Bioscience* Natural 
 Resources Ubrtry 
 
\ 
 
THE FLOWEEING PLANTS 
 
 OF 
 
 WESTEEN INDIA. 
 
LONDON" : 
 
 PRINTED BT GILBERT AND BIVINGTON, LD., 
 ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL KOAD, B.C. 
 
THE ELOWEBING PLANTS 
 
 OP 
 
 WESTEBN INDIA. 
 
 BY THE REV. 
 
 ALEXANDEE KYD NAIENE, 
 
 LATE BOMBAY CIVIL SERVICE. 
 
 " Science is a steep island surrounded by a few more rocks than are 
 necessary, to which every savant makes it a pleasure and a duty to add 
 some asperities. I pass people over in a light wherry. I transport them 
 from the opposite shore, and land them on the beach of the island." 
 Alphonse Karr. 
 
 LONDON: W. H. ALLEN & CO., LIMITED 
 
 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. 
 
 ^ublisijers to ttyc Enttta Office. 
 
 BOMBAY : THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCULLA. 
 
BIOLOGY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 G 
 
DEDICATED 
 
 TO THE DEAR MEMORY 
 
 OF 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 283631 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 In the first half of the book Sir E. Torment's name is wrongly given 
 as Tennant. 
 
 The name of the district of the Panoh Mahals is frequently spelt 
 wrongly. 
 
 p. 17. ' Kabab ' should be ' Kodak.' 
 
 p. 20. The generic description of Pittosporum should be given thus 
 "Petals erect with connate claws, ovary sometimes stalked." 
 
 p. 23. ' PORTULAC^E ' shonld be ' PORTULACA.' 
 
 p. 33. ' Shamenla ' should be ' Rhameula.' 
 
 p. 46. Tribe f Toddalicae ' should be ' Toddaliae.' 
 ,, ' Acrorycnhia' should be ' Acronychia. ' 
 
 p. 83. f 8. bigetmina' should be 'bigemina. 1 
 
 p. 8ft. Pisum satioum should be ' sativum.' 
 
 p. 98. ' Kasod ' should be in italics. 
 
 p. 103. At the end of the description of A. ferruginea add " Not in 
 D. or G. Forests of Panch Mahals and Konkan. Brandis." 
 
 p. 115. Under Psidium Guyava there should be a comma between 
 jamb and peru. 
 
 p. 120. ' aquivala ' should be ' agnivala.' 
 
 p. 123, near the bottom, ' Bixinea' should be ( Bixinese.' 
 
 p. 149. Dele " many " before " small flowers." 
 
 p. 182. At the end of order Apocynaceee add " Allamanda Aubletii 
 or cathartica is a milky climber with large yellow trumpet- 
 shaped flowers: common in gardens j jahari sontakkd." 
 
 p. 185. ' shidodi ' should be ' shidodi.' 
 
 p. 208. ' Kamain ' should be ' Kamuni.' 
 
 p. 225. Under 8. suaveoleus dele comma after 'flowers.' 
 
 p. 226. 'jingali' should be ' jinjali.' 
 
 p. 231. Under H. spinosa dele comma between 'calyx' and 'seg- 
 ments.' 
 
 p. 234. Under B. asperrima insert comma between ' atgan ' and 
 
 ' alcdd. ' 
 ,, ' Malaga' should be 'Malaya.' 
 
 p. 236. Under B. cristata dele comma between ' calyx ' and ' seg- 
 ments.' 
 
 p- 239, line 5 from bottom, for ' of the genus Rostellularia ' read 
 ' (formerly genus Rostellularia,).' 
 
 p. 242. Under B. parviftora dele comma after 'barren.' 
 
 p. 243. Under Gymnostachyum glabrum for ' fascicled or ' read ' fas- 
 cicled on.' _"* 
 
 p. 256, last line, for ' Kdj Mr ' read ' Kdjhdr.' 
 
 p. 277, line 2, for ' olong ' read ' oblong/ 
 
 p. 336. Under Kcempferia scaposa after ' stem,' read ' leaves large, 
 broad-lanceolate.' 
 
PBEEACE. 
 
 THIS book is intended mainly for the use of two classes. 
 Firstly, Englishmen and Englishwomen, whose duty calls 
 them to Western India, and who without being, or intending to 
 become, scientific botanists, wish to know something about the 
 trees and flowers which surround them. And among these T 
 specially think of those district officers who have (as I had 
 myself for many years) to spend several months in each year 
 more or less in the jungle, and with very little of English 
 or educated society. Secondly, the educated natives of the 
 country, whose inclination directs them more and more to 
 intellectual pursuits. The study of natural history has spread 
 so greatly, both in England and India, during the last twenty- 
 five years, that there are many in both of the classes mentioned, 
 to whom it must seem a hardship that there are so few books 
 to help them in the study of any branch of natural science in 
 India. Eor it is obvious that large and expensive books are 
 not generally within the reach of those I have mentioned, and 
 that articles in magazines, gazetteers, and the journals of 
 scientific societies are seldom available up-country, even if they 
 were adapted for use in the field. Small unambitious books, 
 of which there are now many relating to every branch of science 
 in England, are wanted for India, and so far are hot to be 
 found. 
 
 The object of this book, then, is to enable any person of 
 average education and very moderate powers of study to 
 
x Preface. 
 
 identify, by reference to this one volume alone, any flowering 
 plant met with in the Bombay Presidency. For this purpose, 
 not only a description of the individual plants is required, 
 but also something like an outline of botany generally, and in 
 particular an explanation of the scientific classification of 
 plants, and of all the technical terms used. These will be 
 found in the Introduction. 
 
 The explanation of my publishing this book so long as fifteen 
 years after my retirement from India is that I found it im- 
 possible to make any part of it satisfactory without an authori- 
 tative work like Sir J. Hooker's to found it on. The last 
 part of that great work necessary to my purpose appeared only 
 four months ago. 
 
 That many mistakes and omissions will be found in the book 
 is certain ; and it is simple truth to say that I see more faults 
 in it than any one is likely to tell me of. But I shall be 
 greatly obliged to any who use the book if they will keep a 
 list of the mistakes and omissions they find, and will from time 
 to time communicate them to me. 
 
 Finally, I must express my thanks, not only to those whose 
 names appear in the body of the work, but to many other 
 gentlemen, mostly in the Bombay Presidency, who have 
 written to me in elucidation of various points. I have used 
 all the information I could get, with discrimination I hope, 
 certainly with full appreciation of the ready help that I have 
 received from many different quarters. 
 
 Coblenz : 
 
 January, 1894, 
 
TABLE OP CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Prelude of Quotations xiii 
 
 Introduction ........ xix 
 
 Definitions . . . . . . . xxviii 
 
 Classification . . . , . . . xlii 
 
 Conspectus of Polypetalous Orders (Exogens) . . 1 
 
 I. Thalamiflorse 5 
 
 II. Disciflorse . . . ...>.*, . 40 
 
 III. Calyciflorae .... . .' . . 71 
 
 Conspectus of Monopetalous Orders (Exogens) . .138 
 
 IV. Monopetalae 139 
 
 Conspectus of Apetalous Orders (Exogens) . . . 263 
 Y. Apetalse .... . . . . .263 
 
 Conspectus of Endogenous Orders . . . . .315 
 
 VI. Endogenje 316 
 
 Index (Latin and English) 369 
 
 Index (Native names) . . t .... 386 
 
PEELUDE OF QUOTATIONS. 
 
 There is not so contemptible a plant or animal that does not 
 confound the most enlarged understanding. . . . The workman- 
 ship of the all wise and powerful God, in the great fabric of the 
 universe and every part thereof, farther exceeds the capacity 
 and comprehension of the most inquisitive and intelligent man, 
 than the best contrivance of the most ingenious man doth the 
 conceptions of the most ignorant of rational creatures. JOHN 
 LOCKE. 
 
 When I look at the poor little herbs that arise out of the 
 earth, the lowest of vegetables, and consider the secret spark of 
 life that is in them, that attracts, increases, grows, and 
 seminates itself and its kinds, the various virtues that are in 
 them for the food, medicine, and delight of more perfect 
 creatures, my mind is carried up to the admiration and adora- 
 tion and praise of that God whose wisdom and power and 
 influence and government is seen in these small footsteps of his 
 goodness : so that, take all the wisest, ablest, and most powerful 
 and knowing men under heaven, they cannot equal that poiver 
 and wisdom of his that is seen in a blade of grass. SIB M. 
 HALE. 
 
 We may safely affirm of all those multiform tribes ivhich 
 have been animated by God, that they exhibit, without a single 
 exception, the very nicest adaptation of means to an end, and 
 that the greatest and least are equally proofs that it is a 
 principle with the Creator to make nothing in vain. You 
 cannot say that what is merely ornamental answers no'purpose. 
 Not in vain hath God clothed with beauty or gifted with 
 melody ', " the folds which sing among the branches" Not in 
 vain hath he painted the foliage and pencilled the flowers with 
 which the earth is bedecked. Not in vain hath he given 
 
 a 
 
xiv Prelude of Quotations. 
 
 grandeur to the mountain and loveliness to the valley, and caused 
 the diversified landscape to strike us by its sublimity or win us 
 by its softness. It was every way worthy a benevolent Creator 
 so to construct and furnish the dwelling which he designed for 
 rational creatures, that in all its apartments there should be 
 objects which should minister to their delight ; and it further 
 well became a wise Creator to surround beings whom he meant 
 to engage in his worship with such manifestations of himself as 
 are best calculated to gain their attention and remind them of a 
 Deity. CANON HENRY MELVILL. 
 
 Not alone the plant, 
 
 Of stately growth, and herbs of glorious hue, 
 Which strike even eyes incurious, but each m,oss, 
 Each shell, each crawling insect, holds a rank 
 Important in the plan of him icho framed 
 The scale of beings : holds a rank, which, lost, 
 Would break the chain, and leave behind a gap, 
 Which nature's self would rue. THOMPSON. 
 
 If we could open and unbind our eye, 
 We all, like Moses, should espy, 
 E'en in a bush, the radiant Deity. 
 
 Upon the jlowers of heaven we wondering gaze, 
 The stars of earth no wonder in us raise, 
 Yet these perhaps do more than they 
 The human lives about us sway. COWLEY. 
 
 Do not depreciate any pursuit which leads men to contem- 
 plate the works of their Creator. The Linncean traveller who, 
 when you look over the pages of his journal, seems to you a 
 mere botanist, has in his pursuit an object that occupies his 
 time and fills his mind and satisfies his heart. Nor is the 
 pleasure which he experiences in investigating the structure of a 
 plant less pure than that which is derived from perusing the 
 noblest productions of human genius. SOUTHEY. 
 
 It is good for a man perplexed and lost among many thoughts 
 to come into closer intercourse with nature, and to learn her 
 ways and catch her spirit. It is no fancy to believe that if the 
 children of this generation are taught a great deal more than 
 used to be taught of nature and the ways of God in nature, 
 they will be provided with the material for far healthier and 
 
Prelude of Quotations. xv 
 
 happier, and less perplexed and anxio as lives, than most of MS 
 now living. BISHOP PHILLIPS BROOKS. 
 
 Like a beautiful flower full of colour but without scent are the 
 fine but fruitless words of him who does not act accordingly. 
 But like a beautiful flower full of colour and full of scent are 
 the fine and fruitful words of him who acts accordingly. THE 
 PATH OF VIRTUES. (Buddhist.) 
 
 The love of nature is a great gift, and if it is frozen or 
 crushed out, the character can hardly fail to suffer from the 
 loss. I will not indeed say that a person who does not love 
 nature is necessarily bad, or that any one who does is necessarily 
 good; but it is to most minds a great help. Many, as Miss 
 Cobbe says, enter the Temple through the gate called Beautiful. 
 SIR JOHN LUB.TJOCK 
 
 It cannot be too extensively known that nature is vast and 
 knowledge limited, and that no individual, however humble in 
 place or acquirements, need despair of adding to the general 
 fund. HUGH MILLER. 
 
 I hope we agree in considering all Europeans who visit 
 remote countries, whatever their separate pursuits may be, as 
 detachments from the main body of civilized men sent out to 
 levy contributions of knowledge, as well as to gain victories 
 over barbarism. SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH (Address to the 
 Bombay Literary Society). 
 
 Men that undertake only one district are much more likely to 
 advance natural knowledge than those who grasp at more than 
 they can possibly be acquainted with; every kingdom, every pro- 
 vince should have its own monographer. WHITE (of Selborne). 
 
 Do you wonder why poets talk so much about flowers ? Did 
 you ever hear of a poet who did not talk about them ? . . . 
 They will bloom over and over again in poems, as in the 
 summer fields, to the end of time, always old and always new. 
 0. W. HOLMES. 
 
 Through primrose tufts in that sweet bower^ 
 The periwinkle trailed its wreaths : 
 And 'tis my faith that every flower 
 Enjoys the air it breathes. 
 
xx Introduction. 
 
 way as the term Fauna with regard to the animal kingdom. 
 It is common to speak of the Flora of a country or district, 
 and a work devoted to the botany of a country or district is 
 often entitled a Flora of that region." Chambers' Eneyclo- 
 pcedia. 
 
 The following extract from Mr. Bentham's writings, repro- 
 duced by Sir Joseph Hooker at the beginning of the Indian 
 Flora, gives the principles which have been kept in view in 
 the purely botanical part of this book. 
 
 " The principal object of a Flora of a country is to afford 
 the means of determining (i.e. ascertaining the name of) any 
 plant growing in it .... With this view a Flora consists 
 of descriptions of all the wild or native plants contained in 
 the country in question, so drawn up and arranged that the 
 student may identify any individual specimen which he may 
 gather. 
 
 " These descriptions should be clear, concise, accurate, and 
 characteristic, so that each one should be readily adapted to 
 the plant it relates to, and to no other : they should be, as 
 nearly as possible, arranged under natural divisions, so as to 
 facilitate the comparison of each plant with those most nearly 
 allied to it ; and they should be accompanied by an artificial 
 key or index, by means of which the student may be guided 
 with the least delay to the individual description belonging to 
 the plant under examination. 
 
 " Descriptions should be expressed as much as possible in 
 ordinary well-established language. But for the purpose of 
 accuracy, it is necessary not only to give a more precise technical 
 meaning to many words used more or less commonly and 
 vaguely, but also to introduce purely technical names for such 
 parts or forms of plants as are of little importance except to 
 the botanist. 
 
 "At the same time, mathematical accuracy must not be 
 expected. Names cannot be invented for all the infinite 
 forms and appearances assumed by plants and their parts. 
 The same term is not only differently applied by different 
 botanists, but the same writer sometimes gives somewhat 
 different meanings to the same word. The botanist's en- 
 deavours should always be, on the one hand to make as near 
 an approach to precision as possible, and on the other hand to 
 avoid that prolixity of detail and overloading with technical 
 terms which tends rather to confusion than clearness." 
 
Introduction. xxi 
 
 It should be understood at starting that no one can expect 
 to get any considerable knowledge of the plants around him 
 without taking the trouble to master two branches of the 
 subject mentioned in the above extract : 1, the scientific 
 classification of plants ; 2, the technical terms used in botany. 
 Further on in this introduction information will be found as 
 to these two matters, sufficient, it is hoped, to enable any 
 student to go pretty far in the identification of the plants 
 around him. With regard to the second point, viz. the 
 technical terms, a certain amount of apology seems necessary. 
 It is certain that many people are repelled from the study of 
 botany by the number of difficult and unusual words used to 
 describe even the most familiar parts of common flowers. But 
 " though most readers probably entertain at first a persuasion 
 that a writer ought to content himself with the use of common 
 words in their common sense, and feel a repugnance to techni- 
 cal terms and arbitrary rules of phraseology as pedantic and 
 troublesome, yet it is soon found by the student of any branch 
 of science that, without technical terms and fixed rules, there 
 can be no certain or progressive knowledge. . . . Technical 
 description is in reality the only description which is clearly in- 
 telligible, but that technical language cannot be understood with- 
 out being learnt as any other language is learnt." Whewell. 1 
 
 In this book I have endeavoured to cut down the purely 
 technical words to the smallest number possible, and I have 
 dispensed with a good many commonly used by scientific 
 botanists, without, I hope, increasing the difficulty of identifi- 
 cation. 
 
 The mode in which the scientific part of this book is made 
 up is as follows. The nomenclature and classification are 
 entirely those of Hooker's "Indian Flora ;" the descriptions of 
 orders are mainly Hooker's, but with details from other 
 writers ; the descriptions of genera are Hooker's, very much 
 compressed, firstly, by the omission of microscopical details, 
 secondly, by the omission of all characteristics which do not 
 apply to all the species of the genus thus getting rid of the 
 alternatives which so greatly abound in most purely scientific 
 works. The descriptions of species are taken in the main from 
 my own notes, as I was in the habit of writing a full descrip- 
 tion of each plant when I first saw it, and afterwards comparing 
 1 Hist. Inductive Sciences, iii. 340. 
 
xxii Introduction. 
 
 other specimens of the same with this description. But I have, 
 of course, compared all these descriptions of my own with those 
 of the same plants already in print, especially Hooker's and 
 DalzelFs, and in all cases of marked difference have done my 
 best to find out the cause and clear up the discrepancy. It 
 must be remembered that a certain amount of difference is 
 inevitable, and does not mean generally that one observer 
 or another has made a mistake since great variations are 
 found, and are to be looked for, in different specimens of 
 the same species, depending on different circumstances of soil, 
 climate, etc. 
 
 Besides the short scientific description of each species, given 
 in as easy technical language as may be, I have made special 
 mention of any peculiarities likely to strike the unscientific 
 observer when he first sees the plant, as the unusual size, 
 shape, or colour of any particular part, unusual modes of 
 growth, &c. 
 
 Following this are, in as many cases as possible, the native 
 names of the plants, and as to these I have gone on a very 
 simple principle, i.e. to set down all the names that I could 
 find from any source whatever, provided they professed to 
 belong to this side of India ; and I have not thought it 
 necessary, under this very inclusive arrangement, to give 
 authorities for the names. But it is necessary to say that I 
 do not myself attach very much importance to this matter of 
 native names. In the case of very well-known trees or re- 
 markable shrubs there are generally one or two names almost 
 universally known ; but as regards the rest, and I should say 
 almost all herbs, the names are, I believe, not only very local, 
 but also very indiscriminately applied. My experience is that 
 very few natives know the names of more than a very few 
 plants, and that they apply the few names they know with 
 great latitude ; in fact, I have sometimes suspected a facile 
 villager of making up names on the spot for the benefit of the 
 questioner. I quote the great authority of Sir Joseph Hooker 
 in support of this view : " Throughout our travels in India 
 we were struck with the undue reliance on the native names 
 of plants and information ot all kinds, and the pertinacity 
 with which each linguist adhered to his own crotchet as to the 
 application of terms to natural objects, and their pro- 
 nunciation. It is a very prevalent but erroneous impression 
 that savage and half-civilized people have an accurate know- 
 
Introduction. xxiii 
 
 ledge of objects of natural history, and a uniform nomenclature 
 for them." l 
 
 As this is in no respect a strictly scientific work, but in- 
 tended mostly for unscientific flower-lovers, I have not hesitated 
 to relieve its dryness by quotations both from prose writers 
 and poets ; and I believe that, so far as these are apt and in 
 themselves good, they will be approved by those who will 
 mainly use the book. 
 
 I may add one other point in which this work will be found 
 to differ from a scientific Flora, i.e. that I have not thought 
 it necessary to separate introduced but naturalized plants from 
 those which are truly indigenous ; but I have always, so far as 
 I know, stated the fact. I have also included such garden 
 flowers as I know under their respective orders ; but the lists 
 of these I fear will be found very imperfect, owing chiefly 
 to the time that has elapsed since I left India. 
 
 There are, of course, a great number of the plants of 
 Western India which I have never seen. These I have de- 
 scribed altogether on the authority of Hooker, Dalzell, Graham, 
 &c. It is difficult for any one man, unless he has nothing else 
 to do, or is absolutely unfettered in his movements, to get hold 
 of every plant, even of a single district, and not many officers 
 in twenty years' service visit every part of even the smallest 
 Indian presidency. I myself have never been in the Southern 
 Maratta country at all, and my acquaintance with Guzerat is 
 decidedly limited ; and I have no doubt that more deficiencies 
 will be found in this book with reference to plants peculiar to 
 those provinces than in those of the Konkan, which I may 
 claim to know pretty well (and that, with the Ghauts, which 
 bound it on the east, is botanically the richest part of the 
 Presidency), and of the Deccan, with which I have a fair 
 acquaintance. 
 
 I should add that all plants which I have not myself seen 
 I have marked with an asterisk. And I have added to the 
 authoritative name of each species (Hooker's), the name under 
 which it is to be found, when that is different, in Dalzell and 
 Gibson's " Bombay Flora." 
 
 There are two or three points as to which it may seem that 
 I ought to have given more information. As to the habitat of 
 
 1 Himalayan Journals, 524. The same vagueness is fonnd in old 
 English herbals and flower books, a few common names being 
 applied to many different plants. 
 
xxiv Introduction. 
 
 the various plants described, i.e. the districts and places where 
 they may be found, I did not keep as many notes as I 
 might have done, and both Dalzell and Graham are rather 
 short in this matter. I have, therefore, in most cases only 
 put the provinces or districts in which the species are 
 found, giving first the localities in which I myself have found 
 them ; then the habitats given by Dalzell, Graham, and other 
 local authorities ; and finally adding Hooker's habitat when the 
 species is either widely spread through India or confined within 
 very narrow limits in W. India. 
 
 The same deficiency, and for the same reason, will be 
 noticed as to the time of year when the different species 
 flower. And I have very rarely given the measurements of 
 leaves, fruits, &c. They are given very fully in the " Indian 
 Flora," but the specimens at Kew, from which these measure- 
 ments are taken, come from such a very wide range of country 
 that they would, I believe, when applied to plants found in a 
 limited territory like the Bombay Presidency, be quite as often 
 misleading as helpful. The variation in the growth of plants 
 and in the development of their various parts, caused by 
 differences of soil, climate, and other conditions, is so great, 
 that it is almost impossible to give the ordinary size of any 
 particular plant of wide distribution, or the average size of its 
 leaves. The following extract from Hooker gives the chief 
 causes of such variations as I have mentioned : 
 
 "A bright light and open situation, particularly at con- 
 siderable elevations, without too much wet or drought, tends 
 to increase the size and heighten the colour of flowers in pro- 
 portion to the stature and foliage of the plant. Shade, on the 
 contrary, especially with rich soil and sufficient moisture, tends 
 to increase the foliage and draw up the stem, but to diminish 
 the number, size, and colour of the flowers. A hot climate 
 and dry situation tend to increase the hairs, prickles, and 
 other productions of the Epidermis, and to shorten and stiffen 
 the branches. Moisture in a rich soil has the contrary effect. 
 The neighbourhood of the sea, or a saline soil or atmosphere, 
 imparts a thicker and more succulent consistence to the foliage 
 and almost every part of the plant, and appears not unfrequently 
 to enable plants usually annual to live through the winter. 
 
 " The luxuriance of plants growing in a rich soil, and the 
 dwarf, stunted character of those crowded in poor soils, or in 
 the cold, damp regions of high mountain tops, is well known. 
 
Introduction. xxv 
 
 Luxuriance, besides increasing the size of the whole plant and 
 of individual parts, may increase the number of the branches, 
 or of the leaves, or of the leaflets, when the leaf is compound." 
 There is, of course, an aggravating vagueness in the terms 
 "large," " small," "middle-sized/ 5 &c., but there seems no 
 alternative between using these and giving measurements that 
 may often mislead. And it must be remembered that the 
 terms " large " and " small " are often used relatively to other 
 species of the same order, e.g. a flower may well be called 
 small in Malvaceae, an order of decidedly large flowers, which 
 would be large for the next order, Tiliaceae ; or, to put it more 
 popularly, a small rose would make a very large buttercup. 
 
 Having explained so far what is to be looked for in this 
 book, I think it advisable to give a little practical advice to those 
 who may have to begin the study of the plants around them 
 without any previous knowledge of botany, and without anyone 
 to help them through their difficulties. The technical terms 
 and the principles of classification (already mentioned) can best 
 be learnt by examination and comparison of individual plants ; 
 and for purposes of identification it is a good plan, I think, to 
 begin with the commonest, giving the preference to those with 
 large flowers ; if neither English nor Latin name is known, ask 
 for the native name, and look up the description of it in this 
 book. Study the plant so as really to take in the description, 
 not only of the species, but also of the genus and order, to 
 which it belongs ; if there is anything else of the same order 
 very common, get that, and note the resemblances and differences 
 between the two species. In this way both the eye and the 
 mind will be quickly educated into the main distinctions that 
 exist between flower and flower. Or, as a plan that may be 
 tried concurrently with the above, collect as many species as 
 possible of those orders which are very distinct, and of which 
 the general appearance is known to almost everyone the 
 leguminous, the mallows, the labiates, and so on. 1 In the 
 identification of these, and always in the case of plants which 
 are quite unknown, the proper way is to proceed from the 
 greater to the lesser divisions that is, beginning with the 
 order, go through the tribes until you find the one to which the 
 
 1 I omit the compound flowers (Compositas) from this list, as the 
 genera and species are often very difficult for beginners to dis- 
 tinguish. 
 
xxvi Introduction. 
 
 specimen seems to belong ; then go through the genera in the 
 same way, and when the genus is fixed on which seems to 
 agree, go through its species. Only the beginner must not 
 expect the description of either tribe or genus (and very often 
 not of the order either) to be so plainly what is wanted as to 
 enable him to reach his species without a good many mistakes 
 and disappointments. But I believe that anyone who takes 
 the trouble carefully to examine all the commonest species about 
 him, and also all those he can get of orders which he knows, 
 and to learn all he can about the families they belong to, will 
 soon get a foundation which will enable him within a reason- 
 able time to identify nearly everything he meets with. I say 
 nearly everything, because, even after years of study and 
 practice, plants occasionally come before one which, after a great 
 deal of trouble, have still to be left unidentified. 
 
 But in this, as in most other studies, the advantage of two or 
 three students working together, or, if they cannot work to- 
 gether, comparing notes as often as possible, can scarcely be 
 exaggerated. And there is the further resource of preserving 
 specimens and submitting them to well-known authorities. 
 For this purpose proper botanical paper is generally necessary, 
 and boards for pressing, at all events in the case of the larger 
 plants. But I confess to an unscientific preference for paintings 
 or drawings of plants to dried specimens. It matters not how 
 rough the drawings may be, but they must be strictly accurate 
 or they will be useless; any parts of the flowers that may be 
 remarkable should be separately portrayed, and careful notes 
 taken of place of growth, season of flowering, size of plant, etc. 
 
 With regard to carrying flowers home after they have been 
 picked, a tin box of some sort is even more necessary in India 
 than in England, as in the heat they wither so much more 
 quickly. I have always thought a tin cylinder (a small map- 
 case, in fact) more convenient than the oblong case generally 
 used by botanists. The movable top excludes the air better 
 than any sort of lid, and the cylindrical case is handier to carry 
 when walking, or even when taking casual rides. Xo one, 
 without trying it, would believe how much a case of this sort, 
 of a size to go comfortably in the hand, will hold, or how fresh 
 the flowers come out of it even after many hours. 
 
 I conclude with a list of the books available for botanical 
 study in "W. India, to all of which I have referred very freely. 
 
Introduction. xxvii 
 
 Sir J. Hooker's ie Flora of British India" is, of course, the 
 authoritative work for all India, and invaluable for reference, 
 though it is too large and expensive for those whom I desire to 
 serve. Besides which, owing to the immense range of country- 
 it refers to (far greater than the limits of British India), it 
 includes such a vast number of species as to make identifi- 
 cation in very many cases difficult, except for very advanced 
 botanists. 
 
 2. Professor Oliver's "First Book of Indian Botany" is 
 useful for the study of the orders, &c., but it does not profess 
 to describe more species than are sufficient to serve as examples 
 of each order. 
 
 3. The " Bombay Flora " of Dalzell and Gibson, published 
 in 1861, is the only work which professes to give a full list of 
 the plants known in Western India up to that time. It is 
 what I always worked with, for want of a better book ; but 
 its defects are very great, the chief being that it contains 
 descriptions of species only, without any of orders or genera, so 
 that it was next to useless without two or three other books to 
 refer to. The language also is exceedingly technical, and there 
 is an (apparently intentional) absence of everything in the way 
 of popular description or information. The book is, I believe, 
 out of print. 
 
 4. Graham's " Plants of Bombay" is, from its accuracy and 
 easy style, a most valuable little book, but it is little more than 
 a list of plants known nearly sixty years ago, as the author 
 unfortunately died (in 1838) before the larger work which 
 he proposed to bring out was well in hand. The book was 
 difficult to get twenty years ago, and must be much more 
 scarce now. 
 
 5. Roxburgh's " Flora Indica " contains the most full and 
 admirable descriptions of the plants which he knew ; but it 
 contains only a fraction of the plants now known, and of that 
 fraction only a small proportion are found in Western India. 
 
 6. Dr. Brandis's two books on Indian trees are most valuable 
 as to all trees, including a good many which in one part of 
 India or another are found only as shrubs. Smaller and more 
 partial works I need not refer to. 
 
DEFINITIONS. 
 
 THE following definitions are taken mainly from the " Indian Flora," 
 but with many omissions, additions, and alterations. 
 
 1. " The plant includes, in its botanical sense, every being which has 
 vegetable life, from the loftiest tree to the humblest moss, and ex- 
 tends even further, to the mould or fungus which attacks our provisions 
 and the green scum which floats on our ponds." Putting aside these 
 lower forms of vegetation, we have to do only with flowering (or 
 phanerogamous) plants, which are divided into herbs, shrubs, and 
 trees. 
 
 2. Herbs are those plants of which the whole or nearly the whole 
 dies down after flowering. Of these annuals are those which spring 
 up from seed, bloom, ripen their seed, and die within twelve months. 
 Biennials spring up and produce leaves the first year, but do not 
 produce flower or seed till the second, and then die. Perennials, 
 springing up like the last in the first year, produce neither flower nor 
 fruit till the third year at the earliest, and then live on for an uncer- 
 tain period. Biennials and perennials have a woody stock and root, 
 which live through one and several winters respectively. 
 
 3. Shrubs have a perennial woody portion, branching near the base, 
 which forms the greater part of the plant, from which the flowering 
 branches shoot out each year. Undershrubs are smaller, and the 
 flowering branches form a larger proportion of the whole plant. 
 
 4. Trees, besides being larger than shrubs, have a distinct woody 
 trunk, scarcely branching from the base. 
 
 But note, that the same botanical species may be an annual or 
 perennial, a herbaceous perennial or an undershrub, an undershrub 
 or a shrub, a shrub or a tree, according to climate, treatment, or 
 variety. 
 
 5. Another classification of plants is into terrestrial, aquatic, or 
 parasitical, according as they grow on earth, as by far the greater 
 part do, in water, or on other plants. Epiphytes are distinguished 
 from parasites by growing on the surface of other plants without 
 deriving sustenance from them. 
 
 6. Trees or shrubs are called deciduous when they get and lose 
 their leaves at a particular time of the year, evergreen when they 
 remain clothed with leaves throughout the year. 
 
 7. The parts of plants which every one can recognize are the root, 
 stem, leaves, flowers, and fruit. But the varieties of these, and the 
 different parts of which they are made up, and their forms, require a 
 good deal of explanation. 
 
Definitions. xxix 
 
 Note. Here should be noticed a very common error. On asking 
 for information about a tree or shrub, one is often told " it has no 
 flower," or " it has no fruit ;" the fact being that the flower is in- 
 conspicuous, or the fruit does not appear under the given circum- 
 stances. But every plant, except such low forms as ferns, mossep, 
 lichens, seaweeds, &c., has a flower of some sort, and every plant, 
 except those which are exclusively male (the female plants of the 
 same species being then found separately), will under natural condi- 
 tions produce fruit, or at least seed; though there are many which, 
 when removed from their natural conditions, will not flower, and many 
 more which, under similar circumstances, flower, but will not fruit. 
 
 8. I. THE EOOT. Roots which consist chiefly of slender fibres are 
 called yjbrows; those which consist mainly of one main tapering root 
 going straight down are called tap roots: such fleshy roots as carrots 
 and turnips are looked on as modifications of tap roots. Those which 
 have the main root or its branches thickened into one or more fleshy 
 or woody masses are called tuberous, as in the potato. Bulbs, which 
 are commonly looked on as roots, are really subterranean buds grow- 
 ing on the lower part of the stem (stock] of perennial plants, and 
 the real roots are the fibres at the bottom of the bulb. 
 
 Roots are sometimes given off from the stems of climbers or creepers, 
 as in ivy, and more rarely from buds, which in some plants are pro- 
 duced on the edges of the leaves ; see BryopTiyllum. Aquatic plants 
 sometimes bear vesicles or air-bladders on their roots, just as tubers 
 are borne on the roots of terrestrial plants. 
 
 9. II. THE STEM. The stems of plants are mostly cylindrical (in 
 ordinary language round), but sometimes angular or flat. In the 
 great majority of plants they are erect, i.e. growing straight upwards 
 without support. Of plants which are not erect, the stems sometimes 
 climb by extending themselves over the surface of trees, walls, or 
 other supports, and sometimes twine, by winding spirally round any 
 object that they attach themselves to. Creepers are those whose 
 stems lie flat on the ground, and put out roots at the joints. When 
 the stems lie flat without thus rooting they are called prostrate, and 
 when partially prostrate procumbent. Plants which are erect with a 
 tendency to climb, are sometimes called ascending, and the same term 
 is often applied to plants which first spread a little horizontally and 
 then become erect. 
 
 Those points of the stem at which branches or leaves are given off 
 are called nodes, and the same term is applied to similar points in the 
 branches themselves. 
 
 10. When a plant has no proper stem, and the leaves are therefore 
 all radical (i.e. from the root), the naked stalk which bears the 
 flowers, as in the primrose, the hyacinth, &c., is called the scape. 
 
 11. III. THE LEAF. The stalk of a leaf, when it has one, is called 
 the petiole; when it has none, the leaf is sessile. The point where 
 the leaf, whether petioled or sessile, leaves the stem is called 
 the axil of the leaf. This is, therefore, almost the same as the node 
 of the stem. 
 
 Sessile leaves are called stem-clasping, when the base of the leaf is 
 
 b 
 
xxx Definitions. 
 
 closely attached to the stem, perfoliate when the bases of two opposite 
 leaves are so united that the stem seems to run through them, as in 
 the common honeysuckle. 
 
 12. The petiole may have appendages on it quite distinct from the 
 stem, as in the orange; these are called wings; but sometimes the 
 lower part of the leaf, not shaped as a petiole, runs down into the 
 stem, and forms a sort of wing on it ; the leaf is then called decurrent. 
 When the lower part of the leaf or the petiole expands into a sheath 
 surrounding the stem, as in many plants of the orders Scitaminece 
 and Commelinacece, it is called sheathing. When the petiole is 
 attached, not to the base of the leaf, but to its centre or some other 
 part of the under-surface, the leaf is called peltatt, as in many species 
 of order Menispermacece. 
 
 13. The continuation of the petiole running generally through 
 the middle of the leaf, and forming its back-bone, so to speak, is 
 the midrib. The veins of leaves are either reticulated, i.e. forming 
 a network running in all directions, or parallel to one another, 
 and generally to the midrib. This is a distinction of the first im- 
 portance in classification. The main veins are called nerves, 
 and it is sometimes essential to describe leaves as 3- nerved, 
 5-nerved, etc. In fleshy leaves the nerves are often scarcely 
 distinguishable. 
 
 14. Arrangement of leaves with regard to the stem. When most of the 
 leaves of a plant are arranged about the root they are called radical, 
 those of the stem being then called cauline ; when the leaves are in 
 pairs all up the stem, one on each side of it, they are opposite ; when 
 they occur singly, taking each side of the stem in turn, they are 
 alternate ; when each pair of opposite leaves is at right angles to the 
 next pair they are decussate; when the leaves are arranged one above 
 the other in two opposite rows, one on each side of the stem or 
 branch, they are called distichous or bifarious. 1 When three or more 
 leaves surround the stem at one point they are called whorled, 
 or verticelled. 
 
 Note. Opposite, alternate, or whorled leaves are respectively 
 characteristic of many orders, so that it is often essential to notice 
 the arrangement. 
 
 15. The division of leaves. Leaves are either simple or compound : 
 simple when all in one piece, even though they be cut into lobes 
 or segments, as those of the vine, and of most of the genus Hibiscus ; 
 compound, when they are composed of two or more pieces, looking 
 each like a separate small leaf, as those of gram or the nim tree : these 
 divisions are called leaflets. Simple leaves, which are oblong and 
 deeply divided into segments on each side of the midrib are pinnatifid : 
 if the terminal lobe of a pinnatifid leaf is much the largest it is 
 called lyrate : those which are roundish and rather deeply divided 
 into segments towards the petiole are palmate, those divided almost 
 down to the petiole digitate; if the lobes are narrow and very 
 irregular the leaf is laciniate. Of compound leaves, those which are 
 
 1 A green branchlet, with leaves thus arranged, may sometimes be 
 mistaken for a pinnate leaf. 
 
Definitions. xxxi 
 
 composed of 3 separate leaflets, are called trifoliate ; l those with 5 
 or 7 leaflets are expressed in this work as 5-foliate or 7-foliate. 
 
 16. A pinnate leaf is one composed of more than 3 leaflets arranged 
 on each side of the midrib, or common petiole. If the number of 
 leaflets be even, the leaf is said to be evenly or abruptly pinnated ; 
 if uneven, unevenly or unequally pinnated. In this case the odd 
 leaflet is often called the terminal one. 
 
 The divisions of pinnate leaves are themselves sometimes pinnate, 
 as in many of the Acacias. The leaf is then called decompound, or 
 bipinnate, or tripinnate, as the case may be : the pinnce are. then the 
 larger divisions of the leaf, the leaflets the divisions of the pinnae. 
 
 Note, that leaflets may have all, or nearly all, the characteristics 
 of simple leaves, i.e. they may be sessile or petioled, opposite or 
 alternate on the common petiole or midrib, and may be very various 
 in shape and the outline of their edges. 
 
 17. The edges of leaves. When the edge is even, and without teeth 
 or depressions of any sort, the leaf is entire; when it has small, 
 sharp teeth, like a saw, it is serrate ; if the teeth are rounded it is 
 crenate ; if deeply notched, dentate; if the edge is not toothed, but has 
 broad and shallow depressions, the leaf is sinuate ; if the depressions 
 are shallower and less marked it is wavy or undulate ; if the leaf ia 
 fringed with hairs it is ciliated. The above terms are also applied 
 to petals, sepals, bracts, etc. The term pectinated, implying that the 
 teeth are long and narrow, like a comb, is applied oftener to these 
 smaller organs than to leaves. 
 
 18. The shape of the leaf. The number of terms used in botany to 
 express the different shapes of leaves is exceedingly great, but the 
 following will, it is thought, be sufficient in a work of this sort. 
 
 The narrowest possible leaf, not tapering to either end, is called 
 linear, though, of course, every leaf must have some breadth ; equally 
 narrow, but tapering to a point, subulate or awl-shaped ; a narrow 
 leaf, shaped like the head of a lance, is lanceolate; an egg-shaped leaf, 
 i.e. broader than lanceolate and broadest in the middle, is oval 
 (ovate is used variously by different authors, but may be taken as 
 approaching oval, but broader) ; elliptic may be taken as something 
 between oval and lanceolate ; when the upper end is decidedly the 
 broadest the leaf is obovate ; when the leaf does not broaden in the 
 middle it is oblong ; when it tapers sharply from the middle to the 
 base it is cuneate, or wedge-shaped; spathulate (ladle-shaped) when 
 the top is broad, and the lower and narrow part long ; heart-shaped, 
 which explains itself, implies that the broad part is nearest the 
 petiole or stem ; cordate is applied to a leaf of any shape, if its base 
 belike the broad part of a heart; kidney-shaped, or reniform, is 
 roundish, broader than long, and cordate ; falcate is curved, like the 
 blade of a sickle. When the lower part of the leaf is prolonged 
 into two acute lobes, it is called sagittate, or arrow-shaped ; when 
 these lobes are not acute, but rounded, and more or less ear-shaped, 
 it is auricled. When the two sides of a leaf are unequal it is called 
 oblique ; this is often the case at the base of the leaf only. 
 
 1 I retain this rather than the modern and more correct word 
 trifolioliate, which seems needlessly pedantic for my purpose. 
 
 b 2 
 
xxxii Definitions. 
 
 19. With regard to the end of the leaf, the terms used are pointed ; 
 acute when the point is sharp ; blunt, or obtuse ; truncate when the 
 end is cut off more or less abruptly ; retuse when, being blunt, it is 
 also slightly indented. Leaves sometimes end in spines, or bristles, 
 or awns, which are fine but stiff hairs. 
 
 Note. When two terms are combined, as linear-lanceolate, oval- 
 oblong, it is understood that the shape is something between the 
 two, and in such cases the leaves generally vary, more or less, from 
 one shape to the other. 
 
 20. The above terms apply not only to sepals, petals, bracts, etc., 
 but also to stipules, which are leaf -like appendages (generally small) 
 at the base of the petiole. Stipels are the stipules of leaflets. 
 
 Floral leaves are the small leaves which are often found close to the 
 flower, especially in spikes and racemes. They are often scarcely 
 distinguishable from bracts. 
 
 Note that "sub" is prefixed to adjectives of description (sub- 
 lanceolate, sub-acid, etc.) to modify them, and is equivalent to " more 
 or less," or " a little." 
 
 21. IV. THE FLOWER. A perfect flower should have the following 
 parts present and capable of performing their functions, viz. calyx, 
 corolla, stamens, pistil. The flower is considered imperfect if any of 
 these are absent or imperfect. Each of these organs consists of 
 several parts, which have their technical names. 
 
 22. Calyx and Corolla. The calyx (or cup, so called from its usual 
 shape) is the outer or protecting covering (or envelope), generally 
 green, which encloses the other parts of the flower when in bud. 
 The segments into which the calyx is generally divided are called 
 sepals, which are either quite distinct or more or less united. The 
 calyx very often falls oft before the fruit matures ; when it remains 
 and is attached to the fruit it is called persistent. Tha position of 
 the calyx with regard to the ovary will be mentioned under the 
 latter organ. 
 
 23. The corolla is the inner or attractive covering or envelope, and 
 being usually coloured and larger than the calyx, is that which 
 generally gives the flower its beauty, and is, in fact, in common 
 speech often called the flower. The divisions are called petals, and 
 these may be all equal and symmetrical, in which case the corolla is 
 regular, or unequal, in which case it is irregular. For examples 
 of extreme irregularity see orders BalsamineaB and Orchideae. On 
 the corolla being all in one piece (rnonopetalous), or divided into 
 several petals (polypetalous'), a good deal depends in the classification 
 of plants. 
 
 24. Of the monopetalous corolla, the lower part, which is entirely 
 united, is called the tube, but this may be, and often is, so short as to 
 have nothing tubular in appearance. The upper part of the corolla 
 is then called the limb, and this is generally divided into lobes or seg- 
 ments : in practice, these lobes, if divided deeply, are often called, 
 though not correctly, petals. 
 
 A corolla is called tubular when the whole or the greater part of it 
 is in the form of a tube or cylinder, as in either of the Plumbagos, 
 bell-shaped (campanulate) when more or less in the shape of a bell; 
 
Definitions. xxxiii 
 
 salver-shaped when the lower part is tubular and the lobes spread out 
 horizontally, as in Vinca rosea and the English periwinkles ; funnel- 
 shaped when the tube broadens from the bottom and the lobes 
 expand more or less horizontally. 
 
 25. The commonest form of irregular monopetalous corolla is 
 two-lipped, or bilabiate, when the limb separates into two parts, 
 something in the way of a mouth with lips, as in the various species 
 of Antirrhinum and Salvia. In this case we speak of the upper and 
 lower lip of the corolla, these lips being generally lobed or toothed ; 
 of the palate, which is the part, often raised and not unfrequently 
 spotted or hairy, just within the lobes of the lower lip; and of the 
 throat, which is the entrance to the tube. 
 
 Note. The term two-lipped is also applied to some polypetalous 
 corollas, if arranged so as to give that appearance, and also to the 
 calyx of many plants. 
 
 A petal is said to be clawed when its lower part is suddenly nar- 
 rowed into what to some extent corresponds to the petiole of a leaf, 
 as in the genus Lagerstrcemia : spurred when it is produced downwards 
 into a narrow cylinder or spur : saccate when expanded into a little 
 bag or sac. 
 
 26. The arrangement of the petals in the unopened flower (often 
 apparent also after it is opened) is called the (estivation, and some- 
 times requires to be noticed. If the edges of the different petals 
 meet evenly the aestivation is said to be valvate, if the petals much 
 overlap each other it is imbricated (this term is also much used with 
 reference to bracts) ; if the petals are twisted together, it is twisted. 
 When four opened petals are so shaped and arranged as to form a 
 cross, they are called cruciate. 
 
 27. In many flowers either the calyx or corolla is wanting j the 
 single floral envelope that exists is then generally called the perianth ; 
 its divisions are called sepals, as if it were the calyx. In some cases 
 (e.g. orders Liliacece, Iridacece, etc.), though there is both calyx and 
 corolla, yet from their being both coloured, and otherwise very much 
 alike, the whole is often called the perianth. 
 
 28. When there are six or more separate petals (whether with or 
 without calyx) they are sometimes so disposed as to be in two or 
 three different rows, one outside the other ; they are then said to be 
 in two or more series, or rows. This term is applied also to sepals, 
 bracts, etc. (see especially order Composite). Flowers, as roses, etc., 
 which by ^cultivation or otherwise develop several rows of petals 
 instead of stamens, are called double. 
 
 29. Stamens and Pistil. The stamens and pistil, being the male and 
 female organs of generation or reproduction, are really the most 
 important parts of the flower, and occupy the centre of it, though 
 they are by no means the most conspicuous parts. The modern view 
 is to look on the calyx and corolla as meant mainly to protect these 
 more important organs while forming, and to promote reproduction 
 by means of insects when the stamens and pistil are mature. 1 
 
 A flower that has no pistil (or female organ) is called a male flower ; 
 
 1 On this subject the unscientific reader may be referred to the 
 works of Sir John Lubbock and Mr. Grant Allen. 
 
xxxiv Definitions. 
 
 one that has no stamens,a/emaZe^<n';er; the great majority of flowers 
 have both organs, and are therefore called hermaphrodite. Some- 
 times the male and female flowers are distinct, some being without 
 pistil, others without stamens (see orders Menispermacece and Cucurbi- 
 tacece). When the sexes are thus distinct but on the same plant, the 
 flowers are called monoecious ; when distinct but on different plants, 
 dioecious ; when male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers are all found 
 either on the same or different plants, they are called polygamous. 
 
 30. Stamens, which vary from one to an indefinite number, are 
 always for the whole or a great part of their length inside the 
 corolla, but their attachment to corolla calyx or disk is a matter 
 of importance in classification. Stamens are said to be hypogynous 
 when they are inserted below the ovary ; epigynous when inserted 
 upon the ovary; perigynous when, by being attached to the calyx, 
 they surround the ovary. The same terms are sometimes applied to 
 petals under similar circumstances 
 
 31. The stamen consists of stalk or filament, 1 surmounted by 
 the anther, which is generally a round or oblong body. When 
 the filaments are absent the anthers are sessile. The anthers 
 are generally divided into two cells, comparatively seldom visible to 
 the naked eye ; these cells are sometimes distant from one another, 
 and are then joined by a connective (see Melastoma). The anthers are 
 filled and covered with a yellow dust, pollen, which fertilizes the 
 pistil. The stamens are said to be included when more or less con- 
 cealed in the corolla tube, exserted when they protrude beyond the 
 level of the petals. 
 
 32. When several stamens are united either into a column (as in 
 Malvacece) or into a tube (as in Meliacece), or more loosely, they are 
 called monadelphous, when in two columns or parcels (as in many of 
 the Leguminosse) diadelphous. When there are four stamens in two 
 pairs, one pair longer than the other, they are called didynamous, as 
 in Labiates and other orders; when there are six stamens, two pairs 
 longer and one pair shorter, as in Cruciferce, they are tetradynamous. 
 
 33. The pistil occupies the exact centre of the flower, and though 
 there is said to be never more than one, yet many flowers, e.g. all 
 the Ranunculaceee, have a number of carpels so slightly united as to 
 appear to be so many distinct pistils, and these separate carpels 
 sometimes produce separate fruits, e.g. Saccopetalum. Some authors 
 call the pistil simple when it consists of a single carpel, compound 
 when it consists of more than one. In the first case the terms pistil 
 and carpel are synonymous. 
 
 34. The pistil when undivided consists of the ovary, the lowest 
 part, the style, which corresponds to the filament in a stamen, and 
 the stigma, which corresponds to the anther. Each carpel may be 
 composed exactly as an undivided pistil, and a single ovary may 
 have more than one style, and a style more than one stigma. In 
 many cases the styles are wanting, so that the stigma is setsile on 
 the ovary; and very often the stigmas are not to the naked eye 
 
 1 Promfilum, a thread, from which comes also the the term filiform, 
 or thread-like, applied to various very small and delicate parts of 
 flowers. 
 
Definitions. xxxv 
 
 distinguishable from the top of the style. So also it is often difficult 
 for those who do not use a microscope to determine whether there is 
 one style with several branches or several distinct styles, and whether 
 one style has several stigmas or one stigma branched or lobed. 
 
 35. The placenta is the part of the inside of the ovary to which 
 the ovules, which are the first germs of the future seeds, are attached. 
 In all works of scientific botany the nature of the placenta and the 
 position of the ovules are made much of, but these being mainly 
 microscopical details, do not come within the scope of this work. 
 
 The main parts of the perfect flower having been described, some 
 less important details have to be mentioned before the fruit is con- 
 sidered. 
 
 36. The stalk of the flower is called the pedicel ; when a number of 
 flowers are aggregated the common stalk is called the peduncle, each 
 separate flower (unless sessile) having its own pedicel. 1 The 
 extremity of the pedicel on which the corolla and ovary (and some- 
 times the stamens) are inserted is called the receptacle, thalamus, or 
 torus. It is often not sufficiently enlarged to be readily noticed. The 
 disk is a more or less circular enlargement of the receptacle, and may 
 be entire, cut, or divided. It is always inside the calyx. When the 
 parts of the disk are quite separate they are often called glands. In 
 many of the orders of division Disciflorce, the disk is very con- 
 spicuous, but in very many plants it is either absent or minute. 
 
 37. Bracts are leaf-like appendages to the flower, much as stipules 
 are to leaves ; they very often resemble the sepals in size and shape. 
 Their most usual position is at the base of the flower, but sometimes 
 they are on the pedicel or the main stem. There are sometimes 
 larger bracts at the base of the pedicel and smaller ones at the 
 base of the flower ; these latter are then called bracteoles. When a 
 number of bracts are united in a whorl they are called an involucre, 
 a number of bracteoles similarly united an involucel. (See orders 
 Malvaceae, Umbelliferce, and Acanthacece.') Bracts or other parts of the 
 flower when from the first dry and withered looking are called 
 s carious. 
 
 38. The way in which the separate flowers are arranged is called 
 the inflorescence of the plant. If the flowers occur one by one they 
 are said to be solitary, if two together twin. A number of sessile 
 flowers arranged round a stem or branch is called a whorl (see order 
 Labiatae) ; collected into a round or oval cluster, a head; arranged on or 
 round one main peduncle one above the other, a spike. 
 
 39. A number of stalked flowers arranged on or round a main 
 peduncle one above the other is a raceme, arranged on a branched 
 peduncle, a panicle. A panicle is dichotomous when each branch 
 forks into two, and the same forking occurs again and again ; 
 trichotomous when each branch forks into three. When several 
 branches or pedicels of the same length start from the same 
 point of the peduncle (radiating like the ribs of an umbrella), the 
 inflorescence is an umbel. (See order Umbellifcrae ) The t^rms cyme 
 
 1 When a flower is solitary its stalk is often called peduncle or 
 pedicel indifferently. 
 
xxxvi Definitions. 
 
 and corymb are less definite than the above, and are used when the 
 inflorescence is not exactly that of any of them, the flowers being all 
 more or less level at the top. The corymb is considered to be a 
 modification of the raceme, the cyme of the panicle. A fascicle may 
 perhaps be best described as an imperfect whorl of stalked flowers. 
 An ament or catkin is the spike of imperfect flowers characteristic of 
 the old order Amentacea. A spadix is a fleshy spike, containing flowers 
 only in the lower part, and enclosed in a large bract called a spathe; 
 this arrangement is characteristic of Aroidecc, and two or three allied 
 orders. 
 
 40. When the flowers, whatever the inflorescence may be, proceed 
 from the axils of the leaves, they are said to be axillary ; when 
 occnrring only at the top of the stem or branches, terminal. 
 
 41. Any part of a flower that qnickly falls off is called deciduous ; 
 any part that is united to another part, as the calyx often is to the 
 ovary, is called adnate to it : connate is nsed in much the same sense. 
 
 42. V. THE FRUIT. l The enlarged ovary is, generally speaking, the 
 fruit of the plant : in many cases, however, the ovary is so altered 
 in shape, or by the adhesion to it of the calyx or other parts, that it 
 can only be called the foundation or first form of the fruit. Generally 
 speaking, a single perfect or female flower produces a single fruit ; but 
 where the ovary has several distinct carpels, distinct fruits are often 
 found. On the other hand, where a number of flowers grow on a 
 common receptacle, a single fruit sometimes results, as in the pine- 
 apple, which is made up of the ovaries and floral envelopes of several 
 flowers combined, and Morinda citrifolia, the fruit of which is com- 
 posed of many drupes coalescent into a fleshy round head like an 
 apple. 
 
 43. Any part of the flower which remains, and forms part of the 
 fruit (as the calyx or part of it, or the style often do), is called 
 persistent. Fruits are called succulent when they are fleshy or juicy ; 
 dry when they have neither flesh, pulp, nor juice ; dehiscent when they 
 open naturally to let out the seeds ; indehiscent when they do not so 
 open. In the last case the seeds are liberated by the rotting of the 
 fruit, or by passing through the birds which eat the fruit. 
 
 44. The principal dehiscent fruits are the following : The capsule. 
 a general name lor a dry fruit: it most often splits into valves, but 
 sometimes breaks up irregularly, sometimes opens like a lid from a 
 box, when it is called circumscias ; the legume, or pod, having two 
 valves, with the seeds attached to a placenta on one side (see order 
 Leguminosce 2 ) ; the silique, which opens by two longitudinal slits, 
 forming two valves, separating from a central frame, to which the 
 seeds adhere (see order Cruciferce) ; the follicle, also two-valved, but 
 opening by one longitudinal slit only, and with the seeds variously 
 
 The limitation of the word fruit to eatable products is not 
 recognized botanically, every plant as a rule having its own fruit. 
 
 2 Although the fruit of all leguminous plants are called legumes, 
 there are some genera in which it is indehiscent, and others in which 
 it separates into one-seeded joints (see gen. Pongamia and Desmo- 
 dinm). 
 
Definitions. xxxvii 
 
 distributed (see orders Apocynece and Asclepiadece). A solitary follicle 
 seldom occurs, two cr more generally forming one fruit. When a 
 fruit is made up of two or three united one-seeded carpels, which 
 finally separate, these are called cocci. (See order Euphorbiacece.) 
 A capsule, or other fruit, having two equal rounded lobes is called 
 didymous. 
 
 45. The principal indehiscent fruits are the berry, a fleshy fruit 
 with many seeds, as the guava ; the drupe, a fleshy fruit, with one 
 seed, as the mango and peach t 1 the nut, a hard and dry shell, con- 
 taining a single seed : the name achene is generally given to the same 
 when the fruit is small and seed-like ; the samara, a thin nut with 
 an extensive wing. 
 
 46. The parts of the drupe called botanically epicarp, mesocarp, and 
 endocarp, are in most cases commonly known as skin, flesh, and stone, 
 the latter enclosing the kernel or seed. Pericarp is used of the whole 
 of the fruit outside of the seed or seeds. 
 
 When the endocarp consists of several distinct stones or nuts 
 these are called pyrenes. In some cases, as in orders Boragineae and 
 Labiatce, these look like naked seeds. 
 
 47. The base of the seed, by which it is attached to the placenta, is 
 called the hilum, the opposite extremity the point or apex, that part 
 which becomes the root of the new plant is the radicle, which in 
 order Rhizophoreas (mangroves) is very remarkably developed. The 
 seed is sometimes more or less covered by a skin or aril, which, being 
 coloured, is often very conspicuous. 
 
 48. In a few orders, e.g. Coniferce, the seeds are not enclosed in a 
 fruit, but are naked : these orders are, therefore, called gymnosper- 
 mous. 
 
 49. Before finishing with the fruit, it may be said that beginners 
 often find it difficult to say under what designation a particular fruit 
 should come. The walnut is a drupe, the eatable part being an 
 unusally large lobed seed, the shell being a two-valved endocarp, 
 and the green fibrous outer covering epicarp and mesocarp, which, 
 being united, H. in this case calls exocarp. In the cocoa-nut, which 
 is also called a drupe, the green fibrous covering is epicarp, the hard 
 shell the endocarp, the eatable pulp the albumen, in which the embryo 
 of the seed is embedded at the base of the fruit. The orange is a 
 berry divided into a number of cells, the walls (or dissepiments) of 
 which are membranous. The banana, or plantain, is a succulent 
 indehiscent many. seeded fruit, properly speaking a berry. The 
 name pome is given to the apple, pear, etc., in which the fleshy, eatable 
 part is the swollen peduncle, 2 while the scaly cells, or core, enclosing 
 the seeds are the endocarp. The acorn is a nut with a leathery shell, 
 which the seed completely fills : the cup is not part of the fruit, but 
 is formed by the union of many hardened bracts or floral leaves. 
 
 1 Hooker does not entirely keep to this distinction between the 
 berry and the drupe, but sometimes calls a fruit a berry-like drupe, 
 considering any fruit to be a drupe if the seed or seeds are enclosed 
 in a stone or other covering, a berry if the seeds are not so enclosed. 
 
 2 This is the description in Hooker's "Primer;" other authors 
 describe the formation of the pome differently. 
 
XXXV111 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 50. The following minor parts of plants require to be mentioned : 
 Tendrils are either abortive petioles or peduncles, or else the 
 ends of branches or of midribs of leaves, which by holding on to and 
 coiling round any object within reach help to support the plant. 
 Thorns, or spines, and prickles are produced on many parts of plants, 
 sometimes on almost all parts of the same plant. " In all rocky and 
 parched situations plants become more spiny, the free development 
 of foliage being checked." Hooker. The term armed is frequently 
 applied to plants which have either thorns or prickles. 
 
 51. The distinction between rough and smooth leaves or plants is 
 apparent to every one, but many terms have been found necessary 
 to describe the various sorts of hairs which clothe the leaves and 
 other parts, and their density. Generally speaking, however, these 
 terms will not be found in this book, the terms rough and smooth, 
 hairy, very hairy, etc., being considered sufficient. The term glabrous 
 is used to describe a plant, or part of it, that is free from hairs, 
 smooth implying freedom from roughness of surface of every sort ; 
 pubescent implies a slight downiness. The terms furrowed, wrinkled, 
 ribbed, warty, which describe variations from perfect smoothness, 
 explain themselves. 
 
 52. The surface of a leaf or other organ is glaucous when it is 
 of a pale bluish-green, often with a fine bloom ; glandular, when 
 more or less covered with glands, which are small, fleshy, watery, or 
 oily bodies, sometimes mere dots. Viscid, viscous, or glutinous are 
 the terms used when a surface is covered with a sticky or clammy 
 exudation ; papillce are minute protuberances, often only visible as 
 dots. 
 
 INDEX TO DEFINITIONS. 
 
 (The numbers refer to the paragraphs.) 
 
 Achene 
 
 . 45 
 . 19 
 
 Bell-shaped . 
 
 . 24 
 . 45 
 
 
 . 41 
 
 Biennial 
 
 . 2 
 
 Estivation . 
 Alternate 
 Ament . 
 Annual . 
 Anther . 
 Apex 
 
 . 26 
 . 14 
 . 39 
 . 2 
 . 31 
 . 47 
 
 Bifarious 
 Bilabiate 
 Bipinnate 
 Bract .... 
 Bracteole 
 Bulb .... 
 
 . 14 
 . 25 
 . 16 
 . 37 
 . 37 
 . 8 
 
 Aquatic . 
 Aril 
 Armed . 
 Ascending 
 Auricled 
 Awn 
 
 . 5 
 
 .47 
 . 50 
 . 9 
 . 18 
 . 19 
 
 Calyx .... 
 Campanulate 
 Capsule 
 Carpel .... 
 
 . 22 
 
 . 24 
 . 44 
 . 33 
 
 Axil 
 
 . 11 
 
 Catkin . 
 
 . 39 
 
 Axillarv 
 
 . 40 
 
 Cauline . 
 
 14 
 
Definitions. 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 Circmnsciss . 
 
 . 44 
 
 Furrowed 
 
 ! 51 
 
 Clawed .... 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Cocci .... 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 Compound . 
 
 15 
 
 Glabrous 
 
 . 51 
 
 Connate 
 
 41 
 
 Gland . 
 
 36, 52 
 
 Connective . 
 
 31 
 
 Glandular 
 
 . 52 
 
 Cordate 
 
 18 
 
 Glaucous 
 
 . 52 
 
 Corolla .... 
 
 23 
 
 Glutinous 
 
 . 52 
 
 Corymb 
 
 39 
 
 Gymnospermous . 
 
 . 48 
 
 Creeper 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Crenate. 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 Cruciate 
 
 26 
 
 Heart-shaped 
 
 . 18 
 
 Cuneate 
 
 18 
 
 Herb . . . 
 
 . 2 
 
 
 39 
 
 Hermaphrodite 
 
 . 29 
 
 
 
 Hilum . 
 
 . 47 
 
 Deciduous 
 
 6,41 
 
 Hypogynous . 
 
 . 30 
 
 Decompound. 
 
 . 16 
 
 
 
 Decurrent . . / 
 
 . 12 
 
 
 
 Decussate 
 
 . 14 
 
 Imbricated . 
 
 . 26 
 
 Dehiscent . . 
 
 . 43 
 
 Included . . .; 
 
 . 31 
 
 Dentate . . 
 
 . 17 
 
 Indehiscent . , 
 
 . 43 
 
 Diadelphous . . 
 
 . 32 
 
 Inflorescence 
 
 . 38 
 
 Dichotomous . 
 
 . 39 
 
 Involucel . . 
 
 . 37 
 
 Didymous 
 
 . 44 
 
 Involucre . . . 
 
 . 37 
 
 Didynamous . 
 
 . 32 
 
 Irregular , , 
 
 . 23 
 
 Digitate 
 
 . 15 
 
 
 
 Dioecious 
 
 . 29 
 
 
 
 Disk .... 
 
 . 36 
 
 Laciniate , * 
 
 . 15 
 
 Distichous . 
 
 . 14 
 
 Lanceolate 
 
 . 18 
 
 Double flower 
 
 . 28 
 
 Leaflet . 
 
 . 15 
 
 Drupe . . 
 
 . 45 
 
 Legume 
 
 . 44 
 
 
 
 Limb . . 
 
 : . 24 
 
 Elliptic .... 
 
 18 
 
 Linear . , . . . 
 
 . 18 
 
 Endocarp . . '. ' 
 Entire . . . 
 
 . 46 
 . 17 
 
 Lip 
 
 Lobe 
 
 T . 25 
 . 15 
 
 Epicarp 
 
 . 46 
 
 Lyrate . . ' 
 
 . 15 
 
 Epigynous 
 
 . 30 
 
 
 
 Epiphyte . . 
 
 . 5 
 
 
 Erect .... 
 
 9 Male flower . 
 
 . 29 
 
 Evergreen 
 
 6 Mesocarp 
 
 . 46 
 
 Exserted 
 
 . 31 Midrib 
 
 . 13 
 
 
 Monadelphous 
 
 . 32 
 
 
 Monoecious . 
 
 . 29 
 
 Falcate 
 
 . 18 Monopetalous 
 
 . 23 
 
 Fascicle. 
 
 . 39 
 
 
 Female flower 
 
 . 29 
 
 
 Fibrous .... 
 
 . 8 Nerve . 
 
 . 13 
 
 Filament 
 
 . 31 Node 
 
 9 
 
 Filiform 
 
 . 31 Nut 
 
 . 45 
 
 Floral leaf . 
 
 . 20 
 
 
 Follicle 
 
 . 44 Oblique 
 
 . 18 
 
xl 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 Oblong . 
 
 . 18 
 
 Reticulated . 
 
 . 13 
 
 Ob ovate 
 
 . 18 
 
 Retuse . 
 
 . 19 
 
 Obtuse . 
 
 . 19 
 
 Ribbed . 
 
 51 
 
 Opposite 
 
 . 14 
 
 
 
 Oval 
 
 . 18 
 
 
 
 Ovary . 
 Ovate . 
 Ovule . 
 
 . 34 
 . 18 
 . 35 
 
 Sac, saccate . 
 Sagittate 
 Salver-shaped 
 Samara . 
 
 . 25 
 
 . 18 
 . 24 
 . 45 
 
 
 
 Scape 
 
 . 10 
 
 Palate . 
 Palmate 
 Panicle 
 
 . 25 
 . 15 
 . 39 
 
 S carious 
 Segment 
 Sepal . 
 
 . 37 
 . 24 
 
 . 22, 27 
 . 28 
 
 Papillae 
 Parasitical . 
 Pectinated . 
 Pedicel . 
 Peduncle 
 Peltate . 
 Perennial . . 
 Pel-foliate . 
 Perianth 
 Pericarp \, . 
 Per igy nous . 
 Persistent . 
 Petal . 
 Petiole . 
 Phanerogamous 
 Pinnae . . . 
 Pinnate . k 
 Pinnatifid . . 
 Pistil . 
 Placenta 
 Plant . 
 
 . 52 
 5 
 . . 17 
 . . 36 
 . . 36 
 .12 
 . 2 
 . 11 
 . 27 
 . 46 
 . 30 
 22, 43 
 . 23 
 . 11 
 . 1 
 , 16 
 16 
 . 15 
 . 29, 33 
 . 35 
 1 
 
 Serrate . 
 Sessile . 
 Sheathing . . 
 Shrub . 
 Silique . 
 Simple . 
 Sinuate . 
 Solitary 
 Spadix . 
 Spathe . 
 Spathulate 
 Spike . 
 Spine . 
 Spur, spurred . 
 Stamens 
 Stem-clasping . - 
 Stigma . . . . 
 Stipel . 
 Stipule . 
 Stock . 
 
 . 17 
 11, 31, 34 
 . 12 
 . 3 
 . 44 
 . 15, 33 
 . 17 
 . 38 
 . 39 
 . 39 
 . 18 
 . 38 
 . 50 
 . 25 
 . 29, 31 
 . 11 
 . 34 
 . 20 
 . 20 
 . 8 
 
 Pod 
 
 . 44 
 
 Style 
 Sub- 
 
 . 34 
 20 
 
 Pointed . 
 Pollen . 
 Polygamous . 
 
 . 19 
 . 31 
 
 . 29 
 
 Subulate 
 Succulent 
 
 .18 
 . 43 
 
 Polypetalous . 
 
 . .23 
 
 
 
 Pome 
 
 . 49 
 
 Tap-root 
 
 . 8 
 
 Procumbent . . 
 
 9 
 
 Tendril . . . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Prostrate 
 
 . 9 
 
 Terminal . . 
 
 . 16, 40 
 
 Pubescent 
 
 . 51 
 
 Terrestrial . 
 
 5 
 
 
 . 46 
 
 Tetradynamous 
 
 . 32 
 
 
 
 Thalamus 
 
 . 36 
 
 
 
 Throat . 
 
 . 25 
 
 Raceme . 
 
 . 39 
 
 Torus . 
 
 3f> 
 
 Radical . 
 
 . 14 
 
 Tree 
 
 4 
 
 Radicle . 
 
 47 
 
 Trichotomous 
 
 . 39 
 
 Receptacle . 
 
 . 36 
 
 '1 rifoliate 
 
 . 15 
 
 Regular 
 
 . 23 
 
 Tripinnate . 
 
 . 16 
 
 Reniform 
 
 . 18 
 
 Truncate 
 
 . 19 
 
Definitions. 
 
 xli 
 
 Tube . . 
 
 24 
 
 Valvate . 
 
 . 26 
 
 Tuberous 
 Tubular 
 Twin .... 
 
 . 8 
 . 24 
 . 38 
 
 Verticelled . 
 Vesicle . 
 Viscid, viscous 
 
 . U 
 
 . 8 
 . 52 
 
 Twisted 
 Two-lipped . 
 
 Umbel . 
 
 . 26 
 . 25 
 
 . 39 
 
 Warty . , 
 Wavy . . . 
 Whorl . 
 
 . 51 
 . 17 
 14, 38 
 
 
 3 
 
 Wing 
 
 . 12 
 
 Undulate . . . 
 
 . 17 
 
 Wrinkled 
 
 . 51 
 
CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 IN classification it is necessary first to explain what is to be 
 understood by a species. A species comprises all the indivi- 
 dual plants which resemble each other sufficiently to make it 
 apparent that they all are, or may have been, descended from 
 a common ancestor, as for instance anyone would feel certain 
 of this as to all the oak trees or all the mango trees that he 
 may meet with from time to time. These individuals may 
 often differ from each other in many particulars (as well as in 
 the mere size of the plants), such as the colour of the flowers, 
 the size of the leaves, etc. ; but these differences would 
 scarcely hide from any one the identity of the trees, and are 
 such as experience shows are likely to occur in seedlings 
 raised from the same tree or herb. 
 
 When a large number of individuals of a species differ from 
 the others in any striking particular they constitute a variety ; 
 but it is almost needless to say that botanists constantly differ as 
 to whether a particular variation is sufficient to make a separate 
 species or merely to constitute a variety. Varieties are much 
 more numerous and striking in well-known garden flowers (e.g. 
 roses and tulips) than in wild flowers ; because it is to the 
 interests of florists in the case of garden flowers to make and 
 perpetuate differences in the blossoms of some plants and the 
 foliage of others. 
 
 The known species of plants (now near 100,000) are grouped 
 into genera, a genus containing a number of species resembling 
 each other in the most important points of structure. Each 
 genus has a Latin (substantive) name; and each species belong- 
 ing to the genus has that generic name, as it is called, with a 
 Latin adjective joined to it, the two words forming the specific 
 name. Thus the teak tree is Tectona grandis; the shoe flower 
 and the vegetable Wiendi are two species of the same genus, 
 Hibiscus, the former being H. rosasinensis, and the latter //. 
 
Classification. xliii 
 
 esculentus. This system of grouping and nomenclature was 
 invented by the great Linnaeus. 
 
 The genera, which number about 6000, had next to be 
 divided into families or orders. Linnaeus made his orders 
 depend on the number and other peculiarities of the organs of 
 generation, i.e. the stamens and pistils ; but this arrangement, 
 which is certainly the easiest for beginners, and therefore pro- 
 bably the most suitable when botanical classification was a new 
 science, has now been generally abandoned. The system of 
 division into orders now universally adopted takes into account 
 all resemblances and differences, especially those of the flower 
 and fruit, valuing them according to their evident or presumed 
 importance, and is therefore called the natural system. These 
 special characters of the orders are sometimes obvious to the 
 common observer, as in the case of the carrot and the parsnip, 
 or between the common pea and gram, the near relationship 
 between which any one could see ; sometimes they are simi- 
 larities which cannot be recognized without botanical knowledge, 
 as in the case of the potato plant and the tobacco plant, which, 
 though so different in appearance, belong to the same order. 
 
 The natural orders have been further grouped into great 
 divisions or classes, and all the classes brought into one of 
 the two sub-kingdoms of flowering and flowerless plants. 
 
 Thus the general Flora of the world has been built up and 
 classified by the learned, who have examined all the plants that 
 are. It is the reverse process that we have to do with, and 
 anyone wishing to identify any particular plant must work 
 downwards from the greater to the lesser divisions. So it is 
 necessary here to give short descriptions of the classes and 
 orders in which the plants of Western India are found, the 
 genera and species being described in the body of the book, 
 with further particulars as to the orders. 
 
 The following are the classes into which plants are divided 
 according to Bentham and Hooker's " Genera Plantarum," on 
 which Hooker's " Flora of British India " is founded. 
 
 The first great division is into Dicotyledons and Mono- 
 cotyledons, otherwise called Exogens and Endogens (the names 
 which will be used in this book), under one or other of 
 which denominations all flowering plants come. Dicotyle- 
 dons are those whose seeds when the skin is removed separate 
 
xliv Classification. 
 
 into two lobes (cotyledons). At the hinge or point of junction 
 of the two lobes may be seen the radicle, or incipient root, and 
 the plumule, or incipient bud. A pea or bean or the seed of 
 any large leguminous tree will give as good an example of this 
 as can be, but the skin must be taken off carefully and the 
 embryo (the inner part of the seed) handled tenderly. In 
 small seeds it is difficult to distinguish the parts except with a 
 microscope. 
 
 The other characteristics of Exogens are, firstly, that the 
 stems in trees or other perennials are composed of pith, fibre in 
 regular concentric layers, and bark ; and secondly, that the 
 leaves have a midrib, from which the veins branch out in all 
 directions, forming a fine network. 
 
 In Monocotyledons or Endogens, on the other hand, the 
 embyro on the skin being removed does not divide into two 
 parts, and the young plant is developed from a sheath-like 
 cavity on one side. A grain of wheat is a sufficient example. 
 Besides this, the stems of endogens are not separable into 
 pith, fibre, wood, and bark, but consist of fibre irregularly 
 imbedded in cellular tissue with a firmly adherent rind out- 
 side. The leaves also, which are, as a rule, simple and entire, 
 have generally no midrib, but simple and parallel veins running 
 longitudinally. 
 
 The most obvious of the above distinctions to the ordinary 
 observer is that of the veins of the leaves, but there are a few 
 genera and species of Monocotyledons which have leaves with 
 netted veins. 
 
 The first great division of Exogens is into polypetalous and 
 monopetalous, i.e. those having a corolla of separate petals or 
 of one piece respectively. 
 
 A. EXOGENS. 
 
 Polypetalous exogens, POLYPETALJ;, are described thus. 
 Plants having the stamens and pistil surrounded within the 
 calyx by separate petals, to which they are not attached. 
 
 But to the above definition there are various exceptions. 
 
 (1.) "When the stamens are monadelphous the petals generally 
 adhere more or less to the staminal tube or column. 
 
 (2.) In some orders, e.g. Olacineae, Ilieinese, etc., the petals 
 adhere slightly at the base. 
 
 (3.) In a few small genera in various orders 'the corolla is 
 
Classification. xlv 
 
 truly monopetalous, bearing the stamens, or is with the latter 
 hypogynous. 1 
 
 (4.) In many orders there are some genera or species 
 without petals, especially in Ranunculacese, Sterculiaceaa, and 
 Sapindacese. 
 
 Polypetalous Exogens include the first three sections given 
 below. 
 
 I. THALAMIFLORJ;. (Orders Ranunculaceas to Tiliaceae.) 
 
 Sepals generally distinct, free from the ovary. Torus small, 
 rarely expanded into a disk ; petals inserted on the torus, and 
 therefore below the ovary, or more rarely on the base of 
 the calyx ; stamens indefinite or definite, inserted as the 
 petals, free from them, or slightly cohering at the base. 
 Ovary superior. 
 
 Exceptions. (1.) The ovary is included or immersed in a fleshy 
 torus in some genera of ^ymphseacese. 
 
 (2.) The calyx tube is to some extent connate with the torus 
 and ovary in Portulacese. 
 
 (3.) A cup-shaped disk bearing petals and stamens free from 
 the ovary, but adnate to the base of the calyx, is found in a 
 few genera of various orders. 
 
 (4.) The torus is expanded into a disk in some genera of 
 Capparideaa, Bixineae, and Tiliacese. 
 
 II. DISCIFLORJ:. (Orders Lineae to Moringese. 2 ) 
 
 Sepals either distinct or partly united into a calyx, generally 
 small and free from the ovary. Torus generally expanded into 
 a disk. Petals generally equal in number to the sepals, or 
 fewer by abortion. Stamens generally equal in number to the 
 petals, sometimes double as many, or fewer by abortion, in- 
 serted round or within or upon the disk. Ovary generally 
 superior or immersed in the disk. 
 
 Exceptions. (1.) In Linese, Malphigiacese, Zygophyllaeeae, 
 Geraniaceae, and Ilicineae, the disk is either absent or in- 
 conspicuous. 
 
 (2.) The stamens are indefinite in Ochnacese. 
 
 (3.) The ovary is inferior or nearly so in some of the 
 Rhamnaeese and Olacineae. 
 
 1 I am not aware that there is any instance in this book of a plant 
 coming nnder this exception. 
 
 2 These orders are generally found under Thalaminoree, and were 
 first made into a separate division by Bentham and Hooker. 
 
 C 
 
xlvi Classification. 
 
 III. CALYCIFLOR^E. (Orders Connaraceae to Cornaceae.) 
 Sepals generally more or less united into a tube adnate to 
 
 the ovary, very seldom altogether free ; disk rarely apparent. 
 Petals generally equal in number to the sepals, or fewer by 
 abortion, inserted on the top of the calyx tube. Stamens 
 definite or indefinite inserted on the calyx ; ovary generally 
 inferior, or included in the calyx tube, but occasionally ex- 
 serted. 
 
 Exceptions,. (1.) There is no calyx tube in a few genera of 
 Leguminosse, Rosaceae, Samydacese, and Ficoideae. 
 
 (2.) In Myrtaceae, Umbelliferae, and Araliacese there is a 
 conspicuous disk. 
 
 IV. The next division of Exogens is MONOPETAL^E. (Orders 
 Rubiaceae to Plantagineae.) 
 
 Petals within the calyx, more or less united into a lobed 
 corolla ; calyx generally persistent, of 4 or 5 sepals. Stamens 
 usually few, affixed to the limb of the corolla or sometimes 
 inserted with it. Leaves very rarely compound, generally, 
 except in Rubiaceae, without stipules. 
 
 Exceptions. (1.) There are a very few genera, especially in 
 Oleaceae, with distinct petals, but easily distinguished from 
 polypetalous genera by other marks. 
 
 (2.) The calyx is apparently obsolete, being quite adnate to 
 the ovary and without a limb in some Rubiacese and many 
 Compositse. 
 
 (3.) In some of the Sapotaceae the lobes of the corolla are 
 double, and in Plantagineae the corolla is scarious. 
 
 (4.) In Styracese and Ebenaceae the stamens are indefinite. 
 
 V. The absence of corolla marks the last division of 
 Exogens. 
 
 APETAKE or Monochlamyds. (Orders Nyctaginese to 
 Gnetaceae.) 
 
 Plants without a corolla, the perianth generally without 
 strong colouring, its lobes or segments in one or two series 
 much alike. 
 
 Exceptions. (1.) Flowers with true petals inside the calyx 
 are found in some genera of Euphorbiaeese. 
 
 (2.) In some genera of Loranthacese the perianth is corolla- 
 like, and there is an expansion of the pedicel which takes the 
 place of calyx. 
 
Classification. xlvii 
 
 (3.) In some genera of Amarantaceae there are staminodes 
 looking like petals. 
 
 (4.) Plants with highly coloured flowers are to be found in 
 Nyctagineae, Thymeleacese, Loranthacese, and Santalaceae. 
 
 (5.) The last order (Grnetacese) differs from all the rest in the 
 male flowers consisting of a single stamen and the females of 
 a naked ovary, with scarcely anything else distinguishable. 
 
 Note. " Themonochlamyds form a class neither natural nor well- 
 defined ; many of the orders with little affinity among themselves 
 approach more nearly to some of the polypetalous orders. Many 
 learned botanists have tried to distribute these orders among the 
 Polypetalse, but no batter system than De Candolle's has yet been 
 discovered." Genera Plantarum. 
 
 VI. B. ENDOGENS. 
 
 Stems herbaceous, rarely with woody stock, leaves parallel- 
 veined. Perianth generally in two series. Stamens in one or 
 two series. Parts of the flower generally 3 in each series. 
 
 Exceptions. (1.) Order Dioscoracese, and tribe Smilaceae of 
 order Liliacese, have reticulated leaves. 
 
 (2.) Order Scitamineae have leaves pinnately nerved from 
 the midrib. 
 
 (3.) Order Orchideae has stamens and style united in a column, 
 and perianth remarkably irregular. 
 
 (4.) Many of the orders, particularly those towards the end, 
 have no perianth, and are otherwise very imperfect. 
 
 The one hundred and twenty-seven orders described in this 
 book are thus grouped into five divisions of Exogens, and one 
 of Endogens; and it will be found that the Monopetalous 
 Exogens contain as many species as any two of the other 
 divisions put together. 
 

CONSPECTUS OF POLYPETALOUS ORDERS 
 (EXOGENS). 
 
 I. THALAMIFLORJE. Plants with hypogynous stamens, 
 i.e. inserted on the thalamus and below the pistil, so that they 
 remain behind when the calyx and corolla are pulled off. 
 
 Of the orders included in this book twenty-two come under 
 this division, and in the greater part of these the flowers are 
 regular, and the stamens very numerous, or indefinite. 
 
 Note. The numbers are those under which the orders will be 
 found. The descriptions here given do not always apply to the 
 order generally, but sometimes only to the genera and species given 
 in this book. 
 
 (a) Flowers regular : stamens indefinite. 
 
 1. RANUNCULACE.E. Herbs or climbing shrubs ; petals none 
 
 (except Naraveiia), carpels many, free. 
 
 2. DILLENIACE.&, Trees with large simple leaves ; petals and 
 
 sepals 5. 
 
 3. MAGNOLIACE^. Trees: sepals and petals in whorls of 3. 
 
 4. ANONACE^E. Trees or shrubs, sepals 3_, petals 3 to 6, in 
 
 two series. 
 
 6. NYMPHACE^E. Water lilies. 
 
 7. PAP AVERAGES. Herbs ; sepals 2, petals 4, soon falling off. 
 10. CAPPAEIDE^E (except some genera ivith definite stamens ;) 
 
 sepals and petals 4, stamens often on the stalk of the 
 
 ovary. 
 12, BIXINE.E (except Hydnocarpus). Trees or shrubs, sepals 
 
 and petals 4, the latter sometimes wanting. 
 18. GuxTiFER-E. Trees or shrubs with yellow juice, and 
 
 generally beautiful flowers. 
 
 20. MALVACE.E, tribe BOMBACE^. Trees, sepals and petals 5, 
 
 stamens sometimes united below. 
 
 21. STERCULIACE^}. Stamens generally more or less united ; 
 
 sepals and petals 5, or the latter wanting. 
 
 22. TILIACE.E. Generally fibrous plants, flowers yellow or 
 
 white, sepals and petals 5, or the latter wanting. 
 
 (b) Flowers regular, stamens definite. 
 
 5. MENISPERMACE^, Climbers : sepals, petals, and stamens 
 
 usually 6. 
 
 B 
 
2 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 9. CRUCIFERJE. Stamens 6, tetrad ynamous, petals 4, 
 arranged crosswise. 
 
 14. CARYOPHYLLE^;. Herbs with opposite entire leaves and 
 
 stems swollen at the joints ; stamens 5, 8, or 10. 
 
 15. PORTULACE2B. Herbs with entire leaves, and scarious 
 
 hairy appendages at the joints ; stamens 8 to 12, 
 perigynous. 
 
 16. TAMARISCINEJB. Shrubs with minute leaves, stamens 4 
 
 to 10. 
 
 17. ELATINE^E. Small, inconspicuous herbs, stamens 4 to 
 
 10. 
 
 19. DIPTEROCARPE^, Leaves alternate, stamens 10, fruit 
 
 winged. 
 Also some genera of CAPPARIDE^ and BIXINE/E. 
 
 (c) Flowers regular, stamens united into a column or tube. 
 
 20. MALVACE^; (except tribe JBombacece), sepals 5, petals 5, 
 
 twisted. 
 
 (d) Flowers irregular. 
 
 8. FUMARIACE^E. Herbs with divided leaves, sepals 2 
 
 deciduous, stamens 6 in two bundles. 
 11. VIOLACE,E. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. 
 13. PoLYGALE^s. Leaves simple, entire, stamens 4 to 8 
 
 united into a sheath. 
 
 II. DISCIFLOBJE. Flowers generally with a conspicuous 
 disk, on or about which the stamens, which are nearly always 
 definite, are inserted. In the eighteen orders included in this 
 division, the flowers are mostly regular. 
 
 (a) Flowers regular ; disk conspicuous. 
 
 27. RUTACE^. Leaves dotted, sepals and petals 4 or 5, 
 
 stamens very various. 
 
 28. SIMARUBE^B. Like the last, but leaves not dotted. 
 
 29. OCHNACE^. Sepals 4 or 5, petals as many, or ten, sta- 
 
 mens various, sometimes indefinite. 
 
 30. BURSERACE^:. Trees or shrubs with compound leaves ; 
 
 sepals and petals 3 to 6, stamens as many or double. 
 
 31. MELIACE^E. Trees or shrubs, generally with pinnate 
 
 leaves ; stamens united into a tube. 
 
 32. CHAILLETIACE.E. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves; 
 
 sepals, petals, and stamens 5. 
 
Conspectus of Polypetalous Orders. 3 
 
 33. OLACINE^E. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves ; petal s 
 
 3 to 6, stamens 3 to 15. 
 
 35. CELASTRINE^B. Trees or shrubs, sepals, petals and 
 
 stamens 4 or 5 (except tribe Hippocratece). 
 
 36. RHAMNE^E. Like the last, but the petals and stamens 
 
 are inserted on the calyx tube. 
 
 37. AMPELIDEJS. Like Celastrinese, but generally climbing 
 
 shrubs, with leaves usually lobed or compound. 
 
 39. ANACARDIACEJ;. Trees or shrubs with milky or acrid 
 
 juice ; sepals, petals, and stamens generally 4 or 5. 
 Also some genera of SAPIEDACE.E. 
 
 (b) Flowers regular ; disk inconspicuous or none. (In this 
 case the orders are practically Thalamifloral.) 
 
 23. LINE.E. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5, styles 3 to 5. 
 
 25. ZYGOPHYLLE.E. Sepals and petals 5, stamens 5, 10, or 15. 
 
 26. G-ERANIACE/E (except tribe Balsaminece). Leaves com- 
 
 pound; sepals and petals 5, stamens 5, 10, or 15. 
 
 34. iLiciNEJi;. Trees or shrubs, leaves alternate, stamens 4 
 
 or 5. 
 
 (c) Flowers irregular. 
 
 24. MALPEIGIACE.E. Trees or shrubs, sepals and petals 5, 
 
 stamens 10, fruit winged. 
 
 26. GERANIACE^;, tribe BALSAMINEJB. Sepals coloured, one 
 spurred, stamens 5, very short. 
 
 38. SAPINDACE^E (with exceptions). Sepals and petals mostly 
 
 4 or 5, stamens 5 to 10. 
 
 40. MORINGEJB. Soft wooded trees with compound leaves ; 
 
 flowers somewhat papilionaceous ; fruit pod-like. 
 
 III. CALYCIFLOKJE. Stamens (and petals) inserted on 
 the calyx. The great majority of the twenty-two orders in- 
 cluded in this division have regular flowers and definite 
 stamens ; but the latter are not so often five as in the last 
 division. 
 
 (a) Flowers regular, stamens definite. 
 
 41. CONNARACE^E. Trees or shrubs with compound leaves ; 
 
 stamens 5 or 10. 
 
 42. LEGUMINOSJS, tribe MIMOSE^. Stamens usually 10. 
 
 44. SAXIFRAGES. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, stamens double 
 as many. 
 
 B 2 
 
The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 45. CRASSULACE^E. Fleshy herbs or undershrubs, sepals and 
 
 petals 4 to 8, stamens double as many. 
 
 46. DROSERACE-E. Glandular herbs, petals, sepals, and 
 
 stamens 4 or 5. 
 
 47. HALORAGE^. Small herbs with minute flowers, often 
 
 very imperfect. 
 
 48. RHIZOPHORE^E. Trees or shrubs, mostly of salt water 
 
 swamps ; stamens 8 to 30 ; (in one genus indefinite). 
 
 49. COMBRETACE^E. Trees or shrubs, stamens 4 to 10, fruit 
 
 generally winged. 
 
 51. MELASTOMACE2B. Stamens 8 to 10 ; anthers with a con- 
 
 nective. 
 
 52. LYTHBACE-E. Stamens very various, sometimes indefi- 
 
 nite, ovary free at the bottom of the calyx tube. 
 
 53. ONAGRACE^B. Stamens various, often 8 or 10, ovary 
 
 very notably inferior. 
 
 Kote. Hooker calls the flowers sub-irregular. 
 
 54. SAMYDACE-E. Trees or shrubs, flowers small and un- 
 
 attractive ; stamens numerous. 
 
 55. PASSIFLORE^;. Generally twining, stamens 5, calyx with 
 
 a corona, ovary superior. 
 
 56. CUCURBITACE^:. Twiners with unisexual flowers, 
 
 stamens generally 3, style one with 3 thick stigmas. 
 
 58. DATISCACE.E. Stamens 4, inserted round a disk, petals 
 
 none. 
 
 59. FICOIDEJ:. Succulent herbs, petals small or wanting, 
 
 stamens sometimes indefinite. 
 
 61. ARALIACE^J. Stamens 5 to 7 inserted round a disk ; 
 
 styles more than one. 
 
 62. CORKAGES. Like the last, but no disk and one style. 
 
 (&) Flowers regular, stamens indefinite. 
 
 42. LEGUMINOS-E, tribe ACACIE.E. Trees or shrubs. 
 
 43. ROSACES. Sepals and petals 5. 
 
 50. MYRTACE.E, Trees or shrubs with dotted leaves and 
 
 conspicuous disk. 
 
 (c) Flowers irregular. 
 
 42. LEGUMINOS-E, except suborder Mimosece. 
 
 57. BEGONIACE^:. Succulent herbs with unequal-sided 
 
 leaves, unisexual flowers, and no petals. 
 
 60. UMBELLIFER^. Herbs with small flowers in umbels, 
 
 generally with a conspicuous disk. 
 
THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF WESTERN 
 INDIA. 
 
 Note. H stands for Hooker's " Flora of British India." 
 
 D Dalzell and Gibson's " Bombay Flora." 
 G Graham's " Plants of Bombay." 
 E Eoxburgh's "Flora Indica." 
 
 Native names are in Italics at the end of the description. 
 An asterisk before the name of a plant means that it has not been 
 seen by me. 
 
 ORDER 1. RANUNCTJLACEJE. 
 
 Generally herbs, sometimes shrubs, leaves generally much 
 divided and with dilated petioles ; sepals 3 to 6, deciduous, 
 petals 3 or more, sometimes wanting ; stamens many, ovary 
 generally of many distinct carpels; fruit of many one -seeded 
 achenes, or many-seeded follicles. 
 
 This is an order of temperate regions, best known in England from 
 the buttercups, but only slightly represented in W. India. There 
 are five tribes, named respectively from the Clematis, Anemone, 
 Eanunculus, Hellebore, and Paeony. There is nothing here belonging 
 to the third and fifth tribes, and of the second and fourth only a 
 single species each. 
 
 CLEMATIS. Climbing undershrubs with opposite leaves, 
 sepals usually 4, petaloid, petals none ; carpels many, fruit a 
 head of achenes, with long feathery points. 
 
 Note. The leaves and leaflets in this genus often vary a great 
 deal in the same specimen, and the petioles are often twisted. 
 
 1 . C. Gouriana. Nearly smooth, leaves pinnate or bipinnate, 
 leaflets oval or oblong, flowers in large panicles, small, white, 
 achenes hairy. Morvel, rdnjdi. Very variable (H.). 
 
 The Ghauts : very abundant about Nasik. This strongly recalls 
 C. vitalba of English hedges, known generally as "Traveller's joy" 
 or " Oldman's beard," but also by various other names 
 " The clematis, the favoured flower, 
 Which boasts the name of virgin's bower." Scott. 
 
 2. C. Wightiana. A large hairy climber, leaves pinnate, 
 
6 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 leaflets 3 to 5 lobed, toothed, flowers large and handsome, 
 achenes very silky. Morvel.* 
 
 The highest Ghauts (D. Sf 6?.). Mahableshwar (near the top only 
 Dr. Coo~ke). The colour of the flowers is a lovely pale gold, which, 
 very strangely, is not mentioned in any book that I have seen. 
 
 Two other species much less common are given. C. smilacifolia; 
 leaflets large, entire, oval, with a sudden point, very like the leaves 
 of the common Smilax ; flowers large, purple. Fonda Ghaut (D.). I 
 have seen it (but not in flower), near Bassein. And *C. triloba, with 
 small, long-stalked leaves, simple or ternate, flowers large white, fruit 
 not so much bearded as in some species. The Mawal districts (!>.) 
 
 The following also are found : 
 
 Naravelia. Differing from Clematis in having 6 to 12 petals, and in 
 the terminal leaflet being often changed into a tendril. *N. zeylanica, 
 a climber, with solitary yellowish flowers, the hairy sepals twice as 
 long as the smooth petals. Southern Ghauts (D. fy #.). 
 
 Thalictrum. Erect herbs with sheathing petioles, and no petals, 
 * T. Dalzellii, a small plant with white flowers in a small panicle j 
 achenes with a long straight hooked beak. Harichander (D,). 
 
 Delphinium (Larkspur). Erect herbs with palmate leaves and 
 irregular flowers, one of the five sepals being spurred. * D. dasya- 
 caulum, a branched plant with bright blue showy flowers in a lax 
 raceme, follicles short, hairy. Near Junar (D.). 
 
 ORDER 2. DILLENIACE.E. 
 
 Leaves alternate, simple, sepals 5, persistent, petals 5, deci- 
 duous, stamens many in many series, carpels generally distinct, 
 styles always so. 
 
 A small order, closely allied to Ranunculacefe, but represented here 
 only by two rather striking trees. 
 
 " Rose as in dance the stately trees, and spread 
 Their branches, hung with copious fruit." Milton. 
 
 DILLENIA. Trees with large leaves very strongly veined, 
 and large flowers, carpels 5 to 20, cohering, fruit roundish, 
 formed of the matured carpels enclosed in the thickened calyx. 
 
 1. D. indica {D. speciosa, D.). A fine tree with lanceolate- 
 leaves sharply serrated, collected at the end of the branches ; 
 flowers very large, white, solitary, the sepals roundish, thick 
 and fleshy, the inner stamens arching over the outer ; fruit 
 size of a cocoanut, green, round, with shallow irregular lobes. 
 Mota Karmalj Karambali. 
 
 The Konkans, not common. Cultivated in most parts of India. 
 Brandis. 
 
 " Dillenia, casting its enormous flowers, as big as two fists." 
 Sir J. Hooker. 
 
 * Vel is the common Maratta word for a climbing plant. 
 
Order 2. Diileniacea. 7 
 
 The calyx is eaten, and the fruit used as food for cattle. I 
 rather think that this tree is sometimes by English people called the 
 Magnolia. 
 
 2. D. pentagyna. A fine tree with leaves upwards of two 
 feet long, oblong lanceolate, serrate ; flowers on the branches, 
 showy, yellow, but very much smaller than the last; fruit 
 iiesh-coloured, lobed like the last, looking like bunches of 
 cherries. Karmal, Karambal 
 
 Konkan, S. Ghauts, and S. Maratfca country, not common. Forests 
 throughout India (flT.). Very noticeable for its 
 
 "Large foliage, overshadowing golden flowers." Cowper. 
 They are the largest simple leaves that I know, except perhaps 
 those of the teak tree, and are sold in bundles for chuppers. 
 
 ORDER 3. MAGNOLIACE.E. The Magnolia Family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs often aromatic ; leaves alternate, sepals and 
 petals arranged in whorls of 3, very deciduous, stamens and 
 carpels indefinite ; fruit of numerous carpels, more or less 
 distinct. 
 
 A small order, but distinguished for beauty and fragrance. In 
 England the Magnolia, M. grandijlora, and the tulip tree, Liriodendron 
 tuUpifera, natives of N. America, are well known in gardens. 
 
 The only species of this order known in W. India is wild in the 
 Himalayas and Nilghiris, but not with us. 
 
 MICHELIA. Trees; leaf buds enclosed in the twisted stipules, 
 sepals and petals similar ; fruit an elongated spike of carpels. 
 
 M. champaca. A fine tree with long, oval, pointed, waved 
 leaves, shining above; sepals and petals 15 to 20, flowers 
 yellow very fragrant ; carpels roundish, oval sessile, many 
 together at the end of a swollen stalk. Pila champa, champaka. 
 
 Commonly cultivated. The flowers are used by women to orna- 
 ment their hair, and are offered in temples. 
 "The champak odours fail, 
 
 Like sweet thoughts in a dream." Shelley. 
 
 " The pale yellow flowers have the sweet oppressive perfume 
 which is celebrated in the poetry of the Hindus. From the wood of 
 the champak the images of Buddha are carved for the temples." 
 Tennant's " Ceylon." 
 
