 
 Marin County: Streaks of cinnabar have been observed in the 
 rock near Point Reyes. 
 
 Mariposa County: Crystals of cinnabar are said to have occurred 
 near Coulterville associated with gold, in a ({uartz ledge on the Merced 
 River. 
 
 Mendocino County: A small deposit of it occurs at the Occident 
 mine, 7 miles southwest of Hopland. 
 
 Modoc County: A cinnabar deposit occurs 3-| miles southeast of 
 Willow Ranch Station, close to the county road. Cinnabar has been 
 reported 25 miles southeast of Cedarville. 
 
SULPHroES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE INIETALS 59 
 
 Mono Couniy: Cinnabar occurs with calcite and native mercury 
 5 miles northeast of Bodie. 
 
 Monterey County: Some of the deposits of cinnabar on Table 
 ^Mountain near Parkfield are in this county. The Patriquin or Park- 
 f.cld mine has been the chief producer. 
 
 Napa County: This county has long been an important producer 
 of mercury, the mine at Oat Hill being among the best known. The 
 cinnabar is found impregnating unaltered sandstone. The abandoned 
 old Redington or Boston mine at Knoxville is famous for the rare and 
 new minerals found with the cinnabar. Much of the cinnabar of this 
 region impregnates shattered chalcedony masses in the serpentine, as 
 at the Manhattan mine, and some impregnates the serpentine. Cinna- 
 bar crystals from the Redington mine with the forms flOlO), and 
 (0445) were reported by G. E. Moore (70) and Bertrand (78). Depos- 
 its of it in Pope Valley have also been important ; also the Aetna mine. 
 
 Nevada County: It occurs with gold at Grass Valley, W. P. Blake 
 (66), Lindgren (96). It is scattered through quartzose and dolomite 
 gangue on contact of serpentine and quartzite on Nickerson ranch, 
 in the southern part of the county. 
 
 Orange County: A small deposit of it occurs on the San Joaquin 
 ranch, near Tustin. 
 
 San Benito County: The mines in the New Idria district, in the 
 southern part of the county, are second only to New Almaden in total 
 production to date. Smaller deposits of cinnabar occur near the 
 center of the county and in the extreme northeastern part of the 
 county. Melville and Lindgren (90) describe crystals from the New 
 Idri_a mine with the forms: (0001)_, (0223), (0112)^ (OlTl), (2023^, 
 (1012), (1010)^, (6.4.10.25), (5.2J.18), (105.60.165.407), (63.27.90. 
 230), (40.15.55.143), and (26.12.38.95). Cinnabar occurs with stib- 
 nite at the Stayton, Froncli. and Floronce mines. 
 
 Sa7i Bernardino County: Deposits of it occur 9 miles northeast 
 of Danby in a breccia. Cinnabar occurs as inclusions in bluish-gray 
 chalcedony in the southern end of Death Valley, 15 miles northeast 
 of Lead Pipe Springs and 45 miles northeast of Johannesburg, and 
 colors the chalcedony with reddish blotches and streaks, forming the 
 gem stone known as 'myrickite.' It occurs with wolframite in Clark 
 Mountain, near Ivanpah. Cinnabar was found on City Creek, 6 miles 
 from San Bernardino. 
 
 San Francisco County: Small streaks of cinnabar occur on Twin 
 Peaks. 
 
60 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: TLe productive mines occur in the 
 Santa Lucia Range, and comprise several districts of which the 
 Oceanic, Klau, and Cambria are the most important. Cinnabar impreg- 
 nates the Franciscan sandstones and shales and also chalcedonic masses 
 in the serpentine. There are numerous small deposits in outlying 
 districts. 
 
 San Mateo County: Cinnabar occurs on the Corte de Madera 
 Rancho near Searsville, west of Palo Alto. Small stringers of cinnabar 
 occur in the serpentine just west of San Mateo. 
 
 Santa Bardara County: Cinnabar occurs in the Santa Ynez 
 Range and near Acachuma Creek. The Acachuma, Los Prietos, and 
 Santa Rosa mines have produced some quicksilver. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Cinnabar was mentioned by W. P. Blake 
 (58) as occurring at the New Almaden mine, the oldest quicksilver 
 mine in the State. It has been a famous producer and is still yielding 
 some quiclvsilver. The cinnabar of the district occurs impregnating in 
 streaks the opal-like masses of silica formed by the alteration of the 
 serpentine. Melville and Lindgren (90) described crystals from the 
 mine_w'ith forms: (0001), (0112), (0223), (0221), (1010), and 
 (0.14.14.5). It is also abundant at the Guadalupe, Senator and other 
 mines in this district. 
 
 Shasta County: Cinnabar is found about 30 miles northeast of 
 Redding, and at the Clover Creek mine. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Cinnabar occurs with native mercury at the 
 Mercury mine, near Gottville, Averill (31). 
 
 Solano County: The old St. John mine, about 6 miles northeast 
 of Vallejo, was a good producer in the early days of cinnabar mining. 
 It also occurred with metacinnabar in the Hastings mine near Benicia. 
 
 Sonoma County: Most of the mines which were once productive 
 occur in the Mayacmas district, along the Mayacmas Range. Cinnabar 
 in fine crystals occurs with native mercury and metacinnabar in the 
 Culver-Baer mine. Crj^stals from the Great Eastern mine were reported 
 by Sachs (07) to be columnar with the forms (lOTO) and (2021). 
 Cinnabar was found at Skaggs Springs with metacinnabar. 
 
 Stanislaus County: Cinnabar deposits occur on Red Mountain 
 on the border of Santa Clara County. 
 
 Trinity County: The old Altoona and other claims in the north- 
 ern part of the county, near Cinnabar and Carrville, have been pro- 
 ductive in a small way for many years. 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 61 
 
 Tuolmnne County: Small crystals and grains of cinnabar occur 
 at Marslis Flat and on the slope of the ridge east of Horseshoe Bend. 
 
 Yolo County: The deposits of this county are in the continua- 
 tion of the Knoxville district. In the Reed mine, originally called the 
 California mine, cinnabar occurs with metacinnabar which is the chief 
 
 ore mineral. 
 
 GREENOCKITE 
 
 Cadmium sulphide, CdS. 
 
 Hexagonal. Generally as thin coatings. Cleavage (1120) distinct. 
 Brittle. Adamantine to resinous iu.ster. Color and streak orange-yellow. 
 H. = 3 — 3i. G.r=4.9 — 5.0. 
 
 Mixed with sodium carbonate and heated on charcoal, a coating is 
 obtained which is reddish-brown near the assay and yellow beyond. 
 Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 A very rare mineral occasionally found coating sphalerite. 
 
 Inyo County : Prismatic crystals of greenockite occur with limonite 
 and hemimorphite in a quartz vein in the Cerro Gordo mine. 
 
 Mono County: Thin coatings of xanthocroitc, amorphous CdS, 
 occur on magnetite and sphalerite near Topaz. 
 
 Riverside County: Thin coatings of greenockite were found on 
 sphalerite in the limestone quarry at Crestmore. 
 
 Shasta County: Greenockite occurs in the copper-zinc ores of this 
 county and the Mammoth Copper Company has recovered cadmium in 
 its electrolytic zinc plant. 
 
 MILLERITE 
 
 Nickel sulphide, NiS. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Usually in long slender needles and hair- 
 like tufts. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Brittle. Metallic luster. Color 
 brass-yellow. Streak greenish-black. H. rz: 3 — 3 J. G. z= 5.3 — 5.65. 
 
 Roasted on charcoal, it yields a slight odor of sulphur and leaves a 
 magnetic residue. The roasted residue fused in a bead of borax, will give 
 a brown bead, which becomes gray and cloudy, when reduced. Produces 
 a pale-blue solution when dissolved in nitric acid and ammonia added. 
 
 Calaveras County: Long divergent prisms of millerite, which Jack- 
 son (86) thought to be elongated cubes of pyrite, were found in white 
 albite at the Stanislaus mine on Carson Hill. 
 
 Humboldt County: Specimens of serpentine from this county 
 occasionally contain needles of millerite. 
 
 Napa County: Small coatings of millerite were found with cinna- 
 bar at the Andalusia mine near Knoxville ; also at the Oat Hill mine in 
 Pope Valley. Specimens of serpentine eoutnining needles of millerite 
 have come from Berryessa Valley. 
 
 Placer County: Tt was found with arsenopyrite near Cisco, 
 Hanks (84). 
 
62 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Plumas County: Millerite occurred as coatings in the Pocahontas 
 mine, Mount Meadow district. 
 
 PYRRHOTITE— Magnetic Pyrites 
 
 Ferrous sulphide, FenSn + i. 
 
 Hexagonal. Crystals rare. Commonly massive, either granular or 
 compact. Brittle. Metallic luster. Color bronze-brown. Streak grayish- 
 black. H. = 3J — 4J. G. =r4.58 — 4.64. 
 
 Usually magnetic, becoming more strongly so on heating. Dissolves 
 in hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Pyrrhotite is often associated with pyrite and sometimes is found 
 in large lenticular masses. It is a common sulphide in gold and copper 
 districts, although generally in small amounts. Masses of it occur 
 in serpentine and in pegmatite veins. It is sometimes nickeliferous. 
 
 A-itiador County: Pyrrhotite occurs in albite veinlets at the Treas- 
 ure mine near Amador City, Knopf (29). 
 
 Calaveras County: It is occasionally found with the pyrite at 
 Campo Seco, Copperopolis and at Westpoint. It occurs disseminated 
 in diorite at the Easy Bird mine northeast of Mokelumne Hill, a few 
 miles east of the Mother Lode belt, Knopf (29), 
 
 Del Norte County: It was found with chalcopyrite at the copper 
 claims on Diamond Creek, Copper Creek, and Shelly Creek; with 
 chalcopyrite and pyrite in the Angora mine, Preston Peak, and at 
 French Hill. 
 
 El Dorado Comity: Pyrrhotite occurs with sphalerite and chalco- 
 pyrite in auriferous quartz near Diamond Springs ; massive with 
 chalcopyrite at the Noonday mine ; in large masses with chalcopyrite 
 and pyrite at the Alabaster Cave mine, Pilot Hill. 
 
 Fresno County: Large bodies of pyrrhotite are reported to occur 
 on the Fresno Copper Company's property. 
 
 Huniholdt County: Bodies of pyrrhotite are reported to occur on 
 Elk Creek. 
 
 Inyo County: It occurs with chalcopyrite and pyrite at Marble 
 Canyon. 
 
 Lake Coimty: It was found on the Langtry ranch, 7 miles south of 
 Middletown. 
 
 Madera County: It was found in the old Buchanan mine, Turner 
 (96). Intimate mixtures of pyrrhotite, sphalerite, pyrite and chalco- 
 pyrite occur in the Mount Kaymond district. Massive pyrrhotite con- 
 taining thin seams of chalcopyrite in chlorite and actinolite occurs at 
 the Heiskell mine in the Minaret district. Large masses of pyrrhotite 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 63 
 
 reported to carry several per cent of cobalt and nickel occur about 12 
 miles northeast of Madera. 
 
 Marin County: Tabular crystals have been found on Mount Taraal- 
 pais. 
 
 Mariposa County: Tliick bodies of pyrrhotite occur in the Green 
 Mountain mine. It occurs abundantly in the ore at the Croesus pros- 
 pect on the Merced River, 2 miles north of Bagby, Knopf (29). 
 
 Mono County: It is common in quartz at the Tioga mine, 
 Turner (94). 
 
 Nevada County: Pyrrhotite was found in the mines of Grass Val- 
 ley and Nevada City, Lindgren (96). It was also found in the Meadow 
 Lake district, Lindgren (93). It occurred massive at the Yuba mine, 
 Washington district; also at Spenceville. 
 
 Placer County: It was reported from the Ophir mine, Lindgren 
 (94). It occurred with galena and sphalerite in quartz at the True 
 Fissure mine. Devils Peak Mountain. 
 
 Plumas County: Pyrrhotite occurs in masses between sandstone 
 and serpentine about 1^ miles south of Taylorsville, Diller (08) ; it is 
 intimately mixed with chalcopj^rite at the Reward and Beckwith mines. 
 
 San Diego County: A large body of nickel-bearing pyrrhotite 
 associated with chalcopyrite, pyrite, and polydymite occurs on contact 
 of gabbro and fine-grained mica schist, at the Friday copper mine, 
 Julian district, Calkins (16a), Hudson (22). 
 
 Shasta County: It was found witli the pyrite at some of the copper 
 mines and noticed at the Black Diamond copper mine and Sutro mines; 
 also carrying nickel on the Jennings property near Hirtz Mountain. 
 
 Sierra County: It occurred with chalcopyrite at the Lost Cabin 
 prospect. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It is prominent with chalcopyrite at Callahan. 
 It is said to be nickeliferous at the Hummer mine; with chalcopyrite 
 at the Bonanza mine, near Honolulu ; at tlie Carlson mine, Dutch 
 Creek ; with galena in quartz at the Siskiyou mine, at the head of White 
 Gulch. 
 
 Trinity County: A large mass of pyrrhotite associated with clialco- 
 pja'ite occurs at Islnnd Mountain on Ihc South Fork of Eel River. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Pyrrhotite occurs in gneiss on the North Fork 
 of Beaver River, Turner (02). It occurs with sphalerite and galena at 
 the Soulsby mine; with gHlciia ;in<l spliaK'ritr in (|uartz at Ihe Mont- 
 uomery, Clierokee, Carlotia, Densmoi-e, Draper, and Louisiana mines. 
 
64 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 TROILITE 
 
 Ferrous sulphide, FeS. 
 
 Hexagonal. Massive. Compact granular. Metallic luster. Color 
 light grayish-brown. Speedily tarnishes to bronze-brown. Streak black. 
 H.. = 2h — Ah. G. = 4.67 — 4.82. 
 
 Fuses to a black magnetic mass. Easily soluble in dilute sulphuric 
 acid and generates strong hydrogen sulphide fumes and odor. 
 
 Del Norte County: Troilite was found massive in a sheared zone of 
 serpentine, in a copper claim, northeast of Crescent City. It was 
 analyzed and described by Eakle (22). Analysis of the soluble portion 
 
 gave : 
 
 Fe s 
 
 1 58.78 33.62 
 
 2 62.70 35.40 
 
 It contains inclusions of magnetite from which it has probably been 
 derived. This is the only known terrestrial occurrence of troilite. It 
 had been observed previously in meteorites. 
 
 COVELLITE 
 
 Cupric sulphide, CuS. 
 
 Hexagonal. Commonly massive. Cleavage basal. Submetallic to 
 resinous luster. Color indigo-blue. Streak grayish-black. H. = IJ — 2. 
 G. = 4.6. 
 
 Gives a stronger odor of sulphur than is obtained from chalcocite, 
 otherwise the reactions are the same. Distinguished by color. 
 
 Covellite is much rarer than chalcocite. It is usually associated 
 with bornite, chalcocite or chalcopyrite. 
 
 Calaveras County: Covellite has been found at the Satellite mine 
 near Campo Seco. Rogers (11) mentions specimens of covellite from 
 the Poole mine at Nassau and from a prospect between Nassau and 
 Copperopolis in which covellite formed by replacement of sphalerite. 
 
 El Dorado County: It occuiTed with chalcopyrite in the Rose Kim- 
 berley and Boneset mines. 
 
 Humboldt County : Covellite has been found on Horse Mountain. 
 
 Inyo County: Covellite occurs as veinlets in sphalerite and blebs 
 in galena in the mines of the Panamint district, Murphy (30a). 
 
 Madera County: It was found at the old Pocahontas mine. 
 
 Mariposa County: Small amounts of covellite have been found in 
 the Copper Queen mine near Mariposa. 
 
 Napa C aunty: It occurred with chalcocite and malachite at the 
 Juniper mine. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs as a marginal replacement of bornite 
 and chalcopyrite at Engels. 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TEI.LURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 65 
 
 Shasta County: Covellite occurs in the Balaklala mine, and at the 
 Bully Hill mine as an alteration of chalcopyrite, Rogers (11). Covel- 
 lite is found as a coating on pyrite at the Mountain Monarch prospect 
 2 miles south of Whiskeytown, Ferguson (14). 
 
 Sierra County: It was found at the Black Jack mine, Kanaka 
 Creek. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It occurred with bornite and chalcopyrite at the 
 Copper King Mine, Blue Ledge mining district. 
 
 BORNITE — Erubescite — Peacock Ore 
 A sulphide of copper and iron, Cu5FeS4. 
 
 Isometric. Crystals very rare. Generally compact massive. Metallic 
 luster. Color reddish-brown, generally tarnished to iridescent colors. 
 Streak grayish-black. H. = 3. G. = 4.9 — 5.4. 
 
 Reduced on charcoal with sodium carbonate, it yields globules of 
 metallic copper and a magnetic residue. Dissolved in nitric acid and 
 ammonia added, much ferric hydrate is precipitated, while the solution 
 becomes blue. 
 
 Bornite is generally associated with chalcocite and chalcopyrite, 
 and is found in small masses in many of the copper districts. It is 
 sometimes formed along contact zones with garnet, epidote and ido- 
 erase. The reddish-brown color and characteristic tarnish to peacock 
 colors readily distinguishes bornite from grayish-black chalcocite and 
 brass-yeUow chalcopyrite. 
 
 Calaveras County: Small masses of bornite have been found at 
 Campo Seco and Copperopolis. 
 
 Del Norte County : It is common in the mines at the head of Cop- 
 per Creek. It was found with enargite at French Hill. 
 
 El Dorado County: It occurred at Slug Gulch with chalcopyrite 
 and massive green epidote. In the old Cosumnes copper mine, near 
 Fairplay, massive bornite occurred in coarse pegmatite of orthoclase, 
 hornblende, epidote, garnet, and molybdenite. It was found at George- 
 town with massive garnet. Small amounts of bornite were found in 
 the Alaba.ster Cave mine near Pilot Hill witli chalcopyrite, azurite, and 
 malachite. 
 
 Fresno County: It occurs with magnetite and free gold in the 
 Uncle Sam mine, on CrowTi Creek, near Tehipite Dome, Bradlej' (16a). 
 
 Inyo County: It is found in some of the mines of the Inyo and 
 Ubehebe Mountains. 
 
 Kern County: It occurs at the Greenback mine, Woody copper 
 district. Storms (13). 
 
 Lassen County: Bornite occurs disseminated in a pegmatite vein 
 8 miles west of Buntingville. 
 
 5—61440 
 
66 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It was found in the Meadow Valley district 
 with fine crystals of garnet. 
 
 Madera County: It is found at the Bliss and Nidever claims in the 
 Minaret district, Erwin (34). 
 
 Mono Comity: It occurred in the Tioga mine and in the Benton 
 district. 
 
 Plumas County: Bornite occurs with chalcopyrite at the Engel 
 mine, Knopf and Anderson (30) and with chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite 
 and tourmaline at the Superior mine, Anderson (31). 
 
 Riverside County: Bornite has been found in the Commercial Rock 
 quarry at Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Bornite occurs at the Tiptop mine. Lava 
 Beds district. It was found with chalcocite in the Francis Copper 
 mine, Kelso district. Providence Mountains. 
 
 Santa Clara County: It was found near Lexington, Hanks (84). 
 
 Shasta County: Bornite is occasionally found in the copper mines 
 of this county and specimens have come from Bully Hill, Copper City, 
 Afterthought, and Iron Mountain. 
 
 Trinity County: It occurs with pyrrhotite at Island Mountain. 
 
 Tulare County: It is found with chalcopyrite at the Hart pros- 
 pects 12 miles east of Badger, Franke (30a). 
 
 VIOLARITE 
 
 A sulphide of nickel and iron, (Ni,Fe)3S4. 
 
 Isometric. Crystals and massive. Perfect cubic cleavage. Metallic 
 luster. Color steel-gray. H. = 4^. G. = 4.5 — 5. 
 
 Becomes magnetic on heating and gives off sulphur od<>r. Soluble 
 in nitric acid, giving green solution, which turns blue on the addition of 
 ammonia. 
 
 Sayi Dieyo County: Violarite occurs with pyrrhotite and chalcopy- 
 rite in the nickel ores of the Friday mine at Julian, Short and Shan- 
 non (30). 
 
 CHALCOPYRITE— Copper Pyrites 
 
 A sulphide of copper and iron, CuFeS-. 
 
 Tetragonal ; -scalenohedral. Generally massive. Metallic luster. 
 Color deep brass-yellow, often with iride.scent tarnish. Streak greenish- 
 black. H. =:3i — 4. G. = 4.1 — 4.3. 
 
 Fusible and soluble. Ammonia added to a nitric acid solution pre- 
 cipitates reddish ferric liydrate and turns solution blue. Becomes magnetic 
 after roasting and small globules of copper are obtained by reduction with 
 soda. Distinguished from pyrite by deeper color and presence of copper ; 
 from bornite by its brass color ; and from gold by its ready solubility in 
 nitric acid. 
 
 Chalcopyrite is the commonest of the copper minerals, and forms 
 the principal source of copper in the State. The copper deposits are 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 67 
 
 largely bodies of pyrite in which ehalcopyrite is intermingled. Most 
 of the deposits have a capping of earthy limonite and hematite result- 
 ing from the oxidation of the iron sulphides. Practically all of the 
 large bodies of pyrite in the State carry some ehalcopyrite, but those 
 in Shasta, Phmuus, and Calaveras counties have been most important 
 in the production of copper. Chalcopyrite in small patches and seams 
 has a wide distribution, and in consequence of its alteration, green 
 stains and coatings of copper carbonate are common. A general report 
 on the copper resources of the State is contained in Bulletin No. 50 
 of the State Division of Mines. 
 
 Alameda County: A body of pyrite containing a small amount of 
 chalcopyrite was mined at Leona Heights, East Oakland, Schaller (03). 
 
 Alpine County: Chalcopyrite occurs with the pyrite and enargite 
 in the ]\Iogul district. 
 
 Amador County: Chalcopyrite was the chief ore mineral in the 
 Newton mine near Kanlett and in the Copper Hill mine. Chalcopyrite 
 has been found in the gold ores of the Argonaut mine, Jullum (32). 
 
 Butte County: It occurs near Bangor; with quartz, chalcocite, and 
 gold on Berry Creek. 
 
 Calaveras County: Chalcopyrite was the chief ore mineral in the 
 copper mines near Copperopolis and Campo Seco. 
 
 Contra Costa County: Chalcopyrite occurs with gold and bornite 
 at a prospect in a ravine tributary to Mitchell Canyon on Mount 
 Diablo, Turner (91). 
 
 Bel Norte County: Deposits of chalcopyrite with pyrite and 
 pyrrhotite occur at Low Di%dde, Diamond Creek and Shelly Creek, in 
 the serpentine area of the northern portion of the countj- near Smith 
 River and its tributaries. 
 
 El Dorado County: Good specimens of chalcopyrite with bornite, 
 molybdenite, garnet, epidoto, and axinite have come from the old 
 Cosumnes copper mine on the Amador County line. Chalcopyrite 
 occurs in small amounts in a hornblende schist near Rescue; with 
 }\yrrhotite and pyrite at the Noonday mine; in gold-bearing quartz 
 with galena at the Rose Kimberley mine; with malachite, azurite, and 
 r.ative copper at the Cambrian mine, 13 miles northwest of Placerville ; 
 in an amphibole schist at the Copper Lead mine, Martinos Creek; at 
 the Pyramid and Boneset mines near Shingle Springs; with galena, 
 magnetite, calcite, quartz, and garnet in the Lilyoma mine and in the 
 Pioneer mine, Pilot Hill ; with bornite, azurite, and malachite at the 
 Alabaster Cave mine, Pilot Hill; with chalcocite in serpentine at the 
 Boston mine, Latrobe. 
 
68 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Fresno County: Chalcopyrite occurs with pyrrhotite at the Fresno 
 copper mines ; with pyrite at the Copper King mine ; and in the gold 
 district of the northeastern part of the county. 
 
 Humboldt County : Deposits of chalcopyrite occur on the eastern 
 slope of Horse Mountain with chalcocite, native copper, and cuprite. 
 It was found in small amounts near Trinidad, on the seacoast, and 
 sparingly on Red Cap Creek. 
 
 Imperial County: The copper claims near Ogilby, Hedges, and in 
 the Picacho district contain some chalcopyrite with oxidized ores. 
 
 Inyo County: Chalcopyrite occurs near Darwin at contact of 
 granite and limestone and in the Ubehebe Mountains with chalcocite. 
 It occurs with galena, cerusite, and native copper in limestone at 
 Chloride Cliff, Grapevine Range ; at contact of limestone and diorite 
 at Gold Belt in the Panamint Range; with pyrrhotite, bornite, and 
 pyrite in Marble Canyon, 25 miles east of Big Pine; in garnet rock 
 in Mazourka Canyon; as banded masses with galena at the Custer 
 mine; with gold quartz at the Golden Treasure mine; in the Argus 
 Range; with galena and pyrite 5 miles southeast of Keeler. It was 
 found at the Wilshire gold mine, 25 miles southwest of Laws, 
 Turner (22). 
 
 Kern County: Chalcopyrite occurs with pyrite in the gold mines 
 of the eastern part of the county near Randsburg and Garlock; with 
 sphalerite and pyrrhotite near Lebec; with wolframite near Woody. 
 It was found at the Greenback Copper mine, 18 miles east of Jasmin, 
 Turner (02a). 
 
 Lake County: Chalcopyrite occurred with pyrrhotite on the Lang- 
 try ranch, 7 miles south of Middletown. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It occurs intimately mixed with pyrrhotite 
 near San Fernando ; with pyrite and malachite, 2 miles north of Camp 
 Rincon, San Gabriel Canyon. 
 
 Madera County: It is found in small masses at the old Buchanan 
 mine, at the Ne Plus Ultra and other claims near Daulton. It occurs 
 as thin seams in massive pyrrhotite in chlorite and actinolite at the 
 Heiskell mine ; with sphalerite in quartz in the Nellie mine, Hildreth ; 
 in intimate mixture with sphalerite and i)yrrhotite at the IMatilda and 
 Best Chance mines. Minaret district. 
 
 Marin County: Small deposits of pyrite mixed with chalcopyrite 
 occur in the schists between Mount Tamalpais and Bolinas Bay. A 
 small deposit occurred about 1 mile east of Woodville and north of 
 Bolinas. 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 69 
 
 Mariposa County: The Green Mountain Copper Group 8 miles 
 northwest of Raymond, the old Pocahontas mine near Lewis, the Cop- 
 per Hill mines in Indian Gulch, the old Beretta mines and other claims 
 near the Merced River, contain massive chaleopyrite with auriferous 
 pyrite. It occurs with tetrahedrite at the Bunker Hill mine; with 
 pyrite and arsenopyrite at Hornitos; at the Peterson, Comet, "White 
 Rock, and Donaway mines. 
 
 Mendocino County: It occurs with malachite in small quartz veins 
 at the Eden Valley mine and in the Red Mountain district. 
 
 Napa County: It was found in the gold-silver ores of the Palisades 
 mine, 2 miles north of Calistoga. 
 
 Nevada County: Chaleopyrite claims have been worked at Spence- 
 ville. Mineral Hill, Pine Hill, Iron Mountain, French Corral, and 
 North San Juan. Good masses of pure chaleopyrite are found in the 
 Meadow Lake district. It occurs with pyrite in quartz veins in the 
 schists extending from Birchville northward to Bullard's Bar, Sierra 
 County. 
 
 Placer County: Chaleopyrite occurs with pyrite near Auburn, 
 Newcastle, "Valley View, and at Dairy Farm. 
 
 Plumas County: Chaleopyrite is one of the principal ore minerals 
 at the Walker mine and at the Engels and Superior mines, Anderson 
 (31), which have been the leading copper producers in the State since 
 1915. 
 
 Riverside County: Chaleopyrite occurs in copper prospects in the 
 Palen and McCoy mountains. It is common in the auriferous quartz 
 veins of the Monte Negro district. It occurs with pyrite and galena 
 at the Crestmore limestone quarry, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Benito County: It occurs in small amounts on Lewis Creek. 
 
 8a7i Bernardino County: Chaleopyrite occurs with oxidized copper 
 ores on Clark Mountain, in the New York Mountains, near Ivanpah, 
 Manvel, Vontrigger, Sunrise, Needles, on IMount Whipple, IMonument 
 Mountain, Turtle Mountain, and in the Providence Mountains. It is 
 found in the Lava Beds district, in the Oro Grande district, and in 
 the Morrow district north of Barstow. It occurs in limestone at the 
 Three States mine. Silver Lake district. Large specimens of chaleo- 
 pyrite have come from the Kingston Range. It is found with specular 
 hematite, quartz and pyrite in the Bullion district. It occurs with 
 galena, argentite and pyrite in the Goldstone district. It was found 
 in a quartz vein with sphalerite, galena, and wolframite at the Saga- 
 more mine, New York Mountains. 
 
70 - MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 San Diego County: Masses of chalcopyrite occur in the Encinitas 
 group of mines, a few miles east of Encinitas and in the Banna mines 
 near Lakeside. It was found in the Julian district, Calkins (16a), 
 Hudson (22). It was found in gold-bearing quartz veins on Barker 
 Mountain, 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: It was observed at Cambria. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: It occurs with quartz in shale at several 
 i^oints along the southern slope of the San Rafael Mountains, northeast 
 of Los Olivos. 
 
 Shasta County: Chalcopyrite was the prineii)al ore mineral in the 
 Shasta County copper belt which included the Iron Mountain, Shasta 
 King, Balaklala, Golinsky, Mammoth, Afterthought, Copper City and 
 Bully Hill mines. 
 
 Sierra County: Small masses of chalcopyrite with other sulphides 
 occur near Poker Flat, Sierra City and in the Mohawk Valley. It 
 occurred at the Black Jack mine. Kanaka Creek; at Four Hills, Sierra 
 City district ; in the Alaska mine and tlie Gold Canyon mine, Alle- 
 ghany district. 
 
 Si.^kiyou County: The Richie mine and claims near Callahan show 
 chalcopyrite. It occurred at the Dewey and Oak Hollow mines, Happy 
 Cam]i; in the Buckeye district; at the Hunter mine. Cherry Creek; 
 massive fine-grained about 4 miles southeast of Fort Jones; at the 
 Yellow Butte mine. Weed ; massive mixed with pyrrhotite and pyrite 
 at the Carlson mine, Dutch Creek; in quartz at the New York Gulch 
 mine, Indian Creek; at the Blue Ledge mine, Elliot district; at the 
 Apex mine, head of Cottonwood Creek; with pyrrhotite in schist on 
 the South Fork of Salmon River and on Preston Peak ; at the Maryland 
 mine, Quartz Valley; at the Bonanza mine near Honolulu; mixed with 
 }->yrrhotite 8 miles east of Callahan : at the Doolittle and Gazelle mines. 
 
 Sonoma County: Chalcopyrite occurs in small crystals with mala- 
 chite and azurite at the Sonoma Copper mine, half a mile east of 
 Tyrone ; with pyrite on Black Mountain ; in the Cornucopia mine, 14 
 miles northeast of Cloverdale ; in the Grizzly mine, 18 miles northeast 
 of Healdsburg. 
 
 Tehama County: It was found 5 miles northwest of Paskenta; 
 with pyrite on the northern slope of Tom Hood Mountain, 40 miles 
 west of Red Bluff. 
 
 Trinity County : Deposits of chalcopyrite occur in the western part 
 of the county along New River, at the mouth of Rattlesnake Creek 
 and on the Cold Fork of Indian Valley Creek ; in the Copper Queen 
 
SULPHroES, SELENIDES, TELLURmES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 71 
 
 and Headlight mines, Carrville district; witli pyrite in schists near 
 Kuth ; in the quartz of the Gambrinins and Craig gold mines ; at the 
 Bear Tooth mine, New River district ; near Zenia ; with pyrrhotite at 
 Island Mountain. 
 
 Tulare County: Chalcopyrite with pyrite is found on the Middle 
 Fork of Tule River, a few miles east of Porterville and near Kearsarge 
 Peak. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Masses of chalcopyrite occur with pyrite in 
 quartz at the Union, Conrad and Society mines. Big Oak Flat ; with 
 other sulphides at the Keltz mine, 10 miles north of Soulsbyville ; in 
 auriferous quartz at the Black Oak mine, Soulsbyville; at Chinese 
 Camp ; near Rawhide ; at the Experimental mine, 2 miles northwest of 
 Columbia ; at the Mann Copper mine, 3 miles south of Jamestown ; at 
 the Golden Gate mine near Sonora ; at tlie Greenstone, San Guiseppe, 
 Mount Dana, Piatt and Golden Treasure mines. 
 
 Yuha Couniii: It occurs in auriferous quartz in the Bi-ownsvillc 
 district, in the Golden Mary mine; in the Ayer mine, 4 miles west of 
 Sniartsville. 
 
 PYRITE— Iron Pyrites 
 
 Iron disulphide, FeSa. 
 
 Isometric ; diploidal. Crystals common ; usually cubes, pyritohedrons 
 and octahedrons. Generally compact and granular massive. Brittle. 
 Metallic luster. Color brass-yellow. Streak greenish-black. H. := 6 — 6J. 
 G. = 5. 
 
 Easily fusible. Roasted on charcoal, it burns with a blue flame and 
 gives a strong sulphur odor. The residue becomes magnetic. Soluble 
 in nitric acid and reddish ferric hydrate is precipitated by ammonia. 
 
 Pyrite is the commonest of the sulphide minerals and is found in 
 all kinds of rock, but is especially prominent in metamorphic schists, 
 slates, and quartzites, and in unaltered sandstones. It is commonly 
 found in distinct crystals and in granular masses. Cubes several 
 inches in diameter are frequent in gold districts, but in general the 
 smaller crystals and granular masses are more highly auriferous. All 
 of the localities given for chalcopyrite, and many more, might be cited 
 for pyrite since it is present in every county. The oxidation of pyrite 
 I)roduees limonite and hematite, and the 'gossan' of mineral veins is 
 mostl}' formed by its alteration. Cubes of limonite as pseudomorphs 
 after pyrite are exceedingly common. 
 
 Alameda County: Crystals from the Alma mine, Leona Heights, 
 have the forms: (110), (100), (340), (120), (140), (111), (252), 
 (121), (241), and (231), Schaller (03). 
 
 Calaveras County: Cubes and pyritohedrons occur with the gold 
 ou Carson Hill, but the long needles from the Stanislaus mine, 
 described as distorted pyrite crystals by Jackson (86) are millerite. 
 Good cubes are found at Murphy in the Masonia mine. 
 
72 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Colusa County: Hexagonal plates of pyrite occur as pseudomorphs 
 after pyrrhotite at the Sulphur Creek deposit, Genth (87). 
 
 Mendocino County: A large deposit of pyrite carrying chalco- 
 pyrite occurs in Anderson Valley. 
 
 Riverside County: Pyrite is present in the Crestmore limestone as 
 grains, cubes and pyritohedrons ; some of the crystals are large. Limo- 
 nite pseudomorphs after the pyrite are common. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Crystals from the New Almaden cinnabar 
 mine had the forms: (100) and (470), Jackson (86). 
 
 Shasta County: It was found by Day and Allen (25) in the hot 
 springs and mud pots of Lassen Volcanic National Park. Pyrite used 
 for sulphuric acid occurs in commercial quantities and is produced at 
 the Hornet mine in the NB. ^ of Sec. 34, T. 33 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M. 
 
 Sonoma County: Large octahedrons have been found on Austin 
 Creek, near Healdsburg. 
 
 Trinity County: It occurs with pyrrhotite at Island Mountain. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Small cubes are common at the Norwegian 
 mine. 
 
 COBALTITE 
 
 Sulpharsenide of cobalt, CoAsS. 
 
 Isometric. Commonly in cubes and pyritohedrons ; also massive. 
 Cleavage perfect cubic. Metallic luster. Color reddish-white. Streak 
 grayish-black. H. = 5i. G. = 6 — 6.3. 
 
 On charcoal it gives sulphur odor and white coating of arsenic 
 oxide when roa.sted. The residue becomes magnetic. Borax bead of the 
 roasted material is cobalt blue. Ammonia colors a nitric acid solution 
 of cobaltite pink. 
 
 Mariposa County: Good cobaltite crystals were found in the Cop- 
 per Chieftain mine. 
 
 Mono County: It occurred with gold in the Tioga mine, 
 Turner (94). 
 
 Nevada County: Small seams of cobaltite with ehalcopyrite occur 
 in a schist on Rattlesnake Creek, south of Signal Peak. 
 
 Placer County: It was found with arsenopyrite in the Metallic 
 mine, near Cisco ; with ehalcopyrite about 4 miles northeast of Alta. 
 
 SMALTITE 
 
 Cobalt arsenide, CoAss. 
 
 Isometric ; diploidal. Generally massive. Brittle. Metallic luster. 
 Color tin-white. Streak grayish-black. H. z=5i — 6. G. z= 5.9 — 6.8. 
 
 The roasted mineral becomes magnetic. Gives a white coating of 
 arsenic trioxide on charcoal. A cobalt-blue bead of borax is obtained, 
 using the roasted mineral. 
 
 Calaveras County: Smaltite has been found with erythrite in a 
 small stringer at the Mar John mine near Sheepranch, Logan (24). 
 
SULPHroES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 73 
 
 Los Angeles County: Smaltite coated with eiythrite occurred with 
 the native silver and argentite at the old Kelsey and 0. K. mines near 
 San Gabriel Canyon. 
 
 Napa County: Smaltite has been found in thin seams with eryth- 
 rite in the serpentine rock of Berryessa Valley. 
 
 Nevada County: It occurs in the Meadow Lake district. 
 
 MARCASITE 
 
 Iron disulphide, FeS2. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Commonly in tabular crystals. Massive ; radiating 
 fibrous ; in stalactites. Brittle. Metallic luster. Color pale brass-yellow. 
 Streak brownish-black. H. = 6 — 6i. G. = 4.85 — 4.90. 
 
 Roasted on charcoal, it gives sulphur odor and yields a magnetic 
 residue. Distinguished from pyrite by crystal form. 
 
 Marcasite is rarer than pyrite, and is characteristic of the upper 
 or altered parts of certain sulphide deposits. 
 
 Inyo County: Marcasite has been found with pyrite, pyrrhotite 
 and chalcopyrite in the Curran mine, near Panamint, Sampson (32). 
 
 Napa County: Marcasite occurred abundantly with cinnabar at 
 the old Redington mine, Knoxville. Marcasite has been found in the 
 Palisades mine, about 2 miles north of Calistoga. 
 
 Nevada County: It is mentioned as one of the minerals of the 
 Grass Valley mines by Lindgren (96). 
 
 LOLLINGITE 
 
 Iron diarsenide, FeAs2. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Small crystals. Usually massive. Metallic luster. 
 Color silver-white to light steel-gray. Streak grayish-black. H. = 5 — 5i. 
 G. = 7.0 — 7.4. 
 
 Similar to arsenopyrite in its reactions except that it gives no 
 sulphur deposit in a closed tube. 
 
 Amador County: Small crystals of lollingite Avere found in the 
 black slate at the Mayflower mine, Amador City. 
 
 ARSENOPYRITE 
 
 Sulpharsenide of iron, FeAsS. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Common in crystals. Generally compact to granular 
 massive. Brittle. Metallic luster. Color silver-white to steel-gray. 
 Streak grayish-black. H. = 5J — 6. G. = 5.9 — 6.2. 
 
 Copious white volatile fumes of arsenic oxide and a strong garlic 
 odor are obtained when arsenopyrite is roasted on charcoal. Residue 
 becomes magnetic. Borax bead is yellow to pale-green. Decomposed by 
 nitric acid with the separation of sulphur. 
 
 Arsenopyrite is a common vein mineral. The concentrates from 
 most of the mining regions of the State generally contain arsenopyrite 
 and in some districts it is the chief gold-bearing mineral. 
 
 Danaite is a variety containing from 3 to 9 per cent of cobalt. 
 
74 MINERALS OF CATjIFORNIA 
 
 Amador County: Arsenopyrite occurs with tlie gold ores in the 
 Argonaut mine near Jackson, Josephson (32). 
 
 Calaveras County: Arsenopyrite, high in gold content, has been 
 found near Angels Camp and in mines along the Mother Lode. Cobalt- 
 iferous arsenopyrite has been found on a claim known as the Hauselt 
 Patent, 2 miles southeast of Sheepranch, Hess (27). 
 
 Del Norte County: It was found at Monkey Creek. 
 
 El Dorado County: It ()eeiirrt.'(l ;it the Florence mine, near Placer- 
 ville. Auriferous arsenopyrite occurs at the Frog Pond mine, half 
 a mile north of Garden Valley ; at the Barnes Eureka mine, near 
 Shingle Springs; in the Mount Pleasant district. 
 
 Fresno County: Large amounts of arsenopyrite with pyrite and 
 chalcopyrite occur in auriferous quartz in the NW-^ See. 16, T. 13 S., 
 R. 27 E., M. D. M. 
 
 Imperial County: It is found in the mines of the Cargo Muchacho 
 district. 
 
 Inyo Count If: It was found iu the Wilshire gold mine, 25 miles 
 southwest of Laws, Turner (22). 
 
 Kern County: Good crystallized specimens of arsenopyrite 
 occurred at the Long Tom mine ; with quartz in the Amalie district ; 
 with galena and pyrite in quartz at the Bright Star mine, Piute dis- 
 trict. Arsenopyrite occurs in the Big Blue-Sumner lode, half a mile 
 north of Kernville, Tucker (34). It is common in the gold ores near 
 Randsburg, Hulin (25). 
 
 Madera County: It occurs in small amounts on Iron Mountain. 
 
 Mariposa County: It occurs in the mines near Coulterville ; dana- 
 ite with erythrite was found in the Josephine mine, Bear Valley, 
 Turner (96). Arsenopyrite with calcite and quartz in the Smith mine, 
 Bear Valley; with magnetite in the Cave mining district; with chalco- 
 pyrite and pyrite at Ilornitos. It was found at the Kite's Cove mine, 
 R. W. Raymond (74). 
 
 Mono County: It is common in the Lundy district, carrying gold. 
 
 Monterey County: It occurs in auriferous quartz at the Oregon 
 mine, Sec. 2, T. 24 S., R. 5 W., M. D. ]\I. 
 
 Napa County: It occurs in the Palisades mine, 2 miles north of 
 Calistoga. 
 
 Nevada County: A 2-foot ledge containing arsenopyrite was found 
 at the Porcupine mine, Cisco. Fine crystals in schist were found on 
 Poorman Creek; crystals on quartz at the Delhi mine, Columbia Hill. 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENroER, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 75 
 
 Danaite was found in the Meadow Lake district, W. P. Blake (67). 
 It was abundant in the veins of the Federal Loan mine, near Nevada 
 City; crystals occur in the Osborne Hill vein. The veins of Forest 
 Springs, 4 miles south of Grass Valley, also carry much arsenopyrite, 
 Lindgren (96). 
 
 Placer County: Arsenopyrite is one of the minerals in the mines of 
 the Ophir district, Lindgren (94). It occurs in the Canada Hill and 
 Dutch Flat districts. Arsenopyrite containing nickel and cobalt has 
 been found 3 miles from Cisco. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurred in the Pilot Hill gold mine, 6 miles 
 Tjorthwest of Gibson ville, and has been found in Genesee Valley. 
 
 Riverside County: Small crystals occur in the limestone quarry 
 at Crestmore, Eakle (17). Arsenopyrite occurs at the Cajalco tin 
 mine, near Corona, West (28), 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurs on San Antonio Peak. Small 
 crystals of arsenopyrite occur abundantly in the silver ores of the 
 Hand district, Hulin (25). 
 
 San Diego County: It occurs Avith the gold f)ros oF the Julian dis- 
 trict. Donnelly (34). 
 
 Santa Cruz County: Arsenopyrite occurs in the quarry of the 
 I\icific Limestone Products Company at Santa Cruz. 
 
 Sierra County: Arsenopyrite is the chief gold-bearing mineral at 
 Alleghany, containing a high percentage of gold. In the Golden King 
 mine on Kanaka Creek it is said to have occurred with a gold telluride. 
 it is common in the mines of the Forest Hill district, the Oriental, 
 Osceola Lode, Uncle Sam, Rainbow, Bonanza, Mammoth Springs, Lost 
 Treasure, Kate Hardy, and El Dorado mines ; in the Eagle and Docile 
 mines, Kanaka Creek; at the Mexican Elcy and High Commission 
 mines, Downieville district; at Gold Canyon, 3 miles from Moores Flat; 
 at the Kenton, Ironsides, and Four Hills mines with chalcopyrite and 
 Galena. ' ^'^ ' 
 
 Tehama County: It occurs with quartz and pyrite at Sarkenita. 
 
 Trinity County: Gold-bearing arsenopyrite occurs in the Craig 
 mine, 2 miles east of Dedrick; on Lowden's ranch and Burnt ranch 
 with gold ; near Weaverville. 
 
 Tulare County: It is found in the Mineral King district. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Crystals of arsenopyrite having crystallized 
 gold deposited on them occur at the Alameda mine. Rawhide mining 
 district. 
 
NiCo 
 
 Pb 
 
 Ag 
 
 20.98 
 
 0.72 
 
 4.08 r= 99.21% 
 
 18.31 
 
 
 
 0.86:= 99.92% 
 
 76 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 MELONITE 
 
 Nickel telluride. NiTez. 
 
 Hexagonal. Commonly granular and foliated. Cleavage perfect 
 basal. Metallic luster. Color reddish-white. Streak dark-gray. 
 H. = 1 — li. G.r=7.3. 
 
 The tellurium is readily driven off in white oxide fumes when 
 heated on charcoal. The roasted residue yields the brown bead of nickel 
 with borax. Melonite also gives the characteristic violet solution of a 
 telluride when boiled in strong sulphuric acid. 
 
 Calaveras County: Melonite was discovered among the other tellu- 
 rides of the Melones mine on Carson Hill in 1867 and was named by 
 Genth (67), (68), A similar mineral was later found in the Stanislaus 
 mine and analyzed by Hillebrand (99). 
 
 Te 
 Genth 73.43 
 
 Hillebrand 80.75 
 
 SYLVANITE— Grap-hic Tellurium 
 
 Telluride of gold and silver, (Au,Ag)Te2. 
 
 Monoclinic. Bladed crystals and massive. Cleavage perfect clino- 
 pinacoidal. Metallic luster. Color silver-white to yellow. Streak silver- 
 gray. H. — IJ — 2. G. r=7.9 — 8.3. 
 
 The tellurium is easily driven off as an oxide by heat, leaving a 
 button of gold and silver. Gives a deep-violet solution when boiled with 
 concentrated sulphuric acid. The silver can be extracted from the 
 button by nitric acid and precipitated as silver chloride by hydrochloric 
 acid. 
 
 Though sylvanite may be present in many of the gold districts 
 where tellurium is found, it has been identified in but few localities in 
 California. 
 
 Calaveras County: Sylvanite was one of the tellurides ocurring in 
 the Carson Hill mines and was especially prominent in the Melones and 
 Stanislaus mines. An analysis of sylvanite from the Stanislaus mine 
 was made by Stetefeldt (65). 
 
 Te Au Ap 
 
 59.6 25.5 13.9 
 
 Trinity County: Sylvanite has been found with gold in the Yellow 
 Jacket mine ; with nagyagite at the Dorleska mine, Coffee Creek dis- 
 trict, Stines (07) ; and in the Golden Jubilee mine, 5 miles northwest 
 of Carrville, Averill (31). 
 
 Tuolumne County : It occurs in the Sugarman and Nigger mine, 
 2 miles north of Sonora, 
 
 Yuba County: It occurs with the gold in the Red Raven mine, 
 Dobbins district. 
 
SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURmES, ARSENIDES OF THE METALS 77 
 
 CALAVERITE 
 
 Gold telluride. AuTes. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals with striated faces ; also massive granular. 
 Brittle. Metallic luster. Color uale bronze-yellow to yellowish silver- 
 gray. Streak yellowish-gray. H. z=2i. G. = 9.04. 
 
 Similar to sylvanite in its reactions. 
 
 Calaveras County: Calaverite was discovered at the old Stanislaus 
 mine on Carson Hill. Analyzed and named by Genth (68). 
 
 Au Ag Te 
 
 40.70 3.52 55.89 = 100.11% 
 
 It was also found in the Melones mine on Carson Hill, 
 
 El Dorado County: It was found with petzite in the Darling mine 
 near Rock Creek, about 3 miles northeast of American Flat, 
 
 Siskiyou County: It was reported from the northern part of the 
 county near the State line, associated with free gold and petzite. 
 
 NAGYAGITE 
 
 Sulpho-telluride of lead and gold. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Generally foliated and granular massive. Perfect' 
 cleavage into thin flexible laminae. Metallic luster. Color and streak 
 dark lead -gray. H. = 1 — 1^. G. = 6.85 — 7.2. 
 
 Gives the yellow and white coatings of lead and tellurium oxides, 
 when roasted on charcoal, with a slight odor of surphur. The presence 
 of tellurium can best be tested by boiling in sulphuric acid and obtaining 
 the violet color. 
 
 Trinity County: Nagyagite was observed with hessite at the Dor- 
 leska mine, Coffee Creek district. 
 
78 MINERALS OF CAIJFORNIA 
 
 OXYSULPHIDES 
 
 KERMESITE 
 
 Antiiiiuny (jxysiiliDhiile, Slj-.ijO. 
 
 Monoclinic. Usually in hair-like tufts. Cleavaj^e (100) perfect. 
 Metallic to adamantine luster. Color cherry-red. Streak brownish-red. 
 H. — 1 — U. G. = 4.5 — 4.6. 
 
 Gives a reaction similar to stibnite. 
 
 Kern County: Fine red needles of kermesite were found on stib- 
 nite at the Mojave antimony mine, about 15 miles north of Mojave. 
 
SULPIIOSALTS 79 
 
 SULPHOSALTS 
 
 Ag 
 
 Cu 
 
 Fe 
 
 I'b 
 
 Sb 
 
 As 
 
 S 
 
 Insol. 
 
 36.20 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.56 
 
 0.95 
 
 42.46 
 
 tr. 
 
 19.27 
 
 0.80 
 
 Miargyrite Pyrargyrite Geocronite 
 
 Berthierite Proustite I'olybasite 
 
 .lamesonite Stylotypite Enargite 
 
 iJufrenoy.site Tetrahedrite 
 
 BournDiiiti; Stephanite 
 
 MIARGYRITE 
 
 Sulphantimonite of silver, AgSbSa. 
 
 Monoclinic. In complex monoclinic crystals ; also massive. Luster 
 metallic-adamantine. Color iron-bhick to steel-gray, in thin splinters 
 deep blood red. Streak cherry-red. H. =: 2 — 21. G. = 5.1 — 5.3. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Miargyrite is probabh' the most abun- 
 dant silver mineral in the deposits of the Randsburg district. VVell- 
 I'ormed crystals are found in open drusy cavities in the veins, Hulin 
 (25). Shannon (29) lias described ci-ystals from the California Rand 
 Silver mine showing the forms (001), (100), (Oil), (101), (101), 
 (105), (111), (122K (211), (311), (522), (922), (411), (611), (711), 
 (124) (413), and (213). Analysis by Shannon gave: 
 
 sol. 
 
 100.26% 
 
 BERTHIERITE 
 
 Sulphantimonite of iron, FeSbsSi. 
 
 Long prismatic. Usually fibrous massive. Metallic luster. Color 
 dark steel-gray. Streak grayish-black. H. = 2 — 3. G. := 4 — 4.3. 
 
 A slight coatins of white oxide of antimony and a slight odor of 
 sulphur can be obtained by roasting on charcoal. The roasted mineral 
 becomes magnetic. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Heavy ledges of dark ore occur in an area of 
 schists on the southeastern slope of Mount Gibbs, which appear to be 
 an impure l)erthierite mixed with oalciui. i»\rite, and quartz, 
 Turner (96). 
 
 JAMESONITE 
 
 Sulphantjnionite of lead, PbaSbiiSr.. 
 
 Monoclinic. In acicular and capillary crystals. Generally fibrous 
 massive. Cleavagct perfect basal. Brittle. Metallic luster. Color lead- 
 gray. Streak grayish-black. H. ::=: 2 — 3. G.c= 5.5 — 6.0. 
 
 The yellow and white coating on charcoal, of lead and antimony 
 oxides, and odor of sulphur are obtained by heating. Dissolved in nitric 
 acid, the lead goes into solution, while the antimony is precipitated as 
 an oxide. 
 
 Calaveras County: Jamesonite was found at Mokelumne Hill, 
 Hanks (84). 
 
80 MINERALS OK CALIKOKNIA 
 
 Inyo County: Compact massive specimens of jamesonite associated 
 with argentiferous galena have come from the Cerro Gordo mine. 
 
 Napa County: Delicate capillary or hair-like crystals of jamesonite 
 were found with cinnabar at the Manhattan mine, near Knoxville. 
 
 Sierra County: Crystal clusters and needles of jamesonite have 
 been found in small vugs in quartz in the Rainbow and Plumbago 
 mines, Alleghany district, Ferguson and Gannett (32). 
 
 DUFRENOYSITE 
 
 Sulpharsenite of lead, Pb2As2So. 
 
 Monoclinic. Generally massive. Cleavage (010) perfect. Brittle. 
 Metallic luster. Color dark lead-gray. Streak reddish-brown. H. :;= 3. 
 G. = 5.55 — 5.57. 
 
 Like jamesonite in its reactions, except that the more volatile fume.s 
 of arsenic trioxide, instead of the antimony, are given off. 
 
 Inyo County: Dufrenoysite was reported to have been found in 
 the Cerro Gordo district, Hanks (84). 
 
 BOURNONITE 
 
 Sulphantlmonite of lead and copper, (Pb,Cu2)3Sb2Sa. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Short prismatic and tabular crystals ; massive. 
 Metallic luster. Color and streak lead-gray. H. = 2i — 3. G. = 5.7 — 5.9. 
 
 Fuses easily and on charcoal gives a white coating, at first of anti- 
 mony oxide, followed by a yellow coating of lead oxide nearer the assay. 
 Dissolved in nitric acid and ammonia added, the solution turns blue ; 
 soluble in hydrochloric acid with odor of hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Inyo County: Massive bournonite occurs at Cerro Gordo, Reid 
 (07). 
 
 PYRARGYRITE— Dark Ruby Silver Ore 
 Sulphantlmonite of silver, AgsSbSa. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Prismatic crystals ; also massive. 
 Cleavage (lOfl) distinct. Brittle. Metallic luster. Color grayish-black, 
 or dark-red. Streak purplish-red. H. :=2J. G. =: 5.85. 
 
 Gives a white antimony oxide coating on charcoal and reduces to a 
 globule of metallic silver. The sulphur can best be detected by fusion in 
 a closed tube. 
 
 Pyrargyrite is found in silver veins with argentite, polybasite, 
 stephanite, tetrahedrite and other silver minerals. It is often embedded 
 in quartz and good crystals of pyrargyrite may occur in cavities in 
 quartz. 
 
 Alpine County: Pyrargyrite occurred in the old I X L and 
 Exchequer mines of the Silver Mountain district. It was observed in 
 the Monitor mining district, Eakle (19). 
 
 Kern County: It was found with argentite at the Amalie mine. 
 
 Mariposa Comity : It was found with argentite and proustite in the 
 Bryant Silver mine. 
 
SULPHOSALTS 81 
 
 Mono County: Fyrargyrite and stepliauite were abundant in the 
 Oro, Addenda, Fortuna and other mines south of Bodie. Crystals of 
 pyrargyrite were found in a vug in the Bodie mine. It also occurred 
 in the Blind Spring mines, in the Tower mine, and in other mines near 
 Benton, Whiting (88). 
 
 Napa County: It is a constituent of the gold and silver ore in the 
 Palisades mine, 2 miles north of Calistoga. 
 
 Nevada County: It was found with pyrite, chalcopyrite, and 
 galena in the Allison Ranch mine ; also in the Central mine of the Lava 
 Cap Company, south of Banner Hill, and is probably present in other 
 mines of the Grass Valley and Nevada City district as indicated by the 
 silver-rich concentrates, Lindgren (96). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Pyrargyrite occurs with miargyrite in 
 the silver ores of the Rand district, Hulin (25). 
 
 Shasta County: Small amounts of pyrargyrite were occasionally 
 found in the mines near Igo. 
 
 PROUSTITE— Ruby Silver Ore 
 
 Sulpharsenite of silver, AgaAsSs. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Prismatic crystals and massive. Cleav- 
 age (1011) distinct. Brittle. Adamantine luster. Color and streak 
 scarlet-red. H. = 2 — 2i. G. n: 5.57 — 5.64. 
 
 The reactions of proustite are similar to those of pyrargyrite. The 
 two minerals often are intermixed or grade into each other. 
 
 The term 'ruby silver' is given indiscriminately to proustite and 
 pyrargyrite. Both minerals usually contain arsenic and antimony. 
 The metallic gray pyrargyrite is more common than the transparent 
 red proustite, but the two are often associated. 
 
 Kern County: Specimens of proustite with pyrargyrite have come 
 from the old Amalie district. 
 
 Mariposa County: It occurred with pyrargyrite and argentite in 
 the Bryant Silver mine. 
 
 Mono County: It was found in the Oro and Bodie mines, Bodie 
 district. Hanks (84). 
 
 Napa County: Proustite li;is hccii found in the Palisades mine, 
 about 2 miles north of Calistoga. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Proustite is a minor constituent of the 
 silver ores of the Rand district, Hulin (25). 
 
 Shasta County: It occurred with galena, pyrite and quartz in tlic 
 Chicago mine, near Igo. 
 
 6—51440 
 
82 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 STYLOTYPITE 
 
 Sulphanliiiiuiiite nl' copper and silver, u (CuL',Ag;;,Fe) S.Sb:;S:!. 
 
 Monoclinic. Granular or niassivt\ Brittle. Metallic luster. Color 
 dark-gray to iron -black. Streak black. H. = 3 — 3^. G.r= 4.7 — 5.2. 
 
 Saii Bernardino County: Stylotypite occurs with miargyrite as au 
 important constituent of the silver ores of the Rand district, 
 Hulin (25). 
 
 TETRAHEDRITE— Gray Copper Ore 
 
 Sulphantlmonite of copper, CuaSbSs. 
 
 Isometric; bextetrahedral. Also massive; granular. Metallic luster. 
 Color darii steel-gray. Streak black, sometimes cherry-red. H. :=: 3 — 4. 
 G. = 4.4 — 5.1. 
 
 Gives a slight white coating on charcoal and a faint odor of sulphur. 
 The roasted mineral gives the blue bead of copper with borax. Soluble in 
 nitric acid and the antimony precipitates as trioxide. Ammonia added 
 to nitric acid solution will give the characteristic blue solution of copper, 
 and will precipitate any iron present. 
 
 Tetrahedrite is common in many of the gold and copper mines 
 ol the .State. It is, however, seldom prominent but occurs in small 
 amounts mixed with galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and other common 
 sulphides. 
 
 Freibrrgitc is the argentiferous variety and is pei'haps the most 
 common form of the mineral in California. 
 
 Alpine County: Considerable tetrahedrite has been found in the 
 Silver Mountain district. It was observed in the Monitor mining dis- 
 trict, Eakle (19). 
 
 Calaveras County: Small amounts of tetrahedrite were found in 
 the mines on Carson Hill. It was present in the ore at the Jones mine, 
 Carson Creek. 
 
 Del Norte County: It was found at Crookeshine. 
 
 Imperial County: It occurred in tlie Blue Jacket and other mines 
 of the Picacho district. 
 
 Inyo County: Tetrahedrite containing a large percentage of silver 
 was an imi)ortant mineral in the Cerro Gordo district. It also occurred 
 in some of the mines of the White Mountains and the Button Range. 
 It was found in the old San Carlos mine. Freibergite is the principal 
 sulphide in the silver ores of the Panamint district. Murphy (80a). 
 Tennantitc, the arseuic-lx'ai-ing eciuivaleiit of tetrahedrite, has been 
 rri)ort('d from the Darwin disli-ict by KcUey (-37). 
 
 Los Angeles County: It was found in the Zapate mine in San 
 Gabriel Canyon. 
 
 Mariposa Comity: Freibergite was found in large masses in wdiite 
 quartz, at the Live Oak mine, near Mariposa, Hanks (84). It also 
 occurred in the Pine Tree mine, near Coulterville and in the Louisa 
 and Bunker Hill mines. 
 
SULPHOSALTS 83 
 
 Mendocino County: It was found with chalcopyrite, gold, and sil- 
 ver ill the Kedwood Copper Queen mine. 
 
 Mono County: It occurred massive associated with partzite in the 
 Diana, Comet, Comanche, and other mines of the Blind Spring Hill 
 district ; also found in the Bodie district. 
 
 Nevadu County: A heavy mass of tetrahedrite associated with zinc- 
 lilende and chalcopyrite was found in the Osborn Hill vein. Tetra- 
 hedrite was found in small quantities at the North Banner and at 
 other mines of the Banner Hill and Willow Valley districts, Lindgren 
 (96). It is present in the ore in the Badger Hill mining district. 
 Argentiferous tetrahedrite is abundant in the Central mine of the 
 Lava Cap Gold ^Mining Coi*poration at Nevada City, Johnston (38). 
 
 Placer County: Dark steel-gray tetrahedrite associated with other 
 sulphide minerals and with electrum was common in the Ophir district, 
 having been noticed in the Boulder, Gold Blossom, Pine Tree and 
 Golden Stag mines, Lindgren (94). It was also observed at Michigan 
 Bluff. 
 
 Plumas County: It was found at the Irby Holt mine in Indian 
 Valley. Argentiferous tetrahedrite was found at the Trask and Coffer 
 mine. It was observed in small amounts in the ore at Engels. 
 
 Riverside County: A small amount of tetrahedrite was found with 
 chalcopyrite, pyrite, and galena, at Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Bernardino County: It has been found massive in the New 
 York and other mines in the New York Mountains. . 
 
 Shasta County: Tetrahedrite is of rather common occurrence in 
 the copper mines of the county although in small amounts. It has 
 been found in a barite gangue in the Bully Hill mine. 
 
 Sierra County: Tetrahedrite occurs in tetraliedral crystals with 
 crystallized gold in the IG to 1 mine at Alleghan.v. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It occurred as one of the minerals on Whiskey 
 Hill, Silliman (67a). Massive tetrahedrite was found in the Golden 
 Rule mine, near Jamestown. 
 
 STEPHANITE— Brittle Silver Ore 
 Sulphantimonite of silver, AgsSbSi. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Crystals common, showing at times striations on the 
 prism faces ; also massive. Brittle. Metallic luster. Color and streak 
 iron black. H. = 2 — 25. G. r= 6.2 — 6.3. 
 
 The reactions are similar to those for pyrargyrite, but the streak or 
 powder is black, whereas that of pyrargyrite is reddish. 
 
 Stephanite is an important and usually prominent silver mineral 
 in silver districts, but it is not common in California. It is often asso- 
 ciated with argentite and polybasite as an original mineral of the veins. 
 
84 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Alpine County: Stephanite was reported to have been found in the 
 Morning Star mine, J. D, Dana (49). 
 
 Mono County: Stephanite occurred in the Blind Spring Hill dis- 
 trict. Large masses of it were found with pyrargyrite in the Oro, 
 Addenda, and Fortuna mines, Bodie district. Whiting (88). It is 
 found in the Patterson district, Sweetwater Range. 
 
 Nevada County: Stephanite was one of the minerals found in the 
 Grass Valley mines, Lindgren (96). 
 
 Shasta County: It occurs with native silver, galena, and sphalerite 
 in a ealcite-quartz gangue at the Igo Consolidated Mines. 
 
 GEOCRONITE 
 
 Sulphantimonite of lead, Pbr.SbsSs. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Generally massive, granular, or earthy. Metallic 
 luster. Color and streak lead-gray. H. = 2 — 3. G. = 6.4. 
 
 Gives the same reactions as jamesonite. 
 
 Inyo County: According to Hanks (84), small masses of geo- 
 eronite were found with galena in the Inyo Mountains. 
 
 3Iono County: It was observed with galena and sphalerite in the 
 Garibaldi mine, Prescott district. 
 
 POLYBASITE 
 
 Sulphantimonite of silver, AgoSbSa. 
 
 Monoclinic. Tabular crystals and massive. Metallic luster. Color 
 iron black. Streak black. H. z= 2 — 3. G. rr: 6.0 — 6.2. 
 
 In its blowpipe reactions polybasite is like stephanite and pyrargy- 
 rite. 
 
 Polybasite closely resembles stephanite; the two are often mixed 
 and are seldom differentiated. When in good crystals they can be dis- 
 tinguished, but when massive their separate identification is difficult. 
 
 Alpine County: Specimens of polybasite have come from the 
 
 Pennsylvania mine in the Silver Mountain district, and Hanks (84) 
 
 observed it in microscopical crystals from the Monitor and Mogul 
 
 districts. 
 
 ENARGITE 
 
 Sulphar.senate of copper, Cn3AsS4. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Crystals and massive. Cleavage perfect prismatic. 
 Brittle. Metallic luster. Color and streak grayish-black. H. r= 3. G. = 4.4. 
 
 Fuses and gives a faint coating on charcoal. The roasted mineral 
 can be reduced to metallic copper by fusion with sodium carbonate. The 
 borax bead is blue. Soluble in nitric acid with the precipitation of a 
 small amount of antimony trioxide. 
 
 Alpine County: Enargite was found in large masses associated 
 with massive pyrite in the Mogul district and formed the chief copper 
 mineral of the Morning Star and a few other mines. An analysis of 
 enargite from the Morning Star mine by Root (68) gave: 
 
 S Cu As Sb 
 
 31.68 47.21 14.06 6.19 = 99.14% G. = 4.34. 
 
SULPHOSALTS 85 
 
 Crystals have the forms: (110), (001), (100), (010), Silliman 
 (73b), and (130), (250), (101), Eakle (08). 
 
 El Dorado County: Enargite was found in the Ford mines, near 
 Georgetown. 
 
 hiyo County: The variety luzonite is found in the silver-lead ores 
 of the Darwdn district, Kelley (37). 
 
 Plumas County: Small amounts of enargite occur with bornite 
 and ehalcopyrite at Engels. 
 
86 
 
 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 HALOIDS 
 
 Anhydrous Chlorides, 
 Bromides and 
 Fluorides 
 Calomel 
 Halite 
 
 Sal Ammoniac 
 
 Cerargyrite 
 
 Embolite 
 
 Fluorite 
 
 Chloromagnesite 
 
 Oxychlorides 
 Atacamite 
 Kempite 
 Eglestonite 
 
 ANHYDROUS CHLORIDES, BROMIDES AND FLUORIDES 
 
 CALOMEL 
 
 Mercurous chloride, HgCl. 
 
 Tetragonal. Small crystals. Sectile. Adamantine luster. Color 
 white, gray, brown. Streak pale yellowish-white. H. := 1 — 2. G. = 6.48. 
 
 Volatilizes easily on charcoal and coats the coal white, 
 easily reduced to mercury globules by fusion with soda. 
 
 Calomel is 
 
 Napa County : White coatings of calomel on metacinnabar occurred 
 at the Oat Hill mine. 
 
 San Mateo County: Small amounts of calomel with cinnabar, 
 native mercurj^ and eglestonite occur about 5 miles west of Palo Alto, 
 Rogers (11a). 
 
 HALITE — Common or Rock Salt 
 
 Sodium chloride, NaCl. 
 
 Isometric. Cubes, massive, granular, and crusts. Cleavage perfect 
 cubic. Rather brittle. Vitreous luster. Colorless, white, yellowish, reddish, 
 bluish. H. =:2J. G. = 2.1 — 2.6. 
 
 Fuses with intumescence and gives a strong yellow flame. Easily 
 soluble in water and has a saline taste. 
 
 Most of the salt produced in the State is obtained by the evapora- 
 tion of the water of San Francisco Bay ; also at San Diego and Mon- 
 terey Bays; yet extensive deposits of the mineral exist in the southern 
 counties and some of them are mined. Salt is common in the desert 
 regions, where former lakes existed, and the deposits reach considerable 
 thickness in some localities, often alternating with beds of sulphates, 
 borates, carbonates, and mud shales. Salt wells, salt springs, salt 
 marshes, and salt rivers occur in these arid plains, and white incrusta- 
 tions of salt are often found along their borders. 
 
 Alameda County: The salt works near Alvarado evaporate the 
 water of San Francisco Bay on a large scale. 
 
 Imperial County: Efflorescences of salt occur on the dry plains of 
 the Great Colorado Desert. 
 
 Inyo County: Halite is common in the dry valleys as white efflo- 
 rescences. It is common in the borax district of Death Valley, Gale 
 
HALOIDS 87 
 
 (14). White crusts of salt in Saline Valley have been analyzed by 
 Bailey, Oale (14a), and shown to be lai-gely halite. 
 
 Nh K CI SO4 HjO Iiisol. 
 
 39.09 O.U 59. 7(; U.9ri 0.12 0.17 := 100.20% 
 
 Kern County: Numerous salt lakes and wells occur in the Mojave 
 Desert reiiion on the east side of the county. Salt and borax are asso- 
 ciated at Buckthorn, Indian, and Mesquite springs. 
 
 LaJxC County: Halite is found in minute crystals with borax and 
 gay-lussite at Borax Lake, Melliase (35). 
 
 Modoc County: Salt is produced in commercial quantities near 
 Odarville, in Surprise Valley. 
 
 Riverside County: The Salton Sea is an extensive depression in 
 the south -central part of the county which was noted for its immense 
 deposits of white salt, of which thousands of tons have been mined. 
 An analysis of this salt was made by E. T. Allen, Clarke (03). 
 
 NaCl KCl NaaSO* Gj'psum H;;0 Insol. 
 
 94.54 0.31 3.53 0.79 0.14 0.50 = 99.81% 
 
 San Bernardino County: Numerous dry lakes exist in this county, 
 ;dl of which contain salt. Some of the salt neai- Daggett has been 
 mined for chloridizing the silver ores of the district. A large lake 
 deposit of salt occur-s in the desert about 25 miles southeast of Danby 
 nnd the Surprise salt mines liave ])roduced large quantities. Bailey (02) 
 reports a vein of rock salt 12 to 16 feet thick on the Avawatz Moun- 
 tains. Crusts of halite with sodium, magnesium, and calcium sulphate 
 occur at the Mojave sink. Salt and borax with nitrates occur along the 
 Amargosa Kiver, near the Inyo County line. Cubic and octahedral 
 crystals of halite, with hanksite, trona, and glaserite, occur in the salt 
 crust of Searles Xiake. Clear cubical crystals and cleavable masses of 
 halite occur with gypsum on the muds of Bristol Lake, near Amboy. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: White crusts of salt can be found in 
 many places along the shores of the Salinas River. Soda Lake in 
 Carrizo Plain is a dry lake in the eastern part of the county, the 
 surface of which contains crusts of salt and sodium sulphate. 
 
 Shasta County: Sandstones which are slightly impregnated with 
 salt occur on Salt Creek, about 12 miles east of Redding. 
 
 SAL AMMONIAC 
 
 Ammonium chloride, NHiCI. 
 
 Isometric. Crystals, crusts, and efflorescences. Rather brittle. 
 Vitreous. White, yellowish, grayish. H.=::1J — 2. G. = 1.528. 
 
 Very easily volatile without fusion wlien heated and is wholly con- 
 verted into dense white fumes. Heated in a closed tube with soda or 
 lime, ammonia is given off which can be detected by odor. Soluble in 
 water. 
 
 Inyo C aunty: According to Bailey (02), sal ammoniac is found 
 as efflorescences at some of the fissure springs in Deatli Valley. 
 
88 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Los Angeles County: A white crystalline incrustation of sal ammo- 
 niac Avas found in the Monterey shale of Burning Mountain, 
 Rogers (12), 
 
 Santa Barhara County: Crusts of sal ammoniac 5 mm. thick, asso- 
 ciated with sulphur, came from burning oil-shales on the Hope ranch, 
 Rogers (12). 
 
 CERARGYRITE— Horn Silver 
 Silver chloride, AgCl. 
 
 Isometric. Usually in crusts, resembling wax or horn ; sometimes 
 columnar. Highly sectile. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color gray, 
 but generally tarnished brown. H. =r 1 — 1|. G. = 5.55. 
 
 Easily reduced on charcoal to metallic silver. Mixed with copper 
 oxide it imparts to tlie flame the azure-blue color of the copper chloride 
 flame. Insoluble in acids, but soluble in ammonia. 
 
 Cerargyrite has been among the important silver ores of the State. 
 It is characteristic of silver deposits located in arid regions and may 
 be abundant in such regions. It is usually accompanied by embolite 
 and occasionally by iodyrite; barite is a common gangue mineral. 
 
 Calaveras County: W. P. Blake (67) reported the occurrence of 
 thin crusts of cerargyrite on quartz in the Morgan mine at Carson Hill. 
 
 Inyo County: Horn silver with argentiferous galena, argentite, 
 and copper minerals has been found abundantly in the Argus and Coso 
 Ranges and to some extent in the Darwin and Cerro Gordo districts. 
 Hanks (84) mentions it from the Slate Range, and as microscopical 
 crystals from the Modoc mine near Darwin. Cerargyrite with cerusite 
 occurs in the Noonday mine, Tecopa, and associated with chrysocolla 
 at the Bonanza King mine, Sherman district. 
 
 Kern County: Cerargyrite has been found in the Amalie mine 
 with pyrargyrite and native silver. It occurs at the Golden Queen 
 mine, 7 miles south of Mojave, Tucker (34). 
 
 Mono County: Cerargyrite has been found in the Blind Spring 
 Hill district near Benton and in some of the mines of the Bodie dis- 
 trict, but never in large masses. It occurs in the Sweetwater Range. 
 
 Placer County: Cerargyrite is abundant in the gold-silver veins of 
 the Ophir district, Lindgren (94). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Horn silver has been a very important 
 silver mineral in the Calico and Barstow mines, Lindgren (87), Storms 
 (90). The minerals associated with the horn silver of this region are 
 embolite, cerusite, barite, pyrolusite, chrysocolla, malachite, and jasper. 
 Cerargyrite occurs in limestone with embolite, wulfenite, sphalerite, 
 galena, cerusite, and pyrite in the Silver Reef district, about 40 miles 
 east of Victorville ; and with argentite at the Bonanza King mine on 
 
HALOIDS 89 
 
 Providence Mountain and in the Imperial mine, Lnva Beds district, 
 about 9 miles from Lavic. Cerargyrite is the principal secondary 
 ore mineral in the silver mines of the Rand district, Ilulin (25). 
 
 EMBOLITE 
 
 Silver chloro-bromide, Ag(Br,Cl). 
 
 Isometric. Generally massive. Sectile. Resinous luster. Color 
 grayisli-green, yellow. H. := 1 — IJ. G. :=5.31 — 5.43. 
 
 Heated in a closed tube with potassium bisulphate and pyrolusite, red 
 vapors of bromine are set free. Heated in closed tube with galena, yellow 
 lead bromide forms, which turns white on cooling. Silver nitrate will 
 precipitate silver bromide from a nitric acid solution. 
 
 Embolite has only been found in association with cerargyrite but 
 in much smaller amounts. 
 
 Inyo County: Embolite is found with cerargyrite in the Indiana 
 mine, near Swansea, Hanks (84). 
 
 Mono County: Embolite occurs with cerargyrite in the Minnie 
 mine, Sweetwater Range, Hanks (84). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Embolite is an associate of the cerargy- 
 rite in the Calico, Grapevine, and Silver Reef districts. 
 
 FLUORITE 
 
 Calcium fluoride, CaFs. 
 
 Isometric. Usually in cubes ; also massive, granular, or compact. 
 Cleavage perfect octahedral. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Green, purple, blue, 
 white, yellow, colorless. Streak white. H.= 4. G. = 3.01 — 3.25. 
 
 Fuses with some decrepitation. Gives reddish flame of calcium. Sol- 
 uble in acids and calcium is precipitated by ammonium oxalate. Mixed 
 with potassium sulphate and fused in a closed tube, the glass becomes 
 etched. 
 
 Fluorite is a common mineral, especially as gangue in lead dis- 
 tricts with galena. It sometimes forms thick veins. 
 
 Contra Costa County: Small cubes of white fluorite were found on 
 Mount Diablo with some copper minerals, Hanks (84). 
 
 Inyo County: Fluorite is found as a gangue mineral with argentif- 
 erous galena in the Cerro Gordo, Darwin and other districts. 
 
 Kern County: Fluorite veins occur in the west end of the Rand 
 Mountains near Randsburg. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Fine specimens of fluorite consisting of 
 purple and green masses and cubes have come from the Felix mine 
 near Azusa. White fluorite occurred on Santa Catalina Island with 
 galena and chalcopyrite. 
 
 Mono County: Green and violet crystals and masses of fluorite 
 occur in Ferris Canyon on the eastern slope of the Sweetwater Moun- 
 tains. Fluorite occurs with andalusite in the mine of Champion Silli- 
 
90 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 manite, lucorporated, on the western slope of the White Mountains, 7 
 miles east of Mocalno, Woodhouse and Jeffery (32). 
 
 Riverside County: Transparent crystals of fluorite were marketed 
 for optical purposes in 1917-1918, from the Floyd Brown mine, near 
 Blythe. A small tonnage was also shipped for industrial use. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Green and purple fluorite with some ice- 
 land spar comes from the Kings Fluorspar mine, Cave Canyon dis- 
 trict, Tucker and Sampson (31). Light-green fluorite occurs near 
 Barstow. Fluorite is also found near Ludh)W and near Needles. 
 
 San Diego County: Green fluorite occurs at Oak Grove, Palomar 
 Mountains. A small amount of fluorite is found at the Mountain Lily 
 Gem mine, Aguanga Mountain. 
 
 Tulare County: A deposit of massive fluorite occurs in Sec. 34, 
 T. 20 S., R. 31 E., M. D. M., 18 miles east of Springville, Franke (30a). 
 
 CHLOROMAGNESITE 
 
 Magne.siuni chloride, MgCb. 
 
 Efflorescent'^. Color white. Soft. 
 Soluble in water, i'^asily fusible 
 
 Magnesium chloride exists in soiutiuii in the waters of some springs 
 and lakes, but its solubility prevents it from forming as a mineral 
 except in the driest places. 
 
 San Bernardino County: White efflorescences of chloromagnesite 
 occur at Saratoga Springs, near the south end of Death Valley, 
 Bailey (02). 
 
HALoros 01 
 
 OXYCHLORIDES 
 
 ATACAMITE 
 
 Hydrous copper oxychloride, Cu2Cl(OH)3. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Slender needles and fibrous reticulated masses. 
 Cleavage (010) highly perfect. Brittle. Luster adamantine to vitreous. 
 Color bright to black-green. Streak apple-green. H. := 3 — 3|. G. r= 3.7. 
 
 Fuses and imparts an azure-blue color to the flame. Readily reduced 
 on charcoal to metallic copper. Gives much acid water in a closed tube, 
 and forms a gray sublimate. Easily soluble in acids. 
 
 Atacamite is very rare and its occurrence in California has not 
 been definitely established. 
 
 Inyo County: J. D. Dana (68) recorded atacamite from an 
 unknown locality in this county. As the Cerro Gordo mine was the 
 best known for rare minerals, the atacamite, if correctly identified, 
 perhaps came from this mine. 
 
 KEMPITE 
 
 Hydrous manganese oxychloride, MnCl:;.3IMn02.3H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Minute prismatic crystals. Color emerald-green. 
 H. = 3^. G. = 2.94. 
 
 Soluble in dilute acids. Gives water in the closed tube. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Kempite was found with pyrochroite, haus- 
 mannite, and rhodochrosite in a boulder of manganese ore in Alum Rock 
 Park, 5 miles east of San Jose. It was discovered and named, and 
 the crystal forms (110), (Oil), (121), (100), and (010) identified by 
 Rogers (24). Analj^sis by Crook. 
 
 H2O o* 
 
 100% 
 
 
 Mn 
 
 CI 
 
 H2O 
 
 0* 
 
 
 50.59 
 
 16.41 
 
 11.60 
 
 21.40 
 
 * By difference. 
 
 
 
 
 
 EGLESTONITE 
 
 Mercury oxychloride, HgiCkO. 
 
 Isometric. Minute crystals. Resinous to adamantine luster. Color 
 yellowish-brown, changing to black. H r= 2 — 3. G. = 8.327. 
 
 Volatilizes completely and does not give water in the closed tube. 
 
 San Mateo County: Minute yellow crystals of eglestonite asso- 
 ciated with cinnabar, mercury, calomel, dolomite, magnesite, opal, and 
 quartz occur about 5 miles west of Palo Alto in seams and cavities in 
 the siliceous material so common in the serpentine of the cinnabar 
 districts. The crystals were described and analyzed by Rogers (11a). 
 Forms: cube (100), octahedron (111), dodecahedron (110), and trape- 
 
 zohedron (211). 
 
 Hg ci 
 
 88.00 7.43 
 
92 
 
 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 OXIDES 
 
 Anhydrous 
 Quartz 
 Chalcedony 
 Tridymite 
 Cristobalite 
 Opal 
 
 Aisenolite 
 
 Claudetite 
 
 Valentinite 
 
 Bismite 
 
 Ilsemannite 
 
 Cervantite 
 
 Stibiconite 
 
 Partzite 
 
 Cuprite 
 
 Periclase 
 
 Massicot 
 
 Litharg-e 
 
 Tenorite 
 
 Montroydite 
 
 Hematite Group 
 Corundum 
 Hematite 
 Ilmenite 
 
 Himiel Grovit 
 Spinel 
 Magnetite 
 Chromite 
 
 Chrysoberyl 
 
 Hausmannite 
 
 Minium 
 
 Crednerite 
 
 Braunite 
 
 Cassiterite 
 Rutile 
 Anatase 
 Brnokite 
 
 Hydrous 
 Pyrolusite 
 
 Diaspore Group 
 Diaspore 
 Goethite 
 Manganite 
 
 Limonite 
 
 Bauxite 
 
 Brucite 
 
 Pyrochroite 
 
 Psilomelane 
 
 ANHYDROUS OXIDES 
 
 QUARTZ 
 
 Silicon dioxide. SiOi}. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral ; trigonal-trapezohedral. Hexagonal prisms 
 with pyramids very common and sometimes large. Compact and granular 
 massive. Prominent conchoidal fracture. Brittle. Vitreous luster. 
 Colorless, white, yellow, red, brown, green, blue, black. Streak white. 
 H. = 7. G. r=2.65. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble in nitric or hydrochloric acids. Soluble in hydro- 
 fluoric acid. Fused well with a flux of sodium carbonate, the fusion 
 dissolved in water and hydrochloric acid, when evaporated to dryness, will 
 leave the silica as an insoluble residue. The hydrochloric acid solution, 
 after all silica is removed, will give no precipitates of aluminum, calcium 
 or magnesium when treated successively with ammonium, ammonium oxalate 
 and sodium phosphate, proving the mineral to be silica and not a silicate. 
 
 Common quartz is an essential constituent of granites, granodio- 
 rites, quartz-porphyries, rhyolites, gneisses, schists, quartzites and 
 sandstones, and is an accessory mineral in many other kinds of rock, 
 either volcanic, metamorpliic, or sedimentary. Veins, ledges, seams, 
 and pockety masses of white quartz are common in volcanic and meta- 
 morpliic rocks. 
 
 Rock crystal is a clear colorless variety which is found as hex- 
 agonal crystals. 
 
 Amethyst is a violet-colored variety sometimes used as a gem. 
 It occurs in groups of crystals; rarely massive. Very little good 
 amethyst has been found in the State. 
 
OXIDES 93 
 
 Rose quartz is a massive pink variety. 
 
 Smoky quartz or Cairngorm stone is a hair-brown transparent 
 variety occurring as crystals. The color is readily discharged or 
 converted into citrine-yellow by heat. This is a common variety of 
 quartz and some excellent large crystals have been found in the State. 
 
 Inclusions of other minerals in quartz are common and have sev- 
 eral varietal names. 
 
 Thetis hairstone is rock crystal containing long hair-like fibers 
 of asbestos or actinolite. 
 
 Phantom crystals show the outlines of one crystal within another ; 
 they are caused by inclusions of green ehloritic matter or brownish 
 earthy material arranged about the boundaries of the crystal during 
 growth. 
 
 Alameda County: Yellow crystals of quartz occur with glassy 
 albite at the Newman mine on Cedar Mountain, 12 miles southeast of 
 Livermore. 
 
 Alpine County: Rose quartz has been found in Hope Valley and 
 in the Mogul and Monitor districts. 
 
 Amador County: Fine large specimens of rock crystal have come 
 from Volcano and Oleta. This section has also produced good speci- 
 mens of amethyst, smoky, and rose quartz. Thetis hairstone has been 
 found at Oleta. 
 
 Butte County: Smoky quartz occurs on the North Fork of the 
 Feather River. Fine rose quartz occurs near Forbestown. 
 
 Cal-averas County: Good rock crystal in fine large aggregates has 
 been found in many of the gold mines. Mokelumne Hill, Green Moun- 
 tain gravel mine near Murphy, Angels Camp, and Westpoint have 
 produced large crystals. Clear quartz crystals occur at the Jennie 
 Lind mine. 
 
 El Dorado County: The best rock crystal, phantom crystals, and 
 smoky quartz in the State have come from near Placerville. A fairly 
 pure white quartz is found on the McDonald ranch near Shingle 
 Springs. Clear crystals are found in White Rock Canyon near George- 
 town. Quartz with actinolite occurs near Fairplay. A blue variety of 
 quartz occurring in pegmatite in this county has been named El Dora- 
 doit e by Watkins (17). 
 
 Inyo County: Good rock crystal has been found in the Cerro Gordo 
 and Darwin districts. 
 
 Kern County: Rose quartz has been reported north of Kemville. 
 
94 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Lake County: Quartz inclusions in basalt near Clear Lake High- 
 lands, Anderson (36), have been called 'Clear Lake diamonds.' Ame- 
 thystine quartz has been mined for gems in Sees. 10, 20, and 21, T. 12 
 N., R. 7 W., M. D. M., Averill (29). 
 
 Los Angeles County: Thetis hairstone has been found near Los 
 Angeles. Vein quartz 30 feet thick has been reported 6 miles north- 
 west of Acton. Psevidomorphs of quartz after fluorite have been found 
 in sandstone and breccia near Encino and near the head of Higgins 
 Canyon on the northern slope of the Santa Monica Mountains, Mur- 
 doch (36). 
 
 Marin County: Quartz amygdules occur on Mount Tamalpais. 
 
 Mariposa County: F.ine rock crystal occurs at Mount Bullion. 
 Rogers (35) has described the ocurrence of a large mass of quartz 
 showing prominent parting, at White Rock on the Helm ranch, about 
 25 miles east of Merced. 
 
 Mono County: Rock crystal, amethyst, and tabular drusy quartz 
 have come from the Bodie district. 
 
 Monterey County: White quartz sand occurs in dunes at Del 
 Monte and Carmel Bay. 
 
 Napa County: Good rock crystal occurs near Calistoga. 
 
 Nevada County: Good specimens of rock crystal have come from 
 Grass Valley and Nevada City. Large crystals occur near Washington. 
 
 Placer County: Rock crystal occurs in the Ophir district. Quartz 
 and rock crystals, some with inclusions of green chlorite, occur at 
 Shady Run. 
 
 Plumas County: Rock crystal has come from the Granite Basin. 
 Deep-colored rose quartz has come from Meadow Valley. 
 
 Riverside County: Rock crystal, smoky quartz, and pink quartz 
 are associated with the gem tourmaline at Coahuila. Granular quartz 
 occurs in the Crestmore limestone quarry, Eakle (17). Massive quartz- 
 ite occurs in large quantity on the Eagle Mountains. White quartz 
 is obtained from a pegmatite at the Southern Pacific Silica quarry 
 near Nuevo. 
 
 Sacramento County: Rock crystal of fine qualit}- is found at 
 Folsom. ■ 
 
 San Benito County: Amethyst crystals of fair color were found 
 in vugs in the San Carlos mine of the New Idria Quicksilver Company. 
 
 Sa7i Bernardino County: Quartz with rutile needles has been 
 found in the San Bernardino Range. It is found as pseudomorphs 
 after calcite at Hart. Clear white quartz occurs in the Fremont min- 
 
OXIDES 95 
 
 iug district. It occurs with specular hematite and epidote in the San 
 Bernardino Mountains about 30 miles northeast of San Bernardino. 
 
 San Dieyo County: Rock crystals, smoky quartz, and pink quartz 
 are associated with the green and pink tourmaline of the county. 
 Large groups of crystals of a deep-rose color occur in the pegmatite 
 veins which carry the tourmaline at Pala, Mesa Grande, and Rincon. 
 Rock crystal with long and almost black needles of tourmaline occurs 
 at Pala. Crystals from Pala and Rincon have the forms: (3031), 
 (4041), (50ol), (1121), (3141), (4151), and (5161), G. A. Waring 
 (05). Smoky and ordinary quartz from Rincon have been spectro- 
 scopically examined by Kennard (35). An opalescent rose quartz 
 occurs at Escondido. Tourmalinated quartz has been found on the east 
 side of Chihuahua Valley. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Rogers (31a) lias described paramorphs of 
 quartz after tridymite in rhj^olite at Lone Hill, near Los Gatos. 
 
 Stanlshiuf; County: A large ledge of (piartz occurs about 12 miles 
 above Pattersoti on El Puerto Creek. Analysis: 
 
 SiOj AI2O3 Fe:i03 
 
 99.78 0.21 none 
 
 Tulare County: Rock crystal occurs at Three Rivers and in Drum 
 Valley. Rose quartz is found at Bull Run Meadows and at Yokohl. 
 Quartz with inclusions of hornblende is found at Deer Creek. Beau- 
 tiful rose quartz occurs at the Summer Rose Quartz claim, 8 miles 
 southeast of California Hot Springs near the Kern County line. Rose 
 quartz occurs on the west side of Bull Run Ridge ; near Badger ; in 
 pegmatite on ridge west of Dry Creek, about 5 miles north of Lemon 
 Cove. Rose quartz occurs in a pegmatite with massive black allanite 
 on the Gasenberger ranch near Exeter. 
 
 CHALCEDONY 
 
 Silicon dioxide, SiOi>. 
 
 Cryptocrystalline. Waxy luster. Translucent to opaque. White, 
 gray, blue, brown, black. H. = 7. G. = 2.6. 
 
 Reaction.s the same a.s for quartz. 
 
 Chalcedony occurs in dense masses and layers, often banded. Many 
 large masses of chalcedony and jasper have been deposited by springs. 
 Chalcedony is a common secondary filling of cavities and fissures in 
 volcanic rock, and may form large geodes in tins way. Many names 
 are given to the varieties of cry|)tocrystalline quartz that may be 
 classed under chalcedony, most of them based on color and structure. 
 They include chalcedony, agate, cornelian, mrd, prase, heliotrope or 
 bloodstone, chrysoprase, onyx, sardonyx, jasper, and flint, all of which 
 are found in the State. Ordinary petrified wood is largely agate 
 or chalcedony. 
 
96 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Myrickite is a local name applied to chalcedony having blood-red 
 spots and patches of cinnabar. 
 
 Kinradite is a local name given to a spherulitic jasper. 
 
 Alameda County: Small geodes of chalcedony are common in the 
 Berkeley Hills. 
 
 Alpine County: Red jasper is common in" the Monitor district. 
 
 Amador County: Bluish chalcedony occurs at Volcano. 
 
 Calaveras County: Red, green, and brown jasper is found near 
 Murphy. Petrified wood occurs at Angels Camp. 
 
 Del Norte County: Agate, chalcedony, and jasper pebbles are 
 common beach pebbles at Crescent City. 
 
 Fresno County: Banded, delicately-veined masses of white chal- 
 cedony occur at Panoche. Jasper occurs in Stone Canyon and Jasper 
 Canyon near Coalinga, Melhase (34). 
 
 Hianholdt County: The beach pebbles at Big Lagoon are agate, 
 chalcedony, jasper, prase, and carnelian. Red jasper is common at 
 Shelter Cove. 
 
 Imperial County: Fine agates are found as drift pebbles in the 
 Colorado Desert near Canyon Springs. 
 
 Inyo County: Porcelain jasper has been found in the Coso dis- 
 trict. Blue agate and myrickite are found near Meerschaum Springs 
 in the Death Valley region, Melhase (34). 
 
 Kern County: Deep-blue and sky-blue masses of chalcedony occur 
 near Cane Springs. Petrified wood and agate occur at Red Rock 
 Canyon, Melhase (34). 
 
 Los Angeles County: The beach pebbles at Redondo are largely 
 chalcedony. Jasper and onyx form a mottled stone found on Santa 
 Catalina Island, Randolph (35) ; locally known as 'Catalinite.' 
 Agates and geodes occur abundantly near Vasquez Rocks in Mint 
 Canyon, Patton (36). 
 
 Marin County: The beach pebbles at Bolinas are in part agate 
 and chalcedony. Red jasper outcrops on the Reed ranch. Kinradite 
 occurs on the shore west of Sausalito between Point Bonita and Lime 
 Point. 
 
 Napa County: Red jasper is found on Mount St. Helena. Chal- 
 cedony is common at the Manhattan cinnabar mine, Knoxville. Pine, 
 banded onyx is also obtained there. 
 
 Nevada County : Brown jasper occurs at Nevada City. Good moss 
 agate is found near Indian Flat. 
 
OXIDES 97 
 
 Placer County: Fine geodal masses of chalcedony have been found 
 at the Spanish mine, Ophir district. The beach pebbles at Lake 
 Tahoe contain chalcedony, agate, jasper, carnelian, and prase. 
 
 Plumas County: Banded green and red jasper occurs in the slates 
 and schists west of Meadow Valley. 
 
 San Benito Comity: Bluish-gray chalcedony occurred as pseudo- 
 morphs after elongated crystals of barite and also formed shells about 
 oily bituminous matter, in the Phipps Quicksilver mine, east of 
 Emmett. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Moss agate has come from the San Ber- 
 nardino Mountains. Bluish chalcedony is associated with opal in the 
 Black Mountains north of Barstow. Myrickite occurred in bunches 
 and small masses 15 miles northeast of Lead Pipe Springs. Fine blue 
 chalcedony occurs 2 miles northeast of Lead Pipe Springs. Blood- 
 stone occurs in vesicular basalt with jasper near Lead Pipe Springs. 
 
 San Diego County: Red and white banded chalcedony occurs 
 southeast of Dalzura and east of the Donohue mine. The amethystine- 
 colored chalcedony found east of San Diego has been called 'violite.' 
 
 San Francisco County: Red, green, and brown jasper is common 
 in the serpentine of San Francisco. Kinradite is found near Land's 
 End. 
 
 San Mateo County: The beach pebbles at Pescadero contain chal- 
 cedony, agate, carnelian, and jasper. 
 
 Sa7ita Barhara County: The beach pebbles of this county contain 
 agate and chalcedony. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Fine orbicular jasper is found near Morgan 
 Hill, Melhase (34). 
 
 Siskiyou County: Jasper is common with the numerous serpentine 
 masses of the county. 
 
 Sonoma County: Red jasper is found at Windsor. The petrified 
 wood of the Petrified Forest west of Calistoga is Iftrgely chalcedony. 
 
 Trinity County: Jasper occurs on Red IVIountain at the head of 
 Prospect Peak. 
 
 Tulare County: Fine moss agate occurs on Deer Creek. Chryso- 
 prase is found at Yokohl. Chrysoprase was mined on the eastern slope 
 of the Venice Hills; at Stokes Mountain; on the Tule River; on Deer 
 Creek; and 1 mile east of Lindsay. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Yellow and brown jasper occurs at Shaws Flat. 
 
 7—51440 
 
98 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 TRIDYMITE 
 
 Silicon dioxide, Si02. 
 
 Ortliorhombic. Thin pseudo-hexagonal plates, often overlapping. 
 Brittle. Vitreous luster. Colorless to white. H. = 7. G. = 2.28 — 2.33. 
 
 Reactions the same as for quartz. 
 
 Tridymite is a form of silica which is found in recent volcanic 
 rocks. It is generally of microscopic size and therefore is rarely seen, 
 except in thin sections of rocks. As a rock mineral it may occur in 
 all of the recent volcanics. 
 
 Imperial County: Tridymite with cristobalite and feldspar is a 
 principal constituent of an altered rhyolite obsidian which makes up 
 Cormorant Island in the Salton Sea, Rogers (26). 
 
 Inyo County: Tridymite occurs in lithophysae in obsidian at Little 
 Lake, 40 miles south of Owens Lake, Wright (16). 
 
 Lake County: Druses and groups of sharp tridymite crystals occur 
 in vugs and seams in andesite in Seigler Canyon, near Lower Lake. 
 
 Mono County: Schaller, (05a) has described small plates of tri- 
 dymite with the forms: (0001), (1010), (3250), (54'90), (3034), and 
 (l6T2), in the cavities of lava near Bridgeport. 
 
 Ban Luis Obispo Coimty: Tridymite is found in lithophysae in 
 rhyolite on Black Mountain in tlie southern Santa Lucia Range, Talia- 
 ferro and Turner (32). 
 
 Shasta County: Tridymite has been described by Andereon (35) 
 as a secondary mineral at Bumpass Hell and other hot springs in 
 Lassen Volcanic National Park. It occurs abundantly in vesicular 
 basalts on the road to Terry's Mill, east of Round Mountain. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It occurs as very thin, wliilc |)lfites iti cavities 
 of an andesite, near Jamestown, Rogers (12). 
 
 CRISTOBALITE 
 
 Silicon dioxide, Si02. 
 
 Isometric. -* Small octahedrons. Dull luster. Color white. 
 H. = 6 — 7. G. = 2.27. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble like quartz. 
 
 Imperial County: Cristobalite occurs with tridymite and feldspar 
 in an obsidian metamorphosed by hot gases on Cormorant Island, 
 Salton Sea, Rogers (26). 
 
 Inyo County: Cristobalite is associated with orthoclase, tridymite, 
 opal, fayalite, and magnetite in the lining of small spherical cavities 
 in obsidian near Little Lake, about 8 miles west of Coso Hot Springs, 
 Rogers (22), (28). 
 
OXIDES 99 
 
 Siskiyou County: Cristobalite occurs with fayalite in litliophysae 
 in spherulitic obsidian, near Canyon Butte in Sec. 13, T. 44 N., R. 43 
 E., M. D. M. 
 
 Tehama County : Cristobalite is a constituent of volcanic rock near 
 Tuscan Springs, Rogers (18). 
 
 Tuolumne County: Distinct octahedral crystals of cristobalite 
 occur ill augite andesite, near Jamestown, Rogers (18). 
 
 OPAL 
 
 Silicon dioxide, with a varying amount of water, Si02.nH20. 
 
 Amorphous. Colloidal massive; also earthy. Prominent conchoidal 
 fracture. Waxy or glassy luster. Color yellow, brown, green, blue, red, 
 white, gray, and colorless. Streak white. H. = 5| — 6i. G. r= 2.1 — 2.2. 
 
 Gives a slight amount of water in a closed tube, otherwise like quartz 
 and chalcedony in its reactions. 
 
 Opal is colloidal silica containing from 2 to 10 per cent of water. 
 It occurs as veins, nodules, and coatings. 
 
 Common opal occurs in white, yellow, brown, bluish, or greenish 
 masses having a prominent conchoidal fracture. 
 
 Fire opal is opal with fire-like reflections. 
 
 Hyalite is transparent glassy opal found in the cavities of volcanic 
 rock. 
 
 Chrysopal or prase opal is a greenish opal found with chrysoprase. 
 
 Moss opal is common opal with moss-like inclusions of pyrolusite 
 01- chlorite. 
 
 Wood opal is petrified wood. 
 
 Geyserite is a hydrous silica formed about the vents of geysers 
 and hot springs. 
 
 Diatomaceous earth, and infusorial earth are deposits of silica 
 formed by diatoms. 
 
 Alpine County: Wood opal occurs at Red Lake Peak. 
 Amador County: Wood opal was found at Volcano; diatomaceous 
 earth in lone Valley. 
 
 Butte County: Wood opal occurs at the Dodson mine. 
 
 Calaveras County: Common and hyalite opal have been found at 
 Mokelumne Hill. Wood opal occured at Cliilo Gulch, Bald Hill, Angels 
 Cam]), and other mining camps. 
 
 Contra Costa County: Hyalite and common opal have been found 
 on Mount Diablo. 
 
]00 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Fresno County: Moss opal has come from the mountains east of 
 Fresno. Diatomaceous earth is reported to occur a few miles south- 
 west of Mendota. 
 
 Inyo County: Diatomaceous earth is reported from Independence 
 Valley near the main highway. 
 
 Kern County: White opal is found on the summit of Tehaehapi 
 Mountain. Fine moss opal occurs 18 miles northwest of Johannesburg. 
 Lewis (33) has reported the occurrence of 'milk opal' and 'resin opal' 
 near Rosamond. 
 