 ORDER 4. ANONACE^l. The Custard Apple Family. 
 
 Trees and shrubs, often climbing and aromatic, leaves alter- 
 nate, simple, entire, without stipules, sepals 3, petals 3 to 6 in 
 
8 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 two series ; stamens many, closely packed on a torus, filaments 
 short or none, anthers with a long connective ; fruit of numerous 
 carpels, either quite distinct or united. 
 
 A tropical order, mainly distinguished by the peculiar anthers and 
 carpels. It is much better known in W. India by the cultivated than 
 by the wild species. 
 
 (a) Stamens many, close packed, the anther cells concealed 
 by the connective ; ovaries indefinite. 
 
 1. UNONA. Petals flat, spreading from the base, style re- 
 curved and grooved ; carpels long, generally constricted between 
 the seeds. 
 
 2. POLYALTILEA. Like the last, but the carpels, when ripe, 
 are one-seeded berries. 
 
 3. ANONA. Eipe carpels confluent into a fleshy, many-celled, 
 many-seeded fruit. 
 
 (b) Stamens often indefinite, anther cells not concealed by 
 the connective ; ovaries indefinite. 
 
 4. SACCOPETALUM. Petals in two series, valvate, the outer 
 smaller ; carpels in fruit quite distinct and stalked. 
 
 (a) 
 
 1. UNONA. 
 
 * TJ. discolor (including D's U. dunallii}. A shrub spread- 
 ing or climbing, the young branches rough with white 
 tubercles, leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth or shining above, 
 flowers yellow, strong-smelling, solitary ; carpels stalked, with 
 several joints, fleshy. 
 
 The Konkan and Wari country (D.). H. has four varieties. He 
 gives the petals as about 2 inches by inch. 
 
 Two less common species are given. *U. pannosa (U. farinosa, D.) 
 a tree with ovate lanceolate leaves, the petals covered with brown 
 woolly hairs, the carpels not constricted Parwar ghaut and Tala- 
 wari, (D.) and * U. Lawii, said to be much like U". discolor, but the 
 petals 2 to 3 inches long, and not \ inch broad, leaves pale and downy 
 beneath, carpels with 1 to 3 ovoid joints. Named after Mr. Law, C.S., 
 a very distinguished botanist, who found it in the Konkan. 
 
 2. POLYALTKEA. 
 
 * P. cerasoides (Gualteria c., D.). A tree with light grey 
 bark, leaves lanceolate or oblong, softly hairy beneath, petals 
 dirty green, thick, leathery, half an inch long, carpels size of a 
 small cherry, dark red, stalked. Hum. 
 
 Thall ghaut and Jawhar forests (D. fy <?.), W. Ghauts, and Sattara 
 districts. 23. * P. fragrzns found in the Wari country by Dalzell, has 
 very fragrant yellow flowers with linear petals, carpels ovoid, stalked. 
 
Order 4. A nonacece. g 
 
 P. longifolia is a very handsome tree in gardens and else- 
 where, with long lanceolate, shining, waved, leaves and 
 yellowish-green flowers in dense umbels. Ashoka, ratjdmbul, 
 devddr, Asupala. 
 
 3. ANONA. 
 
 1. A. squamosa. The custard apple. Sweet sop of the W. 
 Indies. Sitaphal. 
 
 2. A. reticulata. Bullock's heart. Custard apple of the 
 W. Indies. Rdmphal. 
 
 Both are natives of tropical America, but naturalized in India, 
 the first especially in the "W". Peninsula, the second in Bengal 
 (ff.). 
 
 " The quality of this fruit is well expressed by its English name, 
 which it acquired in the W. Indies ; for it is as like a custard, and a 
 good one too, as can be imagined." Cook's " Voyages." 
 
 Note. The fruit of these two are utterly unlike those of all other 
 species of the order found in India, as in these the carpels are 
 amalgamated into a solid fruit, but in the rest the carpels remain 
 separate. 
 
 Belonging to this section (a) is Uvaria, climbing shrubs with 
 ovaries indefinite in number. *U. narum is a large smooth climber 
 with oblong lanceolate leaves, and large solitary flowers reddish or 
 purple; carpels long-stalked scarlet. S. Ghauts (_D.), Konkan (G.). 
 H. makes D.'s U. lurida a variety of this. 
 
 4. SACCOPETALUM. 
 
 S. tomentosum. Tree with oval or oblong acute leaves, 
 flowers in stalked cymes, greenish- yellow with brown streaks, 
 carpels stalked, 3 or 4 together, size shape and colour of a 
 plum, 3 or 4 seeded. Hum, Kirni, Kari. 
 
 The Konkan and Ghauts, not common. The carpels would naturally 
 be taken for separate fruits. 
 
 To this section belongs Bocaggea. Trees with shining leaves, 
 stamens 6 to 21 in 2 or more series, thick and fleshy. * B. Dalzellii 
 (Sagercea laurina, D.), G. calls a very elegant tree with polished 
 oblong leaves, something like the Portugal laurel ; flowers small 
 white crowded, carpels round smooth, stalked. Sdjeri, undi. The 
 Konkans (D. ^ G.). 
 
 ORDER 5. MENISPERMACE^. 
 
 Climbing or twining shrubs with small inconspicuous dioe- 
 cious flowers, dull green or yellow ; leaves alternate, often 
 peltate, without stipules ; sepals and petals generally 6, 
 stamens as many ; female flowers with 6 or more staminodes, 
 ovaries generally 3, ripe carpels drupaceous. 
 
io The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 This is a distinctly tropical order of little beauty, but the leaves 
 are of a very marked character. The male flowers resemble some 
 of the Euphorbia cece, but the female flowers and fruit are utterly 
 unlike. 
 
 1. TINOSPOEA. Sepals in 2 series larger than the petals 
 filaments free, stigmas forked. 
 
 2. ANAMIRTA. Sepals 6 with 2 bracts, petals none, fila- 
 ments united into a column ; female flowers with 9 staminodes 
 and stalked ovaries. 
 
 3. COCCULUS. Sepals in 2 series, the outer smaller, petals 6 
 smaller, stamens embraced by the petals ; female flowers with 
 6 staminodes, 
 
 4. CISSAMPELOS. Male flowers with 4 sepals and petals, the 
 latter united into a cup, anthers united round the top of the 
 staminal column ; female flowers crowded among the leafy- 
 bracts, with one sepal and one petal. 
 
 5. CYCLEA. Male flowers with 4 to 8 sepals and petals, the 
 calyx inflated, stamens as in the last ; female flowers with one 
 sepal and one petal. 
 
 1. TINOSPOEA. 
 
 T. cordifolia. A large twiner with light grey bark, loaves 
 smooth, heart-shaped on long petioles, flowers in racemes 
 very small, yellow, very deciduous ; drupe very small, round 
 or oval, bright red, glutinous inside. Gulvel, ambarvel, 
 garudvel. 
 
 Konkan and Deccan. Throughout tropical India (H.). The 
 stems, called gulo, throw out long thread-like roots, and are sold in 
 the bazaar, and used in fevers (Z).). 
 
 Largely cultivated in Ceylon. " Such is its tenacity of life that 
 the Cinghalese to grow it simply twist several yards of the stem 
 into a coil, and hang it on the branch of a tree, where it speedily 
 puts forth its large heart-shaped leaves, and sends down its rootlets 
 to the earth." Tennant. 
 
 * T. malalarica ascribed by D. to the Konkan has white hairs 
 scattered about it, ovate cordate pointed leaves and green flowers. 
 
 2. ANAMIRTA. 
 
 A. cocculus. A smooth twiner with thick corky bark ; 
 leaves heart-shaped or ovate with long petioles ; flowers com- 
 paratively large, greenish, in very long panicles from the 
 thicker branches ; drupes roundish, smooth, black. Kdkmdri 
 U Uj. 
 
 Common in the Konkan (D.}. I have seen it only at Kew. The 
 
Order 5. Menispermacece. i I 
 
 seeds are the Cocculus indicus of commerce, chiefly used in adul- 
 terating beer. 
 
 3. COCCULUS. 
 
 C. macrocarpus. Climbing over high trees with round or 
 kidney-shaped peltate leaves, smooth and long petioled ; N 
 flowers very small, yellowish, in panicles from the older 
 branches ; fruit in clusters. Rdmrik, wdtvel. 
 
 This is the only very attractive native species in the order. The 
 beautiful clusters of fruit, like grapes with a silvery bloom, are very 
 noticeable, and the foliage is luxuriant, the bright green leaves often 
 forming thick hanging masses. Abundant at Matheran ; tolerably 
 common on Konkan hills, and in the Ghauts. These great woody 
 climbers were by old travellers called " lianas," a term first used in 
 the French colonies (Chambers}. In the same way the great creepers 
 of tropical regions were called by the essentially English name of 
 "supple-jacks." "In many parts the woods are so overrun with 
 supple-jacks that it is scarcely possible to force one's way amongst 
 them. I have seen several which were 50 or 60 fathoms long." 
 Cook's " Voyages." 
 
 2. C. villosus. A soft hairy climber, much smaller than 
 the last, leaves oval rather triangular, short stalked ; male 
 flowers in nearly sessile clusters, female 3 together on a short 
 stalk ; fruit size of a pea, black, smooth, full of very "black 
 juice. Hundir, ivassanvel, tan. 
 
 Common in hedges, Deccan and Konkan. Throughout tropical and 
 subtropical India (-H\)- 
 
 4. ClSSAMPELOS. 
 
 C. pareira. A slightly hairy climber, leaves peltate, round- 
 cordate or kidney- shaped ; flowers yellowish minute, male in 
 panicles, feathery looking, female in racemes with large round 
 bracts ; fruit red, downy, size of a pea. Pahddvel, pa- 
 hddmul. 
 
 Common in hedges in the Konkan and elsewhere. Tropical and 
 subtropical India (#.). It looks like a small edition of Cocculus 
 macrocarpus. 
 
 5. CYCLEA. 
 
 Note. The species of this genus are easily distinguished by the 
 cup-shaped calyx and corolla. Cissampelos has the corolla alone 
 cup-shaped. 
 
 C. peltata. A climber, leaves peltate hairy, flowers very 
 small green, male panicles very long ; drupe kidney-shaped, 
 hairy. Pdrvel, pddel. 
 
 The Konkan, Matheran, and Mahableshwar. *C. Bv.rmanii attri- 
 
12 The Floivering Plants of Western India. 
 
 bated to the Konkan and Ghauts by P. d- G. is apparently very like 
 this, but larger and less hairy. 
 
 Stephania. Sepals 6 to 10 in the male, 3 to 5 in the female, petals 
 3 to 5, ovary one, style 3 to 6 divided. 8. hernandifolia has peltate 
 triangular leaves, rounded at the angles, long petioled, pale below, 
 flowers minute yellowish, crowded in short umbels on a long axillary 
 stalk; drupe smooth, red. At Dapolf. The Konkan (Z>.). 
 
 ORDER 6. NYMPH^EACEJE. Water Lilies. 
 
 Aquatic plants with leaves usually floating, and often pel- 
 tate, sepals 3 to 6, petals as many, or numerous ; stamens many, 
 disk fleshy, surrounding or enveloping the 3 or more carpels ; 
 stigmas as many as the carpels. 
 
 Here as in England the water lilie? can scarcely be mistaken for 
 anything else. 
 
 1. NYMPH JSA. Sepals petals and stamens indefinite, all 
 inserted on the disc, which is confluent with the carpels, fila- 
 ments petaloid, fruit a spongy berry ripening under water. 
 
 2. NELUMBIUM. Leaves well out of the water, peltate, 
 sepals soon falling off, petals and stamens in many series, 
 anthers with a clubbed appendage ; ovaries many, sunk in 
 a fleshy torus, which enlarges as the fruit ripens. 
 
 1. NYMPH^IA. 
 
 1. N. lotus. Leaves round, sharply sinuate or dentate, 
 flowers large, red or white, sepals ribbed, white inside, oblong, 
 petals the same shape, filaments broad at the base, stigmas 
 with clubbed appendages. 
 
 This is the Egyptian lotus, as famous in the art and literature 
 of Egypt as the India-n lotus in that of India. In later days and 
 as regards one variety, "It was asserted that as a new star had 
 appeared in the sky, so a new flower had blossomed on the earth 
 at the moment of the death of Antinous. This was the lotus of a 
 peculiar red colour, which the people of Lower Egypt used to wear 
 in wreaths on his festival." J. A. Symonds. 
 
 2. JV. stellata. Leaves entire or slightly waved, sepals 
 nerved but not ribbed, petals acute, anthers with long white 
 appendages, stigmas horned, flowers red, white, or blue, 
 smaller than the last. 
 
 Both sorts are common in tanks throughout the warmer parts 
 of India, and are called Kamal. 
 
 2. NELUMBIUM. 
 N. speciosum. Much larger than either of the two last ; 
 
Order 6. Nymphceacece. 1 3 
 
 leaves one to two feet in diameter, petioles and pedicels 3 or 
 4 feet long, hollow ; flowers red or white, sepals 5 with 2 
 bracts ; fruit large, top-shaped, enclosing many carpels, the 
 tops of which project like knobs. Kamal, point, poira. 
 
 Common in tanks throughout India. 
 
 " The large-leaved lotus on the waters flowering." Southey. 
 This is the sacred lotus of India : Sanscrit padmd ; and as Brahma, 
 the self-existent, sprang from a lotus before the creation of the world, 
 it may by some be considered the first of all vegetable forms. 
 
 "The black seeds in China, and some parts of India, are served 
 at table in place of almonds, which they are said to resemble." 
 Tennant's " Ceylon." 
 
 ORDER 7. PAPAVERACE-ffi. Poppies. 
 
 Herbs with milky juice and radical and alternate leaves, 
 flowers regular, sepals 2, concave, petals 4, stamens very 
 many, style short or none, stigmas radiating. 
 
 A well-known order of temperate climes, with considerable re- 
 semblance to Ranunculacese. The petals and stamens fall off very 
 quickly. There are no species wild in the plains of India, but that 
 given below is one of the commonest of imported weeds. 
 
 ARGEMONE. Prickly with yellow juice and flowers ; stigma 
 4 to 7 lobed, capsule many-seeded. 
 
 A . Mexicana. Mexican or prickly poppy. A stout, branched 
 plant ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, sinuate, much variegated with 
 white ; flowers large, bright yellow ; capsule oblong opening 
 at the top usually bristly. Dar-uri, Kdnte-dJiotra. 
 
 " It has spread like a weed all over the tropics." Bentham. Oil for 
 lamps is extracted from the seeds, which are purgative and diuretic. 
 
 Papaver somniferum is the garden poppy of England, the opium 
 poppy of India, fields of which, red, purple and white, may be seen 
 occasionally in Guzerat, but in perfection in Central India. 
 
 " The poppy fields (near Chittagong) resembled a carpet of dark 
 green velvet, sprinkled with white stars, or a green lake studded 
 with water lilies."' Hooker. 
 
 ORDER 8. FUMARIACE^l. Fumitories. 
 
 Herbs with divided leaves and very irregular flowers ; sepals 
 2, small, deciduous, petals 4 in unequal pairs, stamens 6 in 2 
 bundles. 
 
 A small order with great peculiarities of petals. In the " Genera 
 Plantar um " it is given as a sub -order of Papaveracece. 
 
 EUMARIA. Segments of leaves very narrow ; petals, two 
 
14 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 outer, one flat or concave, the other spurred at the base, the 
 two inner clawed and keeled, fruit round, one-seeded. 
 
 F. parviflora. A small smooth branched plant with angular 
 stem, leaves pinnatifid, segments flat, flowers in racemes 
 whitish or rose-coloured, tips of petals cohering, fruit smooth. 
 Pitpdtra. 
 
 Deccan and Khandeish. " A weed of cultivation." H. 
 
 This species is rare in England, but differs very little from the 
 common English fumitory (F. officinalis) except by its smaller size. 
 Lear when mad went 
 
 " Crowned with rank fumitor, and furrow weeds." 
 Corydalis has flowers of the same peculiar form. 
 
 ORDER 9. CEUCIFER^. Cressworts. 
 
 Herbs with radical and alternate leaves, without stipules ; 
 sepals 4, often enlarged at the base, petals 4, arranged cross- 
 wise ; stamens 6, of which two pairs are longer and one pair 
 shorter (this arrangement is called tetradynamous) ; disc with 
 4 glands opposite the sepals ; fruit a silique, or in some genera 
 indehiscent. 
 
 This is a large and very well-defined order, having its name from 
 the appearance of a cross in the petals and stamens. The tetrady- 
 namous stamens and the peculiar fruit together distinguish it from 
 any other order. It mainly belongs to the temperate parts of the 
 world, and in England numbers of common weeds, and many common 
 culinary vegetables, belong to the order. But only one inconspicuous 
 species is found wild in W. India. 
 
 CARDAMINB. Sepals equal at the base, petals entire, clawed, 
 silique linear. 
 
 C. hirsuta. A small plant, slightly hairy; leaves pinnate 
 or pinnatifid, leaflets roundish ovate coarsely toothed, flowers 
 small, white or yellow, silique smooth, erect, tapering. 
 
 This is the "hairy bitter cress" of England. H. has for it "all 
 temperate regions of India," and it is found at Bombay, Poona, 
 Mahableshwar and other places; but D. gave only "hills about 
 Belgaum," and G. has not got it, so it may perhaps have spread of 
 late years. 
 
 " In the common small form the stamens are usually reduced to 
 4." Xentham. 
 
 Dr. Cooke has C. subnmbellata at Mahableshwar, very like this. 
 
 The following are the best-known species of this order 
 which are cultivated in W. India ; 
 Cheiranthus Gheiri. Wallflower. 
 
Order 9. Cruciferce. 1 5 
 
 Raplianus sativus. Kadish mule. 
 
 Brassica oleracea. The original species from which all the 
 varieties of cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and nolecole have 
 been produced. Of B. campestris one variety (rapa) is the 
 turnip plant, and another (napus) that which produces rape- 
 seed, from which colza oil is made. B. mgraand alba (formerly 
 sinapis) mustard, rdi. 
 
 Nasturtium officinale, water-cress. 
 
 Lepidium sativum, common cress. 
 
 Note. Nolecole is the same plant as what is called Cole rubbi in 
 England. The garden flower commonly called Nasturtium is a 
 Tropseolum. 
 
 ORDER 10. CAPPARIDE^. Capers. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, leaves simple or palmately divided, 
 sepals 4, petals 4, arranged crosswise : stamens often very 
 numerous, and on or at the base of the stalk of the ovary 
 (gynophore), style short or none; fruit a silique or berry. 
 
 This order is distinguished from Cruciferae by the general differ- 
 ence in habit, by the stamens (in the Indian genera) being never 
 tetradynamous, and generally very conspicuous. The gynophore 
 is a very uncommon characteristic. The flowers are often very 
 handsome. The so-called siliques of this order are more correctly 
 siliquiform capsules. 
 
 TRIBE 1. CLEOMEJ:. Herbs. 
 
 1. CLEOME. Stamens sessile on the disk, ovary sessile or 
 nearly so : fruit a silique. 
 
 2. GYNANDROPSIS. Leaves 5-foliate, petals long-clawed, 
 stamens 6, rising from the gynophore. 
 
 TRIBE 2. CAPPARE.E. Shrubs or trees. 
 
 3. M^RUA t Climbing shrubs, petals smaller than the 
 sepals, stamens many inserted high up on the gynophore : 
 fruit necklace-shaped. 
 
 4. CRAT^EVA. Trees, petals long-clawed, stamens indefinite, 
 united to the base of the slender gynophore, stigma sessile, 
 berry fleshy. 
 
 5. CADABA. Sepals unequal, petals clawed, disk tubular, 
 from which the gynophore arises : stamens 4 to 6, inserted on 
 one side of the gynophore : stigma sessile, silique slender. 
 
 6. CAPPARIS, Trees or shrubs generally thorny with simple 
 leaves ; stamens indefinite inserted on the disk at the base of 
 the long gynophore : stigma sessile, fruit fleshy. 
 
1 6 The Floivering Plants of Western India. 
 
 1. CLEOME. 
 
 1. C. simplicifolia (Polanisia S. D,). Hairy plant with 
 reddish stem and very rough ovate or obovate leaves, flowers 
 pink, solitary or in leafy racemes, stamens 10 to 12, silique 
 smooth pointed with the style. 
 
 Poona colleotorate and elsewhere, common. H. calls it prostrate, 
 which it does not seem to be in W. India. 
 
 2. C. Clielidonii (Polanisia C. D.). A tall strong plant, 
 rather pretty, leaves radical, long-petioled, deeply 7-divided, 
 upper trifoliate ; flowers pink in racemes, stamens very 
 numerous, silique 3 inches long, smooth. 
 
 Beds of Konkan rivers. Moist places in Deccan (D.). 
 
 3 C.viscosa (Polanisia icosandra, D.). A hairy and sticky 
 weed, leaves 3 to 5 foliate, leaflets ovate or obovate, flowers 
 small, yellow, in racemes : stamens many, silique long, rough, 
 erect. Kdnphati, piwali tilwan. 
 
 " Abundant throughout tropical and warm India, and the rest of 
 the world," H. I found it growing by the lighthouse on the Vingorla 
 Rocks, a good proof of uncommon hardiness. 
 
 * C. monophylla, called by D. a common weed, leaves oblong or 
 lanceolate, flowers pink or purple, stamens 6, silique cylindric. 
 * C. Burmannii, much branched, prickly, leaves trifoliate, flowers 
 solitary, purple, silique cylindric. A weed (D.). 
 
 Note. H. and others give this as having 6 stamens, but identify it 
 with R.'s Polanisia dodecandra. 
 
 C. speciosissima is a tall, very handsome garden plant, leaves 5 to 
 7 foliate, flowers large, rose-coloured, stamens very long, pink. 
 
 2. GYNANDROPSIS. 
 
 G. pentaphylla. An erect plant, hairy, sticky, and strong- 
 smelling, leaves 5-foliate, leaflets obovate or lanceolate, flowers 
 in racemes, white or pink, stamens very long. Tilwan 
 tilparni, mdbli. 
 
 A common weed. Warm parts of India and all tropical coun- 
 tries (H.). 
 
 This is a good type of one large section of this order, from the 
 long conspicuous gynophoie and stamens. 
 
 3. M^RUA. 
 
 M. arenaria (Niehburia oblongifolia, D.). Leaves oblong or 
 oval, flowers white or greenish, stamens long, white, fruit con- 
 stricted between the seeds. 
 
 Khair, Poona districts. Hedges Guzerat and Deccan (D.). 
 
Order 10. Capparidea. 17 
 
 4. CBAT.EVA. 
 
 G. religiosa (C. Roxburghii and C. Narvala, D.). A tree 
 with long petioled leaves, leaflets ovate or obovate, lateral ones 
 very oblique ; flowers in racemes, white turning to buff, with 
 long purple filaments ; fruit large, round or ovoid, long-stalked. 
 Wdnvan; Sanscrit, Wdras, hdwarna. 
 
 Very variable. (#.). Not uncommon, but generally planted; as 
 it is throughout India (Brandis). 
 
 5. CAD ABA. 
 
 G. Indica. A straggling much-branched shrub, leaves small, 
 ovate or oblong, flowers dingy-white, stamens spreading out 
 from the gynophore, silique linear, nearly black when ripe, 
 seeds black with scarlet or orange-pulp. Kabab. 
 
 Common in hedges in most parts, and not at all attractive. 
 
 6. CAPPARIS. 
 
 1. C. spinosa (G. Murrayana, D.). A prostrate, rather 
 downy shrub, flowers very handsome, solitary, white, with. 
 long purple filaments, sepals large and very convex, leaves 
 alternate roundish-ovate, thorns small, orange-coloured, fruit 
 ribbed, ovate or oblong. Kabar. 
 
 This is the caper-plant, the flower buds of which are our capers. 
 Found in every quarter of the globe. H. has 4 varieties, which 
 between them extend over a great part of India. Beds of streams 
 on the Ghauts (D. Sf (?.). I have seen it only at Batlod. 
 
 An old traveller says that the genus takes* its name from the 
 famous island of Capri, where " the caper-bush hangs from the 
 walls and ledges of rocks, and adorns them with its white flowers, 
 full of long lilac-coloured stamens." 
 
 2. G. divaricata (C. stylosa, D.). A thorny shrub or small 
 tree with large white flowers tinged with yellow, solitary, on 
 short stout stalks; leaves linear lanceolate, fruit size of a 
 billiard-ball, scarlet, warted, with 6 ridges, seeds dark, 
 embedded in pulp. 
 
 The above is as I have seen the flowers, but D. calls them green, 
 G. red. Common all over the Deccan (D.). S. M. country (0.). 
 
 3. C. aphylla. A very thorny shrub or small tree, with 
 innumerable green smooth branches ; leaves only on the young 
 shoots, linear subulate ; flowers red, handsome, several to- 
 gether, buds whitish and mealy, fruit smooth, round, size of 
 a cherry. Kanl, Kerd. 
 
 Very common in Guzerat, less so in the Deccan : a plant of very 
 dry districts. 
 
 
 
1 8 T/te Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 4. C. Roxburgliii. A large climbing, thorny shrub, leaves 
 lanceolate, more or less downy, flowers in racemes large, pure 
 white, stamens long, fruit large round scarlet, rou^h and 
 wrinkled, splitting from the top, seeds large, dark. Wdgati, 
 purvi. 
 
 Waghotan. Ghauts and S. Konkan, not common (Z>.). 
 
 5. C. pedunculosa. A small thorny shrub, mostly smooth, 
 leaves small, round-cordate pointed: flowers few together, white, 
 small, delicate, umbellate on long stalks : fruit round on a 
 short thickened stalk size of a cherry. Kolimd. 
 
 Mahableshwar, Matheran, &c. 
 
 6. C. sepiaria. A poor-looking thorny shrub, all parts more 
 or less hairy, leaves roundish ovate or oblong, flowers small, 
 white, with very long stamens, uinbelled ; berry two-lobed, size 
 of a pea, black. 
 
 .ff. has 3 varieties, occurring in dry places nearly all over India. 
 It is common all over the Western presidency, I believe. 
 
 7. C. horrida. A climber, rusty-brown all over the young 
 parts, and covered with hooked thorns, leaves ovate or oblong 
 with a short bristly point, flowers rather large, long- stalked, 
 white, with long white stamens turning purple : fruit roundish, 
 smooth, reddish-brown. Tarti, taranti. 
 
 Common in hedges. Brandis says it flowers so freely that the 
 bush often looks like a mass of white and rose-colour, but I have 
 generally seen it more in accordance with its specific name, and with 
 the thorns far more noticeable than the flowers. 
 
 The following are less common. * C. zeylanica (C. Irevispina, D.). 
 A thorny shrub, flowers large, white, solitary, the two lower petals 
 yellow; leaves oval lanceolate : fruit scarlet, size of a small orange. 
 Wdgati. W. Deccan and Vingorla (D.). A southern species (H.). 
 
 * C. heyneana (C. formosa, D.). A shrub, flowers large, solitary, 
 pale-blue with yellow base, leaves as the last, fruit ovoid, beaked. 
 Chorla Ghaut (D.). 
 
 C. grandis. A small tree, leaves broad ovate, flowers white in 
 corymbs, fruit purple, larger than a cherry. Pdchaonda. Forts of 
 Sholapore and Miraj (D.). * C. tenera. Shrubby, leaves ovate, 
 flowers small, fruit pear-shaped. On the Ghauts, rare (D.). 
 
 ORDER 11. VIOLACEJE. 
 
 Sepals, petals, and stamens 5, corolla irregular, the lower 
 petal being dissimilar. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. 
 
 The above is the description of Tribe Violese, to which the violets 
 and pansies, and the solitary species of the order found wild in W. 
 
Order n. Violacece. 19 
 
 India belong. lonidium. Sepals subequal. Lower petal larger 
 than the others, clawed, saccate or spurred at the base : stigma 
 oblique, capsule roundish. I. suffruticosum (7. enneaspermum and 
 I. hexaspermum, D.). Six to twelve inches high, very variable, 
 leaves narrow, flowers pink or red. S. Konkan and Belgaum (D.). 
 Ratanbaras. 
 
 ORDER 12. BIXINEJE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, flowers regular, sepals 
 and petals 4 or 5, the latter sometimes wanting, capsule 3 to 5 
 valved. 
 
 This is a tropical order, not very easy to describe, and the genera 
 here given differ very much from one another. Those with many 
 stamens are said to bear some relation to Capparidese and Tiliaceae, 
 those with few to Violaceae. See also Samydaoese. 
 
 1. COCHLEOSPERMUM. Stamens many on a disk, ovary round, 
 stigma toothed, seeds cochleate, i.e. twisted like a snail-shell. 
 
 2. FLACOURTIA. Trees of small size and little beauty, 
 flowers small without petals, stamens many, ovary seated on a 
 glandular disk, fruit indehiscent. 
 
 3. HYDNOCARPUS. Flowers dioecious, sepals 5, free, petals 5 
 with a scale opposite each, stamens 5 to 8, stigmas 3 to 6, large 
 and lobed, berry round. 
 
 1, COCHLEOSPERMUJT. 
 
 (7. Gossypium A fine tree with smooth bark; leaves acutely 
 lobed, flowers large and handsome, bright yellow at the end of 
 the branches, capsule oblong, with 5 lobes and valves, full of 
 silky cotton. Gadbi, galgal, galeri, gunglai. 
 
 Not in D. Khandesh and Satpura jungles, Q. The flowers appear 
 when the tree is bare. It has a strong general resemblance to the 
 silk cotton tree, and was considered a Bombax by R. 
 
 "I found trees of Cochleospermnm, whose curious thick branches 
 spread out somewhat awkwardly, each tipped with a cluster of gold 
 and yellow flowers, as large as the palm of the hand, and very beautiful : 
 it is a tropical gum cistus in the appearance and texture of the 
 petals and their frail nature. The bark abounds in a transparent 
 gum, of which the white ants seem fond, for they had killed many 
 trees." Hooker's Himalayan Journals. 
 
 2. FLACOURTIA. 
 
 Note. H. says that the species of this genus are excessively vari- 
 able, and hard to distinguish, and no one who compares a number of 
 specimens will doubt that this is so. The flowers of all are small, 
 green, and few together, the stam3ns being the most conspicuous 
 part. 
 
 1. F. Montana. A thorny tree, leaves smooth, hard, oval, 
 
 C 2 
 
2O The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 crenate, fruit size of a cherry, red, eatable, seeds 10 or 12, 
 embedded in pulp. AtaJc. 
 
 The Ghauts and hilly parts of the Konkan. 
 2. F. sepiaria. Very thorny, bark light-grey, leaves smooth, 
 shining, obovate, on red petioles, stigmas 3 to 5, fruit size of a 
 pea, purplish, seeds in 5 vertical pairs. Ataran. 
 
 The Konkan. 
 
 What the tdmbat at Mahableshwar is it is beyond me to decide. It 
 is almost exactly like this last, and I believe, and am well supported 
 in thinking, that it is very often found unarmed. It may be a 
 variety of F. sepiaria, or as G. makes it, F. inermis, which H. does 
 not refer to this part of India. Mr. Birdwood calls it F. ramontchi, 
 which H. makes wild or cultivated throughout India, and whieh 0. 
 calls the Mauritius plum. Kdki, Ihekal. D. has also * F. cataphracta 
 on the banks of rivers in the Wdri country. Thorns large com- 
 pound, berry size of a small plum, with very hard sharp-edged seed. 
 Jagam. Commonly cultivated, H. Dr. Dymock calls this also 
 dmbat. 
 
 3. HYDNOCARPUS. 
 
 H. Wightianus (H. inebrians, D.). A fine tree, leaves long 
 lanceolate, smooth and shining, flowers white in umbels or 
 racemes, calyx and pedicels rusty, petals rounded, fringed with 
 silvery hairs, scales brown, hairy and fleshy : fruit a rough, 
 hard, rusty-brown ball, like the wood-apple. Kauti, Kadu- 
 Kawat. 
 
 S. Konkan. Commoner apparently farther S. 
 
 Scolopia. Flowers small, racemed, stamens many, berry 2 to 4 
 seeded. * S. crenata (Phobera c. D.). Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely 
 serrated or crenated, fruit round, green. S. Ghauts (D.). Excessively 
 variable (H.) Hintdlu. 
 
 To this order also belongs Bixa orellana, a handsome shrub or 
 small tree commonly cultivated. Kisri, sendri. The pulp which 
 covers the seed is Arnotto, used as in England and Holland, for 
 colouring butter and cheese. In the Spanish Main the Indians paint 
 their bodies all over with it for full dress (Kingsley) : and this use of 
 it is said also to prevent mosquito bites. 
 
 ORDER 13. PITTOSPORACE.E. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, leaves alternate entire, sepals and petals 5 
 imbricated, stamens 5, stigma 2 to 5 lobed. 
 
 * Pittosporum floribundum. A small tree, leaves lanceolate 
 waved, flowers in racemes, dingy white, capsule 2-valved, size 
 of a pea, seeds covered with reddish resin. Yekadi, behkali, 
 vikhdri. 
 
 Along the Ghauts (D.). Khandalla, pretty common (G.). 
 
Order 14. Polygalece. 21 
 
 ORDER 14. POLYGALE^l. Milkworts. 
 
 Leaves alternate simple entire, flowers very irregular, sepals 
 5, the two inner (wings) like petals : petals 3 unequal, the 
 largest keel-shaped (keel) ; stamens 4 to 8 united into a sheath ; 
 capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, frequently margined. 
 
 The shape of the flowers distinguishes this order from every other. 
 They have a superficial resemblance to those of the pea family, but 
 here the wings belong to the calyx. All the species found in W. 
 India (as in England) are small herbs, and would be easily recog- 
 nized by any one who knows the common English milkwort, P. 
 vulgaris. 
 
 1. POLYGALA. Wings larger than the other sepals, petals 
 united at the base with the staminal tube, which is split ; keel 
 generally crested ; stamens 8. 
 
 3. SALOMONIA. Flowers minute in dense spikes ; sepals 
 nearly equal ; stamens 4 or 5, united half way down into a 
 sheath. 
 
 1. POLYGALA. 
 
 1. P. elongata. Erect, branched, 4 or 5 inches high, leaves 
 linear or oblong, smooth, flowers in racemes yellow, wings 
 obliquely oval, longer than the capsule, which is nearly round 
 and notched. 
 
 E. includes in this D.'s P. campestris. 
 The Konkans. Coast of Katty war (Z>.). 
 
 2. P. Chinensis. Generally procumbent ; leaves from roundish 
 to narrow linear, flowers yellow in short racemes, wings large 
 pointed, longer than the roundish notched capsule. Negli. 
 
 Guzerat, Deccan, &c. H. makes this most variable, includes in 
 it three others of D.'s species, and ascribes it to the whole of India. 
 
 * P. per si carice folia is called by Mr. Birdwood the Mahableshwar 
 milkwort' erect, branched, leaves oval or oblong, flowers rose-colour, 
 wings obovate, capsule obcordate, ciliate. Highest Ghauts (D.). 
 
 * P. erioptera (P. vahliana, D.) flowers yellow, wings longer than 
 the notched capsule, seeds very hairy. Guzerat (D.). Very variable (H.). 
 
 2. SALOMONIA. 
 
 * S. ciliata (8. cordata, D.), 3 to 6 inches high, leaves 
 sessile, cordate ovate ; flowers red or purple, capsule with red 
 filiform teeth, broader than long. Bhui sdna. 
 
 Vingorla (D.). N. Konkan (.). Katty war and Sholapore, Mr. 
 Jyekriehna Indraji. 
 
22 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 ORDER 15. CARYOPHYLLEJE. The Pink family. 
 Herbs with opposite branches, jointed, and thickened at 
 the joints; leaves opposite entire, sepals and petals 4 or 5, 
 stamens generally 8 or 10, sometimes 5, styles 2 to 5, fruit a 
 capsule. 
 
 " There are no other exogens with polypetalous lowers, opposite 
 undivided leaves without stipules, and stems swollen at the joints." 
 Lindley. 
 
 This large order contains flowers, both wild and cultivated, well 
 known to most English people, such as pinks and carnations, sweet- 
 williams, catchflys, chickweeds, &c., but it is very poorly repre- 
 sented in India except in the Himalayas. 
 
 1. SAPONARIA. Leaves flat, calyx more or less tubular 5- 
 toothed, petals 5, clawed, stamens 10, styles 2. 
 
 2. POLYCARP^EA. Leaves flat with scarious stipules, sepals 
 5 free, more or less scarious, petals and stamens 5, style trifid. 
 
 1. SAPONARIA. Soapwort. 
 
 S. vaccaria, a tall and pretty smooth plant, leaves long 
 lanceolate connate at the base, with a scarious tip or margin ; 
 flowers long stalked pink, capsule broad oval included in the 
 increasing calyx ; seeds many, black. 
 
 This is not common, and is not given either in D. or G. " In wheat 
 fields throughout India : a weed of cultivation " (H.}. I have seen it 
 only in watered fields. Any English flower-lover would at once 
 recognize it as a near relation of the garden pinks. 
 
 2. POLYCARP^EA. 
 
 P. corymbosa. A plant with narrow linear leaves generally 
 verticilled at the nodes, and flowers in much branched cymes, 
 remarkable for the scarious silvery sepals which are longer than 
 the petals and capsules. 
 
 Seashore S. Konkan and Guzerat : also in the Deccan (D.). D. calls 
 this "rigidly erect with few branches." H. " erect or decumbent 
 much dichotomously branched." 
 
 Arenaria (sandwort) sepals and petals 5, the latter entire, stamens 
 10 to 15, styles 3 or 4. * A neilgherrensis much branched, pro- 
 cumbent, flowers small, white. Belgaum and Dharwar collectorates, 
 D. ; but H., whose description differs a good deal, has it only at 
 considerable elevations in the Himalayas and Nilghiris. 
 
 For genus Mollugo, often put in this order, see Ficoideae. 
 
 ORDER 16. PORTTJLACEJE. 
 
 Herbs with entire leaves and membranous or hairy ap- 
 pendages at the nodes ; sepals 2, petals 4 or 5, styles divided, 
 fruit a capsule. 
 
Order 16. Portulacece. 23 
 
 In genus Portnlaca the stamens are perigynous, and the order was 
 therefore formerly included in Calyciflorals. It comes near to 
 Ficoidese. 
 
 PORTULAOSI. Succulent herbs, flowers terminal surrounded 
 by a whorl of leaves, seeds numerous, kidney-shaped. 
 
 1. P. oleracea. A small prostrate plant, smooth and fleshy, 
 leaves alternate, sessile, flat, oblong, cuneate ; flowers sessile 
 yellow, petals 5, stamens 8 to 12, style about 5 parted. Kurfd, 
 mothi-ghol, Ghol bdji. 
 
 Commonly found in moist places in the rains. It is the English 
 "common purslane," cultivated as a vegetable in many parts of 
 Europe and Asia; found wild in all warm climates, H. In Cook's 
 voyages, the finding of purslane in the Pacific Islands is always 
 mentioned as a blessing to the ships' crews. 
 
 P. quadrifida, rdnghol raighol, is so like this that it is distinguish- 
 able only on examination, but it has only 4: petals, a 4-cleft style, 
 and leaves in whorls of 4. Common. * P. tuberosa, stems short and 
 spreading, leaves linear, terete, flowers in terminal clusters, stamens 
 20 or more. Cutch, Palin, Sind, Stocks. Junak. 
 
 The garden Portulacas are well known for the brilliance of their 
 blossoms. 
 
 ORDER 17. T AM ARIS CINE-SI. Tamarisks. 
 
 Bushes and small trees, leaves alternate, very minute, sepals 
 and petals 5 or 10, stamens 4 to 10, ovary free, stigmas 2 to 
 5, capsule 3-valved. 
 
 The greenness of these bushes, though almost leafless, and their 
 growth in the beds of rivers or on the sandy seashore, make the 
 species easily distinguishable. 
 
 TAMAEIX. Leaves scale like, flowers in spikes or dense 
 racemes, disk lobed, ovary narrower upwards. 
 
 1. T. gattica. Leaves smooth subulate, not sheathing, 
 flowers in slender racemes, pink and pretty, disk 5-lobed, 
 stamens 5. Jhao. The galls are called magi yd mai. 
 
 This is the tamarisk commonly found, though scarcely wild, on 
 the English coast. D. has not got it, but H. and B. both call it 
 commom throughout India. 
 
 2. T. ericoides (Trichaurus e. D.). A tall shrub, leaves 
 sheathing ; flowers in spikes, pink, heath-like, only half open- 
 ing, stamens 10, style protruding, fruit over half an inch long, 
 conical. Kardti, sarub. 
 
 Common in the beds of Deccan and Konkan rivers. * T. dioica is 
 very like No. 1, but usually much smaller, and the foliage a greyer 
 green. Not in D, common in the Deccan ((?.) ; and found at Ahmed- 
 abad and Junagarh by Mr. Jyekrishna I. 
 
24 T/ie Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 ORDER 18. ELATINEJE. Waterpeppers. 
 
 Small herbs or undershrubs, leaves opposite or whorled, 
 flowers small, axillary, sepals, petals, and styles 2 to 5, stamens 
 as many or twice as many ; capsule 3 to 5 celled. 
 
 BERGIA. Flowers minute, all parts usually 5, sepals with 
 herbaceous midrib and membranous margins. 
 
 1. -Z?. odorata (JElatine o. D.) A small, mean-looking plant 
 nearly prostrate, more or less hairy ; leaves less than inch long, 
 oval oblong serrated, flowers inconspicuous, pinkish few to- 
 gether, stamens 10, styles 5. 
 
 Very variable : smells of camomile (ZT.). 
 
 Pretty common in Guzerat (-ZX). It grows in masses in cultivated 
 fields in the Panah Mahals. 
 
 2. S. ammanioides. Erect, branched 3 to 12 inches high, 
 with rough stems and oblong lanceolate sharply serrated leaves, 
 flowers minute reddish, several together, stamens 5. 
 
 Very like an Ammania, and growing in wet ground. Throughout 
 India, H. 
 
 * B. verticillata is apparently not so common. It has white flowers 
 in dense sessile heads, and 10 stamens. Dr. Dymock calls it hintd?, 
 which probably will apply to the other species also. 
 
 Note. O. gives these two last species as Octandria trigynia. 
 
 ORDER 18. GTJTTIFER-ffi. 
 
 Trees or shrubs abounding in yellow or greenish juice, leaves 
 opposite, flowers regular, sepals and petals 2 to 6, stamens 
 usually indefinite ; fruit usually a berry or drupe. 
 
 This small order contains some of the most beautiful of Indian 
 trees. It seems to have no particular affinities to other orders here 
 given. In all the genera given below the flowers are male, female, 
 and hermaphrodite. All here given are trees. 
 
 1. GARCINIA. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, anthers sessile, or 
 on short thick filaments, stigma lobed, berry with leathery 
 rind, seeds with pulpy aril. 
 
 2. OCKROCARPUS. Sepals 2, anthers erect, stigma 3 lobed, 
 berry with 1 to 4 large seeds. 
 
 3. CALOPHYLLTJM. Leaves very finely veined, flowers in 
 panicles, sepals and petals imbricated in 2 or 3 series, anthers 
 erect, stigma peltate, fruit a drupe. 
 
 4. MESUA. Flowers large, axillary, solitary, anthers erect, 
 style long, stigma peltate, fruit 4-valved with 1 to 4 seeds. 
 
Order 1 8. Guttifera. 25 
 
 1. GARCINIA. 
 
 G. Indica. A very pretty tree with drooping branches and 
 thick dark green foliage, the trunk black and grooved, leaves 
 oval pointed entire, almost veinless, flowers fleshy, sepals in 2 
 unequal pairs, petals 4, mouth of corolla entirely filled with 
 stamens, fruit size and colour of a plum. Kofasmbij ratambi. 
 
 This has much of the general appearance of the Evergreen oak 
 (Quercus Ilex}. It is tolerably common in the Konkan, and often 
 cultivated. The leaves when young are of a beautiful red. From 
 the oil of the seeds is made the well-known salve Kokam. The fruit 
 is good when cooked, though exceedingly acid. 
 
 * 0. Xanthochymus (X. pictorius, D.). Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
 a foot long, flowers white, sepals and petals 5, roundish, stamens in 
 bundles divided by fleshy glands, fruit size of an apple, pointed, 
 bright, yellow. Aont. S. Ghauts (D.). Widely distributed (H.). 0. 
 ovalifolius (Xanthochymus o. D.), leaves oval, flowers greenish 
 white, fascicled on the branches, sepals, petals and stamens as in the 
 last : fruit oblong, smooth, green, the size of a walnut. The Ghauts : 
 pretty common, D. & G. Tavir, haldi, jaugali rdmphal. 
 
 G. mangostana is the mangosteen tree, native and cultivated in the 
 Malay Peninsula and S. Tenasserim. 
 
 Gamboge comes from one of this genus, and most of the individuals 
 of the order yield an inferior sort of gamboge (B.). 
 
 2. OCHROCARPUS. 
 
 0. longifolus (Calysaccion, I. D.). A handsome tree with 
 small strong-smelling flowers clustered on the branches ; 
 leaves large, oblong, dark green, sepals and pedicels red, petals 
 white, anthers yellow, stigma large, flat, white ; fruit small, 
 oval, reddish, one-seeded. Suringi undi, god-undi, pundg, 
 harkin. 
 
 Ghauts and Konkans. The flower buds are exported for use in 
 silk dyeing. They are round and red, and are called tdmbadi ndj- 
 kesar. 
 
 3. CALOPHYLLUM. 
 
 C. inophyllum. Trunk black and crooked, leaves large 
 oval rounded entire ; flowers in racemes small but beautiful, 
 very fragrant ; sepals and petals 4 each, roundish pure white ; 
 stamens in 4 bundles, anthers yellow, ovary large round red, 
 fruit round green, size of a walnut. Undi. 
 
 Very common in the S. Konkan, often growing to a large size close 
 to high- water mark. H. says it is cultivated throughout India, but 
 I believe it never grows well away from the sea. G-. calls it the 
 " Alexandrian laurel." Oil is obtained from the fruit and commonly 
 burnt in the S. Konkan, and the wood is valuable. In Java, as with 
 
26 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 us, it is planted about the houses both for shade and sweetness, and 
 it is mentioned by Miss Gordon-Gumming as one of the splendid 
 trees of the Fiji island?, growing there also down to the water's 
 edge. 
 
 4. MESUA. 
 
 M. fewea. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, shining above, whitish 
 beneath, flowers solitary or twin, large, silvery white with 
 bright yellow anthers ; fruit oval pointed, with the calyx 
 attached. Nag champa ; Sans. Nag Jcesara. 
 
 Found wild in the Konkan, and cultivated elsewhere, but not so 
 commonly as its beauty and fragrance deserve. There is no ex- 
 aggeration in Sir W. Jones's description : " This tree is one of the 
 most beautiful on earth, and the delicious odour of its blossoms 
 justly gives them a place in the quiver of Cama-deva." Tennant, 
 who says it is planted in Ceylon near every Buddhist temple, describes 
 the flowers as resembling white roses, and forming "a singular 
 contrast with the buds and shoots of the tree, which are of the 
 deepest crimson." It is described as growing 60 or 70 feet high in 
 the Burrampooter valley, " a glossy green mass of foliage, beset 
 with snowy, fragrant gold-centred flowers of the camellia character : 
 its timber unmatched for weight and hardness by any other in all 
 the immense wilderness of Ind." And no flower can better fit 
 Wordsworth's lines 
 
 " A silver shield with boss of gold, 
 That spreads itself some fairy bold 
 In fight to cover " 
 
 Here comes order Ternstrsemiaceae. It is very doubtful 
 whether there is any species of it wild in W. India, but it is 
 mentioned here as containing the genus Thea, from the leaves 
 of various species of which all the tea is produced. H. makes 
 Thea only a section of the genus Camellia, so well known for 
 the beauty of the flowers, and calls C. theifera, which is wild 
 in Assam, " possibly the wild stock of the tea plant." 
 
 ORDER 19. DIPTEROCARPEJE. 
 
 Leaves alternate and simple, flowers regular, anthers 2-celled 
 with connective. 
 
 I can make out no other constant characteristics of this small 
 order, nor are the number of petals and sepals given of the only 
 species belonging to W. India. 
 
 ANCISTROCLADUS. Smooth climbing shrubs with short hooked 
 tendril-like branches, leaves entire in tufts, calyx at first small, 
 but increasing and becoming wings to the fruit, styles 3. 
 
 *A. heyneanus. A handsome climber with sessile oblong dark 
 
Order 19. Dipterocarpece. 27 
 
 green leaves and small white flowers in terminal racemes ; calyx 
 and corolla at first about equal, stamens 10, fruit small with 3 
 very long wings. Kardal Kardondi. The Ghauts, D. and G-. 
 
 ORDER 20. MALVACEAE. Mallows. 
 
 Leaves alternate, simple, generally lobed, stipulate, sepals 5 
 valvate, often with an involucre or outer calyx, petals 5 twisted, 
 stamens many united into a tube or column, from the sides of 
 which spring very numerous filaments, bearing one-celled 
 anthers ; ovary of several carpels united round a common axis, 
 styles generally the same number as the carpels, more or less 
 united. 
 
 The valvate calyx and stamens united into a column are the 
 special characteristics of this great order (but see Abutilon polyan- 
 druni) ; in many cases the fruit, consisting of the enlarged carpels as 
 above, is also very noticeable. Lobed leaves, jointed pedicels, and 
 showy flowers are of very frequent occurrence. 
 
 Note 1. H. has included in this order as a tribe Bombaceae, 
 previously considered a distinct order, and to that the above 
 remarks do not apply. 
 
 Note 2. In these and all other monadelphous genera, the 
 petals are more or less united at the base, and so the flowers 
 often appear to be monopetalous. 
 
 "The plants of the order are all wholesome, and yield much 
 mucilage, while many produce useful fibres." Le Maout. 
 
 (a) Fruit of ripe carpels, separating from the axis. 
 
 1. MALVA. Downy herbs, involucre of 3 distinct bracts. 
 
 2. SID A. Flowers small, involucre none, carpels generally 
 with 2 awns or beaks. 
 
 3. ABUTILON. Flowers yellow, generally large and haiid- 
 some, involucre none. 
 
 4. MALACHRA. Herbs with flowers in dense heads, usually 
 intermixed with bracteoles ; sepals cup-like below, styles 10. 
 
 5. URENA. Flowers clustered, involucre of 5 bracts ; styles 
 10, ripe carpels often bristly. 
 
 6. PAVONIA. Involucre of 5 or more bracts ; ovary 5-celled, 
 styles 10. 
 
 (6) Fruit capsular. 
 
 7. DECASCHISTA. Involucre of 10 bracts, ovary and capsule 
 10-celled, styles 10. 
 
 8. HIBISCUS. Flowers large, showy, leaves usually palmately 
 
28 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 lobed, involucre of 5 or more bracts, capsule 5 valved, or appa- 
 rently 10 valved. 
 
 9. THESPESIA. Involucre of 5 to 8 bracts, deciduous, some- 
 times obsolete, calyx cup-shaped, style one, club-shaped. 
 
 10. GOSSYPIUM. Involucre of 3 large bracts, calyx as in 
 the last, stigmas 5, seeds densely woolly. 
 
 1. MALVA. 
 
 M. rotundifolia. Spreading much branched, leaves roundish 
 heart- shaped, bluntly lobed, flowers small, pale, bracts very 
 narrow, calyx increasing with the fruit. 
 
 This is the small -flowered Mallow of England ; frequently found in 
 the Deccan, and in various other parts of India. 
 
 2. SlDA. 
 
 All the species here given have small yellow flowers, and are found 
 commonly through the hotter parts of India. 
 
 1. S. Jiumilis. A low herb, softly hairy, leaves roundish 
 cordate acute, flowers solitary, axillary rather pretty, carpels 5, 
 enclosed in the angular calyx. 
 
 1. S. rhomlifoha (S. retusa, D.) Shrubby, leaves obovate 
 or rhomboid, serrated towards the top, carpels 7 to 10, as long 
 as the calyx. Sahadevi, Atibala. 
 
 These two are common throughout the Presidency, and are very 
 variable (H.). 
 
 8. sjnnosa (S. alba, D.). Shrubby and thorny. Bandora, Surat (-D.)- 
 S. carpinifolia (S. acuta, D.). Shrubby, nearly smooth, with lanceo- 
 late acute leaves. Mai wan, Bombay, D. Tukati, tupkariya. S. cordi- 
 folia, shrubby and softly hairy. Malwan. No hab. (D.). Chilcnd, 
 lobirsir bhdji. 
 
 3 ABUTILON. 
 
 1. A. polyandrum. A tall hairy shrub, leaves long-petioled, 
 deeply cordate, long-pointed, flowers handsome, yellow, streaked 
 at the base with pink, carpels 5, forming around fruit depressed 
 at the top. Muddm. 
 
 The Ghauts ; also in the Pauch Mahals, I think. This is remark- 
 able in this order from the stamens being not columnar, but joined 
 only at the base. There is a clammy and strong-smelling variety, 
 which I found on the S. Ghauts, and Dr. T. Cooke at Khandalla, but 
 no mentioned in any of the books. It is very like A. graveoleus, 
 but easily distinguishable by the separate stamens and the small 
 number of carpels. 
 
 2. A. Indicum. Shrubby, all grey and velvety, leaves heart- 
 shaped, slightly lobed, unequally toothed, carpels about 20, 
 
Order 20. Malvacece. 29 
 
 hairy, forming a top-shaped fruit rising in the centre. Petdri, 
 madmi, Karandi. 
 
 3. A. mnticum (A. tomentosum, D.). Hairy, leaves round, 
 cordate not lobed, slightly serrated, flowers large, carpels kidney- 
 shaped, very hairy, forming a nearly round fruit with a depres- 
 sion at the top. Kasili, Karandi. 
 
 These two species grow in similar places in the Deccan, and are 
 common. They have a great general resemblance, but the fruit 
 sufficiently distinguishes them. The latter is the larger plant, and 
 not so grey as the former, which is much more widely distributed 
 over India. The capsules are called Mudrd, from their resemblance 
 to a seal. DymocTc. 
 
 D. had at Cambay * A. racemosum (A. sidoides, D.) with white bark, 
 acutely lobed leaves, and very small yellow flowers, carpels glutinous, 
 2-beaked, 3-seeded. 
 
 4. MALACHRA. 
 
 M. rotundfolia. A hairy plant with rough round leaves 
 slightly angled or lobed ; flowers small yellow, short stalked, 
 fruit roundish. 
 
 This is supposed to be a foreigner, but it is common about Bom- 
 bay, and said to be so in many parts of India. It certainly was not 
 introduced for its beauty. 
 
 5. UEENA. 
 
 1. U. lobata. Herbaceous, more or less hairy, leaves rounded 
 with 3 or more lobes, flowers pink 2 or 3 together, involucre 
 segments linear or lanceolate as long as the calyx, fruit of 5 
 carpels, roundish, covered with soft hooked bristles. Wan- 
 bhendi. 
 
 2. U. sinuata. Like the last but shrubby, leaves downy, 
 deeply lobed or pinnatifid j flowers larger and pretty. Lichi, 
 rdm^kdpshi. 
 
 These two species are both common, and both said by H. to be 
 widely distributed over India, and very variable. D.'s U.scabrinscula, 
 is by H. made a variety of U". lobata. 
 
 6. PAVONIA. 
 
 * P. zeylanica. An erect shrub, much branched, glandular 
 and hairy, leaves deeply lobed, flowers solitary, middle-sized, 
 whitish, bracts 8 to 10 linear, carpels oblong, 3-sided, sharply 
 winged. 
 
 Near Gogo (D.). 
 
 Two others are given from Cutch by General Palin. * P. glechomi- 
 folia, a rigid procumbent plant, leaves somewhat 3-lobed, crenate, 
 flower s yellow, carpels 5, warty. * P. odorata. Erect, sticky, leaves 
 
3O The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 much as the last, flowers pink, in clusters at the end of the branches ; 
 carpels obovoid. Kdld vdld. 
 
 7. DECASCHISTA. 
 
 * D. trilobata. A hairy shrub, lower leaves deeply 3-lobed, 
 upper sometimes entire, flowers large, capsule rough. 
 S. Ghauts, D. Belgaum, near the Ghauts, ((?.) 
 
 8. PIlBlSCUS. 
 
 1. H, furcatus. A large climber covered with recurved 
 prickles and prickly hairs, stem and branches much coloured, 
 leaves long petioled palmately 3 to 5 lobed, serrated ; involucre 
 with leafy appendages on the back ; flowers very large and 
 handsome, yellow with purple throat, capsule brown conical, 
 hidden in the calyx. 
 
 Common on the Ghauts ; found also in the Konkan and Bombay. 
 Hotter parts of India (T.). 
 
 H. describes it as shrubby erect, which is not true of this Presi- 
 dency, and the flowers as 4 inches in diameter, which they are not 
 with us. 
 
 2. H. Ttirtus. A shrubby hairy plant with 3-lobed or entire 
 ovate leaves and pretty white flowers, solitary and long 
 stalked ; involucre of 5 to 7 subulate segments shorter than 
 the calyx, capsule melon-shaped, seeds covered with white 
 silky hairs. 
 
 Very common at the lower part of the Ghauts. Both plants and 
 flowers of this are much smaller than those of most of the other 
 species. It is often cultivated (H.). 
 
 3. H. micranthus. A strong shrubby rough plant, with 
 petioled ovate leaves deeply serrated, flowers small solitary pink, 
 capsule round, seeds as in the last. 
 
 Deccan, Kattywar, and Kaira in hedges. Hotter parts of India, 
 H. He calls it variable, and quotes E. that it may be a variety of the 
 last. 
 
 4. H. cannaldnus. Tall, thick-stemmed prickly, leaves long 
 petioled palmate, flowers very handsome, pale yellow with 
 crimson or claret centre, involucre segments 5 or more, calyx 
 much longer, hairy and warty; capsule nearly round, pointed, 
 covered with silky stinging hairs. Ambari. 
 
 Cultivated for the fibre; the leaves eaten as a vegetable, and the 
 capsules used for oil. The calyx and involucre become hard and 
 bristly when dry. 
 
 5. H. paitdurceformis. A tall, much-branched very hairy 
 
Order 20. Malvacece. 3 1 
 
 plant, leaves cordate unequally toothed, lower ones slightly 
 lobed, flowers solitary yellow with purple bottom, bracteoles 7 
 to 10 linear shorter than the calyx, capsule ovoid. 
 
 Sholapore. Surat (D.). Hoiter parts of India (H.). 
 
 6. H. vitifolius. Tall, softly hairy all over with lobed 
 serrated long petioled leaves, flowers solitary sulphur-coloured 
 with purple centre, bracteoles about 8 subulate, capsule covered 
 by the calyx beaked, 5-winged. 
 
 Salsette, Malwan (.D.). Earn Ghaut (G.). Hotter parts of India (H.). 
 The leaves of the specimens that I have seen have no particular 
 resemblance to vine leaves. 
 
 7. H. tiliaceus (Paritium t. D.) A tree with very broad 
 strongly nerved leaves roundish cordate with a sudden point, 
 crenulated, hoary beneath, flowers large bell-shaped, yellow 
 with crimson centre, bracteoles 10, united half way up, capsule 
 5-valved, seeds small brown kidney-shaped. Belapatd. 
 
 N. Konkan. Rutuagherry and Teracoil river (D.). Bombay espla- 
 nade, G. Coasts of both peninsulas, and tropics of both hemispheres, 
 usually near the coast (H.'). 
 
 In the Sonth Sea islands long strips of the bark of this tree are 
 cut off and used as ropes, and Captain Cook saw one of these ropes 
 nearly 30 feet long, and strong enough to bear the weight of a man 
 scrambling from one ledge of rock to another. Matting is also made 
 of the bark, some of which is as fine as a coarse cloth. 
 
 The following are less common : 
 
 *H. trwnum, a hairy herb, leaves roundish, flowers large yellow 
 with purple base, calyx membranous, inflated, bracts many, linear, 
 capsule oblong obtuse. Common, chiefly on black soil (D.). *H. surat- 
 tensis, hairy, covered with small prickles, leaves roundish lobed, 
 stipules large, bracts linear with a spathulate appendage. Malabar 
 Hill (D. & G.). *H. intermedius (H. scanden, D.), leaves deeply lobed, 
 flowers solitary, smallish, yellow, bracts strap-shaped. Coast of 
 Kattywar (D.). Sind, Stocks. *H, radiatus (H. heptaphyllus, D.) 4 or 5 
 feet high, prickly, leaves palmate, flowers large solitary, purple or 
 yellow, bracts linear forked. E. side of theN. Ghauts (D.). H. solandra 
 (Lagunea lolata, D.) small hairy plant, leaves rough, cordate or lobed, 
 flowers white or yellow, generally without involucre. Poona. Near 
 Belgaum (D.). H. tetraphyllus (Abelmoschus t. 8f A. Warreensis, D.) 
 Tall, rough and slightly prickly, leaves cordate, lobed and toothed, 
 flowers yellow with purple centre, bracts leafy; strongly resembles 
 //. esculentus. Dapoli. Caranja and S. Konkan (-D.). Ranbhenda. *H. 
 punctatus, hairy and glutinous, three or four feet high, leaves ovate 
 or three-lobed, flowers rose-coloured, very small, bracts 8 to 10, 
 capsule beaked. Broach collectorate, D. rare. Sind, Stocks. 
 
32 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 The following are cultivated : 
 
 If. rosasinensis, the shoe flower, jdsud. 
 
 H. mutabilis, the changeable rose : Inconstanteamante (Portuguese) 
 the flowers change from white to red in the course of the day. 
 
 H. subdariffa, roselle, red sorrel of the W. Indies. The jelly is 
 made from the red, fleshy calyx, and involucre. Lai dmbdri, patwd. 
 
 H. esculentus, the vegetable bhendi. The vulgar, but very appro- 
 priate name of ' slip go down ' comes, I believe, from the Madras 
 Presidency. 
 
 9. THESPESIA. 
 
 T. populuea. A tree. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire, 
 smooth ; flowers yellow, sometimes reddish with purple or 
 crimson centre, calyx 5-toothed, capsule oblong or roundish, 
 depressed, the calyx adherent. Bhendi, pimparui. 
 
 An exceedingly common tree all about the coast, not growing well 
 at any distance from the sea. It is sometimes called the Indian 
 tulip tree, but the tulip tree proper (Liriodendron) belongs to the 
 Magnolia family. 
 
 T. lampas, a shrub very like this, 3 or 4 feet high, has the leaves 
 3-lobed. Ran bhendi. Konkan and Ghauts. 
 
 10. GOSSYPIUM. Cotton. 
 
 G. Stoclcsii. Shrubby branching, leaves palmately 3 to 5 
 lobed, flowers small, yellow, involucre segments deeply and 
 irregularly cut, capsule ovoid, cotton yellow, adherent to the 
 seeds. 
 
 H. looks on this as the parent type of all the forms of Indian 
 cotton. It is doubtful if it is found wild in Sindh ; pretty certain 
 that it is not in any other part of the Presidency. G. herbaceum, 
 the cultivated form of this, produces the varieties of Indian cotton, 
 Ttapds ; 0. barbadense, the American varieties. It was cultivated in 
 Egypt in very early times and found in India by Alexander the 
 Great. 
 
 " Sir M. Noel told us of the dispute between him and the E. I. 
 Company, whether calico be linen or not, which he says it is, having 
 ever been esteemed so ; they say it is made of cotton wool, and grows 
 upon trees, not like flax or hemp. But it was carried against the 
 Company, though they stand out against the verdict." Pepys' Diary, 
 Feb. 27, 1664. So the Germans to this day call cotton Baumwolle, tree 
 wool. 
 
 Althaea rosea, the hollyhock, seems to be the only common 
 garden flower of this order and tribe, not already mentioned : 
 " With foxgloves and gorgeous poppies, 
 
 And gi eat -eyed hollyhocks, G. Macdonald. 
 
 TRIBE EOMBACE.E. 
 
 Trees with leathery sepals, not generally united ; stamens 
 not united or only slightly so ; otherwise like Malvece. 
 
Order 20. Malvacecz. 33 
 
 1. KYDIA. Involucre of 4 to 6 bracts, increasing with the 
 fruit ; stamens united below, above divided into 5 bundles, 
 each bearing 3 anthers, style 3 cleft, stigmas 3, capsule roundish 
 3-valved. 
 
 2. BOMBAX. Involucre none, stamens in 5 bundles below, 
 above divided into many filaments, stigmas 5, capsule 5- 
 valved, seeds woolly. 
 
 3. ERIODENDRON. Like the last, but each bundle of stamens 
 bears only 2 or 3 anthers, stigma 1, obscurely 5-lobed. 
 
 1. KYDIA. 
 
 * K. calycina. Leaves rounded cordate, closely felted 
 beneath, flowers in panicles, white, pink, or pale yellow, small, 
 involucre segments oblong, downy, capsule size of a pea, 
 hidden in the calyx. Wdrang, bhoti, potdri. 
 
 Common on the Ghauts (!>.) Kennery forests ((?.). I was un- 
 fortunate enough never to find it. " The fruit ripens in the cold 
 season, and hangs on the tree for months, conspicuous by the brown, 
 shining calyx and involucel " (Brandis). Tropical Hymalayas 
 
 2. BOMBAX. 
 
 B. maldbaricum (Salmalia M. D.). Trunk and branches all 
 covered with stout, hard prickles, leaflets 5 to 7, narrowing afc 
 both ends, petioled ; flowers very numerous, large, deep red, 
 calyx unequally lobed, fleshy ; capsule woody when ripe, felted 
 inside, full of silky cotton. Shewa, Mocha. 
 
 The well-known silk cotton tree, exceedingly common in the 
 Konkan, less so elsewhere. Nothing can he more beautiful than the 
 cotton shaken slowly out of a ripe capsule till it forms a downy 
 heap. It makes very good pillows. "The Ceiba's crimson pomp " 
 is Heber's description of the flowers. The gum is called Mocha ras. 
 (Dymock.) In the W. Indies it is looked on with superstitious respect 
 as the haunt of evil spirits. (Kingsley.) 
 
 3. ERIODENDRON. 
 
 E. anqfractuosum. A tree with a general resemblance to 
 the last, but less prickly ; leaflets 5 to 8, peduncles 2 inches 
 long, club-shaped ; flowers like the last, but of a dirty white ; 
 capsule and seeds like the last. ShameUla, 'bhujaridhaman. 
 
 Khandeish and Konkan, but not common, I believe. To this tribe 
 also belongs Adansonia digitata, the fantastic-looking tree with 
 immense swollen trunks, which never fail to attract the attention of 
 newcomers to Bombay. Ihe flowers are very large, white, and very 
 handsome. It is found in various places up the coast and elsewhere, 
 
 D 
 
34 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 but is not supposed to be a native of India. In some parts of Africa 
 the hollow trunks are said to be used as burial places for the bards 
 ( Kirly). Called the monkey bread tree, baobab, and Gorakh chinch. 
 
 ORDER 21. STERCULIACEJE. 
 
 Leaves alternate with stipules; flowers generally regular, 
 sepals 5, more or less united, often with bracteoles, petals 5 or 
 none ; stamens generally more or less columnar or tubular, 
 anthers 2-celled; ovary generally of 3 or 5 carpels, 
 
 Some of the genera of this order are very near to Malvaceae, others 
 to Tiliacese. In all the genera here given the stamens are more or 
 less united, though not so conspicuously so as in Malvaceae. 
 
 1. STERCULIA. Trees or shrubs with palmate or digitate 
 leaves, calyx tubular, 4 or 5 divided, petals none ; staminal 
 column bearing a head or ring of sessile anthers, ovary of 4 or 
 5 carpels, styles and stigmas as 'many, fruit of distinct carpels, 
 
 sometimes stalked. 
 
 2. HELICTERES. Trees or shrubs with simple leaves ; flowers 
 often irregular, calyx tubular 5 divided, petals 5 clawed, 
 stamens united half way up, ovary at the top of the staminal 
 column 5-lobed, fruit of carpels more or less united. 
 
 3. PTEROSPERMUM. Trees or shrubs with oblique leaves, 
 staminal column short, bearing the anthers and 5 staniinodes, 
 ovary within the top of the column 3 to 5-celled, stigma 5 
 furrowed, capsule 5-valved, seeds winged. 
 
 4. MELOCHIA. Leaves simple, stamens 5, tubular below, 
 petals persistent after withering, styles 5, capsule 5-valved. 
 
 5. WALTHERIA. Herbs or undershrubs with simple leaves, 
 stamens as in the last, stigma club-shaped, capsule 2-valved, 
 one-seeded. 
 
 1. STERCULIA. 
 
 1. S. urens. A tree with white and pinkish papery bark ; 
 leaves large, 5-lobed, soft and velvety; flowers in panicles, 
 green or yellow with purple throat, strong smelling and sticky ; 
 fruit of 5 carpels radiating like a star fish, when young like 
 crimson velvet, the hairs bristly and stinging. Sdrdol, Sdrdora, 
 
 Kami, Kdoli, pdndruk. 
 
 When the tree is without leaves in the cold weather, the white 
 bark gives it the appearance of being dead. It is tolerably common 
 in most jungles. 
 
 2. S. guttata. A tall, handsome tree, with large ovate or 
 
Order 2 1 . Sterculiacea. 3 5 
 
 oblong entire leaves, downy beneath; flowers in racemes 
 covered with reddish down, the tips greenish and curled 
 backwards ; carpels about 3, large broad ovate or nearly 
 round, splitting and showing the large black seeds. Kukar, 
 Koiddre, Golddr. 
 
 The Ghauts and S. Konkan. 
 
 3. S. colorata. A large tree, with large, smooth, 5-lobed 
 leaves, the lobes long-pointed ; flowers in panicles, mealy, 
 orange outside, dark red inside ; fruit of 2 to 5 membranous 
 follicles on a common stalk, opening very soon, and showing 
 the unripe seeds attached to the edges. Khdosi, Bhdikoi. 
 
 The Ghauts and Konkan. The remarkable-looking open follicles 
 might be taken for dry leaves. 
 
 4. S. fcetida, Ran baddm. A very fine tree, with digitate 
 leaves ; fruit size of a small mango ; seeds size of a bean, 
 eatable. 
 
 Planted (D. and (?.), but wild in the Konkan (H.). " One of the 
 noblest of Ceylon forest trees, producing from the end of its branches 
 bunches of dark purple flowers of extreme richness and beauty, but 
 emitting an intolerable smell." Tennant. 
 
 All of these are remarkable trees, such as 
 
 " Spread 
 A roof of dark green glory o'er the hill." Sir "E. Arnold. 
 
 2. HELICTERES. 
 
 H. isora. A poor-looking shrub with oval toothed roughish 
 leaves ; flowers 2 or 3 together, with yellow calyx and lanceo- 
 late bracts, petals dull red, 2 large and 2 or 3 small, all 
 cohering; fruit of 5 long carpels twisted together into the 
 shape of a screw. Keiuan, Dhdmni, Murddsing. 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts, not uncommon. B. calls it a shrub or small 
 tree, but it is not even a large shrub with us. 
 
 3. PTEKOSPERMUM. 
 
 P. glabrescens. A tree with large leaves of very various 
 shapes, oblong, peltate, or cordate, irregularly- toothed, waved 
 or lobed, underside and petioles light grey, with close down ; 
 flowers large white, capsule brown, oval, about 5 inches long, 
 very rough and hard, splitting into 5 ; seeds very numerous, 
 flat, brown. Muchkunda. 
 
 There are two or three fine trees of this on the Tanna maid an. 
 
 * P. suberifolium, a small tree with oblong leaves toothed or lobed; 
 
 D 2 
 
36 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 flowers large, white, fragrant, capsule an inch or two long, slightly 
 angular, Konkans (D). Very superior torches are made of its straight 
 dried branches. Tennant. 
 
 * P. Jieyneanum (P. lawianum, D.), larger than the last, leaves 
 variable, sometimes sub-peltate. Dharwar and S. Ghauts (D.). 
 
 These two seem to differ but little from the first, and have the 
 same native name. 
 
 4. MELOCHIA. 
 
 M. corchorifolia (Riedelia c. D.). A stout, erect, rather 
 hairy plant ; leaves ovate serrate ; flowers in terminal heads , 
 pale pink with yellow throat, surrounded by subulate bracts, 
 capsule round, hairy. 
 
 Konkan and Guzerat. Hotter parts of India (H.). 
 
 * M. velutina (Riedelia tilicefolia, D.). A small tree with 
 long petioled subcordate leaves, when young velvety ; flowers 
 small, pink, in paenicles ; seeds winged. Methuri. 
 
 Bassein, Belgaum, Khandalla (D.). Hotter parts of India (H.). 
 
 5. WALTHERIA. 
 
 W. Indica. A tough plant, softly hairy ; leaves lanceolate 
 or ovate j flowers small, yellow, crowded, on a short peduncle, 
 bracts 3 narrow ; capsule very small, black. 
 
 Very variable. Common in all the hotter parts of India; a widely 
 diffused tropical weed (H.). 
 
 Eriolcena. Staminal column short, bearing externally numerous 
 oblong 2-celled anthers. * E. Candolleii. A tree, leaves ovate 
 cordate, grey beneath, flowers crowded, downy, yellow, bracts deeply 
 cut ; capsule ovate, pointed. Botlcu, Arang. Ram Ghaut (D.). 
 
 * E. Hookeriana differs from this in the leaves being roundish cordate, 
 and the capsule an inch long. Buti. Not in D. Along the Ghauts, 
 not common ((?.). 
 
 Buettneria. Flowers minute, limb of the petals with a long strap- 
 shaped appendage, stamens 10, tubular below, 5 only being fertile. 
 * B. herbacea, a small plant with ovate leaves, and red and yellow 
 flowers, " the petals forming a circular dome over the pistil and 
 nectary" ((?.), fruit size of a pea, prickly. Common in Bombay 
 (D. and 6?.). 
 
 Kleinhovia, staminal column dilated above into a bell-shaped 5 
 divided cnp, each division with 3 anthers. * K. hospita, a tree with 
 ovate entire leaves and very long petioles, capsule membranous, 
 inflated, pear-shaped. " A doubtful native " (D), but pretty widely 
 distributed in India (77.) . 
 
 Theobroma cocoa, from the seeds of which chocolate is produced, 
 belongs to this order. Gardens, Bombay (D.). 
 
Order 22. Tiliacecs. 37 
 
 OKDER 22. TILIACE^. Lindens. 
 
 Leaves generally alternate ; flowers regular, sepals 3 to 5, 
 valvate, petals 3 to 5, stamens numerous, usually from a disk, 
 ovary superior, fruit generally 2 to 10-celled. 
 
 Some of the genera in this order are very like mallows, but easily 
 distinguished by the free stamens and 2-celled anthers. Many species 
 have strong fibres. The flowers of all that are found in W. India are 
 yellow or white, and though generally speaking not attractive, some 
 of them remind one of " the lime tree's pale and fragrant flowers." 
 Cowper. 
 
 1. GREWIA. Trees or shrubs with entire strongly nerved 
 leaves, sepals generally larger than the petals ; fruit a drupe, 
 not bristly, often lobed. 
 
 2. ERINOCARPUS. Petals clawed, fruit covered with bristles ; 
 otherwise like the last. 
 
 3. TRIUMFETTA. Herbs or undershrubs, generally hairy ; 
 flowers crowded, stigma 5-toothed, capsule spiny or bristly. 
 
 4. CORCHORUS. Strong fibrous herbs or undershrubs ; leaves 
 strongly serrated, the lowest serratures often produced into 
 long points ; flowers few together, small, yellow, style short, 
 stigma cup-shaped. 
 
 5. EL^OCARPUS. Trees. Stamens (in the species here given) 
 rising from a raised torus, fruit a drupe. 
 
 1. GREWIA. 
 
 1 . G. tilicefolia. A tree with roundish leaves, cordate and 
 oblique at the base, bluntly toothed, 5-nerved, stipules leafy, 
 auricled on one side, peduncles 3 or 4 together, 3 or 4 flowered, 
 sepals twice as long as the orange-coloured petals, drupes 2 to 4- 
 lobed, blackish, smooth. Daman, Karkani. 
 
 Konkan. Common in Bombay (D.). 
 
 2. G. asiatica. Small tree, much like the last, but stipules 
 short, lanceolate, petals yellow, drupe round, hairy stalked. 
 Fulsi. 
 
 Much cultivated in most parts of India, and very variable (ff.). 
 Wild in the Poona collectorate (D.). 
 
 3. G. polygama. A straggling shrub or small tree, leaves 
 lanceolate, serrate, rather rough, 3-nerved ; flowers polygamous, 
 rather large and handsome, sepals covered with yellowish 
 down, much larger than the white petals, drupe 4-lobed, or 
 2 together 2-lobed. Gaoli. 
 
 Konkan. Common on the Ghauts D.. 
 
38 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 4. G. microcos. A shrub or small tree with ovate or obovate 
 bifarious leaves, papery and smooth, stipules large, wedge- 
 shaped ; flowers in terminal panicles, yellowish, drupe size of 
 a pea, purplish, smooth. SMral, hausoli 
 
 The inflorescence of this is quite different from that of the other 
 species found in this Presidency. 
 
 Konkan. Abundant in the hills about Parr (G.). 
 
 The following are all shrubby except the last. * G. columnaris, 
 leaves oblong, rough ; flowers small, the yellow sepals twice as long 
 as the white petals, drupe purplish, top-shaped, bristly. Mahablesh- 
 war, Salsette, &o. * G. orientalis, scandent, leaves ovate lanceo- 
 late, flowers rather large, sepals and petals as in the last, drupe 
 yellow, size of a small cherry. S. Ghauts (D.)- * & populifolia, 
 much-branched, smooth ; leaves cuneate, variable, flowers solitary or 
 twin, petals white, drupes yellowish, eatable. Gingo ; not in D. or G. 
 Cutch, Palin j Sind, Stocks. * G. pilosa, leaves obovate, rough ; 
 flowers yellow, largish, petals bifid, drupes reddish-brown, hairy. 
 KhatTchati. Deccan (D.), Guzerat (B.) * G. villosa, softly hairy 
 almost all over; leaves roundish cordate; flowers nearly sessile in 
 close tufts, white or yellowish, petals notched, drupe round, size of a 
 cherry, pulp sweet, eatable. Deccan, Sind (D.). G. hirsuta, straggling 
 and hairy ; leaves ovate, oblique at the base ; flowers pretty, greenish- 
 white turning yellow, drupe smaller than the last. Not in D. Sattara 
 and Mahableshwar. Salsette (G.). * G. abutilifolia, a small tree ; 
 leaves roundish cordate; flowers greenish-white, drupe yellow, hairy, 
 4-lobed. Deccan (D.). 
 
 2. ERINOCARPUS. 
 
 E. Nimmoanus. A small crooked tree with large roundish 
 cordate leaves, lobed and rough when young, and with round 
 glands at the lower serratures, flowers rather large yellow, the 
 sepals longest, fruit triangular, bristly, the angles winged. 
 Chaora, Tivra, jangli tendi, cher. 
 
 Common on the Ghauts and Konkan hills. 
 3. TRIUMFETTA. 
 
 T. rJiomboidea (T. angulata, D.) . A small tough plant, hairy 
 all over, rough-stemmed, leaves various in shape, generally 
 angled, sometimes 3-lobed, flowers small, corolla nearly hidden 
 in the reddish calyx, stamens 8 to 15, fruit nearly round, size of 
 a pea, covered with smooth prickles. Nichardi. 
 
 H. includes in this M.'s T. trilocularis, which has a large fruit 
 with hooked bristles (I had it at Dapoli), and considers T. 
 rotundifolia, D., which has roundish unequally-toothed leaves, to be 
 possibly only a form of this. Poona, Deccan, and Surat (D.). H. 
 calls the plant very variable, and common through hotter India. 
 * T. pilosa, a rough plant, flowers much larger than in the other 
 species, leaves as in the first, fruit round with hooked prickles. 
 Kutre wdndre. Wari country (D.). Throughout tropical India (H-}. 
 
Order 22. Tiliacea. 39 
 
 4. CORCHORUS. 
 
 Note. The capsules vary very greatly in the different species, and 
 are the best distinction. 
 
 1. C. capsularis. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, the appendages 
 to the lower serratures very fine, capsule round, flattened at 
 the top, wrinkled, ribbed, 5-celled. Chouclien. 
 
 2. C. olitorius. Tall and strong, tinged with red, leaves 
 much as in the last, capsule cylindric, erect, 2 or 3 inches 
 long, 10-ribbed, sometimes with 5 obscure blunt points. Tdnkla, 
 chunch. 
 
 These are both common in the Konkan, and many other parts of 
 India, and are cultivated for their fibre jute. They are widely 
 spread over the hot parts of the world : and the second, which is used 
 as a potherb all over tropical Africa, is commonly known as Jew's 
 Mallow. 
 
 3. C. acutangulus. Leaves oval pointed, crenated, capsules 
 erect, 5 or 6-angled, some of the angles winged, and with a two 
 or three-pointed beak. 
 
 Rutnagherry. A common weed (D.). 
 
 C. Trilocularis. Leaves crenated, capsule with 3 or 4 angles and 
 valves, covered with prickly points. Deccan, Guzerat (D.). Kadu 
 chunch : the seeds Rdjjiren. * C.fascicularis. Peduncles opposite the 
 leaves, 2 to 5 flowered, capsule very small, cylindric. Surat (D.). 
 Bahuphalli, hirankhori. C. antichorus (C. humilis, D.), very small, 
 shrubby, prostrate, leaves ovate, capsule linear oblong, 3 or 4-celled. 
 Pauch Mahals. Kattywar and Deccan (D.). Bahuphalli. 
 
 * Of these H. makes C. acutangulus and fascicularis common through- 
 out the hotter parts of India ; the others have a narrower range. 
 
 5. EL^OCARPUS. 
 
 * 1. E. ganitrus. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic, flowers 
 white in drooping racemes, petals much cut, drupe round, 
 purple, size of a cherry, stone tubercled, grooved, 5-celled. 
 Udrach, rudraksh. 
 
 The higher Ghauts (D.). S. Konkan (#.). The stones are used by 
 Fakirs for necklaces. 
 
 * E. oblongus t leaves lanceolate or elliptic, flowers in racemes, 
 white, petals fringed, drupe oblong, stone tubercled. Khds, Khdsas. 
 S. Ghauts, rare (D.). " When in full bloom this is a very beautiful 
 tree, the foliage is frequently tinged with red" (&.). 
 
 * E. tuberculatus (Monocera t. D.). Leaves obovate, flowers in 
 rather large erect racemes, petals much cut, anthers with a long 
 awn, drupe oval, stone tubercled and furrowed. Bam Ghaut (D.). 
 
4O The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 II. DISCIFLOK^E. 
 
 ORDER 23. LINE.E. The flax family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and regular 
 flowers, sepals, petals and stamens usually 5, styles 3 to 5. 
 
 This order outwardly most resembles Caryophyllece, and like Tiliacea 
 is chiefly valuable for its fibres. 
 
 1. LINUM. Herbs; petals twisted deciduous, with 5 glands 
 united to the staminal ring, ovary and capsule 5-celled, 
 styles 5. 
 
 2. EEINWARDTIA. Undershrubs, stamens with 2 or 3 
 glands and alternating staminodes, ovary 3 to 5-celled, styles 
 3 or 4. 
 
 1. LINUM. Flax. 
 
 1. L. nsitatissimum, the common flax plant, cultivated 
 chiefly for the oil throughout India, and in England for the 
 seed, linseed. Alsi, jawas. Supposed to have been first 
 cultivated in Egypt. 
 
 It is one of the prettiest pf crops. " The flax was in full bloom ; 
 it had pretty little blue flowers, as delicate as the wings of a moth, 
 or even more so." Hans Andersen. 
 
 2. L. Mysorense. A small, smooth, branched plant, leaves 
 oblong, blunt, flowers yellow, petals much separated, capsule 
 roundish, ribbed, enclosed in the calyx. Wundri, bdmburti. 
 
 Leaves variable (H.} It has much superficial resemblance to a 
 mustard. Konkan, Deccan, and Ghauts. 
 
 2. KEINWARDTIA. 
 
 R. trigyna. Smooth, leaves lanceolate, flowers bright 
 yellow, handsome, with bracts, sepals much imbricated, capsule 
 size of a pea. Altai. 
 
 Mira hills (D.). Koina Valley (Dr. Cooke). Common in gardens. 
 
 Hugonia. Stamens 10, styles 5, drupe round. 
 
 * H. nystax. A large climbing shrub with tendrils, and with 
 much brown hair, flowers large, pale yellow, leaves ovate entire, 
 Btamena alternately long and short. Malwan taluka 
 
Order 24. Malphigiacece. 4 1 
 
 ORDER 24. MALPHIGIACE.E. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often climbing, leaves opposite entire, 
 calyx 5 divided, often furnished with large glands, petals 5, 
 stamens 10, fruit winged. 
 
 This, which is a large American order, is by form and position of 
 the parts of the flower, and by the samaroid fruit very like 
 Sapindacece, but differs from that in having no disc to speak of. 
 
 HIPTAGE. Flowers in racemes; calyx with one gland, 
 united to the pedicel, petals clawed, four white, one coloured, 
 one stamen much larger than the rest, ovary 3-lobed. 
 
 H. maddblota. A. beautiful climber, leaves large, oval, 
 pointed, shining, flowers large and very fragrant, petals finely 
 fringed, pure white, but the fifth with base and centre sulphur 
 yellow; carpels 3, each with 3 unequal wings. Halad vel, 
 dhasra chi vel, bokhi, piloTca, utimukhta. 
 
 Ghauts and Konkan, not uncommon. 
 
 The beauty of the whole plant is very striking, and the want of 
 symmetry in the flowers and fruit not less so. It is mentioned in 
 the Sakuntala and other Sanscrit works under the name of Mddhavi. 
 " When it meets nothing to grasp it assumes the form of a sturdy 
 tree " (Sir W. Jones), and may be seen so in gardens. 
 
 Aspidopterys. Calyx without glands, ovary 3-lobed, styles 3. 
 
 * A. Roxburghiana, a slender climber, leaves ovate, smooth, flowers 
 small, white or yellow, with rusty hairs, carpel with a broad wing 
 like hops (<?.). Khandalla and Konkans (D.). 
 
 * A. cordata, like the last, leaves rounded cordate, with an abrupt 
 point, flowers in panicles, carpel roundish winged. Near Penu (D.). 
 
 ORDER 25. ZYGOPHYLLEJE. 
 
 The description of this order is so full of alternatives that 
 the only features approaching to constancy seem to be sepals 
 and petals 5 each, stamens 5, 10, or 15. It is also said to be 
 closely allied to the last order, and to be with difficulty dis- 
 tinguished from Rutacece. 
 
 1. TRIBULUS. Herbs, leaves opposite pinnate, stamens 10, 
 inserted on the base of a 10-lobed annular disk, 5 longer, the 
 other 5 with a gland outside, ovary hairy, lobed, style short, 
 stigmas several. 
 
 2. FAGONIA. Leaves simple or trifoliate with spiny stipules, 
 stamens 10, inserted on a short inconspicuous disk, ovary 5- 
 cornered tapering into the style, fruit 5- cornered dividing 
 into 5. 
 
42 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 1. TRIBULUS. 
 
 T. terrestris. A pretty plant, all grey and hairy, often quite 
 flat on the ground ; leaflets about 6 pair, oblong oblique, flowers 
 stalked yellow, fruit comparatively large, irregularly lobed and 
 angled, with several sharp spurs standing out horizontally. 
 GoMru, Sardte. 
 
 Deccan, Guzerat, Kattywar. Throughout India and the warm 
 regions of the globe (#.). The English name of the genus is Caltrops, 
 from the shape of the fruit. 
 
 2. FAGONIA. 
 
 F. arabica (F. Mysorensis, D.). A small much-branched 
 undershrub, all covered with glandular hairs and very thorny ; 
 2 small oblong leaves and 4 thorns in a whorl, and one pink 
 flower in each axil, fruit deeply 5-lobed with a sharp point at 
 the top. Dhamdsd. 
 
 The Decoan. 
 
 Guiacum officinale, the wood of which is lignum vitae, belongs to this 
 order. 
 
 ORDER 26. GERANIACE^l. 
 
 With this H. includes the two old orders Oxalidea and 
 Balsaminece as tribes. The three families have such very 
 decided characteristics of their own that it seems well to 
 separate them as much as possible. 
 
 TBIBE GERANIE.E. Geraniums. 
 
 Sepals and petals 5, stamens two or three times as many, 
 disk of 5 small glands, ovary 5-lobed, styles 5, fruit 5-lobed, 
 generally with a long beak. 
 
 This family, so well known in England both by wild flowers, 
 stork bills, crane bills, &c., and by the cultivated pelargoniums and 
 tropaeolums (Indian cress, but often called Nasturtium), is represented 
 in W. India by various species and varieties of the two last men- 
 tioned genera, but by only a single wild species. 
 
 Monsonia, stamens 15, united below. * M. Senegalensis, a small 
 difinse plant, leaves ovate or cordate, hairy, long-stalked ; flowers 
 solitary, pink, capsule hairy, with a beak often as long as the whole 
 plant. Dry pastures in the Deccan, not common (D.). 
 
 Note that Tropceolum has the capsule not beaked, and one petal is 
 spurred. 
 
 TRIBE OXALIDE.E. Wood sorrels. 
 
 Leaves compound, flowers regular, sepals and petals 5, 
 stamens 10, 5 longer, styles 5, capsule 5-celled. 
 
 1. OXALIS. Herbs with trifoliate leaves, ovary 5-lobed, 
 stigma capitate bifid, seeds bursting elastically. . 
 
Order 26. Geraniacece. 43 
 
 2. BIOPHYTUM. Herbs with pinnate leaves more or less 
 radiating from the top of the stem, leaflets oblique, otherwise 
 like Oxalis. 
 
 1. OXALIS. 
 
 0. corniculata. A small more or less hairy weed, leaflets 
 broad obcordate, flowers yellow, more or less umbellate, calyx 
 persistent, capsule like a silique, erect angular, very hairy, 
 seeds many. Ndlkarda, aiributi. 
 
 A common weed. Cosmopolitan and very variable (H.). I have 
 fonnd it in Sussex and S. Italy, as well as in India. The leaves are 
 characteristic of the genus, and would remind anyone of the English 
 wood-sorrel, 0. acetosella. 
 
 2. BIOPHYTUM. 
 
 B. sensitivum. A small plant with a whorl of pinnate 
 leaves at the top of the stem, leaflets many pairs oblong, flowers 
 yellow, several together on peduncles of various lengths, sepals 
 tipped with red, capsule roundish, many-seeded. Ldjri. 
 
 H. gives three varieties. The leaves are very sensitive; very 
 common. 
 
 To this tribe also belongs Averrhoa; trees with pinnate leaves, of 
 which two species are cultivated, A. carambola karmal, karamlal ; the 
 fruit like a plantain, but acutely angled, has a (to me) delicious 
 flavour, though very acid : and * A. bilimbi, bailimbi, dhdkta anvdla, 
 the obtusely angled fruit of which grows on the trunk and 
 branches. 
 
 TRIBE BALSAMINE^E. Balsams. 
 
 Leaves simple, flowers very irregular, sepals and petals 3 to 
 5, sepals coloured, one spurred, stamens 5, very short, anthers 
 more or less connected, capsule 5-valved, bursting with great 
 force. 
 
 IMPATIENS. Succulent herbs, generally with showy flowers, 
 two lateral sepals small green, the third (lip) large, petal-like, 
 generally ending in a hollow spur ; two lateral petals (wings) 
 2-lobed, the third (standard) large, style none, stigma 5 
 divided. 
 
 The flowers of this genus are unlike anything else, and therefore 
 easy of recognition, but it is often difficult to identify the species, of 
 which H. gives no less than 123, many of them with varieties. Of 
 these 14 are attributed to this Presidency, confined to the Konkan 
 and the Ghauts, as the balsams are essentially plants of moist climates. 
 
 1. /. acaulis. A smooth low plant, leaves roundish crenated, 
 flowers pale pink, large, long-stalked, wings with 2 lobes, one 
 longer, spur very long, capsule acute at both ends. 
 
44 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 A most lovely plant, which I have seen only on the Waranda 
 Ghaut, growing in the spray of waterfalls. Matheran and 
 Mahableshwar (Birdwood). */. scapiflora (G.) having 'wings with 
 three broad segments, and */. rivalis with the same feature, but very 
 variable, H. considers scarcely to differ from this. 
 
 2. I. Kleinii. Small, smooth, leaves opposite, ovate 
 lanceolate, with two large glands near the petiole, flowers pink, 
 solitary or twin, sepals linear, spur long and slender, capsule 
 narrow with round black seeds. 
 
 Variable (H. ). A plant of littl e beauty, and the only specie s besides 
 I. balsamina, which is very common in S. Konkan. 
 
 3. 7. inconspicua. Small, smooth, leaves opposite, ovate 
 lanceolate, flowers minute, white tinged with purple, sepals 
 very long and narrow, wings with a large rounded clawed lobe, 
 and a smaller one, lip small without spur. 
 
 D. Without hab. Mahableshwar, Dr. CooJce. Very variable (#".). 
 */. oppositifolia so closely allied as to be not always distinguishable 
 from this, but it has a short stout incurved spur. Very common in 
 the Konkan (D.). 
 
 4. /. balsamina. Mostly smooth, leaves alternate, lanceolate, 
 rather rough, flowers generally stalked, lip funnel-shaped with 
 slender spur. Tirda, shir da. 
 
 The common balsam, the original of the garden flower of England. 
 " Brought by the Portuguese from India in the sixteenth century, 
 and still blooming everywhere in Italy." Hehn. Very common 
 throughout the Konkans. On rocks close to the sea, where it often 
 grows so abundantly as to colour them ; it is there frequently not more 
 than two or three inches high, with a few flowers crowded together 
 at the top. *I. scabrivscula, allied to this, but much smaller and 
 leaves broader (H.). S. Konkan (D.). 
 
 5. J. pulcherrima. Stout, smooth, nearly two feet high, 
 leaves ovate, pointed with bristly serratures, petioles long, 
 glandular in the upper half, flowers large rose-colour, wings 
 deeply divided, spur long. 
 
 This is a most beautiful plant : Shady jungles in the Wari country 
 (D.) and no other authority (H.). I have found it at Wandri, and one 
 or two other places in the Kutnagherry district. 
 
 6. */. Dalzellii. A large species with yellow flowers, lip 
 saccate with a short spur. 
 
 S. Konkan (D.). Mahableshwar, dying down early in October. Dr. 
 T. Cooke. 
 
 *I. Stocksii very small, leaves round or broad ovate, lip boat- 
 shaped, scarcely spurred, wings 3-lobed. S. Ghauts (D.). *I. Chinensis, 
 a variable and beautiful plant, all smooth, stem angled, leaves 
 
Order 26. Geraniacea. 45 
 
 opposite oblong, flowers rose purple or white, spur very long, 
 incurved, wings auricled. Konkans (>.) 
 
 *I. Lawii, small, much branched, smooth, leaves opposite oblong, 
 flowers large, lip small without spur, wings 3-lobed. A very 
 beautiful species. S. Konkan (D), I. tomentosa, small, leaves opposite 
 oblong, rough above, flowers purple, one or two in each axil, on 
 longish hairy stalks, lip inflated into a very short spur. Mahablesh- 
 war. Fonda Ghaut (!>.) *L latifolia, stout, two or three feet high, 
 smooth, leaves ovate lanceolate, flowers large solitary, pale purple 
 with green lips and spur. Konkan, common (D.). 
 
 Any one who could collect all the species obtainable in the 
 Presidency, and get them properly identified, would do a great 
 service. It would have to be done mostly in the rains. 
 
 ORDER 27. RTITACE^i. 
 
 In this order H. has included Aurantiaceae, which, from its 
 very decided characteristics, I think it well to keep separate as 
 much as possible. 
 
 TRIBE KITTED. Rues. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubby, flowers regular, disk thick, ovary 
 deeply 3 to 5-lobed. 
 
 PEGANUM. Leaves alternate, petals 4 or 5, stamens 12 to 
 15, inserted at the base of the disk, some without anthers. 
 
 Note. This genus, unlike the order generally, has neither glands 
 nor smell. 
 
 *P. harmala. A large smooth-branched plant, with thick 
 foliage, leaves multifid, segments linear, acute, flowers solitary 
 in the axils, white with green veins, capsule round, 3 or 4- 
 celled. Syrian rue. Harmdra, ispand* 
 
 Bijapore and Indapore, and very abundant in Sind. Widely 
 distributed through the least fertile parts of the world (all over 
 Afghanistan, Bellew) ; and in a barren part of Morocco Hooker 
 found it forming at intervals green patches among the general 
 barrenness. " The Turks use the seeds both as a spice and for dyeing 
 red." Chambers. 
 
 Ruta graveoleus. Common rue, Santdp, santuri is commonly 
 cultivated. 
 
 "Rank- smelling rue." Spenser. 
 
 " Sour herb of grace 
 Rue even for ruth." Richard II. 
 
 This is thus explained by 0. Knight : " The rues like the oranges 
 abound in oil glands, but with a different result, the smell in that case 
 being as disagreeable, as in most of the orange family it is sweet. 
 From this fact rue is said to express ruth or sorrow, and then, by 
 
46 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 the connection between sorrow and Christian grace, was called ' The 
 herb of grace.' " 
 
 Rue is need by Arabs in Palestine and Syria as a preventive of the 
 ill effects of water drunk at unaccustomed springs : they either chew 
 the leaves, or soak the plant in water. Fullerton. 
 
 TRIBE ZAKTHOXYLE^E. Shrubs or trees ; flowers regular, 
 usually polygamous, ovary deeply 2 to 5-lobed ; carpels 
 capsular. 
 
 ZANTHOXYLUM. Leaves alternate, disk small, stamens 3 to 
 5, fruit of 1 to 5 round one-seeded carpels, separating or not. 
 
 Z. Ehetsa. A tree entirely covered with prickles, bark grey, 
 leaves pinnate, leaflets 8 pair or more, oval pointed, unequal 
 sided, smooth ; flowers very small yellow in large terminal 
 panicles, all parts 4, carpels rough black, size of a pea, 
 splitting open. Tirpdl, Sisal, tisal, Koclili. 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts, not very common. The seeds are very 
 aromatic, and are used as pepper. 
 
 Evodia, leaves opposite, stamens 4 or 5, stigma 4-lobed, fruit of 4 
 three-valved cocci. *E. Roxburghiana (Zanthoxylum triphyllum (!>.) 
 A small unarmed tree, leaves large, of three oblong obovate leaf- 
 lets : flowers small, white, in cymes or panicles. All along the 
 Ghauts (D.)' The books vary very much in the description of this 
 tree. 
 
 (Tribe Toddalicse) Toddalia, leaves alternate, flowers unisexual. 
 *T. aculeata, shrub or small tree, leaves trifoliate, flowers small,"white, 
 in cymes, calyx glandular, petals, stamens, and stigma-lobes 5, 
 fruit grooved orange colour, size of a small cherry. Ranmiri, S. 
 Konkan and Ghauts sparingly : Canara, plentiful (D.). The whole is 
 hot and pungent. H. includes in this D's Limoniaoligandia, which 
 has fruit size of a pea. AcrorycnMa, calyx, lobes and petals 4, 
 stamens 8, inserted under a thick 8-angled disk, stigma 4-grooved. 
 *A. laurifolia (Clausena simplicifolia, D.) tree or shrubby, leaves oval 
 oblong, flowers yellowish-white, fragrant, sepals much rounded, 
 petals oblong from a broad base. Tnlkut Ghaut (D). 
 
 TRIBE AURANTIE^. The orange family. 
 Shrubs or trees abounding in a volatile oil, the leaves dotted 
 with transparent glands. 1 Flowers regular, generally white, 
 calyx lobes and petals 4 or 5, disk within the stamens, fruit a 
 berry, usually pulpy. 
 
 The very visible oil glands in the leaves, and the flowers generally 
 resembling orange blossoms, enable one to identify most species of 
 this family, which belongs almost entirely to tropical Asia. The 
 flowers of all species here given are white, except Feronia. 
 
 1 Other orders which have dotted leaves, more or less generally, 
 are Myrtacese, Myrsinese, and Burseraceae. 
 
Order 27. Rutacece. 47 
 
 1. GLYCOSMIS. Unarmed, leaves pinnate, leaflets alternate, 
 stamens 8 to 10 inserted round a disk, style short, berry small, 
 1 to 3-seeded. 
 
 2. MURRAYA. Like the last, but stamens 10 alternately 
 shorter, disk elongated, ovary narrowed into a long deciduous 
 style, berry 1 or 2-celled and seeded. 
 
 3. ATALANTIA. Leaves alternate simple, stamens 6 to 8 
 inserted round a disk, style deciduous, stigma capitate, berry 
 roundish with thick rind. 
 
 4. FERONIA. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, stamens 
 10 to 12 inserted round a short disk, style none, fruit large, 
 one-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 5. ^EGLE. Trees, leaves alternate, 3-foliate, stamens very 
 numerous arranged round an inconspicuous disk. 
 
 2. G-LYCOSMIS. 
 
 6r. pentapliylla. An erect poor-looking smooth shrub, 
 leaflets 3 to 5 oblong, lanceolate slightly serrated, petioles 
 thick ; flowers in short panicles small, scarcely opening, 
 filaments flat, berry size of a pea, -flesh coloured. Kirmira, 
 
 H, describes this as exceedingly variable, and as " one of the 
 commonest plants in India, if the shrubby and arboreous forms 
 are the same species." It is found with us, as a shrub only I 
 believe, in the Konkan and Ghauts, and not very common there I 
 should say. 
 
 2. MURRAYA. 
 
 M. Kcenigii (Bergera &. D.) A small tree, leaves very 
 strong smelling, leaflets many, ovate serrate shining, flowers 
 small in panicles, stigma capitate grooved, fruit in close clusters, 
 oval pointed, dark red, about an inch long. Kadu nim, 
 Kadu-pab, jhirang. 
 
 The Ghauts. Very common at Matheran. 
 
 H. makes the leaflets variable and the fruit black. 
 
 *M. exotica (M. Paniculata, D.). Leaflets 3 to 8 smooth, very oblique 
 at the base, flowers rather large, sepals glandular, berry round or 
 ovoid, red. Pdndari, Kunti. Higher Ghauts and Eohe (D.). Matheran 
 Birdwood. A variety is found in gardens. 
 
 Clausena is very like Murraya, but the leaflets uneven in number, 
 ovary stalked, and berry small. *0. Indica (Piptostylis, I. D.) leaflets 
 7 to 11, ovate oblique, flowers small in panicles, berry round, yellow. 
 *C. Wildenovii, very like this, but leaflets fewer, fruit size of a pea, 
 whitish green pellucid. Both are rare, and found in this Presidency 
 only on the S. Ghauts. 
 
48 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 3. ATALANTIA. 
 
 A. monophylla. A large smooth thorny climber, leaves 
 shining oval, flowers small in fascicles, calyx splitting 
 irregularly, filaments forming an irregularly cleft tube with broad 
 anthers at the top, fruit like a lime, long stalked. Ran limbu, 
 mdkar limbu. 
 
 Ghauts and Konkan. It seems not always to climb, and If. has it 
 also as a small tree. 
 
 4. FERONIA. 
 
 F. JElephantum. A thorny tree, leaflets 2 to 7 obovate, 
 smooth, common petiole winged : flowers small in racemes, pale 
 with large dark anthers; fruit like a large ball, grey, very 
 hard. Kdota. (See Hydnocarpus.) 
 
 Commonly called the wood-apple tree. Pretty common and often 
 cultivated throughout India. In favourable situations, e.g. Surat, it 
 is a very handsome tree. 
 
 5. ^EGLE. 
 
 jE. marmelos. A tall thorny tree, with grey rough bark, 
 leaflets oval, smooth, cren.ulate, flowers in panicles rather 
 large, fruit large, round, or pear-shaped, smooth pulpy, the 
 rind full of oil glands, seeds many. Bil, bela. 
 
 Cultivated throughout India, and said to be wild in the Deccan. 
 The pulp of the fruit is much used in dysentery. 
 
 Limonia, leaves and leaflets with winged petioles, stamens 8 to 10, 
 berry round. * L. acidissima, a thorny, smooth shrub, leaflets obtuse 
 or retuse, crenated, flowers small, sepals and petals 4 : fruit size of a 
 pea or larger, very acid, with flesh-coloured pulp. Padshahpore and 
 Falls of Gokak (D.). Nhaibel. 
 
 Luvunga. Calyx and disk cup-shaped, stamens as in the last, berry 
 2 or 3-seeded. * L. eleutheranda, leaflets, 3 abruptly acuminated, 
 flowers large, berry size of an olive. The Ghauts, common (-D.). 
 
 Paramignya. Stamens 8 to 10 surrounding a columnar disk. P. 
 monophylla, a large thorny climber, leaves ovate oblong, flowers large, 
 filaments broad, stigma large and capitate, berry hairy, yellow, size 
 of an apple. Karwa wdgati, rdnyid. S. Konkan. As far N. as the 
 Savitri (D.). 
 
 The genus Citrus, which has from 20 to 60 stamens, and 
 petioles often winged, contains the trees which make the order 
 famous, C. medico, (wild here and there on the W. Ghauts, 
 (Brandis] ; I had it on the Parpoli Ghaut), is said to be the 
 original of the cultivated citron : and of this var. limonum 
 is the lemon ; var. acida the lime, limbu ; var. limetta, the sweet 
 lime. 
 
Order 27. Rutaccce. 49 
 
 C. aurantium is the orange, ndrangi, in all its varieties : 
 C. decumand the pumelo, " pumplemoeses, which in the W. 
 Indies are called shaddocks." Cook's voyages. 
 
 When the scientific cultivation of fruit is seriously taken up 
 in India, may we not hope that gardens of oranges will enliven 
 at least such districts as the cooler parts of the Konkan and the 
 eastern slopes of the Ghauts 1 It is true that Hooker says of 
 the Indian climate generally that, "being marked by one 
 season of excessive humidity, and the other of excessive 
 drought, it can never be favourable to the production either of 
 good European or tropical fruits. Hence there is not one of the 
 latter peculiar to the country, and perhaps but one which 
 arrives at full perfection, viz. the mango." Himalayan 
 Journals, Yet tolerable oranges are even now to be had. 
 
 ' ' He hangs in shades the orange bright, 
 
 Like golden lamps in a dark night." A. Marvell. 
 
 " What garden tree can rival the orange in beauty and 
 nobility ? . . . Every traveller who is happy enough to have seen 
 the lemon grove in the neighbourhood of Poros in the Peloponnesus, 
 the agrumi of Messina at the foot of Etna, and those of Eeggio on 
 the opposite coast of Calabria, the gardens of Sorrento, near Naples, 
 and the enchanting orange woods of Milis in the island of Sardinia, 
 thinks of them ever after with delight." Hehn. 
 
 Triphasia trifoliata is a thorny shrub common in gardens, 
 China limbu, leaves trifoliate, berry oblong, size of a sloe. 
 
 ORDER 28. SIMAEUBE^E. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, leaves alternate mostly very large and 
 pinnate ; flowers usually unisexual, regular and small, calyx 
 3 to 5-lobed, petals 3 to 5, stamens as many, or twice as many 
 inserted at the base of the disk : styles 2 to 5. 
 
 A small order said to differ from Eutacese mainly in having bitter 
 bark and leaves without oil glands. 
 
 1. AILANTHUS. Large trees, leaves unequally pinnate, calyx 
 segments and petals 5, disk 10-lobed, stamens 10, but in 
 hermaphrodite flowers only 2 or 3, ovary deeply 2 to 5-lobed, 
 fruit of 1 to 5 one-seeded, winged nuts. 
 
 2. BALANITES. Leaves of two leaflets, calyx and segments 
 and petals 5, disk thick conical, stamens 10, ovary entire, fruit 
 a large fleshy oily drupe. 
 
5O The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 1. AILANTHUS. 
 
 A. excelsa. A fine tree with very large pinnate leaves 
 collected at the end of the branches, leaflets very large, unequal 
 at the base, deeply and irregularly toothed, flowers yellowish in 
 large cross panicles, carpels podlike winged, swollen in the 
 middle, crowned with the long curled styles. Maruk, 
 Adusa. 
 
 Deccan and Guzerat. The leaves are very strong smelling. 
 
 2. BALANITES. 
 
 B. Roxburgldi. A small thorny tree with whitish bark, leaf- 
 lets oval entire, flowers greenish in small cymes, disk notched 
 round the edge, fruit size of an egg, 5-lobed, smooth, ffingen, 
 Tiingor, penda. 
 
 Deccan and Guzerat, drier parts of India (#.). Omitted by D. ; but 
 it is a common tree in some parts. 
 
 Samadera, disk large, conical, ovary deeply lobed, drupe winged. 
 *8. Indica, a small tree with large lanceolate fleshy leaves, flowers 
 small white in long dense umbels, filaments very long, drupe oval. 
 Not in D. S. Konkan (.). 
 
 Quassia amara, " which occupies the first rank among bitter medi- 
 cines," belongs to this order. 
 
 ORDER 29. OCHNACEJE. 
 
 Smooth trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves with 
 stipules, and conspicuous flowers, sepals 4 or 5, petals 4, 5, or 10, 
 disk enlarged after flowering, stamens inserted on it, fruit fleshy. 
 
 OCHNA. Flowers yellow, sepals coloured persistent, petals 
 deciduous, stamens numerous, disk and ovary lobed, fruit of 3 to 
 10 drupes seated on the enlarged disk. 
 
 O. pumila (0. nana, D.). A small straggling shrub with 
 narrow lanceolate leaves slightly serrated : flowers rather large in 
 small clusters from the branches ; fruit enclosed in the calyx, 
 carpels only slightly attached to the enlarged disk. 
 
 This is, in this Presidency, found only in the S. Konkan, and not 
 common there, I think. It is a remarkable-looking plant, the anthers 
 being 2 or 3 times as long as the filaments, and the generic arrange- 
 ment of the carpels being unique, as far as I know. The same 
 peculiarities exist in O. squarrosa, a garden tree with us, but wild in 
 gome parts of India, with oblong shining leaves, and yellow flowers. 
 G. had Gomphia angustifolia, & shrub with flowers and leaves agreeing 
 in description with 0. squarrosa, and about 5 pea-like carpels seated 
 on a broad disk : S. Konkan, but D. could never hear of it. 
 
Order 30. Burseracecz. 5 1 
 
 ORDER 30. BUKSERACE^. The Myrrh family. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, producing balsam or resin, leaves alternate, 
 pinnate or trifoliate, flowers regular small in racemes or panicles, 
 sepals and petals 3 to 6, stamens as many or twice as many, 
 inserted on the edge of the usually conspicuous disk ; ovary free, 
 fruit or drupe containing 2 to 5 kernels (pyrenes). 
 
 This order is closely allied to Anacardiaceae, and chiefly known for 
 its balsamic qualities. 
 
 1. EOSWELLIA. Leaflets opposite, calyx teeth and petals 5, 
 disk annular, crenate, stamens 5 long and 5 short, stigma 
 3-lobed. 
 
 2. BALSAMODENDRON. Calyx segments and petals 3 or 4, 
 stamens usually 4 long and 4 short, disk erect cup-shaped, style 
 short. 
 
 3. GARUGA. Leaflets alternate, stamens 10 equal, stigma 
 4 or 5-lobed, disk ample lining the calyx. 
 
 1. BOSWELLIA. 
 
 B. serrata. A very pretty tree with grey papery bark, and 
 drooping branches ; leaves and flowers collected about the end 
 of the branches, leaflets 6 to 15 pairs oval crenate or serrate ; 
 flowers small white, disk red, anthers yellow, drupe 3-cornered, 
 splitting into 3. Gugal, Sdlai, dup-salai, Sdlphalli. 
 
 Jungles in various parts. I have seen it only in the Pauchmahals. 
 D. has omitted it. H. has a variety with entire leaflets. The gum is 
 the olibanum of commerce, and probably the frankincense of scrip- 
 ture. " Conspicuous by its pale bark and spreading curved branches, 
 leafy at their tips ; its general appearance is a good deal like that of 
 the mountain ash. The gum, celebrated throughout the east, was 
 flowing abundantly from the trunk, very fragrant and transparent." 
 Hooker : Himalayan Journals. 
 
 2. BALSAMODENDRON. 
 
 *B. mukuil (B. Roxburghii, D.) A small thorny tree, the 
 bark pealing off; leaves simple or trifoliate, ovate smooth and 
 shining ; flowers small, red, fascicled, disk toothed, drupe red 
 ovate. Mukul, guggal. 
 
 Berar and Khandesh (D.). Sind, Kattywar and Rajpntana 
 (Brandis). The balm or balsam of scripture is the gum of B. Gileadense 
 (Hoolcer), and from another species, B. Myrrha, is produced myrrh. 
 So from their products the trees of this and the previous genus are 
 sometimes called Incense trees. 
 
 E 2 
 
5 2 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 " And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, 
 
 Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree : 
 And here were forests, ancient as the hills ; 
 
 Enfolding many spots of greenery." Coleridge. 
 
 3. GABDGA. 
 
 G. pinnata. A rather fine tree, most parts hairy, leaflets 
 4 to 9 pairs, oblong pointed, slightly serrated, panicles large of 
 small yellow flowers, calyx bell-shaped 5 -furrowed, whitish, 
 fiuit edible round waxy yellowish green, size of a gooseberry. 
 Kurak, Kunak, KanJcad. 
 
 Ghauts and Konkan hills. Found in many parts of the country, but 
 nowhere in great quantity (D.). Throughout India, (H.~). 
 
 ORDER 31. MELIACE.E. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, usually pinnate and 
 without stipules, sepals and petals 3 to 6, stamens united into 
 a tube, and inserted below the disk, anthers erect, usually 
 sessile on the tube, ovary superior. 
 
 The very perfect staminal tube is as strong a distinguishing mark 
 of this order (except gen. Cedrela and Chloroxylon), as the staminal 
 column is of Malvaceae. Otherwise, the order is nearly allied to 
 Rutaceae. The genera are mainly distinguished by differences in the 
 tube, the disk and the fruit. The flowers are generally small, pale 
 in colour, and in panicles. 
 
 1. TtJRR-EA. Leaves simple, staminal tube toothed, the 
 anthers inserted just within the mouth, disk small, style long, 
 capsule 4-celled or more. 
 
 2. MELIA. Trees, tube dilated at both ends, 10 or 12-toothed, 
 anthers inserted near the top, disk annular, style slender within 
 the tube, fruit a drupe. 
 
 3. DYSOXYLON. Staminal tube toothed or crenulated, 
 anthers included or slightly exserted, disk tubular, capsule 
 roundish. 
 
 4. HEYNEA. Staminal tube deeply divided, lobes linear 
 toothed, the anthers between the teeth, disk fleshy, capsule 
 2-valved. 
 
 5. SOYMIDA. Staminal tube short, cup-shaped, 10-cleft, lobes 
 toothed, anthers sessile between the teeth, disk flat and wide, 
 capsule 5-celled. 
 
 6. CEDRELA. Stamens distinct, 4 to 6, at the top of the 
 lobed disk, capsule 5-celled. 
 
 7. CHLOROXYLON. Stamens 10, free, inserted in the depres- 
 
Order 3 1 . Meliacecz. 5 3 
 
 sions of the 10-lobed disk, in which the ovary is immersed, 
 capsule 3-celled. 
 
 1. TURE^EA. 
 
 T. virens. A shrub with smooth oval pointed leaves, flowers 
 few together pure white, the staminal tube tipped yellow, 
 petals long, rather unequal, capsule very small, hairy. Kdpur- 
 bhendi. 
 
 Pretty common on the Ghauts (D.). An evergreen (HV), but I have 
 seen it as (?. mentions in flower, while still leafless, and this is con- 
 firmed by others. Its flowers are much larger than those of any other 
 member of the order that I have seen. 
 
 2. MELIA. 
 
 M. azadirachta (Azadirachta Indica, D.). Leaflets 9 to 15, 
 unequal sided, serrated smooth, flowers in panicles very fragrant; 
 drupe oblong one-seeded. 
 
 The common neem or limb tree, well known throughout the greater 
 part of India, and sometimes called the Indian lilac. It has nothing 
 to do with the real lilac, which is a Syringa. 
 
 M. azedarach is the bolchayan, often called the Persian lilac, much 
 cultivated throughout India, and in the N. taking the place of 
 the nim. 
 
 M. dubia. (M. Composita, D.) Leaves very large, twice or thrice 
 pinnate, leaflets smooth oval crenated, flowers white or tinged with 
 purple, panicles mealy ; fruit yellow, size of a small plum. Konkan 
 and Ghauts, often cultivated. Nimbdra, limbdra. 
 
 3. DTSOXYLON. 
 
 D. Unectariferum (Epicliaris exarillata, D.). A fine straight 
 tree, leaves very large of 7 to 11 alternate leaflets, lanceolate,, 
 unequal-sided, smooth ; flowers pale-green or yellow : capsule 
 smooth, size of an apple, brick-red with hard rind, splitting into- 
 4, and showing bright gamboge flesh, and 4 large olive-shaped 
 seeds. Yerindi ; burumbi. 
 
 This is not common, being known in W. India only on the Ghauts : 
 but it is a striking looking tree ; the disk is inside the staminal tube, 
 one third of its length, and like it yellow and 8-lobed. This arrange- 
 ment was called by the old botanists a double nectary a designation 
 which had the merit of expressing something uncommom. 
 
 4. HEYNEA. 
 
 *H. Trijuga. A small smooth tree with 3 to 6 pairs of ovate 
 or lanceolate pointed leaflets, flowers white, panicles long-stalked, 
 lobes of the staminal tube alternately shorter, capsule round, red, 
 
54 T/ie Flowering 1 Plants of Western India. 
 
 like a cherry, opening from the apex, one-seeded. Limbdra, 
 tisul. 
 
 Common all along the Ghauts (D.) and ($.). 
 
 5. SOTMIDA. 
 
 *S. febrifuga. A large smooth tree, leaflets 3 to 6 pair, 
 oval or oblong obtuse : flowers greenish-white, petals clawed 
 obovate spreading, capsule size of a small apple, black when 
 ripe, opening from the apex. Ruliin, potdra. 
 
 Jungles, in many parts. The bark is bitter and medecinal, and the 
 wood dark-red. 
 
 6. CEDRELA. 
 
 *C. toona. A large and handsome tree, leaves very large 
 about the end of the branches, leaflets oblique long pointed, 
 stamens often alternating with staminodes, flowers small white, 
 fragrant, capsule oblong, splitting from the apex, seeds winged. 
 Tuna, thorala mm, Kunan. 
 
 Rohe, Khandala, &o. (.). Most hilly districts of India (ff.). 
 
 7. CHLOEOXYLON. 
 
 * C. Swietenia. A beautiful tree, leaflets 20 to 40, obtuse, 
 very oblique, pellucid dotted, flowers greenish-white, capsule 
 smooth oblong dark brown, seeds brown, angular winged. 
 Billuj halda, bheriya. 
 
 Indian satin wood. Various hilly parts throughout the S. of the 
 Presidency. 
 
 "The satin-wood in point of size and durability is by far the first 
 of the timber trees of Ceylon. For days together I have ridden 
 under its magnificent shade. . . It grows to the height of 100 feet, 
 with a rugged grey bark, small white flowers, and polished leaves 
 with a somewhat unpleasant odour." Tennant. 
 
 Swietenia Mahogani is the mahogany tree, and the wood of other 
 species of the same tribe is often called cedar. 
 
 The remaining species of the order are all trees or shrubs, con- 
 fined in this Presidency, except when otherwise stated, to the S. 
 Ghauts, and belonging also to S. India and Ceylon. 
 
 Naregamia, staminal tube inflated above, obsoletely crenated, disk 
 annular. *N. alata, small undershrub, leaves trifoliate, petioles 
 winged, capsule roundish. Panwell and Vingorla. Kdpurbhendi, 
 pitvely timpani. 
 
 Cipadetsa, staminal tube with 10 deep bifid lobes, disk cup- 
 shaped. *C. fruticosa (Mallea Rtlni,\ D.), a much-branched shrub, 
 leaflets several pair, unequal -sided, flowers small, white, in panicles : 
 fruit red, much like the rowan berry. Naorungi. 
 

 Order 3 1 . Meliacece. 5 5 
 
 Amoora, staminal tube roundish or bell-shaped, slightly crenated, 
 no disk. xd.cucuUata. Bark ash-coloured, leaflets few pair, unequal- 
 sided, male flowers in long drooping panicles, female in racemes, 
 calyx lobes and petals 3, fruit roundish with orange-coloured aril. 
 0. had at Khandala a solitary tree of *A Rohituka with leaves about 
 3 feet long, fruit like a ball of Windsor soap, opening from the apex, 
 seeds solitary scarlet. Rohitak, haramkhdni. It is widely spread 
 over the E. and S. of India (H.). *A. Lawii (Nemedra Nimmonii (D.)> 
 flowers small, white, scaly, scarcely opening, fruit size of a plum, 
 abounding in white juice. Burumb. S. Konkan (D.). 
 
 Walsura, disk fleshy, stigma toothed. *TF. piscidia, leaves trifoliate, 
 staminal tube deeply cleft, the divisions bifid, flowers very small and 
 numerous, yellowish-white, berry dark-brown, velvety, one or two- 
 seeded. 
 
 Chickrassia, staminal tube crenate, disk none, ovary short stalked, 
 *C. tabularis (Q. nimmonii, D.). A very fine tree, leaflets 10 to 16 
 ovate, flowers yellowish or red, capsule woody, size of an apple, 3 to 
 5-valved, seeds winged. Pabh, Chikrds* Tungar hills ($.). Eohe 
 jungles (D.). 
 
 The three orders which follow are small ones, chiefly 
 tropical ; and the species found in W. India are nearly all 
 trees, and neither common nor in any way remarkable. They 
 have all simple alternate leaves and small flowers, and unless 
 otherwise stated are found only on the Ghauts. 
 
 OEDEE 32. CHAILLETIACEJE. 
 
 Sepals, petals, and stamens 5 with a disk. 
 Chailletia, petals 2-lobed narrow, disk of 5 scales. 
 
 *C. gelonoides. Leaves broad lanceolate, pointed, flowers in 
 numerous small fascicles, ovary broad woolly, fruit size of a nutmeg, 
 2-lobed, downy, with red aril. 
 
 OEDEE 33. OLACINE^. 
 
 Petals 3 to 6, stamens 3-15, anthers erect, disk cup-shaped. 
 
 1. Olax, calyx cup -shaped increasing with the fruit, stigma 3-lobed. 
 0. Wightiana, leaves ovate, oblong, flowers white in racemes, fertile 
 stamens 3, with 5 staminodes much larger: fruit smooth oblong, 
 half covered by the calyx. Kdlagonda. H. mentions a variety found 
 by Mr. Law with large leafy bracts. * 0. scandens, a large prickly 
 climber, leaves ovate oblong, flowers white in racemes, petals 
 irregularly cleft, fertile stamens 3, staminodes bifid, drupe yellow 
 like an acorn, nearly hid in the calyx. Harduli, archiri. Khandala 
 and Ghauts (#.). Satpuras (B.). Not in D. 
 
 2. Strombosia, petals and stamens 5, disk 5-lobed, fruit surmounted 
 by the calyx lobes and style. * S. Zeylanica (Sph&rocarpa leprosa, 
 D.). Bark greyish, leaves large oblong, flowers in nearly sessile 
 clusters, fruit roundish, purple, wrinkled and scaly. 
 
56 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 3. Gomphandra, corolla campanulate 4 or 5-lobed, stamens 5, drape 
 surmounted by the remains of the disk. * G. axillaris. (Platea a. 
 D.) leaves lanceolate, flowers whitish in very short cymes, calyx 
 minute, fruit half an inch long, smooth. 
 
 4. Mappia, calyx lobes, petals and stamens 5, disk cup-shaped. 
 
 * M. oblonga. Leaves oblong pointed, flowers yellowish in panicles, 
 hairy and fetid, drupe small succulent, olive-shaped. Gur, kalgur, 
 gdnera. 
 
 5. Sarcostigma, climbing shrubs with diaecious flowers, stamens 5, 
 drupe with corolla and calyx attached at the base. *S. kleinii, leaves 
 oblong, fruit oval, size of a large nutmeg, bright orange-red, wrinkled, 
 in log pendant racemes. 
 
 ORDER 34. ILICINE-ffi. The holly family. 
 Flowers clustered, without disk, ovary free. 
 
 Ilex, calyx lobes and stamens 4 or 5, corolla rotate, anthers oblong. 
 
 * J. malabarica (L Wightiana, D.). Leaves oval or oblong, entire, 
 leathery, flowers white in very short umbels, drupe size of a pea, red, 
 with 5 or 6 etones. Ilex aquifolium is the holly of English woods 
 and shrubberies. The Ilex tree or evergreen oak, Quercus ilex, has 
 nothing to do with this order. From the leaves of various species 
 of this genus the liquor mate is produced, much used in S. America 
 as tea, called there the herb of Paraguay, and the Caa tree. The 
 Abbe Eaynal describes the process, and Southey speaks of the tree 
 as more fatal than the Upas, owing to the great mortality which 
 took place among the natives sent, "through many a land of mines 
 and slavery," to pick the leaves. 
 
 The next three orders form a very natural group, having all 
 woody stems, small greenish flowers and conspicuous disk, and 
 (except tribe Hippocrateae) 4 or 5 petals and stamens. Many 
 of the species are of a climbing habit. 
 
 Order 35. CELASTBINEJE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, leaves simple, petals sometimes wanting, 
 inserted below the disk ; seeds usually with an aril. 
 Tribe 1. Celastreae. Stamens 4 or 5. 
 
 1. CELASTRUS. Climbing shrubs with alternate leaves and 
 polygamous flowers : disk broad concave, ovary free from the 
 disk, stigma 3-lobed, capsule roundish. 
 
 2. GYMNOSPORIA. Leaves alternate, stamens inserted 
 below the broad disk with which the ovary is united, style 2 
 or 3-lobed, capsule roundish. 
 
. Celastrinece. 57 
 
 Tribe 2. Hippocrateae. Leaves opposite, stamens 3, in- 
 serted on the face of the disk. 
 
 3 HIPPOCRATEA. Disk conical or cup-shaped surrounding 
 the ovary, stigmas 1 to 3, fruit of 3 flattened carpels joined at 
 the base, seeds winged. 
 
 4. SALACIA. Ovary immersed in the disk, fruit a berry, 
 seeds large and angular. 
 
 Note. The 3 stamens found in the genera of this tribe are an un- 
 common peculiarity in exogenous plants. 
 
 1. CELASTRUS. 
 
 C. paniculata. A largo straggling shrub all smooth, branches 
 warty, leaves broad ovate with a s-hort sudden point slightly 
 serrated. Flowers in long compound racemes greenish-yellow, 
 petals turned back, ovary large, capsule 3-celled. Pengi, Kdn- 
 goni, Karang-Kdngoni. 
 
 Common in the Konkan and Ghauts; and throughout the hilly 
 parts of India (II.). 
 
 2. GYMNOSPORIA. 
 
 G. montana. (Celastrus m. D.). A shrub or small tree with 
 white smooth bark and long stout thorns : leaves small, smooth, 
 ovate or obovate, minutely crenate, flowers in short panicles, 
 small, white, pretty and fragrant, capsule 3-lobed, size of a 
 pea. Mdl-Kdngoni t Zekadi. 
 
 Konkan and W. Deccan. Also Guzerat and Sind (D.). 
 
 A variable plant ranging from the Mediterranean, through tropical 
 Africa, to India (H.). 
 
 * G. Rothiana (Ctlastrus R. D.) a shrub, sometimes armed, leaves 
 obovate crenulate, flowers greenish-yellow, capsule obovate, red, 
 3-lobed, seeds brownish-orange. Konkan hills and Ghauts (D.). 
 
 * G. emarginata, leaves emarginate, flowers below them, fruit pear- 
 shaped, red, 3-celled. Not in D., common on the Ghauts (G.). 
 Both of these are called Ytnkal, ingli, Ikari. 
 
 The four following genera, consisting of trees and shrubs with 
 usually opposite leaves, also belong to this tribe. 
 
 Euonymus, disk large fleshy, 4 or 5-lobed, ovary sunk in it, capsule 
 angled or winged. * E. Indicus, leaves oval lanceolate, petals 
 fringed, rust coloured, fruit obovoid, small. Gangellee Ghaut (D.). 
 To this genus belong the English spindle tree, and other species, 
 commonly planted as hedge shrubs in gardens near the sea in 
 England. 
 
 Lophopetalum, disk entire or lobed, capsule angled, not winged. 
 
 * L. Wightianum, a tree with leathery oblorig wings, and flowers in 
 panicles, disk 5-lobed, petals crested, fruit 4 inches long, sharply 
 triangular, seeds winged. No hab. (Z>.). Bolpdle. 
 
5 8 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Pleurostylia, disk thick and crennlate, ovary half immersed in it. 
 * P. Wightii, leaves entire, oblong, whitish, petals much larger than 
 the sepals, fruit small, indehiscent, seeds with an aril. The Ghauts 
 <2>.). 
 
 Eloeodendron, disk thick, ovary attached to it. * E. glaucum (E. 
 Roxburghii, D.), leaves ovate, crenate, shining, flowers small, 
 yellow in lax cymes, drupe yellowish-green, size of a cherry, tipped 
 with the style. Tdmrug, Bhutdpal. Ghauts (D.). Common over a 
 considerable part of India (B.). 
 
 3. HlPPOORATEA. 
 
 * H. Grahamii. Climing over high trees, leaves oval acute, 
 shining, flowers minute in long panicles, calyx lobes rounded 
 crenated, carpels 2 or 3 inches long, flat, like a paper cutter, 
 Zewatt, danshir. 
 
 Common along the Ghauts (D. Sf G.). 
 
 * H. Indica appears to differ in having smaller panicles, and the 
 calyx lobes triangular, entire, fruit oblong an inch long. Kdjur&ti, 
 tiroli. Ghauts (D. % G.). 
 
 4. SALACIA. 
 
 5. prinoides. Inclining to climb, leaves small, smooth, oblong, 
 finely crenated, disk large roundish, anthers red, fruit roundish, 
 red, fleshy, one-seeded with the disk adhering. Ingli, nisal bundi. 
 
 The Konkan, not uncommon, I think. Khandalla (#.). 
 
 D. has 3 other species found on the Earn or Chorla Ghauts. * S. 
 brunonia, branches black and rigid, flowers fewer together than in 
 the last. * 8. Roxburg Mi, branches pale brown, leaves almost if not 
 quite entire, fruit 2 or 3-seeded. * 8. oblonga, flowers nearly sessile, 
 rather larger than in the others, fruit size of a small orange, 8- 
 seeded. 
 
 ORDER 36. RHAMNE-ffi. Buckthorns. 
 
 Shrubs or trees frequently thorny, leaves simple, usually 
 leathery and very strongly nerved, flowers small greenish, petals 
 and stamens 4 or 5 inserted on the calyx tube and alternate 
 with its teeth, the petals hooded or with edges turned in, disk 
 large and fleshy or lining the calyx tube : fruit a capsule or 
 drupe. 
 
 The general thorniness, the strongly nerved leaves, and the petals 
 and stamens inserted on the calyx tube (unlike all other orders of 
 the Thalamiflorse and Disciflorae) make the identification of this 
 order tolerably easy. The flowers, however, are much like some of 
 the species of Ampelidese. 
 
 Note. All the species here described have 5 sepals, petals and. 
 stamens, and all except Scutia have alternate leaves. 
 
Order 36. Rhamnea. 59 
 
 1 . VENTILAGO. Climbing shrubs, disk 5-lobed, ovary sunk 
 in it, style very short, fruit winged, with persistent calyx. 
 
 2. ZIZYPHUS. Thorny shrubs or trees, leaves generally 
 bifarious, petals sometimes wanting, disklobed filling the calyx 
 tube,, ovary sunk in it, styles 2 to 4, fruit a drupe with hard 
 stone. 
 
 3. SCUTIA. Smooth shrubs with opposite leaves or nearly 
 so, disk fleshy rilling the calyx tube, ovary sunk in it narrow- 
 ing into a short 2 or 3-cleft style, drupe with adherent 
 calyx. 
 
 4. COLUBRINA. Like the last, but leaves alternate and the 
 calyx surrounds the fruit below the middle instead of at the 
 base. 
 
 1. VENTILAGO. 
 
 V, madraspatana. A large climber with grooved branches, 
 leaves smooth ovate or roundish, unequal at the base, bifarious, 
 flowers in slender panicles at the end of the branches ; fruit 
 size of a pea, light green with a flat wing about 2 inches long. 
 JBika, lolcandi, Kdnvel. 
 
 The Ghauts aud N. Konkan. The junction of the wing with the 
 fruit is like the closing of a lid. 
 
 7. Bombaiensis differs in the young parts being tawny with hairs, 
 and the flowers fascicled in the axils. Chorla Ghaut (->.) I believed 
 that I had it at Mahableshwar ; but it seems more likely that that 
 was 7. Calyculata, which Mr. Birdwood has in his list under the 
 name of Karkandi did yel, Kdnyel, and which H. attributes to all the 
 hotter parts of India. 
 
 2. ZIZYPHUS. 
 
 1. Z. jujuba. A thorny tree with small leaves ovate or 
 roundish, dark and shining above, woolly below, flowers in 
 short cymes, strong smelling, fruit round, size of a cherry, 
 smooth yellow. Bher, bhor. 
 
 Varies greatly in shape and size of fruit, shape and downiness of 
 leaves and general habit. Brandis. 
 
 Throughout India wild and extensively cultivated ; but Z. vulgaris, 
 not known in W. India, is also called the cultivated bher. 
 
 This is thought by some to be the Sidra of the Koran, the tree 
 which Mohammed in his miraculous night journey found growing at 
 the further limit of the seventh heaven, but others think that to be 
 Z. lotus. (Sprenger). 
 
 2. Z. munmularia. A small low shrub, leaves small 
 roundish finely serrated, underside and branches woolly, thorns 
 in pairs, one long and straight, the other short and curved, 
 
60 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 flowers sessile, manj together, quite flat greenish-white, berry 
 like the last. Gangar, jangra. 
 
 Common in Gnzerat, Sind, and other parts. 
 
 3. Z. cenoplia. Slightly climbing, all covered with hairs, 
 leaves oval lanceolate acute, very unequal-sided, flowers short- 
 stalked axillary, petals very small, soon falling off; fruit round, 
 size of a currant, turning from yellow to black. Chunibher, 
 kdnare. 
 
 Common in the Konkan, also in the Deccan. When out of flower 
 this is very like Briedelia scandens, but the thorns and unequal- 
 sided leaves distinguish it. 
 
 4. Z. xylopyrus. A 'shrub or small tree with or without 
 thorns, leaves broad oval or round, downy beneath, finely 
 serrated, flowers in a close cyme, fruit size of a cherry, round, 
 hard, 3-celled. Guti, bhurguti. 
 
 Konkan, common in the Ghauts (D.), and all over S. India. 
 Srandis. 
 
 5. Z. rugosa. A. straggling shrub with large panicles of 
 small white flowers without corolla, leaves broad oval, serrate, 
 shining ; fruit small, white round or obovate, eatable. Turan. 
 
 Konkan, common on the Ghauts. 
 
 Z. lotos, common in N. Africa, is the tree from which the Lotophagi 
 of the Odyssey took their name, the fruit of which is the 
 lotos : 
 
 " Which whoso tastes 
 Insatiate riots in the sweet repasts, 
 Nor other home nor other care intends, 
 But quits his house, his country and his friends." 
 
 Dry den. 
 
 " The Lotos blooms below the barren peak ; 
 The Lotos blows by every winding creek." 
 
 Tennyson. 
 3. SCUTIA. 
 
 S. Indica. A straggling thorny shrub with small smooth 
 obovate leaves and very small flowers in umbels, which are 
 axillary or arranged round the stem, fruit obovate or roundish, 
 2 to 4-celled and seeded. Chimdt. 
 
 The Ghauts, common. 
 
 4. COLUBRINA. 
 
 C. Asiatica. An unarmed smooth shrub with shining 
 ovate crenate leaves unequal at the base ; flowers in short 
 cymes, fruit size of a pea, very smooth. Guti. 
 
 Konkan and the Ghauts. 
 
Order 37. Ampelidece. 61 
 
 This and Zizyphus xylopyrus (also called Guti) may easily be mis- 
 taken when not in fruit, bat the smooth shining leaves distinguish 
 this. 
 
 Rhamnus, disk thin lining the calyx tube, ovary free. * R. Wightii, 
 unarmed leaves long, narrow, pointed, flowers in fascicles, fruit size 
 of a pea with calyx adherent. Raktzorar. N. Ghauts (D.). 
 
 Gouania, stamens enclosed in the hooded petals, disk fleshy filling 
 the calyx. * G. leptostachya, smooth, climbing, unarmed, leaves 
 ovate, flowers in panicles or racemes, fruit triangular winged, 
 crowned by the calyx. Wari country (D.). 
 
 Palinurus aculeatus is Christ's thorn, from which the crown 
 of thorns is traditionally said to have been made ; common in 
 the S. of Europe and about Jerusalem. 
 
 ORDER 37. AMPELIDEJE. Vines. 
 
 Shrubs, usually climbing and with tendrils, leaves generally 
 much lobed, flowers regular, calyx cup-shaped, entire or 4-5 
 lobed ; petals 4 or 5, stamens as many, inserted on or beneath 
 the disk ; filaments and style short, fruit a small berry. 
 
 This order differs from the last mainly in its climbing habit, ten- 
 drils, and lobed or sometimes compound leaves. The small flowers 
 are generally in large clusters, and when not otherwise stated 
 are greenish. 
 
 1. VITIS. Climbing shrubs, tendrils opposite the leaves, 
 berry oval or round, one or two-celled. 
 
 2. LEEA. Shrubs not climbing, without tendrils, with very 
 large leaves and sheathing petioles : calyx lobes, petals, and 
 stamens 5, ovary inserted in the disk, stigma swollen. 
 
 1. VITIS. 
 
 Note. H. has 70 species of Vitis, having included in it the old 
 genus Cissus, which has 4 petals and stamens, whereas Vitis has 5. 
 Note. In many cases the climbing tendency is but slight. 
 
 (a.) Petals and stamens 4. 
 
 1. V. quadrangularis (Cissus q. and C. edulis, D.). An 
 extensive climber, very fleshy and cactus-like, stems thick, 
 4-sided, jointed and often winged, leaves large ovate, variously 
 toothed, berry roundish, red. Harsdnkal, mhaisvel, Khdrbuti. 
 
 Common in hedges throughout hotter India (fl.). The leaves are 
 frequently 3-lobed, and the stems without wings. Good specimens, 
 as at Surat, are very handsome, but more often it is with us a poor- 
 looking and scraggy plant. 
 
 " Its stem, like that of another Vitis (7. Indica), when freshly 
 
62 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 cut, yields a copious draught of pure, tasteless fluid." Tennant. 
 The stems are eaten in curries. 
 
 2. V. repanda (Cissus r. D.). Hairy, stems woody, leaves 
 large, cordate roundish, coarsely-toothed, stipules oblong, ten- 
 drils forked or none, flowers in compound umbels, fruit pear- 
 shaped black, tipped with the persistent style. Gendal. 
 
 3. V. aduata (C. latifolia, D.). Is very like the last, but not 
 so stout, with stipules oval, adnate. Nddena. 
 
 H. considers that these two are difficult to distinguish. They are 
 both found in the Konkan, and probably in the Ghauts, in the rains. 
 The latter only is in Mr. Birdwood's list. 
 
 4. V. .-A stout, woody shrub, not generally climb- 
 ing, leaves large, smooth, heart-shaped with incurved serratures 
 and umbels opposite to them ; petals recurved, berries black, 
 one or two-seeded. 
 
 Common in the Deccan, as a roadside bush ; not at all attractive. 
 This is D.'s C. vitiginea, but I have not been able to identify it with 
 any of jET.'s. 
 
 5. V. carnosa. Fleshy, leaves trifoliate, petioles rather long, 
 leaflets ovate, coarsely serrated, tendrils forked, flowers in 
 panicles green, glands, disk and stamens white, style conspicuous, 
 fruit black and juicy, 2 to 4-seeded. Tdmdnya. 
 
 Very common on the seashore, in the Konkan, growing among the 
 rocks. There it is quite smooth, but inland is often coarse and hairy. 
 Common in most parts of India. Brandis. 
 
 6. V. auriculata. A stout and handsome climber, young 
 stems, petioles, &c., thickly downy, light-green, leaves with 
 5 or more oblong or ovate serrated leaflets ; stipules ear- shaped, 
 tendrils forked, flowers in large long-stalked panicles, yellowish, 
 berry red or plum-coloured, shining, size of a sloe. Ambari, 
 jnngli Kdjorni. 
 
 Plentiful about Ghorabuader. Vingorla (D.). Matheran, Birdwood. 
 
 * V. repens, smooth and glaucous, leaves cordate, ovate, bristle- 
 toothed, flowers in compound umbels, fruit round. The Konkans (D.). 
 
 * V. glauca, very doubtful how this differs from the last. D. has not 
 got it. The Konkans ((?.). * V. Rheedii (C. trilobata, D). Smooth, 
 leaves trifoliate, leaflets oblong, bristle-toothed, fruit round. Vansa. 
 Konkan (D. 8f (?.). * V. setosa. Fleshy, covered with long bristly 
 hairs, leaflets 3, long oval, fruit one-seeded, red. Junar (D.). V. elongata. 
 A very large climber, smooth and succulent, leaflets 5, oval lanceolate, 
 flowers in panicles white, berry size of a cherry, blackish. Maha- 
 bleshwar. Not in D. * 7. lanceolaria (C. Muricata, D.). A woody 
 climber, branches warty, leaves 5-foliate, stipules large, flowers in 
 compound umbels, yellowish, fruit size of a cherry, white when ripe. 
 S. Ghauts and Canara (D.). Khdjgoli cha vel. 
 
Order 37. Amp elides. 63 
 
 V. discolor, with leaves much blotched with white above, purple 
 and shining beneath, is attributed by D. to shady jungles in 
 the Konkan, has been found by Mr. Woodrow in the Bangs, and is 
 in Mr. Birdwood's list. N6,ga vel, teli clia vel. It is also an old- 
 fashioned plant of English greenhouses, where other species of Vitis 
 and Cissus are cultivated for the foliage. 
 
 (6.) Petals and stamens 5. 
 
 7. V. lati folia. A very handsome climber, mostly smooth, 
 the dark stems shooting out to a great length, leaves large 
 round cordate with about five acute lobes serrated, petioles and 
 tendrils long, flowers in close clusters, claret- coloured with 
 yellow anthers, fruit black, 2-seeded. Golinda. 
 
 This is not in D. ; I have found it at Rutnagherry and in the 
 N. Konkan, and Brandis ascribes it to the Satpuras also. It and 
 V. aurioulata shoot out before the rain begins to fall. 
 
 8. * F. pedata. A large weak climber, leaflets 7 or more, 
 long petioled, lanceolate acute serrated ; flowers covered with 
 grey hairs, fruit white, 4-lobed, 4-seeded. 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts (D.). 
 
 * V. Indica. Stems slender and hairy, leaves heart-shaped : 
 flowers in cylindric spikes or racemes, greenish-purple, style none, 
 fruit round (D.). Pdlkanda, the Konkans (#.). *F. araneosa, 
 slender, covered with deciduous down, leaflets 3, unequal-sided, 
 flowers brownish-red in umbels with long woolly peduncles, fruit, 
 black. Highest Ghauts W. of Junar (D.)., and very little known else- 
 where. Bendarvel, Ghorvel : the root Chamarmusli. 
 
 From V. vinifera and its varieties all (or almost all) wine-making 
 grapes are produced. Its native country is unknown, but the oldest 
 books extant testify to its valuejhaving been found out very early. In 
 Judges ix. the olive, the fig, and the vine are the three trees given 
 as most worthy of sovereignty over the rest. In the New Testament 
 still greater honour is put upon the vine and its fruit (Luke xxii. 18). 
 
 The twining of the vine round a forest tree is a common symbol 
 of marriage in old English writers, the vine being one of the most 
 ancient symbols of fertility : 
 
 " Thou art an elm, my husband, I a vine, 
 Whose weakness, married to thy stronger state, 
 Makes me with thy strength to communicate." 
 
 Comedy of Errors. 
 
 " They led the vine 
 
 To wed her elm: she, spoused, about him twines 
 Her marriageable arms." Milton. 
 
 " So doth the humble vine creep at the foot of an oak, and leans 
 upon its lowest base, and begs shade and protection, and leave to 
 grow under its branches, and to give and take mutual refreshment, 
 and pay a kindly influence for a mighty patronage ; and they grow 
 
64 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 and dwell together, and are the most remarkable of friends and 
 married pairs of all the leafy nation." Bishop Jeremy Taylor. 
 
 The same figure occurs in Hindoo poetry. In Sakuntala, a jasmine 
 growing over a mango tree is used for the same comparison. 
 
 ' To sit every man under his vine ' (Micah iv. 4, etc.) refers to the 
 custom, common in Palestine as in Italy, of training vines over a 
 trellis (pergola) in front of the house. 
 
 2. LEEA. 
 
 1. L. samlucina (L. staphylea, D.). A large shrub mostly 
 smooth, with pinnately compound leaves ; leaflets narrow, 
 lanceolate serrate, flowers in large flat cymes, stamens coloured, 
 fruit round, black. Dinda. 
 
 Very common in S. Konkan. Widely spread through hotter India 
 (Srandii). The young leaves are of a lovely bronze pink, opening out 
 of a pouch. The heads of flowers and leaves rather resemble the 
 English elder (Sambucus). 
 
 2. L. macrophylla. Very like the last, but the very large 
 leaves are simple, broad ovate subcordate, smooth, the flowers 
 more decidedly white. 
 
 The Konkan, much less common than the last; also called dinda. 
 
 The next two orders are sufficiently alike to be grouped 
 together. 
 
 ORDER 38. SAPINDACE-E. 
 
 Leaves mostly pinnate, flowers small, usually white, calyx 
 4 or 5-lobed, often unequal, petals 4 or five, stamens 5 to 10 
 (oftenest 8), fruit sometimes lobed or winged. 
 
 This large order comes nearest to Celastrineae, but the flowers are 
 often irregular, and the stamens generally more than 5. The maples 
 are by H. put in a tribe of this order, and one of its beauties is the 
 horse chestnut, JEscnlus hippo-castaneum, " said to be indigenous in 
 N. India, but not now known in its wild state" (H.). "It migrated 
 from the N. parts of Asia to England by Constantinople, Vienna, 
 Italy, and France." London. 
 
 Note (1.) All the genera here given, except Dodoncea and Turpinia, 
 belong to the sub-order Sapindeae, and have alternate leaves without 
 stipules, and stamens inserted inside the disk. 
 
 Note (2.) All here given, except the two species of Cardio- 
 spermum, are trees or shrubs. 
 
 1. CARDIOSPERMUM. Climbing herbs, flowers irregular, 
 sepals and petals 4, one pair of each larger, disk of 2 glands, 
 stamens 8, 4 shorter ; style trifid, capsule 3- celled, inflated. 
 

 Order 38. Sapindacece. 65 
 
 2. HEMIGYROSA. Leaves pinnate, flowers irregular, disk 
 one-sided, stamens 8, stigma 3-cornered, fruit indehiscent, not 
 lobed. 
 
 3. ALLOPHYLUS. Leaves simple or trifoliate, flowers irregular, 
 sepals and petals 4, disk one-sided with 4 glands opposite 
 the petals ; stamens 8. 
 
 4. SCHLEICHERA. No petals, disk annular, stigma 3 or 4- 
 cleft. 
 
 5. SAPINDUS. Flowers regular, sepals in 2 rows, disk 
 annular, fleshy, stigma 2 to 4-lobed, fruit deeply lobed. 
 
 6. DODONJGA. Flowers as the last, but no corolla, capsule 
 with several angles and valves. 
 
 1. CARDIOSPERMUM. 
 
 G. halicacabum. A small and beautifully delicate climber, 
 all smooth, leaves twice ternate, leaflets like miniature vine 
 leaves with pointed lobes ; flowers in threes, white ; capsules 
 conspicuous, leafy, much inflated, seeds 3, black with a white 
 spot. Bodha, Sibjal. 
 
 Common in hedges in the Konkan and elsewhere. Most tropical 
 and snb-tropical countries (#) Called by &. heart-pea, and 
 balloon-vine. Every part of this little plant is beaufcifnl, though 
 the very small flowers, " with curling tendrils gracefully disposed," 
 might easily be passed without notice. 
 
 2. HEMIGYROSA. 
 
 H. ccenescens -(Cupania c. D.). Small tree or spreading 
 shrub, leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, like polished mango-leaves, flowers 
 small, white, in close racemes, capsule ovoid, triangular, brown, 
 and velvety. Karpa. 
 
 S. Konkan, Ghauts (D. fy G). 
 
 3. ALLOPHYLUS. 
 
 A. CoUbe (Cardiospermum schmiedelia and C. villosa, D.). 
 A small tree or large shrub, sometimes climbing, all hairy, leaves 
 ternate on long stalks, leaflets la'rge, ovate, pointed, serrated, 
 flowers very small, white, clustered on the racemes, fruit round, 
 red, shining, one-seeded. Tipin, Mendri. 
 
 Very variable with many synonyms (H.). 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts, tolerably common ; abundant at Mahableshwar. 
 
 4. SCHLEICHBRA. 
 
 S. trijuga. A tree with three pairs of oblong or lanceo- 
 late entire leaflets, and very small green flowers in short 
 
 F 
 
66 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 racemes, 2 or 3 together : ovary with irregular points on it, 
 style long exserted, stigmas 3 : fruit about an inch long, beetle- 
 shaped, with blunt prickles. Kusimb, Kun, Kocham. 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts, common. The young leaves appear in the hot 
 weather, of a beautiful lake turning to copper colour. 
 
 5. SAPINDUS. 
 
 S. irifoliatus (S. laurifolius and emarginatus, D.). A tree 
 with about three pairs of ovate lanceolate entire leaflets, some- 
 times nearly a foot long, very papery : flowers very small, 
 dingy white, scarcely opening, in large compound panicles : 
 petals and stamens very woolly : fruit 3-lobed, rough, reddish- 
 brown. Ritta. 
 
 There are two varieties distinguished by the greater or less 
 hairiness of the leaves and petioles, and by the leaflets being 
 pointed or emarginate. The fruit is used as soap, and called soap- 
 nut. 
 
 Common in various parts : cultivated in Bengal (H.). 
 
 6. DODONJEA. 
 
 D. viscosa (D. Burmanniana, D.). A shrub, climbing or 
 straggling, leaves oblong, oval, more or less clammy, flowers 
 small, yellow, fragrant, in short cymes, disk hairy, capsules 
 oblong, winged. jDhdsera, dawa kajhdr, latchmi, jakhmi. 
 
 S. Konkan. Khandalla and Belgaum (D.). Throughout India and 
 in all warm countries (H.). On the mountains in S. India it is a 
 small tree (Brandis) and in Afghanistan common in the low hills, 
 and used for thatching. JBellew. 
 
 It is much like one of the Combretums in appearance. 
 
 Erioglossum, leaves odd-pinnate, petals 4, unequal, stamens 8. 
 E. edule (Sapindus rubiginosa, D.), a tree with leaves resembling the 
 ash, very soft, flowers white, very fragrant, young parts reddish, 
 hairy. Mahim Woods, planted (D. 8f 6?.). 
 
 NepTielium. Flowers regular, stamens 5 to 10. N. longanum. Tree 
 with 2 to 5 pairs of leaflets, flowers yellowish-white in panicles, 
 fruit reddish, size of a cherry, warty when young. Wumb, lungdm. 
 Parr and Ram Ghauts (D.). N. litchi produces the litchi fruit, and 
 is found in gardens. The contrast between the dark red rind and 
 the pearly pulp within is very striking ; but the flavour in Bombay 
 scarcely comes up to the description of the same in China. 
 
 Turpinia. Flowers regular, sepals, petals and stamens 5. * T.pomi- 
 ffra (T. nepalensis, D.). Leaves opposite, leaflets 3 to 5 lanceolate, 
 flowers white in panicles, berry size of a large pea, 3-celled. Parwar 
 Ghaut (D.). 
 
Order 39. Anacardiacea. 67 
 
 OEDER 39. ANACABDIACE.E. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with milky or acrid juice, leaves alternate 
 without stipules, often pinnate, flowers small, regular, often 
 unisexual or polygamous ; sepals and petals 3 to 5, stamens 
 as many or more up to 10, inserted on or under the disk ; fruit 
 usually a drupe, 1 to 5-celled. 
 
 This order is mainly distinguished from the last by the flowers 
 being regular. The foliage and fruit are generally more noticeable 
 than the flowers. The species also have often strong resinous juice, 
 and, from this being used for varnishing and lacquering, some trees 
 of the order have got the name of Varnish trees. 
 
 1. MANGIFERA. One stamen usually large and perfect, the 
 rest smaller or imperfect, ovary oblique, style lateral, drupe 
 large and fleshy, stone compressed. 
 
 2. ANACARDIUM. Sepals and petals 5, stamens 8 to 10, 
 disk filling the base of the calyx, fruit formed of the enlarged 
 disk and flower stalk, with nut growing outside. 
 
 3. BUCHANIANA. Disk round, 5-lobed, stamens 10, ovary of 
 5 or 6 carpels, but only 1 perfect, styles short, drupe small. 
 
 4. ODINA. Leaves odd pinnate, flowers unisexual, disk 
 annular, 4 or 5-lobed, stamens 8 to 10, styles 3 or 4, drupe 
 small reniform crowned by the styles. 
 
 5. SEMECARPUS. Stamens 5 or 6 inserted at the base of 
 the broad annular disk, styles 3, drupe fleshy, seated on the 
 much enlarged peduncle. 
 
 6. HOLIGARNA. Petioles with spur-like appendages, flowers 
 polygamous, stamens 5 inserted on the edge of the disk, styles 
 
 3 to 5. 
 
 7. SPONDIAS. Leaves odd pinnate, calyx deciduous, disk 
 cup-shaped crenate, stamens 8 to 10 inserted beneath it, styles 
 
 4 or 5, drupe fleshy. 
 
 1. MANGIFEEA. 
 
 M. Indica. The mango tree. All smooth, leaves oblong 
 lanceolate, flowers in panicles greenish-yellow or white, petals 
 twice as long as the sepals, partly orange- coloured, disk fleshy, 
 5-lobed, anther of the one perfect stamen purple or red. 
 Amb. 
 
 Grows all over India, and thought to be indigenous in the W. Ghauts, 
 and a few other places. It is to the Portuguese that the excellence 
 cf the fruit on the W. coast is due, the only Indian fruit, perhaps, 
 which can be called " delectable both to behold and taste " (Milton). 
 At Manilla the best grafted varieties are said to be equal, if not 
 
 F 2 
 
68 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 superior, to those of Bombay (Burbidge). In the Konkan, during 
 the early part of the rains, the inchoate trees growing out of the 
 s'ones that have been thrown away, well sucked, by the sides of 
 the roads are as beautiful and interesting objects as one could wish 
 to see. 
 
 The smell of the flowers is often quite overpowering at night, as 
 any one will find who drives along a well planted road like that 
 between Indore and Mhow. " There is a variety of the common 
 mango tree, or perhaps a distinct species, which bears fruit nearly 
 as large as a man's head ; the tree grows about Savanoor, and in 
 Canara" (Graham). I have heard of this at Dapoli, but never saw 
 it. It should be either H.'s M. fragrans or M. macrocarpa. 
 
 '2. ANACARDIUM. 
 
 A. occidentals. The cashew-nut tree. Leaves smooth ovate 
 or obovate ; flowers small, yellow streaked with red, in panicles 
 with numerous leafy bracts ; fruit red, very juicy, very much 
 larger than the kidney-shaped nut. Kdju, hijali baddm. 
 
 A native of Brazil introduced by the Portuguese, and sometimes 
 called the Goa almond ; common on many parts of the coast, par- 
 ticularly in Salsette and the S. Konkan. " Its fruit, an apple with 
 a nut below," is one of the curiosities of the vegetable kingdom. 
 The apple, though tempting to the eye, is excruciating to the palate, 
 though Oliver calls it eatable. Miss Bird speaks of the immense 
 spread of its branches in the Malay Peninsula, but with us it is 
 al\ways a small tree. The shell of the nut contains a very acrid oil 
 (from which anacardic acid is made), the fumes of which (Kingsley 
 says) will blister the face if the cook bends over the fire. I never 
 heard of this difficulty in India. 
 
 3. BUCHANIANA. 
 
 B. latifolia. A good-sized tree with large leaves, broad 
 ovate or obovate, hairy, with short petioles, flowers in large 
 hairy panicles, drupe compressed ovoid. Pydl, chdroli, char. 
 
 Found in all parts of the Presidency, but not particularly common. 
 The kernels are called chdronji, and are eatable. 
 
 4. ODINA. 
 
 0. wodier. Leaflets 3 or 4 pairs oblong ovate pointed, 
 panicles hairy or mealy terminal, flowers very small, tinged 
 with purple or red, fragrant, stamens filling the mouth of the 
 corolla ; drupe kidney-shaped, red when ripe. Shimti, mowa, 
 moini. 
 
 Very common (D.) ; but I think it is widely distributed rather than 
 common. The leaves fall in the cold weather when the flowers 
 appear. " A handsome tree when in fall foliage, an eyesore when 
 leafless." Brandis. 
 
Order 39. Anacardiacece. 69 
 
 4. SEME CARP us. 
 
 ^S. anacardium. The marking nut tree. A good- sized tree 
 with large leaves oblong rounded or obovate, whitish and 
 strongly veined below ; flowers in large cross panicles, very 
 small, greenish- white, drupe black, heart-shaped, deeply seated 
 in the yellow apple-shaped receptacle which is about the same 
 size. Bibu, behelu, kardin. 
 
 Said to be common in Deccan, Konkan, and Guzerat ; but I should 
 scarcely call it so. The receptacle of the fruit is eatable, and the 
 acid whitish juice, which is used for marking linen, comes from the 
 pericarp. 
 
 5. HOLIGARNA. 
 
 H. Grahamii (Semecarpus G. D.). A tall tree with leaves 
 over a foot long collected at the end of the branches, smooth 
 above, hairy below ; panicle and calyx rusty and hairy ; drupe 
 and receptacle like the last. Ran bibu. 
 
 Ghauts and Konkan hills. The shape of the leaves is very 
 peculiar ; the broadest part is above the middle, thence tapering 
 very gradually to the base, less so to the point. 
 
 *H. Arnottiana (H. longifolia, D.) Leaves very long and tapering, 
 flowers very small in large panicles, drupe obliquely oblonsr, an inch 
 long, with thick acrid juice. Bibu, hulgari. Canara (D.)> Konkan ((?.). 
 
 6. SPONDIAS. 
 
 5. mangifera. All smooth, leaflets 4 to 5 pairs large, 
 oblong, pointed, entire, panicles very large, flowers greenish- 
 white or yellow, fruit like a small mango. Randmb, dmbdra, 
 dolamba. 
 
 Often found planted, but a doubtful native. It flowers when bare 
 of leaves. The fruit is eatable, and sometimes called the hog plum,, 
 the W. Indian name of another species. 
 
 *S. acuminata differs from the above chiefly in smaller leaflets with 
 longer points, a very short panicle, and probably a smooth stone. 
 Not in D. Kennery Caves ((?.). 
 
 Nothopegia, sepals, petals, stamens and disk lobes 4 or 5. *N. 
 Colebrookiana (Glycocarpus racemosu?, D.). Small tree, leaves simple, 
 oblong entire, racemes short, flowers minute, drupe size of a cherry, 
 with thick edible pulp. Amberi. Ghauts (!>.) 
 
 D. mentions that there were at Hewra "many large trees" of 
 Schinus mulli belonging to this order, and that it thrives well in India 
 and ripens its fruit. If this is so, it is a pity it is not commonly 
 cultivated, for it is a most beautiful and elegant tree, with large 
 clusters of small red waxy-looking fruit. It is very common in 
 Naples and other places in S. Italy, where it is called pepe y or pepper 
 
7O The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 tree. Pistacia, vera is the tree of which the fruit is the pistachio 
 nut, much imported into India, a native of the warmer parts of 
 Central Asia, and supposed to be the nuts of Gen. xliii. 11. Mastic 
 is produced from another tree of the same genus. And another 
 species, P. terebinthus, is said by Hooker to be what is variously 
 called in the Bible the turpentine tree, the teil tree, the elm and the 
 oak : elsewhere called the Terebinth. 
 
 ORDER 40. MORINGE.E. 
 
 Deciduous trees with soft wood; leaves alternate pinnate, 
 with glands at the base ; flowers irregular in panicles, calyx 
 cup-shaped with 5 unequal petaloid segments, petals 5 unequal; 
 stamens 5 perfect and 5 imperfect inserted on the edge of the 
 disk, ovary stalked, style slender tubular, capsule angled, corky 
 within. 
 
 Perhaps the smallest of all orders, as it contains but one genus and 
 three species. Outwardly they are very like some of the Legumi- 
 nosae, but the fruit is not really a pod, and there are other differ- 
 ences which make Bentham and Hooker call the genus absolutely 
 anomalous. 
 
 MORINGA genus as the order. 
 
 1. M. pterygosperma. The horse-radish tree ; sometimes also 
 called the drumstick tree. Leaves very large, twice or thrice 
 pinnate, leaflets very small, oblong or oval, smooth ; calyx as 
 well as petals white, capsule pod-like, a foot long, slender, 3- 
 angled, 9-ribbed, the seeds 3-cornered, winged at the angles. 
 Shevga, shekta, sonja. 
 
 Cultivated all over India, the pods used as vegetables, the root as 
 horse-radish. From the seeds oil of ben, used by watchmakers, is 
 produced (Sal/our). 
 
 2. M. Concanensis. Like the last, but leaves and panicles 
 larger, leaflets also larger oval, roundish, flowers sweet-scented, 
 petals yellowish, red streaked at the base. Sainjna, mua. 
 
 Wild at various places in the Konkan ; also in Sind and Bajpu- 
 tana .. 
 
Order 4 r . Connaracece. 
 
 III. 
 
 ORDER 41. CONNAKACE-ffi. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate compound leaves without 
 stipules, flowers regular or nearly so, calyx lobes and petals 5, 
 stamens 5 or 10, fruit generally 1-seeded. A small order with 
 doubtful affinities. 
 
 1. EOUREA. Sepals round imbricate, increasing with the 
 fruit, stamens 10, ovaries 5, 4 usually imperfect. 
 
 2. CONNARUS. Sepals imbricate, not increasing, stamens 10, 
 5 shorter, sometimes imperfect ; ovaries as in the last, capsule 
 oblique stalked. 
 
 1. ROTJREA. 
 
 R. santaloides. A smooth climber, leaflets 5 to 9, ovate 
 shining, flowers in racemes small, white and fragrant, capsule 
 size and shape of an acorn, splitting from the top and showing 
 the orange-coloured aril. Wagdti, wdkeri, wardhdra. 
 
 Matheran, S. Konkaa and Ghauts (.). 1 noted that the young 
 plants are prickly. 
 
 2. CONNARUS. 
 
 C. monocarpus. A handsome erect shrub or small tree, 
 leaflets 5, oval, pointed, shining ; flowers in long panicles, hairy, 
 yellowish- white, very fragrant ; fruit in clusters, slightly 
 kidney-shaped, bright red, size of a bean, splitting from the 
 top. Gudri, ndgudri, Sundar. 
 
 Southern Ghauts. Matheran (Birdwood). 
 
 *C. Wightii, apparently like the last, but the capsule pale chestnut 
 colour, shining, much narrower than the last. Not in D. S. Konkan, 
 Stocks, H. 
 
 *C. Ritchiei. Flowers smaller, capsule about half the size of No. 1, 
 dark coloured, the base rounded. Same as last, and Earn Ghaut 
 Ritchie, H. 
 
 ORDER 42. LEGUMINOS.E. 
 
 This is the second largest of all the natural orders, and 
 might very well be divided into three, the second and third of 
 the sub-orders being very different as to the appearance of the 
 
72 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 flowers from the first. The plants of the sub-order Papili- 
 oriaceae are very easily recognized by the flowers, which are 
 all more or less like those of the common pea, while the 
 fruit in this, as well as in the other sub-orders, is a pod. 
 
 Hooker, in mentioning the absence of leguminous plants in a 
 certain part of the Himalayas, says that " c.ol, equable, humid 
 climates are generally unfavourable to the order." Journals 76. 
 
 Dr. Cooke notices as remarkable that there is not a single tree of 
 the order at Mahableshwar, though several at Matheran. 
 
 General description of the order. Leaves very, often com- 
 pound, with stipules, the leaflets frequently with stipels, sepals 
 5, often unequal, petals 5 : stamens generally 10, free or 
 variously combined (but in tribe Acacieas they are in- 
 definite) ovary superior, style simple, fruit usually the pistil 
 grown into a pod, with the calyx attached, but very various in 
 
 I. SUB-ORDER PAPILIONACEJS. Flowers papilionaceous (butter- 
 fly shape), consisting of a large upper petal (the standard), 
 which embraces the rest in the bud, 2 lateral petals (wing*), 
 and two usually more or less coherent by their lower margins 
 (the keel), which enclose the stamens and pistil; stamens 
 almost always 10, and monadelphous or diadelphons. 
 
 The sub-order is further divided into a large number of 
 tribes distinguished mostly by the divisions of the leaves, and 
 the nature of the pod. 
 
 (a) GENISTEJ;. Stamens monadelphous ; leaves simple or 
 digitately trifoliate. 
 
 1. HEYLANDIA. Stamens united into a tube, split above, 
 style long, pod short, ovate compressed, one or two-seeded. 
 
 2. CROTALABTA. Flowers generally yellow, style long, 
 bearded above, pod straight, generally inflated. 
 
 (b) TRIFOLIEJB. Stamens diadelphous, leaves trifoliate, 
 leaflets toothed. 
 
 3. TRIGONELLA. Flowers yellow, standard and wings narrow, 
 keel shorter, pod many-seeded. 
 
 4. MELILOTUS. Flowers in long racemes, style much 
 incurved, pod short, round or oblong, indehiscent. 
 
 5. MEDICAGO. Pod spirally twisted, indehiscent. 
 
 (c) GALEGE^E. Stamens usually diadelphous ; leaves 
 various. 
 
 6. CYAMOPSIS. Stamens monadelphous, pod linear straight, 
 divided internally by partitions. 
 
Order 42. Leguminosce. 73 
 
 7. INDIGOFERA. Keel spurred on each side near the base, 
 pod usually linear or cylindrical. 
 
 8. PSORALEA. Leaves simple, dotted with glands, petals 
 all clawed, pod ovoid or oblong, one-seeded, indehiscent. 
 
 9. TEPHROSIA. Petals clawed, pod linear, flat, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 10. SESBANIA. Herbs or soft wooded shrubs, leaflets very 
 numerous, deciduous, petals long-clawed, pod very long and 
 narrow. 
 
 (d) HEDYSARE^E. Pod either one-seeded or made up of 
 many separate joints, and so not easily recognized as a pod. 
 
 11. TAVERNIERA. Undershrubs, leaves simple or trifoliate, 
 ovary stalked, pod of 3 or 4 joints, or simple. 
 
 12. GEISSAPSIS. Leaflets 2 pairs, flowers with conspicuous 
 membranous bracts, pod of 2 turgid joints, or simple. 
 
 13. ALHAGI. A low thorny shrub with simple leaves, pod 
 of several joints. 
 
 14. ZORNIA, Leaflets one or two pairs, flowers with large 
 bracts, pod of several round flat warty joints. 
 
 15. SMITHIA. Leaflets many, small, pod of several flattened 
 joints folded together within the calyx. 
 
 10. vEscHYNOMENE. Leaflets as in the last, pod straight, 
 exserted from the calyx, stalked, and with several flat joints. 
 
 17. PSEUDARTHRIA differs from the last in the pod not being 
 jointed but linear, one to six-seeded. 
 
 18. URARIA. Flowers very numerous, small, pod of about 
 4 joints, twisted or pressed together within the calyx. 
 
 19. ALYSICARPUS. Diffuse plants, leaves generally simple, 
 calyx quite as large as corolla, pod of several joints, not 
 flattened or twisted. 
 
 20. OUGEINIA. A tree, leaves trifoliate, pod linear flat, of 
 two to five large joints. 
 
 21. DESMODIUM. Leaves trifoliate or simple, pod of 
 several joints often straight on one edge, divided on the other. 
 
 (e) VICIE^). Vetches. Leaves even-pinnate ending in a 
 tendril, pod dehiscent, not jointed. 
 
 22. ABRUS. Climbing shrubs with only 9 stamens, united 
 into a tube split above, style short incurved. 
 
 23. CICER. Leaflets toothed, flowers solitary, pod sessile, 
 turgid, tipped with the style. 
 
 (f) PHASEOLEJI. Usually climbers with trifoliate leaves, 
 pod as in the last tribe, stamens usually diadelphous. 
 
7 1 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 24. SHUTERIA. Stipules and bracts conspicuous, wings 
 spurred, pod flat recurved. 
 
 25. MUCUNA. Flowers large, usually dark purple, keel 
 larger than the standard and wings ; pod covered with stinging 
 hairs. 
 
 26. ERYTHRINA. Trees with prickly branches and red 
 flowers, ovary stalked, pod turgid. 
 
 27. GALACTIA. Leaflets 3 to 7, pod linear, 4-sided. 
 
 28. SPATHALOBUS. Woody climbers, pod linear, thin, with 
 one seed at the point. 
 
 29. BUTEA. Trees or climbing shrubs, flowers large and 
 showy, keel much curved, pod as the last. 
 
 30. CANAVALLIA. Flowers showy, standard large, roundish, 
 pod thick, 3-keeled on the upper edge. 
 
 31. PUERARIA. Standard usually spurred, pod linear, 
 flatfish. 
 
 32. PHASEOLUS. Bracts usually conspicuous, keel elon- 
 gated, much twisted, style twisted with it, pod more or less 
 cylindrical. 
 
 33. VIGNA, like the last, but with the style and keel shorter 
 and much less twisted. 
 
 34. CLITORIA. Flowers very showy, leaflets up to 7, stan- 
 dard spoon-shaped, very large, ovary stalked. 
 
 35. DOLICHOS. Petals usually equal in length, pod flat 
 recurved. 
 
 36. ATYLOSIA. Leaves gland-dotted, pod generally swelling, 
 seeds with a large grooved aril. 
 
 37. CAJANCS. An erect shrub, petals equal in length, pod 
 straight, tipped with the style. 
 
 38. CYLISTA. Corolla enclosed in a large scarious calyx, 
 petals equal in length, pod small oblique, enclosed in 
 calyx. 
 
 39. KHYNCOSIA. Leaves dotted with glands beneath, pod 
 compressed. 
 
 40. FLEMINGIA. Generally shrubs, leaves sometimes simple, 
 petals equal in length, pod swollen, one or two-seeded. 
 
 (g) DALBERGIE.E. Trees or climbing shrubs, leaves odd, 
 pinnate, pod not jointed, indehiscent. 
 
 41. DALBERGIA. Leaflets alternate, flowers white or pale, 
 small, only half opening, pod thin and flat. 
 
 42. PTEROCARPUS. Leaflets alternate, petals long-clawed, 
 pod roundish, winged. 
 
Order ^i. Leguminosce. 75 
 
 43. PONGAMIA. Leaflets opposite, pod woody, oblong, flat- 
 tened. 
 
 44. DEREIS. Climbers : as the last, but the pod thin, flat, 
 and more or less winged. 
 
 (a) GENISTE.E. 
 
 1. HEYLANDIA. 
 
 H. latebrosa. A small prostrate hairy plant with very 
 oblique cordate ovate leaves, flowers small, yellow, solitary or 
 nearly so in the axils. 
 
 Common in most parts. (See the next species.) 
 
 2. CEOTALARIA. 
 
 Note. Where not otherwise specified the flowers are yellow and 
 in racemes. //. has 77 species. 
 
 1. (7. Jilipes. A small prostrate slender-stemmed plant 
 covered with long hairs, leaves oblique, cordate oblong, 
 peduncles very slender, bearing one or two flowers, pod oblong, 
 much inflated, 8 to 10-seeded. 
 
 Konkan and Deccan. This much resembles the last and grows at 
 the same time of year (the rains) and in similar situations. H. has 
 3 other species closely resembling this, known only from Stocks's 
 herbarium, and attributed to the Konkan, viz. C. trichophora, clothed 
 with long silky brown hairs, pod smooth ; C. Stocksii, nearly smooth, 
 leaves linear oblong ; C. vestita, densely silky, leaves equal-sided, pod 
 15 to 20-seeded. 
 
 2. (7. linifulia. Branched from the base, hairy and silky, 
 leaves oblong obtuse, broader upwards, sometimes linear, 
 racemes long, many-flowered, pod ovoid smooth, scarcely as 
 long as the calyx. 
 
 Dapoli. Surat and Khandalla (D. & G.). 
 
 3. C. retitsa. A short undershrub, branched, nearly smooth, 
 leaves oblong, broader upwards, stipules subulate, flowers many, 
 large and handsome, veined red, pod linear, oblong, stalked, 
 1 or 2-seeded. Ghdgai. 
 
 Konkan, Ghauts and Guzerat, common. 
 
 This and the next two are much alike, and have all a general 
 resemblance to the English broom (Sarothamnus scoparius). 0. 
 triquetra, with 3-sided branches, is also much like C. retusa, but much 
 smaller. Dapoli. Malwan districts (D.), Mahableshwar (Dr. Cooke.} 
 Ghati. C. albida (C. epunctata, D.) is also like C. retusa, but smaller 
 and mean-looking, silky, leaves linear, oblong or obovate, pod 
 sessile. S. Konkan. 
 
76 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 4. 0. Sericea. Stem angled, stipules and bracts large, 
 leafy, leaves silky beneath, larger than C. retusa, flowers not 
 so large. 
 
 Along the B. B. & C. I. Railway line at the end of the rains. 
 Pasture grounds in Bombay (D.). 
 
 5. C. Leschenaultii, a very handsome tall shrub, mostly 
 smooth, leaves narrow, obovate, silky beneath, stipules minute, 
 racemes and flowers large, bracts small half way up the pedicel, 
 pod like the two last. Dingala, Dayali. 
 
 Matheran and the Ghauts, common. 
 
 6. C. verrucosa. A stout herbaceous much-branched plant, 
 smooth, with square and winged stems and branches, leaves 
 broad ovate, narrow at the base, stipules half-moon shape, 
 flowers pale blue, bracts subulate, pod nearly cylindric, light- 
 brown. Tirat. 
 
 Very common on the sandy seashore, and easily known by the 
 colour of the flowers. //. gives it a wide range in India, and makes 
 the flowers yellow and white, as well as blue. 
 
 7. C. juncea. Sun hemp. A tall erect branched shrub, 
 shining and silky, leaves linear or oblong, racemes very long, 
 calyx densely covered with rusty hairs, pod sessile, oblong, 
 broader upwards, many-seeded. San, tag. 
 
 Commonly cultivated for the fibre. " (Near Chittagong) Fields 
 of puppy and san formed the most beautiful crops, the latter 4 to 6 
 feet high, bearing masses of laburnum-like flowers." Hooker's 
 Himalayan Journals. 
 
 8. C. orixensis, a procumbent hairy herb, leaflets 3 lanceolate, 
 ovate, or obovate, flowers small long-stalked, bracts cordate, 
 pod short, cylindric smooth. 
 
 Konkan, Deccan, and Guzerat, but not common, I think. 
 
 9. C. notonia. (C. rostrata, D.) Shrubby, rigid, much- 
 branched with much fine short hair on it, leaflets obovate or 
 obcordate, small, racemes short terminal, pod roundish ovate, 
 2-seeded with reflexed beak. Kulai. 
 
 Konkan, Guzerat, Kattywar, Cutch. 
 
 H's only habi'at for this is Nilgherry and Pulney Mountains, but 
 I believe there is no doubt that it is D.'s plant. 
 
 The following are less common. When not otherwise stated the 
 leaves are oblong, very frequently broader upwards. 
 
 * 0. Burhia, a low under shrub with close entangled woody 
 branches, leaves rigid, corolla with red veins. Cambay (D), Cutch 
 
Order 42. Leguminoscs. 77 
 
 and Sind (H.)- * & bifaria, prostrate, hairy, leaves sometimes 
 roundish, flowers one or two together, pod ovoid, much swollen. 
 Belganm and Earn Ghaut (D. and (?.). * G. nana. A foot high, hairy 
 and silky, flowers pale yellow, pod ovoid, sessile black. Malwan (D.), 
 Mahableshwar (Coofce). 0. umbellata, D. is included in this, having a 
 dense terminal umbel of flowers and round legumes. Vingrorla and 
 Earn Ghaut (D.). * 0. calycina (0. anthylloides, D.) covered with silky 
 brown hairs, leaves linear or lanceolate, calyx large with long teeth, 
 corolla shorter, pod included in the calyx, 20 to 30-seeded. 
 S. Konkan ; the flowers open in the evening (I).)- * G. lutescens. 
 (C. peduncularis, D.) Erect, tall, smooth, flowers an inch long, distant, 
 standard much veined, pod cylindric oblong. S. Konkan (D.). 
 C. fulva. Stiff, erect, much branched, thickly hairy, calyx large, 
 yellowish, teeth broad, leafy, pod included. Earn Ghaut (-D.). * C. 
 laburnifolia. Erect, smooth, leaves trifoliate, leaflets broad, flowers in 
 long racemes long-stalked, pod cylindrical, many-seeded. S. Konkan 
 (P.). * C. quinquefolia, a tall herb with hollow stems, leaflets 5 linear 
 lanceolate, racemes long, flowers lax. Eice fields, Salsette ( D. and (?.) . 
 
 (6) TRIFOLIEJ;. 
 
 3. TRIGONELLA, 
 
 T. Fcenugrce.cum. Erect, robust, stipules entire, leaflets 
 lanceolate oval or obovate, flowers pretty, pod long, thin, and 
 pointed. Methi. 
 
 Commonly cultivated for bcy'i, as it is also in S, Europe. It was 
 adopted as fodder by the Eomans from the Greeks ; hence the specific 
 name. 
 
 4. MELILOTUS. 
 
 M. parviflora. A small erect delicate plant, leaflets roundish, 
 lanceolate or obovate, stipules linear pointed, flowers pale 
 yellow, very small, pcd nearly round, finely wrinkled. Van 
 metika, jhir. 
 
 Pastures in the cold weather. This and M. alba, which is much 
 larger with white flowers, found in irrigated lands, are European 
 plants, M. officinalis is the English Melilot. 
 
 5. MEDICAGO. 
 
 M. sativa. Stem usually erect, leaflets oblong, flowers some- 
 what racemed, usually purple, pods downy and loosely spiral. 
 
 Purple medick, or lucerne, not wild in India any more than in 
 England, but widely cultivated. 
 
 Hehn says that the name medicago (originally medike poa) shows 
 that the plant came originally from Media, and quotes the following 
 strong eulogy from Columella, a Spanish writer on agriculture in 
 the reign of the Emperor Claudius : "Lucerne once sown lasts ten 
 years ; it is mown four times a year regularly, sometimes six; it does 
 not exhaust the soil, but rather enriches it j it makes lean cattle fat, 
 
78 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 and heals the sick; one acre of it will keep three horses the whole 
 year." 
 
 (c) GALEGEJE. 
 
 6. CYAMOPSIS. 
 
 C. psordloides. Erect, robust, leaflets 3 ovate, acute, dentate, 
 flowers very small and numerous in racemes, purple, blue, or 
 white, pod warty, about 6-seeded. Gauri, matki. 
 
 Cultivated for the pods, which are eaten, cooked like French 
 beans. A doubtful native. 
 
 7. INDIGOFERA. Indigo. 
 
 Note. This is an unattractive genus. Most of the species are more 
 or less covered with close-pressed hairs. The flowers of all here 
 given, when not otherwise specified, are red or reddish-purple, and 
 in racemes. H. has 40 species. 
 
 1. I. linifolia. A grey prostrate plant, much-branched, 
 hairs silvery, leaves lanceolate or linear, varying to obovate, 
 racemes very short, pod round one-seeded. Burburra, bhdngra, 
 torJci. 
 
 Deccan, Cutch, and elsewhere, common. The fruit outwardly is 
 not the least like a pod. The seeds are eaten. 
 
 2. I. cordifolia. Of the same habit as the last, hairs long 
 and white, leaves broad ovate, cordate ; flowers very small in 
 sessile heads, pod oval, 2-seeded. Godddi, bechaJca, bodaga. 
 
 Deccan and Konkan, and probably elsewhere, often growing in 
 masses. The seeds are eaten. 
 
 Two other simple-leaved species, both very small and procumbent, 
 are * I. echinata, branches angular, leaves obovate, pod crescent- 
 shaped, bristled, beaked, seed one, kidney- shaped. Very common 
 (D.), but no hab. * I. triquetra, stem 3-edged, leaves oblong, pod 
 swollen, linear 4-winged. Malwan district (D.). 
 
 3. /. glandulosa. A small diffuse species, leaflets 3, ovate or 
 obovate, deeply pitted with glands beneath, pod brown or 
 reddish, very short, angled and with toothed wings, seeds 1 to 
 4. Bekhariyo, baragadan. 
 
 The Deccan and elsewhere. On black soil it becomes woody and 
 much branched. 
 
 4. /. enneaphylla. Small, branched and trailing, leaflets 
 about 9, obovate or oblong, pod oval, 2-seeded. Bliuiguli. 
 
 Deccan, Guzerat, and Cutch. This and No. 2 grow together on 
 the maidan at Poona ; this is the stouter of the two. 
 
 5. I. trita. A small undershrub, stiff-branched, leaflets 3, 
 ovate or obovate, flowers crowded ; pod long, straight, rigid, 
 
Order 42. Leguminosa. 79 
 
 horizontal, slightly 4-sided, sharp-pointed ; seeds about .6- 
 angled. 
 
 Common. This much resembles No. 3, but the habit is different 
 and the leaves not pitted. 
 
 6. /. hirsuta. A coarse erect herb, leaflets 5 to 11, large, 
 obovate oblong, racemes long, dense, flowers pink, corolla not 
 much larger than calyx, pods crowded, straight, bent down, 
 4 to 8-seeded. 
 
 Bombay, S. Konkan, Guzerat, Cutch. 
 
 All the three last species are ascribed by H. to the plains of India 
 from the Himalayas to Ceylon. 
 
 7. /. tinctoria. Cultivated indigo. A shrub, hairs silvery, 
 leaflets 9 to 13, oblong, obovate, flowers greenish or yellowish- 
 red^pod nearly straight and cylindrical, about 10-seeded. Nil, 
 bhui tarvarj guli. 
 
 Apparently wild in the Konkan (D.). H. doubts it being wild in 
 India at all. 
 
 8. I. pulchella. A tall shrub, racemes long, erect, flowers 
 pink or light purple, branches angled, leaflets 13 to 21, broad, 
 pod straight, cylindrical or turgid, sharp-pointed, 8 to 10- 
 seeded. Cliimndti, Nirda. 
 
 Mahablesh war and the higher Ghauts ; the one handsome member, 
 as far as W. India is concerned, of a very plain family. 
 
 The following are also found. The leaves of all are odd-pinnate, 
 except the last two. The leaflets are always lanceolate, ovate, or 
 obovate, very generally varying from one of these shapes to the 
 other. 
 
 * /. tenuifolia, a diffuse herb, leaflets 7 to 9, racemes few flowered, 
 pod straight, cylindrical, compressed between the seeds. Ankalesh- 
 war (D.). * J. trifoliata, small, shrubby, leaflets 3, racemes short, 
 crowded, pod short, straight, bordered. Domus(lXJ, Cutch. JBeMrhriya. 
 * I. paucifolia. A tall shrub, leaflets 3 to 5, sometimes reduced to 
 one, racemes many flowered, long, pod linear recurved. Guzerat, 
 Cntch, and Sind. * I. endecaphylla (I. kleinii, D.), a trailing herb, 
 flowers violet-purple, pods crowded, straight, linear, 4-angled, with 
 rigid point. Bombay, S. Konkan, Guzerat, Cutch. * I. argentea 
 (I. ccerulea, D.), shrubby, with silvery hairs, leaflets 7 to 11, large, 
 flowers reddish-yellow, pods very short, curved upwards. Broach 
 Collectorate (D.) Sind. * I. Wightii, a low shrub, hoary, leaflets 11 to 
 21, silvery, racemes short, dense, pod turgid, straight, sharp-pointed. 
 Belgaum (D.). * I. uniflora,& prostrate herb, leaflets 3 to 7 digitate, 
 sometimes reduced to one, flowers long-stalked, very small, pod 
 straight, linear. S. M. Country (D. and (?.). * I. aspalathoides. 
 Shrubby, young parts whitish, leaflets 3 to 5, pods straight cylin- 
 drical. Deccan and Belgaum (D.). 
 
80 The Floivering Plants of Western India. 
 
 8. PSORALEA. 
 
 P. corylifolia. A tall straggling plant with ovate or 
 roundish irregularly-toothed leaves, flowers small violet, tipped 
 darker, in close long-stalked spikes. Calyx segments unequal, 
 covered with granules ; pod small included in it. Bdwarchi. 
 
 A common weed in the Deccan, and throughout the plains of 
 India (jff.), especially in cultivated fields. H. calls the flowers yellow. 
 
 9. TEPHROSIA. 
 
 T. purpurea. A much-branched erect half-shrubby plant, 
 with a most offensive smell, more or less hairy, leaflets 6 to 10 
 pair, oblong or obovate, flowers red or purple in long racemes, 
 legume slightly curved, short-pointed, 6 to 10- seeded. Sirpakha, 
 unhdla, utdti. 
 
 A very disagreeable weed, often called bastard indigo, which 
 springs up very freely in the rains in company with Cassia occiden- 
 talis. Everywhere in the tropics (H,). 
 
 * T. incana in Cntch (Palin) H. makes a var. of T. villosa, which 
 has the habit of T. purpurea, but more hairy and pods more densely 
 silky. * T. tennis, a small delicate plant, leaves linear or elliptic, 
 flowers solitary or twin, long-stalked, purple, pod straight. Konkan 
 (D.) and Sind. * T. senticosa, shrubby, leaflets one to three pairs, 
 narrow, flowers few, orange-red, pod with recurved tip. Konkan 
 Hills (D.), Sind. 
 
 10. SESBANIA. 
 
 S. aculeata. A tall weak herb, rather pretty, sometimes half 
 shrubby, stem and petioles with soft prickles, leaflets 20 to 40 
 pair, obtuse, flowers in racemes on slender pedicels, yellow, 
 dotted with purple, calyx nearly entire, pod nearly cylindrical, 
 sharp-pointed. Ran shei'ari, chinchani. 
 
 Common ; known by its wonderfully rapid growth, springing up to 
 8 feet or more in a very few weeks. 
 
 * 8. procumbens, a straggling plant with prickles like the last, 
 leaflets minute, 15 to 20 pair, flowers 2 or 3 together, pod much 
 smaller than the last. Bombay, Cutch, and Kattywar. 
 
 8. Egyptiaca, sTievri,jayanti, Sdndeslar, a tree very like 8. aculeata 
 is with us considered to be a foreigner, but H. has it as wild 
 throughout the plains of India. 
 
 8. grandiflora, dgdsi, hadjd, basna, a tree with very large white 
 flowers, and pointed pods ; cultivated for both. Native of the Indian 
 Archipelago, and of N. Australia. 
 
 To this tribe belong: Milletia, petals Iong-clawe3, pod woody. 
 * M. racemosa (Wisteria r. and W. pallida, D.). A woody climber, 
 
Order $2. Leguininosa. Si 
 
 leaflets 5 to 7 pair, ovate or obovate, with petioles and stipels, 
 flowers in long slender racemes, pod linear narrow, bulging at the 
 seeds. At Belgaum with large rose-coloured, and in the Bangs with 
 pale yellow flowers. Mundulea ; standard long-clawed, wings 
 adhering to the keel. * M. suberosa (Tclphrosia s., D.). Small tree 
 or shrub, leaflets 6 to 10 pair, oblong or lanceolate, flowers rose- 
 colonred in close silky racemes, pod long, straight, thin with 
 thickened border. Supi, supti. Belgaum districts (D. and (?.) 
 N. Konkan, Lisboa. 
 
 (d) HEDYSARE.E. 
 
 11. TAVERNIERA. 
 
 T. nummularia (T. cuneifolia, D.). A smooth, stiff under- 
 shrub with soft green stems and branches, and small broad oval 
 veinless leaves or leaflets ; flowers 2 or 3 together, nearly sessile 
 or in racemes, pink, striped ; pod covered with soft bristles. 
 Jetimad. 
 
 Deccan, Kattywar, Sind. The root said to be used as a substitute 
 for liquorice. I have seen the shrub so eaten down by cattle that a 
 perfect leaf could not be found. 
 
 12. GEISSAPSIS. 
 
 G. cristata. A trailing plant, leaflets small obovate, stipules 
 adnate, flowers small orange and brown, each with a large 
 roundish bract edged with stiff brown hairs; joints of pods 
 roundish. BarM. (See also Zornia.) 
 
 Common, growing in grass ; a noticeable plant, though small. 
 
 13. ALHAGI. 
 
 A. maurorum. Camel thorn. A low shrub with green 
 branches and strong hard thorns, one to each leaf ; leaves 
 sessile oblong or obovate, rather fleshy, flowers small, red or 
 purple, in short racemes ending in a bristly point, joints of pod 
 irregular. Jawds, kds, yavdsd. 
 
 Very common in Guzerat and Sind, less so elsewhere; used f->r 
 making tatties. It grows in the deserts of most eastern countries, 
 and an exudation from the leaves and branches is made into the 
 Persian manna of commerce. The English name is due to camels 
 eating it regardless of the thorns. 
 
 14. ZORNIA. 
 
 Z. Dipliylla (Z. angustifolia and Z. zeylonensis, D.). A small 
 diffuse plant; leaflets one pair, oblong lanceolate at the 
 end of a long stalk, stipules large ; flowers small, yellow, with 
 red spot at the base of the standard, nearly hidden in the ovate 
 
 G 
 
82 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 acute bracts, which are attached by the middle ; joints of pod 
 round, prickly, very loose. Barki, ndlabarki. 
 
 Common, growing in grass. There is some resemblance but 
 plenty of difference between this and Geissapsis. H. has two 
 varieties. 
 
 15. SMITHIA. 
 
 Note. Out of 12 Indian species of this interesting and ornamental 
 genus, 9 are found in this Presidency, and all those apparently 
 within a very limited range, viz. S. Konkan and S. Ghauts, and one 
 or two species about Belganm ; and all that I have seen appear in 
 the rains. The flowers of 7 out of the 9 species are bright yellow, 
 and almost all have, according to my observation, one or two red 
 spots at the base of the petals. This characteristic is, however, 
 partly denied, and partly looked on as trivial at Kew, so I should 
 be glad to be confirmed on this point, and also to hear of the last 
 species mentioned under this genus. 
 
 1. 8. sensitiva. A ^lender branched herb, leaflets about 4 
 pairs, sensitive, bristly on the edges and midrib, flowers in 
 short racemes without the red spot ; joints of the pod several, 
 warty. Kaola. 
 
 H. has a separate species, * 8. gemmiflora, which differs from 
 the above in having the flowers in pairs in the axils. D. 
 considered this the commonest variety. 
 
 2. 8. Uanda (8. racemosa, D,). Erect, covered with 
 spreading yellow hairs, leaflets 3 to 7 pairs, obtuse bristle- 
 tipped, flowers in dense terminal panicles, corolla with 2 red 
 spots ; pod 4 to 6-jointed. Moti barki. 
 
 These are the two commonest species in the S. Konkan, and are 
 frequently found together. The latter at Mahableshwar. Dr. 
 Cooke. 
 
 3. 8. pycnantJia. Erect, bristly, leaflets 3 or 4 pairs, linear 
 or oblong, flowers with red spot in short rather dense racemes, 
 pedicels and calyx glandular and hairy, pods about 4-jointed. 
 
 This also is very common about Dapoli in the rains, growing all 
 along the roadsides with the two last species. 
 
 " Yellow and bright, as bullion unalloyed, 
 
 Their blossoms*" Cowper. 
 
 I have no doubt that this is D.'s 8. hirsuta, though H. has not so 
 identified it. 
 
 4. S. setulosa. A stout hairy plant, 3 or 4 feet high, leaflets 
 about 5 pair, oblong obtuse, smooth except the edges, flowers 
 in terminal panicles large, with red spots, calyx segments 
 very unequal, pod about 10-jointed. 
 
 This is one of the handsomest plants of the rains, but I believe 
 
Order 42. Leguminosce. 83 
 
 rare. D. has only Parwar Ghaut ; I have found it near Mandangarh, 
 in the Dapoli taluka, Dr. CooJce at Mahableshwar. 
 
 The other species are * S. purpurea, smooth, erect, slender, flowers 
 in racemes, purple with white spot, pod 10 to 12-jointed. Mahab- 
 leshwar, Dr. Cooke. Lanoli, Mr. Jyekrishna I. Plains of Konkan 
 (H.) ; but where are they ? S. bigetmina, small, branched, hairy, 
 leaflets 2 pairs, flowers few in long-stalked racemes, pod of about 7 
 joints. Dapoli and Mabableshwar : near Poona, Jaquemont (.5".) 
 * S. capitata, erect, leaflets 9 to 15 pair, flowers in a dense round 
 head, purplish, bracts large. Parwar Ghaut (D.). 8. dichotoma, 
 mostly smooth, leaflets 2 or 3 pair, flowers rather few and large in 
 a lax panicle ; pod of 10 or 12 joints ; not in D. I had a species at 
 Dapoli, where it is common, very like this, with the pod of about 
 20 joints completely hidden in the calyx. Nothing was known of this 
 at Kew. 
 