 Lake County: Large white masses of opal which have replaced 
 basalt occur at Sulphur Bank. Hyalite has come from Middletown 
 and Kelseyville. Diatomaceous earth occurs on the Lost Spring ranch. 
 
 Lassen County: Wood opal is found in Surprise Valley. Yellow 
 and white opal have been found near Honey Lake. Diatomaceous earth 
 is found at Butte Lake in Lassen Volcanic National Park, Finch and 
 Anderson (30), 
 
 Los Angeles County: Diatomaceous earth occurs at Santa Monica 
 and on Santa Catalina Island. Diatomaceous earth is reported to 
 occur near Bairdstown ; in the bluffs 3 miles south of Redondo ; at 
 Point Duma, northwest of Santa Monica; at Palos Verdes ranch, San 
 Pedro Hills; and near Acton. 
 
 Merced County: Diatomaceous earth of good quality occurs in the 
 hills west of Newman. 
 
 Mono County: Diatomaceous earth has come from near Bodie. 
 Geyserite occurs near Casa Diablo, Lewis (33). 
 
 Monterey County: Diatomaceous earth occurs 9 miles northwest of 
 Bradley; also near Del Monte. 
 
 Napa County: Diatomaceous earth occurs in Friend's Valley west 
 of Calistoga ; also 4 miles southeast of St. Helena. 
 
 Nevada County: Wood opal occurs at Chalk Bluff, Nevada City, 
 North Bloomfield, and Shelly Hill. Masses of moss opal were found 
 at Newton. 
 
 Orange County: Diatomaceous earth occurs near Allison Creek 
 south of El Toro. 
 
 Placer County: Wood opal occurs at Gold Run and near Roseville. 
 Diatomaceous earth was found at Dutch Flat. 
 
 Plumas County : Wood opal occurs in the Gravel Range. 
 
OXIDES 101 
 
 Riverside County: White hyalite coats the Avails of some of the 
 small cavities in the feldspathic pegmatite at Crestmore ; dark-brown 
 and black wood opal occurs with calcite in Sky Blue Hill, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Good gem opal is obtained in the Black 
 Mountains about 25 miles north of Barstow; some clear hyalite occurs 
 with it. Common white, colorless hyalite, red, and gem opal occur in 
 cavities in rhyolite 2 miles northeast of Lead Pipe Springs. An opal 
 deposit occurs about 25 miles north of Barstow, in Copper Mountain. 
 
 San Diego County: Thin coatings of glassy hyalite occur on the 
 quartz and albite at Rincon, Rogers (10). 
 
 San Francisco County: Nodular masses of common opal occur in 
 the serpentine of San Francisco. Moss opal occurs in the Black Hills. 
 
 San Luis Obispo County: Diatomaceous earth occurs near Port 
 San Luis, near Arroyo Grande, and near Edna. Occurrences of 
 diatomaceous earth are reported in the mountains back of Pismo, in 
 the hills on the south side of San Luis Valley, in the San Luis Range 
 south of Morro Bay, and in the Salinas Valley as far north as Rin- 
 conada. 
 
 San Mateo County: Diatomaceous earth occurs at San Gregorio. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: A large deposit of diatomaceous earth 
 occurs at Lompoc. Diatomaceous earth also occurs on the southern 
 slope of the Santa Ynez Mountains and near Santa Barbara. It is 
 exposed in the low hills south of Surf and along the coast south of 
 Goleta. 
 
 Shasta County: Diatomaceous earth is found in extensive beds 
 along the Pit River and on Hat Creek. A pure white diatomaceous 
 earth occurs a few miles southwest of Bartle in T. 37 N., R. 3 E., M. D. 
 M. Opal occurs with alnnite and kaolin in thick and incoherent deposits 
 on the lower flanks of Brokeoff Mountain, H. Williams (32). 
 
 Sierra County: Wood opal has come from Downieville. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Fire opal has been found near Dunsmuir. 
 
 Sonoma County: Wood opal occurs near Santa Rosa; diatoma- 
 ceous earth about 10 miles north of Petaluma ; geyserite at the Geysers. 
 Yellow masses of opal occur on the hills north of Sonoma. Opal of 
 gem quality has been found near Glen Ellen. Fire opal has been 
 found in a clay deposit on the Weise ranch, between Glen Ellen and 
 Kenwood. Infusorial earth occurs as a bed five feet thick 1 mile north 
 of Mark West Springs and 6 miles east of Windsor. A deposit of 
 infusorial earth occurs 2 miles northeast of Agua Caliente. Wood 
 opal in large trees occurs in the Petrified Forest west of Calistoga. 
 
102 MINERALS OF CAIilKORNIA 
 
 Tehama County: Opal stalactites and stalagmites have been found 
 in a lava tube in basalt on the north side of Inskip Hill, Ander- 
 son (30). 
 
 Tulare County: Wood opal occurs in Kings River Canyon. 
 Diatomaceous earth occurs near Exeter. Chrysopal or prase opal v^^as 
 found with chrysoprase in the hills east of Visalia and Porterville. 
 Yellow opal occurred with chrysoprase at Yokohl. 
 
 T)iohi))ine County: Wood opal has been found near Columbia. 
 
 ARSENOLITE— White Arsenic 
 
 Arsenic oxide, AS2O3. 
 
 Isometric, commonly in fibrous crusts and earthy. Octaliedral cleav- 
 age. Silky or vitreous luster. Colorless or v^^hite. H. ^= IJ. G. — 3.7. 
 
 Fusible, yielding- white fumes and garlic odor. 
 
 Alpine County: Arsenolite is found as an alteration of enargite 
 at the Exchequer mine. Small white octahedrons of arsenolite with 
 realgar occur in the pj^rite and enargite at the Monitor mine. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Large masses of arsenolite occurred with 
 gold at the Amargosa mine, W. P. Blake (66). 
 
 CLAUDETITE 
 
 Arsenic oxide, As^Os. 
 
 Monoclinic. Platy crystals. Perfect clinopinacoidal cleavage. Lus- 
 ter pearly to vitreous. Colorless to white. H. = 2*. G. ^ 3.85 — 4.15. 
 
 Dense white fumes and garlic odor when heated on charcoal. 
 
 Imperial County: Kelley (36) has described the occurrence of 
 claudetite crystals in a vein of kaolin, gypsum, halloysite; and sulphur, 
 at a sulphur prospect 6 miles north of the 4 S ranch and Iv miles west 
 of the Colorado River. Foi-ms: (110), (101), (111), and (111), 
 Palache (34). 
 
 Trinity County: Claudetite occurs as crusts of well-formed mono- 
 clinic crystals in the pyrrhotite deposit at Island Mountain. 
 
 VALENTINITE 
 
 Antimony oxide, Sb20:i. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In prismatic crystals. Generally columnar masse.'?. 
 Perfect brachypinacoidal cleavage. Adamantine luster. Color snow- 
 white to ash-gray, lemon-yellow. Streak white. H. r=2l. G. :=5.76. 
 
 Gives white coating, but no odor on charcoal. Gives no sulphur in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Valentinite is an oxidation product of antimony minerals, espe- 
 cially of stibnite. 
 
 Kern County: Valentinite occurs with antimony and stibiconite 
 along Erskine Creek, Behre (21). 
 
OXIDES 103 
 
 San Benito County: Lemon-yellow bladed aggregates of valen- 
 tinite, probably pseudomorplis after stibnite, with cinnabar, quartz, 
 and chalcedony, occur at the I'icahotes [Picachos] mine, Rogers (12). 
 
 BISMITE— Bismuth Ocher 
 Bismuth oxide, Bi203.3H20. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhomhohedral. Commonly occurs as an earthy coating. 
 Color yellow to gray. G. = 4.36. 
 
 Gives yellow coating on charcoal, wliich becomes bright-red when 
 fused with potassium iodide and .siilpluir. 
 
 Bismite occurs generally as a j^ellowisli ])()wder or coating on 
 bismuth minerals, especially on native bismuth. 
 
 8a7i Diego County: Bismuth ocher was found as a yellow and gray 
 powder with native bismuth at Pala, Kunz (03b). This powder is, 
 according to Schaller (11a), in part bismuth hydroxide, bismuth 
 vanadate, and mixtures of the two. An analysis of the yellow ocher 
 from the Stewart mine showed it to be a mixture of the hydroxide and 
 the vanadate. 
 
 
 
 Gangue 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 Bi203 
 
 V2O5 
 
 Sol. in HNO3 Insol. in HNOs 
 
 107° 210° 
 
 Ign 
 
 64.43 
 
 12.11 
 
 2.27 17.63 
 
 0.32 0.24 
 
 3.43 
 
 100.43% 
 
 An analysis of the gray ocher from the Stewart mine showed it to 
 be probably bismuth hydroxide with the formula Bi20;j.3Il20. 
 
 
 
 Gangue 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 Bi203 
 
 V2O5 
 
 Sol. in HNOs Insol. in HNO3 
 
 107° 
 
 210° 
 
 Ign. 
 
 64.9 
 
 0.8 
 
 9.5 13.5 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 11.4 
 
 100.8% 
 
 Yellow bismite in small irregular particles and minute tabular 
 crystals with the forms (100) and (Oil) occur at the Victor mine, 
 Kincon, Rogers (10). 
 
 ILSEMANNITE 
 
 Molybdenum compound, formula uncertain. 
 
 Cryptocrystalline. Color blue-black to black. 
 Soluble in water. 
 
 Shasta County: Ilsemannite has been found with molybdenite and 
 pyrite 4 miles west of Gibson, Cook (22). 
 
 CERVANTITE 
 
 Antimony oxide, Sb203.Sb20.-,. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Acicular crystals rare ; usually a crust or powder. 
 Sometimes massive. Color yellow to white. H. :=4J. G. =i 4. 
 
 Infusible. The antimony oxide coating on charcoal is obtained only 
 with the aid of a flux like sodium carbonate. 
 
 Cervantite occurs as an alteration product of stibnite or native 
 antimony. 
 
104 MINERALS OF CALTFORNIA 
 
 Inyo County: Massive yellow cervantite has been found at the 
 Lottie mine, Wild Rose district, and at the St. Ignacio mine. 
 
 Kern County: Cervantite occurred with stibnite at the San Emidio 
 mine. 
 
 STIBICONITE 
 
 Hydrous antimony oxide, H2Sb205. 
 
 Mostly amorphous. Massive or as a crust or powder. Color yellow- 
 ish-white. H. = 4 — 5|. G. = 5.1 — 5.28. 
 
 Reacts like cervantite. but yields water in a closed tube. 
 
 Occurs as an alteration product of stibnite or native antimony. 
 
 Kern County: Stibconite has been found with native antimony at 
 Little Caliente Springs and on Erskine Creek. 
 
 PARTZITE 
 
 Hydrous oxide of antimony, copper and other bases. 
 Massive. Color blackish-green to black. H. = 3 — 4. G. = 3.8. 
 
 Stetefeldtite is similar to partzite with more silver. ' 
 
 Mono County: Partzite was found with argentiferous galena in 
 veins in the Kerrick, Comanche, Diana, and Comet mines of the Blind 
 Spring Hill district and described as a new mineral and analyzed 
 by Arents (67). It was considered, however, by W. P. Blake (67a) 
 to be a mechanical mixture of the hydrous oxide of antimony with 
 other metallic bases. 
 
 SbaOs CU2O AgeO PbO FeO H2O 
 
 47.65 32.11 6.12 2.01 2.33 8.29 = 98.51% 
 
 A specimen labeled ''stetefeldtite" has come from the Giant mine. 
 
 CUPRITE— Red Copper Ore 
 
 Cuprous oxide, CU2O. 
 
 Isometric. Small cubes and octahedrons. Generally massive. Brit- 
 tle. Adamantine to submetallic luster. Color red. Streak brownish-red. 
 H. = 3J. G. = 5.85 — 6.15. 
 
 Mixed with sodium carbonate, it is easily reduced on charcoal to 
 metallic copper. Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid, and when 
 cooled and diluted with cold water, yields a heavy white precipitate of 
 cuprous chloride. 
 
 Cuprite is an important ore of copper. It occurs in most of the 
 copper localities as a secondary mineral in the oxidized portions of the 
 deposits. Massive specimens have come from various counties but no 
 large bodies of cuprite are known in California. 
 
 Chalcotrichite is a long hair-like variety. 
 
 Calaveras County: Masses of cuprite with chalcopyrite are occa- 
 sionally found at Copperopolis and Campo Seco. It is mentioned by 
 Silliman (67a) from Quail Hill. 
 
OXIDES 105 
 
 Colusa County: Cuprite occurred at the old Candace and Union 
 mines. The capillary variety, chalcotrichite, was found with massive 
 cuprite in the Lion mine. 
 
 Del Norte County: Masses of cuprite with native copper occurred 
 at the Pearl copper mine. Cuprite is common in the Rockland district. 
 
 El Dorado County: Cuprite occurred with malachite, chalcopyrite, 
 and native copper at the Cambrian mine. 
 
 Fresno County: It was prominent in the Gordon-Fresno copper 
 mine. 
 
 Humholdt County: Cuprite occurs with native copper and mala- 
 chite on Horse Mountain. It was found with melaconite, chalcocite, 
 and malachite on the Fields Lebanon property. Red Cap Creek. 
 
 Kern County: Cuprite occurred in the Greenback mine. Woody 
 district, 30 miles northeast of Bakersfield, Storms (13). 
 
 Lassen County: Cuprite occurs in the Lummis mine. 
 
 Modoc County: Excellent specimens of cuprite with malachite, 
 native copper, and chrysocolla have come from the Christy mine, Fort 
 Bidwell, and from the Leitz mine, 7 miles south of Fort Bidwell. 
 
 Mono County: Massive cuprite was found at the Eclipse, Kerrick, 
 and Mammoth mines; also near Lundy with cerargyrite and chryso- 
 colla. It occurred with native copper at the Cavin mine, Copper 
 Mountain, 22 miles southwest of Bodie. Cuprite is found with mala- 
 chite and melaconite in the Detroit Copper mine, Jordan district, 
 about 6 miles northeast of Lundy. 
 
 Napa County: Cuprite was found near Calistoga and St. Helena, 
 some of it the chalcotrichite variety. 
 
 Nevada County: Cuprite occurs with chalcocite and native copper 
 at Meadow Lake; with chalcocite and malachite at the Oro Grande 
 mine. 
 
 Placer County: Massive cuprite occurs near Lincoln; it is found 
 with chalcopyrite at the Elder mine. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs in Light's Canyon; with native silver 
 at the Pocahontas mine, Indian VaUey. 
 
 Riverside County: It occurred in quantity at the Red Cloud mine, 
 Chuckawalla Mountains. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Massive cuprite was found in Holcombe 
 Valley; common at the Copper World mine, Clark Mountain. 
 
 Shasta County: Cuprite has been found at the Peck, Afterthought, 
 Copper City, Greenhorn, and other mines of this county. 
 
106 MINERALS OF CALTFORNIA 
 
 Tr'mUy County: It occurs massive at Trinity Center. 
 
 Tulare County: Cuprite occurs in the Mineral King district. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It was found at Whiskey Hill, Silliman (67a). 
 
 PERICLASE 
 
 Magnesium oxide, MgO. 
 
 Isometric. Cubes and octaliedrons. Cubic cleavage. White or 
 colorless. H.= G. G. r= 3.67 — 3.90. 
 
 Infusible, but completely soluble. Ammonia and sodium phosphate 
 added to hydrochloric acid solution precipitates magnesia. Alters to 
 Ijrucite. 
 
 Riverside County: Periclase was found in the city (juarry at Riv- 
 erside, Rogers (18a). It was later reported by Rogers (29) from the 
 AVet AA^eather quarry at Crestmore. 
 
 MASSICOT 
 
 Lead monoxide, PbO. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Usually in scales or scaly masses. Color brownish 
 orange-red. Soft. G. = 9.29. 
 
 Puses easily to a yellowish glass. Easily reduced on charcoal to 
 metallic lead, yielding yellow coating. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Crystalline scaly masses of massicot 
 with litharge occur on Cucamonga Peak, and were described by Lar- 
 sen (17a). 
 
 LITHARGE 
 
 Lead monoxide, PbO 
 
 Tetragonal. Scaly masses. Color lemon-yellow to orange-yellow. 
 H. = 2. G. = 9.13. 
 
 Fuses easily to a yellow glass. Easily reduced on charcoal to 
 metallic lead, and gives yellow coating. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Litharge occurred with massicot on Cuca- 
 monga peak, Larsen (17a). 
 
 TENORITE— Melaconite 
 
 Cupric oxide, CuO. 
 
 Triclinic. In minute scales: also as an earthy powder; massive. 
 Metallic to dull luster. Color and streak black. H. = 3 — 4. G. =.5.82 — 6.5. 
 
 Same reactions as obtained from cuprite. Distinguished by color. 
 
 Calaveras County: Tenorite is a common alteration product of 
 clialcopyrite at Copperopolis and Campo Seco. Large nodular masses 
 of it have come from the Satellite mine. It is found with malachite 
 at the Telegraph mine. Hog Hill. 
 
 Colusa County: Tenorite was found in serpentine with native 
 copper and cuprite at the Gray Eagle mine. 
 
 Del Norte County: It occurred with the chalcopyrite at the Alta 
 and Pearl mines. 
 
OXIDES 107 
 
 Inyo County: Tenorite occurred wilii elirysocolla, azurite, and 
 malachite in the Greenwater district. 
 
 Mono County: It was found with cuprite at the Detroit copper 
 mine. 
 
 Nevada County: Tenorite occurred at the Excelsior mine. 
 
 Shasta County: It occurs at the Afterthought and other chalco- 
 pyrite mines of this county. 
 
 MONTROYDITE 
 
 IMercairic oxide, HgO. 
 
 OiUiurhombic. Prismatic crystals. Perfect piiiiu^oidal cleavage. 
 Brilliant luster. Color and streak deep-red. H. = 1?; — 2. 
 
 Volatile. 
 
 San Mateo County: Montroj'dite has been found in long prismatic 
 and bent crystals with eglestonite, calomel, native mercury, and cin- 
 nabar in joints and fissures in a siliceous rock replacing serpentine 
 about two miles west of Redwood City, Woodhouse (34). 
 
 HEMATITE GROUP 
 
 CORUNDUM 
 
 Aluminum oxide, AI2O:!. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Prismatic crystals and massive. Brittle ; 
 when compact very tough. Adamantine to vitreous luster. Color generally 
 bluish-gray; also blue, red, yellow, brown, gray. Streak uncolored. 
 H. r=9. G. = 3.95 — 4.10. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. Fragments moistened with cobalt nitrate 
 and intensely heated assume a sky-blue color. 
 
 Corundum-bearing rocks are rare in the State and no workable 
 deposits of this useful mineral are known. The gem varieties, ruby 
 and sapphire, have not been found in good clear crystals. 
 
 Butte County: A few .sapj)liires are said to liave been found with 
 diamonds in stream gravels in this county. 
 
 Los Angeles County: The first mention of coruiidum in the State 
 was of some sapphirp-l)]iio ])ebbles found in San Francisquito Pass, 
 W. P. Blake (66). 
 
 Mono County: Coarse nodular masse.s of corundum occur with 
 the andalusite at the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, on 
 the western slope of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of ]\Iocalno, 
 Kerr (32). 
 
 Plumas County: Large violet-blue crystals occur in the plumas- 
 ite of Spanish Peak, Lawson (03). 
 
 Riverside County: Large crystals of corundum have been found 
 near the summit of the San Jacinto Mountains. 
 
108 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Sa7i Bernardino County: Corundum was found in the Kingston 
 Range, Kunz (05). Pale-rose to deep-lilac crystals of corundum 
 occur in metamorphosed limestone in Cascade Canyon, a branch of San 
 Antonio Canj^on, in the San Gabriel Mountains, Louderbaek and 
 Blasdale (10), Merriam and Laudermilk (36). 
 
 San Diego County: It is a constituent of the dumortierite schist 
 of Dehesa, Schaller (05). Pink and gray crystals of corundum occur 
 in a vein with garnet in mica schist on the northern slope of the San 
 Miguel Mountains, 26 miles east of San Diego. Blue corundum is 
 reported from Tule Mountain, north of Jacumba. 
 
 HEMATITE— Red Ocher 
 
 Iron oxide, Fe203. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals, compact massive, lamellar, 
 ^anular, micaceous, and earthy. Luster metallic, submetallic, or dull. 
 Color black, red, brown. Streak red and reddish-brown. H. = 51- — 6^. 
 G. =^4.9 — 5.3. 
 
 Gradually acted on by strong acids ; ammonia precipitates ferric 
 hydrate. Becomes magnetic on heating. Gives little or no water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Hematite is the chief ore of iron. Crj^stalline black masses of hema- 
 tite are found with metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The 
 flaky variety, specular hematite, often termed 'speeularite,' is a com- 
 mon constituent of the crystalline rocks of the State. Red hematite 
 mixed with brown limonite forms the capping of manj^ iron sulphide 
 deposits. 
 
 Martite is a pseudomorph of hematite after magnetite. Much of 
 the magnetite of the State shows a change into hematite and martite 
 is common in the magnetite-hematite deposits. 
 
 Alameda County: Massive red earthy hematite mixed with lim- 
 onite forms the capping of the pyrite body at Leona Heights. 
 
 Alpine County: Massive black hematite occurs at Monitor. 
 
 Amador County: Impure hematite occurs 2 miles west of lone, and 
 also half a mile northwest of Clinton. 
 
 Butte County: It is common in the gravels at Magalia, Butte 
 Creek, Oroville, and Stirling City. Specular hematite is found at 
 Bangor. 
 
 Calaveras County: Hematite was found at Douglas Plat, Mur- 
 phy, Wallace, and Quail Hill. 
 
 Colusa County: Good massive hematite occurs 40 miles west of 
 Willows. A red hematite suitable for mineral paint occurs in a 
 deposit 4 miles southwest of Lodoga. 
 
oxroES 109 
 
 Del Norte County: It was found at tlie Kelsey Tunnel, 14 miles 
 southeast of Crescent City. 
 
 El Dorado County: Hematite occurred in masses at Shingle 
 Springs. It also occurred in the gravels at Diamond Springs, Green 
 Valley, and Virner. 
 
 Humholdt County: It occurs in a large vein 3 miles south of 
 Centerville. Red ocherous hematite is found near Garberville and 
 also 8 miles from Ferndale. Soft red ocherous hematite occurs on 
 Jones Creek, 2 miles northeast of Areata. Specular hematite occurs 
 in the Humboldt mine at Orleans. Massive red hematite occurs on 
 Rainbow Ridge. 
 
 Inyo County: ]\Iassive specular hematite occurs at the Defiance 
 mine. Hematite is also found in Owens Valley, Hanks (84). A 
 large deposit of specular hematite is found near Alvord Station. The 
 specular variety is found in large masses in the Inyo Mountains, 7 
 miles east of Kearsarge. Red hematite occurs five miles north of 
 Shoshone. Fine specular hematite occurs in the Grapevine Range. 
 
 Kern County: Hematite occurs at Cane Springs and Ricardo. A 
 deposit of specularite occurs in mica schist at the foot of Mount 
 Breckenridge, about 20 miles north of Caliente. Red ocherous hem- 
 atite occurs in the Red Rock district. 
 
 Lake County: Massive red hematite occurs near Glenbrook. A 
 deposit of red ocherous hematite occurs in Jerusalem Vallej', near 
 Dollar Springs. Pseudomorphs of hematite after marcasite have been 
 described from the Baker mine, 6 miles from Lower Lake, by Rogers 
 (10a). 
 
 Lassen County: Excellent specimens of specular hematite have 
 come from near Susanville. 
 
 Marin County: Massive specimens of hematite have come from 
 the Mailliard ranch, about 2 miles southwest of San Geronimo. 
 
 Mendocino County: Large crystalline masses of hematite occur 
 7 miles east of Round Valley on the Eel River. Red ocherous hema- 
 tite is found in Anderson Valley and near Covelo. 
 
 Mono County: It is common in the Blind Spring Hill district. 
 Abundant masses of specular hematite occur in the audalusite mass 
 on the western slope of the White Mountains, Knopf (17a). 
 
 Napa County: Massive red hematite occurs near St. Helena, 
 at White Sulphur Springs, and Blaisville. Red and brown masses 
 of hematite and limonite occur at the Sterling Iron mine, St. Helena. 
 
110 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 There is a red oclierous hematite deposit on Benoli Mountain, 2 miles 
 south of Calistoga. 
 
 Nevada County: It was found with gokl at Meadow Lake, Lind- 
 gren (93). Small dejoosits of hematite occur at Indian Springs and 
 at Newtown. 
 
 Orange Count ji: It was observe*] at Pullerton. 
 
 Placer County: Hematite occurs with magnetite at the Hotaling 
 deposit about 6 miles nortli of Auburn. Small amounts of it occur at 
 Clipper Gap, Red Hill, and Jiear Weimar. 
 
 Plumas County: Hematite occurs with magnetite near Crescent 
 Mills; at jMumford's Hill, Light's Canyon, Genesee Valley, and Nel- 
 son Point. Foliated masses of specular hematite occur in quartz on 
 the north side of the Diamond Range. Specular hematite mixed with 
 magnetite occurs as a vein very close to the Diadem lode. Black 
 masses of hematite occur with magnetite near Moonlight, 11 miles 
 north of Taylorville. Hematite is common at the Engels copper mine. 
 
 Riverside County: Considerable hematite is associated with, and 
 has been formed from magnetite, at the extensive deposits in the 
 Eagle Mountains. The specular variety associated with green epi- 
 dote is common in the Monte Negro district. Some of tlie cellular 
 cavities formed by leaching out of brucite are filled with red hema- 
 tite, at Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Benito County: It was reported to occur at tlie old Quilty 
 Iron mine. 
 
 San Bernardino County: IMie numerous iron deposits of the 
 Mojave Desert have hematite and magnetite in heavy black masses. 
 The deposits near Dale, on Iron Mountain, in the Kingston Range, 
 at Cave Canyon, Newberry, on Providence Mountain near Kelso, and 
 elsewhere in the county, are massive hematite after magnetite, or 
 raartite. A soft red ocherous hematite occurs in the Calico district, 
 5 miles west of Yermo. Hematite is found massive on Sheephole 
 Mountain. 
 
 San Diego County: Black massive hematite occurs in Eagle Peak 
 Canyon. 
 
 San Joaquin County: Earthy red liematite as shale occurs at 
 the Ladd manganese mine. 
 
 Sa}i Luis Ohispo County: An extensive deposit of hematite witli 
 limonite occurs iu the Irish Hills southwest of San Luis Obispo, 
 Franke (35). 
 
OXIDES 111 
 
 Shasta County: The Redding or Pit River deposit of hematite 
 has been utilized at the electric smelting furnace at Heroult. Thick 
 deposits of earthy hematite and limonite cap the pyrite beds of this 
 county. 
 
 Siskiijou County: The gravels of the Shasta River contain spec- 
 ular hematite. 
 
 Sonoma County: Deposits of hematite are reported near Port 
 Ross and near tlie Avest fork of the Gualala River. Hematite occurs 
 on the Lancaster ranch, east of Pisk's j\Iills. Siliceous hematite occurs 
 on Porter Creek, about 10 miles southwest of Healdsburg. 
 
 Stanislaus County: Poliated hematite occurs near La Grange. 
 
 Tehama County: Deposits of hematite occur at Beegum. 
 
 Trinity County: It is found in the sands at Trinity Center. Spec- 
 ular hematite occurs near Burnt Ranch. 
 
 Yuha County: It is found in the sands of the Brownsville district. 
 
 ILMENITE — Menaccanite 
 Oxide of iron and titanium, FeTlOa. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Plates, massive, in rounded pebbles and 
 grains. Submetallic luster. Color black. Streak dark-brown to black. 
 H. = 5 — 6. G. = 4.5 — 5. 
 
 Magnetism usually increased by heating. Wlion ilmenite is fused with 
 sodium carbonate and the flux dissolved in hydrochloric acid, the solution 
 turns reddish or bluish violet when reduced with metallic tin. 
 
 Ilmenite resembles hematite and magnetite so closely that it is not 
 often differentiated from them. The black beach sands and the black- 
 sand coiu'cntrates in the gold fields contain much ilmenite in small 
 L'rains and rolU'd pebbles. In most of the localities given below it exists 
 in the sands. 
 
 Amador County: Ilmenite occurs near Volcano. 
 
 Butte County: It occurs at Oroville, Cherokee, Little Rock Creek, 
 Brush Creek, and Inskip. 
 
 Calaveras County: Ilmenite occurs in considerable amounts at San 
 Andreas, Murphy, and Wallace. 
 
 Del Norte Coimty: It occurs at Crescent Cit3^ 
 
 El Dorado County: It occurs in the Brownsville district, at Green 
 Valley, Placerville, and Grizzly Plats. It occurs at Georgetown, W. P. 
 BlMke (58). 
 
 Fresno Counhi: Ilmenite occurs with rutile, near Priant. 
 
 Humholdt County: It occurs at Upper Gold Bluff. 
 
 Imperial County: Massive ilmenite occurs near Niland. 
 
112 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Kern County: It is an important constituent of the black sands at 
 Vaughn. 
 
 Los Angeles Comity: Ilmenite occurs in the beach sands at Ocean 
 Park and Ilermosa Beach. Important deposits of ilmenite occur in 
 the San Gabriel Mountains. 
 
 Madera County: Plates of ilmenite are found with pyrophyllite and 
 quartz at Beach Creek on the North Fork of San Joaquin River, 
 and platy masses of ilmenite occur just west of Agnew Pass, Erwin 
 (34). 
 
 Mariposa County: Ilmenite occurs near Princeton, and as crystals 
 in dolomite near Mariposa. 
 
 Mono County: Minute flakes of ilmenite occur in andalusite at 
 the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, on the western slope 
 of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of Mocalno, Woodhouse (36). 
 
 Nevada County: Ilmenite occurs at Rough and Ready, Nevada City, 
 North Bloomfield, and Relief Hill. 
 
 Orange County: Ilmenite occurs at Fullerton. 
 
 Placer County: Ilmenite occurs at Gold Run. 
 
 Plumas County: Ilmenite occurs at Spanish Ranch, Crescent Mills, 
 La Porte, and Nelson Point. It is intergrown with hematite and 
 magnetite at Engels. Good crystals have been found at Genesee. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Ilmenite occurs near Needles. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: It is found in the beach sands of the 
 county. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: It occurs at Point Sal. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: It is a constituent of the black sands at Aptos, 
 Hess (27). 
 
 Shasta County: It is found at Round Mountain, French Gulch, and 
 Redding. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It occurs in the sands of Jackson Creek, Happy 
 Camp, Forks of the Salmon, Sawyers Bar, Scott River, and Shasta 
 River. 
 
 Trinity County: It occurs at Junction City, Carrville, Minersville, 
 and on the Trinity River. 
 
 Tidare County: It occurs with specular hematite and magnetite, 
 near Orosi. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It occurs at American Camp. 
 
 Yuha County: It occurs at Marysville, Brownsville, Yuba River, 
 Strawberry Valley, Indian Hill, and Oregon House. 
 
OXIDES 113 
 
 SPINEL GROUP 
 
 SPINEL 
 
 Magnesium, aluminum oxide, MgO.AlsOs. 
 
 Isometric. Usually in octahedrons ; rounded grains. Brittle. 
 Vitreous luster. Color ruby-red, blue, green, brown, black. Streak white. 
 H. = 8. G. = 3.5 — 4.1. 
 
 Infusible. Fused with sodium carbonate, dissolved in hydrochloric 
 acid, the solution yields aluminum hydroxide on the addition of ammonia, 
 and white magnesium phosphate on the further addition of sodium phos- 
 phate, thus distinguishing- it from corundum. 
 
 Spinel occurs only as a rock constituent and exists in some of the 
 gold-placer sands as rubj^-red grains resembling- red garnet. 
 
 Picotite is a brown spinel containing chromium and iron ; it occurs 
 in the serpentine rocks. 
 
 Pleonaste is a dark-green iron-magnesium spinel. 
 
 Butte County: Small crystals of ruby spinel have been found in 
 the rock of the diamond mine near Oroville. 
 
 Humholdt County: Ruby spinel occurs in the beach sands at Gold 
 Bluff. 
 
 Lassen County: Brown octahedral crystals of picotite have been 
 found in quartz basalt at Cinder Cone, Lassen Volcanic National Park, 
 Finch and Anderson (30). 
 
 Placer County: Picotite has been found at Rocklin, Hanks (84). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Black spinel occurs in the basalt flows 
 south of Pipes Canyon, Sees. 21 and 22, T. 1 N., R. 4 E., S. B. M., in 
 basalt near Quail Springs, T. 1 S., R. 7 E., S. B. M. 
 
 San Diego County: Blue spinel was reported to occur in the Mack 
 mine near Rincon ; the deep-green, pleonaste variety, in small octa 
 hedrons, occurs there with garnet, Rogers (10). 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Ruby spinel has been observed near San 
 Luis Obispo, Kunz (05). 
 
 Siskiyou County: Picotite occurs in the basalts of Mount Shasta, 
 Hanks (84). 
 
 Tulare County: Granular green spinel occurs in metamorphosed 
 serpentine on the southwest side of Rocky Hill and in metamorphosed 
 basic volcanic roclis on the southern slope of Woodlake Mountain. 
 
 8—51440 
 
114 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 MAGNETITE 
 
 Iron oxide, FesOj. 
 
 Isometric. Octahedral crystals, compact and granular massive. 
 Metallic luster. Color iron-black. Streak black. H. = 5J — 6|. G. :=5.1. 
 
 Strongly magnetic. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, and reddish ferric 
 hydrate precipitated on the addition of ammonia. Distinguished from 
 hematite by streak and magnetism. 
 
 Magnetite is one of the most abundant of the iron minerals, and 
 good deposits of it occur in tlie State. It is a constituent of most 
 igneous rocks and in sncli condition exists in all of the counties. It 
 forms the bulk of the black sands. Most magnetite occurs with the 
 metamorphic schists and gneisses, and in igneous rocks. It often 
 occurs along the contact of igneous intrusions through metamorphic or 
 sedimentary rocks. Some magnetite is titaniferous, grading toward 
 ilmenite. 
 
 Lodestone is a variety possessing polarity; it forms a natural 
 magnet. 
 
 Alameda County: Octahedral crystals occur in the schists of North 
 Berkeley. 
 
 Butte County: Magnetite is abundant in the drift workings at 
 Magalia, in the gravels on Butte Creek, and in the dredging sands at 
 Oroville. It is found in the concentrates at Stirling City, Little Rock 
 Creek, Brush Creek, Lovelock, and Inskip. Masses of it occur near 
 Oroville. 
 
 (kdaveras County: It is found in the concentrates at Douglas Flat, 
 San Andreas, Murphy, and Wallace. Massive magnetite occurs on Cai'- 
 son Hill. 
 
 ]>il Norte County: It is found at (h-escent City, (jilbert Creek, and 
 Smith River. Masses of pure magnetite occur in the French Hill min- 
 ing district. 
 
 El Dorado County: Magnetite occurs massive and as fine octa- 
 hedrons in chlorite about 2 miles northeast of Shingle Springs. Lode- 
 stone has been found at Colma. Magnetite is common in the concen- 
 trates at Virner, Green Valley, Clrizzly Flats, the Reliance mine, and 
 ill the Brownsville district. It occurs with galena, chalcopyrite, cal- 
 cite, quartz, and garnet as a contact deposit at the Lilyoma mine, 
 Pilot Hill. Large masses of magnetite occur near Volcanoville, W. P. 
 P>lake (58). Masses of magnetite are found near Fallen Leaf Lake. 
 
 Fresno County: Lodestone has been found at the Sparkling Iron 
 mine, Kings Creek district. Octahedral crystals associated with 
 bornite occur in the Uncle Sam mine on Crown Creek opposite Tehipite 
 Dome, the Kings River. Pure masses of magnetite occur in Cinnamon 
 Bear district, Pine Flat. 
 
OXIDES 115 
 
 Humholdt County: The greater part of the black constituent of 
 the beach sands at Gold Bluif and Upper Gold Bluff is magnetite. 
 It is common at Orleans and Trinidad. 
 
 Imperial County: It is found massive near Palo Verde. 
 
 Inyu County: Large deposits of magnetite are reported to occur 
 in the Olancha district near the Haiwee Dam. 
 
 Kern County: It is abundant in the black concentrates at Ricardo, 
 Kane Springs, and Vaughn. Granular masses of magnetite occur in the 
 San Emigdio mining district. Magnetite occurs with mica schist, 1^ 
 miles south of Woody. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Several deposits of titaniferous magnetite 
 occur in T. 4 N., R. 14 W., S. B. M., south of Soledad Canyon, Tucker 
 (27). W. J. Miller (31), (31), has described the occurrence of massive 
 titaniferous magnetite in gabbro and diorite 1 mile southwest and 3 miles 
 east of the Monte Cristo Gold mines near the headwaters of Mill Creek 
 in the San Gabriel Mountains. It occurs in the black sands at Ocean 
 Park, and with garnet in the black sands of Santa Monica Bay. 
 
 Madera County: Large deposits of magnetite occur on the western 
 slope of Iron Mountain in the Minaret district, "Weeks (15), Erwin 
 (34). Deposits of it occur on the western slope of Mount Raymond. 
 
 Mariposa County: ]\Iasses of magnetite occur at the base of J\Iount 
 Hoffman. 
 
 Modoc County: It is found in the drift and black sands of the Pit 
 River. 
 
 Mono County: It is found massive in the Benton, Bodie, and Lundy 
 districts, Whiting (88). 
 
 Nevada County: Deposits of magnetite occur about 1 mile west of 
 Newtown, and about 4 miles south of Indian Springs at the contact 
 between granodiorite and diabase. Magnetite is common in the con- 
 centrates at Nevada City, Grass Valley, North Bloomfield, Relief Hill, 
 and Rough and Ready. A small deposit of magnetite occurs in place 
 at Diamond Creek, about 1 mile east of the Omaha mine. 
 
 Orange County: It is found in the sands at Fullerton. 
 
 Placer County: A deposit of magnetite which was worked in 1881- 
 1886 by blast furnace, occurs at Hotaling, 5 miles west of Clipper 
 Gap, on contact between diabase and quartzite. Octahedrons are com- 
 mon at Forest Hill. It is common in the black sands and concentrates 
 at Butcher Ranch, Michigan Bluff, Gold Run, East Auburn, in Blue 
 Canyon, and on the North Fork of American River. 
 
116 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Plumas County: Magnetite is common at Spanish Ranch, Genesee, 
 La Porte, Nelson Point, Crescent Mills, and on Rock Island Hill, but 
 only in small amounts. A large body of the ore occurs close to the west 
 shore of Wades Lake. It is found with hematite at Moonlight. Mag- 
 netite is common in the rocks at Engels, sometimes intergrown with 
 ilmenite, Knopf and Anderson (30). 
 
 Rwerside County: One of the largest deposits of iron in the State 
 occurs on the Eagle Mountains. It is magnetite-hematite or mar- 
 tite ore. 
 
 Sacramento County: It occurs in the black sands at Michigan Bar. 
 
 San Benito County: A large deposit of magnetite is reported near 
 Hollister. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Magnetite occurs at the Iron Age iron- 
 ore deposit 6 miles east of Dale, Harder and Rich (10). It occurs at 
 Owl Holes, on the Kingston Range, at Cave Canyon, Garlic Springs, 
 Newberry, and on Providence Mountain. Massive lodestone exhibiting 
 strong polarity has come from a deposit 30 miles southeast of Daggett. 
 
 San Francisco County: It is a constituent of the beach sands. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: It is common at La Panza. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: It is common in the beach sands at Point 
 Sal. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: Magnetite makes up 25 to 50 per cent of the 
 stratified beach sands 2 miles southeast of Aptos, where an experi- 
 mental plant has been operated for the production of sponge iron, 
 Laizure (26). 
 
 Shasta County: A large deposit of magnetite at Heroult, on con- 
 tact between diabase and slate, was worked by electric smelter. Mag- 
 netite occurs near Baird, with hematite at Iron Mountain, and at most 
 of the copper mines. It is found in the sands at French Gulch, Red- 
 ding, and Round Mountain. It occurs on contact between diabase and 
 carboniferous limestone at Gray Rock and on the McCloud River. 
 A large deposit of magnetite occurs between quartz diorite and lime- 
 stone about 5 miles east of Pitt on the Sacramento Valley and Eastern 
 Railroad. It occurs as a contact mineral with pyrrhotite and chalco- 
 pyrite at the Black Diamond mine. 
 
 Sierra County: Large beds of magnetite are reported in this 
 county, W. P. Blake (66). Perfect octahedrons have come from Forest 
 City. A massive deposit of magnetite occurs south of Lake Hawley 
 in the Calaveras formation, and also southeast of Spencer Lakes. 
 
OXIDES 117 
 
 Siskiyou County: It is common in the black sands at Happy Camp, 
 Seiad, Cecilville, Forks of the Salmon, Sawyers Bar, Scott River, Oro 
 Fino, Castella, Shasta River, Beaver Creek, Henley, and Klamath 
 River. Lodestone occurs near Weed. 
 
 Tehama County: Titaniferous magnetite occurs in the Beegum 
 district. 
 
 Trinity County: It is found in the black sands at Trinity Center, 
 Douglas City, Junction City, Carrville, Minersville, and along the 
 Trinity River. Massive magnetite occurs at Douglas City, and on 
 the northwest side of Chauckelulla Mountain, 
 
 Tulare County: A massive deposit of magnetite occurs at New 
 Pass, W. P. Blake (58). It is found massive near Three Rivers and 
 on Greenhorn Mountain. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It occurs in the black sand concentrates at all 
 of the mines. 
 
 Yulta County: It is common at Marysville, Brownsville, Straw- 
 berry Valley, Indian Hill, Oregon House, Camptonville, and on the 
 Yuba River. It occurs massive with hematite 4 miles from Clipper 
 
 Mills. 
 
 CHROMITE 
 
 Oxide of chromium and iron, FeCr204. 
 
 Isometric. In octahedrons. Generally massive ; fine granular to 
 compact. Brittle. Metallic luster. Color black. Streak brown. H. = 5i. 
 G. = 4.1 — 4.9. 
 
 Infusible. Gives an emerald-^een bead of chromium with borax. 
 Insoluble. 
 
 In much of the chromite of the State magnesium replaces the 
 iron, forming magnesian chromite. The mineral is often found as 
 large boulder-like or irregular masses, and is abundant in the serpen- 
 tine areas of the State. Diller (21). Its distribution and production 
 have been described in detail in Bulletin No. 76 of the State Division 
 of Mines. 
 
 Alameda County: Pockets of massive chromite, sometimes coated 
 with zaratite, occur at the Mendenhall mine and other mines about 16 
 miles southeast of Livermore, in the Cedar Mountain district. Kramm 
 (10) has analyzed chromite from Cedar Mountain: 
 
 CrsOs AhOa FeO MnO MgO CaO SiOa H:0 
 
 55.74 18.79 16.99 tr. 8.41 tr. none 0.09 = 100.02% 
 
 Amador County: Chromite is found near Jackson; deposits occur 
 near lone ; about 8 miles northeast of Carbondale ; 5 miles southwest 
 of Plymouth, near "Willow Creek. 
 
 Butte Comity: It is a constituent of the black sands at Magalia, 
 OrovUle, Cherokee, Buchanan Hill, Lovelock, and Pentz. It occurs 
 
118 MINERALS OF CATilPORNIA 
 
 massive near Forbestowu. Deposits of eliromite occur about 1 mile 
 southwest of Big Bar ; 1 mile east of Yankee Hill ; 5 miles southwest 
 of Magalia; 1 mile north of Woodleaf; east of Brush Creek; near 
 Twin Cedars, 6 miles east of Paradise; 2| miles northeast of Forbes- 
 town. Small bodies of chromite occur at the Powell manganese mine, 
 1 mile north of Clipper Mills, and at Pentz. 
 
 Calaveras Coiiniy: It occurs in the serpentine about 5 miles east 
 of Valley Springs. It is found in the concentrates at Forest Gulch. 
 Deposits of chromite occur near Copperopolis ; about 7 miles west of 
 Angels Camp ; 4 miles west of Fostoria ; 5 miles southwest of Valley 
 Springs ; 10 miles northeast of Angels Camp ; 14 miles east of Milton. 
 Deposits of it occur on the Tower ranch, 9 miles east of Milton, and 
 on the Wright ranch, in Salt Spring Valley, 10 miles northeast of 
 Milton. 
 
 Colusa County: It is found massive at Newville. It occurs near 
 Stonyf ord ; near Wilbur Springs ; 1^ miles northwest of Cook Springs. 
 
 Del Norte County: Chromite is found in the black sands of the 
 Smith Kiver, on Gilbert Creek and at Crescent City. Good deposits of 
 it occur on Rattlesnake Mountain, 20 miles east of Crescent City. 
 Deposits of chromite occur in lenses 8 feet thick at French Hill, near 
 Smith River. 
 
 El Dorado County: Chromite occurs near Coloma and at Shingle 
 Springs ; 3 miles northeast of Georgetown, near Latrobe ; 2 miles south 
 of Georgetown ; in Marble Valley, near Clarksville. Analysis of chro- 
 mite from the Donnelly deposit, 10 miles northeast of Folsom, gave: 
 
 CvzOf. SiO- FeO AI2O3 MgO CaO Ign. 
 
 46.52 6.60 17.63 11.66 15.80 1.23 0.50r=99.94% 
 
 Large deposits of granular masses of chromite occur in serpentine at 
 Flagstaff Hill, 8 miles south of Auburn. Chromite occurs at the Pilli- 
 ken Chrome mine, 10 miles northeast of Folsom. A large deposit of 
 chromite occurs on the Williamson property, 6 miles east of Shingle 
 Springs. 
 
 Fresno County: Deposits of chromite occur in the southwestern 
 part of the county in the Mount Diablo Range, and in the hills east of 
 Fresno, from Letcher to Piedra. Deposits of it occur in Watt Valley, 
 on Hog Mountain, and at Pine Flat. 
 
 • 
 
 Glenn County: Deposits of chromite occur near Millsaps ; at Bed- 
 ford, 5 miles east of Chrome; about 6 miles east of Newville; near 
 Orland. 
 
 Humholdt County: It is a constituent of the beach sands at Gold 
 Bluff, and of the concentrates at Orleans and Trinidad. It occurs 
 
OXIDES 119 
 
 massive near Blocksburg. Small masses o£ chromite occur on Horse 
 Mountain; and in the serpentine east of Orleans. Chromite is found 
 on the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation. 
 
 Kei^n County: Small deposits of chromite occur on the Kern River. 
 
 Kings County: Masses of chromite have been found near Park- 
 Reld. 
 
 Lake Coinihj: Pockets of chromite occur on the Pardee i-aiich, near 
 Middletown. Masses of it have been found in the mountains near 
 Adams and Siegler Springs. A large body of chromite occurs 1^ miles 
 northeast of ITullville. Chromite is reported from Jerusalem ^^^lley. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Chromite has been reported near Acton ; also 
 near Harold Station. 
 
 Madera County: It is found near Madera in masses coated with 
 zaratite. 
 
 Marin County: It occurs on the Mailliard ranch near San Geron- 
 imo, about 8 miles northwest of San Rafael. 
 
 Mariposa County: A deposit of chromite occurs near Pleasant 
 Valley Station. 
 
 Mendocino County: It is found coated with green uvarovite garnet 
 about 11 miles north of Willits. It has been found at several points 
 in the hills west of the Russian River. It occurs about Ih miles west of 
 TTkiah, on Red Mountain, and in Potter Valley. 
 
 Monterey Coiivfj/: Chromite is common in small masses in the 
 serpentine of this county, and specimens have been analyzed, Gold- 
 smith (73a). 
 
 CrsOs AhOa FeeOa IMsO CaO SiO- 
 
 52.12 2.18 15.24 12.29 5.65 12.12 = 99.60% G. = 4.1647. 
 
 Masses of chromite occur about 3 miles east of Parkfield on Table 
 ]\Iountain. 
 
 Napa County: Small bodies of chromite have been found near 
 Knoxville. It occurs 8 miles northwest of Monticello. 
 
 Nevada Cainify: Fine octahedrons occur in llio serpentine ne;ir 
 Indian Springs. Chromite is fouii<l in tlie concentrates at Rough and 
 Ready, North Bloomfiold. and Relief Ilill. Chromite occurs in sei-pen- 
 tine with uvarovite and chrome chlorite at the Red Ledge mine, 2 
 miles south of Washington. ]\Iasses of it occur near Gra.ss Valley. 
 
 Placer County: A deposit of chromite occurs in serpentine near 
 Green Valley below Towle, and also near Auburn. Chromite is found 
 in the black sands of the North Fork of American River, of Blue 
 
120 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Canyon, at Loomis, and at Michigan Bluff. Small deposits of it occur 
 about 2| miles from Dutch Flat ; near Weimar ; 4 miles from Colfax ; 
 in the Iowa Hill district, and on Forest Hill Divide. Large deposits 
 of chromite 7 miles south of Newcastle occur as nodular masses coated 
 with good crystals of uvarovite, penninite, and kammererite. Len- 
 ticular masses of it occur in serpentine on the Scott property 2 miles 
 east of Towle, and in Green Valley, 9 miles southeast of Towle. 
 
 Plumas County: It is common at Rock Island Hill, La Porte, 
 and in Meadow Valley as concentrates. Bodies of chromite occur 
 6 miles south of Quincy, also 3 miles southwest of Crescent Hill, 2 
 miles north of Spanish Ranch, and three-fourths of a mile southwest 
 cf Meadow Valley. 
 
 Sacramento County: It is a prominent constituent of the black 
 sands at Michigan Bar. Massive chromite occurs at Nigger Hill near 
 Folsom. 
 
 San Benito County: IMassive specimens of chromite coated with 
 zaratite have come from near Hollister. Chromite is found in ser- 
 jientine near New Idria. 
 
 San Luis Obispo County: Chromite is mined southeast of San 
 Luis Valley on the slope of the Santa Lucia Range, Harder (10a). 
 It occurs at the London mine, 4-i miles northeast of San Luis Obispo. 
 It is found at the head of San Carpojaro Creek and at La Panza. The 
 chromite from the Pick and Shovel mine on Chorro Creek, 6 miles 
 northeast of San Luis Obispo, has been analyzed, Pemberton (91). 
 
 CreOs AI2O3 Fe203 MgO FeO MnO SiO- H2O 
 
 52.68 11.40 3.52 16.23 11.77 0.15 3.40 0.94 = 100.09% 
 
 San Mateo County: It is common in the beach sands of the county. 
 A few scattered masses of chromite occur near Crystal Springs Lake, 
 west of San Mateo. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: A small deposit of chromite occurs in 
 the hills southwest of Point Sal; another occurs in the San Rafael 
 Mountains south of Santa Ynez. 
 
 Santa Clara Couyity: It is found in small masses in the serpen- 
 tine near Los Gatos; near New Almaden, and in dunite southwest of 
 Gilroy. Small amounts of chromite have been found in the hills east 
 of Alum Rock Park, Franke (30). A small deposit of chromite occurs 
 on the Righetti ranch, 3 miles east of Coyote Station. 
 
 Shasta County: It occurs at French Gulch and in the black sands 
 of the Sacramento River. Massive chromite occurs near Castella. A 
 
OXIDES 121 
 
 series of lenses of cliromite in a sliear zone in serpentine occur north 
 of Shotgun Creek. A large body of chromite occurs on Little Castle 
 Creek. Several bodies of it occur 3 miles east of Sims Station. 
 
 Sierra County: It occurs as pebbles in gravels at Howland Flat; 
 also in Goodyear Creek near Downieville. 
 
 Siskiyou County: A good deposit of chromite near Dunsmnir is 
 coated with kammererite. Massive chromite occurs near Callahan 
 coated with uvarovite and zaratite. It is common as grains in the con- 
 centrates at Callahan, Grouse Creek, Happy Camp, on the Scott River, 
 and Beaver Creek. Deposits of chromite occur near Gazelle and on 
 top of the Forest IMountains. It is found massive near Edgewood. 
 Banded chromite ore in dunite near Seiad Valley has been described 
 by Rogers (31). Chromite from a prospect on Seiad Creek, 5 miles 
 above its junction with the Klamath River, has been analyzed by 
 Milton, Johnston (36). 
 
 CraOs AI2O3 FeeOs FeO MnO NiO MgO CaO SiOs 
 
 57.92 5.84 6.40 14.83 0.25 0.06 13.12 0.26 1.29 = 99.97% 
 
 Solano County: Small amounts of it have been found near Fair- 
 field. 
 
 Sonoma County: It is found at Lytton Springs and near Clover- 
 dale and Cazadero. It occurs in the hills near Camp Meeker; 12 miles 
 east of Stewarts Point ; small deposits near The Geysers, and on the 
 Madeira property, 8 miles north of Guerneville. 
 
 Stanislaus County : Several deposits of chromite have been worked 
 in Arroyo del Puerto Canyon and its branches. 
 
 Tehama County: Large deposits of chromite occur at the Lowry 
 mine and the Kleinsorge mine on the North Fork of Elder Creek about 
 28 miles west of Red Bluff. A large deposit of it occurs 10 miles east 
 of Paskenta, on Toms Creek. 
 
 Trinity County: It is found in the sands at Trinity Center; in 
 masses at Island Mountain ; reported from Carrville and near Weaver- 
 ville ; a small deposit occurs 10 miles south of Wildwood. 
 
 Tulare County: It occurs near Three Rivers on the Nicola property. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Masses of chromite have been found 1^ miles 
 west of Chinese Camp. 
 
 Yuba County: It is found in the black sands at Camptonville, 
 on the Yuba River, and on Indian Hill. 
 
J 22 MINEUALS OK CALIFORNIA 
 
 CHRYSOBERYL 
 
 Oxide of beryllium and aluminum, BeAl:;Oi. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Usually twinned crystals. Striated faces. Cleavage 
 (Oil) distinct. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color grass-green, yellowish- 
 green, greenish-brown. Streak uncolored. H. =8i. G. = 3.5 — 3.84. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. Fine powder, when intensely heated on 
 charcoal, moistened with cobalt nitrate and re-heated, assumes a sky-blue 
 
 color. 
 
 Butte County: Chrysobeiyl is reported to have been found near 
 Stanwood and at Big Bar. 
 
 HAUSMANNITE 
 
 Manganese oxide, Mn304. 
 
 Tetragonal. Small pyramidal crystals, granular massive. Cleavage 
 (Oil). Submetallic luster. Color brownish-black. Streak chestnut- 
 brown. H. = 5 — 5J. G.= 4.72 — 4.85. 
 
 Infusible. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid, yielding chlorine gas. 
 Borax bead is amethystine or wine-colored. Fused on platinum with 
 sodium carbonate, gives deep blue-green fusion. 
 
 Manganese oxides are abundant in the State, and hausmannite 
 may occur in many localities and remain unidentified. 
 
 Plumas County: Specimens of hausmannite have come from 
 Meadow Valley, Miser and Fairchild (20). 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Hausmannite has been found at the 
 Staneuch ranch manganese deposit in the Prefumo Canyon district. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Hausmannite was abundant as crystals, with 
 the forms (001), (113). (Ill), and (221), in the manganese ore 
 boulder which was found near Alum Rock Park, 5 miles east of San 
 Jose, Rogers (19a). 
 
 MINIUM— Read Lead 
 
 Lead oxide, PbsOi. 
 
 Powder. Dull luster. Color bright-red mixed with yellow. Streak 
 orange-yellow. H. = 2 — 3. G. =: 4.6. 
 
 Gives a yellow coating of lead oxide on charcoal and is reduced by 
 sodium carbonate to metallic lead. 
 
 The red oxide of lead is rarely found native. It is an oxidation 
 product of galena and other lead minerals, occurring as a powder. 
 
 Kern County: Minium has been found near Fort Tejon. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Minium occurs with barite, galena, and 
 fiuorite in the Felix Fluorite mine near Azusa. 
 
 CREDNERITE 
 
 Oxide of copper and manganese, CuMn204. 
 
 Monoclinic? Foliated masses. Cleavage perfect basal. Metallic 
 luster. Color Iron-black to steel-gray. Streak brownish-black. H. =z4J. 
 G. = 4.95 — 5.1. 
 
 Gives the manganese reactions like hausmannite. and in addition, 
 a blue copper chloride flame when dipped in hydrochloric acid and heated 
 in bunsen flame. 
 
 Napa County: Crednerite occurs massive near Calistoga. 
 
OXIDES 123 
 
 BRAUNITE 
 
 SMnzOs.MnSiOs. 
 
 Tetragonal. Small pyramids and massive. Cleavage (111) per- 
 fect. Brittle. Submetallic luster. Color and streak brownish-black. 
 H. = 6 — 6 J. G. r=4.75. 
 
 B. B. infusible. Soluble in hydrochloric acid and leaves a residue 
 of silica. Gives all the reactions for manganese similar to hausmannite. 
 
 Siliceous manganese ores are very common in California, and it is 
 probable that braunite exists in many localities. 
 
 Plumas County: Specimens of braunite have come from Meadow 
 Valley. 
 
 CASSITERITE— Tin Stone 
 
 Tin dioxide. Sn02. 
 
 Tetragonal. Crystals low pyramidal ; twins common. Massive, 
 granular ; in rolled grains. Brittle. Adamantine luster. Color brown, 
 black ; sometimes red, gray, white, yellow. Streak white, grayish, brown- 
 ish. H. = 6 — 7. G. = 6.8 — 7.1. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. With sodium carbonate on charcoal can be 
 reduced to globules of metallic tin. These globules, intensely heated with 
 cobalt nitrate, will give a bluish-green coating. 
 
 Stream-tin is cassiterite, or tin ore, in the state of sand, as it occurs 
 in gravels or stream beds. 
 
 Placer County: Stream-tin has been found near Michigan Bluff. 
 
 Plumas County: Stream-tin was found in the bed of the Middle 
 Fork of Feather River, 3 miles above Big Bar, Hanks (84). 
 
 Biverside County: Cassiterite occurs with tourmaline in the Temes- 
 eal tin mine near Corona. An analj^sis of an exceptionally pure 
 specimen of the ore was made by Genth, Fairbanks (97). 
 
 Si02 WO3 SnO" CuO AbOsFesOsMnOCaO 
 
 9.82 0.22 76.15 0.27 13.54 
 
 San Diego County: At Mesa Grande small ciystals of cassiterite 
 were associated with gem tourmaline, beryl and stibiotantalite, Pen- 
 field and Ford (06). Cassiterite has been reported from the placer 
 gravels on the eastern slope of Laguna Mountain ; also from Pine 
 A^alley and from the south end of Viejas Mountain east of Alpine. 
 It is said to occur in the Defiance Copper district and on Aguanga 
 Mountain. Crystals associated with topaz occur at the Little 
 Three mine, Ramona. Cassiterite occurs in a pegmatite dike 
 about 10 miles east of Oak Grove in the Chihuahua Valley, 2 
 miles south of the Riverside San Diego county line, with quartz, feld- 
 spar, lepidolite, blue tourmaline, columbite, and albite, Schaller (16a). 
 
 SisJi'iyou County: Stream-tin is found in the gravels at Sawyers 
 Bar and on Hungary Creek, a tributary of the Klamath River. 
 
 Trinity County: Stream-tin occurs near Weaverville, Hanks (84). 
 
124 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 RUTILE 
 
 Titanium dioxide, TiOj. 
 
 Tetragonal. Long prisms, vertically striated, and grains ; crystals 
 often twinned. Cleavage (100) and (110) distinct. Brittle. Adamantine 
 to metallic, luster. Color reddish-brown to brownish-black. Streak pale- 
 brown. H. = 6 — 6^. G. — 4.18 — 4.25. 
 
 Infusible. With phosphorous salt yields a delicate violet bead. Insol- 
 uble in acids. 
 
 Rutile, as a rock constituent in microscopic crystals, is common in 
 many of the metamorphic rocks of the State. 
 
 Amador County: Needles of rutile in quartz, forming sagenite, 
 have been reported to occur at Tyler's ranch, near Oleta. 
 
 Butte County: Rutile was a constituent of the gold washings at 
 Cherokee, Silliman (73). 
 
 Contra Costa County: Irregular patches of .brown rutile occur 
 with sphene in glaucophane schist near the south end of the Berkele.y 
 Country Club. 
 
 Fresno County: Brownish -red rutile crystals occur with ilmenite 
 near Friant. Striated prismatic crystals of rutile have been found in 
 glaucophane schist near Panoche. 
 
 Hnmholdt County: Rutile was first noticed in the State in the 
 granite at Eureka. 
 
 Inyo County: Rutile occurs in quartz mica schist on the west side 
 of the Panamint Range near Ballarat, Murphy (32). 
 
 Marin County: Prismatic crystals of rutile have been found in a 
 boulder of glaucophane schist on the beach of the Tiburon Peninsula 
 about 150 yards north of California Point. 
 
 Mendocino County: Long prismatic crystals of rutile embedded 
 in chlorite occur in glaucophane schist in a highway cut about 8^ 
 miles north of Longvale on the new Covelo road. 
 
 Mono County: Minute specks of rutile occur in andalusite at 
 the mine of Champion Sillimanite. Incorporated, on the western slope 
 of the "White Mountains. 7 miles east of Mocalno, and crystals of 
 rutile up to an inch in length are found on the Moreau Claim about 
 a mile from this deposit, Kerr (32). It occurs in small reddish-brown 
 crystals in white quartzite with bands of blue lazulite near Mono Lake. 
 
 Placer County: Rutile has been reported at Michigan Bluff. 
 
 San Diego County: Rutile is one of the constituents of the dumor- 
 tierite schist at Dehesa, Schaller (05). 
 
 Santa Clara County: The schists of Calaveras Valley carry rutile 
 Murgoci (06). Rough crystals of rutile occur with actinolite, sphene, 
 
OXIDES 125 
 
 and garnet in giaucopliane schist in Coyote Canyon about 6 miles east 
 of Morgan Ilill. 
 
 ANATASE— Octahedrite 
 
 Titanium dioxide, TiOa. 
 
 Tetragonal. Small pyramidal crystals. Cleavage perfect basal 
 and pyramidal. Brittle. Adamantine to metallic luster. Color brown. 
 Streak uncolored. H. ==55 — 6. G. r= 3.82 — 3.95. 
 
 Same reactions as rutile. 
 
 This form of titaiiiuin o.xide is rarer than rutile, and is found only 
 in minute crystals. 
 
 El Dorado County: Minute crystals of anatase with brookite were 
 found implanted on quartz crystals near Placerville, Kunz (92), (01). 
 
 BROOKITE 
 
 Titanium dioxide, TiO^. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Crystals tabular or pyramidal. Brittle. Adamantine 
 luster. Color reddish-brown to black. Streak uncolored to grayish. 
 H = 5J — 6. G.= 3.87 — 4.01. 
 
 Reactions the same as for rutile. Distinguished by form. 
 
 El Dorado County: Brookite has been found in tabular reddish- 
 brown crystals, with anatase on quartz crystals at Placerville. Forms 
 byPenfield: (100), (001), (110), (210), (102), (104), (021), (121), 
 (122), (134), and (2:34), Kunz (92), (01). 
 
 HYDROUS OXIDES 
 
 PYROLUSITE 
 
 Manganese dioxide, Mn02.nH20. 
 
 Usually columnar, often divergent ; also granular massive. Luster 
 metallic. Color and streak black. H. = 2 — 2J. G. = 4.73 — 4.86. 
 
 Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine. Some 
 varieties yield water in tlie closed tube. 
 
 Pyrolusite is a common mineral generally associated with other 
 ores of manganese. It is usually found as fibrous seams and coatings 
 in masses of psilomelane. Common as dendritic coatings. 
 
 Ahnnedn Count ij: Pyrolu.sile occurs with psik^melane in the Cor- 
 ral Hollow and Arroyo IMocho manganese deposits. 
 
 Amador County: It is found in the Seaton mine, and on vol- 
 canic ash at Volcano. Pyrolusite occurs with psilomelane 1 J miles 
 south of Volcano. 
 
 Calaveras County: It occurred at Wild Rose Flat near .Murphy. 
 Good specimens of pyrolusite have come from San Andreas. It is 
 found 3 miles northeast of Milton. It occurs with psilomelane near 
 Angels Camp. 
 
126 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Colusa County: Pyrolusite found with cinnabar at Stonyford. It 
 occurs at the Manzanita mine. 
 
 Contra Costa County: It occurs with psilomelane on Red Rock 
 in San Francisco Bay. 
 
 El Dorado County: It occurs in dendritic coatings near Placer- 
 ville, and fibrous at Greenwood. Masses of it occur at Greenwood, and 
 at Cool. 
 
 Humboldt County: Pyrolusite occurs with psilomelane at Alder 
 Point; also on the Porter ranch. Fort Baker. 
 
 Kern County: Pyrolusite with some psilomelane occurs 5 miles 
 west of Atolia. 
 
 Lake County: It occurs with psilomelane at the Phillips mine near 
 Laurel Dell. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It occurs with psilomelane in small amounts 
 at Banning. 
 
 Madera County: It occurs with limonite 14 miles from Fresno 
 Flat; also near Coarse Gold with psilomelane, manganite, rhodochro- 
 site, and rhodonite. 
 
 Marin County: Small amounts of pyrolusite were found in the 
 rock at Sausalito. 
 
 Mariposa County: It occurs with psilomelane at Jasper Point. 
 Small masses of it occur in Hunters Valley. 
 
 Mendocino County: It is found at Red Mountain. It occurred 
 with psilomelane at the Independence Manganese mine. Potter Valley; 
 near Covelo; 4 miles west of Hopland with psilomelane; in Redwood 
 Valley; near Willits; at the Long mine near Woodman Station; in 
 chert at Westport; at the Cleveland mine, Uldali. 
 
 Mono County: Pyrolusite and psilomelane occur in the Bodie 
 mines. 
 
 Napa County: Pyrolusite occurred as radiate concentric masses 
 with cinnabar at the old Redington and Manhattan mines, Knoxville. 
 Small amounts of it occur with psilomelane on Mount St. Helena, and 
 3 miles west of Oakville. 
 
 Nevada County: It was found in the Grass Valley district, Lind- 
 gren (96) ; also at Sweetland, and as dendrite on the rocks of Sugar 
 Loaf Hill. 
 
 Placer County: Pyrolusite occurs 12 miles from Auburn on Wolf 
 Creek Road, 
 
OXIDES 127 
 
 Plumas County : It is eomiiioii in the Diadem lode, Meadow Valley 
 district. 
 
 Riverside County: It occurs near Elsinore. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Pyrolusite occurs in the Calico and 
 Bai-stow districts. It occurred with ])siIomelane in the Emma and Owls 
 Hole mines, in the Owl ^Mountains. 
 
 Sa7i Francisco County: It has l)eeu found in small amounts with 
 psilomelane at Hunters Point. 
 
 San Joaquin County: It is found in the manganese deposits of 
 the Diablo Range. 
 
 San Luis Obispo County: Pyrolusite is found with psilomelane 
 in the manganese deposits on the Staneuch ranch, 8 miles west of 
 San Luis Obispo. 
 
 San Mateo County: It occurs at Baden. 
 
 Sarita Clara County: Pyrolusite was found at the Washington 
 mine, and in the mines of the Diablo Range. 
 
 Shasta County: It is found in small amounts about 36 miles 
 northwest of Redding. 
 
 Sierra County: It is common as dendrites at Alleghany. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It occurs with rhodonite at Sawyers Bar. 
 
 So7ioma Count}! : It occurred at the Shaw mine. 
 
 Stanislaus County: Soft botryoidal ])yrolusite and psilomelane 
 form the ore of llie Seagrave mine. Pyrolusite occurs with rhodo- 
 chrosite at the Buckeye mine on Hospital Creek. 
 
 Tehama County: Pyrolusite and psilomelane occur on the Luce 
 prospect. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It is common with psilomelane at Knapp's 
 ranch, near Columbia. 
 
 DIASPORE GROUP 
 
 DIASPORE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum oxide, A1:;03.H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic crystals or foliated masses. Good cleav- 
 age. Very brittle. Brilliant luster. Colorless, white, gray, green, brown. 
 H. = 6J — 7. Ct. = :!.3 — 3.5. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. 
 
 Mono Couitly: Diaspore occurs in compact masses with andalu- 
 site at the mine of Chami)ion Sillimanite, Incorporated, on the western 
 slope of the White ^Mountains, 7 miles east of Mocalno, Kerr (32). 
 
128 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 GOETHITE 
 
 Hydrous oxide of iron, Fe20a.H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Slender prisms, vertically striated. Also fibrous ; 
 massive. Cleavage perfect brachypinacoidal. Brittle. Adamantine to 
 submetallic luster. Color yellowisli, reddish, and blackish-brown. Streak 
 yellowish-brown. H. = 5 — 5 J. G. := 4.28. 
 
 Distinguished from the more common limonite by its crystalline- 
 fibrous and columnar structure and cleavage. In the closed tube it gives 
 off water and is converted into red iron sesquioxide. Soluble in hydro- 
 chloric acid. 
 
 Goethite is usually found as slender prismatic crystals in masses 
 of limonite or hematite, and resembles limonite so closely that it is 
 often classed as such. 
 
 Inyo County: Goethite has been found with chrysocolla and 
 limonite at the St. Ignacio mine. 
 
 Mariposa County: It occurs at Burns Creek in masses of limonite. 
 
 Riverside County: Goethite is associated with the other iron 
 minerals of the Eagle Mountains, Harder (12). 
 
 San Bernxirdino County: It occurs wdtli limonite at the magne- 
 tite-hematite deposit near Dale. 
 
 MANGANITE 
 
 Hydrous oxide of manganese, Mn203.H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Crystals long prisms. Structure usually columnar. 
 Perfect brachypinacoidal cleavage. Brittle. Submetallic luster. Color 
 iron-black. Streak dark reddish-brown. H. = 4. G. =: 4.2 — 4.4. 
 
 Yields the manganese reactions as given under hausmannite, and a 
 slight amount of water in a closed tube. 
 
 There are numerous small deposits of manganese ore in the State, 
 and much of it is manganite mixed with a more or less siliceous 
 psilomelane. The deposits generally consist of black porous ore in 
 ■ masses and lenses in red and brown jasper, Harder (10). 
 
 Alameda County: Much of the manganese produced in this State 
 has come from manganite in the deposits of the Livermore-Tesla dis- 
 trict, along Arroyo Mocho Creek, southeast of Livermore. 
 
 Calaveras County: Manganite with psilomelane occurs 2 miles 
 northeast of San Andreas in mica schist. 
 
 Colusa County: Small deposits of manganite occur on the east 
 flank of St. John Mountain, near Little Stony. 
 
 Contra Costa County: The deposits on Red Rock in San Francisco 
 Bay contain some manganite with the psilomelane. 
 
 Kern County: Manganite occurs with psilomelane in the Rand 
 mining district, near Randsburg. 
 
 Marin County: Some manganite is found in the red rock near 
 Sausalito. 
 
OXIDES 129 
 
 Mendocino Couniii: 11 occurs nt the Cave mine. 10 miles north- 
 east of Ukiali. 
 
 Placer County: Small pieces of mangauite have been found near 
 Colfax. 
 
 Plumas County: Considerable manganese ore occurs in the Mea- 
 dow Valley and other districts, and manganite is probably common. 
 
 Riverside County: Manganite and psilomelane occur in a net- 
 work of veins in schist 6 miles northeast of Elsinore, in the Maria 
 Mountains. 
 
 San Joaquin County: Some small deposits of manganite occur 
 in jasper in the Diablo Range. The Ladd or Corral Hollow mine 
 southeast of Livermore is the best known and earliest worked man- 
 ganese mine in the State. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Small deposits of it occur 5 miles west 
 of San Luis Obispo. 
 
 Santa Clara County: It is found in the Black Wonder and other 
 mines of the Diablo Range. 
 
 Shasta County: Manganite is reported to occur at the Murray 
 mine, near Redding, in small crystals filling fractures in quartz. 
 
 Sonoma County: It is found at the Shaw mine, 8 miles north- 
 west of Cloverdale. 
 
 Tuolumne Co^mfy: It occurs with rhodonite 2 miles north of 
 Sonora. 
 
 LIMONITE— Brown Hematite 
 
 Hydrous oxide of iron, Fe203.nH20. 
 
 Not crystallized. Massive. Compact, stalactitic, botryoidal, col- 
 umnar, fibrous, earthy. Submetallic to dull luster. Color ocher-yellow, 
 brown to black. Streak yellowish-bruwn. H. := 5 — 5 J. G. = 3.6 — 4. 
 
 Becomes magnetic on heating. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, and 
 brown ferric hydrate is precipitated by ammonia. Yields water in a 
 closed tube. 
 
 Limonite as the common alteratiuii product of pyrite and of most 
 minerals containing iron, is prevalent in most mineral districts and 
 forms the 'gossan' or brown capping of ore deposits. Cubes of limo- 
 nite as pseudomorphs after pyrite are common in mining regions. 
 As an ore of iron it is not so valuable as hematite or magnetite, but 
 a number of deposits have been utilized for paint pigments. It is 
 }">resent in every county in some form, but only a few of its occurrences 
 are cited. 
 
 Alameda County: Earthy limonite mixed with hematite is com- 
 mon as a 'gossan' capping of the pyrite deposit at Leona Heights. 
 
 9—51440 
 
130 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Amador County: It is found in concretions and earthy masses at 
 Pine Grove ; with liematite and magnetite at Volcano. 
 
 Butte County: Thick masses of limonite occurred at the Mon- 
 arch mine; cnbes at Red Hill and at Magalia. 
 
 Calaveras County: It forms tlie capi)ing of a hill about 1^ miles 
 north of Murphy. The Detert limonite deposit near Valley Springs 
 was formerly worked, Harder (10b). Massive and earthy limonite 
 occurs at the Eureka mine, near Valley Springs. Yellow and red 
 ocherous limonite occurs at Campo Seco. A deposit occurs on Bonanza 
 Creek, 7 miles southeast of Mokelumne Hill. Massive limonite has 
 come from the Dieffenbach ranch, 25 miles northeast of Valley Spring. 
 
 Colusa County: Yellow ocherous limonite occurs in a large out- 
 crop 4^ miles west of Stonyford. Limonite suitable for mineral paint 
 occurs 4 miles south of Lodoga. 
 
 El Dorado County: Massive limonite occurs near Diamond Springs. 
 
 Inyo County: Pseudomorphs after long prisms of stibnite have 
 been found at the Cerro Gordo mine. 
 
 Lake County: Yellow and brown limonite suitable for paint 
 occur 2 miles north of Hough Springs. Massive specimens of limonite 
 have come from the hills near Glenbrook. 
 
 Mariposa County: Fine large cubes of limonite have come from 
 the Chowchilla Valley. It occurs as 'gossan' at Burns Creek, W. P. 
 Blake (58). 
 
 Napa County: A deposit of limonite occurs 1| miles east of 
 Calistoga. 
 
 Placer County: Massive limonite occurs at the Clipper Gap mine, 
 and at Gold Run. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs massive in Lights Canyon and at 
 Nelson Point. Red and yellow ocherous limonite occurs near Quincy. 
 
 Riverside County: Yellow and brown limonite is common in the 
 pisolitic cavities formed by the brucite, at Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 Massive limonite with .some goethite occurs on the Eagle ]\Iountains. 
 
 Sacramento County: Yellow ocherous limonite occurs at Michi- 
 gan Bar. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Brown banded masses of limonite 
 occurring with hematite interbedded with Franciscan shales and sand- 
 stones have come from the Prefumo ranch in the Los Osos Mountains, 
 Harder (10b). Dark-brown massive limonite is found at the Har- 
 rington mine, 4 miles southwest of San Luis Obispo. 
 
OXIDES 131 
 
 Shasta County: It is common as cappings of the pyrite deposits 
 of the county. Psendomorphs after liedenbergite have been found at 
 YdaliH^m. ITiglily ii-idoscoiit specimoiis have come from Copper City. 
 Excellent l)n)uze-eolor<>(l stalactitos occurred at the Lost Confidence 
 mine, Iron Mountain. 
 
 Sonoina County: Yellow ochorous limonite occurs at the Occi- 
 dental mine and on the Lancaster ranch, east of Fisk's Mills. 
 
 Stanislaus County: A deposit of yellow ocherous limouito used 
 for paint occurs at Knights Ferry on the Stanislaus River. 
 
 Tulare CoiDily: It is common in the Mineral King district. 
 
 Tuohimne County: Pure earthy limonite occurs at the Volunteer 
 mine, on Five Mile Creek, 7 miles east of Columbia. 
 
 Yolo Cmmty: It is found in the sands at Capay. 
 
 BAUXITE 
 
 llydrous oxide of aluniimim, A IjOs. (iHaO. 
 
 Massive, earthy, pisolitic. Color wliite, yellow, red, or brown. 
 H. = li. G.r=:2.55. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. Moistened by a few drops of cobalt nitrate 
 and intensely heated, the powder assumes a sky-blue color. Fused with 
 sodium carbonate and the mass dissolved in hydrochloric acid, leaves no 
 silica residue. Ammonia precipitates flocculent aluminum hydroxide from 
 the solution. The absence of silica differentiates it from clay. 
 « 
 
 Bauxite closely resembles clay and is only distinguished at sight 
 from clay by its characteristic pea-shaped, or pisolitic structure. 
 
 Riverside County: Red and gray pisolitic bauxite occurs in Sec. 
 26, T. 4 S., R. 6 W., S. B. M., Richard (22). 
 
 BRUCITE 
 
 Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals usually broad tabular. Foliated 
 plates and fibrous masses. Cleavag'e perfect basal. Sectile. Pearly luster. 
 Color white, gray, pink, blue, green. H. = 2J. G. — 2.38 — 2.4. 
 
 B. B. infusible. Yields a small amount of water in a closed tube. 
 Easily soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, and magnesia is precipitated 
 by sodium phosphate. Gives a pink color characteristic of magnesia 
 when intensely heated with cobalt nitrate. 
 
 Brucite occurs as thin veins in serpentine, but very little has been 
 observed in the State as an alteration of serpentine. It also occurs as 
 a metamor])hic mineral in crystalline magnesian limestone. 
 
 Riverside County: Brucite is abundant in small globular masses 
 in the white crystalline limestone at Crestmore, formed probably as 
 a hydration product of periclase. Analysis by Eakle (17) : 
 
 MgO Fe20s H:0 
 
 67.48 0.55 31.73 = 99.76% 
 
 San Francisco County: Brucite was found MJtli xonotlite in 
 serpentine in cuts made by the Western Pacific Railroad on Army 
 Street, San Francisco. 
 
132 MINERALS OF OAIJFORNIA 
 
 PYROCHROITE 
 
 Manganese hydroxide, Mn(OH)2. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. In hexagonal plates. Perfect basal 
 cleavage. Pearly luster. Color white, but alters to brown and black. 
 H. z=:2i. G. r=3.26. 
 
 B. B. infusible. Heated in a closed tube, it becomes green, then 
 black, and yields water. Gives green bead with sodium carbonate. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Pyrochroite was a prominent constituent of 
 a boulder of manganese ore near Alum Rock Park, 5 miles east of 
 San Jose, Rogers (19a). 
 
 PSILOMELANE 
 
 A manganese oxide, usually impure. 
 
 Massive, botryoidal, stalactitic. Prominent conchoidal fracture. Lus- 
 ter submetallic, dull. Color black. Streak brownish-black. H. := 5 — 7. 
 G.=r 3.3 — 4.7. 
 
 Yields the manganese reactions as given under hausmannite, as well 
 as water in a closed tube, and tests for impurities, especially barium. 
 
 Psilomelane is the chief ore of manganese in the State. It is 
 usually associated with manganite or pyrolusite, and often with limo- 
 nite. The characteristic occurrence of the more important deposits 
 is in seams and irregular masses in jasper. 
 
 Wad is a soft, impure variety. 
 
 Asholite is a wad containing cobalt. 
 
 A detailed report on the manganese deposits of California has 
 been issued by the State Division of Mines as Bulletin No. 76. 
 
 Alameda County: Psilomelane is the chief mineral in the man- 
 ganese deposits near Corral Hollow and the Arroyo Mocho. 
 
 Amador County: Deposits of psilomelane mixed with pyrolusite 
 occur 1| miles south of Volcano; 4 miles east of Pine Grove; and 
 about a half mile southeast of Defender. 
 
 Butte County: Psilomelane occurs in several localities near Clip- 
 per Mills. 
 
 Calaveras County: Dei)osits of psilomelane occur 2 miles north- 
 east of San Andreas and 6 miles southeast of Valley Spriugs. Psilome- 
 lane with pyrolusite occurs 3 miles northeast of Milton. 
 
 Colusa County: Psilomelane occurs in small amounts on the 
 eastern slope of St. Johns Mountain, west of Stonyford. 
 
 Co7itra Costa Count)/: Psilomelane was formerh^ mined on Red 
 Rock in San Francisco Bay. 
 
 Fresno County: Psilomelane occurs on Pine Flat, near Piedra. 
 
 Glenn County: It occurred with pyrolusite at the Black Diamond 
 and Rattlesnake mines, about 30 miles southwest of Fruto. Some 
 siliceous psilomelane is reported from Millsaps. 
 
OXIDES 133 
 
 Hutnholdt County: Tt occurs with pyrolusite in good ma.ssive ore 
 on the Porter ranch, Fort Baker. 
 
 Imperial County: Psilonielane deposits have been reported in the 
 Chocolate IMountains. 
 
 Inyo County: It is found at tlie southeast end of the Panamint 
 Range, 25 miles south of Bennett 's wells on the Death Valley Slope. 
 
 Kern County: Wad has been fouiul as a jjseudomoiph aftci- cal- 
 cite at the Echo mine near IMojave, Kogers (10a). 
 
 Lake County: Small amounts of good manganese ore come from 
 Glenbrook. Psilomelane occurs on the Phillips ranch about 1| miles 
 south of Laurel Dell, and on Dry Creek about 3 miles west of Middle- 
 town. A large deposit of it occurs about 10 milies north of Upper 
 Lake on the southwestern slope of the Horse Mountains. The man- 
 ganese ore of the Smythe manganese prospect is mainly psilomelane 
 with some pyrolusite. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Asbolite occurred in the K mine, San 
 Gabriel Canyon. Deposits of siliceous psilomelane occur about 5 miles 
 west of Palmdale. 
 
 Marin County: Small streaks and pockets of psilomelane occur 
 near Sausalito and Fort Baker. Psilomelane is found in masses on 
 the Mailliard ranch, about 8 miles northwest of San Rafael. 
 
 Mariposa County: Small masses of psilomelane occur in Hunters 
 Valley. 
 
 Mendocino County: Large deposits of psilomelane occur in Potter 
 Valley. It is reported to have been found in large amounts on Pieta 
 Creek, near Pieta. Deposits of psilomelane occur at the Cleveland 
 mine, 3 miles east of Calpella, and at the Independent mine, 14 miles 
 east of "Willits. It occurs in the hills east of the Middle Fork of Eel 
 River. Psilomelane with rhodochrosite occurs on Mount Sanhedrin. 
 Psilomelane in jasper is found at the Thomas and Wild Devil mines, 
 about 6 miles northeast of Redwood Station. 
 
 Merced County: Manganese ore deposits occur about 26 miles 
 east of Tres Pinos. 
 
 Monterey County: It occurs about 3 miles north of the mouth 
 of San Carpojaro Creek and 1 mile inland; also in the Chalone 
 district, near Soledad. 
 
 Napa County: A dei)Osit of psilomelane occurs 5 miles west of 
 Oakville, and another 6 miles northeast of St. Helena. Small amounts 
 of manganese nunerals occur on Mount St. Helena : on ]\Ioore Creek, 
 and 3 miles west of Oakville. 
 
134 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Nevada County: Wad occurs near the North Banner mine. Psi- 
 lomelane occurs near the west bank of the Bear River, 7 miles from 
 Colfax. A large body of psilomelane occurs in the Limekiln district. 
 
 Placer County: Masses of it are found at IMichigan Bluff. Depos- 
 its of psilomelane occur about nine miles north of Colfax, near Yankee 
 Jim. 
 
 Plumas County: Large masses of it occur on Mumford Hill. Psi- 
 lomelane, manganite, and rhodonite occur in the Diadem and Penrose 
 lodes, near Edmanton, in the Meadow Valley district. Deposits of it 
 occur near Crescent Mills. 
 
 Riverside County: Deposits of psilomelane occur in the McCoy 
 Mountains about 12 miles northwest of Mineral Station. Psilomelane 
 occurs about 7 miles southwest of Perris intetbedded with jasper. 
 Black massive psilomelane occurs in the Palen Mountains, about 22 
 miles northwest of Mineral. It occurs about 6 miles northeast of 
 Elsinore with rhodonite. It is found at the base of the Santa Maria 
 Mountains, Hud about 8 miles northwest of Palo Verde. Pine specimens 
 have come from Winchester. 
 
 ^<an Btiiifo Coil lit y: Stringers and coatings of psilomelane occur 
 with l)enitoite near the headwaters of the San Benito River, Louder- 
 back (09). It occurs in cherts on the Fries and Lewis ranches about 
 18 miles east of Tres Pinos. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Psilomelane occurs on the northern slope 
 of the Avawatz Mountains, and at the Owls Hole mine. Owl Mountain. 
 It is found with pyrolusite in the Lavic Mountains, 5 miles northwest 
 of Ludlow. Good specimens have come from Wagner, Mojave Desert. 
 Mas.sive asbolite has been found with gypsum in clay in the Borate 
 district, 7 miles east of Yermo. 
 
 San Diego County: Fine specimens have come from Campo. 
 
 San Joaquin County: Psilomelane is found in the manganese ore 
 deposits of the Diablo Range, notably at the Ladd mine in Corral 
 Hollow. 
 
 Sa)i Luis Obispo County: Psilomelane occurs on the Staneuch 
 ranch, 8 miles west of San Luis Obispo. 
 
 Santa Clara County: The outer crust of the manganese ore boul- 
 der near Alum Rock Park, 5 miles east of San Jose, was psilomelane, 
 Rogers (19a). 
 
 Shasta County: A deposit of psilomelane occurs on the Pit River, 
 1 mile south of Heroult. It occurs with jasper in Arbuckle Mountain. 
 
OXIDES 135 
 
 Siskiyou County: It occurs in small amounts with pyrohisite near 
 Fort Jones. A deposit has been noted on the road between Black Bear 
 P. 0., and the King Solomon mine. 
 
 Sonoma. County: Deposits of psilomelane occur near Freestone. 
 Psilomelane occurs with rhodochrosite at the Aho property near 
 Cazadero. A deposit of hijjh-jjrade psilomelane occurs on the Shaw 
 rancli, 7 miles northwest of Cloverdalo. 
 
 Stanislaus County: It occurs on Arroyo del Puerto, west of Patter- 
 son, and in the manganese ore deposits of the Diablo Range, notably at 
 the Buckeye mine, west of Vernalis. 
 
 Tehama County: It occurs with jasper on Beauty View Butte, 
 10 miles west of Paskenta. 
 
 Tulare County: ]\Ielhase (34) has reported the occurrence of 
 asbolite from the King C. Gillette farm, near Lindsay. 
 
 Tuolum7ic County: It is found massive with pA-rolusite near 
 Columbia. 
 
136. 
 
 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 CARBONATES 
 
 Anhydrous 
 
 Calcite Group 
 Calcite 
 Magnesite 
 Siderite 
 Rhodochrosite 
 Smithsonite 
 Dolomite 
 Ankerite 
 
 Araf/onile Group 
 jVragonite 
 Strontianite 
 Witherite 
 Cerusite 
 
 BismutosphSrite 
 Phosgenite 
 Northupite 
 Tychite 
 
 Hydrous 
 Malachite 
 Azurite 
 Aurichalcite 
 Hydrozincite 
 Dawsonite 
 Thermonatrite 
 Nesquehonite 
 Natron 
 Pirssonite 
 Gay-Lussite 
 Trona 
 
 Hydromagnesite 
 Zaratite 
 Bismutite 
 
 ANHYDROUS CARBONATES 
 CALCITE GKOU? 
 
 CALCITE 
 
 Calcium carbonate, CaCOs. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral ; scalenohedral. Crystals common, rhom- 
 bohedrons and scalenohedrons. Also massive, fibrous, granular, stalac- 
 titic, chalky. Cleavage perfect rhombohedral. Vitreous luster. Color- 
 less, white, gray, red, green, blue, yellow, brown, black. Streak white 
 or grayish. H. rrr 3. G. = 2.71. 
 
 B. B. infusiljle. The carbonates are all characterized by their 
 effervescence with hydrochloric or nitric acids. Calcite effervesces freely 
 in cold dilute acid and gives a flame test that is bright red at first, fading 
 into a yellow red. The calcium can be precipitated by ammonium oxalate 
 as a white granular calcium oxalate. 
 
 Calcite is exceedingly common and occurs in many varieties based 
 on color and strncture. Some of these varietal names are : iceland 
 spar, marhle, onyx marhlf, travertine, lithographic stone and common 
 limestone. Extensive beds of limestone are common in the State, and 
 are quarried for the manufacture of cement. Fine quality marble is 
 also found. 
 
 Manganocalcitc is a variety containing manganese, 
 black. 
 
 It weathers 
 
 Alameda Coufity: Crystals are common in the chalcedony geodes 
 on the Berkeley Hills. A fine grade of lithographic stone occurs on 
 the Crocker- AVinship properties, south of Danville. Crystals of calcite 
 and massive limestone occur near Sunol. 
 
 Alpine Comity: Fine groups of calcite rhombohedrons have 
 come from the Pennsylvania mine. 
 
CARBONATES 137 
 
 Amador County: Light-gray and bluish marble occurs 2| miles 
 east of Plj^mouth in Dry Creek Canyon, and near Pine Grove. 
 
 Butte County: A black mottled marble is found at Pentz; on 
 the West Branch of Feather River, a few miles west of Yankee 
 Hill; white and bluish crystallized limestone occurs at the Big Bend 
 of the North Fork of Feather River, near Intake Station. 
 
 Calaveras County: Crystals occur near Natural Bridge. Fine 
 stalactites occur in Mercers Cave, 1^ miles northwest of Murphy. Good 
 marble occurs near Mur]ihy and near San Andreas. White and varie- 
 ggited marble occurs about 1\ miles east of San Andreas; also about 
 4 miles southeast of Valley Springs. 
 
 El Dorado County: Fine stalactites occur at the Alabaster Cave. 
 Good crystals were found at the Cosumnes copper mine. Large cleav- 
 age rhombohedrons occur in the Starlight mine, 3 miles south of 
 Mud Springs. 
 
 Fresno County: Good white, blue, black, and variegated marble 
 occurs on the south side of Big Creek, 5 miles below Cascada. Veins 
 of fluorescent calcite with cinnabar in serpentine occur along Avenal 
 Creek, Melhase (35). 
 
 Glenn County: Banded marble occurs on the Nye ranch and 07i 
 the east side of Stony Creek. 
 
 Imperial County: A large deposit of crystalline limestone or 
 marble occurs on the south side of Coyote Mountain. Analysis: 
 
 CaCOa MgCOs SiOz AbOsFeaOs CaSO* 
 
 96.6 1.7 tr. 0.9 0.5 = 99.7% 
 
 Good variegated marble occurs at the Fowler quarry. Coyote 
 Mountain. 
 
 Inyo County: Thick deposits of variegated dolomitic marble 
 occur at the foot of the Inyo Mountains, between Keeler and Lone 
 Pine. Fine crystal specimens and stalactites have been found at 
 the Cerro Gordo and Union mines. Gray, greenish, and yellow marble 
 oceui*s at the Lindsay quarries. Walker River ; fine crystals at the 
 Lane mine. 
 
 Kern County: A large deposit of crystalline limestone occurs 3 
 miles south of Tehachapi, near Neenach. Blue rhombohedrons occur 
 in Grizzly Canyon, 3 miles southwest of Tehachapi. 
 
 Lake County: A small body of crystalline limestone occurs near 
 Ilullville. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Calcite crystals occur with the cojemanite 
 at Lang with the forms: (1010), (1011), (0112), (0995), (0221), and 
 (0001), Eakle (11). White marble occurs in Antelope Valley; also in 
 
138 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Pacoima Canyon, near San Fernando. Pink rhombohedrons were 
 found on Santa Catalina Island. 
 
 Marin County: Tjow thin-edged rhombohedrons of manganocal- 
 cite occur in a trachyte on the Bnrdell ranch. They turn black when 
 heated, and also blacken by weathering. 
 
 Mariposa County: Good crystals have come from the mines near 
 Mariposa. A large deposit of white marble containing dark streaks 
 occurs on tlie South Fork of Merced River. Calcite crystals occur 
 with quartz and arsenopyrite at the Smith mine. Bear Valley. 
 
 Merced County: A strontium-bearing calcite is reported to occur 
 at Delhi. 
 
 Modoc County: Small stalactites occur on the South Fork of 
 Pit River. Iceland spar of excellent quality has been found in the 
 Warner Range near Cedarville, Hughes (31). 
 
 Mono County: A large deposit of travertine occurs near Bridge- 
 }>ort. (lood crystals have come from the Bodie district. A mass of 
 white marble occurs in a canyon southeast of Topaz. Laj'ers of inter- 
 laced calcite crystals found about Mono Lake have been called thinolite 
 by E. S. Dana (84). Iceland spar has been found in limestone in the 
 upper Convict basin near Mammotli Tjakes, Mayo (34). . 
 
 Monterey County: Large ])ert'ect crystals occur near Soledad. 
 A deposit of limestone occurs near Natividad, 9^ miles from Salinas. 
 Sand-calcite crystals have been described from the Cholame Hills, Sec. 
 14, T. 23 S., R. 13 E., :\I. D. M., by Rogers and Reed (26). 
 
 Napa County: Onyx marble has come from near Knoxville. 
 
 Nevada County: Calcite is common in the Grass Valley and 
 Nevada City mines. Pine scalenohedrons have come from the Pitts- 
 burg mine. It is found northeast of Nevada City on the banks of the 
 South Fork of Yuba River. Calcite crystals occur with kammererite 
 at the Red Ledge mine, near Washington. 
 
 Orange County: Greenish and white marbles occur in Cool Can- 
 yon on the west side of Mount Downey, Santa Ana Range. 
 
 Placer County: Calcite is one of the minerals of the Ophir dis- 
 trict, Lindgren (94). White marble occurs near Hotaling. A fine 
 black marble with occasional white veinlets occurs near Colfax. 
 
 Plumas County: Large divergent masses of calcite occur in the 
 Genessee Valley. Marble occurs on the sides of the Middle Fork of 
 Feather River. 
 
 Riverside County: Blue calcite occurs at Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
CARBONATES 139 
 
 San Benito County: Calcite is found in the rocks adjoining 
 the benitoite veins near the headwaters of the San Benito River, 
 Louderback (09). 
 
 San Bernardino County: A large deposit of beantiful variegated 
 marble occurs at the Gem marble quarries in the Silver JNIountain dis- 
 trict about 5 miles south of Oro Grande. Gray limestone is quarried 
 for cement on Slover Mountain, near Colton. Large calcite cleavage 
 masses with black carbonaceous matter arranged zonally occur 6 miles 
 northwest of Ludlow. A large deposit of white, pink, and blue calcite 
 occurs near Baxter. Iceland spar occurs in the Cave Canyon district, 
 near Yermo. 
 
 San Diego County: White and gray banded marble occurs on 
 Los Peiiasquitas Creek. Dark-gray marble occurs near Jacumba; a 
 large bed of white speckled marble occurs 4^ miles northeast of Dos 
 Cabezas Springs. 
 
 San Francisco County: Schaller (11) has described calcite crys- 
 tals from Fort Point_showiug the forms (1011), (0112), (2131), 
 (5382), (2358), (416.20.3), and (1.6.7.13). 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Beautiful onyx marble with moss-like 
 inclusions of greenish chlorite which impart a landscape effect to 
 translucent thin slabs, occurs at tlie Kessler deposit, about 17 miles 
 northeast of Arroyo Grande. 
 
 San Mateo County: Crystals have come from near San Pedro. 
 Calcite occurs as crystalline veins in limestone at jMontara. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Yellow, white, and brown marble occurs 
 
 5 miles southeast of New Almaden. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: In the area between Santa Cruz, Felton, 
 and Davenport there are numerous quarries in coarsely crystalline 
 limestone, Eckel (33). Calcite crystals showing the forms, (0112), 
 (1011), and (4041) have been found in the Vicente Creek tunnel near 
 Davenport. 
 
 Shasta County: liarge stalactites and tubular aggregates of 
 calcite occur in Potters ('ave near Baird, Eakle (07). 
 
 Siskiyou County: Large depo.sits of white and variegated mar- 
 ble occur on Marble Mountain. 
 
 Solano County: Onyx marble and massive limestone occur near 
 Tolenas. A brown banded onyx marble occurred near Suisun. 
 
 Sonomu County: Calcite occurs in geodes near Petaluma. There 
 is a deposit of limestone on the Black ranch on Inttle Sulphur Creek, 
 
 6 miles north of Geyserville whieli has been mined commercially. 
 W. W. Bradley (16). 
 
140 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Trinity County: Calcite occurs with garnet and epidote at 
 Red Mountain. 
 
 Tulare County: Dark-gray marble occurs on the James ranch, 8 
 miles southeast of Porterville. 
 
 Tuolumne County: White and blue-veined marbles occur in an 
 extensive deposit on the Stanislaus River a few miles north of Colum- 
 bia. Fine crystals with the forms (1010), (OlTl), and (3121) were 
 found at the Keltz mine. Large stalactites were found at the Crystal 
 Palace Cave near Columbia. White granular calcite showing bright 
 .scarlet triboluminescence has been found near Columbia, Melhase (35). 
 
 Yuba County.: Marble occurs on the north and south sides of the 
 Yuba River, and on Oregon Creek. 
 
 MAGNESITE 
 
 Magnesium carbonate, MgCO;;. 
 
 Hexagonal -rhombohedral ; scalenohedral. Crystals are rare. Gen- 
 erally compact massive ; sometimes earthy. Cleavage perfect rhombohedral. 
 The compact massive variety shows no cleavage, but shows a flat con- 
 choidal fracture. Brittle. Luster vitreous, sometimes silky. Color snow- 
 white to brown. H. = 31 — 4J. G. r=3.0 — 3.12. 
 
 Cold dilute hydrochloric acid has little effect on magnesite, but when 
 heated causes it to effervesce freely. The solution, when treated by 
 ammonia, amonium oxalate, and sodium phosphate, will give an important 
 precipitate only when the last reagent is used. Magnesite moistened with 
 cobalt nitrate and intensely heated, will turn pink. 
 
 Magnesite is widespread in California because of the great areas 
 of serpentine, of which it is an alteration product. The serpentine 
 is commonly intersected by A^eins and i")atclies of snow-white to light- 
 buff magnesite. Some of these veins are commercially important. 
 The main deposits lie in the serpentine belts of the Coast Ranges, 
 but deposits also occur in serpentines in the foothills of the Sierra 
 Nevada and elsewhere. The mineral is mostly in cryptocrystalline 
 masses with prominent conchoidal fracture, and the siliceous varie- 
 ties are very hard. The magnesite deposits of California have been 
 described in Bulletin No. 79 of the State Division of Mines. 
 
 Alameda County: Small veins of magnesite occur in the serpen- 
 tine on Cedar Mountain, about 22 miles southeast of Livermore. Stray 
 boulders have been found on Hoyle's ranch, 11 miles southeast of Liv- 
 ermore. 
 
 Calaveras Cou7ity: Veins of magnesite occur near San Andreas. 
 
 Fresno County: A very pure magnesite occurs in veins on Kings 
 River at Piedra, 9 miles east of Sanger. Deposits showing peculiar 
 surface jointage cracks occur in Watt Valley. 
 
 Kern County: Some veins of magnesite were found near Walkers 
 Pass, east of Bakersfield. A sedimentary bedded deposit of magne- 
 
CARBONATES 141 
 
 site interstratitied with clay and clay shales occurs about three-fourths 
 of a mile northeast of Bissell Station, 11 miles east of ]\Iojave, Gale 
 (14d). The magnesite from Bissell was analyzed by Fairchild, 
 Clarke (15). 
 
 SiOa 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 CO2 
 
 (Al,Fe)203 
 
 6.03 
 
 42.78 
 
 1.56 
 
 45.78 
 
 1.40=97.55% 
 
 4.75 
 
 44.20 
 
 tr. 
 
 47.32 
 
 0.76 = 97.03% 
 
 Kings County: Magnesite occurs in tlie southwest corner of the 
 county, near Parkfield, Bradley (25). 
 
 Los Angeles County: A small deposit of magnesite occurs in ser- 
 pentine on a branch of San Francisquito Canyon. 
 
 Mendocino County: Pure white veins of magnesite occur on the 
 liixon ranch, about 12 miles north of Cloverdale. Analysis by Peters, 
 Hess (08a). 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 FeaOa CaO MgO CO2 
 
 0.41 0.28 0.12 0.03 47.16 51.88 r=r 99.88% 
 
 A deposit of it also occurs 15 miles northwest of Cloverdale. 
 