 16. JESCHYNOMENE. 
 
 JE. Indica. A smooth procumbent plant with slender 
 branches; leaflets 15 to 30 pairs, linear obtuse sensitive, 
 stipules rather large adnate, flowers pale yellow streaked with 
 red, pod straight on one side, indented on the other, warty. 
 
 Guzerat and the Konkans. Everywhere in the tropics of the old 
 world (H.). He says that the peduncles and pedicels are usually 
 viscid. 
 
 * &. aspera, growing in many parts of India, is the Sola or 
 pith plant, from which hats and many other things are made. 
 
 17. PSEUD AETHRIA. 
 
 * P. viscida. A diffuse hairy herb, leaves trifoliate, leaflets 
 oval rounded, flowers purple, distantly fascicled in threes, calyx 
 minute, pods downy, slightly notched on both sides. Common 
 (D.), ( without hab.). 
 
 18. URARIA. 
 
 U. picta. A tall, erect hairy, half-shrubby plant, leaves 
 simple or with several pairs of leaflets, which are as much as 
 9 inches long, linear lanceolate obtuse, nearly smooth, stipules 
 large ; flowers small, violet or reddish-purple, in rigid spikes 
 as much as 18 inches long; joints of pod about 5, loose. 
 
 Himalayas to Ceylon (H.) ; but seems to be uncommon in this 
 Presidency ; D. had it near Penn, G. in jungles S.E. of Surat ; I had 
 it in Salsette on the B. B. & C. I. railway line. 
 
 The specific name refers to the leaves being variegated. 
 
 19. ALYSICARPUS. 
 
 1 . A . vaginalis. Eather hairy, leaves cordate from oval to 
 lanceolate, stipules large, flowers in racemes red, whitish 
 
 G 2 
 
84 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 beneath, calyx large, 5-divided, much shorter than the pod, 
 which is thickened at the joints and not much divided. Clidi, 
 Hiroli, pudza, dhdkta dhdmpta. 
 
 In fruit the large chaffy calyx is the most conspicuous feature. 
 H. makes D.'s A. nummularifolius, which has roundish leaves and 
 almost cylindrical pods, a variety of this, and has two other 
 varieties. 
 
 The Konkan, Matheran, Deccan, and Gnzerat. See Desmodium 
 dijfusum. 
 
 2. A. longifolius. Leaves linear lanceolate with large 
 stipules ; flowers small, pale, in very long racemes, calyx 
 4-divided, nearly equalling the pod, which has about 5 veined 
 joints. Jangli gaulya, dhdmpta. 
 
 They seem to vary very much in habit and size. Mr. Jaikrishna 
 Indraji says that it reaches 9 or 10 feet in height at Kundwa. 
 
 Bombay, S. Konkan, Matheran, and Deocan. 
 
 3. A. rugosus (A. Styracifolius, D.). Much branched, pros- 
 trate or ascending, very hairy, leaves small oval, flowers in 
 racemes like those of No. 1. Calyx of 4 large smooth sepals 
 nearly the same length as the pod, which has 3 to 5 deeply 
 separated joints. 
 
 D. had this only at Surat : I had it at Poona. H. makes one or 
 other of the 3 varieties, one of which grows a yard high, common 
 almost throughout India. 
 
 *A. bupleurifolius, smooth leaves linear lanceolate, flowers in pairs 
 on the raceme, small, red or pale, pod as in No. 1. Common (D.) 
 (without hab.). *A. pubescens, erect, hairy, leaves linear lanceolate, 
 spikes close and long, pod 3 or 4-jointed, covered by the calyx. 
 *A. Belgaumensis, hairy, leaves often trifoliate, racemes long, pod 
 as the last. These two depend almost entirely on Dalzell, who had 
 them at Ram Ghaut and Belgaum. 
 
 20. OUGEINIA. 
 
 *0. dalbergioides (Dalbergia oojinensis, D.). A large tree 
 with slender grey branches, leaflets large, roundish or oval with 
 grey margins, flowers small, whitish or rose-coloured, in short 
 close racemes, pod two or three inches long. Tanaz, tdnia, 
 telas, tiwas. 
 
 N. Konkan, Dangs and Canara. 
 
 21. DESMODIUM. 
 
 1. D. triquetrum. A shrubby rather hairy plant, with tri- 
 angular branches, leaves ovate with winged petioles, stipules 
 
. Leguminosce. 85 
 
 large lanceolate, flowers in long erect racemes, purple or violet, 
 pod of about 6 irregular joints beaked, divided on the lower 
 suture. Kdkydiy'a, ghorachijibh. 
 Common and easily recognizable. 
 
 2. D. gangeticum. A shrubby plant with irregularly angled 
 stems covered with rigid white hairs, leaves broad ovate, rather 
 cordate, stipules and bracts triangular long- pointed, flowers in 
 long racemes violet, pod about 6-jointed deeply divided. 
 Sdlwan, sdlparni, dai. 
 
 Bombay and S. Konkan, over a great part of India (ff.). He has a 
 large and a small variety. 
 
 * D. latifolium, very like this, but leaves broader, ronghish, raceme 
 dense, shorter, pod crenate on one side, deeply divided on the other. 
 Konkan Hills, (D. and G.). 
 
 3. D. dijfusum. A tall, straggling herb, all hairy, the stem 
 and branches variously angled, leaflets oval or obovate, stipules 
 leafy auricled and stem clasping, bracts similar but smaller, 
 flowers very small, red, long stalked on very long racemes, pod 
 of about 6 joints, rough and hairy. 
 
 This is not in D. or G., but is found in both Konkans, and is common 
 at Nasik. H. calls the flowers the smallest of all the 49 Indian 
 species In general appearance it much resembles Alysicarpua 
 vaginalis. 
 
 4. D. triflorum, small, creeping, stem and calyx very hairy, 
 leaflets roundish or obcordate, flowers 3 together in the axils, 
 purple, pod about 6-jointed, slightly curved, hairy. Rdnmethi. 
 
 Very common. Everywhere in the plains of India (H.]. 
 
 * D. umbellatum. A tall shrub, leaflets broad oblong, flowers white, 
 6 to 12 together in umbels, pod about 4-jointed with thick margins, 
 indented on both edges. S.E. of Suratand near Belgaum (D. and G.). 
 D. cephalotes (D. congestum, D.). Shrubby, branches angular, leaflets 
 oval lanceolate, st,ipu!es large, flowers whitish in crowded heads or 
 umbels, pod about 5-jointed, slightly indented. The Konkan. D. 
 laxiftorum, a small shrub, leaflets oval, flowers very pretty in 2's or 
 3's on long racemes, wings and keel blue, standard white, pod very 
 thin, thickened at the joints, not indented. Jangli ganga. Not in D. 
 S. Konkan. D. polycarpum. Stout plant, half shrubby, leaflets ovate 
 or obovate, petiole slightly winged, flowers bluish-purple in crowded 
 conical racemes, pod about 6-jointed, straight on one side, deeply 
 notched on the other. Dapoli. Near Penn and Earn Ghaut (!>.). 
 Everywhere in the plains of India (H.). He has a var. with large 
 bracts. D. parviflorum (Alysicarpus p. J).). Erect or diffuse, leaves 
 oblong or trifoliate, flowers pink in long racemes, each flower 
 nearly hidden in a large deciduous bract, pod falcate about 5-jointed. 
 Vingorla. Fonda Ghaut (D.). *D. reniforme, slender, creeping, smooth, 
 
86 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 leaves roundish or reniform, flowers solitary or in racemes, pod 
 about 4-jointed, straight on one side, indented on the other. 
 
 Pycnospora, leaves trifoliate, pod turgid, not jointed. *P. hedy- 
 saroides (P.nervosa,D.) difiuse, leaflets obovate, flowers small purplish 
 in racemes, bracts scariose, pod oblong. Near Vingorla (!>.). Lourea, 
 leaflets 3 or less, pods about 4-jointed, within the enlarged calyx. 
 *L. verspitilionis , erect herb, leaflets shaped more or less like the 
 wings of a bat, flowers small, purple or white in long racemes, calyx 
 inflated. In gardens, and doubtfully wild. Waste places throughout 
 India (ff.). 
 
 (e) VICIE.E. 
 
 22. ABRUS. 
 
 A. precatorius. A small twiner with woody stem, leaflets 
 numerous, oblong, blunt, flowers pale in crowded racemes, pod 
 flat beaked, seeds round, scarlet with black spot. Gunj, 
 chdnoti. 
 
 Very common in hedges. The very pretty seeds are used as 
 weights by goldsmiths, each seed being said to weigh exactly one 
 grain. A var. has white seeds with black spot. 
 
 This may be considered as the representative of the vetches (in 
 Scripture 'fitches') or tares, so common in various species in 
 England. 
 
 " Among the rustling ears, too closely blending, 
 Are rank and wasteful tares." H. Goodwin. 
 
 "What landscapes I read in the primrose's looks, 
 And what pictures of pebbled and minnowy brooks 
 In the vetches that tangled their shore." Campbell. 
 
 In America the leaflets of this plant are said to predict changes 
 of weather by their movement, from which it is called the weather 
 plant. 
 
 23. ClCER. 
 
 G. arietinum, gram, chick pea, harbara, channa, has generally 
 a terminal leaflet instead of a tendril. 
 
 Lathyrus satiuus, chickling vetch, long, is cultivated in Guzerat as 
 in some countries of Europe, and there as here, the grain is said to 
 have deleterious effects on human beings. L. odoratus, the sweet 
 pea, will scarcely grow in W. India. 
 
 Ervum lens, massur is the lentile (or one of them) of the Bible : in 
 our time it has become known as Eevalenta Arabica ; and from being 
 a common food for fast days in Roman Catholic countries it is 
 thought by some to have given its name to the season of Lent. 
 . Pisum satioum is the garden and field pea of Europe, now much 
 grown all over India. 
 
Order 42. Leguminosa. 87 
 
 (/) PHASEOLEJE. 
 
 Note. The leaflets are three, except when otherwise stated. 
 
 24. SHUTERIA. 
 
 8. vestita. Small and slender, very hairy, leaflets roundish, 
 flowers very small, purplish, in dense racemes, pod long with a 
 rigid turned-up point, 5 or 6-seeded. 
 
 The flowers have the mouth closed, like Snapdragon. 3. Konkan, 
 Deccan, Bombay. Ghauts (D.). 
 
 25. MUCUNA. 
 
 M. pruriens. Hairy, twining, leaflets ovate, unequal-sided, 
 flowers large, lurid purple in drooping racemes, pod curved into 
 the shape (more or less) of S, 5 or 6-seeded. Kawaj, Kuhili, 
 Kuyeri. 
 
 Common in hedges. From the Himalayas to Ceylon (H.). The pods 
 are disagreeable to touch owing to the stinging hairs. H. says that 
 a variety with velvety pod is cultivated. The seed is called donkey's 
 eye. 
 
 *M. monosperma, a woody climber, racemes of 6 to 12 flowers 
 similar to this, pods 3 inches long, half oval, much wrinkled and 
 bristly. Moti Kuhili. G. mentions this as cultivated under the name 
 of Negro bean. 
 
 26. ERYTHRINA. 
 
 ]. Indica. Indian coral tree. Bark light and greenish, 
 prickles black, petioles very long, leaflets smooth, more or less 
 cordate, flowers large, bright scarlet in racemes, pod several 
 inches long, black when ripe, very protuberant at the seeds, and 
 with a hooked point. Seeds large, smooth, dark-red. Pdngara, 
 Mdnddr. 
 
 Very common, especially in the Konkans. A white flowered 
 variety is said to grow in Salsette. 
 
 The flowers appear when the tree is bare, which it is for several 
 months in the year. In Java, coffee is cultivated under its shade 
 (Forbes}. In Trinidad, where " it blazes against the blue sky with 
 vermilion flowers," it is called " Bois immortelle" (Kinysley). In 
 Ceylon it is planted for fences. 
 
 *E. stricta, like the last, but prickles white, flowers smaller, pod 
 lance-shaped, slightly protuberant. S. Konkan (D.). Ghauts (G.). E. 
 suberosa, often without thorns, flowers smaller and lighter than 
 E. Indica, and pod more like the last. N. Konkan, not common. 
 Ghauts, Khandesh and Guzerat (D.). 
 
88 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 27. GrALACTIA. 
 
 *Q. tenuiflora. (Leucodictyon Malvense, D.). A slender 
 twiner, leaflets oblong, white veined, flowers solitary or twin, 
 purple, pod linear flattened (D.). 
 
 Malwan (D.). 
 
 28. SPATHALOBUS. 
 
 S. Roxlurghii (Butea parviflora, D.). Petioles long, leaflets 
 very large, ovate or obovate, lateral ones oblique, flowers small, 
 white or red, 3 together, in large panicles, corolla not much 
 larger than the calyx, pod velvety, of a rich reddish-brown. 
 Phalsan, pallas. 
 
 Hills in Salsette and other parts of the Konkan. From the Hima- 
 layas to Ceylon (If.). 
 
 29. BUTEA. 
 
 B. frondosa. Petioles long, leaflets large, roundish ovate, 
 flowers large, many together on long racemes, orange-red and 
 silky, calyx and pedicels deep bottle-green, pod thin, downy. 
 Pallas, Kdkria. 
 
 Common in most parts but not in the S. Konkan. The flowers 
 appear before the leaves, completely covering the upper part of the 
 tree. In the Pauch Mahals, where it is commoner, and attains a 
 better size than in any other district I know, it very frequently 
 grows out of the hollow trunk of a wad tree, and gives a character to 
 the whole landscape in the cold weather, having 
 
 " Flowers that with a scarlet gleam 
 Cover a hundred leagues, and seem 
 
 To set the hills on fire." Wordsworth. 
 
 A pale yellow -flowered var. is mentioned as rare in Bombay. 
 N. H. Soc.'s Journal, vol. 6. 
 
 *B. superba, "a gigantic climber, very like this, but leaflets and 
 flowers larger, the latter of a gorgeous orange colour " (-B.). N. 
 Konkan forests (D.)- Palasvel, tivat. 
 
 30. CANAVALLIA. 
 
 C. ensiformis. (C. virosa and C. Stocksii, D.). A large 
 smooth twiner, leaflets ovate pointed, petioles swollen at the 
 base, flowers rather large, of a beautiful pink, sometimes pur- 
 plish, in long-stalked racemes, pod large, plantain-shaped, seeds 
 6 to 8. Gdora, Kismdri, abai. 
 
 Pretty common in hedges. Everywherein the tropics (fl".). Onevar. 
 is commonly cultivated for food, though parts of it are thought 
 poisonous. 
 
 31. PUERARIA. 
 
 P. tulerosa. A large hairy climber, root large, tuberous, 
 leaflets large, oval roundish, with stipels, lateral ones unequal- 
 
Order 42. Legmninosce. 89 
 
 sided, flowers in long stiff racemes of a delicate lilac, the wings 
 deep blue, pod 3 to 6-seeded, much contracted between the 
 seeds. Vingorla. 
 
 Caranjah, etc., pretty common (D.). 
 
 32. PHASEOLUS. 
 
 1. P. trilo'buS) straggling, leaflets ovate, usually 3-lobed, 
 flowers small, yellow, in long-stalked racemes or heads, pod 6 to 
 12-seeded. Arkmath, jangli math. 
 
 Common all over India (H.). It varies greatly as to hairiness. 
 
 2. P. trinervius. Twining, hairy, leaflets ovate acute, some- 
 times slightly lobed, flowers yellow in cylindrical long- stalked 
 heads, pod horizontal, about 12-seeded. Matki, mukni, 
 mungir. 
 
 Common. Closely allied to P. mungo (H.). 
 
 *P. grandis, bristly in most parts, leaves and stipnles very large. 
 *P. pauciflorus, slender, climbing, leaflets ovate, flowers small, 2 or 3 
 together at the top of a slender stalk. These two, known only to 
 Dalzell and Stocks, were found in the highest Ghauts and the S. 
 Konkan respectively. 
 
 The following are cultivated P. vulgaris, French bean ; P. mungo, 
 urid, mung wild in many parts. H. includes in this D.'s P. setulosus, 
 and has 3 vars. P. restrains, halaonda, halaola. P. acontifolius, 
 math. 
 
 P. coccineus is the scarlet runner. 
 
 33. VlGNA. 
 
 V. vexillata (Phaseolus sepiarius, D.). Twining with broad 
 ovate acute leaflets, lateral ones unequal-sided, flowers largish, 
 pink, few together at the end of a very long stalk, pod 3 or 4 
 inches long, many-seeded, hairy. Birambol, halula. 
 
 The handsome flowers of this plant, which is pretty common in the 
 Konkan and found at Mahableshwar (cosmopolitan in the tropics, I?.), 
 remind one strongly of the sweet pea, but without its delicacy or 
 fragrance. 
 
 V. cattiang (Dolichos sinensis, D.) with flowers very like the last, is 
 the cultivated chaoli, also called safed or hariya lobeh. 
 
 34. CLITORIA. 
 
 C. ternatea. A beautiful climber, leaflets 5 to 7, ovate, flowers 
 solitary, deep blue and white, with long bracts, pod straight 
 and thin. Bhovera, Kdjali, GoTcarni. 
 
9O The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Common in hedges in many parts, and at once noticeable by the 
 size and shape of the standard. Grows abundantly in the Moluccas 
 near the shore, with Vinca rosea (Forfces), and in Trinidad, scrambling 
 over shrubs and walls (Kingsley). 
 
 C. biflora, very like this, but a stout, erect plant, flowers 2 together 
 and smaller, is not common in the Konkan, and is attributed by H. 
 to no other locality in India. 
 
 35. DOLICHOS. 
 
 D. labial (LaUab vulgar is, D.) cultivated in the Konkan as a cold 
 weather crop, pauti, valpdpri, dvri. 
 
 D. Uflorus (Johnia congesta, D.) cultivated in the Deccan, Kulti. 
 Allied to this ^is Psophocarpus tetragonolubus, chevaux-de-f rise bean, 
 chandhari, chdrpatti, flowers very pretty, lilac, with large standard, 
 pod large with membranous jagged wings. 
 
 36. ATYLOSIA. 
 
 1. A. Uneata (A. Lawii, D.). A hairy shrub, leaves palmately 
 trifoliate, long petioled, leaflets small, obovate, flowers solitary, 
 axillary yellow-streaked, pod short, brown, 2 or 3-seeded. Ran 
 tur. 
 
 Mahableshwar and the Ghauts. It may easily be mistaken for a 
 Crotalaria. 
 
 2. A. scaraboeoides (Cantliarospermum pauciflorum, D.). A 
 slender climber, hairy all over, leaflets ovate or obovate, wrinkled 
 and strongly nerved, flowers small, 'yellow, 2 or 3 to a peduncle ; 
 seeds 4 to 6, shining, cream-coloured, with large black divided 
 
 Common in the Konkan. Plains throughout India (ff.). In this 
 and the next the petals fall off before the pods form. 
 
 3. A. rostrata (Cajanus glandulosus, D.). A very handsome 
 climber, all covered with short hairs, petioles long, leaflets more 
 or less ovate, as broad as long, with brown glands below, flowers 
 large, bright yellow in erect racemes, pod linear, nearly straight, 
 constricted between the seeds. Kula, Kuili. 
 
 This seems to be an essentially Konkan species. D. has Malwan 
 and Waghotan ; there is a good deal of it in the B.B. and C.I. Eailway 
 hedges in Salsette in September, but the flowers go off so quickly 
 that it is probably not as often noticed as its beauty deserves. So 
 the broom, " which blazes for a week or two, and is then completely 
 extinguished, like a fire that has burnt itself out." Hamerton. 
 
 This plant is wrongly identified in H. with A. mollis, but this is to 
 be corrected in future editions. 
 
 *A. geminifolia, hairy, leaflets roundish with scattered golden glands, 
 stipules large auricled, flowers stalked in pairs, pod almost membranous, 
 rough; known only to Dalzell, and no definite hab. given. *A. 
 
Order 42. Leguminosce. 91 
 
 sericea shrub, hairy, leaflets lanceolate, flowers small, red, in pairs, 
 Konkan, Stocks, etc. (ff.). Not in D. *A. Kulnensis. (Cajanus K. D.) 
 Hairy, leaves rhomboid, ovate with waxy glands below, racemes of 
 about six yellow flowers, bracts round. Wari country (D,)- A. 
 larlata (Cajanus Goensis ) D.') A large twiner, softly hairy, leaflets 
 roundish or ovate, with waxy glands, racemes very long, flowers 
 yellowish, standard large, purple, streaked, pod rather inflated. 
 Bandora and Nasik. Chorla Ghaut (D.). On this the callosity at the 
 base of the wings, which D. made a special mark of, Gen. Cajanus, is 
 very apparent, but H. does not mention it. 
 
 37. CAJANUS. 
 
 O. Indicus. Pigeon-pea. An erect shrub, silky, leaflets 
 oblong lanceolate, flowers yellow, often veined with red, pod 2 
 or 3 inches long. Tur, ddl. 
 
 Doubtfully wild, but cultivated all over India for the grain, and 
 the stalks used in making gunpowder. 
 
 38. CYLISTA. 
 
 0. scariosa. A climber with ovate wrinkled downy 
 leaves, flowers in racemes, the calyx large and withered- 
 looking, hiding the rest of the flower, a bract of the same 
 shape soon falls off, corolla yellow, red-streaked, pod almost 
 semicircular, one-seeded. Ran gevra. 
 
 The Konkan. Very common in Salsette, and easily recognizable : 
 also in the Ghauts. 
 
 39. RHYNCOSIA. 
 
 R. minima (R. medicaginea, D.). A slender twiner, leaflets 
 ovate cuneate, flowers in racemes, yellow, streaked with brown, 
 pod scimitar-shaped, 2-seeded, much longer than the calyx. 
 
 Common in hedges. Everywhere in the plains of India (-H".). 
 
 R. Cyanosperma'(Cyanospermum tomentosum, D.). A woody hairy 
 climber, leaflets with large stipels, flowers yellow, red or white, 
 calyx lobes broad leafy, bracts large, pod of 2 round lobes, each 
 with one large dark-blue seed. S. Ghaut (D.). I have seen it only at 
 Kew. 
 
 40. FLEMINGIA. 
 
 F. strdbilifera. A tall, straggling shrub with simple ovate 
 leaves, and racemes of small white flowers streaked with violet, 
 enclosed in large green-veined bracts, which are roundish, 
 deeply cordate and folded close together : pod short. Bundar, 
 Kdn phuti. 
 
 Common on the Ghauts and Konkan hiUs : and throughout India 
 
92 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 * F. congesta (including D.'s F. procumbens.) Kacemes dense, short, 
 often fascicled, flowers streaked with purple, calyx brown silky, 
 pod 2-seeded. Daudaula, Wari jungles and Fonda Ghaut (D.). H. 
 has 4 vars., one with winged petioles, another with flowers in 
 roundish heads widely distributed. jP. tuberosa, creeping and 
 spreading, long-branched, very hairy, leaflets lanceolate, panicles 
 large, flowers few, small, lilac, pod short, enclosed in the calyx. 
 Dapoli. Mai wan districts (D.)- Rare, apparently. 
 
 Glycine. Leaflets 3 to 7, stamens monadelphous, pod linear. 
 * G. pentaphylla, slender, twining, leaflets lanceolate, rather hairy, 
 flowers very small, reddish, in spikes or racemes, pod smooth, flat. 
 S. Konkan (D.). Teramnes, like the last, but alternate stamens 
 barren, pod linear, hooked with the style. * T. labialis (Glycine I. 
 and wareensis, D.) Nearly smooth, leaflets ovate, flowers small, 
 reddish, pod 8 to 12-seeded. D. without hab. Plains of India (H.). 
 Grona, leaves simple, pod linear, turgid. * G. dalzellii (Galactia 
 simplicifolia, D.). A. twiner, leaves ovate, flowers small, purple, in 
 dense sessile heads, with bracts, pod straight, hairy. Talawari and 
 Harichandra : known only to Dalzell and Stocks. 
 
 (g) DALBERGIEJE. 
 
 41. DALBERGIA. 
 
 1. D. latifolia. The blackwood tree. Leaflets 3 to 7, 
 roundish, either with a small point or notched : flowers 
 yellowish- white, in small close panicles, pod lanceolate. 
 Sissu, Kdlaruk, tali. 
 
 Common in the S. Konkan and S. M. country : also on the Ghauts. 
 
 The Sissu or Shisham of N. India is a different tree, D. Sissu. It 
 may be met with cultivated in many parts, and is thought by B. to 
 be indigenous in Guzerat. 
 
 2. D. Sympathetica. A very large climber, running over 
 trees, with strong blunt thorns, often curiously twisted, leaflets 
 11 to 15, hairy, obovate or emarginate : flowers in very dense 
 axillary panicles white and fragrant, pod oblong obtuse, short- 
 stalked. Pendkul, Titdbli, yekyel. 
 
 3. D. volubilis. Similar to the last in habit and leaves, 
 branches round and green, panicles spreading, rather flat and 
 hairy, with numerous floral leaves, flowers pale lilac, pod 
 oblong, narrowed to a point, long-stalked. Alei, Munganvel. 
 
 These two are found in the Konkan and Ghauts. 
 
 There are two other climbers, * D. Stock&ii, known only from 
 Stocks's herbarium, leaflets 11 to 15, oblong, flowers in panicles large, 
 " pod quite characteristic, thin, oblong, smooth, the usually solitary 
 seed filling up the greater part." * D. monosperma, leaflets 5 to 7, 
 unarmed, with black branches, flowers white, pod brown, crescent- 
 shaped. Garudgal. HilJs in Malwan district (D.). Matherau 
 (Hirdwood). 
 
Order 42. Leguminosce. 93 
 
 4. D.paniculata. A tree with light-grey smooth bark, leaflets 
 5 or 6 pair, ovate or obovate, flowers in large panicles tinged 
 with blue, and with bright yellow pollen, calyx segments 
 unequal, greenish-white, pod lanceolate pointed. Pdsi, pddri. 
 
 Mawal districts, Matheran, N. Konkan and Pauchmahals ; in the 
 latter district it is a common and pretty tree, rather resembling the 
 Kiranj. It is deciduous, and the new leaves appear just after the 
 flowers. 
 
 *D. lanceolaria. A tree, leaflets 11 to 15, oval, panicles large, 
 flowers larger than in other species, pale blue, pod lanceolate, bright- 
 brown. Ddndus, gengri, Tiardni. 
 
 42. PTEBOCARPUS. 
 
 P. marsupium. A tree, leaflets 5 to 7, ovate, waved, panicles 
 large, terminal, calyx large, white, 2-lipped, petals yellowish, 
 pod with woody centre, and waved membranous wing. Bibla, 
 honi. 
 
 Ghorabandar. Konkan, Bangs, and S. M. country (D.). 
 43. PONGAMIA. 
 
 P. glabra. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate, smooth, rather large, 
 flowers in axillary racemes, pale, deciduous, the standard large, 
 calyx entire brown, pod more or less oval, with short beak, 1 
 or 2-seeded. Kdranj, Sukhcliain. 
 
 One of the commonest and handsomest trees in the Konkan : not 
 seen with us at any distance from the coast. Extends to China, the 
 Fiji Islands, and tropical Australia. Oil is extracted from the seeds. 
 
 44. DERRIS. 
 
 1. D. scandens (JBrachypterum s. D.) A large and hand- 
 some climber, all smooth, leaflets about 11, oblong or lanceolate 
 petioled, flowers like Kdranj in long racemes, standard deeply 
 divided, calyx brown, with 2 bracts, pod lanceolate pointed, with 
 a narrow margin along the upper edge and 2 rather large seeds. 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts. Extending to Burmah, China, and N. 
 Australia. 
 
 2. D. uliginosa. Smooth, leaflets 3 to 5, oval, rather blunt 
 and fleshy, flowers small, pretty, pale rose-colour in small erect 
 panicles, calyx reddish-brown, with shallow teeth, pod nearly 
 round, veined, winged at the upper edge and with a hooked 
 point. 
 
 Common in the Konkans near the sea : but found in other parts 
 also apparently. 
 
 D, Tieyneana, smooth, woody, leaflets 3 to 7, oval entire, flowers 
 very pretty, white or rose-colour, smaller than the last, calyx red, 
 pods smooth, oblong, veined, winged on both edges. Parpoli Ghaut, 
 
94 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Konkan and Mysore (-ff.). * & canariensis (Brachypterum c. D.). 
 Woody, rather hairy, leaflets 15 to 21, flowers of a beautiful pink in 
 3's on racemes or panicles, pod oral, winged on both edges. Gersappa 
 falls (.D.)> and no other authority. * D. oblonga, leaflets 9 to 15, 
 racemes short and close, pod broad, 1-seeded. * D. brevipes, leaflets 
 5 to 7 obovate, flowers red in crowded panicles, pod broad oblong, 
 silky. Both these found in the Konkan by Stocks. 
 
 tophora (tribe Sophorece) stamens diadelphous, but almost free, 
 corolla much exserted. * S. Wightii (8. heptaphylla, D.), Shrub, 
 leaflets 11 to 17, margins recurred, flowers lar^e yellow in lax 
 racemes, calyx brown silky, pod leathery, much contracted between 
 the seeds. Hills E. of Belgaum (D.)' * & tomentosa, common in 
 gardens, an ornamental shrub, leaflets 15 to 19, flowers yellow in 
 racemes, pod necklace-shaped. 
 
 II. SUB-ORDER C^SALPINEJ;. Mostly trees or shrubs : flowers 
 not papilionaceous, but the petals generally slightly unequal : 
 stamens generally free, sometimes more than 10. 
 
 This sub-order contains many species of remarkable beauty, but 
 the genera vary a good deal, so that it is difficult to mention any 
 particular plant as typical. 
 
 (a) EUC^SALPINE-E. Leaves evenly bipinnate. 
 
 45. C^ESALPINIA. Prickly shrubs with showy yellow flowers, 
 calyx deeply cleft, the lowest lobe largest and hooded, petals 
 spreading. 
 
 46. MEZONEURUM. Woody and prickly climbers, calyx very 
 oblique, lobes as in the last, petals spreading, pod large, thin 
 and winged. 
 
 47. POINCIANA. Erect unarmed trees, differing from 
 Csesalpinia in having a valvate calyx of 5 equal segments. 
 
 48. WAGATEA, Flowers in long spikes, calyx with deep 
 segments, the lowest the longest, pod thickened at the edges. 
 
 (6) GASSIER. Leaves pinnate, calyx tube short. 
 
 49. CASSIA. Sometimes herbs, flowers rather large, yellow, 
 some of the stamens often imperfect or obsolete, the petiole or 
 midrib often with one or two conspicuous glands. 
 
 (c) AMHERSTIE^J. Leaves evenly pinnate, disk at the top 
 of a prolonged calyx tube. 
 
 50. SARACA. Corolla none, calyx coloured with 4 unequal 
 segments, stamens 3 to 8, long exserted, pod flat, leathery. 
 
 51. TAMARINDUS. Petals 3, the upper hooded, stamens 3, 
 monadelphous, the rest mere bristles, pod pulpy within. 
 
 (d) BAUHINE^B. Leaves simple, deeply 2-lobed. 
 
 52. BAUHINIA. Flowers showy, petals generally clawed, 
 stamens sometimes imperfect or absent, pod linear flat. 
 
Order 42. Leguminosce. $$ 
 
 (a) EUC^SALPINEJ:. 
 
 45. C^SALPINIA. 
 
 1. 0. bonduceUa (Guilandina Bonduc, D.). A large 
 climber, pinnae 4 to 8 pair, leaflets about 4 pair, smooth, oblong 
 obtuse, flowers in racemes, each with a lanceolate bract, calyx 
 rusty, pod ovate, swelling, very prickly, seeds 2, large. 
 Sdgargota, Kdchki, Karbat. 
 
 Common in hedges : most so in Guzerat, I think. 
 
 " The fever nut widely spread throughout the tropics." Srandis. 
 " Rounded prickly pods, which, being opened, proved to contain the 
 grey horse-nicker beads of our childhood." Kingsley. " The seeds 
 are so strongly coated with silex that they are said to strike fire like 
 a flint." Tetmaw*. 
 
 2. C. nuga (C. paniculata, D.). Spreading smooth, thorns 
 short and curved, pinnse and leaflets 3 or 4 pair each, leaflets 
 large, ovate shining above, flowers in terminal panicles fragrant, 
 calyx lobes larger than the petals arising from a broad fleshy 
 tube, pod brown, woody, irregularly oval, nearly flat, 1 -seeded. 
 
 Tolerably common in the S. Konkan : always, I believe, growing 
 near the eea or tidal creeks. 
 
 3. C. sepiaria. A similar shrub, pinnae 6 to 10 pairs, 
 leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, linear oblong obtuse, racemes large erect, 
 calyx coloured, pod linear oblong smooth, with a long abrupt 
 point, 4 to 8-seeded. Chillar. 
 
 Common in the Deccan. It forms an impenetrable fence, and was 
 planted by Tippoo Ali round fortified places, and therefore (pre- 
 sumably) called Mysore thorn. 
 
 C. mimosoides, straggling or climbing, every part thorny and rusty, 
 pinnae 12 to 30 pair, leaflets 8 to 10 pair, flowers smaller than the last 
 in long racemes, pod short, inflated with short recurved point. 
 Rajapore. Wari jungles (-Z).). 
 
 Ccesalpiniapulclierrima (Poincianap. D.). The common gold mohur 
 tree, O-ulmohar. The well-known flower fence of the W. Indies, also 
 called " Barbadoes pride." C. coriaria is the libi or dividivi tree, 
 cultivated for the pods, which are used in tanning. *0. sappan 
 produces the valuable wood sappan, and the dye guldl : said to be 
 found in gardens. Other species produce what is called Brazil wood. 
 
 46. MEZONEUEUM. 
 
 M. cucullatum. An immense thorny climber, with large 
 leaves of about 4 pinnse, and 3 pairs of leaflets, both stalked ; 
 leaflets oval pointed, smooth and shining, flowers small, 
 yellowish-green in racemes or panicles, calyx as large as the 
 corolla, upper petals fleshy, dark, hooded, pod leafy, 1-seeded, 
 with wing exactly similar to the pod itself. Rdgi. 
 
g6 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Common on the highest Ghauts (D.). Matheran (Birdwood). I have 
 seen it only at Lanoli. Its great size and peculiar calyx make it 
 remarkable. H. has a variety in which the leaflets are 3 or 4 inches 
 long. 
 
 47. PoiNCIANA. 
 
 P. elata. A tree with 10 to 16 pinnae and 30 to 40 leaflets, 
 flowers in racemes white, changing to yellow, with long dark 
 filaments, pod several inches long. Sandesrd. 
 
 Gardens (Q. and Z>.), but H. calls it wild in the W. Peninsula. 
 
 P. regia is the large flowered gulmohar, one of the trees which 
 make Bombay compounds so beautiful in the cold weather, called by 
 the French in the W. Indies " Fleur de Paradis." It is planted 
 along the roads at Batavia (Forbes), and I have also heard of it as 
 one of the beauties of Nassau in the Bahamas. 
 
 Parkinsonia is closely allied to this genus, but has a necklace- 
 shaped pod. P. acuieata is a very common thorny shrub, with 
 yellow flowers, without admixture of red : the leaflets fall very soon, 
 and leave a large raohis like the phyllodes in some acacias. Native 
 of tropical America. Vilagatibdbul, Kesribdbul. 
 
 48. WAGATEA. 
 
 W. spicata. A small thorny shrub, sometimes slightly 
 climbing, pinnae and leaflets 5 to 7 pair, leaflets oblong obtuse, 
 flowers very handsome in close erect spikes, the calyx scarlet, 
 petals orange, pod red, much swollen at the seeds. Wagdti, 
 wd/ciri, wdmera. 
 
 Ghauts and S. Konkan. Tolerably common and very noticeable 
 from the length and elegant shape of the spikes. 
 
 (6) GASSIER. 
 
 49. CASSIA. Senna. 
 
 1 . C. Fistula. Tree, leaflets 4 to 8 pair, large ovate, pointed 
 smooth, flowers in long drooping racemes, stamens perfect, but 
 the anthers of 2 or 3 larger than the rest, pod perfectly 
 cylindrical, brown, smooth, from 1 to 2 feet long. Bdwa, 
 garmdla, chimkani. 
 
 The Ghauts and Konkan. Common throughout the forest tracts of 
 India (.) 
 
 One of the most noticeable of jungle trees, the flowers like 
 "laburnum, rich in streaming gold," to which the Germans give the 
 beautiful name of " Golden rain." But the pods, which are little 
 less remarkable, are said to have procured for the tree the less 
 romantic name of "pudding pipe tree." The medicinal cassia 
 comes from the pulp surrounding the seeds. Suvarna of Sanscrit 
 poetry. 
 
Order 42. Legumtnosas. 97 
 
 (a) Stamens 7 perfect, the rest without anthers. 
 
 2. C. occidentalis. A large smooth annual, leaflets 3 to 5 
 pair, ovate lanceolate acute, leaf with one large gland close to 
 the petiole, flowers long-stalked, the upper ones racemed, pod 
 long, thin, nearly cylindric. Thorala tdkla, Kdsoda, 
 Kasumdro, Kochinda. 
 
 Abundant nearly everywhere, springing np very quickly in the 
 rains, generally with Tephrosia purpurea. It has a strong and 
 offensive smell, and is in every way the greatest contrast to the last. 
 H. gives the petals as pale lilac, and says it was probably introduced. 
 In W. Africa, as with us, " it thrives in wild and stinking luxuriance," 
 and is there called " Negro coffee," the seeds both of this and. of 0. 
 tora, roasted and ground, making very good coffee, and being quite 
 harmless. Moloney. 
 
 3. C. sophora. A smooth shrub, leaflets 6 to 12 pair, lanceo- 
 late, gland as in the last, pod more swollen, particularly towards 
 the top, many-seeded. 
 
 Common : closely allied (o tie last, and known by the same names. 
 Cosmopolitan in the tropics (#.) 
 
 4. C. tora. A shrubby plant of the same general appearance 
 as the two last, leaflets about 3 pair, obovate, with glands 
 between the leaflets, pod very long and slender, i-sided, sharp- 
 pointed. Tdkla, tanvatd. 
 
 Common: universally 'spread through our limits (-S".). 
 
 5. C. auriculata. A shrub, leaflets 8 to 12 pair, oval obtuse, 
 glands as in the last, stipules large, leafy, obliquely cordate, 
 flowers large and showy in racemes, pod thin, strap-shaped, 
 brown, few-seeded. Tarwad, dwal. 
 
 Common in the Deccan and Guzerat. 
 
 " The Singhalese pull the twigs and hold them in their hands, or 
 apply them to their heads for the coolness which they diffuse : and 
 they use the leaves in the S. of the island as a substitute for tea." 
 Tennant. 
 
 (&) Stamens 5 to 10, all perfect. 
 
 6. C. absus. A hairy plant about a foot high, the stems 
 often reddish, petioles long, leaflets 2 pair oval, unequal-sided ; 
 flowers solitary or in a short raceme, pale yellow, with one 
 bract at the base and two half way up the pedicel, pod nearly 
 straight, strap-shaped, bristly, few-seeded. Chimar, Chaken. 
 
 Every where in the tropics of the old world (H.}, It is very common 
 both at Bandora and Dapoli, and I believe elsewhere, and is a very 
 distinct species : but strange to say, neither D. nor G, have it. The 
 leaves are said to be purgative, as are those of several other species, 
 and the seeds are used in Egypt to cure chronic ophthalmia. 
 
 H 
 
98 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 7. C. pumila. A low or procumbent plant, leaflets 10 to 30 
 pair, very small, unequal-sided, with a smooth gland between 
 the lowest pair, flowers one to three together above the axils, 
 pod flat linear. Sarmal. 
 
 Common generally. 
 
 C. Kleinii, like the last, bub more robust, downy or hairy, leaflets 
 four pairs or morf, pod linear, broader at the top. Bandora. Not in 
 D. * C. obovata (C. senna, D.). Tall, nearly smooth plant, leaflets 4 
 to 6 pair, without glands, very glaucous, flowers pale yellow in erect 
 racemes, pod much curved. Mendi dl. Gazerat, E. Deccan and Sind 
 (D.). * C. Montana. Shrub or small tree, leaflets 10 to 15 pair, bristle- 
 pointed, without glands, flowers in long panicles, pod linear straight. 
 Ghauts (D.). 
 
 The following are cultivated : 0. glauca, a tree with a heavy 
 smell, Kdrud : wild all over India (D.). C. augustifolia, a shrub, pro- 
 duces the drug senna, sona mukhi ; nowhere wild in India (H.). C. 
 sumatrana, a handsome tree, Kasod, Siras. 
 
 Note. For the bark Cassia see under Cinnamonum. Cynometra, 
 flowers minute, pod turgid, oblique. * C. ramiftora, shrub or tree, 
 leaflets 1 to 3 pair, oblong, oblique, racemes few flowered, sessile on the 
 branches, pod fleshy, nearly semicircular, warty. Konkan, very rare 
 (Z>.). Gardens, Bombay (.). 
 
 Hardwickia, flowers minute, calyx with scarcely any tube, corolla 
 none. * H. binata, a tree, leaflets oblique, two, flowers greenish- 
 yellow in racemes, pod strap-shaped with one seed at the top. 
 Anjan. Khandesh, Nimar and Central India. 
 
 (c) AMHERSTIE^E. 
 
 50. SAEACA. 
 
 S. Indica (Jonesia Asoka, D.) A small tree, leaflets 3 to 6 
 pair, flowers orange-coloured changing to red, in large round 
 heads, calyx tube long, stamens long, rising from the edge of 
 the calyx tube, braots peduncles and pedicels coloured, pod 
 broad, flat, straight or scimitar shaped, 8 to 10-seeded. Asholca, 
 jdsondi, asupdld. 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts : not very common. 
 
 No one looking at the flowers would suspect that this was a le- 
 guminous tree. Sir W. Jones found the stamens to vary from 6 to 
 9, even in flowers from the same tree, and thought that no part of 
 the plant is constant. He says, " The vegetable world scarce exhibits 
 a richer sight than the Ashoka tree in full bloom," which is rather 
 higher praise than any specimen I have seen deserves. He hoped 
 .that botanists would retain the Sanscrit name Ashoka, "as it per- 
 petually occurs in the old Indian poems and Ireatises on religious 
 rites ; " and the Indian botanists of the last century improved on this 
 suggestion by naming the genus after " the most enlightened of the 
 sons of men " himself; l thus making the tree Jonesia Asoka. But 
 
 1 Sir W. Jones was so called by Dr. Johnson. 
 
Order 42. Leguminosce. 59 
 
 the Indian Flora has made short work of this pleasing sentiment, and 
 the present name is as commonplace as those of most other beautiful 
 trees. 
 
 51. TAMARINDUS. Tamarind. 
 
 T. Indica. Leaflets very numerous, obtuse, flowers few to- 
 gether in lax racemes, pale yellow, beautifully streaked with red, 
 pod thick, more or less curved. Chinch, amli. 
 
 Very commo-n : but a doubtful native of India (H.). Though the 
 flowers are not conspicuous they are exceedingly beautiful when ex- 
 amined ; and in favourable districts, as the Konkan and Guzerat, 
 this is by shape and foliage one of the noblest of trees. The W. 
 Indian Tamarind is a different, but closely allied species. 
 
 (d) BAUHINIEJE. 
 
 52. BAUHINIA. Mountain ebony. 
 
 Note, This genus has leaves of a shape almost unique, nearly cir- 
 cular, but divided into two equal lobes from the top, sometimes close 
 down to the petiole. 
 
 1. B. racemosa. A small crooked tree, leaves deeply 
 divided, flowers in racemes yellow or white small, calyx spath- 
 ulate split on one side, stamens 10, all fertile, pod linear, 
 woody, thick, seeds oval, brown. Apia, dsandra, wanrdja. 
 
 Common in most parts of India. 
 
 2. B. Valilii. A very large climber with large leaves downy 
 beneath, divided not far down, but deeply cordate, flowers 
 large white, in long-stalked racemes, fertile stamens 3 to 5, 
 pods very long and thin, rusty and downy, 8 to 12-seeded. 
 ChdmbuU, mdwali. 
 
 Common in some parts of the Konkan and Ghauts, but I have seen 
 it only in the palm house at Kew. The leaves are large enough to 
 be used as plates, and the right to collect them is (or was) sold in the 
 Colaba collectorate. 
 
 * B. lawii, a climber, leaves deeply cordate, not deeply lobed, 
 racemes dense, downy, stigoja large peltate. * JB. diphylla, a smooth 
 twiner with curled tendrils, flowers large, pod many-seeded. These 
 two are attributed by H. to the Konkan, but very insufficiently de- 
 scribed. B. malabarica, *-hrub or small tree, leaves slightly cor- 
 date, not deeply lobed, flowers large, creamy white, stamens all 
 fertile, alternately shorter, pod long-stalked, slightly falcate. Kdn- 
 chan, Joral, amli. Matheran (Birdwood) ; W. Ghauts (Brandis). 
 
 In gardens B. purpurea, devkanchan, atmdti, flowers large, deep 
 rose-colour, and B. variegata, Kanchan, flowers white or variegated 
 with red or yellow. B. calls them wild in most parts of India. 
 
 SUB-ORDER III. MIMOSE.E. 
 
 Leaves (in all here given) bipinnate, flowers very small but 
 many together, petals regular, usually united above the base. 
 
 H 2 
 
IOO T/ie Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Note. There is a great general resemblance between the many 
 species of this sub-order, so that anyone who knows any of the 
 Acacias would be able to recognize without much difficulty most of 
 the species here mentioned as belonging to the family. 
 
 (a) MIMOSE^E. Stamens generally 10. 
 
 53. NEPTUNIA. Herbs with flowers in dense round heads 
 or spikes, stamens exserted. 
 
 54. XYLU. A tree with flowers in round heads and large 
 woody pod. 
 
 55. ENTADA. Woody climbers with tendrils, calyx minute, 
 pod very large, jointed outwardly. 
 
 56. ADENANTHERA. Trees, pod strap-shaped, swelling at the 
 seeds. 
 
 57. PBOSOPIS. Prickly trees or shrubs, pod turgid, spongy 
 inside. 
 
 58. DIOHEOSTACHYS. Prickly shrubs, the lower flowers of 
 the spike with long staminodes, pod strap-shaped, indehis- 
 cent. 
 
 59. MIMOSA. Shrubs or herbs with sensitive leaflets, flowers 
 in dense round heads, pod flat and jointed. 
 
 (b) ACACIE^E. Stamens indefinite, much exserted. 
 
 60. ACACIA. Prickly shrubs or trees with yellow or white 
 flowers in round heads or cylindrical spikes ; stamens free, pod 
 various. 
 
 61. ALBIZZIA. Large unarmed trees, flowers in round heads, 
 stamens united at the base several times as long as the corolla, 
 pod long, thin, strap-shaped. 
 
 (a) MIMOSEJS. 
 
 53. NEPTUNIA. 
 
 N. triquetra. Prostrate, creeping, with flattened sometimes 
 angular stems, and occasional small thorns, pinnae 2 to 3 pair, 
 leaflets 8 to 15 pair, oblong obtuse, heads of flowers on very 
 long stalks which have one or two bracts half way up. Corolla 
 green or yellow, staminodes of lower flowers bright yellow, pod 
 linear, very thin. 
 
 This is abundant in ditches and pastures at Surat, which is the 
 only habitat given by either D. or G. H. has W. peninsula and 
 Bandalkand. It is not an aquatic plant, though growing in moist 
 places. 
 
 N. ol&racecby floating, pinnae 2 to 3 pair, leaflets 8 to 15 pair, 
 obtuse, stipules obliquely cordate, flowers in spikes, pod oblique, very 
 thin. Tanks in the Konkan (D.). 
 
Order 42. ' Legfmiinosce. 101 
 
 54. XTLIA. 
 
 X, dolabriformis. Tree with whitish bark, pinnae 2, with 
 a gland between, looking like separate leaves, leaflets 4 to 10, 
 lanceolate large, with a gland between each pair, flower-heads 
 size of a gooseberry, greenish, fragant, pod very hard, five or 
 six inches long. Jamba, yeral, suria. 
 
 S. Konkan and Canara. The white filaments with yellow anthers, 
 and the pod, curved and widening at the end, are very noticeable. 
 
 55. ENTADA. 
 
 E. scandens (E. purscBtha, D.). An immense woody climber, 
 the main stem often with a spiral wing, pinna one or two pair, 
 leaflets 2 to 5 pair, ovate or obovate, spikes erect, axillary about 
 six inches long ; flowers white, becoming yellow ; pod a yard 
 long, hard and woody, reddish-brown, seeds nearly round, 
 about two inches in diameter. Gdrbi, Kdrdal } Khairi. 
 
 The Ghauts and Konkan hills. 
 
 The flowers of this may often be seen so high np as to be quite in- 
 accessible ; a difficulty which very commonly troubles botanists in 
 great tropical forests. The immense jointed pods must be known to 
 many who have never seen the tree. The seeds are both eatable and 
 medicinal. 
 
 Called in Ceylon ' the great hollow creeper ' ; the pods sometimes 
 five feet long and six inches broad, the seeds used as tinder boxes 
 when hollowed out. Tennant. 
 
 56. ADEMANTHKKA. 
 
 A. pavonina. Pinnae 4 to 6 pair, leaflets 6 to 9 pair, flowers 
 in pretty yellow spikes, pod long, curved, seeds scarlet, large. 
 Thorala ganj. Sanscrit, Kuchandana. 
 
 Khandesh and Guzerat (.). 
 
 The seeds are used as goldsmiths' weights and made into neck- 
 laces. 
 
 57. PROSOPIS. 
 
 P. spicigera. A tree with short stout thorns, branches very 
 drooping, ioliage small and pale, pinnae 1 to 3 pair, leaflets 8 
 to 12 pair, linear obtuse, smooth, flowers yellow in long slender 
 spikes, several together, very pretty ; pods slender, cylindrical 
 or contracted between the seeds. Sumri, shema, Jcandt, 
 saundar. 
 
 Guzerat, Cutch and Sind, common : less so in the Deccan and N. 
 Konkan. The pulp is eatable. 
 
IO2 The F lowering' Plants of Western India. 
 
 58. DlCHEOSTACHYS. 
 
 * D. cinerea. A pretty thorny shrub, pinnae 5 to 10 pair, 
 leaflets 12 to 20 pair, strap-shaped, flowers yellow in drooping 
 cylindric spikes, the staminodes conspicuous, red, pod partly 
 jointed. Sigamkdti. 
 
 Common in the Deccan (D. and (7.). Catch. 
 
 59. MIMOSA. 
 
 M. hamata. A thorny shrub, pinnae 3 to 5 pair, leaflets 6 
 to 10 pair, oval or oblong; heads of flowers pink, long-stalked, 
 pod curved with a border on each edge, and large hooked 
 prickles. Arkar. 
 
 Deccan, Guzerat, and Cutch : pretty common. 
 
 M. rulricaulis, closely allied to this, but flowers reddish, becoming 
 white, pod longer and thinner ; Malabar Hill (D. and 6). E. Deccan. 
 Ardi. 
 
 M. pudica, Idjdlu Idjdri, generally called the sensitive plant, is said 
 by H. to be spread through the hotter parts of India, possibly intro- 
 duced from tropical America. Often cultivated on account of the 
 sensitive leaves, 
 
 " For the sensitive plant has no bright flower, 
 Radiance and odour are not its dower." Shelley. 
 
 "Some sensitive plants were formerly called 'humble plants,' be- 
 cause not only the leaflets close, but the whole leaf bends down." 
 Martyn. 
 
 " One of the Mimosas drops its branches whenever any person 
 approaches, seeming as if it saluted those who retire under its shade. 
 This mute hospitality has so endeared the tree to the Arabians that 
 the injuring or cutting of it dowu is strictly prohibited." Niebuhr. 
 
 To this tribe belongs Par/act biglandulosa, cJienduphu!,a, striking and 
 beautiful garden tree, but not very common, the flowers forming 
 large ballp, like brown velvet when in bud, hanging down from a 
 long stalk. 
 
 (b) AcACIE^E. 
 
 60. ACACIA. 
 
 Note. Most or all of the species have glands on the petiole, or 
 between the pinnae, or both, but they do not seem constant enough in 
 number or position to make it necessary to describe them. 
 
 (a) Flowers in round heads, thorns straight. 
 
 1. A. Ardbica. A tree with white thorns, pinnae 2 to 6 pair, 
 leaflets 10 to 20 pair, linear nearly smooth, heads of flowers 
 yellow, fragrant, stalked, with broad membranous bracts half 
 way down the peduncle ; pod flat, linear, downy, depressed 
 between the seeds. Babul. 
 
 This well-known tree is common in most parts except near the 
 coast, as it, like the majority of the genus, is essentially a tree of dry 
 
Order 42. Leguminosce. 103 
 
 regions. Covered with dust in the hot weather it is not a lovely 
 object to the traveller, " thirsting in a land of sand and thorns," but 
 tinder favourable conditions its beauty is undeniable. A. Farnesiana 
 (VacheUia F. D.), Eri babul, guya bdbul^Kankar, closely resembles this 
 except that the pod is short, thick, cylindrical and pulpy inside. It 
 is a doubtful native, but common in the Deccan, Cutch and Sind. 
 
 A. Arabica and some other species yield gum arable, and other sorts 
 used in medicine : 
 
 " One whose subued eyes 
 Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees 
 Their medicinable gum/' Othello. 
 
 " Theshittim tree of Scripture is without doubt one of the acacias, 
 and A. Arabica may be included in the name." Diet, of Bible. 
 
 * A. eburnea, also very like the babul, but with fewer leaflets, and 
 a very narrow flat pod ; flowers golden-yellow : Mar-mat, Deccan (D.). 
 Rdmkanta, which D. calls a var. of the babul, is a tall broom-like tree, 
 with close ascending branches. I have not identified it in H. 
 
 2. A. leucophlcea. A tree with strong twin thorns on the 
 young parts, pinnae 6 to 12 pair, leaflets 15 to 30 pair, blunt, 
 very small ; the small heads of pale yellow flowers are in large 
 panicles, which distinguishes it from , the rest : pod linear, 
 sometimes curved, hairy, about 15-seeded. Hewar, nimbar, 
 pdndhari babul. 
 
 Khandesh, E. Deccan, S. M. country and Cutch. 
 (6) Flowers in stalked axillary spikes. 
 
 3. A. Suma (A. catechu, D.). A small tree with white bark 
 and hooked thorns in pairs, pinnae 10 to 20 pair, leaflets 30 to 
 50 pair, flowers white, calyx very downy, pod strap-shaped, 
 straight, 6 to 8-seeded. Khair, Khaderi. 
 
 This is the common species in the Konkan as the babul is in the 
 drier parts. It is a delicate-looking and pretty tree. From this 
 chiefly, Kdtli is made from which the Konkaii tribe of Kathkaries get 
 their name. A. Sundra, Idlkhair, H. calls scarcely more than a variety 
 of this, but it is generally with us a much larger tree, has dark bark, 
 a hairy calyx, and narrower and thinner pods. It is common in the 
 Deccan. 
 
 4. *A. ferruginea also closely resembles A. suma, but is a 
 large tree with dark bark, thorns sometimes absent, flowers 
 yellow, pod dark-brown, smooth, the upper edge narrowly 
 winged. Kaigar. 
 
 5. A. latronum. A shrub or small tree, bark dark, spotted 
 with white, thorns very large, white and straight, united at the 
 base; pinnae 2 to 5 pair, leaflets 6 to 15 pair, minute, linear, 
 flowers white, turning yellow, fragrant, pod oblong, thin, flat 
 and curved, 2 to 4- seeded. JBhes, devbdbuL 
 
IO4 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Common in the barren parts of the Deccan. Often gregarious, 
 forming formidable thorny thickets (-B.). ^ have not seen it, but am 
 consoled by finding it called, by a botanist who had, " frutex horri- 
 dissimus." It is the bufialo thorn of Ceylon. 
 
 (c) Large climbing shrubs with round heads of flowers in 
 panicles. 
 
 6. A. concinna. Prickles numerous, hooked, pinnae 4 to 8 
 pair, leaflets 12 to 25 pair, oblong, oblique, smooth, stipules 
 and bracts ovate cordate, panicles very downy, flowers yellow 
 or white, fragrant, pod strap-shaped, thick and succulent, 
 contracted between the seeds. Cliikakai. 
 
 Common in the Konkan and Ghauts. The legumes are sold and 
 used as soap, &c. 
 
 A. Intsia, stout and straggling, with small curved prickles, pinnae 
 and leaflets much like the above, flowers white, pod smooth, dark red 
 or purple, very thin. Nitdri. Dapjli. Cambay and Ankaleshwar 
 (D.). Konkan and Ghauts (#.). H. has 2 vars., one of which is D.'s 
 * A. ccesia, pinnae and leaflets more numerous, but not so many as 
 the next. 
 
 7. A, pennata. Thorns straight or slightly curved, pinnae 
 8 to 20 pair, leaflets 30 to 50 pair, narrow, linear, smooth, 
 flowers yellow, pod straight, strap-shaped, thin, smooth or with 
 reddish down. Shembi. 
 
 Common in the Konkan. The bark is used for dyeing nets. 
 
 Note. The so-called Acacia tree in England ia Robinia pseudo- 
 acacia. 
 
 Note. There are a number of Australian species of Acacia, which 
 have no leaflets, but only a flattened and enlarged petiole, called a 
 phyllode. This may easily be taken for a simple narrow leaf. Some 
 of these phyllodineous Acacias are said to have been introduced in 
 S. India. 
 
 61. ALBIZZIA. 
 
 1. A. lebbek. Pinnae 2 to 4 pair, leaflets 4 to 9 pair, oblong, 
 very obtuse, unequal-sided, flowers white, very fragrant, in 
 large long-stalked heads and irregularly racemed ; pod nearly a 
 foot long, smooth, straw-coloured, seeds flat oval, with a horse- 
 shoe depression. Siras,farari, liareri. 
 
 Common in the Konkan and elsewhere. Widely spread over the 
 globe, except in Europe. 
 
 This is the Sirisha of Sanscrit poetry : 
 
 " Fair maids, the chosen of their hearts to please, 
 Entwine their ears with sweet Sirisha flowers." 
 
 Sakuntala (Sir M. Williams' transl.). 
 
Order 43. Rosacece. 105 
 
 2. A. procera. (Acacia p. D.) Bark light, pinnae 3 to 6 
 pair, leaflets 6 to 12 pair, oblique, oblong, smooth, flowers 
 yellow in round heads panicled, pod pointed, 8 inches long, 
 red and leafy, seeds small oval. Kinai, kilai, gurdr. 
 
 Konkan, Ghauts and E. Guzerat. 
 
 3. A. stipulata. Pinnae 6 to 20 pair, leaflets 20 to 40 pair, 
 very narrow unequal-sided, stipules large acute reddish flowers 
 in panicles, the heads many-flowered, the long brush-like 
 stamens are pink in the upper half, pod flat, reddish-brown, 
 smooth. Shembar, lallei, udal. 
 
 Ghauts and S. Konkan. This is a most beautiful flat-topped tree, 
 and grows in perfection at Matheran. I have seen it also in fall 
 bloom in gardens in N. Italy. It must surely almost bear comparison 
 with trees 
 
 " Crowning the glorious hills of Paradise." Wordsworth. 
 
 * A. amara, generally downy, pinnae 4 to 11 pair, leaflets 20 to 40 
 pair, very narrow, flowers yellow in heads, pod opaque, grey-brown. 
 Lallei. Mahableshwar (D.). Deccan, Lisboa. 
 
 * A. odoratissima< Like A. procera, but leaflets and heads of 
 flowers more numerous, flowers small pale yellow, pods shorter and 
 broader with thickened margins. Ran siras, sirsa. Konkan (D. and 
 #.). Pauch Mahals (Brandis). 
 
 To this tribe belongs Pithecolobium dulcis (Inga d. D.), a widely- 
 spread tropical tree, but introduced into India, and freely planted 
 about Bombay and elsewhere. It has drooping branches and very 
 small white flowers in small round long-stalked heads, pods twisted 
 into 2 or 3 coils, full of a white edible pulp. It is generally called 
 Vildyati chinch. 
 
 P. bigeminum, an unarmed tree, pinnae one or two pair, leaflets 
 two or three pair, ovate pointed, heads few-flowered in irregnlar 
 panicles, flowers white, silky, pod in one or two coils. Kdchlora. 
 S. Konkan (D.), but doubtfully wild. 
 
 ORDER 43. ROSACES. The Eose family. 
 
 Leaves alternate with stipules, flowers regular, calyx 4 or 5- 
 lobed or more, petals 5, inserted under the margin of the disk ; 
 stamens indefinite, perigynous ; ovary of one or more carpels, 
 generally separate. 
 
 This great, important, and well-known order of temperate regions 
 is but very slightly represented in W. India, but it is as well to 
 describe it at some length, on account of the many fruits, which are 
 cultivated more or less in this country, but come to perfection only 
 in cooler climates. 
 
[06 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 In H. the order is divided into nine tribes, but considering the 
 few species we have it seems sufficient to give the simpler division 
 of Lindley, which is followed by Bentham in his English Botany, 
 and by Oliver. 
 
 1. Rosece. Carpels several, distinct from each other and from the 
 calyx. This tribe, besides the many roses (Rosa), includes the straw- 
 berry (Fragaria), the raspberry and blackberry (Kubus), and the 
 well-known garden flowers Spiraea, Potentilla, &c. 
 
 2. Pomece. Calyx superior, ovaries one to five, more or less adhe- 
 rent to the calyx and to each other; fruit containing about five 
 seeds in separate cells in the centre (endocarp), surrounded by a 
 thick fleshy mass (epicarp and mesocarp). This fruit, which is 
 crowned by the calyx segments, is called a pome, from poma, an apple, 
 which is the best type of the fruit. The pear, quince, mountain 
 ash, and hawthorn, also belong to this tribe. 
 
 3. Amygdalece. Calyx inferior, carpel solitary, fruit a drupe. To 
 this belong the almond, cherry, plum, peach, apricot, slop, etc. 
 
 The first of the two genera given below belongs to the third tribe, 
 the second to the first. 
 
 1. PTGBUM. Evergreen trees or shrubs: flowers small in 
 racemes, calyx 5 to 10, toothed, petals minute or none, filaments 
 slender, incurved. 
 
 2. KUBUS. Prickly and straggling shrubs, carpels many on 
 a convex receptacle, fruit of many fleshy one-seeded carpels 
 crowded on a conical receptacle. 
 
 1. PYGEUM. 
 
 P. Gardneri (P. zeylanicum D.) A fine tree with large 
 oval long- pointed smooth leaves, calyx yellowish- white, stamens 
 12, short, fruit broader than long of 2 round lobes, smooth, size 
 of a small plum, long-stalked. 
 
 Mahableshwar. 
 
 2. RUBUS. Bramble. 
 
 E. lasiocarpus. A large shrub, stems smooth glaucous, 
 prickles curved, leaves digitate, leaflets 5 to 7 pleated oval, 
 serrated, white beneath, flowers in terminal racemes red, fruit 
 in appearance between a mulberry and a raspberry, hairy, black 
 when ripe. Gauriphal. 
 
 This appears to be the sort called country raspberry, found, as are 
 the two following, at Mahableshwar and on the highest Ghauts. H. 
 calls it very variable. * jR. moluccanus (R. rugosus, D.), prickles small, 
 leaves cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, downy beneath, stipules jagged, petals 
 white, shorter than the calyx, fruit small round, red or black. Very 
 variable (H.). * R. ellipticus (R. Wallichianus, D.) nearly erect with 
 short hooked prickles and dense brown hairs all over, leaves tri- 
 foliate , leaflets roundish, petals white, fruit round, yellow. 
 
Order 44. Saxifragece. 107 
 
 The strawberry is Fragaria elatior ; the almond tree, baddm, Prunus 
 amygcealus ; the peach tree, P. persica. These are all cultivated in 
 the Deccan, as well as various roses. Eriobotrya japanica is the 
 loqnat tree, sometimes found in gardens, a fruit very common in the 
 S. of Europe, and well worthy of careful cultivation. 
 
 ORDER 44. SAXIFRAGES. Saxifrages. 
 
 Flowers quite regular, sepals and petals 4 or 5, stamens as 
 many or double the number, ovary of two or more carpels, 
 fruit a capsule with minute seeds. 
 
 This order comes near to Eosacese, but differs by the carpels and 
 definite stamens. Most of the species are herbs of mountainous and 
 temperate regions. Besides the single wild species given below, we 
 have in gardens in India, as in the south of England, Hydrangea 
 hortensis. Currants and gooseberries (genus Kibes) also belong to 
 this order, according to the most modern arrangement. 
 
 VAHLIA. Herbs with opposite entire leaves, calyx tube 
 quite adherent to the ovary and afterwards to the capsule, 
 calyx lobes, petals, and stamens 5 each, styles 2, seeds numerous. 
 
 V. viscosa. A small common-looking leafy plant, hairy and 
 slightly glutinous, leaves sessile, oval, lanceolate, flowers yellow 
 or white in pairs, almost sessile, or terminal aggregated, calyx 
 larger than the petals, capsule and calyx nearly round. 
 
 The Konkans and Guzerat. 
 
 The large ovary covered by the tubular calyx is the noticeable 
 feature of this plant. H. says that both Oldenlandia and Mitreola 
 may easily be mistaken for this when in fruit, and that the leaves of 
 this often have a connecting line as if falsely stipulate. 
 
 ORDER 45. CRASSTJLACEJ2. Stone crops. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, usually having fleshy stems and 
 leaves, calyx with 4 to 8 divisions, petals and carpels as many, 
 stamens as many or double, fruit of two or more follicles. 
 
 The remarkable fleshy habit and the exact regularity of the flowers 
 are the chief characteristics of this order, many species of which 
 remain green in the most arid countries. The house leek (Semper- 
 vivum) which grows on the roofs of English cottages, and the many 
 garden Sedums, generally preferring rocks and walls to softer beds, 
 belong to this order. 
 
 In the two genera here given the corolla is monopetaloug. 
 1. BRIOPHYLLUM. Tall erect herbs with opposite crenate 
 leaves, flowers large, drooping, calyx and corolla tubular about 
 
IO8 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 the same length, 4-divided, stamens 8, carpels narrowed into 
 a long style ; follicles 4. 
 
 2. KALANCHOE. Stout erect herbs with erect flowers, corolla 
 much longer than the calyx, follicles membranous, many- 
 seeded, otherwise like the last. 
 
 1. BRIOPHYLLUM. 
 
 B. calycinum (Ka lanchoe pinnata, D.) Stem red and thick, 
 leaves simple, ovate or 3-partite, crenated and dark-edged ; 
 flowers in terminal panicles, yellowish-red and purple, calyx 
 inflated enclosing the fruit. Ghdydl, ghdipdl, parnabij, pdn- 
 pJiui. 
 
 This very strange-looking plant is very common in gardens, but 
 grows wild in the S. Konkan and at Mahableshwar, and is said to be 
 common near Belgaum and the Ramghaut, and to grow throughout 
 the tropics of the world (#.). Buds are formed in the edges of the 
 leaves, from which young plants are produced. 
 
 2. KALANCHOE. 
 
 1 . K. brasiliensis (K. olivacea, D.). Of a pale olive colour all 
 over, stem spotted with red, leaves ovate or broad lanceolate, 
 unequally crenated, pedicels, calyx and flowers glandular, viscid 
 and hairy, calyx divided to the base, corolla tube swelled at 
 the base, segments ovate pointed, pink, carpels narrow upwards. 
 
 The above is my description of a remarkable -looking plant which I 
 found at Singarh growing on the rocks, and D. at two or three other 
 hill forts. The above identification was made at Kew, but H.'s 
 description does not agree very well with my plant or D.'s. 
 
 2. * K. glandulosa (K. Ritchieana, D.). Stem thick, the upper 
 part glandular, leaves oblong obovate, stem clasping, racemes 
 panicled, corolla much longer than the calyx. 
 
 Between Belgaum and Sholapore (D.). 
 
 * K. laciniata, leaves pinnatifid or deeply gashed, coarsely toothed, 
 flowers yellow, pretty in panicles. Hills about Dharwar, and Pan- 
 dugarh (D.). 
 
 Tillcea, petals free or connate. * T. pentandra, a small smooth 
 herb, stem creeping, branched, leaves lanceolate flat, flowers white 
 axillary. Not in D. Konkan, Stocks. 
 
 ORDER 46. DEOSERACE^l. Sun dews. 
 
 Small herbs, more or less covered with glandular sticky 
 hairs, the young leaves and flower stems curled inwards like 
 ferns ; flowers regular, sepals, petals and stamens 4 or 5 each, 
 styles 3 to 5, capsule valves as many, seeds many. 
 
Order 47. Halorageoe. 109 
 
 H. calls this small order one quite by itself, but some authorities 
 make it a tribe of Saxifrageae. The stamens he calls almost hypo- 
 gynous. The curious glandular hairs on the leaves is the great out- 
 ward distinction; "the clammy sundew's glistening glands'* being 
 a fatal trap to small flies. Three species are known in Europe. 
 
 DHOSERA. As the order. 
 
 1. D. Burmanii. Stemless, a good deal tinged with red, 
 leaves radical crowded nearly flat on the ground, wedge-shaped 
 or obovate, flowers on a slender scape in a one-sided raceme 
 white, sepals red, pointed, styles 5, undivided. 
 
 2. D. Indica. Stem three or four inches high, simple or 
 branched, leaves alternate linear, fringed with long hairs ; 
 flowers in racemes red or pink, styles 3 bifid to the base. 
 
 I have had these at Dapoli and one or two other places in the 
 Rutnagherry collectorate, and they seem not to occur out of the 
 Konkan in this Presidency, though H. gives them a wide range in 
 India. 
 
 ORDER 47. HALORAGE^l. 
 
 Small plants, often aquatic, with small and inconspicuous 
 flowers, calyx lobes and petals 4 or none, stamens 8, 4 or 1, 
 ovary inferior, styles 4, 2 or 1. 
 
 This is the order to which the Mare's tails of English ponds and 
 ditches belong, and is neither interesting, beautiful, nor useful. In 
 many cases the flowers are, as to some of their parts, quite rudi- 
 mentary. 
 
 MYRIOPHYLLUM. Herbs with floating stem and whorled 
 leaves, flowers small, sessile or nearly so. 
 
 * M. Indicum (M. tetrandum, D.) A small water plant, 
 leaves narrow lanceolate, the lower ones divided into many 
 hair-like segments, flowers white, solitary in the axils, upper 
 male, lower female ; all parts of the flower 4, but styles some- 
 times 2. 
 
 Common in tanks (D. and G.}. This is the only species of W. India, 
 although by some authorities Trapa has been put in the order. 
 
 ORDER 48. RHIZOPHORE.E. Mangroves. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, usually but not always, growing in the salt 
 mud of tidal rivers, leaves opposite smooth, with stipules 
 (except one tribe not here mentioned), flowers regular, calyx 
 variously lobed, petals as many, stamens usually double as 
 many : fruit crowned by the calyx, one-seeded. 
 
HO The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 The true mangroves are known by the remarkable way in which 
 the seed germinates and is thrust down into the salt-water mud. 
 But the order also contains forest trees with no special peculiarity, 
 one of which is given below. 
 
 1. EHIZOPHORA. Calyx lobes 4, petals 4 entire, disk fleshy, 
 stamens 8, stigma bifid. The radicle of the seed pierces through 
 the apex of the fruit before the fruit drops. 
 
 2. BRUGUIERA. Petals 8 to 14 bifid, embracing the stamens, 
 anthers about as long as the filaments ; ovary included in the 
 calyx tube : germination as in the last. 
 
 3. CARALLIA. Jungle trees, calyx lobes 5 to 8, petals as 
 many on the edge of a finely crenated disk, clawed, roundish, 
 stamens inserted with the petals, fruit round, one-seeded, 
 germinating in the usual way. 
 
 1. RHIZOPHORA. 
 
 JR. mucronata. A small tree or large shrub, leaves ovate 
 with a long sudden point, fleshy, veinless, chiefly about the 
 ends of the branches, flowers white, fragrant, calyx yellowish, 
 segments triangular, anthers large, erect, radicle nearly cylin- 
 drical, pointed. Kdndal, liariya, 
 
 Very common along the coast S. of Bombay, where many of the 
 creeks have a broad belt of mangrove swamp. The radicles, nearly a 
 foot long, are washed up in quantities all along the beach. (Brandis 
 says they are often 2 feet long). This is often called ' the black 
 mangrove.' These radicles would naturally be taken for the fruit, 
 but they should be examined while still upon the tree. 
 
 " The sea-loving mangrove with its sickening ooze, and fantastic 
 centipedal roots." H. M. Stanley. 
 
 " The aerial roots, as they are called, which are also seen in Pan- 
 danus, often raise the main trunk much above its original level, and 
 give the tree the appearance of being supported upon stalks." 
 Balfour. 
 
 "As far as the eye could pierce into the tangled thicket, the roots 
 interlaced with each other, and arched down into the water in in- 
 numerable curves by no means devoid of grace, but hideous just 
 because they were impenetrable." Kingsley. 
 
 2. BRUGUIERA. 
 
 B. parviflora (Kanilia p. D.). Like the last, but smaller 
 every way, leaves blunt or obovate, flowers in nearly sessile 
 clusters, small, greenish, calyx segments and petals 6 or 8, 
 radicle like the last, but smaller. 
 
 Found in similar situations, but not nearly so common. 
 
Order 49. Combretaceoe . ill 
 
 * J5. gymnorhiza. A similar tree, with large red solitary flowers. 
 KdnTcra. Also said to be common on the coast. 
 
 Note. Oliver speaks of this genus as having a 12-lobed calyx. 
 
 The name mangrove (Mar. tivar) is popularly applied to many 
 shrubs and trees growing along the shore, as well as to those of this 
 order. (See Lumnitzera, Avicennia, Sonneratia, Exsecaria.) 
 
 3. CARALLIA. 
 
 C. integerrima. A small tree with ovate or obovate polished 
 leaves, flowers very small white in trifid stiff peduncles ; fruit 
 in clusters, red, soft, like cranberries. Fansi, ranfannus. 
 
 The Ghauts, Matheran, &c. 
 
 In the younger trees the leaves are often serrated, in the older 
 quite entire, and otherwise very variable. 
 
 OJRDER 49. COMBRETACE^. 
 
 Trees or shrubs : leaves simple entire without stipules, calyx 
 tubular, segments 4 or 5, petals as many or none, stamens 
 double as many, on the calyx, ovary altogether inferior, fruit 
 a drupe often prominently winged, one-seeded. 
 
 This order contains in genus Terminalia some of the commonest 
 and most useful trees of W. India. In most of the species found 
 here the flowers are small, white or pale coloured, and the fruit in 
 masses much more conspicuous. 
 
 (a) Petals none. 
 
 1. TERMINALIA. Trees, leaves with glands at the back of 
 the leaf, on or just above the petiole, flowers in spikes or ra- 
 cemes, stamens 10, fruit sometimes winged. 
 
 2. CALYCOPTERIS. A diffuse shrub, calyx segments 5, sta- 
 mens 10 in 2 series, fruit ovoid, crowned with the enlarged 
 calyx. 
 
 3. ANOGEilfeus. Flowers in dense round heads, calyx seg- 
 ments 5, stamens as in the last, fruit 2-winged, aggregated 
 into heads. 
 
 (&) Calyx segments and petals 4 or 5. 
 
 4. LUMNITZERA. Salt marsh trees like mangroves, leaves 
 entire, stamens 10 or less, fruit woody, crowned with the calyx. 
 
 5. COMBRETUM. Large shrubs more or less climbing, fruit 
 with 4 or 5 wings, angles, or ridges. 
 
 1. TERMINALIA. 
 Note. The leaves and flowers of the species here given are very 
 
1 1 2 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 much alike, but they can be easily distinguished by the fruit. The 
 leaves are often collected at the end of the branches, whence the 
 generic name. 
 
 (a) Fruit not winged. 
 
 1. T. belerica. A large, spreading tree, leaves large, broad 
 ovate or obovate, long petioled, flowers yellowish-green in 
 spikes with a very sickly smell, fruit nearly round, size of a 
 damson, dark, covered with grey silky down. Bahira, bJtirda, 
 vela, bdbra. 
 
 Common throughout India. It has 3 varieties, one without glands 
 on the petiole. 
 
 2. T. chebula. A large tree with ovate or oblong leaves 
 more or less cordate at the base, spikes of flowers often panicled, 
 fruit oval, smooth, about the size of an olive. Hirda, cliam- 
 bdri hirda, rangdri hirda. 
 
 Common in the Ghauts and Konkan. It has 6 varieties, one or 
 other found all over India. The fruit of this and other Indian species 
 are the myrobolans of commerce, but those of this species are 
 the most valuable. The nuts with sulphate of iron make capital ink. 
 Hooker, in Le Maout. 
 
 (b) Fruit with 5 wings. 
 
 3. * T. arjuna. A large tree with smooth bark and oval leaves 
 often cordate, spikes of flowers usually panicled, fruit ovoid, 
 nearly smooth, truncated or suddenly narrowed at the top. 
 Arjun, arjun Sddara, shdrdul, pinjal. 
 
 Common in jungles S.B. of Surat and abou 1 : Belgaum (D.). Also 
 found in the Konkan and at Matheran. H. includes in this D.'s T. 
 Berryii, which has narrower leaves. 
 
 4. T. tomentosa (T. gJalra, D.). A small tree, leaves linear 
 oblong obtuse, somewhat cordate, with a pair of top-shaped 
 glands on the midrib, flowers in large cross panicles, wings of 
 fruit broad. A in, Sddri, Asan. 
 
 This is, perhaps, the commonest tree in the Konkan, and one of 
 the most useful ; common also over a great part of India in one of its 
 3 varieties (if.). 
 
 (c) Fruit with 3 wings. 
 
 5. T. paniculata. A small tree very like the last, but with 
 whitish flowers becoming purplish, calyx segments reddish- 
 brown, the fruit dark-red, the wings unequal. Kinjal, Jional. 
 
 Very common in the S. Konkan and elsewhere with the ain, but it 
 has a much narrower range. The clusters of dark-red fruit make 
 the tree conspicuous. 
 
 T. catappa, bengali baddm, a fine tree in gardens ; kernels eatable. 
 
Order 49. Combretacece. 113 
 
 2. CALYCOPTEEIS. 
 
 C. floribunda (Getonia f. D.). A shrub with elliptic or oval 
 opposite leaves, flowers in panicles greenish- white, downy out- 
 side ; calyx divided nearly to the base, stamens small in the 
 mouth of the calyx. Uksi, bdguli. 
 
 This would generally be called a climber, though H. says it is not. 
 From the great abundance of its light flowers it is conspicuous in 
 hedges. H. has 2 varieties. 
 
 Very common in the Konkan and Ghauts. 
 3. ANOGEISSUS. 
 
 A. latifolia (Conocarpus I. D.). A small tree with light 
 bark and oval smooth leaves, flowers small greenish, the heads 
 long- stalked, fruit very small, roundish, beaked. Dhdura, 
 dabria, dindaga. 
 
 Deccan and Konkan hills j common in some places. The wood is 
 reckoned one of the best in India (H.}. 
 
 A. pendula differs from this by very small leaves of a beautiful 
 reddish-brown when the tree is in fruit. N. Guzerat and Satpuras 
 (Brandis). Karddhi. 
 
 4. LUMNITZERA. 
 
 L. racemosa. A pretty shrub or small tree with sessile obo- 
 vate slightly crenated leaves, flowers in spikes, white, strong- 
 smelling, calyx thick with 2 bracts, the petals inserted in the 
 tube ; drupe oval. 
 
 Creeks in S. Konkan, growing with mangroves. 
 
 5. COMBRETUM. 
 
 1. (7. ovalifolium. A large climber with oval entire leaves 
 and short spikes of very small yellowish flowers ; calyx filled 
 with the hairy disk, the tube not longer than the ovary, fruit 
 smooth, red, with 4 oval or semicircular wings. Yelosi, mddh- 
 vel, vededhaus, piloka. 
 
 Common in the Konkan and Ghauts. 
 
 C. extensum (C. WigJitianum, D.) is of the same habit, the calyx 
 tube much longer than the ovary, the fruit much larger, red and 
 handsome; piloka. Vingorla. Hilly parts of the Konkan (D.). 
 
 Quisqualis Tndica, so named on account of its doubtful affinities,. 
 Idl chdmeli, Rangoon cha vel, bdrmdsi, is one of the commonest garden 
 bushes, and often found growing luxuriantly " where once a garden 
 smiled ; " the long, drooping spikes of long-tubed flowers vary from 
 white to orange and red. I have not heard of its fruiting in W. 
 India. " It is the most profuse of bloomers, and in the Sulu Archi* 
 
 I 
 
1 14 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 pelago forms bushes about four feet high, the slender branches being 
 actually borne down to the ground by the weight of the flowers." 
 
 Poivrea coccinea, is a very beautiful climber, tolerably common 
 iu gardens, with one-sided spikes of crimson flowers. 
 
 ORDER 50. MYRTACE-ffi. Myrtles. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, leaves simple, entire, flowers regular, calyx 
 tubular, 4 or 5 divided, petals as many, inserted on a disk 
 within the calyx ; stamens numerous, ovary adherent to the 
 calyx tube, fruit usually crowned with the limb of the calyx. 
 
 Two very distinct tribes are by H. united in this order. The first 
 is that of the myrtles, proporly so called. 
 
 TRIBE MYRTE,E. Leaves usually opposite, full of transparent 
 glands, and with veins running into a nerve parallel to the 
 margin ; fruit a berry or drupe fleshy. 
 
 There is always something agreeable about the myrtles, as there is 
 in the name to English ears. Myrta communis, the myrtle of gardens 
 and cottages at home, is also found in Indian gardens, and its leaves 
 used in native medicine (H.). There is no plant with wider associa- 
 tions, for it is also the myrtle of Scripture, and in Isa. xli. and Iv. 
 is mentioned as one of the accompaniments of prosperity and civili- 
 zation. Among the Greeks, too, "it was beloved on account of its 
 sweet scent, evergreen leaves, white blossoms, and aromatic berries, 
 and was everywhere to be seen planted about temples, and at last 
 adorning the rooky shores of Greece." Hehn. 
 
 Kote. The dotted leaves and some similarity in the flowers may 
 lead beginners to take some of this tribe for species of Aurantiacea; , 
 but the numerous perigynous stamens (by which this order ap- 
 proaches Rosacece) make an easy distinction. 
 
 1. EUGENIA. Calyx tube more or less round, its lobes and 
 petals generally 4 ; fruit a berry. 
 
 E. has no less than 131 species; but the majority belong to Malaya 
 or Ceylon. All given below are very suggestive of the common 
 myrtle. 
 
 1. E. caryophillwa (Syzigium c. D.). A small smooth tree 
 or large shrub, leaves obovate or ovate obtuse, flowers small 
 white in trichotomous cymes, fruit round, size of a pea, one- 
 seeded. Karkas, ran lavang. 
 
 On the banks of streams in S. Konkan and Ghauts. Leaves 
 variable (H.). 
 
 2. E, jambolana (Syzigium j. D.). A large, handsome tree, 
 all smooth, leaves large oval or oblong, pointed, flowers white 
 
Order 50. Myrtaceoe. 115 
 
 in cross panicles, petals deciduous, berry size and shape of an 
 olive, purple. Jdmbul. 
 
 A. very well-known tree in the Ghauts and Konkan. B. calls it 
 common throughout India, except in Sind and S. Punjab, and very 
 variable in shape of leaves, size of fruit, and other respects. 
 
 The other species are trees, generally small, confined to the higher 
 Ghauts. 
 
 * E. lanceolaria (Jambosa L D.), leaves narrow lanceolate, flowers 
 fascicled, large, rosy, fruit size of a small apple, irregularly lobed. 
 D~h,akti sheran. * E. Iceta (Jambosa pauciflora, D.) leaves ovate lanceo- 
 late with long slender point, flowers large, solitary, crimson or white, 
 the stamens crimson or purple, berry ovoid. E. zeylanica (Suxigium z. 
 D.), leaves oval oblong, flowers white, large, in terminal corymbs, calyx 
 white, elongated, berry round, white. * E. rubicunda (Syzigiumr. D.) 
 leaves narrow oblong, flowers minute in corymbs, calyx 4-lobed, short. 
 E. heyneana, leaves shining, lanceolate, blunt-pointed, flowers white, 
 in panicles, calyx white, long-tubed. * E. bracteata (E. wildenovii, D.), 
 leaves ovate, shining, flowers stalked, solitary, or few together, calyx 
 short-tubed, bracted, berry round. Very fragrant ; the pear-shaped 
 fruit has exactly the flavour of roses. Jdmbli, guldb jamb, sdkara 
 jamb. 
 
 E. malaccensis, also in gardens, with very handsome red flowers and 
 fruit like a pretty streaked apple, but absolutely dry and tasteless. 
 
 " Like to the apples on the Dead Sea's shore, 
 All ashes to the taste." Byron. 
 
 Cloves are the dried flowers of E. caryophyllata, and allspice the 
 dried berries of Pimento, acris, also belonging to this tribe, and much 
 cultivated in India (ff.). Psidium Guyava, the guava (a corruption 
 of the American name), probably introduced by the Portuguese, jamb 
 peru, is grown everywhere. 
 
 TRIBE 2. BARRINGTONE.E. Fruit indehiscent, leaves alter- 
 nate, not dotted. 
 
 2. BARRTNGTONIA. Trees ; calyx tube scarcely longer than 
 the ovary, lobes 2 to 5, petals 4, much imbricated, stamens 
 very many, all perfect, united at the base, fruit one-seeded, 
 fibrous. 
 
 3. CARBYA. Calyx tube as in the last, lobes and petals 4, 
 stamens as in the last, but some of them without anthers ; fruit 
 large, fleshy, many-seeded. 
 
 2. BARRINGTONIA. 
 
 1. B. racemosa. A tree with very large ovate lanceolate 
 leaves, quite smooth, finely serrated; flowers large, in long 
 drooping racemes, calyx reddish-brown, petals pale pink, long 
 
 I 2 
 
1 1 6 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 and pointed, with the edges turned back, stamens long, pink, 
 fruit ovoid. Karpa. 
 
 I have only seen this tree once, in a salt marsh near Vingorla ; D. 
 has it in Severndrug taluka rare, in Canara common. I thought the 
 blossoms as beautiful as anything I had ever seen : 
 
 " Flowers worthy of Paradise, which nature boon 
 Poured forth profuse." Milton. 
 
 2. B. acutangula. A tree with cuneate, obovate, finely 
 serrated leaves, and slender, drooping racemes of small pink 
 flowers with scarlet stamens, the 4 petals wax-like with edges 
 turned back, fruit oblong with 4 sharp angles. Tivar, ingar, 
 ijal ; the fruit Sdmudraphal, Sdtkphal. (Dymock.) 
 
 S. Konkan, not uncommon. 
 
 The flowers of this also are very beautiful, though small. They 
 fall off very easily, making the ground all red below. So the 
 guelder rose at home 
 
 " In a great stillness drops, and ever drops, 
 Her wealth about her feet." Jean Ingelow. 
 
 3. CAREYA. 
 
 C. arbor ea. A tree all smooth with large, obovate finely 
 serrated leaves, flowers few, very large white, sepals and petals 
 4, the latter curled, stamens sometimes red, fruit large, round 
 or somewhat pear-shaped. Kumba. 
 
 Common in S. Konkan. Grows to an immense size in the moun- 
 tains of Coromandel (R.}. Said by H. to be called the Indian oak. 
 The size of the leaves, flowers and fruit make the tree very notice- 
 able, but there is not much beauty about it. The alternative name 
 Wai-Kumla belongs, Dr. Dymock says, to the unripe fruit. 
 
 To other tribes of this large order belong the genus Eucalyptus, 
 Australian gum-trees, and Hertholletia ezcelsa, the seeds of which are 
 Brazil nuts. 
 
 ORDER 51. MELASTOMACEJE. 
 
 Flowers regular, calyx lobes and petals 4 or 5, stamens (in 
 all here given) twice as many, calyx more or less adherent to 
 the ovary, and afterwards enclosing the fruit, seeds minute, 
 very many (except Memecylon). 
 
 This large S. American order is closely allied to the last, and also 
 to tbe next, differing from Myrtaceas in the stamens being definite, 
 and from Lythracece in the manner of their insertion. Three of the 
 species given below are strikingly beautiful, and easy to identify. 
 The name of the order arose from the trivial fact of the fruit of the 
 early-known species staining the mouth black. 
 
Order $ I . Melastomacece. 117 
 
 1. OSBECKJA. Stamens with a connective, ovary inferior, 
 capsule opening at the top, seeds much curved. 
 
 2. MBLASTOMA. Shrubs, stamens very unequal, the alternate 
 ones with a long connective, fruit bursting irregularly, seeds 
 much curved. 
 
 3. MEMECYLON. Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves, calyx 
 campanulate, entire or shortly 4-lobed, petals 4, berry one- 
 seeded, crowned with the margin of the calyx, seed large. 
 
 1. OSBECKIA. 
 
 0. truncata (0. leschenaultii, D.). A small erect plant, all 
 hairy except the petals, stems square, leaves oval, prominently 
 3-nerved, flowers in small terminal heads, nearly sessile, pink 
 or purple, the petals cruciate, calyx and apex of the ovary 
 bristly, capsule very small ovoid. 
 Dapoli. The Konkan (D.). Throughout the Deccan peninsula (#.) 
 
 2. MELASTOMA. 
 
 M. malabathricum. A very handsome low shrub, leaves 
 broad lanceolate, very bright green, strongly ribbed, more or 
 less rough, petioles very hairy, flowers very large, rose-coloured, 
 3 to 5 together, almost sessile, fruit small, round. Sarkoli, 
 Idkheri, pdlore. 
 
 S. Konkan, generally near water; S.M. country. On the Ghauts 
 it grows to 6 feet, but is not then so handsome as when dwarf. 
 ''Indian rhododendron" of the English (H.). 
 
 The strongly-ribbed leaves and handsome flowers with large 
 curved connective to some of the stamens well distinguish this plant, 
 which ought to be cultivated. 
 
 3. MEMECYLON. 
 
 M. amplexicaule. An erect shrub with long, smooth, 
 leathery leaves, cordate and stem clasping ; flowers in fascicles 
 or very short-stalked umbels from the branches, pedicels and 
 calyx reddish, petals bright blue, larger than in the next, fruit 
 a berry, crowned with the nearly entire calyx. 
 
 Not in D. or G. Penang ; and a var. in the Nilgherries (H.). I 
 had it on the tank at Dhamapor, S. Konkan, a lovely spot, and a fine 
 hunting ground for botanists ; 
 
 " Where the fair trees look over, side by side, 
 And see themselves below." Longfellow. 
 
 The shrub is well worth looking for. 
 
Ii8 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 2. M. edule. A small handsome tree with ovate entire 
 polished leaves, flowers very small in dense heads or umbels 
 from the naked branches, calyx red inside, white outside, petals 
 purple or blue, fruit round, red or purple. Aryan, yalki, lok- 
 handi. 
 
 Very common at Mahableshwar, and on the Ghanta, less so in S. 
 Konkan. Called the iron-wood tree (Gf.), and the wood Kurpa. H. has 
 12 varieties, but only attributes it to Eastern peninsula and Ceylon. 
 
 Prom the mode of growth the flowers look almost as if they were 
 parasitical on the tree. The colours blend in a lovely manner, and 
 a poetical forest officer aptly described them to me as forming 
 "globes of pink and blue and white, like living opals." 
 
 Note. The name ' Iron-wood tree ' is applied in different places 
 to a variety of trees. 
 
 * M. terminals, a low shrub, leaves sessile lanceolate, flowers 
 unbelled blue, fruit like a large pea. E. Ghauts and Canara (D.). 
 
 Sonerila. Small herbs, calyx, teeth, petals, and stamens 3, the 
 latter with a connective. * 8. fcapigera, stemless, leaves radical, 
 ovate, long-petioled, flowers unbelled, mauve, capsule bell-shaped. 
 Ghauts and Konkan hills (D.). 
 
 ORDER 52. LYTHRACE^!. 
 
 Leaves simple, entire, generally opposite, without stipules, 
 calyx tubular, lobes 3 to 6, often with additional smaller ones, 
 petals as many : ovary free at the bottom of the calyx tube ; 
 capsule crowned by the calyx ; seeds many. 
 
 It is characteristic of this order that the petals are inserted on 
 the top of the calyx tube, and the stamens a little lower down. The 
 order has on this side of India some very poor-looking herbs (tribe 
 Ammaniese), and some very beautiful trees and shrubs (tribe 
 Lythreae). So in England the beautiful purple loose strife (Ly- 
 ihrum salica-ria) is balanced by the insignificant water purslane 
 (Peplis portula). 
 
 TRIBE 1. AMMANIE^. Low or aquatic herbs with small 
 flowers and membranous calyx. 
 
 1. AMMANLA. Stems often 4-sided, flowers axillary often 
 sessile, stamens 2 to 8. 
 
 TRIBE 2. LYTHREAE. Trees or shrubs, calyx herbaceous. 
 
 2. WOODFORDIA. A shrub, calyx long, tubular, 6-toothed, 
 petals 6, very small, or none ; stamens 12. 
 
 3. LAWSONIA. A smooth shrub, calyx tube very short, lobes 
 and petals 4, stamens 8 in pairs between the petals, style very 
 long, capsule round, breaking up irregularly. 
 
Order 52. Lythraceoe. 119 
 
 4. LAGERSTR^MIA. Trees or shrubs of great beauty, calyx 
 lobes 6, petals 6, conspicuously clawed, stamens very many 
 exserted, capsule 3 to 6-valved, seeds winged. 
 
 5. SONNERATIA. Trees growing near the sea, smooth, leaves 
 entire, calyx thick, lobes and petals 4 to 6, stamens very many, 
 berry roundish with calyx attached. 
 
 Note. Where not otherwise stated the leaves are opposite. 
 
 1. AMMANIA. 
 
 (a) Small and low, or creeping, herbs; (1) calyx teeth and 
 petals 4. 
 
 1. A. rotundifolia (Ameletia r. D.). Spreading, tinged 
 with red, branches erect, leaves rounded sessile, spikes crowded 
 square decussate, flowers red, each with a cordate bract, sepals 
 and petals, alike but the petals narrower, capsule 4-valved 
 elliptic, seeds brownish-yellow. 
 
 Common in rice fields, etc. Throughout the plains of India (-H.). 
 He says that there are two types of flowers, one with stamens 
 included and long style, the other with stamens exserted and short 
 style. 
 
 2. A. floribunda (Ameletia f. D.). Erect, leaves alternate 
 linear or oblong, stem clasping, branches very slender, flowers 
 bright red in short racemes, capsules and seeds as in the last. 
 
 The highest Ghauts and Sivapore are the only habitats known 
 for this. At Mahableshwar it grows on the rocks in masses, 
 looking like a heath. The small green bracts might be taken for 
 calyx. 
 
 * A. peploides, leaves obovate, flowers in numerous sessile spikes, 
 calyx tube long, pink petals wanting or small, capsule 2-valved. Hab. 
 as in No. 1. "This is abundant on wet soil in some part of the 
 Himalayas, and gives a heath -like colour to the turf with its pale 
 purple flowers." Hooker. * A. Ritchiei, aquatic, leaves elliptic, 
 flowers solitary, calyx long, petals rose-colour, capsule 4-valved. 
 Not in D. or G. Rice-fields at Belgaum (if.). Not otherwise known. 
 * A. tennis (Ameletia t. D.). Erect, very slender, leaves ovate or 
 roundish, spikes dense, capsule 2-valved. Banks of the Penu river. 
 (D.). 
 
 (2) Calyx lobes and petals 3 to 5. 
 
 * A. rotala (Rotala, verticillaris, D.). Growing and creeping in 
 water, leaves in whorls of 3 to 6, linear, flowers minute solitary, cap- 
 sule 2-valved. Ditches, tanks, etc. (D. and 6?.). A. pentandra. Leafy, 
 much branched, with thick square stems, leaves very small, linear or 
 lanceolate, close pressed together with the solitary flowers, calyx 
 lobes, petals, and stamens 5, all bright red, capsule 3-celled. Malwan- 
 Not in D. or 0. Throughout tropical India (#.) 
 
I 20 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 (b) Erect, height up to one or two feet. 
 
 3. A. baccifera. Stem sharply angled, leaves often alternate, 
 lanceolate, narrow at the base, flowers minute sessile, whitish in 
 dense clusters, petals none, capsule round, seed black. Agiya, 
 Aginbuti, bharjdmbhul. 
 
 Common ; the leaves are very acrid. Throughout tropical India in 
 moist places (-ff.)- 
 
 4. A. salicifolia. Leaves lanceolate sessile, flowers red, 
 sessile or nearly so, calyx lobes 4 or 5 broadly triangular with 
 horns between, petals sometimes wanting, capsule as in the 
 last. 
 
 D. has only Malwan for this. H. has it widely distributed. I had 
 it at Dapoli and Bandora, at the latter place growing in masses. 
 
 A. multiflora, stems sharply quadrangular, leaves linear lanceolate, 
 anricled, flowers minute red in sessile clusters, calyx teeth 4, petals 
 none or small Deccan. Throughout the plains of India (H.). * A. 
 octandra, much like the last apparently, but stamens 8, and capsule 
 not so round. Common in wet ground (JD.). 
 
 2. WOOBFORDLA. 
 
 W.Jloribunda (Grislea tomentosa, D.). A small handsome 
 shrub, leaves narrow lanceolate pointed, dotted with black 
 glands beneath and strongly nerved, flowers very numerous, 
 bright red, tubular, curved, stamens of the same colour long 
 exserted, capsule oblong covered by the withered calyx. 
 Dhdurij dhdusi, dhditi. Sanscrit, Dhdtri puslipika, aquivala. 
 
 Exceedingly common in S. Konkan and the Ghauts, and throughout 
 India (H.). 
 
 3. LAWSONIA. 
 
 L. alba. A twiggy smooth shrub, with small oval lanceo- 
 late leaves and small dingy strong-smelling flowers in dense 
 panicles, capsule size of a pea, 4-lobed, seeds many-angled. 
 Mendi. 
 
 Commonly cultivated : " perhaps wild in W. India " (H.}. It is much 
 like the English privet, and the leaves produce henna, in common use 
 all over the East and in Egypt. It is said to be the plant referred to 
 in the beautifully sounding verse, ft My beloved is unto me as a 
 cluster of camphire in the vineyards of Engedi." Cant. i. 14. 
 
 A red flowered variety is mentioned. 
 
 4. LAGERSTR-EMIA. 
 
 1. L. parviflora. A large tree with grey bark, leaves hard, 
 shining, strong nerved, oval acute, pale beneath, flowers very 
 
Order 52. Lythracem. 121 
 
 numerous, small white in panicles, calyx lobes and petals 
 triangular; capsule small oblong. Ndneh, bondhdre, kdkria. 
 
 A very pretty tree both as to flowers and foliage, which appear 
 together. The wood is called benteak. 
 Common in the Konkan and Ghauts. 
 
 2. L. lanceolata. Leaves smooth lanceolate, flowers pure 
 white in axillary racemes, calyx and pedicels covered with 
 dense grey down, capsule small oval. Bondar, boddga, sukutya, 
 
 Very like the last, bnt more elegant and beautiful, the flowers 
 larger, the capsule smaller. The tree may be seen from a distance 
 when quite covered with flowers, 
 
 " As white as Mount Soracte, 
 
 When winter nights are long." Macaulay. 
 
 It is common on the Ghauts and in some parts of the Konkan. 
 
 3. L. flosregince. Leaves lanceolate ovate smooth, flowers 
 large and very handsome, purple or mauve, in large and 
 numerous panicles, calyx downy furrowed, fruit oval, 6-lobed. 
 Tdman. 
 
 This is a very noticeable tree from the mass of colour it often 
 gives, but not so elegant as the last. It is tolerably common in the 
 Konkan. H. has a variety with leaves 15 inches long. 
 
 L. Indica, China mendi, is a pretty shrub with bright pink flowers, 
 common in gardens ; originally from China (.ff.). 
 
 5. SONNERATIA. 
 
 1. 8. apetala. A pretty slender tree with thick veinless oval 
 oblong leaves and white flowers, calyx 4-lobed thick and fleshy, 
 stigma remarkably large, umbrella-shaped, fruit round with short 
 hard point. Amthi. 
 
 Not in D. or (?., but common in the salt marshes of the S. Konkan, 
 growing with the mangroves. 
 
 2. S. acida. A small tree, leaves opposite entire, thick and 
 veinless oval, flowers large, solitary, red, fruit nearly round, 
 slightly flattenened, seated in the hardened calyx, much larger 
 than that of the last. Tivar. 
 
 Common in salt marshes. Very different from the last. H. has 
 S. Grijfithii, ".probably an apetalous form of this," which I believe I 
 had, but have lost my note of it. 
 
 To this tribe also belongs^ (bnt put by Oliver and others in 
 Myrtaceae) Punica granatum, Andr, ddlimb, the pomegranate, wild in 
 Afghanistan and Beluchistan. 
 
122 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 " What should we do but sing his praise, 
 
 Who does in the pomegranate close 
 
 Jewels more rich than Ormus shows." A. Marvell. 
 
 "As in Asia so in Greece, the tree and its fruit served as the 
 symbol of fructification and procreation, and again of death and 
 resurrection." Hehn. 
 
 Browning called one of his collections of poems "Bells and pome- 
 granates" (in allusion to Ex. xxxix. 24 to 26), "to indicate an endea- 
 vour towards something like an alternation or mixture of music with 
 discoursing, sound with sense, poetry with thought. . . . Giotto 
 placed a pomegranate in the hands of Cante, and Baffaelle crowned 
 Theology with blossoms of the same." 
 
 ORDER 53. ONAGRACE^E. 
 
 Herbs, calyx tubular of 2 to 6 valvate lobes, united to the 
 inferor ovary ; petals 2 to 6 inserted on the calyx, stamens 
 as many or double, similarly inserted ; fruit a capsule or 
 berry. 
 
 This not a large order, but contains some well-known and beauti- 
 ful flowers, both wild and cultivated, as the fuchsias, the evening 
 primroses (^Enothera), and the willow herbs (Bpilobium). The most 
 noticeable feature in plants of this order is the very inferior ovary, 
 which is well below the calyx, and in many cases looks like a flower 
 stalk much swollen in the upper half. Most of the species grow in 
 water, or in moist situations. 
 
 1. Jussi-EA. Marsh plants with alternate undivided leaves 
 and solitary flowers, stamens double the petals, style short, 
 stigma 4 or 5-lobed, capsule 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 2. LUDWIGIA. Leaves alternate undivided, stamens as many 
 as the petals, capsule linear or oblong, many-seeded. 
 
 3. TRAPA. Floating herbs, calyx lobes 4 persistent, becoming 
 spiny on the fruit, petals and stamens 4, fruit bony, 4-angled, 
 beaked, one-seeded. 
 
 1. JUSSLEA. 
 
 1. J. repens. Floating and spreading in tanks, the stems 
 rooting at the joints, and bearing clusters of conspicuous white 
 fleshy vesicles, leaves smooth, obovate oblong, flowers very 
 pretty, erect, long-stalked, white with yellow base, calyx lobes 
 and petals 5, capsule cylindric, woody. 
 
 Common on the edges of tanks, 
 
 " Where rosy-winged flamingoes fish all day 
 
 Stalking amid the lotus blossoms fair." J. Ingelow. 
 
Order 54. Samydacece. 123 
 
 Very common throughout India and Ceylon, and distributed over 
 the warmer parts of the whole world 
 
 2. /. suffruticosa (J. villosa, D.). Tall and erect, softly hairy 
 almost all over, leaves lanceolate tapering into the petiole, 
 flowers almost sessile yellow, calyx tube very long with 2 
 bracts, lobes and petals 4, capsule bluntly 4-angled with innu- 
 merable seeds. Pdnlavang. 
 
 The Konkan and Ghauts : not particularly common, I believe; but 
 E. makes it as common and as widely distributed as the last. 
 
 The flowers recall the evening primrose. 
 
 2. LUDWIGIA. 
 
 L. parviflora. A small plant, erect, smooth and branched, 
 
 leaves lanceolate, flowers 2 or 3 together, small, yellow, nearly 
 
 sessile, calyx lobes and petals cruciate, capsule slightly 4 or 5- 
 
 angled, seeds red. 
 
 In moist places in the Konkan and Guzerat. Throughout India (#.) 
 
 3. TRAPA. 
 
 T. bispinosa. Stem thick ; submersed leaves in thread-like 
 segments, floating leaves whorled, broad reniform or angular, 
 covered with brown hairs beneath, the petioles with large oval 
 vesicles, flowers white, disk angular, yellow and hairy, fruit 
 long-stalked with two straight barbed spurs. Shingari. Sanscrit, 
 Sringata. 
 
 The water-chestnut, a very pleasant eatable nut. "The Hindoos 
 were so fond of its nut that they placed it among their lunar con- 
 stellations." Sir W. Jones. 
 
 Common in tanks, especially in Gnzerat. 
 
 Several species of evening primrose (uiEnothera) and of Fuchsia 
 are found in gardens. 
 
 ORDER 54. SAMYDACE.E. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate often bifarious leaves, 
 flowers small, inconspicuous, regular, petals often wanting, fruit 
 2 to 5-valved. 
 
 This is small and uninteresting tropical order, differing from the 
 last in the ovary being almost or altogether superior. It resembles a 
 tribe of Bixinea (H.). ; but Balfour put it in the Monochlamyds. 
 
 CASEARIA. Flowers clustered in the axils, pedicels short, 
 jointed, calyx 4 or 5-lobed, petals none, stamens about double 
 the calyx lobes, more or less united, with staminodes alternating 
 seeds many, with a flesh-coloured aril. 
 
1 24 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 1. C. graveolem. Large shrub or small tree, leaves elliptic 
 acute, mostly smooth, stipules lanceolate pointed, flowers 
 numerous green with a disagreeable smell, fruit almost round, 
 smooth, shining. Ghilld. 
 
 Konkan hills, Bombay, Bandora, Canara. 
 
 2. C. esculenta (C. Icevigata, D.). Mostly smooth, leaves large 
 oblong, acuminated entire or obscurely serrated, thick and 
 shining, flowers numerous, greenish, fruit size of an acorn with 
 woody stalk, splitting into three and showing a brilliant red 
 aril. Mori, bokra. 
 
 Common at Matheran and Mahableshwar ; Konkan hills ((?.). 
 
 * C. rubescens, " distinguished from the last only by the minute 
 pubescence of the pedicels" (#.) but D. makes the leaves suddenly 
 and obtusely acuminated, with the midrib bright red. S. Ghauts (D.). 
 C. tomcntosa (C. anavinga, D.). Small tree, leaves oblong, slightly 
 oblique and cordate, stems and petioles reddish, flowers on the leafless 
 branches, fruit oval, shining, size of a nutmeg. Chilld, marsai, Karai. 
 Rajapore. Also Caranja (D.). Common throughout India (H.). 
 
 Note. The native names given above are probably interchange- 
 able. 
 
 The very small order Turneracese must be mentioned here on 
 account of a common garden plant Turnera ulmifolia, bhinjra, with 
 alternate simple leaves, and rather large yellow flowers growing on 
 the leaf-stalk ; calyx segments, petals and stamens 5, styles 3, stigmas 
 divided brush-like. 
 
 ORDER 55. PASSIFLOREJE. Passion flowers. 
 Twining herbs or shrubs : leaves alternate with stipules, 
 flowers regular, calyx tubular with 5 segments, petals as many 
 or none, corona generally conspicuous, stamens 5, ovary superior, 
 styles one or three. 
 
 This order is allied to Cucurbitaceae, but differs from that in the 
 superior ovary, and the central corona arising from the calyx. 
 
 MODECCA. Climbers with unisexual flowers, disk with 5 
 glands opposite the sepals, staminodes 5, forming a membranous 
 cup surrounding the base of the ovary, dividing above into 
 filaments, and so forming a corona. 
 
 * M. palmata. Root large and woody appearing above the 
 ground, leaves cordate acuminate, usually 3 to 5-lobed with 
 glands beneath, flowers rather large, yellow, bell-shaped with 
 rather deep lobes, fruit round, size of a crab apple, bright 
 orange : tendrils on the peduncle. Undal. 
 
 Malwan and S. Ghauts ; rare (D.). 
 
 A good many species of Passion flower (Passt/?ora) are cultivated 
 
Order 56. Cucurbitacece. 12$ 
 
 in India as in England. Of these, P. fcetida is very common, and 
 runs wild in many places. It is a hairy plant, with small white 
 flowers. The name " Passion flower " was due to resemblances, 
 which the mystical Fathers of the Church discovered more readily 
 than we can. The five anthers represented the five wounds of our 
 Saviour, the triple style the nails, the stalk of the ovary the main 
 pillar of the cross, and the thread-like corona, the glory round His 
 head. 
 
 Carica papaya, the papaw tree, papawa, belongs to this order (fl".). 
 The fruit makes a very fair imitation of apple pie. The curious fact 
 seems well-established, that meat hung up under its shade quickly 
 becomes tender. 
 
 ORDER 56. CUCURBIT ACE^ffi. Gourds. 
 
 Climbing or prostrate herbs or shrubs, with solitary lateral 
 tendrils, leaves alternate petioled, generally cordate and lobed, 
 frequently rough; flowers unisexual, either on the same or 
 different plants, yellow or white, regular ; calyx tube wholly 
 united to the ovary, 5-lobed, petals 5, more or less united ; 
 stamens usually 3, filaments short and thick, style one with 3 
 thick stigmas ; fruit generally fleshy crowned by the scar of 
 the calyx, seeds many. 
 
 This well-known order is extremely well represented all over 
 India. It is easily recognized as well by its foliage and tendrils as 
 by the structure of the flowers (Bentham) ; but from the great 
 general resemblance that runs through the family, it is often difficult 
 to distinguish the genera except by the fruit, which, in the large 
 majority of the species here given, is eatable. 
 
 Note. The stamens in the genera here given are 3, except in Luffa, 
 where they are sometimes, and in Zanonia always, 5, but the filaments 
 are often so combined as to make a definite statement on this point 
 misleading. Of the anthers one is generally one -celled, and the others 
 two-celled. 
 
 1. TRICHOSANTHES. Flowers white, males in racemes, females 
 solitary, petals much fringed at the margin, calyx tube long, 
 anthers long linear, ovary at the base of the calyx, seeds packed 
 in pulp. 
 
 2. LUFFA. Calyx tube short, stamens sometimes 5, stigma 
 3-lobed, fruit fibrous when dry, opening by a lid at the top. 
 
 3. MOMORDICA. Calyx tube and filaments short, style long, 
 fruit indehiscent or 3-valved. 
 
 4. CUCUMIS. Flowers yellow, males clustered, females 
 solitary, calyx top-shaped or bell-shaped, style short. 
 
 5. CITRULLUS. Flowers all solitary, calyx cup-shaped with 
 long teeth, style short, stigmas reniform. 
 
 6. CEPHALANDKA. Flowers white, all solitary, calyx tube 
 
1 26 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 short, bell-shaped, style long with 3 bifid stigmas, fruit oblong, 
 more or less cylindric. 
 
 7. BRYONIA. Flowers small, male and female clustered in 
 the same axils, calyx widely bell-shaped, teeth 5, small, style 
 slender, 3-divided at the top, fruit round. 
 
 8. MTJKIA. As the last, but style thick. 
 
 9. ZEHNERIA. Flowers all corymbose, or the females solitary, 
 calyx bell-shaped, style cylindric, 3-lobed, surrounded at the 
 base by an annular disk. 
 
 10. CORALLOCARPUS. Flowers very small, males long 
 peduncled, females sessile or nearly so, stamens nearly sessile 
 at the mouth of the calyx tube, berry ovoid, splitting near the 
 base. 
 
 11. CTENOLEPIS. Flowers minute, males in racemes, females 
 solitary in the same axils, filaments very short, seeds margined. 
 
 Note. All gourd-like fruits tend to vary very much in shape : 
 bottle gourds (and probably other sorts) may be made to take various 
 shapes by strings or other compresses being fastened round them 
 when young. 
 
 Note. I recommend, as specially interesting, the chapter on 
 Cucurbitaoeae in Hehn's " Wanderings of plants and animals." 
 
 1. TRICHOSANTHES. 
 
 1. T. palmata, A very large climber, running over trees, 
 with trifid tendrils and deeply-lobed toothed leaves, flowers 
 large and handsome, calyx lobes deeply toothed, fruit like a 
 small orange. Mukdl, Kaundal. 
 
 The Konkans and Ghauts, not very common. 
 
 The thickly fringed petals mark this genus, but there may possibly 
 be a confusion in the identification of this, and of Modecca palmata. 
 
 2. T. Cucumerina. Climbing in hedges, tendrils trifid, leaves 
 broad cordate, lobed or angled, toothed, flowers delicate and 
 pretty, ovary hairy, fruit oblong pointed, orange-coloured when 
 ripe. Padval, karu padval, jangli parol. 
 
 One of the commonest climbers in Guzerat : in S. Konkan com- 
 paratively rare. Throughout India and Ceylon (H.). 
 
 T. Anguina, the snake gourd, Chikonda, parol, is cultivated for its 
 very long curiously twisted fruit. 
 
 2. LUFFA. Towel gourds. 1 
 
 1. L. JEgyptiaca. A large climber, tendrils bifid, leaves 
 1 Prom the fibrous fruits being used as flesh rubbers. 
 
Order $6. Cucurbitacece. 127 
 
 smooth at first, afterwards very rough, broad, 5 to 7-lobed with 
 small teeth, flowers long, yellow, often veined, stamens 5, 
 fruit several inches long, cylindric, striped when young, seeds 
 oval, blackish, with membranous margin. Gousdli, pdrosi. 
 
 D. and G. have this only as cultivated, with the next. H. has it 
 as wild throughout India and Ceylon, and I believed it to be so in 
 N. Konkan. 
 
 2. L. acutangula. Leaves 5 to 7-lobed, rough, flowers like 
 the last, stamens 3, fruit long, 10- angled; flowers bright yellow 
 of middle size. Turdi, dodki. 
 
 This is the vegetable so 'commonly cultivated, and H. makes L. 
 amara ran turai, Karu dodki, only a variety of it, the leaves being 
 Bof cly hairy when young, and. the fruit with '10 sharp ridges. It is 
 a pretty climber, exceedingly common in hedges in Guzerat. The 
 flowers open in the afternoon. 
 
 * L. echinata, sparingly rough and hairy, leaves roundish, cordate, 
 or kidney-shaped, sometimes deeply cut, flowers small white, fruit 
 roundish, densely prickly. Devdangri, Kukurvel. Guzerat (D.). Sind 
 (H.). 
 
 3. MOMORDICA. 
 
 1 . M. charantia. Rather a pretty twiner, stems hairy, some- 
 times angular, leaves palmately 5-lobed, sinuate, toothed, 
 flowers small, solitary, long-stalked, pale yellow ; a reniform 
 bract half way up the pedicel in the male flower, and near the 
 base in the female, fruit oblong ovate, covered with ridges and 
 tubercles. Kareli, panvad, omble. 
 
 Commonly cultivated. A well-known vegetable. 
 
 2. M. dioica. A large climber, nearly smooth, leaves 
 cordate entire or lobed, flowers large yellow, long-stalked, males 
 with a large hooded bract covering the calyx, females with a 
 small one near the base of the pedicel ; fruit ovate pointed, 
 covered with soft bristles, seeds truncated black with bright 
 red aril. Kartoli. 
 
 S. Konkan. Very common (D.) ; throughout India (ff.). 
 
 3. M. cymbalaria. Koot a large turnip-shaped tuber, stems 
 slender, smooth, leaves cordate, 5 to 7 -angled, flowers white or 
 yellow, pedicels longest in the female, fruit like turai, but 
 smaller and 8-angled without a lid. Kadawanchi. 
 
 Sholapore districts. Also reported from Igatpuri, Sattara and the 
 Konkan ; but not in D. or G. Dec can peninsula (H.). 
 
 4. CUCUMIS. 
 C. trigonus. Rough all over, leaves variously lobed, female 
 
128 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 flowers few, larger than the male, ovary hairy, fruit at first 
 slightly 3-lobed, and striped in light and dark green, but when 
 ripe, smooth, level, and yellow. Jangli Kakri, Kdrit, Kdtvel. 
 
 Common throughout India. The pulp is bitter. H. includes under 
 this D.'s C. pubescens chibar, takmak, common in the Deccan, Cutch 
 and Sind : the fruit is covered with small bristles. 
 
 C. satious is the cultivated cucumber, Kaltri, Khira. 
 " The prickly and green-coated gourd 
 So grateful to the palate." Cowper. 
 
 C. melo is the melon Kharbuz, chibur, of which there are many 
 varieties, and which H. says is perhaps the cultivated form of C. 
 trigonus. Dr. Lansdell and Vambery speak of the melons of Central 
 Asia, and especially of Khiva, as probably the best in the world, 
 which indeed is pretty much what Marco Polo said. The melon was 
 brought from Jamaica and cultivated in England, certainly since 
 1570 : the cucumber was introduced in 1573. Don. 
 
 5. ClTRULLUS. 
 
 C. colocynthus. A large rough creeper, with leaves so deeply 
 gashed as to be almost pinnatind, male and female flowers 
 alike, middle-sized, yellow, long -stalked, fruit round, smooth, 
 size of an orange, yellow variegated with green. Indrayan, 
 indrafal, Kadu kakri. 
 
 Throughout India, cultivated and also very often apparently wild 
 (H.). It is one of the characteristic plants of the desert region, ex- 
 tending from Arabia and Palestine across the whole of N. Africa 
 (Hooker in ' Marocco'). The old commentators considered that the 
 ' wild vine ' of 2 Kings iv. 39 was the Colocynth (from Kolokunthe, 
 the Greek name). The pulp is called by English chemists, ' bitter 
 apple ' : and the fruit is mentioned by old writers as a typical 
 bitter " That which is unrighteous is as hateful to the child of God 
 as colocynth to the taste." Bishop J. Taylor. 
 
 C. vulgaris is the water melon, tarbuz, Kalingar. The mounds of 
 them piled up inside the town gates and elsewhere in Italy in the 
 late summer, give one some idea of the easiness of their growth. It 
 is by some considered to be indigenous in India. " A traveller in the 
 East," says Kitto, " who recollects the intense gratitude which the 
 gift of a slice of melon inspired while journeying over the hot and 
 dry plains, will readily comprehend the regret with which the 
 Hebrews in the Arabian desert looked back on the melons of Egypt," 
 (Num. xi. 5.) 
 
 A variety of C. vulgaris is the dilpasand. 
 
 6. CEPHELANDRA. 
 
 C. Indica (Coccinea I. D.). A smooth climber, leaves 5- 
 angled, or more or less deeply lobed, sometimes fleshy, flowers 
 large, petioles and peduncles short and thick, fruit 2 or 3 inches 
 
Order 56. Cucurbitacece . 129 
 
 long, red, at first marked with white streaks. Kutrund, dilori, 
 tondli, bimbi. 
 
 Very common, especially in Guzerat, the N". Konkan, and Cutch. 
 The fruit is eatable. 
 
 7. BBYONIA. 
 
 JB. laciniosa. A pretty climber, leaves 3 or 5-lobed, petioles 
 long, sometimes warty, flowers yellowish-green, males stalked, 
 females nearly sessile, fruit smooth, size of a gooseberry, at first 
 green with white streaks, afterwards dull red. Sivlinga, popti, 
 Kandori. 
 
 Deccan, Konkan, Guzerat, and Cutch. 
 
 B. dioica is the well-known green-flowered bryony of English 
 hedges. Darwin's descriptions of its tendrils would no doubt apply 
 to many other plants. " I have gone out to watch the bryony on 
 an exposed hedge, as the branches were tossed to and fro by the 
 wind. Unless the tendrils had been exceedingly elastic they would 
 have been torn off, and the plant thrown prostrate. As it was it 
 safely rode out the gale, like a ship with two anchors down, and with 
 a long range of cable ahead to serve as a spring as she surges to 
 the storm." 
 
 8. MUKTA. 
 
 M. scabrella. Twining, very rough all over, leaves cordate, 
 lobed or angled, flowers very small, sessile, yellow, berry like 
 a scarlet pea. Chirdti. 
 
 Yery common and pretty ; with Corallocarpus this is probably the 
 smallest species of the order in W. India. 
 
 9. ZEHNERIA. 
 
 Z. umbellata. (Bryonia u. T).). Smooth or nearly so, 
 leaves cordate and sagittate at first, afterwards various, flowers 
 very small, the corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx ; fruit oval, 
 red, size of a pigeon's egg. Gometta. 
 
 Common in hedges. Very common throughout India (#.). * Z. 
 baueriana (Bryonia Mysorensis, D,), seems to be much like the last, 
 but the male and female flowers frequently in the same axils, and 
 the fruit much smaller. Wardli. Wari country (D.), Mahableshwar, 
 Dr. Coofce. 
 
 10. CORALLOCARPUS. 
 
 G. epigeia (^Echmandra e. D.). Twining, rather fleshy, 
 greyish or glaucous, leaves deeply lobed, toothed, petioles very 
 thick, flowers few together, yellowish-green, calyx nearly as 
 large as the corolla, fruit stalked, beaked, orange or scarlet 
 with green base. Kadoindi, Kaninai. 
 
 K 
 
130 The Floivering Plants of Western India. 
 
 This is another very small species, found in hedges in the Konkan, 
 Gazerat, and Sind. 
 
 * C. conocarpa (jEchmandra c. D.) differs from the last in the 
 sessile conical fruit ; the seeds not margined, as the others are 
 slightly. Mdhddevi, Shivaling. Guzerat (D.). 
 
 * Rhyncocarpa fcetida (^Echmandra rostrata, D.) appears to be very 
 like the last two, but hairy and strong-smelling, the leaves round or 
 ovate cordate, toothed, seeds margined, stamens with a crested con- 
 nective. Guzerat (D.). 
 
 11. CTENOLEPIS. 
 
 C. Garcinii (Zehneria g. D.). Leaves bristly, rather rough, 
 lobes deep rounded, bracts large, kidney-shaped, pectinated, 
 flowers salver-shaped white, calyx scarcely visible, fruit red, 
 horizontally egg-shaped. Jhali. 
 
 Surat. Guzerat, Cutch and Deccan. It is a small species, a good 
 deal like Corallocarpus. 
 
 * C. cerasiformis (Zuhneria c. D.) like the last, but the round scarlet 
 fruit is in clusters, seeds 2, rather large. Guzerat and Sind : known 
 apparently only to Dalzell and Stocks. 
 
 Zanonia. Flowers in large panicles, males stalked, females sub- 
 sessile, stamens 5 on a fleshy disk. * Z. Indica, smooth, leaves large, 
 oval, flowers pale yellow, females much the largest, fruit the shape 
 of a candle extinguisher, about 4 inches long. Near Vingorla (D.). 
 
 The following also are cultivated : 
 
 Cucurbita maxima, the common gourd, dudhi bJiopali ; C. moscliata, 
 the musk melon, Kali dudU: C. pepo, the pumpkin, Kaula, ddmgar : 
 C. ovijera, the vegetable marrow : Lagenaria vulgaris, the white 
 pumpkin or bottle gourd, haria kaddu. A variety of this is the bhopla, 
 used for crossing rivers, but I rather think that this name is used for 
 all sorts of gourds, to many of which G. Sand's fanciful description 
 might apply : " The pumpkins, haughty leviathans of this verdant 
 sea, ponderously sprawled their great orange-coloured stomachs 
 over their broad and sombre leafage." 
 
 ORDER 57. BEGONIACEJE. 
 
 Succulent herbs, leaves simple, alternate, unequal-sided with 
 stipules, flowers unisexual without corolla ; male calyx of 2 
 unequal pairs of sepals, females of 5 to 2 segments ; stamens 
 indefinite, ovary inferior, styles 2 to 4. 
 
 A tropical order variously placed by botanists. The unequal- 
 sided leaves and coloured flowers without corolla, some showy and 
 some delicately beautiful, are easily recognizable. " Leathery me- 
 lastomae, and succulent-stemmed, lop-sided leaved, flesh-coloured 
 begonias are typical of tropical American forests." Belt. 
 
Order 57. Begoniacece. 131 
 
 Out of 65 Indian species of Begonia given by H., only o^e is at 
 all common in this Presidency. 
 
 The Begonias hare in a very high degree the power of reproduction 
 by their leaves ; as it is stated that a leaf placed on damp soil and 
 cut across the nerves, will produce roots and buds at every incision. 
 Le Naout. 
 
 BEGONIA : as the order. 
 
 B. crenata. A very pretty and delicate little plant, leaves 
 ovate, unequally crenated, with a few stiff hairs, flowers pink, 
 stamens 8 to 16, monadelphous, capsule 2-celled with irregular 
 wings. Mutia. 
 
 Abundant in S. Konkan, growing in crevices of rocks, walls, and 
 wells, also in the Ghauts. Grows also on trees (D.). 
 
 * B. intcgrifolia, leaves ovate, oblong, dark red below, flowers small, 
 white, stamens about 50, monadelphous, capsule with one broad and 
 two very narrow winga. * B. trichocarpa, leaves ovate, cordate, 
 flowers large, white, few together, stamens about 40 free, capsule with 
 3 nearly equal wings. These two on rocks on the Ghauts (-D.)- * B. 
 concanensis, leaves ovate, acute, sometimes lobed, flowers rose colour, 
 stamens as in the last, capsule with the larger wing triangular. 
 Konkan and Ghauts (D.). 
 
 The order Cacteae must here be mentioned, though there are 
 no plants native to W". India belonging to it. But Opuntia 
 Dillenii, commonly called the broad-leaved prickly pear, ndg- 
 plianna, chappal, is quite naturalized, and is generally looked 
 on in the Deccan as a nuisance. It is nearly if not quite the 
 same species as that on which the cochineal insect is reared in 
 Teneriffe (H.) In Mexico, where apparently cochineal was 
 first produced, the plant is called nopal, and the plantations 
 nopalries. The species so common in 8. Italy, O. vulgaris, 
 is to all appearance the same, and there, as in America, the 
 fruit is called the Indian fig. Hehn eulogizes the plant in a 
 manner which reads strangely to those who know it only in 
 India. 
 
 Note. " In India there are no indigenous cactuses : what people take 
 fur thickets of cactus are really cactus-like spurges. In the dry soil of 
 India many spurges grow thick and succulent, learn to suppress their 
 leaves, and assume the bizarre appearance of the true cactuses. In 
 flower and fruit, however, they are euphorbic to the end ; it is only 
 in the thick and fleshy stem that they resemble their noble and more 
 beautiful Western rivals." Grant Allen. 
 
 Many species of cactus have large and splendid flowers : 
 "And cactuses a Queen might don, 
 If weary of a golden crown, 
 
 And still appear as royal." E. B. Browning. 
 K 2 
 
132 The Flowering Plants of Western India, 
 
 To this order also belongs the genus Cereus. C.grandiflorus, grown 
 in Indian verandas, is, as regards its flowers, one of the most beauti- 
 ful objects of the vegetable world ; and that its splendid blossom lasts 
 but the few hours of a single night, perhaps enhances its value. 
 
 " Do you wish to see the prettiest thing you ever saw in your 
 lives ? . . If so, come this moment to my conservatory. My night - 
 blowing Cereus has her coming-out party to-night." (A long and 
 rather high-flown description follows.) The Bread-winners. 
 
 ORDER 58. DATISCACEJE. 
 
 Flowers small, unisexual, calyx tubular with 3 to 9 teeth, 
 petals none, ovary adherent to the calyx, capsule opening at 
 the top between the styles. 
 
 One of the smallest orders, resembling Begoniaceae, but without the 
 succulent habit. 
 
 TETRAMELES. Stamens 4, inserted round a depressed disk, 
 styles 4, short. 
 
 * T. nudiflora. A large tree, leaves long petioled, roundish 
 or ovate, sometimes lobed, downy beneath, flowers small 
 yellow in panicles, stigmas thick, obliquely truncate, capsule 
 very small, ovoid, glandular. Jangli bhendi. 
 
 The Ghauts (D.) The flowers appear before the leaves. 
 
 ORDER 59. FICOIDE.E. 
 
 Succulent herbs with simple generally opposite leaves and 
 regular flowers, calyx of 4 or 5 segments, free, petals none or 
 small. 
 
 A rather uninteresting order, though the Mesembryanthemums 
 (with very numerous petals) are ornamental garden plants. M. 
 crystallinum is the ice plant. 
 
 Note. All the genera here given are without petals. 
 
 1. SESUVIUM. Leaves fleshy, calyx tubular, stamens many 
 or 5, inserted round the top of the calyx tube, capsule 3 to 5- 
 celled, circumeiss. 
 
 2. TRIANTHEMA. Diffuse, prostrate, leaves in pairs, one large 
 and one small, the petioles dilated and joined at the base, 
 flowers from the dilated petioles, stamens inserted near the 
 top of the calyx tube, capsule 1 or 2-celled, circumeiss, more 
 or less beaked. 
 
 3. MOLLUGO* Leaves entire, with scarious stipules soon 
 falling off, flowers axillary ; calyx deeply 5-divided, stamens 
 hypogynous, ovary free, capsule membranous, 3 to 5-celled. 
 
Order 59. Ficoidece. 133 
 
 1. SESUVIUM. 
 
 8. portulacastrum. A smooth, very fleshy prostrate plant, 
 much tinged with red, stems rooting at the joints, very thick, 
 leaves oval spathulate, flowers axillary, solitary stalked, calyx 
 within and stamens pink, ovary 3-lobed, styles 3 thread-like. 
 Dhdpa. 
 
 On the sea-shore, Salsette, Bassein, &c. 
 
 2. TRIANTHEMA. 
 
 T. monogyna (T. dbcordata, D.). Creeping, with thick stems 
 much tinged with red and hairy on one side, leaves obovate, 
 petioles hairy, with 2 bract-like processes, flowers solitary 
 sessile, sepals 5, pinkish, stamens 15, style one, capsule some- 
 what 4-pointed, seeds 4 to 6, black. Kdpra, narmd. 
 
 Common on rice fields, Bombay, Salsette, Cutch. 
 
 T. crystallina, stamens 5, style 1, capsule about 2-seeded. Poona. 
 Cambay (D.). Cutch, very common. *T. decandra, stamens 10, styles 
 2, capsule 4-seeded. Bombay and elsewhere. *T. hydaspica, stamens 
 5 to 7, styles 2, capsule 10 to 15-seeded. Not in D. or G. Bombay 
 and Sind (H.) T. pentandra like T. crystallina, but with 2 styles and 
 about 4 seeds. Poona. In Sind, Dr. DymocJc, and called fasarldni, 
 but not ascribed to this Presidency by any of the books. 
 
 3. MOLLUGO. 
 
 1. M. hirta (Glinus lotoides, D.). A mean-looking prostrate 
 plant, covered with white down, leaves small ovate or obovate, 
 fascicled in unequal sizes, flowers few together of a dirty pink, 
 stamens 10 or 12, styles 5, capsule oblong, seeds with a long 
 bristly appendage. Kotliak. 
 
 A common weed. Throughout India, H. He has 3 varieties. 
 
 2. M. stricta. Erect with angular branched stems, leaves 
 linear lanceolate to obovate, verticelled, veinless, flowers in 
 panicles small, white, stamens 3 or 5, styles 3, capsule round, 
 seeds without appendages. Jharas. 
 
 A common weed throughout India. H. includes in this M. penta- 
 pliylla of D., JR. and others. 
 
 JN 'ote. The genus Mollugo was formerly included in Caryophylleae 
 and this plant suggests that order. 
 
 ORDER 60. UMBELLIFER^E. 
 
 Herbs often with hollow and furrowed stems, leaves usually 
 divided into many segments, petiole generally sheathing at the 
 
134 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 base, flowers very small in umbels, generally compound, and 
 with numerous bracts, calyx adnate to the ovary, petals 5, 
 often unequal, inserted round a fleshy disk, stamens 5 epigy- 
 nous ; styles *2, fruit of 2 carpels, united until ripe, generally 
 ridged and furrowed. 
 
 This large but very plain family is very well known in England, 
 but has few representatives in W. India, and those few not common. 
 It is one of the most natural orders, the umbellate arrangement of 
 small white or yellow flowers, and the apparently 2-lobed dry fruit 
 being very characteristic. But it is often very difficult to distin- 
 guish the genera and species, so that Kousseau compared the plant a 
 of this order to a number of relations, with so great a family likeness 
 that outsiders could be sure of the close relationship without being 
 able to distinguish individuals. 
 
 Note. The outer flowers of the umbels are generally more irregular 
 than the others, the outer petals being the largest. 
 
 The cultivated species are far better known than any of the 
 native Indian ones ; and any one can get a good idea of the 
 peculiarities of the order by carefully comparing the flowers 
 and fruit of two or three of the species here given, viz. : 
 
 Apium petroselinum parsley. 
 
 A. graveolens celery, Karfas, bori ajmod. 
 
 Fceniculum vulgare, fennel, barishoph, warydli. 
 
 Pastinaea sativa parsnep. 
 
 Daucus carota carrot ganjar. 
 
 Coriandrum sativum, coriander dhangd, Kothmir. 
 
 Peucedanum graveolens dill sowd. 
 
 Cuminum cyminum cummin jira . 
 
 Note. Out of 13 native species attributed by IT. to this Presidency, 
 8 are given on the authority of Dalzell, Stocks and Law alone, and 
 apparently not known otherwise. 
 
 Note. The first of the genera here given is by no means a typical 
 TJmbellifer, the umbels being not very pronounced ; the flowers, in 
 the species here given, dark, and the leaves simple. 
 
 1. HYDROOOTYLE. Prostrate herbs, rooting at the nodes, 
 leaves entire, umbels simple, small, fruit laterally compressed, 
 the achenes flat, nearly round. 
 
 2. CARUM. Petals retuse or emarginate, fruit laterally com- 
 pressed, ovate or oblong. 
 
 3. PIMPINELLA. Impossible to give any constant and appre- 
 ciable distinctions from the last. 
 
 4. PEUCEDANUM. Fruit much dorsally compressed, achenes 
 winged on the margin. 
 
Orderfo. Umbelliferce. 135 
 
 5. HERACLEUM. Bracts few or none, petals obovate emar- 
 ginate or bifid, fruit roundish, much dorsally compressed. 
 
 1. HYDROCOTYLE. White rot. 
 
 H. asiatica. A small plant, leaves round or kidney-shaped, 
 crenated, long-stalked, umbels short, flowers few, dark-coloured, 
 near the root, fruit roundish. Brahmi, Kdringa, Kdrivand, 
 
 S. Konkan, Mahableshwar, and elsewhere in moist places, not 
 common. Throughout India, H., and in the warmer parts of the 
 globe. The leaves are like those of violets. 
 
 2. CALUM. Caraway. 
 
 C. Roxburghianum (Pimpinella involucrata, D.). Erect ; 
 leaves much divided, segments linear, flowers \vhite, umbels 
 long-stalked of 6 or 8 rays, bracts both general and partial 
 various ; fruit warted. Ajmod, Karonga. 
 
 This D. calls very common in the Konkans. Throughout India, ex- 
 tensively cultivated (H). I had it only at Sattara, and do not feel 
 certain of the identification. Two or three ether species are 
 cultivated, the leaves being used for parsley, and the seeds for 
 caraway. 
 
 3. PIMPINELLA. Burnet saxifrage. 
 
 1. P. lateriflora. A smooth delicate plant; leaves twice or 
 thrice ternate, segments linear-lanceolate, umbels about 8, 
 general bracts about 8, partial about 4, flowers tinged with 
 violet or pink, fruit warted. 
 
 Poona. Ravines in the Deccan, common (-D.)- 
 
 2. P. adscendens. A slender smooth plant, radical leaves 
 many ; leaflets about 6 pair oval, serrate cuneate at the base, 
 stem leaves few ; flowers white, bracts small linear, fruit not 
 warted. 
 
 Panchganni. Banks of Konkan, rivers and elsewhere (D.). The 
 plant smells like parsley. 
 
 P. monoica. Six or eight feet high, smooth, nmbels in many 
 branches at the top, leaves trifoliate, the tipper leaflets variously 
 divided ; fruit at first woolly. Bhdlga. Mahableshwar. Highest 
 Ghauts (D.). *P. heyneana, two feet high, smooth, leaves, and some- 
 times leaflets, ternate, umbels long-stalked, without bracts, fruit 
 roundish. Konkan (D.). 
 
 4. PEUCEDANUM. Hog's fennel. 
 
 * P. grande (Pastinaca g. D.). Three feet high, thick- 
 stemmed, smooth, leaves mostly radical bipinnate, leaflets of 
 
136 The Fevering Plants of Western India. 
 
 3 large rounded lobes, flowers yellow, fruit large, broadly ovate 
 Bdphali. 
 
 Matheran and Konkan hills ; the fruit is sold in Tanna bazaar. 
 Ghauts near Bombay (J}.}. 
 
 *P. dliana (Pastinaca glauca, D.). Leaves radical, pinnate, leaflets 
 3 to 5, generally deeply lobed, bracts few and varions, flowers small, 
 yellow, fruit broad oval. Koland. The root, like a carrot, is eaten. 
 Near Belgaum (D.). 
 
 5. HERACLEUM. Cow parsnep. 
 
 H. pinda. One to two feet high, hairy, leaves mostly 
 radical bipinnate, segments coarsely toothed, umbels with 6 to 
 8 unequal rays, flowers white, external petals large, deeply 
 lobed. Pinda. 
 
 Lanoli. Mahableshwar, Dr. CooJce. Ghauts (D.). 
 
 *H. concanense, larger, all hispid with spreading hairs, leaves twice 
 ternate. Konkan hills (!>.) 
 
 *H. rigens (H. sprengelianum, D.). 2 or 3 feet high, leaves with 
 3 to 7 roundish leaflets, fruit roundish, reddish brown. Between 
 Belgaum and Earn Ghaut (D.). 
 
 Polyzygus tuberosus, a smooth herb, leaves twice ternate, segments 
 ovate, variable, flowers white, petals turned in, fruit smooth shining. 
 Dapoli. Malwan (D.). 
 
 *Bupleurum mucronatum (B. falcatum, D.). Diffuse, much-branched, 
 leaves oblong, linear, long-pointed, rays 5 to 8 with 8 to 12 flowers, 
 fruit strongly ribbed. Dharwar Collectorate (D.). 
 
 Assafoetida, hing, called devil's dung by the old travellers, is a gum 
 from one or two species of Ferula, which grow in Beluchistan, 
 Persia, Ac. 
 
 OEDEE 61. AEALIACE^E. The ivy tribe. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often climbing, leaves alternate, flowers 
 regular, small, calyx tube united with the ovary, petals 5 to 7, 
 stamens as many, inserted round a disk. 
 
 This is a small order coming near to the last, but the flowers are 
 imperfectly umbelled, and the fruit succulent. Hedera helix is the 
 English ivy, found also in the Himalayas. 
 
 HEPTAPLEURUM. Large shrubs or trees, umbels panicled, 
 fruit a berry-like drupe, roundish, 5 or 6-angled. 
 
 *H. Wallichiamim (Hedera w. D.). A strong woody 
 climber, leaves digitate long-stalked, leaflets 5 to 10, oblong, 
 entire leathery, flowers pedicelled, panicles very large, berry 
 6-celled, crowned by the much enlarged pentagonal disk. 
 
Order 62. Cornacece. 137 
 
 Foot of Earn Ghaut and similar places, pretty common (!>.) H. 
 calls it a large glabrous tree. It is a southern species. 
 
 To this order belong two very common garden shrubs, Panax 
 cochleatum, shell-leaved panax, with simple large and very hollow 
 leaves, and P. fruficosum with large supra-decompound leaves. 
 
 ORDER 62. CORNACE^l. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with small regular flowers, calyx tube 
 united to the ovary, stamens inserted with the petals into a 
 fleshy disk, ovary inferior, style single. 
 
 This is a small order of the northern hemisphere, allied to the 
 two last, but differing from Umbeliiferee in the flowers not being in 
 umbels, and from Araliaceae in having a single style. The cornel or 
 dog-wood (Cornus sangninea) is a well-known shrub or small tree 
 of English hedges. The wood throughout the order is very hard. 
 
 ALANGIUM. Leaves alternate entire, petals 5 to 10, stamens 
 twice as many, style very long, stigma large capitate, fruit a 
 berry crowned by the calyx limb. 
 
 A. Lamarckii. A small tree with grey bark and occasional 
 thorns, leaves oblong or lanceolate, slightly hairy, flowers in 
 small fascicles on the naked branches very fragrant, calyx teeth 
 minute, petals varying in number, yellowish white, curled 
 back ; stamens about 20, long, white, bearded at the base, 
 disk white and fleshy, berry like a gooseberry, dark red with 
 one large seed embedded in pulp. Ankul, Kdla alcol. 
 
 Konkans. Also Peccan and Gnzerat (-D.). Throughout India, very ' 
 common (-ff.). 
 
IY. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENS. 
 
 PLANTS having a corolla with united petals, the stamens 
 inserted on it, and very generally definite in number. 
 
 The thirty orders which are included in this great division 
 of plants can be separated for the most part into two very 
 distinct groups 
 
 1. Flowers, generally regular, with 4 or 5 stamens, and the 
 same number of calyx and corolla lobes ; the stamens as a rule 
 alternate with the corolla lobes. 
 
 2. Flowers with an irregular 2 -lipped corolla, and either 2 
 or 4 (didynamous) stamens, generally the latter. 
 
 Note 1. It must be remembered that in many cases, particularly 
 in the earlier orders of this division, the petals are united very low 
 down, and so may at first sight easily be looked on as separate. 
 
 Note 2. Throughout this division the stamens are on the corolla, 
 except when otherwise stated. 
 
 CONSPECTUS OF ORDERS. 
 
 I. STAMENS 4 or 5 : LOBES OF CALYX AND COROLLA AS MANY. 
 (a) Stamens 5, corolla regular. 
 
 67. PLUMBAGINE^. Herbs or undershrubs ; ovary superior. 
 
 68. PEIMULACEJE. Herbs. 
 
 69. MYRSINE^;. Shrubs or trees, leaves alternate undivided, 
 
 without stipules. 
 
 75. APOCYNEJE. Generally shrubs, leaves opposite entire, 
 
 without stipules ; fruit often of 2 follicles. 
 
 76. AscLEPiADACEJ3. Generally twiners with milky juice ; 
 
 stamens combined into a mass, fruit of 2 follicles. 
 
 81. CONVOLVULACE^. Twiners, leaves alternate, ovary 
 
 superior. 
 
 82. SOLANACE^E. Herbs or shrubs, leaves alternate, without 
 
 stipules. 
 (6) Stamens 5, corolla irregular. 
 
 65. GOODENOVLSJ. A shrub, corolla oblique. 
 
 66. CAMPANULACE^:. Tribe Lobelieae. Herbs, ovary inferior, 
 (c) Stamens 4 ; flowers regular. 
 
Order 61. Rubiaceoe. 
 
 139 
 
 74. SALVADOKACEJE. Trees or shrubs, leaves opposite entire. 
 92. PLANTAGJNE^E. Herbs with radical leaves ; stamens 
 
 long and weak, anthers large. 
 (d) Stamens 4 or 5 ; flowers regular. 
 63. RUBIACEJS (except Randia and Gardenia). Leaves simple 
 
 entire, stipulate, ovary inferior. 
 
 77. LOGANIACE^;. Leaves opposite, ovary superior. 
 
 78. GENTIANACE^: (except Canscora). Herbs, leaves oppo- 
 
 site, all parts symmetrical. 
 
 79. HYDB.OPHYLLACE^. Differs from the last in having 
 
 alternate leaves, and imbricated corolla lobes. 
 
 80. BORAGINE^;. Rough plants, leaves alternate, fruit often 
 
 of 4 nutlets. 
 
 66. CAMPAN.ULACE^;. Tribe Campanuleae. Herbs. 
 II. FLOWERS BILABIATE : STAMENS 4, DIDYNAMOUS, OR TWO. 
 
 83. LENTIBULARIE^S. Herbs of moist places, corolla spurred, 
 
 stamens 2. 
 
 84. SCROPHULARINE^]. 
 
 85. OROBANCHACE^. 
 
 86. GESNERACE.E. 
 
 87. BIGNONIACE^I. 
 
 88. PEDALINE^;. 
 
 89. AOANTHACE^:. 
 
 90. VERBENACEJE. 
 
 91. LABIATE. 
 
 For distinctions see explana- 
 tions preceding these orders. 
 
 III. ORDERS NOI INCLUDED IN THE AEOVE. 
 
 64. COMPOSITE. An order quite by itself ; flowers composed 
 of many distinct perfect florets. 
 
 70. SAPOTACE^:. ^ 
 
 71. EBENACE^:. V Trees ; almost all with many stamens. 
 
 72. STYKACE^E. ) 
 
 73. OLEACEJB. Trees or shrubs, flowers regular, stamens 2. 
 
 Note. In some cases the short descriptions given above refer not 
 to the order generally, but only to those genera and species here 
 described. 
 
 ORDER 63 RUBIACEJE. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with simple entire leaves, opposite or 
 whorled, with stipules (except Rubia), often sheathing, calyx 
 tube adherent to the ovary, corolla regular tubular, 4 or 5- 
 
140 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 lobed (but see Randia and Gardenia], stamens as many inserted 
 on the corolla. 
 
 This is a large and important order, mainly tropical, generally 
 characterized by great symmetry in all parts of the plants. The 
 best known species are the Coffee shrub, the various species of 
 Chinchona, and the ornamental Gardenias. 
 
 The distinctions between the genera here given are often obscure, 
 and a considerable number of the species maybe called inconspicuous 
 weeds. 
 
 Note. H. has made a great number of tribes, which, owing to the 
 slight differences, I have been unable to follow. I have grouped the 
 genera as well as I can, but those of group (e) have no noticeable 
 characteristics apart from those of the order. 
 
 (a) Trees or shrubs, flowers small in dense round heads. 
 
 Note. This is a very distinct group. All here given, with two 
 other species, were formerly in one genus, Nanclea, of which H. has 
 made four. 
 
 1. ANTHOCEPHALUS. Calyx and corolla tubular and 5- 
 lobed, style exserted ; fruit fleshy, round, composed of the 
 aggregated pyrenes of many separate flowers. 
 
 2. ADINA. Like the last, but the fruit of each flower separate 
 
 and capsular. 
 
 3. STEPHEGYNE. Like the last, but the calyx limb entire. 
 (I) Shrubs or small trees, flowers in spikes or racemes. 
 
 4. HYMENODICTYON. Parts of the flower 5, capsule rnany- 
 
 5. WENDLANDIA. Stamens between the corolla lobes, capsule 
 
 small, round. 
 
 (c) Small inconspicuous plants ; parts of the flower 4, when 
 
 not otherwise stated. 
 
 6. DENTELLA. Parts of the flower mostly 5, corolla lobes 
 
 with 2 or 3 teeth. 
 
 7. HEDYOTIS. Stigma one, bifid or two-lobed. 
 
 8. OLDENLANDIA. Stipules acute or bristly, stigmas 2. 
 
 9. ANOTIS. Stigmas 2 to 4, capsule 2-lobed 
 
 (d) Trees or shrubs, anthers sessile or nearly so, fruit fleshy. 
 
 10. MUSS^NDA. Calyx lobes and petals 5, one lobe of the 
 
 calyx very large and leaf-like. 
 
 11. EANDIA. Corolla lobes and stamens usually 5, berry 2- 
 
 celled, many-seeded. 
 
 12. GARDENIA. Flowers white, often large, corolla lobes 
 
 and stamens 5 to 12, the latter in the tube, style short 
 and stout. 
 
Order 63. Rubiacece. 141 
 
 13. CANTHIUM. Flowers small axillary, ovary 2-celled, style 
 
 stout, stigma large. 
 
 14. VANGUERIA. Like the last, but ovary 3 to 6-celled, and 
 
 fruit larger. 
 
 15. IXORA. Corolla tube long and very slender, lobes 4, 
 
 twisted in bud, style filiform exserted, fruit quite small. 
 
 16. PAVETTA. Like the last, but stipules more or less 
 
 sheathing, and style much longer. 
 
 1 7. MORINDA. Flowers white on a common receptacle ; 
 
 calyx altogether united to the ovary and without a limb, 
 and therefore not easily distinguishable, corolla lobes 
 4 to 7, fruit of the whole head of flowers united into one 
 large berry. 
 
 Note. From the peculiarities of calyx and fruit this is a very 
 difficult genus to identify. 
 
 () 
 
 18. HA.MILTONIA. Flowers small, numerous, corolla tube 
 
 long, filaments short, ovary 5 -furrowed, style 5 divided, 
 capsule 5-valved. 
 
 19. SPERMACOCE. Flowers small, corolla lobes 4, fruit of 2 
 
 united achenes. 
 
 (/) Herbs with angular stems and entire leaves in whor 1 
 without stipules. 
 
 20. RUBIA. Straggling or climbing, fruit didymous, fleshy. 
 
 Note. This last genus alone belongs to the tribe by which the 
 order is known in England ; and which is sufficiently distinct to have 
 been made a separate order (Stellatae) by Bentham. 
 
 1. ANTHOCEPHALTJS. 
 
 A. cadamba (Nauclea c. D.) A very fine tree with large 
 long-stalked cordate ovate leaves, flowers in large stalked 
 showy heads, fragrant, orange coloured with white exserted 
 stigmas, calyx tubes growing together, corolla tube long, fruit 
 size of a small orange, yellow. Nhiv, nipa, Kadamba. 
 
 Not uncommon about villages in the Konkan, and frequently 
 planted about temples. Wild or cultivated throughout India (ff.). 
 
 This tree is held in great reverence both by Hindoos and Buddhists. 
 The ancient Indians compared the smell of the flowers to that of new 
 wine, from which they called the tree Halipriya (Sir W. Jones] : the 
 flowers also having an irresistible power of recalling the absent lover. 
 From its seed the tree of Buddha is said to have sprung, and to have 
 grown in a moment to an enormous size. (Dym.ock.) It is also 
 much connected with the unedifying history of Krishna, and therefore 
 held in reverence by his devotees. 
 
142 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 2. ADINA. 
 
 A. cordifolia (Naudea c. D.) A stout tree with large round 
 cordate slightly hairy leaves tinged with red, flowers in smaller 
 heads than the last, buff coloured, strong smelling, calyx very 
 small, capsule small, wedge-shaped, many-seeded. Heda, 
 haldwa, aldu. 
 
 The Konkans, tolerably common. Dry forests throughout the 
 hilly parts of India (#.) 
 
 3. STEPHEGTNE. 
 
 S. parvifolia (Naudea parviflora, D.) A nearly smooth 
 tree with oval leaves, heads of flowers much smaller than the 
 last, the peduncle with 2 small leaves at the base, flowers light 
 yellow, calyx lobes very short, capsule very small. Kadam, 
 Tialwan. 
 
 The Konkans. Throughout the drier parts of India (H.). 
 
 Naudea. Gen. as the last. *N. missionis. Small tree, leaves 
 elliptic with winged petioles and sheathing stipules, flowers yellowish- 
 white. Chorla Ghaut (D.]. Konkan, Stocks (H.). 
 
 (b) 4. HYMENODICTYON. 
 
 * H. ezcelsum, leaves oblong or roundish, flowers greenish- 
 white in large panicles, floral leaves large oblong, coloured, cap- 
 sule oblong on thick curved pedicel, Icadwa, dondru, ddndelu. 
 
 Along the Ghauts (D.) Panchmahals (-B.). * H. obovatum, leaves 
 smooth obovate, flowers in racemes, white or greenish, strong smell- 
 ing, floral leaves lanceolate, coloured, capsule small erect. Kadtcai, 
 Sirid. Ghaut jangles, common (D.). 
 
 5. WENDENLANDIA. 
 
 W. notoniana. A very handsome small tree or shrub, with 
 long oval nearly smooth leaves, stipules leafy, flowers in thick 
 heads or panicles of interrupted spikes, pure white, long tubed, 
 veryiragrant ; capsule enclosed in the calyx. 
 
 Near Mahableshwar and in other parts of the Ghaits, not com- 
 mon. Hills of the Deccan peninsula, common (H ) Wight calls 
 the flowers reddish white, and H. says the leaves are usually in 
 threes. 
 
 (c) 6. DENTELLA. 
 
 D. repens. A small creeping plant with oval ciliated leaves 
 and small white flowers, nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs, 
 capsule compressed oval 2-celled. 
 
 Common in moist places. 
 
 7. HEDYOTIS. 
 77. auricularia. Prostrate, slightly hair}', leaves lanceolate 
 
Order 63. Rubiacece. 143 
 
 or ovate, strongly nerved below, stipules membranous, edged 
 with long hairs, flowers small, white, sessile, with short broad 
 tube, capsule very small, crowned by the calyx segments. Gai- 
 maril. 
 
 Dapoli. This is not in D., but G. has it common in the rains. 
 Nearly all over India with several very distinct-looking vars. (ff.). 
 
 8. OLDENLANDIA. 
 
 1. 0. corymbosa (Hedyotis burmaniana, D.). A small weak 
 plant, leaves linear or lanceolate, stipules bristly, peduncles 
 often divided, bearing from one to four white flowers, corolla 
 tube short, capsule didymous, smooth. Phdpati. 
 
 Common. Very common at Mahableshwar in October (Dr. Cooke). 
 An abundant weed throughout India, varying from a diminutive 
 straggling herb to an erect one a foot or more high (H.). 
 
 2. 0. Heyneii (Hedyotis h. D.). Like the last, but larger and 
 stronger, branches acutely angled, flowers solitary or in pairs, 
 corolla tube long, capsule opening across the top. Kdjhuri, 
 pdrpati. 
 
 Konkan, common. These two probably run into one another. 
 
 0. trinervia, (Hedyotis t.~D.) procumbent, straggling, leaves ovate or 
 roundish, flowers solitary or clustered, corolla rotate, white or 
 purplish, capsule small, hairy. S. Konkan. 0. aspera (H. aspera, 1).), 
 small and rough, leaves narrow linear, stipules sheathing, bristly, 
 flowers long-tubed, pale blue, capsule roundish. Poona. Deccan and 
 Surat. (D.) *0. umbellata, stem woody, much-branched, leaves often 
 fascicled, linear, flat, peduncle stout, capsule as in No. 1. Not in D., 
 but G. calls it Indian madder, common in Konkans. *0. Senegalensis 
 (Hedyotis s. D.) a foot high, leaves linear, flowers short-pedicelled, 
 distant, few, dingy white, capsule hemispheric. Barren places in the 
 Deccan (D.). 
 
 9. ANOTIS. 
 
 A. foetida. (Hedyotis f. D.). Erect, smooth, leaves linear or 
 narrow lanceolate, flowers purple in threes or fives at the end of 
 long peduncles, very fetid, capsule broader than long. 
 
 Konkan and Canara (D. and B.}. At Poona there is a species or 
 variety very common, and agreeing with this except that it is all 
 hairy and the leaves oval. At Kew I found specimens with hairy, 
 but not oval leaves. 
 
 *A. Leschenaultii, stems straggling, hairy, leaves broad ovate, 
 stipules bristly, flowers blue, long-tubed, calyx increasing and becom- 
 ing leaflike after flowering. Belgaum (D.). *A. lancifolia, erect, 
 leaves lanceolate, flowers in heads of 5, long-tubed, capsule rough, 
 much broader than long. *A. Rheedi (H. lalifolia, D.), a large 
 species, stems square, leaves ovate hairy, flowers minute, pale 
 rose colour, capsule very small. Mai wan (D.) *A.carnosa (Hedyotis c.D.) 
 smooth thick and fleshy : Malwan (D.) ; supposed by him to be only a 
 
144 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 seashore variety of A. foetida. *A. Ritchiei, very slender, acutely 
 angled, leaves lanceolate, rough, flowers purple, tube very slender. 
 Konkan and Belgautn (#.). Not in D. 
 
 Note. The last three genera run into one another a good deal, and 
 H. has 97 species between them; so the student may expect to be 
 puzzled. 
 
 To this group belong Argostemma, flowers white, panicled or uin- 
 belled. *A courtallense (A. Cuneatum, D.). About three inches high, 
 leaves in pairs or fours ovate, umbels short, bracts leafy : on rocks at 
 Chorla Ghaut (D.). *A. verticellatum (A. glaberrimum, D.), leaves 
 sessile in fours, lanceolate ovate, unequal -sided, all parts of the 
 flower 5, filaments swollen at the points, adhering. Trees in Wari 
 (D.). Canara (H.}. Ophiorrhiza, all parts of flower 5, disk very large, 
 capsule girt in the middle by the calyx tube. *0. harrisiana, herba- 
 ceous or half shrubby, leaves ovate lanceolate, stipules with one or 
 more long points, flowers white in corymbs. Ram Ghaut (D.\ 
 
 Knoxia (here inserted out of H.'s order), fruit very small of 2 cocci. 
 *K. corymbosa, erect, slender, leaves lanceolate, stipules bristly, 
 sheathing, flowers very small, white or purplish, fruit 4-angled. Near 
 Vingorla (D.). 
 
 (d) 10. MUSS^ENDA. 
 
 M. frondosa. A shrub, inclining to climb, leaves oval, 
 flowers small in terminal cymes, rich yellow, one of the calyx 
 segments like a white leaf, the other segments long linear, 
 fruit smooth obovoid. Sancad, Iduchut, bhutkesh, shivar- 
 doli. 
 
 Common in the Konkan and on the Ghauts; handsome and easily 
 recognizable by what seems a leaf growing out of the flower, " white 
 with the whiteness of what is dead." By this the plant departs very 
 remarkably from the symmetrical character of the order. H. gives 6 
 varieties. 
 
 11. RANDIA. 
 
 R. uliginosa. A small smooth tree, branches rigid, 4-angled, 
 thorns short and few, leaves large, shining, ovate or obovate, 
 narrow at the base, flowers large, white, solitary, sessile, very 
 fragrant, petals 5 to 8, rounded, stigma large, yellow, fruit size 
 and shape of a guava, yellow, smooth, with deep depression left 
 by the calyx. Pendharey, Kaurio. 
 
 S. Konkan, S. M. country, Panchmahals. All parts of the flower 
 aie more or less fleshy, and the fruit is eatable. H. says that the 
 flowers are of two forms, either large and sessile with stigma 2-cleft, 
 or small and pednncled with stigma entire. 
 
 2. R. dvmetorum. A rigid shrub or small tree, smaller in all 
 
 points than the last, thorns stout, leaves smooth, shining, oval, 
 
 narrow at the lase, flowers solitary, terminal, white, fragrant, 
 
 turning to yellow as they fade ; fruit size of a small apple, 
 
 green. Ghela, pairdlu, mindhal. 
 
Order 63. Rubiacece* 145 
 
 Very common on the Ghauts and other hills : also in most parts cf 
 India (Brandis). Very variable in habit and size. H. includes iu this 
 D.'s R. longispina, with long straight thorns and fruit size of a small 
 wood apple. Khandesh jungles. 
 
 The fruit is used for poisoning fish, but when ripe is roasted and 
 eaten. 
 
 12. GARDENIA. 
 
 1. 6r. lucida. A large shrub or small tree, leaves oval, smooth, 
 hard and shining, flowers large, long tuhed, white, solitary, 
 stamens erect, stigma thick and protruding, fruit size of an 
 acorn, smooth green, striped longitudinally, crowned with the 
 lanceolate calyx lobes. JJekdmdli, Karanji. 
 Konkan, and further South. 
 
 The dekamdli ointment is the yellow strong-smelling gum which 
 exudes from the youn^ shoots of this and of *G. gummifera, a similar 
 tree called Kamari, found in the S. M. country and Canara. Its leaves 
 are sometimes obovate, flowers 2 or 3 together almost sessile, fruit 
 much larger, oblong, smooth, with a stout beak (D.). *G. latifolia, leaves 
 opposite or in threes, large broad oval, stipules large, connate, flowers 
 large, solitary, long-tubed, fruit large, round, greenish speckled. 
 Pdndru,pdpur, Ghogari. Khandesh, Konkan, Belgaum (D.). *G. turgida 
 (G. montana, D.), thorns straight, leaves oblong obovato, flowers 
 3 to 6 together, white, short-tubed, fruit roundish or ovoid, rough, 
 grey. Kurphendra. The Atavisi, Mr. Law (#.). 
 
 13. CANTHIUM. 
 
 C. umbellatum. A handsome tree with smooth oval entire 
 leaves, flowers white in short-stalked umbels, corolla lobes and 
 stamens 5, fruit larger than a pea with square calyx mark on 
 the top. Arsul, tup. 
 
 G.'s C. didymum, Mdlya, warsangi, common along the Ghauts, which 
 seems to be less of a tree, and the flowers in compressed cymes 
 instead of umbels, is probably not a different species (H.}. This is 
 found at Mahableshwar and on the Ghauts. *C. Rheedii, a thorns 
 shrub, leaves ovate lanceolate, flowers small, greenish, fascicled or 
 in racemes, tube very short and broad with acute lobes, fruit roundish. 
 Konkan (G.). Near Sivri Fort (D.). *0. angustifolium (C. LescJienaultii* 
 D.) H. thinks to be only a glabrous variety of G. Rheedii. Foot of 
 Ram Ghaut (D.). Chdpyel. *C.parviflorum, shrubby, often very thorny, 
 leaves ovate to roundish, corolla and calyx lobes and stamens 4, 
 flowers very small, yellowish. Kirni. S. Ghauts and S. M. country 
 (D.). Near Ellora (G.) 
 
 14. VANGUERIA. 
 
 V. spinosa. A small handsome tree, more or less thorny with 
 broad ovate highly polished leaves, flowers small, greenish, in 
 short cymes, corolla very hairy within, stamens scarcely longer 
 than the hairs, calyx very small at the base of the corolla tube, 
 
 L 
 
146 The Flow zring Plants of Western India. 
 
 fruit when ripe brown and rotten like a medlar, eatable. Alw, 
 Chirclioli. 
 Common in the Konkan and Ghants. 
 
 H. makes V. edulis, which is cultivated and has the same native 
 r.ame, a different tree. It is unarmed. 
 
 15. IXORA. 
 
 1. J. parviflora. A shrub or small tree with rather large 
 oblong blunt shining leaves, cordate at the base, and small pink 
 or white flowers in cross-armed panicles with bracts at the 
 intersections, style very hairy, berry round, smooth, size of a pea. 
 Kurdt, rdikura, gudvi-lakri^ mdkri che-jhdr. 
 
 Ghants and Konkan. The green branches are used for torches, 
 whence it is called " the torch tree." 
 
 2. /. coccinea. A shrub with smooth obovate leaves, upper 
 ones stem-clasping, flowers bright scarlet in close terminal 
 umbels or corymbs, calyx very small, corolla lobes broad-pointed, 
 berries scarlet, turning to purple. Bakora, cibuli, pendltiLl. 
 
 Exceedingly common on the seashore of the S. Konkan, and strik- 
 ingly beautiful. From the general resemblance of the flowers to the 
 scarlet geranium it is often called " jungle geranium." 
 " Where, gemming oft the sacred gloom, 
 
 Glows the geranium's scarlet bloom." Heber. 
 
 Also called " Flame of the woods " ; probably landhuka of Sanscrit 
 poetry. Cultivated throughout India (H.). 
 
 3. /. nigricans. A handsome shrub with long lanceolate 
 leaves, which turn black in drying, flowers delicate, white, in 
 very large heads, calyx and pedicels reddish, fruit size of a pea. 
 Kdtkuri, lokhand, dikura. 
 
 The Ghauts. 
 
 *I. elongata (I. pedunculata, D.). A shrub with slender smooth 
 branches, leaves elliptic, smooth, leathery, flowers small, pink, in a 
 lojse panicle, fruit slightly 2-lobed. Ghauts (D.). Konkan and 
 Canara (H.) 
 
 16. PAVETTA. 
 
 P. Indica. A smooth shrub of no beauty, leaves lanceolate, 
 obovate, flowers dingy white in crowded heads, corolla tube 
 very long, berry size of a pea. Pdpat, tartari. " Matheran 
 coffee." (Mr. Birdivood.') 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts, very common. " Throughout India; one of 
 the commonest and most variable of Indian small trees or bushes " 
 (H.). He includes in this D.'s P. Brunonis ,whioh is softly hairy more 
 or less all over. 
 
Order 63. Rubiacece. 147 
 
 *P. hispidula (P. siphonantha, D.). Very like the last, but with 
 flowers usually much larger and yellowish. Parpuli Ghaut (D.). 
 
 Webera, filaments short or none, stigma long. *W. corymbosa 
 (Stylocoryne Webera, D.), leaves oblong lanceolate, shining, flowers 
 small, white, in corymbs, corolla bearded in the mouth, stigma 10-rib- 
 bed, berry size of a pea. Kdre. 
 
 Diplospora, flowers dioecious, calyx and corolla tube short. *D. 
 apiocarpa {Discospermum a. D.). Middle-sized tree, leaves ovate 
 elliptic, flowers small, sessile in the axils, stamens much exserted, 
 fruit pear-shaped with a circular ring below the top. *D. sphcerocarpa 
 (Discospermum s. D.), like the last, but the fruit round, fetid, 2-celled. 
 These two depend chiefly on Dalzell, who has " Ghauts, lat. 16." 
 
 17. MOEINDA. 
 
 1. M. tinctoria (M. citrifolia, D). A shrub or small tree, 
 branches 4-angled, leaves oval, shining, flowers white in short- 
 stalked heads, corolla lobes and stamens 5, fruit round or ovoid, 
 fleshy. Al, bdrtondi. 
 
 " Cultivated and wild (?) throughout the hotter parts of India and 
 Ceylon" (H. ). Fields of it are cultivated in Khandesh and other 
 places, for the roots, from which a red dye is made. 
 
 H. includes in this D.'s M. bracteata, which has heads of flowers 
 bracted, and calyx often with one long leafy lobe. (See Mus- 
 scenda.} 
 
 2. M. citrifolia (M. tomentosa, D). A shrub or small tree, 
 most parts downy with handsome shining ovate leaves, flowers 
 few together, white, long-tubed, fragrant, fruit round and 
 smooth, size of an apple, showing the marks of the separate 
 berries of which it is composed. Ndgkura, aseti. 
 
 The Konkan and elsewhere, often planted. 
 
 If. strangely puts the fruit of this as one inch in diameter, though 
 it is described and figured as above by various authors. There ap- 
 pears to be much confusion between this species and the last, and 
 many varieties are found throughout India. The tree is very widely 
 spread. Captain Cook says that the fruit is eaten in the South Sea 
 islands in time of scarcity. At Sierra Leone it is called the brimstone- 
 tree, and attains a great size. 
 
 (e) 18. HAMILTONIA. 
 
 *H. suaveolens (H. mysorensis, D.). A small erect rigid 
 shrub, leaves oval lanceolate, flowers small, white or blue, calyx 
 teeth very variable, often with intermediate gland-tipped pro- 
 cesses, capsule very small, elliptical, seeds 3-sided. Gidisa, 
 gitsai, 
 
 Caranjah and the Ghauts, pretty common (D. and #.). 
 H. calls this shrub 'fetid when bruised,' which seems scarcely 
 
 L 2 
 
148 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 consistent with the specific name, still less with B.'s description of 
 it as " a charming fragrant -flowered shrub.'* 
 
 19. SPERMACOCE. 
 
 1. S. stricta. A small erect rough plant with square hairy 
 stems, leaves sessile linear lanceolate, flowers very small, short- 
 tubed, white, crowded in the axils, capsule roundish, crowned 
 by the calyx, smooth below, rough above. 
 
 Common in the rains at Rutnagherry, Bombay, and other places, 
 and throughout India (#.). Not in D. or G. 
 
 2. S. hispida. A rather trailing plant, all rough, stems square, 
 reddish, leaves ovate sessile, flowers very small, few, in axillary 
 whorls, corolla long-tubed, blue or white, capsule as in the last. 
 Madnaghauti, Ghautiche bdji, dhoti. 
 
 I noted the corolla tube as white, lobes lilac. 
 A common weed. Throughout India (ff.). 
 
 Psychotria, shrubs, fruit of 2 pyrenes. *P. truncata (Grutnilea vagin- 
 nans, D.). Smooth, with large obovate leaves and very large sheath- 
 ing stipules, flowers small, white, fruit like black pepper. Chorla 
 Ghaut and Mahableshwar (D.). Matheran (Birdwood). H. has also 
 in Canara and southwards, P. Dalsellii, with very large broad oblong 
 or roundish stipules, and large persistent bracts. 
 
 Chasalia, shrub, corolla tube long, curved. *C. curvijlora (Psychotria 
 amliyua, D.). Smooth, leaves oblong lanceolate, flowers white in 
 cymes, fruit size of pea. Parwar Ghaut (-D.). 
 
 Geophila, small herbs, corolla tube long. *G. reniformis, creeping, 
 leaves roundish, deeply cordate, flowers very small, corolla lobes 
 recurved, fruit small, round, purple. Vingorla (D.). 
 
 Saprosma, shrub, calyx limb dilated. *8. Indicum. Smooth, with 
 sessile oblong leaves, stipules sheathing, flowers few, terminal, berry 
 ovoid, blue, crowned with the calyx teeth, very fetid. Chorla Ghaut 
 (D.). 
 
 (/) 20. RUBIA. 
 
 R. cordifolia. A rough straggling climber, leaves in 4's, long- 
 petioled, ovate cordate pointed, strongly nerved, flowers minute 
 white, usually 5-cleft in large compound panicles, fruit size of 
 a small pea, black, sometimes twin. Manjit, itdri. Indian 
 madder. 
 
 Mahableshwar and the higher Ghauts. Throughout the hilly dis- 
 tricts of India, very variable (H.). 
 
 This is very much in the style of the common English goose grass 
 (Galium aperine], found also in the Himalayas. 
 
 Co/ea arabica, the coffee shrub, Kawa, bun, belongs to the 
 same tribe as Ixora, &c. Sir E. Tennent describes the great 
 beauty of the shrub at every season. 
 
Order 64. Composite^. 149 
 
 The cinchonas, now much cultivated in India, belong to a 
 tribe of which no other species is found in W. India. The 
 discovery of the virtues of Peruvian bark, as it was formerly 
 called, was, according to Dr. Darwin, accidental : trees cut 
 down for other purposes having impregnated the water into 
 which they fell Avith quinine, and this having cured of fever 
 some workmen who drank the water. 
 
 ORDER 64. COMPOSITE. Composites. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, leaves generally alternate (except in tribe 
 5), without stipules, flowers composed of many small florets 
 inserted on a broad receptacle, which is often furnished with 
 chaffy scales (paleas), and surrounded by an involucre of many 
 bracts often in several series. 
 
 Description of florets. Calyx superior, but curiously modi- 
 fied, as it adheres closely to the ovary and is indistinguishable 
 from it (except Echinops) ; the limb if present composed of 
 bristles or hairs (pappus), corolla either tubular with 4 or o 
 lobes or strap-shaped (ligulate); stamens as many as the corolla 
 lobes, within the tube, anthers generally cohering, style slender 
 and bifid, fruit an achene, crowned by the pappus, if there is one. 
 
 This is the largest of all the orders, containing, it is said, one 
 tenth of all the flowering plants known, and is also the most natural, 
 so that one can seldom mistake a species of this order for anything 
 else. 
 
 The description given above needs some explanation. If 
 what is commonly called a flower in this order be picked to 
 pieces, it proves to be made up of a number of many small 
 flowers (florets), each complete in itself. Hooker has therefore 
 given up the old mode of description, given above, for one 
 more technically correct, and so describes a daisy or sun-flower 1 
 as a head of flowers, and each floret as a flower, and so through- 
 out the order. But I have retained the old method of de- 
 scription as easier for those who are not scientific. 
 
 The shape of the flowers is either rayed, i.e. having a centre 
 of erect tubular florets, and a margin of strap-shaped florets, all 
 turning outwards (e.g. the sun-flower), or disciform, having a 
 more or less round and flat top of erect florets without any 
 margin (eg. the groundsels in England, and Blumeas in India). 
 Unfortunately for the classification flowers of both shapes 
 occur in most of the tribes, and even in many genera. 
 
 1 A flower of Guizotia, Kdlatil, or of Zinnia, is an equally good example. 
 
150 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 The flowers are composed either 1 of tubular florets only, 2 of 
 strap-shaped florets only, 3 of tubular and strap- shaped mixed. 
 Jussieu classified the genera on this principle, which is I think 
 certainly the simplest for beginners. But this arrangement has 
 gone out of date, and Hooker has adopted De Candolle's, modi- 
 fied by Cassini, in which the shape of the styles is made the 
 determining feature. This arrangement is, I believe, not easy 
 even for scientific botanists, and for the unscientific it is scarcely 
 possible. I have therefore not attempted to describe this 
 feature, nor to give HSs description of the florets as honio- 
 gamous or heterogamous ; and I fear that thus cut short the 
 tribal distinctions here given will not be found of any great use. 
 
 It is not possible to allot H.'s genera to Jussieu's tribes, 
 mentioned above, but I believe that it is correct to say that in 
 what follows 
 
 Tribes 1 and 2 have florets all tubular : no rays. 
 
 Tribe 9 the same, but with flowers of the thistle type. 
 
 Tribe 10, florets all strap-shaped ; no disk : flowers of the 
 dandelion type. 
 
 The remaining six tribes have flowers with or without rays. 
 There is, however, a difficulty to beginners, that a flower may be 
 called rayed when it has only 3 or 4 (perhaps minute) florets 
 differing from the rest, and so to an ordinary observer would 
 appear not rayed. 
 
 The peculiarities of the involucre usually afford generic 
 distinctions. This generally clasps the flower like a calyx, and 
 is often (as in the thistles) very conspicuous. I have called 
 the segments of the involucre bracts, and bracts of the ordinary 
 sort when present, which is not often, floral leaves. 
 
 The number of plants of this order with which we have to 
 do is small in proportion to the whole number ; a gratifying 
 circumstance when we remember the small average of beauty, 
 and the frequent difficulty of recognition. There are few 
 attractive plants among those wild in W. India. The dahlias, 
 zinnias and sunflowers are foreigners. 
 
 " Nearly all the composite (and cruciferse), wild or culti- 
 vated, are used as salad in the East." Hooker. " They have 
 all more or less bitterness, which is sometimes associated with 
 astringent, acrid, and narcotic qualities." Sal/our. 
 
 TRIBES 1 and 2. VERNONIE^I and EUPATORIE^. Florets all 
 tubular and hermaphrodite, corolla never yellow (occasionally 
 orange). 
 
Order 64. Composites. 151 
 
 1. VERNONIA. Bracts in many series, inner longest, achenes 
 generally ribbed or angled, pappus of many hairs, 
 
 2. ELEPHANTOPOUS. Rigid herbs, flowers -of 2 to 5 florets 
 clustered into heads, bracts about 8, dry and stiff, corolla equally 
 4-lobed, cleft on one side, achenes truncate, 10-ribbed, bristles 
 of pappus rigid. 
 
 3. ADENOSTEMMA. Smooth or glandular herbs, leaves mostly 
 opposite, bracts many in one or two series, tube of florets short, 
 achenes 5-ribbed glandular, pappus hairs few and short. 
 
 4. AGERATUM. As the last, but bracts in 2 or 3 series, 
 achenes 5 -angled, pappus various. 
 
 TRIBES 3 and 4. A^TEROIDE^ and INULOIDE^;. Floweis 
 usually yellow, florets all tubular, or the outer (female) ligulate, 
 inner hermaphrodite (except Ca?sulia), receptacle almost 
 always naked. 
 
 5. DICROCEPHALA. Annuals, flowers very small, not rayed, 
 outer florets in many series, bracts in one series, achenes com- 
 pressed without pappus. 
 
 6. CYATHOCLINE. Strong smelling annuals, flowers small, 
 not rayed, receptacle elongated concave at the top, bracts in one 
 or two series, florets as in the last, achenes minute, oblong, 
 smooth, without pappus. 
 
 7. GRANGEA. Softly hairy herbs, flowers roundish, not 
 rayed, outer florets filiform, tube very slender, bracts in few 
 series, outer herbaceous, pappus cup-shaped. 
 
 8. CONYZA. Ray florets filiform, rarely strap-shaped, 2 or 3- 
 toothed, inner tubular 5-toothed, involucre bell- shaped. 
 
 9. ELUMEA. Glandular pubescent or woolly herbs, flowers in 
 racemes or panicles, outer florets many filiform, inner few 
 tubular, bracts in many series, narrow. 
 
 10. LAGGERA. As the last, but centre of many florets. 
 
 11. SPH^ERANTHUS. Low branched annuals with winged 
 stems, flowers in close round clusters, bracts mostly chaffy, 
 achenes large, angled. 
 
 12. GNAPHALIUM. Hoary or woolly herbs, florets all fertile, 
 outer filiform and numerous, bracts scarious in many series. 
 
 13. VICOA. Flowers woolly, ray florets narrow, involucre 
 bell-shaped, bracts in many series narrow, inner scarious. 
 
 14. PULICARIA. As the last, but bracts in few series, narrow, 
 pointed or awned, pappus double. 
 
 15. CESULIA. A smooth inarsh herb, flowers in axillary 
 sessile round heads, surrounded by floral leaves, florets tubular, 
 bracts only two, pappus none. 
 
1 5 2 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 TRIBES. HELIANTHOIDEJ;. Flowers rayed or not, receptacle 
 paleaceous, pappus slight or none. 
 
 Note. Though the sunflower is the type of this tribe, the flowers of 
 many of the genera and species here given are not rayed : in all 
 except the first genus they are yellow. 
 
 16. LAGASCA. Leaves mostly opposite, flowers in leafy balls 
 not rayed, florets all hermaphrodite, and tubular, involucre 
 tubular of 5 united bracts. 
 
 17. SIEGESBECKIA. Glandular herbs with opposite leaves, 
 flowers partly rayed, ray florets female, in one series short tubed, 
 disk florets hermaphrodite, bracts few herbaceous, outer spathu- 
 late spreading. 
 
 18. ECLIPTA. Leaves opposite, flowers small peduncled, 
 rayed, of female and hermaphrodite florets, bracts in one or two 
 series herbaceous, outer large and broad. 
 
 19. WEDELIA. Rough or hairy h>rbs or undershrubs, leaves 
 opposite, flowers rayed, ray florets large, strap-shaped, disk 
 florets tubular with elongated limb, bracts few, outer usually 
 herbaceous, inner dry. 
 
 20. SPILANTHES. Leaves opposite, flowers long-stalked, rayed 
 or not, bracts in one or two series, receptacle convex elon- 
 gate. 
 
 21. GUIZOTIA. Leaves mostly opposite, flowers stalked, 
 decidedly rayed, tube of all florets short and woolly, bracts in 
 one or two series, outer leafy, inner chaffy, receptacle convex 
 or conic. 
 
 22. GLOSSOCARDIA. A smooth herb with much divided 
 leaves, flowers small, scarcely rayed, florets very few, bracts few, 
 inner oblong with membranous margins. 
 
 23. BIDENS. Leaves opposite, outer bracts short and leafy, 
 inner membranous. 
 
 TRIBE 6. HELENIOIDE.E. Flowers as in the last, receptacle 
 naked, flowers yellow. 
 
 24. FLAVIEHIA. Leaves opposite, florets of disk solitary or 
 few, of ray solitary or none, bracts in one series equal, free, 
 pappus none. 
 
 TRIBE 7. ANTHEMIDE^. Flowers rayed or not, bracts dry 
 or with scarious tips, pappus none or slight. 
 
 25. ARTEMISIA. Strong- smelling herbs or shrubs, flowers 
 not rayed, in racemes or panicles, outer florets female, very 
 slender, bracts in few series, outer shorter. 
 
Order 64. Compositas* 153 
 
 TRIBE 8. SENECIONIDEJ:. Like the last, but flowers all 
 yellow, and pappus more decided. 
 
 26. EMILIA. Florets generally all hermaphrodite and tubular, 
 pappus white. 
 
 27. NOTONIA. Fleshy undershrubs, flowers large, florets all 
 hermaphrodite, bracts in one series equal. 
 
 28. SENECIO. Bracts in one or two series, equal, with a few 
 shorter outer ones, pappus soft, white. 
 
 TRIBE 9. CYNAROIDEJ). The thistle and artichoke tribe. 
 Flowers all tubular, bracts imbricated, frequently bristly, recep- 
 tacle bristly, leaves often spinous. 
 
 29. ECHINOPS. Flowers in dense involucred heads, each 
 floret with its own calyx distinct from the ovary, pappus 
 bristly. 
 
 30. TRICHOLEPIS. Unarmed herbs, florets all hermaphrodite 
 and fertile, bracts narrow, pappus bristly, unequal, receptacle 
 densely bristly. 
 
 TRIBE 10. CICHORACE^ : the chicory and dandelion tribe. 
 Herbs, usually with milky juice, florets all strap-shaped, trun- 
 cate, tip 5-toothed. 
 
 31. LACTUCA. Involucre narrow, bracts in few series, recep- 
 tacle flat, naked, pappus abundant. 
 
 32. SONCHUS. Involucre broad at the base, bracts in many 
 series, outer smaller, receptacle and pappus as in the last. 
 
 33. LAUNEA. Involucre bell-shaped or cylindrical, other- 
 wise as in the last. 
 
 (1) VERNONIE.E. 
 
 1. YERNONIA. 
 
 1. V. cinerea. A common-looking rather weak plant, with 
 oval or oblong rather hairy leaves, toothed, flowers small, dull 
 purple in corymbs, bracts lanceolate, achenes not angled or 
 ribbed. Moti sddori, sahddevi. 
 
 A common weed all over India : very variable in habit and foliage, 
 but uniform in flowers (H,). He seems to include D.'s f r . conyzoides 
 in this. 
 
 2. V. divergem (Eupatorium d. D.). A tall shrub with large 
 broad toothed leaves, narrowed into the petiole, flowers very 
 numerous in small heads, panicled, light purple, corolla tube 
 curved, achenes smooth, 10-angled or ribbed. Bundar. 
 
 The Ghauts. From Central India southwards (F.). 
 This much resembles the English hemp agrimony, Eupatorium 
 cannabinum. 
 
1 54 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 *V. antlielmintica. Large, stout, leaves lanceolate, coarsely- 
 serrated, flowers purple in corymbs, bracts linear with broad 
 purplish tips. Kala jira. 
 
 2. ELEPHANTOPOUS. 
 
 E. scaber. Coarse, rough and hairy, leaves large obovate 
 radical, flat on the ground, flowers purple, floral leaves cordate, 
 acute, spinous. Mhdka, pdthri. 
 
 Common in the Konkan and Ghauts. -Throughout India (//.) The 
 leaves, in growth and shape like those of the primrose, appear at 
 the beginning of the rains, and raise hopes of something good. 
 Nothing more appears till about September, when a tall and pro- 
 mising stem shoots up, and, after further waiting, develops as plain 
 and uninteresting a flower as could be seen. 
 
 Centrantherum, bracts in many series, inner dry, outer herbaceous. 
 C. phyllolcenum (Decaneurum molle, !>.). Erect, branched, leaves 
 ovate, roughish above, woolly below, bristle-serrated, flowers solitary 
 purple, rather handsome. Dapoli. S. Konkan (D.). The other species 
 are not in (D.), *C. tcnue, very like this, butimore slender with smaller 
 flowers, and only one or two of the leafy bracts. Konkan (If.). 
 Matheran (Birdwood). *C. courtallense, similar, but leaves often quite 
 entire, and coarse hairs all about ; Canara (H.). *C. Ritchiei, branches 
 smooth, sometimes shining, the outer leafy bracts 2 to 6, large cordate ; 
 Konkan and Canara (//.). *C. Hookeri. Stiff, branches angled and 
 grooved, leaves linear lanceolate, flowers red, involucre with no 
 leafy bracts. Konkan (H.). 
 
 Lamprachccnium, bracts in many series all dry, pappus hairs few and 
 short. *L. Microcephalum, erect branched annual, leaves white 
 beneath, elliptic, flowers small in heads or panicles, bracts acute> 
 pappus reddish. Parwar Ghaut (D.). Smells of chamomile. Very 
 like Centrantherum tenue (H.). 
 
 Adenoon, bracts in many series awned, outer shorter, pappus 
 none. *A. Indicum, erect, branched, stems angular and grooved, 
 leaves broad ovate, glandular, flowers panicled, blue. Kusumb, 
 Moti Sonki. Parwar Ghaut and Belgaum, (D. and G.) : Mahableshwar 
 (CooJce). 
 
 (2) EUPATORIE*:. 
 
 3. ADENOSTEMMA. 
 
 A. viscosum (A. latifoUum and A. rivale, D.). A tall, 
 strong-smelling weed, hairy or viscid, with rough nettle-shaped 
 leaves coarsely serrated, and heads of small white flowers in 
 panicles, bracts narrow, about equal ; achenes often warted. 
 Rangirtn. 
 
 Konkan, Deccan and Cutch. Throughout India, and varying very 
 much, especially as to hairiness, breadth of leaves and wartiness of 
 achenes (fl.). 
 
Order 64. Composites. 155 
 
 4. AGERATUM. 
 
 *A. conyzoides. Rough, hairy and strong- smelling, leaves 
 ovate, cuneate, flowers small, pale purple in dense terminal 
 corymbs, bracts linear, about equal, achenes black. Ganera, 
 oscidi. 
 
 Not in D., but G. calls it one of the commonest weeds in gardens 
 at Belgaum, Bombay, and elsewhere. Throughout India and in all 
 hot countries (#.) 
 
 (3) ASTEROIDE^. 
 
 5. DlCROCEPHALA. 
 
 D. latifolia. Erect, about a foot high, all hairy, leaves 
 obovate, toothed, lobed at the base, flowers in very small heads 
 of many minute florets, the centre ones yellow, the outer silvery 
 or lilac. 
 
 Mahableshwar and elsewhere in the Ghauts. Widely spread in 
 India: leaves very variable (H.}. 
 
 6. CYATHOCLINE. 
 
 1. C. lyrata (C. stricta, D.). A delicate, leafy, greyish plant, 
 erect, covered with clammy white hairs, leaves much divided, 
 lobes serrated, flowers in small rather flat corymbs, purple. 
 Gangotri. 
 
 Banks of streams in Konkan and W. Deccan. 
 
 2. 0. lutea (C. Lawii, D.). A very pretty delicate-looking 
 plant, with pinnatifid or much divided leaves pressed flat 
 on the ground, stem about four inches high, almost leafless, 
 branched, flowers bright yellow, button-shaped. 
 
 " A curious and very beautiful little plant" (fl.). The leaves are 
 like miniature copies of those of the well-known English "milfoil" 
 or " yarrow." 
 
 Lanoli. The Ghauts and Konkan : and nowhere else (fl.)* 
 7. GRANGEA. 
 
 G. maderaspatana. Prostrate, much branched, covered with 
 white clammy hairs, leaves sinuate or pinnatifid, flowers bright 
 yellow in nearly round flat-topped heads ; florets very numerous 
 minute. Mashipatri. 
 
 In rice fields and similar places in the cold weather. Throughout 
 India (H.). 
 
 8. CONYZA. 
 C. stricta (C. absinthe/alia, D.). A handsome erect plant, stem 
 
1 56 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 leaves crowded, narrow, the lower coarsely toothed, flowers 
 small yellow, in flat-topped panicles, bracts linear, pointed. 
 
 Leaves sometimes pinnatifid (H.). The Ghauts, Matheran. "The 
 commonest composite at Mahableshwar." Cooke. 
 
 C. adenocarpa, rough and hairy, much branched, leaves ppathulate, 
 stem-clasping, flowers small yellow in corymbs, achenes with yellow 
 glands. Highest Ghauts (D.). 
 
 Erigeron. Flowers rayed, onter bracts green, narrow, pappus often 
 double. E. asteroides, hairy plant, leaves ^tern-clasping, ovate or 
 oblong, flowers solitary, rather large, disk yellow, rays lilac. Mdndi, 
 Sousdli. Poona. Konkan ((?.) Not in D. 
 
 Note. The daisy (bellis} and Aster are the best known flowers of 
 this tribe ; but, except Erigeron, the genera given above have flowers 
 not rayed. 
 
 (4) INULOIDE^:. 
 
 9. BLUMEA. 
 
 " The species of this genus may be called the groundsels of India. 
 . . . There is no more unsatisfactory genus . . . the divisions here 
 proposed are most unsatisfactory, and I fear that the scientific 
 diagnosis is not much better. . . . The foliage is sportive to an ex- 
 traordinary degree, as is the pubescence; gland-hairs are common to 
 most species, but the amount varies with the dryness of the locality' 
 
 This will explain the difficulty of identifying the species ; and I 
 may add that there is so little beauty or usefulness in the genus, as 
 far as I know it, that if it disappeaied from the face of the earth 
 altogether, instead of increasing and multiplying as it does, there 
 would be very little to regret. 
 
 Mr. Jaikrisbna Indraji, who gave me a good deal of information 
 about this gen as, says that the strong-smelling species are called 
 generally bhdmurda, chaucJiar mori, and Kdkharunda. 
 
 Note. The flowers are yellow, unless otherwise stated. 
 
 *1. B. amplectens. Branches spreading, leaves oblong, 
 coarsely toothed, flowers stalked, solitary, or in pairs, bracts very 
 slender. 
 
 Common on roadsides (Z>.). H. has a variety near the sea, bushy, 
 smooth and glandular. 
 
 *B. Ufoliata is like this, but the leaves serrate, and tips of the 
 bracts not hair-pointed (H.). Common about Surat (Z>.). 
 
 2. B. glomerata. All grey and hairy, leaves obovate or 
 lyrate, serrate, flowers in clusters all along the branches, some- 
 times in interrupted spikes. 
 
Order 64. Composite* 157 
 
 Konkans and Ghauts. I take this to be th" common Matheran 
 species. H. includes in it D's B holosericea ii/d leptoclada. 
 
 3. B. lacera {B. leptoclada, D.). Hairy, glandular and 
 strong-smelling, leaves obvate oblong, serrated towards the 
 top, flowers clustered, bracts narrow-pointed, achenes smooth. 
 
 This I take to be the common strong-smelling species growing all 
 over dry rice fields. Throughout the plains of India (H.}. 
 
 Very like this are *_B. laciniata, usually taller and smoother, scent- 
 less and with laciaiate leaves; rare in the Konkan (tf.); and *B. 
 Wightiana, often prostrate with ascending branches, flowers small, 
 pink or purple, achanes hairy. Bombay, and plains of India 
 
 4. B. membranacea, (B. murulis, D.). Tall and slender, 
 hairy and glandular, leaves lyrate toothed, flowers very small, 
 oblong, bracts slender and shining. 
 
 On roadsides and old walla. Throughout India in 6 varieties 
 *B. mrens closely resembles this, but is perfectly smooth, sometimes 
 4 feet high. Konkan and Canara (H. ). *B. oxyodonta, a small species, 
 prostrate or diffuse, branched, leaves obovate, spine-toothed, flowers 
 few, peduncles slender. Not in D. Bombay (Mr. J.Indraji). H. has 
 *B. eriantha, Konkan, Law, perhaps a variety of this, very slender, 
 peduncles and involucres with long silky hairs, nimurdi. *. Mai- 
 colmii, like these two, " the stout habit, dense silvery woolly clothing, 
 and sparse often peduncled heads are its most prominent characters" 
 (H.). Konkan and Belgaum (H.). Matheran (Birdwood). *B. Belan- 
 geriana, woolly, branches a foot long, often ied-brown; Konkan 
 (H.). *B. Maiabarica, leaves membranous with a distinct petiole, 
 flowers half an inch in diameter; Canara, &c., Law (H.). *B. specta- 
 bilis (B. Longifolia, D.). Six to eight feet high, leaves oblong, petiole 
 often winged, flowers in a pyramidal panicle with floral leaves, 
 pappus red. Tallawari (Z).). Canara (.ff.). 
 
 10. LAGGERA. 
 
 1. L. alata (Blumea a. D.) A stout leafy plant with reddish 
 hairs, stems winged, leaves oblong-toothed decurrent, flowers 
 purplish in racemes, drooping, outer bracts often recurved, 
 inner long, straight. 
 
 Ghauts (-D.). 
 
 2. L. aurita. Rather slender, stem not winged, leaves 
 lanceolate or half pinnatifid, shortly decurrent, flowers pink, 
 bracts soft and slender, Jangli muli. 
 
 Not in D. or Cr. Common in Bombay. 
 
 11. SPH^RANTHUS. 
 S. Indicus (S. mollis, D.) A small prostrate plant, all hairy 
 
1 5 8 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 and strong-smelling, stem petioles and peduncles irregularly 
 winged, leaves oblong, broader at the top, toothed, flowers 
 purple in round heads, florets many minute, bracts shorter and 
 slender. Mundi, Kharak-shepu, nai. 
 Common in rice fields in the cold weather. 
 
 12. GNAPHALIUM. Cudweed. 
 
 G. Indicum. A small diffuse weed, branched from the root, 
 all covered with white cotton, leaves oblong or linear, heads of 
 flowers small in spikes with scarcely any colour, but becoming 
 brown and rough when withering. 
 
 Common throughout India (H.). It is very like the English (7. 
 uliginosum. 
 
 G. hypoleucum, very similar, but leaves stem clasping and auricled, 
 flowers yellow. Wara in the Poona districts. Abu (Dalzill*. Not in 
 D. Mr. Birdwood has at Matheran G, leucoalbum, smaller than this 
 and the leaves not auricled. 
 
 13. VlCOA. 
 
 V. auriculata (V. Indica, D.). Erect branched, leaves 
 sessile, lanceolate, auricled, much wrinkled, flowers small, 
 solitary or twin, long-stalked, like camomile. 
 
 Deccan, Konkan, Cutch. Drier parts of India (#.). 
 
 * V. cernua, like this, but lower leaves petioled, flowers drooping, 
 bracts with recurved margins. Konkan Hills and Belgaum (D. and 
 H.). 
 