 Modoc. County: Specimens of magnesite liave come from near 
 Adin. 
 
 Monterey County: Magnesite was found 3 miles east of Park- 
 field. 
 
 Napa County: A large number of veins of magnesite occur in 
 the serpentine of the count}'. It is prominent at the Bartlett and 
 Stanley mine in Chiles Valley, about 10 miles north of Rutherford. 
 Analyzed by: 1, Bates. 2 and 3, Hanks, Hess (08a). 
 
 
 SiOs 
 
 AI2O3 Fe203 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CO2 
 
 H2O 
 
 1. 
 
 2.15 
 
 1.22 1.16 
 
 5.28 
 
 41.01 
 
 48.72 
 
 ___= 99.54% 
 
 2 
 
 1.81 
 
 0.08 
 
 tr. 
 
 46.55 
 
 51.25 
 
 0.^2 — 100.01% 
 
 3. 
 
 6. 68 
 
 15.10 
 
 
 
 ."{7.2;^ 
 
 40.9 8 
 
 ___= 99.99% 
 
 Veins of it Jilso occiir (in ll'.c (>;is1 side of Pope Valley, in Soda 
 Creek Canyon, and in the serpentine of Berryessa Valley. Large veins 
 of it occur at the AYln'te Rock mine in Popo Valley. 
 
 Nevada County: Narrow veins of magnesite occur in the serpen- 
 tine at Nevada City. 
 
 Placer County: Veins of magnesite occur 1 mile east of Damas- 
 cus and near Michigan P>]uff ; also at Gold Run. Deposits of it occur 
 about 5 miles northeast of Iowa Hill, and near Towle. Analysis of 
 the Damascus material by Wells, Gale (14d). 
 
 Si02(Al,Fe)203 CaO MgO COi H2O 
 
 0.2 none 47.3 51.6 0.6 = 99.7% 
 
142 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Riverside County: Veins of magnesite are found in a hill of 
 serpentine ahoiit '^l miles sontli of AVineliester. Analysis liy Bates, 
 
 Hess (08a). 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 V<-2n,. CaO MgO <'(), 
 
 4.73 0.12 0.08 0.43 44.77 ID. 40 — ItlL. <:.;'.% 
 
 tSan Benito County: Large deposils (»!' magnesite oeeur on the 
 western slope of Sampson Peak, 3 miles southwest of New Idria. Some 
 of the magnesite at the Sampson mine is coated with dolomite. Analy- 
 sis by Hicks, Gale (14d). 
 
 SiO:; FeOs CaO MgO CO2 
 
 0.81 0.52 1.04 46.67 50.60 = 99.64% 
 
 San Bernardino County: Magnesite occurs at the Quaker group 
 of claims in the Providence Mountains, 12 miles southeast of Cima; 
 also near Needles. A deposit of bedded magnesite occurs on the south 
 side of Cave Canyon of the Mojave River, 1^ miles southeast of Afton, 
 3| miles west of Baxter; Hewett, Callaghan, Moore, Nolan, Ruby, 
 and Schaller (36). 
 
 8cin Francisco County: Small veins of magnesite occur in the 
 serpentine at Fort Point and in the Potrero district in San Francisco. 
 
 San Luis Obispo County: Small veins of magnesite occur on tile 
 Kiser ranch about 9 miles northwest of Cambria. 
 
 8a7ita Barbara County: Deposits of magnesite occur about 12 
 miles southeast of Los Olivos, near the base of the San Rafael 
 Mountains. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Large veins of magnesite exist in Red 
 Mountain, 32 miles southeast of Livermore. An analysis by Peters, 
 Hess (08a), of pure magnesite from the Alameda claim gave: 
 
 SiOa AI2O3 Fe203 CaO MgO CO2 
 
 0.73. 0.14 0.21 0.40 46.61 51.52=99.61% 
 
 Magnesite from Red Mountain was analyzed by Wells (37). The 
 Western Magnesite Development Company has been an important 
 producer at Red Mountain. 
 
 Si02 Al203Fe203 CaO MgO CO2 1120 
 
 0.03 0.07 0.85 46.70 51.94 0.29 r:^ 99.88% 
 
 All analysis by Peters, Hess (08a), of buff-colored siliceous mag- 
 nesite from the ('ochrane ranch, about 3| miles from Morgan Hill 
 Station, gave : 
 
 SiOa AI2O3 Fe203 CaO MgO CO2 
 
 49.85 3.45 9il8 0.48 21.53 23.96 = 99.45% 
 
 Analysis by Peters, Hess (08a), of magnesite from veins in ser- 
 pentine at Burnetts ranch, 3 miles northeast of Coyote, gave: 
 
 Si02 AbOs Fe203 CaO MgO CO2 
 
 0.30 0.16 0.38 1.34 45.86 51.80 = 99.84% 
 
 It occurred at the Madrone Magnesite mine, near Madrone. Euhe- 
 dral magnesite crystals up to 8_mm in length showing the forms 
 (2131), (0001), (1120), and (0221) were described by Rogers (23) 
 
CARBONATES 143 
 
 from the San Juan quicksilver mine, 5 miles south of San Jose. An 
 analysis by K. S. Boynton gave: 
 
 MgO raO VeO COn IIdO iiisiol. 
 
 46.26 1.74 1.27 50. 4S nil nil = 90.75% 
 
 Sonoma County: Tlierc arc numerous veins of magnesite in the 
 serpentine of the county. Analyses : 1. Veins 4 miles north of Clover- 
 dale, called the Creon deposit, occur in serpentine dikes; 2. Eekert 
 ranch deposit 2 miles east of Cloverdale; 3. Uillam Creek deposit on 
 steep west side of creek, about 7 miles northwest of Guerneville; 4. lied 
 Slide deposit in valley of East Austin Creek, about 8^ miles north of 
 Gazadero. Analyses by Peters, Hess (08a). 
 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CO2 
 
 1. 
 
 1.60 
 
 0.25 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.04 
 
 45.20 
 
 50.43 = 99.61% 
 
 2. 
 
 {0.51 
 
 1.98 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.59 
 
 45.84 
 
 50.80 = 99.88% 
 
 10.23 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.19 
 
 46.88 
 
 51.57 =99.11% 
 
 3. 
 
 3.51 
 
 1.10 
 
 0.80 
 
 1.46 
 
 43.65 
 
 49.16=99.68% 
 
 4. 
 
 7.67 
 
 0.26 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.0 4 
 
 43.42 
 
 48.08 = 99.76% 
 
 A ik'posit of luagncsile occurs (i miles north oL* llealdsburg. 
 
 Stanislau>i County: The Bahl Eagle and Quinto claims on Quiiito 
 Creek in See. 82, T. 8 S., K. 7 K., M. D. M., near Gustine, have been 
 leading producers of magnesite in recent years. The Smith mine near 
 Patterson has also produced magnesite. Several deposits have been 
 worked on the east side of Red Mountain near the Santa Clara County 
 line. 
 
 Tulare County: A large amount of magnesite has been mined 
 from veins on hills about 4 miles northeast of Porterville. Analyses: 
 1. From the Deer Creek deposit, about 8 miles southeast of Porterville, 
 analyzed by Bates; 2. On the hills about 4 miles northeast of Porter- 
 ville, analyzed by (a) Peters, (b) Hanks; 3. From veins in Sees. 30 
 and 31, T. 22 S., R. 29 E., M. D. M., on the South Fork of Tule River, 
 analyzed by Peters, Hess (OSa). 
 
 
 SiO.- 
 
 AIjOs Fei'Oa 
 
 raO 
 
 MgO 
 
 COi- 
 
 H2O 
 
 1. 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.11 0.08 
 
 0.24 
 
 47.22 
 
 51.64 
 
 — _ = 99.607o 
 
 9 (a) 
 
 2.28 
 
 0.03 0.26 
 
 1.32 
 
 45.17 
 
 50.74 
 
 -__ = 99.80% 
 
 2- (b) 
 
 0.90 
 
 0.49 
 
 1.49 
 
 44.39 
 
 50.06 
 
 2.57 = 99.90% 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 n.so 
 
 0.42 0.20 
 
 1.02 
 
 4. '■..9 4 
 
 5i.no 
 
 ___ = 99.68% 
 
 SinaJl veins of it also occur in Hound Valley, about 4 miles east 
 of Lindsay; on Rocky Hill, about 2 miles east of Exeter, with califor- 
 nite ; near Xaranjo with white opal ; and near Auckland. A deposit 
 of magnesite at the Alpha claim 3| miles east of Strathmore is of 
 
 high grade. 
 
 Tuolumne Count}/: There are several deposits of magnesite in 
 T. 1 S., R. 14 E., M. D. M., near Chinese Camp, from at least two of 
 which commercial shipments have been made, Bradley (25). 
 
144 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 SIDERITE 
 
 Ferrous carbonate, FeCOs. 
 
 Hexagonal-rliombohedral ; scalenohedral. Crystals with curved 
 faces ; also massive, granular. Cleavage perfect rhombohedral. Brittle. 
 Vitreous to pearly luster. Color ash-gray to dark-brown. Streak white. 
 U.=z2h — 4. G. — 3.8. 
 
 Becomes magnetic on heating. Dissolves with brisk effervescence in 
 hot hydrochloric acid. 
 
 8iderite is occasionally found in the mining regions in drusy 
 crystallizations associated with pyrite and galena, but does not appear 
 to be common in California. 
 
 Calaveras County: Siderite occurs with albite, calcite, and quartz 
 at Campo Seco. 
 
 El Dorado County: It occurs with calcite and albite at the Red 
 Hill mine, Kelsey mining district. 
 
 Imperial County: It occurs with specular hematite in quartz, 
 near Bard. 
 
 Inyo County: Masses of siderite have been found at the Custer 
 mine, (Joso district. Siderite occurs with pj^rite, pyrrhotite, and chal- 
 copyrite in a quartz vein at the Curran mine, half a mile northeast 
 of Panamint, Sampson (32). 
 
 Los Angeles County: Massive siderite occurs in the Tujunga 
 Canyon. 
 
 Mariposa Courity: It was found with calcite at Devils Gulch. 
 
 Mono County: It occurs with limonite and hematite near Benton. 
 
 Plumas County: It was found with the copper minerals of the 
 Engels mine. 
 
 Santa Clara County: A deposit of siderite occurs on the Weber 
 ranch, in Los Animns Hills, 3 miles northeast of IMadrone ; large masses 
 on Red Mountain ; on Coyote Creek 4^- miles east of JMadrone ; small 
 irregular bunches 3 miles east of Coyote on the western slope of 
 Metcalf Canyon. 
 
 Shasta Couniij: According to B"'airbanks (93) siderite occurs 
 in large masses in this county east of the Stilhvater region. 
 
 RHODOCHROSITE 
 
 Manganese carbonate, MnCOa. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhonibohedral ; scalenfihedral. Small crystals and massive. 
 Cleavage perfect rhombohedral. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color rose-red 
 or gray. Streak white. H. z=3i — 4J. G. nz 3.45 — 3.60. 
 
 Its effervescense with acid, and wine or amethystine bead with borax 
 serve to distinguish it. 
 
 Alameda County: Rhodochrosite, both gray and pink, occurs 
 commonly in the psilomelane mines of the Tesla district, southeast of 
 Livermore. It occurs with psilomelane on the Arroyo Mocho road, 
 
CARBONATES 145 
 
 southeast of Livermore. It Avas i'ouiid at tiie Mercliaiit juine, 9 miles 
 southeast of Livermore, Bradley, et al (18). 
 
 Alpine County: Pink crystals of rliodochrosite were found in the 
 Colorado mine No. 2, Monitor district, Irelan (87). 
 
 Amador County: It occurs with psilomelane 4 miles east of Pine 
 Grove. 
 
 Butte County: It was found on the North Fork of Feather River. 
 
 Madera County: It occurs near Coarse Gold. 
 
 Mariposa County: Gray and red rliodochrosite is associated with 
 psilomelane in Indian Gulch, 
 
 Mendocino County: It occurs in the Mount Sanhedrin group at 
 Impassable Rock. 
 
 Placer County: Small druses of rhodochrosite have been found 
 in some of the mines of the county. 
 
 San Bernardino Coioih/: It occurs at the New York mine near 
 Manvel. It ha.s been reported as a vein mineral in quartz at the 
 Sagamore mine, New York Mountains. 
 
 Sail Joaquin County: It occurs in the Ladd mine of Corral 
 Hollow. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Rliodochrosite occurred as pink crystals 
 showing the steep negative rhombohedron (0221) with occasionally the 
 
 unit rhombohedron (1011), in the manganese boulder near Alum Rock 
 Park, 5 miles east of San Jose, Rogers (19a). 
 
 Sonoma County: Massive gray rhodochrosite occurs with psi- 
 lomelane at the Aho ])roperty fi miles west of Cazadero. 
 
 Stanislaus Count y: It was found witli calcite and pyrolusite in 
 the Buckeye Manganese mine. Hospital Creek. 
 
 SMITHSONITE 
 
 Zinc ciirbunate, ZnOOs. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral ; scalenohedral. Drusy crystals, usually 
 reniform, botryoidal or stalaclitic; often bone-like. Cleavage perfect rhom- 
 bohedral. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white, grayish, blui-sh, greenish, 
 brownish. Streak white. H. = 51- G. = 4.30 — 4.45. 
 
 B. B. infusible. With sodium carbonate on charcoal, becomes yellow 
 while hot and white when cold. Moistened with cobalt nitrate and intensely 
 heated, assumes the yellowish-green color characteristic of zinc minerals, 
 effervesces readily in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Smitlisonite is a secondary mineral often found in silver-lead dis- 
 tricts. It is usually associated with galena, sphalerite, hemimorphite 
 (calamine), and cerusite. 
 
 10—51440 
 
146 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Inyo County: Smillisonite was found witli cerusite at the Modoc 
 mine, Cerro Gordo, Hanks (84). It was also present at the Iguacio 
 mine with hemimorphite and willemite. An unusual stalactite form of 
 smithsonitc occurs at (Vrro (lordo. It occurs with hemimorphite at 
 Camp Burjiess. It was found in the limestone footwall of the Cerro 
 Gordo mine. It occurred with cerusite and galena in limestone at the 
 Redwing and Noonday mines, Resting Springs district. It was common 
 at the Mineatta mine. It occurred with galena and cerusite in lime- 
 stone at the Ophir mine. Yellow, cadmium-bearing smithsonite was 
 obtained in the Cerro Gordo mine. 
 
 Kern County: Smithsonite occurred in drusy veins at the Jewett 
 mine on Cottonwood Creek. 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurred with hemimorphite at the 
 Cuticura mine, near Daggett. It occurred with cerusite, anglesite, 
 linarite, and galena in dolomite at the Ibex mine, Black Mountains, 6 
 miles north of Sai-atoga Springs. It was found at the Ophir mine, in 
 the Slate Range. 
 
 DOLOMITE 
 
 Carbonate of calcium and magnesium, CaMg(C03)2. 
 
 Hexagonal-rliombohedral ; rhomboiiedral. Crystals usually with 
 curved faces ; also granular, coarse or fine. Cleavage perfect rhombohedral. 
 Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color vi^hite, pink, green, brown, gray, black. 
 H. = 3J — 4. G. r=2.8 — 2.9. 
 
 Effervesces feebly in cold dilute acids. Best distinguished from 
 calcite in the wet way. After removal of the calcium by its precipitation 
 with ammonium oxalate, the magnesium is obtained from the filtered solu- 
 tion by precipitating with sodium phosphate. 
 
 Dolomite is a common mineral, but is not so abundant as calcite. 
 Much of the limestone and marble af the State is dolomitic. Dolomite 
 is commonly associated with serpentine and other magnesian rocks, in 
 Avhich it is often found as white veins. 
 
 Alameda Count!/: Dolomite occurs in the manganese district 
 about 15 miles southeast of Livermore. 
 
 Calaveras County: White crystals of dolomite occurred in the 
 gold-bearing schist of Carson Hill. 
 
 El Dorado County: A large vein of dolomite occurs at the Las- 
 kin mine, half a mile east of Diamond Springs. 
 
 Inyo County: The variegated and white marbles of the Inyo 
 Mountains are dolomitic. Good crystals of dolomite were found in the 
 San Felipe mine. A commercial body of dolomite occurs at the Bodg- 
 ley quarry, 4 miles north of Keeler. 
 
 Monterey County: It occurs at Natividad. A large deposit of 
 dolomite occurs along the foothills, 6 miles east of Salinas. 
 
CARBONATES 147 
 
 Nevada Connty: Dolomite occurs as veins in the serpentine rocks 
 at Nevada City. 
 
 Orange County: A mass of dolomite with gypsum occurs in Gyp- 
 sum Canj'on on the western slope of the Santa Ana Range. 
 
 Plum<is County: Siliceous dolomite is common in the Diadem 
 lode. 
 
 Riverside County: Dolomite occurs in the Eagle Mountains. 
 
 San Benito County: Pure white dolomite is found in a large body 
 about 10 miles southwest of Hollister. Crystals of dolomite occur at 
 the Sampson IMagnesite mine near New Idria. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Gray dolomite near the head of Arctic 
 Canyon in the SWl Sec. IG, T. 3 N.. R. 1 E.. S. P.. :\r.. has been analyzed 
 by Woodford and Harris (28). 
 
 CaO MgO R2O3 Residue 
 31.2 19.7 0.4 1.4% 
 
 Dolomite occurs as a gangue minei'al with the ores of the Rand 
 district. Hulin (25). 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: A vein of white dolomite occurs in 
 Little Falls Canyon, Laizure (25). 
 
 Santa Clara County: Drusy coatings of white dolomite crystals 
 occurred in the New Almaden and Guadalupe quicksilver mines. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Dolomite is a common associate of the maripo- 
 site schists of the mines near Jamestown. Part of the limestone near 
 Columbia and Sonora is dolomite. 
 
 ANKERITE 
 
 Carbonate of calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese, 
 CaCOs. ( Mg,Fe,Mn ) COa. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhoniboliodral ; rhombohedral. In rhombohedral crystals. 
 Also crvftalline nia.ssive, granular. Cleavage lilte calcite. Luster vitreous 
 to pearly. Color white to brown. H.= 3J — 4. G. — 2.95 — 3.1. 
 
 B. B. like dolomite, but darkens in color ; with the fluxes reacts for 
 iron and manganese. Soluble with effervescence in the acids. 
 
 Aiikerite is sometimes classed as an iron-bearing dolomite. It is 
 commonly associated with the gold-bearing schists of the jMother Lode 
 region, especially with the green mica, mariposite. 
 
 Amador County: It occurred in the quartz filling of the veins of 
 the Plymouth mine at Plymouth, Knopf (29). 
 
 Calaveras County: It was abundant at Carson Hill, Knopf (29). 
 
 Mariposa County: Ankerite was first reported by Silliman (67a) 
 as an associate of marijiosite on the ^Mariposa estate. It was promi 
 
148 MINERALS OF fALIFOBNIA 
 
 iieiit in mai'iposite scliist« cit tlie Josepliine mine. It occurred at tlie 
 Mary Harrison mine, 1 mile soutli of Coulterville, Knopf (29). 
 
 Nevada County: Ankerite collected by W. D. Johnston, Jr., from 
 the North Star mine at Grass Valley has been analyzed by Fairchild, 
 Wells (37). 
 
 Insol. CaO MgO FeO MnO CO:; H2O FeaOs 
 
 1.46 30.64 11.38 12.52 0.31 43.30 0.40 0.32 = 100.33% 
 
 San Bernardino County: Ankerite occurs with the tungsten depos- 
 its near Atolia, Hulin (25). 
 
 Tuolumne County: It was common on Quartz Mountain, at the 
 Rawhide Ranch mine near Tnttletown, and the Eagle Shawmut mine 
 on Woods Creek. Analysis of ankerite from the Eagle Shawmut 
 mine by Smith, Knopf (29). 
 
 CaO MgO FeO MnO CO2 Insol. 
 
 32.13 16.57 3.85 0.43 46.14 0.98 = 100.10% 
 
 ARAGONITE GROUP 
 
 ARAGONITE 
 
 Calcium carbonate, CaCOs. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Slender prisms, columnar, fibrous, stalactitic, massive, 
 and coralloidal. Cleavage (010) distinct; also (110). Brittle. Vitre- 
 ous luster. Colorless, white, brown, yellow, green. Streak uncolored. 
 H. = 3J — 4. G. = 2.93 — 2.95. 
 
 Distinguished from calcite by its action with cobalt nitrate. The 
 powder boiled in a solution of cobalt nitrate turns violet, and the solution 
 also assumes this color, whereas caclite has no effect on the solution. 
 Other reactions the same as for calcite. 
 
 Much of the banded onyx marble of the State has been erroneously 
 called aragonite. 
 
 Flos-ferri is a fine snow-white branching stalactitic form of ara- 
 gonite. 
 
 Alameda Comity: Pale-brownish columnar masses of aragonite 
 occur in a limestone quarry near Patterson Pass, 7 miles east of Liver- 
 more. 
 
 Calaveras County: Fine stalactites of flos-ferri have come from a 
 cave near Murph5\ Fine masses of aragonite have been found in the 
 Morgan mine, Carson Hill. 
 
 Colusa County: It was found with sulphur at Sulphur Creek, 
 Fairbanks (94). Masses of aragonite have come from the Candaee 
 mine. 
 
 Inyo County: Fine specimens of aragonite have been reported 
 from an abandoned mine in Titus Canyon in the Leadfield district by 
 Mcintosh (34), and by Melhase (34). 
 
CARBONATES 149 
 
 Kern County: Concretions of aragonite occur with gypsum in a 
 bed of sand or silt near the south end of the Kettleman Hills, Sec. 10, 
 T. 25 S., E. 19 E., M. D. M.. Reed (26). 
 
 Lake County: It occurs with opal in lava at Sulphur Banks, 
 Anderson (36). 
 
 Madera County: Aeicular crystals of aragonite occur in cavities 
 in the (•{)])per deposit at Becks Lakes, Goudey (36). 
 
 Pla<er County: It is reported to occur at Gold Kuii. 
 
 Riverside C&unty: Small amounts of fibrous aragonite were found 
 at Crestmore, Eakle (17), 
 
 San Benito County: It occurs as bunches and stringers in the rocks 
 adjoining the benitoite veins near the headwaters of the San Benito 
 River, Louderback (09). 
 
 San Bernardino County: It is said to have occurred with priceite, 
 probably from Calico, Silliman (73b). It occurs with calcite in the 
 limestone of the Slover Mountains, near Colton. 
 
 San Francisco County: It was found as thin veins in the serpen- 
 tine of Fort Point, Eakle (01), 
 
 Solano County: Aragonite is formed at the Tolenas Springs. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It occurs as bunches in the basaltic rock of 
 Table Mountain. 
 
 STRONTIANITE 
 
 Strontium carbonate, SrCOs. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Crystals aeicular. Columnar masses, fibrous, granu- 
 lar. Cleavage prismatic. Vitreous luster. Color white, gray, pale-green, 
 and yellowish-brown. Streak white. H. = 3J — 4. G. = 3.68 — 3.71. 
 
 Effervesces in acid like calcite. Distinguished from calcite by its 
 Permanent deep-crimson flame obtained by taking a little of the powder 
 on a platinum wire moistened with hydrochloric acid and holding it in a 
 colorless Bunsen flame. 
 
 Inyo County: A deposit of brown massive strontianite occurs 3 
 miles west of Shoshone, 
 
 Plumas County: Large masses of divergent columnar strontianite 
 were found in the Genessee Valley, 
 
 San Bernardino County: Large deposits of strontianite ocur as 
 brown fibrous and gray granular masses in limestone in the Mud 
 Hills, or Strontium Hills, 10 miles north of Barstow, Knopf (18). 
 Celestite and gypsum are associated. Partial analysis by R. C. "Wells 
 
 SrO CaO BaO SO3 CO2 (computed) 
 
 60.99 6.40 none 0.05 29.86 = 97.30% 
 
150 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 WITHERITE 
 
 Barium carbonate, BaCOs. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Seldom in good crystals. Usually massive, columnar 
 or granular. Cleavage (010) distinct. Vitreous luster. Color white, 
 yellowish, grayish. Streak white. H. ==3. G. = 4.27 — 4.35. 
 
 Fusible. Gives alkaline reaction on turmeric paper. Easily .soluble 
 with effervescence in hydrochloric acid. On adding sulphuric acid, barium 
 sulphate is precipitated. Gives green flame of barium. 
 
 Mariposa County: Massive witherite occurs with barite in the 
 deposit near El Portal, W. W. Bradley (31), Fitch (31). It is also 
 found with barite in the Devils Guleh, Sees. 17 and 20, T. 4 S., R. 
 20 E., M. D. M. 
 
 Shasta County: It occurs massive on Beegum Creek, near Platina. 
 
 CERUSITE— White Lead Ore 
 
 Lead carbonate. PbCOs. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Platy crystals. Generally massive. Cleavage 
 (110) and (021) distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. Adam- 
 antine to vitreous luster. Color gray, cream-white, brown. Streak uncol- 
 ored. H. = 3 — 3|. G. = 6.46 — 6.57. 
 
 Easily fusible. Fused on charcoal with sodium carbonate, reduces 
 to metallic glolniles of lead and gives yellow coating. Soluble in nitric 
 acid with effervescence. 
 
 Cerusite is a common alteration product of galena, and in all 
 mines having much galena it is found in the oxidized portion of the 
 veins. It generally occurs as heavy gray or brown masses, but is 
 occasionally found in cream-white platy crystals in the porous ore and 
 galena cavities. In silver districts it is frequently rich in silver and 
 forms the chief ore. 
 
 Imperial County: It occurs in small veins and pockets 5 miles east 
 of Picacho. 
 
 Inyo County: Large crystals of cerusite were found in the Russ 
 district, W. P. Blake (66). It is common in the Cerro Gordo and other 
 silver districts of the county. It occurred with galena at the Monte- 
 zuma mine, 10 miles southeast of Big Pine ; with galena and smithson- 
 ite in limestone at the Ophir mine, Slate Range; with smithsonite at 
 the Redwing mine; at the Santa Rosa mine, Lee district; with smith- 
 sonite in limestone at the Ventura mine ; in the Carbonate mine ; with 
 galena and smithsonite at the Noonday mine ; large crystals with angle- 
 site at the Ubehebe mine; with galena, chalcopyrite, and native copper 
 in limestone at Chloride Cliff, Grapevine Range. 
 
 Kern County: It occurred with galena 7 miles northwest of Rands- 
 burg. ^^ ,■.,,; ■ ■:..- ,-,. ■.-"',:.'■ ^|i ' ! I ''*^' ! 
 
 Madera County: Cerusite is reported to occur with the lead ores 
 of the Minaret district, Goudey (36). 
 
 Mono County: It is common in the Blind Spring Hill district, 
 Goodyear (88). 
 
CARBONATES 151 
 
 Riverside Couniy: Cenisite occurs -with galena in gold-bearing 
 quartz at the Free Coinage and Steel mines, Hodges district. Cerusite 
 occurs in small amounts as an alteration of galena at Crestmore, 
 Eakle (17). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Cerusite was prominent in the horn silver 
 districts of Calico and Barstow, Lindgren (87), Storms (90). It is 
 very prominent in the Silver Reef district, near Oro Grande. It occurs 
 with smithsonite at the Silver Rule mine, a quarter of a mile south of 
 the Inyo County line. It occurs with smithsonite, anglesite, linarite, 
 and galena in dolomite at the Ibex mine, 6 miles north of Saratoga 
 Springs. 
 
 Shasta County: Cerusite was reported by AV. P. Blake (67) from 
 the silver ore of the Chicago claim, 3 miles west of Igo. 
 
 BISMUTOSPHaRITE 
 Carbonate of bismuth, Bi2(C03)3.2Bi203. 
 
 In spherical forms with radiated structure. Yellow to gray or 
 blackish-brown. H. = 3 — 3J. G. =:7.3 — 7.4. ' 
 
 Easily fusible. Effervesces in acid. ^Mixed with pota.ssium iodide 
 and sulphur and fused on charcoal, it gives a bright-red coating on the 
 outer edge of a yellow coating. 
 
 This very rare mineral is formed by the alteration of native 
 bismuth or bismutliinite, and is always of secondary origin. 
 
 San Diego County : Bismutospharite occurs in grayish-black masses 
 and as a yellow ])owder from tlie alteration of native bismuth at 
 Pala, Schaller (04a). 
 
 PHOSGENITE 
 
 Chlorocarbonate of lead, (PbCDzCOs. 
 
 Tetragonal. Prismatic crystals. Cleavage (110), (100) and (001) 
 distinct. Adamantine luster. Color white to yellow. Streak white. 
 U.=i2l — 3. G. = 6.0 — 6.3. 
 
 Easily fusible to yellow bead. Reduced with sodium carbonate to 
 metallic lead. Fused with copper oxide, it gives blue flame of copper 
 chloride. Effervesces with dilute nitric acid. 
 
 Inyo County: Phosgenite in acicular, straw-yellow crystals in 
 quartz came from the Silver Sprout mine. Hanks (84). 
 
 NORTHUPITE 
 
 Double carbonate of magnesium and sodium with sodium chloride, 
 
 MgCO3.Na1-CO3.NaCl. 
 
 Isometric. Octahedral crystals. Vitreous. W^hite to yellow or gray. 
 H. = 3i — 4. G. = 2.38. 
 
 Easily fusible. Soluble in dilute acid. 
 
 Northupite is only known to occur in this State. 
 
 Lohe Connty: It occurs Avith gay-lussite and pirssonite in trona at 
 
 Borax Lake, Vonsen and Hanna (36' 
 
152 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 San Bernardino County: Some small octaliedrons of northupite 
 were discovered in 1895 at Searles Lake and named by Foote (95). 
 An analysis was made by Pratt (96). 
 
 C02 
 
 CI 
 
 SO3 
 
 MgO 
 
 NaeO H2O 
 
 insnl. for CI 
 
 35.12 
 
 14.10 
 
 0.08 
 
 16.08 
 
 36.99 0.72 
 TYCHITE 
 
 0.22 = 103.31 — 3.16 = 100.15% 
 
 (Carbonate of sodium and magnesium with .sodium sulpliate. 
 2MgC03.2Na2COs.Na2S04. 
 
 Isometric. Small octahedral crystals. Vitreous. White. H. :=3| — 4. 
 G. r=2.58. 
 
 Similar to northupite In its reactions. 
 
 San Bernardino Cojinty: A few small octahedrons of tychite were 
 mixed with the northupite crj^stals discovered at Searles Lake. They 
 were analyzed and named by Penfield and Jamieson (05). 
 
 SOs CO:; Mg-O Na:;0 
 
 15.08 33.55 15.83 35.49^=99.95% 
 
 15.06 33.45 15.77 35.65=99.93% 
 
 HYDROUS CAEBONATES 
 MALACHITE 
 
 Basic cupric carbonate, CuCo3.Cu(OH)2. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals usually slender, grouped in tufts and rosettes. 
 Commonly massive or incrusting', botryoidal reniform or stalactitic. Cleav- 
 age (001) perfect. Brittle. Luster of crystals adamantine to vitreous; 
 of fibrous varieties more or less silky. Color bright-green. Streak pale- . 
 green. H. = 3| — 4. G. = 3.9 — 4.03. 
 
 B. B. fuses at 2, coloring the flame emerald-green ; on charcoal is 
 reduced to metallic copper. In the closed tube blackens and yields water. 
 Soluble in acids with effervescence. 
 
 Malachite is found in practically every locality where ores of 
 copper occur, and is the product of their alteration. 
 
 Amador County: Fine reniform masses of malachite have come 
 from Volcano. 
 
 Calaveras County: It occurred at Campo Seco and Copperopolis. 
 Fine specimens of malachite came from the old Hughes mine, W. P. 
 Blake (66). 
 
 Del Norte County: It occurs with magnetite and chalcocite at 
 French Hill; Avith chaleopj'rite and bornite at the Diamond mine, Low 
 Divide ; with magnetite at the Morning Star mine, Rockland district. 
 
 Humholdt County: Excellent specimens of in-ilaehite have come 
 from Horse Mountain ; also from the Mattole district. 
 
 Inyo County: Good drusy malachite occurred in the Cerro Gordo 
 district. It was found with chrysocolla 10 miles east of Death Valley 
 Junction. 
 
 Kern County: It is found with azurite in San Emigdio Canyon. 
 
CARBONATES 153 
 
 Kings County: It has been observed at Aushall Creek. 
 
 LaTie Couniy: Malachite occurs on the Langtry ranch, 7 miles 
 south of Middletown. 
 
 Lassen Couniy: It occurred Avith azurite at the Copper King mine, 
 near ^Vestwood. 
 
 Los Angeles Couniy: It occurs with azurite on the Upper San 
 Gabriel River. ' 
 
 Mariposa Couniy: Fine drusy coatings and excellent crystallized 
 malachite occur at tlie White Rock mine. It oeenrred with azurite at 
 the Peterson and Cornet mines. 
 
 Mendocino County: Malachite occurs with native copper in serpen- 
 tine at Red Mountain, 10 miles southeast of Ukiah. It occurs as 
 an alteration of chalcopyrite in Anderson Valle3^ 
 
 Mono County: Malachite occurs in the Blind Spring Hill district. 
 Malachite Avith cuprite and melaconite occurs at the Detroit mine. 
 
 Monterey County: Malachite has been observed in the serpentine, 
 east of Parkfield. 
 
 Napa Couniy: It occurred with some covellite and chalcocite in 
 the Jumper Group of mines. It was found with azurite near Monticello. 
 
 Placer Couniy: Malachite occurred in large amounts with native 
 copper at the Algol mine, 9 miles northeast of Lincoln. 
 
 Plumas Couniy: Malachite occurs with bornite and chalcocite in 
 Lights Canyon. It occurred in large masses in limestone at the Blue- 
 bell mine, Genesee district. It was found with azurite as a vein in 
 the Pettinger mine, near Taylorville. It occurred with chalcocite at 
 Green Ledge, Genesee Valley. Malachite was found as an alteration 
 product of chalcocite and bornite at the Oregon, Olympia, Polar Star, 
 and Engel mines. It occurs with hematite and yellow limonite in a 
 barite gangue in Cooks Canyon. 
 
 Riverside Couniy: It was observed as an alteration product of 
 chalcopyrite in the Monte Negro district. It occurs with azurite and 
 cuprite in the IMcCoy, Paleu, and Santa Maria Mountains. It occurs 
 as an alteration product of copper sulphides at Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Benito Couniy: It occurred with azurite at the Towle Copper 
 mine near Elkhorn. 
 
 San Bernardino County: IMalachite was found in the Calico dis- 
 trict. It is common in the copper ores of the eastern part of the county. 
 It occurs with chalcocite and bornite 4 miles east of Judson. 
 
 San Diego Couniy: Excellent specimens of malachite have come 
 from 3 miles south of Julian. 
 
154 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: It occurs on the Santa Lucia Mountains 
 and on Chorro Creek. 
 
 Shasta Countij: Malachite occurs with azurite at the Greenhorn 
 mine, in the French Gulch district. 
 
 Trinity County: It has been observed on Dobbyn Creek. It 
 occurred sparingly at the Copper Queen lode, Carrville. It occurs 
 as a secondary mineral at Island Mountain. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Malachite occurs with chalcopyrite at the 
 Greenstone mine. 
 
 AZURITE 
 
 Basic cupric carbonate, 2CuC03.Cu (OH)2. 
 
 Monoclinic. Good crystals, massive, earthy. Cleavage (021) 
 perfect. Brittle. Vitreous to adamantine lustei-. Color deep azure-blue. 
 Streak light-blue. H. = 3J — 4. G. r=3.77 — 3.89. 
 
 Similar to malachite in reactions, but easily distinguished by color. 
 
 The blue azurite is not so common as the green malachite with 
 which it is usually found. It occurs generally in aggregates of dis- 
 tinct crystals, often lining cavities in limonitic and malachitic masses, 
 Azurite is formed in most copper districts as an oxidation mineral 
 and is of secondary origin. 
 
 Butte Count II: It was observed witli malachite near Bangor. 
 
 Calaveras County: Fine crystals of azurite occurred with mala- 
 chite at the old Hughes mine, W. P. Blake (66). Azurite with mala- 
 chite has been found in the Santa Cruz mine, near Robinsons Ferry; 
 also at the Telegraph mine. Hog Hill. 
 
 El Dorado County: Good specimens of azurite and malachite 
 have come from the Alabaster Cave mine. Cave City. 
 
 Inyo County: It occurs with melaconite, malachite, and chry- 
 socoUa in the Greenwater district, Black Mountains; at the Mountain 
 View mine, Panamint ; with pink and white lepidolite at the Half 
 Dollar mine. 
 
 Ke7^n Coimty: In the C-ineo district it is associated with mala- 
 chite, galena, anglesite, and cerusite. Fine specimens have come from 
 San Emigdio Canyon. - ■ • 
 
 Lassen County: It occurred with malachite near Westwood. 
 
 Madera County: It occurred with malachite in the old Buchanan 
 mine. 
 
 Mariposa County: Fine crystals of azurite occur in the Hawling- 
 ton district. It was observed in the White Rock mine. 
 
CARBONATES 155 
 
 Modoc County: It occurs 7 miles south of Port Bidwell with 
 malachite, cuprite, and native copper. 
 
 Mono County: Crystals of azurite on limonite from the Diana 
 mine had the forms: (001), (T02), (012), (Oil), (110), and (111), 
 Jackson {S6). 
 
 Napa County: Azurite and malachite have been found near 
 Monticello. 
 
 Placer County: Small amounts of azurite were observed in the 
 copper mines 7 miles north of Auburn. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurred with malachite near Taj'lorsville at 
 the Pettinger and Polar Star mines. 
 
 Riverside County: It occurs in the ^McCoy and Palen Mountains 
 with malachite and cuprite. Azurite is associated with malachite at 
 Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Benito County: Small crystals of azurite occurred at the- 
 Towle Copper mine, near Elkhorn. 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurs with malachite in the Signal 
 mining district. Specimens of azurite have come from the Bumper 
 claims, near Needles. 
 
 Shasta County: Azurite occurs with malachite at the Greenhorn 
 mine, in the French Gulch district. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It occurred with malachite near Gazelle and 
 in the Bonanza mine, near Honolulu. 
 
 Sonoma County: Small perfect crystals of azurite with malachite 
 occur 8 miles northeast of Cazadero. 
 
 Trinity County: It occurs with malachite at Island Mountain. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It was observed at Whiskey Ilill, and in var- 
 ious mines of the county in small amounts. 
 
 AURICHALCITE 
 
 Basic carbonate of zinc and copper, 2(Zn,Cu)C03.3(Zn,Cu) (OH);. 
 
 Monoclinic. Plumose, tabular, laminated ; in drusy incrustations. 
 Pearly luster. Color and streak pale-green to sky-blue. H. =: 2. 
 G. = 3.54 — 3.64. 
 
 On charcoal, when mixed with sodium carbonate, it gives yellow 
 coating of zinc and globules of copper. Easily soluble with effervescence. 
 In a closed tube blackens and gives water. 
 
 This is a very rare mineral of secondary origin and has only been 
 found in two localities in the State. 
 
 Inyo County: At the Cerro Gordo mine, aurichalcite occurs in 
 pale bluish-green acicular crystals and tufts in cavities, with hemi- 
 morphite, Rogers (12). 
 
156 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Mono Counttj: It occurs as pale-g'reeii fissure fillings in magnetite 
 containing sphalerite, near To})az. 
 
 HYDROZINCITE 
 
 Basic zinc carbonate, 2ZnCO:i.nZn (OH)-. 
 
 Moiiucllnio. Minute cry.stals, tliin blades parallel to a perfect 
 cleavage, either (100) or (001). LTsually massive or earthy, as incrusta- 
 tions. Dull luster. Color white, grayish, yellowish. H. := 2 — 21. 
 U.=:;;.58 — 3.S. 
 
 B. B. Infu.sible. Intensely heated on charcnal with cobalt nitrate. 
 will assume green color of zinc. Soluble witli effervescence in dilute acid. 
 • Jive.s water in closed tube. 
 
 Hydrozincite is of seeoiidary (»i-igiii, t'ornied usually ])y the altera- 
 tion of sphalerite. 
 
 Iin/o County,: Thick layers of hydrozincite occur at the Cerro 
 Gordo mine with sphalerite, willemite, and hemimorphite (calamine), 
 Rogers (12). 
 
 DAWSONITE 
 
 Basic carbonate of ahuninum and sodium, NasAU C03):i.2Al(OH)^. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In thin crusts of white radiating acicular or bladed 
 crystals. Perfect cleavage, (110). H. = 3. G. r=:2.4. 
 
 Swells and fuses, coloring flame deep-yellow and fused mass gives 
 an alkaline reaction. With cobalt nitrate gives a fine blue color. Gives 
 water in a closed tube. Effervesces easily. 
 
 Dawsonite is a very rare mineral, and occurs only in arid regions as 
 white incrustations. 
 
 Inyo County: It is reported to occur as a soft earthj^ incrusta- 
 tion in a dike in Amargosa Canyon, Bailey (02). 
 
 THERMONATRITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium carbonate, Na2C03.H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Vitreous. White, grayish-yellow. H. = 1 — H. 
 G. = 2.25. 
 
 Gives strong yellow flame of sodium and an alkaline reaction on 
 heating. Soluble in water and has an alkaline taste. 
 
 Therraonatrite occurs as an efflorescence in dry regions. 
 
 Inyo County: It forms white efflorescent coatings in Death Valley, 
 according to Bailey (02). 
 
 NESQUEHONITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium carbonate, MgCOs.SH^O. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In prismatic crystals, usually united in radiating 
 groups. Cleavage perfect (110). Colorless to white. Transparent to 
 translucent. H. = 2.5. G. = 1.84. 
 
 8an Benito County: Nesquehonite is reported as occurring with 
 hydromagnesite near the Florence Mack quicksilver mine, south of 
 New Idria. 
 
CARBOX.\TES 157 
 
 NATRON 
 Hydrous sodium carbonate, NaaCOs.lOHaO. 
 
 Monoclinic. Tabular cry.stals obtained by the evaporation of waters 
 from soda laltes. Brittle. Vitreous to earthy. White, gray, or yellow. 
 H. = 1 — IJ. G. = 1.42 — 1.46. 
 
 Gives intensely yellow flame and reacts alkaline. Soluble in water 
 and effervesces in acids. 
 
 Inyo County: Crystals of natron mixed with sodium bicarbonate 
 are obtained by evaporating; the water of Owens Lake, and other soda 
 lakes. The waters of Owens Lake have been analyzed by Chatard (89). 
 
 PIRSSONITE 
 
 Hydrous double carbonate of calcium and sodium, CaCO3.Na2CO3.2H-O. 
 
 Orthorhombic-pvramidal. In prismatic crystals. Vitreous. Colorless 
 to white. H. = 3. G. = 2.35. 
 
 Similar to gay-lussite in its reactions. Boiled in water the sodium 
 carbonate is leached out and causes the solution to become strongly 
 alkaline. 
 
 Pirssonite was discovered in Califoniia in 1896 and is known from 
 only two localities. 
 
 Lake County: It occurs witli gay-lussite and northupite in trona 
 at Borax Lake, Vonseii and Ilanna (36). 
 
 San Bernardino Coimty: Good crystals of pirssonite were found 
 with northupite, gay-lussite, and hanksite at the New Well, Searles 
 Lake. Pii-ssonite was described and named by Pratt (96). Forms: 
 (010), (110), (111), (111), (131), and (311). 
 
 C02 
 
 CaO 
 
 Na-'O 
 
 K2O 
 
 H2O 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 SiOa 
 
 36.07 
 
 23.38 
 
 25.70 
 
 0.15 
 
 14.73 
 
 0.13 
 
 0.29= 100.45% 
 G. = 2.352. 
 
 GAY-LUSSITE 
 Hydrous carbonate of calcium and sodium, CaCO3.Na2CO3.5H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals often elongated ; also flattened wedge-shaped. 
 Cleavage perfect prismatic. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. Vitreous 
 luster. Color white, yellowish-white. Streak uncolored to grayish. 
 H. = 2 — 3. G. = 1.93 — 1.95 
 
 Easily fusible to a white enamel with strong yellow flame. Gives 
 alkaline reaction on turmeric paper. Easily effervesces in acide. Gives 
 water in closed tube. Calcium shown by precipitation with ammonium 
 oxalate. 
 
 This double carbonate is frequently formed on the shores of soda 
 lakes. Found only in dry regions. 
 
 Lake County: It occurs with northupite and pirssonite in trona 
 at Borax Lake, Vonsen and Ilanna (36). 
 
 Mono County: It was found in crystals on the shore of Mono 
 Jjake. 
 
 San Bernardino County: It is one of the minerals of Searles 
 Lake, Hanks (92). The forms of the gay-lussite crystals from this 
 
158 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 lake as determinetl by Pratt (96) are: (010), (001), (110), (Oil), 
 (101), and (112). Bailey (02) mentions it as occurring at the Owl 
 Springs niter beds. 
 
 TRONA— Urao 
 
 Hydrous carbonate and bicarbonate of sodium. Na2CO3.HNaCO3.2H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. In plates or slender crystals ; often fibrous or columnar 
 massive. Cleavage perfect orthopinacoidal. Vitreous, glistening. Gray or 
 yellowish-white. H. = 2J — 3. G. = 2.11 — 2.14. 
 
 Like natron in reactions. Yields much water in a closed tube. 
 
 Trona is found in the deposits of saline lakes or is produced by 
 the evaporation of their waters. 
 
 Inyo County: Trona was reported from the borax deposits of 
 Death Valley by Bodewig and vom Rath (85). White layers of trona 
 occur along the shores of Owens Lake, Chatard (89). Analysis of mate- 
 rial formed by evaporation at the edge of the lake shows it to be 
 nearly pure trona. 
 
 nsol. 
 
 CI 
 
 SOa 
 
 CO2 
 
 Na20 
 
 H2O 
 
 o = ci 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.70 
 
 38.13 
 
 41.00 
 
 20.07 
 
 = 100.11 — 0.04= 100.07% 
 . G. = 2.147. 
 
 Lake County: It occurs at Boras Lake with gay-lussite, pirssonite, 
 and northupite, Vonsen and Hanna (36). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Thick layers of solid trona occur with 
 borax, hanksite, thenardite, glauberite, and other salts at Searles Lake. 
 Crystals are very common. They are elongated in the direction of 
 the b axis and have the forms: (100), (001), (101), (302), (111), 
 (111), (211), Ayers (89a). 
 
 HYDROMAGNESITE 
 
 Hydrous basic magnesium carbonate, 3MgC03.Mg(0H)2.3H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals small, tufted. Generally massive, chalky 
 crusts. Perfect cleavage (010) ; distinct (100). Vitreous silky to dull 
 luster. Color and streak white. H. = 3i. G. = 2.16. 
 
 B. B. infusible. Effervesces easily in dilute acids. 
 
 Hydromagnesite is formed by the alteration of serpentine and 
 other magnesian rocks. 
 
 Alameda County: A specimen of hj^dromagnesite from southeast 
 of Livermore was analyzed by Gutzkow (86). It apparently came 
 from the southwest side of Cedar Mountain. ,. 
 
 SiO-AhOsFeoOs 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CO2 
 
 H2O 
 
 Moisture 
 
 1.25 
 
 tr. 
 
 43.00 
 
 36.30 
 
 18.70 
 
 0.75 
 
 Massive white hydromagnesite has been found near Pleasanton. 
 
 Colusa County: Hydromagnesite occurs abundantly with serpen- 
 tine in the Sulphur Creek area. Analysis by Kramm (10). 
 
 Si02 Fe203.Al203 CaO MgO CO2 H2O 
 
 9.37 tr. 2.46 39.25 29.45 18.74 = 99.27% 
 
CARBONATES 159 
 
 Inijo Coiiiili/: ll is .said to occur in chalky and mealy crusts 
 aloiiy the Ainarjrosa IJivci-. lUiiley (02). 
 
 Riversi(l( Coioilu: Ci-ystals ol' liydromagnesite occur in the cal- 
 cite at Crestinorc as an alleration product of brucite, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Benito Conniy: Hydromajznesite occurs with magnesite in 
 l)Owdery white balls, on Larious Creek, on the slope of Sampson Peak, 
 and was analyzed by W. B. Hicks. The deposit was described by 
 Gale (14d). 
 
 SiOa AI2O3 Fe-Os CaO MgO CO2 undet. Ign. loss 
 
 2.50 0.1:? 0.44 0.34 41.60 34.89 20.10 = 100% 54.10 
 
 liydromagnesite is also reported, with nesquehonite, near the 
 Florence Mack quicksilver mine, south of New Idria. 
 
 San Francisco Conntij: Radiating rosettes of liydromagnesite 
 occur on the serpentine at Fort Point. Small white veins of it are 
 found in the serpentine of San Francisco. 
 
 San Luis Obispo (^ouiili/: Small \-cins of liydromagnesite were 
 found in the i-ocks near Port San Luis. 
 
 San Mateo Count y: liydromagnesite occurs in small patches in 
 serpentine near Searsville Lake, Rogers (23a). 
 
 Santa Clara Count ij: It was found in serpentine in Alum Rock 
 Canyon and in the Calaveras Valley, Rogers (23a). 
 
 ZARATITE 
 
 Hydrous carbonate of nickel, NiC03.2Ni(OH)2.4H20.? 
 
 Amorphous. In mammillary incrustations ; also massive compact. 
 Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color emerald-green. Streak green. H. z= 3. 
 G. = 2.6. 
 
 B. B. infusible. Imparts to the borax bead a l>rown color which, 
 when reduced, becomes gray and cloudy. Effervesces in hot acid. Gives 
 water in closed tube. 
 
 Zaratite is always accom])aiiied by chromite, occurring as an 
 incrustation on massive chi'omite. Most of the green coatings on the 
 chromite of the State, however, consist of small uvarovite garnet 
 crystals or green chlorite. 
 
 Alameda County: Green coatings of zaratite occur on the chromite 
 at the Mendenhall mine on Cedar Mountain. 
 
 Madera County: It was found as a coating on chromite near 
 Madera. 
 
 Monterey County: It was found on the chromite in this county, 
 W. P. Blake (66). 
 
 San Benito County: Zaratite was found on chromite near Ilolli.s- 
 ter and near Panoche. 
 
160 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Shasta County: It was observed on the chromite at Castella. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Green coatings of zaratite occur on the chromite 
 near Callahan. 
 
 BISMUTITE 
 
 Basic bismuth carbonate, Bi2O3.CO2.H2O.? 
 
 Incrusting fibrous, or earthy and pulverulent. Vitreous to dull luster. 
 "White, green, yellow and gray. Streak greenish-gray. H. r= 4. G. = 7. 
 
 Fused on charcoal with potassium iodide and sulphur, it gives a 
 red coating. A small amount of water is obtained by heating in a closed 
 tube. Effervesces in acid. 
 
 Bismutite is of secondary origin, being derived chiefly by the 
 alteration of bismuthinite and native bi.smiith. 
 
 Fresno County: Bismutite occurred at the Second Sierra and Lot 
 One mines, Kings River district. 
 
 Inyo County: It was found at Big Pine Creek, Hanks (84) ; al^o 
 at Antelope Springs, Deep Spi-ing Valley. Fibrous and crypto- 
 crystalline specimens of bismutite have come from near Lone Pine. 
 
 Los Angeles County: White earthy bismutite has been found in 
 this county. 
 
 Mono County: It was found at Oasis. 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurs as an alteration of bismuthinite 
 at the United Tungsten Copper mine, Morongo district. 
 
 ADDENDUM TO BORATES 
 (see pp. 161 and 162) 
 
 VEATCHITE ,, 
 
 Hydrous calcium borate, Ca2B60ii.2HaO. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fibrous veins. Cleavage perfect clinopinacoidal and 
 imperfect basal. Vitreous luster. Colorless. H.-= 2. G. = 2.69. 
 
 Fuses easily with intumescence. Yields water in closed tube. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Veatchite occurs in small amount with how- 
 lite and colemanite at the old colemanite mine at Lang. It was named 
 and described, with analysis by F. A. Gonyer, by Switzer (38). 
 
 CaO B2O3 H2O Insol. . ; 
 
 31.08 59.03 9.50 0.62 100.23% 
 
BORATES 
 
 161 
 
 BORATES 
 
 Ludwigite 
 
 Vonsenite 
 
 Camsellite 
 
 Howlite 
 
 Bakerite 
 
 Veatchite 
 
 Coleraanite 
 
 Meyerhofferite 
 
 Inyoite 
 
 Priceite 
 
 Kernite 
 
 LUDWIGITE 
 
 Tincalconite 
 
 Borax 
 
 Probertite 
 
 Ulexite 
 
 Hydroboracite 
 
 Teepleite 
 
 Magnesium and iron borate, 3MgO.B203.PeO,Fe203. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Small fibrous masses. Silky luster. Color blackish- 
 green to black. H. r=5. G. = 3.91 — 4.02. 
 
 Fusible into a magnetic mass. Soluble in hydrochloric and sulphuric 
 acids, but insoluble in nitric acid. Yellow turmeric paper dipped into the 
 hydrochloric acid solution, turns red when dried. Magnesia can be pre- 
 cipitated by sodium phosphate after the boron and iron have been removed. 
 
 El Dorado County: Scaly masses of black . ludwigite, associated 
 with calcite, epidote, molybdenite, and chalcopyrite occur at the old 
 Cosumnes copper mine, near Fairplay, Rogers (12). 
 
 VONSENITE 
 Iron and magnesium borate, 3(Fe,Mg)O.B203FeO.Fe203. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Imperfect crystals and granular masses. Very 
 brittle. Brilliant metallic luster. Color black. Streak brownish-black. 
 Perfectly opaque and non-magnetic. H. rr: 5. G. r=: 4.21. 
 
 Fuses easily to a black magnetic mass and gives green flame of 
 boron. Soluble in hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, but unattacked by 
 nitric acid. 
 
 Riverside County: Vonsenite was discovered by j\I. Vonsen in the 
 old city quarrj^ at Riverside and described and named by Eakle (20). 
 Forms on the imperfect crystals are: (010), (110), (210), (140), and 
 (160). The analysis gave : 
 
 FeO MgO B2O3 Fe^Os 
 
 39.73 10.71 14.12 34.82 = 99.40% 
 
 CAMSELLITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium borate, 2AIgO.B2O3.H2O. 
 
 Orthorhombic? Fibrous. White. H. < 3. G. =2.60. 
 Readily fusible. Soluble in acids. 
 
 Marin County: Camsellite occurs as impregnations and coatings 
 on serpentine near Stinson Beach. An analysis by Eakle (25a) gave: 
 
 MgO FeO B-O.". SiOc H-O 
 
 46.07 2.46 33.34- 7.16 10.94 = 99. 97%. 
 
 which leads to the formula 2(MgO, FeO). (B,0,.SiOo)H,0. Schaller 
 (28a) considers camsellite to be identical witli szaibelyite, 2Mg-,B.,0ii. 
 
 srijO. 
 
 11—51440 
 
162 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 HOWLITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium silico-borate, HGCa2B5S10]i. 
 
 Monoclinlc. Round nodules, massive, chalky. Dull luster. Color 
 white. H. = 1 — 3i. G. = 2.5. 
 
 Fuses easily and colors the flame green. Easily soluble and precipi- 
 tates silica. Calcium is precipitated with ammonium oxalate from a weak 
 hydrochloric acid solution. Yields water in a closed tube. Gives the 
 boron reaction with turmeric paper. 
 
 Howlite is au associate of the otlier borates, but owiug to the 
 silica pre.sent it is not utilized, although it contains a large amount 
 of boric oxide. It has been mistaken for pandermite at several borate 
 localities in California. 
 
 Inyo County: White scaly masses of howlite occur in veins in 
 Gov^er Gulch near Ryan. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Large masses of compact white howlite are 
 common in the colemanite deposit near Lang. It was described and 
 analyzed by E aide (11). 
 
 B-Os CaO Si02 H2O 
 
 45.56 28.26 14.81 11.37 r= 100% G. = 2.531. 
 
 8an Bernardino County: Large masses of howlite are associated 
 with bakerite and ulexite in the Mojave desert, 16 miles northeast of 
 Daggett, Giles (03). Analysis No. 1 is of soft scaly, and No. 2 of 
 hard rock-like material, made by Giles. Analysis No. 3 is of soft 
 white material, made by Wm. Lawson. 
 
 B^On 
 
 CaO 
 
 SiO- 
 
 H2O 
 
 MgONa20 
 
 1. 44. 3S 
 
 28.45 
 
 15.50 
 
 11.58 
 
 0.09 
 
 2. 43.78 
 
 28.44 
 
 15.33 
 
 11.39 
 
 1.06 
 
 3. 44.32 
 
 29.22 
 
 15.31 
 
 11.44 
 
 ___=r 100.29% 
 
 BAKERITE 
 
 llydr.ui.s calcium silico-borate, 8CH().r.Ba03.6SiO::.6H2n. 
 
 Amorphou.s. Mas.sive. <'(il(i|- wliilc In l':i iul Krccn. H. r~r 4i. 
 G. = 2.7 — 2.9. 
 
 Reactions the same as fur howlite. 
 
 Inyo County: Bakerite occurs in Death Valley at the entrance to 
 Corkscrew Canyon. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Bakerite was found in the Mojave Desert, 
 16 miles northeast of Daggett, associated with howlite and ulexite. 
 It was described and named by Giles (03). 
 
 B-jOa 
 
 V^^hite 27.74 
 
 Faint-green 26.85 
 
 VEATCHITE (see p. 160) 
 
 COLEMANITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium borate. Ca^BoOn.BHiO. • 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals usually short prismatic. Massive, granular 
 and compact. Cleavage perfect clinopinacoidal. Vitreous to adamantine 
 luster. Colorlops, white, yellowish-white, gray. H. = 4 — 4J. G. ^ 2.42. 
 
 Decrepitates violently when touched with hot flame, but finally fuses 
 to a clear glass. Powder on platinum wire, moistened with sulphuric acid, 
 
 CaO 
 
 Si02 
 
 H2O 
 
 Al203Fe203 
 
 34.88 
 
 28.45 
 
 8.30 
 
 0.63 
 
 35.22 
 
 28.05 
 
 8.66 
 
 0.22 
 
BORATES 163 
 
 will give a momentary green flame of boron mixed witli reddish flame of 
 calcium. Yields water in a closed tube. Soluble in hot hydrocliloric acid 
 with separation of boric acid on cooling. 
 
 Inyo County: Colemanite was discovered in the Deatli Valley 
 region where immense deposits of it occur along Furnace Creek in 
 the Amargosa Range, and near Ryan, Gale (12), Foshag (24). Cole- 
 manite was first described by Hanks (83), with analysis No. 1 by 
 rhomjis Price. Analyses 2, 3 and 4 by Wliitfiold (87). 
 
 m 
 
 
 B:iO:! 
 
 CaO 
 
 Al-.():i Fe^'Oa 
 
 MgO 
 
 SiO- 
 
 Hl-O 
 
 1. 
 
 (48.12) 
 
 28.43 
 
 0.60 
 
 
 
 0.65 
 
 22.20 
 
 2. 
 
 50.70 
 
 27.31 
 
 
 0.10 
 
 
 
 21.87= 99.98% 
 
 3. 
 
 49. 5G 
 
 27.36 
 
 
 0.25 
 
 0.44 
 
 22.66 = 100.27% 
 
 4. 
 
 49.62 
 
 27.40 
 
 
 0.26 
 
 0.47 
 
 22.70 = 100.45% 
 
 Some colemanite crystals from the Biddy JMcCarthj- mine were 
 shown by Rogers (19) to be pseudomorphs after inyoite. The forms 
 occurring were: (001), (110), (010), and (111). Tabular parallel to 
 base. The ciystals were formed by dehydration of inyoite. Important 
 deposits of colemanite witli idcxite occur in clay shale near Shoshone, 
 Noble (26). 
 
 Keni County: Colemanite occurs Avith kernite and borax in the 
 Kramer district, Schaller (30). 
 
 Los Angeles County: An important and extensive deposit of 
 colemanite which Eakle (11) described as a variety, and called 'neo- 
 colemanite,' occurs near Lang. Hutchinson (12) shows it to be identi- 
 cal with colemanite. It occurs as thin and thick seams, almost verti- 
 cal, and has considerable howlite associated with it. The colemanite 
 has been described and analyzed by Eakle (11). Forms: (001), 
 (010), (100), (210), (110), (230), (Oil), (021), (201), (301), (241), 
 (231), (221), (661), (221). (^23), (211), and (263). 
 
 B2O3 CaO 1 \>0 
 
 49.45 27.76 22.48 = 99.69% G. = 2.423 
 
 Riverside County: Colemanite occurs in the foothills of the San 
 Bernardino Range northeast of Salton Sea. 
 
 San Bernardino County: The extensive deposit of colemanite 
 at Borate, in the Calico district near Yermo was discovered in the 
 spring of 1883 and became the principal source of borax before the 
 Death Valley deposits were worked. Beautiful crystals of colemanite 
 in large geodal masses occur with celestite crj^stals. The colemanite 
 crystals were first described by Jackson (84, 85, 86). Forms: (001), 
 (010), (100), (210), (110), (120), (130), (370), (10.19.0), (Oil), 
 (021), (201), (101), (101), (201), (301), (401), (601), (111), (311), 
 (711), (10.1.1), (771), (19.19.6), (331), (7_31), (131), (121), (111), 
 (221), (331), (411), (111), (211), (721), (321), (231), (121), (241), 
 (131), (232), and (412). Additional forms described by Eakle (02) 
 are: (310), (301), (502), (801), (522), (142), (141), (164), (165), 
 
]64 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 (232), (123), (182), and (341). Analyses: No. 1, Hiortdalil (85); 
 No. 2, Bodewig and vom Rath (85). 
 
 
 B2O3 
 
 CaO 
 
 AI2O3 FeL'Os 
 
 MgO 
 
 SiOa 
 
 H2O 
 
 1. 
 
 47.64 
 
 27.97 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.13 
 
 1.28 
 
 22.79 
 
 2. 
 
 49.70 
 
 27.42 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22.26 = 99.38% 
 
 Ventura County: Deposits of colemaiiite, similar to those at Lang, 
 in Los Angeles County, occur on Frazier Mountain, Gale (14c). 
 
 Additional references to the literature on colemanite: Arzruni 
 (84), Baumhauer (99), Campbell (02), (03), Evans (84), (85), 
 Foshag (21), Gale (13), Miilheims (88). 
 
 MEYERHOFFERITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium borate, Ca2B(iOii.7HaO. 
 
 Triclinic. Long prismatic crystals, sometimes tabular parallel to the 
 macropinacoid. Fibrous. Cleavasre brachypinacoidal. Vitreous luster. 
 Colorless to white. H. := 2. G. = 2.12. 
 
 Fuses readily with intumescence to an opaque white enamel, giving 
 the green flame of boron. Gives water in a closed tube. Easily soluble in 
 acids. 
 
 Inyo County: Meyerhoiferite occurs as an alteration of the glassy 
 inyoite crystals in the colemanite deposit of the Mount Blanco dis- 
 trict on Furnace Creek. It was described, analyzed and named by 
 Schaller (16). Forms: (100), (010), (001), (110), (210), (120), 
 (370), (350), (450), (520), (310), (510), (810), (350), (110), (430), 
 (310), (101), (12.0.11), (706), (605), (504), (705), (302), (12.0.1), 
 (101), (111). Analysis: 
 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 CaO 
 
 B2O3 
 
 under 110° 
 
 ab. 110° 
 
 
 25.45 
 
 46.40 
 
 1.01 
 
 27,75 
 
 = 100.61% 
 
 INYOITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium borate, Ca2BoOu.l3H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. In large glassy transparent crystals. Cleavage basal. 
 Brittle. H. = 2. G. =1.875. 
 
 Decrepitates on fusing and intumesces, giving the green boron flame. 
 Easily soluble in acids. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Inyoite is a borate from the colemanite deposits of the Death 
 Valley region. It was described and named for Inyo County by 
 Schaller (16). 
 
 Inyo County: Inyoite occurs in the Mount Blanco district on 
 r^urnace Creek associated with colemanite and its alteration product, 
 meyerhofferite. 
 
 Forms: (001), (010), (110), and (111). Crystals tabular par- 
 allel to base. Analvsis: 
 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 OaO 
 
 B2O3 
 
 under 1 1 0° 
 
 ab. 13 0° 
 
 
 20.5 
 
 [37.2] 
 
 26.1 
 
 16.2- 
 
 : 100.00% 
 
BORATES 165 
 
 PRICEITE— Pandermite 
 
 Hydrous calcium borate, Ca5Bii'Oa.9H:;0. 
 
 Triclinic. Massive, challiy. Cleavage (001) perfect. Color snow- 
 white. H. = Z — Zh. G. = 2.43. 
 
 Easily fusible and gives green flame. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric 
 acid. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Inyo County: Priceite occurs as iiodules and irregular masses 
 iu soft gray shale in the Furnace Creek wash. Analysis by Foshag 
 (24b) gave: 
 
 SiOa CaO AI2O3 Bi-Os H2O — H2O + 
 
 0.58 32.20 0.20 49.03 0.38 17.86 = 100.25% G. = 2.43. 
 
 KERNITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium borate, Na2B407.4H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Cleavage (001), (100) perfect; (101) distinct. Vitreous 
 to pearly luster. Colorless to white. Transparent. H. = 3. G.:= 1.953. 
 
 Fuses with swelling to a clear glass. Slowly soluble in cold water. 
 
 Kern County: Kernite was described by Schaller (27) as a new 
 mineral from the Kramer district, where it is the principal constituent 
 of the borate deposits. Locally called 'rasorite.' Analysis by Schaller 
 gave: 
 
 NasO CaO B2O3 H2O Insol. 
 
 22.63 50.76 26.50 = 99.89% 
 
 TINCALCONITE— Mohavite 
 
 Hydrous sodium borate, Na2B40-.5H20. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Fine-grained crystalline powder. Dull 
 white. Soft. G. = 1.88. 
 
 The name tincalconite was given by Sliepard (78) to a pulveru- 
 lent and efflorescent sodium borate from California containing 32 per 
 cent of water. 
 
 Kern County: Tincalconite occurs as a coating on borax and 
 hernite in the Kramer district. Analysis by Schaller (80) : 
 
 NasO BsOa H2O Insol. 
 
 21.28 47.26 30.78 0.37 = 99.69% 
 
 BORAX 
 
 Hydrous sodium borate, Na2B4O7.10H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals prismatic. Powder, incrustations. Cleavage 
 (100) perfect. Vitreous to dull luster. Colorless, white, grayish, bluish. 
 Streak white. H. = 2 — 2J. G. = 1.69 — 1.72. 
 
 Fuses with strong yellow flame to a clear glass. Turmeric paper 
 dipped in a hydrochloric acid solution, turns deep red on drying. Soluble 
 in water. Gives much water in a closed tube. Sweetish alkaline taste. 
 
 The natural borax, usually accompanied by sulphates of lime 
 and soda, is common at many of the depressions or sinks of the deserts. 
 
 Inyo County: The mines on Furnace Creek and at Resting Springs 
 produced large quantities of borax which were hauled to Mojave by 
 the famous 20-mule teams. 
 
 Kern County: Borax has been obtained from Kane Springs and 
 Desert Wells. It occurs with kernite and colemanite in the Kramer 
 district, Schaller (30). 
 
166 MINERALS OF CATjTFORNIA 
 
 LaTie County: The first discovery of borax in tlie State was made at 
 Borax Lake, near Clear Lake, Veatcli (67). Fine large crystals were 
 obtained from the mnd of the lake bottom, and considerable borax was 
 dredged from this lake before the more important deposits of San 
 Bernardino County Avere found. Hanks (83), Vonsen and llanna (36). 
 
 Riverside County: Incrustations of borax are rather common at 
 some of the playas or dry lakes of this county, but none is produced. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Tlio most important deposit of 1)orax in 
 the State occurs at Searles Ijake in the northern part oF the county. 
 Hanks (89) and others have described this deposit. 11 consists of a 
 pan-like depression about 10 miles long by 5 miles wide; borax occurs 
 with numerous other salts deposited by the evaporated waters of the 
 lake. The associated minerals forming layers in the deposit are 
 principally sulphates and carbonates of sodium, and it is now mainly 
 for these and for tlie potash associated with them that the deposit is 
 worked. This locality is noted for the great variety of interesting 
 salts that have formed by the evaporation of the waters. Borax has 
 been found with colemanite near Yermo, and at many of the numerous 
 depressions in the Mojave Desert and in the lower end of Death Valley. 
 
 PROBE RTITE—Kramerite 
 
 Hydrous sodium and calcium borate, NaCaBsOo.BHaO. 
 
 Monoclinic. In radial glassy aggregates. Perfect prismatic cleav- 
 age. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Colorless. H. — 2i — 3J. G. = 2.14. 
 
 Easily fusilDle. Decrepitates and yields water in a closed tube. Sol- 
 uble in acids ; slightly soluble in water. 
 
 Inyo County: Probertite occurs with colemanite and ulexite in the 
 Widow and Upper Biddy McCarthy mines near Ryan. Analysis by 
 Foshag (31a). 
 
 CaO MgO (Fe,Al)203 NaaO B2O3 H2O Insol. 
 
 15.88 0.06 0.38 9.00 49.10 25.64 0.20 = 100.26%. G. = 2.135. 
 
 Kern County: Probertite was described by Eakle (29) as a new 
 mineral from the Kramer district where it occurs in clay with borax 
 and kernite. Schaller (30) reported the crystal forms (100), (110), 
 (101), (111), (010), (Oil), (101), and (111). Analysis by Schaller 
 
 gave: 
 
 
 
 Na2< > CaO 
 
 B2O.V* 
 
 HoO 
 
 8.12 15.42 
 
 50.73 
 
 25.73 = 100.00% 
 
 * By difference. 
 
 
 
 G. = 2.141. 
 
 ULEXITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium and calcium borate, NaCaBsOii.SHsO. 
 
 Monoclinic. Usually in nodules or compact fibrous masses. Sill<y 
 luster. Color white. H. = 1. G. = 1.65. 
 
 Fuses with strong yellow flame to a clear glass. Turmeric paper 
 immersed in a hydrochloric acid solution of ulexite becomes red on drying. 
 Calcium can be determined as the oxalate by precipitation from a very 
 weak hydrochloric acid solution. Gives much water in a closed tube. 
 Soluble in acids ; slightly soluble in water. 
 
 The white silky balls of ulexite are frequently found at some of 
 the desert depressions, often with borax. 
 
BORATES 167 
 
 Inyo County: ITlexite masses are found at some of the siuks in 
 Death Valley. Ulexite occurs in large compact masses with colemanite 
 at li^ount Blanco, Foshag (24). Ulexite occurs in great abundance 
 with colemanite and probertite in the AVidow and Biddy McCarthy 
 mines near Ryan, Foshag (31a), 
 
 Kern County: THexite was mentioned from the Cane Spring dis- 
 trict by Silliman (73b). It is found in quantity in the bed of an 
 extensive salt marsh a few miles north of Desert Wells, W. P. Blake 
 (81). Tt occurs abundantly as compact fibrous veins in clay shale in 
 the Kramer district. Analysis by Schaller (30) gave: 
 
 CaO NasO B2O3 H2O Insol. 
 
 14.06 7.09 42.94 35.54 0.10=: 99.73% 
 
 Los Angeles County: Ulexite is found in compact divergent masses 
 with colemanite at Lang. A partial analysis by Foshag (18), (21) 
 gave : 
 
 B2O3 CaO H2O NasO 
 
 43.13 14.14 35.68 (7.05) by diff. = 100% 
 
 San Bernardino County: Small amounts of ulexite occur with 
 colemanite at Borate, near Yermo. 
 
 HYDROBORACITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium and magnesium borate, CaMgBeOn.eH'O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals prismatic. In fibrous masses. Cleavages : 
 (100), (010) perfect. Color white. H. r= 2. G. = 2. 
 
 Fuses easily to a clear glass and colors the flame green. Gives much 
 water in a closed tube. 
 
 Inyo County: Foshag (24a) reports that hydroboracite has been 
 found with the borates of the Mount Blanco district. It occurs with 
 colemanite in prismatic or needlelike crystals near Ryan. Schaller 
 (28) found sixteen forms on these crystals, (010), (100), (001), (130), 
 (120), (110), (310), (410), (810), (Oil), (012), (102), (111), 
 (112), (343), and (211). Analysis by Schaller (28). 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 BsO.i 
 
 H2O 
 
 PezOs 
 
 vSiOi 
 
 CO2 
 
 14.0G 
 
 10.14 
 
 47.71 
 
 27.37 
 
 0.12 
 
 0.23 
 
 tr. =99.63% 
 
 8an Bernardino County: Hydroboracite was found in subordinate 
 amounts with colemanite near Yermo. 
 
 Ventura County: Hydroboracite is reported to occur at the cole- 
 manite mines of Frazier Mountain. 
 
 TEEPLEITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium borate and chloride, Na2B2O4.Na2Cb.4H2O. 
 
 Tetragonal. Tabular crystals. Colorless to light buff. Very brittle. 
 No cleavage. H. = 3.G. = 2.076. 
 
 Fuses easily. Yields water in closed tube. Soluble in water. 
 
 Lake County: Teepleite occurs with trona and halite in Borax 
 Lake, near Clear Lake. It was found and named by W. A. Gale and 
 M. Vonsen, according to Palache and Foshag (38). 
 
168 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 NITRATES 
 
 Soda Niter Niter Nitrocalcite Darapskite 
 
 Nitrates can exist in solid form onlj^ in arid regions, and are 
 therefore peculiar to desert lands where they are sometimes left as 
 white incrustations by evaporation. Some of these white crusts may 
 be found in the California desert land, but no important deposits are 
 known, Mansfield and Boardman (32). 
 
 SODA NITER— Chili Saltpeter 
 
 Sodium nitrate, NaNOs. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals, massive, incrustations. Cleav- 
 age perfect rhombohedral. Vitreous luster. Color white, reddish, grayish 
 yellowish. H. = 11 — 2. G. = 2.24 — 2.29. 
 
 Fuses with strong yellow flame of sodium. Heated in a bulb tube 
 with potassium bisulphate, gives off red vapors of nitrous oxide. Soluble 
 in water. Taste cooling. 
 
 Inyo County: Crusts containing soda niter and niter occurring 
 along the Amargosa Eiver and along shore lines and old beaches of 
 Death Valley, were reported by Bailey (02). Crusts of soda niter 
 and niter occur near Shoshone. The Confidence, Upper Canyon, 
 Zabriskie, Ratliff claims, and Furnace Creek nitrate fields contain 
 small amounts of soda niter. Noble (31). 
 
 Merced County: It occurs in crusts with other sodium salts, from 
 Merced Bottom. 
 
 San Bernardino County: White incrustations containing soda 
 niter and niter occur along the Amargosa Eiver. Small amounts of 
 soda niter have been found in the Calico district, A. Williams (83), 
 and at Searles Lake. The Lower Canyon, Saratoga, Upper Canyon, 
 Barstow syncline, Coolgardie Lake, Pilot, Leach Lake, Owl Spring, 
 Twenty-nine Palms, West Well, Beal, Vivet Eye, Vidal, and Danby 
 Lake nitrate fields contain small amounts of soda niter. Noble (31). 
 
 Tulare County: Alkaline crusts containing soda niter with other 
 soda salts occur in the San Joaquin Valley, near Tulare. 
 
 NITER— Saltpeter 
 
 Potassium nitrate, KNOa. 
 
 Orthorhumbic. In silky tufts, incrustations. Cleavasre (Oil) perfect, 
 (010) and (100) distinct. Vitreous luster. Colorless. H. = 2. G. = 2.1. 
 
 Similar to soda niter in its reactions, but the flame is violet red, best 
 seen through blue glass or the Merwin color screen. Salt taste. 
 
 Imperial County: Niter occurs along the former high levels of the 
 Salton Sea in T. 10 S., R. 14 E., S. B. M., Bailey (02). 
 
NITRATES lf)9 
 
 Inyo County: Niter occurs with soda niter in the Death A'';illey 
 region. Crusts of niter and soda niter occur near Shoshone. The 
 Confidence, Upper Canyon, Zabriskie. Ratliff claims, and Furnace 
 Creek nitrate fields contain small amounts of niter, Noble (31). 
 
 Modoc County: Incrustations of niter have been found near Cedar- 
 ville. 
 
 Riverside County: Bailey (02) mentions saltpeter as occurring in 
 the desert northeast of Salton. 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurs with soda niter along the Amar- 
 gosa River. The Lower Canyon, Saratoga, Upper Canyon, Barstow 
 syncline, Coolgardie Lake, Pilot, Leach Lake, Owl Spring, Twenty- 
 nine Palms, West Well, Beal, Vivet Eye, Vidal, and Danby Lake 
 nitrate fields contain small amounts of niter, Noble (31), 
 
 NITROCALCITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium nitrate, Ca(N03)2.nH20. 
 
 In silky tufts and masses. Efflorescent. One perfect cleavage. 
 Colorless. Soft. 
 
 Fused with potassium sulphate in a bulb tube, it gives off red fumes 
 of nitrous oxide. Heated in a closed tube, it yields water. Soluble in 
 water. Sharp, bitter taste. Ammonia and ammonium oxalate precipitate 
 white calcium oxalate. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Nitrocalcite occurs in the niter beds of 
 the lower end of Death Valley, according to Bailey (02). 
 
 DARAPSKITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium nitrate and sulphate, NaNO3.Na2SO4.H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Square tabular crystals. Cleavages (100), (010) per- 
 fect. Colorless. H. = 2 — 3. G. = 2.2. 
 
 Fuses with strong yellow flame. Heated in a bulb tube with 
 potassium sulphate, it gives off red nitrous fumes. Barium chloride added 
 to acid solution precipitates barium sulphate. Soluble in water. Yields 
 water in a closed tube. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Darapskite occurs in the niter beds of 
 Death Valley, according to Bailey (02). 
 
170 
 
 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 SULPHATES 
 
 Anhydrous sulphates 
 Mascagnite 
 Thenardite 
 Aphthitalito 
 Arcanite 
 <Tlauberilc 
 Barite 
 (^^elestite 
 Anglesito 
 Anhydrite 
 
 Sulphates with other 
 acid constituents 
 Burkeite 
 Leadhillite 
 Schairerite 
 Sulphohalite 
 Hanksite 
 
 Hydrous 
 Mirabllite 
 (iypsum 
 IGpsomite 
 (loslarite 
 Morenosite 
 Melanterite 
 Pisanite 
 Bieberite 
 Boothite 
 Chalcanthite 
 Blodite 
 
 Bousslngaultite 
 Potash Alum 
 Tschermigite 
 Mendozite 
 Pickeringite 
 
 sulphates 
 
 Halotrichite 
 
 Coquimbite 
 
 Alunogen 
 
 Krausite 
 
 Voltaite 
 
 Metavoltiiie 
 
 Romeritf 
 
 Copiapitt^ 
 
 Knoxvillilt! 
 
 Castanite 
 
 Fibroferrite 
 
 Redingtonite 
 
 Botryogen 
 
 Alunite 
 
 Jarosite 
 
 Uraconite 
 
 Brochantite 
 
 Basic sulphates 
 Caledonite 
 
 Liinarite 
 
 ANHYDROUS SULPHATES 
 
 MASCAGNITE 
 
 Ammonium sulphate, (NH.i)2S04. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Usually in crusts and stalactitic forms. Cleavage 
 (001) distinct. Vitreous to dull luster. Colorless, yellowish, gi-eenish. 
 H. = 2. G. = 1.76. 
 
 Very easily fusible. Soluble in water. Barium chloride added to 
 the solution precipitates barium sulphate. Boiled in a test tube with 
 potassium bisulphate, it gives off the odor of ammonia. 
 
 Sonoma County: Goldsmith (76) reported finding mascagnite 
 with boussingaultite in this county. 
 
 THENARDITE 
 
 Sodium sulphate, NasSOd. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Pyramidal, short prismatic or tabular crystals. 
 Basal cleavage. Vitreous, ^'^hite to brownish. H. := 3. G. = 2.68. 
 
 Fuses easily. Soluble in water. Bariimi chloride precipitates barium 
 sulphate. 
 
 Imperial County: A large deposit of thenardite occurs about 2^ 
 miles northeast of Bertram in the Salton Sink. 
 
 Inyo County: White masses of thenardite occur in the Funeral 
 Range and in the dry depressions of Death Valley. Large crystals, 
 
SULPHATES 171 
 
 some twinned, occur at Deep Springs Valley. The crystals are blue- 
 gray, having the forms (001), and (110) ; some in cruciform twins. 
 
 Kern County: Thenardite collected by D. G. Thompson from near 
 Buckhorn Springs, 6 miles south of Muroc was analyzed by Wells (37). 
 
 Insol. KlSOi NaCl NaHCOs NaoCOs H2O Xa»S04 
 
 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 1.5 0.3 96.9:= 100% 
 
 San Bernardino Conntif: Thenardite forms layers several feet 
 thick at Searles Lake. Large crystals of it often occur as cruciform 
 twins. The crystals were desci'ibcd by Avers (89). Forms: (110), 
 (00]), (111), (106), and (100). 
 
 San Luis Obispo County: Soda Lake on the Carrizo Plain, a 
 depression between the Caliente and Temblor Ranges, is a dry lake 
 with crusts of thenardite, Arnold and Johnson (09). Analysis of 
 this crust by Steiger gave : 
 
 Insol. 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 NaeO 
 
 K2O 
 
 H2O 
 
 SO3 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.04 
 
 1.66 
 
 0.45 
 
 40.50 
 
 0.28 
 
 3.65 
 
 46.12 
 
 CI O = CI 
 
 9.27 = 102.37 — 2.09 = 100.28% 
 
 APHTHITALITE— Glaserite 
 
 Sulphate of potassium and sodium, (K,Na)2S04. 
 
 Hexagnnal-rhombohedral. Tabular crystals ; massive and in crusts. 
 Prismatic cleavage. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white. H. = 3. 
 G. r=2.7. 
 
 Fuses with yellow flame which shows violet through blue glass. Sol- 
 uble in water. Barium chloride precipitates barium sulphate. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Aphthitalite occui's at Searles Lake. 
 It was obtained from well G 75 in colorless crystals associated with 
 halite on a mass of borax. The forms (0001) and (1011) were noted. 
 The mineral was analyzed and its occurrence described by Foshag 
 (20b). 
 
 K Xa SO4 CI H2O 
 
 32.46 9.01 53.71 4.76 0.10 = 100.04% 
 
 This is equivalent to K„SO, 72.37% ; Na^SO, 18.38% ; NaCl 7.87%. 
 
 ARCANITE 
 
 Potassium sulphate, K2SO4. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Thin basal plates. Vitreous luster. Colorless, yel- 
 lowish. H. = 2. G. = 2.66. 
 
 Like thenardite in its reactions, except that the flame is violet. 
 
 Orange County: Arcanite was found as thin crystals on a mine- 
 timber in Tunnel No. 1 of the Santa Ana Tin Mining Company in 
 Trabuco Canyon. The crystals are twinned on the prism and have 
 the forms: (001), (111), (112), and (102), Eakle (08). 
 
172 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 GLAUBERITE 
 
 Sulphate of sodium and calcium, NaaSOi.CaSOi. 
 
 Monoclinic. Tabular crystals. Cleavage perfect basal. Brittle. 
 Vitreous luster. Color yellowish-white, gray. Streak white. H. r=2J — 3. 
 G. = 2.7 — 2.85. 
 
 Fuses easily, coloring the flame yellow. I^artly soluble in water and 
 completely soluble in dilute acid. 
 
 Inyo County: Crystals of giauberite occur in clay seams in the 
 salt crust at Plutos Salt Wells in Death Valley. 
 
 Lake County: Giauberite was .reported by Silliman (68a) to occur 
 in blue clay at 'Borax Lake,' with no further comment on the locality. 
 According to Vonsen (35) this refers to Borax Lake near Clear Lake 
 in Lake County, where giauberite is known to occur with trona and 
 borax. -ae. j 
 
 San Bernardino County: Giauberite is a prominent mineral in 
 the deposit at Searles Lake. It is found in platy crystals with the 
 forms: (001), (111), vom Rath (87). 
 
 BARITE — Heavy Spar 
 
 Barium sulphate, BaS04. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Tabular and prismatic crystals, massive, lamellar, 
 granular, concretionary. Cleavage perfect basal and good prismatic. 
 Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white, yellow, brown. Streak white. 
 H. r=2i — 3*. G. = 4.3 — 4.6. 
 
 Fuses with decrepitation and colors the flame green. Fu.sed with 
 sodium carbonate and the fused mass leached with boiling water, gives the 
 sulphate in solution, which can be tested with barium chloride, and leaves 
 the precipitate as barium carbonate, which can be tested for barium. 
 Insoluble in acids. 
 
 Barite is commonly found as a gangue mineral in vein deposits, 
 especially in silver-lead districts. 
 
 Alpine County: Barite was found with pyrite and enargite at the 
 Morning Star mine. 
 
 Butte County: It occurred with gold at the Pinkstown ledge, Big 
 Bend Mountain, Turner (94a). 
 
 Calaveras County: It occurs on Carson Hill with quartz and gold ; 
 with pyrite at Copperopolis and at Campo Seco. 
 
 El Dorado County: Yellow platy barite occurs on Slate Mountain 
 and 10 miles above Georgetown. 
 
 Fresno County: Nodules and large concretions of dark-gray impure 
 barite occur in the Mount Diablo Range. 
 
 Humboldt County: Veins of white crystalline barite occur on Lis- 
 C-om Hill near Areata, "W. W. Bradley (31). 
 
 Inyo County: Massive barite occurs near Independence; at the 
 Defiance mine with native sulphur; white, massive at Bishops Creek, 
 
SULPHATES 173 
 
 White Mountains; veins in the Alabama Range. Deposits of massive 
 barite ocenr 20 miles west of Shoshone. 
 
 Lake County: Barite has been found near Glenbrook. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Barite was a gangue mineral in the old Kel- 
 sey mine, San Gabriel Canyon, Storms (93). Veins of barite occur on 
 the west side of San Dimas Canyon, 8 miles west of San Dimas, W. "W. 
 Bradlej' (31). Barite is the principal gangue mineral at the Renton, 
 Quarry, and Blackjack mines at tlie east end of Santa Catalina Island, 
 Gieser (27). Small tabular crystals of barite occur with fluorite and 
 galena at the Felix Fluorite mine near Azusa. Crystals of barite are 
 found in the sea cliffs at the Palos Verdes Estates. 
 
 Mariposa County: Barite occurs in the Fitch mine with tribolumi- 
 nescent sphalerite, Eakle (04), Ealde and Sharwood (04). A large 
 deposit of barite with witherite about 2 miles west of El Portal has 
 yielded much of the barite mined in California, Fitch (31). Large 
 veins of barite with witherite occur in Devils Gulch, Sees. 17 and 20, 
 T. 4 S., R. 20 E., M. D. M. 
 
 Mono County: Barite has been found as a gangue mineral near 
 Bodie and Benton. Barite has been found in the Mono Lake district. 
 It occurs with andalusite in the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorpo- 
 rated, on the western slope of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of 
 Mocalno. 
 
 Monterey County: A deposit of barite occurs on Fremont Peak. 
 
 Napa County: Plates of barite with cinnabar occur at the Manhat- 
 tan mine, Knoxvilie ; platy quartz as pseudomorphs after barite is 
 also common at this mine Barite occurs with cinnabar at the Oat Hill 
 mine. 
 
 Nevada County: Barite occurs with gold at the Malakoff mine, 
 North Bloomfield. Slender prisms of barite in a liraonite gangue 
 associated with gold occur at Pine Hill, and these crystals have been 
 described by Ealde (07). Forms: (100), (010), (110), (210), (320), 
 (530), (130), (001), (102), (Oil), (111), and (113). A large deposit 
 of white barite occurs 5 miles north of Alta. There is also a large 
 deposit at the Democrat Barj^tes mine, varying from gray to black in 
 color (due to carbonaceous matter). This material is shipped com- 
 mercially. Ronnd concretions of barite have been found at the Buck- 
 eye Hill mine Wliite veins of barite occur near Graniteville. A 
 large deposit of barite occurs 5 miles northeast of Washington. 
 
 Orange County: H occurs with ciiiiiabar about 2 miles east of 
 Tustin, W. W. Bradley (31). 
 
 Placer County: White b;iri1e comes from near Lincoln. 
 
174 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Plumas County: It is associated with lead and copper minerals 
 in Indian Valley. Small veins of barite occnr in altered andesite at 
 the Indian Valley Silver mine. Several large lenses of barite occur 
 in slate in Sec. 5,'t. 26 N., R. 8 E., M. D. M., and Sec. 32, T. 27 N., R. 
 8 E., M. D. M., about 5 miles from Almanor. 
 
 Riverside County: It occiir.s at the Cajalco tin mine near Corona, 
 West (28). 
 
 San Benito County: Pure white barite occurs in limestone on 
 the Bardin ranch, Fremont Peak. A barite nodule from about 7^ 
 miles west of New Idria has been analyzed by Steiger, Clarke (15). 
 
 BaO 
 
 SO3 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Pe203 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 P2O5 
 
 57.19 
 
 29.41 
 
 7.51 
 
 2.92 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.35 
 
 0.46 
 
 tr. 
 
 98.25% 
 
 Sa7i Bernardino County.: Barite was common as a gangue in the 
 silver districts of Calico and Bai-stow, occurring as white and yellow 
 platy masses, Lindgren (87), Storms (93). It was common at the 
 Imperial mine. It occurs 6 miles north of Barstow in limestone. 
 White barite has been found near Trona. It was found at Randsburg. 
 Minute crystals of barite showing the forms (001), (110), (Oil), (102), 
 and (111) have been found in clay near Barstow, Howard (32). Veins 
 of barite occur 1^ miles northwest of Ludlow: Hewett, Callaghan, 
 Moore, Nolan, Ruby and Schaller (36). 
 
 San Diego County: It occurs on Red Mountain. 
 
 San Francisco County: Needles of barite have been found at 
 Fort Point. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: A deposit of barite is reported on the 
 Fugler ranch, 6 miles southeast of Arroyo Grande, Fraiike (35). 
 Rosettes of sand barite crystals occur in limy sandstone in the Cuyama 
 Valley. 
 
 Santa Bardara County: White massive barite occurs at Santa 
 Maria, and on the North Fork of La Brea Creek, 20 miles from Sis- 
 quoc. A wide white vein of barite in sandstone occurs on the ridge 
 above the North Fork of La Brea Creek. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Barite occurred in small amounts with 
 ganophyllite in the manganese boulder found near Alum Rock Park, 
 5 miles east of San Jose. Crystals had the forms: (110), (111), and 
 (001), Rogers (19a). It occurs as veins in an old cinnabar mine on 
 Llagas Creek, 8 miles from Gilroy. It is found as coarsely crystallized 
 masses in the Solis district. Massive Imrite has been found on Per- 
 manente Creek. 
 
 SJiasta County: Barite occurs at the Bully Hill mine as a gangue 
 mineral. A large deposit of white massive barite occurs 2^ miles north 
 
SULPHATES 175 
 
 of Baird. Large deposits of it occur near Copper City and near 
 Castella. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It was found with argentiferous galena about 
 2^ miles north of Callahan. 
 
 Trinity County: Dark-gray barite occurs about 15 miles below 
 Hayfork. Small tabular crystals occur in the gold ores of the Five 
 Pines mine associated with pink calcite, and also at the Delta mine, 
 Weaverville Quadrangle. 
 
 Tulare County: Deposits of barite occur on the Bauman ranch, 
 15 miles east of Exeter, at the Paso-Baryta Mines, Ltd., deposit, in 
 the southeastern part of the county near the crest of the Sierra Nevada 
 and on the upper Kern River, near Rattlesnake Creek, Franke (30a). 
 
 CELESTITE 
 
 Strontium sulphate, SrSO^. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Crystals commonly tabular or prismatic ; also 
 fibrous and radiated. Cleavage perfect basal. Vitreous luster. Colorless, 
 pale bluish. Streak white. H. = 3 — 31. G. rz= 3.95 — 3.97. 
 
 Similar to barite in its reactions, except that the flame is deep 
 carmine red. Insoluble in acids. 
 
 Imperial County: Beds of massive white celestite occur with 
 gypsum in Sec. 18, T. 13 S., R. 9 E., S. B. M., in the Fish Mountains 
 about 26 miles north of Plaster City, B. N. Moore (35). 
 
 Inyo County: Slender bluish crystals occur with the colemanite 
 of Death Valley and have been measured by Eakle (08). Forms: 
 (001), (110), (102), (104), roil), (122), and (067). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Long crystals similar to those from Death 
 Valley occur with the colemanite of Calico. Celestite was reported 
 from Searles Lake by Hanks (89). Celestite is associated with stron- 
 tianite in the Strontium Hills, 10 miles north of Barstow, Knopf 
 (18). Celestite occurs in bedded deposits on the northeast margin 
 of the Avawatz Mountains near the south end of Deatji Valley, Phalen 
 (14). It occurs interbedded with tuff and clay in Sees. 19 and 20, 
 T. 8 N., R. 7 E., S. B. M., on the southern slope of the Cady IMountains 
 about 3 miles northwest of Argos Station, B. N. Moore (35). 
 
 ANGLESITE 
 Lead sulphate, PbSOd. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic and tabular crystals ; massive, granular 
 to compact. Brittle. Adamantine luster. Color wliite, yellow, gray, 
 green. Streaks uncolored. H. r=: 2i — 3. G. r= 6.3 — 6.39. 
 
 Easily soluble. Can be reduced on charcoal with soda to metallic 
 lead. Slightly soluble in nitric acid. 
 
 Anglesite is a coihiikmi oxidalioii pi-dduct of galeii;i. and is often 
 I'diUKl in h'iid (listi'icts in sni;ill amounts. 
 
176 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Inyo County: Considerable anglesite has been formed from the 
 lead sulphides in the Cerro Gordo district, Silliman (73b). It was 
 found with bindheimite, galena, and linarite at the Modoc mine; gray 
 masses banded with cerusite occur at the Cerro Gordo mine. Good 
 crystals associated with linarite and caledonite have come from this 
 mine, with the forms: (001), (100), (110), (104), (111), (122), and 
 (Oil), Ealde (08). Crystals with the forms: (001), (102), (Oil), 
 (112), (111), (122), (324), (110), (120), and (010) were described 
 by Guild (11). It was associated v/ith cerusite and galena in limestone 
 at the Ubehebe mine. 
 
 Kern Cou7ity: Anglesite as an oxidation product of lead sul- 
 phide occurs 7 miles northwest of Kandsburg. 
 
 Madera County: It occurs with galena in the Minaret district, 
 Erwin (34). 
 
 Blono County: Anglesite occurs in the Blind Spring Hill district. 
 
 Riverside County: Anglesite has been identified at the Crestmore 
 quarry, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurred massive and in crystals at 
 the Ibex mine. Black Mountains. It was reported by Weeks (25) to 
 occur with galena and cerusite in the Calico mining district. 
 
 ANHYDRITE 
 
 Anhydrous calcium sulphate, CaSOi. 
 
 Orthorhomhic. Crystals thick tabular, also prismatic. Usually 
 massive, lamellar, granular. Three perfect pinacoidal cleavages. Brittle. 
 Luster vitreous to pearly. Color white, sometimes with a grayish, bluish, 
 or reddiish tinqe ; also brick-red. Streak grayish-white. H. = 3 — 3|. 
 
 G. = 2.89 — 2. 98. 
 
 B. B. fuses at Z, coloring the flame reddish-yellow, and yielding an 
 enamel-like bead which reacts alkaline. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Inyo County: Massive anhydrite occurs at the St. Ignacio and 
 Cerro Gordo mines; also in the Panamint and Funeral Ranges. 
 
 Mono County: It was found with barite at the Mammoth mine, 
 Mineral Hill. 
 
 Orange County: It was found in the Santa Ana Mountains, 
 near Anaheim, Hanks (84). 
 
 Riverside County: In the Palen Mountains anhydrite is inter- 
 layered with crystalline gypsum in beds alternating with layers of 
 limestone, Rogers (15). Massive anhydrite occurs with gypsum in 
 the Midland mine of the U. S. Gypsum Company in the Little Maria 
 Mountains. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Anhydrite is mentioned as one of the 
 associated minerals at Searles Lake, Hanks (89). Deposits with gyp- 
 
SULPHATES 177 
 
 sum occur on the Owl Mountains, near Owl Springs, and on the Ava- 
 watz Mountains. It occurs with krausite and other sulphates near 
 Borate, about 6 miles northeast of Yermo, Poshag (31b). 
 
 Shasta County: Anhydrite partly altered to gypsum occurs at 
 the deep levels of Bully Hill and Kising Star mines, Rogers (15). 
 
 SULPHATES WITH OTHER ACID CONSTITUENTS 
 
 BURKEITE 
 
 2Xa2S04.Na2CO.s. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Tabular crystals, twins. No cleavage. Brittle. Lus- 
 ter vitreous. Colorles.s, H. = 3J. G. =2.57. 
 
 Easily fusible. Soluble in water. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Burkeite, found with trona and gay- 
 lussite at Searles Lake in beds penetrated by drill holes at a depth of 
 115 to 130 feet, was described and named by Foshag (35). 
 
 Na-O K2O SO2 CO2 Cl H2O Insol. 
 
 47.89 none 39.96 11.72 0.09 0.04 0.04 = 99.74% 
 
 LEADHILLITE 
 
 Hydrous carbonato-sulphate of lead, 4PbO.SO3.2cO2.H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Tabular crystals. Cleavage perfect basal. Vitreous to 
 pearly luster. Color white, yellowish, greenish. Streak uncolored. 
 H. = 2J. G. = 6.26 — 6.44. 
 
 Easily reduced on charcoal to metallic lead, giving a yellow coating. 
 Effervesces briskly in nitric acid. Barium chloride precipitates, from the 
 acid solution, barium sulphate. Gives a small amount of water in a closed 
 tube. 
 
 Inyo County: Leadhillite was found as pale sea-green crystals at 
 the Cerro Gordo mine, associated with linarite and caledouite, with 
 the forms: (001), (110), (100), and a prism, Rogers (01). 
 
 SCHAIRERITE 
 
 Na2SOi.Na(F,Cl). 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Minute crystals. Vitreous. Colorless. 
 H. = 3i. G. = 2.612. 
 
 Easily fusible. Soluble in water. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Schairerite was discovered in drill 
 samples from Searles Lake. The minute crystals described by Foshag 
 (31) showed the forms (0001), (1010), (1011), and (0112). Analysis: 
 
 Ig. loss Insol. (Fe.Al)203 CaO Na K SO* Cl F 
 
 0.90 0.20 0.15 0.30 35.77 0.13 50.01 3.44 8.08 = 98.98% 
 
 SULPHOHALITE 
 
 2Na2SO4.NaCl.NaF. 
 
 Isometric. Crystals, mostly octahedrons ; rarely dodecahedrons and 
 cubes. Vitreous luster. Color faint greenish-yellow. H. = 3i. G. = 2.43. 
 
 Fuses with intumescence, coloring the flame yellow. Soluble in water, 
 and barium chloride precipitates barium sulphate. Silver nitrate precipi- 
 tates silver chloride. 
 
 12—51440 
 
178 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 San Bernardino County: Sulpliohalite was found as small crystals 
 implanted on hanksite, at Searles Lake, and was described and named 
 by Hidden and Mackintosh (S8), (91). Forms: (111), (101), and 
 (100). Analysis by Penfield (00) : 
 
 SOa Na-t) K2O Na CI F Ign. 
 
 41.79 32.37 0.10 11.60 9.10 4.71 0.15 = 99.82% 
 
 Small crystals of sulpliolialitc as octahedrons were described by 
 Gale and Hicks (14) from Searles Ijake. Analysis by Hicks: 
 
 SO3 NsiO Na CI F Loss above 200°C 
 
 42.00 32.50 11.35 9.19 [4.17] 0.25 
 
 HANKSITE 
 
 9Na2SO4.2Na2CO3.KCl. 
 
 Hexagonal. Prismatic, tabular. Vitreous luster. Color white. 
 H. = 3 — 3 J. G.= 2.562. 
 
 Fuses easily, giving a violet flame when seen through blue glass or 
 the Merwin color screen. Easily soluble in water. Taste saline. Shows 
 a slight effervescence when dropped into dilute hydrochloric acid. Barium 
 chloride precipitates barium sulphate. 
 
 Inyo County: Hanksite is found with borax in the sinks of Death 
 Valley, Hanks (89). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Hanksite was discovered at Searles Lake. 
 It was described and named by Hidden (85), with an analysis by 
 Mackintosh. Forms: (0001), (loTi)), (1011), and (2021), Hidden; 
 
 (4045), Dana and Penfield. Analyzed by Penfield, Dana and Penfield 
 
 (85), and by Pratt (96). 
 
 SOs CO,. Cl Na20 K Insol. Ign. 
 
 Mackintosh 45.89 5.42 2.36 46.34 ___ ___=: 100.01% 
 
 Penfield 43.59 5.42 2.13 40.86 2.33 4.41 1.32 = 100.06% 
 
 „ ,, (45.93 5.65 2.21 43.35 2.48 0.19 _-- =r 99.81% 
 
 1 ratt ) (r,.7S 5.63 2.28 43.61 2.39 I). 12 ^-_ = 99.81% 
 
 BASIC SULPHATES 
 
 BROCHANTITE 
 
 Basic sulphate of copper, CuS04.3Cu(0H)2. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Small prismatic acicular crystals and drusy crusts. 
 Cleavage perfect brachypinacoidal. Vitreous luster. Color emerald- 
 green, dark-green. Streak pale-green. H. = 3J — 4. G. = 3.907. 
 
 Easily fusible. Reduced on charcoal with sodium carbonate, yields 
 metallic copper. Barium chloride precipitates barium sulphate from a 
 hydrochloric acid solution. Ammonia added to solution gives a blue color. 
 Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Calaveras County: Brochantite occurred as druses of small dark- 
 green crystals, derived from chalcopyrite, at Copperopolis, Rogers (12). 
 
 Inyo County: It occurred as small, dark, emerald-green crystals 
 at the Cerro Gordo mine, with linarite and caledonite. The crystals 
 have the forms : (010), (110), (120), (001), (012), (Oil), (101), and 
 (041), Eakle (08). It occurs with chrysocolla in the Panamint 
 Mountains near the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek, Ball (07). 
 
SULPHATES 179 
 
 Plumas County: Brocliantite occurs in crystals at the Engels 
 Copper mine. 
 
 San Bernardino County: It was observed as coatings on breccia at 
 Stagg. 
 
 CALEDONITE 
 
 Basic sulphate of lead and copper, (Pb,Cu)SOi. (Pb.Cu) (OH)i>. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Small prismatic crystals. Cleavage perfect basal. 
 Resinous to vitreous luster. Color bluish-green and dark emerald-green. 
 H. = 2J — 3. G. = 6.4. 
 
 Easily fusible. Fused on charcoal with sodium carbonate, it becomes 
 reduced to metallic lead globules and coats the coal yellow near the assay. 
 Barium chloride added to the hydrochloric acid solution precipitates barium 
 sulphate ; ammonia added to the solution gives the blue color due to 
 copper. Gives a' small amount of water in a closed tube. 
 
 Inyo County: Caledonite occurred as small emerald-green crystals 
 with linarite and broehantite at Cerro Gordo. Described by Eakle 
 (08). Forms: (001), (110), (010), (Oil), (111), (201), (021), (012), 
 (013), (221), (223), (014), and (203). Bright-green crystals from 
 Cerro Gordo described by Guild (11) had the forms: (001), (Oil), 
 (010), (113), (223), (221), (110), and (201). 
 
 Mono County: It was found in the Blind Spring Hill district. 
 
 LINARITE 
 
 Basic sulphate of lead and copper, (Pb,Cu)SOi. (Pb.Cu) (OH)2. 
 
 Monoclinic. Small crystals, divergent columnar and platy. Cleavage 
 perfect orthopinacoidal. Vitreous to adamantine luster. Color deep azure- 
 blue. Streak pale-blue. H. = 2J. G. z= 5.3 — 5.45. 
 
 Reactions for linarite are like those for caledonite. The two are 
 often associated, but are easily distinguished by color. 
 
 Inyo County: Beautiful divergent, columnar masses of deep azure- 
 blue linarite were obtained in the Cerro Gordo mines during the early 
 days of mining there, the specimens sometimes being banded Avith green 
 caledonite and broehantite. Fine crj^stals were also obtained from 
 pockets and cavities in the massive mineral. The Cerro Gordo, Crapo, 
 St. Ignacio, and other mines of the district contained linarite in the 
 oxidized zones of the deposit. Eogers (01) gives several of the forms 
 on the linarite crystals. Forms: (001), (100), (110), (010), (201), 
 and (101). Eakle (08) gives additional £orms : (210), (012), (Oil), 
 (203), ("112), (211), ("716), (14.0.1), (302), and (211). Crystals 
 show twinning on the orthopinacoid. 
 
 Madera County: Linarite has been found on the Bliss claims in 
 the Minaret district, Erwin (34). 
 
 Mono County: Linarite occurs in the veins of the Blind Spring 
 Hill district. 
 
180 MINERAI.S OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 HYDROUS SULPHATES 
 
 MIRABILITE— Glauber Salt 
 
 Hydrous sodium sulphate, NaaSQj.lOHsO. 
 
 Monoclinic. Generally as crusts and efflorescences. Cleavage (100) 
 perfect. Vitreous luster. Color white. H. = 11- — -2. G. =z 1.48. 
 
 Gives an intense yellow flame when heated. Gives much water in 
 a closed tube. Very soluble in water. Barium chloride precipitates barium 
 .sulphate from solution. Taste salt and bitter. 
 
 Mirabilite is sometimes found on the walls of mines where sulphide 
 (.i-es are decomposing. Tt is also found as crusts about dry alkali 
 lakes. 
 
 Imperial County: Mirabilite occurs with the thenardite at Pope 
 Siding. 
 
 Napa County: It occurred on the walls of the tunnels in the 
 old Redington cinnabar mine, Knoxville. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Mirabilite occurs with gypsum and halite 
 in the Chemahuevis Valley about 32 miles south of Needles, Graeff (10). 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: It occurs Avith blodite in the white 
 crystalline salts of Soda Lake, in T. 31 S., R. 20 and 21 E., M. D. M., 
 which receives the drainage of Carrizo Plain, Gale (14b), Franke (35). 
 
 GYPSUM 
 
 Hydrous calcium sulphate, CaS04.2H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals flattened or prismatic to acicular. Massive, 
 granular, fibrous, lamellar. Cleavage perfect clinopinacoidal. Pearly to 
 subvitreous luster. Colorless, white, gray, light-brown, reddish. Streak 
 white. H. r=lj — 2. G. = 2.31 — 2.32. 
 
 Fuses at 2.5 — 3. Easily soluble in dilute hydrocliloric acid. (Jives 
 water in a closed tube and crumbles to a white powder. 
 
 Gypsum is a very common mineral. Since it is easily formed by 
 the action of sulphate waters on limestone, small amounts of gypsum 
 are common in mining regions where sidphides are decomposing. 
 Larger bodies are generally bedded deposits formed by the evaporation 
 of calcium sulphate waters; these are apt to be impure from admix- 
 tures of calcium carbonate and clay. 
 
 Selenite, satin spar, alabaster, and gypsite are varietal names. 
 The granular, bedded, and efflorescent deposits are the only kind of 
 value ill the State and the term 'gypsite' is generally applied to the 
 material of such deposits. 
 
 The principal gy]isuni dcjiosits of the State have been described 
 by lless (20). 
 
 Alpine Coiinhi: Gyiisum (»cciiit(n1 in small ;)ni(Hint.s ■<{{ liulliaua. 
 
SULPHATES 181 
 
 Butte Counljj: It was foiuul at the St. Clair mine. A vein of 
 gray gypsum occurs 1 mile from Pentz, near the road to Cherokee 
 Flat. 
 
 Calaveras County: Platy aggregates of gypsum occur with quartz 
 in the T'tica mine at Angels Camp. Knopf (20). 
 
 Colusa County: Small amounts of it occurred with the sulphur 
 at Sulphur Creek. 
 
 Contra Costa County: Selenite is common in the coal seams south 
 of Antioch and near Danville. Disks of selenite occur near Clayton. 
 
 Fresno County: Deposits of gypsite occur in the low hills on the 
 north and south sides of Tomey Creek, about 18 miles southwest of 
 Mendota. and along Cantua Creek. In the Coalinga oil district there 
 are frequent occurrences of gypsite. It occurs in the San Joaquin 
 7nine, 4 miles northwest of Coalinga, and west of Huron. Satin spar 
 occurs in Oil Creek Canyon. 
 
 Imperial County: Yellow selenite has come from about 5 miles 
 west of Volcano. An extensive bed of gypsum associated with celestite 
 occurs in the Fish Creek Mountains. Two samples of gypsum from 
 the Fish Creek ^Mountains have been analyzed by Fairchild, "Wells 
 (37). (a) NEiSW-lXWi See. 29, T. 13 S., R. 9 E., S. B. M. (b) SWi 
 NE^SEi Sec. 19. T. 13 S., R. 9 E., S. B. M. 
 
 AlsOsFeaO.'. 
 
 UgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 H2O 
 
 COj 
 
 SO3 
 
 (a) 0.18 
 
 0.27 
 
 32.54 
 
 20.00 
 
 0.67 
 
 44.35 = 98.01% 
 
 (b) None 
 
 0.12 
 
 32.48 
 
 20.44 
 
 None 
 
 45.42 = 98.46% 
 
 Gypsum occurs on the southern slope of the Coyote Mountains, 
 3 miles northwest of Coyote Wells. High-grade gypsum was found 
 near Dixieland. 
 
 Inyo County: Small amounts of gypsum occur in the Cerro 
 Gordo district. Deposits of it occur between Tecopa and Acme. Satin 
 spar occurs in long fibrous masses at Clarks Fork, Amargosa River. 
 
 Kern County: Hess (20) reports good deposits of gypsite in the 
 Lost Hills about 25 miles west of Wasco. An analysis of the material 
 was made by R. C. Wells. Hess (20). 
 
 CaO 
 
 SO3 
 
 HiO 
 
 CI 
 
 Fe^'O;! 
 
 CO. 
 
 SiOi 
 
 AL-Or! 
 
 Xa.O 
 
 KjO 
 
 MgO 
 
 29.5 
 
 40.7 
 
 19.1 
 
 none 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 5.3 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 ___= 99.2% 
 
 29.9 
 
 40.S 
 
 19.4 
 
 none 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 
 6.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 -__ = 100.4% 
 
 Impure g^-psite is common in the oil districts, and some has been 
 mined in the IMcKittrick district. Deposits of it are said to exist on 
 Cottonwood Creek, about ](i miles ea.st of Bakersfield. Beds of gyp- 
 sum occur in the bed of old Keni Lake, about 20 miles southwest of 
 
182 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Bakersfield and 5 miles from Connor. Gypsite occurs on the shores of 
 Buena Vista Lake. Selenite is found with stibnite at the old San 
 Emigdio antimony mine. Selenite occurs on Poso Creek. Beds of 
 fine-grained, buff-colored gypsite occur about 3^ miles southeast of 
 Cane Springs, Hess (10a). 
 
 Kings County: Gypsite occurs in the range of low hills southeast 
 of Dudley, and on Kettleman Plains, about 5 miles northeast of 
 Dudley. 
 
 Lake County: Selenite is found on Robiuson's ranch. Small 
 amounts of it are found at Sulphur Bank, Clear Lake. 
 
 Lassen County: Large slabs of selenite occur near Susanville. 
 
 Los Angeles (U)unty: Deposits of good white gypsum in shale 
 occur in Charley Canyon, 12 miles north of Castaic. Gypsite and 
 alabaster interbedded with shales occur on a ridge about 1| miles 
 southwest of Palmdale, Hess (10). Seams of gypsum occur in the 
 bluffs at San Pedro. A deposit of it is reported 2 miles north of Lang. 
 Large selenite plates have been found in Soledad Canyon. 
 
 Mariposa County: Selenite has been reported from Bear Valley. 
 
 Merced County: Low-grade gypsum is produced in commercial 
 quantities at Dos Palos. 
 
 Mono County: It occurs in the Bodie district. It was observed 
 in the mountains south of Mono Lake. 
 
 Monterey County: Deposits of it occur east of King City, near 
 the county line. 
 
 Napa County: Small amounts of gypsum were associated with 
 cinnabar at the old Redington or Boston mine, Knoxville. Fine crystals 
 of gypsum have been found in the Palisades mine, 2 miles north of 
 Calistoga. 
 
 Nevada County: Fibrous radiate gjqjsum occurs near Truckee. 
 
 Orange County: Outcrops of gypsum occur in Gypsum C^anyon 
 and adjacent canyons, about 2 miles south of Corona. Alabaster occurs 
 on the San Joaquin ranch. 
 
 Riverside County: Selenite occurs south of South Riverside. 
 Deposits of it occur near Banning and in the hills west and southwest 
 of Corona. .An important deposit of massive gypsum occurs at the 
 Midland mine of the U. S. Gypsum Company in the Little Maria 
 .Mountains. Extensive gypsum deposits occur in the central part of 
 the Palen Mountains, Harder (lOe) and in the Maria Mountains 17 
 miles south of Blythe Junction, Surr (11). 
 
SULPHATES 183 
 
 San Benito Count ij: Outcrops of gypsuiu occur iu many places 
 along the Coast Range. There are many occurrences of it in the Bit- 
 terwater Valley. Deposits were found east of ]Metz and King City. 
 
 San Bernardino County: A large deposit of impure gj^psite occurs 
 at Amboy. Gypsum was found in the lake beds south of Danby and 
 near Kelso. Gypsum occurs with borax at Searles Lake. Large 
 deposits of massive white, pink, and red gypsum occur on the nortli- 
 east side of the Avawatz Mountains ; also selenite and satin spar. 
 Good crystals of selenite occur in the eolemanite beds near Yermo. 
 Tt occurs near Camp Cady. Thin beds of gypsum are associated with 
 rock salt in the Avawatz Mountains. Crystals occur in the mud of 
 the Strontium Hills, 10 miles north of Barstow. Gypsum occui-s with 
 krausite and oIIkm- snl{)hates in 1lie Calico Hills jibout <i miles north- 
 east of Yermo, Fosliag (31b). 
 
 San Diego County: Gypsite is found near Dos Palmas. 
 
 San Francisco County: Small amounts of gypsum have been found 
 near Merced Lake. Disks of selenite occur on Seal Rocks. Selenite 
 is found at Fort Point. 
 
 San Joaquijt County: Selenite occurs at Vernalis. 
 
 San Luis Obispo County: "White bunches and veins of gypsum 
 occur on Alamo Creek, 16 miles from Santa Maria. Alabaster occurs 
 at Arroyo Grande. Gypsite occurs in beds on the southwest side of the 
 Temblor Range, east of Carrizo Plain. Selenite crystals occur in the 
 clays of Carrizo Creek. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: Alabaster occurs near Santa Barbara 
 Creek, about 32 miles southwest of IMcKittrick. Small amounts of 
 alabaster are found on Santa Rosa Island. Massive gypsum was 
 worked near Point Sal. Massive gypsum occurs in Cuyama Canyon 
 on the east side of Santa Barbara Canyon, 5 miles south of Quartel. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Selenite occurs near Gilroy. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: Satin spar and massive white gypsum occur 
 near Santa Cruz. 
 
 Shasta County: Gypsum as an hydration product of anhydrite 
 occurs in the Bully Hill and the Rising Star mines. 
 
 Sierra County: Small amounts of gypsum have been found on 
 Kanaka Creek. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Copious deposits of gypsum occur near the 
 spring at the summit of Mount Shasta, PI. Williams (34). 
 
 Sonoma County: It was found at The Geysers with sulphur and 
 boussingaultite. Good crystals of selenite have been found near Santa 
 Rosa. 
 
184 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 Stanislaus County: Selenite is found near Modesto. 
 
 Trinity Coimty: Small amounts of fibrous gypsum occur at Island 
 Mountain. 
 
 Tulare County: Fibrous satin spar occurs at White River. Gypsum 
 occurs 20 miles southeast of Porterville. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Gypsum has been found near Groveland. 
 
 Ventura County: Small amounts of it were found on the Denni- 
 son ranch, 3 miles east of Nordhoff. Massive white gypsum occurs 4 
 miles south of Fillmore interbedded with diatomaceous shale. It occurs 
 on South Mountain about 4 miles south of Santa Paula. Alabaster 
 occurs on French Point Hill, 6 miles above the mouth of Santa Barbara 
 Canyon. Selenite occurs in Lockwood Valley, 
 
 EPSOM ITE— Epsom Salt 
 
 Hydrous ma.gnesium sulphate, MgS04.7H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic ; disphenoidal. Usually in bunches of long slender 
 fibers and fibrous crusts. Cleavage perfect brachypinacoidal. Vitreous 
 to earthy luster. Color and streak white. H. =: 2 — 2J. G. = 1.75. 
 
 Soluble in water. Taste bitter and salt. 
 
 Efflorescenses of epsomite are common in caves and tunnels where 
 pyrite or other sulphides are decomposing in the presence of magnesian 
 rocks. Long hair-like masses of epsomite are common in the cinnabar 
 mines of the State. Commercial epsom salt is produced as a by-product 
 in the evaporation of the bitterns of sea water. 
 
 Alameda Coimty: Epsomite occurs as efflorescence on the walls of 
 the pyrite mines of Leona Heights. Analyzed from the Alma mine by 
 Schaller (03). 
 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 MgO 
 
 SO3 
 
 at 100° ab. 110" 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 14.8 
 
 31.7 
 
 40.8 12.2 
 
 tr. = 99.5% 
 
 Amador County: It was common in the mines on Copper Hill. 
 
 Imperial County: It was mentioned by Emory (48) as occurring 
 in white crusts on the Colorado Desert. 
 
 Inyo County: Epsomite occurs with alunogen in clay at the mine 
 of the American Magnesium Company in the Wingate district, near 
 Ballarat. 
 
 Lake County: It was abundant in the old Abbott quicteilver mine. 
 
 Mariposa County: It was found as fine fibers in the Purchase mine 
 near Donovan. 
 
 Napa County: Epsomite was abundant in long white fibers in 
 the tunnels of the old Redington mine, Friedrich (88). 
 
SULPHATES 185 
 
 San Benito County: Exceptionally long fibers of epsomite occur 
 in the New Idria cinnabar mine. 
 
 Santa Barhara County: Colorless tufts and masses of epsomite 
 have been found in shale at Point Kincon, Arnold and Anderson (07). 
 
 Santa Clara County: It is abundant on the walls of the New 
 Almaden and other cinnabar mines of the county. 
 
 Sonoma County Epsomite with boussingaultite was reported from 
 the county, Goldsmith (76a). 
 
 GOSLARITE 
 
 Hydrous zinc sulphate, ZnSOi.THsO. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In long acicular crystals and massive crusts. Per- 
 fect brachvpinacoidal cleavage. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white, 
 reddish, yellowish. H. = 2. G. = 2. 
 
 Reduced with soda on charcoal, gives yellow coating, which turns 
 green when heated with cobalt nitrate. Yields water in closed tube. 
 Easily soluble in water. Taste astringent. 
 
 Goslarite is formed through the decomposition of sphalerite and 
 is sometimes found on mine walls. 
 
 Trinity County: A very small amount of white powdery goslarite 
 occurs in the decomposed material at the pyrrhotite deposit at Island 
 Mountain. 
 
 MORENOSITE 
 
 Hydrous nickel sulphate, NiSOi.THaO. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In acicular crystals ; fibrous, as an efflorescence. 
 Cleavage (010), perfect. Vitreous luster. Color apple-green to greenish- 
 white. H. = 2 — 2i. G. — 2. 
 
 Fused in a borax bead, gives a brown bead of nickel in the oxidizing 
 flame, which becomes gray and cloudy in the reducing flame. Gives off 
 acid water in a closed tube. Soluble in water giving a metallic taste. 
 
 Napa County: Morenosite was said by Becker (88) to coat a 
 specimen of millerite from the Phoenix cinnabar mine. 
 
 San Diego County: ]\Iorenosite occurs with limonite and erjiihrite 
 •n the oxidized part of the ore in the Friday copper mine, near Julian. 
 Hudson (22). 
 
 MELANTERITE— Copperas 
 
 Hydrous ferrous sulphate, FeSO<.7H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fibrous, stalactitic, and concretionary ; also massive. 
 Cleavage basal. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color green to white. Streak 
 uncolored. H. = 2. G. = 1.89 — 1.9. 
 
 Easily fusible. Becomes magnetic on heating. Easily soluble in 
 water. Gives acid water in a closed tube. Astringent taste. 
 
 Melanterite is a common alteration product in mines containing 
 pyrite or marcasite. 
 
 Alameda County: Melanterite was abundant as small fibrous 
 crystals on the walls of the Alma pyrite mine at Leona Heights. 
 
186 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Described and analyzed by Schaller (03). B^rms: (110), (001), 
 (010), (103), (101), (Oil), (111), (121), (120), (102), (203), (302), 
 (201), (904) and (332). 
 
 PeO SOs H2O CuO MgO 
 
 28.1 31.2 42.0 none none r= 101.3% 
 
 Alpme County: Melanterite occurs in fibrous groups up to 3 
 inches in length and as glassy incrustations and seams in the Levia- 
 than mine, 3 miles northeast of Loope. 
 
 Am.ado7' County: It occurred with niendozite on the walls of an 
 old tunnel 1^ miles north of Volcano. 
 
 Lake County: Melanterite was abundant as stalactites in the Sul- 
 ])hur Bank cinnabar mine, Clear Lake. It occurred as brilliant green 
 stalactites in the Bedford quicksilver mine, Friedrich (88). 
 
 Mariposa County: It was found as coatings in the Purchase mine, 
 near Donovan. 
 
 Mono County: Melanterite was common in the mines near Lundy. 
 It is found with pyrite and arsenopyrite near Mono Lake. 
 
 Napa County: Long pale-green stalactites of melanterite were 
 abundant in the old Redington cinnabar mine, Knoxville. It was 
 found in the Palisades mines, 2 miles north of Calistoga. 
 
 Orange County: Fibrous crusts of melanterite occur on sand- 
 stone in the Santiago Coal mine. Santa Ana Mountains. 
 
 San Benito Cotmty: Botryoidal masses of silky melanterite occur 
 in the New Idria quicksilver mine. 
 
 San Bernardino Count)/: Melanterite occurs in the silver mines 
 of the Rand district, Ilulin (25). 
 
 Santa Cruz County: Specimens of melanterite have come from 
 near Santa Cruz. 
 
 Shasta County: It is common at Copper City, and in the Bully 
 Hill and other mines of the county. 
 
 Sonoma County: Drusy green melanterite has been found near 
 Petaluma. 
 
 Trinity County: It occurs with goslarite at Island Mountain. 
 
 PISANFTE 
 
 Hydrous iron and copper sulphate, (Fe.Cu)S04.7H20 
 
 Monoclinic. Long slender prisms, stalactitic. Cleavag-e (GDI) easy. 
 Vitreous luster. Color greenish-blue. H. =r 2 — 3. G. = 2.15. 
 
 Reactions are similar to those for melanterite, except that ammonia 
 turns the solution blue at the same time precipitating the iron as ferric 
 hydroxide. 
 
 Alameda County: Pisanite was one of the secondary siilphates 
 formed with melanterite and chalcantliite on the walls of the Alma 
 
SULPHATES 187 
 
 pyrite mine on Leona Heiglits. Described and analyzed by Schaller 
 (03). Forms: O^Ol), (101), (010), (110), (103), (Oil), (100), (210), 
 (320), (120), (101), (112), (111), (335), (221), and (121). 
 
 
 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 CuO 
 
 FeO 
 
 SO.i 
 
 at 110° 
 
 ab. 110° 
 
 MgO 
 
 15.73 
 
 12.31 
 
 28.21 
 
 
 45.14 
 
 ___ = 101.39% 
 
 9.22 
 
 16.47 
 
 29.18 
 
 
 45.74 
 
 — _r=100.61% 
 
 17.95 
 
 5.46 
 
 29.25 
 
 34.25 
 
 10.96 
 
 2.82 = 100.69% 
 
 Monterey County: Pale-blue crystals of pisanite from near Gon- 
 zales were analyzed by Schaller (04). 
 
 CuO FeO SO3 IT-.0 
 
 7.56 15.S5 30.74 45.85 
 
 Trinity County: It was found with goslarite in the pyrrhotite 
 mass at Island Mountain. 
 
 BIEBERITE 
 
 Hydrous cobalt sulphate, C0SO4.7H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Stalactites and crusts. Vitreous luster. Color flesh and 
 rose-red. H. = 2. G. = 2. 
 
 Gives a blue bead with borax. Sulphate is precipitated by barium 
 chloride. Yields water in a closed tube and has an astringent taste. 
 
 Trinity County: Small amounts of bieberite occur as a pale rose- 
 red powder, formed by the desiccation of the sulphate solutions at 
 the pyrrhotite deposit near Island Mountain. 
 
 BOOTHITE 
 
 Hydrous cupric sulphate, CuSO«.7H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fibrous, massive. Vitreous. Greenish-blue. H. = 2 — 2J. 
 G. =1.94. 
 
 Same reactions as for chalcanthite. 
 
 Alameda County: Boothite was found with other sulphates of 
 iron and copper at the Alma pyrite mine, Leona Heights. It was 
 described as a new mineral and named by Schaller (03). Forms: 
 (001), (TOO), (110), (101), (301), (112), (Til), and (121). 
 
 HsO 
 CuO FeO MgO SOs at 10,-.° ah. 105° 
 
 27.83 tr. __ 28.37 36.64 7.42 = 100.26% 
 
 28.53 .28 tr. 28.65 43.76 =101.22% G. = 1.9351. 
 
 Calaveras County: Crystals of boothite were found at Campo 
 Seco and analyzed by Schaller (04). 
 
 H2O 
 
 CuO FeO MgO SOs at 110° ab. 110° In.'iol. 
 
 26.13 0.81 0.64 27.25 36.76 4.91 3.96 = 100.46% G. = 1.944. 
 
188 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 CHALCANTHITE— Blue Vitriol 
 
 Hydrous cupric sulphate, CuSOi.SH^O. 
 
 Triclinic. Crystals commonly flattened. Massive, stalactitic, and 
 fibrous. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color greenish-blue to sky-blue. Streak 
 uncolored. H. = 2i. G. rr2.12 — 2.30. 
 
 Fusible. In a closed tube yields water. Soluble in water. Gives the 
 blue solution of copper when ammonia is added. 
 
 Chaleaiitliite is foimd in iiiiiics where it resiill.s from the oxida- 
 tion of copper sulphides. 
 
 Alameda (Unnity : Chalcaiithite was common in small crystals and 
 seams in the Alma jjyrite mine, Leona Heights. It was described 
 and analyzed by Sehaller (03). Forms: (001), (010), (1002_, (HO), 
 (120), (110), (120), (Oil), (021), f03i), (101), (111), (131), and 
 (141). 
 
 
 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 CuO 
 
 FeO 
 
 MgO 
 
 SOs 
 
 at lie ab. 110° 
 
 Insol. 
 
 31.14 
 
 none 
 
 tr. 
 
 32.06 
 
 28.20 7.50 
 
 0.81 =99.71% 
 
 Amador Count ij: It was common in the mines on Copper Hill. 
 
 Calaveras County. It occnrred at Quail Hill, Silliman (67a). 
 It was common at Copperopolis. 
 
 Nevada County: It was found at Sweetland, Hanks (84). 
 
 Shasta County: Chalcanthite was a common evaporation product 
 in the mines of the county and was reported from the Peck mine. 
 Copper City, Hanks (84). Bluish-green crystals and veins of it have 
 been observed at Copper City. 
 
 Trinity County: Chalcanthite has been found in the mine of 
 the Island Copper Company at Island Mountain. 
 
 BL6DITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium and sodium sulphate, MgSO4.Na2SO4.4H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Prismatic crystals, granular massive. Vitreous luster. 
 Colorless to greenish, yellowish, red. H. r=3. G. r=2.23. 
 
 Fuses, giving a strong yellow flame. Barium chloride precipitates 
 Ijarium sulphate from an acid solution. Magnesia is determined by precipi- 
 tation with sodium phosphate from an ammonia solution. Kasily soluble 
 in water. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Imperial County: Blodite Avas reported to have been found on 
 the Colorado Desert. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Very large crystals of blodite found in 
 the mud of Soda Lake. Carrizo Plain, have been described by Sehaller 
 fl3). They show the following forms: (001), (110), (210), (Oil), 
 (111), (201), (111), (211), and (121). Analysis: 
 
 NaoO MgO SOs H2O 
 
 18.26 11.93 48.11 21.37=99.67% 
 
SULPHATES 189 
 
 BOUSSINGAULTITE 
 
 Hydrous ammonium and magnesium sulphate, (NH4)2S04.MgS04.6H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fibers, crusts, vermiform aggregates and stalactites. 
 Cleavages (201) perfect; (010) distinct. Sillvv luster. Color pure-white. 
 H. = 2. G. r=:1.68 — 1.72. 
 
 Easily fusible, and easily soluble in water. Barium chloride pre- 
 cipitates barium sulphate, and sodium phosphate precipitates the mag- 
 nesia. Gives water in a closed tube. Healed in closed tube with lime, 
 it gives odor of ammonia. Taste saline-astringent. 
 
 Sunoiiia Cuitittij: JjoiLssin^aiiltile Irinu tliis LMuinLy was described 
 csiid analyzed by Goldsmitli (THa). No locality ^Yas given, but pre- 
 h^nmably it came from near The Geysers. 
 
 SO3 MgO NH4OH H2O 
 
 38.86 15.56 5.03 40.55 
 
 Ventura County: Boiissingaiiltite was found on South Mountain 
 opposite Santa Paula, in stalactites and incrustations, formed by 
 heated gases escaping through crevices in sandstone and shale. It Avas 
 described bv Larsen and Sliaimon (20). Analysis hv Shannon: 
 
 (NH4)20 
 
 MgO 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FeaOa 
 
 K2O 
 
 Na20 CaO 
 
 SO3 
 
 10.86 
 
 11.54 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.60 tr. 
 
 H2O CI 
 
 31.48 tr. 
 
 43.49 
 
 CO2 
 
 tr. = 98.31% 
 
 POTASH ALUM 
 
 Hydrous aluminum and potassium sulphate, K2S04.Al2(S04)3.24H20. 
 
 Isometric. Mealy crusts and fine fibres. Vitreous luster. Colorless 
 or white. H. = 2. G. = 1.76. 
 
 Gives the violet flame of potassium when fused on platinum wire. 
 Ammonia precipitates flocculent aluminum hydroxide, and barium chloride 
 precipitates barium sulphate from solution. Yields much water in a closed 
 tube. Easily soluble in water. 
 
 Alpine County: Potash alum was found in the mines of Silver 
 j\ Fountain . 
 
 Calaveras Counfi/: It was observed at Quail Hill, Silliman (67a). 
 
 Contra Costa County: Fine specimens of er^-stallized i)Otasli alum 
 liave come from the old coal mine at Nortonville. 
 
 Fresno County: It was common with sulphur in the oil district 
 at Coalinga. 
 
 Inyo County: Pota.sli alum occurs on the shores of Owens Lake. 
 It occurred as white crusts on the sides of a steaming vent 2 miles 
 east of Coso Springs, Rogers (12). Potash alum occurs with alunite 
 and andalusite a1 llw mine of Cham])ion Sillimanite, Incorporated, 
 on the western s]()i)(' of the White ^fonutains, 7 miles east of Mocaluo. 
 Woodhouse (36). 
 
 Lahe County: It was common at llic Sulplnii- r>;ink ciinirihai- 
 mine. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It (icciirs near Newliall. 
 
190 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Mono County: It was found near Bodie. 
 
 Napa County: Potash alum was observed in the Rediiigton cin- 
 nabar mine at Knoxville, Melville and Lindgren (90). 
 
 Placer County: It occurred in the gold mines near Dutch Flat; 
 in slates near Auburn. 
 
 Sonoma County: It was found at The Geysers. 
 
 TSCHERMIGITE — Ammonia Alum 
 Hydrous aluminum and ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2S04.Al2(S04)3.24H20. 
 
 Isometric. Octahedral crystals, fibrous, crusts. Vitreous luster. 
 Colorless or white. H. = 2. G. = 1.64. 
 
 Easily fusible. Heated in a closed tube with lime, it gives off 
 odor of ammonia. Gives water in a closed tube. Soluble in water. 
 
 Lake County: Tschermigite was mentioned by Becker (88) as 
 an efHorescence at Sulphur Bank. 
 
 MENDOZITE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum and sodium sulphate, Na2S04.Al2(SOi)3.22H20. 
 
 White fibrous masses or powder. H. :^ 3. G. ^ 1.73. 
 Very easily fusible. Gives strong yellow flame. Soluble in water. 
 
 Amador County: Crusts of mendozite and melanterite occur on 
 the walls of an old tunnel 1^ miles north of Volcano. 
 
 Napa County: It occurs on the Pritchard ranch, 9 miles south- 
 east of St. Helena. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Platy and fibrous, white mendozite 
 occurs 5 miles north of Hidden Springs. 
 
 PICKERINGITE— Magnesia Alum 
 
 Hydrous aluminum and magnesium sulphate, MgS04.Al2(S04)3.22H»0. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fine acicular crystals and as efflorescences. Silky 
 luster. Colorless, white, yellowish, pink. H. := 1. G. z=1.85. 
 
 Easily fusible. Soluble in water, giving a bitter, astringent taste. 
 Yields water in a closed tube. 
 
 l7iyo County: Piekeringite was reported as an efflorescence in 
 the mountains west of Bishop. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Piekeringite occurs as a coating on 
 quartzite along the South Fork of Barrett Canyon, a tributary of San 
 Antonio Canyon, Sec. 31, T. 2 N., R. 7 W., S. B. M. 
 
 Sonoma County: The name sonomaite, no longer recognized as a 
 species, was given by Goldsmith (76) to a mineral from near The 
 Geysers having a composition similar to piekeringite. 
 
 A1203 
 
 FeO 
 
 MgO 
 
 SO3 
 
 H2O 
 
 7.66 
 
 2.01 
 
 7.14 
 
 38.78 
 
 44.41 
 
 8.36 
 
 1.56 
 
 7.51 
 
 38.30 
 
 44.27 
 
SULPHATES 191 
 
 HALOTRICHITE— Iron Alum 
 
 Hydrous aluminum and iron sulpliate, FeS04.Al2(S04)3.22H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fibrous. Silky luster. Color yellowish-white. H. =r 2. 
 G. :=:1.9. 
 
 Fusible. Soluble in water. Ink taste. Ammonia precipitates iron 
 and alumina from solution. Barium chloride precipitates barium sulphate. 
 Gives much water in a closed tube. 
 
 Alameda County: Halotricliite was found as fibrous masses in the 
 Eureka tunnel near Livermore. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Fibrous veins of halotrichite occur with 
 krausite, alunite, coquimbite, and other sulphates in the Calico Hills 
 near Borate, about 6 miles northeast of Yermo, Foshag (31b). 
 
 Trinity County: Halotrichite occurs in tufts in shale above the 
 pyrrhotite deposit at Island Mountain. 
 
 COQUIMBITE 
 
 Hydrous iron sulphate, Fe2(S04)3.9H2O. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Generally granular massive. Vitreous 
 luster. Color white, yellowish, brownish, greenish, violet. H. := 2 — 2|. 
 G. = 2.09. 
 
 Fusible. Becomes magnetic on heating. Gives water in closed tube. 
 Soluble in water and has an astringent taste. 
 
 Calaveras County: Coquimbite was found at Quail Hill, Silliman 
 (67a). 
 
 El Dorado County: It occurred in the shales near Georgetown. 
 
 Inyo County: Yellow crystals of coquimbite have been found at 
 Lone Pine. 
 
 Napa County: Large masses of yellowish-green, granular coquim- 
 bite found at the old Redington cinnabar mine were described by 
 Eakle (01) with analysis b.y Schaller. 
 
 Hl>0 
 Fe20s AI2O3 SO3 at 110° ign. FeO SIOl- Na20 MgO 
 
 12.99 7.44 38.04 23.72 13.71 0.13 0.21 1.68 1.09 = 99.01% 
 
 San Bernardino County: Coquimbite occurs with krausite and 
 alunite near Borate in the Calico Ilill.s about 6 miles northeast of 
 Yermo, Foshag (31b). 
 
 Tuolumne County: Silliman (67a) mentions coquimbite as one 
 of the minerals found at Whiskey Hill. 
 
 ALUNOGEN 
 
 Hydrous aluminum sulphate, Al2(S04)3.16H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fibrous masses, crusts, powder. Vitreous to silky 
 luster. Color white. H. z=lj — 2. G. = 1.6 — 1.8. 
 
 In a closed tube gives water. Soluble in water and has an alum 
 taste. Ammonia precipitates aluminum hydroxide. 
 
 Alameda County: Alunogen occurred as a white powder at the 
 Alma mine, Leona Heights, Schaller (03). 
 
192 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Inyo County: It occurs in fibrous masses with epsomite in clay at 
 the mine of the American Magnesium Company near Ballarat. 
 
 Marin County: It was found with gypsum in shale at the road 
 tunnel near Fort Barry. 
 
 Nevada County: It was observed at the Providence mine, Nevada 
 City, Lindgren (96). 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Alunogen was found as a white powder 
 near Paso Robles, 
 
 KRAUSITE 
 
 Hydrous iron and potassium sulphate, K2S04.Fe2(S04)3.2H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Rough crystals, often prismatic. Cleavage (001) per- 
 fect, (100) good. Brilliant luster. Color lemon-yellow to yellowish- 
 green. H. = 2i. G. = 2.84. 
 
 B. B. decrepitates and finally changes to a black scoriaceous mass. 
 Soluble in acid. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Krausite occurs with copiapite, alunite, 
 and other sulphates in a lenticular mass in shale near Borate in the 
 Calico Hills, about 6 miles northeast of Yermo. It was discovered, 
 named, and analyzed by Foshag (31b). 
 
 CaO 
 
 FeO 
 
 Fe203 
 
 K2O 
 
 Na20 
 
 SO3 
 
 Si02 
 
 H2O 
 
 Insol. 
 
 0.12 
 
 0.24 
 
 24.94 
 
 14.71 
 
 0.64 
 
 51.05 
 
 2.19 
 
 5.59 
 
 0.92 = 100.40% 
 G. = 2.840. 
 
 Foshag reported the forms (001), (100), (210), (110), (101), 
 (102), (211), and (112) on crystals of krausite. 
 
 VOLTAITE 
 
 3(K2,Fe)O.2(Al,Fe)2O3.6S03.9H2O. 
 
 Isometric. In cubic, octahedral, and dodecahedral crystals. Luster 
 resinous. Color dull oil-green to brown or black. Streak grayish-green. 
 H. = 3 — 4. G. = 2.8. 
 
 Soluble in water. 
 
 San Bernardi7io County: Voltaite was found by Foshag (31) with 
 krausite, copiapite, coquimbite, and other sulphates in a lenticular 
 mass near Borate, about 6 miles northeast of Yermo. 
 
 Shasta County: Anderson (27) observed voltaite with melanterite 
 on some altered pyrite from this county. 
 
 METAVOLTINE 
 
 (H,K)4(FeOH)2(S04)4.5H20. 
 
 Hexagonal. In aggregates of minute yellow scales. H. r= 'II. 
 G. = 2.5. 
 
 Soluble in acid. Partly soluble in water. 
 
 San Bernardino County: F'oshag (31b) has found metavoltine with 
 krausite, coquimbite, alunite and other sulphates near Borate in the 
 Calico Hills about 6 miles northeast of Yermo. 
 
SULPHATES 193 
 
 ROMERITE 
 
 Hydrous iron sulphate, FeO.Fe203.4S03.14H20. 
 
 Triclinic. In tabular crystals ; granular, massive. Perfect brachy- 
 pinacoidal cleavage. Brittle. Color chestnut-brown. H. = 3 — 3|. 
 G. =2.15. 
 
 Fusible. Becomes magnetic on heating. Easily soluble in water. 
 Taste saline, astringent. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Romerite occurs with alunite, coquimbite, 
 krausite, and other sulphates in the Calico Hills near Borate, about 
 6 miles northeast of Yerrao, Foshag (31b). 
 
 Trinity County: Small brown crystals of romerite showing the 
 forms (001), (0_10), (100),_ (110), (210), (310), (18.5.0), (410). 
 (110), (120), (210), and (410) occurring on altered pyrrhotite from 
 Island Mountain were described by Landon (27) . Analysis by Landon : 
 
 SOa FeaOa FeO H2O 
 
 38.30 20.60 6.94 33.40 
 
 COPIAPITE 
 
 A basic ferric sulphate, perhaps Fe4(OH)2(S04)6.18H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Crystalline scales, or granular massive ; incrusta- 
 tions. Cleavage (001) perfect. Pearly luster. Color sulphur-yellow. 
 H. = 2*. G. = 2.10. 
 
 Similar to coquimbite in its reactions. 
 
 Alameda Comity: Copiapite was found as yellow needles at the 
 Alma mine, Leona Heights, and was analyzed by Schaller (03). 
 
 SOs AI2O3 FeaOs FeO MgO H2O Insol. 
 
 38.36 0.31 25.04 0.44 0.29 29.71 5.43 = 99.58% 
 
 Lake County: It occurred at Sulphur Bank and was analyzed 
 by Melville and Lindgren (90). 
 
 SOs AI2O3 Fe203 FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O Insol. 
 
 38.82 0.37 26.79 3.28 tr. 0.25 0.16 29.58 0.75 = 100% 
 
 Napa County: It was found at the old Redington mine, Knox- 
 ville, and Mas analyzed b}- Melville and Lindgren (90). 
 
 SOa AI2OS Fe20.i FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O 
 
 39.97 ___ 26.54 0.46 0.21 ___ 3.06 30.43 = 100.67% 
 
 Riverside County: Specimens of copiapite with amarantite have 
 been described from the Santa Maria Mountains by Schairer and 
 Lawson(24). Analysis of the copiapite gave: 
 
 SO3 FeaOs CaO MgO H2O Insol. 
 
 39.79 26.23 0.27 3.19 29.92 0.30 = 99.86% 
 
 San Bernardino County: Copiapite occurs with krausite, coquim- 
 bite, and alunite in the Calico Hills near Borate, about 6 miles north- 
 east of Yermo, Foshag (31b). 
 
 Trinity County: Copiapite occurs with pyrrhotite at the Island 
 Mountain Copper mine, 
 
 13—51440 
 
194 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 KNOXVILLITE 
 
 Hydrous basic sulphate of Iron, chromium, aluminum, nickel, and 
 
 magnesium. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Tabular crystals. Cleavage perfect basal. Vitreous 
 luster. Color greenish-yellow. 
 
 Becomes magnetic on heating. May give a chromium bead when 
 fused with borax. Soluble in water. Barium chloride precipitates barium 
 sulphate. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Kiioxvillite is considered by Larseii (21) to be a variety of 
 copiapite. 
 
 Napa Count ij: Greenish-yellow masses of this complex sulphate 
 were found in the old Redington mine, Knoxville, and the mineral 
 was described as new by Melville and Lindgren (90). Forms: (001), 
 dlO), and (100). The crystals are basal plates. 
 
 S03 
 
 FezOs CraOs AhOs 
 
 FeO NiO 
 
 MgO 
 
 35.91 
 
 15.36 7.41 4.83 
 
 H2O 
 at 100° ab. 100° Insol. 
 
 3.81 0.83 
 
 3.22 
 
 
 9.30 17.60 1.73 
 
 = 100.00% 
 
 
 CASTANITE 
 
 Basic iron sulphate, Fe2(:)3.2S03.8H«0. 
 
 Triclinic. Crystalline aggregates, clusters or prismatic crystals. 
 Cleavage (010) perfect, (110) and (iTo) less perfect. Luster vitreous. 
 Color orange to dark -brown. H. r;z 3. G. = 2.2. 
 
 Fusible. Heated in a closed tube, turns dark and gives water which 
 has an acid reaction. Practically insoluble in cold water but decomposed 
 by hot water. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Napa County: Rogers (31c) has described crystals of castanite 
 from the old Redington or Boston quicksilver mine at Knoxville. 
 Forms: (010), (110), (110), (001), (Oil), and (112). Analysis by 
 0. C. Shepard. 
 
 Fe203 SOs H2O + H2O — Insol. 
 
 34.47 35.11 14.58 15.73 0.22 = 100.11% G. = 2.2. 
 
 FIBROFERRITE 
 
 Hydrous iron sulphate, Fe2O3(SO.i)2.10H2O. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Fine fibrous aggregates. Silky luster. Color pale- 
 yellow to white. H. = 2 — 21. G. = 1.9. 
 
 Fusible. Becomes magnetic on heating. Soluble in water. 
 
 Napa County: Fibroferrite has been found with cinnabar, opal, 
 sulphur, and sulphates in the Redington mine at Knoxville, Rogers 
 (31c). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Fibroferrite occurs with krausite, 
 coquimbite, and other sulphates in the Calico Hills near Borate, 6 
 miles northeast of Yermo, Foshag (31b). 
 
 Trinity County: Fibrous aggregates of yellow fibroferrite occur 
 in the pyrrhotite deposit at Island Mountain. 
 
SULPHATES 195 
 
 REDINGTONITE 
 
 Hydrous chromium, aluminum, iron, and magnesium sulphate. 
 
 Finely fibrous to granular massive. Silky luster. Color pale-purple. 
 G. rr;1.76. 
 
 Reactions are similar to those for knnxvillite. 
 
 Napa Coioilij: Redingtouite is a pale-purple sulphate which was 
 mixed with the knoxvillite from the Reclington mine at Knoxville. It 
 was described as a new mineral by Melville and Lindgren (90). 
 
 SOs AI2O3 Cr203 Fe20a FeO NiO MnO MgO 
 
 35.35 5.14 7.51 0.19 4.58 1.00 tr. 1.85 
 
 H2O 
 at 100° ab. 100" Insol. 
 27.09 14.34 3.46 = 100.51% 
 
 G. = 1.761. 
 
 BOTRYOGEN 
 
 Hydrous iron and magnesium sulphate, Fe203.2Mg0.4S03.15H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Very small crystals. Reniform and botryoidal. Cleav- 
 age (010) perfect. Vitreous luster. Color brick-red, hyacinth-red, ocher- 
 yellow. H. =2 — 2 J. G. = 2.04 — 2.14. 
 
 Fusible. Becomes magnetic on lieating. I'resence of magnesia dis- 
 tinguishes it from other iron sulphates. Partly soluble in water. Soluble 
 in acid. 
 
 Napa County: Botryogeii is found in bunches of small brick-red 
 crystals in one of the tunnels of the old Redington mine, Knoxville. 
 It was thought to be a new mineral and described and named *pala- 
 cheite' by Eakle (03). Its identity with botryogen was later estab- 
 lished, Eakle (03a). Forms: (110), (010), (001), (120), (450), 
 (021), (201), (111), (l21), (100), and (Oil). 
 
 
 
 
 
 mo 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 MgO 
 
 SOs 
 
 at 100° 
 
 ab. 100° 
 
 19.51 
 
 9.35 
 
 38.37 
 
 19.53 
 
 12.75 
 
 99.51% G. = 2.075. 
 
 It was also found as a gangue mineral at the Palisades mine, 2 
 miles north of Calistoga. 
 
 ALUNITE 
 
 Basic hydrous sulphate of aluminum and potassium, K2Al«(OH)i2(S04)4. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Small crystals and massive. Cleavage 
 (0001) distinct. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white, sometimes reddish. 
 Streak white. H. = 3i — 4. G. = 2.58 — 2.75. 
 
 Infusible and decrepitates. Turns blue when moistened with cobalt 
 nitrate and intensely heated. Gives water in a closed tube. Slowly soluble 
 in sulphuric but insoluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Colusa County: Alunite carrying gold has been found at Sulphur 
 Creek. 
 
 Inyo County: Alunite from a deposit in the Funeral Range has 
 been described by Wherry (16). Two analyses of impure material 
 by Bailey gave: 
 
 Na20 
 
 K2O 
 
 H2O 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 SOs 
 
 SiOs 
 
 Surface 5.27 
 
 3.05 
 
 14.87 
 
 39.02 
 
 30.52 
 
 7.46 = 100.19% 
 
 60 ft. depth__6.83 
 
 1.04 
 
 17.60 
 
 38.46 
 
 25.03 
 
 10.27= 99.23% 
 
396 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Mariposa County: Aluiiite is a constitueut of a quartzite rock 
 found with a greenstone schist in which stellate pyrophyllite occurs, 
 at Tres Cerritos, southwest of Indian Gulch. It was described by 
 Turner (96), (98), with analysis by Valentine. 
 
 SOs AbOs Pe203 CaO Mg-Q K2O NaaO H2O Sioi. TiOa P2O5 
 38.50 38.0'5 0.23 0.55 tr. 4.48 2.78 11.92 2.64 0.40 tr. = 99.55% 
 
 G. = 2.78. 
 
 Mono County: Massive pink and brown alunite occurs with andalu- 
 site at the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, on the western 
 slope of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of Mocalno, Kerr (32). 
 
 Orange County: It occurs with gypsum in clay and sandstone 
 at San Juan Capistrano Point. 
 
 San Bertiardino County: It occurs with krausite and other sul- 
 j)hates near Borate, 6 miles northeast of Yermo, Foshag (31b). 
 
 Shasta County: Alunite was reported bj' Anderson (35) as a 
 secondary mineral in the altered lavas at Bumpass Hell and other 
 hot springs in Lassen Volcanic National Park. 
 
 JAROSITE 
 
 Hydrous potassium and iron sulphate, K2O.3Fe2O3.4SO3.6H2O. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhomboiiedral. Small platy crystals ; fibrous, granular. 
 Cleavage (0001) distinct. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color yellowish- 
 brown. Strealt yellow. H. =r2| — 3i. G. r= 3.15 — 3.26. 
 
 Only partially soluble in cold water, otherwise like coquimbite in its 
 reactions. 
 
 Mono County: Jarosite has been found in the Blind Spring Hill 
 district near Benton. It occurs with limonite and alunite in the 
 andalusite deposit of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, on the 
 western slope of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of Mocalno, Wood- 
 house (36). 
 
 San Benito County: Rogers (12) has reported jarosite crystals 
 showing the forms (0001), (1011), and (0221) from the New Idria 
 quicksilver mine. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Jarosite occurs with alunite, coquimbite, 
 krausite, and other sulphates in the Calico Hills near Borate, about 
 6 miles northeast of Yermo, Foshag (31b). 
 
 URACONITE 
 
 Hydrous uranium sulphate, S03,U03,H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Minute laths. Earthy or scaly. Color lemon-yellow. 
 Soft. 
 
 In addition to the uranium reaction, the mineral will give water in a 
 closed tube. Soluble in acid. 
 
 Calaveras County: Uraconite occurs as an alteration product of 
 pitchblende in coatings in contact with the gold at the Rathgeb mine, 
 near San Andreas, Riekard (95). 
 
TELLURITES 197 
 
 TELLURITES 
 
 DURDENITE 
 
 Hydrous ferric tellurite, Fe2(Te03)3.4H2O. 
 
 Orthorhoinbic. Massive, spherulitlc. Luster vitreous, dull. Color pule 
 Kreenish-yellow. H. = 2 — 2 j. 
 
 Fuses on charcoal and leaves a magnetic residue. Soluble in hydro- 
 chloric acid. 
 
 Calaveras County: A speciiiieu of telluride ore from this county, 
 presumably from Carson Hill, contained along its fractures pale 
 greenish-yellow spherulites. which an ()])tical examination by Larsen 
 (17b) proved to be durdenite. 
 
398 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 CHROMATES, MOLYBDATES, TUNGSTATES, and URANATES 
 
 Crocolte Wolframite 
 
 Scheelite 
 Powellite Cuprotungstite 
 
 Wulfenite 
 Perrimolybdite Uraninlte 
 
 CROCOITE 
 
 Lead chromate, PbCrO*. 
 
 Monoclinic. Long prismatic crystals ; granular. Cleavage (110) rather 
 distinct. Sectile. Adamantine to vitreous luster. Color bright-red. Streak 
 orange-yellow. H. = 2i — 3. G. = 5.9 — 6.1. 
 
 Fusible. In the closed tube decrepitates and blackens, but recovers 
 its original color on cooling. (With salt of phosphorus gives an emerald- 
 green bead. 
 
 Inyo County: Crocoite was found in the Darwin mines with wul- 
 fenite. 
 
 Biversidc Count i/: Jf occurred with wulfenite in the El Dorado 
 
 mine, near Indio. 
 
 POWELLITE 
 
 Calcium molybdate with calcium tungstate, CaO. (Mo,W)03. 
 
 Tetragonal. Minute pyramids. Cleavage (111). Brittle. Resinous 
 luster. Color greenish-yellow. H. = 3|. G. =: 4.35 — 4.53. 
 
 Fusible with difficulty to a gray mass. Soluble in nitric and hydro- 
 chloric acids. A deep-blue solution is obtained by boiling the powdered 
 mineral in a few drops of strong sulphuric acid and adding a pinhead 
 scrap of paper. 
 
 Inyo County: Powellite occurs in the Pine Creek tungsten mine 
 at the head of Pine Creek in the Sierra Nevada west of Bishop, Young 
 
 (26). 
 
 Kern County: Powellite occurs in veins in the El Paso Mountains 
 about 12 miles northwest of Randsburg. 
 
 Tulare County: It has been found near Lemon Cove. 
 
 WULFENITE 
 
 Lead molybdate, PbMoOi. 
 
 Tetragonal. Thin tabular crystals : sometimes pyramidal. Granular 
 massive. Cleavage (111) perfect. Brittle. Resinous or adamantine luster. 
 Orange-yellow, bright-red, greenish, grayish-white to nearly colorless. 
 Streak white. H. — 2J — 3. G. r=6.7 — 7. 
 
 Easily fusible. Reduced on charcoal, using sodium carbonate as flux, 
 it yields metallic lead and a yellow coating. Powder dissolved in a few 
 drops of strong sulphuric acid by boiling, gives a solution which turns 
 blue when a small amount of organic matter is introduced, a piece of paper 
 the size of a pinhead generally being sufficient ; the blue solution turns - 
 brown in a short time. 
 
 El Dorado County: Wulfenite occurs in small grains near Garden 
 Valley. 
 
CHROMATES, MOLYBDATES, TUNGSTATES, URANATES 199 
 
 Inyo County: Crystals of wulfenite occurred with the linarite 
 and caledonite of the Cerro Gordo mine. It has been observed with 
 crocoite in the Darwin mines. 
 
 Kern County: Wulfenite was found 6 miles northeast of Kane 
 Springs, Hanks (84). • 
 
 Plumas County : It was found at the Diadem lode on Mumford Hill. 
 
 Riverside County: It occurs with crocoite at the El Dorado mine, 
 near Indio. It was reported to occur in the gold mines of the Chucka- 
 walla Mountains. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Wulfenite was found with cerusite in the 
 Silver Reef district and at Holberg's Gold mine in the Lava Beds dis- 
 trict, Storms (93). Crj'stals of wulfenite from Lavic M'ere described 
 by Guild and Wartman (21). The forms observed were: (001), (012), 
 (Oil), (113), (111), and (133). It occurs with vanadinite at the 
 Vanadium King mine, near Goffs. It was observed in limestone in 
 the upper part of Black Hawk Canyon, Woodford and Harriss (28). 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: It was found at the Fairview mine. 
 
 FERRIMOLYBDITE— Molybdite 
 
 Hydrous iron molybdate, Fe2O3.3MoO3.8H2O. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Fibrous crystals in radiating tufts ; earthy. Cleavage 
 (001) distinct. Color sulphur-yellow. H. = 1J. G. = 4.5. 
 
 A deep-blue solution is obtained by dissolving the powder in concen- 
 trated sulphuric acid and adding a scrap of paper not larger than a pinhead. 
 The solution soon turns brown. 
 
 Del Norte County: Ferrimolybdite was found with bornite at 
 French Hill. 
 
 Madera County: Ferrimolybdite occurs with molybdenite at Red 
 Mountain in the Ritter Range, Goudey (36). 
 
 Mono County: It occurs with molybdenite at Cameron and at 
 Silverado Creek, Whiting (88). 
 
 Nevada County: Ferrimolybdite was reported by Owen (52) from 
 the Wisconsin and Illinois claim, near Nevada City. Analysis: 
 
 MoOa FejQs MgO Alkali HjO 
 
 40 35 2 8 15 = 100% 
 
 Shasta County: It occurs with molj'bdenite on Boulder Creek west 
 of Gibson Siding. 
 
 WOLFRAMITE 
 
 Iron and manganese tungstate, (Fe,Mn)W04. 
 
 Monoclinic. Thick tabular crystals and massive. Perfect clino- 
 pinacoidal cleavage. Brittle. Metallic to submetallic. Dark-grayish 
 or brownish-black, brownish-red. Thin splinters sometimes deep red. 
 Streak dark-brown to black. H. = 5 — 5i. G. = 7 — 7.5. 
 
 Fusible, but rather insoluble. Fused with sodium carbonate, gives 
 blue-green fusion ; the fused mass dissolved in hydrochloric acid and boiled 
 with metallic tin, the solution becomes deep blue, later turning to brown. 
 The phosphorous salt bead of tungsten in the reducing flame is a fine blue. 
 
200 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Inyo County: Boulders of ])Iaek wolframite liave l)een found in 
 Death Valley. 
 
 Kent County: It occurs with chalcopyrite at Woody. 
 
 Madera County: Large crystals and masses of wolframite weigh- 
 ing several pounds occur in a* quartz vein in andalusite schist on the 
 IXL claim, about 12 miles north of Raymond. Pyrite is an accessory 
 mineral, Hess (08). Brownish-black crystals of wolframite associated 
 with large cubes of pyrite occur in a quartz vein in micro-pegmatitic 
 granite at the head of Iron Creek, Ritter Range, Minaret IMining dis- 
 trict, Erwin (34). 
 
 Mariposa County: Wolframite crystals have been found near 
 Buchanan. 
 
 ^an Bernardino County: WoJframite has been found with scheelite 
 at the Jack claim, near Nipton, in the Clark Mountains, Hess (17). 
 It occurs in a quartz vein with chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena 
 at the Sagamore mine, New York Mountains. 
 
 SCHEELITE 
 
 Calcium tungstate, CaWO-i. 
 
 Tetragonal. Pyramidal cry.stals and massive. Pyramidal cleavage. 
 Vitreous luster. Color white, vellow, brown. Streak white. H. :=4J — ^. 
 G. = 5.9— 6.1. 
 
 Difficult to fuse and only soluhle by boiling in strong hydrochloric 
 acid : the solution becomes bright yellow and tungstic oxide is precipi- 
 tated. On the addition of tin and boiling, the solution turns blue and 
 later brown. Ammonia and amnionitnn oxalate added to the diUited 
 hydrochloric acid solution will precipitate the calcium. 
 
 Scheelite is the principal tungsten mineral of the State, and 
 important deposits exist. It is frequently found in isolated crystals 
 and patches in quartz-feldspar veins. Scheelite is fluorescent by ultra- 
 violet light, the use of which has recently become of considerable aid 
 to operators and prospectors. 
 
 El Dorado County: A small production of scheelite has been 
 made from the Comeback Consolidated mine, in Sec. 4, T. 11 N., R. 
 n E., M. D. M., near Kelsey. 
 
 Fresno County: Scheelite was found at a contact of limestone 
 and granite near Trimmer. 
 
 Inyo Comity: In the Tungsten Hills and along the foot of the 
 Sierra Nevada near Bishop there are many scheelite deposits in meta- 
 morphic rocks surrounded by graphite, Knopf (17). At the Aeroplane 
 group of claims in the Tungsten Hills and at the Mac Van claim on 
 Rawson Creek scheelite occurs with garnet and epidote; at the Chip- 
 munk prospect 6 miles southwest, and at the Mineral Dome prospect 
 3 miles south of Bishop, it is in garnet rock ; in the Jackrabbit and 
 Little Sister claims in the Tungsten Hills it is distributed through 
 
CHROMATES, MOLYBDATES, TUNGSTATES, URANATES 201 
 
 fine-grained metamorphic rocks. Crystals of scheelite may be found 
 in epidote at the Buckshot claim near the mouth of Shannon Canyon, 
 11 miles south of Bishop. Scheelite occurs in quartz veins cutting 
 metamorphic rocks at Round Valley on the north side of the Tungsten 
 Hills 9 miles west of Bishop, Chapman (37). 
 
 Scheelite occurs with garnet and diopside at the Pine Creek 
 tungsten deposit, near the head of Morgan Creek, about 18 miles 
 west of Bishop, Hess and Larsen (21), Young (26). 
 
 Kern County: Small amounts of scheelite occur in the Amalie, 
 Rand, and Stringer districts, associated with gold. It occurs in the 
 Yellow Aster mine, Randsburg, and in the Winnie, Sidney, and other 
 mines of the Stringer district, Hulin (25). Scheelite from tlie Sidney 
 mine has been analyzed by R. C. Wells, Clarke (1-5) : 
 
 WOm CaO Si02 (Al,Fe)=O.T MgO 
 
 78.27 19.82 1.28 0.37 0.38 = 100.12% 
 
 In the Amalie district it occurs in Jawbone Canyon with pyrite 
 and gold-bearing galena. It occurs with molybdenite and possibly 
 ])owellite in the Black Mountains about 20 miles northwest of Rands- 
 burg. 
 
 Several scheelite deposits in the Greenhorn Mountains have been 
 described by Storms (16) and by Hess and Larsen (21). Scheelite 
 occurred with pyrrhotite at the Rand claims on Cedar Creek, Sees. 
 19 and 20, T. 25 S., R. 32 E., M. D. M. 
 
 Mo7io County: Scheelite occurs with garnet in a contact meta- 
 morphic deposit about 8 miles south of Benton, Hess and Larsen (21). 
 Scheelite occurs in a metamorphosed limestone, on the west side of 
 Hilton Creek, half a mile north of Davis Lake, 30 miles northwest of 
 Bishop, Mayo (34). 
 
 Nevada County: A few brownish-yellow masses of scheelite were 
 found in a quartz ledge at Howard Hill, Grass Valley, Hanks (84). 
 Small amounts of reddish-brown scheelite occurred at the 3000-foot 
 level of the Empire mine. Grass Valley. Veins of white scheelite 
 intermixed with quartz and feldspar occur at the Union Hill mine. 
 Grass Valley. 
 
 Riverside County: Scheelite occurs with quartz, garnet and epi- 
 dote in a metamorphosed limestone surrounded by granite about 9 
 miles east of Aguanga, Iless and Larsen (21). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Important veins of scheelite occur at 
 Atolia in the Papoose and other claims, Hulin (25). Scheelite from 
 the Papoose mine has been analyzed by R. C. Wells, Clarke (15) : 
 
 WOs CaO SiOs (Al,Fe)=03 'MgO 
 
 77.81 18.67 2.00 0.09 none = 98.57% 
 
202 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 The sclieelite occurs in quartz-feldspar veins and is generally 
 intimately mixed with the gangue, forming a low-grade ore, though 
 in places the veins have yielded as much as 3 feet in width of prac- 
 tically pure, massive scheelite, Shannon (20). Sclieelite occurs in clear 
 pyramidal crystals with garnet and epidote in limestone at a con- 
 tact with granite in the Morongo district. 
 
 Small deposits of scheelite occur at a contact of limestone with 
 mica schist about 15 miles northwest of Victorville, Surr (08). 
 
 San Diego Count y\: Massive brown sclieelite has been found at 
 Julian. It occurs in quartz 5 miles southeast of Laguna Mountains. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Scheelite in crystals has been observed at Scott 
 Bar. 
 
 Tulare County: Scheelite occurs in a garnet gangue at the Tung- 
 sten mine, near Posey. 
 
 Tuolumne County: A small amount of scheelite has been found 
 on the IMackey ranch, ?, miles from Jamestown. 
 
 CUPROTUNGSTITE 
 
 Hydrous copper tungstate, WO3.2CuO.H2O. 
 Cryptocrystalline, fibrous. Color green. H.^rzAl. 
 
 Kern County: Material found with radiating black tourmaline 
 at the Green IMonster mine, 12 miles east of White River, was first 
 reported as cuproscheelite, Hanks (73) ; later examination proved it 
 to be scheelite with admixed cuprotungstite, Schaller (32). 
 
 URAN I NITE— Pitchblende 
 
 Uranate of uranyl, lead, and the rare earths. 
 
 Isometric. Crystals rare. Generally massive and botryoidal. 
 Brittle. Submetallic to pitch-like luster. Color and streak grayish, 
 greenish, brownish-black. H. = 5S. G. = 9 — 9.7 crystals; massive 
 altered forms from 6.4 upwards. 
 
 Before the blowpipe infusible. With borax and salt of phosphorous 
 gives a yellowish-green bead in the oxidizing flame, becoming a fine clear 
 green in the reducing flame. Soluble in nitric and sulphuric acids. 
 Strongly radioactive. 
 
 Calaveras County: Uraninite was found in acicular crystals in 
 a pocket with spongy gold, quartz, and clay at the Rathgeb mine, 
 near San Andreas, Rickard (95). 
 
XIOBATES, TANTALATES 203 
 
 NIOBATES, TANTALATES 
 
 Pyrochlore Microlite Columbite — Tantalite Stibiotantalite 
 
 The niobate-tantalate group is characteristic of acid pegmatite 
 veins. The minerals are mostly of high specific gravity, varying in 
 color from yellow to brown and black, and often contain the rare- 
 earth oxides. 
 
 PYROCHLORE 
 
 Niobate of the cerium metals, calcium, and other bases, with 
 titanium, tliorium, fluorine. 
 
 Isometric. Commonly in octahedrons. Cleavage octahedral. Brittle. 
 Luster vitreous or resinous. Color dark reddish-brown. Streak light 
 yellowish-brown. H. = 5 — 5|. G. =4.2 — 4.36. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. Fused with borax, the fused mass powdered 
 may be dissolved in hydrochloric acid. If metallic tin is added and the 
 solution boiled down to small bulk, the color of the solution becomes at 
 first violet, due to titanium, and then blue, due to the niobium. 
 
 San Diego County: A dark-brown isotropic mineral, presumably 
 pyrochlore, surrounded by microlite, came from some locality in the 
 county, Rogers (12). 
 
 MICROLITE 
 
 Tantalate of calcium, Ca2Ta20T. 
 
 Isometric. Often small octahedrons. Brittle. Luster resinous. 
 Color pale-yellow to brown. H. = 5J. G. = 5.5. 
 
 The reactions are similar to those for pyrochlore. Fused with potas- 
 sium bisulphate or potassium hydroxide, the fusion dissolved in hydro- 
 chloric acid, and the solution boiled down with tin; it assumes a deep- 
 blue color. 
 
 San Diego County: Microlite has been found in the county, exact 
 locality unknown, as a honey-yellow mineral associated with albite, 
 lepidolito, tourmaline, and colorless apatite. A few crystals are octa- 
 hedral wuth narrow faces of (Oil) and (311), Rogers (12). 
 
 COLUMBITE— Tantalite 
 
 Niobate and tantalate of iron and manganese, (Fe.Mn) (Nb,Ta)20o. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic crystals, massive. Cleavage (100) good. 
 Brittle. Submetallic luster. Color iron-black, brownish-black. Streak 
 dark-red to black. H. = 6. G. =r5.3 — 7.3. 
 
 Fused with potassium bisulphate, then dissolved in -hydrochloric acid 
 and the solution boiled down with tin, it assumes a deep-blue color. 
 Gives the green color of manganese when fused with sodium carbonate. 
 Insoluble. 
 
 Fresno County: Massive and crystalline black columbite has 
 been found at the Reynolds mine, Kings River district. 
 
 San Diego County: A crystal of columbite from the Little Three 
 mine, near Ramona was described by Eakle (07). Forms: (100), 
 
204 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 (010), (110), (130), (150), (160), (021), (111), (221), (211), (121), 
 (131), and (141). Small imperfect crystals found at the Victor mine, 
 Rincon, have the forms (100), (210), (130), (103), and (133), Rogers 
 (10). It occurs in good crystals associated with cassiterite, tourmaline, 
 albite, and orthoclase in the Chihuahua Valley, Schaller (16c). Taii- 
 talite, rich in manganese, from the Catharina mine, near Pala was 
 analyzed by Schaller, Clarke (15) -. 
 
 (Nb,Ta2)Or, MnO FeO Gaiigue (by difference) 
 
 79.39 14.87 1.72 4.02=^100% 
 
 STIBIOTANTALITE 
 
 Niobate and tantalate of antimony, SbQOs. (Nb,Ta)205. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Hemimorphic prisms, twinned. Cleavage (100) 
 perfect. Resinous to adamantine luster. Color light-brown to dark- 
 lm)W)i. H. = 5 — 51. G. = 5.98 — 7.37, mostly 6.6 — 6.7. Pyroelectric. 
 
 Reduced on charcoal with sodium carbonate, it gives a white coating 
 and metallic brittle bead of antimony. Fused with potassium bisulphate, 
 fusion dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and the solution boiled down with 
 metallic tin, assumes the blue color due to niobium and tantalum. 
 
 San Diego Caunty: Stibiotantalite was found in small amounts in 
 the pegmatite veins at Mesa Grande associated with gem tourmaline, 
 pink beryl, quartz, orthoclase, lepidolite, and cassiterite. It was 
 described and analyzed by Penfield and Ford (06). Forms: (100), 
 (110), (130), (209), (203), (4.12.9), (043), (100), (110), (130), 
 (209), (203), and (4.12.9). 
 
 Nb205 
 
 Ta206 
 
 SbzOs 
 
 BieOs 
 
 
 
 18.98 
 
 36.35 
 
 44.20 
 
 0.33= 99.92% 
 
 G. 
 
 = 6.72 
 
 39.14 
 
 11.16 
 
 4;i.28 
 
 0.53 = 100.11% 
 
 G. 
 
 = 5.98 
 
 The mean of three analyses of this stibiotantalite by Foote and 
 Langley (10) gave: 
 
 SbsOj Bi203 Ta205 NbeOs 
 
 40.95 0.60 41.92 16 19 — 99 66% 
 
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES 
 
 205 
 
 PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, and ANTIMONATES 
 
 Xenotime 
 
 Monazite 
 Pucherite 
 Triphylite 
 Lithiophilite 
 
 Apatite Group 
 Apatite 
 Cellophane 
 Dahllite 
 Wllkeite 
 Ellestadite 
 Pyromorphite 
 Mimetite 
 Vanadinite 
 
 Triplite Scorodite 
 
 Woodhouseite Strengite 
 
 Plumbogummite Variscite 
 
 Amblygonite Purpurite 
 
 Adamite Sicklerite 
 
 Descloizite Salmonsite 
 
 Calciovolborthite Hureaulite 
 
 Lazulite Volborthite 
 
 Arseniosiderite Turquois 
 
 Anapaite Augelite 
 
 Palaite Liroconite 
 
 Stewartite Autunite 
 
 Vivianite Bindheimite 
 
 Elrythrite Diadochite 
 
 Annabergite Pitticite 
 
 XENOTIME 
 
 Yttrium phosphate, YPO4. 
 
 Tetragonal. In crystals resembling zircon. Perfect prismatic cleav- 
 age. Brittle. Luster resinous to vitreous. Color and streak yellowish- 
 brown. H. — 4 — 5. G. r=4.45 — 4.56. 
 
 Infusible. Insoluble in acids. 
 
 Riverside County: Xenotime was found in well-formed crystals in 
 pegmatite at the Southern Pacific Silica quarry near Nuevo, Melhase 
 (36). It was also reported from a pegmatite 2 miles north of Win- 
 chester. 
 
 MONAZITE 
 Phosphate of the rare earths, (Ce,La,Pr,Nd)P04. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals rare. Commonly in grains as sand. Cleavage 
 (001)- perfect, (100) distinct. Brittle. Vitreous to resinous luster. 
 Color yellowish-brown, sometimes reddish. H. := 5 — 5*. G. =: 5.0 — 5.2. 
 
 B. B. infusible. Fused with sodium carbonate and the fusion dis- 
 .'iolved in nitric acid, the solution will give a lemon-yellow precipitate on 
 the addition of ammonium molybdate. Decomposed by concentrated sul- 
 phuric acid and the solution treated with ammonium oxalate, will pre- 
 cipitate the rare earth metals cerium, lanthanum, etc. 
 
 Butte County: Traces of monazite have been found in the black 
 •sands of Little Kock Creek. 
 
 Del Norte County: It was observed in the black sands at Crescent 
 City and on Gilbert Creek, Day and Richards (06). 
 
 El Dorado County: Traces of it have been found in the concen- 
 trates of the Brownsville district and at Placerville. 
 
 Humholdt County: It was observed i\t Trinidad. 
 
 Placer County: Traces of it occur at Michigan Bluff. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs in the sand at Nelson Point. 
 
206 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Riverside Cowity: Monazite is a conspicuous constituent of a 
 pegmatite in the Southern Pacific Silica quarry near Nuevo, Dykes (33), 
 Melhase (36). It is also found in pegmatites about 2 miles north of 
 Winchester and just east of Riverside at the foot of the Box Springs 
 Mountains. Crystals of monazite have ])eeu found witli albite in a 
 pegmatite about 200 yards west of the Jensen limestone quarry in 
 the Jurupa Mountains. 
 
 Yuha County: Traces of it occur in the Brownsville district. 
 
 PUCHERITE 
 
 Bismuth vanadate, BiVOi. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Tabular and acicular crystals. Perfect basal cleav- 
 age. Color reddish-brown. Streak yellow. H. = 4 G. = 6.25. 
 
 Fused on charcoal with mixture of potassium iodide and sulphur, 
 a red sublimate is obtained mixed with greenish-yellow. The phosphorous 
 salt bead of vanadium is yellow in the oxidizing flame and emerald green 
 in the reducing flame. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 San Diego County: Pucherite occurs at tlie Pala Chief mine, near 
 Pala. It was analyzed by Schaller (11a). 
 
 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 BiaOa 
 
 VaOo 
 
 Insol. 
 
 at 107' at 240° 
 
 Ign. 
 
 66.14 
 
 25.80 
 
 T..-?? 
 
 0.21 0.32 
 
 0.84= 100.68% 
 
 TRIPHYLITE 
 
 Lithium and iron phosphate, LiFel'Oi. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Commonly massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Vitreous 
 luster. Color greenish-gray to bluish. Streak uncolored to grayish-white. 
 H. = 41 — 5. G. =:3.42 — 3.56. 
 
 Easily fusible and soluble. Ammonium molybdate added to a nitric 
 acid solution precipitates yellow ammonium phospho-molybdate. Yields 
 a red lithium flame when fused. 
 
 This rare phosphate usually contains manganese and grades into 
 lithiophilite. 
 
 San Diego County: Triphylite was found with lithiophilite and 
 purpurite in the lithia mines at Pala, Graton and Schaller (05). 
 
 LITHIOPHILITE 
 
 Lithium and manganese phosphate, LiMnP04. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Commonly massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Vitreous 
 luster. Color pale-pink to yellow and brown. H. =: 4i — 5. G. = 
 3.42 — 3.56. 
 
 Easily fusible. Fuses with a red flame. The sodium carbonate bead 
 is blue-green. Soluble in acid. The phosphate reaction is obtained when 
 ammonium molybdate is added to the nitric acid solution. *" 
 
 San Diego County: Lithiophilite was found with triphylite and 
 purpurite at Pala, Graton and Schaller (05). Analyzed by Schaller, 
 Clarke (15). 
 
 P2O5 FeO MnO CaO Fe20s H2O — H2O+ LisO 
 
 43.01 12.54 30.66 0.38 2.24 0.70 1.35 3.73 
 
 NaaO Insol. 
 
 4.97 0.43 = 100.01% 
 
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES 207 
 
 APATITE GROUP 
 
 APATITE 
 
 Calcium chloro- and lluo-phosphate, CasCCl.F) (P04)a. 
 
 Hexagonal. Prismatic and tabular crystals. Massive, granular to 
 compact. Brittle. Vitreous to greasy luster. Colorless, green, yellow, 
 and brown. Streak white. H. = 4^ — 5. G. = 3.17 — 3.23. 
 
 Practically infusible, but easily soluble. Ammonium molybdate pre- 
 cipitates much canary-yellow granular powder. Calcium can be deter- 
 mined by dissolving apatite in hydrochloric acid, adding ammonia to pre- 
 cipitate the calcium phosphate, redissolving this precipitate with just 
 enough drops of acid, and then adding ammonium oxalate, which will pre- 
 cipitate the calcium. Some varieties will give a fluorine reaction. 
 
 Apatite has been observed as small crystals in many of tlie rocks 
 of the State. 
 
 Voelckerite is a variety containing little or no chlorine or fluorine. 
 Its formula may be written 3Ca3(P04)2.CaO. The variety voelckerite 
 seems to be characteristic of the glaucophane schists in the Coast 
 Tvanges. 
 
 Amador County: A veinlet of apatite cutting earlier gold-bear- 
 ing ([uartz in the Kennedy mine at Jackson was described by 
 llnlin (30). 
 
 Caluveras County: An occurrence of apatite in gneiss on the 
 North Fork of Mokelumne River, east of the Bear River has been 
 described by Turner (02). 
 
 Contra Conta County: It is found in brownish masses in the 
 schists north of Berkeley. 
 
 Fresno County: Apatite occurs with garnet, epidote, andalusite, 
 and tourmaline in a pegmatite in Clarks Valley, 9 miles east of 
 Sanger, Melhase (35a). 
 
 Placer County: An earthy lime phosphate has been found near 
 Dutch Flat. 
 
 Plumas County: Apatite is a constituent of the syenite of Span- 
 ish Peak, Murgoci (06). 
 
 Riverside County: Greenish -blue apatite occurred as granular 
 masses in white calcite, associated with diopside and wollastonite, at 
 Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 Sa7i Bernardino County: Small crystals of apatite were found in 
 limestone on the east end of the Kingston Range. 
 
 San Diego County: It occurs in the gneiss at Dehesa with dumor- 
 tierite, Schaller (05). Tabular crystals of violet and pink apatite 
 occurred at the old Mack mine, near Rincon. At the Victor mine, 
 Rincon, pale dirty-green crystals of apatite occurred with the forms: 
 (0001), (1010), (1121), (10l2), (1011) and (3141), Rogers (10). 
 
208 - MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Crystals of apatite were also found in pegmatite on Smith Mountain, 
 at Mesa Grande, and at Aguanga. Small crystals oi apatite occur in 
 limestone near Jacumba, and near Grapevine Camp. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Voelckerite occurs in veinlike patches in 
 glaucophane schist in the Calaveras Valley. Analysis by G. W. 
 Jordan, Rogers (14) gave: 
 
 CaO AI2O3 P^eO P2O5 H2O CO2 Insol. 
 
 54.46 1.35 0.24 41.47 0.22 1.03 0.53 — 99.30% G. = 3.06 
 
 COLLOPHANE 
 
 3Ca3(P04)2.nCa(C03,F2,0) (H20)s. 
 
 Amorphous. Massive or granulai'. Color white, brown, gray. 
 H. = 3 — 5. G. = 2.6 — 2.9. 
 
 Easily soluble in acids. 
 
 Collophane is the chief constituent of phosphorite and bone phos- 
 phate. 
 
 Fresno County: Galliher (31) has analyzed impure granular 
 collophane from sediments penetrated by Pacific Western well KOC 
 No. 27. 
 
 Fe203 CaO MgO P2O3 CO2 S II2O Insol. 
 
 2.1 41.2 tr. 30.7 3.7 1.4 11.1 9.8 = 100.0% 
 
 Hnmhohlt County: Collophane occurs with dahllite near Yager. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Collophane has been found in the Graham 
 Brothers' quarry near Lomita. 
 
 Monterey County: Collophane occurs in beds of phosphate rock 
 in Vaquero Canyon, Reed (27). 
 
 DAHLLITE 
 
 Calcium phosphate and carbonate, 3Ca3(P04)2.CaC03. 
 
 Hexag'onal. Minute crystals, crusts, spherulites. Colorless to pale- 
 brown or gray. H. = 5. G. =: 3.08. 
 
 Reactions similar to apatite, but effervesces sliglUly in warm acid. 
 
 Uumholdt County: Dahllite has been found with collophane near 
 
 Yager. 
 
 WILKEITE 
 
 3Ca3(P04)2.CaC03+3Ca3[ (SiOO (SO*) ].CaO. 
 
 Hexagonal. Small prismatic crystals and grains. Vitreous. Pale 
 rose-red. H. = 5. G. = 3.234. 
 
 Infusible. Soluble in nitric acid. 
 
 This rare mineral is unlike any other in having four acid radicals. 
 It resembles apatite in physical properties. 
 
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES 209 
 
 Riverside County: Wilkeite, discovered at Crestmore, occurs in 
 blue calcite associated with diopside, idocrase, garnet, and its alteration 
 product, crestmoreite, and was analyzed and named by Eakle and 
 Rogers (14). 
 
 CaO MnO P2O5 SO3 Si02 CO2 H2O 
 
 54.44 0.77 20.85 12.28 9.62 2.10 tr. = 100.06% 
 
 Crystal forms (1010), (1120), (1011), and (0001) were obsen-ed 
 by Eakie (17). 
 
 A variety poor in pliosphate, also found at Crestmore, has been 
 named ellestadite by McConnell (37). It was analyzed by R. B. 
 Ellestad : 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 MnO 
 
 P2O.-. 
 
 SO:i 
 
 Si02 
 
 CO2 CI 
 
 
 55.18 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.01 
 
 3.06 
 
 20.69 
 
 17.31 
 
 0.61 1.C4 
 
 
 F 
 
 H2O — 
 
 H2O + 
 
 FesOs 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.57 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.13 =r 
 
 100.52 — 0.61 
 
 = 99.91% G. 
 
 = 3.068. 
 
 PYROMORPHITE 
 
 Lead chloro-phosphate, (PbCl)Pb4(POi)3. 
 
 Hexagonal. Prismatic crystals ; often globular, reniform, and 
 botryoidal. Brittle. Resinous luster. Color green, yellow, brown ; also 
 grayish-white to milk-white. Streak white. H. := 3 j — 4. G. = 6.5 — 7.1. 
 
 Fuses easily on charcoal and yields a lemon-yellow coating when 
 reduced. The phosphate reaction can be obtained by dissolving pyro- 
 morphite in nitric acid and adding ammonium molybdate. 
 
 Pyromorphite is found as an alteration product of galena and 
 cerusite. 
 
 Calaveras County: Green crystals of pyromorphite have been found 
 in gold quartz at the Reliance mine. 
 
 El Dorado County: It occurred as a yellowish-green coloring matter 
 in botryoidal chalcedony and as a crystalline coating, at ^Mosquito 
 Gulch, 6 miles northeast of Placerville, Turner (02). 
 
 Inyo County: It was found in small amounts in the Cerro Gordo 
 district. 
 
 Mariposa Couiily: A small amount of pyromorphite was found in 
 the mines near Coulterville. 
 
 Riverside County: It was found in cry.stals at the 300-foot level 
 of the El Dorado mine. 
 
 Shasta County: Blake (67) reported the occurrence of pyro- 
 morphite Avith tetrahedrite, galena, and ceru.site on the Chicago claim. 
 
 Tulare County: It was found in the White Chief mine. Mineral 
 King district, Goodyear (88). 
 
 14—51440 
 
210 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 MIMETITE 
 
 Lead chluro-arsenate, (PbCl)Pb4(AsOi)3. 
 
 Hexagonal, rrismatic cry.stals, i-oiinded to glubular forms. Brittle. 
 Resinous luster. Pale-velln-w, liRht-brown, colorless. Streak white. 
 H. r=3J. G.T=z7 — 7.2.5. 
 
 Fusible. Reduced on cbarcoal to metallic lead and gives a yellow 
 coating, using- sodium carbonate as flux. Powder heated in a closed tube 
 with a splinter of charcoal above it, becomes reduced to metallic arsenic, 
 which forms a ring around the walls of the glass. Gives a slight chlorine 
 reaction with nitric acid and silver nitrate. Soluble in nitric acid. 
 
 Inyo County: Mimetite is one of the numerous minerals occurring 
 in the Cerro Gordo mines. 
 
 Ker7i County: It was found with galena near Randsburg. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Small amounts of mimetite were found 
 in the Morning Star mine, Lava Beds district, near Lavic. 
 
 VANADINITE 
 
 Lead chloro-vanadate, (PbCl)Pb4(V04).'!. 
 
 Hexagonal. Small prisms. Brittle. Somewhat resinous luster. 
 Color deep ruby-red, straw-yellow, reddish-brown. Streak white or yel- 
 lowish. H.= 3. G. — 6.66 — 7.10. 
 
 Fused on charcoal with sodium carbonate, the mineral is reduced 
 to metallic lead with a yellow sublimate on the coal. The green bead of 
 vanadium can be obtained with phosphorous salt. Dissolved in nitric acid 
 and a drop of silver nitrate added to the solution, silver chbiride will be 
 jirecipitated. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Kern County: Vanadinite has been found 2 miles north of Searles 
 Lake. It was found with galena and mimetite near Randsburg. 
 
 8a7i Bernardino County: Vanadinite occurs with cerusite and 
 cuprodescloizite in the Vanadium King mine at Camp Signal, near 
 Goffs, Sehaller (lib). It was found near Moore Station on the Union 
 Pacific Railroad. 
 
 TRIPLITE 
 
 Fluo-phosphate of iron and manganese, 3(Mn,Fe)O.P20o.MnF2. 
 
 Monoclinic. Massive. Cleavage (100) distinct. Luster resinous 
 inclining to adamantine. Color pink, brown to black. Streak yellowish- 
 gray or brown. H. — 4 — 5|. G. = 3.44 — 3.8. 
 
 Fuses easily to a black magnetic globule. With borax it gives an 
 amethystine bead and with sodium carbonate a green bead. Soluble in 
 hydrochloric acid. Usually gives a fluorine test when dissolved with 
 sulphuric acid. 
 
 Triplite is a rare mineral usually found with tungsten minerals 
 in pegmatite veins. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Triplite was found with hiibnerite on 
 specimens from a deposit at Camp Signal, about 9 miles north of 
 Goffs, Hess (17). 
 
 Ban Diego County: Triplite derived from lithiophilite w'as found 
 at Pala. Analyzed by Sehaller, Clarke (15). 
 
 G. = 3.84. 
 
 P205 
 
 FeO 
 
 MnO 
 
 MneOa CaO H2O — H2O + F 
 
 31.12 
 
 3.32 
 
 51.86 
 
 a3.45 3.38 0.09 0.78 8.27 
 Insol. = F 
 
 a — admuted. 
 
 
 
 0.62^:102.89 — 3.48 = 99.41% G. 
 
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES 211 
 
 WOODHOUSEITE 
 
 Hydrous sulphate-phosphate of aluminum and calcium, 
 2CaO. 3 AI2O8.P2O5. 2 SO3. 6H2O. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Rhombohedral crj'stals. Basal cleavage. 
 Vitreous to pearly luster. Colorless or flesh-colored ; transparent or 
 translucent. H. = 45. G. — 3.012. 
 
 Readily soluble in dilute acid. Yields water when heated in closed 
 tube. 
 
 Mono County: Woodhoiiseite occurs in veins with quartz, topaz, 
 lazulite and augelite in the andalu-site deposit at the mine of Champion 
 Sillimanite, Incorporated, on the western slope of the White Moun- 
 tains, 7 miles east of Mocalno. It was described and named by Lem- 
 mon (37). Crystals show the forms : (0001), (1011), (4041), (5051), 
 and (0221). An analysis of woodhouseite by A. Rautenberg has been 
 reported by Lemmon (37). 
 
 P2O5 Si02 AI2O3 CaO SrO BaO MgO Na20 
 
 18.13 0.30 36.63 12.31 0.25 1.00 0.11 0.08 
 
 K2O SO3 H2O — H2O + 
 
 0.02 17.59 0.20 13.25 = 99.87% 
 
 PLUMBOGUMMITE 
 
 Hydrous lead and aluminum phosphate, 2PbO.3Al2O3.2P2O5.7H2O. 
 
 Hexagonal. Gumlike, incrustations, compact massive. Resinous 
 luster. Color yellowish, brownish. Streak unoolored. H. r= 4 — 5. 
 G. = 4 — 4.9. 
 
 Fused on charcoal with sodium carbonate, a yellow coating and 
 metallic globule of lead are obtained. The nitric acid solution gives the 
 phosphate reaction on adding ammonium molybdate. Yields Avater in a 
 closed tube. 
 
 Inyo County: Plumbogummite has been found at the Cerro Gordo 
 mine. 
 
 AMBLYGONITE 
 
 Lithium aluminum fluo-phosphate, LiAl(F,0H)P04. 
 
 Triclinic. Crystals large and coarse. Generally massive. Cleavage 
 perfect basal. Brittle. Vitreous to pearly luster. Color white to pale- 
 bluish, streak white. H. = 6. G. = 3.01 — 3.09. 
 
 Easily fusible, giving the red flame of lithium. Fused with sodium 
 carbonate and then boiled with nitric acid, the phosphate reaction is 
 obtained on the addition of ammonium molybdate to the solution. Soluble 
 in sulphuric acid. 
 
 Amblygonite is an important lithia mineral, but only a few 
 deposits are known in the State. 
 
 Riverside County: Amblygonite occurs with tourmaline, beryl, 
 kunzite, and lepidolite in a pegmatite dike at the Fano Mine, on the 
 north side of Coahuila Mountain about a mile south of Bautista Creek, 
 Kunz (05). 
 
 San Diego County: A large mass of white massive amblygonite 
 occurred at the Stewart mine in a pegmatite vein carrying rubellite 
 and lepidolite. It was analyzed by Schaller (04). 
 
 P2OB AI2O3 Fe208 MnO MgO LisO NajO HaO 
 
 48.83 33.70 0.12 0.09 0.31 9.88 0.14 5.95 
 
 F TiOs O 
 
 2.29 none = 101.31 — 0.96 = 100.35% 
 
212 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Amblygonite is also found in other pegmatites near Pala. 
 
 Massive amblygonite occurs on Aguanga Mountain associated with 
 blue tourmaline and cassiterite. 
 
 A few small specimens of white cleavable amblygonite have been 
 found at the Victor mine at Rincon. Rogers (10). 
 
 ADAMITE 
 
 Basic zinc arsenate, Zn3As208.Zn(OH)2. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Small crystals, crusts, or granular aggregates. 
 Brittle. Luster vitreous. Colorless, honey-yellow, violet, rose-red, green. 
 Streak white. U. — Sh- G. = 4.34 — 4.35. 
 
 Fusible. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Inyo County: Small, colorless crystals of adamite occurring on 
 
 limestone at Chloride Cliff in the Amargosa Range, have been described 
 
 by Murdoch (36b). They show the forms : (100), (110), (210), (Oil), 
 
 and (013). 
 
 DESCLOIZITE 
 
 Lead and zinc vanadate, 4RO,V206.H20 ;R z= Pb.Zn. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Short prisms. Drusy surfaces and crusts ; also 
 massive. Greasy luster. Color cherry-red, yellowish-brown, black. Streak 
 orange to brownish-red. H. :=3J. G. z= 5.9 — 6.2. 
 
 Easily fusible. Blowpipe reactions are similar to those for 
 vanadinite. Anmionia added to a nitric acid solution may show blue 
 solution of copper. Reaction can also be obtained for zinc by heating 
 coating on charcoal with cobalt nitrate. Gives a small amount of water 
 in a closed tube. 
 
 Cuprodescloizite is a variet}^ with about half of the zinc replaced 
 by copper. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Minute colorless and yellowish plates of 
 cuprodescloizite showing the forms (100), (001), (Oil), and (010), 
 occur with cerusite and vanadinite at Camp Signal, Schaller (lib), 
 
 (12a). 
 
 CALCIOVOLBORTHITE 
 
 Hydrous copper and calcium vanadate, (Cu,Ca)3V20s. (Cu.Ca) (OH)2. 
 
 Monoclinic? Scales, rosettes, grains. Pearly luster. Color green, 
 gray. Streak greenish-yellow, brownish-yellow. H. rr- 3^. G. =: 3.495 — 3.860. 
 
 Easily fusible. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Calciovolborthite has been reported to 
 occur at Camp Signal, near Goffs: Schrader, Stone and Sanford (17). 
 
 LAZULITE 
 
 Basic aluminum, iron and magnesium phosphate, (Fe.Mg) Al2(OH)2P208. 
 
 Monoclinic. Sharp pointed pyramids. Massive, granular. Brittle. 
 Vitreous luster. Color azure-blue. Streak white. H. =r 5 — 6. G. = 3.05. 
 
 Infusible. Falls to pieces when heated. Fused with sodium car- 
 bonate and then dissolved in nitric acid, the phosphate reaction is obtained 
 by adding ammonium molybdate. Yields water in a closed tube. Insoluble. 
 
 hryo Comity: Lazulite occurs in a white quartz vein intersecting 
 schist in Breyfogle Canyon, Death Valley. 
 
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES 213 
 
 Los Angeles County: It is found in the San Gabriel Mountains. 
 
 Mono County: Lazulite occurs as bands in a white quartzite asso- 
 ciated with rutile, near ]\Ioiio Lake. Lazulite occurs with andalusite 
 and pyrophyllite at the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, 
 on the western slope of the "White Mountains, 7 miles east of Moealno, 
 Knopf (17a), Kerr (32). Lazulite was found in a quartz vein in 
 Green Creek Canyon, near Bodie, Kogers (12). 
 
 Han Diego County: Lazulite has been reported in the rock at 
 Oceanside. 
 
 ARSENIOSIDERITE 
 
 Basic calcium and iron arsenate, Ca3Fe(As04)3.3Fe(OH)3. 
 
 Tetrag'onal or orthorhombic. In fibrous concretions. Basal cleavage. 
 Luster silky. Color yellowish-brown. H. =rl|. G. r=3.5- — 3.9. 
 
 Easily fusible. Soluble in acid. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Arseniosiderite was found by B. N. Moore 
 i\\ the Gallinger-Root mines. 2 miles northwest of Ludlow. Analyses 
 by Charles Milton, Wells (37). 
 
 
 SiOi- 
 
 FezOa 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 MnO AS2O5 P2O6 
 
 a_ 
 
 _ 3.07 
 
 36.45 
 
 tr. 
 
 14.14 
 
 0.17 
 
 tr. 37.65 0.18 
 
 b_ 
 
 _»18.59 
 
 27.03 
 
 2.41 
 
 11.93 
 
 
 0.84 31.16 
 
 H2O — H2O + 
 0.30 8.06^:100.02% 
 0.53 8.45 = 100.94% 
 
 * Includes insoluble. 
 
 ANAPAITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium and iron phosphate, (Ca,Fe)3(P04)2.4H20. 
 
 Triclinic. Usually in tabular crystals. Cleavage (101), (010). 
 Vitreous. Color pale-green. H. r=3|. G. n=2.8. 
 
 Soluble in nitric acid ; a yellow precipitate is obtained by adding 
 ammonium molybdate to the acid solution. Anapaite becomes magnetic 
 on heating. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Kings County: Anapaite was found in the Lewis well, Sec. 23, 
 T. 21 S., R. 21 E., M. D. M., at a depth of 500 feet, in layers of pale- 
 green crystals. 
 
 PALAITE 
 
 Hydrous manganese phosphate, 5Mn0.2P20.-..4H20. 
 
 Monoclinic? Crystalline masses. Color flesh-pink. G. =3.2. 
 Easily fusible. Readily soluble in acid. 
 
 .Van Diego County: Talaite was found as an alteration product 
 of lithiophilite in the Stewart mine at Pala. It was described and 
 ;inalyzed by Schaller (12b). Analysis: 
 
 FeO MnO CaO FesOs PaOo HsO-f- Li20 Insol. 
 
 7.48 40.87 1.77 0.16 39.02 10.43 tr. 0.89 = 100.62% G. = 3.14 — 3.20 
 
214 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 STEWARTITE 
 
 Hydrous manganese phosphate, 3MnO.P2O5.4H2O. 
 
 Triclinic. In fibers or minute crystals. Cleavage (010). Colorless 
 to yellow. G. = 2.94. 
 
 Reacts similarly to hureaulite. 
 
 San Diego Couniy: Stewartite was found as an abundant altera- 
 tion product of lithiopliilite in the Stewart mine at Pala. It was 
 described and named by Schaller (12b). 
 
 VIVIANITE 
 
 Hydrous ferrous phosphate, Fe3P20?.8H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Long prismatic crystals, earthy, incrustations. Cleav- 
 age perfect clinopinacoidal. Sectile. Pearly to dull luster. Color generally 
 sky-blue or green, rarely colorless. Streak colorless to bluish-white. 
 H. = li — 2. G. = 2.58 — 2.68. 
 
 Easily fusible to a black magnetic mass. Ammonium molybdate 
 added to a nitric acid solution gives the yellow phosphate reaction. Yields 
 water in a closed tube. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Vivianite is formed in sedimentary rocks, from phosphatic matter 
 such as bones, in the presence of iron. 
 
 Alameda County: Small pieces of earthy blue vivianite were 
 found in the hills back of Berkeley' and were reported by Hanks (84). 
 
 Calaveras County: It has been found at Copperopolis. 
 
 Humboldt County: Vivianite occurs at Yager. It is reported to 
 have been found on Maple Creek. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Vivianite was early observed as earthy blue 
 masses in the asphalt bed of the Kancho de la Brea, where it formed by 
 the decomposition of the bones of extinct animals. It was mentioned 
 by W. P. Blake (82a). 
 
 Madera County: Dark-blue earthy masses of vivianite have been 
 found near Raymond. 
 
 Yuha County: Good crystals of vivianite occurred near Campton- 
 ville and were described by Jackson (86). They showed the forms: 
 (010), (100), (110), (111), (101), (411), and (410). 
 
 ERYTHRITE— Cobalt Bloom 
 
 Hydrous cobalt arsenate, C0SAS2O8.8H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals prismatic. Incrustations, earthy. Cleavage 
 perfect clinopinacoidal. Sectile. Pearly to adamantine luster. Color 
 and streak crimson to gray. H. = 1| — 2|. G. = 2.95. 
 
 Gives a gray coating of arsenic oxide on charcoal. A little of the 
 well-roasted powder fused in borax bead, gives the fine blue bead of 
 cobalt Yields water in closed tube. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Coatings and incrustations of erythrite are common on primary 
 cobalt minerals, and often serve to locate cobalt. 
 
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES 215 
 
 Calaveras County: Erythrite occurs with smaltite in a stringer 
 between schist and qnartzite in the NW^ Sec. 21, T. 4 N., R. 14 E., 
 31. D. M., Logan (24). 
 
 Los Angeles County: Coatings of erythrite with smaltite, argen- 
 tite and barite occurred at the old Kelsey and 0. K. mines near the 
 San Gabriel Canyon, Blake (85), Storms (93). 
 
 Mariposa County: It was found in rock seams with danaite at the 
 Josephine mine, Bear Valley, Turner (96). 
 
 Napa County: It occurs with smaltite in serpentine and chlorite 
 in the Berry essa Valley. 
 
 San Diego County: Erythrite occurs with limonite and moreno- 
 site at the Friday mine, in the Julian district, Hudson (22). 
 
 ANNABERGITE— Nickel Bloom 
 
 Hydrous nickel arsenate, NisAssOs.SHl-O. 
 
 Monoclinic. In capillary crystals and finely fibrous incrustations. 
 Cleavage (010), perfect. Vitreous luster. Color apple-green. H. nr 2J — 3. 
 G. — 3. 
 
 Reacts similarly to erythrite, but tlie borax bead of nicl^el is brown 
 in the oxidizing flame, anil oloiidy-gray in tlie reducing flame. 
 
 Coatings of annabergite are an indication of the presence of 
 nickel minerals that have been oxidized, and it is often associated 
 with erythrite. 
 
 Lassen County: Annabergite was reported with erythrite and 
 smaltite from this county. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It occurs with erj'thrite and smaltite at 
 the Kelsey mine, San Gabriel Canyon, Storms (93). 
 
 Tulare County: The green color of the clirysoprase and chrysopal 
 in the hills east of Porterville is due to nickel, and some coatings of 
 annabergite occur in the region. 
 
 SCORODITE 
 
 Hydrous ferric arsenate, FeAs04.2H20. 
 Orthorhonibic. Aggregates of small crystals; also earthy. Brittle. 
 
 urtiiornoniDic. Aggregates or sman crystals; aiso eartny. Krittie 
 Vitreous luster. Color pale leek-greeii, liver-brown. Streak wliite. H. = 
 3i — 4. G. = 3.1 — 3.:;. 
 
 A slight coating of arsenic can be obtained on charcoal when scoro- 
 dite is reduced, and the residue l)ocomes magnetic. The arsenic ring can 
 be obtained by fusing in a closed tube with a splinter of charcoal. Gives 
 water in a closed tube. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Inyo County: Scorodite occurred in the Noonday mine, near 
 Tecopa. 
 
 Mariposa County: Pale-green crystals of scorodite were found as 
 an alteration product of ar.senopyrite associated with pittieite on the 
 
P20r. 
 