 14. PULICARIA. Fleabane, 
 
 P. Wightiana (Callisteplms w. D.) Strong erect branched, 
 leaves sessile linear oblong, flowers solitary long-stalked, yellow, 
 outer bracts leafy. 
 
 Common in the Deccan. Peduncles swollen upwards (E.). *P. 
 angustifolia (Callistephus concolor, D.). Much smaller in every respect, 
 " the ligules very deciduous, if indeed they are always present" (H.). 
 Mdlwan (D.), Cutch (PaZm.). 
 
 jVofe. Most of the English fleabanes are woolly, but the above are 
 not BO. 
 
 To this tribe also belong Pluchea, florets as in Blumea, but the 
 few central florets are sterile, bracts ovate, broad, dry. *P. Walii- 
 chiana. A tall shrub, glandular, hairy and rough, leaves sessile, 
 obovate, flowers pink in corymbs. Dhej, Guzerat (D.)- Sindh (H.). 
 *P. Indica, 6 or 8 feet high, hedges in Cutch (Palin.). 
 
 Nanofhamnus, florets as in the last, but very few of either sort, 
 bracts in many series lanceolate, dry, pappus none. *N. sericeus, 
 a small rigid woolly herb, stems very many, leaves lanceolate, pun- 
 
Order 64. Composite. 159 
 
 gent, flowers in dense clusters, subsessile. Not in D, or G. Konkan 
 Hills, Dalzell (#.). 
 
 Epaltes, outer florets in many series, female, filiform, centre 
 hermaphrodite, bracts in many series, pappus none. E. divaricata, 
 small prostrate, much-branched herb, leaves oblong, broader above, 
 slightly decurrent, flowers one or two together, flat topped, contain- 
 ing an immense number of pink florets. Malwan in rice fields. H. 
 calls it erect, 4 to 8 inches high. 
 
 Blepkarispermum, flowers in close round clusters, bracts mostly 
 chaffy. *B. subsessile (Leucoblepharis s. D.). A smooth under shrub, 
 leaves ovate or elliptic shining, clusters of flowers with large leafy 
 floral leaves. Ghauts (D-), Dharwar (G.), Konkan and Canara (H.}. 
 
 Heliclirysum, very like Gnaphalium in generic features. *H. 
 Buddleioides. A shrub 4 to 6 feet high, densely cottony, leaves 
 large sessile lanceolate, flowers yellow in many round clusters, 
 inner bracts with a scarious blade. Along the Ghauts (H.). Not in 
 D. or &. 
 
 Inula. Flowers rayed, outer bracts herbaceous. *I. Grantioides, 
 a low stout, woody shrub with balsamic smell, leaves fleshy trifid, 
 flowers large, solitary, yellow, rays few and short, bracts hairy and 
 sticky. Not in D. Cutch and Sind. 
 
 15. C^SULIA. 
 
 Note. I have put this at the end of the tribe, as being very unlike 
 all the other genera ; it is in fact not easy to recognize it as belong- 
 ing to the order, and the same may be said of Flavieria. 
 
 G. axillaris. A rather pretty plant, often prostrate, stem 
 purple and mottled, leaves lanceolate, dilated into a broad stem- 
 clasping base, which contains the sessile heads of pale-coloured 
 flowers ; the leaf bases and the few floral leaves are violet and 
 veined, style black. 
 
 Bombay, Konkan and Deccan ; common in wet ground. Through- 
 out N. India (H.}. 
 
 (5) HELIANTHOIDEJS. 
 
 16. LAGASOA. 
 
 L. mollis. A common-looking much-branched herb, leaves 
 ovate acuminate silky, flowers in round long-stalked heads of 
 many white florets, heads surrounded by floral leaves. 
 
 A South American plant, now very common about Poona and else- 
 where. 
 
 17. SlEGESBECKIA. 
 
 8. orientalis. A branched plant with woody stem, leaves 
 ovate, coarsely toothed, softly hairy, flowers small, yellow, 
 solitary, short-stalked, with few florets, inner bracts united 
 enclosing the florets, outer 5, linear slightly dilated at the top 
 achenes angular black. 
 
160 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Poona districts. Near Belgaum (D .). Throughout India and all 
 over the world in warm climates (H.). 
 
 H. has in the genus ' flowers subradiate in leafy panicles,' but my 
 description agrees with B.'s. 
 
 18. ECLIPTA. 
 
 E. alba (E. erecta and E. prostrata, D.). A small rough 
 weed, erect or diffuse, leaves lanceolate or oval, narrow at both 
 ends, flowers white, solitary or twin enclosed in a large soft 
 involucre, outer florets very narrow. Mdka, bdngra. 
 
 Common in most parts. Throughout India, and in all warm 
 climates j leaves very variable (T.). 
 
 From the predominance of narrow strap-shaped florets the flowers 
 look like those of a chickweed. 
 
 19. WEDELIA. 
 
 W. urticsefolia (Woolastonia biflora, D.). Shrubby spread- 
 ing, branches angular grooved, leaves ovate pointed, serrated, 
 peduncles generally two together, of which one is longer, flowers 
 rather large yellow, ray florets few, bracts lanceolate dry, 
 achenes with black spot in the middle. Sunki. 
 
 Very common on the Ghauts ; covering the roofs of houses at 
 Khandalla (6r.). D. has no habitat. I had it at Mai wan close to the 
 sea, and H. has W". bi/iora as a coast species very like this but a 
 climber ; so some differences may be allowed for. 
 
 W. calendulacea, straggling, hairy, leaves lanceolate ovate, flowers 
 large, solitary, long-stalked, bright yellow, ligules few, disk florets 
 crowded on convex receptacle, outer bracts about 5 large. Pivala 
 mdkd. G. I. P. railway hedge about Lasalgaurn. No hab. (D.). 
 
 20. SPILANTHES. 
 
 $. acmella. A leafy plant with ovate lanceolate leaves and 
 small ovoid yellow flowers on very long stalks, ray florets small 
 and few ; achenes more or less rough. Acharbondi. 
 
 Deccan, Konkan and Ghauts. Throughout India (H.). 
 
 H. has 4 varieties, one of which has flowers in panicles, and one or 
 two are cultivated as pot herbs. 
 
 21. GUIZOTIA. 
 
 O. Abyssinica (G. oleifera, D.). An erect leafy plant, leaves 
 sessile or stem clasping, ovate lanceolate, serrate roughish, 
 flowers bright yellow, large and handsome, long-stalked, solitary 
 or in pairs, ray florets few and broad, bracts broad ovate. Ram 
 til, Kdla til. 
 
Order 64. Composites. 1 6 1 
 
 A native of tropical Africa, commonly cultivated for the oil ; a 
 field of it in full flower is a bright and splendid object. On the 
 Konkan hills it is often seen growing high up on steep and appa- 
 rently inaccessible slopes. 
 
 Note. That the black seeds of Sesamun Indicnm, which are com- 
 paratively rare, are also called Kdla til (Lisboa.) 
 
 22. GLOSSOCARDIA. 
 
 G. linearifolia (G. Bosvallea, D.) A very small diffuse 
 plant, stem angled, leaves of many filiform segments, petioles 
 long and channelled, flowers solitary, short-stalked, yellow, ray 
 florets only one or two. Fattarsuva. 
 
 Poona, Cutch. Common (D.). Has the smell of fennel (H.). 
 
 23. BIDENS. Bur marigold. 
 
 B. pilosa (B. WallicJiii, D.). A tall, rather lax, slightly 
 hairy plant, leaves pinnate, or pinnatifid, leaflets or segments 
 ovate deeply cut, petioles long and channelled, flowers yellow, 
 long-stalked, solitary or corymbose, ray florets very few or none 
 achenes with hooked awns. 
 
 Deccan, Bombay, &c. Throughout India, exceedingly variable (H.). 
 It has the general appearance of the common agrimony, rather than, 
 of the English species of this genus. 
 
 To this tribe belong Sclerocarpus ; flowers rayed, ray florets neuter 
 in one series, disk florets hermaphrodite, bracts few outer spreading, 
 receptacle raised. S. Africanus, straggling branched, rough, leaves 
 broad ovate, flowers solitary yellow, disk florets about 12. Nasik, 
 Junar Hills (D.)> Konkan (H.) The achenes which are covered by 
 the skin-like pales develop early, and separate the ray florets. 
 
 Ittainvilea, herbs, ray florets female, few or none, disk florets 
 tubular, hermaphrodite, bracts few, outer herbaceous, inner passing 
 into the dry scales of the receptacle. B. latifolia, erect rough, leaves 
 ovate, flowers mostly sessile small white, ligules few, 2-cleft, outer 
 bracts about 5, soft oblong. Poona, &c. No hab. (D.). Cutch, Palin. 
 Glossogyne, flowers small, scarcely rayed, florets very few, bracts 
 few, inner oblong with membranous margins. *6r. pinnatifida, smooth 
 erect, leaves mostly radical, pinnatifid or pinnate with narrow seg- 
 ments, flowers small yellow, bracts linear obtuse, achenes deeply 
 grooved. S. M. country (D.) 
 
 H. also puts in this tribe Xanthium, which has generally had a tribe 
 to itself, as being anomalous. Upper flowers round of many tubular 
 male florets, females below of 2 apetalous florets ; bracts of female 
 flowers closing and covering the achenes. *X. strumarium (X. 
 Indicum, D.). A coarse rough herb, leaves heart-shaped or 3-lobed, 
 florets dull purple, fruit ovate 2-beaked, covered with hooked bristles. 
 Common, especially about rivers in S. M. country (#.). Hotter parts 
 of India (H.). Shankeswar. Found in England, but not commonly. 
 
 M 
 
1 62 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 The sunflower is Helianthus annuus. 
 
 . . . " the sunflower, shining fair, 
 Eays round with flame her disk of seed." Tennyson. 
 
 The seeds are much eaten in Central Asia and in Russia. " The 
 Russian peasant is never completely happy unlesshe is cracking and 
 chewing the seeds of the sunflower." Harper's Mag. It is an 
 American plant, as is H. tuberosus, the Jerusalem artichoke. The 
 dahlias also belong to this tribe. 
 
 (6) HELENIOIDE^;. 
 
 24. FLA.VIERIA. 
 
 F. repanda. Prostrate or spreading with jointed stems, leaves 
 stem clasping, lanceolate, dilated at the base with very small 
 sessile yellow florets clustered there, bracts 4, leaf-like. 
 
 An imported plant, not given by H. nor by Z). or G., but com- 
 mon in gravel walks, &c., at Poona and elsewhere. It is not easy to 
 identify as belonging to this order, as the florets appear to be 
 quite independent. It resembles Csesulia in this and other respects. 
 
 (7) ANTHEMIDEJE. 
 
 25. ARTEMISIA. Wormwood. 
 
 A. vulgaris (A. Indica, D.). Tall strong plant, the stem and 
 underside of flowers covered with white down, leaves pinnatifid 
 or much lobed, toothed and cut, flowers in panicles or racemes 
 very small, the yellowish florets almost hidden in the invo- 
 lucre, outer bracts leafy, inner dry. Daona, mastdru, surband. 
 
 Deccan hills. Common at high elevations (If.). This, as H. has 
 identified it, is the common Mug wort of waste places in England. 
 Wormwood closely allied to this is several times mentioned in tke 
 Old Testament as symbolical of calamity or distress. Absinthe is 
 made from other species. 
 
 * A. parviftora, leaves cuneate, often lobed or pinnatifid, with a 
 pair of stipule-like lobes at the base, flowers green, drooping, bracts 
 broad, the edges & carious. Dauni. Mahableshwar and Ghauts (D. 
 and H.). 
 
 The chrysanthemums and camomiles (Anthemis) belong to this 
 tribe. 
 
 (8) SENECIONIDE^E. 
 
 26. EMILIA. 
 
 E. sonchifoUa. A common and variable weed, smooth or 
 slightly glaucous, leaves lyrate or pinnatifid, stem-clasping, some- 
 times auricled, leaves in small umbels purple, florets very 
 
Order 64. Composites. 1 63 
 
 numerous, involucre about as long as the flowers. Sddhi- 
 mandi. 
 
 Common in many places. Throughout India (H.), but not in D. 
 H. has three varieties. 
 
 E. flaminea (B. sagittata, D.). A garden species very like this, bat 
 with showy red flowers, is said by H. to be very commonly culti- 
 vated, and probably not a native of India. 
 
 27. NoTONIA. 
 
 * N. grandiflora. A small fleshy shrub with thick stem and 
 branches, leaves oblong or obovate entire, flowers large, long- 
 pedicelled, pale yellow, corymbose, achenes smooth. Wdndar 
 rotti, gaidar. 
 
 Kandalla, Mahableshwar and other high places : and common in 
 gardens. 
 
 * N. Balsamica, very like this, but distinguishable by the pappus, 
 which is of stiff flattened hairs, while those of N. grandiflora are 
 slender and round. Gaozabdn,pirang. The Ghauts, rare (D.). Both 
 are called the cabbage tree. 
 
 28. SENECIO. Kagwort. 
 
 This genus contains about 900 species, of which H. has 60 as 
 found in India. All the species here given belong to a section with 
 rayed flowers, ligules broad and long, bracts in one series, and pappus 
 rigid, scabrous, often reddish. 
 
 1. S. (Doronicum reticulatum, D.). Erect, slightly 
 
 rough, leaves somewhat quadrangular toothed, flowers small 
 yellow, about 2 together on long stalks, outer florets 10 to 12, 
 bracts linear, receptacle convex. Sonlci. 
 
 The Konkan. 
 
 This description is of a species that, according to D., has no pap- 
 pus, and I have found it so at Dapoli : but the point mentioned 
 makes it difficult to identify with any of #.'s, as it does not agree 
 otherwise with S. Belgaumensis. 
 
 The following, except S. Newrensis and Belgaumensis, are not in D. 
 or G. Most of them are known only to Dalzell and Law, and the 
 hab., when not otherwise given, is Konkan and Bababudin hills. 
 
 * S. ludens, ' a most sportive plant/ herbaceous, leaves more often 
 lyrate pinna tifid, the bases or petioles broad auricled. " Konkan 
 specimens very stout, stem a foot high, as thick below as the little 
 finger "(H.). * /S. tenuifolius. Slender, smooth, leaves sessile pinna- 
 tifid, flowers few, long-peduncled. W. Ghauts. *S. Newrensis (Doro- 
 nicum h. D.). A small leafy plant, leaves oblong, auricled, toothed 
 or subpinnatifid, flowers on long slender peduncles, ligules three, 
 very small, disk florets about 12. Rocky places near Junar (D.). 
 *S. Edgworthii, a very cottony herb, leaves cordate, rhomboid or 
 
 M 2 
 
164 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 orate with auricled petiole, ligules 10 to 14, pappus white. Central 
 India, &c. (H.). *S. Dublzellii, herbaceous, more or less cottony, leaves 
 linear or lanceolate, ligales 10 to 15 narrow. */S. Laivii, very like 
 the last, but much more slender with hair-like peduncles and smaller 
 heads. Konkan and Severndrug (D.). *S. Belgaumensis, erect, 
 branched, leaves rhomboid, aurioled, cottony below, peduncles long, 
 pappus none. Belgaum. *S. Grahamii, very like the last, but with 
 double pappus of long and short hairs ; also much like A. Lawii. 
 *S. Gibsoni, very similar, but leaves narrow, more membranaceous, 
 and not white below. 
 
 Anyone who could get specimens of all the species of this genus 
 and of Blumea that can be found in W. India, and get them identi- 
 fied, would do a good work. Blumea is a tropical and sub-tropical 
 genus, Senecio of temperate climes, and therefore usually found in 
 India only at high elevations. 
 
 Gynura, succulent herbs with bracts below the involucre, florets 
 generally all hermaphrodite and tubular, bracts in one series equal, 
 narrow. *G. angul>sa (G. simplex, D.) tall, erect, stem angled, leaves 
 large oblong ovate, sometimes auricled, flowers many and large, 
 deep orange, involucre bracts linear acute. Daliu. Junar hills (D.). 
 Mahableshwar (CooJce) : Konkan and Belgaum (H.). 
 
 The next tribe is Calendulacese, with only one genus Calendula. 
 C. offioinalis, the common Marygold, is found in the Punjaub and 
 Sind, doubtfully wild, more or less cultivated elsewhere. Makmal. 
 " The Marygold that goes to bed with the sun, 
 And with him rises weeping." A Winter's Tale. 
 
 (9) CYNAROIDE^E. 
 
 29. ECHINOPS. Globe thistle. 
 
 E. echinatus. Erect, much branched, leaves sessile pinna- 
 tifid, woolly below, lobes sinuate and prickly, florets pale lilac, 
 forming a prickly ball, segments of corolla linear, curled back. 
 Kdntechubak. 
 
 Common in the Deccan and elsewhere. 
 
 This has a very thistly appearance, but is still more like the 
 English sea holly (Eryngo), which, however, belongs to the Umbel - 
 liferae. 
 
 30. TRICHOLEPIS. 
 
 1. T. radicans. Smooth, much branched plant about a foot 
 high, stem angular, leaves from linear to ovate, sometimes 
 pinnatirtd, dotted, with distant bristly teeth, flowers small, 
 long-stalked, florets few, purple or lilac, outer bracts recurved. 
 
 Deccan and Konkan. 
 
 2. T. glciberrimz. Erect, quite smooth, greyish, with 
 
Order 64. Composite?. 165 
 
 linear lanceolate bristle-toothed leaves, flowers small and 
 slender, more or less panicled, florets few, purple, bracts erect. 
 Motabor. 
 
 Deccan and Konkan, Hahableshwar and Ghauts. It often grows 
 on cultivated fields. 
 
 T. amplemcaulis, a large stout plant, quite smooth, leaves elliptic 
 obovate, flowers larger than T. radicans and with more florets, outer 
 bracts recurved, inner longer, bristle-pointed. Ddhdn. 
 
 Dapoli and above Lanoli, where it grows four or five feet high. 
 Not in D., Konkan (#) I believe that the three species run into 
 one another. 
 
 Carthamus tinctorius, belonging to this tribe, is safflower, culti- 
 vated in all black soil districts. Kusumba. There is a prickly var. 
 called Kurde. From the flower a dye is made, which is often called 
 bastard saffron. The true saffron comes from the common yellow 
 crocus, and the colour is frequently used by the poets to describe 
 the early morning sky, and otherwise. 
 
 " There let Hymen oft appear 
 In saffron robe." Milton. 
 
 Goniocaulon, flowers narrow of few florets, all hermaphrodite and 
 fertile, bracts very narrow, not spinous. *Q. glabrum (Amberboa 
 Indica, D.), smooth, erect, stem furrowed and angular, leaves sessile 
 lanceolate or obovate, flowers rose-purple, florets about 5. Guzerat 
 (_D.). Central India and Deccan (H.). Volutarella, outer florets in one 
 series neuter, disk florets hermaphrodite, involucre ovoid or round. 
 V. divaricata (Tricholepis procumbens, D.) branched, straggling or 
 procumbent, more or less hairy, leaves lyrate or pinnatifid, bristle- 
 pointed, florets about 12, bracts flat, bristle-pointed. Poona districts. 
 Guzerat (D.)- Cutch, Palin. 
 
 In tribe Mutisiacese the florets have generally a bilabiate corolla, 
 but the genus here given belongs to a sub-tribe with sub-equal 
 corolla, and separated from Cicoraceae by minute differences. 
 
 DICOMA, flowers sub-sessile on the branches, disciform, receptacle 
 flat, naked. D. tomentosa, erect, woolly, leaves sessile narrow, entire, 
 flowers on short axillary branches, florets mai y, straw-coloured, with 
 tufts of stiff white hairs among them, bracts long, narrow and very 
 bristly. 
 
 Sholapore. Deccan and Gogo (.) 
 (10) ClCHORACE^E. 
 
 31. LACTUCA. Lettuce. 
 
 L. Heyneana (Bracliyrampus, H., D.). A tall, smooth weak 
 plant, radical leaves pinnatifid with rather broad lobes and saw- 
 like serratures, stem leaves few, small and stem -clasping, flowers 
 
1 66 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 yellow, very narrow, racemed, florets few and small, involucre 
 oblong, outer bracts much shorter. Sddhimandi. 
 
 Growing ont of walls in many places : on the sea-sands in the N. 
 Konkan : common in fields (H.). L. remotiflora (Brachyrampus son- 
 chifolius ,D.). Smaller, smooth, leaves stem-clasping, auricled, bristle- 
 serrate. Undirkani. Sattara, common (/>.) 
 
 L. sativa is the cultivated lettuce. The milky juice is narcotic. 
 
 32. SONCHUS. Sow thistle. 
 
 S. oleraceus. Smooth or with scattered glandular hairs, 
 leaves lanceolate entire or pinnatifid, acutely auricled, flowers 
 crowded, more or less umbelled, achenes ribbed and wrinkled. 
 Mhdtdra. 
 
 Not in D.,bnt common. Throughout India in fields and cultivated 
 places (#.). 
 
 This is the " common annual sow thistle " of England. It is used 
 for salad in many places. " The asinine feast of sow thistles and 
 bramb I es.' ' Milton. 
 
 33. LAUNEA. 
 
 L. pinnatifida (Microrhyncus sarmentosus, D.). A small 
 glaucous creeping plant with many roots, radical leaves sinuate 
 and pinnatifid ; flowers solitary, bright yellow, with scales or 
 bracts on the short peduncles, involucre bracts from long to 
 very short. Almiro, pdthri. 
 
 Yery common on the sandy sea-shore, Bombay and Konkans; and 
 on many other tropical shores (ff.). 
 
 * L. nudicaulis, not in D. or G., is ascribed by H. to the Deccan 
 and Sind, with flowers sometimes 6 to 10 in a cluster, otherwise very 
 much like the above. 
 
 Note. The next Jive orders agree in having leaves without 
 stipules, and calyx and corolla lobes and stamens 5. 
 
 ORDER 65. GOODENOVIJE. 
 
 Shrubs or herbs, calyx tube adherent to the ovary, stamens 
 inserted at the base of the corolla, stigma large and fleshy. 
 
 SOSVOLA. Corolla oblique, split to the base behind, fruit a 
 drupe. 
 
 S. Kanigii (S. Taccada, D.). A large shrub with thin 
 loose bark and handsome fleshy leaves, collected about the 
 ends of the branches, obovate, smooth and shining, flowers white, 
 
Order 65. Goodenovice. 167 
 
 tinged with purple in short cymes, calyx segments oblong, en- 
 larging in fruit, stigma hairy, drupe roundish, fleshy, white. 
 Bhadrak. 
 
 Close to the sea in the Rutnagherry Collectorate, and widely dis- 
 tributed in similar situations (H.). 
 
 It is easilj recognized by the cleft one-sided corolla. 
 
 ORDER 66. CAMPANULACE^. Bell flowers. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, calyx superior, seeds very many. In 
 this two orders are included which outwardly are very different, 
 as in the Lobelias the corolla is irregular. The stamens are 
 inserted on a ring at the base of the corolla. Canterbury bells 
 and the harebell of the poets are the best-known plants of the 
 order. 
 
 TRIBE LOBELIA. Corolla 2-lipped, anthers united. 
 
 1. LOBELIA. Leaves alternate, corolla oblique, tube cleft to 
 the base behind, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, capsule 2- 
 valved. 
 
 TRIBE CAMPANULE.E. Corolla generally bell-shaped, anthers 
 free, filaments dilated at the base. 
 
 2. WAHLENBERGIA. Ovary top-shaped, stigma 3-lobed. 
 
 1. LOBELIA. 
 
 1. L. trigona. Smooth, small, rather straggling, leaves 
 roundish or ovate crenated, flowers blue or white, pedicels 
 angled, stamens protruding through the cleft back of the 
 corolla, capsule oval. 
 
 Konkan, in rice-fields, &c. At Mahableshwar and in the Panch 
 Mahals. Small specimens might be taken for a Vandellia, but for 
 the protruding stamens. 
 
 2. L. nicotiance folia. Five or six feet high, stem hollow, 
 leaves mostly radical, very long, lanceolate, flowers white in 
 racemes, capsule roundish, covered by the calyx. Dawal, dev- 
 nalj boknal. 
 
 Common on the Ghauts : a handsome plant. 
 
 The whole plant is exceedingly acrid, and its touch to be avoided. 
 A West Indian species, L. longifolia, is described as much worse. 
 
 " Where fell Lobelia's suffocating breath 
 
 Loads the dark pinion of the gale with death." E. Darwin. 
 
 * L. radicans (Pratia r. D.). Annual, smooth, creeping, leaves 
 
1 68 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 sessile, linear oblong, flowers green with pink marks, stigma long, 
 green, 2-lobed. A native of China, but now common in gardens (>.) 
 The small blue lobelia used for edgings in English gardens is L. 
 ceelestis. 
 
 2. WAHLENBERGIA. 
 
 IF. gracilis (W. agrestis, D.). Nearly all smooth, leaves 
 narrow linear with waved margins nearly entire, flowers white 
 or blue, sometimes tubular, calyx lobes erect, very narrow, 
 bracts about half as long as the pedicels, capsule ovoid. 
 
 Matheran, Mahableshwar, Konkan. Throughout India, a common 
 weed (#".) This is in all respects an ordinary-looking plant, and 
 has no apparent claim to its specific name. 
 
 Cephalostigma. Corolla deeply lobed, capsule within the persistent 
 calyx teeth- *0. schimperi (0. hirsutum, D.), a small rigid erecfc 
 plant, branched at the top, hairy, leaves lanceolate, crisped, flowers 
 bluish, in racemes, capsule roundish, and *C. flexuosum very similar, 
 but with ascending instead of horizontal branches and pedicels 
 longer. The Konkans (D.}. Sphenoclea, flowers in dense bracted 
 spikes, stigma 2-lobed. *S. zey'anica, a herb, leaves narrowed at 
 both ends, flowers small, white, with bracts, capsule top-shaped, 
 angled, circumsciss. Not in D. Rice-fields (G.). Swamps through- 
 out India (#.). 
 
 OEDER 67. PLUMBAGINE^l. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, flowers regular, bracted, calyx inferior 
 tubular, 5 to 10 ribbed, stamens 5, anthers oblong, styles 5, 
 capsule membranous, included in calyx. 
 
 This order includes Statice, Sea-lavender, and Armeria, thrift, well- 
 known in English gardens. 
 
 PLUMBAGO. Flowers in spikes, calyx covered with stalked 
 glands, corolla tube long and slender, capsule circumsciss near 
 the base. 
 
 P. zeylanica. A straggling climber, leaves ovate, suddenly 
 narrowing, flowers white, spikes glandular, hairy and sticky, 
 bracts 3. Cliitrak. 
 
 Guzerat, common in hedges, less so in the Konkan. The floweri 
 are sometimes umbellate. 
 
 P. rosea (P. coccinea, D.) Idlchitrak, flowers red, leaves more tapering 
 is perhaps only a cultivated variety (#.), but I have seen it apparently 
 wild. P. capensis, udichitrak, kdla chitralr, with flowers of a peculiar 
 and beautiful blue, is one of the commonest garden climbers in 
 W. India, and well-known in English conservatories. 
 
 Vogelia, small shrubs, calyx 5-winged, capsule circumsciss at the 
 very base. * V. Indica (V. arabica, D.) whitish, leaves ovate to 
 
Order 67. Plumbaginece. 
 
 roundish, sessile or perfoliate, spikes long and slender, flowers small 
 and dense. Hanamant Ghaut, Abu and Canara (!>.) 
 
 ORDER 68. PEIMULACE^l. The Primrose family. 
 
 Herbs, flowers regular, calyx inferior, style one, stigma 
 capitate, capsule valved. 
 
 Note. This and the next order are distinguished by the stamens 
 being opposite to the corolla lobes, instead of alternate with them, 
 as in other regular monopetalous flowers. Bentham. 
 
 The primrose, almost the earliest, and perhaps the most popular of 
 all English wild flowers, is of course unknown in the Tropics : while 
 the only representative of the order found in W. India seems to be 
 rather a doubtful native, and is, at all events, much better known 
 at home. 
 
 ANAGALLIS. Leaves opposite entire, capsule round. 
 
 A. arvensis. Small, erect, branches square and winged, leaves 
 ovate, stern clasping, flowers solitary axillary, long-stalked, 
 scarlet or deep blue. 
 
 This is the common pimpernel, or shepherd's weather-glass. It is 
 found occasionally in the Deccan in moist places, and is common in 
 the Pashan valley (Mr. Woodrow) and in the S. Ghants (Dr. De 
 Crespigny}. But it is the blue flowered variety, comparatively rare 
 in England, wLich is oftenest found. 
 
 ORDER G9. MYRSINACE^. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, leaves alternate undivided, flowers 
 regular, calyx inferior, anthers oblong, acute. 
 
 A small order allied to the last, but different in habit. The leaves 
 are generally dotted with glands, as in Eutacese and Myrtaceae. 
 
 1. M^SA. Calyx ^-bracted, nearly enclosing the round 
 many- seeded berry. 
 
 2. ARDISIA. Calyx often enlarged in fruit, bracts small 
 deciduous, corolla segments twisted in bud, filaments very 
 short, anthers ovate lanceolate, style long, fruit roundish, one- 
 seeded. 
 
 3. EMBELIA. Flowers small, mostly dioecious, fruit small, 
 round, one or two-seeded. 
 
 4. ^EGIOERAS. Flowers in umbels without bracts, calyx 
 lobes imbricate, corolla lobes twisted in bud, filaments long, 
 anthers cordate lanceolate, fruit cylindric, curved, one-seeded, 
 
 1. M2ESA. 
 
 M. Indica. A tall shrub, with large polished leaves, oblong, 
 
The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 coarsely serrated, flowers small, pure white, bell-shaped, fragrant, 
 in very numerous short spikes or racemes, corolla lobes rounded 
 and reflexed, berry size of a pea. Atki, dfak. 
 Common in the Ghauts. 
 
 H. gives several varieties, depending chiefly on the size and shape 
 of the leaves, and calls it an erect tree 30 feet high, or a shrub on 
 lands gone out of cultivation, neither of which alternatives seem to 
 be correct for W. India. 
 
 2. ARDISIA. 
 
 A. humilis. A handsome shrub, quite smooth, leaves long, 
 ovate or lanceolate, shining, flowers pale pink, waxy in umbels 
 or racemes, anthers very large, meeting in a point at the top, 
 fruit black. Dikna. 
 
 Southern Ghauts. Throughout India (H.). This is the only one 
 out of forty-nve species attributed to this Presidency. 
 
 The unopened pink buds are very beautiful. The anthers are like 
 those of Solanum. The specific name humilis is particularly in- 
 appropriate. 
 
 3. EMBELIA. 
 
 * E. riles. A large scandent shrub, stem rough and knotty, 
 leaves ovate, narrowed at both ends, flowers white or greenish- 
 yellow, very many in panicles, fruit like peppercorns. Karkani. 
 
 Common in Salsette and on the Ghauts (J).). The fruit, waiwarang, 
 is collected and sold for medicinal purposes. 
 
 * IS. robusta (E. basaal, D.), like the last, but the flowers in short 
 racemes, and the fruit red, when ripe. Amti, bdrbati, gondal". 
 Konkan, Khandalla, &c. Throughout India, very common 
 
 4. 
 
 JE. majus. A handsome shrub with laurel-like leaves, 
 obovate, blunt, smooth, and pure white fragrant flowers, petals 
 recurved, anthers large, erect, fruit like a miniature curved 
 carrot. Chip, fungali, cliawir. 
 
 Growing in salt marshes with the different "sorts of mangrove. 
 Tropical shores nearly of the whole world (H.). 
 
 Note. Of the next three orders all the species here given are 
 trees, almost confined (as to this Presidency) to the W. Ghauts, 
 and nearly all have many stamens. 
 
 ORDER 70. SAPOTACE^. 
 
 Leaves alternate, entire, leathery, without stipules, flowers 
 
Order 70. Sapotacece. \7\ 
 
 axillary, clustered without bracts, calyx lobes 4 to 8 much 
 imbricated, or in 2 series ; corolla with as many lobes or 2 or 4 
 times as many, stamens on the corolla tube, filaments short, 
 fruit indehiscent 1 to 8-seeded, with calyx attached. 
 
 Chiefly a tropical order : most of the species are milky and have 
 edible fruits. 
 
 1. SIDEROXYLON. Lobes of calyx and corolla 5, imbricated, 
 stamens 5, attached to the base of the corolla, berry fleshy. 
 
 2. BASSIA. Calyx segments 4 in 2 series, corolla bell- 
 shaped, lobes 6 to 12, stamens 12 to 40, anthers with con- 
 nective. 
 
 3. MIMUSOPS. Calyx segments 6 to 8 in 2 series, corolla 
 lobes 18 to 24 in 2 or 3 series, stamens 6 to 8 with as many 
 staminodes. 
 
 1. SIDEROXYLON. Iron-wood. (See also Mesua.) 
 
 S. tomentosum (Sapota t. D.). A stiff branched thorny 
 tree of no beauty, most parts hairy, leaves small oval, dull 
 grey, flowers dingy- white, fruit oval, size of a plum, full of 
 milk, seeds large dark, about 3. Kumbel, Kdula Kumli. 
 
 Very common at Matheran, and on the Ghauts generally. The 
 thorns are not unfrequently absent. 
 
 2. BASSIA. 
 
 1. B. latifolia. A large handsome tree all full of milk 
 and in most parts densely hairy, leaves large, oval to roundish 
 obovate, flowers white fleshy, corolla cup-shaped, filaments 
 none, style long, berry oblong, smooth, size of a small apple 
 with calyx attached. Mowa, mowra. 
 
 Most abundant in the jungles of Guzerat, less so in the Konkan. 
 Throughout Central India (#.). 
 
 This is a most useful tree, the wood being hard and durable, the 
 flowers edible, though they have a most disagreeable mousy smell ; 
 when dried they produce the mowra spirit : the fruit is also eatable 
 and is used in making bangles. The oil produced from the seeds is 
 called dhulia, and from it bassic or stearic acid is obtained. 
 
 * 2. 5. longifolia. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at both 
 ends, smooth, flowers whitish in dense clusters near the ends 
 of the branches, corolla lobes and stamens generally fewer than 
 
172 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 in the last, "berry yellow, like a large plum, densely hairy when 
 young. Mowa, ippi, ilupi. 
 
 Dharwar, Canara, and the South of India generally, 1 where the 
 flowers and seeds are used for the same purposes as those of the 
 last further north. H. calls this and another species " Indian butter 
 trees." 
 
 3. MIMUSOPS. 
 
 1. M. elenqi. A handsome tree but growing to no great 
 size, leaves elliptic oblong, dark green, shining, flowers white, 
 fragrant, calyx rusty, berry size of an acorn, one or two-seeded. 
 Bakhor> bdrsoli, taindu, wdoli. 
 
 Ghauts and S. Konkan, not very common, but often cultivated for 
 the flowers. Deccan common (#.) Sometimes called the Indian 
 medlar tree. Sanscrit, kesdra. 
 
 2. M. hexandra. A small stiff tree of no beanty, leaves 
 leathery, smooth and shining, obovate or emarginate, flowers 
 small, white, berry like an acorn, yellow, seeds one or two 
 oblong black. Hay an, rdnjan, karni. 
 
 Very common in N. Konkan and Guzerat. Deccan peninsula 
 
 Chrysophyllum, calyx and corolla lobes and stamens 5 or 6. 
 * 0. Roxburghii, a very large tree, leaves lanceolate acute, flowers 
 minute, pale yellow, corolla rusty with hairs, fruit like a small apple, 
 yellow, pulpy. Tarsi,tarsiphal. Chorla Ghaut and Sunda jungles (D.). 
 Isonandra, calyx and corolla lobes 4, stamens 8. * I. candnlleana, a 
 small tree, leaves oblong blunt-pointed, flowers small, dull white, 
 rusty, berry oblong, small. Dichopsis, calyx lobes 6 in 2 series, 
 corolla lobes 6, stamens 12 to 18 with connective. * D. elliptica, 
 (Sassia e. D.) leaves elliptic or obovate, flowers 4 to 8 together, 
 filaments hairy, berry oblong, fleshy. Panchoti, palld. Bombay and 
 Canara. This is called the Indian gutta-percha tree, the milky 
 juice of D. gutta being the true gutta-percha. 
 
 OEDER 71. EBENACEJS. The Ebony family. 
 
 Leaves alternate entire without stipules, flowers regular, 
 axillary, usually unisexual, pedicels jointed under the flower, 
 calyx and corolla 3 to 7 lobed, stamens various, fruit fleshy 
 with calyx attached. 
 
 Ebony, from which this order (which is nearly allied to the last) 
 takes it name, is the heart wood of different species of Diospyros, and 
 is remarkable for its great weight and hardness, as well as for its 
 blackness, which has long been proverbial 
 
 " By heaven, thy love is black as ebony." Love's Labour Lost. 
 
Order 7 1 . Ebenacece. 173 
 
 1. MABA. Corolla lobes 3 or 4, stamens 3 to 22, anthers 
 oblong, female flowers often with staminodes. 
 
 2. DIOSPYEOS. Calyx and corolla lobes 4, occasionally 5, 
 stamens often 16, anthers linear, female flowers often with 
 16 staminodes, styles 1 to 4, fruit with enlarged often woody 
 calyx. 
 
 1. MABA. 
 
 1. * M.nigrescens. A small tree with rigidly erect branches 
 and a good deal of tawny hair about it, leaves small ovate or 
 lanceolate, shining above, flowers small, males 1 to 5 together, 
 females one or two, stamens about 9, fruit half an inch long, 
 ellipsoid with cup-like calyx. Ralitrora. 
 
 A tree in sheltered situations, a shrub in the plains. Lisboa. 
 Western Ghauts 
 
 2. * M . micrantlia (Holochilus m. D.). Leaves oblong, narrow 
 at both ends, female flowers minute, white, sessile, solitary, 
 with 6 staminodes and 3 styles, fruit oblong, hard and dry, 
 with funnel-shaped calyx. 
 
 S. Ghauts : " male flowers not seen " (D. and H.). 
 
 2. DlOSPYROS. 
 
 H. has 59 species, besides some imperfectly known. The male 
 flowers in all the species here given are in short cymes or clusters, 
 the female solitary or nearly so, and the fruit eatable. The stamens 
 eeem to vary very much, even in the same species. 
 
 1. D. montana. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, shining, 
 female flowers with several staminodes, fruit size of a cherry, 
 round, smooth. Goindu, liddru, lohdri. 
 
 Common in the Ghauts. JET. includes in this D.'s Z>. Goindu. 
 \i 2. D. assimilis (D. nigricans, D.). Leaves smooth, oval or 
 oblong, stamens 24 or more, fruit round, seated in a large 
 fleshy green calyx, the lobes standing out horizontally. 
 Malya. 
 
 Matheran, common. Chorla Ghaut (D.). This comes very near to 
 D, ebenum, the true ebony, which is wild in S. India 
 
 3. D. tupru (D. exsculpta, D.). Eough almost all over, 
 leaves oval, blunt, flowers very small, white, fruit round, size 
 of a large plum, brown or yellowish, with glutinous pulp. 
 Timburni, tartar a. 
 
 The Konkan. 
 
 I find that Colonel Beldome and Dr. Dymock agree with me in 
 
174 The Floivering Plants of Western India. 
 
 thinking that D.'s tree described above is wrongly identified in H., 
 and should be D. embryopterii, which H. ascribes to the whole of 
 India, and identifies with G.'s JD. glutinosa. Timbori, mdTcar kendi. 
 
 * D. pruriens, leaves narrow, oblong, fruit ovoid, size of a large 
 cherry, covered with fulvous stinging hairs, the calyx scarcely 
 enlarged. Ghauts and Canara (!).) * D- chloroxylon, sometimes 
 thorny, leaves small oblong or obovate, flowers small, white, female 
 with about 8 staminodes and 4 styles, fruit smooth, size of a large 
 pea. Ninei. Surat and Nasik districts. Fruit size of a cherry. 
 Lisbou. * D. Candolleana, large shrub or small tree, smooth, leaves 
 oblong, female flowers with about 5 staminodes, fruit ovoid, hard, size 
 of a nutmeg. The Ghauts, common. * D. paniculata, leaves oblong, 
 obtuse at both ends, calyx and corolla lobes 5, stamens 20, male 
 panicles black, velvety, fruit ovoid, covered with red hairs, calyx 
 much enlarged. Chorla Ghaut and Eaigarh (!>.). 
 
 ORDER 72. STYRACE-E. 
 
 Leaves alternate without stipules ; flowers regular in racemes 
 or spikes, calyx persistent, bell-shaped, 4 or 5-lobed, corolla 
 5-lobed, stamens united to the petals, fruit a drupe. 
 
 A small order, hav : n? generally stimulant and aromatic qualities. 
 Storax and benzoin are exudations from two of the trees. 
 
 SYMPLOCOS. Stamens numerous in several series, ovary 
 inferior. 
 
 H. has 64 species ; both of those found in this Presidency have 
 stamens free, or nearly so. 
 
 1. * S. spicata (Hopea s. D.). Leaves oblong, lanceolate, 
 smooth, flowers yellowish- white, small, crowded, bracted, 
 stamens about 40, drupe like a small fluted pitcher. 
 
 The Ghauts, pretty common ( J>.). 
 
 2. * S. Beddomei (Hopea racemosa, D.). Leaves as in the 
 last, petals sometimes 8, stamens indefinite, fruit ovoid crowned 
 by the calyx, dark blue or purple. Lodra, hura, khddra. 
 
 ^ Mahableshwar and Ghauts. " A very beautiful tree, the scent 
 like almond blossoms. 
 
 ORDER 73. OLEACE^l. The Olive Family. 
 Trees or shrubs, leaves opposite without stipules, flowers 
 regular, calyx small, corolla segments 4 to 9, stamens 2. 
 
 The two stamens distinguish this order from all others having 
 regular flowers. E. has made 4 tribes, named respectively after the 
 
Order 73. Oleacea. 175 
 
 jasmine, the lilac, the asb, and the olive. The third of these is not 
 represented in W. India. 
 
 TRIBE 1. JASMINES. Shrubs more or less twining, flowers 
 fragrant, corolla lobes much imbricated, and twisted in bud. 
 
 1. JASMINUM. Calyx 4 to 9-divided with funnel-shaped 
 tube, corolla salver -shaped, stamens included, stigmas 2. 
 
 TRIBE 2. SYRINGED. Seeds winged. 
 
 2. SCHREBERA. Leaves unequally pinnate, corolla salver- 
 shaped. 
 
 TRIBE 3. OLEINE.E. Trees, corolla lobes 4. 
 
 3. OI.EA. Calyx 4-divided, corolla tubular, drupe one- 
 seeded. 
 
 4. LIGUSTRUM. Calyx truncate or shortly 4-toothed, corolla 
 funnel-shaped, drupe one to three- seeded. 
 
 1. JASMINUM. 
 
 The flowers in all given below are white, and the calyx generally 
 pubescent. They are all much like the English favourite, J. officinale, 
 which has pinnate leaves. 
 
 1. /. sambac. Leaves oval, slightly cordate, racemes with 
 opposite flowers, calyx segments 7 to 10 subulate, long ; corolla 
 lobes as many, oblong, often double, fruit round, black. 
 Mogri, Ihat mogri. 
 
 Frequently cultivated, but wild in many parts. " Called (in 
 Europe) Tuscan jasmine, from having been introduced at Pisa from 
 Goa " (Don) ; also Arabian jasmine. 
 
 2. J. pubescens. All more or less hairy, leaves ovate lanceo- 
 late, flowers terminal in cymes or umbels, rather large, tinged 
 with pink, calyx teeth long subulate, 6 to 9, corolla lobes oval 
 pointed, fruit oval, smooth. Vikmogra. 
 
 5. Konkan. From Himalaya to Ceylou, common (H.). He includes 
 in this D.'s J. bracteatum. 
 
 3. J. arborescens (J. latifoUum, D.). A shrub, all smooth 
 with heart-shaped long pointed leaves and large flowers in 
 terminal cymes, calyx lobes 5 to 7 subulate, shorter than the 
 corolla tube, corolla lobes 8 or more, lanceolate or abruptly 
 pointed, fruit ovoid or oblong, often unsymmetrical. Kusar, 
 rdnjai, Kund. 
 
 The Ghauts and hilly parts of the Konkan; the commonest 
 epecies. It grows luxuriantly, and suits very well Tennyson's 
 description 
 
The Floivering Plants of Western India. 
 
 "Growths of jasmine twined 
 Their humid arms, festooning tree to tree." 
 
 * J". Rottlerianum, hairy, leaves elliptic acute, flowers solitary, or sub- 
 panioled, bracts white lanceolate, prominent. Jungles in Wari (-D.). 
 * J. Ritchiei, smooth or nearly so, leaves long ovate, flowers in lax 
 cymes, long pedicelled, corolla lobes long and narrow. Not in D. or 
 Q. W. Ghauts and Belgamn (#.). The fruit carpels are large and 
 round. 
 
 Several other species are found in gardens. Nyctanthes arlortristis, 
 the night-blowing jasmine, is common, but not wild, a shrub or small 
 tree with rough leaves, flowers white with orange tube, very strong- 
 smelling, falling off very freely in the early morning. Har, singahar, 
 pdrijatak. " This gay tree (for nothing sorrowful appears in its 
 nature) spreads its rich odour to a considerable distance every 
 evening." Sir W. Jones. 
 
 2. SCHEEBEEA. 
 
 * S. swietenioides. A large tree, leaflets 5 to 7 ovate acute, 
 flowers in cymes, small white with brown marks, capsule pear- 
 shaped, rough with white specks. Moka, mokddi. 
 
 The Ghauts, Jowhar and Sind (D.). Widely diffused, but not 
 abundant (H.). 
 
 The lilacs belong to this tribe, but not the beautiful garden shrub 
 commonly called Syringa, which is Philadelphia coronarius. 
 
 3. OLEA. 
 
 0. dioica. Leaves oval, flowers in panicles very small, 
 white, calyx minute, corolla bell-shaped, fruit oval, like a sloe, 
 Pdrjdmb, Karamba. 
 
 The Ghauts ; very common at Matheran. It is very like the jam- 
 bul tree, but the fruit is exceedingly bitter. Sometimes called the 
 wild olive; but see Eleagnus. 
 
 The cultivated olive is 0. Europcea, which I used to dream long ago 
 of introducing into the S. Konkan. But from what I have since 
 read, I fear it would be a hopeless experiment. Apart from the 
 extraordinary usefulness of the tree, it would be delightful to see on 
 these shores 
 
 " The wan grey olive woods, which seem 
 
 The fittest foliage for a dream." E. B. Browning. 
 "No plant yields so much for man's use, and the bulk of its 
 produce is endrmoua." Hooker. An olive branch has from ancient 
 times been the symbol of peace. 
 
 4. LlGUSTBUM. 
 
 L. nilgherrense. A small tree, leaves oval acute, smooth and 
 shining, flowers white and fragrant in panicles at the end of 
 
Order 7 3 . Oleacece. 1 7 7 
 
 the branches, drupe small, oblong, dark plum colour with white 
 bloom. Lokhandi, marsingha. 
 
 All along the Ghauts. The Nilgherry privet of Mahableshwar 
 (Dr. T. CooJce). 
 L. vulgare is the English privet. (See Lawsonia.) 
 
 ORDER 74. SALVADOR ACE JE. 
 
 Trees and shrubs differing only from tribe Oleinese of the last 
 order in having 4 stamens. 
 
 SALVADORA. Calyx and corolla bell-shaped, 4-lobcd, style 
 none, stigma truncate, drupe round. 
 
 S. persica. Branches very straggling, leaves oval, variable, 
 fleshy, scarcely veined, flowers in large cross panicles, very 
 small, greenish, corolla and calyx scarcely separable, fruit like 
 a minute red currant. Miraj, mirjoli, Kabar, pilu. 
 
 The Konkans and Guzerat ; said to be a salt marsh tree in N. 
 Konkan. All over India, often planted, and wild in Syria, Arabia, 
 Egypt, &o. (fl.). It is said by most authorities to be the mustard tree 
 of Scripture (and is eo marked in the museum at Kew), the berries 
 being aromatic and eatable. 
 
 . . . " the mustard tree, 
 That hath its seed so little, and its boughs 
 Widespreading." Sir E. Arnold. 
 
 Azima, thorny shrubs, flowers unisexual, petals 4, free, stamens 
 hypogynons, stigma large, bifid. * A. tetracantha, branches 4-sided, 
 leaves elliptic, sometimes spiny, flowers axillary, yellow, berries 
 round, white. Dharwar and the Habshi's country (D.). It some- 
 what resembles the common furze ((?.) 
 
 ORDER 75. APOGYNACEJE. Dogbanes. 
 
 Shrubs often twining, occasionally trees or herbs, usually 
 abounding in milky juice, leaves generally opposite, entire and 
 without stipules, flowers regular, calyx inferior, 5-lobed, per- 
 sistent, corolla tube generally short, lobes 5, twisted in bud, 
 stamens 5, anthers long, stigma bifid, fruit generally of 2 narrow 
 follicles, seeds often tufted with long hairs. 
 
 This is a large and distinct order, chiefly tropical. Many of the 
 plants are poisonous, and many of considerable beauty. The flowers 
 of some, and the fruit of most, resemble those of Asclepiadese, but the 
 remarkable arrangement of the stamens so conspicuous in that order 
 does not occur in this. 
 
 The great majority of the plants here given have white or pale 
 yellow flowers. 
 
 N 
 
178 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 TRIBE 1. CARISSEJE. Anthers free from the stigma, ovary 
 of 2 wholly combined carpels, fruit a fleshy berry, seeds without 
 hairs. 
 
 1. CARISSA. Erect armed shrubs, stamens included in the 
 tube, anthers lanceolate, berry 2-seeded. 
 
 TRIBE 2. PLUMERIE^E. Anthers free from the stigma, ovary 
 of 2 distinct carpels united by the style, fruit generally of 2 
 follicles. 
 
 2. RANWOLFIA. Smooth shrubs, leaves in whorls, corolla 
 lobes broad, stamens included, disk large, fruit a twin drupe. 
 
 3. VINCA. Disk of 2 large glands. 
 
 4. ALSTONIA. Trees with leaves in whorls. 
 
 5. HOLLARHENA. Trees or shrubs, follicles incurved. 
 
 6. TABERNJJMONTANA. Trees or shrubs, follicles pulpy. 
 TRIBE 3. ECHIHDEJS. Anthers forming a cone round the 
 
 top of the style, cells spurred, ovary as in the last tribe ; follicles 
 with hairy seeds. 
 
 7. WRJGHTIA. Throat of corolla fringed. 
 
 8. NERIDM. Leaves whorled, throat of corolla fringed, 
 stigma broad and tubercled. 
 
 9. ANODENDRON. Mouth of corolla contracted, style very 
 short, stigma thick conic, seeds large beaked. 
 
 Note. Milky plants like those of this and the next order are 
 commonly called dhudi. 
 
 1. CARISSA. 
 
 (7. carandas. A smooth shrub, thorns long and straight, 
 leaves oval, shining, flowers white or slightly tinted, fragrant, 
 fruit round or oval, deep purple, the pulp exceedingly sticky. 
 Karanda, hartundi. 
 
 Very common in many parts. Throughout the dry, sandy, and 
 rocky soils of India (H.). 
 
 The stickiness of the fruit is a serious drawback, but the flavour is 
 very good, and it is perhaps the best in this country of 
 
 " Such cooling fruit, 
 As the kind hospitable woods supply." Milton. 
 
 D.'s C. spinarum appears not to be in H. It is a shrub in gardens 
 almost exactly like the Karanda, except that the fruit is the size of an 
 olive, and cherry-coloured. 
 
 * C. spinarum (G. hirsuta D.), "probably a state of the first" (H.), 
 but smaller in most points and slightly hairy. Hills E. of Belgaum 
 (D. and #.). * C. macr< phylla (C. lanceolata, D.). A large shrub, 
 thorns very strong and curved, leaves lanceolate, acute, fruit size of 
 
Order 75. Apocynacece. 1/9 
 
 a plum, pnrple. Earn Ghaut (D.). From H. it seems that it may 
 sometimes be unarmed. 
 
 2. KANWOLFIA. 
 
 J5. serpentina (Ophioxylon s. D.). A shrubby plant, leaves 
 long lanceolate in threes, corolla long tubed, pure white, calyx 
 and pedicels bright red, the double berry ovoid black. Chandra, 
 chotd chdnd. 
 
 The Konkan. Not common. " Few shrubs in the world are more 
 elegant " (Sir W. Jones). The names are due to a belief in the efficacy 
 of the plant against snake bites. 
 
 * R. densiflora (Ophioxylon NilgTierrense, D.). Larger than the last, 
 leaves often in 4's, flowers rosy or white, berry oblique, wrinkled. 
 W. Ghauts (H.). Dr. CooJce says this is the only representative of 
 the order at Mahableshwar. * R. decurva has small leaves crowded at 
 the tips of woody branches, decurved peduncles and small flowers. 
 Konkan, &c. (#.). 
 
 3. YlNCA. 
 
 V. pusilla. A herb, quite smooth with square stem, slightly 
 winged, leaves lanceolate, corolla white with long narrow tube, 
 sepals very narrow, follicles erect. 
 
 The Deccan. Except for the corolla this has all the appearance 
 of a gentian. 
 
 V. major and minor, the periwinkles, very common in gardens at 
 home, and often half wild, are the English representatives of the 
 order j and V. rosea^saddfuljisone of the commonest garden plants in 
 W. India, the flowers very like the periwinkle, but red. 
 
 4. ALSTONIA. 
 
 A. scliolaris. A large handsome tree, leaves in whorls of 5 
 to 7, obovate oblong, narrow at the base, shining, flowers 
 small, greenish- white, hairy in the throat, broad tubed, follicles 
 pendulous, very slender, a foot long. Sdtwin, Shaitdn, Saptd- 
 parni. 
 
 Not uncommon in the Konkan. Extends to the Indian Archi- 
 pelago, Queensland, and tropical Africa (if.). 
 
 Boards cut from this tree are used as slates in schools, henoe the 
 specific name. Natives have a superstitious fear of it (6r.), which 
 accounts for the second of the native names given above. The 
 appearance of the tree is however altogether pleasing. 
 
 5. HOLLARHENA. 
 
 jET. antidysenterica. A tall shrub, leaves oblong or ovate, 
 pale green, flowers rather large in cymes, follicles a foot long, 
 
 N 2 
 
180 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 very slender, hairs of seeds brown and silky. Kura, pdndhra- 
 kura. 
 
 One of the commonest shrubs in S. Konkan : also in the Ghauts, 
 tropical Himalaya, and throughout the drier forests of India (#.). 
 The seeds are called Indarjdo the bark gives the specific name. 
 
 6. TABERNJ2MONTANA. 
 
 1. T.coronaria. A shrub, leaves smooth, shining, lanceolate, 
 unequally paired, flowers large, pure white, fragrant, in dicho- 
 tomous cymes, follicles horizontal like a pair of horns, with 
 scarlet aril. Tdgdri, tdgdi, ndndet. 
 
 Very common in gardens, and the flowers generally double ; wild 
 on the Mira hills near Penn (D.) ; nowhere wild in India (?".). 
 
 t* 2. T. crispa. Very like the last, but the leaves very long r 
 the margin of corolla crisped, and the follicles without the red 
 aril. Taital. 
 
 Matberan. Ghauts, pretty common (D.). 
 
 Mr. Birdwood has in his Matheran list T. dichotoma, with the same 
 native name as the last, and Colonel Beddome ascribes it to the 
 W. Ghauts; a small tree, flowers white with yellow tube, follicles 
 orange-yellow. 
 
 To this tribe also belong, 
 
 Cerbera, leaves alternate, corolla funnel-shaped, fruit round or 
 ovate. * C. odollam, a small tree or large shrub, leaves lanceolate, 
 shining, flowers in large cymes white with red or yellow throat, fruit 
 ovoid, 3 or 4 inches long : Sukanu, salt swamps in Konkan ((?.), but 
 introduced (D.). C. thevetia a garden shrub, flowers yellow, trumpet- 
 shaped, leaves lanceolate, fruit size of a crab-apple. Pila Kanher. 
 
 Ellertonia, stigma linear, bifid, fruit of 2 follicles, seeds winged. 
 * E. Eheedii, a climber, leaves elliptic, sometimes whorled, flowers in 
 short cymes, tube inflated in the middle, follicles horizontal. Wari 
 country (D.). 
 
 Plumieria acutifolia, Khair champa, a common tree in gardens, 
 ugly when out of leaf from the swollen truncated branches, but 
 beautiful when adorned with large lanceolate leaves and white 
 flowers with yellow throat, very fragrant. It does uot seed. 
 
 7. WRIGHTIA. 
 
 1. W. tinctoria. A pretty, small tree, leaves oval, lanceolate, 
 smooth, flowers white in panicles, the fringe almost like double 
 petals, follicles long, the tips at length cohering. Kdla Kura. 
 
 Hills in S. Konkan. The seeds are called goda inderjao. 
 
 '2. W. tomentosa. A small tree, leaves lanceolate, downy on 
 both sides, flowers larger than the last, follicles a foot long, 
 rough, with brown specks. Tdmbada kura, Kdla inderjao. 
 
Order 75. Apocynacea. 181 
 
 Panch Mahals. N. Ghauts (D.). H. says the flowers are given 
 differently as yellow, rosy and purple. I have seen them white only. 
 
 8. NERIUM. Oleander. 
 
 N. odorum. A large shrub, leaves long linear, lanceolate, 
 flowers red, fragrant in racemes, follicles 8 or 9 inches long. 
 Kanher. 
 
 Not in D. River beds and banks in Khandesh and the Deccan, 
 W. Himalayas, Central India and Sind (//.). White flowers are found 
 sometimes, yellow rarely. Scarcely any shrub is more beautiful or 
 delightful. 
 
 " Where oleanders flush the bed 
 Of silent torrents, gravel spread." Tennyson. 
 
 Perhaps only a variety of the common N. oleander of the Mediter- 
 ranean, which extends eastwards to Persia (H-). " In Greece and 
 Italy the oleander, or rose laurel, not only adorns gardens, but 
 fringes the roads and the dry beds of rivers with its fragrant rose- 
 like blossoms, and the faint brilliancy of its long evergreen leaves" 
 (Hehri). " It seems in Palestine to revel in the rough and shingly 
 bank, along which the winter torrent rushes." (Fullerton). So 
 Hooker considers that " the willow of the brook " in Scripture is the 
 oleander. " The wood, flowers, and leaves are very poisonous, death 
 has followed from using the wood as meat skewers " Hooker in 
 Le Maout. 
 
 9, ANODENDRON. 
 
 A. paniculatum. A very large smooth climber, with very 
 thick green stems, leaves much polished, oval with short point, 
 flowers numerous, small, pale yellow, calyx very small, corolla 
 lobes much twisted, follicles horizontal, 5 or 6 inches long, 
 tapering from a thick base to a blunt point. Lamtdni, Kduli. 
 
 Ghauts and S. Konkan. 
 
 To this tribe belong, Parsonsia, filaments twisted, disk of 5 lobes, 
 follicles united when immature. P. spiralis (Heligma Rheedii, D.), 
 a large, smooth climber, leaves ovate, flowers small, yellow or 
 white, in cymes, calyx segments edged purple, corolla segments 
 hairy within, anthers long, arrow-shaped, follicles grooved length- 
 ways. Vingorla. Wari country (-D.). 
 
 Vallaris, as the last, but filaments very short, not twisted, disk 
 various. * F. Heynii, climbing, bark pale, leaves elliptic, flowers 
 rather large, pure white, fragrant, stamens woolly, follicles tapering 
 to a stiff point. Konkans and Deccan (D.). 
 
 Beaumontia, flowers very large with leafy bracts, disk deeply 
 5-lobed, fruit long, thick and woody, at length dividing into 2 
 follicles. * B. Jerdoniana. A large, woody climber, leaves obovate, 
 flowers 4 inches long, follicles cylindric. Wari, S. M. country, and 
 Canara (D.). This H. thinks is probably only a var. of B. grandiftora, 
 an immense climber found in gardens with white flowers like datura, 
 but much larger. It is a native of the Himalayas. " The magnificent 
 
1 82 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Beaumontia was in full bloom, ascending the loftiest trees, and 
 clothing their trunks with its splendid foliage, and festoons of 
 enormous funnel-shaped white flowers." Hooker. 
 
 Chonemorpha, flowers large, filaments broad, short and hairy, disk 
 thick, follicles 3-sided. * 0. macrophylla, a large climber, leaves 
 broad, oval, or roundish, very large, flowers white and fragrant in 
 erect cymes, follicles a foot long. Wari country (D.). 
 
 Aganosma, disk 5-lobed, stigma columnar. * A. cymosa (A. Doniana, 
 D.). A rambling creeper, leaves oblong, flowers small in crowded 
 cymes. Fonda Ghaut (D.}. * A. caryophyllata, nerves of the leaves 
 red, flowers white in terminal panicles : a very ornamental garden 
 shrub (Z>.). Deccan (#.). 
 
 Ichnocarpus, disk 5-lobed, stigma columnar. * I. frutescens, a large 
 climber with small elliptic leaves, and cymes of small white or 
 purplish flowers covered with red hairs, follicles very slender 
 curved. Wari and S.M. country (D.). 
 
 ORDER 76. ASCLEPIADEJE. 
 
 Shrubs, sometimes herbs, generally twining and abounding 
 in acrid milky juice, leaves opposite, entire, flowers regular 
 (except Ceropegia) more or less umbelled, calyx inferior, 5-lobed, 
 persistent, corolla tubular 5-lobed, the throat often fringed, 
 stamens 5, cohering round the pistil in a solid mass, and with 
 the appendages forming a 5-lobed crown (corona), pollen in 
 masses within, fruit of 2 follicles, seeds with a brush of hairs 
 at the hilum. 
 
 A very large and distinct tropical order, often with handsome 
 flowers. It comes near to the last, but the staminal crown, which 
 outwardly is not the least like the stamens and pistil in any other 
 plants, is quite peculiar to this order. The first three genera here 
 given, however, are without this distinguishing mark. 
 
 Note. When not otherwise stated, the species here described are 
 twining shrubs, smooth or nearly so. 
 
 (a) Staminal crown none, or very small. 
 
 1. HEMIDESMUS. Filaments distinct, anthers united at the 
 tip, stigma 5-angled. 
 
 2. CRYPTOLEPIS. Filaments united at the base, anthers 
 united at the tip, and adhering by the base to the stigma. 
 
 3. GYMNEMA. Filaments columnar, 5 fleshy processes some- 
 times found on the corolla in place of a corona, stigma large, 
 exserted. 
 
 (b) Corona conspicuous. 
 
 4. OXYSTELMA. Calyx small, an annular corona at the baso 
 of the corolla in addition to the staminal one. 
 
Order 76. Asclepiadece. 183 
 
 5. CALOTROPIS. Erect shrubs, corolla broad, bell-shaped, 
 follicles short and thick. 
 
 6. PENTATROPIS. Corolla deeply divided, follicles thick, acute. 
 
 7. D.EMIA. Corolla lobes large, spreading, follicles covered 
 with soft prickles. 
 
 8. HOLOSTEMMA. Corona low, annular, 10-lobed, follicles 
 short and thick. 
 
 9. TTLOPHORA. Flowers small, corolla short-tubed, lobes 
 spreading, follicles smooth, pointed. 
 
 10. COSMOSTTGMA. Flowers small, greenish, coronal scales 
 united to the base of anthers, leafy, 2-cleft ; follicles large, 
 obtuse. 
 
 11. DREGEA. Flowers green, coronal scales diverging from 
 the column like the spokes of a wheel ; follicles thick, hard. 
 
 12. HOYA. Leaves thick and fleshy, coronal scales 5, large, 
 margins usually recurved, column short. 
 
 13. LEPTADENIA. Corona double, .of 5 scales between the 
 corolla lobes, and a raised waved wing at the base of the anthers. 
 
 14. CEROPEGIA, Corolla tube very long, swollen and curved 
 at the base, lobes often joined at the tips, corona 5 or 10- 
 lobed, with 5 strap-shaped processes. 
 
 Note. In the above arrangement; of genera, I have ignored H.'s 
 tribes, which depend mainly on peculiarities in the anthers. He 
 says that the analysis of plants in this order is most difficult; and 
 it is certainly not easy to identify genera and species, though there 
 can seldom be doubt about the family. 
 
 Note. Dr. T. Cooke says that the name Kauli is given generally to 
 all plants of this order. 
 
 1. HEMIDESMUS. 
 
 //. Indicus. Small, leaves variable, narrow, often variegated 
 with white, flowers nearly sessile crowded, purple inside, 
 anthers and stigmas combined into a large round knob, follicles 
 very slender, spreading. Anantamul, uparsal. 
 
 Common ; springs up in the Konkan very abundantly at the begin- 
 ning of the rains, but takes a long time to flower, and often dies 
 away without doing so. Called " Country Sarsaparilla " on the Coro- 
 mandel coast. 
 
 Note. The true Sarsapaiilla is produced from various species of 
 Smilax. 
 
 2. CRYPTO LEPIS. 
 
 C. Buclianani. Bark cracked and brown, flowers in nearly 
 sessile cymes, pale yellow, petals long and narrow, leaves 
 elliptic, with a short point, very strongly veined, whitish 
 
184 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 beneath, follicles horizontal, united at the base, very gradually- 
 tapering. Wdkkandi. 
 
 Common; throughout India (ff.). 
 
 3. GYMNEMA. 
 
 G. sylvestre. Stout, leafy, leaves small, ovate or lanceolate, 
 flowers yellow, in crowded umbels, follicles cylindrical, taper- 
 ing. Wdkhandij kali kardori, pit 'mi. 
 
 S. Konkan, Ghauts and S. M. country; common; when out of 
 flower it looks rather like honeysuckle. Its leaves when chewed are 
 said to destroy for a considerable time the power of tasting sweet 
 things. * G. montanum (Bidaria elegans, D.), smooth leaves, cordate, 
 ovate or lanceolate, follicles very thin. Higher Ghauts (D.). 
 
 4. OXYSTELMA. 
 
 0. esculentum. A delicate and beautiful twiner, leaves long, 
 linear lanceolate, grass-like, flowers long-stalked, 2 or 3 to- 
 gether, nearly white, streaked and shaded with purple inside, 
 follicles cylindrical, smooth, tapering. DJiudika, dhuddni. 
 
 "The lovely twining Asclepias." Sir W. Jones. 
 
 Deccan and Konkan ; often on milkbush ; throughout the plains 
 and lower hills of India (H.). 
 
 5. CALOTROPIS. 
 
 1. 0. gigantea. A large stout shrub with large ovate, 
 cordate or stem-clasping leaves, downy beneath, corolla pale, 
 purple or mottled, occasionally white, lobes reflexed, follicles 
 ovoid, green, 3 or 4 inches long, hair round the seeds very 
 silky. Arak, maddr, rui. 
 
 2. C. procera. Very likely the last, but smaller, leaves said 
 to be more oblong and acute, and the corolla lobes erect. Ldl 
 maddr, Tdmlada dkar. 
 
 These are among the commonest shrubs in India, and almost 
 always in flower. I never could make out the difference between 
 the two species, as the distinctions given seemed to me to be not 
 only trifling, but also not constant; and R. knew of only one species. 
 There are also various differences of opinion among the authorities 
 as to the distribution of the two species. One or both of these shrubs 
 has the property of maintaining a very low temperature, Hooker 
 having fuund the fresh milky juice to be 70, when the soil surround- 
 ing the roots was from 90 to 304, and the exposed leaves 80, when 
 the surrounding earth was about 105. Himalayan Journals. 
 
 One of the broomrapes, Cistanche tubulosa, is said to be parasitic 
 on these bushes. 
 
Order 76. Asclepiadece. 185 
 
 6. PENTATROPIS. 
 
 P. micropliylla. Small, leaves oval, nearly veinless, flowers 
 greenish, 3 or 4 together in short-stalked umbels, points of the 
 corolla curled up, follicles tapering at both ends. Singrota. 
 
 Common ; growing close to the sea ; very plentiful at Surat. 
 
 The flowers are a good deal like those of Cryptolepis, and the 
 leaves are variable in breadth, and often much variegated. 
 
 7. DJEMIA. 
 
 I), extensa. A middled-sized hairy twiner with roundish 
 cordate pointed leaves, and dull white drooping flowers on long 
 slender pedicels and peduncles ; calyx very small, anthers large 
 pure white, follicles cylindrical beaked. Utarni, hirandori. 
 
 A very common and unattractive plant with a disagreeable smell ; 
 specially common in Guzerat. Throughout India (H.). 
 
 8. HOLOSTEMMA. 
 
 H. Rheedii. Large leaves deeply cordate, ovate pointed, 
 flowers fleshy in umbels, anthers and column large and re- 
 markable, follicles large, ovate. Skidodi, tultuli, dudurli. 
 
 "The flowers are a mixture of red, green, and white, agreeably 
 fragrant "((?.) Tn e bark is full of a very fine fibre. 
 
 S. Konkan. Common in hedges about Bombay, where children eat 
 the flowers (Dymocty. Hills about Poona (Dr, Cooke). 
 
 9. TYLOPHORA. 
 
 D. has 4 species, but gives no hab. I have unfortunately never 
 identified any one of them, though I believed I had the first as 
 an erect shrub. * T. fasciculata, climbing among grass, v leaves 
 ovate lanceolate, flowers white, more or less umbelled, corolla 
 lobes broad ovate, fleshy, follicles ovoid lanceolate. S. Konkan, 
 &c. * T. tennis, very slender, quite smooth, leaves small, fleshy, 
 ovate, flowers very small, dark purple, in small umbels from a 
 common peduncle, follicles poniard-shaped. Deccan peninsula (-S".)- 
 * T. Dalzellii (T. carnosa, D.), smooth or slightly downy, leaves ovate, 
 fleshy, shinning, very variable, flowers very small, purple, some- 
 times in a.crowded round head, follicles as in the last. Konkan (H.). 
 Mahableshwar (Dr. Cooke). * T. asthmatica, leaves ovate, flowers 
 in small umbels, dull yellow and purple, follicles very variable. 
 Antamul, pitvel. Deccan peninsula (#.). 
 
 10. COSMOSTIGMA. 
 
 C. racemosa. A good-sized climber, leaves large, broad 
 ovate or rounded, flowers in umbels or racemes, small, yellow 
 with rusty dots, follicles oblong, obtuse. Jati, shendori, 
 ghdrphul. 
 
 Dapoli. Common in hedges (!>.} 
 
i 86 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 11. DREGEA. 
 
 D. volubilis (Roya viridiflora, D.). Large, bark light grey, 
 leaves oval or cordate, flowers in drooping umbels, green, fleshy, 
 follicles 3 to 5 inches long, seeds with delicate silky tufts. 
 Hirandori, dmbri. 
 
 Common in hedges. Perhaps the commonest twiner of the order 
 except Dgeruia. It is a rather remarkable-looking plant, and has 
 no smell, and not milky, but watery juice. 
 
 12. HOYA. 
 
 H. Wightii (H. pallida, D.). A climbing parasite, leaves 
 
 oval acute, dead-looking, flowers in umbels white or cream 
 
 coloured, pretty, follicles 4 inches long, slender, straight. Amri, 
 dudhvel. 
 
 Mahableshwar and elsewhere, pretty common. Very like the 
 well-known wax plant (H. carnosa), but paler in colour. 
 
 * H. retusa, parasitic, very slender, leaves very narrow at the base, 
 gradually dilating to a broad tip, flowers few together, white, shining, 
 corona pink. Dandelly jungles (D.) Matheran, Birdwood ; he calls it 
 " Golden fringe " and dhdkti dm bri. 
 
 * H. pendula, a stout climber, leaves ovate, flowers white, drooping, 
 corolla lobes silky. S. Konkan (c/.) Very imperfectly known. 
 
 13. LEPTADENIA. 
 
 L. reticulata. More or less hairy, lower parts woody with 
 corky bark, upper pale green, leaves flat oval, flowers yellow- 
 ish in stalked umbels, petals much bearded and folded back at 
 the edges, anthers free on the dark corona, follicles plantain- 
 shaped. Raidori, sliinguti, Tcharkodi. 
 
 Common : often growing on milkbush. 
 
 * L. spartium (L. Jacquemontii, D.). An erect much-branched shrub, 
 leaves narrow linear, flowers yellow in short-stalked umbels, follicles 
 slender, beaked. Kip. Seashore S. of Gogo, and Sind (D.). 
 
 14. CEROPEGIA. 
 
 Of this genus, which differs very much in the shape of the flowers 
 from anything else in the order, H. gives 36 species, and ascribes 9 
 of them to W. India, having reduced D.'s 11 to 6, and added 3. I 
 have seen only one of these wild, but it seems that all the species, 
 except C. odoruta, have the corolla of the same peculiar form and 
 colouring, viz., a long tube much swollen at the base, the lobes 
 combined and " representing the head of a snake with green snout 
 and eyelike spots." (Botanical Magazine.) 
 
 1. C. oculata. Leaves ovate acuminate, rather hairy, flowers 
 4 to 6 on a peduncle, hairy, 2 or 3 inches long, corolla lobes 
 lanceolate, follicles stiff, tapering, 4 or 5 inches long. 
 
Order 76. Asclepiadea. 187 
 
 Near Kutnagherry. Bombay (D.}. In tne specimens which I had, 
 the base of the corolla was very pale, the middle part dark green 
 mottled, and the lobes nearly black. 
 
 * 2. O. bulbosa (including Q. Lushii, D.), very slender, leaves 
 from roundish to narrow linear, flowers several together, corolla 
 tube less than an inch long, straight, follicles 4 inches long,, 
 slender. 
 
 Bombay and Malwan (D.). The roots, like small turnips, are eaten 
 and called khapparkaru, gayela (Dymock). 
 
 * C. attenuate (including C. angustifolia, D.). Erect, less than a 
 foot high, leaves narrow, flowers usually solitary, corolla tube 
 straight, 2 inches long, lobes very narrow. Malwan and Vingorla 
 (D.). * C. Lawii, erect, leaves ovate, peduncles many-flowered, 
 corolla tube slightly curved, base scarcely swollen, lobes incurved, 
 coronal lobes 10. S. Konkan (H.). * C.juncea. Stem stout, leaves 
 few and small, lanceolate, flowers pretty large, lobes erect. Kasersai 
 jungles (->.) Kanvel. * C. tuberosa (including C. acuminata, D.). 
 Stem slender, leaves from roundish to lanceolate, corolla tubes 
 straight, lobes ligulate, more or less adherent throughout, coronal 
 lobes very short. Dharwarand Konkans (Z>. and G?.). * C. hirsuta (C. 
 Jacquemontii, fyc., D.). A coarse climber, leaves lanceolate or ovate, 
 corolla nearly 2 inches long, lobes sub-erect, forming a crown over 
 the throat. Konkan (-D.). Ganesh Khind (Dr. Coo/fee): and found at 
 Karli by Jacquemont. * C. Stocksii, closely resembling C. oculata, but 
 the corolla lobe s are long linear. Konkan (H.). * C. odorata, slender, 
 leaves lanceolate, peduncles many-flowered, corolla yellow, fragrant, 
 an inch long, straight, base not swollen, lobes very narrow, erect. 
 Konkan (G. and #.). 
 
 - Genianthus. Calyx minute, corolla rotate. * G. laurifolius, 
 (Toxocarpus crassifolius^ D.), twining, leaves oval acute, cymes sessile, 
 corolla lobes sometimes densely bearded with white hairs, follicles 
 very slender. Ghauts, Konkan and Canara (D.). Cynanchum, 
 follicles long, often slightly winged. * C. pauciflorum, leaves ovate 
 pointed, the base cordate and auricled, flowers in umbels rusty- 
 coloured. Deccan and Dharwar (D.). * C. alatum in G. very like 
 this, but more or less hairy with leaves narrow at the base. S. Kon- 
 kan. 
 
 Heterostemma, corona of 5 large lobes spreading horizontally 
 from the column. H. Dalzellii (H. WallicMi, D.). A large climber, 
 leaves large, fleshy, ovate, flowers email flesh-coloured in stalked 
 umbels, follicles bulged above the base. Dapoli. Malwan and 
 Vingorla (D.). 
 
 Oianfhus, corolla lobes very short, broad, corona "cup-shaped, 
 spreading, fleshy. * 0. urceolatus (Heterostemma u. D.), stem purple, 
 leaves ovate, lanceolate, corolla pitcher-shaped, purple, corona lobes 
 3-toothed. Belgaum, Eewadanda (D.). 
 
 Frerea, fleshy erect, flowers large, corona a ring round the column 
 with 5 broad lobes, and 5 narrow processes. * F. [ndica, leaves 
 oblong sessile, flowers solitary or in pairs, corolla rotate purple. 
 Ghauts near Hewra (D.). Caralluma, fleshy, erect, nearly leafless, 
 
1 88 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 corolla bell-shaped, corona annular 5-lobed. * C. jimbriata, stems 
 and branches 4-angled and toothed, flowers drooping, yellow-green 
 and purple mixed, divisions of corolla fringed, Mdkarsing, Deccan 
 (Z>.) : has something the habit of a diminutive cactus (G.). Lisboa 
 calls the flowers white and pink. 
 
 The following also belong to this order 
 
 Asclepias Curassavica, "Negro ipecacuanha" of the W. Indies, 
 " gayest and commonest of weeds" (Kingsley) ; an erect herb with 
 reddish orange flowers and leafy corona. Common in gardens. 
 
 The beautiful bridal Stephanotis, also found in Bombay gardens. 
 
 Pergularia minor (P.- odoratissima, D.) in gardens; a climber with 
 roundish or ovate leaves and very fragrant yellow or green flowers, 
 with double coronal scales. 
 
 The three next orders have simple leaves, and flowers of the 
 ordinary 4. or o-divided type. 
 
 OKDER 77. LOGANIACE^E. 
 
 Leaves opposite undivided, flowers regular, calyx inferior, 
 small, 4 or 5-lobed, as is the corona, stamens 4 or 5 on the tube, 
 fruit a capsule or berry. 
 
 This tropical order is most like Eubiacese, but has a superior 
 ovary, and the leaves instead of stipules have generally connecting 
 lines. It is also closely connected with Genfcianeae, but its proper- 
 ties are very different, many of its species producing deadly poisons. 
 
 1. BUDDLEIA. Shrubs with small flowers densely crowded 
 together, lobes of calyx and corolla and stamens 4 ; stipulary 
 line very distinct, capsule 2-valved. 
 
 2. STRYCHNOS. Climbing shrubs with short tendrils, or trees, 
 flowers white or yellowish, stamens 5, berry round or oblong. 
 
 1. BDDDLEIA. 
 
 * Note. This genus was by some authorities put in Scrophularinese. 
 
 B. Asiatica. A shrub or small tree, leaves lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, hairy beneath ; flowers in long dense spikes, white, 
 corolla tube much longer than the bell-shaped calyx, capsule 
 and seeds oval. 
 
 Throughout India, very common (H.) ; but D. has only " hills near 
 Penn," and G. has 'not got it. Dr. T. Cooke, however, has had it at 
 Mahableshwar. 
 
 B. globosa is a shrub of old-fashioned English gardens, with dense 
 balls of very small orange-coloured flowers, very fragrant, sometimes 
 called " Honey-ball." 
 
Order 77. Loganiacece. 189 
 
 2. STRYCHNOS. 
 
 1. S. nux vomica. A tree without tendrils, leaves ovate, 
 smooth, shining, flowers greenish white in cymes, corolla tube 
 much longer than the calyx, fruit like a small orange, seeds 
 many, light grey, silky. Kdjra, Kuchla. 
 
 Common in S.Konkan. Throughout tropical India (-5".). 
 
 The seeds, which are commonly sold in the bazaar, and look like 
 flat, round buttons, produce strychnine, and the bitter woody root is 
 also used medicinally. 
 
 "Among the Malabar immigrants to Ceylon there is a belief that 
 the seed, if habitually taken, will act as a prophylactic against the - 
 venom of the cobra : and I have been assured that the Indian coolies 
 accustom themselves to eat a single seed a day with that object." 
 (Tennent.) 
 
 2. * S. potatorum. A tree with elliptic acute smooth leaves, 
 flowers small, white or greenish yellow, corolJa tube as in the 
 last, berry black, seeds one or two, hemispherical. Gdjra, nir- 
 mala, nivali, katdk. 
 
 Konkan, Matheran, Ghauts, and elsewhere. Called the clearing 
 nut tree, from the seeds being used to clear water. " These seeds 
 are constantly carried about by the more provident of our officers 
 and soldiers in time of war, to enable them to purify their water. 
 They are easier to be obtained than alum, and probably less hurtful 
 to the constitution." Roxburgh. Tennent mentions the same use 
 in Ceylon. 
 
 * S. colubrina, a large climber, leaves ovate, smooth, flowers small 
 in short cymes, fruit size of an olive, one-seeded. Kanal, Kdjarvel, 
 iaral. S. Konkan (D.), Matheran (Birdwood). * S. Dalzellii (S. axil- 
 laris, D.), flowers in short dense cymes, berry much larger than the 
 last, and many-seeded. Konkan and Deccan (#.). Not in D. or <?., 
 and apparently not much known. 
 
 Mitreola. Herbs, with small white flowers, styles 2, short, under 
 one hairy stigma. * M. oldenlandioides, small, erect, leaves narrow at 
 both ends, flowers subsessile, capsule shape of a mitre, seeds 3- 
 cornered. Caranjah (-D.)> Central Provinces, &o. (H.). 
 
 Mitrasacme. As the last, but all parts 4 instead of 5, capsule round. 
 * M. alsinoides (M. pusilla, D.), 6 inches high or less, smooth, leaves 
 linear subulate, flowers solitary or twin white, capsule shorter than 
 caljx. Malwan (.D.). Widely scattered (#.). 
 
 ORDER 78. GENTIANACEJE. Gentians. 
 
 Herbs, generally erect, and very symmetrical in all parts 
 
 (except Canzcora), stems generally 4-sided, leaves opposite, 
 
 simple, 3 or 5-nerved or ribbed, without stipules, calyx free, 
 
 persistent, generally 3 to 5-lobed, corolla lobes as many, twisted 
 
The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 to the right, stamens as many, anthers erect, style single, 
 stigmas 2, small. 
 
 The plants of this order, abounding especially in tropical and tem- 
 perate mountains, are known in most parts of the world for the 
 beauty of their flowers. They have generally bitter and tonio quali- 
 ties. Most of the species are absolutely symmetrical (using the word 
 in the ordinary, not the botanical sense) in all parts ; and in this 
 and some other respects they resemble outwardly many of the 
 Rubiacese. 
 
 1. EXACUM. Calyx deeply 4-lobed, generally winged, 
 corolla tube and filaments short, anthers large, capsule round. 
 
 2. ENICOSTEMA. Flowers small, sessile, clustered in the 
 axils, calyx deeply 5. divided, stamens on the upper part of the 
 corolla tube. 
 
 3. ERYTHRJEA. Calyx tubular with 5 keeled teeth, stamens 
 near the top of the tube, filaments short, capsule oblong. 
 
 4. CANSCORI, Flowers irregular, calyx 4-toothed, keeled or 
 winged, corolla lobes more or less unequal, stamens 1 large and 
 perfect, 3 smaller, stigmas 2, capsule 2-valved. 
 
 5. SWERTIA. Calyx 4-lobed, corolla with deep depressions 
 or pits at the base of each lobe, stamens on the lower part of 
 the corolla, stigmas 2. 
 
 6. LIMNANTHEMUM. Aquatic herbs with deeply cordate 
 leaves, sometimes alternate, peduncles clustered at the nodes, 
 corolla tube glandular or hairy. 
 
 1. EXACUM. 
 
 1. E. bicolor. A tall smooth plant, leaves sessile, ovate, 
 lanceolate acute, flowers very beautiful, white tipped with blue, 
 with large yellow anthers ; lobes of calyx and corolla pointed. 
 Udichirayat. 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts. Not common. 
 This is 
 
 " A woodland treasure, 
 You could not look at without pleasure, 
 All in artistic harmony." Shelley. 
 
 2. E. pumilum. A small branched plant, leaves sessile, 
 ovate, obtuse, scarcely veined, flowers dark blue and handsome. 
 Jatdli. 
 
 Konkan and Belgaum (D. and S.}, but an allied form, E. pedun- 
 culatum, is found throughout India ; and I presume this is much the 
 same as * 2?. Z-at/m,which is described under the same native name 
 as growing among grass at Matheran and Mahableshwar. I have 
 found the former growing in masses in rocky ground or in grass. 
 
Order 78. Gentianaceoe. 191 
 
 3. E. petiolare. Larger than the last, very pretty, leaves 
 ovate petioled, flowers lilac, white, or light blue, with golden 
 anthers, calyx wings broad. 
 
 This seems to be Gr.'s No. 935, which he calls abundant on pasture 
 lands between Panwell and Khandalla ; also above the Ghauts and 
 about Belgaum. D. had it only at Caranja, Birdwood at Matheran, I 
 at Mandangarh. 
 
 2. ENICOSTEMA. 
 
 E. littorale (Hippion orientals, D.). A leafy plant, 6 or 8 
 inches high, much branched, stem 4-sided, slightly winged, 
 leaves sessile, long, lanceolate, blunt, flowers white, S3ssile, 
 about 3 in each axil, calyx with 2 bracts, capsule round. 
 Mamijwd, naichdpdla, 
 
 Guzerat and N. Konkan. Common throughout India (-ff.). He 
 makes the height up to 20 inches. 
 
 3. ERYTHR^A. 
 
 E. Roxburghii. About 4 inches high, lower leaves obovate, 
 upper linear acute, flowers very pretty pink or white in dicho- 
 tomous cymes, anthers often spirally twisted. Kadu nai, 
 lantak. 
 
 The Konkans. Pretty common. Throughout India (fl.). It is 
 much like the English E. centaureum, common centaury, but smaller. 
 
 4. CANSCORA. 
 
 1. C. diffusa. Much branched, leaves lanceolate or ovate, 
 the lower running into the petiole, the upper stem clasping, 
 bracts leafy, flowers pink, corolla 2-lipped, the upper deeply 
 cleft with 3 stamens, the lower notched with one. Mhdtdra cha 
 gavat. 
 
 Very common in the Konkans on rocks, walls, &c.,also at Matheran 
 and Mahableshwar. Throughout India (JET.). 
 
 It is difficult to recognize this and the next as Gentians, owing to 
 the very irregular corolla and stamens. 
 
 2. C.perfoliata (C. alata, D.). Smooth, a foot or more in 
 height, stem 4-winged, leaves lanceolate acute, bracts perfoliate, 
 roundish, flowers rather large for the size of the plant, of a 
 delicate pink, calyx large and winged, upper lobes of corolla 
 the largest. 
 
 S. Konkan. Deccan peninsula, Bombay to Travancore 
 
 C. decurrens, very doubtfully distinct from C. diffusa (#".), leaves 
 more or less decurrent, bracts in the upper part small or linear, 
 
192 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 corolla rose-coloured or white. Vingorla. Rice-fields in S. Konkan 
 (D.). C. pauciftora, stem winged ; leaves ovate or oblong, sessile ; 
 flowers few, white, long-stalked, in a loose panicle, capsule as long 
 as the calyx. S. Konkan. * C. Concanensis, slender, not above 5 
 inches high; leaves ovate; flowers red, calyx winged, scarious in 
 fruit. Not in D. or G. The Konkan 
 
 5. SWERTIA. 
 
 S. decussata (Ophelia multiflora, D.). Stem 4-winged, leafy, 
 leaves ovate, stem clasping, smooth, decussate, flowers white, 
 pencilled, in thick heads, petals divided to the base, depres- 
 sions at the base covered with a fringed scale, stamens twisted, 
 surrounding the ovary, anthers black. Chiretta, karvi, kauri. 
 
 Ghauts and Dharwar ; at Mahableshwar, but not common, Dr. 
 Coolie. From this an inferior chiretta is made, but S. chirate, from 
 which the genuine drug comes, is a Himalayan plant. 
 
 * 8. Corymbosa (Ophelia pauciflora D.). Stem square or {-winged ; 
 leaves sessile ovate, calyx segments very narrow ; corolla white or 
 pale blue, a fringed scale at the base of the corolla lobes. Kadvi nai. 
 Ghauts (D.). 
 
 6 LlMNANTHEMUM. 
 
 This genus also is not much like the typical gentians. H. has of 
 the tribe to which it belongs, "leaves radical or alternate." The 
 English buckbean, Menyanthes trifoliata, belongs to the same tribe, 
 and is found in the W. Himalayas. 
 
 1. L. crutatum. Leaves round, glandular beneath, long- 
 stalked, flowers crowded, pretty, white, with orange-coloured 
 bearded throat, and a crest running the length of each petal. 
 Khdtdra, hamadu, Ttumbhrdj. 
 
 Tanks in the Konkan. Throughout India (-ZT.). 
 
 D. has capsule one or two-seeded, as I have found it, but H. has 
 seeds 10 to 20, and R. many. 
 
 From the round floating leaves this and the other species are often 
 called water-lilies. " Kumudd, or delight of the water, seems a 
 general name for beautiful aquatic flowers." Sir W. Jones. 
 
 2. L. Indicum. Leaves round or kidney-shaped, long-stalked, 
 flowers white, fringed but without crest, umbels immediately 
 below the leaves, capsule ovate, seeds smooth. 
 
 Tanks in the Konkan and Deccan. Throughout India, very com- 
 mon (H.). 
 
 Both these species throw out roots from the nodes of the stem. H. 
 has " corolla yellow towards the base within," which does not agree 
 with D., nor with my observation. 
 
 L. aurantiacum, leaves smooth, round, deeply cordate, long 
 
Order 78. Gentianacece. 193 
 
 efcalked ; flowers in umbels, fringed, orange-coloured inside, capsule 
 roundish. Malwan only (J).), near which I had it. Deccan penin- 
 sula (H.). * L. parvifolium, leaves round, cordate, pedicels numerous, 
 just below the leaf; flowers white, bearded, capsule oblong. Very 
 common in tanks, but so small as to be difficult to find (D.). 
 
 Pleurogyne, corolla rotate. * P. minor (Ophelia, M. D.), small, leaves 
 ovate, flowers in cymes of a beautiful blue, with white spot at the 
 base of the lobes ; all parts 4. Highest Ghauts opposite Bombay (D.). 
 From the descriptions it is not clear whether the calyx segments are 
 equal or not. 
 
 Order Polemoniacese, which comes in here, contains no 
 species wild in W. India, but the genus Phlox belongs to it, 
 very well represented in gardens both in England and India. 
 
 ORDER 79. HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 
 
 Differs from Grentianaeese by having alternate leaves and 
 imbricated corolla lobes. 
 
 HYDROLEA. Herbs with regular 5-divided flowers, calyx 
 divided nearly to the base, corolla widely campanulate, sta- 
 mens five, attached to the very short tube of the corolla, 
 anthers arrow-shaped, styles 2, stigmas capitate, capsule 
 roundish. 
 
 If. zeylanica. Erect or procumbent, much branched, mostly 
 smooth, stems round, leaves lanceolate ovate, flowers in short 
 racemes, handsome, dark blue, with white anthers and blue 
 styles, petals rounded, capsule enclosed in the catyx. 
 
 This is the only Indian species of the order. The Konkans in wet 
 places. Throughout India (#.), and very widely distributed except 
 in Europe. The flowers, both in form and colour, are like those of 
 the common speedwell, but much larger. The petals are divided so 
 low down that they may easily be looked on at first sight as quite 
 distinct. The garden Nemopliila belongs to this order. 
 
 OEDER 80. BORAGINE-ffi. The Borage Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, generally rough with coarse hairs, 
 leaves without stipules, calyx inferior persistent, lobes 5 or 
 more up to 8, corolla with 4 to 8 divisions, often with hairy 
 scales in the throat, stamens as many as the corolla lobes in- 
 serted in the tube. 
 
 The old order Boraginaceae had very decided characteristics, viz. 
 rough stems and leaves, a 4-lobed ovary, the style between the lobes, 
 and fruit of 4 seed-like nuts. In these respects it was very like 
 Labiatse, differing from that by the flowers being more or less regular, 
 and the leaves alternate. But there is now included with this the old 
 
 O 
 
194 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 order Cordiaceae, which has an entire ovary and varying fruit. The 
 first three tribes here given do not therefore belong to the Borage 
 family in the old acceptation of the term. 
 
 TEIBE 1. CORBIES. Trees or shrubs, fruit a drupe. 
 
 1 . CORDIA. Flowers in corymbs or clusters, calyx with very 
 short irregular teeth, corolla lobes and stamens 4 to 8, style 
 dividing into 2 or more branches, calyx increasing with the 
 fruit. 
 
 TEIBE 2. EHRETIEJH. Fruit of 2 or 4 nutlets. 
 
 2. EHRETIA. Trees or shrubs, corolla tube short, lobes 5, 
 style bifid. 
 
 3. COLDENIA. Prostrate herbs, corolla funnel-shaped, styles 
 2, sometimes slightly adherent, drupe of 4 pyrenes. 
 
 4. RHABDIA. Calyx and corolla 5 parted, style 1, drupe of 
 4 pyrenes. 
 
 TRIBE 3. HELIOTROPIEJE. 
 
 5. HELIOTROPIUM, Herbs with small flowers, stamens 
 hidden in the corolla tube, fruit of 4 nutlets. 
 
 1. CORDIA. 
 
 1. C. myxa. A good sized tree, leaves broad oval, rough 
 beneath, leathery, flowers white, fragrant, calyx cup-shaped, 
 with many teeth, petals 5, curled back, stamens and pistil 
 exserted, fruit size of a cherry, in stalked clusters, flesh- 
 coloured, the stone imbedded in transparent pulp. Bhokar, 
 lessuri. 
 
 Deccan and Konkan. Throughout India and often cultivated (//.). 
 He has 2 varieties, and calls the leaves very variable in form and 
 size. 
 
 The fruit under the name of Sebesten orSepistan is used in medecine. 
 The tree has been cultivated in Egypt from time immemorial. Le 
 Maout. 
 
 2. C. obligera (C. latifolia, D.). A tree much like the last, 
 leaves large, broad, ovate, slightly waved, nearly smooth, fruit 
 like a plum, smooth and yellow, full of glutinous pulp. Bar- 
 gundy gedori, dahivan. 
 
 Guzerat and Sind ; common ; Deccan. 
 
 JET. includes in this D.'s C. Wallichii, of which the calyx is described 
 as velvety, and the underside of the leaves as densely tomentose and 
 white. 
 
 3. C. Rothii. A poor-looking tree; leaves sub-opposite, 
 
Order 80. Boraginece. 195 
 
 lanceolate or oblong, obtuse ; flowers small, white, in panicles, 
 petals curled back, stamens and styles 4 each, exserted ; fruit 
 larger than a pea, orange yellow, full of glutinous pulp, seated 
 in the cup-like calyx. Qodan, gondani, dydr. 
 
 D. calls this common everywhere, which I do not think it is. I 
 believe that I have seen it only in the Deccan. Guzerat also ((?.). 
 W. India, frequent (H.\ 
 
 * C. Macleodii, all softly and densely hairy, leaves ovate, cordate, 
 obtnse, calyx tubular, clavate, berry ovoid, aeute, very small. 
 Dahivan. * 0. fulvosa, the same, except for its much less tomentose 
 corymbs and leaves (if.)- These two are not in D. or G. Konkan 
 and Belgaum (If.). * C. Sebestena, a small S. American tree, with 
 showy red flowers, is frequent in gardens in Bombay (Dr. W. Gray). 
 
 2. EHRETIA. 
 
 E. Icevis. A tree with broad oval entire leaves, often un- 
 equal-sided, flowers very small, white, panicled. Calyx lobes 
 5, very short, drupe very small, red turning black. Datrang. 
 
 Malwan, S.E. of Surat, and Bhimashankar (D. and G.}. Common 
 throughout hotter India (if.). 
 
 3. COLDENIA. 
 
 C. procumbens. A small plant, grey and very hairy, lying 
 close to the ground, stem thick, leaves obovate, deeply pleated, 
 unequal at the base, flowers white, solitary sessile in the axils, 
 fruit rough pyramidal pointed. Tripakslii. 
 
 Common on rice-fields in the cold weather. Throughout India, a 
 weed (if.)- It is a plant of quite the same character as Heliotro- 
 pium. 
 
 4. E-HABDIA. 
 
 R. lycioides (R. viminea, D.). A twiggy much-branched 
 shrub, the branches frequently creeping and rooting, leaves 
 obovate cuneate small, flowers small pink in axillary 'corymbs, 
 berry smaller than a pea, orange-red. 
 
 Konkan, in the beds of rivers. India generally, in the samo 
 situations (if.). I have found this as D. describes with smooth 
 leaves, thus differing from the order, but Brandis calls them more 
 or less hairy with adpressed white hairs. 
 
 5. HELIOTBOPIUM. 
 The common explanation of the name is found in the lines 
 
 " The heliotrope that turneth 
 Towards her lord, the Sun." A. A. Proctor. 
 o 2 
 
196 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 From which also the common English name Turnsole. But Tournefort 
 denies this interpretation, and says that it is so called from flower- 
 ing about the time of the summer solstice, when the sun turns to- 
 wards the equinoctial. Heliotrope was formerly supposed to possess 
 the power of counteracting poison, and rendering the bearer invisible. 
 