 CaO 
 
 Fe203 
 
 Mn203 
 
 H2O— 
 
 H2O4- 
 
 37.0fi 
 
 0.34 
 
 41.14 
 
 2.36 
 
 0.17 
 
 19.0.=; 
 
 216 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 South Fork of Merced River, near the mouth of Devils Gulch, 
 Rogers (12). 
 
 San Diego County: It was found massive near Moreno Lake. 
 
 STRENGITE 
 
 Hydrous iron phosphate, FeP04.2H20. 
 
 Orthorliombic. Generally in spherical and botryoidal forms. Cleav- 
 age (001), perfect. Vitreous luster. Color pale-red. H. = 3 — 4. 
 
 G. r=2.S7. 
 
 Fusible. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Amador County: Strengite was described by Ilulin (30) as 
 occurring in the Kennedy mine. 
 
 San Diego County: Strengite occurred with salmonsite in the 
 Stewart mine at Pala, Sclialler (12b). It was analyzed by Schaller, 
 Clarke (15). 
 
 Insol. 
 tr. = 100.12% 
 
 VARISCITE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum phosphate, AIPO4.2H2O. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Octahedral habit. Crystalline aggregates and 
 incrustations. Vitreous luster. Color green. H. = 4. G. rrr 2.54. 
 
 Infusible, but whitens when heated. Moistened with cobalt nitrate 
 solution and intensely heated, it becomes blue. Gives water in a closed 
 tube. Phosphate can be precipitated by ammonium molybdate from a 
 nitric acid solution after fusion of the powder with sodium carbonate. 
 
 El Dorado Cox^ty: Variscite was reported to have been found in 
 Pleasant Valley. 
 
 PURPURITE 
 
 Hydrous iron and manganese phosphate, (Fe,Mn)203.P205.H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In small irregnlar masses. Cleava.ge (001). Satin 
 luster. Color deep-red or purple. H. := 4 — 4i. G. = 3.4. 
 
 Similar to vivianite in reactions. Yields a blue-green bead of man- 
 ganese with sodium carbonate. 
 
 San Diego County: Purpurite was found with lithiophilite and 
 triphylite in a pegmatitic dike on Heriart Hill at Pala, Graton and 
 Schaller (05). 
 
 SICKLERITE 
 
 Hydrous iron, manganese and lithium phosphate, Fe203.6Mn0.4P205.3 (Li,H)20. 
 
 Orthorhombic? In cleavable masses. Color dark-brown. Streak 
 light yellowish-brown. H. =r 4. G. :=3.45. 
 
 Easily fusible. Soluble in acid. 
 
 San Diego County: Sicklerite occurs in cleavable masses, resulting 
 from the alteration of lithiophilite, at the Vanderburg-Naylor mine 
 on Heriart Hill near Pala. It was analyzed and named by Schaller 
 
 (12b). 
 
 MnO CaO Fe203 MncOn P2O5 H2O4- Li20 Insol. 
 
 33.60 0.20 11.26 2.10 43.10 1.71 3.80 4.18=99.95% G. = 3.45. 
 
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES 217 
 
 SALMONSITE 
 
 Hydrous iron and manganese phosphate, Fe203.9Mn0.4P205.14H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Cleavable fibrous masses. Color buff-yellow. 
 H. = 4. G. = 2.88. 
 
 Reacts similarly to vivianite, but gives in addition a blue-green 
 bead of manganese with sodium carbonate. 
 
 San Diego County: Salmonsite is a buff-yellow alteration product 
 of hureaulite, associated with fibrous palaite and blue strengite, which 
 was discovered in the Stewart mine at Pala. It was described and 
 analyzed by Schaller (12b). 
 
 FeO MnO CaO FeeOs P2O5 H2O+ H2O — Insol. 
 
 0.13 37.74 1.06 9.53 34.86 15.30 0.43 1.40 = 100.45% G. = 2.88. 
 
 HUREAULITE 
 
 Hydrous manganese phosphate, H2Mn5(P04)4.4H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. In groups of short prisms. Massive, compact. Cleav- 
 age (100), distinct. Color orange-red, rose, and nearly colorless. 
 H. = 5. G. = 3.18. 
 
 Easily fusible. The nitric acid solution gives the phosphate reaction 
 on addition of ammonium molybdate. A blue-green bead of manganese 
 is obtained when hurppu'ite is fus<^d with sodium carbonate. Yields water 
 in a closed tube. Soluble in acid. 
 
 San Diego County: Hureaulite was found in the SteAvart mine 
 at Pala and mentioned by Schaller (12b). Analysis by Schaller, 
 Clarke (15). 
 
 P2O5 FeO MnO CaO Fe203 H2O-I- Li20 Insol. 
 
 38.6.S 6.14 39.29 1.08 0.99 12.46 tr. 1.58 = 100.17% G. = 3.13 
 
 VOLBORTHITE 
 Hydrous copper, barium and calcium vanadate, 6 (Cu,Ba,Ca)0.V205.15H20. 
 
 Monoclinic? Small plates in globular aggregations. Pearly to vitre- 
 ous luster. Color olive-green, citron-yellow. Streak yellowish-green. 
 H. = 3. G. = 3.5. 
 
 A small amount of metallic copper can be obtained by reduction 
 on charcoal, using sodium carbonate flux. Ammonia added to a nitric 
 acid solution will show the color of copiier. Dilute sulphuric acid added 
 to solution will precipitate bnrium sulphate. Tb- green bead of vana- 
 dium can be obtained with phosphorous salt. Water is given off in a 
 closed tube. 
 
 Glenn County: Volborthite was reported to have been found at 
 the Mammoth Copper mine on Grindstone Creek. 
 
 TURQUOIS 
 Hydrous aluminum and copper phosphate, HsCCuOH) [Al(OH)2]e(PO*)*. 
 
 Triclinic. Massive. In thin seams and incrustations. Waxy luster. 
 Color sky-blue, bluish-green, apple-green. Streak white or greenish. 
 H. = 5 — 6. G. = 2.6 — 2.83. 
 
 Infusible and becomes brown or black when heated. After fusion 
 with sodium carbonate and dissolving in nitric acid, the phosphate reac- 
 tion is obtained on addition of ammonium molybdate to solution. Gives 
 water in a closed tube. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Madera County: A specimen of turquois from the Taylor ranch, 
 having a hexagonal form, was described as a pseudomorph after apa- 
 tite, Moore and von Zepharovich (85). 
 
218 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 San Bernardirio County: Apple-green turquois has been found 
 near Victor. Turquois was early mined from a deposit in the high 
 mountains north of Ivanpah, Kunz (05). Considerable light-green 
 gem material has been obtained from this district. It occurs in a 
 coarse porphyritic granite and in porphyry dikes near the head of 
 Riggs Wash, 12 nnles northeast of Silver Lake. Turquois has been 
 found in the Solo mining district, 30 miles northwest of Cima. Tur- 
 quois has been found in a l)lack matrix at Goldstone Camp, about 30 
 miles north of Barstow. 
 
 AUGELITE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum phosphate, 2Al2O3.P2O5.3H2O. 
 
 Monocllnic. In tabular crystals and massive. Cleavages, (110) 
 
 and (101). Luster vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces. Colorless to 
 
 white. H. = 5. G. r=2.5 — 2.7. 
 
 B. B. infusible. Little affected by acids. Yields much water in a 
 closed tube. 
 
 Mono County: Augelite occurs with andalusite, lazulite, alunite, 
 
 and pyrophyllite at the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, 
 
 on the western slope of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of IMocalno, 
 
 Lemmon (35). 
 
 LIROCONITE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum and copper arsenate. 
 
 Monoclinic. Thin tabular crystals. Vitreous luster. Color and 
 streak sky-blue to verdigris-green. H. = 2 — 2J. G. = 2.88 — 2.98. 
 
 Fusible. Can be reduced to metallic copper on charcoal with sodium 
 carbonate flux, and yields a slight coating of arsenic. Ammonia added 
 to a nitric acid .solution will precipitate flocculent aluminum hydroxide, 
 while the solution becomes blue. Gives water in a closed tube and also 
 an arsenical mirror when vapors are reduced by a splinter of charcoal. 
 Soluble in nitric acid. 
 
 Inyo County: Liroconite was found at the old Cerro Gordo 
 mine associated witli other rare copper minerals. 
 
 AUTUNITE 
 
 Hydrous uranium and calcium phosphate, CaO.2uO3.P2Oo.8H2O. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In thin tabular crystals ; also foliated, micaceous. 
 Cleavage perfect basal. Brittle. Luster pearly, subadamantine. Color 
 lemon-yellow. Streak yellow. H. = 2 — 2|. G. r= 3.1. 
 
 Fuses easily to a black mass giving a pale-greenish flame. Gives 
 green bead with phosphorous salt. Soluble in nitric acid. 
 
 Kern County: Autunite has been found in the Summit Diggings, 
 near Randsburg. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Specimens of yellow autunite associated 
 
 with green plates of torbernite have come from the northeastern part 
 
 of the county. 
 
 BINDHEIMITE 
 
 Hydrous lead antimonate. 
 
 Amorphous. Lamellar, massive, incrustations. Resinous luster. 
 Color gray, brown, white. H. =: 4. G. :=4.6 — 4.76. 
 
 F"'usible. Easily reduced on charcoal to a brittle white metallic 
 globule of antimony and lead, and yields a white and yellow coating of 
 
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES 219 
 
 the mixed oxides. A white antimony oxide coating can be obtained in 
 an open tube. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Bindheimite is very widely distributed in oxidized ores, probably 
 occurring wherever antimonial sulplio-salts have been subjected to 
 weathering, Shannon (20b). 
 
 Fresno County: Brown bindheimite has come from this county. 
 
 Inijo County: Bindheimite was reported to have been found at 
 the Union and Modoc mines, Hanks (84). Murphy (30a) has reported 
 the occurrence of bindheimite in the oxidized ores of the Panamint 
 district. 
 
 San Bernardino County: It was found with wulfenite, vanadinite, 
 and descloizite at Camp Signal, near Goffs. Bindheimite from this 
 county has been analyzed hy Shannon (20b). 
 
 PbO SbaOs Fe203 H2O3 Insol. 
 
 40.53 44.28 3.28 5.04 2.93 = 96.06% 
 
 DIADOCHITE 
 
 2 Fe:;03. 3 ( S O3, P2O.-, ) . 1 5 H2O. 
 Amorphous. Massive. Vitreous. Yellow-brown. H. :^ 3. G. n= 2.0. 
 
 San Benito County: Diadochite has been found in the New Idria 
 quicksilver mine, Rogers (38a). 
 
 PITTICITE 
 
 Hydrated arsenate and sulphate of ferric iron. 
 
 Amorphous. Massive and reniform. Conchoidal fracture. Vitreous 
 luster. Color yellowish and reddish-brown. H. = 2 — 3. G. r= 2.2 — 2.5. 
 
 Easily fusible. Becomes magnetic on heating-. Barium chloride 
 
 added to the hydrochloric acid solution precipitates bari\nn sulphate. 
 
 Gives water and the arsenic mirror in a closed tube. Soluble in hydro- 
 chloric acid. 
 
 Mariposa County: Dark-brown amorphous pitticite resembling 
 limonite was found with the scorodite as an alteration product of 
 arsenopyrite on the South Fork of Merced River, near the mouth 
 of Devils Gulch, Rogers (12). 
 
220 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 HYDROCARBONS 
 
 Napalite 
 Aragotite 
 
 Curtisite 
 
 lonite 
 
 Amber 
 
 Posepnyte 
 
 NAPALITE 
 
 
 A liydrocarbon, C3H1. 
 
 
 Dark reddish-brown bituminous substance found with cinnabar. 
 Brittle. Resinous luster. H. := 2. G. = 1.02. 
 
 Napa County: Napalite occurred with pyrite and millerite at 
 the old Phoenix cinnabar mine, Pope Valley, and was described by 
 Becker (88), with analyses by Melville. 
 
 - ;:a*»ii:'r:l&:.. . 
 
 C H 
 
 89.84 1 0.17 =r 100.01% 
 89.54 10.36= 99.90% 
 S9.3.5 10.11— 99.4fi% 
 
 
 ARAGOTITE 
 
 
 A hydrocarbon. 
 
 Brig-ht scales. 
 ^. = 1. G. r=l.l. 
 
 Transparent. Color honey-yellow 
 
 Streak wliite. 
 
 Volatile. 
 
 This material, no longer recognized by Dana as a mineral species, 
 has been reported from several cinnabar mines. 
 
 Napa County: Aragotite occurred on cinnabar at the Redington 
 mine, Knoxville, Dnrand (73). A small quantity of it was found in 
 the ^tna quicksilver mine, 400 feet below the surface. Hanks (05) 
 has communicated a partial analysis of aragotite from this locality: 
 
 C H 
 
 88.10 9.17 r=: 97.27% 
 
 Santa Clara County: It was first observed at the New Almaden 
 
 mine impregnating siliceous dolomite and was described by Durand 
 
 (73). 
 
 CURTISITE 
 
 A hydrocarbon, C24H1S. 
 
 Probably orthorhombic. Granular. Perfect basal cleavage. Frac- 
 ture conchoidal. Luster vitreous to adamantine. Color yellow to pistachio 
 • green. H. =: less than 2. G. ==1.235 — 1.237. 
 
 Inflammable. 
 
 Lake County: Curtisite occurs with cinnabar and dolomite in 
 serpentine at the Mirabel mine, near Middletown. 
 
HYDROCARBONS 221 
 
 San Francisco County: Curtisite occurs in a ledge of serpentine 
 veined with elialeedony at Duboce St., near Market St., in San 
 Francisco. 
 
 Sonoma County: Curtisite was found with realgar, nietacinnabar, 
 and opal at Skaggs Springs. It was described and named by Wright 
 and Allen (30), with analysis by Wright. 
 
 c 
 
 93.91 
 
 
 H 
 
 5.57 
 
 
 Residue 
 1.35 — 
 
 100.83% 
 
 
 
 AMBER 
 
 
 
 
 An 
 
 oxygenated 
 
 hydrocarbon. 
 
 
 In irregular masses, with conchoidal fracture. Transparent to 
 ti-anslucent. Luster resinous. Color yellow, sometimes reddish or 
 brownish. H. = 2 — 2 J. G. = 1.096. 
 
 Easily fusible. 
 
 Ventura County: The occurrence of amber in Eocene beds on 
 the northeast side of the Simi Valley has been described by Mur- 
 doch (34). 
 
 lONITE 
 
 A hydrocarbon containing- about 50% watei-. 
 Earthy. Color brownish-yellow. 0.^=0.90. 
 
 Amador County: lonite was found in an argillaceous lignite in 
 thin seams in lone Valley and described by Pnrnell (78). 
 
 POSEPNYTE 
 
 An oxygenated hydrocarbon. 
 In hard brittle plates or nodules. Color light-green and brown. 
 
 Lake County: Po.sepnyte was found at the Great Western mine 
 and was described and named by von Schrockinger (77), with analy- 
 ses by Dietrich. Part was soluble in ether, and part insoluble, the 
 latter corresponding to ozocerite. Becker (88) gives an analysis by 
 ]\Ielvillp of similar material. 
 
 Sol. Jnsol. 
 
 C H O C HO Ash 
 
 von Schrockinger 71.84 9.95 18.21 84.27 11.74 3.99 
 
 Melville 85.60 10.71 3.22 0.47 
 
222 
 
 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 SILIC ' TES 
 
 Feldspars 
 Orthoclase 
 Celsian 
 Microcline 
 Albite 
 Oligoclase 
 Andesine 
 Labradorite 
 Anorthite 
 
 Pollucite 
 Lazurite 
 Scapolite 
 
 Zeolites 
 
 Clinoptilolite 
 
 Heulandite 
 
 Stilbite 
 
 Phillipsite 
 
 Chabazite 
 
 Thomsonite 
 
 Gonnardite 
 
 Natrolite 
 
 Mesolite 
 
 Scolecite 
 
 Analcime 
 
 Laumontite 
 
 Cordierite 
 
 Pyrophyllite 
 
 Anauxite 
 
 Kaolinite 
 
 Halloysite 
 
 Allophane 
 
 Chloropal 
 
 ^eidellite 
 
 Montmorillonite 
 
 Talc 
 
 Sepiolite 
 
 Garnierite 
 
 Deweylite 
 
 Neotocite 
 
 Celadonite 
 
 Custerite 
 
 Centrallasite 
 
 Gyrolite 
 
 Bementite 
 
 Apophyllite 
 
 Okenite 
 
 Gillespite 
 
 Sanbornite 
 
 Chlorites 
 Penninite 
 Clinochlore 
 Prochlorite 
 
 Jefferisite 
 Iddingsite 
 
 Saponite 
 
 Griffithite 
 
 Stilpnomelane 
 
 Brittle Micas 
 Margarite 
 Xanthophyllite 
 Chloritoid 
 
 Prehnite 
 
 Micas 
 
 Muscovite 
 
 Mariposite 
 
 Roscoelite 
 
 Biotite 
 
 Phlogopite 
 
 Lepidolite 
 
 Glauconite 
 
 Cookeite 
 
 Ganophyllite 
 
 Amphibole Group 
 Anthophyllite 
 Amphibole 
 
 Cummingtonite 
 Tremolite 
 Actinolite 
 Hornblende 
 Soda Amphiboles 
 Glaucophane 
 Riebeckite 
 
 Serpentine 
 
 Pyroxene Group 
 
 Enstatite 
 
 Hypersthene 
 
 Pyroxene 
 Diopside 
 Hedenbergite 
 Augite 
 
 Acmite 
 
 Spodumene 
 
 Rhodonite 
 
 Wollastonite 
 Pectolite 
 
 Neptunite 
 Joaquinite 
 Xonotlite 
 Inesite 
 
 Foshagite 
 
 Riversideite 
 
 Jurupaite 
 
 Crestmoreite 
 
 Chrysocolla 
 
 Searlesite 
 
 Bavenite 
 
 Benitoite 
 
 Tourmaline 
 
 Beryl 
 
 Gehlenite 
 
 Heminiorphite 
 
 Lawsonite 
 
 Olivine Group 
 Olivine 
 Fayalite 
 Tephroite 
 Monticellite 
 
 Merwinite 
 Willemite 
 Chondrodite 
 
 Garnet Group 
 Grossularite 
 Pyrope 
 Almandite 
 Andradite 
 Spessartite 
 Uvarovite 
 
 Plazolite 
 Idocrase 
 
 Epidote Group 
 Zoisite 
 Epidote 
 Piedmontite 
 Allanite 
 
 Pumpellyite 
 
 Zircon 
 
 Datolite 
 
 Topaz 
 
 Axinite 
 
 Ilvaite 
 
 Andalusite 
 
 Sillimanite 
 
 Kyanite 
 
 Staurolite 
 
 Sphene 
 
 Dumortierite 
 
 Thaumasite 
 
 Spurrite 
 
 Tilleyite 
 
SILICATES — FELDSPARS 223 
 
 FELDSPARS 
 
 The uame i'eldspar is given to a group of silicate.s of ahimiuuni 
 and sodium, calcium, potassium, or barium similar in hardness, cleav- 
 age, specific gravity, and twinning. They include : the potash feld- 
 spars, ortlioclase and microlme; the soda feldspar, albitc; the lime- 
 feldspar, anorthite; the feldspars intermediate between albite and 
 anorthite, namely oligoclase, andesine, and lahradorite; and the barium 
 feldspar, celsian. 
 
 Feldspars are the most abundant and important of rock-forming 
 silicates, and the classification of igneous rocks depends partly upon 
 their prevailing feldspar. The albite-anorthite feldspars are commonly 
 called the plagioclase feldspars, and in many petrogra])hic descrip- 
 tions this name is used, so that the particular kind of feldspar is not 
 designated. As rock-forming minerals, the feldspars are too widely 
 distributed to list all localities. 
 
 ORTHOCLASE 
 
 I'otassiuin and aluminum silicate, KAlSiaOs. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals prismatic, very common ; often as Carlsbad 
 twins. Alassive or compact. Perfect basal and clinopinacoidal cleavage. 
 Brittle. Vitreous lu.'iter. Colorless, white, pale-yellow, flesli-red. Streak 
 uncolored. H. = G. G. = 2.54 — 2.57. 
 
 Fused at 5 in the scale of fusibility, therefore can only be rounded 
 on edges of splinter. Insoluble in acids. The powder mixed with gypsum, 
 taken on the loop of a platinum wire and held in the colorless flame of a 
 Bunsen burner, will give the violet flame of potassium, best seen through 
 blue glass or the Merwin color screen. 
 
 Orthoclase is an essential constituent of mam' igneous rocks, 
 granites, syenites, quartz-porphyries, rhyolites, and trachytes. Large 
 crystals often form the phenocrysts of porphyritic rocks, and these 
 crystals are often Carlsbad twins. The color of granites is mainly 
 due to the color of the orthoclase, red granites having orthoclase col- 
 ored by ferric oxide. Granites, syenites, and diorites are often inter- 
 sected by pegmatite veins consisting of coarse crystals and massive 
 orthoclase. with quartz and mica, and these veins vary greatly in width ; 
 some can ])p (juarried for the feldspar. 
 
 Adularia is a glassy, transparent variet\-, sometimes found in large 
 crj'stals. 
 
 Valencianite is a variety name given lo vein ortlioclas<>. 
 
 Perth if e is an intergrowth of ortiiocla.se or microcline and albite. 
 It is an important constituent of some granites and pegmatites. 
 
 CELSIAN 
 
 Barium and aluminum silicate, BaAli>SijOs. 
 
 Monoclinic. Usually massive. Cleavage and twinning like orthoclase 
 Vitreous luster. Colorless. H. = 6 — 6i. G. r= 3.37. 
 
 Distinguished from other feldspars by greater density or test for 
 barium. 
 
 Celsian is not so common a.s the other feldspars and has been 
 reported from only one locality in this State. 
 
224 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 MICROCLINE 
 
 Potassium and aluminum silicate, KAlSisOs. 
 
 Triclinic. Crystals very common. Bases often show rectan^^ular 
 g-rating- structure. Massive or compact. Cleavage like orthoclase. Brittle. 
 Vitreous, sometimes pearly. Color v/hite to pale cream-yellow, red, 
 green. H. = 6 — 6i. G. = 2.54 — 2.57. 
 
 Same reactions as for orthoclase. 
 
 Microcline has the same composition as orthoclase, but differs from 
 it in its twinning structure and crystallization. It is a constituent of 
 some granites and pegmatites. 
 
 ALBITE 
 
 Sodium and aluminum silicate, NaAlSisOs. 
 
 Triclinic. Crystals tabular and elongated, common as repeated twins. 
 Often massive. Cleavage perfect basal and brachypinacoidal. Brittle. 
 Vitreous luster. Often very glassy. Colorless and white. Streak uncolored. 
 H. = 6 — 6J. G.:= 2.61 — 2.62. 
 
 Fuses at 4 and imparts a brig'ht yellow color to flame. Insoluble 
 in acid. 
 
 Albite is a common constituent of acid granites, acid rhyolites, 
 granodiorites, and diorites; also metamorphic gneisses and schists. It 
 forms very prominent white veins in the crystalline schists of the 
 Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 OLIGOCLASE 
 
 Sodium, calcium and aluminum silicate, mNaAlSiaOs with jiCaAkSiaOs, 
 nearer albite in composition. 
 
 Triclinic. Crystals, usually twinned like albite. Commonly massive 
 or compact. Cleavage perfect basal and brachypinacoidal. Brittle. 
 Colorless to white. Streak uncolored. H. — 6 — 6i. G. = 2.63 — 2.65. 
 
 Same reactions as albite. The calcium can be determined in the wet 
 way, by precipitation as calcium oxalate. All insoluble silicates need 
 to be fused with sodium carbonate to render them soluble. 
 
 Oligoclase is a constituent of granodiorites, diorites, porphyrites, 
 and andesites. It is occasionally found in large white masses as 
 veins in diorite and other basic rocks. 
 
 ANDESINE 
 
 Sodium, calcium, and aluminum silicate, mNaAlSiaOa with nCaAbSiaOs, 
 intermediate between albite and anorthite. 
 
 Triclinic. Crystals similar to albite. Commonly massive or com- 
 pact. Cleavages as in albite. Colorless. H. = 5 — 6. G. = 2.66' — 2.68. 
 
 Same reactions as for oligoclase. 
 
 Andesine is a constituent of diorite, gabbro, andesite, and related 
 rocks. 
 
 LABRADORITE 
 
 Calcium, sodium and aluminum silicate, rnCaAbSiaOs with wNaAlSisOs, 
 nearer anorthite in composition. 
 
 Triclinic. Small twinned crystals in rocks ; sometimes massive with 
 twinning striations. Properties like oligoclase. H. =r 5 — 6. 
 
 G. = 2.69 — 2.71. 
 
 Same reactions as for oligoclase. Slightly acted on by hydrochloric 
 acid. 
 
SILICATES — FELDSPARS 225 
 
 Labradorite is an essential constituent of most basic igneous rocks 
 such as gabbros, dial)ases, and basalts. It also occurs as veins. 
 
 ANORTHITE 
 
 Calcium and aluminum silicate, CaAbSisOs. 
 
 Triclinic. Generally in small crystals as a rock constituent. Prop- 
 erties like oligoclase and labradorite. H. := 6. G. = 2.74 — 2.76. 
 
 Fuses at 5. Soluble slowly and yields gelatinous silica. Gives the 
 red flame of calcium. 
 
 Anorthite is a constituent of the very basic igneous rocks. 
 
 FELDSPAR LOCALITIES 
 
 Only some of the more conspicuous or notable occurrences of the 
 feldspars are cited below. 
 
 Alameda County: Good crystals of glassy albite with yellow 
 euhedral quartz occur at the Newman mine on Cedar Mountain. 
 
 Calaveras Couniy: Large crystals of orthoclase occur at Mokel- 
 umne Hill. Albite is a common constituent of the schists of the Mother 
 Lode. Crystals of albite from the old Stanislaus mine on Carson Hill, 
 had the forms: (010), (001), (111), (101), (110), (130), and (021), 
 Jackson (86). Crystals from Angels Camp had the forms: (010), (110), 
 (110), (111), (111), and (001) ; analyzed by Genth (59). 
 
 SiOa Al=03 FeaOs CaO Na20 K2O H2O 
 
 68.39 19.65 0.41 0.47 10.97 tr. 0.21 = 100.10% 
 
 Valencianite occurs 5 miles east of ]\Iilton in small prismatic 
 crystals. Forms: (160), (lOT), (001), and (010), Rogers (12). 
 
 Contra Costa County: Albite is a common constituent of the 
 chlorite and actinolite-schists of the county. Numerous white veins of 
 albite intersect these schists. It was prominent as veins in the actino- 
 lite schist near San Pablo ; analyzed by Blasdale (01). 
 
 
 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 Si02 
 
 AbOa 
 
 CaO 
 
 NaaO 
 
 at 100° ab. 100° 
 
 67.09 
 
 20.47 
 
 0.24 
 
 10.96 
 
 0.27 0.59 = 99.62% 
 
 El Dorado County: Large white crystals of orthoclase with bor- 
 nite, molybdenite, epidote, and axinite occurred at the old Cosumnes 
 copper mine, near Fairplay. Massive red orthoclase occurs with 
 tourmaline at Bucks Bar, Cosumnes River. Small colorless crystals 
 of adularia have been found on the south side of Fallen Leaf Lake 
 with forms (110), (101), (001), and (010). They are associated 
 with pale-green diopside, Rogers (12). Albite with siderite and eal- 
 cite occurs at the Red Hill mine in the Kelsey district. 
 
 Fresno County: Bodies of feldspathic rock, mainly orthoclase, 
 as pegmatites, occur 5 miles northeast of Trimmer. 
 
 15—51440 
 
226 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 Hvmholdt County: Glassy crystals of albite are common as veins 
 in the schist of Horse Mountain. 
 
 Inyo County: White argentiferous orthoclase occurred at the 
 "White Lime mine in the Deep Spring district. Glassy adularia was 
 found in good crystals at Rialto in the Funeral Mountains. Pink 
 perthite occurs 6 miles east of Tecopa. 
 
 Kern County: White orthoclase was reported from the Long 
 Tom mine. Albite in schists occurs near Kandsburg and Johannes- 
 burg. A massive flesh-red orthoclase occurs near Rosamond. 
 
 Lake County: Anorthite showing fine cleavage occurs in nodules 
 in serpentine, 2 miles northeast of Middletown along the highway to 
 Lower Lake. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Albite is common in the schists on Santa 
 Catalina Island. Crystals showing the forms (110), (110), (101), and 
 (001) are thickly scattered through a chlorite schist at the western 
 tip of the island, Woodford (24). Anorthosite, the plutonic rock 
 which forms a large part of the western San Gabriel Mountains, con- 
 sists largely of andesine, W. J. Miller (31). 
 
 Madera County: Massive white orthoclase is found near Hildreth. 
 
 Marin County: Albite veins are common in the schists of the 
 county. Crystals from the lawsonite schist at Reed Station have the 
 forms: (001), (_010), (K)0), (021), (021), (101), (201), (150), (130), 
 (111), (111), (112), (131), (221), (120), (350), (110), (110), (130), 
 (112), (221), (241), and (312), Schaller (11). 
 
 Mariposa County: Large crystals of orthoclase showing Baveno 
 twinning are abundant in a pegmatite dike near the head of Yosemite 
 Falls. Orthoclase showing Carlsbad twinning is conspicuous as pheno- 
 erysts in the granite of the Cathedral Range. Celsian occurs with 
 sanbornite and gillespite 1 mile north of Trumbull Peak, near Incline, 
 Rogers (32a). 
 
 Modoc County: Pink orthoclase occurs in a pegmatite near Susan- 
 ville. Pebbles of labradorite from this county were found containing 
 small opaque inclusions of native copper, making them aventurine 
 labradorite, Andersen (17). 
 
 Mono County: Orthoclase is found in pegmatitic veins in the 
 Blind Spring Hill district. 
 
 Monterey County: Large phenocrysts of orthoclase occur in the 
 porphyritic rock at Pacific Grove and Cypress Point. Massive cream- 
 
SILICATES — FELDSPARS 227 
 
 colored ortlioclase from the Jens quarry, 4 miles east of Cliualar, 
 occurs at contact between limestone and granite, and was analyzed by 
 E. W. Rice: 
 
 SiOs AlsOs Fe20s CaO MgO K2O Loss 
 
 65.66 21.34 0.40 1.50 tr. 11.85 0.48 = 101.23% 
 
 Plumas County: Albite is a constituent of the syenite of Span- 
 ish Peak, Murgoci (06). Oligoclase was described by Lawson (03) as 
 a constituent of plumasite from Spanish Peak, and was analyzed by 
 
 Newfield. 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 CaO Na-O H2O 
 
 61.36 22.97 5.38 8.08 1.72 = 99.51% 
 
 Riverside County: An outcrop of orthoclase and quartz occurs 
 in the granite hills 4 miles south of Lakeview ; orthoclase and quartz 
 also occurs on the "Warren ranch 3 miles east of Lakeview. ^Massive 
 quartz and feldspar occur 3i miles northeast of Murrieta. Ortlioclase 
 feldspar occurs near Nuevo. "White orthoclase from a pegmatite at 
 Crestmore has been analyzed by Eakle (17). 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 CaO 
 
 Mg:0 
 
 Na20 
 
 K2O 
 
 Ign. 
 
 64.54 
 
 20.86 
 
 tr. 
 
 1.86 
 
 tr. 
 
 1.18 
 
 11.85 
 
 0.52 = 100.81% 
 G. = 2.54. 
 
 San Benito County: Albite occurs in grayish and greenish, minute 
 twinned crystals in the rock surrounding the veins of natrolite con- 
 taining benitoite and neptunite near the headwaters of the San Benito 
 River. Forms: (_n01), (010), (110),_(lT0), (120), (130), (130), (101), 
 (111), (111), (112), (131), and (221), Louderback (09). 
 
 San Bernardino County: "Veins of orthoclase occur in the moun- 
 tains in the northeastern part of the county. Massive red orthoclase 
 occurs near Manvel. Giant crystals of orthoclase, some of them Carls- 
 bad twins, are abundant in granite-porphyry dikes IJ- miles southwest 
 of Twenty-nine Palms. Orthoclase is a constituent of pegmatite dikes 
 intersecting granite 1^ miles sonth of Oro Grande. It occurs 3^ miles 
 north of Hinkley Station. 
 
 San Diego County: Albite was mentioned as a constituent of some 
 of the rocks of the county by Kroustchoff (85) and analyzed by him. 
 
 99.99% 
 
 The gem-bearing pegmatite veins near Pala, Mesa Grande, Rin- 
 con, and Ramona consist largely of albite, orthoclase, and microcline. 
 Coarse crystals of the feldspars occur in these veins showing Carlsbad, 
 Baveno, and albite twinning structure. Crystals of albite at the Vic- 
 
 Si02 
 
 Ti02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 CaO 
 
 MffO 
 
 K.O 
 
 NasO 
 
 Ign. 
 
 65.17 
 
 tr. 
 
 21.14 
 
 0.74 
 
 1.20 
 
 0.04 
 
 1.70 
 
 9.20 
 
 0.80 
 
228 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 tor mine, Rincon, occur tabular to (010) \vitli forms (010), (001), 
 (110), (110), (T30), (130), (101), (201), (111), and (111), Rogers 
 (10). Manganiferous aibite from the Caterina mine at Heriart Moun- 
 tain, near Pala, has been analyzed by Kraus and Hunt (15). 
 
 SiOz AI2O3 Fe^Os MnO CaO Mg-O NaaO K2O H2O 
 64.44 20.28 0.98 1.71 1.76 0.11 9.83 0.49 0.96 = 100.56% 
 
 Anorthite from the San Marcos gabbro on the summit ridge of 
 Pala Mountain has been described by F. S. Miller (35), and analyzed by 
 Gonyer. 
 
 SiOo AI2O3 Fe203 MgO CaO Na20 K2O H2O 
 
 43.77 36.11 0.09 0.07 18.73 0.67 0.11 0.40 = 99.95% 
 
 Anorthite is a constituent of the orbicular gabbro at Dehesa and 
 was analyzed by Schaller, Lawson (04). 
 
 SiOa AI2O3 CaO Na20 
 
 44.39 36.55 18.55 0.83 = 100.32% 
 
 A large outcrop of feldspar and quartz occurs near Morena Dam, 
 about 5 miles north of Campo. Outcrops of orthoclase and quartz 
 occur 5 miles west of Alpine. Good massive orthoclase is found near 
 Mesa Grande, Campo, and Lakeside. Orthoclase and aibite occur as 
 pegmatite veins containing columbite, cassiterite, and blue tourmaline, 
 in the Chihuahua Valley. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: Labradorite is a constituent of the 
 leschenites at Point Sal, and was analj^zed by Fairbanks (96). 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 CaO Na20 K2O Ign. 
 
 52.72 30.46 11.01 3.70 0.42 1.44 = 99.75% 
 
 Santa Clara County: Oligoclase is a constituent of the glauco- 
 phane rocks of this county, Murgoci (06). 
 
 Shasta County: Veins of orthoclase occur on Tom Neal Moun- 
 tain. Good crystals of andesine occur in dikes of andesite porphyry 
 in Jones Valley, 15 miles northeast of Redding. Good crystals of 
 orthoclase occur in dikes of soda granite-porphyry on Salt Creek, along 
 the highway between Baird and Antler. 
 
 Tulare County: Large crystals of oligoclase, formed as a replace- 
 ment of microcline, have been described by Rogers (31b) from a peg- 
 matite at Salt Creek. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Large crystals of orthoclase are found on 
 Sullivan Creek. 
 
SILICATES 229 
 
 POLLUCITE 
 
 Hydrous caesium aluminum silicate, 2Cs2O.2Al2O3.9SiO2.H2O. 
 
 Isometric. In cubic crystals ; also massive. Colorless. H. = 6i. 
 G.r= 2.901. 
 
 Difficultly fusible. Decomposed by acid. 
 
 San Diego County: Massive pollucite occurs in small amounts 
 in the gem-bearing pegmatites near Pala and Mesa Grande. 
 
 LA2U RITE— Lapis- Lazuli 
 
 Sodium and aluminum silicate, with sodium sulphide, 3NaAlSi04.Na2S. 
 
 Isometric. In cubes and dodecahedrons. Massive. Vitreous luster. 
 Color azure-blue, violet-blue. H. = 5 — 5i. G. = 2.38 — 2.45. 
 
 Fuses with Intumescence. Soluble in hydrochloric acid and yields 
 g-elatinous silica on evaporation. 
 
 Madera County: Lazurite is reported to have been found in the 
 Minaret I\Iountains. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Small boulders of limestone containing 
 lapis-lazuli with pyrite occur in the bed of San Antonio Creek, near 
 Upland. The boulders come from an old prospect which was thought 
 to be a silver deposit. It occurs on the northern slope of the South 
 Fork of Cascade Canyon, Ih miles east of the Hogback in San Antonio 
 Canyon, 12 miles from Upland. The occurrence has been described as 
 lapis-lazuli by Surr (13), who erroneously stated the locality to be in 
 Los Angeles County. Rogers, (12, 38), has made a qualitative examina- 
 tion of the composition of this material which indicates that it is a 
 sulphide-bearing haiiyne. 
 
 SCAPOLITE— Wernerite 
 
 Scapolite is the name given to a group of rock-forming silicates con- 
 sisting of isomorphous mixtures of marialite, 3NaAlSi30s.NaCl and 
 meionite, 3CaAl2Si208.CaC0o. 
 
 Tetragonal. Usually massive granular. Brittle. Luster vitreous 
 to pearly. Color white, gray, or pink. Streak uncolored. H. = 5 — 6. 
 Marialite, G. = 2.63; Meionite, G. = 2.72. 
 
 Fuses easily with slight intumescence to a white blebby glass. A 
 yellow sodium flame is usually obtained. Marialite is only slightly attacked 
 by acids, whereas meionite is easily decomposed. 
 
 The scapolites are in general formed by contact metamorphism. 
 
 Nevada County: Scapolite occurs in a contact schist at Nevada 
 City and Grass Valley, Lindgren (96). 
 
 Riverside County: Scapolite occurs with green pyroxene, quartz, 
 feldspar, wollastonite, and grossularite garnet at Crestmore, Eakle 
 (17). It occurs in small dikes with augite on the Eagle Mountains. 
 
 Tulare County: Scapolite occurs in a metamorphic rock with 
 Avollastonite, calcite, and diopside southwest of Three Rivers in the Si 
 Sec. 25, T. 17 S., R. 28 E., M. D. M. 
 
230 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 ZEOLITES 
 
 The zeolites are hydrous aluminum silicates of sodium, potassium, 
 and calcium. They have certain features of crystal structure, chemical 
 behaviour and occurrence in common. They are rather easily attacked 
 by acids and lose water readily. 
 
 CLINOPTILOLITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium, sodium, potassium, and aluminum silicate, 
 (Ca,Na2,K2) O.AhOalGSiOa.THaO. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Clinoptilolite was reported as a con- 
 stituent of altered fragmental volcanic rocks of Miocene age by 
 Bramlette and Posnjak (33). Analysis by Fairchild : 
 
 Si02 
 
 AbOs 
 
 FeiOa 
 
 MgO CaO 
 
 NaaO 
 
 K2O H2O — 
 
 64.30 
 
 12.78 
 
 0.82 
 
 0.62 2.42 
 HEULANDITE 
 
 3.96 
 
 1.36 4.78 
 
 H2O + 
 
 9.50 r= 100.54% 
 
 Hydrous calcium sodium, and aluminum silicate, 
 ( Ca,Na2 ) O. AI2O3. eSiOa. 5H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. In platy crystals. Perfect clinopinacoidal cleavage. 
 Brittle. Luster pearly and vitreous. Color white, red, brown. Streak 
 white. H. = 3i — 4. G. = 2.18 — 2.22. 
 
 Intumesces or boils when fused. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, with- 
 out gelatinization. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Heulandite is a zeolite usually formed as a secondary mineral 
 in cavities and seams of basic volcanic rock, with stilbite, chabazite, 
 and other zeolites. 
 
 Plumas County: Heulandite occurs at Engels in druses of peg- 
 matites, Graton and McLaughlin (17). 
 
 San Diego County: It occurs sparingly as pale-brown crystals 
 Avith stilbite at Rincon. Forms: (010), (001), (201), (201), and 
 (110), Rogers (10). 
 
 STILBITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium, calcium, and aluminum silicate, (NasCa) Al2Si60i6.6H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Commonly in sheaf-like aggregates, lamellar. Cleavage 
 perfect clinopinacoidal. Brittle. Vitreous to pearly luster. Color white, 
 yellowish-brown. Streak uncolored. H. =r3J — 4. G. := 2.09 — 2.20. 
 
 Fuses with exfoliation. Gives water in a closed tube. Soluble in 
 hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing. 
 
 Stilbite is a common zeolite occurring usually as sheaf -like aggre- 
 gates in cavities and seams of volcanic rock. 
 
 Modoc County: Specimens of lava with amygdules filled with 
 stilbite and natrolite have come from this county. 
 
 Plumas County: White and brown stilbite occurs with chabazite 
 and natrolite in the cavities of basic rock at Engels. 
 
SILICATES — ZEOLITES 231 
 
 San Diego County: It occurs as slieaf-like aggregates of small 
 brown crystals at the Victor mine near Rincon, Rogers (10), and 
 occasionally in some of the gem-bearing pegmatites at Pala. 
 
 Santa Barhara County: It was found in the San Pablo Moun- 
 tains of Santa Rosa Island. 
 
 Tulare County: It occurs in volcanic rock at Mount Kaweah. 
 
 PHILLIPSITE 
 
 Hydrous potassium, calcium, and aluminum silicate, 
 (K2,Ca)Al2Si40i2.4iH20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Usually in groups of twinned crystals. Cleavage (001) 
 and (010) rather distinct. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white to red. 
 Streak uncolored. Translucent to opaque. H. =^ 4 — 4^. G. = 2.2. 
 
 Fuses easily to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Plumas County: Phillipsite is one of the zeolites at the Engels 
 
 mine. 
 
 CHABAZITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium, sodium, and aluminum silicate, 
 (Ca,Na2)Al2Si40i2.6H20. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Crystals nearly cubic. Cleavage (loTl) 
 distinct. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white, flesh-red. Streak uncol- 
 ored. H. =r4 — 5. G. = 2.08 — 2.16. 
 
 Fuses with light swelling. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, but 
 without gelatinization. Gives much water in a closed tube. 
 
 Chabazite is a zeolite occurring as a secondary mineral in cavities 
 of basic volcanic rock. 
 
 Mono County: Minute crystals of cliabazite have been found in 
 cracks in schist near the head of McGee Creek, just north of Mount 
 Crocker. 
 
 Nevada County: It occurs in colorless crystals with epidote and 
 pyrite at the Star placer mine, Grass Valley, Lindgren (96). 
 
 Plumas County: It was found as rhombohedrons in olivine basalt 
 at the Dodson mine, Mooreville Ridge, Turner (94a). Chabazite 
 occurred at the Engels mine, Graton and IMcLaughlin (17). 
 
 Shasta County: It was found with natrolite and tridymite in the 
 basalts near Round Mountain, Melhase (34). 
 
 THOMSONITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium, calcium, and aluminum silicate, 
 (Na2.Ca)Al2Si20s.2JH20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Usually radiate fibrous in spherical forms ; also com- 
 pact. Cleavage perfect basal. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color snow- 
 white to brown. Streak uncolored. H. = 5 — 5i. G. :=2.3 — 2.4. 
 
 Fuses very easily to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric 
 acid. 
 
 Colusa County: Thomsonite occurs with calcite, pectolite, dato- 
 lite, prehnite, and hydromagnesite as veins in serpentine in a road 
 quarry, near Wilbur Springs, about 2 miles east of the Lake County 
 line, 
 
 Plumas County: Thomsonite has been found at the Engels mine. 
 
232 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 GONNARDITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium, sodium, and aluminum silicate, 
 (Ca,Na2)2Al2Si50i5.5JH20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Fibrous, radiating. Silky luster. Color white. 
 H. = 41 — 5. G. =2.3. 
 Easily fusible. 
 
 Riverside County: Gonnardite has been found with wollastonite 
 and pyrite in the Commercial quarry at Crestmore. 
 
 NATROLITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium and aluminum silicate, Na2Al2Si30io.2H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic crystals. Long needles, columnar, fibrous, 
 radiating, massive. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Vitreous luster. Color- 
 less to white. H. = 5 — 5J. G. — 2.20 — 2.25. 
 
 Puses quietly to a clear glass and gives the yellow flame of sodium. 
 Soluble in hydrochloric acid and yields much jelly on evaporation. Gives 
 water in a closed tube. 
 
 Natrolite is a zeolite formed as a secondary mineral in cavities of 
 igneous rock and sometimes as veins in such rock. It usually occurs 
 fibrous or acicular, associated with stilbite and other zeolites. 
 
 Alameda County: Needles of natrolite occur with analcite in the 
 amygdules of the andesitic rock on the Berkeley Hills. 
 
 Inyo County: Foshag (24a) reports the occurrence of natrolite 
 lin radiating groups with analcite in cavities in lava near the Russell 
 borax mine. 
 
 Kern County: Fibrous bunches of natrolite occur with analcite 
 in small cavities in a lava flow at Red Rock Canyon. 
 
 Modoc County: Slender needles of natrolite occur with stilbite 
 in the lava of this county. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs in druses of pegmatite at Engels. 
 
 San Benito Comity: A large vein of white natrolite occurs near 
 I he headwaters of the San Benito River on the west side of the Diablo 
 Range about 25 miles north of Coalinga, in which crystals of benitoite 
 and neptunite are included. The natrolite is mostly granular, although 
 some crystals with the forms (110) and (111) occur. The occurrence 
 has been described by Louderback (07), (09) with analysis by Bias- 
 dale. 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 Na20 H20 
 
 47.69 27.14 15.74 9.56 = 100.13% 
 
 Shasta County: Natrolite occurs with chabazite and tridymite 
 in basalt near Round Mountain, Melhase (34). 
 
 Sierra County: It was found on Herkin's ranch, north of Sierra. 
 
 Sonoma County: It occurs in the rocks of the Sonoma Mountains, 
 near Petaluma. 
 
SILICATES ZEOLITES 233 
 
 MESOLITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium, calcium, and aluminum silicate, 
 7uNa2Al2Si30io.2HjO nCaAkSisOio.SHsO. 
 
 Monoclinic. Acicular and capillary crystals. Generally silky fibrous 
 crusts. Cleavag-e perfect prisniatic and basal. Vitreous to silky luster. 
 White or colorless. H. = 5. G. = 2.2 — 2.4. 
 
 Fuses with intumescence to a white vesicular glass. Soluble with 
 grelatinization. Gives much water in a closed tube. 
 
 Mesolite is a zeolite generally occurring as silky fibrous crusts in 
 cavities of basaltic rock. 
 
 Lassen County: IMesolite was observed in the lava of Lassen Peak. 
 Shasta County: It was found near Redding. 
 
 Ventura County: It was observed in the basalt of the Pinos 
 Mountains. Tufts of capillary snow-white mesolite occur lining the 
 hollow amygdules of the lavas of Lockwood Valley. 
 
 SCOLECITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium and aluminum silicate, CaALSisOio.SHaO. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals slender prismatic ; also massive, and fibrous. 
 Cleavage nearly perfect prismatic. Vitreous luster, silky when fibrous. 
 Color white. H. = 5 — SJ. G. = 2.16 — 2.4. 
 
 B. B. curls up and fuses to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with acids. 
 
 Scolecite is a zeolite formed as a secondary mineral in cavities of 
 igneous rock and sometimes as veins in such rock. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs as a hydrothermal mineral in small 
 veinlets of finely radial white fibers at the Engels mine, Graton and 
 McLaughlin (17). 
 
 ANALCIME— Analcite 
 
 Hydrous sodium and aluminum silicate, NaAlSi^Oo.HsO. 
 
 Isometric. Crystals usually trapezohedrons. Also massive granu- 
 lar; compact. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Colorless to white. H. rr 5 — 5 J. 
 G. = 2.22 — 2.29. 
 
 Fuses to a clear glass and shows bright-yellow flame of sodium. 
 Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Gives a small amount of water in a 
 closed tube. 
 
 Analcime is a zeolite occurring as a secondary mineral in volcanic 
 locks and often in large trapezohedral crystals. It is also found as an 
 original constituent in some diabases and basalts. 
 
 Alameda County: Analcime occurs as one of the secondary min- 
 erals in the cavities of andesitic rock in the Berkeley Hills. 
 
 Inyo County: Foshag (24a) reports that boulders of andasitic 
 lava near the Russell Borax mine, and the flows to the south, carry 
 analcime crystals up to 1 cm in diameter in the cavities. 
 
 Kern County: Analcime is found with natrolite in cavities in the 
 upper basalt flow at Ricardo in Red Rock Canyon. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs as a hydrothermal mineral in the 
 druses of the pegmatites at Engels, Graton and McLaughlin (17). 
 
234 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Santa Barbara County: It is a constituent of the teselieuite of 
 Point Sal and was analyzed by Fairbanks (95), (96). 
 
 SiOl' ALO:'. CaO NasO K2O Ign. 
 
 54.40 23.01 0.21 13.33 O.lO 8.46 = 99.63%. G. =r 2.261. 
 
 Shasta County: It occurs with natrolite in the cavities of basalt 
 7 miles east of Round Mountain. 
 
 Ventura County: Clear crystals of analcime occur with calcite in 
 cavities in basalt at tlie foot of the southern slope of Mount Pinos. 
 
 LAUMONTITE 
 
 Hydious calcium, sodium, and aluminum silicate, (Ca,Na2)Al2Si40i2.4H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Radiating or divergent columnar. Cleavage perfect 
 basal and clinopinacoidal. Vitreous luster. Color white. Streak uncol- 
 ored. H. = 31 — 4. G. = 2.25 — 2.36. 
 
 Fuses easily to a glass and shows the reddish flame of calcium. 
 Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Laumontite is a zeolite occurring in cavities of basic volcanic rock, 
 usually with other zeolites. 
 
 Plumas County: Laumontite occurs as a hydrothermal zeolite at 
 the Engels mine. 
 
 Riverside County: Soft fibrous masses of snow-white laumontite 
 coat some of the green prehnite at the Crestmore quarry. Analysis, 
 Eakle (17). 
 
 Si02 
 
 AL-O. 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 H2O 
 
 1 
 
 53.49 
 
 22.01 
 
 10.80 
 
 tr. 
 
 13.39 
 
 = 99.69% 
 
 San Bernardino County : Fibrous white laumontite has been found 
 near the Grant mine, on the right bank of Cucamonga Canyon. 
 
 San Diego County: Small amounts of laumontite were found with 
 the axinite crystals of JMoosa Canj-on near Bonsall, Schaller (11). Lau- 
 montite also occurs at Rincon in minute radiating crystals with the 
 forms (110), and (201), and as a pseudomorph after stilbite, Rogers 
 (10). 
 
 CORDIERITE 
 
 Magnesium, iron aluminum silicate, (Mg,Fe)2Al4Si50]8.H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic. Embedded grains, massive. Cleavage 
 (010), distinct. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color blue. H. = 7 — 7|. 
 G. = 2.60 — 2.66. 
 
 Fuses with difficulty. Partially decomposed by acid. 
 
 Cordierite occurs chiefly as a constituent of highly aluminous 
 metamorphic rocks. 
 
 Tulare County: Cordierite occurs with andalusite, biotite, quartz, 
 and orthoclase in a metamorphic rock on the north side of the South 
 Fork of Kaweah River about two-thirds of a mile southeast of Three 
 Rivers. 
 
SILICATES 235 
 
 PYROPHYLLITE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum silicate, H2Al2Si40i2. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Foliated, radiated lamellar, fibrous; also granular to 
 compact. Cleavage perfect basal. Pearly luster. Color white, apple- 
 green, light-brown, gray. H. = 1 — 2. G. =2.8 — 2.9. 
 
 Fuses usually with exfoliation. Moistened with cobalt nitrate and 
 intensely heated, assumes a blue color. Gives a little water in a closed 
 tube. Partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Soft and greasy like 
 talc, but distinguished by the reaction for aluminum. 
 
 ImpermJ County: Pyrophyllite occurs iii veins with kyanite and 
 andalnsite at the mine of the Vitrefrax Corporation, near Ogilby. 
 
 Madera County: Radiating and massive pyrophyllite occurs in 
 schist near the junction of the North Fork of San Joaquin River and 
 Bench Creek, Erwin (34). 
 
 Mariposa County: Pyrophyllite occurs in radial aggregates with 
 quartz at Tres Cerritos. 
 
 Mono County: Pyrophyllite occurs abundantly in radiating masses 
 and veinlets in andalusite at the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incor- 
 porated, on the western slope of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of 
 Mocalno, Peck (24), Kerr (32). 
 
 ANAUXITE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum silicate, Al2O3.3SiO2.2H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. In crystal plates with hexagonal outline. Perfect basal 
 cleavage. Luster pearly. Color white or pale-brown. H. = 2|. G. = 2.524. 
 
 Amador County: Anauxite was found to be a characteristic con- 
 stituent of the lone sandstone on the banks of the Mokelumne River, 1 
 mile west of Lancha Plana, by Allen (28). Analysis by Fairchild: 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 FesOs MgO CaO Na20 K2O H2O TiOa 
 
 52.46 32.20 1.69 __ _ 0.30 0.25 0.31 13.48 0.55 — 101.24% 
 
 Anauxite from the Newman pit near lone was analj'zed by Fair- 
 child, Wells (S7). 
 
 SiOs ALOs FeaOa MgO CaO Na20 K2O H2O— HiO-f Ti02 
 
 •18.80 35.18 1.24 none 0.22 0.25 0.40 I.IB 12.81 O.fil — 100.67% 
 
 Plumas County: It occurs in minute pale-brown crj'stals in the 
 cavities of a pj^roxene andesite at Drakesbad, Rogers (33). 
 
 Tuolumne County: Anauxite was found in minute tabular crys- 
 tals in the cavities of a pyroxene andesite at Jamestown, Rogers (33). 
 
 KAOLINITE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum silicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Occurs occasionally in scales and plates but is generally 
 massive, earthy, clay-like. Cleavage perfect basal. Flexible. Pearly to 
 dull luster. Color white, yellow, red, bro%vn. H. = 2 — 2J. G. ^= 2.6. 
 
 Pure clays are infusible and insoluble, but some not being pure 
 kaolinite, will fuse to a glass and are slightly soluble. Most will turn 
 a blue color when heated intensely after moistening with cobalt nitrate. 
 Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Kaolinite forms the base of clays. It is derived by the alteration 
 
236 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 of rocks containing aluminum silicates, especially the feldspars, and 
 most good clays come from the alteration of potash feldspar. 
 
 TAthomarge is a compact clay consisting partly of kaolinite. 
 
 Amador County: Banks of Avhite clay containing silica occur 2 
 miles north of Carbondale. Fine pure-white kaoliiiite occurs on the 
 Scully ranch, near lone. 
 
 Calaveras County: Good clay occurs at Valley Springs. Litho- 
 marge occurs near Big Trees. 
 
 Lake County: Good quality clay occurs at the Mount Sam mine on 
 Mount Konocti, southeast of Kelseyville. 
 
 Los Angeles County: A deposit of kaolinite occurs 6 miles west of 
 Saugus. 
 
 Napa County: It was found at the old Eedington mine, Knoxville. 
 
 Riverside County: Fine kaolinite is found in Hagador Canyon. 
 Soft white clay is present as an alteration of the feldspars at the Crest- 
 more quarry. 
 
 Shasta County: Thick, incoherent deposits of kaolinite occur with 
 alunite and opal on the tlanks of BrokeofP Mountain, Lassen Volcanic 
 National Park, H. Williams (32). 
 
 Sonoma County: A deposit of white kaolin occurs in a hill about 
 a quarter of a mile northeast of Beltane Station, W. W. Bradley (16). 
 Analyses : 
 
 
 Si02 
 
 TiO:; 
 
 AbO^ 
 
 Fe::0.-, 
 
 MiiO 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 HaO 
 
 
 Hard _. 
 
 ._-74.(;0 
 
 0.21 
 
 15.97 
 
 0.50 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.06 
 
 8.80 
 
 - 100.32% 
 
 Medium 
 
 __56.29 
 
 0.31 
 
 31.13 
 
 0.59 
 
 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.05 
 
 11.67: 
 
 r= 100.09% 
 
 Soft __. 
 
 .__58.10 
 
 0.56 
 
 26.79 
 
 1.17 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.05 
 
 12.66 
 
 = 99.65% 
 
 HALLOYSITE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum silicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.nH2O. 
 
 Massive. Earthy, clay-like. Slightly plastic. Waxy to dull luster. 
 Color white, grayish, greenish, reddish, brown. H. = 1 — 2. G. = 2 — 2.2. 
 
 Like kaolinite in its blowpipe reactions. Generally classed as a clay. 
 
 Imperial County: Halloysite occurs with sulphur, kaolin, and 
 gypsum at a sulphur prospect 6 miles north of 4S ranch and 1| miles 
 west of the Colorado Kiver, about 35 miles north of Yuma, Kelly (36). 
 
 Inyo County: A banded white and brown halloysite occurs at the 
 Cerro Gordo mine, Rogers (12). Halloysite from the Cerro Gordo 
 district was analyzed by Chase Palmer, Wells (37). 
 
 Si02 AbOn Ign. 
 
 43.11 38.60 17.52 = 99.23% 
 
 Mono County: Halloysite from the Detroit Copper mine, near 
 Mono Lake, was analyzed by Clarke, Clarke and Chatard (84). 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 H2O ■ '■:.".-.-\ 
 
 42.9] 38.13 18.95 = 99.99% 
 
SILICATES 237 
 
 San Diego County: Massive pink lialloysite occurs at Pala with 
 gem tourmaline; it has been analyzed by Sclialler (04). 
 
 Si02 
 
 Ti02 
 
 ALO3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 MnO 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO Li-O 
 
 Na20 K2O 
 
 43.62 
 
 none 
 
 35.55 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.26 
 
 1.02 
 
 0.19 0.23 
 
 H2O 
 
 at 107° ab. 107° 
 6.63 12.25 = 
 
 0.19 0.03 
 ;100.18% 
 
 ALLOPHANE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum silicate, Al2Si05.nH20. 
 
 Amorphous. Incrustations. Very brittle. Vitreous luster. Pale sky- 
 blue, green, brown, colorless. Streak uncolored. H. = 3. G. :=1.85 — 1.89. 
 
 Infusible. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, yielding gelatinous silica. 
 Heated with cobalt nitrate assumes a blue color. 
 
 San Bernardino Count ij: Allophane occurs in the veins of the 
 California Kand Silver mine, Hulin (25). 
 
 San Luis Obispo County: A specimen has come from Arroyo 
 Grande. 
 
 CHLOROPAL 
 
 Hydrous iron silicate, H4Fe2Si20p. 
 
 Compact massive, opal-like. Dull luster. Color pistachio-green, 
 greenish-yellow. H. = 2J — 41. G. = 1.72 — 2.49. 
 
 Infusible. Heated intensely, becomes magnetic. Gives water in a 
 closed tube. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Nontronite is a yellowish variety of chloropal. 
 
 El Dorado County: Nontronite altered to limonite was observed 
 at Georgetown. 
 
 Kern County: Nontronite occurring as veinlets in garnet pyroxene 
 rock near the Woody post office has been analyzed by Steiger, Larsen 
 and Steiger (28), Wells (37). 
 
 Si02 
 
 AbOs 
 
 Fe203 
 
 FeO CaO MgO K2O 
 
 
 47.51 
 
 0.37 
 
 35.17 
 
 None 2.50 1.40 0.06 
 
 H2O 
 Na20 at 105° ab. 105° 
 0.09 7.16 5.90 = 100.16%. G. 
 
 = 2.495 
 
 Mariposa County: Nontronite has been found with garnet in this 
 county. 
 
 Placer County: Specimens of chloropal have come from Bath. 
 
 BEIDELLITE 
 
 Hydrous aluminum silicate, Al2O3.3SiO2.4H2O. 
 
 Orthorhombic? In thin crystal plates. Cleavage (001). Waxy 
 to vitreous luster. Color white, reddish, or brownish-gray. H. r=:lj. 
 G. = 2.6. 
 
 Infusible. Becomes plastic in water. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Beidellite was observed by Beverly (34) at 
 the graphite deposits in the upper part of Elizabeth Lake Canyon, near 
 its junction with the San Andreas Rift Valley, forming patches and 
 filling fi'actures in orthoclase in a biotite-sillimanite schist. 
 
238 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Sierra County: In the Alleghany district some of the druses in 
 the veins are filled with beidellite, Feri?uson and Gannett (32). 
 
 MONTMORILLONITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium, calcium, and aluminum silicate, 
 (Mg,Ca)O.Al203.5Si02.nH20, with n = 5 — 7. 
 
 Massive, clay-like. Cleavage (001) perfect. Luster feeble. Color 
 white to rose red. Very soft. G. := 2. 
 
 The clay known as hentonite which has been derived from the 
 alteration of volcanic ash or tnff, is usually composed of montmorillo- 
 nite. 
 
 Inyo County: Montmorillonite is mined under the name of 'amar- 
 gosite' along the Amargosa River, near Tecopa, Shoshone, and Ash 
 Meadow.s, Melhase (26). Montmorillonite from Amargosa Valley was 
 analyzed by Fairchild, Wells (37). 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 MgO CaO NA2O 
 
 K2O 
 
 54.58 
 
 16.44 
 
 2.59 
 
 0.11 
 
 4.90 0.72 3.02 
 
 H2O — H2O + 
 11.10 5.49 
 
 0.81 
 
 Ti02 
 
 0.18 = 99.94% 
 
 Los Angeles County: Waxy montmorillonite, apparently formed 
 by the alteration of feldspar, occurs in an abandoned quarry in pegma- 
 tite 2 miles north of Claremont, Laudermilk and Woodford (34). 
 Analysis by Laudermilk: 
 
 Si02 
 
 Ti02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 MnO 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 49.70 
 
 0.28 
 
 22.10 
 
 2.12 
 
 tr. 
 
 1.08 
 
 2.85 
 
 
 
 
 K2O 
 
 NA2O 
 
 P2O5 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 
 
 none 
 
 1.17 
 
 none 
 
 21.14 — 
 
 100.44% 
 
 San Bernardino County: Large deposits of montmorillonite are 
 reported about 7 miles east of Barstow on the north side of the Mojave 
 River. 
 
 Sa7i Diego County: Fairchild analyzed: (a) Montmorillonite from 
 this county, (b) Pink montmorillonite from pegmatite from this 
 county, Wells (37). 
 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 FeO 
 
 Mg-O 
 
 CaO 
 
 NA2O 
 
 K2O 
 
 (a)__ 
 
 53.96 
 
 15.44 
 
 1.12 
 
 tr. 
 
 6.99 
 
 0.80 
 
 0.94 
 
 0.54 
 
 (b)__ 
 
 50.06 
 
 21.32 
 
 0.22 
 
 tr. 
 
 4.42 
 
 1.26 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.19 
 
 
 
 
 H2O — 
 
 H2O + 
 
 Ti02 
 
 MnO 
 
 CI 
 
 
 
 
 
 14.22 
 
 6.34 
 
 0.19 
 
 
 
 0.29 
 
 = 100.83% 
 
 
 
 
 14.06 
 
 7.56 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.13 
 
 
 
 = 99.55% 
 
 Under the local name of ' Otaylite' commercial shipments of mont- 
 morillonite have been made from a deposit 3 miles southeast of Otay. 
 
 Ventura County: Montmorillonite is the essential constituent of 
 the bentonite clay beds on the west bank of the Ventura River 2 miles 
 south of the Ventura Avenue oil field, along Los Sauces Creek 2 miles 
 north of the Rincon oil field, at the mouth of Rincon Creek and near 
 Oakview, Kerr (31). 
 
SILICATES 239 
 
 TALC 
 
 Hydrous magnesium silicate, H2Mg'3SijOi2. 
 
 Monoclinic. Foliated massive to granular and compact massive. 
 Cleavage basal, perfect. Sectile. Pearly luster. Color white, pale-green, 
 apple-green, gray, brown. Streak white. Feel greasy. H. r= 1 ^ — -li. 
 G. = 2.7 — 2.8. 
 
 Infusible. Insoluble in acid. Gives water in closed tube on intense 
 ignition. 
 
 Talc is common in the metamorpliic rocks of the State, forming 
 talc schists. It occurs as a hydi'ation product in the alteration of mag- 
 nesian silicates, and is often associated with serpentine and with actino- 
 lite. 
 
 Soapstone is a coarse granular, grayish-green to browiiisli-gray 
 variety. 
 
 Alameda County: Light-green talc outcrops in the serpentine 
 about 20 miles southeast of Livermore. 
 
 Amador County: Talc occurs in the schists near Jackson. Excel- 
 lent foliated talc occurs at Plymouth. Light-green talc occurs on the 
 Tonzi ranch, 6 miles northeast of lone. 
 
 Butte Cou7ity: Soapstone occurs near Flea Valley and Clear Creek. 
 Narrow seams of talc occur in the Big Bend of the North Fork of 
 Feather River. Gray soapstone occurs near Buck's ranch. Massive 
 soapstone was found near Poe Station, 30 miles east of Oroville ; also at 
 McLean's Spur. Talc has come from near Swayne. 
 
 Calaveras County: Talc seams are found 2 miles northeast of 
 Angels Camp and on Quail Hill. Deposits of talc occur 2^ miles west 
 of Murphys and 1| miles south of Vallecito. Massive soapstone occurs 
 4 miles east of Valley Springs. A large deposit of talc vas found 6 
 miles east of IMokelumne Plill, on the Calaveras River. 
 
 Contra Costa County: An analysis of the talc from the schists 
 near San Pablo was made by Blasdale (01). 
 
 H..O 
 Si02 AI2O3 Fe203 FeO MgO CaO at 100° ab. 100" 
 
 56.02 9.02 1.10 5.14 24.10 0.60 0.16 4.34 = 100.4S% 
 
 El Dorado County: Talc occurs in the Kel.sey district and at 
 Georgetown. Good talc or soapstone occurs nciir Shingle Springs and 
 near Latrobe. 
 
 Fresnc County: Talc occurs in schist in Watts Valley and in the 
 Kings River Canyon. 
 
 Glenn County: Talc seams occur with the serpentine on the west- 
 ern border of the county. Specimens of talc have come from near 
 Willows. 
 
 Imperial County: Talc occurs with kyanite and dumortierite at 
 the mine of the Vitrefrax Corporation, about 4 miles northeast of 
 Ogilby, Melhase (25), (34). 
 
240 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Inyo Count !j: Fine greenish and white talc occurs near Keeler. 
 Pure while talc is found at contact of limestone and diorite, 8 miles 
 southwest of Zabriskie. White and graj^ indurated talc occurs in 
 the Darwin district. A deposit of soft silvery talc occurs at Acme 
 Siding. A fine bluish-white talc, which can be cut into blocks, occurs 
 near Keeler. High-grade talc occurring in lenticular masses and veins 
 in dolomite has been mined about 8 miles west of Darwin on the Darwin- 
 Olancha road, W. W. Bradley (35). 
 
 Kern County: Talc occurs on Soapstone Mountain and near Goler 
 iiiid Randsburg. Foliated masses of talc are found near Kernville. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Soapstone is found with serpentine at 
 Empire Landing, Santa Catalina Island. Talc occurs close to the Red 
 Rover mine, near Acton. Talc occurs in veins and lenses in many places 
 in the schists of the Sierra Pelona and a large number of claims have 
 been located on talc in Bouquet Canyon, Simpson (34). 
 
 Madera County: Talc schist from which large blocks of soapstone 
 can be obtained occurs on the north side of the San Joaquin River, 
 above Friant. 
 
 Marin County: Talc is found near San Rafael and Taylorville. 
 
 Mariposa County: Small amounts of talc are found near Prince- 
 ton, and in the Lewis district. Gray soapstone occurs near Coulter- 
 ville. 
 
 Napa County: Seams of talc with serpentine are found in the 
 Chiles district. Massive green talc is found on the Fir Hill ranch, 2 
 miles west of Chiles. 
 
 Nevada County: It occurs in the Grass Valley region. 
 
 Placer County: Outcrops of talc occur a few miles north of Col- 
 fax. Small amounts of talc have been found near Clipper Gap. Soap- 
 stone occurs at the Bobtail mine in the Rock Creek district. 
 
 Riverside County: White, scaly talc occurs about 3 miles south- 
 west of Winchester, and near Perris. 
 
 Sacramento County: Talc occurs with chromite on Bear Mountain, 
 near Mormon Island. 
 
 San Benito County: Talc is found between San Benito and Clear 
 Creeks. 
 
 San Bernardino County: A talcose clay called rock soap is found 
 near Waterman. A large deposit of w'hite crystalline talc near Silver 
 Lake is mined by the Pacific Coast Talc Company, Wicks (30). White 
 talc from Riggs has been analyzed by Wells (37). 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FesOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 H2O 
 
 60.88 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.33 
 
 28.85 
 
 4.28 
 
 4.50 — 99.30% 
 
 63.36 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.09 
 
 0.30 
 
 27.60 
 
 3.49 
 
 3.92 = 99.22% 
 
SILICATES 241 
 
 Sa7i Diego County: Soapstone is found near National City, at 
 Ota}', and in the Tia Jiiana Valley. Talc has been found about 5 miles 
 from Escondido. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: Soapstone occurs on the Santa Maria 
 River. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: Talc occurs near Aptos. 
 
 Shasta County: Talc is found on Boulder Creek. Commercial 
 shipments of talc have been made from the Ganim gold mine, 2^ miles 
 northwest of Schilling. 
 
 Sierra County : Soapstone suitable for slabs has been quarried 
 near Pike City. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Talc occurs in several localities associated with 
 the serpentine in this county. It is found near Etna, near Fort Jones, 
 near the head of Wolley Creek, near Scott, and in the Cottonwood 
 Mountains on the divide between Beaver and Bumble Bee Creeks. A 
 large mass of soapstone occurs a few miles southeast of Hamburg Bar. 
 
 Sonoma County: A soft green talc is found with aetinolite at 
 Petaluma. 
 
 Tehama County: Soapstone mixed with limonite has come from 
 Paskenta. 
 
 Trinity County: Light-gray soapstone occurs on Browns Moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Tulare County: Talc occurring in small seams with calcite near 
 Porterville has been analyzed by Foshag and Wherry (22). 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 FesOa FeO MgO CaO Hz04- H2O — 
 
 57.44 none none 1.85 31.74 1.14 7.76 .28 = 100.21% 
 
 Tuolumne County: Talc occurs at Shaws Flat and on Yankee 
 Hill. A deposit of talc occurs near Shawmut. 
 
 Yiiba County: Soapstone has been quarried for local use below 
 "Weeds Point, near Camptonville, and near Challenge and Oak Valley. 
 
 SEPIOLITE — Meerschaum 
 
 Hydrous magnesium silicate, HiMgsSisOio. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Fibrous, compact. Earthy texture and smooth feel. 
 Dull luster. Color white. H. -zr 2 — 2 J. G. = 2. When dry floats on 
 water. 
 
 Difl^cult to fuse. Heated in closed tube, gives off water. Moistened 
 with cobalt nitrate and intensely heated, assumes a pink color. Soluble 
 in hydrochloric acid without forming a jelly. 
 
 Inyo County: Sepiolite was mentioned by Hanks (84) as possibly 
 occurring at the Half Dollar mine. 
 
 16—51440 
 
242 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Mariposa County: An excellent qualitj' of sepiolite was found on 
 a copper claim just east of Mariposa. 
 
 Riverside County: Sepiolite occurs in small veins in calcite at 
 Crestmore, Daly (35). 
 
 GARNIERITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium and nickel silicate, H2(Ni,Mg)Si04 + H20. 
 
 Amorphous. Clay-like mas.<?es with pod-shaped concretions. Dull 
 luster. Color apple-green to nearly white. Soft and friable. G.^= 2.3 — 2.8 
 
 Infusible. Gives with borax a violet bead while hot and a brown bead 
 when cold. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of silica. Gives 
 water in a closed tube. 
 
 Imperial County: Garnierite was reported to occur on the south- 
 ern slope of tlie Coyote Mountains. 
 
 DEWEYLITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium silicate, 4MgO.3SiO2.6H2O. 
 
 Amorphous. Massive, gum-like. Greasy luster. Color whitish, 
 yellowish, reddish. H. = 2 — 3 J. G. — 2 ^ — 2.2 
 
 Like serpentine in its reactions. 
 
 Napa County: Deweylite occurs as a gangue mineral with the 
 gold and silver ores of the Palisades mine, 2 miles north of Calistoga. 
 
 Riverside County: Daly (35) has described the occurrence of 
 deweylite with chrysotile in the Chino quarry at Crestmore. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Crusts of deweylite have been found at 
 the Western magnesite mine on Red Mountain, Rogers (12). 
 
 NEOTOCITE 
 
 Hydrous manganese and iron silicate, MnO.Si027iH20. 
 
 Amorphous. Dull luster. Color black to dark-brown. H. =3 — 4. 
 G.= about 2.8 
 
 Gives green bead of manganese when fused with sodium carbonate. 
 Soluble in acid. Yields water in a closed tube. 
 
 Neotocite is common in the manganese deposits of the State. 
 
 Humboldt County: Neotocite was abundant in resinous-brown to 
 almost black masses at the Woods mine, 12 miles northwest of Blocks- 
 burg. 
 
 Lake County: It occurred with psilomelane at the Witter Springs 
 mine. 
 
 Mendocino County: Neotocite was abundant in light and dark- 
 brown masses in the Thomas mine. It was found in the manganese 
 deposits of Mount Sanhedrin. 
 
 Sonoma County: It occurred in chert with psilomelane at the 
 Aho mine, 6 miles west of Cazadero. 
 
SILICATES 24.3 
 
 CELADONITE 
 
 Hydrous iron, magnesium, and potassium silicate. 
 
 Earthy or in minute scales. Color deep olive-green or apple-green. 
 Greasy feel. H. = l. G. = 2.7 
 
 Fusible. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 San Mateo Comity: A specimen has come from near San Mateo. 
 
 CUSTERITE 
 
 [Ca(F,OH)]2S103. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fine granular masses. Basal and prismatic cleavage. 
 Color greenish -gray. H. = 5. G. = 2.91. 
 
 Difficultly fusible. Dissolves with separation of gelatinous silica. 
 
 Biverside County: Custerite with idocrase was found bj' Tilley 
 (28) in a metamorphic rock from Crestmore. 
 
 CENTRALLASITE 
 Hydrous calcium silicate, 4CaO.7Si02.5HzO. 
 
 Platy or lamellar to compact. Color white. H. — 2J. G. ^= 2.51. 
 
 Fuses easily with intumescence. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with 
 separation of silica. 
 
 Riverside County: Centrallasite was described by Foshag (24c) as 
 occurring with feldspar in a pegmatite in the Wet Weather quarry at 
 Crestmore. Analysis by Foshag: 
 
 HzO Si02 AI2O3 CaO MgO 
 
 11.88 57.00 0.26 30.86 0.20 = 100.20% 
 
 GYROLITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium silicate, H2Ca2Si309.H20. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral. Fibrous and lamellar concretions. Per- 
 fect basal cleavage. Vitreous luster. Colorless and white. H. ^= 3 — 4. 
 G. = 2.34 — 2.45. 
 
 Fuses easily to a blebby glass and gives the yellowish-red flame of 
 calcium. Soluble in acid with some gelatinization. Gives water in a 
 closed tube. 
 
 G3'rolite is formed as a secondary mineral in crevices of rocks by 
 the alteration of lime silicates. 
 
 San Francisco County: Gyrolite occurs lining fissures in the rock 
 at Fort Point; it was analyzed by Schaller (05a). 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 CaO Na20 Ign. 
 
 53.47 0.22 32.00 1.25 13.21 = 100.15% G. =r 2.39 
 
 Santa Clara County: Fibrous gyrolite with apophyllite and bitu- 
 minous matter occurred in the crevices of the cinnabar mine at New 
 Almaden; it was analyzed by Clarke (89). 
 
 Si02 
 
 Al203Fe203 
 
 CaO 
 
 NaaO 
 
 K2O 
 
 F 
 
 52.54 
 
 .71 
 
 29.97 
 
 .27 
 
 1.56 
 
 .65 
 
 Ign. F — O 
 
 14.60 = 100.30 — .27 — 100.03% 
 
244 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 BEMENTITE 
 
 Hydrous manganese silicate HioMnsSiTOsr. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Pine fibrous masses and granular. Luster vitreous to 
 pearly. Color pale grayish-yellow to light-brown. H. — 3. G. ^2.98. 
 
 Puses easily to a. dark-brown glass. Soluble in hydrochloric acid 
 without gelatinization. Gives green bead of manganese with sodium 
 carbonate. 
 
 Bementite appears to be abundant in some of the psilomelane 
 deposits of the State. It is characteristically associated with rose-red 
 inesite and brown neotoeite. 
 
 Alameda County: Bementite occurs iu the Arroyo Mocho man- 
 ganese ore. It was observed at the Bailey mine with inesite and gray 
 rhodochrosite. 
 
 Humboldt County: It occurred with brown neotoeite and rhodo- 
 chrosite at the Woods mine, 12 miles northwest of Blocksburg. 
 
 Mendocino County: Granular pale-brown bementite occurs with 
 neotoeite and psilomelane at the Thomas mine, 6 miles northeast of 
 Redwood. It was found with inesite and neotoeite at the Mount San- 
 hedrin deposits, especially in the Rhodochrosite claim at Impassable 
 Rock. 
 
 San Joaquin Count ij: Bementite occurs in masses at the old Ladd 
 manganese mine. 
 
 Stanislaus County: It is a constituent of the ore from the Cum- 
 mings lease on the Winship property, where it occurs granular, mixed 
 with gray rhodochrosite and rose-red inesite. 
 
 APOPHYLLITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium and potassium fluosilicate, KP.Ca4(Si205)4.8H20. 
 
 Tetragonal. Square prisms, pyramids, massive. Cleavage perfect 
 basal. Brittle. Pearly to vitreous luster. Colorless, white, grayish, pale- 
 violet, greenish, yellowish. H. = 4J — .5. G. =:^ 2.3 — 2.4. 
 
 Puses with swelling to white enamel and shows the violet flame of 
 potassium. Gives much water in a closed tube. Soluble in hydrochloric 
 acid, but without gelatinization. 
 
 Apophyllite is a secondary mineral found in cavities of volcanic 
 rock. 
 
 Plumas County: Crystals of apophyllite occur in cavities of basalt 
 at the Buckeye mine, near Onion Valley. 
 
 Mari7i County: Short prismatic glassy crystals of apophyllite 
 occur with calcite and wollastouite in cracks in quartzite on the west 
 shore of Tomales Bay, H miles nortliwest of Inverness. 
 
 Riverside County: Cavities in flie massive wollastouite at Crest- 
 more are lined with small crystals of colorless and whit(^ apophyllite. 
 The forms identified are: (100), (111), and (001), Eakle tl7). 
 
SILICATES 24") 
 
 San Francisco County: A few crystals of apophyllite were found 
 at Fort Point with the forms (001). (Ill), and (100), but most of 
 them were changed into quartz pseudomorphs, Schaller (04). 
 
 Santa Clara County: Apophyllite was found at New Almaden in 
 large crystals with gyrolite and bituminous matter, Clarke (89). 
 
 OKENITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium silicate, HzCaSisOe.HaO. 
 
 Triclinic. Finely fibrous and acicular. Cleavage (010) perfect. 
 Pearly luster. Color snow-white. H. — 4* — 5. G. = 2.2 — 2.3. 
 
 Fuses to a glass and colors flame reddish. Soluble in hydrochloric 
 acid with slight gelatinization. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Riverside County: Okenite occurs as an alteration product of 
 wilkeite in the limestone at Crestmore, Eakle and Rogers (14). Radi- 
 ating botrj^oidal coatings of okenite occur on apophyllite as an altera- 
 tion product. It also occurs associated with idocrase and xanthophyl- 
 lite. Forms (110), (110), (OH), (010), (Oil), and analysis were 
 reported by Foshag, Eakle (17). Analysis: 
 
 Si02 CaO H2O 
 
 56.17 26.10 16.83 = 99.10%. G. = 2.206. 
 
 GILLESPITE 
 
 Iron and barium silicate, FeO.Ba0.4Si02. 
 
 Tetragonal. Basal cleavage. Color red. H. = 4. G. =: 3.33. 
 Fuses very easily. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Mariposa County: Gillespite has been found with sanbornite and 
 celsian in a vein in quartzite, about 1 mile north of Trumbull Peak, 
 near Incline, Rogers (32a). 
 
 SANBORNITE 
 
 Barium silicate, BaSiaOs. 
 
 Triclinic. Platy. Micaceous cleavage. "Vitreous luster. Colorless 
 to white. H. —5. G. = 4.19. 
 
 Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with swelling of plates. 
 
 Mariposa County: Sanbornite was first found in California witli 
 celsian and gillespite in a metamorphic rock 1 mile north of Trumbull 
 Peak, near Incline. It was described and named by Rogers (32a) with 
 analysis by 0. C. Shepard: 
 
 SiO: Al-.Os FezO:! CaO SrO BaO 
 
 42.2 1.5 tr. 0.1 0.2 50.4=94.4% 
 
 CHLORITES 
 
 The chlorites are a group of soft micaceous alumino-silicates of 
 iron and magnesium. The species below grade into one another by 
 continuous variations in compasition. The chlorites are common con- 
 
246 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 stituents of metainorphic rocks and as such are usually referred to by 
 
 group name. 
 
 PENNINITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium, iron, and aluminum silicate, 
 H8(Mg,Pe)6SiiOi8 to Hs(Mg,Fe)5Al=Si30i8. 
 
 Monoclinic. Plates, scales, scaly massive. Cleavage perfect basal. 
 Pearly to vitreous luster. Color emerald-green, grass-green, violet, rose- 
 red. H. = 2 — 2i. G. =3 2.6 — 2.85, 
 
 Fusibility 5 — 5|. Completely decomposed by sulphuric acid. 
 
 Peniiinite is similar to cliiioclilore but has more iron in its com- 
 position. 
 
 Kdmmererite is a peach-blossom red variety associated with 
 chromite. 
 
 Alameda County: Reddish-violet kammererite occurs with chro- 
 mite on Cedar Mountain at the Mendenhall mine, Rogers (12). 
 
 Del Norte County: Kammererite has been observed coating chro- 
 mite from this county. 
 
 Placer County: Kammererite occurs in chromite in Green Valley, 
 above Dutch Flat. Shannon (20a) has analyzed a chromiferous 
 chlorite from the mine of the Placer Chrome Company, 6 miles south 
 of Newcastle. 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 CrsOa FeO MgO CaO H2O 
 
 29.36 18.81 1.53 1.65 35.67 2.20 11.34 = 100. 567o 
 
 San Benito County: Red kammererite occurs on chromite asso- 
 ciated with uvarovite at New Idria, Brush (66). 
 
 Shasta County: Kammererite coats chromite in the Little Castle 
 Creek mine, near Diinsmuir. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Kammererite occurs with chromite and uvaro- 
 vite at the Martin McKean mine, near Callahan, Melhase (3oa). 
 
 Yuba County: Kammererite is found with uvarovite and chro- 
 mite at the Red Lodge mine, Melhase (35a). 
 
 CLINOCHLORE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium and aluminum silicate, HsMgsAhSisOis. 
 
 Monoclinic. Scaly, earthy, compact. Cleavage perfect basal. Pearly 
 luster. Deep grass-green, olive-green, rose-red. Streak greenish-white to 
 uncolored. Plates are flexible, but without elasticity, thus differing from 
 the micas. H. = 2 — 2i. G. = 2.65 — 2.78. 
 
 Practically infusible. Decomposed by boiling sulphuric acid. Gives 
 water in a closed tube when intensely heated. 
 
 Clinochlore occurs as an alteration product of magnesian-iron 
 minerals and is common in schists. , ■ . . 
 
 Kotschuheite is a rose-red variety of clinochlore containing chro- 
 mium, and is associated with chromite in serpentine rocks. 
 
SILICATES — CHLOBITES 247 
 
 Calaveras County: Pink chrome chlorite has been found near 
 Angels Camp. 
 
 Nevada County: Fine chrome chlorite, pink and green, occurs on 
 chromite at the Red Ledge mine, Washington district. 
 
 Placer County: Rose-red kotschubeite occurs on chromite in the 
 serpentine of Green Valley, above Dutch Flat, Lindgren (88). It 
 was analyzed by Melville. 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 CraOa 
 
 FeO 
 
 NiO CaO MgO 
 
 
 31.74 
 
 6.74 
 
 11.39 
 
 1.23 
 
 0.49 0.18 35.18 
 
 H2O 
 
 at 105° ab. 105° 
 0.37 12.68 =r 100.00%. G. 
 
 = 2.69 
 
 Riverside County: Clinochlore occurs in pale-green flakes with 
 idocrase in the limestone at Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 Siskiyou County: A chrome chlorite occurs near Dunsmuir. 
 
 PROCHLORITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium, iron, and aluminum silicate, 
 H8(Mg-,Fe)GAl2Si30i8 to H8(Mg,Fe)4Al4Si20i8. 
 
 Monoclinic. Scaly, foliated, granular, massive. Cleavage perfect 
 basal. Pearly luster. Color green, blacl^isli-green, brown. Streak 
 uncolored or greenish. H. = 1 — 2. G. = 2.78 — 2.96. 
 
 Like clinochlore in its reactions. Iron-rich varieties become magnetic 
 after heating. 
 
 Proclilorite forms large flaky masses in schists. 
 
 Butte County: Proclilorite is a constituent of the schists at 
 Forbestown, specimens coming from the Gold Bank mine. 
 
 Contra Costa County: Prochlorite was described and analyzed 
 from the schists near San Pablo by Blasdale (01). 
 
 SiO. 
 
 AlaOs 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 MgO CaO 
 
 Na20 
 
 27.38 
 
 26.15 
 
 0.78 
 
 12.70 
 
 18.92 
 
 HuO 
 
 at 100° ab. 100° 
 
 1.51 11.44 = 100.03%. 
 
 1.15 
 G. = 2.792 
 
 JEFFERISITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium, iron, and aluminum silicate, 
 10(Mg,Fe)O.4(Al,Fe)2O3.10SiO2.7H2O. 
 
 Broad plates, small scales. Cleavage perfect basal. Pearly luster. 
 Color dark yellowish-brown. H. = 1J. G. = 2.30. 
 
 Rather difficult to fuse, but exfoliates when heated. Soluble in 
 hydrochloric acid, but without gelatinization. Gives water in a closed 
 tube. 
 
 Jefferisite is a hydrated mica. 
 
 Lassen County: Large brown plates of jefferisite occur at Susan- 
 ville according to Hanks (84). 
 
 Tulare County: Hanks (84) mentions jefferisite from this county. 
 
248 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 IDDINGSITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium and iron silicate, MgO.Fe2O3.3SiO2.4H2O. 
 
 Othorhombic. Lamellar crystals. Cleavage perfect macropina- 
 coidal. Bronze luster. Color chestnut-brown to yellowish-green. 
 H. =:2J — 3. G. =:2.84. 
 
 Infu.sible. Becomes magnetic when heated. Decomposed by hydro- 
 chloric acid. 
 
 Inyo County: Iddingsite occurs abundantly in a basalt flow about 
 one kilometer southeast of the Russell Borax mine, Foshag (24a). 
 
 Monterey County: Iddingsite is a prominent constituent of the 
 basic extrusive rock, carmeloite, found about Carmelo Bay. It was 
 recognized as a new mineral and named by Lawson (93). 
 
 SAPONITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium and aluminum silicate, 9MgO.Al2O3.10SiO2.15-16H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic or orthorhombic. In minute scales. Commonly massive. 
 In nodules, or filling cavities. Greasy luster. Color white, yellowish, 
 grayish-green, reddish. Soft. G. = 2.24 — 2.30. 
 
 Fuses with difficulty. Yields water readily in a closed tube. Decom- 
 posed by sulphuric acid. 
 
 San Bernardino County: The bentonitic magnesian clay mineral 
 described hy Foshag and "Woodford (36) from a quarry 31- miles south 
 of Hector, in Death Valley, is probably to be classed as saponite. 
 Analysis by Foshag: 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 CaO MgO Na20 K2O Li20 H20-f H2O— CI 
 
 53.68 0.60 0.52 25.34 3.00 0.07 1.12 8.24 7.28 0.31 = 100.16% 
 
 Saponite from Hector has also been analyzed (a) by Fairchild and 
 (b) by Stevens, Wells (37). 
 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe20.T 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 Na20 
 
 K2O 
 
 (a) 
 
 ._ 57.50 
 
 0.68 
 
 0.24 
 
 25.98 
 
 0.47 
 
 2.48 
 
 0.45 
 
 (b) 
 
 -_ 51.26 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.09 
 
 23.25 
 
 2.60 
 
 3.47 
 
 0.10 
 
 
 Li20 
 
 H2O— 
 
 H2O + COs 
 
 Ti02 
 
 P2OS 
 
 SrO 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 3.52 
 
 6. 88 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.3 4 
 
 
 
 = 98.56% 
 
 (b) 
 
 0.60 
 
 11.56 
 
 5.14 1.35 
 
 
 
 
 
 tr. 
 
 = 99.78% 
 
 GRIFFITHITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium, iron, calcium, and aluminum silicate, 
 4(Mg,Fe,Ca)0.(Al,Fe)203.5Si02.7H20. 
 
 Monoclinic Basal plates and shreds. Cleavage basal. Sectile. 
 Color dark-green. H. = 1. G. = 2.309. 
 
 Fuses with intumescense to a black magnetic slag. Soluble in hydro- 
 chloric acid with gelatinization. 
 
 Los Angeles County: A chlorite filling amygdaloidal cavities in 
 basalt at Cahuenga Pass, Griffith Park, Los Angeles, was named 
 griffithite by Larsen and Steiger (17). Analysis by Steiger: 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 FeO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 Na20 
 
 S9.64 
 
 9.05 
 
 7.32 
 
 7.83 
 
 15.80 
 
 2.93 
 
 0.71 
 
 
 
 
 K2O 
 
 H2O — 
 
 H2O + 
 
 Ti02 
 
 
 
 
 none 
 
 12.31 
 
 4.90 
 
 none = 100.49% 
 
SILICATES — BRITTLE MICAS 249 
 
 STILPNOMELANE 
 
 Hydrous iron, magmesium, and ahiminum silicate, 
 2(Fe,Ms)0.(Fe.Al)s035Si023H::0. 
 
 Monoclinic. In minute scales. Flexible. Brassy to submetallic lus- 
 ter. Color black, yellowish and greenish-bronze. H. = 3 — 4. 
 G. = 2.77 — 2.9G. 
 
 Fuses with difficulty and becomes magnetic. Decomposed by 
 hydrochloric acid, but without forming a jelly. Gives much water in a 
 closed tube. 
 
 Chalcodite is a rare brown variety, occurring in minute scales, 
 often "with a bronze luster. 
 
 hnjo County: Stilpnomelane occurs as bronze-brown flakes on 
 analcite and natrolite in the amygdules of an andesite on the Furnace 
 Creek wash, 2 miles west of Ryan. 
 
 Sonfa Barbara County: Brown crj^stals of chalcodite have come 
 from this countv. 
 
 BRITTLE MICAS 
 
 The brittle micas are similar to the micas in form and structure 
 
 but are harder and more brittle. They do not contain potassium, which 
 
 is an important constituent of micas, whereas they may contain calcium 
 
 which is absent in micas. They are characteristic of the crystalline 
 
 schists and gneisses. * 
 
 MARGARITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium and aluminum silicate, H2CaAl4Si20i2. 
 
 Monoclinic. Usually in aggregated laminae, sometimes massive; 
 scaly. Cleavage perfect basal. Brittle. Pearly luster. Color grayish- 
 pink. H. = 3J — 4i. G. = 2.99 — 3.08. 
 
 Fuses with difficulty. Yields water in the closed tube. Slowly decom- 
 posed by hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Margarite is prominent in the glaucophane rocks and has been 
 observed in several localities. 
 
 Marin County: Margarite was mentioned by Ransome (95) as an 
 associate of the lawsonite at Reed Station. Much of this, however, is 
 muscovite, Eakle (06). 
 
 San Mateo County: It is a constituent of the schists of Belmont, 
 Murgoci (06). 
 
 Santa Clara County: It occurs in the eclogite of Oak Ridge, J. P. 
 Smith (06). 
 
 Sonoma County: It is a constituent of the glaucophane gneiss of 
 Melitta. near Santa Rosa, Murgoci (06). 
 
 XANTHOPHYLLITE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium, calcium, and aluminum silicate, Hs(Mg,Ca)nAli6SioO,-.2. 
 
 Monoclinic. Tabular crystals parallel to the base. Perfect basal 
 cleavage. Plates are not flexible. Vitreous luster. Color leek-green or 
 bottle-green. H. = 4 — 5. G. = 3.08. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. Gives water when intensely heated in 
 a closed tube. 
 
 Riverside County: Abundant platy crj^stals of xanthophyllite 
 
250 MINERALS Oi'' CALIFORNIA 
 
 occurred in the blue calcite of the cement quarry at Crestmore, inti- 
 mately associated with monticellite. Analysis by Eakle (16) gave: 
 
 SiOa Al-jOs Fe203 FeO CaO MgO H2O 
 
 16.74 42.70 2.85 0.41 13.09 20.03 4.49 = 100.31% G.r= 3.081 
 
 CHLORITOID 
 
 Hydrous iron, magnesium, manganese, and alviminum silicate, 
 H2 ( Fe.Mg.Mn ) Al-SiO-. 
 
 Monoclinic or triclinic. Foliated massive, scales. Cleavage perfect 
 basal. Plates flexible, but not elastic. Pearly to vitreous luster. Color 
 dark-gray, grayish-black, grass-green. Streak uncolored or grayish. 
 H. = 6i. G. = 3.52 — 3.57. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. Gives much water in a closed tube. 
 
 Ottrelite is used as a synonym for chloritoid, and as a name for 
 varieties rich in manganese. 
 
 Calaveras County: Dark-green chloritoid has been found in some 
 of the schists of this county. 
 
 Inyo County: It occurs in dark-green oblong plates in schists on 
 the west side of the Panamint Range, 5 to 10 miles east of Ballarat, 
 Murphy (32). 
 
 Siskiyoii County: A specimen of ottrelite schist has come from 
 near Yreka. 
 
 PREHNITE 
 
 Calcium and aluminum silicate, HaCaaAbSisOia. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Tabular crystals, granular, drusy masses. Cleavage 
 (001) distinct. Vitreous luster. Color light green to white, brown. Streak 
 uncolored. H. = 6 — 61. G. = 2.8 — 2.95. 
 
 Fuses with intumescence to an enamel. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 The fused mass will gelatinize with hydrochloric acid. Slightly soluble. 
 
 Green drusy coatings and veins of prehnite are sometimes present 
 in altered diabase and lavas, but it is not common in the State. 
 
 Colusa County: Prehnite has been found in veins with calcite and 
 pectolite in serpentine near "Wilbur Springs. 
 
 Plumas County : It . occurs as a hydrothermal product at the 
 Engels mine. 
 
 Riverside County: Green drusy and light-brown prehnite occur in 
 cavities of white feldspar in the pegmatite veins of the limestone at 
 Crestmore, Eakle (17). Forms of brown crystals are: (001), (110), 
 (100), and (061). Analysis of the brown prehnite: 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 CaO H2O 
 
 44.10 24.20 25.20 5.86 = 99.36% 
 
 San Diego County: Prehnite from Smiths Mountain, near Oak 
 Grove, has been analyzed by Schaller, Clarke (15). 
 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FeaOa 
 
 CaO 
 
 H2O 
 
 F 
 
 
 1. 
 
 43.48 
 
 24.52 
 
 0.34 
 
 27.19 
 
 4.32 
 
 0.17 = 100.02% G = 2.895- 
 
 -2.909 
 
 2. 
 
 42.63 
 
 26.64 
 
 
 27.05 
 
 4.26 
 
 = 100.58% 
 
 
SILICATES — MICAS 251 
 
 Santa Barhara County: Prelmite occurs in the analcite-diabase 
 of Cuyamas Valley, Fairbanks (95). 
 
 MICAS 
 
 The mic^ are a group of silicates having a characteristic crystal 
 structure and occurring chiefly in thin elastic scales or plates with a 
 perfect cleavage. 
 
 MUSCOVITE— Potash Mica 
 
 Hydrous potassium and aluminum silicate, (OH)2KAl2(AlSi30io). 
 
 Monoclinic. Hexagonal-shaped plates, plumose" aggregates, scales, 
 compact massive. Cleavage perfect basal. Vitreous luster. Colorless, 
 gray, brown, pale-green, yellow, pink. Streak uncolored. H. = 2 — 2i. 
 G. = 2.76 — 3. 
 
 Very difficult to fuse. A little of the powder taken on a platinum 
 wire and moistened with sulphuric acid will give the violet flame of 
 potassium when held in the colorless Bunsen flame. A small amount of 
 moisture is obtained by intense heating in a closed tube. Insoluble in 
 acids. 
 
 Muscovite is a common constituent of granites, pegmatites, gneisses, 
 
 and schists. It is generally called mica or isinglass, and is of eco- 
 nomic value when in large transparent sheets. Extensive areas of 
 
 mica-schists occur in the State, in which muscovite is a principal con- 
 stituent and gives the rock its schistose structure. 
 
 Sericite is a soft greasy-feeling muscovite forming sericitic schists. 
 
 Fuchsite is an emerald-green chrome-muscovite. 
 
 AgalmatoUte is a grayish compact or altered muscovite. 
 
 Calaveras County: Fine grained micaceous material, apparently 
 muscovite, coating quartz from Melones was analyzed by Fahey, Wells 
 
 (37). 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 Fe^Os MgO CaO NasO K2O H2O— HsO-f- TiOa 
 
 50.60 31.07 3.00 0.72 none none 6.43 0.13 7.47 0.83 = 100.25% 
 
 Sericite enclosing euhedral quartz crystals occurred in the Utica 
 mine at Angels Camp. 
 
 El Dorado County: According to Hanks (84) some material 
 resembling agalmatolite occurred in a vein at Greenwood. 
 
 Imperial County: Sericite is commercially produced at Ogilby. 
 
 Inyo County: Muscovite is found in the Saratoga district. 
 
 Lassen County: Muscovite was early reported from Susanville. 
 
 Mariposa County: Sericite is being produced at Three Buttes in 
 T. 6 S., R. 16 E., M. D. M. 
 
 Nevada County: Sericite and biotite are mentioned by Lindgren 
 (96) as constituents of the rocks of Grass Valley and Nevada City. 
 
252 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Ormige Comity: Fuclisile has been found at Arch Beach. 
 
 Plumas County: Sericite occurs at Engels. 
 
 Riverside Comity: Muscovite and lepidolite occur with the gem 
 tourmaline at Coahuila. 
 
 San Bernardmo County: Fuchsite occurs in schist in Cascade 
 Canyon, a tributary of San Antonio Canyon. 
 
 San Diego County: Muscovite is a common mineral in the 
 pegmatite veins which carry the gem tourmaline and kunzite of this 
 county. Crystals of muscovite occur at the Mack mine, Rincon, with 
 the forms: (001), (010), and (221), Rogers (10). Pink muscovite 
 from Mesa Grande has been analyzed by Schaller, Clarke (15). 
 
 SiOa 
 
 TiOi- 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FesOa 
 
 MnO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 45.63 
 
 tr. 
 
 37.42 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.06 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 Li20 
 
 NaeO 
 
 K2O 
 
 H2O 
 
 F 
 
 0=:P 
 
 
 0.20 
 
 1.43 
 
 9.95 
 
 4.43 
 
 0.77 ■= 
 
 99.89 — 0.32=: 
 
 : 99.57% 
 
 Rogers (10a) has described a pseudomorph of muscovite after 
 tourmaline from Pala. 
 
 Ventura County: Good sheets of muscovite have come from the 
 Mount Almo mica mine. 
 
 MARIPOSITE 
 
 Monoclinic. In hexagonal plates and scales, foliated, micaceous. 
 Cleavag-e perfect basal. Vitreous luster. Color apple-green, white. 
 H. = 25 — 3. G. = 2.78 — 2.81. 
 
 Similar to muscovite in its reactions. An emerald-green borax bead 
 is sometimes obtained. 
 
 Mariposite is essentially a muscovite with a characteristic green 
 color due to the presence of chromic oxide. It is distinctly characteris- 
 tic of the gold belt of the Sierra Nevada, and was described as a new 
 mineral by Silliman (68). It is considered by some mineralogists to 
 be identical with alurgite, 
 
 Calaveras County: Mariposite occurs in schist at the Reserve and 
 Golden Gate mines on Carson Hill. 
 