 " Among this swarm, most loathsome to survey, 
 Kan spirits naked and with terror pale, 
 No hiding place, no heliotrope had they." 
 
 Wright's " Dante." Inferno xxiv. 92. 
 
 1. H. supinum. A small branched hairy plant, prostrate or 
 ascending, leaves oval, velvety, deeply pleated, calyx large, 
 corolla very small, almost hidden in it, white, capsule smooth, 
 almost round, nutlets 2 or 4. Waddsuri. 
 
 Common in rice-^elds, Konkan and Deccan ; also in Cutch and 
 Sind. The whole plant is sometimes thickly covered with white 
 hairs. 
 
 2. H. marlfolium. Prostrate, much branched, leaves lanceo- 
 late, calyx large, enclosing the fruit, which is sometimes dis- 
 tinctly 4-lobed, sometimes almost entire. 
 
 On the sea sands, S. Konkan. 
 
 * H. bracteatum is very like this (H. laxiflorum, D.), but erect, and 
 much branched from the root. Poona. Bombay and Deccan (-D.). 
 
 3. H. Indicum (Tiaridium, I. D.}. A coarse, erect much- 
 branched plant, very hairy all over except the fruit, leaves 
 oval, wrinkled, running into the petiole, opposite or alternate, 
 flowers white or lilac arranged in 2 rows up one side of the 
 spike, fruit with the attached calyx mitre-shaped, separating 
 into 2 halves, each 2-seeded. Suryakamal, Wtiirundi. 
 
 A weed often found on rubbish. Throughout India in the moister 
 parts (#.). 
 
 This is a much larger plant than the other species. 
 
 *H. zeylanicum (Tourneforlia subulata, D.). Erect, branched, hairy, 
 leaves lanceolate, sessile, spikes long and slender, flowers yellowish, 
 nutlets 2. Near Gogo (-D.). Throughout India (H.). H. ovalifolium 
 (H. coromandelianum, D.) much like H. supinum, but erect, spikes in 
 pairs, flowers in a waved row along them. Wara. Bhimashankar 
 (D.). * H. Rottleri. Woody and rough with stiff horizontal branches, 
 leaves very small, oblong, racemes long and stiff with distant 
 flowers and ovate bracts, fruit round. Donus (D.). The commonest 
 heliotrope of English and Indian gardens is H. peruvianum. 
 
 TRIBE 4. 
 
 Herbs, ovary distinctly 4-lobed, style simple or bifid arising 
 
Order 80. Boraginece. 197 
 
 from between the lobes, fruit of 4 nutlets. The flowers are 
 often arranged on only one side of the spike or raceme. 
 
 6. TRICHODESMA. Coarse herbs, calyx 5-parted, auricled at 
 the base, increasing in fruit, anthers very large and hairy, 
 joining in a cone : leaves sometimes opposite. 
 
 7. PARACHARYUM. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, corolla with mouth 
 closed by 5 scales. 
 
 8. SERICOSTOMA. Small branched shrubs, sepals 5, narrow, 
 mouth of corolla wide, closed with hairs, nuts "ovoid, stony. 
 
 6. TRICHODESMA. 
 
 1. T. Indicum. (T. zeylanicum, D.). A very rough plant 
 with bristly stem, the hairs springing from tubercles, leaves 
 nearly sessile oblong, narrowed at the base, flowers lilac, calyx 
 lobes ovate lanceolate. Zinghi, gaoza. 
 
 2. T. amplexicaule. Probably a mere form of the last (H.) 
 but the lower leaves are oblong, the upper broad ovate cordate, 
 stem-clasping and auricled. Chota Kalpa. 
 
 Both are common weeds throughout India ; the second I believe is 
 the larger of the two, notwithstanding the native names. 
 
 7. PARACHARYUM. 
 
 P. codestinum. (Cynoglossum c. D.). A handsome strag- 
 gling plant, as much as 5 feet high, not very rough, lower leaves 
 broad ovate, long-stalked, upper narrower and sessile, flowers 
 in long spikes or racemes, white with blue eye, calyx lobes 
 ovate, nutlets flattish surrounded by a hairy ring. Nisurdi. 
 
 S. Konkan, Mahableshwar and Matheran : called the " Maha- 
 bleshwar forget-me-not." Dr. CooTce. 
 
 * P. malabaricum and *P. lambertianum are said by Dr. Cooke to be 
 tolerably common at Mahableshwar : both resemble P. ccelestinum, 
 but the first is stouter, more hairy, and with larger flowers and 
 fruits. Canara (-H".). The second, which H. identifies doubtfully, 
 has a quite different fruit, the nutlets of an inch in diameter, 
 ovate depressed. Neither are in D. or G. 
 
 8. SERICOSTOMA. 
 
 S. pauciflorum. Low and much branched, covered with 
 rough hairs, leaves linear lanceolate, small, flowers solitary or 
 racemed white, calyx large and thick. 
 
 Kelvi-Mahim. Coast of Kattywar, very common (-D.). Sind (H.). 
 
 Cynoglossutn, leaves mainly radical, corolla rotate, the mouth 
 almost closed with a fringe of scales. C. lance* litum (C. micranthum, 
 
198 The Floivering Plants of Western India. 
 
 D.). A tall rough plant, leaves lanceolate acute, flowers in com- 
 pound racemes small, blue with white eye, calyx lobes nearly as long 
 as the corolla. Lichardi. Waranda Ghaut. Konkan, Khandalla, 
 &c. (D. and (?.). *C. denticulatum (C. glochidiatum, D.). Stem softly 
 hairy, tubercled, branches rather angular, leaves ovate, lanceolate, 
 fruit with a hairy ring surmounted by long teeth with recurved 
 hooks. Parr Ghaut (D.). H. has doubtfully C, Ritchiei, found at Bel- 
 gaum by Dr. Ritchie, closely resembling this. This genus has, in 
 English as in Latin, the name of Hound's tongue, from the long leaves 
 resembing (more or less) the tongue of a dog. 
 
 The various Forget-me-nots (Myosotis} of English river banks and 
 gardens belong to this tribe ; also the Comfreys, of which Sympliytum 
 asperrimum, prickly comfrey, has been of late years cultivated in W. 
 Indian for fodder. 
 
 ORDER 81. CONVOLVTJLACEJE. The Convolvulus family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, generally twining, leaves alternate without 
 stipules, flowers regular, generally showy with bracts ; calyx 
 persistent of 5 lobes, which are generally imbricated, and often 
 distinctly unequal ; corolla generally bell-shaped or funnel- 
 shaped, often pleated ; stamens, 5 on the corolla tube, 2 often 
 shorter than the other 3 ; anthers oblong, ovary superior, 
 styles one or two, stigma 2-lobed or branched, fruit not more 
 than 4-seeded. 
 
 This is a tropical order of plants of singular beauty ; and I think 
 it a matter of congratulation thao our Presidency has so great a 
 number of its species : for it is not one of the large orders, though 
 so well known. Most of those species, which cannot properly be 
 called beautiful, have still "A sweet attractive kind of grace;" 
 and members of this family can scarcely be mistaken for any 
 other. 
 
 Note. 27". does not mention among the characteristics of the order 
 either the imbricated calyx or the unequal stamens, but both are 
 certainly found in the majority of the species here given. 
 
 Note. The great majority of the large and handsome species are 
 found in genera Nos. 1, 2, and 4. Cuscuta differs very much from the 
 other genera given. 
 
 (a) Large climbers (except Argyreia cuneata), often 
 shrubby ; fruit indehiscent. 
 
 1. BIVEA. Flowers large white, long-tubed, about 3 together, 
 stamens included, stigmas 2, linear oblong, fruit roundish. 
 
 2. ARGYREIA. Generally covered with silky hairs, flowers 
 generally rose-coloured or purple, corolla with very short 
 lobes, stamens included, style long, stigmas 2, round. 
 
Order 81. Convolvulacece. 199 
 
 3. LETTSOMIA. Like the last, but stamens sometimes 
 exserted. 
 
 (b) Mostly herbs, but including some large climbers : capsule 
 2 to 4-valved, or fragile, and soon breaking up. 
 
 4. IPOMCEA. Corolla very shortly lobed; stigma entire or 
 2-lobed ; capsule round or ovoid, generally 4-valved. 
 
 5. CONVOLVULUS. Corolla vase-shaped, limb nearly entire, 
 pleated, stamens included, stigmas 2, oblong. 
 
 6. E VOLVULUS, Not twining, corolla salver-shaped, scarcely 
 lobed ; styles 2, each with 2 linear stigmas. 
 
 7. FOR ANA. Large climbers, sepals in fruit much enlarged 
 and scarious. 
 
 8. CRESSA. Not climbing, very small, flowers sessile, 
 stamens exserted, styles 2. 
 
 (c) Leafless twining parasites. 
 
 9. CUSCUTA. Flowers fascicled, calyx and corolla much 
 alike. 
 
 1. RIVEA. 
 
 R. hypocrateriformis. Stem and branches more or less 
 clothed with white hairs, leaves large, round, cordate or 
 kidney-shaped, sepals ovate, obtuse, corolla limb silky out- 
 side, fruit yellowish-brown, nearly dry. Kalmiluta, fanjd. 
 
 Bombay and the Konkans. H. includes in this R. bonanox (D.), 
 which has large night-blowing flowers with a strong smell of cloves, 
 strongly resembling the Moon creeper, but smaller, and said to be 
 called "the Midnapore creeper." I thought the two were quite 
 distinct. 
 
 * R. ornata very much resembles this, but the aepals are larger 
 and more pointed, the stems more hairy and whiter. Higher Ghauts 
 W. of Junar (D.). 
 
 2. ARQYREIA. 
 
 1. A. tilicefolia. A very extensive climber, leaves round, 
 cordate or kidney- shaped, long-stalked entire ; flowers about 3 
 together, handsome, rose-coloured, streaked darker, sepals 
 broad, ovate, much imbricated, increasing with the fruit and 
 covering it, capsule round, brown, seeds 4, downy. 
 
 Not in D. or 6?., but abundant and luxuriant at Kelvi Mahim and 
 Belapore, and probably in other places, as H. has " India, except in 
 the Western dry portion, very common in Bengal, and near the 
 sea." It is very noticeable for its large flowers and fruit, the latter 
 quite covered up by the calyx. R. calls it Convolvulus gangeticus. 
 
20O The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 2. A. speciosa. Elephant creeper. A very extensive climber, 
 leaves very large, heart-shaped or ovate, cordate ; flowers large, 
 rose-coloured in heads, with large white leafy bracts, berry dry, 
 4-celled, 4-seeded. Samudra shok, yugali. 
 
 Bombay and elsewhere near the sea, common ; less so inland. 
 From Assam to Belgnm and Mysore. 
 
 3. A. sericea. Very like the last, but not so large ; leaves 
 broad, heart-shaped, very white and silky below, bracts large 
 and leafy, enveloping the heads of flowers, which are hairy 
 outside ; berry orange-coloured, pulpy. Gave?. 
 
 South Konkan and Ghauts. Matheran. 
 
 A. argentea I took to be a variety of this. It is not in D. or ., 
 but I found it at Poona, and Dr. Dymock has the name Mhaisvel 
 for it. Peduncles leafy, bearing numbers of flowers at the end. 
 
 4. A. mdlabarica. Very largo and woody, leaves heart- 
 shaped, slightly hairy, flowers in heads many together, very 
 large, white, with purple bottom. 
 
 One of the handsomest of the order, confined in this Presidency 
 to the Ghauts, but abundant there from almost the beginning of the 
 ascent. Malabar and Coromandel (?) 
 
 5. A. cuneata. An erect shrub, nearly smooth, leaves 
 obovate cuneate, nearly sessile, flowers deep purple, few 
 together, sepals ovate obtuse, bracts very small, berry oval, 
 with brown smooth outer shell, seated in the calyx. 
 
 This differs in habit from all the large species of the order found 
 in this Presidency, and it can scarcely be called handsome. It is 
 common in some parts of the Deccan and near the Ghauts. Deccan 
 peninsula, common (IT.). 
 
 * A. involucraia, nearly smooth, leaves large, ovate, pointed; 
 flowers in heads, large, rose-purple, sepals with scarious margins, 
 bracts large, oblong, persistent. Not in D. or 6r. Bombay, 
 Konkan, etc. (#.). 
 
 3. LETTSOMIA. 
 
 L. elliptica (Argyreia e. D.). Woody, leaves ovate, 
 elliptic, flowers in long-peduncled panicles, rose-coloured or 
 pale purple, with dark base, berry roundish, orange-coloured. 
 Bdndvel, Keddri. 
 
 Common on the Ghauts. 
 
 * L. aggregata (Argyreia a. D.). 'Hoary or woolly, leaves ovate 
 cordate obtuse; flowers in heads, small pink, bracts many roundish- 
 anthers exserted ; capsule round, red. S. M. country, Mr. Law (-D.)> 
 
Order 8 1. Convolvulacea. 201 
 
 * L. setosa (Argyreia s. D.). Covered with close pressed stiff 
 hairs, leaves as the last, flowers rose-coloured or whitish, in 
 dense long-stalked corymbs, stamens included; berry ovoid, red. 
 Sdmbhar vel. Near Viziadrug and Surat (D.). Matheran (Birdwood). 
 
 Note. The flowers of this gen as are generally smaller than in the 
 Argyreias, from which it is difficult to distinguish those species 
 which have the anthers included. 
 
 Erycibe, sepals about equal, roundish ; corolla lobes 10, equal, 
 style none ; stigma large, round j berry fleshy. 
 
 * E. paniculata, a large climbing shrub, covered with tawny hairs ; 
 leaves oblong ; flowers yellow in long terminal panicles, very small for 
 the order ; berry oblong, black. Konkan jungles (D.). Throughout 
 India (H.). By the descriptions it must be a very variable plant. 
 
 (b.) 4. IPOMCEA. 
 
 Out of 57 species given in H., 29 are found in this Presidency. 
 
 1. /. bonanox (Colony ction speciosum, D.). Moon creeper. 
 A large climber, leaves large, smooth, heart-shaped, pointed ; 
 petioles very thick ; peduncles long, with one to five large 
 long-tubed white flowers, very fragrant, capsule smooth, 3 or 
 4-seeded. Gul chdndani, soma vel, lanya bauri, Chandra 
 kdnt. 
 
 Throughout India, but very often cultivated. A delightful plant, 
 but rather aggravating from the very short life of the flowers, as 
 they open at sunset, and close once for all soon after sunrise. 
 
 " The midnight flower, 
 
 That scorns the eye of vulgar light, 
 Begins to bloom for sons of night, 
 
 And maids who love the moon." T. Moore. 
 
 Called by negroes in America " The lady of the night." 
 
 I. muricata was included by Z>. in this, but is called by H. clearly 
 distinct, as it certainly is to an ordinary eye, the stems being covered 
 with soft prickles, the flowers smaller, and pale purple. It is 
 attributed to Bombay and S. Konkan. 
 
 2. /. coccinea (Quamodit Phoenicia, D.). A beautiful twiner, 
 all smooth, leaves ovate cordate acute, sepals long-pointed, 
 flowers small, bright scarlet or crimson, long-tubed, limb 
 spreading, capsule ovoid with four densely furred seeds. Ishak- 
 pech. 
 
 3. /. quamoclit, like the last, but the leaves pinnate with 
 very numerous linear segments, seeds nearly smooth. G-anesh- 
 vel Sitache kesh. 
 
2O2 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 These two are natives of America, but are called by JET. quasi-wild 
 throughout India. They run wild in gardens, and the first is common 
 in hedges in Guzerat. Of the second there is a white-flowered 
 variety. 
 
 Sir W. Jones called the second the most beautiful of the order, and 
 applied to its blossoms Milton's beautiful words, "Celestial rosy 
 red, love's proper hue ; " but surely " the affable archangel " never 
 bluahed so deep a red as these flowers generally are in W. India. 
 
 4. /. hederacea. A hairy twiner, leaves ovate cordate, 3- 
 lobed, flowers large, of a lovely light blue, sometimes streaked 
 darker, stamens included, capsule nearly round, smooth, 3-celled. 
 Nila pushpi. 
 
 Also a doubtful native, but common in most parts. It is " the 
 Morning glory " of the W. Indies, as it shuts early in the day. " In 
 one piece of wild wood (in Bermuda) the morning glory vines had 
 wrapped the trees to their very top, and decorated them all over 
 with couples and clusters of great blue bells." Mark Twain. 
 
 R. has two vars., one with entire leaves. 
 
 5. J. digitata (Batatas paniculata, D.). A large handsome 
 climber, nearly all smooth, leaves large long-petioled, with 5 to 
 7 deep ovate lanceolate lobes, peduncles long, with many large 
 and broad bell-shaped purple flowers, capsule 4- celled, seeds 
 with long hairs. Bhuikohola, viddrikand. 
 
 Bombay and the Konkans : very common in railway hedges in 
 Salsette. Tropical India (#.). 
 
 The yonng tubers are called Asgand (Dymocty. 
 
 6. /. pentaphylla (Batatas p. D.). Much smaller than the 
 last, every part except corolla and capsule very hairy, leaves 
 digitate, leaflets -broad lanceolate entire, petioles and peduncles 
 long, flowers large, white, sepals unequal, covering the round 
 smooth 4-celled capsule. 
 
 D. calls this a common weed, which I think is too strong. Q. calls 
 it common on Malabar Hill, &c., and it grows in Salsette. Besides 
 India (chiefly W. India) it grows in Africa, Polynesia, and tropical 
 America, and is often cultivated (ff.) for the roots, I presume, like 
 the next. 
 
 7. I. batatas. Hairy, with cordate-lobed leaves, flowers large, 
 white tinged with red, long peduncled, sepals as in the last. 
 Rdtalu, rdtanvel, Samarkand, Kdngi. 
 
 This is the sweet potato, commonly cultivated in India and all 
 tropical countries, and it is what old English writers mean when they 
 
Order 8 1 . Convolvulacece. 203 
 
 refer to the potato, our common potato being then called the Virginian 
 potato (Whewell, Hist. Inductive Sciences). This (the sweet potato) 
 was imported into England by way of Spain, and sold as a delicacy 
 (Chambers). Both the Latin and the English name are corruptions 
 of the West Indian and American names. 
 
 8. /. pestigridis. Twining, hairy all over, leaves palmately 
 5 to 7-lobed, lobes lanceolate or ovate, flowers small, delicate, 
 white or slightly tinted, in heads surrounded by several ovate 
 bracts. 
 
 Common in hedges. Throughout India (5".). H. has two varieties 
 with leaves varying to ovate cordate entire. 
 
 Note. There are two other species distinguished by very promi- 
 nent bracts, both small and hairy, I.pileata, with several pink flowers 
 within a large boat-shaped perf oliate involucre, and I. pilosa, with 
 small purple-pink and white flowers in heads surrounded by bracts. 
 Both belong to the S. Konkan. 
 
 9. /. eriocarpa (/. sessili/lora, D.). Small, covered with 
 hairs, leaves ovate cordate pointed, flowers quite or nearly 
 sessile axillary, pinkish, sepals large, points curled back ; capsule 
 quite round, large. 
 
 For this H. and R. have ovate or linear bracts larger than the 
 calyx, which D. does not mention, and I did not note. D. has for 
 habitat only Severndrug. I had it near Malwan, and about Bombay 
 and Bandora. H. calls it common throughout India. 
 
 10. /. obscura. A climber, more or less downy, leaves heart- 
 shaped acuminate, petioles and peduncles long, peduncles jointed 
 and bracted at the joints, and bearing two or three cream-coloured 
 flowers with purple throat, sepals ovate pointed. 
 
 This is perhaps the commonest of the order in W. India, occurring 
 everywhere in hedges ; and H. calls it common throughout India. 
 In this case the specific name is very appropriate, for it is an 
 eminently common-place and unnoticeable plant. 
 
 * I. Clarkei very like this, but flowers larger and sepals narrow 
 lanceolate. Konkan (H.). 
 
 11. /. sfpiaria. Like the last but larger, stems a little hairy, 
 leaves heart-shaped, peduncles many-flowered, thick, flowers 
 pinkish with darker throat, sepals ovate oblong. Amti. 
 
 This also is very common in hedges, and frequent throughout India 
 (H.). The leaves are frequently dark about the midrib. 
 
 12. /. aquatica (I. reptans, D.), Creeping and floating, 
 mostly smooth, stems hollow, leaves lanceolate sagittate, 
 
2O4 The E lowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 petioles long, flowers large, rose-coloured, several to a peduncle, 
 sepals ovate. Pdnvel, ndri, ndlichi Mji. 
 
 Common in tanks, Konkan and Guzerat. Throughout India 
 common, often cultivated as a vegetable (#.) 
 
 13. T. turpethum. An extensive twiner, all covered with 
 hairs, stem angled and winged, leaves various, cordate or 
 sagittate or lobed, peduncles two or three together, each with 
 three or four rather large white or pinkish flowers, sepals broad 
 ovate, concave enlarged in fruit, seeds black, size of a pea. 
 Dudh kalmi, tevari, ted, nishottar. 
 
 Remarkable in this order for being full of milky juice. Guzerat, 
 Deccan, and Konkan. Throughout India, common (H.). 
 
 14. I. biloba (I. pescaprce, D.). Goat's foot convolvulus. 
 Large, creeping on the ground, leaves of two round lobes joined 
 on the inner edge (like Bauhinia), flowers peduncled, large, 
 reddish purple, sepals ovate lanceolate, capsule round, smooth, 
 seeds very hairy. Chdgal kun, dobati luta, maryddvel. 
 
 Very common on the sea-shore, covering large patches of sand. It 
 is said to grow all round the world in the tropics, and was the first 
 plant that Kingsley saw in the W. Indies, growing just as with us. 
 
 15. /. vitifolia. A. large climber, rather hairy, leaves like 
 those of the common vine, long petioled, peduncles long, flowers 
 large of a very delicate yellow, capsule much smaller than the 
 calyx, seeds grey. Nauli. 
 
 One of the most beautiful of the order, but not common, I think. 
 S. Konkan. Throughout India (H ). " In Deccan gardens pretty 
 common " ((?.); but I have not seen it so. 
 
 * I. laciniata (Pharbitis I. D.), slender, leaves digitate with seven 
 narrow serrated or pinnatifid lobes, sepals thick and fleshy, flowers 
 large, white, tube long, purple within, capsule 3-celled. Mai wan, 
 Belgaum, Bombay, etc. (-D.). * ! dissecta (I. coptica, D.) prostrate, 
 hardly twining, leaves much as the last, flowers very small, white, 
 sepals wrinkled, muricated, capsule 6-valved. Khandala, creeping 
 among grass (D.). I. uniflora (Aniseia u. t D.), small, leaves oblong, 
 linear, flowers solitary, small, white, long-stalked, capsule ovoid. 
 S. Konkan. Throughout India (H.) ; varies greatly in hairiness 
 apparently. I. calycina (Aniseia c. D.), hairy, leaves ovate, cordate, 
 acute, flowers one to three together on short peduncles, small, white, 
 the outer sepals sagittate. Guzerat. Deccan (H.). I. angustifolia 
 (I. filicaulis, D.), small, creeping, smooth, stem angular, leaves narrow, 
 hastate and toothed at the base, flowers small, yellow, with dark 
 throat. Konkan and Deccan. I. tridentata, small, prostrate, with 
 many stems from the root, leaves very small and narrow, auricled 
 
Order 8 1. Convolvulacece. 205 
 
 and toothed at the base, flowers solitary long-stalked, yellow. 
 Never twining (S.). Bhoria. Bassein and Ghorabandar (D.). I. 
 cTiryseides, a very delicate and pretty climber, leaves heart-shaped, 
 pointed, sometimes lobed, flowers small, yellow, few to a peduncle, 
 capsule wrinkled, rough. Dhamapore. Wari country (Z>.). Through- 
 out India (#.) * -^ reniformis, small, stems creeping close to the 
 ground, leaves kidney-shaped or ovate cordate, flowers very small, 
 yellow, outer sepals smaller, seeds dark chestnut. Undirkdni. In 
 places where water has lodged, Konkan and Deccan (Z>. and #.). 
 I. campanulata, a large climber, smooth or nearly so, leaves large, 
 cordate acute, long petioled, flowers large and handsome in corymbs, 
 rose-coloured or purple, always prominently lobed. Mddvel. I am 
 not certain of my identification of this, but D. and G. have it in the 
 hilly parts of the Konkan and the Ghauts. * I. rhyncorhiza, a smooth 
 climber, leaves deeply 7-lobed, lobes often pinnatifid, peduncles 
 long, with one or two large yellow flowers. Konkan, Syhadris, and 
 Ghauts. Dalzell and Stocks ; not known otherwise. 
 
 Jalap (from Xalapa, a city of Mexico) is made from the root of 
 I. purga. 
 
 5. CONVOLVULUS. 
 
 1. C. microphyllus. A small prostrate plant, covered with 
 white or tawny hairs, leaves lanceolate or oblong, flowers small, 
 solitary, or few together, pale pink, capsule smooth. 
 
 Guzerat, N. Konkan, and Sind. 
 
 2. C. arvemis. A twiner, leaves narrow, sagittate, auricled, 
 flowers pink and white, beautifully blended, one or two to a 
 penduncle, bracts 2, distant from the flowers, capsule smooth. 
 Haranpag. 
 
 The common English field bindweed. Common in Guzerat and the 
 Deccan. A weed of cultivation (if.). 
 
 " A low breath 
 
 Of tender air made tremble in the hedge 
 The fragile bindweed bells, and briony rings." Tennyson. 
 
 " In all fair hues from white to mingled rose, 
 Along the hedge the clasping bindweed flowers, 
 
 Along the hedge, besides the trodden lane 
 
 Where day by day we pass, and pass again." A. Webster. 
 
 C. Rottlerianus, erect, branched, hairy, leaves sessile linear, 
 flowers small, star-like, pink, capsule size of a small pea, seeds 
 warty. Deccan. Kattywar also (D.). 
 
 * C. parviflorus, a weak twiner, leaves ovate, cordate, acute, 
 flowers numerous, white or pink in cymes or umbels, lobes acute, 
 capsule and seeds smooth. Caranjah, Surat, etc. (D.) . 
 
206 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 6. ETOLVULUS. 
 
 E. alsinoides (E. hirsutus, D.). A small hairy prostrate plant 
 with several stems from the root, leaves very small, ovate- 
 pointed, flowers very small, long peduncled axillary, of a beautiful 
 bright blue, with white throat and anthers, sometimes violet 
 or white, bracts about half-way up the peduncle. Shankveli. 
 
 Growing in grass, common. Throughout India, very common, and 
 throughout the world in and near the tropics (#.). 
 
 " The beautiful Evolvulus, with its profusion of blue flowers, that 
 reminds one of the English forget-me-not." Tennent. 
 
 7. PORANA. 
 
 * P. maldbarica (P. racemosa, D.) Leaves cordate acute, 
 long-petioled, flowers small, funnel-shaped, pure white, in 
 panicles, with large cordate bracts at the forks. 
 
 The Ghauts, common (D.). Matheran and Mahableshwar. 
 
 Mr. Birdwood calls this the snow-creeper, but the plant which 
 bears this name in the Himalayas (P. racemosa) must by the descrip- 
 tion be much more beautiful. 
 
 8. CRESSA. 
 
 C. cretica. A small shrubby unattractive plant, prostrate 
 and spreading, all covered with white hairs, leaves oval-pointed, 
 flowers solitary or in terminal heads very small, white or pink- 
 ish, the corolla lobes with long tips, seeds smooth. Khardi, 
 chdwel. 
 
 Rice-fields in the cold weather. Konkan. In the bed of the Mula 
 river, near Kirkee. Woodrow. 
 
 Throughout India, not common (#.). 
 
 Hewittia, a hairy twiner, sepals enlarged in fruit, corolla bell- 
 shaped, stigma deeply 2-lobed. * H. Ucoior (Palmia 6. D.), leaves 
 ovate cordate, angular or lobed, flowers an inch long, generally soli- 
 tary, yellow with purple base, bracts on the peduncle leafy, capsule 
 round, hairy. The Konkans ; near Penn (D.). 
 
 Breweria, corolla wide-tubed, styles 2, united below. B. cordata 
 (. Roxburghii, D.). A strong twiner, covered with rusty hairs, 
 leaves ovate cordate, flowers middle-sized, white, capsule larger than 
 the calyx, thick, seeds brown, angular. Vingorla. 
 
 (c.) 9. CUSCUTA. Dodder. 
 
 C. reflexa. Stems yellow, succulent, flowers very small, 
 white in lax racemes, bracts small and fleshy, styles with 2 long 
 stigmas. Akaspawan, dmarvel. 
 
Order 8 1 . Convolvulacece. . 207 
 
 Not in D. Konkan, Mahableshwar, and Guzerat ; growing over 
 trees or shrubs. Throughout India, common (H.). It is very like Gassy- 
 tha filiformis, forming tangled masses like string. * C. chinensis, 
 like the last, but smaller, styles 2 with capitate stigmas. Not in Z>. 
 Common in gardens, adhering to greens, etc. (6?.). 
 
 Jacquemontia violacea, common in gardens, with small light blue 
 flowers, and heart-shaped leaves, preserves the name of the gifted 
 French botanist, who died at Colaba in December, 1832, from ex- 
 posure during his excursions in Salsette too soon after the close of the 
 rains. His remains were removed to France within the last ten years. 
 
 There are probably many other species of this order to be found 
 in gardens. 
 
 ORDEE 82. SOLANACE-32. Nightshades. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or soft-wooded trees, leaves alternate, without 
 stipules, flowers regular without bracts, calyx inferior, persis- 
 tent, generally 5-cleft, corolla more or less funnel-shaped, lobes 
 generally 5, stamens 5 on the corolla, anthers ovate or oblong, 
 fruit a capsule or berry, many- seeded. 
 
 The leaves are described by if. as never opposite, but often in pairs 
 on the same side of the stem, an arrangement sometimes called gemi- 
 nate. Similarly the flowers are often not in the axilg, but above 
 them, and so-called extra-axillary. 
 
 This is a large order, chiefly tropical, well known for its strong 
 narcotic properties, and therefore much used in medicine. There are 
 also a great number of food-producing plants, the most famous of 
 which is the potato, but most of these, as well as the medicinal species, 
 are poisonous in some of their parts. Tobacco may be looked on 
 as the champion of the narcotic species, as the potato is of the food 
 producers. 
 
 As to external characteristics it does not seem possible to men- 
 tion any by which the species of the order may be easily distin- 
 guished j but two marks are very usual, 1 the pleating of the 
 corolla, as in many of the Convolvulaoeae, and 2 the union of the 
 long anthers at their apex, so as to form a cone surrounding the 
 pistil. This last feature, which is very noticeable, occurs only in 
 the genus Solanum, the flowers of all the species of which much re- 
 semble those of the potato, and as the Solanum s are not only the 
 main part of the order as regards W. India, but are said also to be 
 nearly twice as many as all the remaining species of the order all 
 over the world, these characteristics may be looked on as tolerably 
 general. 
 
 1. SOLANUM. Corolla divided almost to the base, lobes 
 spreading, filaments short, anthers oblong, meeting at the points, 
 style columnar, berry round, or nearly so. 
 
 2. PHYSALIS. Herbs, corolla bell-shaped, berry round within 
 the enlarged and inflated calyx. 
 
208 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 3. WITHANIA. Unarmed shrubs, otherwise much as the last. 
 
 4. DATURA. Large, coarse herbs, calyx and corolla long- 
 tubed, stigma 2-lobed. 
 
 1. SOLANUM. 
 Note. All the species here given are prickly, except the first. 
 
 1. S. nigrum. Black nightshade. An erect leafy plant, un- 
 armed, leaves ovate waved or bluntly lobed, flowers small, 
 more or less nnbelled, drooping, white, calyx teeth small, berry 
 round, black, sometimes red or yellow. Glidti, Kdmain, Mdko, 
 Kakmachi. 
 
 Not in D. Poona, Mahableshwar, etc. Thoughout India (jff.). 
 It is common in England. " This very common plant has followed 
 the footsteps of man over all the world. Lindley. 
 
 2. S. giganteum. A shrub, leaves smooth, variously and 
 irregularly lobed and waved, mealy beneath, as are the young 
 shoots, flowers purple or violet in cymes, berries red, size of a 
 pea, in handsome bunches. Channajhad, Kutri. 
 
 Mahableshwar, very common, and the higher Ghants. 
 
 3. S. Indicum. Tall and shrubby, prickly all over, leaves 
 greyish sinuate or lobed, sometimes pinnatifid downy, flowers 
 purple in racemes, berry round, size of a gooseberry ; at first 
 variegated with light and dark green, finally yellow. Dorlin, 
 chinchurdi, ringani, Ihui-vdngi. 
 
 Common in most parts. Throughout tropical India, very common 
 (H.). 
 
 4. S. xanthocarpum (S. Jacquinii, D.). A spreading herb, 
 procumbent, prickly all over, leaves ovate oblong, pinnatifid 
 with acute segments, more or less hairy, flowers solitary or in 
 racemes like those of the last, fruit yellow, size of a plum. 
 Bhuiringani, Kdnteringani. 
 
 As common as the last throughout India (H.). The prickles of this 
 are said to be straight, and of Nos. 3 and 5 curved, but I do not think 
 that this can be depended on. 
 
 5. S. trilobatum. A climbing under-shrub, all prickly, 
 leaves smooth, variously and irregularly lobed and waved, 
 flowers purple, berry red, size of a currant. Mothi ringani. 
 
 Hedges, Guzerat and the Deccan. 
 
 S. verlascifolium, a shrub or small tree, mealy in many parts, leaves 
 large, ovate entire, woolly (like Mullein), flowers small, white in 
 
Order 82. Solanacecz. 209 
 
 dichotomoua cymes, berry size of a small cherry, yellow. Kotri. 
 Sattara. Near Dharwar (D. and (?.) Throughout Jndia, in and 
 near the tropics. S. bigeminatum (S. Meesianum, D.). Shrub un- 
 armed, leaves lanceolate, rough above, flowers in, clusters, oalvx 
 entire or nearly so, berry size of a pea, red. Fonda Ghaut (D ). 
 * S. torvum, a shrub, 3 or 4 feet high, leaves ovate, waved or lobed, 
 flowers white in dense racemes, berry yellow, round, much exceeding 
 the calyx. S. M. country. Throughout tropical India (if). It 
 appears to come near to the briny al. 
 
 Also 8. tuberosum, the potato, dlu, batata ; grown in fields, as in 
 England, in the Khair and Junar talookas, in sandy river beds in 
 Guzerat, and elsewhere in gardens. /S. melongena, the egg plant or 
 brinjal, bengan, vdnge ; also called mad apple, Jew's apple, and apple 
 of Sodom. S. lycopersicum, the tomato or love apple, wdlwdnge, soon 
 running wild if left to itself. S. macrophyllum, the potato-tree, very 
 ornamental, covered with flowers just like those of the potato. A 
 native of S. America. I have heard of it growing in the open air in 
 Ireland. 
 
 2. PHYSALIS. 
 
 P. minima. An erect hairy plant, leaves ovate waved or 
 toothed, flowers small, yellow, sometimes spotted with purple, 
 calyx segments triangular, berry smooth. Than mori. 
 
 Konkan and Deccan. A common annual (G?.). Throughout tropical 
 India (If.), but not in D. H. makes the 5-angled calyx in fruit the 
 mark of a variety. 
 
 P. peruviana is the Cape gooseberry, common in gardens, phopti, 
 tanlcdri. Other species cultivated in English gardens are called 
 winter cherry. 
 
 3. WlTHANIA. 
 
 W. somnifera (Pliysalis s. D.). A small erect grey shrub, 
 leaves 2 together but not opposite, ovate ; flowers small green 
 in sessile clusters, berry red, smooth, size of a pea, stamens 
 forming a ring round the pistil. Asgund, tila, kanchuki. 
 
 Deccan, Konkan, and Guzerat. Throughout drier sub-tropical 
 India (H.). It appears to have been described by different authorities 
 as a tree and a herb, as well as a shrub. 
 
 4. DATURA. 
 
 D. fastuosa. A tall, coarse plant, leaves smooth, ovate, 
 entire or deeply toothed, flowers very large, wide mouthed, 
 limb of corolla shortly toothed, capsule large, roundish, covered 
 with prickles. Dhdtara. 
 
 A very common and conspicuous weed, useful to poisoners and 
 sufferers from asthma. 
 
 " The broad dhatura bares her breast, 
 Of fragrant scent and virgin white, 
 A pearl around the locks of night." Heber. 
 
 P 
 
2io The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 H. includes in this P.'s D. alba and D. hummatu. He makes this to 
 differ from D. Stramonium, the English thorn apple (the Virginian 
 fireweed, from the plant there springing up in places cleared by fire), 
 in the flowers being usually larger, and the capsule nearly indehiscent 
 instead of 4-lobed. There are also smooth varieties of D. fastuosa. 
 
 * Lycium Europ&um, the box thorn, a thorny shrub, leaves linear 
 oblong, flowers from purple to nearly white, corolla much longer 
 than calyx, berry small, red or yellow. Gdngro, chirchitta. A native 
 of S. Europe, ascribed by Stocks to salt soil in W. India (H.). 
 
 The following are cultivated. Several species of Nicotiana, to- 
 bacco, "plant divine of rarest virtue" (Lamb} : in England 
 also as garden and conservatory plants. The Petunias, equally 
 common in English and Indian gardens. Capsicum frutescens, chili, 
 Idl mirch; C. Nepalense, yellow pepper; and other species. Brug- 
 mansia Candida, mota dhdtara, a large climber with white flowers six 
 inches long, like a gigantic datura: common in Indian gardens and 
 English conservatories, and growing luxuriantly about Mahableshwar. 
 Hyoscyamus niger, common henbaue, Khorasdni ajwan, a weed in 
 England, though not very common. 
 
 " Then in the outskirts, where pollutions grow, 
 Pick the rank henbane." Coleridge. 
 
 Probably the ' cursed hebenon ' of the Ghost in Hamlet. " It 
 bears poison in its looks " (0.). 
 
 Finally Mandragora officinalis, the mandrake of Scripture, " fabled 
 Mandragore," which grows wild throughout Palestine (an allied 
 species is found in the Himalayas), belongs to this order. 
 
 " Not poppy, nor mandragora, 
 Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, 
 Shall ever medicine thee." Othello. 
 
 ORDER 83. LENTIBULARIEJE. 
 
 Note. In H. this order comes between Scrophularineee and 
 Gesneraceae, but I have put it here, so as to keep all the didynamous 
 orders together. 
 
 Herbs growing in water or wet places, leaves radical in- 
 conspicuous, sometimes root-like with vesicles or air bladders ; 
 flowers very irregular, calyx inferior, 2 to 5 lobed, corolla 2- 
 lipped spurred, upper lip usually smaller, lower lip 3 to 5 
 lobed, stamens 2 on the base of the corolla, filaments broad, 
 ovary round, stigma unequally 2-lobed, capsule round. 
 
 " The spurred flowers of this order have a general resemblance to 
 those of Linaria (Scrophulariaceee), though the ovary and capsule 
 are those of Primulaceae " (Bentham). The species found on this 
 side of India are, like the English Utricularias, very small plants, 
 
Order 83. Lentibulariecs. 21 1 
 
 rarely exceeding 6 inches in height : but they are all delicately 
 beautiful ; and it is specially true of plants that 
 
 " In small proportions we just beauties see, 
 And in short measures life may perfect be." ~B. Jonson. 
 
 UTRICULARIA. Pedicels bracted, calyx of 2 lobes, entire or 
 minutely toothed, often enlarged in fruit. 
 
 Note. I have found great difficulty in identifying my plants with 
 the species either in JD. or H. 
 
 1 . U. stellaris. Leaves submerged, verticelled, much divided 
 into hair-like segments with oval vesicles among and above 
 them, flowers yellow on long erect pedicels, calyx lobes ovate, 
 blunt, hairy, lips of corolla nearly equal, spur short and thick, 
 capsule hairy. 
 
 Tanks in the Konkan. Throughout India (H.). He has a variety 
 with white flowers, striped violet. 
 
 R. calls this plant leafless, looking on the hair-like masses as roots ; 
 and some of the other species have been so described. 
 
 2. U. alboccerulea. Growing in masses, with the stems often 
 much intertwined, leaves small at the base of the scape soon 
 falling off, flowers deep blue, with white spot on the lower lip, 
 which is much the largest, and twice as long as the .acute spur. 
 Kajat cha ghds, Sita chi dsre (Sita's tears). 
 
 This is essentially the Konkan species, H. having no other habitat. 
 It grows in quantities at Eutnagherry (where it is called the 
 Rutnagherry violet), Vingorla, &c., in little pools on the barest 
 sheet rock ; also in rice-fields at the end of the rains. Dr. T. Cooke 
 has it also at Mahableshwar, under the first native name given, but 
 I think it possible that that may be a different species from the 
 Konkan one. 
 
 The second Maratta name was given me many years ago by a blue- 
 coated Rutnagherry policeman, when guiding me to some out-of-the- 
 way place, with this legend: "When Sita was brought back from 
 Ceylon by her husband Rama, after the expedition in which Hanumdn 
 took .so great a part, her tears falling upon the bare rocks caused 
 this lovely little flower to spring up." 
 
 * U. c<erulea and U. reticulata must both be very like this ; the- latter, 
 Dr. De Crespigny says, grows with U.alboc&rulea on the laterite rock. 
 U. reticulata is variable in habit and size of flowers. The larger forms 
 are twining, the smaller rigid and erect (Oliver). The flowers are 
 distant, purple or blue, the throat veined darker, spur conical about 
 equal to the lower lip, calyx lobes broad, pointed. Mahabloshwar. 
 
 3. U. arcuata. Leaves as in the last, flowers blue-purple 
 lower lip of corolla much the largest, spur long, slender, curved* 
 
 Konkan and Belgaum. Said also to have been found in Bombay 
 
 p 2 
 
212 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 (D.). A specimen sent to me by Dr. T. Cooke, as being common afc 
 Mahableshwar, was identified as this at Kew. The species which I 
 found at Mahableshwar I took to be U. reticulata, but the descriptions 
 vary only in the spur of the latter being conical and shorter ; and if 
 the plants are different species they are certainly very much alike. 
 
 4. U. orbiculata. One or two inches high, very slender, 
 leaves round petioled, flowers few, blue with yellow throat, 
 sepals rounded about equal, lower lip with 5 obtuse equal lobes, 
 spur rather thick, curved forwards. 
 
 5. Konkan. Very common in the Bhore Ghaut. Dr. T. CooTce. 
 Almost throughout India in the hills (#.) 
 
 U. exoleta, two inches high, slender, leaves of many capillary seg- 
 ments, flowers yellow with orange streaks, one or two at the top of 
 the scape, sepals unequal, spur blunt. Not in /). or 6r., but it is, I 
 believe, R.'s U. biflora. I had it at Dapoli. * U. affinis ( U. decipiens, D.), 
 like U. arcuata, but smaller in all parts, and the spur straight or only 
 slightly curved. Vingorla (IX). U, racemosa (U. nivea, D.), flowers 
 few, scattered, white, spur conical, twice as long as the lower lip, 
 scales attached to the scape by the middle. Vingorla (D.}. H. has 
 corolla blue or whitish, lower lip of corolla obscurely 4-lobed. 
 
 The eight orders which follow form a very natural group, 
 containing all the plants with what Kousseau in his "Lettres 
 elementaires sur la botanique," called " fleurs en gueule," which 
 may be described as those having a two-lipped corolla and 
 didynamous stamens. It is not that all the plants contained in 
 these eight orders have these two peculiarities, for there are in 
 them a number of genera or species with flowers either regular 
 or obscurely two-lipped, and others with stamens not didynamous. 
 But by far the greater number of species contained in the eight 
 orders, which between them make up at least 700 genera, have 
 these distinctions. 
 
 The stamens in these orders, as in corolliflorals generally, 
 are placed on the corolla. The other characteristics of each 
 order are given in the usual way, but the following short state- 
 ment of obvious differences will be found useful. It refers not 
 to all the species or genera contained in each order, but to the 
 plants found in W. India, and described in this book. 
 
 1. SCROPH CLARINET. Herbs, the greater part inconspicuous. 
 Stem generally round, fruit generally a many-seeded capsule. 
 
 2. OROBANCHEJS. A small order of leafless parasites, which 
 can scarcely be taken for anything else. There are only six 
 species in W. India. 
 
Order 83. Lentibulariea. 213 
 
 3. GESNERACE.E. Also a very small order, with only five 
 species known in W. India, and those rare. Their characteris- 
 tics are much the same as those of Scroplmlarmese. 
 
 4. BIGNONIACEA:. Trees, generally remarkable by the large 
 size of their leaves, flowers, and fruit. There are also some 
 well-known climbers belonging to the order in gardens. 
 
 5. PEDALINEJI. A very small order of herbs, of which only 
 two species are found in W. India. 
 
 6. ACANTHACE^:. Mostly shrubs, many of them very strong- 
 smelling and viscid. Leaves opposite : flowers generally 
 crowded together in spikes or racemes, surrounded by many 
 bracts. 
 
 7. VERBENACEJ]. Mostly trees or shrubs, leaves opposite, 
 fruit a drupe or berry. 
 
 8. LABIATE. Aromatic herbs, rarely shrubs ; stems square, 
 leaves opposite, ovary composed of 4 deeply separated lobes, 
 developing into a fruit of 4 one-seeded nuts, always visible at 
 the bottom of the calyx tube. 
 
 Note. In small species it may sometimes be difficult to 
 decide whether the stamens are didynamous or equal, and in 
 a good many cases the corollas are obscurely 2 -lipped. In the 
 latter case the fact is mentioned either under the genus or the 
 species. 
 
 Note. Wherever the stamens are not didynamous in these orders 
 it is so stated in the description of the genus : no mention of the 
 stamens meaning that they are didynamous. 
 
 As far as exogenous dichlamyds are concerned, plants with two 
 stamens are found, outside these orders, only in Oleacege and Lenti- 
 bulariaceee. 
 
 ORDER 84. SCROPHULARINE.E. 
 
 Herbs, leaves without stipules, flowers usually irregular : 
 calyx inferior usually persistent and with 5 often unequal lobes : 
 corolla generally tubular and 2-lipped, stamens generally 
 didynamous, sometimes 2, anthers often with 2 distinct cells, 
 fruit capsular, seeds numerous. 
 
 Note. There are shrubs and a few trees in the order : but none 
 of these are found in W. India. There are also genera with five 
 stamens, but none of these occur within these limits. This large 
 order is somewhat disappointing to the English botanist in 
 India, for though it is well represented as regards numbers, a very 
 large proportion of the species found here are very small and 
 insignificant. In England it is very different, the order there 
 
214 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 including many popular favourites among wild flowers, such as Fox- 
 glove "herb of pride," the lovely bright-blue Speedwell, Eyebright 
 and Snapdragon : and, among garden and greenhouse flowers are the 
 Calceolarias, Pentstemons, Mimulus, and many others, so that 
 Figuier says, " this order presents us with a galaxy of flowers such 
 as scarcely any other can produce." 
 
 1. CBLSIA. Erect v? oolly : leaves alternate, corolla lobes 
 broad, spreading horizontally, stamens 4 equal, filaments 
 bearded. 
 
 2. LINAKIA. Leaves usually opposite, sepals imbricate, corolla 
 spurred in front, 2-lipped, the mouth closed by a projecting 
 palate, stamens included, capsule 2-celled. 
 
 3. LINDEN BERGI A. Flowers yellow, calyx bell-shaped with 
 5 short divisions, upper lip of corolla broad, lower 3-lobed, 
 stamens included, anther cells separate stalked, capsule 2- 
 grooved. 
 
 4. STEMODIA. Leaves opposite or whorled, sepals 5, some- 
 times increasing, corolla 2-lipped, stamens and capsule as in the 
 last. 
 
 5. LIMNOPHILA. Plants more or less aquatic, leaves opposite 
 or whorled, corolla tube broad and straight, lobes nearly equal, 
 stamens generally as in the last. 
 
 6. HERPESTIS. Very small smooth marsh plants, calyx 
 segments unequal, corolla with wide throat 2-lipped, capsule 2 
 or 4 valved. 
 
 7. DOPATRIUM. Of the same character as the last, and 
 generally like it, but stamens 2 with 2 minute staminodes. 
 
 8. TOEENIA. Leaves opposite, calyx tubular winged or 
 deeply ribbed, corolla tube broad above, stamens sometimes 
 equal, anthers joining in pairs, capsule linear or oblong. 
 
 9. VANDELLIA. Very small plants with opposite toothed 
 leaves, stamens sometimes equal, upper pair of filaments arched 
 and the anthers joining. 
 
 10. BONNAYA. Very small smooth plants, leaves opposite, 
 sepals narrow, perfect stamens 2, the anthers meeting, and 2 
 staminodes, capsule linear. 
 
 11. VERONICA. Calyx 4 or 5 parted, corolla tube very short, 
 lobes spreading, stamens 2 exserted. 
 
 12. STRIGA. Small rough plants, usually with square stems, 
 calyx tubular strongly ribbed, corolla with slender bent tube, 
 stamens included, anthers one-celled. 
 
 13. KAMPHICARPA. Erect smooth plants, calyx bell-shaped, 
 
Order 84. Scrophularinece. 215 
 
 corolla tube long and slender, lobes equal, stamens included, 
 capsule beaked. 
 
 14. CENTRANTHERA. Kigid and rough, calyx large, more or 
 less 2-lipped with 2 bracts, corolla long-tubed, wide-mouthed, 
 with five spreading lobes about equal, anthers meeting in pairs 
 and spurred. 
 
 15. SOPUBIA. Corolla short- tubed, broad-mouthed, with 5 
 spreading lobes about equal, anthers with only one cell per- 
 fect. 
 
 1. CELSIA. 
 
 C. Coromandelliana. A stout strong-smelling plant covered 
 with sticky hairs, and with many leaves from the root, lower 
 ones pinnate or pinnatifid with unequal lobes, upper ovate, 
 flowers in a long erect spike, yellow, with a leaf-like bract to 
 each flower, sepals toothed or with intermediate segments, 
 capsule ovate smooth. Kutki, Kolhal. 
 
 Waste places. Deccan and Konkan. Throughout India (#.) 
 This plant is very like one of the English Mulleins, and the geims 
 
 only differs from that (Yerbascum) by having 4 stamens instead 
 
 of 5. 
 
 2. LINARIA. Toadflax. 
 
 L. ramosissima. A smooth delicate prostrate plant, much 
 branched, leaves triangular or lobed, flowers small, yellow, 
 solitary and long-stalked, spur short, curved, sepals linear 
 lanceolate. 
 
 The Deccan and elsewhere. Throughout India on rocks and 
 stony places (#.). 
 
 This is easily recognized by its likeness to the English L. cym- 
 balaria, called " Mother of Thousauds," " Creeping Jenny," and 
 other names 
 
 "The little flower that clings 
 
 To the turrets and the walls.'' Tennyson. 
 
 3. LlNDBNBBRGIA. 
 
 L. urticcB/olia. A very downy plant, leaves small, ovate, 
 serrate, flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, the throat spotted, 
 calyx much shorter than corolla, and as long as the capsule. 
 Dhol, gazdar. 
 
 Common on walls, and hence called by .ft. (Stemodia) muralis. 
 Throughout India; varies much in hairiness and disposition of the 
 flowers (f.). 
 
2l6 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 4. STEMODIA. 
 
 S. viscosa. An erect plant, hairy, sticky, and strong-smell- 
 ing, stem square, leaves stem-clasping, oblong or fiddle-shaped, 
 flowers axillary solitary or terminal, dark blue, the throat 
 nearly closed, calyx with 2 linear bracts as long as the ovate 
 
 Deccan, Konkan, and Guzerat, often found on dry rice-fields. It 
 is sometimes less hairy, and with pale flowers. 
 
 * 8. serrata, viscid, usually densely branched from the base, leaves 
 sessile, obovate, serrated above, flowers smaller than the last, capsule 
 linear oblong. Not in D. or O. Konkan (H.). 
 
 5. LlMNOPHILA. 
 
 1. L. conferta. A rather succulent procumbent plant, 
 leaves sessile, ovate, serrate or crenate, flowers pretty, purple 
 or pink, axillary generally solitary with 2 bracts, calyx seg- 
 ments lanceolate, capsule broad elliptic. 
 
 Marshes at Malwan (D.), where I also found it. Throughout the 
 Deccan. Very variable, the larger variety having slightly petioled 
 leaves and spiked flowers (H.). 
 
 2. L. gratioloides. Erect or diffuse, with a smell of turpen- 
 tine, leaves verticelled, lower submerged and divided into 
 many hair-like segments, those just above water pinnatifid, 
 upper lanceolate, flowers solitary, axillary stalked, pale purple ; 
 capsule round. Turti. 
 
 Deccan and Konkan. Throughout India in swamps, rice-fields, 
 Ac. It is very variable, and H. says the normal form is with 
 pinnatifid leaves only. The flowers are rather like those of a 
 Linaria. 
 
 * L. racemosa, smooth, erect, stout-stemmed, flowers bluish or 
 purplish in dense racemes, calyx segments with slender points. 
 Konkans and Belgaum (G.). Matheran, Hirdwood. The small 
 states of this are with difficulty distinguished from the laat (//.) 
 * L. gratissima, leaves in 3's, linear lanceolate, calyx and peduncles 
 glandular and hairy, capsule oblong acute. D. and Q. without hab. 
 or colour of flowers. * L. Roxburghii (L. mentliastrum, D.), erect 
 with many stems, leaves oblong serrated, flowers axillary, solitary or 
 in heads, purple, calyx lobes lanceolate, capsule elliptical. No hab. 
 (D. and (?.). Konkan (H.). 
 
 Note. H. has apparently not identified D.'s L. Roxlurghii, and he 
 says that the genus is a very variable one, the foliage and habit of 
 the species depending on the depth, &c., of the water in which they 
 grow. 
 
Order 84. Scrophularinea. 217 
 
 6. HERPESTIS. 
 
 Note. The Indian species all belong to the section, with snb -equal 
 corolla lobes and stamens, and capitate 2-lobed stigmas (H.). 
 
 H. monniera. A succulent plant, leaves obovate entire, 
 flowers solitary stalked, pale blue, calyx with 2 small bracts, 
 corolla lobes nearly equal, capsule ovoid. Bdmb, nirbrdhmi. 
 
 Deccan and Konkan ; Mahableshwar. Dr. Cooke. Marshes through- 
 out India and in all warm countries (-ff.). Generally to be met with 
 on the margins of tanks (#) 
 
 H. Hamiltoniana, small stout erect, leaves lanceolate entire, flowers 
 sessile axillary, upper lobe of calyx very broad cordate, capsule 
 round. At Malwan, plentiful (Z>.). 
 
 7. DOP ATRIUM. 
 
 D. junceum. Stem naked, leaves mostly radical, thick, 
 obJong lanceolate blunt, stem leaves like scales, flowers solitary 
 sessile or on slender stalks, pink, capsule round. 
 
 S. Konkan. Swampy places, common (D.). Throughout India 
 (JET.). 
 
 8. TORENIA. 
 
 T. Asiatica. Diffuse or prostrate,. leaves petioled, triangular 
 crenate serrate, calyx 2-lipped, winged, flowers shaded, lateral 
 lobes and lower lip dark purple. 
 
 I take this to be the common and handsome garden plant, often 
 called " the Belgaum violet," and found wild in S. Konkan; and I 
 suppose it to be D.'s T. bicolor, though H. does not so identify it. 
 T. cordifolia is erect or trailing, with square stem, leaves ovate crenate, 
 not cordate, flowers of 2 shades of purple, calyx winged. S. Konkan. 
 *T. bicolor has flowers dark blue, or violet and white, and the calyx 
 not winged. H. says that the species are imperfectly characterized, 
 and 1 can throw no light on them from the specimens I have seen. 
 
 9. YANDELLIA. 
 
 1. F. Crustacea. Diffuse, smooth, with square stem, leaves 
 ovate, coarsely crenated, flowers light purple, calyx segments 
 lanceolate ribbed, capsule oval as long as the calyx. 
 
 Growing everywhere. Throughout India, a weed, and throughout 
 the tropics of the old world (#.) It is very like a diminutive of 
 Torenia cordifolia. 
 
 2. V. hirsuta. Erect, branched, stems square, pedicels and 
 calyx hairy and glandular, leaves sessile ovate crenated, flowers 
 dull white in long racemes, capsule ovate or roundish. 
 
 In watercourses, S. Konkar. Vingorla (P.). 
 
2 1 8 The Flowering Plants of Western India \ 
 
 V. sedbra (F. laxa, D.) prostrate, branched, leaves broad ovate, 
 toothed above, flowers larger than in the other species, white, some- 
 times with a yellow spot in the throat, capsule as long as the calyx. 
 Dapoli. Vingorla (D.). Tropical India (#.). * V. pedunculate, 
 smooth, procumbent, leaves ovate crenate, flowers long-stalked, 
 white or pale blue, capsule much longer than calyx. Qadagvel. 
 Vingorla (D.). Rice swamps throughout India (H.). 
 
 10. BONNAYA. 
 
 1. B. brachiata. Erect, branched, stem 4-sided, leaves ses- 
 sile, obovate or oblong, deeply serrated, flowers in terminal 
 racemes, pink, lower lip spotted with white, bracts lanceolate, 
 capsule linear, long. 
 
 Common in pastures. Throughout India (17. ) 
 
 2. B. veronicafoUa. From creeping to nearly erect, stems 
 square, leaves oblong lanceolate, entire or distantly and shal- 
 lowly serrated, flowers in racemes, long-stalked, violet or 
 light-blue, the throat much contracted, capsule long, erect. 
 Sheivdl. 
 
 Common. Throughout India (#.) 
 
 H. includes in this, as varieties, two others, which D. made 
 species, B. grandiflora, with short, stout branches, and flowers 
 chiefly axillary, and B. verbena/alia, with long, slender branches and 
 flowers often in long naked racemes. 
 
 * B. rtptans, stems creeping and rooting, slender, leaves obovate, 
 sharply serrated, flowers in racemes, light purple, capsule long and 
 slender. S. Konkan (D.). * B. opposUifolia, much smaller than 
 any of the preceding, erect, much -branched, leaves sessile, oblong, 
 slightly serrated, flowers small, blue, capsule very small. Konkans 
 (D.). 
 
 Note. " Several species of Bonnaya so closely resemble others of 
 Vandellia as to render the validity of this genus very doubtful " 
 (H.). 
 
 11. VERONICA. 
 
 V. anagallis. A smooth, succulent plant with hollow stems, 
 leaves sessile, linear oblong, cordate at base, flowers small in 
 long racemes, white or pink, pedicels and bracts short, capsule 
 ovate. 
 
 Not in D. or G. I found it in watercourses at Khair (Deccan). 
 H. has for W India, " The Deccan peninsula, in the Konkan only ; " 
 but without any Bombay authority. It is remarkably like V. becca- 
 the common English brook-lime, and seems to be pretty 
 
Order 84. Scrophularinea. 2 1 9 
 
 common (with three or four varieties) in the N. of India and countries 
 adjacent. V. chanusdrys is the common speedwell one of the best- 
 known and most popular of English wild flowers. 
 
 12. STRIGA. 
 
 Note. In this genns H. lays great stress on the number of striae, 
 or ribs, on the calyx. I doubt if this is a very reliable distinction 
 for unlearned observers. 
 
 1. S. orobancJiioides. Stem thick, leaves minute or scale- 
 like, flowers spiked, pink or lilac, corolla tube long, calyx with 
 5 ribs. Tambadi kari cha gavat. 
 
 Deccan and Konkan, common ; either growing on rocks or as a 
 parasite on species of Lepidagathis and Euphorbium. It is reddish all 
 over. Mr. Birdwood says the divisions of the corolla have a white 
 spot at the base. 
 
 2. S. lutea (S. hirsuta, D.). Leaves linear, or lower ones 
 lanceolate, flowers white or yellow, calyx with 10 or 15 ribs. 
 
 Konkan and Deccan. Very common (I).}. Throughout W. India 
 and the Deccan {H,}. He makes it from 6 to 18 inches high, but I 
 have seen it not more than 2 or 3. He has it also with flowers red 
 or purple. 
 
 3. S. euphrasioides. Leaves linear, entire or slightly toothed, 
 flowers mostly axillary and solitary, white, bracts lanceolate, 
 longer than the 15-ribbed calyx. 
 
 Deccan. Very common (Z). j. Throughout India (//.). " Very 
 variable in habit, from a simple filiform stem 4 to 6 inches, to a stout 
 branched herb of 2 feet " (H.}. I have seen only the small form. 
 
 * S. densiflora, leaves linear lanceolate, spikes dense, flowers white, 
 bracts lanceolate, longer than the calyx, which has 5 striee. About 
 Surat (D). * S. sulphured, distinguished from 8. euphrasioides by 
 the calyx being about double the length, with divisions long and 
 exactly linear. Known only to Dalzell, who had it at Shivnar. 
 
 13. KAMPHICARPA. 
 
 R. longiflora. A pretty, small, erect plant, leaves divided 
 into many linear or thread-like segments, flowers white, 
 generally solitary, very large for the size of the plant, capsule 
 swelling, with slender curved beak. 
 
 Very common in S. Konkan, growing in grass. Ghaut pastures 
 (D.). Matheran (Mr. Birdwood}. Belgaum (#.). H., who attributes 
 it only to the Deccan peninsula, calls it very variable in habit and 
 
220 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 stature. At Dapoli, on the maidan, it succeeds Habenaria rotundi- 
 folia in the rains. 
 
 14. CENTRANTHERA. 
 
 C. hispida. About a foot high, leaves opposite, sessile, 
 nearly linear, pointed, flowers solitary, nearly sessile, purplish- 
 red or nearly white, filaments bearded, capsule round. 
 
 The Konkans. Matheran. Throughout India (#.). 
 
 15. SOPUBIA. 
 
 S. delphinifolia. A handsome, erect plant, branched, and 
 mostly smooth, leaves pinnatifid with filiform segments, 
 flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, large, rose-coloured, the 
 throat darker, bracts 2, linear, calyx teeth long and narrow, 
 sometimes with intermediate teeth, capsule oblong. Dudhdli. 
 
 Konkan and Guzerat. Mahableshwar. H. makes it as much as 
 3 or 4 feet high. I have not seen it more than half that. 
 
 Artanema, leaves opposite, corolla bell-shaped, upper stamens with 
 long arching filaments. A. sesamoides, a tall plant with 4-sided 
 stems, leaves lanceolate acute, flowers blue or purple in racemes ; 
 like those of Sesamum, but smaller. Konkan. 
 
 IlysantlwSy slender marsh plants, leaves opposite, 2 upper stamens 
 only perfect, the anthers meeting. * I. hyssopioides, stem diffuse 
 or erect, leaves oblong lanceolate, flowers pale blue, long-stalked, 
 corolla much longer than calyx, flowers pink in racemes, the lower lip 
 spotted with white, capsule linear long. Common in the rains (!>}. 
 
 Glossostigma, flowers solitary, axillary, minute, calyx bell-shaped, 
 3 or 4-lobed, stamens 2 or 4. * Q. spathulatum, very small, creeping, 
 rooting at the joints, leaves fascicled, linear, spathulate, flowers 
 blue on long pedicels, capsule as long as calyx. Margins of tanks, 
 &c. (D.). R. says it grows at the bottom of clear running water. 
 
 Buchnera, rigid, black when dry, calyx tubular, nerved, ribbed, 
 and toothed, with 2 bracts, corolla tube very slender, with 5 nearly 
 equal lobes, capsule oblong. B. hispida, all rough, height up to 
 2 feet, leaves lanceolate, lower ones toothed, flowers small, lilac, in 
 slender spikes, corolla tube slender, carved, capsule as long as calyx. 
 Hirni. Caranja (D.). 
 
 Pedicularis zeylanica is in Mr. Birdwood's Matheran list, with 
 tall erect leafy stems, leaves lobed or subpinnatifid, flowers in racemes 
 pink, bracts pinnatifid. Konkan mountains, Stocks (H.). P. sylvatica 
 is the common English lousewort. 
 
 In gardens. Antirrhinum, in varieties Snapdragon. The genus 
 differs from Linaria in having no spur. Maurandya Barclayana, a 
 delicate climber, leaves heart-shaped or triangular, flowers violet- 
 purple. Russellia juncea, Kesh, half shrubby, very common, the 
 green branches divided into many filiform segments, leaves few, low 
 down, ovate, flowers scarlet. 
 
Order 85. Orobanchacece. 221 
 
 ORDER 85. OROBANCHACE^l. Broomrapes. 
 
 Succulent leafless herbs growing as parasites on the roots of 
 other plants. Stem scaly, corolla with curved tube and lobed 
 limb, more or less two-lipped, stamens 4, didynamous on the 
 corolla tube, ovary of 2 connate carpels, style long, fruit a 
 capsule. 
 
 The few species of this order will always attract attention by their 
 strange appearance, and cannot well be taken for anything else. 
 The plants are generally of a uniform colour all over, either brown 
 (and then looking like withered plants) or else dull blue or purple. 
 Several species are found in England of the same general appearance 
 as those here given. 
 
 1. ^EGINETIA. Flowers large, without bracts, calyx spath- 
 aceous deeply split in front, corolla tube broad, lobes nearly 
 equal, 2 upper united. 
 
 2. OROBANCHE. Flowers in spikes or racemes, calyx divided 
 to the base, 2, 4 or 5-lobed, corolla 2-lipped, upper erect, lower 
 3-lobed, capsule 2-valved. 
 
 1. JEOINETIA. 
 
 JE. Indica. A curious-looking plant, all purple, like a 
 tobacco pipe standing on end, the large curved flower forming 
 the bowl, calyx about as long as the corolla tube, corolla lobes 
 very small, capsule smooth, round, jointed at the top. 
 
 Dapoli, Khandala, Salsette, &c. (D.). Throughout India (#.). The 
 scapes grow 2 or 3 together. 
 
 2. OROBANCHE. 
 
 * 0. Indica (Plielipcea I. D.). Sometimes branched, scales 
 very few, calyx 4 or 5-toothed, corolla tube slender, funnel- 
 shaped, purple or blue, ciliate, bracts ovate, anthers woolly. 
 
 There is some confusion about this plant, which is what D. and Q. 
 say is common on tobacco plants in the Deccaii ; but H. says 
 " throughout the plains of India, especially in mustard crops," and 
 Mr. Clarke confirms this. On the other hand H. has 0. nicotiana, 
 which D. and G. have not got, as common in and distinctive of tobacco 
 plants. He describes it as thick-stemmed, pale brown, many-flowered, 
 scales few acute, calyx of 2 distinct segments, corolla tube con- 
 tracted in the middle, lobes small, pale blue, crenate j bracts as long 
 as the corolla tube. 
 
 Christisonia, calyx tubular, 5-cleft corolla, long-tubed, lobes 5, 
 nearly equal, stigma large. * C. Lawii, stems stout, thicker up wards, 
 clothed with scales, calyx dark brown, corolla much larger, pale 
 
222 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 purple and yellow, anthers acutely spurred. From the figure and 
 description the corolla is much the largest part of the plant. * C. 
 calcareata (C. Stoclesii, D.), " probably a more fully developed state 
 of the last," the pedicels longer, the corolla bluish white. Both were 
 found by Mr. Law in Salsette, the first also between the Ram Ghaut 
 and Belgaum. 
 
 Cistanche, flowers in dense spikes, corolla tube long and curved. 
 * C. tubulosa, one to five feet high and often as thick as the wrist ! 
 Corolla one or two inches long, much incurved, lobes short. Not 
 attributed to this Presidency in the books, except to Sindh by If., and 
 to Kattywar on the roots of grasses and of Calotropis procera by Dr. 
 Gray. 
 
 ORDER 86. GESNERACE.E. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, leaves without stipules, flowers 
 bracted, generally irregular, calyx segments 5, corolla tubular 
 generally 5-lobed, two -lipped in all the genera occurring in this 
 Presidency, stamens didynamous on the corolla tube ; seeds 
 very many minute. 
 
 This is a small order (included by Bentham in Bignoniaceae), better 
 known by the beautiful Gloxinias and Achimenes than by anything 
 that is found wild in W. India. The flowers outwardly are much 
 like those of the 2-lipped genera of Scrophularineae, and all those 
 found in this Presidency are of somewhat succulent habit. 
 
 1. JEsCHYNANTHUs. Epiphytic undershrubs, leaves opposite, 
 ovary superior, stalked, stigma peltate. 
 
 2. KLUGIA. Leaves alternate, unequal-sided, calyx 5- 
 angled or winged, ovary ovoid, stigma obliquely dilated, cap- 
 sule included, 2-valved. 
 
 1. ^BSCHYNANTHUS. 
 
 * JE. Perotettii. Branches sometimes much compressed, 
 smooth, leaves lanceolate acuminate, umbels 2 to 6 flowered, 
 corolla 2 inches long, narrow scarlet, the lobes marked with 
 purple ; calyx lobes small. 
 
 Parwar Ghaut (D.). On trees in the Koina Valley. Dr. Cooke. 
 Other similar situations (H.). 
 
 * 1&. grandiflora seems to be very much the same, but the leaves 
 and capsule larger. It rests as to W. India only on the authority of 
 Nimmo in G., and is described by him as having flowers like the fox- 
 glove, and swollen joints, from which fibrous roots issue. On trees in 
 the S. Konkan. 
 
 2. KLUGIA. 
 K. Notoniana. A pretty plant ; a line of hairs runs down 
 
Order 86. Gesneracece. 223 
 
 the stem, leaves large oval acute, slightly rough, flowers in a 
 one-sided drooping raceme, dull blue, lower lip of corolla broad, 
 bract filiform longer than the pedicel. 
 
 This and K. scalra, which H. makes only a variety, seemed to me 
 very different. K. scabra is much rougher, the leaves not so un- 
 equal at the base, flowers of a brighter blue, lower lip of corolla 
 with an acute triangular apex. This I had at Kharepatan, and I 
 believe at other places : D. in the Wari country. Both grow out of 
 rocks and walls. 
 
 Chirita, leaves often unequal, stamens 2 perfect and 2 or 3 
 barren, filaments flattened, bent, the anthers usually applied to 
 the oblique stigma. * C. Itamosa (Didymo carpus cristatus, D.), herba- 
 ceous, erect, fleshy, leaves large, broad ovate cordate, peduncles 
 connate with the petiole, flowers white, the mouth of corolla 
 oblique and slightly coloured, capsule long, slender, curved. Kocks 
 near Parwar Ghaut (-ZX). Epithema, succulent herbs, flowers 
 in racemes, which have each one large one-sided hooded bract, 
 stamens 2 perfect, anthers cohering. * E. cernuosum (E. zeylanica 
 D.), hairy, lower leaves alternate petioled, upper opposite, sessile, 
 ovate cordate, spikes of small blue or white flowers, bracts dentate. 
 S. Ghauts (D.). 
 
 ORDER 87. BIGNONIACE^l. Trumpet flowers. 
 
 Trees with opposite leaves, generally much divided and very 
 large, flowers showy irregular, calyx bell-shaped, 2 to 5-lobed, 
 corolla broad-tubular, two-lipped, 5-lobed, stamens didynamous 
 (except Oroxylum) on the corolla, style long smooth, stigma of 
 2 elliptic lobes, capsule often podlike, generally very large, 
 seeds winged. 
 
 This is a tropical order, differing from the other didynamous orders 
 in the species being all trees and remarkable for the size of their 
 leaves, flowers, and fruit. Their trumpet-shaped flowers "are the 
 glory of the places they inhabit." figuier. 
 
 1. OROXYLUM. Stamens 5, leaves twice pinnate, corolla 
 lobes about equal, round, crisped and toothed, capsule linear, 
 compressed, 2-valved, seeds thin, discoid winged all round 
 except at the base. 
 
 2. DOLICHANDRONE. Leaves pinnate, calyx spathaceous, 
 cleft to the base on one side, corolla lobes about equal, seeds 
 broadly winged at the sides. 
 
 3. HETEROPHRAGMA. Leaves pinnate, calyx ovoid, irre- 
 gularly lobed, corolla lobes about equal, seeds winged at the 
 sides. 
 
 4. STEREOSPERMUM. Leaves once or twice pinnate, calyx 
 
224 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 ovoid, truncate, or shortly and unequally lobed, corolla lobes 
 as in No. 1, seeds as in No. 4. 
 
 1. OROXYLUM. 
 
 O. Indicum (Calosanthes I. D.). Leaves very large, pinme 
 3 pair, leaflets smooth, ovate, acute, petioled, flowers in large 
 panicles, thick, fleshy, dark-coloured, pod about 2 feet by 6 
 inches, straight and flat, calyx adherent. Taitu, phalphdra,, 
 jagdald. 
 
 The Konkan and Ghauts. Throughout India (H.}. R. callg the 
 leaves 4 to 6 feet long, which I think is larger than we have them. 
 
 The tree loses its leaves in the cold weather, and then, with the 
 long dark pods hanging from the ends of the branches, has a very 
 weird appearance. They are like a harlequin's wand, and if struck 
 send out an abundant shower of large thin seeds. 
 
 2. DOLICHANDRONE. 
 
 D. falcata (Spathdceaf. D.). A small tree, leaflets 5 to 
 7, oval rounded, slightly hairy, flowers in racemes, calyx 
 oblique, corolla white, about an inch long, fragrant, capsule 
 linear, curved and pointed, more than a foot long by J of an 
 inch broad. Netasing, marsingi. 
 
 Guzerat, Konkan, and S.M. country : not common. 
 
 * D. Lawii, considered by Dr. Brandis to be a smooth variety of the 
 last, the leaflets often larger, and generally very shortly acuminated. 
 Not in T>. or G., Bombay and Konkan, Law (H.). *D. arcuata (Spatho- 
 dea crispa, D.), leaflets 9 to 11, roundish elliptic, velvety on both sides, 
 corolla pure white, long-tubed, pod linear twisted, pendulous. Known 
 only to Mr. Law in W. India. Buddi on the Gatparba. 
 
 3. HETEBOPHRAGMA. 
 
 H. 'RoxburgJiii. A large tree, leaves 2 or 3 feet long 1 , 
 smooth, leaflets 4 or 5 pair, ovate, flowers in downy or velvety 
 panicles, white or pinkish, the margin wrinkled and curled, 
 pod thick, linear, about 12 inches by 2, 4-celled. Wdras, 
 palang. 
 
 Common on the Ghauts and elsewhere. 
 
 Forests from Khandeish to Canara. Brandis. This, found at Mahab- 
 leshwar, is the only one of the order in Mr. Birdwood's list. 
 
 4. STBREOSPERMUM. 
 
 1. S. chelonoides (Heterophragma c. D.). A large tree, 
 nearly smooth, leaflets 7 to 11, elliptic acuminate, flowers 
 
Order 87. Bignoniacece. 225 
 
 yellowish, or flesh-coloured, fragrant, in large panicles, capsule 
 obscurely 4-sided, one to two feet long. Pddel, pddri. 
 
 Ghauts and S. Konkan. Throughout moister India (H.). " Tne 
 flowers are compared by the poets to the quiver of Kama, the God of 
 Love " (Sir W. Jones). It is the fragant pdtala of Hindoo poetry. 
 
 2. S. suaveolens (Heterophragma, s. D.). Leaves one or 
 two feet long, leaflets 5 to 9, large oval, flowers, in viscous, 
 hairy panicles, dull purple or crimson, hairy in the throat, very 
 fragrant, capsule cylindric, 1 8 inches long. Paral, Kalgori. 
 
 I believe this tree to be common at Tungar and Sagargarh, but did 
 not see the flowers. Deccan (#.). Common in the Dandelly jungles 
 (Z).). Throughout moister India (H.). 
 
 3. *S. xylocarpum (Bignonia, x. D.). Leaves twice pinnate, 
 petiole sharply angular, leaflets oblong, acute, large, flowers 
 -whitith, fragrant in large panicles, corolla oblique, .short-tubed, 
 pods 2 or 3 feet long, woody, linear or cylindrical. Khar sing, 
 bersingi. 
 
 Ghauts, Konkans, Bangs, &c. (Z>.). Decoan peninsula, common 
 (#.). 
 
 Tecoma, leaves simple, corolla lobes about equal, capsule very 
 narrow, two-valved, seeds thin, discoid, with broad wings. *T. 
 undulata, leaves narrow, oblong, flowers few together, corolla bright 
 orange, capsule 8 inches long, very narrow, curved. Loheri Rakt- 
 roera. Khandish and Guzerat, rare (D.). Sind hills (B.). " A tree 
 with drooping branches like the weeping willow : when in flower few 
 trees can. present a more noble or beautiful sight " ((?.). T. stans, a 
 tall, woody shrub, flowers yellow, streaked with red, common in 
 gardens. 
 
 Of introduced species, Millingtonia hortensis, a native of Burma, 
 has been much planted about the roads in Poona (and probably else- 
 where). It is a grand tree, tall and straight, with large, much- 
 divided leaves, and white, fragrant flowers, with very long tubes. H. 
 describes it in its native jungles as 80 feet high, lanceolate in out- 
 line, with drooping branches. "Such a tree, a vast pillar of glossy 
 green, placed on the summit of a lofty hill, would be a beacon to all 
 the country round " (O. W. Holmes}. 
 
 Bignonia radicans is the climbing trumpet flower of Bombay gar- 
 den-, with large bunches of long-tubed, scar let -orange flowers. 
 Other species are also cultivated. 
 
 ORDEE 88. PEDALINE^. 
 
 Herbs, with irregular flowers ; corolla tubular, much bulged, 
 5-lobed, obscurely 2-lipped ; stamens 4, didynamous ; capsule 
 2 to 4-celled. 
 
 This very small order is sometimes included in Bignoniacese, but 
 
 Q 
 
226 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 the habit and fruit are different. The species here given wonld 
 naturally be taken to belong to Scrophularinece. 
 
 1. PEDALIUM. Calyx small, 5 divided, capsule hard, spinous, 
 indehiscent, 2 or 3-celled, with one or two seeds in each cell. 
 
 2. SESAMUM. Calyx as in the last, capsule without spines, 
 2 to 4-valved, seeds many in each cell, obliquely oblong. 
 
 1. PEDALIUM. 
 
 P. murex. A low, thick-stemmed, succulent herb, nearly 
 smooth, leaves oval, obtuse, waved, or slightly lobed, flowers 
 small, solitary, yellow, with 2 black glands at the base of the 
 pedicel, fruit ovoid, with four conical spurs from the base. 
 Karontia, yoksurak. 
 
 Sandy shores of Gnzerat, Katywar, and N. Konkan. Fruit called 
 goTcru (D.). The root is deep orange-coloured, and the whole plant 
 has an odour of musk (Don.). 
 
 " The plant has the peculiar property of thickening milk or 
 water. If bits of the stem, leaves, and roots be mixed for a few- 
 seconds in milk or water, the liquid turns thick and mucilaginous, so 
 that it can be raised several feet; out of the basin by the hand, and 
 this, without acquiring colour, taste, or smell. The Singhalese in 
 this way thicken the milk sent round for sale to Europeans." 
 Tennent. 
 
 2. SESAMUM. 
 
 S. Indicum. Erect, slightly hairy, leaves ovate, oblong, 
 lower ones often lobed, flowers axillary, solitary, large and 
 handsome, with an offensive smell, capsule oblong, erect, some- 
 what 4-sided. Til, tilli, the oiljingali. 
 
 Commonly cultivated for the oil produced from the seeds : native 
 country doubtful (-H".)- The flower is very like that of foxglove, but 
 smaller, and varies in colour from purple to rose and white. "The 
 lamp-black, which is the chief ingredient of Indian ink, is said to 
 be made in China, by collecting the smoke of the oil of sesame" 
 (Chambers). 
 
 The seeds are celebrated in literature. " Open sesame," Arabian 
 Nights. "That old enchanted Arabian grain, the sesame, which 
 opens doors, not of robbers, but of king's treasures," Ruskin, who 
 gave to his lectures on " the treasures hidden in books," the fantastic 
 name of " Sesame and the lilies." 
 
 To this order also belongs Martynia diandra, an American weed, 
 common in gardens and waste places, called tiger's claw, devil's claw, 
 and locally, Vinchu dkara. The name-child of the devil, a tiger and 
 a scorpion, ought to bear evil in its looks, but this is, in fact, a harm- 
 less-looking plant, with large, cordate, glutinous leaves, and hand- 
 some flowers, much like those of Sesamum. The capsule, to which the 
 names refer, is very hard, beetle- shaped, with two sharp hooks. 
 Another species seems to be called the unicorn plant. 
 
Order 89. Acanthacece. 227 
 
 ORDER 89. ACANTHACEJE, 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with opposite undivided leaves without 
 stipules ; flowers with tubular corolla, generally 2-lipped, 
 sometimes of 5 nearly equal lobes, the calyx usually small and 
 surrounded by bracts, which are often very conspicuous, and 
 also by bracteoles ; stamens on the corolla, 4, didynamous, or 2, 
 anthers generally 2-celled, often conspicuously so ; ovary 
 superior ; fruit a capsule, the seeds generally attached to hooks 
 (retinacula) which form part of the placenta. 
 
 This is a very large order, almost confined to the tropics, and there 
 are far more species in W. India belonging to it than to any of the 
 other didynamous orders, and an unusually large proportion are 
 decidedly common. On the other hand, scarcely any species are 
 cultivated either for their flowers or for useful products. The bracts 
 are in very many cases sufficiently conspicuous to mark the order 
 from others having similar flowers, and many species are glandular 
 and strong, smelling. So Milton speaks correctly of 
 
 " Acanthus, and each odorous bushy shrub." 
 
 The undivided ovary distinguishes the order from Labiatae, the 
 fruit and seeds generally from Scrophularinese, the same parts and 
 the habit from Bignoniacese. 
 
 Note 1. I have not found any help from H's division into 
 5 tribes, and in order to keep the diandrous and didynamous 
 genera separate have slightly varied H.'s order. 
 
 Note 2. I have not generally thought ifc necessary to 
 describe bracteoles as well as bracts. The bracteoles usually 
 resemble the calyx segments. 
 
 Note 3. In many species the anther cells are so separated 
 as to give the appearance of double, or, as the old writers called 
 them, twin anthers. 
 
 Note 4. As regards the genera described below : 
 
 In gen. 1 and 16 there are no retinacula. 
 
 In gen. 2, and in some species of 11, the leaves are much 
 divided. 
 
 In all the genera from 8 onwards, except 18 and 19, the 
 capsule is 2 or 4-seeded, generally the latter. 
 
 In gen. 10, 11, and 13, the corolla has only one lip. 
 
 A large proportion of the plants have flowers either white or some 
 shade of blue and purple. At the foot of the Himalayas, and at a 
 small elevation, Hooker found " the white or lilac blooms of th 
 Convolvulus-like Thunbergia and other Aoanthaceae to be the p-e- 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 dominant features of the shrubby vegetation, and very handsome." 
 Himalayan Journals. 
 
 (a) Stamens didynamous : 
 
 1. THUNBERGIA. Climbers ; calyx very small annular or 
 with many teeth ; bracts 2, covering the calyx, corolla lobes 
 5, nearly equal ; capsule round, beaked. 
 
 2. CARDANTHERA. Herbs, often with divided leaves ; corolla 
 tube short, limb long 2 -lipped ; anther cells parallel ; capsule 
 narrow, many-seeded. 
 
 3. HYGROPHILA. Herbs, calyx 4 or 5 parted, segments 
 narrow, one pair of stamens sometimes smaller or obsolete, 
 anthers oblong, capsule as in the last. 
 
 4. RUELLIA. Herbs or undershrubs, bracts large, exceeding 
 the calyx, corolla lobes about equal, anther cells oblong, 
 capsule solid below, with large thin seeds in the upper part. 
 
 5. PETA.LIDIUM. Flowers solitary, or crowded on short 
 lateral branches, bracts large and leafy, anther cells parallel, 
 spurred at the base. 
 
 6. PHAYLOPSIS. Prostrate herbs with flowers in densely 
 bracted one-sided spikesi ; sepals 5, one ovate, the rest linear ; 
 corolla tube slender, anther cells parallel, capsule 4-seeded. 
 
 7. HEMIGRAPHIS. Herbs or shrubs, bracts large, crowded, 
 corolla tube long, swelling above, anthers oblong, stigma of one 
 linear and one very short lobe. 
 
 8. STROBILANTHES. Shrubs or herbs, calyx deeply 5-eleft, 
 corolla tube bulging, lobes nearly equal, anthers oblong. 
 
 9. CAL ACANTHUS. Calyx segments unequal, corolla deeply 
 2-lipped, otherwise as the last. 
 
 10. BLEPHARIS. Kough creeping or prostrate plants with 
 verticilled leaves and crowded bracts ; sepals 4, in 2 unequal 
 pairs, corolla of short fleshy tube and lower lip only, which is 
 3-cleft, anthers 1 -seeded. 
 
 11. ACANTHUS. Shrubs or herbs, leaves spinous, sometimes 
 pinnatifid, otherwise as the last. 
 
 12. BARLERIA. Shrubs or large herbs with showy flowers ; 
 sepals in opposite pairs, the outer pair much the largest ; corolla 
 lobes 5, often divided into 4 and 1 ; stamens 2 perfect with 2- 
 celled anthers, and 2 rudimentary, capsule with seeds in the 
 lower half. 
 
 13. CROSSANDRA. Undershrubs, bracts crowded, sepals 5, 
 2 much smaller, corolla long-tubed, one-lipped, the lip 5-lobed, 
 anthers 1 -celled. 
 
Order 89. Acanthacece. ' 229 
 
 14. ASYSTASIA. Undershrubs, sepals narrow, corolla lobes 5, 
 about equal ; anthers oblong, 2-celled, ovary very hairy, capsule 
 with solid contracted base. 
 
 15. LEPIDAGATHIS. Herbs or undershrubs, often prostrate, 
 generally bristly ; calyx of 2 large and 2 or 3 small segments ; 
 corolla tube swelling in the middle, limb 2-lipped, anthers 2- 
 celled, oblong. 
 
 (&) Stamens two : 
 
 16. NELSONIA. A diffuse herb, calyx 4 parted, anther cells 
 distinctly separate, capsule oblong, with the seeds in the lower 
 part. 
 
 17. D^DALACANTHUS. Corolla tube long and narrow, limb 
 of 5 nearly equal segments, anthers narrowly oblong, 2-celled, 
 capsule with solid base. 
 
 18. ANDROGRAPHIS. Herbs or very small shrubs, bracts very 
 small, sepals narrow, anthers with 2 parallel cells exserted, 
 capsule 6 to 12-seeded. 
 
 19. HAPLANTHUS. Herbs, flowers more or less whorled, 
 with small bracts and verticilled thorns, capsule 6 to 16-seeded 
 from the base. 
 
 20. JUSTICIA. Herbs or shrubs, often with leafy bracts, 
 calyx with 4 or 5 narrow segments, corolla short-tubed, anther 
 cells separate, the lower one with a white appendage. 
 
 21. ADHATODA. Shrubs with leafy bracts, very like the 
 last, but the anther cells are acute and scarcely spurred. 
 
 22. KHINACANTHUS. Shrubs, with small narrow bracts, 
 calyx small with narrow segments, corolla tube very long and 
 narrow, anther cells one above the other. 
 
 23. ECBOLIUM. A small shrub, with large crowded bracts 
 and narrow calyx segments, corolla tube long and slender, 
 upper lip narrow, bifid, capsule long-stalked. 
 
 24. KUNGIA. Diffuse herbs, flowers small, bluish or white, 
 in dense spikes, bracts with scarious margins crowded, capsule 
 short-stalked. 
 
 25. DICLIPTERA. Diffuse herbs, calyx equally 5-parted, 
 covered with 2 large unequal bracts, corolla with slender tube 
 and gaping mouth, anther cells one above the other, capsule 
 club-shaped. 
 
 26. PERISTROPHE. Differs from the last in the bracteoles 
 forming an outer calyx, with one or more oblong bracts twice as 
 long. 
 
230 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 1. THUNBERGIA. 
 
 T. fragrans. Leaves oblong, acute, angular, and slightly 
 lobed at the base, bracts large, ovate, flowers solitary, large 
 and handsome, pure white, long-stalked, calyx with 12 teeth, 
 capsule 2-lobed, beak flattened, pointed. Erivel. 
 
 Pretty common in the Konkans ; and on the Ghauts as high np 
 as Panchgani (Dr. CooJce). Throughout India (H.}. The flowers are 
 not fragrant with us. H. has three varieties. 
 
 * T. mysorensis (Hexacentris ra. D.). Leaves elliptic, oblong, 
 toothed or crenate, flowers large and handsome, orange or red, in a 
 long, pendulous raceme, calyx a mere ring, bracts purplish-green. 
 S. of Dharwar (D.). 
 
 T. grandiflora, a large and beautiful climber, a native of Bengal, 
 very common in Bombay gardens ; calyx a mere ring, flowers very 
 large, pale blue. 
 
 T. alata, about the size of T. fragrans, and calyx as in that ; 
 flowers much smaller, yellow, or bright buff', with dark eye ; some- 
 times called " Black-eyed Susan." Also common in gardens. 
 
 Note. The habit and calyx in this genus are so different from 
 anything else in the order, that the species might not be identified 
 by beginners as belonging to it. 
 
 2. CARDANTHERA. 
 
 C. pinnatifida (Nomaphila p. D.). A much-branched, 
 leafy plant, all glandular and hairy, leaves pinnatifid, or deeply 
 toothed, lobes linear-lanceolate, flowers few, small, purple, 
 spotted with white, calyx segments subulate. 
 
 Growing in masses in beds of Konkan rivers : also in Canara and 
 W. Deccan peninsula (H.). I found at Sattara a variety with white 
 flowers, and lobes of leaves broader. 
 
 3. HYGROPHILA. 
 
 1. H. serpyllum (PhysicMlus s. D.). A small, creeping 
 plant, covered with stiff, grey hairs ; leaves nearly round, 
 rough, bracts and floral leaves oblong-lanceolate ; flowers soli- 
 tary, or nearly so, rather large for the size of the plant, 
 bright blue, the lower lip blistered, and spotted with white, 
 capsule as long as the calyx. Rdntevdn. 
 
 The Konkans and Ghauts. At Lanoli, in the cold weather, it 
 covers the rice-fields, and colours them. W. Deccan peninsula (H.). 
 He has a variety, found by Law and Stocks in the Konkan, a larger 
 plant, with minute, bristly hairs, instead of long ones. 
 
 2. H. salicifoUa. A strong, erect plant, leaves long, lanceo- 
 
Order 89. Acanthacece. 231 
 
 late, or ovate, smooth, waved, or slightly crenate, bracts ovate- 
 lanceolate, flowers axillary, nearly sessile, about 7 together, 
 pale blue, capsule within the calyx. 
 
 In the S. Konkan growing in swamps, with the next, and rather 
 like it, but smaller every way, and without thorns. Yery common 
 throughout India and Ceylon (H.). He has 2 varieties. 
 
 3. H. spinosa (AsteracantJia longifolia, D.). A stout, rough 
 plant, with sessile, blue flowers among verticils of lanceolate 
 leaves and thorns, calyx, segments, and bracts lanceolate, lower 
 lip of corolla with a yellow spot. Kordta, Kalsanda. 
 
 Yery common in swamps ; much more so than the last. Through- 
 out India (If.). The seeds are called TalimTchdna. 
 
 * H. Stocksii differs from H. serpyllum, chiefly by being larger, 
 and the stem leaves spathulate. Konkan (Stocks) and nowhere else 
 (H.). NotinD. 
 
 4. EUELLIA. 
 
 R. prostrata (Dipteracanthus dejectus, D.). Straggling, 
 prostrate, or climbing in hedges, leaves long-petioled, ovate, 
 often acute, flowers solitary, or nearly so, purple or blue, bell- 
 shaped, bracts like the young leaves, seeds about 12, flat, 
 roundish, light brown. 
 
 Yery common in Guzerat, the Konkan, and Decoan. Throughout 
 India, very common 
 
 H. makes this a variety of the species which is prostrate, but 
 not straggling, and with blunt leaves; and has a separate species, 
 R. patula (Petalidium, p. D.) resembling this, but densely and closely 
 pubescent. 
 
 5. PETALIDIUM. 
 
 P. larlerioides. A straggling, rather handsome shrub, leaves 
 ovate, pointed, crenated, flowers large, white or pale blue, 
 with veined throat ; calyx hidden in 2 leafy, veined bracts, 
 corolla tube narrow with wide mouth, lower lip bearded. 
 
 N. Konkan and Panch Mahals. Ghauts and Panwell (D. and #.). 
 
 This sufficiently resembles a Barleria to justify the specific name. 
 I had noted the ca^x as viscid, which is not mentioned in any of the 
 books ; but this viscidity of some of the parts is a frequent charac- 
 teristic in shrubs of this order, and apparently not a constant one, 
 but depending a good deal on situation. 
 
232 The Flowering Plants of Western India, 
 
 6. PHATLOPSIS. 
 
 P. parviflora (^Etheilema reniforme, D.). Much-branched, 
 hairy, leaves ovate, unequal at the base, bracts membranous, 
 sometimes kidney-shaped, flowers whitish, scarcely longer, than 
 the calyx, capsule small. Waiti, rdn-maushi. 
 
 S. Konkan and Ghauts. Throughout India (#.). This also I have 
 found as a sticky and strong-smelling plant, as G. and R. describe 
 it, but not D. and H. 
 
 7. HBMIGRAPHIS. 
 
 1. H. dura (Ruellia, d. D.). Prostrate and creeping, 
 hairy and bristly, stem 4-sided, leaves oblong, obtuse, flowers 
 large, bluish purple, in roundish heads, surrounded by 4 floral 
 leaves ; calyx segments with scarious margins, capsule shorter 
 than the calyx, 6 to 8-seeded. 
 
 IS". Konkan and Sholapore districts. Surat (D.). Bombay, Bel gaum, 
 &o. (H.). 
 
 2. H. latebrosa (Ruellia elegans, D.). Hairy, erect, slightly 
 viscid, flowers very pretty, light blue, streaked with red, and 
 whitish tube, nearly sessile, and nearly solitary, leaves and 
 bracts oval, serrated, covered with white hairs, capsule as long 
 as calyx, 6 to 8-seeded. 
 
 Ghauts and Konkan. Found in most parts of the Presidency, but 
 not very common. * H. elracteolata scarcely differs from this, but is 
 hispid, with scattered white hairs (#.). Ghauts (D.). 
 
 8. STEOBILANTHES. 
 
 H. has no less than 146 species of this genus, and they differ 
 widely, he says, in habit, inflorescence, and size of flowers. D. 
 had 8, as belonging to this Presidency, and of these ascribed 4 to the 
 Ghauts, and 2 to the Wari country. 
 
 1. S. Ixiocephalus (S. neesianus, D.). A small shrub, very 
 strong- smelling, leaves lanceolate, acuminate, unequal at the 
 base, crenate, or serrate, hairy, or rough, bracts elliptic, leafy, 
 flowers in ovate heads white, or pale lilac, bristly within, all 
 covered with viscid hairs, calyx and bracts enlarged in fruit. 
 iy chit-Kdrvi. 
 
 Konkan hills and Ghauts. There is probably often some confusion 
 between this and the next, though they are quite distinct ; the 
 peculiarity of flowering after seven years, and then dying, which is 
 ascribed by different authorities to one or another species, Colonel 
 
Order 89. Acanthacece. 233 
 
 Beddome thinks to be common to several. Tennent says the same 
 of the Ceylon species. 
 
 2. S. callosus. A tall shrub, branches warty, or ttibercled, 
 leaves large, elliptic, acute, crenate, long-petioled, spikes conical, 
 sometimes compound, flowers large, hairy within, deep blue, 
 bracts roundish, calyx increasing in fruit. Kdrvi. 
 
 The Ghauts and Central India. 
 
 H. includes in this D.'s C. Grahamianus. This is, no doubt, 
 the well-known Mahableshwar shrub, and is viscid and strong- 
 smelling. 
 
 3. S.perfoliatus (Endopogon integrifolius, D.). A shrub with 
 a very powerful smell, leaves narrow lanceolate, running with 
 a wing into the petiole, quite smooth and entire : flowers in a 
 4-sided raceme, bracts and calyx segments linear or lanceolate, 
 hairy and viscid, corolla large, blue or purple. Rdribokri. 
 
 S. Konkan. Very common at Matheran (Birdwooft). The leaves 
 are never perfoliate (H.). I noticed what I have seen put down as 
 a generic distinction in Endopogon (but not in H.} that there is 
 in the corolla a depressed hairy channel which holds the style. (See 
 Hypcestes lanata.) 
 
 * 8. barbatus (S. tetrapterus, D.). Stem and petioles often winged, 
 leaves large oval, flowers in short dense spikes, white, bracts 
 cuspidate, green. Wari country (J>.). * S. wareensis, leaves oblong 
 acuminate, spikes short, drooping on hairy jointed peduncles, but 
 erect in fruit with the cah x enlarged, corolla small white, purple- 
 spotted. Wari country, Belgaum, &o. (D.). * S. lupulinus, woody 
 and hairy, leaves elliptic acuminate, spikes short, sometimes 
 umbelled, bracts concave, hairy, calyx scarious, bristly. Konkan 
 and near Belgaum (H.) * S. heyneanus (S. asperrimus, D.), herbaceous, 
 about a foot high, hairy, leaves elliptic acuminate, spikes short", 
 roundish, flowers pale blue, bracts convex. Akrd. The Ghauts. 
 
 * S. scrobiculatus, woody, with long much-divided branches, covered 
 with flowers and leafy only at the tips, leaves as the last, corolla 
 an inch long, pale below, of a beautiful blue upwards, lobes crenu- 
 late. Ghauts. " It appears to be the most beautiful of all the 
 species, and is allied to S. ixiocephalus" (H.). * S. asper, a shrub, 
 softly hairy, leaves ovate crenate, spikes oblong, panicled or 
 fascicled, bracts ovate or oblong, reddish. Konkan, Stocks (S.}. 
 
 * S. sessitis (S. sessiloides, D.), a low undershrub, hairy, leaves sessile 
 ovate acute, bracts large, the same shape, or broad cordate, flowers 
 large and handsome, blue or pale purple. The Ghauts (->) 
 
 9. CALACANTHUS. 
 
 * C. DakeUiana (Lepidagathis grandiflora, D.). A shrub, 
 stem quadrangular, leaves large, oval, acute, smooth, spikes 
 long and slender, densely woolly, bracts, bracteoles, and upper 
 
234 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 calyx segments oblong, flowers large, purple, with 2 lines of 
 yellow hairs : capsule 2-seeded. Motayt. 
 
 The ^ Ghauts (D.). Canara (ff.). "The magnificent Calaoanthus 
 grows in profusion on the wet rocks on the road np to Matheran." 
 Dr. Cooke. 
 
 10. BLEPHARIS. 
 
 1. B, asperrima. Diffuse with weak straw-coloured stem, 
 every part covered with bristly hairs, leaves ovate, bracts 
 trifid cuneate or lanceolate, whitish with green veins, flowers 
 blue or white sessile, solitary or in pairs, capsule i-seeded. 
 Pdhadi-dtgandkdd. 
 
 Very common on the Ghauts : also in the Konkan. The flowers 
 are often seen on the Ghauts covering the ground like snowdrops. 
 
 2. B. boerhaavifolia. Leaves in fours, one pair smaller, 
 lanceolate, bracts edged with long bristles broader upwards, 
 calyx segments the same shape, but not bristly, flowers white, 
 pale-blue or pink with white spot on lower lip, capsule 2-seeded. 
 
 Common in Guzerat. From Mount Abu to Ceylon (fl.). 
 
 3. J5. mollugini folia. Leaves in fours, one pair smaller, 
 oblong, rather obovate, rough on the margin, bracts many, 
 pressed flat against the calyx, boat-shaped, with one stiff and 
 many short bristles, flowers blue, like those of No. 1, but 
 smaller ; capsule 2-seeded. Kdnte-mdka. 
 
 The Konkans, growing freely near the sea. Deocan peninsula (#.). 
 
 11. ACANTHUS. 
 
 A. ilicifolius (Dilivarla i. D.). A small handsome thorny 
 shrub, with leaves like holly, sinuate, spinous-toothed, and large 
 bright blue flowers ; bracts small ovate, calyx segments ovate 
 rounded, corolla lip nearly entire, anthers large, thickly 
 bearded. Nivgur, mdrandi. 
 
 Very common on the sea coast. Also in Ceylon, Malaga, the 
 Philippines, and Australia (H.}. G. calls it sea holly, a very appro- 
 priate name, but it must not be confounded with the plant which 
 bears that name in England (Eryngo). 
 
 The rather dismal salt marshes are often beautified by this hand- 
 some shrub, just as bare woods in England are by the true holly 
 
 " When the bare and wintry woods we see, 
 What then so cheerful as the holly tree ? " Southey. 
 
 A. mollis is a noble plant, sometimes found in English gardens, 
 called by Tournefort " this gentle thistle." Its leaves are very large 
 
Order 89. Acanthacece. 235 
 
 and handsome, and are believed to have been the model on which 
 the capital of the Corinthian columns was formed. At Nazareth 
 
 " the painted grouse 
 JJays her eggs there in carved Acanthus leaves." Sir E. Arnold. 
 
 " To watch the emerald-coloured water falling 
 Through many a wov'n Acanthus wreath divine." Tennyson. 
 
 The plant being thus well known gave its name to the order. 
 
 12. BARLERIA. 
 
 H. has 26 species of this beautiful and well-marked genus, and 
 ascribes 14 of them to W. India, but 7 of these are not given by D. 
 
 1. B. prionitis. Shrubby and thorny, leaves elliptic, 
 narrow at both ends, bracts subulate, larger calyx segments 
 ovate entire, spinous-pointed, flowers axillary, spiked or 
 whorled, buff-coloured, soon falling off. Kholeta, kalsunda, 
 
 pivala kordnta. 
 
 Konkan and the lower Ghauts, very common. Also in Guzerat 
 and the Deccan. Tropical India (H.). 
 
 H. has * B. cuspidata in the Konkan, " exceeding near to B. prio- 
 nitis, but a lower, harsher and more prickly undershrub." 
 
 2. It. montana. A large smooth plant, leaves narrow ovate, 
 flowers large and beautiful, rose-coloured, mauve or blue, solitary 
 and sessile in the axils, larger calyx segments elliptic entire, 
 smaller and bracts very small linear, seeds densely silky. 
 Kolista, ikhari. 
 
 Bombay (where I have seen no good specimens), Konkan and the 
 Ghauts : not uncommon. H. has * B. Gibsoni over a great part of 
 the Presidency " so exceedingly like the last that it has always been 
 mixed therewith," but with smooth seeds, " thus differing from all 
 others of the genus." Mr. Birdwood has this under the name of 
 Gura at Matheran, with corolla tube white, limb pale lilac. 
 
 3. B. grandiflora. A shrub or tall herb nearly all smooth, 
 leaves elliptic acuminate, flowers pure white, 4 inches long, 
 solitary in the opposite axils, larger calyx segments ovate 
 acute, smaller ones and bracts, which are half way up the 
 pedicels, subulate. 
 
 This is said to be wild in the Konkan and Ghauts, and is in Mr. 
 Birdwood's Matheran list. I have only seen it planted. Two other 
 species, * B. longiflora and B. Lawii, appear to be very much like it, 
 but both are hairy : the first had ovate leaves rounded at the base 
 (Matheran, Khandalla, 6?.), the second elliptic leaves narrowed at 
 both ends. The Ghauts, &c., Law (H.). 
 
236 TJie Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 4. B. cristata. A shrub, erect or diffuse hairy, leaves ovate, 
 flowers in the axils nearly sessile, 2 or 3 together or in heads 
 blue or white ; anthers violet ; larger calyx, segments ovate, 
 pectinated, veined, smaller segments and bracts lanceolate. 
 
 The white variety, which is D.'s B. dichotomy is commonly planted 
 about temples and in gardens, and is called Pdndhari Kordnti. The 
 blue is said to be wild in Bombay and the Konkans. 
 
 5. B. strigosa (B. terminalis, D.). Shrubby, erect, rough 
 nearly all over, leaves ovate, running down with a wing into 
 the long petiole ; flowers large, blue, crowded together in 
 terminal spikes ; outer sepals ovate, acute, bracts lanceolate. 
 Wdhiti, Kola Koranta. 
 
 S. Konkan and Ghauts : common at Matheran. H. has 2 varieties, 
 and says it is much cultivated. Mr. Birdwood says, " flowers blue, 
 tube of corolla much paler than the limb, stigma purple." 
 
 * B. luxifolia, a small very prickly undershrub, leaves small, 
 ovate, mucronate, no bracts, and spines instead of bracteoles, flowers 
 rather large, purple, rose or white, larger calyx segments enlarging 
 in fruit. Konkan, Law, &c. (H.). * B. involucrata (B. elata, D.). Six 
 feet high, leaves elliptic unequal, long-petioled, flowers very large, 
 long-tubed, blue, in short racemes or spikes, bracts linear lanceolate, 
 leafy. Fonda Ghaut (D.). * B. sepalosa, leaves elliptic acute, 
 covered with yellow hairs ; outer sepals very large, broadly elliptic 
 acute, one bifid. An imperfectly known species. Konkan, Gibson 
 (H.). *B. Courtallica, a large shrub, leaves oblong or obovate, 
 smooth and shining, spikes short, hairy and glandular, larger sepal a 
 very hairy, veined, flowers blue and yellow, or white. Chorla Ghaut 
 (D.). Dr. Dymock gives this the same native names as B. montana. 
 * B. Stocksii, a small undershrub, flowers solitary, axillary, leaves 
 elliptic acute, bracts small, narrow oblong. Bombay and Bababudin 
 
 13. CROSSANDRA. 
 
 C. undulcefolia (C. axillaris and G. coccinea> D.). A shrubby 
 plant, leaves smooth, ovate, waved, long-petioled, often in 
 fours; flowers in 4-sided spikes, red or orange, bracts much 
 imbricated, with the larger calyx segments ovate, pointed, 
 bracteoles and smaller segments linear. Abholi. 
 
 Said to be wild about Dharwar, but known generally as a garden- 
 flower. 
 
 14. ASTSTASIA. 
 
 A. violacea. A shrubby plant, softly hairy, stem jointed, 
 leaves ovate or oblong acute, lower ones narrowed into the 
 petiole, upper rounded at the base ; flowers in one-sided 
 
Order 89. Acanthacece. 237 
 
 racemes, large, violet, the lower lip dark purple and spotted, 
 protruding. 
 
 The Konkans and Ghauts. Very common at Matheran, less so at 
 Mahableshwar Dr. Cooke who doubts whether it is distinct from 
 * A. coromandelliana, which H. calls a procumbent weed, grey pubes- 
 cent, but D, erect, almost smooth very common. A. Lawiana, a tall 
 rough plant with 4-sided stems, thicker just above the joints, leaves 
 oblong acute, flowers small white in short spikes, bracts lanceolate, 
 leafy. Nasik. Near Dharwar (D.). 
 
 15. LEPIDAGATHIS. 
 
 The majority of the 10 species found in this Presidency are con- 
 fined to the Ghauts, and known only to Dr. Stocks or Mr. 
 Dalzell. 
 
 1. L. cristata. Prostrate, leaves lanceolate, they and the 
 calyx and bracts sharp-pointed, flowers pale, streaked darker, 
 in dense round heads near the root ; calyx segments and 
 bracts oblong or ovate. Bhuiterda, Kolhe die cliutar. 
 
 Guzerat and the Deccan. Bombay. (<?.) . 
 
 '2. L. prostrata. Creeping and rooting from the joints, all 
 silky or hairy ; leaves small, sessile, ovate, bristle-pointed, 
 bracts the same shape, densely imbricated, bracteoles and calyx 
 segments narrow ; flowers in short spikes, pink, streaked, 
 capsule 2-seeded. Bakrd. 
 
 S. Konkan. About Eutnagherry it grows abundantly on the bare 
 sheet rock. Canara (H.) Tnis is probably what G. (No. 1175) calls 
 common at Mahableshwar. 
 
 3. L. rigida. An erect undershrub, glutinous, leaves ovate, 
 pointed, narrowed into the petiole, rough, bracts and larger 
 calyx segments ovate, bracteoles and smaller segments narrow, 
 all hairy and spinous-pointed ; flowers yellowish white in 
 dense spikes, capsule 4-seeded. 
 
 Ghauts (D.). Sind (H.}. I had it at Parpoli Ghaut, where it is 
 abundant and very strong-smelling. * L. mitis is closely allied to 
 No. 1, but nearly smooth, and the flower heads not prickly, flowers 
 white, spotted with pink and yellow. Fonda Ghaut (D.). * L. tri- 
 nervis, leaves linear lanceolate, 3-nerved, flowers white, either in 
 short spikes or in a conglomerated ball like the last j bracts (but not 
 calyx) with long spinous points. Ghauts, Guzerat and Konkan (H.). 
 * L. lutea, stems erect, leaves and inflorescence as in the last, both 
 bracts and calyx spinous pointed, flowers yellow, stems and flower 
 heads velvety. Malwan and Ghauts (D. and H.}. * L. clavata, stem 
 erect, leaves sessile ovate, bristle-pointed, bracts densely imbricated 
 in 4 rows, flowers pink-streaked, in short spikes. Ghauts (D.). It 
 is very like L. prostrata. 
 
238 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 The last four are two-seeded,, the next two four-seeded, * L. hya- 
 lina, an erect herb, leaves ovate viscid, bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 
 flowers white, with brown spots. Konkan, Canara, &c. (H.). * L. 
 fasciculata (L. Goensis D.), herbaceous, diffuse, hairy, leaves ovate, 
 crenate serrate, spikes short, panicled, flowers as in the last. Wari 
 country. The last two apparently have no spines. 
 
 Three more genera belong to the didynamous section. Elermaiera, 
 herbs, leaves sometimes alternate, corolla lobes 5, short, styles 2- 
 lobed, the lower lobe often divided. *E. glauca, erect, leaves 
 oblong, mostly alternate, flowers small, purplish, striped, in long lax 
 spikes ; one sepal much larger, bracts stalked and leaf-like. S. Kon- 
 kan (D.) . * E. zeylanica (Erythracanthus elongatus, D.) branches trail- 
 ing, leaves oblong, oval, spikes dense short, calyx and corolla nearly 
 as in the last. Wari jungles (D.). 
 
 Calophanes, herbs, calyx tubular, with 5 narrow teeth. * C. vagans, 
 calyx teeth long, hairy, flowers in hairy cymes, bluish, the palate 
 pleated across, anther cells pai-allel with prominent white spurs. 
 Konkan and Belgaum (fl.). * 0. Dalzellii, closely resembling the 
 last, but cymes denser, calyx teeth broader, flowers larger, and no 
 spurs to the anthers. Konkan and Poona (H.). 
 
 Neuracanthus, calyx 2-lipped, corolla limb nearly entire. N. triner- 
 vius, a shrubby plant, leaves orate lanceolate, bracts round ovate, 
 white with hairs, flowers small blue in hairy 4-sided spikes, calyx 
 segments very narrow. Bhandup. Near Alibag (D.). N. sphcero- 
 stachyus, stout, unbranched, rough, leaves ovate, bracts roundish, 
 silky, flowers pretty, blue, in close round sessile heads, corolla 
 throat and tube streaked with white. Dhanu. Konkan and Bombay 
 (D.). For these two H. has no other habitat than the Konkan and 
 Ghauts. 
 
 (&) Stamens 2. 
 
 16. KELSONIA. 
 
 N. campestris (N. tomentosa, D.). Very downy, with 
 numerous stems and branches pressed close to the ground ; 
 leaves oval entire, rather glutinous, flowers small, lilac or 
 purple in spikes, bracts ovate, crowded. 
 
 Pauchmahals. Wari jungles (D.). Throughout India (H.) 
 
 17. D2EDALACANTHUS. 
 
 D. purpurascens (Eranthemum nervosum, D.). A shrub 
 more or less hairy ; stem 4-sided, leaves ovate, flowers in stiff 
 spikes, handsome purplish blue, the throat streaked darker, 
 bracts large imbricated all up the spike, oval pointed, veined 
 ciliated, bracteoles and calyx segments very small, whitish. 
 GuUhdm. 
 
 The Konkans and Ghauts. Bombay (G.). 
 
 * D. montanus, a leafy herb, attributed by -D. to the Ghauts near 
 Dharwar, If. calls a vaiiable specie?, best distinguished by the long 
 
Order 89. Acanthacece. 239 
 
 green viscidly hairy calyx teeth, otherwise very like the above; and 
 he has a variety of this called Korikanensis, found by Mr. Law, with 
 compound panicles, the spikes linear interrupted, bracts ovate, 
 abbreviated. 
 
 * D. roseus (Eranthemum, <r. D.). Leaves elliptic smooth, spikes 
 linear, bracts imbricated glandular, with green nerves, corolla over 
 an inch long, rose-coloured. Round Bombay (D.). 
 
 18. ANDKOGRAPHIS. 
 
 * A. paniculata. Annual, erect, 4-sided, smooth, leaves 
 lanceolate entire, racemes long, flowers distant, white spotted 
 with purple, or rose-coloured, bracts linear, capsules sub- 
 cylindric. Kredt, kalpa, kdla meti, maliatiti. 
 
 Throughout India (//.). Common in gardens (#.) & n &s it as 
 wild, but with no habitat. It is much used in native medicine as a 
 bitter. 
 
 * A. visculosa, undershrub, scarcely a foot high, leaves lanceolate 
 smooth, flowers in panicles, which are covered with viscid brown 
 hairs. Not in D. Konkan (H.). * A. echioides, annual, hairy, leaves 
 sessile oblong, racemes numerous, axillary, anthers much exserted. 
 Ran chimani. Deccan ravines (D.). S. Konkan (Gr.). 
 
 19. HAPLANTHUS. 
 
 H. verticillaris. A shrubby plant, the upper parts covered 
 with long white glutinous hairs, flowers small, purple or lilac, 
 subsessile among bifid verticilled thorns, leaves very long- 
 petioled ovate, narrow at both ends, seeds rough. Jakdra, 
 Kdla dkara, .Kdla kirdit. 
 
 The Ghauts. Khandalla (G.). D. has no habitat. W. Deccan 
 peninsula frequent, extending N. to Mount Aba (H.). 
 
 H. tentaculatus. A smaller species than the last, very like it, but 
 with short-petioled oval leaves, rounded at both ends, a little hairy j 
 grows commonly near the sea, also in Guzerat and Belgaum. 
 
 D. calls this a much stouter plant than the first, which I think is 
 not the case ; and H. has an ambiguous remark on the subject ; so I 
 have described the plants as I found them. 
 
 20. JuSTIOIA. 
 
 A great number of species were formerly included in this genus, 
 which have now been removed to others. The last four species here 
 given belong to a separate section of the genus Rostellularia, 
 which H. defines as small, closely allied weeds, abundant in the 
 tropics. 
 
 1. J. ~beion\ca (Adhatoda ramosissimum, D.). A tall smooth 
 shrub, leaves ovate to lanceolate, blunt pointed, flowers in 
 
240 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 spikes, dull white, streaked with pink, bracts rather large, oval 
 pointed, green-veined, capsule protuberant at the seeds, which 
 are nearly round and light brown. 
 
 Common on the higher Ghants (D.). Matheran. I have seen this 
 as described at Khair in the Poona districts, but in the S. Konkan as 
 a weak shrubby prostrate plant. The latter H. makes a variety, 
 and calls it ramosissima. He calls both forms common throughout 
 India. 
 
 2. J. trinervia (Adhatoda t. D.). A smooth plant, erect or 
 procumbent, much smaller than the last ; leaves as in the last 
 or fleshy, and slightly crenate, flowers in terminal spikes, bracts 
 much veined, lanceolate long-pointed, 3-nerved. Sut. 
 
 Mahablesbwar and S. Konkans. Matheran. Near the sea I have 
 found this all fleshy. One authority makes it a small variety of the 
 last. 
 
 3. /. Wynaadensis (Adhatoda w. D.). A shrub with 
 long and slender branches, which with the leaves are much 
 tinged with purple, leaves lanceolate, quite smooth, spikes 
 somewhat interrupted, hairy, flowers small, white spotted with 
 purple, bracts smaller than the calyx segments. 
 
 Vingorla. Jungly parts of the Konkan, common (D.). Belgaum 
 (H.). H. calls it very variable as to hairiness. D. has " bracts ovate 
 deciduous, bracteoles linear, subulate shorter than the calyx." These 
 last are all that I saw, and all that H. mentions. 
 
 J. Gendarussa, tiv, bdkas, a species said by H. to be cultivated all 
 over India, and by D. to be very common in gardens, strong scented 
 and of a purple hue, seems to me to differ only from J. Wynaadensis 
 in being a herb. 
 
 J. montana (EemicTioriste m. D.). A tall handsome shrub, leaves 
 large oval, narrow at both ends, entire polished, flowers large white, 
 spotted with purple, in large racemes, bracts hairy, capsule with 
 seeds near the top. Machal. Ghauts (D.). * J". heterocarpa. A 
 small herb, grey, leaves ovate, flowers minute in clusters, capsules 
 of two kinds in almost every axil, one oblong 4-seeded, the other 
 winged and crested, one-seeded ; not in D. Deesa and Kurrachee, 
 Stocks (H.). Kot nearly allied to any other species (H.). 
 
 4. /. procumbens (Rostellularia p. D.). A small weed, 
 hairy, branched ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, ciliated, flowers in 
 spikes, more or less 4-sided, pale purple, sepals 4 scarious, with 
 green midrib, bracts and bracteoles lanceolate or linear, about 
 as long as the calyx and corolla. Tharambal, gliatipitpapara. 
 
 The three other species of this section are apparently very diffi- 
 cult to distinguish from one another. * J. micrantha (Rostellularia 
 
Order 89. Acanthaceoe. 241 
 
 crinita, D.), leaves ovate hairy, spikes short, flowers rose or purple, 
 sepals broader tha* the rough, hairy, bracts. Vingorla (D.). * J 
 quinquangularis (R. peploides, D.), branched, diffuse, often 4 or 5- 
 angled, smooth and glaucous, leaves oval to linear lanceolate, spikes 
 rather long, bracts and sepals spathulate. Watercourses in the 
 Deocan (D.)- * 3- diffusa (R. d., D.), stem 4-sided, leaves lanceolate 
 ovate, spikes slender compressed, flowers pale purple, bracts and 
 sepals lanceolate. In pastures (D.). H- nas several vars. of this. 
 
 21. ADHATODA. 
 
 A. vasica. A large shrub of little beauty, with oblong 
 elliptic leaves, narrowed at both ends, smooth ; flowers large, 
 white with brown spots ; spikes several together, bracts smooth 
 ovate, with white veins. Adusa, ~bdkas 3 vasuka. 
 
 This is a very common shrub, used for hedges in G-nzerat, the 
 Konkan, and the Ghaut districts. Common all over India (H.) It 
 ia sometimes called the Malabar nut, and is so closely allied to Justicia 
 NOB. 1 and 2 that it seems a pity they have been separated, particu- 
 larly as this opinion is also expressed in If. It may be seen in Italian 
 gardens. 
 
 22. BHINACANTHUS. 
 
 R. communis. A shrubby plant 3 or 4 feet high, leaves 
 large ovate oblong, obtusely pointed, flowers small white in 
 axillary and terminal panicles, trichotornously divided, anthers 
 exserted. Ndgamdlli, jaivdi-pands, gajkarni. 
 
 S. Konkan. Mahableshwar (D.). Throughout India, commonly 
 cultivated (H.). A medicinal plant. 
 
 23. EcBOLIUM. 
 
 E. Linnceanum (Justicia Ecbolium, D.). A small shrub, 
 nearly smooth, with elliptic acute leaves, flowers in dense 4- 
 sided spikes of a pale sea-green, bracts ovate, green, often dark- 
 veined, capsule much compressed. Odu-jdti, rdnabholi, dhdkta 
 ddulsa. 
 
 The Konkans, but scarcely common. Very common at Matheran 
 (Dr. CooTce). H. has three varieties, one of which has roundish leaves, 
 and another toothed bracts. The colour of the flowers is very 
 delicate, but of so uncommon a hue that I find it described by 
 different authorities as follows : Greenish or azure, pale blue, 
 greenish livid, greenish blue or purplish, lurid or steely green-blue. 
 All these are suggestive of the colour of the sea in one aspect or 
 
 another ; or perhaps one of Dr. Darwin's indefinite similes may 
 -"precisely the colour of a seraph's plume." 
 
 suit it' 
 
242 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 24. RUNGIA. 
 
 1, It. repens. An extensive much- branched creeping weed, 
 leaves nearly sessile, oblong lanceolate, spikes crowded with 
 almost smooth roundish pointed bracts, broad-margined, corolla 
 white, blue or pink, spotted darker. GMtipitpdpara (see 
 Justicia procumbens). 
 
 Very common almost everywhere. Throughout India, common (.ST.). 
 
 R. elegans, H. considers as possibly a large form of this, but what 
 I had in Salgette (agreeing with D.'s description) was very different, 
 flowers of a beautiful blue, large for the genus, bracts with broad 
 scarious margin, not white ; the whole plant a foot high. Hills 
 round Junar (D.). 
 
 2. E. parviflora. A small straggling plant, leaves oval or 
 oblong, rather blunt, flowers small in small spikes, bright blue, 
 streaked darker, fertile bracts roundish, oval, barren, narrower 
 and less margined. 
 
 Common. Mahableshwar. Dr. Cooke. 
 
 H. includes in this as var. pectinata, D.'s R. polygonoides, and calls 
 it a universal weed throughout India. * R. crenata he makes allied 
 to this, but with much larger flowerless bracts ; they are hairy with 
 narrow margins, oblong acute, those with the flowers roundish. Not 
 in D. Konkan, Canara, and Belgaum (H.). 
 
 There is a considerable general resemblance between the species 
 of this genus and the Eostellularia section of Justicia, and a more 
 special resemblance in the white margins of the bracts. 
 
 25. DlCLIPTERA. 
 
 1. D. zeylanica (D. bivalvis, D.). A tall weak plant, with 
 6-angled stem and branches, leaves ovate, pointed rough, flowers 
 rather small, pink in triad heads, bracts broad ovate, calyx 
 and bracteoles much imbricated. 
 
 Guzerat, Konkan and Ghauts. Inflorescence variable (-H".). ^ 
 calls it " Green-loden." 
 
 2. D. leonotis (D. Burmanni, D.). A low straggling plant, 
 with angular and woolly branches, leaves oval pointed, some- 
 what unequal-sided, almost smooth, flowers pink with white 
 tube and spotted throat ; bracts ovate, bristle pointed. 
 
 S. Konkan. H. is doubtful about the identification of this plant 
 and D.'s : my description above agrees thoroughly with D.'s, who 
 gave no hab. H. has Guzerat and Ajmeer. I noted " both lips of 
 corolla entire or nearly so." 
 
 * D. micrantha, leaves ovate pointed, nearly smooth, flowers in heads 
 of three, umbelled, small and slender, bracts oblong and obovate, 
 
Order 89. Acantkacece. 243 
 
 cuspidate. Guzerat and Sagargarh (Z>.). * D. Roxburgliiana, leaves 
 ovate, acute at both ends, umbels 4 or 5 together, of 3 to 5 flowers, 
 bracts obovate with a small point, veined, capsule hairy. This is 
 D.'s description (without hab.), as H. only doubtfully identifies D.'s 
 
 ?lant with his. One or other of the vars. is common throughout 
 ndia. 
 
 26. PERISTROPHE. 
 
 P. Ucalyculata. A tall poor-looking rough weed, with 6- 
 sided stems ; leaves ovate, hairy, flowers pink in panicles like 
 candelabra, anthers red, bracts much longer than the flower 
 heads, capsule pointed at both ends with seeds in the upper 
 half. 
 
 Common in waste places. Tropical and sub-tropical India, very 
 common (H.). 
 
 I have seen this with one bract only (besides the outer calyx), 
 which gives the flower a curious appearance, and D. implies that 
 this is usual, of which however H. says nothing. H. has a var. with 
 the flowers in very short heads. 
 
 The following also have 2 stamens: Elytraria, herbs, leaves alter- 
 nate or radical, scape covered with imbricated bracts, calyx 4- 
 divided. * E. crenata, leaves obovate, oblong crenated, scape long 
 and slender, bearing a spike of white flowers, bracts ovate with 
 scarious margins. Broach collectorate (D.}. 
 
 Eranthemum, very like Asystasia but for the 2 stamens, and the 
 ovary often smooth. E. malabaricum (E. crenulatum, D.). Shrubby, 
 leaves broad lanceolate, narrow at both ends, crenate, flowers in 
 long slender spikes white, spotted and tinged with red, bracts and 
 sepals very small, glandular and rough. S. Konkan. Wari jungles 
 (P.). 
 
 Gymnostachyum, herbs or undershrubs, bracts very small, corolla 
 tube slender, capsule irany-seeded. * G. glabrum (Cryptophragmium, 
 g. D.), leaves large ovate, narrow at both ends, running into a 
 winged petiole, flowers fascicled or the panicles white, purple- 
 spotted, bracts linear lanceolate. * G. latifolium (Crypt. 1. D.), 
 leaves very large ovate, very long petioled, panicles comparatively 
 short, flowers solitary or clustered on them, yellow or green, bracts 
 linear. These two in the Konkan and Ghauts, the latter also in 
 Canara (D.). 
 
 Hypcestes, bracts 2 to 4, enclosing one perfect and some obsolete 
 flowers, calyx scarious, corolla tube slender. * H. lanata, under- 
 shrub, leaves lanceolate, slightly rough, petiole sometimes winged, 
 spikes long, running into terminal panicles, covered with white 
 wool, flowers light purple, rather large, bracts very hairy, linear. 
 Konkan and Ghauts (D.). Unknown elsewhere. Superficially re- 
 sembling titrobilanthes perfoliatus, but the corolla and stamens dis- 
 tinguish it (H.). 
 
 Gratophyllum hortense (Justicia picta, D.) is a shrub in gardens 
 throughout India ; leaves ovate lanceolate, much variegated, flowers 
 large crimson or purple, Kdla or Karad adulsd. 
 
 R 2 
 
244 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 ORDER 90. VERBENACE-ffi. Vervains. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, without 
 stipules, flowers mostly small, but in large cymes or panicles, 
 calyx tubular persistent, corolla tubular, 2-lipped or with 
 5 nearly equal lobes ; stamens generally didynamous, some- 
 times 2, 5, or 8. Ovary superior, style one, fruit a drupe or 
 berry. 
 
 This is a considerable order, mainly tropical, with some very 
 important and some beautiful species ; but the greater part of those 
 given below are not very remarkable. 
 
 The species of this order are distinguished from those of Scrophu- 
 larinese by their habit, and generally by their fruit. " They have 
 the flowers of Labiatae, except that the ovary is entire with the style 
 proceeding from the top." Bentham. 
 
 Note. I have altered H.'s arrangement of genera so as to bring 
 them together according to their stamens. 
 
 (a) Stamens didynamous. 
 
 1. LANTANA. Straggling shrubs with small flowers in heads, 
 calyx small, entire or slightly lobed, bracts larger, corolla 
 tube slender, lobes 4 or 5 spreading, drupe of 2 pyrenes. 
 
 2. LIPPIA, as No. 1, but fruit a capsule separating into 2 
 pyrenes. 
 
 3. PREMNA. Flowers small, often polygamous, calyx small, 
 cup-shaped, persistent, corolla 2-lipped. 
 
 4. GMELINA. Flowers large, calyx bell-shaped, shortly 
 5-toothed or nearly entire, corolla tube short, lobes 5, anther 
 cells separated, drupe succulent. 
 
 5. VITEX. Leaves digitate, flowers small, calyx as in the 
 last, corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip unequally lobed, anther 
 cells more or less twisted, calyx more or less enlarged in 
 fruit. 
 
 Note. Aricennia below is by some authors said to have didynamous 
 stamens. 
 
 (&) Stamens 4, equal. 
 
 6. CALLICARPA. Calyx very small, minutely 4-lobed, corolla 
 regular 4-lobed, anthers exserted, drupe round, of 4 or less one- 
 seeded pyrenes. 
 
 7. CLERODENDRON. Calyx as in 'No. 4, corolla tube long 
 and slender, lobes 5, spreading, anthers long, exserted, drupe 
 roundish, 4-grooved, separating into pyrenes. 
 
Order 90. Verbenacece. 245 
 
 8. AVICENNIA.. Calyx segments 5, concave, imbricated, 
 corolla 4 or 5-lobed, capsule broad, one-seeded. 
 
 (c) Stamens more than 4, equal to the corolla lobes. 
 
 9. TECTONA. Trees, calyx and corolla 5 or 6-lobed, corolla 
 tube short, anthers exserted oblong, drupe enclosed in the 
 enlarged calyx, 4-celled. 
 
 10. SYMPHOREMA. Climbing shrubs, flowers surrounded by 
 an involucre of 6 oblong bracts enlarging in fruit, calyx short, 
 4 to 8-toothed, corolla 6 to 1 6-lobed, anthers exserted, fruit 
 included in the calyx, one-seeded. 
 
 1. LAN TAN A. 
 
 L. camara (L. aculeata, D.). A straggling scandent shrub, 
 with square prickly stems, leaves ovate acute, flowers in small 
 heads pretty, pink-orange or lilac, and of many shades in the 
 same plant. Ghdneri. 
 
 This plant, which has a strong smell of black currants, is a native 
 of America, but has run wild nearly everywhere in W. India, and 
 still more so in the S., being in the Madras Presidency a recognized 
 nuisance, as the prickly pear (opuntia) is with us. 
 
 JL. Indica (L. alba, D.), called by H. common throughout India and 
 Ceylon in the warmer parts, appears to be much like this, and is said 
 by -D. to be thinly scattered about Dharwar and other parts of the 
 Deccan. Many species of Lantana are used as tea in Brazil. 
 Le Maout. 
 
 2. LlPPIA.. 
 
 L. nodiflora. A small creeping plant, tough and hairy, 
 leaves cuneate serrated in the upper half ; flowers in ovoid 
 heads very small, bracts overlapping. 
 
 The flowers are arranged so closely together as to seem to be on a 
 common receptacle. 
 
 Deccan and S. Konkan. Common in grassy and sandy places (D.). 
 Abundant throughout India (-ff.). Tennent (in Ceylon) speaks of the 
 thickly matted verdure of this, so well adapted tor imparting con- 
 sistency to the soil. 
 
 3. PREMNA. 
 
 1. P. coriacea (P. scandens, D.). A large strong-smelling 
 climber, nearly smooth, with very large ovate oblong or obcor- 
 date leaves pointed, entire, shining, petioles long, channelled, 
 flowers very small greenish white in large panicles, one of the 
 lobes of the corolla much larger than the rest, drupe size of a 
 pea, black. Chambdri, dhdnsar, arani. 
 
 The Konkan and Ghauts. 
 
246 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 2. P. latifolia. An erect straggling shrub, leaves broad oval, 
 blunt, shining, entire or toothed in the upper part, flowers as 
 in the last, but upper lip of corolla larger and whiter, calyx 
 2 -lipped, petioles and young plants rusty. Chamldri, 
 ghanori. 
 
 Common in the Konkan, growing chiefly near the aea. 
 
 H. has 4 varieties, and as he has not referred to D. it is not certain 
 whether the plant ought to be named as above, or P. integrifolia, as 
 G. has it. The differences between the two, however, appear to be 
 very slight. 
 
 * P. corymbosa (P. cordifolia, D.), a thick bushy shrnb, leaves ovate 
 cordate entire, flowers greenish white, in short 'dense panicles, drupe 
 like a pea, 3 or 4-seeded. Khandalla (D. and (?.). 
 
 4. GMELINA. 
 
 G. arborea. A tree, hairy in most parts, leaves long- 
 petioled, heart-shaped, cordate, entire, flowers rather large, 
 brown and yellow, in racemes, lobes <of corolla broad roundish, 
 curled back, the lower one much larger and protruding ; anthers 
 attached to the filaments by a point only, fruit larger than an 
 olive, oval, yellow. Sheican, Kumar, gumbdr. 
 
 Konkan, and less common in the Deccan. Matheran, but not 
 Mahableshwar (Dr. CooJce). 
 
 H. says that it sometimes attains sixty feet. 
 
 Two species are found in gardens, G. villosa, a small thorny tree or 
 shrub, with bright yellow flowers, and G. asiatica, a shrub like the 
 last but less thorny, with scolloped and shining leaves instead of 
 nearly entire and somewhat hairy ones. 
 
 5. VlTEX. 
 
 1. V. negundo (F. bicofar, D.). A tall shrub with grey 
 foliage, leaflets 3 to 5 lanceolate, the underside with the 
 branches white and downy, flowers very small, lilac or light- 
 blue in panicles, berry black, size of a pea. Nirgund, Indrdni, 
 lingur. 
 
 . This is perhaps the commonest shrub in the Konkan. Very com' 
 mon also in the Ghauts. Throughout India (ff.)- 
 
 The crushed leaves have a very strong and unpleasant smell, said 
 to be equally BO to insects. 
 
 2. V. leucoxylon. A small tree, leaflets 3 to 5 entire smooth, 
 flowers whitish in dichotomous panicles, lower lip of corolla 
 
Order 90. Verbenacece. 247 
 
 large and bearded with violet hairs, fruit oval or obovate, 
 smooth, black. Shiras. 
 
 S. Konkan, Ghauts, and S. M. country. 
 
 * F. altissima, a large tree, branches compressed and channelled, 
 leaves trifoliate, the long petiole sometimes winged, leaflets lanceo- 
 late, soft ; flowers small, white tinged with blue, in hairy panicles, 
 fruit size of a pea, black : Banalgay ; S. Konkan and Canara, 
 plentiful (I).)- ''A beautiful tree when in flower" (.). * V. alata 
 scarcely differs from the last, but the wing of the petiole is more 
 pronounced, and leaflets sometimes 5, flowers pale-yellow, or tinged 
 blue. S.M. country and Wari (->.) Konkan (Lisbon). 
 
 Priva (belonging to this section), erect herbs, calyx shortly 
 5-toothed, limb of corolla oblique, fruit of 2 two-seeded pyrenes. 
 
 * P. leptostachya, leaves ovate crenate, flowers small, white, i'n long 
 interrupted spikes, calyx enlarged in fruit with small hooked spines 
 on the back. Old walls at Dapori (Z>.). 
 
 (b) Stamens 4, equal. 
 
 6. CALLICARPA. 
 
 C. lanata (C. cana, D.). A tall shrub, more or less covered 
 with white wool ; leaves very large, lanceolate or ovate 
 pointed, wrinkled, flowers quite regular, small, pale-red in 
 dichotomous cymes, anthers white. Yesar, wdkhora, ishwar. 
 
 One of the commonest shrubs on the Ghauts ; also on the Konkan 
 hills. H. has it as a tree 30 or 40 feet high, but I have neither seen 
 nor heard of it like that. 
 
 Note. There is nothing in this species to justify the generic 
 name. 
 
 7. CLERODENDRON. 
 
 1. C. inerme. A weak straggling shrub with a strong smell, 
 leaves small, smooth, ovate or obvate entire, flowers long-tubed, 
 white, in panicles, stamens very long, purple, ovary obsoletely 
 4-lobed. Tatkari. 
 
 Grows in most places near the sea, and extends to Australia, 
 China, &c. Said to be sometimes called tivar, like many other coast 
 plants. 
 
 To me it is a very unattractive shrub, but (7., whose opinion I 
 always quote with respect, calls it very ornamental. 
 
 2. C. phlomoides. A large shrub of light-grey hue and 
 downy nearly all over ; leaves ovate, broad at the base, rather 
 triangular, irregularly serrated about the middle, flowers white, 
 fragrant, in racemes or panicles, drupe obovoid. Iran, ami. 
 
 Common in Deccan hedges ; also in Guzerat and Sind. 
 
248 Tke Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 3. C. serratum. A tall and handsome shrub, stem square 
 and furrowed, leaves often in threes, obovate oblong, remotely 
 serrated, papery, flowers in panicles, rather large, light-blue, 
 stamens long and arched. Blidrangi, borsangi. 
 
 The petals in this are almost papilionaceous. The Konkan and 
 Ghauts. Widely spread in India ; very common in Bengal (-H.). 
 
 * C. infortunatum, undershrnb, leaves from round ovate to broad 
 oblong, flowers white or tinged red in large erect panicles, calyx 
 enlarging and turning red, with black drupe inside. S. Konkan and 
 Belgaum (D.). * C. siphonanthus, shrubby, leaves linear lanceolate, 
 flowers with white long fleshy tubes. In gardens, and said to be 
 wild on hills E. of Ahmednuggur. C. , a very common pot 
 
 plant, in gardens, with creamy flowers and bright-red calyx. Also 
 in English conservatories. 
 
 8. AviCENNIA. 
 
 A. officinalis. White mangrove. A small tree with thick, 
 nearly veinless leaves, oval pointed entire, shining above, 
 whitish below, peduncles long and thick, one from each axil, 
 flowers small, dull-yellow, rather crowded, capsule oval-pointed, 
 seed nearly heart-shaped. Titcar, cheria. 
 
 Not in D. The wood is called baTcol. 
 
 Very common in salt marshes ; on black rocks covered by every 
 tide it grows as a stunted shrub, and is said to grow in the same way 
 on the coasts of the Red Sea, Africa, Australia, and S. America. 
 
 (c) Stamens as many as the corolla lobes. 
 
 9. TECTONA. 
 
 T. grandis. The teak tree. Leaves ovate pointed, short- 
 petioled, downy beneath, flowers small, whitish, in large termi- 
 nal cross-armed panicles, which are brownish and hoary, bracts 
 2, small and narrow, drupe more or less 4-lobed, very hard, 
 covered with furry down. Sag, sagiuan. 
 
 Common in most jungly parts, but seldom attaining any par- 
 ticular size in this Presidency except in Canara. The size of the 
 leaves is remarkable, especially in young plants ; they are really 
 " broad as amazonian targe." 
 
 10. SYMPHOBEMA. 
 
 S. involucratum. A woody climber with oval blunt-pointed 
 irregularly serrated downy leaves, involucre large, greenish, 
 yellow, spreading horizontally, flowers several together, small, 
 white, petals narrow, curled back, filaments curved, rising from 
 the top of the tube, petals and stamens generally 7 or 8. 
 
Order 90. Verbenacece. 249 
 
 Konkans (<3.) It appears to be rare. D. had it between Nagotna 
 and Alibag ; I at two places in the Rutnagherry collectorate. It 
 has some resemblance to Getonia floribunda. 
 
 * 8. polyandrum, like the last, but larger in all its parts and more 
 hairy, leaves tip to 9 inches long ; corolla 14 to 18-lobed. Not in D. 
 Konkans and Dharwar (Q-.). Extends northwards to Belgaum (#.). 
 
 Of cultivated plants, Duranta Ellisii is a large shrub, very common 
 in gardens, with panicles of small bright-blue flowers, lighter in the 
 throat. It is called " pigeon berry " in the W. Indies. 
 
 Petrcea volulilis, a very handsome climber, with blue corolla and 
 lilac-coloured calyx. 
 
 Stachytarpheta Indica, herbaceous, with spikes of blue flowers, in 
 and about gardens. Of the common verbena, F. officinalis, there are 
 varieties in several colours in gardens. It is wild in some parts of 
 India, and was held in superstitious veneration both in classical and 
 mediaeval days. Aloysia citriodora, the lemon plant, or lemon-scented 
 verbena, is also well known. 
 
 OKDER91. LABIATES. The mint family. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs, usually abounding in oil glands, and 
 therefore strong-smelling. Stems generally square, leaves 
 simple, opposite or whorled, without stipules ; flowers irregular, 
 usually small, very frequently in whorls, calyx persistent, 4 or 
 5-cleft, often 2-lipped, corolla tubular, limb 4 or 5-lobed, 
 generally distinctly 2-lipped ; stamens 4 didynamous, or 2, 
 generally exserted, ovary free, deeply 4-lobed, style rising from 
 between the lobes, stigma usually bifid, fruit of 4 small seed- 
 like nuts at the bottom of the calyx tube. 
 
 " Here's flowers for you : 
 Hot lavender, mints, savory, marjoram ; 
 
 these are flowers 
 
 Of middle summer, and, I think, they are given 
 To men of middle age." A Winter's Tale. 
 
 This is a great order, both from size and importance, and is spread 
 over the whole globe, though most abundant in the temperate regions 
 of the Old World. " Labiatse form one of the most natural groups of 
 plants ; the characters of its members are so uniform that it may be 
 called monotypic, as if all the species could be comprehended in a 
 single genus, and the discrimination of its genera is hence often very 
 difficult " (Le Maoui). The order is distinguished from others of this 
 group by the deeply 4-lobed ovary, which can always be seen at the 
 bottom of the calyx tube, and by the fruit of 4 small nuts similarly 
 situated, looking like, and described by Linnaeus as, naked seeds. 
 Lavender and Salvia for their flowers, and Coleus for foliage, are old- 
 fashioned favourites in gardens ; but perhaps the sweet herbs of the 
 kitchen garden are still better known sage, balm, thyme, besides 
 those mentioned by Shakspeare above. 
 
250 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 I have not been able to make use of Jff.'s distinctions of tribes and 
 sub-tribes, but have mentioned, as they occur, any characteristics 
 common to two or three genera. The generic distinctions chiefly 
 depend on the calyx and corolla. 
 
 No. 11 is the only genus here given which has only two stamens. 
 
 1. OOIMUM. Racemes bearing whorls of 6 to 10 flowers ; 
 calyx with upper tooth very large and decurrent, corolla tube 
 short, upper lip equally 4-lobed, lower lip entire ; calyx deflexed 
 in fruit, stigma bifid. 
 
 2. OETHOSIPHON. Kacemes bearing whorls of 6 flowers or 
 less, calyx with upper tooth broad, membranous, decurrent, 
 corolla tube often long, upper lip 3 or 4 divided, lower entire 
 concave, calyx deflexed in fruit ; stigma entire. 
 
 3. PLECTRANTHUS. Calyx 5-toothed, 2-lipped, the upper lobe 
 broad, enlarged in fruit, upper lip of corolla 3 or 4 divided, 
 lower much longer, boat-shaped, filaments free. 
 
 4. COLEUS. As the last, but the filaments combined below 
 into a sheath round the style (which distinguishes this genus 
 from all others in the order. Don). 
 
 5. ANISOGHILTJS. Flowers in dense spikes, calyx inflated 
 below the middle, corolla tube slender curved, upper lip short, 
 lower long concave, disk lobed. 
 
 6. LAVANDULA. Leaves divided, flowers in spikes, calyx 5- 
 toothed, upper lip of corolla bifid, lower trifid, lobes spreading, 
 stamens included. 
 
 7. POGOSTEMON. Spikes or contracted racemes bearing whorls 
 of many very small flowers crowded together ; calyx equally 4 
 or 5 cleft, corolla lobes 4, lower usually the longest, filaments 
 bearded. 
 
 8. DTSOPHYLLA. Small plants generally with whorled leaves, 
 flowers in dense spikes, calyx ovoid equally 5-toothed, corolla 
 equally 4-lobed, filaments bearded. 
 
 9. COLEBROOKIA. A densely woolly shrub, whorls dense in 
 spikes or panicles, calyx teeth long subulate feathery, corolla 
 minute, lobes 4, about equal, stamens included. 
 
 10. MICROMERIA. Whorls axillary or in terminal spikes, 
 upper lip of corolla erect flattish, entire or nearly so, lower 
 spreading 5-lobed, anthers with a connective. 
 
 11. SALVIA. Whorls of flowers in racemes or spikes, calyx 
 2-lipped, upper lip of corolla erect arched, lower 3-lobed, 
 stamens 2, anthers with a connective. 
 
 12. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx 2-lipped, completely closing over 
 
Order 91. L ablata. 2 5 1 
 
 the fruit, upper lip with a large shield or plate on the back, 
 upper lip of corolla entire or notched, lower broad 3-lobed, 
 ovary oblique. 
 
 13. ANISOMELES. Tall coarse herbs, calyx equally 5-toothed, 
 upper lip of corolla entire erect, lower 3-lobed, spreading. 
 
 14. LEUCAS. Generally woolly or hairy plants with white 
 flowers in axillary whorls, calyx 6 to 10-toothed, the mouth 
 often oblique, upper lip of corolla erect, hooded, lower spreading 
 with very large middle lobe. 
 
 15. LEONOTIS. Flowers in dense axillary whorls with many 
 slender bracts, calyx 8 to 10-toothed, upper lip of corolla 
 long, hooded, lower very small, spreading, concave. 
 
 1. OCIMUM. Basil. 
 
 1. 0. basilicum. Erect, smooth or nearly so, leaves ovate, 
 bracts similar, spikes long, whorls rather close, flowers white, 
 pink, or purplish, stamens long exserted, nuts black. Sdbza, 
 
 This is the sweet basil, very widely cultivated, and with many 
 varieties, making it difficult to fix its characteristics. It is the plant 
 to which Keats' s beautiful but rather revolting poem, <c Isabella, or the 
 Pot of Basil," refers 
 
 "... The basil tuft, that waves 
 Its fragrant blossoms over graves." Lalla Eoolch. 
 
 H. says that it differs chiefly from 0. canum, hoary basil, in the 
 much larger size of all its parts, and in being smooth or nearly so. 
 The latter, with white corolla, is considered to be wild in the plains 
 and lower hills of India, and, like the next, is called JKam tulsi. 
 
 2. 0. gratissimum. A shrub several feet high, nearly smooth, 
 leaves ovate, acute crenate, or coarsely toothed, bracts sessile 
 lanceolate from a round base, corolla scarcely larger than the 
 calyx, pale yellow. Earn tuki } tulsi lij, ram duti. 
 
 Common in gardens ; doubtful if wild (#.). He has a variety with 
 leaves softly hairy. 
 
 3. 0. sanctum. Holy basil. Herbaceous, erect, softly hairy, 
 leaves ovate obtuse toothed, petioled, floral leaves sessile, corolla 
 very small, pale purple, hardly longer than the calyx, nuts 
 reddish brown. Kdla tulsi. 
 
 Very commonly cultivated, particularly about temples and in 
 Brahmins' gardens : doubtfully indigenous (H.). 
 The plant is often purplish all over. 
 
252 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 * O. adscendens, stem prostrate, branches ascending, leaves ovate, 
 obtuse, floral leaves lanceolate, deciduous, corolla pale rose, filaments 
 twice as long as corolla; nuts red brown. The Deccan in sandy 
 places; very variable in habit (HJ. 
 
 2. ORTHOSIPHON. 
 
 0. pdllidus. Small, low, much-branched, smooth, leaves pale 
 green, ovate obtuse or triangular, coarsely toothed, the base 
 cuneate and entire, corolla white, calyx whitish, about the same 
 length, stamens included, nuts pale, nearly smooth. 
 
 Near Poona. Very common in the Deccan (D.). Very like an 
 Ocimum, and, H. says, " with difficulty distinguished from 0. ad- 
 scendens, the calyx being nearly identical." The latter, which is very 
 variable, and, H. says, from 4 to 16 inches high, is found in the 
 Deccan. 
 
 * 0. tomentosus (0. glabratus, D.), leaves broad ovate, cordate, 
 toothed, long-petioled, flowers light purple, corolla tube very long. 
 Deccan (D.). A most variable plant, particularly as to hairiness 
 (H.). 
 
 The four genera which follow are, like the two just given, in sub- 
 tribe Euocimese, and have the lower lip of the corolla flat or nearly 
 so. G-eniosporum, whorls many-flowered in long lax racemes, corolla 
 as in Ocimum. * G. prostratum, stems slender, many, from a woody 
 stock, leaves oblong, very variable, corolla minute, hairy, bracts 
 ovate acute, reflexed. Not in D. S, Konkan ((?.) 
 
 Platystoma, small annuals, whorls many-flowered, corolla lips about 
 equal. * P. flaccidum, erect, leaves ovate serrate, racemes slender, 
 stiff, as long as the whole plant, calyx lobes ovate, nuts black. The 
 Konkan, and on the Kala naddi (H.). 
 
 Acrocephaf.us, flowers whorled in dense heads, corolla lobes 4, about 
 equal, stamens iucluded. * A. capitatus, procumbent, leaves ovate 
 lanceolate, flowers pale purple, heads with imbricated bracts. Alibag 
 districts and S. M. country (>.). 
 
 Moschosma, flowers 6 to 10 together in panicles, corolla tube very 
 short, stamens included. * M. polystachyum, slender, much-branched, 
 erect, leaves ovate acute, crenate serrate, flowers purplish or flesh- 
 coloured, nuts black, smooth. The Konkans (#) This was made 
 an Ocimum by R., following Linnseus. 
 
 3. PLECTRANTHUP. 
 
 P. incanus (P. cordifolius, D.). A tall handsome plant, 
 softly hairy all over, leaves broad ovate or roundish, deeply 
 cordate, crenate, flowers small lilac, or light blue in racemes 
 or panicles, corolla tube curved, nuts large, roundish. Ldl 
 dglidra. 
 
 Dapoli. Sawant Wari (>.) " Grows in great abundance through- 
 out Khandalla village, also on the rnins of Rosa near Ellora j and 
 generally everywhere near the habitations of man " (?) ((?.). 
 
Order 9 1 . Labiatce. 253 
 
 * P. Stocksii (P. Wightii, D.). Erect, branched, slender, leaves 
 ovate cordate, panicles pyramidal, calyx incurved, striated, corolla 
 tube short and broad. Konkan, Belgaum, &o., (D.). P. rotundi- 
 folius (D. and Q.) H. cannot identify, procumbent at the base, leaves 
 smooth, thick, ovate cordate, flowers blue in rather lax verticils, 
 tubers edible. Konkans. 
 
 4. COLEUS. 
 
 1. C. spicatus (C. zatarhendi, D.). Rough and hairy, stem 
 very stout, leaves fleshy, broad ovate or roundish, flowers large 
 and handsome bluish purple, about 6 to a verticil, upper lip of 
 corolla very small, calyx very hairy, bracts concave pointed, 
 soon falling off. 
 
 This plant I had at Lena, near Nasik, and H. has " S. Deccan, on 
 low rocky hills, common," but I much doubt H.'s identification of it 
 with D.'s C. zatarhendi, which he ascribes to the sandy coast N. of 
 Bassein. The large boat-shaped lower lip of the corolla is very 
 noticeable. 
 
 2. C. larbatus. Hairy, leaves ovate broad at base, crenate, 
 flowers in drooping racemes of 6 flowered verticils, rather one- 
 sided, corolla very light purple, lower lip not so prominent as 
 in the last ; bracts much the same. Ganoal. 
 
 Dapoli. Caranjah and Deccan hills, (D.). On rice-fields in Guzerat 
 (G.). Deccan peninsula, common (If.). Both D. and Gr. state on Mr. 
 Law's authority that it is cultivated for the sake of the roots which 
 are pickled, but from H. it seems likely that this may refer to another 
 species. 
 
 I noted the calyx as bright red, contrasting well with the corolla. 
 This probably is not constant, but in a figure in Maund's " Botanist " 
 the stem is tinged with red, and the calyx described as more or less 
 violet-coloured. 
 
 C. aromaticus, country borage, pdthar chur, pdnachd onvd, with 
 fleshy and very aromatic leaves, is common in gardens. 
 
 Many species of Coleus are cultivated in England for the sake of 
 the beautifully variegated foliage. 
 
 5. ANISOCHILUS. 
 
 1. * A, carnosus. Stem stout, leaves thick and fleshy, ovate 
 rounded, crenated, petioled, flowers pale purple in long-stalked 
 spikes, upper lip of calyx large broad entire. Vova, Mporli, 
 choronva. 
 
 2. A. eriocephalus (A. decussatus, D.). Stem round, red, 
 leaves broad- ovate, deeply cordate, long-petioled, glandular 
 below, flowers small, bluish-purple, velvety, in long-stalked 
 cylindrical or pyramidal spikes, anthers blue, lower lip of 
 corolla large and boat-shaped. 
 
254 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 The first of these, which is said to be called thick-leaved lavender, 
 I have not seen. D. and G. have it, but without habitat. H. has it 
 " throughout Central and Southern India," and makes it a very 
 variable plant. The second I had at Lena, and D., who attributes 
 it to the highest Ghauts opposite Bombay, describes the dark red 
 spike and " the leaves sprinkled on both sides with ruby-coloured 
 glands." This would certainly be a considerable exaggeration if 
 applied to my plant ; but H. thinks this is perhaps only a state of A. 
 carnosus. 
 
 Two species, which are not in D., are given by H. on the authority 
 of Dakell, Law, &c. * A. plantagineus, dwarf and shrubby, leaves 
 sessile, oblong obovate entire, spikes solitary long, on very stout 
 peduncles, calyx woolly, bracts 3-lobed. Bababudin Hills. * A. verti- 
 cillatus, softly hairy, stem stout, leaves mostly whorled, sessile, 
 narrow lanceolate, flowers very pale blue in a large terminal spike, 
 calyx lips truncate, bracts large lanceolate. Konkan and S. Ghauts. 
 D. has A. adenanthus, near Dharwar and Bababudin Hills, but the 
 description is very imperfect, and H. could not identify it. 
 
 6. LAVANDULA. 
 
 1. L. Gilsoni (L. Perottettii, D.). A tall plant, all softly 
 hairy, leaves pinnatifid, segments oblong or linear, flowers pale 
 lilac in dense spikes, calyx long, segments lanceolate. 
 
 2. L. Burmanni. Less leafy and hairy than the last, 
 leaves bipinnatifid, segments linear, spikes dense, flowers dark 
 blue 'or white, bracts subulate with a broad base. Gorea 
 asmdni. 
 
 Both these species (which are the only ones in India) are suffi- 
 ciently like the favourite garden lavender of England (L. vera) to be 
 at once recognized, and they have almost the same lovely smell. 
 
 " Crowned lilies, standing near 
 Purple spiked lavender." Tennyson. 
 
 The first seems to be rare. D. has only hills at Sattara, where I 
 also found it. H. adds to this "the Konkan." &. has Fort of 
 Pandugarh j Mr. Birdwood, the Ghauts : on the Mahableshwar road. 
 The second is tolerably common in the Deccan. Other species are 
 found in gardens. 
 
 7. POGOSTEMOK 
 
 Note. This genns and the two following approximate to 
 the mints. 
 
 1. P. purpurascens. Herbaceous erect, much-branched, softly 
 hairy all over, stem furrowed, leaves ovate petioled, doubly 
 serrated, flowers in crowded clusters on large stout spikes, pink 
 or white, calyx teeth short triangular, bracts longer ovate, 
 glandular, stamens long, lilac. 
 
Order 9 1 . Labiatce. 255 
 
 Lanoli. Common in shady woods in the Konkan (D.). Canara (J5T.). 
 Matheran, but rare (Dr. Cooke). 
 
 H. has corolla white with purple upper lip. 
 
 2. P. parviflorus (P. pwpuricaulis, D.). A strong coarse 
 half-shrubby plant, mostly smooth, stem and branches purple, 
 leaves ovate, doubly serrated, flowers small, pale, in close 
 pyramidal heads, bracts broad ovate. Pdngli. 
 
 There seems no doubt that this, which has a strong smell of black 
 currants, is the S. Konkan pdngli, exceedingly common there, and 
 also on the Ghauts and very unattractive in appearance. But even 
 iu flowers it must perhaps be conceded that " Pretty is all very pretty, 
 but it's prettier far to be useful" (dough), and if the reputation which 
 this plant has for curing fursa bites is deserved, its merits must be 
 fully acknowledged. The difficulty of identification lies in this, that 
 H. calls No. 1 probably a large form of this, the next probably only 
 a variety of this, and says that this most resembles a fourth and 
 shrubby species, P. plectranthoides, which is hoary with ovate 
 cuneate leaves doubly serrated, and clustered spicate flowers, bracts 
 and calyx glandular. Chikli (D.). Konkan and Canara (H.). So there 
 is undoubtedly a very strong resemblance between all these. 
 
 3. P. pachouli (P. lieyneanus, D.). An erect branched herb, 
 leaves ovate, long-petioled, crenate or toothed, flowers very 
 small, whorls forming interrupted spikes, bracts about as long 
 
 as the calyx. Pack. 
 
 From Bombay southward wild and cultivated. A common Indian 
 garden plant, often much altered by cultivation (H.). Held sacred 
 by the natives ((?.). 
 
 " The odour of patchouli was known in Europe before the material 
 itself was introduced, in consequence of its use in Cashmere to scent 
 the shawls, with a view to keeping out moths; hence the genuine Cash- 
 mere shawls were known by their scent, until the French found out 
 the secret, and imported the herb for use in the same way" (Chambers). 
 
 The patchouli of commerce is the dried branches of this plant, 
 the perfume being said to be a very favourite one all over Asia. 
 
 * P. paniculatus, 3 to 5 feet high, branched, downy, leaves ovate, 
 irregularly cut, spikes long, bracts very variable, imbricated 
 membranous. S. Konkan (D.). 
 
 * P. mollis, a low growing plant, branched from the woody base, 
 softly hairy, leaves roundish or oblong, crenate, flowers very small 
 white in dense spikes. Not in (D.). Konkan (H.). 
 
 8. DYSOPHYLLA. 
 
 Don makes this genus differ from the last, principally in the more 
 regular corolla. The generic name, meaning <c ill-smelling leaves," 
 is not, strictly speaking, applicable to all the species, and many 
 people would think it quite as well bestowed on the patchouli plant. 
 
256 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 1. D. myosuroides. A pretty erect plant, like a small mint, 
 all silky, branched, leaves oblong or lanceolate, not whorled, 
 flowers minute reddish, calyx teeth short and straight. 
 Shewal. 
 
 Common in the beds of watercourses at Mahableshwar. This and 
 the Bababudan hills seem to be the only places recorded for it in W. 
 India. 
 
 2. D. stellata. Erect or slightly creeping, slightly hairy, 
 leaves linear, 5 to 7 in a whorl, quite entire, smooth, flowers 
 red or purple in short spikes, floral leaves larger than the 
 calyx, rather thick, calyx segments rather acute. Marvd. 
 
 3. D. tomentosa. Softly hairy with erect branches from 
 prostrate stems, leaves lanceolate or linear, 6 to 9 in a whorl, 
 bracts similar, flowers purple in close spikes, calyx segments 
 obtuse. 
 
 These two are very mnch alike, and are both fonnd in rice-fields in 
 the cold weather. They differ chiefly in hairiness and in the calyx 
 segments, and H. considers the second to be the larger species. It 
 is abundant about Malwan, and H. has no other habitat. The first 
 is a Southern species : from Belgaum southwards (H.). Also in S. 
 Konkan and at Matheran. 
 
 Another species, * D. gracilis, which grows in patches at 
 Mahableshwar, and flowers in October (Mr. JSirdwood) is probably 
 only a tall form of D. stellata (H.), and * D. erecta, hardly 
 distinguishable leaves up to twelve in a whorl, near Malwan (D.). 
 * D. salicifolia, stem one or two feet high, hairy or silky, leaves 
 linear lanceolate, not whorled, otherwise like! No. 1. Not in D. 
 Mahableshwar, Konkan, &c. (#.). * D. quadrifolia (D. rupestris, D.), 
 a stout nndershrub, 2 to 4 feet high, hairy and silky, leaves 4 in a 
 whorl, linear lanceolate, spikes long of innumerable small rose- 
 coloured flowers. Near Vingorla (-D.). Many other parts of India 
 (If.). * Z>. Stodcsii, very stout, erect, nearly smooth, leaves narrow, 
 linear obtuse, spikes slender, the mouth of the calyx closed by the 
 minute teeth. Not in D. Konkan, Stocks (H.). 
 
 Perilla belongs to the sub-tribe Menthoideae (Mints). Calyx much 
 enlarged in fruit, 2-lipped, upper broad 3-toothed, corolla bell- 
 shaped, disk a large gland. * P. ocimoides, coarse, strong-smelling, 
 2 or 3 feet high, leaves ovate or rounded, serrate or crenate, flowers 
 small, white or blue in racemes. Not in D. Ghauts and Mahablesh- 
 war (Gf.). Pdngli. 
 
 9. COLEBROOKIA. 
 
 C. oppositifolia (C. tenuifolia, D.). A small shrub, all soft 
 and hairy, leaves verticilled in threes, elliptic, narrow at both 
 ends, serrulate, flowers minute, dirty white, in very small lax 
 spikes. Bdhmani, dasai, dasari kdj Mr. 
 
Order 9 1 . Labiatce. 257 
 
 Very common on the Ghauts and Konkan hills. The spikes are 
 suggestive of (Indian) sqnirrels' tails. 
 
 10. MlGROMERIA. 
 
 M. capitellata (M. Malcolmiana, D.). A slender erect hairy 
 plant, leaves small ovate obtuse, crenated, reddish, flowers 
 small violet in twin stalked spikes, upper lip of corolla paler. 
 
 Streams at Mahableshwar. W. Ghauts (H.) It has both the 
 smell and appearance of a mint. 
 
 11. SALVIA. Sage. 
 
 8. plebeia. A stout branched hairy plant, leaves oblong or 
 ovate wrinkled, blunt, stalked, floral leaves very small ovate, 
 flowers very small violet in verticils of about 6, upper lip of 
 calyx entire, lower 2-lobed, almost closing after flowering. 
 Kamarkas- 
 
 Sattara and Dhanu. Khandalla and Caranjah (ZX). Throughout 
 India 
 
 This has a strong mint-like smell and the general appearance of 
 an Ocimum. I noted it as sticky, which is a common, if not a 
 general, characteristic of the Salvias. Also that the calyx eventually 
 almost shuts up like that of a Scutellaria. 
 
 8. officinali?, sage, Salbia, Sefakas, is cultivated as a kitchen herb. 
 S. Indica, Seoti, also said to be cultivated ; but is not a native of 
 India (-ST.). Several species are also cultivated as garden flowers. 
 
 12. SCUTELLARIA. Skull-cap. 
 
 * S. discolor. Stem ascending from a creeping root-stalk 
 often naked above, leaves ovate obtuse or roundish cordate, 
 strongly nerved and purple below, flowers white in long 
 slender racemes. 
 
 Matheran and Mahableshwar (Birdwood). Ghauts, Konkan and 
 Canara (D. and H.). Two species are tolerably common in England. 
 
 13. AUISOMELES. 
 
 1. A. Heyneana. A tall untidy straggling plant, more or 
 less hairy all over, stems, branches and peduncles acutely 4- 
 angled, leaves ovate crenate, narrow at the base, upper 
 lanceolate with a hairy stipulary ring, cymes long-stalked, few- 
 flowered, one-sided, flowers white or greenish, lower lip tinged 
 pink, calyx dark- coloured. Chandhdra. 
 
 The Konkan : very common in Salsatte. H. has Western Ghauts, 
 and suggests, " Perhaps only a variety of the next : " but the plants 
 when living appear very different. 
 
 S 
 
258 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 2. A. ovata. A large handsome plant, leaves soft and 
 downy, ovate crenafce, flowers in dense whorls on spikes, light- 
 coloured with deep purple lower lip, calyx teeth lanceolate 
 acute. Gopdli. 
 
 Most variable in hairiness (H.). It has a strong smell of camphor. 
 Very common, Guzerat, Deccan, and Konkan. 
 
 3. A. maldbarica. Large and shrubby, all covered with 
 hair or wool, leaves oblong lanceolate, acute crenate, bracts 
 and floral leaves subulate, flowers pale purple or lilac in whorls 
 or cymes, calyx teeth narrow, lanceolate. Gojiblia, Guligaozdban. 
 
 The Ghauts. 
 
 I believe that this plant must vary very much in hairiness and 
 wooliness, for H. calls the branches sometimes most densely clothed 
 with snow-white adpressed wool and Mr. Birdwood says it may be 
 recognized by this. But R. and D. put it much less strongly, and my 
 observation agrees with theirs. 
 
 14. LEUCAS. 
 
 This genus and the next approximate by the upper lip of the 
 corolla to the dead nettles (Laminm). This is an unattractive but 
 very prolific genus. H. has 38 Indian species, of which about 11 are 
 attributed to W. India, and of these several are very common and 
 widespread. 
 
 1. L. lanata (L. coltina, D.). More or less woody below, 
 branches 4-angled, leaves ovate or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 
 whorls many-flowered, calyx mouth about equal, with 10 teeth 
 alternately shorter, bracts linear. 
 
 Guzerat and S. Konkan. Deccan peninsula (H.). 
 
 2. L. biflora. Small, erect or procumbent, leaves ovate or 
 lanceolate serrated, flowers 2 in each axil erect, calyx mouth 
 equal, 10-toothed. 
 
 Sattara and the Konkan s. 
 
 Easily distinguished from other species by the few and com- 
 paratively large flowers. H. has, however, * L. procumbent, attributed 
 to Canara, with as few flowers, but more nearly smooth and with 
 shorter calyx teeth. 
 
 3. L. stelligera. A tall plant with large dense whorls of 
 flowers, leaves oblong, distantly serrated, calyx with 10 soft 
 and spreading teeth, bracts many subulate. Burumbi, gumd. 
 
 The Ghauts, Konkan and Belgaum. The commonest species of 
 the order both at Matheran and Mahableshwar. Dr. Cooke. 
 
Order 91. Labiates. 259 
 
 4. L. cephalotes. Tall, stems grooved, leaves ovate or 
 lanceolate serrate, whorls large, terminal round, the uppermost 
 leaves coming through the whorl, calyx mouth oblique, teeth 
 short, bracts oval lanceolate, long-pointed imbricated mem- 
 branous, surrounding the whorl. Tumbd. 
 
 Sattara, and common in Guzerat. Coast of Kattywar (D.). 
 Through the Deccan (H.). The bracts distinguish it from other 
 species. 
 
 5. L. aspera. Rough and hairy, about 6 inches high, leaves 
 oblong or lanceolate, whorls small, dense, bracts subulate, 
 calyx curved, smooth below, ribbed above, mouth oblique, 
 teeth short. Tumbd. 
 
 S. Konkan on the sea-shore. Plains of India : very variable (H".). 
 It much resembles the next, 
 
 6. L. linifolia. Smooth or nearly so, leaves linear or 
 oblong, whorls dense, calyx mouth oblique, elongated above, 
 lower teeth very short, bracts few and short. 
 
 This is the common species of cultivated fields, and in many places 
 is very abundant and conspicuous when the crops are off. Konkan, 
 Guzerat, and Decoan. Plains of India (H.). 
 
 So in the Himalayas. " In poor soil a white-flowered Leucas 
 monopolized the space, like our charlock and poppy : it was appa- 
 rently a peet to the agriculturist, covering the surface in some 
 places like a sprinkling of snow."- Hooker. 
 
 * L. uriiccefolia, finely hairy, leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, whorls 
 many-flowered, round, distant, calyx mouth oblique, split above : 
 Cambay (-Z?.). L. long/folia, stem 4-angled, leaves very narrow 
 linear, whorls of about 6 flowers, rather large for the genus, calyx 
 with 10 short equal teeth, bracts minute. About Poona. Konkan (H.}. 
 * L. ciliata, tall, leaves ovate lanceolate, coarsely serrated, whorls 
 round, large and dense, calyx teeth 10, spreading, the upper lip of 
 the corolla covered with dense yellow-brown hairs. Burumbi. 
 Konkan and Ghauts (.D.). Mahableshwar. Ooolce, 
 
 15. LEONOTIS. 
 
 L. nepetifolia. A strong handsome annual, 6 or 8 feet 
 high, with square and furrowed stems, leaves ovate crenate 
 with channelled petioles, whorls large and distant, corolla 
 orange coloured, hairy, especially the upper lip, calyx teeth 
 bristle-pointed. Mdtisul, ekri, dipmdl. 
 
 A doubtful native, but pretty common. Especially abundant about 
 Agasi and Tarapore in N. Konkan, and in some Deccan hill forts. 
 
 Q-. and D. mention two other species as found in gardens, which 
 
 8 2 
 
260 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 should be very handsome the flowers of the one, * L. leonurus, large 
 scarlet, of the other, * L. tartarica, rich pink, variegated with white. 
 
 Nepeta, catmint, calyx 15-ribbed, 5-toothed, corolla throat inflated, 
 upper lip straight, lower 3-lobed. N. bombaiensis, small, erect, hairy, 
 leaves ovate, obtuse, crenated, flowers small, pale, 5 or more to a 
 peduncle, corolla scarcely larger than calyx. Old rocks and walls, 
 at Shivner Fort (D.). I had this, as I believed, at Champanir. H. 
 has no other hab. than D.'s, but mentions a plant sent by Mr. 
 Woodrow from Poona, apparently coming between this and a much 
 commoner species, N. ruderalis. N. cataria is a well-known English 
 plant. 
 
 The following are cultivated : 
 
 Mentha viridis, and M. arvensis, mint, padina, watalao. N. pipirita, 
 peppermint. Meriandra Bengalensis, Indian, sage, shevti. 
 
 Rosmarinus officinalis, rosemary : a very common shrub in the S. of 
 Europe. 
 
 " There's rosemary: that's for remembrance." Hamlet. 
 And with the same idea, perhaps, it is associated with death 
 " All must be left when death appears, 
 In spite of wishes, groans and tears, 
 Nor one of all thy plants that grow, 
 But Rosemary will with thee go." 
 
 Q. Sewell (17th century). 
 
 Origanum vulgare marjoram, Mdrva, Hdrda Jcush. 
 
 Thymus vulyaris, common thyme : (not the wild thyme of poets) : 
 ipdn, hdsha,. 
 
 Note. In Sir J. Lubbock's " Beauties of Nature," and " Flowers 
 and Insects," will be found a very interesting account of the use of 
 each part of various labiate flowers, with reference to their fertiliza- 
 tion by insects. 
 
 ORDEB 92. PLANTAGINE^. 
 
 Herbs, with radical strongly-nerved leaves and inconspicuous 
 flowers in a scape ; sepals 4 persistent, corolla hypogynous, 
 chaffy, 4-lobed ; stamens 4, long and weak on the corolla, 
 anthers very large, slightly attached, ovary free, capsule mem- 
 branous. 
 
 A very small but well-marked order, not at all resembling any that 
 have gone before. The long weak stamens and disproportionately 
 large anthers are the most conspicuous part of the flowers. 
 
 PLANTAQO. Characters of the order. 
 
 This, the only genus found in India (and there are only two others 
 in the order), is in England called plantain, a name which, to avoid 
 confusion, it is better to drop in the tropics. 
 
Order 92. Plantagineoe. 261 
 
 P. maior. Leaves petioled oblong, somewhat toothed, spike 
 long and slender, bracts equalling the calyx, capsule 2-celled, 
 with 4 to 8 seeds in each cell. Bdrtang. 
 
 Not in D. or G. This is the greater or broad-leaved plantain of 
 England, common by the side of every dusty road, and a pest in lawns. 
 It seems to be found here and there in most parts of India, and is 
 ascribed to Bombay and Mahableshwar. The old English name is 
 Way-bred , and it is said BO surely to foilovvthe footsteps of migratory 
 man as to have got in some colonies the name of the " Englishman's 
 foot," 
 
 B. " Take thou some new infection to the eye, 
 And the rank poison of the old will die." 
 
 E. " Your plantain leaf is excellent for that." 
 
 Romeo and Juliet. 
 
 " The hedgehog underneath the plantain bores." 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 (In Sikkim) " I attended an old woman who dressed her ulcers with 
 plantago (plantain) leaves, a very common Scotch remedy, the ribs 
 being drawn out from the leaf, which is applied fresh : it is rather a 
 strong application." Hooker, Himalayan Journals. 
 
 Two other species, * P. amplexicaulis and * P. ovata, are found in 
 Sind 
 
262 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 We have now come to the end of those orders in which the 
 flowers have generally all their parts perfect. The orders which 
 follow have flowers wanting in corolla or calyx, or both ; and 
 the first great division of these is called Monochlamyds (i.e. 
 having a single floral envelope) or Apetalous ; because, where 
 there is only one floral envelope, botanists consider that it is 
 the corolla which is wanting, whether the part which exists is 
 coloured or not, and this part is called indifferently perianth or 
 calyx. But as in the Dichlamydeous orders there are many 
 exceptions in the way of genera and species which want either 
 calyx or corolla, so in these Monochlamydeous orders there are 
 plants which have both. 
 
 In the orders now to be described the male and female organs 
 are oftener found on separate plants or in separate flowers than 
 in the earlier ones, and this in itself is an imperfection. And 
 from the absence of petals the flowers are, in the majority of 
 cases, small and green, " though flowers which have lost their 
 corolla (according to the theory of degeneration) often tend to 
 re-develop brilliant colours in their calyx ; while flowers that 
 have lost both corolla and calyx often tend to re-develop such 
 colours in bracts, involucres, or leaves, as in Jatropha and 
 Poinsettia." Grant Allen. 
 
 V. APETALOUS EXOGENS. 
 
 It seems scarcely possible to make any groups of the seven- 
 teen orders contained in this division, but the following points 
 are to be noticed : 
 
 (1) The first seven orders are, as far as W. India is concerned, 
 composed almost entirely of herbs, and have no trees. Euphor- 
 biaceae and Urticaceae have herbs, shrubs, and trees ; the re- 
 maining seven orders have shrubs and trees only, and no herbs. 
 
 (2) The orders containing species with highly- coloured 
 flowers are Nyctaginese, Thymeleacese, Loranthacese, and Santa- 
 laceae. 
 
 (3) Flowers with calyx as well as corolla are to be found in 
 Loranthaceas and Euphorbiaeese. 
 
 (4) The species with lobed or divided leaves are very few 
 indeed. 
 
Order 93. Nyctaginece. 263 
 
 CONSPECTUS OF ORDEKS. 
 
 93. NYCTAGINE-E. Leaves usually opposite entire, perianth 
 petaloid monopetalous, anthers twin. 
 
 94. AMAEANTACE^. Leaves simple without stipules, flowers 
 
 with conspicuous chaffy bracts, sepals and fruit dry. 
 
 95. CHENOPODACE^. Mostly succulent herbs, often tinged 
 with red, leaves alternate without stipules. 
 
 96. POLYGONACE.&. Leaves generally alternate with con- 
 spicuous sheathing stipules, sepals imbricated, nut hard. 
 
 97. PODOSTEMONACE^;. Minute aquatic plants with very 
 imperfect fiowers. 
 
 98. ARISTOLOCHIACE^. Leaves alternate without stipules, 
 
 perianth superior, generally large and tubular. 
 
 99. PIPERACE.E. Aromatic herbs or shrubs, flowers minute 
 
 in a catkin-like spike, with a bract, but no perianth. 
 
 100. MYRISTICE^. Trees, generally aromatic, leaves alternate 
 without stipules, perianth 3-lobed, fruit fleshy. 
 
 101. LAURINE^;. Aromatic trees or shrubs, leaves gland- 
 
 dotted without stipules, perianth usually 6-cleft. 
 
 102. THYMELEACE^;. A shrub, leaves without stipules, 
 perianth coloured, regular, 4 or 5-lobed. 
 
 103. ELEAGNACE^;. Flowers regular, perianth tubular, fruit 
 
 enclosed in the tube. 
 
 104. LORANTHACE^;. Parasitic shrubs, generally with com- 
 plete calyx and corolla, leaves generally thick and 
 fleshy, fruit a one-seeded berry or drupe. 
 
 105. SANTALA.CE.E. Leaves without stipules, perianth more 
 or less tubular. 
 
 106. EUPHOKBIACE^. Plants generally full of milky and 
 
 acrid juice, flowers very various, often with conspicuous 
 involucre and glands. 
 
 107. URTICACEJE. Leaves generally rough, flowers minute, 
 often crowded on a fleshy involucre. 
 
 108. SALIOINE^. A tree, flowers in catkins. 
 
 109. GNETACE^;. A large climber with male flowers consist- 
 ing of a single stamen, and females of a naked ovule, 
 in catkins. 
 
 ORDER 93. NYCTAGINE^l. 
 
 Leaves usually opposite quite entire, without stipules, one 
 of each pair being generally smaller than the other, perianth 
 
264 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 monopetalous, tube persistent, covering the fruit, limb 3 to 5- 
 lobed, stamens hypogynous, anthers twin or distinctly 2-celled, 
 ovary free, fruit membranous. 
 
 This small tropical order has two garden species sufficiently well 
 known and beautiful to make it famous, but it would take a tolerably 
 good botanist to discover the relationship between them, or between 
 either of them and the other plants of the order here given. One of 
 these is the Marvel of Peru, Mirabilis dichotoma, generally called iu 
 India, as in America, " four-o'clock," from the time of the flowers 
 opening, and thence clidr baje. The other is perhaps the most con- 
 spicuous feature of Bombay gardens, the grand climber, Bougainvillea 
 spectabilis, introduced from the Cape little more than forty years 
 ago. The flowers are very small and yellow, the large leafy invo- 
 lucres which surround them giving the plant its brilliant colour. It 
 is often seen in English conservatories, but the colour there is always 
 fas far as I have seen) more or less washed out, so as to afford no idea 
 of the beauty of the tropical plant. The native species of the order 
 have no such attractions as these two foreigners. 
 
 BOERHAAVIA.. Herbs, with very small flowers on jointed 
 pedicels, stamens 1 to 5, ovary oblique stalked, stigma peltate. 
 
 1. B. repens. A prostrate and spreading plant with thick 
 stem and petioles, leaves ovate oblong or roundish, often 
 cordate at the base and with waved red edges, often white 
 with hairs below, flowers pink, in small heads or umbels, fruit 
 oval ribbed, viscid, stamens 2 or 3. Punarnavd, Khdpard. 
 
 Very common. Throughout India (IT.)- ^ e nas two varieties, one 
 of which is D.'s B. diffusa (B. procumbens, R.), which G. says is gene- 
 rally monandrous. When in fruit and withering this plant looks 
 much like a bedstraw (Oalium). 
 
 2. B. repanda. Climbing in hedges, all smooth, leaves 
 petioled cordate sinuate, sometimes red-edged, flowers few 
 together in long-stalked umbels, like a miniature pink convol- 
 vulus with long-exserted stamens, fruit oblong, broader at the 
 top, rough all over with glandular knobs. Sdtura, punarnavd. 
 
 Pretty and delicate, very common in Guzerat, less so in the Deccan. 
 Konkan (Stocks). 
 
 * B. verticiVata (B. stellata, D.), which seems to have been found in 
 most parts of the Presidency, but not common, is described as very 
 like this, but the flowers smaller, white or pink, the fruit club-shaped 
 with largo glands round the top (H.). Sdtura. 
 
 * B. fruticosa, shrubby erect, all viscid and hairy, leaves small 
 ovate, flowers umbellate, pink, pedicels long and slender, fruit linear 
 oblong, warty. Sivner and Ghauts E. of Bombay (Dalzell). No other 
 Indian authority. 
 
 Pisonia, trees or shrubs, flowers dioecious, perianth of male flower 
 
Order 94. Amarantacece . 26$ 
 
 f unnel-shaped, of female flower tabular, stamens 6 to 10, ovary oblique 
 sessile. * P. aculeata, woody, often climbing, prickly, leaves elliptic 
 obtuse, flowers small, greenish white in panicles, fruit oblong or 
 club-shaped, ribbed and glandular. Not in D. S. Konkan and else- 
 where (G. and if.). 
 
 P. alba, a native of the Andamans, where it grows to be a tree 30 
 or 40 feet high, is the lettuce plant or tree lettuce, common in tubs 
 in Bombay, and owing its name to its light green leaves, which D. 
 says grow darker away from the light, contrary to the usual rule. 
 Chinai Sdlib. 
 
 The next two orders contain very many of the plants which are 
 used as potherbs, or bhdji. 
 
 ORDER 94. AMARANTACE^l. 
 
 Herbs, rarely slirubs, leaves without stipules simple, flowers 
 usually in terminal spikes with chaffy bracts and bracteoles, 
 sepals rigid or dry, generally 5, sometimes 2 or 3, separate or 
 slightly connected, persistent, stamens 1 to 5, styles 1 to 3, 
 fruit dry, generally one-seeded. 
 
 This is an uninteresting order though useful for food. It is closely 
 allied to the next, but distinguished from it by the dry bracts, which 
 are often more conspicuous than the sepals. 
 
 Note. The anthers are 2-celled in all the Indian genera except 
 Alternanthera and Gomphrena. 
 
 (,) Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. CELOSIA. Flowers white or pink shining, sepals chaffy, 
 stamens 5 united below into a cup, fruit circumsciss. 
 
 2. DIGEEA. Flowers in threes, the two outer reduced to 
 crested scales, stamens 5, ovary oblong, truncate. Style fili- 
 form, stigmas 2 curved back, fruit a roundish nut. 
 
 3. AMARATSTHDS. Flowers small unisexual, ovary com- 
 pressed, style short or none, stigmas 2 or 3, fruit compressed. 
 
 (&.) Leaves opposite (except Nos. 5 and 6 partially). 
 
 4. PUPALIA. Perfect flowers few, surrounded by imperfect 
 ones, which are reduced to bristly hooked awns, stamens 5, 
 fruit compressed. 
 
 5. NOTHOSJ]RUA. Branched from the base, flowers most 
 minute, woolly, sepals colourless 3 to 5, stamens 1 or 2. 
 
 6. ^ERUA. Woolly herbs or undershrubs, leaves sometimes 
 alternate, flowers very small, sometimes polygamous, sepals and 
 stamens 4 or 5, the latter united below with staminodes into a 
 cup. 
 
 7. ACHYBANTHES. Flowers in spikes, bracts spinous, sepals 
 4 or 5 shining, becoming hard and ribbed, stamens 2 to 5, 
 united at the base to as many square staminodes. 
 
266 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 8. ALTERN ANTHER A. Usually prostrate, flowers small, white 
 in heads, sepals 5 unequal, stamens 2 to 5, united into a short 
 cup with or without staminodes, anthers one-celled. 
 
 1. CELOSIA. 
 
 C. argentea. Smooth, branched, leaves linear lanceolate, 
 flowers silvery tinged with pink, in long-stalked spikes, sepals 
 larger than the bracts, fruit ovate or pear-shaped, seeds black 
 and shining. Limri, Kudhu, Kunjir. 
 
 This is the silver-spiked cockscomb, called in Mr. Birdwood's list, 
 Quailgrass. Very common in cultivated fields. Throughout India 
 and Ceylon (ff.). In Borneo and the Malay archipelago "it forms 
 compact little bushes 2 feet high, every branchlet terminated by a 
 rose-tipped spike of silvery bracts/' Burbidge. 
 
 (7. cristata, the garden cockscomb, Idl murglia, rdjagiri, H. looks on 
 as a form of this, and doubts it being anywhere wild in India. It 
 assumes many forms under cultivation, from which many spurious 
 species have resulted (H.). 
 
 2. DlGERA. 
 
 D. arvensis. A pretty, rather procumbent plant, leaves 
 ovate tinged with red, petioles long and hairy, flowers red, in 
 erect spikes several inches long. Getand. 
 
 Leaves very variable, flowers greenish (H.). 
 
 Poona, Bandora, Surat. I had what I believed to be this, growing 
 on the sea-shore in S. Konkan, very large with fleshy leaves, and the 
 long spikes drooping. 
 
 3. AMARANTHS. Amaranth. 
 
 It seems quite unsuitable that so uninteresting a set of plants as 
 those which come under this genus should bear the name of that 
 " Immortal amaranth . . . which once 
 In Paradise, fast by the tree of life, 
 ~ Began to bloom, but soon for man's offence 
 To heaven removed, where first it grew, there grows, 
 And flowers aloft, shading the fount of life." Milton. 
 
 "The only amaranthine flower on earth 
 Is virtue." Cowper. 
 
 1. A. spinosus. Smooth, dark-coloured, thorny, leaves 
 oblong obtuse petioled, variegated behind, flowers in dense 
 axillary clusters and terminal spikes, green, sepals and stamens 
 5, utricles as long as the calyx. Kanteblidji, Kdntemdth. 
 
 A common weed. Throughout India and Ceylon in waste places ; 
 the plant varies in colour from green and red to purple (H.). 
 
 2. A. Uitum (Euxolus oleraceiis, D.). Tall, smooth, stem 
 succulent reddish, leaves ovate, very obtuse or retuse, spike 
 
Order 94. Amarantacece. 267 
 
 terminal, erect, rather thick, flowers closely clustered, pale 
 green, sepals 3, stamens 3 to 5. Rdnmdti, tdmdulja, mat 
 tdmbari. 
 
 A variable weed, cultivated and wild in most parts of India (H.). 
 There are apparently several varieties. This is the only species of 
 the order fonnd wild or half-wild in England. 
 
 3. A. polygamus (Amblogyna polygonoides, D.). Only a 
 form of the last (H.) with small usually obovate leaves with a 
 soft point, flowers fewer in a cluster, sepals larger, more subulate, 
 utricles smaller, more acute. Chduli. 
 
 This appears to be the species most commonly used as bhdji. Very 
 common in all cultivated lands (D.). But Dr. Dymock thinks that 
 the next is the commonest species and the most used, 
 
 4. A. gangeticus (A. tristis, D.). Erect, smooth, branched, 
 tinged with red, leaves long-petioled, waved, ovate or lanceolate 
 obtuse, spikes rather obtuse, sub-erect, the terminal one longer 
 and slightly drooping, flowers crowded, small, green, sepals and 
 stamens 3. Mdti, cJiulai. 
 
 The following species all seem to be cultivated more or less, and 
 found in cultivated ground, but I have not identified them, and D. 
 throughout this order very rarely gives any habitat. The native 
 names are, I think, of very little use in distinguishing the species, 
 and Dr. Dymock gives to No. 4 all the names I have for No. 2, which 
 he calls pokald. 
 
 * A. paniculatus, tall, thick-stemmed, leaves ovate lanceolate, 
 spikes panicled, red, green, or yellow, sepals and stamens 5, bracts 
 recurved, longer than the sepals. Kahola-bhciji. Cultivated in India 
 from time immemorial (H.). * A. viridis, erect, smooth, leaves ovate, 
 the tip rounded or notched, spikes slender, panicled, flowers green, 
 sepals and stamens 3, bracts and sepals membranous with green keel. 
 A common weed in gardens and cultivated ground ((?.) * A. 
 tenuifolius (Mengea t. D.) smooth, branched, spreading from the root, 
 leaves small oblong, very variable, clusters of flowers minute, 
 axillary, sepals and stamens 2. Ghol. 
 
 A. caudatus is the old English garden flower " Love lies bleeding," 
 a romantic name rather calculated to disappoint. A. hypochondriacus 
 is Prince's feather. Dr. Gray mentions * A. salicifolius, with other 
 species and vars., having brilliant crimson or deep-purple foliage, 
 as common in Bombay gardens. 
 
 Deeringia, a shrub, stamens 4 or 5, stigmas 2 to 4, berry seated on 
 the spreading perianth. * D. celosioides (D. baccata, D.) straggling, 
 stem angled, leaves ovate or lanceolate acute, spikes long, slender, 
 flowers greenish-white, bracts acute, berry round, scarlet. Konkan 
 
 4. PUP ALIA. 
 
 P. lappacea. A strong thick-stemmed plant tinged with 
 red, more or less hairy all over, leaves ovate petioled, flowers in 
 
268 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 long terminal spikes, 2 together below, crowded above, sepals 
 greenish-white, woolly, nerved, stamens pink, awns yellow, 
 utricles large, roundish. 
 
 Nasik, common. Guzerat and Kattiawar (D.). It is very prickly 
 and clinging in fruit. 
 
 * P. atropurpurea, described as common in Guzerat, has foliage 
 dark-green, awns long, dark-purple, sepals and bracts broad, ovate, 
 woolly. * P. orbiculata, spreading procumbent, leaves very broad, 
 roundish, narrow at the base, spikes stout, clusters round, woolly, 
 awns long and brown. Ghauts (D.). 
 
 5. 
 
 N. brachiata (JErua b. D.). Smooth, erect or procumbent, 
 stems furrowed, leaves oval oblong entire, spikes short blunt, 3 
 or 4 often joined at the base, flowers white, bracts broad ovate, 
 persistent. 
 
 Panch Mahals. Sind and the Konkan (#.). It is very like the 
 next, but smooth. 
 
 6. J3RUA. 
 
 jE. lanata. Small whitish, branched, leaves oval or roundish, 
 spikes short, solitary or 2 or 3 together, anthers yellow. Kdpur 
 madhurd. 
 
 Poona. A common weed (.). 
 
 JE. Javanica, two or three feet high, branched, leaves lanceolate, 
 oblong, spikes long, flowers white, style and stigma long. Cambay 
 (D.), Deccan (S.). * JE. scandens, a climbing undershrub, leaves 
 lanceolate, spikes round, ovate, or pyramidal, flowers whitish. 
 Konkan, Stocks (H.). * M. monsonia, much-branched, prostrate or 
 ascending, leaves linear, opposite or whorled, sessile, spikes solitary, 
 ovate or cylindric, flowers pink, shining. Konkan and Deccan (H.). 
 
 7. ACHYRANTHES. 
 
 A. aspera. Tall, erect, much-branched, ash-coloured and 
 hairy, leaves obovate rounded, waved, soft above, spikes very 
 long, twiggy, flowers shining, tinged red, pointing downwards, 
 sepals and fruit rough and bristly. Agdra, Surdta, Khar- 
 manjari. 
 
 Poona and the Konkan. A common weed (0.). Mahableshwar 
 (Birdwood), who calls it the burr plant. Throughout India and Ceylon 
 (H.). He has 3 varieties and calls the leaves extremely variable. 
 
 * A. Udentata, " may prove a form of the last " (//.), but has 
 bracteoles reduced to spines with scarcely a blade, or with a minute 
 auricle on each side of the base, and staminodes not fringed. Not 
 in D. or 0. Konkan (ff.). 
 
Order 94. Amarantaceoe. 269 
 
 8. ALTERI^ANTHERA. 
 
 A. sessilis. A common-looking creeping plant, nearly 
 smooth, stems jointed, leaves ovate lanceolate or obovate, 
 flowers in short conical or roundish spikes, white or pinkish. 
 Kdnchari. 
 
 Poona. A common weed (D.). MahableshwartDr. Cooke). Through- 
 out hotter India and Ceylon in damp places (H.). 
 
 The leaves are certainly not always sessile. R. called the plant 
 Achyranthes triandra. 
 
 Cyathula, flowers in clusters much as in Pupalia, stamens 5, united 
 below with the staminodes into a cup. * C. prostrata, stem creeping, 
 leaves oborate rhomboid, flowers bluish, in small clusters on very 
 slender spikes, the awns hooked, 10 to 20 together, yellowish. Deccan 
 peninsula (H.). 
 
 Psilostachys, slender herbs with minute flowers all perfect, stamens 
 5, free. * P. sericea (Psilotrichum s., D.). A very beautiful erect 
 plant, leaves broad ovate, silky, flowers in spikes at the tips of the 
 branches, outer sepals deeply ribbed, silky. Coast of Kattywar (D.). 
 
 Gomphrena globosa, globe amaranth, jdfiri gundi is very common in 
 native gardens, having large round heads of red flowers with two 
 leafy bracts. " Cultivated in all countries, probably originating in 
 America" (T.). 
 
 ORDEE 95. CHENOPODIACE-ffi. The Goosefoot Family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, mostly succulent, with small and incon- 
 spicuous flowers, generally green; leaves simple, alternate, 
 without stipules, perianth of 3 to 5 sepals, united at the base, 
 stamens usually 5, opposite the sepals, anthers 2-eelled, ovary 
 superior, stigmas 2 to 4, fruit a one-seeded achene, enclosed in 
 the perianth, which is then often enlarged or fleshy. 
 
 This, like the last, is an unattractive order, but useful from many 
 of its species being used as pot-herbs. Most of the order occur as 
 weeds on the seashore or in saline desert regions, and very many 
 species are tinged with red. The flowers are generally without the 
 stiff dry bracts which distinguish the last order, and the leaves with- 
 out the stipules which mark the next. 
 
 1. CHENOPODIUM. Stem angled, flowers minute, in axillary 
 clusters. 
 
 2. ATRIPLEX. Flowers mostly unisexual, sepals of male 
 flowers 5, of female none, but in their place 2 bracts, which 
 unite and form a cover for the fruit, stigmas 2. 
 
 3. ARTHROCNEMUM. Fleshy and leafless, with jointed stems, 
 flowers minute, 2 or 3 together in the joints of the short spikes 
 perianth undivided, stamen one. 
 
270 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 4. SUEDA. Leaves linear fleshy, flowers, minute axillary, 
 sepals and stamens 5. 
 
 5. BASELLA. A much-branched fleshy twiner; flowers in 
 spikes with 2 bracts united to the 5-lobed perianth achene 
 round included. 
 
 1. CHENOPODIUM. G-oosefoot. 
 
 C. album. An erect plant, stems often striped with green, 
 red or purple, leaves very variable, angled or egg-shaped, toothed 
 or lobed, clusters of flowers in spikes, seed smooth, shining, and 
 keeled. Chdkvit, ghdnen. 
 
 Not in D. Several varieties are cultivated as pot-herbs ((?.). The 
 cultivated forms vary from green to red (J3.). 
 
 The leaves are often covered with meal, from which the plant gets 
 in England the name of white goosefoot. It is there very common 
 in waste places and cultivated fields, and was formerly used for food 
 (as in India now), like many other wild plants. For in the seventeenth 
 century Fuller wrote "Weeds are counted herbs in the beginning 
 of spring, nettles are put in pottage, and salads are made of elder 
 buds." 
 
 C. ambrosoides, a tall, rank, aromatic, much-branched plant, 
 Mr. Birdwood has in his Matheran list under the name of Sherui, and 
 Dr. Dymock Chandanlativd, vdsuke. 
 
 2. ATRIPLEX. Orache. 
 
 A. hortensis. Stout erect, leaves not mealy, triangular cor- 
 date, upper ovate lanceolate, flowers polygamous in axillary 
 spikes and terminal panicles, bracts nearly free, roundish. 
 Juri. 
 
 Cultivated as a spinach in several varieties, tinged with red or 
 purple (!>.) " Once very generally cultivated in England for the 
 table