 El Dorado County: Green flakes of mariposite occur in quartz at 
 the Pyramid mine, 4 miles north of Shingle Springs. 
 
 Kern County: Green micaceous mariposite occurs at Randsburg, 
 Hulin (25). 
 
 Mariposa County: The green mica, mariposite, is common in the 
 Mother Lode schists of this county and of Tuolumne and Calaveras 
 counties. Mariposite from the Josephine mine was analyzes! by Hille- 
 brand. Turner (96). 
 
 
 SiOs 
 
 Ti02 AI2O3 
 
 CroOs 
 
 Fe203 FeO 
 
 CaO MgO 
 
 Green 
 
 __. 55.35 
 
 0.18 25.62 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.63 0.92 
 
 0.07 3.25 
 
 W^hite 
 
 56.79 
 
 25.29 
 
 none 
 
 1.59 
 
 Q.07 3.29 
 
 
 
 K2O 
 
 (Li,Na)20 H2O 
 
 
 
 
 9.29 
 
 0.12 
 
 4.52 = 100.13% 
 
 G. = 2.817. 
 
 
 
 8.92 
 
 0.17 
 
 4.72 = 100.84% 
 
 G. = 2.787. 
 
SILICATES — MICAS 253 
 
 Nevada County: Green mariposite occurs with quartz and calcite 
 in veins at the Red Ledge mine, Washington. It also occurs at the 
 Idaho mine, Grass Valle3^ 
 
 Placer County: It was found at the Marguerite mine. 
 
 San Diego County: It was found near Oak Grove and on the 
 west side of San Jacinto Mountain. 
 
 Sierra County: Mariposite was found at the Rainbow mine. It 
 occurred at the Alhambra mine, Poker Flat, and at the El Dorado 
 mine, in the Forest mining district. 
 
 Tiiolumne County: Mariposite was comnioii at the Rawhide ranch 
 mine, near Tuttletown. It was found at the App, Omega, and other 
 mines, near Jamestown. 
 
 ROSCOELITE— Vanadium Mica 
 
 Hydrous potassium, aluminum, and vanadium silicate, H2K(AI,V)3(Si04)s. 
 
 Monoclinic. In minute scales, often in stellate groups. Cleavage 
 perfect basal. Pearly luster. Color clove-brown to greenish-brown, and 
 dark green. H. = 25. G. = 2.97. 
 
 Similar to biotite in its reactions, but in addition gives a green bead 
 of vanadium with phosphorous salt. 
 
 Vanadium is a rare constituent of some igneous rocks, and is occa- 
 sionally found in small amounts in biotite. Roscoelite is unique in 
 having a large percentage of vanadium in place of iron, thus forming a 
 vanadium-mica. 
 
 El Dorado County: Laj'ers of a dark-green micaceous mineral, 
 up to half an inch in thickness, interlaminated with gold, found at the 
 Stuckslager or Sam Sim's mine on Granite Creek, near Coloma, proved 
 to be a new mineral and was named roscoelite by J. Blake (75). It 
 was later described and analyzed by Genth (76), Roscoe (76), and 
 Hillebrand, Turner and Clarke (99). 
 
 
 
 SiO.- 
 
 
 TiOa 
 
 V2O3 
 
 V2O5 
 
 VbOn 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FesOs 
 
 Genth _ 
 
 
 .47.69 
 
 
 
 
 — — — _ 
 
 _„ 
 
 22.02 
 
 14.10 
 
 
 Roscoe 
 
 
 .41.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28.60 
 
 
 
 14.14 
 
 1.13 
 
 Hillebrand 
 
 .45.17 
 
 
 0.78 
 
 24.01 
 
 
 
 
 
 11.54 
 
 
 
 MnaOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 -Va-O 
 
 K2O 
 
 Li^O 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 
 
 1.67 
 
 
 2.00 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.19 
 
 7.59 
 
 tr. 
 
 4.96 = 
 G. = 
 
 100.22% 
 2.938 
 
 1.15 
 
 
 
 
 2.01 
 
 0.61 
 
 0.82 
 
 8.56 
 
 
 
 3.35 t= 
 
 101.62% 
 
 
 
 1.60 
 
 
 1.64 
 
 
 
 0.06 
 
 \Q.?,1 
 
 tr. 
 
 4.69 - 
 
 99.86% 
 
 Several hundred i>(»uiuls of roscoelite were found in liig Red 
 Ravine, near the old Sutter Mill, in See. 31, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., 
 but were destroye.l to olitain the interlaminated gold. IlnnK-s (Sl^i. 
 
254 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 BIOTITE 
 
 Hydrous potassium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum silicate, 
 (OH)2K(Mg,Fe)s(AlSi80io). 
 
 Monoclinic. Tabular or short prismatic. In hexagonal plates. Foli- 
 ated, scaly, micaceous. Cleavage perfect basal. Vitreous to pearly luster. 
 Black, dark-brown, green. Streak uncolored. H. ^ 2J — 3. G. = 2.7 — 3.1. 
 
 Very difBcult to fuse. Iron-rich varieties become magnetic on heat- 
 ing. Gives a little water in a closed tube. Decomposed by hydrochloric 
 acid. 
 
 Biotite is the commonest of all the micas. It is a prominent con- 
 stituent of many igneous rocks, and also of gneisses and schists. It is 
 present as a rock-forming mineral in every county. 
 
 Alpine Comity: Black biotite from quartz-monzonite 1 km south- 
 west of Bloods Station was analyzed by Valentine, Turner (99a). 
 
 Si02 
 
 Ti02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 FeO MnO CaO 
 
 SrO 
 
 BaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 35.62 
 
 2.61 
 
 15.24 
 
 4.69 
 
 13.67 0.74 0.95 
 H2O 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.26 
 
 12.70 
 
 
 
 Li20 
 
 NaaO 
 
 K2O at 105° ab. 105° 
 
 P2O5 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.50 
 
 7.72 0.94 4.36 
 
 none 
 
 none = 
 
 100.00% 
 
 Amador County: Biotite from a pyroxene gneiss on the North 
 Fork of Mokelumne River above the mouth of the Bear River, was 
 analyzed by Valentine, Turner (99a). 
 
 Si02 
 36.62 
 
 Ti02 
 3.03 
 
 AI2O3 Fe203 FeO 
 14.37 4.04 17.09 
 
 MnO 
 0.40 
 
 CaO SrO 
 1.48 tr. 
 
 BaO MgO Li20 
 0.33 9.68 tr. 
 
 Na20 
 
 0.45 
 
 K2O 
 
 8.20 
 
 H2O 
 
 at 105° ab. 105° 
 
 0.90 3.26 
 
 P2O5 
 none 
 
 F 
 0.10 
 
 = F 
 99.95 — .04 = 99.91% 
 
 Mariposa County: 1. Black biotite from biotite-granite of El 
 Capitan, Yosemite Valley, was analyzed by Valentine ; and, 2. Biotite 
 from quartz-monzonite on Tioga road, southeast of Mount Hoffman, 
 was anah'zed by Hillebrand, Turner (99a). 
 
 Si02 Ti02 AL'Oa V2O3 Cr203 Fe203 FeO MnO 
 
 l.__35.64 1.12 18.62 ___ ___ 5.54 14.60 0.79 
 
 2.__35.75 3.16 14.70 0.05 tr. 4.65 14.08 0.45 
 
 NiO CoO CaO SrO BaO MgO Li20 Na20 
 
 0.90 tr. 9.72 tr. 0.38 
 
 0.02 0.17 ? 0.12 12.37 0.32 
 
 H2O 
 K2O at 100° ab. 100° P2O5 F O = F 
 
 9.22 0.48 2.54 0.20 0.26:^=100.01 — 0.11r=99.90% 
 
 9.19 1.03 3.64 0.03 0.17:= 99.90 — 0.07 = 99.83% 
 
 G. = 3.05. 
 
 Monterey County: The following anabasis of biotite from the 
 granite of the Monterey Peninsula has been published by Galliher (35). 
 
 SiOs AI2O3 Fe203 FeO Mg-O CaO K2O H20-f- 
 
 36.25 18.25 6.35 17.09 9.01 0.79 8.68 2.70 = 99.12% 
 
 • Riverside County: Biotite is a constituent of the grauodiorite at 
 Crestmore, Eakle (17). It was found with carbonate rocks of the Eagle 
 
SILICATES — MICAS 255 
 
 Mountains. Long and slender rods and plates of black biotite occur in 
 ji granitic rock, in tlie city quarry at Riverside. 
 
 San Diego County: Fairly large plates of black biotite occur near 
 Jacumba, and occasionally in some of the gem-bearing pegmatites at 
 Pala. Biotite was found in the Victor mine, Rincon, as thin, dark- 
 brown, inelastic, cleavable plates about 3 cm. in diameter, Rogers (10). 
 
 PHLOGOPITE 
 
 Hytlnnis pota.^sium, magnesiiiin, and ahiiiiiiuim .silicate, (OH):KMg3(AlSi30io. ) 
 
 Monoclinic. Prismatic. U.sually six-sided plates and scales. Cleav- 
 age perfect basal. Tough and elastic. Pearly luster. Color yellowish- 
 brown to brownish-red; sometimes greenish or colorless. H. = 2J • — 3. 
 G. = 2.78 — 2.85. 
 
 Reactions the same as for biotite. 
 
 Phlogopite is a mica similar to biotite, but containing little or no 
 iron. 
 
 Inyo Counly: Phlogopite occurs with scheelite in calc-liornfels at 
 Deep Canyon, west of Bishop. 
 
 Madera County: Phlogopite occurs wnth the magnetite deposit at 
 Iron Mountain, Erwin (34). 
 
 Riverside County: A few flakes of phlogopite have been observed 
 in the white limestone of Chino Hill, at Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 LEPIDOLITE— Lithia Mica 
 
 Hydrous potassium, lithium, and aluminum silicate, 
 K2L,i3A]3(OH,F)4(AlSi30io)2. 
 
 Monoclinic. In aggregates of short prisms. Commonly in scaly 
 masses; sometimes in broad plates. Cleavage perfect basal. Vitreous to 
 pearly luster. Color gray, lilac, lavendar, violet-blue, pink to colorless. 
 H. = 21 — 4. G. = 2.8 — 3.3. 
 
 Easily fusible to a white globule, and shows the red flame of lithium. 
 N'early insoluble in acids. A small amount of water which reacts ai^id 
 is obtained in a closed tube by intense ignition. 
 
 Lepidolite is the characteristic mica of pegmatitic veins which 
 carry red and green tourmaline. 
 
 Inyo County: Pink lepidolite with muscovite occurs in the Half 
 Dollar mine. 
 
 Riverside County: Lepidolite occurs with tourmaline, beryl, and 
 amblygonite at the Fano mine, on the north side of Coahuila ]\Io\uitain, 
 Kunz (05). 
 
 San Diego County: Lepidolite, ranging in color from gray through 
 lavender, and rose to deep-violet, is the common mica associated with 
 the gem tourmaline of the county, Fairbanks (93a). Good crj'-stals 
 were found 4 miles east of Ramona having the forms: (001), (010), 
 (100), (023), (112), (Til), (131), (261), (132), (130), (223) ?, 
 (221)?, (112)?, Schaller (05b). Coarse and fine scaly lepidolite is 
 common at the Victor mine, Rincon, and crystals have the forms 
 (001), (100), (010), and (131), Rogers (10). The lepidolite of Pala 
 
256 
 
 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 and Mesa Grande has been analyzed by Schaller, Clarke (10). 1. Red- 
 purple from the Tourmaline Queen mine, Pala ; 2. Blue-purple from 
 Pala ; 3. Purple ; 4. White ; 5. Lepidolite border on muscovite from 
 Mesa Grande. 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 Fe203 FeO MnzOa MnO MgO CaO Li20 NaaO 
 
 1 51.12 22.70 0.80 1.34 ___ 5.12 2.28 
 
 2 50.95 23.97 0.82 1.29 4.63 2.39 
 
 3 50.34 28.71 0.11 tr. ___ 0.50 none tr. 2.39 1.59 
 
 4 51.25 25.62 0.12 none 0.05 none tr. 4.31 1.94 
 
 5 50.85 26.78 0.60 ___ ___ 0.07 tr. 0.10 4.27 1.41 
 
 K2O H2O P20.=i F 0=F 
 
 10.60 2.05 0.04 6.38 = 102.43 — 2.69= 99.74% 
 
 10.69 1.91 0.04 6.11 = 102.80 — 2.57 = 100.23% 
 
 10.37 3.15 _._ 5.02 = 102.18 — 2.11 =: 100.07% 
 
 10.65 1.60 -__ 7.06 = 102.60 — 2.97= 99.63% 
 
 10.30 1.74 ___ 6.71 = 102.83 — 2.82 r= 100.01 % 
 
 Kennard and Rambo (33) found 0.67% rubidium oxide, 0.16% 
 cesium oxide and spectroscopic traces of gallium and thallium in lepido- 
 lite from the Sickler mine at Pala. 
 
 GLAUCONITE 
 
 Essentially a hydrous iron and potassium silicate. 
 
 Monoclinic. Cryptocrystalline or granular. Cleavage (001) perfect. 
 Dull or glistening luster. Color olivo-Rveen, blackish-green, yellowish- 
 green, grayish-green. H. = 2. G. = 2.2 — 2.4. 
 
 Fuses easily to a dark magnetic glass. Some varieties are entirely 
 decomposed by hydrochloric acid, while others are not appreciably 
 attacked. Yields water. 
 
 It is found abundantly in ocean sediments near the continental 
 shores. 
 
 Butte Comity: Glauconite occurs in the lone sandstone at Chambers 
 Ravine, 4 miles north of Oroville, Allen (29'). 
 
 Los Angeles County: It was found in siliceous shale near Redondo, 
 Reed (28). 
 
 Monterey County: It was found by dredging in Monterey Bay. 
 Two analyses of the glauconite supposedly formed by alteration of 
 biotite have been published by Galliher (35). 
 
 Glauconite Si02 AI2O3 Fe203 FeO MgO CaO Na20 K2O H2O-I- 
 
 Firm 55.95 11.56 9.99 2.02 6.77 3.95 0.61 4.12 3.22 
 
 Spongy 51.90 1.52 27.98 1.26 4.67 0.89 0.53 4.90 4.05 
 
 H2O — P2O5 Org. mat. 
 
 Firm i 1.60 0.18 tr. = 99.97% 
 
 Spongy 2.10 0.11 tr.= 99.91% 
 
 COOKEITE 
 
 Hydrous lithium and aluminum silicate, (Li,Al)4(Si,Al)40io(OH)4.2H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. In pseudo-hexagonal plates : rounded aggregates. Mica- 
 ceous cleavage. Color white, yellowish, pale-pink, deep-pink. H. = 2J. 
 G. = 2.67. 
 
 Fuses and exfoliates before the blowpipe. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Cookeite has been reported from Oro 
 Grande. 
 
SILICATES 257 
 
 Sa)i Diego Counfi/: Cookeito from Pala lias been analyzed hv 
 Schaller, Clarke (10). 
 
 SiOs AlaO:! MnO .Ms?*) CaO LijO Xai-O K-O 
 
 35.53 44.23 tr. tr. tr. 2.73 2.li 0.31 
 
 mo 
 
 at 105° ab. 105' F O = F 
 
 O.Gl 1.-5.57 1.46 = 100.55 — 0.61 = 99.94% 
 
 Colorless and deep pink cookeite is found in pockets at the Victor 
 mine, Rincon, coating quartz, lepidolite, ortlioelase, albite, and kunzite, 
 and as psendomorphs aftei* kunzite, Rogers (10). 
 
 GANOPHYLLITE 
 
 Hydrous manganese and aluminum silicate, 7MnO.Al2O3.8SiO2.6H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Tabular crystals. Perfect basal cleavage. Vitreous 
 luster. Color yellowish to brown. H. = 4 — 4|. G. =: 2.84. 
 
 Easily fusible. Gives green bead of manganese with sodium car- 
 bonate. Soluble in .strong acid. 
 
 Santa Clara Countij: Ganophyllite was one of the minerals of the 
 manganese boulder found near Alum Rock Park, 5 miles east of San 
 Jose. It occurred in seams with barite. as brownish-yellow tabular 
 crystals, Rogers fl9a). 
 
 AMPHIBOLE GROUP 
 
 ANTHOPHYLLITE 
 
 Magnesium and iron silicate, (OH)2(Mg,Fe)7Si8022. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic. Commonly lamellar or fibrous massive. 
 Cleavage perfect pri.smatic. Vitreous luster. Color brownish-gray, brown- 
 ish-green. Streak uncolured or grayisli. H. = 5J — 6. G. — 2.85 — 3.2. 
 
 B. B. fuses to a black magnetic enamel. Insoluble in acids. 
 
 Anthophyllite is a metamorphic mineral that occurs in schists and 
 gneisses. 
 
 Contra Costa Comity: Fibrous masses of anthophyllite occur in 
 the schists near San Pablo, and the mineral has been analyzed by Bias- 
 dale (01). The analysis shows the mineral to be somewhat serpentin- 
 ized. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 SiOa 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe-jOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 Xa20 at 100° ab. 100° 
 
 Muo 
 
 33.66 
 
 1.36 
 
 0.34 
 
 4.80 
 
 38.70 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.9S 0.24 19.70 
 
 tr. =100.26% 
 
 Riverside County: Tt occurs with tremolite and actinolite in the 
 Eagle Moiuitains. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Tt occurs in the Slate Range, Hanks (84). 
 
 Trinity County: Soda-rich anthophyllite asbestos, occurring in 
 serpentine from Coffee Creek, 1 mile north of Carrville, has been ana- 
 lyzed by Laudermilk. Laudermilk and "Woodford (30). 
 
 Si02 Ti02 AI2O3 FCiOn FeO 
 
 57.70 absent 2.00 tr. 5.32 
 
 17—51440 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 Na:0 K2O MnO 
 
 21.12 
 
 5.10 
 
 7.40 absent tr. 
 
 
 F 
 
 H2O+ H2O— 
 
 
 absent 
 
 1.80 0.30 = 100.74% 
 
258 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 AMPHIBOLE 
 
 Complex silicate, (OH,F ) 2 ( Ca,Na ) 2-3 (Mg.Fe, Al,Mn,Ti) b ( Si, Al ) sOaz. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals prismatic. Also columnar, fibrous, granular 
 massive. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Brittle. Vitreous to pearly luster. 
 Color white, gray, green, brow^n, black. Streak uncolored or pale. H = 
 5 — 6. G = 2.9 — 3.4. 
 
 The pyrognostics of hornblende and other amphiboles are essentially 
 the same as for the corresponding varieties of pyroxene. 
 
 The amphiboles are very important rock-forming minerals. They 
 occur in metamorphic and igneous rocks, and the common varieties are 
 found in every county. 
 
 Cummingtonite is a magnesia-iron amphibole, (Mg, Fe)^ SigOga 
 (0H)2. It occurs in brown fibrous or lamellar masses, and is similar to 
 anthophyllite. G. = 3.1 — 3.4. 
 
 Tremolite is a lime-magnesia amphibole, (OH)2Ca2Mg5Si8022- It 
 is common as a metamorphic mineral in schists and crystalline lime- 
 stones, occurring as white or gray long prismatic and fibrous aggre- 
 gates. G. = 2.9 — 3.2. 
 
 Tremolite or actinolite may assume the fibrous form of asbestos. 
 Much of the asbestos of the State is, however, serpentine asbestos. 
 
 Mountain cork and Mountain leather are Avhite to gray, cork-like 
 and leathery masses of tremolite. 
 
 Actinolite is a lime-magnesia-iron amphibole, (0II)2Ca2(Mg, 
 Fe)5Si8022- It is very abundant in the schists of the Coast Ranges 
 and the Sierra Nevada. It is generally found in bright to dark-green 
 long prismatic and fibrous aggregates. G. = 3 — 3.2. 
 
 Smaragdite is an emerald-green foliated variety of actinolite. 
 
 Edenite is a white to light-green aluminous variety of amphibole. 
 
 Pargasite is a light to dark-green aluminous variety of amphibole. 
 
 Hornblende is the commonest of the amphiboles and is found in 
 dark-green or black fibrous and granular masses. Hornblende is 
 characteristic of the acid and intermediate igneous rocks, while augite 
 is characteristic of the basic eruptives. It is variable in composition 
 and rather rich in aluminum. It forms large areas of schists or 
 amphibolites, and is also a constituent of granite, syenite, diorite, 
 rhyolite, and trachyte. It is less common in gabbro, diabase, and basalt. 
 
 Uralite is a white to pale- or deep-green amphibole derived by 
 the alteration of pyroxene. The process of change from pyroxene to 
 amphibole is called uralitization. 
 
 Amador County: Sheets of mountain leather with mountain cork 
 have been found in the Little Grass Valley mine at Pine Grove. Some 
 asbestos occurs near Oleta. 
 
SILICATES — AMPIIIBOLE OROUP 259 
 
 Butte County: Honibleude is the most abundant constituent of a 
 quartz-amphibole diorite on the ridgre between Butte and Plumas 
 counties; it has been analyzed by Valentine, Turner (96), (98). 
 
 Si02 TiOs AI2O3 CrsOs FejOs FeO MnO CaO 
 
 50.08 0.76 7.97 0.16 2.69 6.71 0.4ii 11.21 
 
 MgO NaaO K2O H2O PaOs 
 
 16.31 1.22 0.46 1.40 tr. = 99.46% 
 
 Tremolite asbestos occurs in limestone on Berry Creek. It was 
 reported from near Blinzig, 
 
 Calaveras County: Hornbleudite, a rock consisting wholly of coarse 
 iiornblende, occurs in patches on Carson Hill, Moss (27). A large 
 bod}' of hornblende rock exists just west of Vallecito, along the road 
 to Angels Camp. Large crystals of hornblende occur in the countiy 
 rock of the Shenandoah mine, 10 miles northeast of San Andreas. 
 Actinolite is common near Valley Springs. 
 
 Contra Costa County: Tremolite and actinolite are common in 
 the schists north of Berkeley and near San Pablo. They have been 
 analyzed by Blasdale (01). 
 
 Tremolite 
 Actinolite 
 
 SiOa 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 Mgu 
 
 CaO 
 
 56.68 
 
 1.79 
 
 1.70 
 
 2.23 
 
 19.35 
 
 15.80 
 
 ( 55.21 
 I 55.56 
 
 3.45 
 2.05 
 
 
 
 7.49 
 5.97 
 
 18.97 
 19.45 
 
 H2O 
 
 10.50 
 12.13 
 
 
 
 NaaO 
 
 K2O 
 
 at 100' at 
 
 1. 100° 
 
 
 Tremolite 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.10 
 
 2.25 = 99.90% 
 
 
 Actinolite 
 
 / 2.45 
 1 1.94 
 
 oTso 
 
 
 
 1.75 = 99.82% 
 2.58 = 99.98% 
 
 Del Norte County: Tremolite is found near Diamond Creek. 
 
 El Dorado County: Large cleavage masses of black hornblende 
 occur with orthoclase, bornite, molybdenite, epidote, and axinite at the 
 old Cosumnes Copper mine, near Fairplay. Bladed crystals of green 
 actinolite occur in the schists near Latrobe. Short white fibers of 
 asbestos occur near Georgetown. 
 
 Fresno County: Large crystals of hornblende in massive horn- 
 blende rock occur at the Cinnamon Bear mine, near Pine Flat. Asbes- 
 tos is reported to occur 30 miles east of Sanger. 
 
 HumholcU County: Massive hornblende occurs west of Three 
 Creeks, near Horse Mountain. Actinolite schist with chlorite occurs 
 at Briceland. 
 
 Inyo County: .Masses of mountain cork are found in the Swansea 
 district and in Craigs Canyon on the eastern slope of the Tnyo ^Moun- 
 tains. 
 
260 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Kern Couniy: Mountain leatlier occurs near Keene. Actinolite 
 and tremolite occur in scliist.s near "Randsburiif. Large columnar, brittle 
 tremolite occurs at Toll Gate Cauyou. IMouiitain cork occnirs at tlie 
 Tom Eeed mine. Actinolite occurs in a contact metamorpliic rock a 
 quarter of a mile east of Ilobo Hot Springs. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Crj'stalline masses of tremolite occur in cal- 
 eite in the Upper San Gabriel mining district. 
 
 Madera County: Tremolite occurs with piedmontite and quartz 
 300 yards east of the outlet of Shadow Lake, Short (33). Coarse aggre- 
 gates of actinolite occur in metamorphosed limestone on Shadow and 
 Johnston Creeks ; large prismatic crystals of actinolite occur in the 
 magnetite deposit on the western slope of Iron Mountain, ErAvin (34). 
 Asbestos occurs at the Savannah mine, Grub Gulch, and at the Baker 
 mine, near Coarse Gold. Actinolite schists carrying pyrrhotite and 
 chalcopyrite occur at the Heiskell mine. 
 
 Marin County: Actinolite is common in the lawsonite schist of 
 Reed Statiou. IMassive black hornblende occurs with lawsonite near 
 Heed Statiou. Actinolite occurs in Uie scliists on Augel Island. 
 
 Mariposa County: Hornblende is a constituent of: 1, the gabbi'o 
 of Beaver Creek, near Big Trees; and, 2, of a (luartz-monzonite on 
 Tioga road, southeast of Mount Hoffman. Turner (96), (99a). The 
 first has been analvzed bv Valentine and the second bv Hillebrand. 
 
 Si02 
 
 Ti02 
 
 ALOs 
 
 VsOa Fe-Os 
 
 FeO 
 
 MnO 
 
 NiO 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 1. 46.0S 
 
 0.77 
 
 10.56 
 
 2.81 
 
 8.30 
 
 0.1.5 
 
 
 
 12.64 
 
 14.40 
 
 2. 47.49 
 
 1.21 
 
 7.07 
 
 0.04 4.88 
 H2O 
 
 10.69 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.02 
 
 11.92 
 
 13.06 
 
 NaaO 
 
 KoO 
 
 Li;0 
 
 at 100" ab. 100° 
 
 P2O5 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 1.62 
 
 0.34 
 
 none 
 
 0.17 1.97 
 
 0.18 
 
 none =; 
 
 99.99% 
 
 
 „P 
 
 
 0.75 
 
 0.49 
 
 tr. 
 
 l.SC 
 
 none 
 
 0.06 --— 
 
 100.05 — 
 
 .02 = 
 
 100.03% 
 
 Some asbestos occurs east of the Mariposa Grant. Boulders con- 
 sisting mainly of large hornblende crystals occur near El Portal. 
 
 Mendocino County: Actinolite occurs at Calpella. Large masses 
 of good actiuolite prisms occur near Potter Valley. 
 
 Mono County: Long prisms of hornblende occur in the cavities 
 of lava 8 miles west of Bridgeport, with forms: (001), (010), (100), 
 (110), (201), (021), and (131), Schaller (05a). 
 
 Mo7iterey County: Actinolite is found in the schists near Soledad. 
 
 Napa County: Tremolite occurs in Chiles Valley. 
 
SILICATES — a:\iphibole group 261 
 
 Nevada County: Hornblende occurs in large crystals in the grano- 
 dioi-ite of Nevada City and Grass Valley, Lindgren (96). Uralite is 
 e-ominon in the diorite of this locality. Large cleavage prisms of horn- 
 blende in schist occnr in tlie Birchville district. Hornblende from 
 granodiorite at the head of Rattlesnake Creek. Colfax Quadrangle, has 
 been analyzed by Willmann. Pabst (2S). 
 
 SiOs 
 
 TiOa 
 
 AkOa 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 MnO :MgO CaO Na.-O KiO 
 
 49.05 
 
 0.90 
 
 7.14 
 
 7.72 
 
 10.49 
 
 11.45 10.77 1.20 0.68 
 
 P-O.-. H-O + ] IiO— 
 
 0.33 _-_= 99.73% G. := 3.17 
 
 Placer County: Large masses of asbestos are found at Wisconsin 
 Hill and Arizona Flat. Long white fibers of asbestos occnr a quarter 
 of a mile east of Iowa Hill. Long silky fibers of white to light-green 
 asbestos are found south of Towle. 
 
 Plumas County: Edenite is a constituent of the plumasite of 
 Spanish Peak, Lawson (03). Actinolite and hornblende occur at 
 Engels as rock constituents. Good-fibered asbestos occurs at the Fire- 
 proof Asbestos mine, near Sloat. Green asbestos is found near Spring 
 Garden. 
 
 Riverside Count y: Aclinolite, tremolite, and aiithophyllitc occur 
 in the schist of the Eagle ^Mountains. A good deposit of asbestos is 
 reported 15 miles southeast of Palm Springs. Fine dark-green crystals 
 of horneblende occur in a quartz-feldspar vein just west of the Jensen 
 Limestone quarry, 4 miles west of Pivei'side. Tremolite occurs with 
 calcite and gypsum at the Midland mine of the U. S. Gypsum Company, 
 in the Little Maria Mountains. 
 
 San Benito County: Actinolite occurs in ca])illary bunches in the 
 veins and wall-rock at the Benitoite mine, near the headwaters of the 
 San Benito River, Louderback (09). Good specimens have come from 
 Tres Pinos. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Tremolite is found in a large vein of 
 talc 7 miles northeast of Silver Lake, AVicks (30). Tremolite is com- 
 mon in the Furnace limestone on the northern slope of the San Ber- 
 nardino ^Mountains, Woodford and Harriss (28). Fibrous, pale-blue, 
 soda-tremolite occurs with diopside near the mouth of Cascade Can- 
 yon in the San Gabriel JMountains, Merriam and Laudermilk (36). 
 Cummingtonite with calcite has been found near Dnggett. Coarse 
 fibered tremolite occurs in the Oro Grande district. 
 
 San Diego County: Ijarge crystals of black hornblende forming 
 rock masses occur 4 miles east of Fallbrook. 
 
262 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Santa Clara County: Actinolite, smaragdite, and pargasite occur 
 in the eelogites of Oak Ridge and Calaveras Valley, Murgoci (06). 
 Pargasite from Arroyo Hondo, described by J. P. Smith (06), was 
 analyzed by W. 0. Clark : 
 
 Si02 TiOi; AbOs Pe20a FeO MgO Mno CaO Na20 K2O H2O 
 
 42.68 0.6S 9. 90 6.12 12.25 S.SS tr. 11.83 3.30 0.89 3.28=100.57% 
 
 Fibrous tremolite is found near Morgan Hill. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: Mountain leather is found in sheets up to 
 6 feet in diameter, in the limestone quarry of the Santa (^ruz Portland 
 Cement Company at Davenport. 
 
 Shasta County: Long fibrous white tremolite or asbestos occurs 
 in the Stock Asbestos mine, near Sims. 
 
 Sierra County: Long fibers of asbestos occur on Goodyear Bar 
 Creek. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Tremolite asbestos occurs in the Blue Ledge 
 mining district. Massive bladed actinolite occurs near the mouth of 
 Black Gulch on the South Fork of Salmon River. 
 
 Sonoma County: Large crystals of actinolite occur in foliated 
 talc near Petaluma, W. P. Blake (66). Smaragdite occurs in the 
 glaucophane-gneiss near Santa Rosa, Murgoci (06). Actinolite is 
 common with glaucophane at Camp Meeker. Coarse actinolite prisms 
 occur on the Hasey ranch, west of Cloverdale. 
 
 Trinity County: Massive hornblende occurs near Wildwood and 
 Auto Rest. Large crystals of it are found near Trinity Center and 
 Douglas City. 
 
 Tulare County: Asbestos occurs near Globe, and near Porterville. 
 Tremolite and hornblende occur at the White Chief mine, near Mineral 
 King. Very coarse prismatic crystals of hornblende occur in gabbro 
 at the north end of Colvin Mountain, near Woodlake. Hornblende 
 crystals up to 10 inches long occur in gabbro in the Yokohl Valley, 
 near Exeter. 
 
 Tuolumne County: White fibrous tremolite occurs in the marble 
 near Columbia ; asbestos occurs near Chinese Camp ; mountain cork 
 occurs at Sawmill Flat and on Table Mountain. 
 
 Yuha County: Small amounts of tremolite asbestos occur near 
 Challenge. 
 
SILICATES AMPHIBOLE GROUP 263 
 
 SODA AMPHIBOLES 
 
 GLAUCOPHANE 
 
 Monoclinic. Prismatic. Generally fibrous massive. Cleavage perfect 
 prismatic. Vitreous luster. Color deep-blue to bluish-black. Streak 
 grayish-blue. H. r= G — 6i. G. = 3 — 3.15. 
 
 Fuses quietly and yields a strong yellow flame of sodium. Insoluble 
 in acid. 
 
 Glaucophane, a soda-anipliibole v\c\\ in alumina and containing' 
 little water, is a constituent of nietamoi-phie rocks liigli in sodium. It 
 was noted in California at least as early as 1878, Rolland (78). Exten- 
 sive areas of glaucopliaue rocks exist in California along the . Coast 
 Range and have been described by Becker (88), Ransome (95), Lawson 
 (93), Palache (94a), J. P. Smith (06), Murgoci (06), Hanks (84), 
 Holway (04), and others. 
 
 Crossite w^as the name given by Palache (94a) to a blue soda 
 amphibole which differs from glaucophane in liaving a higher iron 
 content. G. = 3.16. 
 
 Rieheckite is a dark-blue to black soda-amphibole rich in ferric iron. 
 G. = 3.4. 
 
 Crocidolife is a blue fibrous soda-amphibole similar to riebeckite in 
 composition. G. = 3.2-3.3. 
 
 Kataphorite is a brownish amphibole associated and sometimes 
 classed Avith the soda amphiboles. 
 
 BarkeviJfife is a deep velvet-black soda-amphibole rich in iron. It 
 resembles hornblende, and is characteristic of certain syenites. G.^3.43. 
 
 Contra Costa County : The glaucophane from the schists near Ran 
 Pablo was analyzed by Bhisdale (01). 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Ve^Ox 
 
 1 FeO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO NA2O K2O 
 
 54.52 
 
 9.25 
 
 4.44 
 
 9.81 
 
 10.33 
 
 1.98 7.56 0.16 
 
 52.39 
 
 11.29 
 
 3.74 
 
 9.13 
 
 11.37 
 
 H2O 
 1.78 
 2.57 
 
 3.03 6.14 tr. 
 
 TiO- Mnt) 
 
 0.39 0.46 — 100.68% 
 
 0.14 tr. ::= 99.80% 
 
 Crossite was found with albite in a boulder on a hillside north of 
 Berkeley, and was described by Palache (94a) as a new amphibole. 
 Analysis by W. S. T. Smith. 
 
 SiOz 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe-jO.-! 
 
 FeO 
 
 Mno 
 
 MgO CaO Na20 
 
 55.02 
 
 4.75 
 
 10.91 
 
 9.45 
 
 tr. 
 
 9.30 2.38 7.62 
 
 K2O H2O 
 0.27 undet. = 99.70% 
 
 Fresno Count jj: Glaucophane is common in the Coast Range from 
 
 Coalinga to Livermore Pass. 
 
264 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 Barkevikite is an import ;nit constitnent of syenite, near tlie head 
 of White Creek, abont ^C^ niih-s iioi'thwest of Coalin£»a, Arnold and 
 Anderson (10). 
 
 Humboldt (Juunhi: Glancophane occurs above Orleans on the 
 Klamath River and on tlie east side of Jaeoby Creek above Bayside. 
 
 Lah-e Couvhf: Masses of <>'laucophane have been found in the 
 mountains near Upper Lake. Fibrous veins of eroeidolite are reported 
 to occur in schist near Lakeport. 
 
 Los Angeles County : (llaucophane is a common constituent of the 
 schists on Santa Catalina Island and on San Pedro Hill. Crossite 
 schist occurs on San Pedro Hill, AVoodford (24). 
 
 Marin County: Glancophane is common in the schists near Reed 
 Station, Ransome (95) and on Angel Island, Ransome (94). 
 
 Mendocino County: Glancophane is common near Calpella. It 
 occurs with hornblende, biotite. and quartz at Lono'vale. Crossite 
 occurs as a constituent of schist near the headwaters of Jnmpoff Creek. 
 
 Monterey Count]!: Glaueopliane and eroeidolite occur in schists 
 near Pleyto. 
 
 Napa County: Glancophane occurs in schist near Calistoga. 
 
 Plumas County: Crocidolite aiul kataphorite occur in the syenite 
 of Spanish Peak, Murgoci (0(i). 
 
 San Benito County: A glancophane resembling crossite occurs in 
 the benitoite-natrolite vein near the headwaters of the San Benito 
 River. It was analyzed by Blasdale, Louderback (09). 
 
 SiOa 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FeO 
 
 MnO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO NasO 
 
 K2O 
 
 52.94 
 
 3.76 
 
 13.40 
 
 1.44 
 
 11.54 
 
 5.45 5.11 
 
 H2O 
 at 100° ab. 
 
 0.4:5 
 100° 
 
 1.31 3.72 — 90.10% 
 
 8a7i Diego Comity: Glancophane and crossite occur in schist boul- 
 ders in the San Onofre breccia, Woodford (25). 
 
 Santa Clara County: Murgoci (06) mentions glancophane as a 
 constituent of eclogite, quartzite, mica schist,, and greenstone in Cala- 
 veras Valley. Kataphorite is a constituent of diorite at Oak Ridge, 
 Calaveras Vallej'', Murgoci (06). Crocidolite occurs as bluish fibrous 
 seams in metamorphic rock east of Mount Hamilton. Schellinger's 
 analysis of it is given by Rogers ( 12 ) . 
 
 SiOa AbOa FeaOs FeO MgO CaO NasOCby diff.) H2O 
 
 50.65 0.90 19.21 21.70 0.79 0.39 4.93 1.43 r= 100% 
 
 Sononui County: Glancophane occurs A\ith actinolite, garnet, 
 epidote, and quartz in schist near Ilealdsburg. It was found at Camp 
 Meeker and near Petaluma. 
 
SILICATES — AMPHIBOLE GROUP 265 
 
 StanislnKs County: Glaucophane occurs in schist east of Red 
 Mountain. 
 
 Trinity County: Glaucophane occurs near Hayfork. 
 
 Tulare County: Riebeckite occurs in bundles of acicular crystals 
 Avith garnet and actinolite in a contact metamorphic rock in the E^ 
 Sec. 28, T. 19 S.. R. 27 E.. M. D. M.. in tlie Rocky Hill district, near 
 Exeter. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Radiating groups of acicular riebeckite occur 
 abundantly near the Clio mine, half a mile east of Jacksonville, 
 Knopf (29). 
 
 SERPENTINE 
 
 Hydrous magnesium silicate, HiMgsSiaOu. 
 
 Monoclinic. Commonly massive, compact to fibrous. Cleavage (010) 
 distinct. Subresinous luster. Color leek-green to blackish-green, brown- 
 ish and nearly white. Streak white. Feels smootli, sometimes greasy. 
 H. r=2J — 4. G. = 2.21 — 2.65. 
 
 Fusibility ^= 6. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, but without forming 
 a jelly. Gives water in a closed tube. A heavy precipitate of magnesia 
 i.s obtained by sodium phosphate. 
 
 Serpentine is one of the commonest minerals, as well as one of the 
 rocks of the State. It is an alteration product of basic igneous rocks 
 rich in magnesian silicates. Besides the ordinary massive serpentine, 
 marmolite, chrysotile, picroUte, and williamsite have been found in 
 California. The only variety of commercial importance is the fibrous 
 or asbestiform variety kno\\Ti as chrysotile, or chrysotile asbestos, which 
 occurs as narrow A^eins in the massive material, mostly too narroAV to 
 be of value. The massiA'e serpentine ranges in color from light green 
 to greenish black, but A'eiy little of it can be utilized as an ornamental 
 stone on account of its foliated and sheared structure. 
 
 Serpentine is abundant in the Coast Range from Del Norte to San 
 Diego County, and on the west flank of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Amador County: A fine mottled serpentine occurs 1^ miles west 
 of Sugar Loaf Mountain. Broad sheets and long fibers of chrA-sotile 
 occur in serpentine in the American RiA-er Canyon, near Towle. A 
 deposit of chrysotile has been quarried 2 miles west of PhTuouth. Veins 
 of chrysotile occur in a dark-green serpentine at the ^lace mine, 2h miles 
 east of lone. 
 
 Calaveras County: Veins of chrysotile occur in the serpentine of 
 the ridge northAvest of the Stanislaus River, about 6 miles southeast of 
 Copperopolis. 
 
 ?Jl Dorado County: Veins of fibrous chrysotile are found at Forest 
 Hill. A good quality of fibrous chrysotile occurs near Georgetown. 
 
 Fresno County: Serpentine containing A'einlets of chrysotile occurs 
 near Lanare. 
 
266 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Inyo County: Long fibers of serpentine asbestos occur at Cerro 
 Gordo. 
 
 Keni (Jaunty: Ciirysotile veins occur in serpentine in Jawbone 
 Canyon, 
 
 Lake County: Becker (88) gives analyses by Melville of the serpen- 
 tine at !^ulphur Bank. 1. Black: 2. Li<ilit green. 
 
 SiO,. 
 
 Ali'O.-, 
 
 CraO:. 
 
 FeO 
 
 MnO 
 
 NiO 
 
 i;aO 
 
 MgO 
 
 H::0 
 
 1. 39.64 
 
 i.:5o 
 
 0.29 
 
 7.76 
 
 0.12 
 
 O.Z'.i 
 
 
 
 37.18 
 
 13.81^=100.38% 
 
 2. 41.86 
 
 0.69 
 
 0.24 
 
 4.15 
 
 0.20 
 
 tr. 
 
 
 
 38.63 
 
 14.16 r:r 99.93% 
 
 Fibrous elirysotile in serpentine occurs 8 miles southeast of Lower 
 Lake. It occurs near Siegler Springs and in the mountains near Bart- 
 lett Springs. 
 
 Los Angeles Coujity: Serpentine marble has been quarried com- 
 mercially on Santa Catalina Island. 
 
 Mariposa County: Small veins of chrysotile occui- in the serpen- 
 tine near Mariposa. 
 
 Monterey County: Fibrous chrysotile occurs near Pleyto. 
 
 Napa County: Chrysotile asbestos in short fibers occurs in Steel 
 Canyon. 
 
 Nevada County: Massive serpentine is common in the Grass Valley 
 and Nevada City region. Zones of short fibrous chrysotile occur in the 
 Washington district on the South Fork of Yuba River. Picrolite 
 occurred in the Maryland mine, Grass Valley. 
 
 Placer County: Long fibers of chrysotile occur at Wisconsin Hill, 
 Iowa Hill, and Arizona Flat. 
 
 Plumas County: Diller (98) gives an anlysis of serpentine from 
 Greenville by Melville. 
 
 SiO: AbOa FesOs FeO CaO M&O H2O 
 
 39.14 2.08 4.27 2.04 tr. 39.84 12.70 = 100.07% 
 
 Riverside County: Small grains of serpentine occur in the white 
 crystalline limestone at Crestmore, Eakle (17). Yellowish-green nodu- 
 lar masses occur in crystalline limestone on the Eagle Mountains. 
 
 San Benito County: Becker (88) gives an analysis of a light-green 
 marmolite from New Idria by Melville. 
 
 Si02 A1=0.-! FeO NiO CaO MgO H2O 
 
 41.54 2.48 1.37 0.04 ___ 40.42 14.18 r== 100.03 % 
 
 Short-fiber chrysotile has been mined commercially near New Idria. 
 
 San Francisco County: Newberry (74) gives an analysis of the 
 serpentine of San Francisco. 
 
 SiOs AI2O3 Fe203 FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O 
 
 39.60 1.94 0.20 8.45 36.90 12.91 = 100% 
 
SILICATES — PYROXENE GROUP 267 
 
 Santa Clara County: Small veins of chrysotile occur in the ser- 
 pentine near New Almaden. Picrolite occurs near Morgan Hill. 
 
 Shasta County: Large fibrous masses of chrysotile asbestos occur 
 near Sims Station. ]Massive serpentine containing chrysotile asbestos 
 veinlets is found about 3 miles east of Castella Station. 
 
 Sierra Comity: Serpentine asbestos occurs on the west bank of 
 (loodyear Creek. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Massive serpentine occurs on a ridge in the 
 C'ottonwood Mountains, at the head of Bogus and Dutch Creeks. Wil- 
 liamsite, or gem ser|)entine. occurs near Indian Creek, north of Happy 
 Camp on the Klamath River, Melhase (34). Chrysotile asbestos occurs 
 west of Edgewood. 
 
 Sonoma County: Fibrous veinlets of asbestos occur in the serpen- 
 tine near Petaluma and Sebastopol. 
 
 Trinity County: Chrysotile has been mined at the Jones Brothers 
 Asbestos mine, 2 miles northwest of Carrville, Averill (31). 
 
 Tulare County: Chrysotile is found in the serpentine east of 
 Lindsay. 
 
 Tuolumne County: The serpentine near Chinese Camp contains 
 small veins of chrj^sotile. 
 
 PYROXENE GROUP 
 
 ENSTATtTE 
 
 Magnesium silicate, MgSiOs. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic. Generally massive, lamellar. Cleavage 
 perfect prismatic. Brittle. Pearly to vitreous luster. Color greenish or 
 brownish-gray to brown. Streak uncolored, grayish. H. :=r5i. G. := 3.1 — 3.3. 
 
 Practically infusible and insoluble. Its constituents can be deter- 
 mined only in the wet way. 
 
 Enstatite is a rock-forming mineral which is characteristic of 
 gabbros, and rocks that have been derived from gabbros, like much 
 of the serpentinized rocks of the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada. 
 It is a common mineral, but has seldom been mentioned. 
 
 Bt'omite is a variety in which part of the magnesium is replaced 
 by iron. It occurs in bronze-brown reticulated masses. 
 
 Alameda County: Bronzite occurs in some of the rocks of the 
 P>erkeley Hills, Hanks (84). 
 
 Contra Costa County: Ma^ssive enstatite is found in the Diablo 
 Range in this and other counties to the south. 
 
268 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 K(rn (hmnly: Ih-onzite w;is one of the constituents of the San 
 Enii^dio meteorite, ;nnl \\;is jiiuilyzcd hy Whitfield (90). 
 
 SiO- FeO MgO CaO 
 
 54.42 ]4.0:! 29.11 2.46=100.02% 
 
 Mdviposii (^oiiiitii: .Massive hi'onzite occurs in 1he o'abbriotic rock 
 of tlie old jMarip().sa estate. 
 
 Nevada Count ti: Enstatite is a constituent of the gabbros of 
 Nevada City. Lindgren (96). 
 
 Plumas Counfi): Enstatite and bronzite are constituents of the 
 noritic rock at Engels. 
 
 *S'(//( Francisco Count if: Enstatite occurs abundantly in the ser- 
 pentine of San Francisco, W. P. Blake (58), Lawson (93), Palache 
 (94), Eakle (01). 
 
 San Luis Ohispo Couni]i: Jt was found in the serpentine at San 
 Simeon. 
 
 Stanislaus Count ij: Eiistalite with actinolite has come from neai- 
 I'atterson. 
 
 Trinity Couniij: It was (»bser\ed in liie rock near Trinity Center. 
 Bronzite occurs near Hyampom. 
 
 Tulare County: It has been observed in rock near Ijindsay. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Light-green enstatite occurs in the gabbro near 
 Jamestown and also near Jacksonville. 
 
 HYPERSTHENE 
 
 Iron and magnesium silicate, (Fe.MgOSiOs. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic ; often tabular. Generally massive, foli- 
 ated. Cleavage (110) distinct. Brittle. Pearly to vitreous luster. Color 
 brownish -green to brown. Streak giayi.sh. H. = 5 — 6. G. :=3.4 — 3.5. 
 
 B. B. fuses to a blaclt enamel and on charcoal yields a magnetic 
 mass. Partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Hypersthene is a constituent of basic eruptive rocks, especially 
 gabbros and andesites. 
 
 Plumas County: Hypersthene is a constituent of the hypersthene 
 andesite at La Porte, Turner (94a). It is one of the constituents of 
 the norite rock at Engels. 
 
 San Diego County: It is one of the minerals in the orbicular 
 gabbro at Dehesa, Lawson (93). 
 
 San Francisco County: It is a constituent of the dikes cutting 
 the serpentine of the Potrero, San Francisco, Palache (94). 
 
 SisJ{iyo2i County: It is mentioned by J. D. Dana (49a) as a con- 
 stituent of the hypersthene andesite of Mount Shasta. 
 
SILICATES — PYROXENE GROUP 269 
 
 PYROXENE 
 
 Calcium and magrno.^ium silicate, CaMg(S10.",)2 w\U\ or without Fe.Al, 
 
 and Na. 
 
 Monoclinic. Prismatic crystals. Coarsely lamellar. Also coarse «v 
 fine granular. ('leavage perfect prismatic. Brittle. Vitreous luster. 
 Color green, white, brown, black. Streak white to grayish-green. 
 H. r:=5 — 6. G. — 3.2 — 3.6. 
 
 Fusibility varies with amount of iron. Varieties rich in iron give 
 a magnetic globule when fused on charcoal. Most varieties are insoluble 
 in acids. 
 
 Diopside is a lime-maguesia pyroxene, CaMg(Si03).^. It Ls white 
 to deep grass-green, and is characteristic of erj-stalline limestones, 
 metamorpliosed eruptives, and some schists. G.=3.28. 
 
 Violan is a violet-colored diopside. 
 
 Diallage is a lamellar or fibrous pyroxene near diopside in compo- 
 sition. It is characteristic of gabbros. 
 
 Hedenhergite is a black lime-iron pyroxene, CaFe(Si0.j.. G.^=3.G. 
 
 Omphacite is a granular non-alnminons pyroxene. It i.s charac- 
 teristic of eclogites in association with garnet. 
 
 Augite is a dark-green to black aluminous ])yroxeue. It is the 
 commonest of all the j)yroxenes, and is an essential constituent of 
 (liorites, gabbros, diabases, basalts, andesites, joyroxenites, and other 
 basic eruptives. It is mentioned in all petrographic descriptions of 
 basic igneous rocks. G.=3.22. 
 
 Contra Costa County: Diopside is common in the schists with 
 alhite near San Pablo and has been described and analyzed by Bias- 
 dale (01). 
 
 Si02 
 
 Fresh 51.91 
 
 Altered 49.62 
 
 Na^O 
 
 Fresh 0.56 
 
 Altered 0.60 
 
 Diallage is a constituent of gabl)ro on Mount Diablo. 
 
 El Dorado County: Fine dark-green crystals of diopside occur 
 near ^lud Springs. It occurs in good crystals at the Cosumnes Copper 
 mine. 
 
 hiyo Coxvty: ]\Iasses of diopside have come from the Pauamint 
 ^Mountains. Pale-green diopside is a prominent constituent of meta- 
 morphic rocks at Round Valley on the north side of the Tungsten 
 Hills, 6 miles west of Bishop, Chapman (37). 
 
 Luke County: Violan occurs in Big Canyon. 
 
 Los Angeles Count y: Large light-green crystals of diopside are 
 found near San Pedro. 
 
 AI2O3 FesOa 
 
 FeO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 3.55 1.30 
 
 2.65 
 
 16.15 
 
 22.85 
 
 2.07 2.49 
 
 2.99 
 
 19.72 
 
 19.14 
 
 IW) 
 
 
 
 
 at 100^ ah. 100° 
 
 TiOi 
 
 MnO 
 
 
 0.21 0.86 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.33 = 
 
 100.47% 
 
 2.71 
 
 
 
 := 
 
 100.2 4% 
 
270 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Madera Cuunly: Uiopside occurs in siliciticd limestone on Shadow 
 and Johnson Creeks near the northeast corner of the county, Erwin 
 
 (34). 
 
 Nevada County: Diallage is a constituent of tlie gabhro at Nevada 
 Cit}^ and Grass Valley, Lindgren (96). 
 
 Plumas County: Diallage occurs in gabbro near Grizzly Peak, 
 Turner (94a). 
 
 Riverside County: Crj'stals of pale-green diopside occur in the 
 limestone at Crestmore, and were described by Eakle (17). Forms 
 observed were : (001), (010), (100), (110), (Oil), (021), (111), (221), 
 (112), (111), (221), (331), (131), (121), (231), (211), (121), (352), 
 (753), (863), (T4.3.IO), and (10.12.7). A deep-green pyroxene resem- 
 bling omphacite occurs associated with cinnamon garnet at the Crest- 
 more quarry. Augite is a constituent of the quartz-monzonite porphyry 
 of the quarry. A white pyroxene occurs in the dolomitic limestone of 
 the Eagle Mountains. A very pure pale-green diopside from the Wet 
 "Weather quarry at Crestmore has been analyzed by Merriam, Mer- 
 riam and Laudermilk (36). 
 
 SiOz CaO ]\rgO PeO Ve-iO^ AbOs H0O+ H2O — 
 
 54.54 24. 7G 17.23 0.30 0.93 1.28 0.64 0.32 = 100.00% 
 
 8an Bernardino County: Snow-white, fine-grained diopside occurs 
 near the mouth of Cascade Canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains, in 
 the SEi Sec. 36, T. 2 N., R. 8 W., S. B. M., and has been analyzed by 
 Laudermilk, Merriam and Laudermilk (36). 
 
 SiOa 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 Fe-G^ 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 HoO^- 
 
 H2O — 
 
 56.50 
 
 25.56 
 
 17.80 
 
 0.24 
 
 0.12 
 
 0.58 
 
 0.22 : 
 
 101.027o 
 
 San Francisco County: Crystals of diallage occur in the serpen- 
 tine of San Francisco, Erman (49), Lawson (95), Palache (94). 
 
 San Matro County: Diallage occurs in gabbro near Crj'stal 
 Springs. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: Augite as a constituent of teschenite at 
 Point Sal was analyzed by Fairbanks (96). 
 
 SiOa 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO NaeOKaO Ign, 
 
 46.59 
 
 9.69 
 
 1.03 
 
 4.75 
 
 21.38 
 
 13.89 1.23 1.22 
 
 = 99.78% 
 G. = 2.338 
 
 Santa Clara County: Diallage occurs at Los Gatos Creek. Ompha- 
 cite is a constituent of eclogite in the Calaveras Valley, Murgoci (06). 
 
 Shasta County: Hedenbergite occurs with ilvaite at Potters Creek, 
 and has been analyzed by Bjorkstedt, Prescott (08a). 
 
 SiOi AI2O3 FeO MnO CaO MgO 
 
 46.4 0.6 22.6 7.9 20.5 2.2 = 100.2% 
 
SILICATES— PYROXENE GROUP 271 
 
 Tuolumne Count y: Diallage occurs in the gabbro of the Rawhide 
 ranch. 
 
 ACMITE — Aegirite 
 
 Sodium and iron silicate, essentially NaFeCSiOa);. 
 
 Monoclinic. Prismatic crystals. (Cleavage (110) distinct. Brittle. 
 Vitreous luster. Color brown or dark-green. Streak pale yellowish-gray. 
 H. = 6 — 6J. G. r=r3.50 — 3.55. 
 
 Fuses quietly to a globule which is slightly magnetic and gives a 
 yellow sodium flame. Nearly insoluble. 
 
 Acmite and aegirite are rock-forming minerals prominent in some 
 syenites. 
 
 San Benito County: A specimen of rock containing prisms of 
 acmite was foimd near Ilollister. Aegirite occurs in stellate groups with 
 benitoite and natrolite in the albite at the benitoite locality near the 
 headwaters of the San Benito River, Louderback (09). 
 
 San Diego County: It occurs with quartz, crossite, and garnet in 
 schist boulders in the San Onofre Breccia on the State highway due 
 west of San Onofre Mountain, AYoodford (25). 
 
 SPODUMENE 
 
 Lithium and aluminum silicate LiAl(SoOa)j. 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals prismatic, often flattened ; sometimes very 
 large. Massive, cleavage perfect prismatic. Brittle. Vitreous luster. 
 Color greenish-white, grayish-white, emerald-green, lilac, amethystine. 
 Streak white. H. = 6i — 7. G. = 3.13 — 3.20. 
 
 Fuses to a clear glass and gives a red lithium flame, best seen 
 through blue glass or through a Merwin color screen. Insoluble in acids. 
 
 Spodumene is found in large crystals and cleavage masses in peg- 
 matitic veins, commonly associated with lepidolite and lithium tour- 
 maline. 
 
 Kunzite is a beautiful transparent variety, lilac or amethystine in 
 color. It is sometimes called California iris. 
 
 Hiddenite is an emerald-green spodumene. 
 
 Riverside County: Kunzite occurs in the San Jacinto Mountains, 
 iicai- Coahuila, Schaller (03a). 
 
 San Diego County: The transparent lilac variety discovered by 
 Kunz (03) in 1903 and named kunzite by Baskerville (03), which is 
 used as a gem, occurs in the pegmatite veins of the Pala Chief mine at 
 Pala with the gem tourmaline, although not abundant nor in large 
 pieces. Most of it is in flat cleavage pieces, but fair ciystals have been 
 f mind with the forms : (010), (100). (110). (130), (350), (320), (121), 
 (112), Schaller (03a). It has been further described by Baskerville and 
 Kunz (04) and analyzed by Selialler (03a) and by Davis (04). 
 
272 
 
 
 MINERALS OF 
 
 OALIFOKNIA 
 
 
 
 
 SiO.. 
 
 AbOs 
 
 MnsOs 
 
 LL'O 
 
 NasO 
 
 Kl'O CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 Sclmller 
 
 . 64.42 
 
 27.32 
 
 0.15 
 
 7.20 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.03 
 
 
 
 Dtnis 
 
 tj'i.or. 
 
 27.30 
 
 
 
 0.8S 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.00 0.80 
 
 none 
 
 
 
 NiO 
 
 .MlK • 
 
 Zti(» 
 
 I^'M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 none 
 
 - 99.51% O. 
 
 "3.189 
 
 
 
 o.oc 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.15 
 
 - 100.15% 
 
 
 A few crystals of liiddenite and some masses of "white spodumene 
 liave also been found at Pala, with the kunzite, Sclialler (03a). 
 
 Kunzite occurs sparingly at the Victor mine, Kiucon, in tabular 
 crystals, some of them twinned as seen by the natural etch-figures. 
 Forms: (100), (110), (010), (320), (130K (021), (111), and (Til), 
 Rogers (10). 
 
 RHODONITE 
 
 Manganese silicate, MnSiO.-! 
 
 Triclinic. Crystals tabular, often large. Generally massive or in 
 grains. Cleavage perfect prismatic. Vitreous luster. Color rose-pink. Streak 
 white. H. ^5J — 6J. G. = 3.4 — S.C.S. 
 
 Fusible. Gives a violet or wine-colored bead with borax. Slightly 
 acted upon by acids. 
 
 Rhodonites is often present in inanganese orebodies, with rhodo- 
 clirosite. 
 
 AkiDicdti Coiiiihi: l\h(»(h)nite occurs at llic Corral Hollow manga- 
 nese deposits. 
 
 Buffe Comity: It was found with rliodochrosite on the North 
 Fork of Feather River. It occurs with psilomelane and pyrolusite 
 1 mile north of the forks of Butte Creek. 
 
 Fresno County: Pink rhodonite occurs near Dunlap. 
 
 Glenn County: It occurs with psilomelane on Elk Creek. 
 
 Humholdt CohhIi/: It was observed near Orleans. 
 
 Los Angeles County: Massive deep-pink rhodonite occurs on 
 Portal Ridge, near Lancaster. 
 
 Madera County: It occurs witii rliodochrosite, pyrolusite, manga- 
 nite, and psilomelane near Coarse Gold. It occurs with garnet and 
 epidote in crystalline limestone on the south side of Shadow Creek 
 Canyon in the Ritter Range, Erwin (34). 
 
 Plover County: It occurs with rhodochrosite near Forest Hill. 
 
 Plumas Couuiy: (iood red rhodonite has come from Genesee 
 Valley and Meadow Valley. It occurred with copper at the Diadem 
 lode, Meadow Valley. Turner (96). Good gem rhodonite has been 
 reported to occur near Taylorsville. 
 
 Riverside County: It was found with pyrolusite and psilomelane 
 near Elsinore. 
 
SILICATES — PYROXENE GROUP 273 
 
 Siskiyou County: Excellent rhodonite occurs at Sawyers Bar. 
 Rhodonite partly altered to manganese oxides occurs near Gazelle, and 
 on the South Fork of Salmon River. Specimens of rhodonite have 
 come from Empire Creek; also Dutch Creek, near Gottville. Massive 
 red rhodonite occurs on Indian Creek, near Happy Camp. 
 
 Tulare County: Coarse, massive rhodonite occurs as a contact 
 metamorphic mineral near Lemon Cove, in the E| Sec. 34, T. 16 S., 
 R. 27 E., M. D. M. 
 
 Tuolumne County: It was found with pyrolusite on Rose Creek, 
 near Columbia. It occurs as veins altering to manganese oxides 2 miles 
 north of Sonora. 
 
 WOLLASTONITE 
 
 Calcium silicate, CaSiOi 
 
 Triclinic. Crystals commonly tabular, also short prismatic. Gener- 
 ally in fibrous masses, also compact. Cleavage perfect macropinacoidal. 
 Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white, gray, rose. Streak white. 
 H. = 4i — 5. G. = 2.8 — 2.9. 
 
 Fuses easily and quietly to a clear glass. Soluble in hydrochloric 
 acid usually without gelatinizing. 
 
 Wollastonite is formed as a metamorphic mineral in limestone near 
 contacts with intrusive rocks. 
 
 Alameda County: Wollastonite has been found in the Berkeley 
 Hills. 
 
 Amador County: It was found on the Mokelumne River, near 
 Bear Creek, and anal.yzed by Hillebrand, Turner (96). 
 
 SiOs 
 
 Ti02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 FeO 
 
 MnO 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 K2O 
 
 50.67 
 
 0.20 
 
 6.37 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.50 
 
 trace 
 
 40.34 
 
 0.58 
 
 0.22 
 
 H20 
 
 Na20 below 110° above 110° CO2 
 0.14 0.08 0.31 0.52 = 100.24% 
 
 Del Norte County: White divergent masses of wollastonite were 
 found near Crescent City. 
 
 Imperial County: It was reported to occur with grossularite near 
 the State highway, a few miles west of El Centro, Melhase (35a). 
 
 Inyo County: Wollastonite occurs at the Wilshire gold mine, 25 
 miles southwest of Laws, Turner (24). It occurs as bunches of radiat- 
 ing fibers with diopside in metamorphosed limestone at Round Valley 
 on the north side of the Tungsten Hills, 9 miles west of Bishop, 
 Chapman (37). 
 
 Kern County: A deposit of it occurs near Code Siding in the 
 Rademacher district, W. W. Bradley (35). It was found outcropping 
 along the canyon of Clear Creek between the Kern River and Walker 
 Basin, Melhase (36a). 
 
 18 — 514 40 
 
274 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 Lake Counttj: Wliite drusy ■wollastoiiite has come from Dry Creek, 
 near Middletown. Specimens of it liave come from near Glenbrook. 
 
 Napa Coitnty: White massive wollastonite occurs in Hunting 
 Creek Canyon, near Knoxville. 
 
 Nevada Coimty: White and pink wollastonite are found as con- 
 tact minerals at Grass Valley. 
 
 Riverside County: Fibrous, columnar, and fine granular wollasto- 
 nite occurs in the crystalline limestone at Crestmore as one of the con- 
 tact metamorphic minerals. An analysis of the fine granular wollasto- 
 nite by Eakle (17) gave: 
 
 SiO:; FesOs CaO H2O 
 
 51.77 2.12 44.85 1.02 = 99.76% 
 
 An analysis of the crystals of wollastonite by Eakle (17) gave: 
 
 SiOa CaO MgO Fe203 Ign. 
 
 50.42 48.29 0.60 0.51 0.07 = 99.89% 
 
 Forms observed on the crystals were: (001), (100), (110), (120), 
 (320). (740), (540), (340), (140), (101), (104), (104), (103), (102), 
 (101), (201), (Oil), (111), (744), (344), (144), (744), (344), (144), 
 (122), (122), (142), (142). 
 
 Pink granular wollastonite occurs at a contact of limestone and 
 granodiorite in the Central Avenue city quarry. Riverside. It was 
 found at the scheelite deposit about 9' miles east of Aguanga, Hess and 
 Larsen (21). 
 
 San Diego Coujity: Large masses of pure white divergent-col- 
 umnar wollastonite occur near Boulevard, and at Carrizo Gorge, near 
 Jacumba. 
 
 Santa Barhara County: Divergent-fibrous masses of wollastonite 
 liaving a pale-rose color have been found at Santa Ynez. 
 
 Sierra Coimty: Bands of wollastonite and wollastonite-quartz 
 schist occur near Sierra City, on the small north tributary of the South 
 Fork of the North Fork of Yuba River, opposite Milton Creek. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Fine divergent specimens haA^e come from the 
 limestone on the Salmon River, 3 miles above Somes Bar. 
 
 Trinity County: Wliite fibrous wollastonite occurs near Hyampom. 
 
 Tulare County: Specimens of wollastonite have come from the 
 Upper Tide River. Massive wollastonite is found in metamorphosed 
 limestone near Three Rivers in Sec. 16, T. 16 S., R. 28 E., M. D. M. ; 
 in Sec. 25, T. 17 S., R. 28 E., M. D. M.; and near Lemon Cove, in Sees. 
 11 and 14, T. 16 S., R 27 E., M. D. M. 
 
SILICATES 275 
 
 PECTOLITE 
 
 Calcium and sodium basic silicate, HNaCa2(Si03)s. 
 
 Triclinic. In aclcular crystals. Generally fibrous massive. Cleavage 
 perfect macropinacoidal. Luster silky to vitreous. Brittle. Color white 
 or gray. H. — 5. G. = 2.68 — 2.78. 
 
 Easily fusible to a clear glass and easily soluble, sometimes yielding 
 gelatinous silica. A small amount of water is obtained in a closed tube. 
 
 White fibrous pectolite occurs as veins and patches in altered 
 basic dikes and flows, and in serpentine. 
 
 Colusa County: Pectolite occurs with calcite and zeolites in ser- 
 pentine near Wilbur Springs. 
 
 Lake County: Veins of fibrous pectolite occur with calcite in ser- 
 pentine 1-1 miles east of ^liddletown in a cut on the highway to Lower 
 Lake. 
 
 San Francisco Cou7ity: Fibrous pectolite occurs as veins in an 
 altered dike which intersects the serpentine at Fort Point. It was 
 described and analyzed by Eakle (01). Forms: (001), (100), (540), 
 and (140). 
 
 Si02 AhOsFeiOa CaO Na20 H2O 
 
 53.40 3.87 30.56 7.61 4.46 = 99.90% 
 
 Tehama County: A large mass of pectolite occurred in serpen- 
 tine on Elder Creek and was analyzed by Eitel, Preston (90). 
 
 Si02 Al203Fe203 MgO CaO Na20 K2O 
 
 56.84 1.27 0.64 33.46 3.45 3.97 r^ 99.63% 
 
 NEPTUNITE 
 
 Sodium, potassium, iron, and manganese titano-silicate, 
 (Na,K)2{Fe,Mn)TiSi40i2. 
 
 Monoclinic. Prismatic crystals. Cleavage (110). Vitreous luster. 
 Color black, in thin splinters, blood-red. Streak cinnamon-brown. 
 H. = 5 — 6. G. = 3.19— 3.23. 
 
 Fused with sodium carbonate, gives green bead of manganese. 
 Insoluble in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 San Benito County: Black crystals of neptunite occur with 
 benitoite in a natrolite vein in schist about 4 miles south of New Idria 
 near the headwaters of the San Benito River, and were first described 
 by Louderback (07), (09). The crystals show the forms: (001), (100), 
 (110), (111), (Til), (Tl2), (211), (221), and (311). An analysis was 
 made by Blasdale : 
 
 Si02 
 
 Ti02 
 
 FeO MnO CaO MgO 
 
 K2O Na20 
 
 53.44 
 
 17.18 
 
 11.23 1.78 0.25 1.82 
 
 5.39 9.14 = 100.23% 
 
 The 
 
 mineral 
 
 was later analyzed by W. 
 
 M. Bradley (09). 
 
 Si02 
 
 Ti03 
 
 FeO AInO CaO MgO 
 
 K2O Na20 
 
 52.91 
 
 17.77 
 
 11.54 0.S2 1.59 1.41 
 
 5.11 9.83 = 100.98% 
 
 52.83 
 
 17.89 
 
 11.83 0.88 1.53 1.48 
 
 5.06 9.28 - 100.78% 
 
 Further notes on neptunite: by Arnold (.08), Ford (09), and 
 Schaller (11). 
 
276 MINKRALS OF OALIFOHNIA 
 
 JOAQUINITE 
 
 Sodium, barium, and iron titano-silicate, NaBa(Ti,Fe)3SiiOio. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In minute crystals. Honey-yellow to brown. 
 II. — 5i-6. G. = 3.89. 
 
 Fuses with fntumesoence to brown g-lass. Insoluble. 
 
 San Benito Countij: .Juaquinite was discovered in minute crystals 
 showing the forms (001), (111), and (100) with benitoite and nep- 
 t unite in natrolite veins near the headwaters of the San Benito River, 
 and named by Louderback (09). The formula was assigned by Palache 
 and Foshag (.32) from an analysis by Foshag. 
 
 SiOs 
 
 TiO" 
 
 FeO 
 
 BaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 Na20 
 
 36.4 
 
 30.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 24.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 4.6 
 
 XONOTLITE 
 
 Hyc3rous calcium silicate, 5CaSi03.H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic? Compact fibrous. Cleavage (010) perfect. Vitreous 
 to silky luster. Color snow-white, pink. H. = 6i. G. :=2.7. 
 
 Fuses easily to a glassy globule. Easily soluble in hydrochloric 
 acid with the separation of flaky silica. Yields water at a high tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 XonotJite closely resembles pectolite in structure. 
 
 Sa7i Francisco County: Xonotlite occurred with brucite in veins 
 in serpentine exposed by excavations of the Western Pacific Railroad on 
 Army Street, San Francisco. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: A mineral specimen collected years ago 
 near Santa Ynez, labeled wollastonite, was found by Larsen (17) to 
 differ optically from that mineral, and on the supposition that it was 
 a new mineral, he proposed the name cakleite for it. Larsen (23) 
 later showed tliis material to be xonotlite. Analysis of the mineral by 
 Eakle gave : 
 
 SiOz Fe^On GaO MgO Na20.K20 H2O 
 
 50.17 1.04 45.45 tr. none 3.18 — 99.84% 
 
 INESITE 
 
 Hydrous manganese and calcium silicate, H2(Mn,Ca)6SioOto.3H20. 
 
 Triclinic. Prismatic crystals, sometimes fibrous radiating or spher- 
 ulitic. Cleavage perfect brachypinacoidal. Vitreous luster. Color rose- 
 red. H. = 6. G. = 3.03. 
 
 Fusible. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Inesite is a common associate of psilomelane in several of the 
 mines of the State. 
 
 Alameda County: Rose-red veins of inesite with beinentite inter- 
 sect the rhodochrosite, at the Newhall or Bailey mine, 10 miles south- 
 east of Livermore, on the Arroyo Mocho. 
 
 Mendocino County: Inesite veins with bementite and neotocite 
 occurred in the rhodochrosite claim at Impassable Rock, Mount San- 
 liedrin, about 8 miles from Hearst. 
 
SILICATES 277 
 
 San Joaquin County: luesite with bementite was common at the 
 old Ladd mine. 
 
 Stanislaus County: Gray rhodochrosite of the Cummings lease 
 or Winship properties is intersected by veinlets of rose-red inesite 
 with bementite. Forms observed by Foshag and Eakle on the inesite 
 crystals are: (iTO), (100), (010), and (001), Eakle (28). 
 
 FOSHAGITE 
 
 Hydrou.s calcium silicate, H2Ciu.(SiOi)3.2H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Compact, fibrous. Silky luster. Color snow-white. 
 H. = 3. G. = 2.36. 
 
 Infusible. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid with gelatinization. 
 
 Riverside County: Foshagite occurs in fibrous veins with thauma- 
 site and blue calcite in idocrase in the Wet Weather quarry at Crest- 
 more. It was named, analyzed, and described as a new mineral by 
 Eakle (25). Analysis: 
 
 SiOa FejO.-! CaO MgO CO- H2O 
 
 33.92 0.83. '53.48 tr. 1.83 10.19 = 100.25% 
 
 RIVERSIDEITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium silicate, 2CaSi03.H20. 
 
 Orthorhombic? Fibrous. Silky luster. Color white. H. ^ 3. G.r=:2.64. 
 
 Fuses easily to a white glass. Easily soluble with separation of 
 flocculent silica. 
 
 Riversideite is formed b}' hydrothermal metamorphism of lime- 
 stone. 
 
 Riverside County: Riversideite was discovered with idocrase at 
 the Crestmore limestone quarry. It was named for the county; ana- 
 lyzed and described by Eakle (17). Analysis: 
 
 SiOa CaO P2O.- S0.1 H2O 
 
 41. 2G 44.58 3.84 1.84 8.11 = 99.63% 
 
 JURUPAITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium and magnesium silicate, H2(Ca,Mg)2Si207. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fibrous, radiating. Snow-white color. H. = 1 — 4. 
 G. = 2.75. 
 
 Fuses easily to a clear white glass. Easily soluble without gela- 
 tinization. 
 
 Jurupaite is a mineral formed by hydrothermal metamorphism of 
 limestone. 
 
 Riverside County: Jurupaite occurs with bluish calcite and gros- 
 sularite at the Crestmore limestone quarry, and w£is named, analyzed, 
 find described as a new mineral by Eakle (21). 
 
 SlOe CaO MgO H2O 
 
 48.87 38.66 4.19 7.89 - 99.61% 
 
278 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 CRESTMOREITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium silicate, 2CaO.2SiO2.3H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. Fibrous, compact. Vitreous to dull luster. Color 
 snow-white. H. = 3. G. = 2.22. 
 
 Puses quietly and easily to a slightly vesicular glass. Easily soluble 
 with separation of flocculent silica. Gives reaction for sulphate, plios- 
 phate, and carbonate. 
 
 Crestmoreite is formed by liydrothermal metamorphism of lime- 
 stone. 
 
 Eiverside County: Crestmoreite was discovered at the Crestmore 
 limestone quarry. It was formed as an alteration of wilkeite, and also 
 as a direct crystallization. It was named for the locality, and described 
 and analvzed by Eakle (17). Analvsis: 
 
 Si02 
 
 CaO 
 
 PeOr, 
 
 SO3 
 
 CO2 
 
 Ign. 
 
 36.12 
 
 42.71 
 
 2.38 
 
 2.42 
 
 1.16 
 
 14.98 — 99.77% 
 
 38.30 
 
 41.20 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 
 15.17 = 99.42% 
 
 34.42 
 
 43.54 
 
 3.50 
 
 2.24 
 
 ...— 
 
 16.24=: 99.94% 
 
 CHRYSOCOLLA 
 
 Hydrous copper silicate, CuSi03.2H20. 
 
 Cryptocrystalline. Opal-like, earthy, incrustations. Vitreous to dull 
 luster. Color bluish-green, turquois-blue. Streak white. H. = 21 — 3. 
 G. = 2 — 2.24. 
 
 Infusible, but soluble in nitric acid without forming a jelly. A blue 
 solution is obtained by adding ammonia to the nitric acid solution. Can 
 be reduced to metallic copper by fusing on charcoal with sodium carbo- 
 nate. Darkens and gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Small amounts of chrysocolla occur in most of the copper districts 
 of the State, as an oxidation product of copper minerals, usually as 
 incrustations. 
 
 Amador County: Chrysocolla is common at Volcano. 
 
 Calaveras County: It is common at Campo Seco and at Copper- 
 opolis. 
 
 Fresno County: It was found at the Ne Plus Ultra mine. It 
 occurred as an alteration of copper minerals at the Gordon Fresno 
 Copper mine and at the Red Streak mine, Big Dry Creek. 
 
 Inyo County: Chrysocolla was common at the Cerro Gordo mines. 
 It occurred as a pseudomorph after limonite at the Aries mine, and 
 as an alteration of chalcopyrite in the Gold Belt of the Panamint 
 Range. It occurred with brochantite near the headwaters of Cotton- 
 wood Creek, Ball (07). It was found with garnet at the Green Mon- 
 ster mine, 1| miles north of Citrus. It occurs as an alteration of chal- 
 copyrite in garnet rock in Mazourka Canyon. It was found with the 
 scheelite of Deep Canyon, west of Bishop. It occurred with cerargyrite 
 at the Bonanza King mine, Sherman district; in the Ubehebe Moun- 
 tains. It was found with azurite, cuprite, malachite, and melaconite 
 in the mines of the Greenwater district, Black Mountains. Pseudo- 
 
SILICATES 279 
 
 morphs of chrysocoUa after ealeite liave been described from the 
 Keward gold mine by Rogers (10a). 
 
 Los Angeles County: ChrysocoUa was reported from the old Kel- 
 sey mine near San Gabriel Canyon, Storms (93). 
 
 Mendocino Count]/;: It occurred in the Red ^Mountain mining 
 district. 
 
 Modoc County: It was found with malachite and cuprite near 
 Fort Bidwell. 
 
 Mono County: ChrysocoUa was common in the Lundy district. 
 It occurred with partzite at the Diana mine, Blind Spring Hill dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Nevada County: It was common with the copper ores of Meadow 
 Lake and at Spenceville. 
 
 Plumas County: ChrysocoUa occurred in banded masses with 
 raalacliite in Lights Canyon, and in the IMohawk Valley. ChrysocoUa 
 and malachite were found at the Engels mine. 
 
 Riverside County: It has been found in the mines of the Cliuck- 
 awalla Mountains. Good specimens of chrysocoUa have come from the 
 Mountain King mine. 
 
 San Benito County: Small amounts of it occur with chalcocite in 
 natrolite near the headwaters of the San Benito River, Louderback 
 (09). 
 
 San Bernardino County: It was common in the Calico and Bis- 
 mark districts, Lindgren (87). IMassive chrysocoUa occurred at the 
 Copper World mine, Clark Mountain. 
 
 San Diego County: ChrysocoUa was common in the Jidian and 
 Banner districts. 
 
 Santa Clara County: It was found with malachite near Fifteen 
 Mile House. Rogers (10a) has described pseudomorphs of chrj^socolla 
 after cuprite from the Santa Margarita mine, near New Almaden. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It occurred at the Blue Ledge mine. 
 
 SEARLESITE 
 
 Hydrous sodium borosilicate, NaB(Si03)2.H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. Prismatic. In radiate-fibrous spherulites. Cleavage 
 (100) perfect. Color white. Very soft. G. = about 2.45. 
 
 Fuses easily to a clear glass. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid 
 and somewhat soluble in water. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Searlesite occurred as crusts of white 
 spherulites at Searles Lake. It was described and named by Larsen 
 and Ilicks (14) wilh analysis by Hicks: 
 
 Si02 
 
 B2O3 
 
 NasO 
 
 K2O 
 
 MgO 
 
 FeO 
 
 AIjOs 
 
 H2O 
 
 ."SB. 41 
 
 16.26 
 
 12.78 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.89 
 
 0.37 
 
 9.47 
 
280 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 BAVENITE 
 
 Hydrous beryllium, aluminum, and calcium silicate, 
 BeO. AI2O3. 4CaO.9SiO2.H2O. 
 
 Monoclinic. In fibrous-radiated groups of prismatic crystals. Cleav- 
 ag-e (010). Colorless to white. H. = 5J. G. = 2.7. 
 
 8an Diego County: Bavenite occurring as a pseudomorph after 
 beryl at the Himalaya mine at Mesa Grande has been described by 
 Schaller and Fairchild (32). Forms: (100), (010), (001), (110), 
 (210), (101), (201) and (012). Analysis by Fairchild: 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 Fe20s CaO BeO 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 58.40 
 
 12.16 0.10 23.73 2.67 
 
 BENITOITE 
 Barium titano-silicate, BaTiSiaOg. 
 
 2.90 = 
 
 99.96% 
 
 Hexagonal ; ditrigonal-bipyramidal. Trigonal pyramids with prisms. 
 Vitreous luster. Colorless to deep-blue. Transparent. H. — 6J. 
 G. = 3.64 — 3.67. 
 
 Fusible. Gives the green flame of barium. Soluble sufficiently to 
 give the titanium reaction when the hydrochloric acid solution is boiled 
 with tin. 
 
 8an Benito County: Colorless and beautiful sapphire-blue crystals 
 of this gem mineral were discovered in 1907 near the headwaters of the 
 San Benito River, about 25 miles north of Coalinga, and named_by 
 Louderback (07), (09). They show the forms : (0001), (lOFo), (0110), 
 (1011), (0111), (1120), (1012), (2241), and are of trigonal habit. 
 The crystals occur in a zone of narrow veins of natrolite in serpentine, 
 and are associated with neptunite, chalcocite, chrysocolla, actinolite, 
 joaquinite, crossite, albite, aegirite, calcite, aragonite, and psilomelane. 
 Analyses of benitoite were made by W. C. Blasdale: 
 
 Si02 
 
 Ti02 
 
 BaO 
 
 43.56 
 
 20.18 
 
 36.34 = 100.08% 
 
 43.79 
 
 20.00 
 
 36.31 = 100.10% 
 
 Additional notes on benitoite have been made by Baumhauer (09), 
 Hlawatsch (09), Palache (09), and Rogers (08). 
 
 TOURMALINE 
 
 Aluminum borosilicate with various bases. 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral ; ditrigonal — pyramidal. In Jong prismatic 
 cry.stals ; divergent radiating groups. Brittle. Vitreous to resinous luster. 
 Color black, brown, blue, green, rose-red, violet, colorless. Streak uncol- 
 ored. H. = 7 — 7^. G. = 2.98 — 3.2. 
 
 Generally fusible to a blebby mass. Fused on platinum wire with a 
 mixture of potassium bisulphate and fluorite, will give a momentary green 
 flame. Insoluble in acids. 
 
 Black tourmaline is a very common mineral, and large areas of 
 tourmaline-granites exist in the Sierra Nevada. The richly colored red 
 and green tourmalines of San Diego County are the finest in the world, 
 and have become widely known and used as gems. Tourmaline always 
 
SILICATES 281 
 
 occurs in prismatic crj^stals, often bunched into radiating groups and 
 usually much fractured. The common black tourmaline is characteristic 
 of granites and quartz veins in granites. Brown tourmaline is found in 
 crystalline limestone near contacts with intrusive igneous rock. Trans- 
 lucent pink or green tourmaline contains lithium and is found only in 
 pegmatites. Pink tourmaline is often called ruhellite. 
 
 Alpine County: Black tourmaline is common in Hope Valley. 
 
 Calaveras County: Black tourmaline occurs in quartz at Sheep- 
 ranch. 
 
 El Dorado Caunty: Black tourmaline occurs with orthoclase at 
 Bucks Bar. Black tourmaline occurs at Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe. 
 
 Fresno County: Black tourmaline is common in Fine Gold Gulch, 
 at the Enterprise mine, and at Eber Flat. Black crystals of tourmaline 
 with hornblende and quartz occur in Watts Valley. Black tourmaline 
 occurs in the Sycamore district. Red and green tourmaline occurs in 
 quartz on the White Divide, south of Mount Goddard. Green tourma- 
 line with brown garnet occurs on Spanish Peak, W. W. Bradley (16a). 
 
 Inyo County: Black tourmaline occurs in the Lee district. Black 
 crystals of tourmaline occur in a metamorphosed sandstone at Deep 
 Canyon, west of Bishop. It is found as needles and reticulated masses 
 of black, slender prisms in the Slate Range. 
 
 Kern Comity: Black tourmaline is found in the rocks of the 
 Tehachapi Mountains. Black tourmaline with scheelite occurs in a 
 calcite vein cutting schist, a few miles west of Randsburg. A large vein 
 of quartz and feldspar containing black tourmaline occurs near Woody. 
 
 Lassen County: Specimens of black tourmaline have come from 
 near Susanville. 
 
 Madera County: Black tourmaline occurs in the rocks near Ray- 
 mond. 
 
 Modoc County: Black tourmaline crystals occur in quartz near 
 Cedarville. 
 
 Mono County: Radiating masses of black tourmaline occur near a 
 contact mass of magnetite, which carries greenockite, near Topaz. 
 
 Nevada County: Dark -brown tourmaline found 2 miles northwest 
 of Colfax was analyzed by Melville (92). 
 
 Si02 Alc03 Fe:;0:i.FeO CaO MprO K^O Na^O B2O3 
 
 36.40 33.64 3.13 1.51 10.01 0.12 2.49 a8.74 
 
 I&n. F O =F 
 
 3.53 0.74 = 100.31 — 0.31 = 100% G.= 3.065 
 
 a := By difference. 
 
282 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Orange County: Black tourmaline is found at the Santa Ana tin 
 mine, Santa Ana Mountains. 
 
 Placer County: Black tourmaline occurs at Soda Springs; with 
 quartz near Blue Canj'-on and at the Excelsior mine, near Cisco. Black 
 tourmaline with white feldspar and glassy quartz occurs in granitic 
 rock near Rocklin, 
 
 Plumas County: Black tourmaline occurs at Red Clover Creek. 
 Black tourmaline in quartz occurs on Grizzly Range, and near Taylors- 
 ville. It occurs in the pegmatites at Engels. 
 
 Riverside County: Fine gem tourmaline occurs near Coahuila and 
 in the San Jacinto Mountains. Black tourmaline in quartz occurs in 
 the Santa Maria Mountains, 2 miles north of Blythe. Black tourmaline 
 occurs in the pegmatite veins at Crestmore, Eakle (17). Black radiat- 
 ing prisms of tourmaline occur with axinite on Box Spring Mountain. 
 It occurs in a pegmatite vein in the Pinacate district. Black tourmaline 
 occurs with cassiterite in the Cajalco tin mine about 11 miles southwest 
 of Riverside, West (28). 
 
 San Bernardino County: Black tourmaline occurs at Halleck. 
 
 San Diego County: A series of pegmatite veins consisting mainly 
 of white albite with quartz and lepidolite cut through the diorite hills 
 in the northwestern part of the county from Mesa Grande northward 
 through Pala. These veins have been prolific in their yield of beautiful 
 transparent tourmalines in many shades of rose-red and green. The 
 first mention of the occurrence of rubellite and lepidolite in southern 
 California was by W. P. Blake (82) who gave the locality as the Ber- 
 nardino Range. The first material obtained M'as the lavender and 
 lilac lepidolite containing radiating clusters of bright-red rubellite 
 prisms, which form beautiful museum specimens and can be seen in 
 most mineral collections. The gem varieties were found later, Fair- 
 banks (93a), and since 1893 a number of mines have been located and 
 many beautiful large crystals obtained. At present the best tourmalines 
 come from Mesa Grande. Sterrett (0-1) gives the crystallography of 
 tourmaline from Damoron's ranch, 4 miles northwest of Mesa Grande. 
 Forms: (0221), (1230), (1450), (2131), (1232), (0001), (OlTT), 
 (1012), (1120), (lOfO), (0110), (1011), and (0001). Black, pink, blue, 
 violet, green, and colorless tourmaline occurs at Rincon in the Victor 
 and other claims; some of the crystals have the forms: (1120), (1010), 
 
 (0110), (1232), (lOli), (OOOT'), and (OlTT), Rogers (10). 
 
 Analyses of the tourmaline of the county have been made by Schal- 
 ler, Clarke (10), specific gravities from Schaller (12). 1. Pink from 
 Mesa Grande ; 2. Pale-green from Mesa Grande ; 3. Pink from Pala, 
 partly altered; 4. Pink from Pala, almost completely altered; 5. Black 
 from Lost Valley ; 6. Black from Ramona. 
 

 
 
 SILICATES 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 SiOo 
 
 37.57 
 
 36.72 
 
 36.98 
 
 37.05 
 
 35.96 
 
 35.21 
 
 AbOs 
 
 42.18 
 
 41.27 
 
 43.69 
 
 44.25 
 
 33.28 
 
 36.07 
 
 Ti203 
 
 tr. 
 
 O.OG 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.23 
 
 Fe203 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ — ^ 
 
 — — — 
 
 11.04 
 
 11.11 
 
 FeO 
 
 0.19 
 
 1.13 
 
 
 
 
 
 MnO 
 
 0.24 
 
 1.48 
 
 tr. 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.13 
 
 0.98 
 
 MgO 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 ir 
 
 0.10 
 
 3.48 
 
 0.19 
 
 CaO 
 
 1.20 
 
 0.87 
 
 0.25 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.25 
 
 LizO 
 
 1.92 
 
 1.76 
 
 l.L'8 
 
 1.27 
 
 none 
 
 tr. 
 
 NasO 
 
 2.05 
 
 2.23 
 
 2.02 
 
 1.06 
 
 2.16 
 
 1.92 
 
 K2O 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 2.29 
 
 1.95 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 B2O3 
 
 10.65 
 
 10.60 
 
 a7.66 
 
 a2.46 
 
 10.61 
 
 10.43 
 
 H2O— 
 
 
 
 1.16 
 
 0.83 
 
 
 
 
 3.38 
 
 3.33 
 
 
 
 3.31 
 
 3.51 
 
 H2O + 
 
 
 
 4.67 
 
 10.81 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.31 
 
 undct. 
 
 undet. 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 
 99.77 
 
 99.76 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.75 
 
 99.90< 
 
 Less 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99.60 
 
 99.63 
 
 
 G. = 
 
 3.04 
 
 3.04 
 
 
 
 3.16 
 
 3.22 
 
 a — By 
 
 difference. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 283 
 
 Bluish-green tourmaline is found in the Mountain Lily mine near 
 Oak Grove. Fine blue and pink tourmaline occurs at the Peter Cabat 
 mine, about 6 miles north of AVarners Hot Springs. A deposit of green 
 tourmaline occurs south of Banner. Good blue and green tourmaline 
 occurs on the east side of Chihuahua Valley. Black tourmaline occurs 
 with cassiterite on Aguanga Mountain. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Black tourmaline occurs in the rocks of 
 the Santa Margarita Hills. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Black crystals of tourmaline in quartz occur near 
 Etna Mills. Black, slender crystals of tourmaline in quartz with 
 specular hematite occur at Westwood. 
 
 Trinity County: Small rosettes of black tourmaline occur at the 
 Mountain Monarch prospect, Weaverville Quadrangle. 
 
 Tulare Co^mty: Black tourmaline occurs in Frazier Valley, Drum 
 Valley, and at Mineral King. Black tourmaline crj^stals with feldspar 
 and muscovite occur near Milo. Black tourmaline in quartz occurs near 
 Dinuba. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Black tourmaline occurs near Crimea House, 
 near Sonora and near Soulsbyville. It occurs as black prisms with 
 quartz about 8 miles south of Sonora. 
 
 BERYL 
 
 Beryllium and aluminum silicate, BesAljSioOis. 
 
 Hexagonal. Prismatic cry.stals. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color 
 green, blue, rose, yellow. Streak white. H. = 7J — 8. G. r= 2.63 — 2.80. 
 
 Whitens and is very difficult to fuse, yielding an enamel. Insoluble 
 in acid. 
 
 Beryl is found as crystals, sometimes attaining great size, in gran- 
 ite pegmatites. 
 
284 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 Aquamarine is a pale-blue to pale-green beiyl. Emerald is a 
 transparent, green beryl. Morganite is pink. 
 
 Fresno County: Beryl was reported to be associated with the 
 feldspar 5 miles northeast of Trimmer. 
 
 Inyo County: Blue crystals of beryl are reported to occur in' 
 quartz, in narrow pegmatite veins cutting granite 6 miles south-south- 
 east of Lone Pine. 
 
 Riverside County: Fine yellow and green beryl was found at 
 Coahuila and rose beryl occurred near Hemet. Green and blue beryl 
 crystals about half an inch long have been found in a pegmatite dike 
 about 200 yards west of the Jensen limestone quarry, near Crestmore. 
 
 San Diego County: Yellow, green, and blue crystals of beryl occur 
 in the Palomar Mountains, 9 miles southeast of Pala. Kose, yellow, 
 and green beryl crystals occur at Pala and Mesa Grande. Green 
 crystals of beryl from Rincon have the forms: (1010), (0001), (1011), 
 (1120), (1121 V f2130), (1122), (13.1.14.1), while the rose crystals of 
 beryl have the forms: (1010), (1121), (1011), (0001), Eakle (07). 
 Beryl was mentioned by Kunz (05), Schaller (04a), Rogers (10), and 
 G. A. Waring (05a). Pink beryl occurs at the Katrina mine, Pala. 
 Fine, large crystals of beryl have come from Aguanga Mountain. 
 Golden and aquamarine beryl occurred at the Esmeralda mine. Fine 
 crystals of beryl were found at the Surprise, ABC, Hercules, and 
 Lookout mines, Ramona. Beryl from Mesa Grande has been analyzed 
 by Ford (10). 
 
 SiO-2 Ak'On BeO CsaO K2O NasO Li20 Ign. 
 
 64.98 17.86 13.42 ___ 0.18 0.84 0.46 2.16 = 99.90% 
 
 Pink beryl from Oak Grove has been analyzed by Schaller, Clarke 
 (15). 
 
 SiO; 
 
 Al^On 
 
 BeO 
 
 CsoO 
 
 K2O 
 
 NaoO 
 
 IA3O 
 
 H2O 
 
 62.95 
 
 17.79 
 
 11.40 
 
 1.60 
 
 
 
 2.53 
 
 0.99 
 
 2.49 = 99.75% 
 G.r= 2.753. 
 
 Tuoluiiine County: W. P. Blake (58) reported beryl from near 
 Jamestown. 
 
 GEHLENITE 
 
 Calcium and aluminum silicate, CasAk'SiOT. 
 
 • Tetrag-onal. In short square prisms. Massive granular. Brittle. 
 Resinous to vitreous luster. Color gray to brown. Streak white. 
 H. = 5| — 6. G. r=2.9 — 3.07. 
 
 Practically infusible. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Riverside County: Gehlenite occurs in granular masses intimately 
 associated with menvinite and spurrite and with diopside and wollas- 
 tonite at the Crestmore limestone quarry, Foshag (20). 
 
SILICATES 285 
 
 Tulare County: Material from this county associated with andra- 
 dite was described by Shannon (22) a.s tlie variety velardfnite, anal- 
 ysis : 
 
 SiO:; AhO.i FezOa FeO MgO CaO H2O 
 
 27.88 25.52 1.59 0.43 4.18 40.80 0.34 = 100.80% 
 
 H EM I MORPHITE— Calamine 
 
 Zinc silicate, H2Zn:!SiO.';. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Hemimorphic crystals. Drusy masses, earthy. Cleav- 
 aj^e perfect prismatic. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white ; sometimes 
 bluish or brown. Streak white. H. = 4J — 5. G. r= 3.4 — 3.5. 
 
 Fuses with difficulty. Mixed with sodium carbonate and reduced 
 on charcoal, gives yellow coating of zinc. Yields some water in a closed 
 tube. Soluble with gelatinization. 
 
 Hemimorphite is found in the oxidized portion of veins carrying 
 zinc, but its occurrence in California is limited. 
 
 Inyo Comiiji: Small amounts of hemimorphite have been found 
 with willeniite and smithsonite at the St. Ygnacio, Cerro Gordo, and 
 Jndiana mines, and in Surprise Canyon. 
 
 tian Bernardino CoiDitij: Tt was found with smith-sonite at the 
 Culicura mine, near Daggett. 
 
 LAWSONiTE 
 
 Calcium and aluminum silicate, H4CaAl2Si20io 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic and tabular crystals. Cleavage perfect 
 basal and brachypinacoidal. Vitreous luster. Color pale-blue to white. 
 H. = 7 — 8. G. = 3.09. 
 
 Swells and fuses to a frothy mass. Very slightly acted on by 
 hydrochloric acid. Yields water in a closed tube. 
 
 Lawsonite was discovered in California as a new constituent of 
 certain schists, and has been found to be widespread in the metamorphic 
 rocks of the Coast Ranges. 
 
 Alameda Count j/: Law.sonite occurring in seams in a boulder of 
 glaucophane schist near tho head of the Arroyo Mocho was analyzed 
 by Small, Rogers (15a). 
 
 SiOi! AhOa CaO MnO MgO TiO- CO2 H2O 
 
 38.10 32.21 17.74 nil nil nil 1.12* 10.85 = 100.02% 
 
 * from contaminating calcite. 
 
 Contra Costa County: It was found as a constituent of a chlorite 
 boulder on the side of a hill north of Berkeley and analyzed hy Eakle 
 
 (07). 
 
 SiOa AbOsFeaOa CaO H2O 
 
 38.43 33.39 16.85 9.83 = 98.50% 
 
 Los Angeles County: It occurred in schist near the summit of 
 San Pedro Hill and on Santa Catalina Island, Woodford (24). 
 
 Marin County: Lawsonite was discovered as a new mineral in the 
 schists of the Tiburon Peninsula half a mile east of Reed Station. It 
 
286 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 was described and named by Ransome (95). Forms: (Oil), (110), 
 (041), and (001). Additional forms by Schaller and Hillebrand (04) : 
 (221) and (331). 
 
 Analyses: 1. Ransome and Palaehe, Ransome (95); 2. Schaller 
 and Hillebrand (04). 
 
 Si02 TiOs AhOs FeaOs FeO MnO CaO MgO K2O NasO 
 
 , (38.10 — 28.88 0.85 — — 18.26 0.23 -__ 0.65 
 
 ^- I37.32 ___ 35.14 — 17.83 
 
 2. 38.45 0.38 31.35 0.86 0.10 tr. 17.52 0.17 0.23 0.06 
 
 Ign. 
 1 / 11.42= 98.39% 
 ^- \ 11.21 = 101.50% 
 2. 11.21 = 100.33% 
 
 Mendocino County: The most northerly occurrences of lawsonite 
 so far noted in this State are in glaucophane schist on Burger Creek 
 2 miles northwest of Dos Rios and near the headwaters of Jumpoff 
 Creek. 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: Platy crystals of lawsonite in masses 
 of green chlorite occur about 4 miles east of San Luis Obispo. It was 
 found in glaucophane schist near Cayucos, J. P. Smith (06). 
 
 Santa Clara County: Lawsonite was mentioned by J. P. Smith 
 (06) as a constituent of glaucophane schist on Oak Ridge 5 miles east 
 of the Calaveras Valley; at the San Juan mine, Oak Hill, near San 
 Jose; also 1 mile south of the mouth of Coyote Canyon. 
 
 Sonoma Comity: It occurs with pumpellyite as veins in glauco- 
 phane schist at Mill Creek; Irving, Vonsen and Gonyer (32). 
 
 OLIVINE GROUP 
 
 OLIVINE— Chrysolite— Peridot 
 
 Magnesium and iron silicate, (Mg,Fe)2Si04. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Crystals flattened, elongated. Massive, compact, or 
 granular; in embedded grains. Cleavage (010) distinct. Brittle. 
 Vitreous luster. Color olive-green, grayish-green. Streak uncolored. 
 H. =:6J — 7. G. = 3.27 — 3.37. 
 
 Usually infusible, but whitens when heated and may become 
 magnetic if much iron is present. Soluble in hydrochloric acid yielding 
 gelatinous silica upon evaporation. 
 
 Olivine is a rock-forming mineral which is practically limited to 
 very basic eruptive rocks like diabase, basalt, andesite, gabbro, and 
 peridotite. It occurs occasionally in clear green crystals large enough 
 to cut into gems. 
 
 Butte County: Olivine is a constituent of diabase at Mooreville 
 Ridge, Turner (94a). It was found in the concentrates at Oroville 
 and Cherokee. 
 
 Del Norte County: Olivine occurs in the sands at Crescent City, 
 Gilbert Creek, and Smith River. 
 
SILICATES — OLIVINE GROUP 287 
 
 Humboldt County: It was found in the beach sands at Gold Bluff, 
 Orleans Bar, and Trinidad. 
 
 Los Angeles County: A small amount of olivine is found in the 
 sand at Ocean Park. 
 
 Mendocino County: It occurs in the sand at Fort Bragg. 
 
 Modoc County: Olivine is a constituent of the basalt near Cedar- 
 ville. 
 
 Nevada County: It occurs in the gabbro-serpentine series at 
 Grass Valley, Lindgren (96). 
 
 Plumas County: Olivine is a constituent of plumasite at Spanish 
 Peak, Lawson (03). 
 
 Riverside County: It occurs in the basalts of the Eagle Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Large bombs of granular olivine occur 
 in the basaltic rocks of the Morongo district. Olivine bombs are com- 
 mon in the lavas along the State Highway, near Ambo3^ 
 
 San Diego County: It is a constituent of the gabbro at Dehesa, 
 Lawson (04). 
 
 San Francisco County: It occurs in the serpentine of San Fran- 
 cisco, Lawson (95), Palache (94), 
 
 San Mateo County: It was found in tbe beach sands of the county. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Olivine occurs as dunite on the Miller and 
 Lux ranch, southwest of Gilroy. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: Crystals of olivine occur in the sands at 
 Aptos. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It was found in the sands at the Forks of the 
 Salmon. 
 
 Trinity County: It is a common constituent of the basic rocks west 
 of Trinity River, Weaverville Quadrangle. 
 
 Yuha County: It is a very prominent constituent of the concen- 
 trated sands at Marysville. 
 
 FAYALITE 
 
 Iron silicate, Fei-SiO*. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Mostly in small crystals. Cleavage (010) distinct. 
 Vitreous luster. Color yellow, brown, black. H. r= 6i. G. = 4.1. 
 
 Infusible. Soluble in hydrochloric acid ; yields gelatinous silica on 
 evaporation. 
 
 Inyo Comity: Small brown crystals of fayalite occur with cristo- 
 balite and orthoclase in spheroidal openings in obsidian near Coso 
 Hot Springs, Rogers (22). 
 
288 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 Siskiyou County: Fayalite occurs with cristobalite in lithopliysae 
 in splierulitic obsidian near Canyon Butte, in Sec. 13, T. 44 N., R. 4 
 E., M. D. M. 
 
 TEPHROITE 
 
 Manganese silicate, Mn2Si04. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Usually massive. Brittle. Cleavage (010) distinct. 
 Luster vitreous to greasy. Color grayish-red to smoky-gray. Streak 
 pale-gray. H. r=5i — 6. G. = 4.1. 
 
 Fuses to a black mass. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with gelatini- 
 zation. Gives manganese and usually iron reactions. 
 
 San Diego County: Tephroite has been found with quartz and 
 garnet in a quartzite boulder near the summit of San Onofre Moun- 
 tain, Woodford (25). 
 
 Santa Clara County: Grayish-red tephroite in small residual 
 masses occurred in the manganese boulder found near Alum Rock 
 Park, 5 miles east of San Jose, Rogers (19a). 
 
 MONTICELLITE 
 
 Calcium and magnesium silicate, CaMgSiOi. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In small crystals or grains. Cleavage (010) dis- 
 tinct. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Colorless to gray. Streak uncolored. 
 H. = 5 — 5i. G. r=3.03 — 3.25. 
 
 Almost infusible, but soluble with gelatinization. Magnesium can 
 be precipitated from a solution after all silica and calcium have been 
 removed. 
 
 Monticellite is a rare mineral formed by contact metamorphism 
 in magnesian limestone. 
 
 Riverside County: Monticellite is one of the many minerals occur- 
 ring in the crystalline limestone at Crestmore. It was found massive 
 and in isolated grains in the blue calcite, associated with xanthophyl- 
 lite, Eakle (17). 
 
 Si02 FeO CaO MgO 
 
 37.26 3.35 34.26 24.74 = 99.61% 
 
 Moehlman and Gonyer (34) describe the occurrence of monti- 
 cellite with garnet and diopside at Crestmore. Analysis by Gonyer: 
 
 Si02 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O 
 
 37.46 3.98 0.52 22.78 35.20 0.15 = 100.09% G. = 3.083. 
 
 Sa7i Bernardino County: It occurs in metamorphosed dolomite 
 at the Dewey mine in the Clark Mountain district. Analysis by 
 Schaller (35): 
 
 Si02 FeO MgO MnO CaO H2O — H2O + insol. 
 
 37.36 1.40 24.90 0.04 33.08 0.04 1.24 2.55 = 100.61% 
 
 MERWINITE 
 
 Calcium and magnesium silicate, Ca3Mg(Si04)2. 
 
 Monoclinic. In grains showing polysynthetic twinning. Compact 
 granular masses. Cleavage (010). Greasy to vitreous luster. Colorless 
 to pale-grreenish. H. = 6. G. = 3.15. 
 
 Riverside County: Merwinite occurs as granular masses asso- 
 ciated with gehlenite, spurrite, and wollastonite in the limestone quar- 
 
SILICATES 289 
 
 ries at Crestmore. It was described and named by Larsen and Foshag 
 (21). Analysis by Foshag: 
 
 SiOa AI2O3 FeaOs CaO MgO FeO H2O H2O 
 
 at 110° I&n. 
 35.50 0.66 none 49.96 11.62 1.22 0.12 0.94 = 100.02% 
 
 It alters to thaumasite. 
 
 WILLEMITE 
 
 Zinc orthosilicate, ZnaSiOi. 
 
 Hexagoual-rliombohedral. Crystals usually prismatic. Also massive 
 and granular. Cleavage basal. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color White, 
 light-green, apple-green, flesh-red. Streak uncolored. H. := 5J. 
 G. = 3.89 — 4.18. 
 
 Fuses to a white enamel. On charcoal a zinc oxide coating is 
 obtained, yellow while hot and white when cold, which turns yellowish- 
 green when heated with cobalt nitrate. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, 
 yielding gelatinous silica. 
 
 Inijo Count ij: Willemite is found with liemimorphite and hydro- 
 zineite at the Ygnacio and Cerro Gordo mines. 
 
 CHONDRODITE 
 
 Magnesium fluosilicate, 2Mgi;Si04.Mg(F,OH)£. 
 
 Monoclinic. Usually in gi'ains. Vitreous luster. Color yellow to 
 brown. H. = 6 — 6^ G. = 3.1 — 3.2. 
 
 Infusible. Soluble with gelatinization. 
 
 Riverside County: Some of the crystalline limestone at Crest- 
 more shows evidence of the former presence of granular chondrodite. 
 It occurs in the limestone of the Jensen property about 3 miles west 
 of Crestmore. It was reported to occur in the limestone at Colton, 
 Eakle (17). It was observed in the city quarry at Riverside. 
 
 GARNET GROUP 
 
 Isometric. Rhombic dodechedrons and trapezohedrons are common. 
 Also compact to granular massive. Vitreous luster. Color generally some 
 .shade of red ; also yellow, brown, green, black, and white. Streak white. 
 H. = 6J — 7J. G. = 3.15 — 4.3. 
 
 Most garnets are fusible at about 3 to a brownish glass, but are . 
 insoluble. The iron garnets, almandite and andradite, become magnetic 
 when fused and are slightly soluble, yielding a small amount of gelatinous 
 silica. Uvarovite is infusible, but yields a chromium bead with borax, 
 Spessartite yields a manganese bead with borax. The bases of most gar- 
 nets can best be determined by wet methods, that is : pi-ecipitation of 
 each from solution by reagents. 
 
 Garnet is one of the common minerals of the State and probably 
 all of the known varieties occur Iiere. Garnet is generally a product of 
 metamorphism and is common in metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, 
 schist, quartzite, and crystalline limestone. As a contact mineral formed 
 by the intrusion of igneous rock into limestone and other rock, it is 
 often found in fine large crystals. It is a common constituent of beach 
 sands and of the eoncenti'ates of mining districts. 
 
 Grossularite, essoiiitc, hfjacinfh. Calcium-aluminum garnet, 
 CaaAlgSi^Oi;. It is common ;is a contact mineral in crystalline lime- 
 stone. It is generally a light shade of red or green, sometimes almost 
 white, and when clear forms a valued gem. G. = 3.53. 
 
 19—51440 
 
290 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Pyrope. Magnesium-aluminum garnet. MgoAlaSiijOi^- It occurs 
 usually in serpentine and peridotite. Deep blood-red color. G.=3.51. 
 
 Almandite. Iron-aluminum garnet, FCsAlgSiaO^o- It is a com- 
 mon garnet of gneisses and schists. Color brownish-red and some- 
 times of gem value. G=4.25. 
 
 Andradite. Calcium-iron garnet, CagFeoSijOj,- It is a common 
 garnet of gneisses and schists. It is rarely clear enough for gems. 
 Color yellow, green, brown, to black. Topazolite is a calcium-iron 
 garnet having the color and transparency of topaz. Aplome is a 
 manganiferous variety of andradite. G.=3.75. 
 
 Spessartite. Manganese-alumiuiun garnet, MnoAlgSiaO^.^. It 
 occurs usually in pegmatite veins. Dark-red color. G.=4.18. 
 
 Uvarovite. Calcium-chromium garnet, CagCroSiaOi,- It is gen- 
 erally found as crystals coating massive chromite. Color emerald- 
 green. G=3.41— 3.52. 
 
 Alpine County: The old Uncle Billy Rogers copper claim in Hope 
 Yalley was located in garnet rock. W. P. Blake (66) reported fine 
 green grossularite from this valle3^ 
 
 Butte County: Red and brown garnet was common in the sands 
 of the gold washings at Cherokee, Silliman (73). 
 
 Calaveras County: Garnet occurs in the gravels of San Andreas. 
 Good crystals of andradite occur in schist at the Shenandoah mine. 
 Andradite is found with idocrase and epidote at Garnet Hill, just 
 above the confluence of Moore Creek and the Mokelumne River, Mel- 
 liase (35a). 
 
 Del Norte County: It is common in the sands at Crescent City, 
 Gilbert Creek and Smith River. 
 
 El Dorado County: Large crystals of grossularite have been found 
 at the old Cosumnes copper mine. Good crystals of garnet occured 9 
 miles southeast of Placerville. At the Lilyoma mine. Pilot Hill, 
 crystals of garnet occurred with chalcopyrite, galena, calcite, and 
 quartz. Garnet occurs with quartz and epidote at Grass Lake, near 
 Glen Alpine. Garnet occurred at the Fairmount mine, 3 miles from 
 Pilot Hill, in large blocks and masses 2 or more feet thick, W. P. 
 Blake (66). Pure white grossularite with idocrase has been described 
 by Pabst (36) from veins in serpentine along Traverse Creek about 
 2| miles south-southeast of Georgetown. Crystals show the forms 
 (110), (211), (321), and (332). Analysis by Herdsman: 
 
 3.506 
 
 SiOs 
 
 TiCh 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 Fe203 
 
 Cr203 
 
 FeO 
 
 MnO 
 
 MgO CaO 
 
 mo- 
 
 39.30 
 
 nil 
 
 21.93 
 
 0.80 
 
 0.13 
 H2O4- 
 
 0.28 
 
 CO-2 
 
 nil 
 
 Ni 
 
 tr. 37.10 
 
 nil 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.30 
 
 nil 
 
 nil 
 
 r= 99.84% 
 
 G.=r3 
 
SILICATES GARNET GROUP 291 
 
 Fresno County: Garnet occurs at Grul) Giilcli aud Fort Miller. 
 The limestone near Trimmer contains much garnet. Brown garnet is 
 associated with green tourmaline on Spanish Peak in a ledge of white 
 quartz. It was found in crystals near Dunlap. It was found near 
 Spanish Mountain. White opaque garnet occurs in calcite with green 
 californite at San Ramon on the south side of Watts Valley. It was 
 found with galena and chaleopyrite at the Fresno Chief mine. White 
 garnet occurring with californite 35 miles east of Selma has been 
 analyzed by Steiger, Clarke and Steiger (05). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H2O 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2OS 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 MnO MgO CaO 
 
 at 105' ab. 105 
 
 38.59 
 
 22.24 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.10 0.64 35.97 
 
 0.31 0.80 
 
 
 TiOs 
 
 CO2 
 
 F 
 
 0=:F 
 
 
 
 none 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.17 
 
 — 100.02 — 0.07 = 99.95% 
 G. = 3.586 
 
 
 Humboldt County: It is common in the sands at Gold Bluff and 
 Orleans. It was found in chlorite schist at Big Lagoon. 
 
 Imperial County: Opaque Avhite grossularite is found with wol- 
 lastonite near the highway a few miles west of El Centro, Melhase 
 (35a). 
 
 Inyo County: Crystals and massive garnet are found in the Coso 
 and Inyo Mountains. Fine large crystals of grossularite occurred 
 with massive white datolite and greenish-brown idocrase at the San 
 Carlos mine; the mineral was analyzed by J. L. Smith (74) : 
 
 SiO" AI2O3 Fe203 MnOa CaO MgO 
 
 42.01 17.76 5.06 0.20 35.01 0.13 = 100.17% G. = 3.'59 
 
 It is common in limestone at a contact with aplite at the Green 
 Monster mine. It occurred as a contact metamorphic mineral in 
 limestone in Mazourka Canyon. Garnet is one of the principal gangue 
 minerals at the scheelite deposits about 7 miles west of Bishop, Knopf 
 (17). 
 
 Kern County: It occurs massive near Hot Springs between Havilah 
 
 and Kernville, and on the summit between Walkers Basin and Havilah. 
 
 Sand garnet is abundant at Soapstone ]\Iountain. Large crystals of 
 almandite occur in granite on a branch of Tunis Creek, about half a 
 mile southwest of the Tejon ranch headquarters, Melhase (35a). 
 
 Lassen County: It was common at the Diamond mine. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It occurs in the sands at Mount Meadows. 
 
 Madera County: It is common in the Hildreth district, and at 
 Mount Raymond. Fair crystals of almandite have been found on the 
 divide 1 mile east of Island Pass. Grossularite is abundant in lime- 
 stone on Shadow and Johnston creeks, and garnet rock occurs at 
 Garnet Lake, Erwin (34). 
 
292 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Marin County: Almandite crj'stals are common in the schists of 
 the Tiburon Peninsnla, Pabst (31). 
 
 Mariposa Comity : Massive brown almandite occurs on Mount Hoff- 
 man, 
 
 Mendocirio County: It is common in the sands at Fort Bragg. 
 TTvarovite occurs coating chromite about 12 miles nortli of Willets. 
 
 Monterey County: It is connuon in the sands of the Los Burros 
 district. Trautwinite, which was described as a new mineral by Gold- 
 smith (73), from this county, appears from the analysis to be a mixture 
 of uvarovite and chromite. 
 
 Si02 
 
 CrsOs 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 Al20.t 
 
 CaO 
 
 MgO 
 
 Ign. 
 
 
 21.78 
 
 38.39 
 
 13.29 
 
 0.81 
 
 18.58 
 
 7.88 
 
 0.11 rz 
 
 := 100.84% 
 
 G. - 3.505 
 
 Pyrope garnet occurs in granitic rock on the Nacimiento River. 
 Garnet is abundant in the beach sand at the mouth of the Sur River, 
 Trask (28). 
 
 Nevada County: Garnet is found in the concentrates of the 
 Rough and Ready district. It occurred with wollastonite at Grass Val- 
 ley, Lindgren (96). Fine green crystals occurred coating the chromite 
 at the Red Ledge mine, 2 miles southwest of Washington, associated with 
 rhodochrome and kammererite. Garnet occurs in metamorphosed lime- 
 stone on the west side of Faucherie Lake. 
 
 Orange County: It is a constituent of the schists near Anaheim. 
 Pale apple-green pebbles of grossularite were found near El Toro and 
 analyzed by Steiger, Clarke (95). 
 
 SiOi: TIG- AbOi Ye-20i FeO CaO MgO Alk P2O1 
 
 37.54 tr. 22.84 0.79 0.26 36.66 0.44 0.13 tr. 
 
 Ign. 
 
 1.74 =r 100.40% G. = 3.485 
 
 Placer County : Essonite is found at Deer Park, and on the Ameri- 
 can River near Towle. Uvarovite has been found on chromite near 
 Towle. Uvarovite has been found on chromite near Auburn. Andra- 
 dite with epidote, anthopliyllite, augite, and chalcopyrite occurs in the 
 magnetite deposit at Hotaling. Fine uvarovite crystals have been found 
 on chromite, 7 miles southeast of -Newcastle at the Farmer Swanton 
 mine, with rhodochrome and kammererite. Garnet is found in the 
 metamorphic rocks near Cisco. 
 
 Plumas County: It is found in the sands at Nelson Point and at 
 the Good Hope mine. Oily green grossularite occurs at the Good Hope 
 mine. It is found Avith epidote and the copper sulphides at the Duncan 
 
SILICATES GARNET GROUP 293 
 
 mine, Genesee district, at a contact of limestone and granodiorite. It 
 occurs near Portola in quartz rock. 
 
 Riverside County: It occurs massive at the Santa Ana tin district. 
 Hyacinth or essonite is found at Hemet. An abundance of grossularite 
 and some andradite garnet occurs in the crystalline limestone at Crest- 
 more, associated with idoerase, diopside. and wilkeite. An analysis of 
 the grossularite by J. Bnford Wright. Eakle (17) gave: 
 
 SiOa 
 
 ALOs 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 CuO 
 
 CaO MigO Na20 
 
 35.52 
 
 21.11 
 
 3.95 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.70 
 
 36.06 0.78 0.20 
 
 li-O 
 
 1.23 = 100.15% «. :^3.3-J 
 
 Essonite or hyacinth garnet occurs with tourmaline in fine cr^-stals 
 at Coahuila. It occurs near Mecca in considerable quantity. Good 
 crystals of garnet have been found in a pegmatite near the Southern 
 Pacific Silica quarry at Nuevo. Garnet occurs in the old Riverside 
 city quarry, Melhase (35a). 
 
 San Benito Conniy: Fine green crystals were found coating chro- 
 mite and rhodochrome at New Idria, Brush (66). 
 
 San Bernardino Conntij: It was found with epidote and calcite in 
 the iron ores at Dale. Red garnet and green epidote occur in the Cajon 
 Pass. 
 
 San Diego County: Fine crystals of transparent essonite garnet 
 are found in the tourmaline districts of Mesa Grande, Pala. and Rincon ; 
 they have been cut into gems under the name 'hyacinth.' Essonite 
 also occurs about 10 miles east of Jacumba Hot Springs with idoerase 
 and quartz. Garnet is found in the Julian district and at Ballina. 
 Fine-granular red garnet occurs at Rincon, Rogers (10). Essonite or 
 hyacinth in good crystals has come from Hercules. Surprise. Look- 
 out, and Prophet mines at Ramona. It occurs near San Vicente. 
 Massive garnet occurs at the McFall mine. 7?. miles southeast of 
 Ramona. Essonite is found near Banner. Garnet is found with ido- 
 erase and calcite at Boulevard. Almandite in mica schist occurs on the 
 San Margarita ranch. Massive garnet has come from the Dos Cabezas 
 district. Spessartite from the Katerina mine on Heriart Hill, near 
 Pala. was analyzed by Schaller, "Wells (37). 
 
 SiOs 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 FesOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 MnO 
 
 37.06 
 
 21.96 
 
 none 
 
 20.05 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.08 
 
 20.41 
 
 99.56% 
 
 Santa Barbara County: It is common in the sands at Point Sal. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Garnet is a constituent of the eclogites of 
 Calaveras Valley, Murgoci (06). It was analyzed from the omphacite- 
 eclogite of Coyote Creek by W. 0. Clarke. J. P. Smith (06). 
 
 SiO: AbO.'! FeO MgO CaO 
 
 3S.69 19.10 26.81 5.07 10.64 = 100.31% G.= 3.818 
 
294 MINERALS OF CALIFOKNLi 
 
 Shasta County: Uvarovite has been found on cliromite on Shotgun 
 Creek. Red garnet occurs on Round Mountain. Bands of garnet mixed 
 with pyroxene occur on the McCloud River on a contact between diabase 
 and carboniferous limestone. Yellow garnet occurs with epidote near 
 Castella. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It was found in the sands at Cecilville and on 
 the Klamath River. Uvarovite coats chromite at the Martin McKean 
 mine, near Callahan. Massive white to pale-green garnet occurs with 
 californite on Indian Creek, Melhase (35a). 
 
 Sonoma County: Large masses of garnet occur near Petaluma, 
 W. P. Blake (66). Almandite garnets occur abundantly with glauco- 
 phane and actinolite in schists at Camp Meeker and near Healdsburg. 
 Garnet collected by Louderback from glaucophane schist near the 
 mouth of the Russian River was analyzed by Pabst (31). 
 
 Si02 Ti02 AI2O3 Fe203 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O — 
 
 38.26 nil 19.93 4.87 20.40 0.04 3.94 12.02 0.48 
 
 H2O + 
 0.12 = 100.06% G.— 3.821. 
 
 Trinity County: Emerald-green crystals of uvarovite occur on 
 chromite near Carrville. Andradite occurs at Peanut. It was found in 
 limestone with epidote at Red Mountain. Colorless grossularite occurs 
 with epidote, titanite, and zircon in a soda granite-porphyry in the 
 Iron Mountain district. 
 
 Tulare County: Essonite in good crystals occurs at Three Rivers. 
 Topazolite was found at the Old Soldier mine, Drum Valley, 12 miles 
 northeast of Visalia. Aplome was found near Visalia. It occurs with 
 tremolite on the North Fork of Tule River. It was found with 
 quartz and epidote on the Kaweah River, 25 miles northwest of Exeter. 
 Large crystals of grossularite occur with diopside, quartz, and epidote 
 in metamorphic rock on a hill between Drum Valley and Slickrock 
 Canyon. Grossularite is abundant in the metamorphic rocks near 
 Three Rivers. 
 
 Tuolumne County: Garnet occurs in schist on the Jarvis ranch 
 and at Soulsbyville. It occurs with quartz east of Columbia. 
 
 Ventura County: It is abundant in sands in the Piru district. 
 Garnets with the forms: (110) and (211) occur in the Piru Mountains. 
 
 Yuha County: Uvarovite is found at the Red Lodge mine, Mel- 
 hase (35a). 
 
 PLAZOLITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium and aluminum silicate, 3CaO.Al2.03.2(Si02,C02).2H20. 
 
 Isometric. In minute dodecahedrons. Brittle. Vitreous luster. 
 Colorless to light-yellow. H. = 6J. G.r= 3.129. 
 
 Fusible, and easily soluble in hydrochloric acid, with separation of 
 silica without gelatinization. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
SILICATES — GARNET GROUP 295 
 
 Riverside Conniy: Plazolite occurred as minute crystals with 
 idocrase in the limestone quarry at Crestmore. Only a few specimens 
 were found. It was named, analyzed, and described by Foshag (20a'i : 
 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 SiOa 
 
 24.13 
 
 23.85 
 
 25.06 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 23.66 
 
 22.77 
 
 24.63 
 
 CaO 
 
 40.22 
 
 40.13 
 
 40.13 
 
 MgO 
 
 0.12 
 
 
 
 tr. 
 
 H:;0 
 
 12.21 
 
 9.39 
 
 9.04 
 
 CO2 
 
 3.41 
 
 1.13 
 
 
 100.34% 
 
 99.55% 
 
 99.99% 
 
 IDOCRASE — Vesuvianite 
 
 Calcium and aluminum silicate, CaioAU(Mg,Fe)2(OH)4Sii.034. 
 
 Tetragonal. Square prisms. Granular massive. Brittle. Vitreous 
 luster. Color green to brown, purple. Colorless. Streak white. 
 H. = 6 — 6J. G. = 3.35 — 3.45. 
 
 Puses with intumescence to a greenish or brownish glass. Insol- 
 uble, but the fused beads are soluble with gelatinization when powdered. 
 
 Idocrase is characteristically formed in limestone near a contact 
 with intrusive rocks. It is often associated with grossularite garnet. 
 
 Calif ornite is a very compact, massive green idocrase, resembling 
 jade, named by Kunz (03a). It occurs as streaks and nodules in 
 serpentine. 
 
 Butte County: Good green calif ornite occurs on the west side of 
 the North Fork of Feather River near Pulga, Melhase (34). Rogers 
 (12) mentions some water-worn pebbles of idocrase from the Feather 
 River. 
 
 Calaveras County: Idocrase occurs with garnet and epidote on 
 Garnet Hill at the confluence of Moore Creek and the Mokelumne 
 River, Melhase (35a). 
 
 El Dorado County: Brown crystals of idocrase occurred in the 
 Siegel lode near Georgetown, W. P. Blake (66). Veins of idocrase 
 occur in serpentine along Traverse Creek about 2i miles south south- 
 east of Georgetown. Good crystals of many colors showing the forms 
 (001), (110), (100), (120), (111), (331), (221), (112), (Oil), (021), 
 (031), (045), (131), (132), (263), and (151), are found in cavities iu 
 the veins, Pabst (36). Analyses by Herdsman: 
 
 
 SiOz 
 
 Ti02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 
 FeaOii 
 
 Cr203 
 
 FeO 
 
 Green crystals-- 
 
 36.60 
 
 tr. 
 
 19.75 
 
 
 0.80 
 
 0.18 
 
 1.64 
 
 Wliite veins 
 
 37.70 
 
 tr. 
 
 19.30 
 
 
 0.85 
 
 nil 
 
 0.37 
 
 
 MgO 
 
 MnO 
 
 CaO 
 
 
 H2O — 
 
 II2O + 
 
 F 
 
 Green crystals... 
 
 2.58 
 
 nil 
 
 37.80 
 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.40 
 
 nil 
 
 Wliite veins 
 
 2.45 
 COl- 
 
 nil 
 
 ■ Ni 
 
 38.30 
 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.70 
 
 nil 
 
 Green crystals- 
 
 nil 
 
 nil 
 
 = 99.95% 
 
 G 
 
 = 3.326. 
 
 
 
 White veins 
 
 nil 
 
 nil 
 
 = 99.77% 
 
 G. 
 
 . = 3.322. 
 
 
 
 Fresno County: Calif omite occurs on the east side of Watts Val- 
 ley, about 32 miles east of Fresno. It also occurs with white grossu- 
 
296 MINEKAT.S OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 larite garnet about 35 miles east of Selma. Analyzed by Steiger, 
 Clarke and Steiger (05). 
 
 SiOa AI2O3 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 
 MnO MgO CaO 
 
 36.55 18.89 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.74 
 
 
 none 2.33 35.97 
 
 H2O 
 
 
 
 
 
 at 105° ab. 105° TiOs 
 
 CO. 
 
 1-^ 
 
 
 o = p 
 
 0.58 3.42 none 
 
 0.91 
 
 0.13 
 
 — 10 
 
 0.26 — 0.05 = 100.21% G. 
 
 ;3.35y. 
 
 Melhase (35) lia.s rejjoi-lcd the oecuri-ence of brownish needles of 
 idocrase at the head of Avenal Creek. 
 
 Inyo County: Brownish-green crystals of idocrase were found 
 with garnet and massive white datolite at the San Carlos mine. 
 Analyzed by J. L. Smith (74). 
 
 SiOa AI2O3 FeaO.! MnO MgO CaO K2O Ign. 
 
 36.56 17.04 5.93 0.18 1.07 35.94 0.51 2.00 = 99.23% 
 
 Idocrase occurs with garnet in the metamorphic rocks of Round 
 Valley on the north side of the Tungsten Hills, 9 miles west of Bishop, 
 Chapman (37). It occurs with essonite in the Coso mining district. 
 Murphy (32) has reported the occurrence of idocrase with diopside 
 and epidote in limestone about 5 miles east of Ballarat. 
 
 Kern County: Small yellow crystals of idocrase occur in white 
 
 crystalline limestone in Jawbone Canyon. Idocrase is said to occur 
 
 in limestone wtih garnet, wollastonite, and diopside about 3 miles 
 south of Havilah. 
 
 Modoc County: It was reported with calcite from "Willow Ranch. 
 
 Placer County: Small crystals of idocrase occur in the metamor- 
 phic rocks near Cisco. 
 
 Eiverside County: Green and brown idocrase masses and crystals 
 are common in the crystalline limestone at Crestmore, and were 
 described by Eakle (17). Forms: (001), (010), (110), (100), (Oil), 
 (111), (221), (331), (441), (121), (131), (132), (154), and (285). 
 Analyzed by J. Buford Wright: 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O.S 
 
 Fe203 
 
 FeO 
 
 MnO CitO CaO MgO 
 
 36.88 
 
 17.61 
 
 3.11 
 
 0.46 
 
 L.'^n 1.06 33.27 4.73 
 NaaO H2O 
 0.34 0.61=99.57% G. : 
 
 San Diego County: Brown idocrase has been reported to occur 
 with essonite garnet about 10 miles east of Jacumba Hot Springs, 
 Kunz (05). It occurs with garnet near Boulevard. 
 
 Siskiyou County: Calif ornite outcrops for about 200 feet along 
 the South Fork of Indian Creek, 12 miles from Happy Camp ; it was 
 analyzed by Steiger, Kunz (03a) : 
 
 Si02 Ti02 AI2OM Fe203 FeO MnO MgO CaO 
 
 35.86 0.10 18.35 1.67 0.39 0.05 5.43 33.51 
 
 ,": 1 «- H2O 
 
 at 100° ab. 100° P2O5 CO2 F 
 0.29 4.18 0.02 = 99.85% G. = 3.286. 
 
SILICATES—EPIDOTE GROUP 297 
 
 This is the origiual californite locality. Californite was also found 
 near Hawkinsville, and on the east shore of Miller Lake. 
 
 Tulare County: Red idocrase occurs in the Kaweah quarries 2 
 miles northeast of Lemon Cove on the south side of the Kaweah River. 
 Large crystals of idocrase are found with diopside, grossularite, and 
 wollastonite in the SWi Sec. 25, T. 17 S., R. 28 E., M. D. M., a quarter 
 of a mile east of Three Rivers. Californite is found at the chrysoprase 
 loealitv east of Porterville. 
 
 EPIDOTE GROUP 
 
 ZOISITE 
 
 Basic calcium and aluminum silicate, HCa2Al3Si30i3. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic crystals. Ma.ssive ; columnar to compact. 
 Cleavage perfect brachypinacoidal. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color gray- 
 ish-white, greenish-gray, rose-red. Streak uncolored. H. r=: 6 — 6i. 
 G. = 3.25 — 3.37. 
 
 Puses rather easily with some intumescence to a light-colored slaggy 
 mass, which, if pulverized and boiled in hydrochloric acid, will yield gela- 
 tinous silica. A small amount of moisture can be obtained in a closed tube 
 by intense heating. 
 
 Zoisite is often developed by the metamorphism of gabbros and 
 diorites. 
 
 TJnUite is a pink variety containing a small amount of manganese. 
 
 Saussurite is a mixture of zoisite, calcite, and plagioclase feldspar 
 formed in gabbros and plutonic rocks by alteration. 
 
 Inyo County: Thulite occurs in large irregular patches in boulders 
 on the east side of Saline Valley near the south end. 
 
 Kern County: Zoisite crystals up to 1 inch in diameter occur in 
 schist about 1 mile south of Randsburg, Hulin (25). 
 
 Lake County: Zoisite is mentioned by Becker (88) as common in 
 the metamorphic rocks at Sulphur Rank, and in the Coast Range. Ana- 
 lyzed from Sulphur Bank. 
 
 Si02 
 
 TiO:; 
 
 AhOs 
 
 Fe20.'? 
 
 FeO 
 
 NiO 
 
 MnO 
 
 CaO 
 
 39.80 
 
 tr. 
 
 22.72 
 
 4.85 
 
 1.49 
 
 
 
 0.26 
 
 17.55 
 
 39.19 
 
 1.17 
 
 22.76 
 
 6.49 
 
 1.78 
 
 tr. 
 
 0.09 
 
 22.02 
 
 
 
 
 MgO 
 
 Na20 
 
 K2O 
 
 H2O 
 
 P2O5 
 
 
 
 
 3.89 
 
 4.09 
 
 0.12 
 
 5.25 
 
 -__ = 100.02% 
 
 
 
 
 1.64 
 
 3.38 
 
 0.58 
 
 1.12 
 
 tr. =100.22% 
 
 Plumas County: It was found in the Diadem lode. Meadow Val- 
 ley, Turner (96). 
 
 Riverside County: Saussurite is common in the igneous rocks of 
 llie Eagle Mountains. 
 
298 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 San Diego County: Zoisite occurs with actinolite in boulders of 
 saussurite gabbro in the San Onofre breccia, Woodford (25). 
 
 Santa Clara Cuimty: It was mentioned by Murgoci (06) in the 
 eclogite of Oak Kidge. 
 
 Shasta County: Saussurite from a gabbro on the Sacramento Kiver 
 road, 37 miles north of Pit River Ferry, was analyzed by Clarke, 
 Clarke and Chatard (84) : 
 
 SiOs AbOa FeO CaO MgO NaaO H2O ' ' 
 
 42.79 29.43 3.65 18.13 1.40 2.51 2.42 = 100.33% G. = 3.148 
 
 Sonoma County: Zoisite was found in quartzite at Pine Flat, Mur- 
 goci (06). It also occurs near Healdsburg. 
 
 Tulare County: Large masses of zoisite occur in a metamorphosed 
 gabbro west and south of Rocky Hill, near Exeter. 
 
 EPIDOTE 
 
 Basic calciiiin, aluminum and iron silicate, HCa2(Al,Fe)3Si30i3, 
 
 Monoclinic. Crystals usually prismatic. Massive, fibrous, earthy. 
 Cleavag-e perfect basal. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color pistachio-green, 
 dark-green, dark-brown, yellow. H. = 6 — 7. G. = 3.25 — 3.5. 
 
 Similar to zoisite in its reactions, but fuses to a black slag. 
 
 CUnozoisite is crystallographically similar to epidote, but con- 
 tains little or no iron. 
 
 Epidote is a very common minerfd in the State, especially as a 
 secondary mineral in crystalline rocks. It is often found in aggregates 
 of large crystals and columnar masses in veins with quartz and 
 feldspar. 
 
 Alpine County: Epidote occurs in the hills near Loope. 
 
 Butte County: It was mentioned by Silliman (73) as a con- 
 stituent of the gold washings at Cherokee. 
 
 Calaveras County: It was found with garnet, quartz, and idocrase 
 at Garnet Hill, just above the confluence of Moore Creek and the 
 Mokelumne River, Melhase (35a). Large crystals of epidote were 
 found at Bald Point on the Mokelumne River; at Mokelumne Hill; 
 and at Copperopolis. It was found with quartz 7 miles north of 
 Angels Camp. 
 
 Colusa County: Green epidote is associated with hematite in a 
 deposit 4 miles south of Lodoga. 
 
 Contra Costa County: It was found in the rocks on Mount Diablo, 
 and in the Diablo Range. 
 
 El Dorado County: Fine large crystals of epidote, coated with 
 axinite, occurred in a coarse vein with orthoclase, bornite, and molyb- 
 denite at the old Cosumnes copper mine. Minute prisms of epidote 
 
SILICATES — ^EPIDOTE GROUP 299 
 
 ill quartz occurred at Plaeerville. Granular aggregates of epidote 
 occur in the schists at Mount Tallac and near Grass Lake. 
 
 Fresno County: It is common on Grub Gulch. It occurs as a 
 eontact mineral with quartz and garnet near Trimmer. 
 
 Humboldt County: Large prisms of epidote with calcite occur in 
 schists on the west side of Horse Mountain. 
 
 Kern County: Epidote was found with scheelite at the Cadillac 
 claims in the Greenhorn mining district. 
 
 Lassen County: It occurs with native copper at the Lummis mine. 
 
 Los Angeles County: It was found with bitumen and orthoclase at 
 White Point, and with labradorite near San Pedro. It is disseminated 
 through crystalline limestone in Pacoima Canyon, 3i miles from San 
 Fernando. 
 
 Madera County: Epidote is mdespread in the Ritter Range. It 
 is the most abundant silicate mineral in the metamorphosed limestone 
 of Shadow and Johnson Creeks, Erwin (34). It occurred with quartz, 
 hematite, and magnetite in the Hildreth mining district. Specimens 
 of epidote have come from Coarse Gold. 
 
 Marin County: Epidote occurs with lawsonite near Reed Station, 
 Ransome (95). 
 
 Mariposa County: Massive epidote occurs at Hornitos. It was 
 found near Coulterville and at Yosemite Cliff. It occurs on the south 
 side of Mount Hoffman. 
 
 Mono County: Massive epidote occurs at Epidote Peak at the 
 head of the East Fork of Green Creek. It occurs in rock near ]\Iono 
 Lake. 
 
 Nevada County: It was found at Meadow Lake, Lindgren (93), 
 and at Grass Valley. It occurred with quartz and calcite at the Ousto- 
 mah mine. 
 
 Orange County: A partial analysis of epidote from the San Onofre 
 breccia near San Juan Capistrano Point has been reported by Wood- 
 ford (25) : 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 FesOs CaO 
 
 38.45 25.90 12.07 22.08 ::= 98.50% 
 
 Plumas County: Epidote was found with garnet and quartz on 
 Mount Herbert. It occurs with garnet at a contact of limestone and 
 granodiorite at the Cosmopolitan and Duncan mines in the Genesee 
 district. It occurs with bornite and chalcopyrite at Engels. 
 
 Riverside County: Deep-green epidote occurs in the calcite, and 
 long prismatic epidote crystals, altered brown, occur in the pegmatite 
 
300 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 at Crestmore, Eakle (17). Epidoie was found Avitli specular hematite 
 in the Monte Negro mining district, Storms (93). It occurs in gneiss 
 on the Eagle Mountains. Epidote crys'tals over half a foot in length 
 liave been found in quartz near Alessandro. Epidote occurs with 
 axinite and prehnite in the city quarry in Fairmont Park, Riverside. 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurs coarsely crystalline with calcite 
 at a contact of granodiorite and limestone in the Morongo district. It 
 occurs with specular hematite 17 miles northwest of Needles. It was 
 found with garnet, magnetite and hematite in the iron-ore deposit 
 near Dale. It occurs in boulders in the lower part of Badger Canyon 
 about 5 miles north of San Bernardino. 
 
 San Diego County: Epidote occurs as a secondary mineral with 
 black tourmaline at Rincon, Rogers (10). Clear, transparent epidote 
 crystals, of gem quality, occur at the McFall mine, 7J miles southeast 
 of Ramona. 
 
 San Luis Obispo County: It occurs with quartz, pyrite, and calcite 
 near La Panza. 
 
 Santa Clara County: Epidote occurs in the eclogite of Calaveras 
 Valley, Murgoci (06). Clinozoisite also occurs as a constituent of the 
 eclogites of Calaveras Valley. 
 
 Shasta County: Epidote from this county was analyzed by Schal- 
 ler, Clarke (15) : 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 Fe203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K2O 
 
 38.22 25.12 8.75 1.25 0.19 tr. 22.77 0.11 0.06 
 
 H2O 
 at 105° Ab. 105* TiOs 
 0.52 3.04 0.33=100.36% 
 
 Siskiyou County : It was found with dark-brown garnet and quartz 
 on the South Fork of Coffee Creek. It occurs in schist near Seiad. 
 Crystals of epidote occur in the ore of the King Solomon mine. 
 
 Sonoma County: Epidote occurs in glaucophane schist neaJr 
 Healdsburg. 
 
 Trinity County: Green epidote associated with colorless garnet, 
 titanite, and zircon, occurs in a soda granite-porphyry in the Iron 
 Mountain district, Weaverville Quadrangle. It was found with cal- 
 cite at Douglas City. It occurs as a contact mineral with garnet in the 
 limestone at Red Mountain. 
 
 Tulare County: It is common in the Mineral King district, Good- 
 year (88). Large divergent-columnar masses of epidote occur at Eber 
 Flat and at Three Rivers. Epidote i.s also common in Frazier Valley. 
 It occurs Math quartz and garnet on Crowley Mountain, near Dunn 
 
SILICATES — ^EPIDOTE GROUP 301 
 
 Valley. Specimens have come from near Lindsay. Massive epidote 
 was found with quartz and garnet on a hill between Drum Valley and 
 Slickrock Canyon, and on the west side of the Valley of Sheep Creek. 
 
 PIEDMONTITE 
 
 Basic calcium, aluminum, manganese, and iron silicate, HCa2(Al,Mn,Fe)3Si30is. 
 
 Monoclinic. Prismatic crystals. Cleavago (001) good. Vitreous 
 luster. Color reddish-l^rown and reddisli-black. Streak reddish. H. — 6i. 
 G. = 3.4. 
 
 Fuses easily with intumescenoe to a black glass. Gives a violet 
 bead of manganese with borax. Insoluble in acid. 
 
 Keni County: Piedmontite has been identitied in sediments pene- 
 trated by drill holes in the Lazard area, west of Lost Hills, Reed and 
 Bailey (27). 
 
 Los Angeles County: Piedmontite has been found in quartz seri- 
 eite schist near the junction of Boquet and Texas Canyons, Simonson 
 (35), and in a ravine entering the Prairie Fork of San Gabriel 
 River from the south, about 3 miles above the mouth of the fork. 
 
 Madera County: Piedmontite occurs in minute needles in a seri- 
 cite schist 100 yards below the outlet of Shadow Lake, and as small 
 tablets in a metamorphosed extrusive rock at the summit of the east 
 end of Volcanic Ridge, ]\Iayo (32). Short (33) has published an anal- 
 ysis of the piedmontite from Shadow Lake bj' T. Kameda : 
 
 Si02 
 
 AbOs 
 
 FeaOa 
 
 MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 H2O 
 
 Ti02 
 
 Mn20s 
 
 35.26 
 
 23.50 
 
 4.65 
 
 0.21 
 
 22.73 
 
 1.37 
 
 0.12 
 
 12.13 = 99.97% 
 
 G. = 3.46 
 
 Orange County: Woodford (25) has reported the occurrence of 
 piedmontite in a boulder of San Onofre breccia near San Juan Capis- 
 trano Point. 
 
 Riverside County: Boulders and pebbles of quartz-piedmontite 
 schist occur in sedimentary focks on the south side of the Painted Hills 
 about 3 miles north of Whitewater. 
 
 San Bernardino County: Quartz-])iedmontite schist is found in a 
 ravine entering Lytle Creek from the northeast just above the mouth 
 of Coldwater Canyon. 
 
 San Diego County: Piedmontite has been found in a boulder of 
 quartz porphyry from the gravels at Pacific Beach by Rogers (12). 
 
 ALLANITE— Orthite 
 
 Basic calcium, iron, aluminum, and cerium silicate, 
 (Ca,Fe):(A10H)(Al,Ce,Fe)a(Si04)3. 
 
 Monoclinic. Flat tabular crystals, also mai^sivc and in imbedded 
 grains. Cleavage (100> and (001). Brittle. Pitchy luster. Color 
 brownish-black. H. — 51 — 6. G. =- 3.5 — 4.2. 
 
 Fuses easily with intumescence to a dark slag. Soluble in hydro- 
 chloric acid, yielding gelatinous silica. 
 
 A minor constituent of granitic rocks. 
 
302 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Calaveras County: Allanite occurs in the Ford mine, half a mile 
 east of San Andreas, Knopf (29). 
 
 Riverside County: It has been observed as a constituent of the 
 gneiss of the Eagle Mountains. 
 
 San Diego County: It occurs in black masses in quartz veins 
 northwest of Pala, and in large rough crystals in a pegmatite vein 
 on the N. S. Weaver ranch 3 miles north of Pala. 
 
 Tulare County: Massive allanite occurs with rose quartz in a 
 pegmatite on the Gasenberger ranch, near Exeter. 
 
 Tuolumne Coimty: Allanite was found in talus blocks from a 
 pegmatite at the foot of Eagle Peak in Yosemite Valley, Ries (01). 
 
 PUMPELLYITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium aluminum silicate, Ca4Alo(Mg,Fe)Si6023(OH)3.2H20. 
 
 Monoclinic. In minute fibers or narrow plates. Good (001) cleav- 
 age. Color green or brown. H. = 5J. G. =; 3.2. 
 
 Sonoma County: Pumpellyite was reported from two localities 
 by Irving, Vonsen and Gonyer (32). Dull-green pumpellyite occurs 
 with lawsonite in veins in glaucophane schist at Mill Creek. Brown 
 fibrous pumpellyite occurs in tufts or radiating aggregates in glauco- 
 phane scist near Skaggs. Analyses by Gonyer : 
 
 
 .Si02 
 
 Ti02 AI2O3 FeoOs FeO 
 
 MnO MgO 
 
 CaO 
 
 Mill Creek 
 
 38.01 
 
 0.21 25.88 1.11 2.90 
 
 0.17 1.81 
 
 22.70 
 
 Skaggs 
 
 37.63 
 
 0.41 27.14 ___ 3.25 
 
 1.03 1.47 
 
 21.49 
 
 
 
 Na20 Kl^O 1120 + . 
 0.46 6.64 
 
 H2O— 
 — = 99.89% 
 
 G 
 
 3.1& 
 
 
 
 0.46 0.08 7.27 
 
 0.12 = 100.35% 
 
 3.22 
 
 
 
 ZIRCON 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zirconium silicate. ZrSi04. 
 
 
 
 Tetragonal. In small prisms. Brittle. Adamantine luster. Color- 
 less, yellowish, grayish, brown, pink. Streak uncolored. H. — 7J. 
 G. = 4.68 — 4.70. 
 
 Infusible. A hydrochloric acid solution of zirconium turns tur- 
 meric paper an orange-red. 
 
 Zircon is a common accessory mineral in the acid eruptive rocks, 
 especially granites and syenites. The concentrates from the gold 
 washings and the black sands generally carry some zircon crystals. 
 
 Alameda County: Zircon M'as mentioned by Palache (93) as one 
 of the constituents of the soda-rhyolite of North Berkeley. 
 
 Butte County: Zircon was first mentioned in this State b}^ Silli- 
 man (73) as a constituent of the gold washings at Cherokee. It has 
 
SILICATES 303 
 
 been observed in the sands at Oroville, Stirling City, Little Rock 
 Creek, and Brush Creek. 
 
 Calaveras County: Zircon occurs in the sands at Douglas Flat 
 and Wallace. 
 
 Del Norte County: It was found at Crescent City, Gilbert Creek, 
 and Smith River. 
 
 El Dorado County: It occurs in the sands of the Brownsville dis- 
 trict, near Placerville, and at Grizzly Flats. 
 
 Freavo Couniy: it occurs in the sands ni i'ieayune Flat. 
 
 Humboldt County: The beach sands at Gold Bluff and Upper 
 Gold Bluff contain a little zircon. It was also found at Orleans and 
 Trinidad. 
 
 Marin County: Zircon occurred in quartzite near Reed Station, 
 Murgoci (06). 
 
 Mendocino County: It was observed at Fort Bragg, in Anderson 
 Valley, and on the Novarro River. 
 
 Mono Couniy: Minute rounded grains of zircon occur with 
 andalusite in the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, on the 
 western slope of the "White ^Mountains, 7 miles east of Mocalno, Wood- 
 house (36). 
 
 Nevada County: It was a constituent of the granodiorite of 
 Nevada City, Lindgren (96). It was found in the concentrates at 
 Nevada City, Grass Valley, and Rough and Ready. 
 
 Placer County: It was observed at Butcher Ranch and Gold Run. 
 Zircon sand is being obtained (1937) in commercial quantities in the 
 sluice boxes of the Kaufield dredge, 2 miles east of Lincoln. 
 
 Plumas County: It occurred in the Diadem lode, JMeadow Valley, 
 Turner (96). It was found in the sands at Spanish Ranch and Rock 
 Island Hill. It was a constituent of the norites at Engels. 
 
 Riverside County: Minute clove-brown crystals of zircon show- 
 ing the forms (100), (110), (111), and (331), are scattered through 
 some of the white pegmatite dikes at Crestmore, Eakle (17). Zircon 
 is a constituent of the igneous rocks of the Eagle IMountains. Zircon 
 has been found in a pegmatite near Ramona, Patton (34). 
 
 Snrrnmentu (^(naily: II i.s coinmftii in the sands at ^Michigan Bar. 
 
 l:ian Diego County: It is a constituent of the dumortierite schist 
 at Dehesa, Schaller (05). 
 
304 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 San Luis Ohispo County: The beach sands at Port vSan Luis and 
 Pismo contain some zircon. 
 
 Sa7i Mateo County: The beach sands of the county show a little 
 zircon. 
 
 Santa Barbara County: It occurs in the sands at Point Sal. 
 
 Santa Cruz County: It is found in the sands at Aptos. 
 
 Shasta County: Zircon occurs in tlio sands from French Gulch 
 and Redding. 
 
 Siskiyou County: It occurs in the sands of Jackson Creek, Scott 
 River, Salmon River, and at Sawyers Bar. Colorless and pale-pink 
 crystals of zircon from near Fort Jones have the forms (100), (110), 
 (101), (111), (311), and (511), Eakle (01). 
 
 Trinity County: It was found at Trinity Center, Burnt Ranch, 
 Junction City, Minersville, and in the sands of the streams. 
 
 Yuha County: It occurs in the sands of Camptonville. 
 
 DATOLITE 
 
 Basic calcium borosilicate, HCaBSiOa. 
 
 Monoclinic. In small prismatic and tabular crystals ; massive. 
 Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color white, grayish, greenish. Streak white. 
 H. = 5 — 5i. G. = 2.9 — 3.0. 
 
 Puses easily to a clear glass and colors flame bright-green. Gela- 
 tinizes with hydrochloric acid. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Datolite forms veins of glassy crystals or white massive material 
 in dikes and along the contact of igneous intrusions of diabase and 
 diorite. 
 
 Inyo County: White massive datolite was found with idoerase and 
 garnet at the San Carlos mine, and was analyzed by J. L. Smith (74). 
 
 Si02 B2O3 CaO HtiO 
 
 ^8.02 21.62 33.87 5.61 = 99.12% G. = 2.9SS. 
 
 Riverside County: Massive white glassy datolite, with a slight 
 greenish tinge, occurs with the pegmatite at Crestmore, Eakle (17). 
 
 San Francisco County: Glassy crj^stals and white veins of datolite 
 occur in an altered diabase dike in the serpentine at Fort Point. Ana- 
 lyzed by Schaller. Forms: (001), (100), (110), (120), (Oil), (012), 
 (102), (104), (102), (111), (Til), (112), (n3), (114), (116), (312), 
 (121), (231), and (1.1.18), Eakle (01). 
 
 SiO= AbOs B2O:. CaO HeO 
 
 3G.71 0.17 22.11 33.83 6.52 rr 99.34% 
 
SILICATES 305 
 
 TOPAZ 
 
 Aluminum fluo-silicate, Al2(F,OH)2Si04. 
 
 Orthorhombic. Prismatic crystals. Also granular, coarse or fine. 
 Cleavage perfect basal. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Color straw-yellow, 
 wine-yellow, white, bluish, greenish. Streak uncolored. H. = 8. G. = 
 3.4 — 3.6. 
 
 Infusible. Ground with a few beads of phosphorous salt and heated 
 in a bulb tube, will yield hydrofluoric acid which etches the glass and 
 forms a white ring or coating of silicon fluoride. Moistened with cobalt 
 nitrate and intensely heated, becomes sky-blue. Partially attacked by 
 sulphuric acid. 
 
 Butte County: Topaz was mentioned by Silliman (73) as a con- 
 stituent of the sands at Cherokee. 
 
 Fresno County: It is said to occur Mith berj'l at the feldspar 
 deposit, 5 miles northeast of Trimmer. 
 
 Mono County: A small amount of granular topaz occurs in andalu- 
 site at the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, on the western 
 slope of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of Mocalno, Kerr (32). 
 
 San Diego County: Fine large crystals of colorless and aquamarine 
 topaz occurred at the Little Three and Sunrise mines, near Ramona. 
 Some of them resemble topaz from the Urals. Fine crystals of topaz, 
 light-green in color, occur in the Agaianga Mountains. Good bluish 
 topaz resembling Ural topaz has been found at the IMountain Lily 
 mine, near Oak Grove. 
 
 AXINITE 
 
 Aluminum and calcium borosilicate, with iron and manganese, 
 H(Ca,Mn,Pe)3BAl2(Si04)4. 
 
 Triclinic. Thin wedge-shaped crystals. Sometimes granular mas- 
 sive. Cleavage (010) distinct. Vitreous luster. Color clove-brown, yel- 
 low, plum-blue, violet, white. Streak uncolored. H. = 6S — 7. 
 G. = 3.27 — 3.29. 
 
 Fuses with swelling and intumescence, and may show slight green- 
 i.sh flame. Powder mixed with potassium bisulphate and fluorite, and 
 held on platinum wire in the Bunsen flame, will give a momentary green 
 flame of boron. Insoluble in acid. 
 
 Btttte County: Transparent, plum-eolored crystals of axinite were 
 reported to be common in the gold placers at Yankee Hill. 
 
 El Dorado County: Small clove-brown crystals of axinite occurred 
 deposited on epidote at the old Cosumnes copper mine near Fair- 
 play. They have been described and analyzed by Schaller (11). 
 Forms: (ifO), (010), (120), (130), (160), (1.29.0), (160), (270), 
 (7.11.0), (110), (540), (430), (210), (310), (510), (100), (310), 
 (950), (13.15.0), (Til). (Ill), and (201). 
 
 SiOi 
 
 AhOs 
 
 FeO 
 
 CaO 
 
 MnO 
 
 MgO 
 
 BsO.i 
 
 H.O 
 
 42.79 
 
 16.3S 
 
 4.22 
 
 19.21 
 
 8.76 
 
 0.09 
 
 6.70 
 
 1.85 
 
 100.00% 
 
 Thin bladed masses of violet-colored axinite occur in veins on 
 the northeast side of Lily Lake, near Glen Alpine. 
 
 Inyo County: Axinite was found in the Funeral Mountains and in 
 the Owl Mountains, Death Valley. Perfectly formed small white 
 
 20—51440 
 
306 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 crystals of axinite with smithsonite occur at the Ubehebe mine. Axi- 
 nite crystals were found in the Argus Range. 
 
 Mono County: Large plum-colored crystals of axinite are found in 
 vugs and fissures of metamorphic rock at the southeast base of Mount 
 Baldwin. 
 
 Placer County : Veins of axinite occur in metamorphic rock at 
 the summit of the ridge just south of Five Lakes. 
 
 Riverside Comity: A large axinite crystal from the city quarry 
 
 at Riverside, measured 9 by 12 by 1^ centimeters. Forms: (111), 
 (111), (110), (201), (001), (110), and (OTO). The axinite of this 
 quarry is violet-brown, Rogers (12). Violet axinite occurs with cin- 
 namon garnet in the pegmatite at Crestmore, Eakle (17). Crystals of 
 violet-colored axinite are found in the Box Springs Mountains. 
 
 San Diego County: Smoky-pink crystals of axinite with quartz, 
 epidote, and laumontite occur in an altered granite in Moosa Canyon, 
 about 18 miles south of Pala, near Bonsall ; they have been described 
 and analyzed by Schaller (11), Forms: (110), (130), (110), (100), 
 (331), (111), (112), (021), (132), (201), (111), (131), and (132). 
 
 SiOa AI2O3 Fe203 FeO CaO MnO MgO B2O3 H2O 
 
 42.61 17.43 0.38 7.53 19.74 4.10 0.44 6.04 1.56 = 99.83% 
 
 ILVAITE 
 
 Calcium and iron silicate, CaFeaCFeOH) (Si04)2. 
 
 Ortliorhombic. In long prisms vertically striated. Columnar or 
 compact massive. Cleavage (010) and (001) distinct. Brittle. Sub- 
 metallic luster. Color and strealc grayisli-black. H. =: 5i — 6. 
 G. n 3.99 — 4.05. 
 
 Easily fusible. Becomes inagnetic after heating. Gelatinizes with 
 hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Shasta County: Thin bands and long prisms of ilvaite occur on 
 both sides of a narrow dike cutting through limestone on Potter Creek, 
 near Baird. The crystals occur on quartz and hedenbergite and have 
 been described by Prescott (08). Forms: (110), (120), (010), (111), 
 (101), and (890). Analyzed by H. R. Moss: 
 
 Si02 Fe^Oa AI2O3 Cr^Oa FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O 
 
 28.09 20.80 0.32 0.13 29.93 3.24 15.89 0.18 1.62 = 100.20% 
 
 Sonoma County: A boulder of quartzite, colored black with ilvaite, 
 was found near Petaluma. 
 
 ANDALUSITE 
 
 Aluminum silicate, AhSiOs. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In coarse prismatic forms. Massive, columnar. 
 Cleavage (110) distinct. Brittle. Vitreous luster. Colorless, gray, pink, 
 rose-red, violet, green. Streak uncolored. H. = 7J. G. = 3.16 — 3.20. 
 
 Infusible. Moistened with cobalt nitrate and heated, yields the 
 alumina blue color. Insoluble. 
 
 Andalusite occurs as a constituent of gneisses and schists, aud is 
 usually associated with kyanite, sillimanite, and staurolite. 
 
SILICATES 307 
 
 Chiastolite is a variety foiiud in carbonaceous schists, in knott}' and 
 long prismatic crystals having black inclusions of carbon arranged 
 axially, thus forming black crosses seen in the transverse sections. 
 
 Fresno County: Chiastolite occurs near Chowchilla Crossing on 
 the old Fort Miller road. Large crystals of andalusite occur with 
 garnet, epidote, and apatite in a pegmatite in Clarks Valley, 9 miles 
 east of Sanger, Melhase (35a). Andalusite has been found with quartz 
 and albite about 1^ miles southeast of Sharpville, in the S^ Sec. 20, 
 T. 11 S., R. 22 E., M. D. M. 
 
 Kern County: Chiastolite schists occur on "Walkers Creek, south- 
 east of Bakersfield. 
 
 Madera County: The belt of chiastolite schists in the foothills of 
 the Sierra Nevada extends through this county. Crystals of andalusite 
 occur in mica schist on the north Fork of San Joaquin River, half 
 a mile below the junction with Bench Creek, Erwin (34). 
 
 Mariposa County: Chiastolite schists are abundant along the 
 Chowchilla River, and were first reported by W. P. Blake (58). Chias- 
 tolite was mentioned by Turner (94a) from the Xe Plus Ultra mine near 
 Barenda ; from the Daulton ranch near Indian Gulch; and from Yaqui 
 Gulch near Mariposa. Small crystals of andalusite occur in slate on 
 the Muller ranch near Hornitos. Chiastolite is found on Moores Flat. 
 Good chiastolite is reported from a point 4 miles southwest of Bridge- 
 port. 
 
 Mono County: A large commercial deposit of andalusite, associated 
 with corundum, quartz, pyrophyllite, and a great many other minerals, 
 is worked at the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, on the 
 western slope of the White Mountains, 7 miles east of Mocalno. This 
 occurrence has been described by Knopf (17a), Peck (24), Jeffery and 
 Woodhouse (31), and Kerr (32). 
 
 Nevada County: Andalusite is a constituent of quartzite at Grass 
 Valley, Lindgren (96). 
 
 Riverside County: Large crystals of pink andalusite are found 
 near Coahuila, Kunz (05), Schaller (04a). Andalusite has been found 
 in pegmatite dikes cutting the magnesite deposits near Winchester, 
 Murdoch (36a). 
 
 Sacramento County: Boulders containing chiastolite crystals occur 
 in the gravel bars of the American River, near Folsom. 
 
 San Diego County: Pink, radiating masses of andalusite occur in 
 quartz veins northeast of Pala. 
 
 Tulare County: Crystals of andalusite up to 2 inches long occur 
 in mica schist on the west side of the valley of Sheep Creek. 
 
308 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 SILLIMANITE— Fibrolite 
 
 Aluminum silicate, AIeSIOg. 
 
 Ortliorhombic. In long slender prisms. Fibrous and columnar 
 massive forms. Cleavage perfect brachypinacoidal. Vitreous luster. 
 Color grayish-brown, grayish-white, olive-green. Streak uncolored. 
 H. = 6 — 7. G. = 3.23 — 3.24, 
 
 The reactions are identical to those for andalusite ; tlie two minerals 
 are generally differentiated by their dissimilar structure. 
 
 Sillimaiiite is a constitnent of metamorphic gneiss and scliist, often 
 with kyanite, andahisite, and stanrolite. 
 
 liiuo Connfy: Random fibers of sillimaiiite are found in schist at 
 the scheelite deposit in Deep Canyon, west of Bishop. Sillimanite 
 occurs massive near Laws. 
 
 TjOs Angeles Coufity: It occurs in schists in the San Rafael Hills, 
 W. J. Miller (34). It was observed by Beverly (34) at the graphite 
 deposits in San Francisquito, Kagel, and Elizabeth Lake Canyons, in 
 the western part of the San Gabriel Mountains. 
 
 Mariposa County: It occurs in the schists near Mariposa, Turner 
 (96), Fairbanks (90). 
 
 San Bernardino County: It occurs in schist at Ord Mountain, 15 
 miles southeast of Daggett. 
 
 San Diego County: It is a constituent of the dumortierite gneiss 
 at Dehesa, Schaller (05). 
 
 Tuolumne County: Sillimanite from this county has been analyzed 
 by H. N. Stokes, Clarke (15) : 
 
 Si02 A1:.0;! MgO 
 
 .36.70 62.18 0.27 = 99.15% 
 
 KYANITE— Disthene 
 
 Aluminum silicate, AU'SiO.5. 
 
 Triclinic. In long slender or blade-like crystals. Cleavage perfect 
 macropinacoidal. Vitreous to pearly luster. Color blue, green, white, 
 gray, black. Streak uncolored. H. =r 5 — 7. G. = 3.56 — 3.67. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. Like andalusite in its behavior before the 
 blowpipe. It can be distinguished from andalusite and sillimanite by its 
 physical properties. 
 
 Kyanite is a metamorphic mineral found in schists and gneisses 
 with andalusite, sillimanite, and dumortierite. 
 
 Imperial County: Kyanite occurs with quartz, tourmaline, and 
 pyrophyllite in the mine of the Vitrefrax Corporation, 3 miles north- 
 east of Ogilby on the western slope of the Cargo Muchacho Range, 
 Sampson and Tucker (31). 
 
 Tuolumne County: It is a constituent of the schists on Yankee 
 Hill. 
 
SILICATES 309 
 
 STAUROLITE 
 
 Iron aluminum silicate, 2FeO.5Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O. 
 
 Ortliorhombic. Crystals, often cross twins. Cleavage (010) dis- 
 tinct Brittle. Sub-vitreous luster. Color yellow, brown, black. Streak 
 uncolored. H. = 7 — 7J. G. = 3.65 — 3.77. 
 
 B. B. infusible. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and man- 
 ganese. Decomposed by sulphuric acid. 
 
 Staurolite occurs only in metamorphie rocks rich in aluminum. 
 
 Inyo County: Staurolite has been found in quartz-mica schist on 
 the west side of the Panamint Range near Ballarat, Murphy (32). 
 
 SPHENE— Titanite 
 
 Calcium titano-silicate, CaTiSiOs. 
 
 Monoclinic. In wedge-shaped and flattened crystals. Sometimes 
 ma.ssive and compact. Cleavage (110) distinct. Adamantine luster. 
 Color brown, yellow, gray, yellowish-green, black. Streak white. 
 H. = 5 — 5J. G. = 3.4 — 3.56. 
 
 Fusible at about 3. Slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid, and the 
 solution, when boiled down with metallic tin, assumes a violet color due 
 to the titanium. 
 
 Sphene is a common accessory mineral of the granites, gneisses, 
 and schists of the State. It has been mentioned by many writers in 
 their petrographical descriptions as a miscroscopic constituent of the 
 rocks. 
 
 Contra Costa County: Sphene is mentioned as an associate of 
 erossite in the schists near San Pablo, by Palache (94a). 
 
 El Dorado County: Sphene was first observed by W. P. Blake 
 (68) in the granite of Slippery Ford and other places of the Sierra 
 Nevada. 
 
 Fresno County: Sphene is a constituent of the rocks at Fine Gold 
 Gulch. 
 
 Inyo County: It occurs in microscopic crystals at the scheelite 
 deposit of Deep Canyon, west of Bishop. 
 
 Kern County: Sphene occurs with garnet, quartz, and feldspar in 
 a contact metamorphie limestone 200 yards east of Hobo Springs, near 
 Havilah. 
 
 Marin County: It occurs as one of the minerals of the lawsonite 
 schists -of the Tiburon Peninsula, Ransome (95). 
 
 Mono County: Minute grains of sphene are scattered through the 
 andalusite at the mine of Champion Sillimanite, Incorporated, on the 
 western slope of the "White Mountains. 7 miles east of Mocalno, "Wood- 
 house, (36). 
 
 Riverside County: Granular sphene in pale-brown grains is abun- 
 dant in the quartz monzonite at Crestmore, Eakle (17). Small crystals 
 
310 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 of sphene occur in the igneous rocks of the Eagle Mountains. Sphene 
 occurs as large yellow crystals with black tourmaline and quartz at a 
 contact of granodiorite and quartzite in the West Riverside Hills. 
 
 San Diego County: Sphene is an associate of dumortierite at 
 Dehesa, Schaller (05). 
 
 San Francisco County: It is a constituent of the rocks of San 
 Francisco, Lawson (95). 
 
 Santa Clara County: Fine large crystals of sphene occur in the 
 eclogites of Calaveras Valley; in the quartzite and diorite of Oak Hill, 
 near San Jose ; it is a common constituent of the glaucophane rocks of 
 the Coastal region, Murgoci (06). 
 
 Sonoma County: Sphene is a conspicuous constituent of glauco- 
 phane schists near the mouth of the Russian River, Pabst (31). 
 
 Trinity County: It was found with epidote, colorless garnet, and 
 zircon in a soda granite-porphyry in the Iron Mountain district, 
 Weaverville quadrangle. 
 
 DUMORTIERITE 
 
 Basic aluminum borosilicate, HAlsBSisOso. 
 
 Orthorhombic. In small prisms. Massive, granular, fibrous. 
 Cleavage (100) distinct. Vitreous luster. Color smalt-blue, dark-blue, 
 violet-red. H. = 7. G. = 3.26 — 3.36. 
 
 Infusible and insoluble. Fused on platinum wire with a mixture of 
 potassium bisulpliate and fluorite will give a momentary green flame. 
 
 Imperial County: Dumortierite boulders occur over a wide area 
 about 10 miles northeast of Ogilby, Wolff (30). 
 
 Riverside County: Massive dark -blue dumortierite occurs 1 mile 
 north of the Big Four mines in the Pinacate district. Dumortierite 
 has been found in quartz monzonite, a rock resembling granite, just 
 west of the railroad trestle near the mouth of Temescal Wash, 2 miles 
 southeast of Corona. Murphy (30) has reported the occurrence of 
 dumortierite in granodiorite near the Cajalco tin mine, 13 miles south- 
 west of Riverside. 
 
 San Diego County: Violet-red dumortierite occurs near Dehesa, 
 and was described and analyzed by Schaller (05) ; also analyzed by 
 Ford (02). Forms (010), (100), (110), (120), (320), (210), (102), 
 and (203). 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 TiaOs FeaOs B2O3 H2O 
 
 G. = 3.306. 
 
 
 Si02 
 
 AI2O3 
 
 TiaOs 
 
 FeaOs 
 
 B2O3 
 
 H2O 
 
 Schaller 
 
 __ 28.68 
 
 63.31 
 
 1.45 
 
 0.23 
 
 5.37 
 
 1.52 = 100.56% 
 
 Ford 
 
 __ 30.58 
 
 61.83 
 
 „ 
 
 0.36 
 
 5.93 
 
 2.14 = 100.84% 
 
SILICATES 311 
 
 THAUMASITE 
 
 Hydrous calcium silicate, carbonate, and sulphate, 
 CaSi03.CaC03.CaS04.15H20. 
 
 Hexagonal. Masses of interlaced needles. Greasy luster. Color- 
 less and white. H. = 3i. G. = 1.877. 
 
 Infusible, but swells up when heated, coloring the flame red. 
 Easily soluble. Gives water in a closed tube. 
 
 Rivers^ide Count ij: Thauuiasite Ofcurred in needles with spurrite 
 lining cavities in the limestsone at Crestmore. It was observed, 
 described, and analyzed by Foshag (20) : 
 
 Si02 Al203.Fe203 CaO SOs H2O.CO2 
 
 9.10 0.84 12.98 27.56 49.48 = 99.96% 
 
 San Bernardino County: Thaumasite occurs in small veins cutting 
 dolomite in the Dewey mine about 6 miles east of Valley "Wells. 
 
 SPURRITE 
 
 Calcium carbonate and silicate, CaC03.2Ca2SiOi 
 
 Monoclinic. Granular masses. Clea%'age (001) good. Color pale- 
 gray to slightly blui.sh. H = 5. G. ^=- 3.01. 
 
 Infusible. Gives calcium flame. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with 
 some effervescence, and separation of silica. 
 
 Riverside County: Spurrite occurs intimately associated with mer- 
 winite and gehlenite in the limestone at Crestmore, Foshag (20). 
 
 TILLEYITE 
 
 Calcium carbonate and silicate, CaC03.Ca2Si04. 
 
 Monoclinic. Color white. One perfect cleavage. G. = 2.838. 
 ■», . Effervesces and gelatinizes with acid. 
 
 County: Tilleyite was discovered in the contact 
 zone at L'restmoreTSnd named by Larsen and Dunham (33). Analysis 
 by Gonyer : 
 
 Si02 AI2O3 Fe203 MgO CaO H2O CO2 
 
 24.09 0.61 0.12 0.13 57.75 1.09 15.82 = 99.91% 
 
312 MINERALS OF CALIFOKNIA 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Acicular. 
 
 Long and slonclt'i- ; needle-likp. 
 
 Adamantine. 
 
 Like a diamond in luster. 
 
 Amorplious. 
 
 ^YitIlOllt form ; applied to rocks and minerals having no definite crystalline 
 structure. 
 
 Amygdaloidal. 
 
 Relating to an amygdule. 
 
 Amygdule. 
 
 A small cavity in an eruptive rock caused by steam or vapor at the time of 
 its eruption and generally lined or filled afterwards with secondary minerals 
 
 Arborescent. 
 
 Applied to minerals when assuming a tree-like form, especially when fairly 
 massive ; if so thin as to resemble the painting of a tree, they are generally 
 termed dendrites. 
 
 Argillaceous. 
 
 Of or containing clay. 
 
 Bladed. 
 
 Flattened like a knife blade. 
 
 Botryoidal. 
 
 Having the form of a bunch of grapes, or consisting of a group of rounded 
 prominences. 
 
 Breccia. 
 
 A coarse fragmental rock the components of which are^^gular, and therefore, 
 as distinguished from conglomerates, are not water-worh. 
 
 Brecciated. 
 
 Converted into, or resembling, a breccia. 
 
 Brittle. 
 
 Easily broken. 
 
 Capillary. 
 
 Very slender and long, like a thread or hair. 
 
 Cellular. 
 
 Porous, like a sponge. 
 
 Cleavage. 
 
 Tendency to break in certain definite directions, yielding more or less smooth 
 surfaces. 
 
 Colloidal. 
 
 A state of matter supposed to represent a degree of subdivision into almost 
 molecular dimensions ; jelly-like. 
 
 Conchoidal. 
 
 Shell-shaped. Minerals that break with concave and convex surfaces and 
 are said to have a conchoidal fracture. 
 
 Concretion. 
 
 A spheroidal or discoidal aggregate formed by the segregation and iire- 
 cipitation of some mineral around a nucleus. 
 
GLOSSARY ;5];! 
 
 Conglomerate. 
 
 A consolidated rock composed of water-worn pebbles and boulders. 
 
 Coralloidal. 
 
 Like coral, or consisting of interlaced flexuous branchings. 
 
 Cryptocrystalline. 
 
 Crystalline, but so fine-grained that no individual crystals can be distinguished. 
 
 Decrepitation. 
 
 The breaking up with a crackling noise of mineral substances when exposed 
 to heat, as when common salt is thrown upon the fire. 
 
 Deflagrate. 
 
 To burst into flame ; to burn rapidly. 
 
 Dendritic. 
 
 Branching like a tree, as in crystallized gold. 
 
 Drusy. 
 
 Covered with minute crystals closely crowded. 
 
 Effervescence. 
 
 Bubbling due to the escape of gas. 
 
 Euhedral. 
 
 Bounded by its own crystal faces ; said of some minerals in a crystalline 
 rock, and contrasted with subhedral and anhedral. 
 
 Exfoliate. 
 
 To swell up and open into leaves or plates like a partly opened book. 
 
 Fibrous. 
 
 Made up of fibers as in asbestos. 
 
 Flexible. 
 
 Capable of being bent. 
 
 Fluorescence. 
 
 The emission of light from within a substance, while it is being exposed to 
 direct radiation. 
 
 Foliated. 
 
 Composed of, or easily splitting into thin flakes or plates. 
 
 Friable. 
 
 Easy to break, or crumbling naturally. 
 
 Gangue. 
 
 Vein minerals of no particular commercial value, such as quartz, calcite, 
 barite, fluorite, etc. 
 
 Gel. 
 
 A jelly-like or colloidal substance. 
 
 Geode. 
 
 A hollow nodule or concretion, the cavity of which is lined or completely 
 filled with minerals, often well crystallized. 
 
 Globular. 
 
 Spherical or nearly so. 
 
 Gossan. 
 
 A ferruginous deposit filling the upper parts of mineral veins or forming 
 a superficial cover on masses of pyrite. It consists principally of hydrated 
 iron oxide, and results from oxidation. 
 
 Impalpable. 
 
 Not distinguishable by the naked eye. 
 
 Inclusion. 
 
 Any foreign body inclosed within a crystal. 
 
314 MINERALS OK CALIFORNIA 
 
 liuluiatcd. 
 
 IliUilfiR'd ; aiipliid to rocks hardened by heat, pressure, or ci-mentation. 
 
 iTitwmescence. 
 
 Swelliiifi or liiibl)]ing up before <he blowpipe. 
 
 Iridescence. 
 
 Exhibition of colors in the interior or on the surface of a mineral, cjiused 
 by tlie presence of minute foreign cryst.'ils, in parallel iiositions, or by the 
 presence of fine cleavage-lamellae. 
 
 Lamellar. 
 
 Composed of thiu sheets or lamellae. 
 
 Lenticular. 
 
 Shaped approximately like a double convex lens. When a mass of rock thins 
 out from the center to a thin edge all around, it is said to be lenticular 
 in form. 
 
 Lithophysa. 
 
 A variety of spherulite consisting of concentric, roughly siiherical or hemi- 
 spherical shells with thin vacant spaces between them. 
 
 Malleable. 
 
 Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer. 
 
 Mammillary. 
 
 Like botryoidal. but composed of larger prominences. 
 
 Massive. 
 
 Without crystal form or faces. 
 
 Micaceous. 
 
 Composed of thin plates or scales, or, like mica, capable of being easily split 
 into thin sheets. 
 
 Nodular. 
 
 In tuberose forms, or having irregular protuberances over the surface. 
 
 Oolitic. 
 
 Consisting ot rounded particles the size of fish eggs. 
 
 Opalescence. 
 
 Milky or pearly reflection from the interior of a specimen. 
 
 Opaque. 
 
 Impervious to light. 
 
 Parting. 
 
 False cleavage, often the result of twinning. 
 
 Phosphorescence. 
 
 The continued emission of light by a substance after heating, exposure to 
 light, or to an electrical discharge. 
 
 Pisolitic. 
 
 Composed of small, rounded masses, the size of peas. 
 
 Plumose. 
 
 Feather-like. 
 
 Prismatic. 
 
 Having elongation (of crystals) in one direction. 
 
 Pyroelectricity. 
 
 The simultaneous development of positive and negative charges of electricity 
 on different parts of the same crystal when its temperature is suitably 
 changed. 
 
 Radiated. 
 
 Formed of, or arranged like, rays or radii ; having radial parts or markings ; 
 as a radiated structure. 
 
GLOSSARY 315 
 
 Reniform. 
 
 Kidney-shaped, or having a surface like a kidney, composed of numerous 
 
 slightly curved surfaces. The structure may be radiating or concentric. 
 Reticulated. 
 
 Having slender crystals or fibers crossing like the meshes of a net. 
 Sectile. 
 
 Capable of being cut with a knife, but still pulverizing under hammer. 
 Solfatara. 
 
 An expiring or dormant volcanic vent from which steam and vapors are 
 
 emitted. 
 
 Specific gravity. 
 
 The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of 
 water. The specific gravity is designated by G. in the mineral descriptions. 
 
 Spherulites. 
 
 Aggregates spherical in form and radiated or concentric in structure. 
 Stalactitic. 
 
 Having the form of a stalactite or an icicle. 
 
 Stellated. 
 
 Resembling a star ; pointed or radiated like a star. 
 
 Striated. 
 
 Marked with parallel grooves or striae. 
 
 Terminations. 
 
 Faces on the end of a crystal. 
 
 Translucent. 
 
 A body is translucent if it transmits light without permitting objects to be 
 seen through it. 
 
 Transparent. 
 
 A body is transparent if it transmits light so that objects can be seen 
 through it. 
 
 Triboluminescent. 
 
 Becoming luminescent when rubbed or scratched. 
 
 Twin. 
 
 A symmetrical combination or intergrowth of two crystals. 
 
 Vesicle. 
 
 A small cavity in fine-grained or glassy igneous rock, formed by the expansion 
 of a bubble of gas or steam during the solidification of the rock. 
 
 Vesicular. 
 
 Characteristic of or characterized by, pertaining to, or containing vesicles. 
 
 Vug. 
 
 A cavity in rock, usually lined with a crystalline incrustation. 
 
 Widmanstiitten figures. 
 
 Figures developed on a cut and polished surface of meteoric iron by etching 
 with acid. 
 
oH) MTNERAIiR OF CALII'X)KNIA 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 317 
 
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318 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 AUTHORS 
 
 Alger, Francis. 
 
 50 Crystallized gold from California. Am J Sc (2) 10:101-106 (1850) 
 
 Allen, Victor T. 
 
 28 Anauxite from the lone formation of California. Am Mineralogist 13:145- 
 
 152 (1928) 
 
 29 The lone formation of California. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 18:347-448 (1929) 
 
 ANDE31SEN, OlAF. 
 
 17 Aventurine labradorite from California. Am Mineralogist 2:91 (1917) 
 
 Anderson, Charles A. 
 
 27 Voltaite from Jerome, Arizona. Am Mineralogist 12:287-290 (1927) 
 
 30 Opal stalactites and stalagmites from a lava tube in northern California. 
 
 Am J Sc (5) 20:22-26 (1930) 
 
 31 The geology of the Engels and Superior mines, Plumas County, California, 
 
 with a note on the ore deposits of the Superior mine. Cal Univ, Dp G, 
 B 20:293-330 (1931) 
 
 35 Alteration of the lavas surrounding the hot springs in Lassen Volcanic 
 
 National Park. Am Mineralogist 20:240-252 (1935) 
 
 36 Volcanic history of the Clear Lake area, California. G Soc Am, B 47:629- 
 
 663 (1936) 
 
 Arents, Albert. 
 
 67 Partzite — a new mineral. Am J Sc (2) 43:362 (1867) 
 
 Arnold, Ralph 
 
 08 Notes on the occurrence of the recently described gem mineral benitoite. 
 
 Science n s 27:313-314 (1908) 
 
 Arnold, R., and Anderson, R. 
 
 07 Metamorphism by combustion of the hydrocarbons in the oil-bearing shale 
 
 of California. J G 15:750-758 (1907) 
 10 Geology and oil resources of the Coalinga district, California. U S G S 
 B 398:354 pp (1910) 
 
 Arnold, R. and Johnson, H. R. 
 
 09 Sodium sulphate in Soda Lake, Carriso Plain, San Luis Obispo County, 
 
 California. U S G S, B 380:369-371 (1909) 
 
 Arzruni, a. 
 
 84 Ueber einen Colcmanit Krystall. Zs Kryst. 10:272 (1884) 
 
 Avekilx, Charles Volney. 
 
 29 Lake County. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 25:337-365 (1929) 
 31 Preliminary report on economic geology of the Shasta quadrangle. St 
 Mineralogist's Rp 27:3-65 (1931) 
 
 Atres, Edward F. 
 
 89 Mineralogical notes. Am J Sc (3) 37:235-236 (1889) 
 
 89a Notes on the crystallization of trona (urao). Am J Sc (3) 38:65-66 
 (1889) 
 
 Bailey, Gilbert Ellis. 
 
 02 The saline deposits of California. Cal St M Bur, B 24:216 pp (1902) 
 
 Ball, Sydney Hobart. 
 
 07 A geologic reconnaissance in southwestern Nevada and eastern California. 
 U S G S, B 308:218 pp (1907) 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 319 
 
 Baskerviixe, Charles. 
 
 03 Kunzite, a new gem. Science n s 18:303-304 (1903) 
 
 Baskekviixb; C. and Kunz, G. F. 
 
 04 Kunzite and its unique properties. Am J Sc (4) 18:25-28 (1904) 
 
 BAUilHAUER, H. 
 
 99 Ueber sogennante anomale Aetzfisuren an monoklinen Krystallcn, insbe- 
 
 sondere am Colcmanit. Zs Kryst 30:97-117 (1899) 
 09 Ueber die Winkelverhliltnisse des Benitoit. Centralbl Miner 1909 :592- 
 
 594 (1909) 
 
 Bextker. George Ferdinand. 
 
 88 Geology of the quicksilver deposits nf tlie Pacific slope. U S G S, Mou 
 XIII 486 pp (1888) 
 
 Behbb, Charles H., Jr. 
 
 21 Native antimony from Kern County, California. Am J Sc (5) 2:330-333 
 (1921) 
 
 Bertrand, Bmlle. 
 
 78 Zinnober von Californien. Zs Kryst 2:109 (1878) 
 
 Beverly, Burt, Jr. 
 
 34 Graphite deposits in Los Angeles County, California. Ec G 29 :346-355 
 (1934) 
 
 Blake. James. 
 
 76 On roscoelite, a vanadium mica. Am J Sc (3) 12:31-32 (1876) 
 
 Blake, William Piiipps. 
 
 57 Note on the occurrence of telluret of silver in California. Am J Sc (2) 
 
 23:270-271 (1S57) 
 
 58 Report of a geological reconnaissance in California. N. Y. (1858) 
 
 66 Annotated catalogue of the principal mineral species hitherto recognized 
 
 in California and the adjoining States and Territories. Sacramento 
 31 pp (1866) 
 
 67 Mineralogical notices. Am J Sc (2) 43:124-125 (1867) 
 67a Note upon "Partzite." Am J Sc (2) 44:119 (1867) 
 
 68 Note upon the occurrence of sphene in the granite of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Cal Ac N Sc, Pr 3:193 (1S68) 
 
 81 riexite in California. Am J Sc (3) 22:323 (1881) 
 
 82 Rare minerals recently found in the State. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 2 
 
 (appendi.x) 205-223 (1882) 
 
 82a On the occurrence of vivianite in Lo.---. Angeles County. Cal St Mineral- 
 ogist's Rp 2:265 (1882) 
 
 85 New localities of erythrite. Am J Sc (3) 30:1^3 (1885) 
 
 Blasdai.e, Walter C. 
 
 01 Contributions to the mineralogy of California. Cal I'niv, Dp G, 
 B 2:327-348 (1901) 
 
 BoDEwiG, C. and voM Rath. G. 
 
 85 Colemanit aus Californien. Zs Kryst 10:179-186 (1885) 
 
 Bradley, Walter Minor. 
 
 09 On the analysis of the mineral neptunite from San Benito County, Cali- 
 fornia. Am J Sc (4) 28:15-16 (1909) 
 
 Bradley, Walter W. 
 
 16 Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Marin, Napa. Solaim, Sonoma, Yolo counties. Cal. 
 
 St Mineralogist's Rp 14:173-370 (1916) 
 16a Fresno and Kings counties. St Mineralogist's Rp 14 :429-470. .">25-530 
 
 (1916) 
 18 Quicksilver resources of California, with a section on metallurgy and ore 
 
 dressing. Cnl St M Bur, B 78:389 pp (1918) 
 
320 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 25 Magnesite in California. Cal St M Bur, B 79 :147 pp (1925) 
 
 28 California's commercial nonmetallic minerals. M Cong J 14 :669-678. 
 
 718 (1928) 
 31 Barite in California. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 26:45-57 (1930). Am 
 
 I M Eng, Tr 1931:170-170 (1931) 
 35 Recent nonmetallic mineral development in California. M Metal 16 :181- 
 
 184 (1935) 
 
 Bradley, W. W., Hugxjenin, E., Logan, C. A., Tucker, W. B., and Waring, C. A. 
 18 Manganese and chromium in California. Cal St M Bur B 76 :248 pp 
 (1918) 
 
 Bramlette, M. N. and Posnjak, E. 
 
 33 Zeolite alteration of pyroelastics. Am Mineralogist 18:167-171 (1933) 
 Brush, George J. 
 
 66 New mineral localities.— (2.) Ouvarovite.— Am J Sc (2) 42:268 (1866) 
 
 Calkins, Frank Cathcart. 
 
 16 Molybdenite near Ramona, San Diego County, California. U S G S. 
 
 B 640:73-76 (1916) 
 16a An occurrence of nickel ore in San Diego County, California. U S G S, 
 
 B 640:77-82 (1916) 
 
 Campbell, Marius Robison. 
 
 02 Reconnaissance of the borax deposits of Death Valley and Mohave Desert. 
 
 U S G S, B 200:23 pp (1902) 
 
 03 Borax deposits of eastern California. U S G S, B 213:401-405 (1903) 
 
 Castello, W. O. 
 
 21 Mariposa County. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 17:86-143 (1921) 
 
 Chapman, Randolph W, 
 
 37 The contact metamorphic deposit of Round Valley, California. J G 40: 
 859-871 (1937) 
 
 Chatard, T. M. 
 
 89 On urao. Am J Sc (3) 38:59-64 (1889) 
 
 Clarke, F. W. 
 
 89 A new occurrence of gyrolite. Am J Sc (3) 38:128-129 (1889) 
 95 Note on a garnet from California. Am J Sc (3) 50:76-77 (1895) 
 03 Mineral analyses from laboratories of United States Geological Sui-vey, 
 
 1880-1903. U S G S, B 220:119 pp (1903) 
 10 Analyses of rocks and minerals from the laboratory of the United States 
 
 Geological Survey, 1880 to 1908. U S G S, B 419:323 pp (1910) 
 15 Analyses of rocks and minerals from the laboratory of the United States 
 
 Geological Survey, 18S0 to 1914. U S G S, B 591:376 pp (1915) 
 
 Clarke, F. W. and Chatard, T. M. 
 
 84 Halloysite from California. U S G S, B 9:12-13 (1884) 
 
 Clarke, F. "W. and Steiger, G. 
 
 05 On "californite." U S G S, B 262:72-74 (1905) 
 
 Cohen, E. 
 
 92 Meteoreisen-Studien II K-k Naturh Hofmus An 7:143-162 (1892) 
 01 Das Meteoreisen von Surprise Springs, Bagdad, San Bernardino County, 
 Sud-Californien. Mitt Naturw Ver Greifswald 33:29-33 (1901) 
 
 Cohen, E. and Weinschenk, E. 
 
 91 Meteoreisen-Studien K-k Naturh Hofmus An 6:131-165 (1891) 
 
 Cook, Charles W. 
 
 22 A new occun-ence of ilsemannite (Gibson, Shasta County, California) 
 
 Am J Sc (5) 4:50-52 (1922) 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 321 
 
 Daly, John W. 
 
 35 Paragenesis of the mineral assemblage at Crestmore, Riverside County. 
 California. Am Mineralogist 20 :638-659 (1935) 
 
 Dana, Edward Salisbury. 
 
 84 A crystallographic study of the fliinolito of Lake Laliontan. U S G S, 
 
 B 12:34 1)1) (1884) 
 8(> The crystallization of gohl. Am J Sc (3) 32:132-138 (1886) 
 
 Dana E. S. and PEMiEr.D, S. L. 
 
 85 Mineralogieal notes. Am J Sc (3) 30:136-137 (1885) 
 
 Dana, James Dwight. 
 
 49 Gold in California. Am J Sc (2) 7:125-126, 262-264 (1849) 
 49a Notes on uyper Ciilifornia. Am J Sc (2) 7:247-204 (1849) 
 68 A system of Mineralogy, Fifth edition 827 pp (1868) 
 
 Davis, R. O. E. 
 
 04 Analysis of kunzite. Am J Sc (4) 18:29 (1904) 
 
 Day, a. L. and Allen, E. T. 
 
 25 Tlie volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak, California. Car- 
 negie Inst, Wash, Pub 360:190 pp (1925) 
 
 Day, D. T. and Richards, R. H. 
 
 06 Investigation of black sands from placer mines. U S G S, P> 285 :150-164 
 
 (1906) 
 
 Deville, H. St. C. and Debkay, H. 
 
 59 Du Platine et des Metaux qui I'accompagnent. An de Ciiim. ct de Phys. 
 56:385-496 (1859) 
 
 DiLi-ER, Joseph Silas. 
 
 90 Native gold in caldte. Am J Sc (3) 39:160 (1890) 
 
 98 The educational series of rock specimens collected and distributed by tlie 
 
 United States Geological Survey. U. S G S, B 150:400 pp (1898) 
 08 Geology of the Taylorsville region, California. U S G S, B 353:128 pp 
 
 (1908) 
 21 Chromitc in the Khimatli Mountains, California and Oregon. U S G S, 
 
 B 725:1-36 (1921) 
 
 Donnelly, Maurice. 
 
 34 Geology and mineral deposits of the Julian district, San Diego County, 
 California. Cal St Mineralogist's Kp 30:331-370 (1934) 
 
 DURAND, F. E. 
 
 73 Description of a new mineral from the New Alnia(h'n niiiio. Cal Ac Sc, 
 Pr 4:218 (1873) 
 
 Dykes, Lkf.and II. 
 
 33 Occurrence of moua/.ito in a grauodiorite pegmatite in Riverside County, 
 California. G Soc Am, B 44:161 (1933) 
 
 Eakle, Arthur Starr. 
 
 01 Mineralogieal notes, with chemical analyses by Sciialler. Cal Univ, Dp G. 
 
 B 2:315-326 (1901) 
 
 02 Colemanite from southern California. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 3:31-50 (1902) 
 
 03 Palacheite. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 3:231-236 (1903) 
 
 03a. Note on the identity of palaclieite and botryogen. Am J Sc (4) 
 16:379-380(1903) 
 
 04 Pliosphoroscent sphalerile. Cal J Tecli 3:30-31 (1904) 
 
 07 Notes on lawsonite. columbite, beryl, barite, and calcite. Cal Univ, Dp H, 
 
 B 5:81-94 (1907) 
 
 05 Notes on some California minerals. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 5:225-234 (1008) 
 11 Neocolcmanite, a variety of colemanite. and liowlite from Lang, Los 
 
 Angeles County, California. Cal Univ. Dp (J. B 6:179-190 (1911) 
 
 21 — 51440 
 
322 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 If! Xnnthoph.vllite in crystalline limestone. Wash Ac Sc, J 6:332-335 (1916) 
 17 Minerals associated with the crystalline limestone at Crestmore, Riverside 
 County, California. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 10:327-360 (1917) 
 
 19 Alpine County. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 15:5-27 (1919) 
 
 20 Vonsenite ; A preliminary note on a new mineral. Am Mineralogist 
 
 5:141-143 (1920) 
 
 21 Jurupaito, a new mineral. Am Mineralogist 6:107-109 (1921) 
 
 22 Massive troilite from Del Norte County. California. Am Mineralogist 
 
 7:77-80 (1922) 
 
 23 Minerals of California. Cal St M Bur, B 91:328 pp (1923) 
 
 25 Foshagite, a new silicate from Crestmore. California. Am Mineralogist 
 
 10:97-99 (1925) 
 25a Camsellite from California. Am Mineralogist 10:100-102 (1925) 
 29 Probertite, a new borate. Am Mineralogist 14:427-430 (1929) 
 
 Eakle, a. S. and Rogers, A. F. 
 
 14 Wilkeite, a new mineral of the apatite group, and okenite, its alteration 
 product, from southern California. Am J Sc (4) 37:262-267 (1914) 
 
 Eakle, A. S. and Sharwood, W. J. 
 
 04 Luminescent zinc blende. Eng M J 77:1000 (1904) 
 
 Eckel, Edwin C. 
 
 33 Limestone deposits of the San Francisco region. Cal St Mineralogist's 
 
 Rp 29: 348-361 (1933) 
 
 Emory, William Hemsley. 
 
 48 Notes of a military reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri 
 
 to San Diego in California, including part of the Arkansas, Del Norte, 
 and Gila Rivers. (U S), 30th Congress, First Session, Senate Execu- 
 tive Document No. 7:5-126 (1848) 
 
 Erman, a. 
 
 49 Bemerkungen iiber das Clima und die geologischen Verhaltnisse dieses 
 
 Landes in J. Hoppe's Californieu's Gegenwart und Zukunft. Arch fiir 
 wiss Kunde von Russ 7:615-750 (1849) 
 
 Erwin. Homer D. 
 
 34 Geology and mineral resources of northeastern Madera County, Cali- 
 
 fornia. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 30:7-78 (1934) 
 
 Evans, J. T. 
 
 84 Colemanite. Cal Ac Sc, B 1 :57-59 (1884) 
 
 85 The chemical properties and relations of colemanite. Cal Ac Sc, B 
 
 1:37-42 (1885) 
 
 Fairbanks, Harold Wellman. 
 
 90 Geology of the Mother Lode Region. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 10:23-90 
 (1890) 
 
 93 Geology and mineralogy of Shasta County. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 
 
 11:24-58 (1893) 
 93a Notes on the occurrence of rubellite and lepidolite in southern California. 
 Science 21:35-36 (1893) 
 
 94 Some remarkable hot springs and associated mineral deposits in Colusa 
 
 County, California. Science 23 :120-121 (1894) 
 
 95 On analcite diabase from San Luis Obispo Co., Cal. Cal Univ, Dp G, 
 
 B 1:273-300 (1895) 
 
 96 The geology of Point Sal. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 2:1-92 (1896) 
 
 96a The mineral deposits of eastern California. Am G 17:144-1.58 (1896) 
 07 The tin deposits at Temescal, southern California. Am .T Sc (4) 4:39-42 
 (1897) 
 
 Ferguson, Henry Gardiner. 
 
 14 Gold lodes of the Weaverville quadrangle, California. U S G S, B 
 540:22-79 (1914> 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 323 
 
 Fergisox, H. G. and Gannett, R. W. 
 
 82 Gold quartz veins of the Alleghany district. California. U S G S, P P 
 172:139 pp (1932) 
 
 Finch, R. H. and Anderson, O. A. 
 
 30 The quartz basalt eruptions of Cinder Cone, Lassen Volcanic National 
 
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 F'lTCH, A. A. 
 
 31 Barite and witherite from near El Portal. Mariposa County, California. 
 
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 FooTE, "Warren Mathews. 
 
 95 Preliminary note on a new alkali mineral. Am .7 Sc (3) 50:480-481 
 (1895) 
 
 FooTE, H. W. and Langlet, R. W. 
 
 10 On an indirect method for determining columbinm am] tantalum. Am J 
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 Ford, Wiixiam Ebenb:zee. 
 
 02 On the chemical composition of dumortierite. Am J Sc (4) 14:426-430 
 (1902) 
 
 09 Neptunite crystals from San Benito County, California. Am J Sc (4) 
 
 27:235-240 (1909) 
 
 10 The effect of the presence of alkalies in beryl upon its optical properties. 
 
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 Foshag, William Frederick. 
 
 18 Ulexite from Lang, California. Am Mineralogist 3:35 (1918) 
 
 20 Thaumasite (and spun-ite) from Crestmore, California. Am Mineralogist 
 
 5:80-81 (1920) 
 20a Plazolite. a new mineral from Riverside. California. Am Mineralogist 
 
 5:183-185 (1920) 
 20b Apthitalite (glaserite) from Searles Lake. California. Am J. Sc (4) 
 
 49:367-368 (1920) 
 
 21 The origin of the colemanite deyjosits of California. Ec G 16:199-214 
 
 (1921) 
 
 24 The world's biggest borax deposits. Eng M J 118:419-421 (1924) 
 
 24a Famous mineral localities : Furnace Creek. Death Valley. California. 
 Am Mineralogist 9 :S-10 (1924) 
 
 24b Priceite from Fui-naee Creek. Inyo County. California. Am Mineralogist 
 9:11-13 (1924) 
 
 24c Centrallasite from Crestmore, California. Am Mineralogist 9 :88-90 
 (1924) 
 
 .'51 Schairerite, a new mineral from Searles Lake, California. Am Mineralo- 
 gist, 16:13.3-139 (1931) 
 
 31a Probertite from Ryan, California. Am Mineralogist 16:338-341 (1931) 
 
 31b Krausite. a new sulphate from California. Am Mineralogist 16:352-360 
 (1931) 
 
 35 Burkeite, a new mineral species from Searles Lake, California. Am Min- 
 eralogist 20:50-56 (1935) 
 
 Fosh.\g. W. F. and Wherry, E. T. 
 
 22 Notes on the composition of talc. Am Mineralogist 7:167-171 (1922) 
 
 P'oshag, W. F. and Woodford, A. O. 
 
 .36 Bentonitic magnesian clay-mineral from California. Am Mineralogist 
 21:238-244 (1936) 
 
 Franke. Herbbirt A. 
 
 30 Santa Clara County. Cal St Minoralogisfs Rp 26:2-39 (19.30) 
 30a Tulare County. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 26:423-471 (1930) 
 35 Mines and mineral resources of San Luis Obispo County. Cal St Min- 
 eralogist's Rp 31:402-461 (1935) 
 
324 MINERALS OF CALIPOUNIA 
 
 Friedbich, James J. 
 
 88 Stiilactitic melanterite and other minerals from California. N Y Ac Sc, 
 Tr 8:22 (188) 
 
 Gale, Hoyt S. 
 
 32 The Lila C. Borax Mine at Ryan, California. U S G S, Min Res, 
 Calendar Year 1911:861-865 (1912) 
 
 in The origin of colemanite deposits. U S G S, P P 85:3-9 (1913) 
 
 14 Prospertinj; for potash in Death Valley, California. U S G S, B 540:407- 
 415 (1914) 
 
 14a Salt, borax, and potash in Saline Valley, Inyo County, California. 
 U « G S, B 540:416-421 (1914) 
 
 14b Sodium sulphate in the Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County, Cali- 
 fornia. U S G S, B 540:428-433 (1914) 
 
 14c Borate deposits in Ventura County, California. U S G S, B 540:434-456 
 (1914) 
 
 14d Late developments of magnesite deposits in California and Nevada. 
 U S G S, B 540:483-520 (1914) 
 
 Gale, H. S. and Hicks, W. B. 
 
 14 Octahedral crystals of sulphohalite. Am J Sc (4) 38:273-274 (1914) 
 
 Galliheb, E. Wayne. 
 
 31 Collophane from Miocene brown shales of California. Am As Petroleum 
 (J, B 15:257-269 (1931) 
 
 35 Glauconite genesis. G Soc Am, B 46:1351-1366 (1935) 
 
 (Jenth, F. a. 
 
 52 On some minerals which accompany gold in California. Ac N Sc Phila. 
 Pr 6:113-114 (1852) 
 
 52a On a probably new element with iridosmine and platinum from Cali- 
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 59 Contributions to mineralogy. Am J Sc (2) 28:246-255 (1859) 
 
 67 Observations on certain doubtful minerals. Ac N Sc Phila, Pr 19 :86 
 
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 68 Contributions to mineralogy — No. VII. Am J Sc (2) 45:305-321 (1868) 
 76 On some American vanadium minerals. Ch News 34:78-79 (1876) 
 
 87 Contributions to mineralogy. Am Ph Soc, Pr 24:23-44 (1887) 
 
 92 Contributions to mineralogy, No. 54. Am J Sc (3) 44:381 (1892) 
 
 GlESER, H. S. 
 
 27 Mininsr and milling on Santa Catalina Island. Eng M J 124:245-247 
 (1927) 
 
 Giles, W. B. 
 
 (l."> Kalcerite (a new borosilicate of calcium) and howlite from California. 
 Miner Mag 13:353-355 (1903) 
 
 Goldsmith, E. 
 
 73 The composition of trautwineite. Ac N Sc Phila, Pr 348-349 (1873) 
 
 73a Analysis of chromite from Monterey County, California. Ac N Sc Phila, 
 
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 76 On sonomaite. Ac N Sc Phila, Pr 28:263-264 (1876) 
 
 76a On boussingaultite and other minerals from Sonoma County, California. 
 Ac N Sc Phila, Pr 28:264-266 (1876) 
 
 GOODVEAR, W. A. 
 
 88 Cal St. Mineralogist's Rp 8:948 pp (1888) 
 
 GouDEY, Hatfield. 
 
 36 Minerals— Rilter Range, Califorjiia. Tlie Mineralogist 4, No. 5:7-8, 
 
 26, 28-29 (1936) 
 
 (iRAEFF, F. W. 
 
 10 Nitrate deposits of soutliern California. Eng M J 90:173 (1910) 
 
BIBLTOGRAPnT 325 
 
 CuATox, L. C. and McLaughlin, D. H. 
 
 17 Ore deposition and enrichment at Engels, California. Ec G 12 :l-38 
 (1917) 
 
 Geaton, L. C. and Schaller, W. T. 
 
 05 Purpurite, a new mineral. Am J Sc (4) 20:146-151 (1905) 
 
 Guild, F. N. 
 
 11 Mineralogische notizen. Zs Kryst 49:321-331 (1911) 
 
 GunjD, F. N. and Wajitman, F. S. 
 
 21 Wulfenite from Lavic, California. Am Mineralogist 6:167-168 (1921) 
 
 GUTZKOW. F. 
 
 S6 ITydromagnosik'. from Livermorc, California. Cal St Mineralofiist's Rp 6, 
 pt 2:74 (1886) 
 
 Hamilton, F. McN. 
 
 21 Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 17:562 pp (1021) 
 
 Hanks, Henry Garber. . 
 
 73 Notes on cuproschcclite. Cal Ac Sc, l»r 5:133-134 (1S73) 
 
 81 Notes on roscoelite. M Sc Press 42:428 (1881) 
 
 82 Gold nuggets. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 2:147-150 (1882) 
 
 82a Mud volcanoes and Colorado desert. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 2:227-240 
 (1882) 
 
 83 Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 3:111 pp (1SS3) 
 
 84 Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 4:410 pp (1884) 
 
 89 On the occurrence of hanksite in California. Am J Sc (3) 37:63-66 
 
 (1889) 
 92 Gaylussite, on a new variety from San Bernardino County. M Sc Press 
 
 64:222 (1892) 
 05 Notes on "aragotite," a rare California mineral. R Micr Soc, J 673-676 
 
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 Harder, Edmund Cecil. 
 
 10 Slanganese deposits of the United States, with sections on foreign deposits, 
 chemistry, and uses. U S G S, B 427:298 pp (1910) 
 
 10a Some chromite deposits in western and central California. U S G S, B 
 430:167-183 (1910) 
 
 10b Some iron ores of western and central California. U S G S, B 430 :219- 
 227 (1910) 
 
 10c The gypsum deposits of the Palen Mountains, Riverside County, Cali- 
 fornia. U S G S, B 430:407-416 (1910) 
 
 12 Iron-ore deposits of the Eagle Mountains, California. U S G S, B 
 503 :81 pp (1912) 
 
 IIardb3{, E. C. and Rich, J. L. 
 
 10 The Iron Age iron-ore deposit, near Dale. San Bernardino County, Cali- 
 fornia. U S G S, B 430:228-2.30 (1910) 
 
 Hershey, Oscar H, 
 
 08 Primary chakocite in California. M Sc Press 96:429-430 (1908) 
 
 Hess, Frank L. 
 
 08 Note on a tungsten-bearing vein near Raymond, California. U S G S, B 
 
 340:271 (1908) 
 08a The magnesite deposits of California. U S G S, B 355:67 pp. (1908) 
 10 A reconnaisance of the gypsum deposits of California. U S G S, B 
 
 413:37 pp (1910) 
 ]0a Gypsum deposits near Cane Springs, Kern Coiinty, California. U S G S, 
 
 B 430:417-418 (1910) 
 
32G MINEKAIvS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 17 Tungsten minerals and deposits. U S G S, B 652:85 pp (1917) 
 
 20 Gypsum deposits of the United States. California. U S G S, B 697:58- 
 
 86 (1920) 
 27 Rare metals. TT S B M, Mm Res Calendar Year 1924, pt 1:451-476 
 (1927) 
 
 Hess, F. L. and Larse:n, E. S. 
 
 21 Contact-metamorphic tungsten deposits of the United States. U S G S, 
 
 B 725:245-309 (1921) 
 
 Hevvett. D. F., Callagiian, Eugene, Moore, B. N., Nolajj, T. B., Ruby, W. W., 
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 3(! Mineral resources of the region around Houlder Dam. U S G S, B 871 : 
 197 pp (1936) 
 
 Hidden, William Earl. 
 
 85 On hanksite, a new anhydrous sulphato-carbonate of sodium from San 
 Bernardino County, California. Am J Sc (3) 30:133-135 (1885) 
 
 Hidden, W. E. and Mackintosh, J. B. 
 
 88 Sulphohalite, a new sodium sulphato-chloride. Am J Sc (3) 36:463 
 
 (1888) 
 91 Mineralogical notes. Am J Sc (3) 41:438 (1891) 
 
 HnxEBRAND, William Francis. 
 
 99 Mineralogical notes: Melonite (?), coloradoite, petzite, hessite. Am J Sc 
 (4) 8:295-298 (1899) 
 
 Hlllebrand, W. F., Turnbk, H. W., and Clarke, F. W. 
 99 On roscoelite. Am J Sc (4) 7:451-454 (1899) 
 
 Hiortdahl, Th. 
 
 85 Colemanit, ein Krystallisirtes kalkborat aus Californien. Zs Kryst 10 :25- 
 31 (1885) 
 
 Holway, Ruliff S. 
 
 04 Eclogites in California. J G 12 :.344-358 (1904) 
 
 Howard, Arthur D. 
 
 32 Micro-crystals of barite from Barstow, California. Am Mineralogist 17 :120 
 (1932) 
 
 Hudson, Frank Samuel. 
 
 22 Geology of the Cuyamaca region of California with special reference to 
 
 the origin of the nickeliferous pyrrhotite. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 13:175- 
 252 (1922) 
 
 Hughes, H. Hekbert. 
 
 31 Iceland spar and optical fluorite. USB M, Inf Circ 6468:17 pp (1931) 
 
 HuLiN, Carlton D. 
 
 25 Geology and ore deposits of the Randsburg quadrangle, California. Cal 
 
 St M Bur, B 95:152 pp (1925) 
 30 A Mother Lode gold ore. Ec G 25:348-355 (1930) • 
 
 Hutchinson, A. 
 
 12 On the identity of neocolemanite with colemanite. Miner Mag 16 :239-246 
 (1912) 
 
 Irelan, William, Jr. 
 
 87 Cal St Mineralogisfs Rp 6, pt 2:222 pp (1887) 
 
 Irving, J., Vonsen, M., and Gonyer, F. A. 
 
 32 Pumpellyite from California. Am Mineralogist. 17:338-342 (1932) 
 
 Jackson, A. W., Jr. 
 
 84 On colemanite, a new borate of lime. Am J Sc (3) 28:447-448 (1884) 
 
 85 On the morphology of colemanite. Cal Ac Sc, B 2:3-36 (1885) 
 
 86 Mineralogical contributions. Cal Ac Sc, B 4:358-374 (1886) 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 327 
 
 J.iAriESON, George S. 
 
 05 On the natural iiou-nickel alloy, awaruite. Am J Sc (4) 19:413-415 
 (1905) 
 
 Jeffery, J. A. and Woodhouse, C. D. 
 
 31 A note on a deposit of andalusite in Mono County, California ; its occur- 
 
 rence and technical importance. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 27 :459-464 
 (1931) 
 
 Johnston, W. D., Jb. 
 
 36 Nodular, orbicular and banded chromite in northern California. Ec G 31 : 
 
 417-427 (1936) 
 
 37 Excerpt from "The gold-quartz veins of Grass Valley, Cal.," U S G S, PP 
 
 (in preparation). Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 33:326 (1937) 
 
 38 Vein-filling at Nevada City, California. G Soc Am, B 49:23-34 (1938) 
 
 JOSEPHSON, W. G. 
 
 32 The Argonaut mine of today. M Metal 13:475-476 (19.32) 
 
 JuLLUM, Henry. 
 
 32 Milling at the Argonaut. M Metal 13:476-477 (1932) 
 
 Kexley, Vincent C. 
 
 36 Occurrence of claudetite in Imperial County, California. Am Mineralo- 
 
 gist 21:137-138 (1936) 
 
 37 Origin of the Danvin silver-lead deposits. Ec G 32:987-1008 (1937) 
 
 Kennard, T. G. 
 
 35 Spectrographic examination of smoky and ordinary quartz from Rincon, 
 California. Am Mineralogist 20:392-399 (1935) 
 
 Kennard, T. G. and Rambo, A. I. 
 
 33 Occurrence of rubidium, gallium, and thallium in lepidolite from Pala, 
 
 California. Am Mineralogist 18:454-455 (1933) 
 
 Kerr, Paul F. 
 
 31 Bentonite from Ventura, California. Ec G 26:153-168 (1931) 
 
 32 The occurrence of andalusite and related minerals at White Mountain, 
 
 California. Ec G 27:614-643 (1932) 
 
 Knopf, Adolph. 
 
 17 Tungsten deposits of northwestern Inyo County, California. U S G S, 
 
 B 640:229-249 (1917) 
 17a An andalusite mass in the pre-Cambrian of the Inyo Range, California. 
 Wash Ac Sc, J 7:549-552 (1917) 
 
 18 Strontianite deposits near Bai-stow, California. U S G S, B 660:257-270 
 
 (1918) 
 
 29 The Mother Lode system of California. U S G S, P P 157:88 pp (1929) 
 35 The Plumas County copper belt. XVI Int G Cong 1 :241-245 (1935) 
 
 Knopf, A. and Anderson, C. A. 
 
 30 The Engels copper deposits, California. Ec G 25:14-35 (1930) 
 
 Kramm, H. B. 
 
 10 Serpentines of the Central Coast Ranges of California. Am Ph Soc, Pr 
 49:315-349 (1910) 
 
 Kbaus, E. H. and Hunt, W. F. 
 
 15 Manganhaltiger Albit von Kalifornien. Centralbl Miner 1915 :465-467 
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 Kboustchoff, K. de. 
 
 85 Note sur une hyperite a structure porphyrique de I'Amerique. Soc Miner 
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328 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 KuNz, Gkokge Fredekick. 
 
 92 Miiieralogical notes on brookite, octahedrite, quartz and ruby. Am J Sc 
 
 (3) 43:329-330 (1892) 
 01 Octahedrite (anatase) from Placorville, El Dorado County. Miner Mag 
 
 9:394 (1901) 
 03 On a new lilac-colored transparent spodumene. Am J Sc (4) 16:264-2G7 
 
 (1903) 
 03a Calif ornite (vesuvianite) ; a new ornamental stone. Am J Sc (4) 
 
 16:397-398 (1903) 
 03b Native bismuth and bismite from Pala, California. Am J Sc (4) 
 
 16:398-399 (1903) 
 05 Gems, jewelers' materials, and ornamental stones of California. Cal St M 
 
 Bur, B 37:168 pp (1905) 
 
 KItstex, G. 
 
 65 Tellurite of gold and silver. M Sc Press 10:306 (1865) 
 
 L.VIZLTtE, C. McK. 
 
 25 San Luis Obispo County. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 21:499-538 (lt)25) 
 
 26 Santa Cruz County. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 22:68-93 (1926) 
 
 Landon, Robert E. 
 
 27 Roemerite from California. Am Mineralogist 12:279-283 (1927) 
 
 Larsen, Esper Signius. 
 
 17 Eakleite, a new mineral from California. Am J Sc (4) 43 :464-465 
 
 (1917) 
 17a Massicot and litharge, the two modifications of lead monoxide. Am 
 
 Mineralogist 2:18-19 (1917) 
 17b Durdenite from California. Am Mineralogist 2:45-46 (1917) 
 21 The microscopic determination of nonopaque minerals. U S G S, B 679 : 
 
 294 pp (1921) 
 23 The identity of eakleite and xonotlite. Am Mineralogist 8:181-182 
 
 (1923) 
 
 Larsen, E. S. and Dunham, K. C. 
 
 33 Tilleyite, a new mineral from the contact zone at Crestmore, California. 
 Am Mineralogist 18:469-473 (1933) 
 
 Larsen, E. S. and Foshag, W. F. 
 
 21 Merwinite, a new calcium magnesium orthosilicate from Crestmore, Cali- 
 fornia. Am Mineralogist 6:143-148 (1921) 
 
 Larsen, E. S. and Hicks, W. B. 
 
 14 Searlesite, a new mineral. Am J Sc (4) 38:437-440 (1914) 
 
 Larsen, E. S. and Shannon, E. V. 
 
 20 Boussingaultite from South Mountain near Santa Paula, Cal. Am 
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 Larsen, E. S. and Steiger, G. 
 
 17 Mineralogical notes. Gritlithite, a new member of the chlorite group. 
 Wash Ac Sc, J 7:6-12 (1917) 
 
 28 Dehydration and optical studies of alunogen, nontronite, and griffithitc. 
 
 Am J Sc (5) 15:1-19 (1928) 
 Laxjdermilk, J. D. and Woodford, A. O. 
 
 30 Soda-rich anthophyllite asbestos from Trinity County. Am Mineralogist 
 
 15:259-262 (1930) 
 34 Secondary montmorillonite in a California pegmatite. Am Mineralogist 
 19:260-267 (1934) 
 Lawson, Andrew Cowper. 
 
 93 The geology of Carmelo Bay, with chemical analyses and cooperation in 
 
 the field work by Juan de la C. Posada. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 1:1-60 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 329 
 
 95 SkelcL of tlie geology of the San Francisco Peninsula. U S G S, An Il|> 
 
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 03 Plumasite, an oligoclase-corundum rock, near Spanish Peak, California. 
 
 Cal Univ, Dp G, B 3:219-230 (1903) 
 
 04 The orbicular gabbro at Dehesa, San Diego Co., California. Cal Univ, 
 
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 82 The phenomena of metalliferous vein-formation now in progress at Sulpliur 
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 Lemmon, Dwight M. 
 
 35 Augelite frcim Mono County, California. Am Mineralogist 20 :664-66S 
 
 (1935) 
 37 Woodhousoite, a new niiiieral of tho beudantite group. Am Mineralogist 
 22:939-948 (1937) 
 
 Lewis, W. Scott. 
 
 33 Occurrences of opal in California. Rocks and Minerals 8, No 1 :3(;-37 
 
 (1933) 
 
 LiNDGREN, WaLDEMAR. 
 
 87 The silver mines of Calico, California. Am I M Eng, Tr 15:717-734 
 
 (1887) 
 
 88 Contributions to the mineralogy of the Pacific coast. Cal Ac Sc, Pr (2) 
 
 1:1-6 (1888) 
 
 93 The auriferous veins of Meadow Lake, California. Am J Sc (3) 
 
 46:201-206 (1893) 
 
 94 The gold-silver veins of Ophir, California. U S G S, An Rp 14. 
 
 pt 2:243-284 (1894) 
 
 96 The gold-quartz veins of Nevada City and Grass Valley districts, California. 
 
 U S G S, An Rp 17, pt 2:1-262 (1896) 
 
 Logan, C. A. 
 
 24 Notes on mining during the year 1923. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 20 :l-23 
 (1924) 
 
 Loudekback, George Davis. 
 
 07 Benitoite, a new California gem mineral with chemical analysis by Blasdale. 
 Cal Univ, Dp G, B 5:149-154 (1907) 
 
 09 Benitoite, its paragenesis and mode of occurrence, with chemical analyses 
 
 by Blasdale. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 5:331-380 (1909) 
 LouDERBACK, G. D. and Blasdale, W. C. 
 
 10 Ruby corundum from San Bernardino County, California. G Soc Am, 
 
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 Lyman, C. S. 
 
 48 Mines of cinnabar in Upper California. Am J Sc (2) 6:270-271 (1848) 
 
 49 Platinum and diamonds in California. Am J Sc (2) 8:294 (1849) 
 Mansfiixd, G. R. and Boardman, L. 
 
 32 Nitrate depo.'^its of the United States. U S G S, B 838:23-30 (1932) 
 
 Mayo, Evans B. 
 
 32 Two new occurrences of piedomontite in California. Am Mineralogist 
 17:238-248 (1932) 
 
 34 Geology and mineral deposits of Laurel and Convict Basins, southwestern 
 
 Mono County, California. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 30:79-90 (1934) 
 
 McConnell, Duncan. 
 
 37 The substitution of SiO« — and SO* — groups for F0« — groups in the 
 apatite structure ; ellestadite, the end-member. Am Mineralogist 22 : 
 977-986 (1937) 
 
 MclNTOSH, Franklin G. 
 
 34 A trip to Death Valley. Min Soc S Cal 3, No 8:28 (1934) 
 
380 MINERALS OF CALIFOKNIA 
 
 Mexhase, John. 
 
 25 Andalusite in California (Inyo Range). Eng M J 120:91-94 (1925) 
 
 26 Mining bentonite in California. Eng M J 121:837-842 (1926) 
 
 34 A diversitj' of many fine minerals available in California for collectors. 
 
 Oregon Mineralogist 2, No 6:1-2, 4; No 7:7-8, 23 (1934) 
 
 35 Fluorescent minerals of California. The Mineralogist 3, No 1 :3-4, 38 
 
 (1935) 
 35a Some garnet localities of California. The Mineralogist 3 No 11 :7-8, 
 22-24 (1935) 
 
 36 A new occurrence of rare-earth minerals in California. The Mineralogist 
 
 4, No 1:11 (1936) 
 36a Industrial uses of non-metallic minerals. The MinenUogist 4, No 8 :7-8 
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 Melville, William Hablow. 
 
 90 Metacinnabarite from New Almaden, California. Am J Sc (3) 40:291-295 
 
 (1890) 
 92 Tourmaline from Nevada County, California. U S G S, B 90:39 (1892) 
 
 Melville, W. II. and Lindgren, W. 
 
 90 Contributions to the mineralogy of the Pacific Coast. U S G S, B 61 :40 pp 
 (1890) 
 
 Merriam, R. and Laudermilk, J. D. 
 
 36 Two diopsides from southern California. Am Mineralogist 21 :715-71S 
 (1936) 
 
 Merrill, George P. 
 
 89 On the San Emigdio meteorite. U S Nat Mus, Pr 11:161-167 (1889) 
 22 A meteoric iron from Owens Valley, California. Nat Ac Sc, Mem. Vol. 19, 
 4th mem: 7 pp (1922) 
 
 Miller, Franklin S. 
 
 35 Auorthite from California. Am Mineralogist 20:139-146 (1935) 
 
 Miller, William J. 
 
 31 Anorthosite in Los Angeles County, California. J G 39:331-344 (1931) 
 34 Geology of the western San Gabriel Mountains. Univ Cal at Los Angeles. 
 Pub. Math and Phys Sc 1 :1-114 (1934) 
 
 Miser, H. D. and Fairchild, J. G. 
 
 20 Hausmannite in the Batesville district, Arkansas. Wash Ac Sc, J 10 :l-8 
 (1920) 
 
 MoEHLMAN, R. S. and Gonyeb, F. A. 
 
 34 Monticellite from Crestmore, California. Am Mineralogist 19 :474-476 
 (1934) 
 
 Moore, Bernard N. 
 
 85 Some strontium deposits of southeastern California and western Arizona. 
 Am I M Eng, Tech Pub 599:24 pp (1935) 
 
 Moore, Gideon E. 
 
 70 Ueber das Vorkommen des amorphen Quecksilbersulfids in der Natur 
 Journ f prakt Chem 110:319-329 (1870) 
 
 Moore. G. E. and von Zepharovich, V. 
 
 85 Kallait pseudomorph nach Apatit aus Californien. Zs Kryst 10:240-251 
 (1885) 
 
 Moss, Frank A. 
 
 27 The geology of Carson Hill, Cal. Eng M J 124:1010-1012 (1927) 
 
 MiJLHEIMS, A. 
 
 88 Colemanit von Californien. Zs Kryst 14:230 (1888) 
 
 Murdoch, Joseph. 
 
 34 Amber in California. J G 42:309-310 (1934) 
 
BIBLIOGKAPUY 331 
 
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 36b Adamite from Chloride Cliff, California. Am Mineralogist 21 :8n-S13 
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 32 Geology of a part of the Panamint Kange, California. Cal St Mineralo- 
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 Noble, Levi F. 
 
 26 Note on a colemanite deposit near Shoshone, Cal., with a sketch of the 
 
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 Owen, David Dale. 
 
 52 Notice of a new mineral from California. Ac N Sc Phila, Pr 6 :108-109 
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 09 Note on crystal form of benitoite. Am J Sc (4) 27:398 (1909) 
 34 Contributions to crystallography: daudetite ; minasragrite ; samsonite ; 
 
 native selenium; indium. Am Mineralogist 19:194-205 (1934) 
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 32 The chemical nature of joaquinite. Am Mineralogist 17:308-312 (1932) 
 
 38 Antofagastite and bandylite, two new copper minerals from Chile. Am 
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 Patton, J. W. 
 
 34 Gems in California. Rocks and Minerals 9, No 8:110-117 (1934) 
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 Peck, Albert B. 
 
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 Prmberton, H., Jr. 
 
 91 Analysis of a chromite. Ch News 03:241-242 (1891) 
 
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 85 Crystallized tiemannitp and metacinnabarite. Am .7 Sc (3) 20:449-4.^>4 
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332 MINERALS OP CALIFORNIA 
 
 00 On tho chemical composition of sulpbohalite. Am J Sc (4) 0:425-428 
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 Penfield, S. L. and Fobd, W. E. 
 
 06 On stibiotantalite. Am J Sc (4) 22:61-77 (1906) 
 
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 224 (1905) 
 
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 96 On northupite; pirssonite, a new mineral; gaylussitc and hanksite from 
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 Pkescott, Basil. 
 
 08 Ilvaite from Shasta County, California. Am J Sc (4) 26:14-16 (1908) 
 OSa The occurrence and genesis of the magnetite ores of Shasta County, Cali- 
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 Preston, E. B. 
 
 90 Teiiama County. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 10:692-694 (1890) 
 
 PXJENELL, S. 
 
 78 On ionite, a new mineral. Am J Sc (3) 16:153-154 (1878) 
 
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 94 The geology of Angel Island. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 1:193-233 (1894) 
 
 95 On lawsonite, a new rock-forming mineral from the Tiburon Peninsula, 
 
 Marin County, California. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 1 :.301-312 (1895) 
 
 Raymond, Louis C. 
 
 35 Small native sulphur deposits associated with the gossans. M Metal 
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 Raymond, Rossiter W. 
 
 74 Mariposa County— Hite's Cave mine. Eng M J 18:52-53 (1874) 
 
 Reed, R. D. 
 
 26 Aragonite concretions from the Kettleman Hills, California. .1 G 34 : 
 
 829-833 (1926) 
 
 27 Phosphate beds in the Monterey shales. G Soc Am, B 28:195-196 (1927) 
 
 28 A siliceous shale formation from southern California. J G 30:342-361 
 
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 Keep. R. D and Balley, J. P. 
 
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 Reid, John A. 
 
 07 Some ore deposits in the Inyo Range, Cal. M Sc Press 95:80-82 (1907) 
 
 Richard, L. M. 
 
 22 Califurnian clays require special treatment to meet metallurgical demands. 
 Pacific M News 1, No 1 :13 (1922) 
 
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 95 Certain dissimilar occurrences of gold-bearing quartz. Colo Sc Soc, Pr 
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 RiES, H. 
 
 01 Note on the occurrence of allanite in the Yosemite Valley. Cal. N Y 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 
 
 Rogers, Austin Flint. 
 
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 10 Minerals from the pegmatite veins of Rincon, San Diego County, Cali- 
 
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 11a Eglestonite from San Mateo County, California. Am J Sc (4) 32:48-50 
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 15a Lawsonite from the Central Coast Ranges of California. Am J Sc (4) 
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 18a An American occurrence of periclase and its bearing on the origin and 
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 19 Colemanite pseudomorphous after inyoite from Death Valley, California. 
 
 Am Mineralogist 4:135-139 (1919) 
 19a An interesting occurrence of manganese minerals near San Jose, Cali- 
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 gist 8:138-140 (1923) 
 23a The crystallography of hydromagnesite. Am J Sc (5) 6:37-47 (1923) 
 
 24 Kempite, a new manganese mineral from California. Am J Sc (5) 8:145- 
 
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 26 Geology of Cormorant Island, Salton Sea, Imperial County, California. 
 G Soc Am, B 37:219 (1920) 
 
 28 Natural history of tlie silica minerals. (Presidential Address) Am Min- 
 
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 29 Periclase from Crestmoro near Riverside, California, with a list of min- 
 
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 31 Chromite in the dunite of nortlnvestern Siskiyou County, California. Pan 
 
 Am G 55:368-369 (1931) 
 
 31a Geological history of Lone Hill, Santa Clara County, California. G Soc 
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 31b Granite pegmatite from Salt Creek, Tulare County, California. Am 
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 31c Castanite, a ba^io ferric sulphate from Knoxville, California. Am Min- 
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 32 Euhedral gold crystals from Mariposa County, California. Am Mineral- 
 
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 32a Saubornite, a new barium silicate mineral from Mariposa County, Cali- 
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 33 Anauxite as a secondary mineral in some volcanic rocks of California 
 
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 35 Unique occurrence of vein quartz in IVlariposa County, California. G Soc 
 
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 •S.\: 111-114 (1938) 
 38a. Diadochite, a mineraloid from the New Idria mine, San Benito County, 
 
 California. Am Mineralogist 23 : (1938) 
 
334 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Rogers, A. F. and Reed, R. D. 
 
 20 Sand-calcite crystals from Monterey County, California. Am Mineralogist 
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 07 Zinuoberkristalle aus Sonoma County in Kalifornien ; Gips-und Kalks- 
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 31 Feldspar, silica, andalusite, and cyanite deposits of California. Cal St 
 
 Mineralogist's Rp 27:407-458 (1931) 
 
 Schaiker, J. F. and Lawson, C. C. 
 
 24 Copiapite from the Santa Maria Mountains, eastern Riverside County, 
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 SCHAXLEE, WaZDEMAR THEODORE. 
 
 03 Minerals from Leona Heights, Alameda County, California. Cal Univ, 
 
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 03a Spodumene from San Diego County, California. Cal Univ, Dp G, B 
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 11a Bismuth ochers from San Diego County, California. Am Chem Soc, 
 
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 16a Cassiterite in San Diego County, California. U S G S, B 620:350-354 
 
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 27 Kernite, a new sodium borate. Am Mineralogist 12:24-25 (1927) 
 
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 13:230-232 (1928) 
 30 Borate minerals from the Kramer district, ]\[ohave Desert, California. 
 
 U S G S, PP 158-1 :137-170 (1930) 
 
 32 Chemical composition of cuprotungstite. Am Mineralogist 17:234-237 
 
 (1932) 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 335 
 
 35 Monticellite from San Bernardino County, California, and the monticellite 
 series. Am Mineralogist 20:815-827 (1935) 
 
 ScHATLER, W. T. and Faibchiu), J. G. 
 
 32 Bavenite, a beryllium mineral, pseudomoriihous after beryl, from Califor- 
 
 nia. Am Mineralogist 17 :-109-422 (1932) 
 
 ScHALLER, W. T. and Hiixebrand, W. F. 
 
 04 Crystallograpbieal and ehemical notes on lawsonite. Am J Sc (4) 17:195- 
 197 (1904) 
 
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 20a Analyses and optical properties of amesite and corundophilite from 
 
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 29 Miargyrite silver ore from the Randsburg district, California. U S Nat 
 
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 78 Tincalconite (Borax). Soc Miner France, B 1:144 (1878) 
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 85 On meteoric iron from Trinity County, California. Am J Sc (3) 29:469 
 
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 33 A chemical and optical study of piedmontite from Shadow Lake, Madera 
 
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 50 Violarite and other rare nickel sulfides. Am Mineralogist 15:1-22 (1930) 
 
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 67 Notes on the Grass Valley gold mining district, Cal. Am J Sc (2) 44:23&- 
 
 244 (1807) 
 
 67a Notice of a peculiar mode of the occurrence of gold and silver in the foot- 
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 67b Notice of new localities of diamonds in California. Cal Ac N Sc, 
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 68 Note on three new localities of tellurium minerals in California and 
 
 on some mineralogical features of the Mother vein. Cal Ac N Sc, 
 Pr 3:378-382 (1868) 
 68a On the occurrence of glauberite at Borax Lake. California. Cal Ac N Sc 
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336 MINERALS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 73b Mineralogical notes on Utah, California and Nevada, with a description of 
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 35 Piedmontite from Los Angeles County, California. Am Mineralogist 
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 Simpson, Edward C. 
 
 34 Geology and niiueral deposits of the Elizabeth Lake (luadranKlo, California. 
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 SONNENSCHEIN, F. 
 
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 04 Tourmaline from San Diego County, California. Am J Sc (4) 17:459-465 
 
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 Stetefeldt, C. a. 
 
 65 Vorkommen von Tellurgold und Tellursilber in Californien. Berg- u 
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 Storms, William H. 
 
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 Mineralogist's Rp 11:243-248. 337-369, 376-393 (1893) 
 13 Geology of the Woody copper district. California. Eng M J 96:635 (1913) 
 
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 SuKii. Gordon. 
 
 05 Tungsten at Victorville. Am M Rev 24:8-9 (July 11, 1908) 
 
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 (1911) 
 13 Lapis lazuli in southern California. M World 39:1153-1154 (1913) 
 
 Switzer, George. 
 
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P.11'.M(u;i;ai'IIY 337 
 
 TuCKEi!. W. 15. and SA^rpsoN, 11. J. 
 
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 (1899) 
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 74:547-548 (1902) 
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 VOM JvATJl, GkHUAKU. 
 
 87 Ueber Glauberit and Hanksit von San Bernardino County; Niederrhein 
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 36 Borax Lake, California. Cal St Mineralogist's Bp 32:99-108 (1930) 
 
 Waki), Henry A. 
 
 01 The Canyon City meleorile from Trinily Counly, California. Am J Sc 
 (4) 17:383-384 (1904) 
 
 Waking, Gerald Ashley. 
 
 05 Quartz from San l)icp> County, California. Am J Sc (4) 20:125-127 
 
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 05a The pegmatite veins of Pala, San Diego County, California. Am G 
 35:356-369 (1905) 
 
 Warner, Thob. 
 
 20 Silver discovery in Saline Valley, Inyo County, California. Eng M J 
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 \\i;i!I!, BOBERT W. 
 
 35 Tetradymite from Inyo Mountains, California. Am Mineralogist 20: 
 399-400 (1935) 
 
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338 MINKKWIiS OV CATilFORNIA 
 
 WkEKS, FkKD BOUGIITON. 
 
 15 The Minaret irou deposit (Madera Coiiuty, Cal.). Cal St Mineralogist's 
 
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 25 Possibilities of the Calico mining district (San Bernardino Co., Cal.). 
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 37 Analyses of rocks and minerals from the laboratory of the United States 
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 28 New attempt to develop Temescal tin deposit in southern California. Eng 
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 16 Notes on alunite, psilomelanite and titanite. U S Nat Mns, Pr 51:81-88 
 
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 87 Analyses of some natural borates and borosilicates. Am J Se (3j 
 
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 90 Analyses of six new meteorites. U S G S, B 60:103-114 (1890) 
 
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 88 Mono County. Cal St Mineralogist's Rp 8:352-401 (1888) 
 
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 30 Crystalline talc. Operations in California of the Pacific Coast Talc Co. 
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 83 Nitrate of soda. U S G S, Min Res 599-600 (1883) 
 
 Williams, Howel, 
 
 32 Geology of the Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. Cal Univ, 
 
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 34 Mount Shasta, California. Zs Vulkan 15:225-253 (1934) 
 
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 30 Dumortierite from Imperial County, California. Am Mineralogist 15:188- 
 193 (1930) 
 
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 24 The Catalina metamorphic facies of the Franciscan series. Cal Univ, 
 
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 Woodford, A. O. and IIarriss, T. F. 
 
 28 Geology of Blackhawk (Janyon, San Bernardino Mountains, California. 
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 36 Change them every 10,000 miles. The Mineralogist 4, No 3:3-4. 37-38 
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 30 Curtisitc, a new organic mineral from Skaggs Springs, Sonoma County, 
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 26 Mining tungsten at Pine Creek. Eng M J 121:605-606 (1926) 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Afinile 271 
 
 Actinolite 258 
 
 Adamite 212 
 
 Atlularia 223 
 
 Aegirite 271 
 
 Agalmatolite 251 
 
 Agate 95 
 
 Alabandite 46-47 
 
 Alabaster 180 
 
 Albite 223, 224 
 
 Allanite 301-302 
 
 Allopbane 237 
 
 Almandite 290 
 
 Altaite 46 
 
 Ahinite 195-196 
 
 Alunogen 191-192 
 
 Amber 221 
 
 Amblygonite 211-212 
 
 Amethyst 92 
 
 Ammonia alum 190 
 
 Amphibole 258-262 
 
 Amphibole group 257-265 
 
 Analcime ^ 233-234 
 
 Analcite 233-234 
 
 Anapaite 213 
 
 Anatase 125 
 
 Anauxite 235 
 
 Andalusite 30G-30T 
 
 Andesine 223, 224 
 
 Andradite 290 
 
 Anglesite 175-176 
 
 Anhydrite 176-177 
 
 Anhydrous bromides 86-90 
 
 Anhydrous carbonates 136—152 
 
 Anhydrous chlorides 86-90 
 
 Anhydrous fluorides 86—90 
 
 Page 
 
 Auh>'drous oxides 92—107 
 
 Anhydrous sulphates 170-177 
 
 Ankorite 147 
 
 Annabei-gite 215 
 
 Anorthite 223, 225 
 
 Anthophyllite 257 
 
 Antimonates 205-219 
 
 Antimonite 37-39 
 
 Antimony 21 
 
 Apatite 207-208 
 
 Apatite group 207-210 
 
 Aphthitalite 171 
 
 Aplome 290 
 
 Apophyllite 244-245 
 
 Aquamarine 284 
 
 Aragonite 148-149 
 
 Aragonlte group 148-151 
 
 Aragotite 220 
 
 Arcanite 171 
 
 Argentite 47 
 
 Arsenates 205-219 
 
 Arsenic 20 
 
 Arsenides of the metals 43—77 
 
 Arseniosiderite 213 
 
 Arsenolite 102 
 
 Arsenopyrite 73—75 
 
 Asbestos 258 
 
 Asbolite 132 
 
 Atacamite 91 
 
 Augelite 218 
 
 Augite 269 
 
 Aurichalcite 155—156 
 
 Autunile 218 
 
 Awaruite 35 
 
 Axinite 305-306 
 
 Azurite 154-155 
 
 B 
 
 Eakerite 1( 
 
 Barite 172-1'; 
 
 Barkevikite 2( 
 
 Basic sulphates 178-11 
 
 Bauxite i: 
 
 Bavenite 2! 
 
 Beidellite 237-2J 
 
 Bementite 2-: 
 
 Benitoite 
 
 Bentonite 
 
 Berthierite 
 
 Beryl 283-25 
 
 Bieberite 1{ 
 
 Bindheimlte 218-21 
 
 Biotite ; 254-2E 
 
 Bismitc 1( 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 Tiismuth gold 
 
 Bismuthinite 
 
 Bismuth ocher 1( 
 
 Bismutite If 
 
 BismutosphSrite IE 
 
 6^ 
 
 Black jack 
 
 52-54 
 
 75 
 
 Black lead 
 
 _ _17-18 
 
 63 
 
 Blodite 
 
 188 
 
 7«t 
 
 Bloodstone - _ 
 
 95 
 
 31 
 
 Blue vitriol _ _ 
 
 __ 188 
 
 SO 
 
 Boothlte 
 
 __ 187 
 
 38 
 
 Borates 
 
 161-167 
 
 44 
 
 Borax 
 
 165-166 
 
 SO 
 
 Bornite 
 
 65-66 
 
 3S 
 
 Bort _ - 
 
 __ 15 
 
 79 
 
 Botryogen 
 
 195 
 
 84 
 
 Bournonite 
 
 _ 80 
 
 87 
 19 
 
 Boussingaultite 
 
 Braunite 
 
 189 
 
 123 
 
 55 
 03 
 
 Brittle micas 
 
 Brittle silver ore __ - 
 
 249-251 
 
 83 
 
 22 
 
 •m; 
 
 Brochantite _; 
 
 Bronzite - _ _ 
 
 178-179 
 
 267 
 
 39 
 
 Brookito __ 
 
 _ 125 
 
 03 
 60 
 
 Brown hematite 
 
 Brucile __ _ 
 
 129-130 
 
 _- _ _-_ 131 
 
 51 
 
 Burkeite 
 
 177 
 
 ( 339 ) 
 
INDEX 
 
 340 
 
 I'ACK 
 
 Cairnsonn slnne 01! 
 
 Calamine 285 
 
 Calaverite 77 
 
 Calciovolborlhite 2t:J 
 
 Calcitc l.ir,-l 10 
 
 Calcite sroup 13G-14S 
 
 Caledonite 179 
 
 California iris 271 
 
 Californite 295 
 
 Calomel 80 
 
 Camsellite Ici 
 
 Carbonado 15 
 
 Carbonates i:!G-ir)0 
 
 Carnelian 95 
 
 Cassiterite 12" 
 
 Castanite 194 
 
 Catalinite 96 
 
 Celadonite 243 
 
 Celestite 175 
 
 Celsian 223 
 
 Centrallasite 243 
 
 Cerarg-yrite 88-89 
 
 Cerusite 150-151 
 
 Cervantite 103 
 
 Chabazite 231 
 
 Chalcanthite ISS 
 
 Chalcedony 95-97 
 
 Chalcocite 49-51 
 
 Chalcodite 249 
 
 Chalcopyr ite fl r,-7 1 
 
 Chalcotrichitc 104 
 
 Chiastolite 307 
 
 Chili saltpeter 108 
 
 Chlorites 2 45-2 49 
 
 Chloritoid 250 
 
 Chloromagnesite 90 
 
 Chloropal 237 
 
 Chondroite 289 
 
 Cliromates 198 
 
 Chromite 117-121 
 
 Chry.soberyl 122 
 
 Chrysoculla 278-279 
 
 Page 
 Chi-yHolilo 28G 
 
 Chrysopal 99 
 
 Clirysoi)rase 95 
 
 Chrysotile 265 
 
 Cinnabar 57-61 
 
 Claudetile 102 
 
 Clinochlore 246-2 47 
 
 Clinoptilolitc 230 
 
 Clinozoisite 298 
 
 Cobalt bloom 214-215 
 
 Cohaltite 72 
 
 Colenianite 162-104 
 
 Collopliano 208 
 
 Coloradoite 56 
 
 Colnmbite 203 
 
 Common opal : 99 
 
 Common quartz 92 
 
 Common salt 86-87 
 
 Cookeite 256-257 
 
 Copiapite 193 
 
 Copper 28-29 
 
 Copperas 185-186 
 
 Copper g-lance 4 9-51 
 
 Copper pyrites 66-71 
 
 Coquimbite 191 
 
 Cordierite 234 
 
 Corundum 107-108 
 
 Covollite 64-65 
 
 Crednerite 122 
 
 Crestmoreite 278 
 
 Cristobalito 98-99 
 
 Crocidolite 263 
 
 Crocoite 198 
 
 Crossite 263 
 
 Cubanite 52 
 
 Cumminstniiitp 258 
 
 Cujn-ite 104-106 
 
 Cuprodescloizite 212 
 
 Cuprotun.Rstite 202 
 
 Curtisite 220-221 
 
 Custerite 243 
 
 Dahllite 208 
 
 Danaite 73 
 
 Darapskite 109 
 
 Dark ruby silver ore 80-81 
 
 Datolite 304 
 
 Dawsonite 150 
 
 Descloizite 212 
 
 Deweylite 242 
 
 Diadochite 210 
 
 Diallag-e 209 
 
 Diamond 15 
 
 Diaspore 127 
 
 Diaspore group 1 27—135 
 
 Diatomaceous earth 99 
 
 Diopside 269 
 
 Disthene 308 
 
 Dolomite 146-147 
 
 Dufrenoysite 80 
 
 Dumortierite 310 
 
 Durdenite 197 
 
 Edenite 258 
 
 Eglestonite 91 
 
 El Doradnile 93 
 
 Electrum 26 
 
 Ellestadite 209 
 
 Embolite 89 
 
 Emerald 284 
 
 Enargitc Sl-85 
 
 Enstatite 267-268 
 
 Bpidote 29 8-301 
 
 Epidote group 297-302 
 
 Epsomite 184-185 
 
 Epsom salt 184-185 
 
 Erubescite 65 
 
 P^rythrite 214-215 
 
 Essonite 289 
 
341 
 
 INDEX 
 
 PAi!!; 
 
 Fayalite 287-288 
 
 Feldspars 222-229 
 
 Ferrimolybdite 199 
 
 Fibroferrite 194 
 
 Fibrolite 308 
 
 Fire opal 99 
 
 Page 
 Flint 95 
 
 Flos-ferri 148 
 
 Fluorite 89-90 
 
 Foshagite 277 
 
 Freibergite 82 
 
 Fuchsite 251 
 
 Galena 43-40 
 
 Ganophyllite 257 
 
 Garnet 
 
 roup 289-297 
 
 Garnierite 242 
 
 Gay-Lus:site 157-158 
 
 Gehlenite 2 84-285 
 
 Geocronite 84 
 
 Geyserite 99 
 
 Gillespite 245 
 
 Glaserite 171 
 
 Glauberite 172 
 
 Glauber salt 180 
 
 Glauconite 256 
 
 Glaucophane 263-263 
 
 Goethite 128 
 
 Gold 22-26 
 
 Gold amalgam 26 
 
 Goimardite 232 
 
 Goslarite 185 
 
 Graphic tellurium 76 
 
 Graphite 17 
 
 Gray copper ore 82-83 
 
 Greenockite 61 
 
 Griffithite 248 
 
 Grossularite 289 
 
 Gypsite 180 
 
 Gypsum 180-184 
 
 Gyrolite 243 
 
 H 
 
 Halite 86-87 
 
 Halloysite 236-237 
 
 Halloids 86-91 
 
 Halotrirhite 191 
 
 Hanksite 178 
 
 Hausniannite 122 
 
 Heavy spar 172-175 
 
 Hedenbergite 269 
 
 Heliotrope 95 
 
 Hematite 108 
 
 Hematite group 107-112 
 
 Heinimorphite 285 
 
 Itessite 48 
 
 Heulandite 230 
 
 Hiddenite 271 
 
 Hornblende 258 
 
 Horn silver 88-SO 
 
 Howlite 162 
 
 Hureaulitc 217 
 
 Hyacinth 289 
 
 Hyalite 99 
 
 Hydroboracitc 167 
 
 Hydrocarbons 220—221 
 
 Hydromagnesite 15S-159 
 
 Hydrous carbonates 152-160 
 
 Hydrous oxides 125-127 
 
 Hydrous sulphates lSO-190 
 
 Hydrozincite 156 
 
 Hypersthene 268 
 
 I 
 
 Iceland spar 136 
 
 Iddingsite 248 
 
 Idocrase 295-297 
 
 Ilmeuite 111-112 
 
 Ilsemannite 103 
 
 Ilvaite 300 
 
 Inesite 276-277 
 
 Infusorial earth 99 
 
 Inyoite 164 
 
 lonite 221 
 
 Iridosmine 33—34 
 
 Iron 34 
 
 Iron alum 191 
 
 Iron pyrites 71-72 
 
 Jamesonite 79-80 
 
 Jarosite 196 
 
 Jasper 95 
 
 Jefferisite 247 
 
 Joaquinite 276 
 
 Jurupaite 277 
 
 K 
 
 Kammererite 246 
 
 Kaolinite 235-236 
 
 Kataphorite 26is 
 
 Keiiipite 91 
 
 Koriuesite 78 
 
 Kernite 165 
 
 Kinradite 96 
 
 Knoxvillite 194 
 
 TCotschubeite 246 
 
 Krainerite 166 
 
 Krauslte 192 
 
 KuMzite 271 
 
 Kyanite 308 
 
INDEX 
 
 342 
 
 Page 
 
 Labradorite 223, 224 
 
 Lapis-lazuli 229 
 
 Laumontite 234 
 
 Lawsonite 285 
 
 Lazulite 212-213 
 
 T^azurite 229 
 
 I^ead 30-31 
 
 Leadhillite 177 
 
 Lepidolite 255 
 
 Limestone 136 
 
 Limonite 1 29-130 
 
 Page 
 
 Linai'ite 179 
 
 Liiroconite 218 
 
 Lltharg-e 106 
 
 Lithia mica 255 
 
 Litliiophilite 206 
 
 Lithographic .stone 136 
 
 Litliomarge 236 
 
 Lodestone 114 
 
 Lollingite 73 
 
 Ludwigite 161 
 
 M 
 
 Magnesia alum 190 
 
 Magnesite 140-143 
 
 Magnetic pyrites fi2-63 
 
 Magnetite 114-117 
 
 Malachite 152-154 
 
 Manganite 128-129 
 
 Manganocalcite 130 
 
 Marble 136 
 
 Marcasite 73 
 
 Margarite 249 
 
 Marialite 229 
 
 Mariposite 252-253 
 
 Marmolite 205 
 
 Martite 108 
 
 Mascagnite 170 
 
 Massicot 106 
 
 Meerchaum 241-242 
 
 Meionite 229 
 
 Melaconite 100-107 
 
 Melanterite IS 5-18 6 
 
 Meionite 76 
 
 Menaccanite 111-112 
 
 Mendozite 190 
 
 Mercury 30 
 
 Merwinite 2 88-289 
 
 Mesolite 233 
 
 Metacinnabar 55-56 
 
 Metals 22-35 
 
 Metavoltine 192 
 
 Meyerhofferite 164 
 
 Miargyrite 79 
 
 Micas 251-257 
 
 Microcline 223, 224 
 
 Microlite 203 
 
 Milk opal 100 
 
 Millerite 01-62 
 
 Mimetite 210 
 
 Minium 122 
 
 Mirabilite 180 
 
 Mohavlte 165 
 
 Molybdates 198-199 
 
 Molybdenite 40-42 
 
 Molybdite 199 
 
 Monazite 205-206 
 
 Monticellite 288 
 
 Montmnrillonite 238 
 
 Montroydite 107 
 
 Morenosite 185 
 
 Morganite 284 
 
 Moss opal 99 
 
 Mountain cork 258 
 
 Mountain leather 258 
 
 Muscovite 251-252 
 
 Myrickite 96 
 
 N 
 
 Nagyagite 77 
 
 Napalite 220 
 
 Native elements 15-35 
 
 Natrolite 232 
 
 Natron 157 
 
 Neotocite 242 
 
 Neptunite 275 
 
 Nesciuehonite 156 
 
 Nickel bloom 215 
 
 Niobates 203-204 
 
 Niter 168-169 
 
 Nitrates 16 8-169 
 
 Nitrocalcite 169 
 
 Non-metals 15-20 
 
 Nontronite 237 
 
 Northupite 151-152 
 
 Octahedrite 125 
 
 Okenite 245 
 
 Oligoclase 223, 224 
 
 Olivine 286-2 87 
 
 Olivine group 286-288 
 
 Omphacite 269 
 
 Onyx 95 
 
 Onyx marble 136 
 
 Opal 99-102 
 
 Orpiment 36 
 
 Orthite 301-302 
 
 Orthoclase 223 
 
 Otaylite 238 
 
 Ottrelite 250 
 
 Oxides 92-135 
 
 Oxychlorides 91 
 
 Oxysuiphides 78 
 
343 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 Palaite 213 
 
 Panderniite 165 
 
 Pargasite 258 
 
 Partzite 104 
 
 Peacock ore 65 
 
 Pectolite 275 
 
 Penniiiite 246 
 
 Pentlandite 57 
 
 Periclase 106 
 
 Peridot 286 
 
 Perthite 223 
 
 Petzite 49 
 
 Phillipsite 231 
 
 Phlogopite 255 
 
 Phosgenite 151 
 
 Phosphates 205-219 
 
 Pickeringite 190 
 
 Picotite 113 
 
 Picrolite 265 
 
 Piedmoiitite 301 
 
 Pirssonite 157 
 
 Pisanite 186-187 
 
 Pitchblende 202 
 
 Pitticite 219 
 
 Platiniridium 33 
 
 Platinum 31-33 
 
 Plazolite 294-295 
 
 Pleonaste 113 
 
 Plumbago 17-18 
 
 Page 
 
 Plumbogummite 211 
 
 Pollucite 229 
 
 Polybasite 84 
 
 Posepnyte 221 
 
 Potash alum 189-190 
 
 Potash mica 251 
 
 Powellite 198 
 
 Prase 95 
 
 Prase opal 99 
 
 Prehnite 250-251 
 
 Priceite 165 
 
 Probertite - 166 
 
 Prochlorite 247 
 
 Proustite S 
 
 Psilomelane 132-135 
 
 Pucherite 206 
 
 Pumpellyite 302 
 
 Purpurite 216 
 
 Pyrargyrite 80-81 
 
 Pyrite 71-72 
 
 Pyrochlore 203 
 
 Pyrochroite 132 
 
 Pyrolusite 125-127 
 
 Pyromorphite 209 
 
 Pyrope 290 
 
 Pyrophyllite 235 
 
 Pyroxene 269-271 
 
 Pyroxene group 267-273 
 
 Pyrrhotite 62-63 
 
 Quartz 92-95 I Quicksilver 
 
 30 
 
 Rasorite 165 | Riebeckite 263 
 
 Realgar -_ 36 , Riversideite 277 
 
 Red copper ore 104— 106 Rock crystal 92 
 
 Redingtonite 195! Rock salt 86-87 
 
 Red lead 122 
 
 Red ocher 108-111 
 
 Redruthite 49-51 
 
 Resin opal '. 100 
 
 Rhodochrosite 144-145 
 
 Rhodonite 272-273 Rutile 
 
 Romerite 193 
 
 Roscoelite 253 
 
 Rose quartz 93 
 
 Rubellite 281 
 
 Ruby silver ore 81 
 
 .124-125 
 
 Sal aiiunoniac 87-88 
 
 Salmonsite 217 
 
 Saltpeter 168-169 
 
 Sanbornite 245 
 
 Saponite 248 
 
 Sard 95 
 
 Sardonyx 95 
 
 Satin spar 180 
 
 Saussurite 297 
 
 Scapolite 229 
 
 Schairerite 177 
 
 Scheelite 200-202 
 
 Scolecite 233 
 
 Scorodite 215-216 
 
 Searlesite 279 
 
 Selenides of the metals 43-77 
 
 Selenite 180 
 
 Semi-metals 20-22 
 
 Sepiolite 241-242 
 
 ',Sericite 251 
 
 Serpentine 265-267 
 
 Sicklerite 216 
 
 Siderite 144 
 
 Silicates 222-311 
 
 Sillimanite 308 
 
 Silver 26-27 
 
 Siserkite 33 
 
 Snialtite 72-73 
 
 Smaragdite 258 
 
 Smithsonite ^ 145-146 
 
 Smoky quartz 93 
 
 Soapstone 239 
 
 Soda amphiboles 263-267 
 
 Soda Niter 168 
 
 Souoniaite 190 
 
 Specular hematite 108 
 
 Spessartite 290 
 
 Sphalerite 52-54 
 
 Sphene 309-310 
 
 Spinel 113 
 
 Spinel group 113-125 
 
 j Spodumene 271-272 
 
 Spurrite 311 
 
 Staurolite 309 
 
 Stephanite 83 
 
 Stetefeldite 104 
 
 Stewartite 214 
 
 Stibiconlte 104 
 
INDEX 
 
 344 
 
 Pagf. 
 
 Stibiutantalite 204 
 
 Stibnite 37-39 
 
 Stilbite 230-231 
 
 Stilpnomelane 249 
 
 Stream tin 123 
 
 Strengite 216 
 
 Stromeyerite 51-52 
 
 Strontianite 149 
 
 Stylotypite 82 
 
 Page 
 
 Sulphates 170-197 
 
 Siilphatf'S with other acid 
 
 constituents 177-17S 
 
 Sulphides of the metals 43-77 
 
 Sulphides of the semi-metals 36-42 
 
 Sulphohalite 177-178 
 
 Sulphosalts 79-85 
 
 Sulphur 19 
 
 Sylvanite 76 
 
 Talc ' 239-241 
 
 Tantalates 203-204 
 
 Tantalite 203 
 
 Teepleite 167 
 
 Tellurites 197 
 
 Tellurides of the metals 43-77 
 
 Tellurides of the semi-metals 30-42 
 
 Tellurium 21 
 
 Tennantite 82 
 
 Tenorite 106-107 
 
 Tophroite 288 
 
 Tetradymite ^_39-40 
 
 Tetrahedrite S2-S3 
 
 Thaumasite 311 
 
 Thenardite 170-171 
 
 Thermonatrite ino 
 
 Thetis hairstone 93 
 
 Thinolite 138 
 
 Thomsonite -- 231 
 
 Thulite 297 
 
 Tieniannite 56 
 
 Tilleyite 311 
 
 Tincalconite 165 
 
 Tin stone 123 
 
 Titaiilte 309-310 
 
 Topaz 305 
 
 Topazolite 290 
 
 Tourmaline 280-283 
 
 Travertine 136 
 
 Tremolite 25S 
 
 Tridymite 98 
 
 Triphylite 206 
 
 Triplile 210 
 
 Troilite 64 
 
 Trona 158 
 
 Tsehermigite 190 
 
 Tungstates 1 99-202 
 
 Turqudis 217 
 
 Tychite 152 
 
 U 
 Ulexite 166-167 ' Uraninite 202 
 
 Uraconite 196 
 
 Uralite 258 
 
 Uranates 202 
 
 Urao 158 
 
 Uvarovite _- 290 
 
 Valencianite 223|Violan 269 
 
 Valentinite 1 02-1 03 , Violarite 66 
 
 Vanadates 205-219 Violite 97 
 
 Vanadinite 210 j Vivianite 214 
 
 Vanadium mica 253 Voelckerite 207 
 
 Variscite 21 6 , Volborthite 217-218 
 
 Veatchite 160, 162 Voltaite 192 
 
 Velardenite 285 | A'nnsonite 161 
 
 Vesuvianite 295-297 
 
 W 
 
 Wad i:!2 
 
 AVernerite 22!i 
 
 Wliite arsenic 102 
 
 White lead ore 150 
 
 Wilkeite 208-209 
 
 Willemite 289 
 
 Williamsite 265 
 
 AV'idicrite 150 
 
 Wolframite 199-200 
 
 Wollastonite 273-274 
 
 Woodliouseite 211 
 
 AV'ood opal 99 
 
 Wulfenite 198-199 
 
 Xanthochroite OllXenotime 
 
 Xanlliophyllite 249-250 ! Xonotlite 
 
 205 
 276 
 
 Zaratite 159-160 
 
 Zeolites 230-233 
 
 Zincblende 52-54 
 
 Zircon 302-304 
 
 Zolsite 297-298 
 
 51440 3-38 3M 
 
DIVISION OF MINES PUBLICATIONS 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIVISION OF MINES 
 
 During the past fifty-six years, in carrying out the provisions of 
 the organic act creating the former California State Mining Bureau, 
 there have been published many reports, bulletins and maps which go 
 to make up a library of detailed information on the mineral industry 
 of the State, a large part of vt'hich could not be duplicated from any 
 other source. 
 
 One feature that has added to the popularity of the publications is 
 that many of them have been distributed without cost to the public, 
 and even the more elaborate ones have been sold at a price which 
 barely covers the cost of printing. 
 
 Owing to the fact that funds for the advancing of the work of 
 this department have usuallj^ been limited, the reports and bulletins 
 mentioned are printed in limited editions many of which are now 
 entirely exhausted. 
 
 Copies of such publications are available for reference, however, in 
 the offices of the Division of Mines, in the Ferry Building, San Fran- 
 cisco ; State Building, Los Angeles ; State Office Building, Sacramento ; 
 Redding; and Division of Oil and Gas at Santa Barbara, Taft, Bakers- 
 field, Coalinga. They may also be found in many public, private and 
 technical libraries in California and other states and foreign countries. 
 
 A catalog of all publications from 1880 to 1917, giving a synopsis 
 of their contents, is issued as Bulletin No. 77. 
 
 Publications in stock may be obtained postpaid by addressing any 
 of the above offices and enclosing the requisite amount in the case of 
 publications that have a list price. Only coin, stamps or money orders 
 should be sent, and it will be appreciated if remittance is made in 
 this manner rather than by personal check. 
 
 Money orders should be made payable to the Division of Mines. 
 
 Note. — The Division of Mines frequently receives requests for some of the early 
 Reports and Bulletins now out of print, and it will be appreciated if parties having 
 such publications and wisliing to dispose of them will advise this office. 
 
11 REPORT OF STATE MINERALOOIST 
 
 REPORTS 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 **Flrst Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1880, 43 pp. Henry 
 
 G. Hanks 
 
 **Second Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1882, 514 pp., 4 illustra- 
 tions, 1 map. Henry G- Hanks 
 
 **Third Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1883, 111 pp., 21 illustra- 
 tions. Henry G. Hanks 
 
 **Fourth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1884, 410 pp., 7 illustra- 
 tions. Henry G. Hanks 
 
 **Fifth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1885, 234 pp., 15 illustra- 
 tions, 1 geological map. Henry G. Hanks 
 
 Sixth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, Part I, 1886, 145 pp., 3 
 
 illustrations, 1 map. Henry G. Hanks $0.70 
 
 Part II, 1887, 222 pp., 36 illustrations. William Irelan, Jr .70 
 
 **Seventh Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1887, 315 pp. William 
 
 Irelan, Jr. 
 
 **Eighth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1888, 948 pp., 122 illus- 
 trations. William Irelan, Jr 
 
 Ninth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1889, 352 pp., 57 illustra- 
 
 tions, 2 maps. William Irelan, Jr 1.15 
 
 **Tenth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1890, 983 pp., 179 illus- 
 trations, 10 maps. William Irelan, Jr 
 
 Eleventh Report (First Biennial) of the State Mineralogist, for the two 
 years ending September 15, 1892, 612 pp., 73 illustrations, 4 maps. 
 
 William Irelan, Jr 125 
 
 **Twelfth Report (Second Biennial) of the State Mineralogist, for the two 
 years ending September 15, 1894, 541 pp., 101 illustrations, 5 maps. 
 
 J. J. Crawford 
 
 ♦♦Thirteenth Report (Third Biennial) of the State Mineralogist, for the 
 two years ending September 15, 1896, 726 pp., 93 illustrations, 1 
 
 map. J. J. Crawford 
 
 Chapters of the State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial Period, 1913-1914, 
 Fletcher Hamilton : 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Amador, Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties, 
 
 172 pp., paper .60 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Marin, Napa, Solano, 
 
 Sonoma and Yolo Counties, 208 pp., paper .60 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino Coun- 
 ties, 59 pp., paper .35 
 
 ♦♦Mines and Mineral Resources, Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Mariposa, 
 
 Merced, San Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties, 220 pp., paper 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources of Imperial and San Diego Counties, 113 
 
 pp., paper -50 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Shasta, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties, 
 
 180 pp., paper .60 
 
 Fourteenth Report of the State Mineralogist, for the Biennial Period 1913- 
 
 1914, Fletcher Hamilton, 1915 : 
 A General report on the Mines and Mineral Resources of Amador, Cala- 
 veras, Tuolumne, Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Marin, Napa, Solano, 
 Sonoma, Yolo, Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, Fresno, Kern, 
 Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, San 
 Diego, Imperial, Shasta, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties, 974 pp., 275 
 
 illustrations, cloth 3.00 
 
 Chapters of the State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial Period, 1915-1916. 
 Fletcher Hamilton : 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Alpine, Inyo and Mono Counties, 176 pp., 
 
 paper •'^^ 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Sutter and Tehama 
 
 Counties, 91 pp., paper -55 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento and Yuba 
 
 Counties, 198 pp., paper .75 
 
DIVISION" OF MINES PUBLICATIONS II [ 
 
 REPORTS — Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 Mines and Mineral Rpsourccs, Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obisi)o, 
 
 Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties, 183 pp., paper $0.75 
 
 Mines and Mineral liesourees, Los Angeles, Orange and Riverside Coun- 
 ties, 136 pp., paper .60 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources, San Bernardino and Tulare Counties, 18lJ 
 
 pp., paper .75 
 
 **Fifteenth Report of the State Mineralogist, for the Biennial Period 1915- 
 1916, Fletcher Hamilton, 1917 : 
 A General Report on the Mines and Mineral Resources of Alpine, 
 Inyo, Mono, Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Sutter, Tehama, Placer, Sacra- 
 mento, Yuba, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Benito, San Luis 
 Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, San Bernardino and Tulare Coun- 
 ties, 990 pp., 413 illustrations, cloth 
 
 Chapters of the State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial Period, 1917-1918, 
 Fletcher Hamilton : 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources of Nevada County, 270 pp., paper .90 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources of Plumas County, 188 pp., paper .60 
 
 Mines and Mineral Resources of Sierra County, 144 pp., paper .60 
 
 Seventeenth Report of the State Mineralogist, 1920, 'Mining in California 
 
 during 1920,' Fletcher Hamilton ; 562 pp., 71 illustrations, cloth 2.00 
 
 Eighteenth Report of the State Mineralogist, 1922, 'Mining in California,' 
 Fletcher Hamilton. Chapters published monthly beginning with 
 January, 1922 : 
 ♦♦January, **February, March, April, **May, June, July, August, Sep- 
 tember, October, November, December, 1922 .30 
 
 Chapters of Nineteenth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- 
 fornia,' Fletcher Hamilton and Lloyd L. Root. January, February, 
 
 March, September, 1923 .30 
 
 Chapters of Twentieth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- 
 fornia,' Lloyd L. Root. Published quarterly. January, April, July, 
 
 October, 1924, per copy .30 
 
 Chapters of Twenty-first Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- 
 fornia,' Lloyd L. Root. Published quarterly : 
 January, 1925, Mines and Mineral Resources of Sacramento, Monterey 
 
 and Orange Counties .30 
 
 April, 1925, Mines and Mineral Resources of Calaveras, Merced, San 
 
 Joaquin, Stanislaus and Ventura Counties .30 
 
 July, 1925, Mines and Mineral Resources of Del Norte, Humboldt and 
 
 San Diego Counties .30 
 
 October, 1925, Mines and Mineral Resources of Siskiyou, San Luis Obisix) 
 
 and Santa Barbara Counties .30 
 
 Chapters of Twenty-second Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in 
 California', Lloyd L. Root. Published quarterly : 
 January, 1926, Mines and Mineral Resources of Trinity and Santa Cruz 
 
 Counties .30 
 
 April, 1926, Mines and Mineral Resources of Shasta, San Benito and 
 
 Imperial Counties .35 
 
 July, 1926, Mines and Mineral Resources of Marin and Sonoma Counties .30 
 ♦♦October, 1926, Mines and Mineral Resources of El Dorado and Inyo Coun- 
 ties, also report on Minaret District, Madera County 
 
 Chapters of Twent.v-third Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- 
 fornia,' Lloyd L. Root. Published quarterly : 
 January, 1927, Mines and Mineral Resources of Conti'a Costa County ; 
 
 Santa Catalina Island .35 
 
 April, 1927, Mines and Mineral Resources of Amador and Solano Counties .30 
 ♦♦July, 1927, Mines and Mineral Resources of Placer and Ix)s Angeles 
 
 Counties 
 
 October, 1927, Minos and Mineral Resources of Mono County .30 
 
 Chapters of Twenty-fourth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in 
 California,' Lloyd L. Root. Published quarterly : 
 January, 1928, Mines and Mineral Resources of Tuolumne Countv .30 
 
IV REPORT OF STATE MINERALOGIST 
 
 REPORTS— Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 April, 1928, Mines and Mineral Resources of Mariposa CJounty $0.30 
 
 July, 1928, Minos and Mineral Resources of Butte and Tehama Counties .80 
 
 October, 1928, Mines and Mineral Resources of Plumas and Madera 
 
 Counties .30 
 
 Chapters of Twenty-fifth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- 
 fornia,' Walter W. Bradley. Published quarterly : 
 
 January, 1929, Mines and Mineral Resources of Lassen, Modoc and Kern 
 
 Counties; also on Special Placer Machines .35 
 
 April, 1929, Mines and Mineral Resources of Sierra, Napa, San Fran- 
 cisco and San Mateo Counties .35 
 
 July, 1929, Mines and Mineral Resources of Colusa, Fresno and Lake 
 
 Counties .35 
 
 October, 1929, Mines and Mineral Resources of Glenn, Alameda, Mendo- 
 cino and Riverside Counties .35 
 
 Chapters of Twenty-sixth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- 
 fornia,' Walter W. Bradley. Published quartei-ly : 
 
 January, 1930, Mines and Mineral Resources of Santa Clara County ; 
 
 also Barite in California .30 
 
 **April, 1930, Mines and Mineral Resources of Nevada County : also Min- 
 eral Paint Materials in California 
 
 July, 1930, Mines and Mineral Resources of Yuba and San Bernardino 
 
 Counties; also Commercial Grinding Plants in California .35 
 
 October, 1930, Mines and Mineral Resources of Butte, Kings and Tulare 
 
 Counties; also Geology of Southwestern Mono County (Preliminary) .35 
 Chapters of Twenty-seventh Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in 
 
 California,' Walter W. Bradlley. Published quarterly : " 
 
 January, 1931, Preliminary Report of Economic Geology of the Shasta 
 Quadrangle. Beryllium and Beryl. The New Tariff and Nonmetallic 
 Products. Crystalline Talc. Decorative Effects in Concrete .35 
 
 April, 1931, Stratigraphy of the Kreyenhagen Shale. Diatoms and Sili- 
 coflagellates of the Kreyenhagen Shale. Foraminifera of the Kreyen- 
 hagen Shale. Geology of Santa Cruz Island .35 
 
 '''*July, 1931. (Yuba, San Bernardino.) Feldspar, Silica, Andalusite and 
 Cyanite Deposits of California. Note on a Deposit of Andalusite in 
 Mono County ; its occurrence and chemical importance. Bill creating 
 Trinity and Klamath River Fish and Game District and its effect 
 upon mining 
 
 October, 1931. (Alpine.) Geology of the San Jacinto Quadrangle south 
 of San Gorgonio Pass, California. Notes on Mining Activities in 
 
 Inyo and Mono Counties in July, 1931 .30 
 
 Chapters of Twenty-eighth Report of the State Mineralogist, 'Mining in Cali- 
 fornia,' Walter W. Bradley. Published quarterly : 
 
 January, 1932, Economic Mineral Deposits of the San Jacinto Quad- 
 rangle. Geology and Physical Properties of Building Stone from Car- 
 mel Valley. Contributions to the Study of Sediments. Sediments of 
 Monterey Bay. Sanbornite .35 
 
 April, 1932. Elementary Placer Mining Methods and Gold Saving Devices. 
 The Pan, Rocker and Sluice Box. Prospecting for Vein Deposits. 
 Bibliography of Placer Mining .35 
 
 Abstract from April quarterly : Elementary Placer Mining Methods and 
 Gold Saving Devices. Types of Deposits, Simple Equipment. Special 
 Machines. Dry Washing. Black Sand Treatment. Marketing of 
 Products. Placer Mining Areas. LaAvs. Prospecting for Quartz 
 Veins. Bibliography (mimeographed) .25 
 
 July-October. (Ventura.) Report accompanying Geologic Map of North- 
 ern Sierra Nevada. Fossil Plants in Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra 
 Nevada. Glacial and Associated Stream Deposits of the Sierra 
 Nevada. Jurassic and Cretaceous Divisions in the Knoxville-Shasta 
 Succession of California. Geology of a Part of the Panamint Range. 
 Economic Report of a Part of the Panamint Range. Acquiring Min- 
 ing Claims Through Tax Title. The Biennial Report, of State Min- 
 eralogist .65 
 
DIVISIOX OP MINES PUBLICATIONS V 
 
 REPORTS— Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 Chapters of Report XXIX, 1933 (quarterly : titled 'California Journal of 
 Mines and Geology,' containing the following: 
 
 January-April. Gold Deposits of the Redding and Weaverville Quad- 
 rangles. Geologic Formations of the Redding-AVeaverville District, 
 Northern California. Geology of Portions of Del Norte and Siskiyou 
 Counties. Applications of Geology to Civil Engineering. The Lakes 
 of California. Discovery of Piedmontite in the Sierra Nevada. Trac- 
 ing 'Buried River' Channel Deposits by Geomagnetic Methods. Geol- 
 ogic Map of Redding- Weaverville District, showing gold mines and 
 prospects. Geologic Map showing various mines and prospects of part 
 of Del Norte and Siskiyou Counties $0.90 
 
 July-October. Gold Resources of Kern County. Limestone Deposits of 
 the San Francisco Region. Limestone Weathering and Plant Asso- 
 ciations of the San Francisco Region. Booming. Death Valley 
 National Monument, California. Placer Mining Districts, Senate 
 
 Bill 480. Navigable Waters, Assembly Bill 1543 .90 
 
 Chapters of Report XXX, 1934 (quarterly) : titled 'California Journal of 
 Mines and Geology,' containing the following : 
 
 January. Resurrection of Early Surfaces in the Sierra Nevada. Geology 
 and Mineral Resources of Northeastern Madera County. Geology and 
 Mineral Deposits of Laurel and Convict Basins, Southwestern Mono 
 County. Notes on Sampling as Applied to Gold Quartz Deposits .50 
 
 April-July. Elementary Placer Mining in California and Notes on the 
 
 Milling of Gold Ores .90 
 
 October. Current Mining Developments in Northeini California. Current 
 Mining Activity in Southern California. Geology and Mineral 
 Resources of the Julian District, San Diego County. Geology and 
 Mineral Resources of Elizabeth Lake Quadrangle. Dry Placers of 
 Northern Mojave Desert. Biennial Report of State Mineralogist. 
 
 Assessment AVork Within Withdrawn Areas .50 
 
 Chapters of Report XXXI, 1935 (quarterly) : titled 'California Journal of 
 Mines and Geology,' containing the following : 
 
 Januai-y. Review of Gold Mining in East-Central, 1934. Current Min- 
 ing Activities in the San Francisco District with Special Reference 
 to Gold. Geological Investigation of the Clays of Riverside and 
 Orange Counties, Southern California. Information regarding Mining 
 Loans by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation .50 
 
 April. A Geologic Section Across the Southern Peninsular Range of 
 California. New Technique Applicable to the Study of Placers. (Jrub- 
 stake Permits 1 .50 
 
 July. Mines and Mineral Resources of Siskiyou County (with map). 
 Dams for Ilydiaulic Mining Debris. Leasing System as Applied to 
 Metal Mining. Mine Financing in California. New Laws Make 
 Radical Change in Mining Rights .50 
 
 October. Mines and Mineral Resources of San Luis Obispo County. Min- 
 eral Resources of Portions of Monterey and Kings Counties. Mining 
 Activity at Soledad Mountain and Middle Buttes — Mojave Di-strict, 
 Kern County. Geology of a Portion of the Perris Block, Southern 
 California. Mineral Resources of a Portion of the Perris Block, Riv- 
 erside County .50 
 
 Chapters of Report XXXII, 1930 (quarterly) : titled 'California Journal of 
 Mines and (Jeology,' containing the following : 
 
 January. Gold Mines of Placer County, including Drag-line Dredges. 
 
 Geologic Report on Borax Lake, California .50 
 
 April. Geology, Mining and Processing of Diatomite at Lompoc. Santa 
 Barbara County. Essentials in Developing and Financing a Prospect 
 into a Mine. Gold-bearing Veins of Jleadow Lake District, Nevada 
 County. Semi-Precious Gem Stone Collection in Division Museum .50 
 
 July. Mines and Mineral Resources of Calaveras County. Mining in 
 California by Power Shovel. Assessment Work on Mining Cl.iinis 
 Within Withdrawn Areas. Joshua Tree National Monument. Cost 
 
VI REPORT OP STATE MINERALOGIST 
 
 REPORTS— Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 of Producing Quicksilver at a California Mine in 1931-1932. The 
 
 Age of Mineral Utilization $0.50 
 
 October. Mineral Resources of Lassen and Modoc Counties. Mechanics of 
 Lone Mountain Landslides, San Francisco. Biennial Report of the 
 State Mineralogist, E^roperties and Industrial Applications of Opaline 
 
 Silica .50 
 
 Chapters of Report XXXIII, 1937 (quarterly) : titled 'California Journal 
 of Mines and Geology,' containing the following : 
 January. Source Data of the Geologic Map of California, January, 1937. 
 The Geology of Quicksilver Ore Deposits. Prospecting for Lode 
 
 Gold .50 
 
 April. Mineral Resources of Plumas County (with Geologic Map). 
 
 List of preferred mineral names. New Placer Mining Debris Law .50 
 July, Mineral Resources of Los Angeles County (with map showing 
 principal Mines and Oil Fields.) Geology and mineral deposits 
 
 of the Western San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County .50 
 
 Subscription, $2.00 postpaid in advance (by calendar year only). 
 Chapters of State Oil and Gas Supervisor's Report : 
 
 Summary of Operations — California Oil Fields, July, 1918, to March. 
 
 1919 (one volume) Free 
 
 Summary of Operations — California Oil Fields. Published monthly, 
 beginning April, 1919 : 
 **April, **May, **.June, **July, **August, **September, **October, 
 
 **November, **Deceniber, 1919 
 
 ♦♦January, **February, **March, **April, **May, **June, **July, 
 
 **August, **September, **October, **November, **December, 1920- 
 
 January, **February, **March, April, **May, **June, **July, August, 
 
 **September, **Octobor, **November, **December, 1921 Free 
 
 January, February, March, April, May, June, **July, ** August, Sep- 
 tember, **October, **November, December, 1922 Free 
 
 January, February, **March, **April, May, **June, **July, August, 
 
 September, **October, November, **Deceniber, 1923 Free 
 
 January, February, March, April, May, June, **July, August, Septem- 
 ber, October, November, December, 1924 Free 
 
 January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, 
 
 October, November, December. 1925 Free 
 
 January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, 
 
 October, November, December, 1926 Free 
 
 January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, 
 
 October, November. December, 1927 Free 
 
 JanuaiT, February, March, April, **May, June, July, August, Septem- 
 ber, October, **November, **December, 1928 Free 
 
 January, February, March, April, May, June, July-August-September, 
 
 October-November-December, 1929 Free 
 
 (Published quarterly beginning July, 1929) 
 January-February-March, April-May-June, July-August-September. Octu- 
 
 ber-November-Deeember, 19.30 Free 
 
 January-February-March, April-May-June, July-August-September, 1931 Free 
 January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, 
 
 October, November, December, 1932 Free 
 
 January, February, March, 1933 Free 
 
 April, May, June, 1933 Free 
 
 July, August, September, 1933 Free 
 
 October-November-December, 1933 Free 
 
 January-February-March, 1934 Free 
 
 April-May-June, 1934 Free 
 
 July-August-September, 1934 Free 
 
 October-November-December, 1934 Free 
 
 January-February-March, 1935 Free 
 
 April-May-June, 1935 Free 
 
DIVISION OF MINES PUBLICATIONS \ 11 
 
 BULLETINS 
 
 Asterisks (♦*) indicate tlie publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 **Bulletin No. 1. A description of Some Desiccated Human Remains, by 
 
 Winslow Anderson. 1888, 41 pp., 6 illustrations 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 2. Methods of Mine Timbering, by W. H. Storms. 1894, 
 
 58 pp., 75 illustrations 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 3. Gas and Petroleum Yielding Foi-mations of Central Valley 
 
 of California, by AV. L. Watts. 1894, 100 pp., 13 illustrations, 4 maps 
 
 Bulletin No. 4. Catalogue of California Fossils, by J. G. Cooper, 1894, 
 73 pp., 67 illustrations. (Part I was published in the Seventh Annual 
 
 Report of the State Mineralogist, J.8S7) ?0.10 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 5. The Cyanide Process, 1894, by Dr. A. Scheidel. 140 pp., 
 
 46 illustrations 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 6. California Gold Mill Practices, 1895, by E. B. Preston, 
 
 85 pp., 46 illustrations 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 7. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for the 
 
 year 1894, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 8. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for the 
 
 year 1895, by Charles G. Yale. Tabidated sheet 
 
 Bulletin No. 9. Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc., by Hans C. Behr. 1896, 
 
 210 pp.. 206 illustrations •'^^ 
 
 Bulletin No. 10. A Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Paleontology 
 and Mineral Resources of California, by Anthony W. Vogdes. 1896, 
 
 121 pp. =- -5^ 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 11. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ven- 
 tura and Santa Barbara Counties, by W. L. Watts. 1897, 94 pp., 
 
 6 maps, 31 illustrations 
 
 Bulletin No. 12. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1896, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. T:ibulated sheet -10 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 13. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1897, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 14. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1898, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 15. Map of Oil City Fields, Fresno County, by John H. 
 
 Means, 1899 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 16. The Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California, 
 
 by A. S. Cooper. 1899, 39 pp., 29 illustrations 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 17. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1899, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 18. Mother Ijodo Region of California, by W. H. Storms, 
 
 1900, 154 pp., 49 illustrations 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 19. Oil and Gas Yielding Foi-mations of California, by W. 
 
 L. Watts. 1900, 236 pp., 60 illustrations, 8 maps 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 20. Synopsis of General Report of State Mining Bureau, by 
 W. L. Watts. 1901, 21 pp. This bulletin contains a brief statement 
 of the progress of the mineral industry in California for the four 
 
 years ending December, 1899 
 
 Bulletin No. 21. Mineral Production of California by Counties, by 
 
 Charles G. Yale. 1900. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 22. Mineral Production of California for Fourteen Years, by 
 
 Charles G. Yale. 1900. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 23. The Copper Resources of Califoniia, by P. C. DuBois, 
 F. M. Anderson, J. 11. Tibbits and G. A. Tweedy. 1902, 282 pp., 09 
 
 illustrations, 9 maps •'•^ 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 24. The Saline Deposits of Californin, by G. E. Bailey. 
 
 1902, 216 pp., 99 illustrations, 5 maps 
 
 Bulletin No. 25. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1901, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 26. Mineral Prwluction of California for the Past Fifteen 
 
 Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1902. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 27. The Quicksilver Resources of California, by William 
 
 Forstner. 1903, 273 pp., 144 illustrations, 8 maps 
 
VI I I REPORT OF STATE MINERALOGIST 
 
 BULLETINS— Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 Bulletin No. 28. Mineral Production of California for 1902, by Charles 
 
 G. Yale. Tabulated sheet _' $0.10 
 
 • Bulletin No. 29. Mineral Production of California for Sixteen Years, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. 1903. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 30. Bibliosraphy Relating to the Geology, Paleontology and 
 
 Mineral Kesources of California, by A. W. Vogdes. 1903, 290 pp.__ 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 31. Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum, by H. N. 
 
 Cooper. 1904. Tabulated sheet 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 32. Production and Use oL Petroleum in California, by Paul 
 
 AV. Pi-utzman. 1904, 230 pp., 116 illustrations, 14 maps 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 33. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1903, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 34. Mineral Production of California for Seventeen Years, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. 1904. Tabulated sheet 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 35. Mines and Minerals of Califoniia, by Charles G. Yale. 
 
 1904, 55 pp., 20 county maps. Relief map of California 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 36. Gold Dredging in California, by J. E. Doolittle. 1905. 
 
 120 pp., 66 illustrations, 3 maps 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 37. Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of 
 
 California, by George F. Kunz. 1905, 168 pp., 54 illustrations 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 38. Structural and Industrial Materials of California, by 
 Wm. Forstner, T. C. Hopkins, C. Naramore and L. H. Eddy. 1906, 
 
 412 pp., 150 illustrations, 1 map 
 
 Bulletin No. 39. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1904, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 40. Mineral Production of California for Eighteen Years, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. 1905. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 41. Mines and Minerals of California for 1904, by Charles 
 
 G. Yale. 1905, 54 pp., 20 county maps .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 42. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1905, 
 
 by Cliarles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 43. Mineral Production of California for Nineteen Years, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 44. California Mines and Minerals for 1905, by Charles 
 
 G. Yale. 1907, 31 pp., 20 county maps .10 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 45. Auriferous Black Sands of California, by J. A. Edmaii. 
 
 1907. 10 pp. L 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 46. General Index of Publications of the California State 
 
 Mining Bureau, by Charles G. Yale. 1907, 54 pp 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 47. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1906, 
 
 by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 48. Mineral Production of California for Twenty Years, by 
 
 Charles G. Yale. 1908 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 49. Mines and Minerals of California for 1906, by Charles 
 
 G. Yale. 34 pp 
 
 Bulletin No. 50. The Copper Resources of Californin, 1908, by A. llaus- 
 niann, J. Kruttschnitt, Jr., W. E. Thorn and J. A. Edman, 300 pp.. 
 
 74 illustrations. (Revised edition) 1.25 
 
 Bulletin No. 51. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1907, 
 
 by D. II. Walker. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 52. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-one Years, 
 
 by D. H. Walker, 1907. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 Bulletin No. 53. Minernl Production of California for 1907, with County 
 
 :\Iaps. by D. li. Walker. 02 pp .10 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 54. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, by D. H. 
 
 Walker, 1908. Tabulated sheet 
 
 Bulletin No. 55. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-two Years, 
 
 by D. H. Walker, 1908. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 56. Mineral Production for 1908, with County Maps and 
 
 Mining Laws of California, by D. H. Walker, 78 pp 
 
DIVISION OF MINES PUBLICATIONS IX 
 
 BULLETINS— Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 57. Gold Dredging in California, by AV. B. Winston and 
 
 Chas. Janin. 1910, 312 pp., 239 illustrations, 10 maps 
 
 Bulletin No. 58. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, by D. 
 
 H. Walker. 1909. Tabulated sheet $0.10 
 
 Bulletin No. 59. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-three 
 
 Tears, by D. H. Walker. 1909. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 60. Mineral Production for 1909, with County Maps and 
 
 Mining Laws of California, by D. H. Walker. 94 pp 
 
 Bulletin No. 61. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1910, 
 
 by D. H. Walker. Tabulated sheet .10 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 62. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-four 
 
 Years, by D. H. Walker. 1910. Tabulated sheet 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 63. Petroleum in Southern California, by P. W. Prutzman. 
 
 1912, 430 pp., 41 illustrations, 6 maps 
 
 Bulletin No. 64. Mineral Production for 1911, by E. S. Boalich. 49 pp. .15 
 Bulletin No. 65. Mineral Production for 1912, by E. S. Boalich. 64 pp. .25 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 66. Mining Laws of the United States and California. 1914, 
 
 89 pp. 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 67. Minerals of California, by Arthur S. Eakle. 1914, 226 
 
 pp. 
 
 Bulletin No. 68. Mineral Production for 1913, with County Maps and 
 
 Mining Laws, by E. S. Boalich. 160 pp .25 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 69. Petroleum Industry of California, with Folio of Maps 
 (18 by 22), by R. P. McLaughlin and C. A. Waring. 1914, 519 pp., 
 
 13 illustrations, 83 figs. [18 plates in accompanying folio.] 
 
 Bulletin No. 70. Mineral Production for 1914, with County Maps and 
 
 Mining Laws. 184 pp. .25 
 
 Bulletin No. 71. Mineral Production for 1915, with County Maps and 
 
 Mining Laws, by Walter W. Bradley, 193 pp. 4 illustrations .25 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 72. The Geologic Formations of California, by James Perrin 
 
 Smith. 1916, 47 pp 
 
 ♦♦Recondaissance Geologic Map (of which Bulletin 72 is explanatory), in 
 
 23 colors. Scale: 1 inch = 12 miles. Mounted 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 73. First Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Super- 
 visor of California for the fiscal year 1915-16, by R. P. McLaughlin. 
 
 278 pp., 26 illustrations 
 
 Bulletin No. 74. Mineral Production of California in 1910, with County 
 
 Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 179 pp., 12 illustrations .25 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 75. United States and California Mining Laws. 1917, 115 
 
 pp., paper , 
 
 Bulletin No. 76. Manganese and Chromium in California, by Walter W. 
 Bradley, Emile Huguenin, C. A. Logan, W. B. Tucker and C. A. War- 
 ing. 1918, 248 pp., 51 illustrations, 5 maps, paper .60 
 
 Bulletin No. 77. Catalogue of Publications of California State Mining 
 
 Bureau, 1880-1917, by E. S. Boalich. 44 pp., paper Free 
 
 Bulletin No. 78. Quicksilver Resources of California, with a Section on 
 Metallurgy and Ore-Dressing, by Walter W. Bradley. 1919, 389 
 
 pp., 77 photographs and 42 plates (colored and line cuts), cloth 1.90 
 
 Bulletin No. 79. Magnesite in California, by Walter W. Bradley. 1925, 
 
 147 pp., 62 photographs, 11 line cuts and maps, cloth 1.10 
 
 fBulletin No. 80. Tungsten. Molybdenum and Vanadium in California. 
 
 (In preparation.) 
 tBulletin No. 81. Foothill Copper Belt of California. (In preparation.) 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 82. Second Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Super- 
 visor, for the Fi.scal Year 191G-1917, by R. P. McLaughlin. 1918, 
 
 412 pp., 31 illustrations, cloth 
 
 Bulletin No. 83. California Mineral Production for 1917, with County 
 
 Maps, by Walter AV. Bradley. 179 pp., paper 15 
 
 t Not yet publislied. 
 
X REPORT OF STATE MINERALOGIST 
 
 BULLETINS— Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 84. Thii'd Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Super- 
 visor, for the Fiscal Year 1917-1918, by R. P. McLaughlin. 1918, 617 
 
 pp., 28 illustrations, cloth 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 85. I'latiuum and Allied Metals in California, by G. A. 
 
 Logan, 1919. 10 photographs, 4 plates, 120 pp., paper 
 
 Bullftin No. 86. California Mineral Production for 1918, with County 
 
 Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 1919, 212 pp., paper Free 
 
 Bulletin No. 87. Commercial Minerals of California, with notes on their 
 uses, distribution, properties, ores, field tests, and preparation for 
 market, by W. O. Castello. 1920, 124 pp., paper $0.75 
 
 Bulletin No. 88. California Mineral Production for 1919, with County 
 
 Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 1920, 204 pp., paper Free 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 89. Petroleum Resources of California, with Special Ref- 
 erence to Unproved Areas, by Lawrence Vander Leek. 1921, 12 
 figures, 6 photographs, 6 maps in pocket, 186 pp., cloth 
 
 Bulletin No. 90. California Mineral Production for 1920, with County 
 
 Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 1921, 218 pp., paper .25 
 
 ♦♦BuUetin No. 91. Minerals of California, by Arthur S. Eakle. 1923, 328 
 
 pp., cloth 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 92. Gold Placers of California, by Chas. S. Haley. 1923, 
 167 pp., 36 photographs and 7 plates (colored and line cuts, also 
 geological map), cloth 
 
 Bulletin No. 93. California Mineral Production for 1922, by Walter W. 
 
 Bradley. 1923, 188 pp., paper .15 
 
 Bulletin No. 94. California Mineral Production for 1923, by Walter W. 
 
 Bradley. 1924, 162 pp., paper .25 
 
 Bulletin No. 95. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Randshurg Quadrangle, 
 by Carlton D. Huliu. 1925, 152 pp., 49 photographs, lo line cuts, 
 1 colored geologic map, cloth 2.75 
 
 Bulletin No. 96. California Mineral Production for 1924, by Walter W. 
 
 Bradley. 1925, 173 pp., paper _ .15 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 97. California Mineral Production for 1925, by Walter W; 
 
 Bradley. 1926, 172 pp., paper 
 
 Bulletin No. 98. American Mining Law, by A. H. Ricketts, 1931, 811 
 
 pp., flexible leather 3.25 
 
 Bulletin No. 99. Clay Resources and Ceramic Industry of California, by 
 Waldemar Fenn Dcitrich. 1928, 383 pp., 70 photographs, 12 line cuts 
 including maps, cloth . 1-75 
 
 Bulletin No. 100. California Mineral Production for 1926, by Walter W. 
 
 Bradley, 1927, 174 pp., paper .25 
 
 Bulletin No. 101. California Mineral Production for 1927, by Henry H. 
 
 Symons, 1928. 311 pp., paper .25 
 
 Bulletin No. 102. California Mineral Production for 1928, by Henry H. . 
 
 Symons. 1929. 210 pp., paper .25 
 
 Bulletin No. 103. California Mineral Production for 1929, by Henry H. 
 
 Symons, 1930. 231 pp., paper .25 
 
 Bulletin No. 104. Bibliography of the Geology and Mineral Resources of 
 
 California, to the end of 1930, by Solon Shedd 2.25 
 
 ♦♦Bulletin No. 105. Mineral Production in California for 1930 and Direc- 
 tory of Producers 
 
 Bulletin No. 106. Manner of Locating and Holding Mineral Claims in 
 
 California (with forms) .25 
 
 Bulletin No. 107. Mineral Production in California for 1931 and Direc- 
 
 toi-y of Producers .50 
 
 Bulledn No. 108. Mother Lode Gold Belt of California, by Clarence A. 
 
 Logan, 1934, 240 pp., with geologic and claim maps, cloth 2.00 
 
 Bulletin No. 109. California Mineral Production and Directory of Min- 
 eral Producers for 1932, by Henry H. Symons, 200 pp., paper .25 
 
 Bulletin No. 110. California Mineral Production and Directory of Min- 
 eral Producers for .1933, by Henry H. Symons, 214 pp., pap^r .25 
 
DIVISION OF MINES PUBLICATIONS XI 
 
 BULLETINS— Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate tlie publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 Bulletin No. 111. California Mineral Production and Directory of Min- 
 eral Producers for 1934, by Henry H. Symons, 334 pp., paper $0.75 
 
 Bulletin No. 112. California Mineral Production and Direr:tory of Min- 
 eral Producers for 1935, by Henry H. Symons, 205 pp., paper .80 
 
 PRELIMINARY REPORTS 
 
 ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 1. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil 
 
 Fields, Decemb<n-, 1913. By R. P. McLauglilin, 4 pp 
 
 ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 2. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil 
 
 Fields, March, 1914. By R. P. McLaughlin, 4 pp : 
 
 Preliminary Report No. 3. Manganese and Chromium, 1917. By E. S. 
 
 Boalich. 32 pp .05 
 
 ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 4. Tungsten, Molybdenum and Vanadium. By 
 
 E. S. Boalich and W. O. Castello, 1918. 34 pp. Paper 
 
 ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 5. Antimony, Graphite, Nickel, Potash, Strontium 
 
 and Tin. By E. S. Boalich and W. O. Castello, 1918. 44 pp. Paper 
 
 Preliminary Report No. 6. A Review of Mining in California During 
 
 1919. By Fletcher Hamilton, 1920. 43 pp. Pai>er .05 
 
 ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 7. The Clay Industry in California. By E. S. 
 
 Boalich, W. O. Castello, E. Huguenin, C. A. Logan, and W. B. 
 
 Tucker, 1920. 102 pp. 24 illustrations. Paper 
 
 ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 8. A Review of Mining in California During 
 
 1921. with Notes on the Outloolc for 1922. By Fletcher Hamilton, 
 
 1922. 68 pp. Paper 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS 
 
 ♦♦First Annual Catalogue of the State Museum of California, being the 
 collection made by the State Mining Bureau during the year ending 
 April 16, 1881. 350 pp 
 
 ♦♦Catalogue of books, maps, lithographs, photographs, etc., in the library of 
 
 the State Mining Bureau at San Francisco, May 15, 1884. 19 pp. — 
 
 ♦♦Catalogue of the State Museum of California, Volume II, being the col- 
 lection made bv the State Mining Bureau from April 16, 1881, to 
 May 5, 1884. 220 pp 
 
 ♦♦Catalogue of the State Museum of California, Volume III, being the col- 
 lection made by the State Mining Bureau from May 15, 1884, to 
 March 31, 1887. 195 pp 
 
 ♦♦Catalogue of the State Museum of California, Volume IV, being the col- 
 lection made by the State Mining Bureau from March 30, 1887, to 
 August 20, 1890. 201 pp 
 
 ♦♦Catalogue of the Library of the California State Mining Bureau, Sep- 
 tember 1, 1892. 149 pp 
 
 ♦♦Catalogue of West North American and Many Foreign Shells with Their 
 Geographical Ranges, by J. G. Cooi>er. Printed for the State Mining 
 Bureau, April, 1894 
 
 ♦♦Report of the Board of Trustees for the four years ending September, 
 
 1900. 15 pp. Paper 
 
 Bulletin. Recounaisance of the Colorado Desert Mining District. By 
 
 Stephen Bowers, 1901. 19 pp. 2 illustrations. Paper .10 
 
 Commercial Mineral Notes. A monthly mimeographed sheet, beginning 
 
 April, 1928 (15c annually) Free 
 
 MAPS 
 
 Register of Mines with Maps 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Amador County 
 
 Register of Mines, with Map, Butte County .30 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Calaveras County 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, El Dorado County 
 
XI r 
 
 REPORT OP STATE MINERALOGIST 
 
 MAPS— Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Inyo County 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Kern County 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Lalve County 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Mariposa County 
 
 Register of Mines, with Map, Nevada County $0.30 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Placer County 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Plumas County I_ 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, San Bernardino County 
 
 Register of Mines, with Map, San Diego County "_ .30 
 
 Register of Mines, with Map, Santa Barbara County (19061 isO 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Shasta County 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Sierra County 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Siskiyou County 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Trinity County 
 
 ♦♦Register of Mines, with Map, Tuolumne County 
 
 Register of Mines, with Map, Yuba County (1905) .30 
 
 Register of Oil Wells, with Map, Los Angeles City (190G) .10 
 
 OTHER MAPS 
 
 ♦♦Map of California, Showing Mineral Deposits (50xG0 in.) 
 
 ♦♦Map of Forest Reserves in California 
 
 ♦♦Mineral and Relief Map of California 
 
 ♦♦Map of El Dorado County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests 
 
 ♦♦Map of Madera County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests 
 
 ♦♦Map of Placer County, Showing Boundaries, National Fortsts 
 
 ♦♦Map of Shasta County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests 
 
 ♦♦Map of Sierra County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests 
 
 ♦♦Map of Siskiyou County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests 
 
 ♦♦Map of Tuolumne County, Showing Boundarie-s, National Forests 
 
 ♦♦Map of Mother Lode Region 
 
 ♦♦Map of Desert Region of Southern California 
 
 Map of Minaret District, Madera County .v>;j 
 
 Map of Copper Deposits in California .0,5 
 
 **Map of Calaveras County 
 
 ♦♦Map of Plumas County 
 
 ♦♦Map of Trinity County 
 
 ♦♦Map of Tuolumne County 
 
 ♦♦Geographical Map of Inyo County. Scale 1 inch equals 4 miles ___! 
 
 ♦♦Map of California accompanying Bulletin No. 89, showing generalized 
 classification of land with regard to oil possibilities. Map only, with- 
 out Bulletin 
 
 Geological Map of California, 1916. Scale 1 inch equals 12 miles. As 
 accurate and up-to-date as available data will permit as regards 
 topography and geography. Shows railroads, highways, po.st ofBces 
 and other towns. First geological map that has been available since 
 1892, and shows geology of entire state as no other map does. Geo- 
 logical details lithographed in 23 colors. Mounted 2.75 
 
 ♦♦Topographic Map of Sierra Nevada Gold Belt, showing distribution of 
 auriferous gravels, accompanying Bulletin No. 92. In 4 colors (also 
 
 sold singly) 
 
 Geologic Map of Northern Sierra Nevada, showing Tertiary River Chan- 
 nels and Mother Lode Belt accompanying July-October Chapter of 
 
 Report XXVIII of the State Mineralogist. (Sold singly) .25 
 
 Map of Northern California, showing rivers and creeks wliich produced 
 
 placer gold in 1932 : .20 
 
 Mother Lode Geologic and claim maps in 5 county sections : El Dorado, 
 Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne and Mariposa. Single sections 10c. 
 Set of 5 50 
 
DR'ISION OF MINES PUBLICATIONS XIII 
 
 OTHER MAPS— Continued 
 
 Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. 
 
 Price 
 Postpaid 
 
 Map of Mariposa County, showing principal gold mines $0.10 
 
 Geologic Map of Elizabetii Lake Quadrangle, Los Angeles and Kern 
 Counties (accompanying October Chapter of Report XXX), sold 
 
 separately .10 
 
 Map of Western Portion of Siskiyou County Showing Location of Prin- 
 cipal Gold Mines (accompanying July Chapter of Report XXXI), 
 
 sold separately .10 
 
 Geologic Map of Redding and Weaverville Quadrangles Showing Location 
 
 of Gold Mines .25 
 
 Map of Ancient Channel System, Calaveras County .10 
 
 Map of Ancient Channels Between San Andreas and Mokelumne Hill .10 
 
 OIL FIELD MAPS 
 
 The maps are revised from time to time as development work advances and 
 ownerships change. 
 
 Price 
 (including postage) 
 
 Map No. 1— Sargent. Santa Clara County $0.50 
 
 Map No. 2 — Santa Maria, including Cat Canyon and Los Alamos — 1.00 
 
 Map No. 3 — Santa Maria, including Casmalia and Lompoc 1.00 
 
 Map No. 4 — Brea Olinda and (East Portion) Coyote Hills, Los 
 
 Angeles and Orange Counties 1.00 
 
 Map No. 6 — Salt Lake-Beverly Hills, Los Angeles County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 7 — Sunset and San Emidio, Kern County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 8 — South Midway and Buena Vista Hills, Kern County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 9 — North Midway and McKittrick, Kern County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 10 — Belridge and McKittrick Front, Kern County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 11 — Lost Hills and North Belridge, Kern County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 12 — Devils Den, Kern County .75 
 
 Map No. 13 — Kern River, Kern County .75 
 
 Map No. 14 — Coalinga, Fresno County 1.25 
 
 Map No. 15— Elk HilLs, Keni County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 16 — Ventura-Ojai, Ventura County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 17 — Santa Paula-Sespe, including Bardsdale, South Moun- 
 tain and Camarillo, Ventura County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 18 — Piru-Simi-Newhall, Ventura County -__ 1.00 
 
 Map No. 19 — Arroyo Grande, San Luis Obispo County .75 
 
 Map No. 20 — Long Beach, Los Angeles County 1.50 
 
 Map No. 21-C — Portion of District No. 4, showing boundaries of oil 
 
 fields — Kern, Kings and Tulaare Counties .75 
 
 Map No. 21-B — Portion of District No. 5, showing boundaries of oil 
 
 fields — Fresno, Kings and Kern Counties .75 
 
 Map No. 22 — Portion of District No. 3, showing boundaries of oil 
 
 fields — Santa Barbara County .50 
 
 Map No. 23 — Portion of District No. 2, showing boundaries of oil 
 
 fields— Ventura County .75 
 
 Map No. 24 — Portion of District No. 1, showing boundaries of oil 
 
 fields — Los Angeles and Orange Counties .75 
 
 Map No. 26 — Huntington Beach, Orange County 1.25 
 
 Map No. 27 — Santa Fe Springs, Los Angeles County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 28 — Torrance, Los Angeles County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 29 — Dominguez, Los Angeles County .75 
 
 Map No. 30 — Rosecrans, Los Angeles Connty 1.00 
 
 Map No. 31 — Inglewood, Los Angeles County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 32 — Seal Beach, I^s Angeles and Orange Counties 1.00 
 
 Map No. 33 — Rincon, Ventura County 1.25 
 
 Map No. 34 — Mt. Poso, Kern County .75 
 
 Map No. 35 — Round Mountain, Kern County .75 
 
 Map No. 3(i — Kettleman Hills, Fresno, Kings and Kern Counties 1.25 
 
 Map No. 37 — Montebello, Los Angeles County .75 
 
XIV REPORT OF STATE MINERALOGIST 
 
 OIL FIELD MAPS— Continued 
 
 Price 
 (including postage) 
 
 Map No. 38 — Whittier, Los Angeles County $1.00 
 
 Map No. 39— West Coyote, Los Angeles and Orange Counties 1.00 
 
 Map No. 40— Elwood, Santa Barbara County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 41 — Potrero, Los Angeles County .75 
 
 Map No. 42 — Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County 1.25 
 
 Map No. 43 — Capitan, Santa Barbara County .75 
 
 Map No. 44 — Mesa, Santa Barbara County 1.25 
 
 Map No. 45 — Button%villow gas, Kem County .75 
 
 Map No. 46— Richfield, Orange County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 48 — Mountain View and Edison, Kern County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 49 — Fruitvale, Kern County .75 
 
 Map No. 50 — Wilmington, Los Angeles County 1.00 
 
 Map No. 51 — Santa Maria Valley, Santa Barbara County .75 
 
 Map No. 52 — El Segundo and Lawndale, Los Angeles County 1.25 
 
 Map No. 53 — Greeley and Ten Section, Kern County .75 
 
DIVISION OF MINES PUBLICATIONS XV 
 
 DETERMINATION OF MINERAL SAMPLES 
 
 Samples (limited to two at one time) of any mineral found in the 
 State may be sent to the Division of Mines for identification, and the 
 same will be classified free of charge. No samples will be determined if 
 received from points outside the State. It must be understood that no 
 assays, or quantitative determinations will be made. Samples should be 
 in lump form if possible, and marked plainly with name of sender on 
 outside of package, etc. No samples will be received unless delivery 
 charges are prepaid. A letter should accompany sample, giving locality 
 where mineral was found and the nature of the information desired. 
 
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 BOOKS REQUESTED BY ANOTHER BORROWER 
 ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL AFTER ONE WEEK. 
 RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO 
 IMMEDIATE RECALL 
 
 m 4 1 
 
 REPILED PSL 
 
 MM 18 1S91 
 
 MAR 1 4 2001 
 RECEIVED 
 MAR 1 ^ 2001 
 PSL 
 
 r 5 200J 
 fifCEIVED 
 
 DEC -2 Ml 
 
 LIBRARY, PStgRSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS 
 
California . Department 
 of Natural Resources. 
 Division of Mines, 
 
 Bulletin. (Pabst, A.: 
 of California) 
 
 Call Number: 
 
 C3 
 A3 
 no. 113 
 
 PHYSICAL 
 SCIENCES 
 LIBRARY 
 
 
 r^i.^' 
 
 LIBEAEY, BKANCn OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DAVIS 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA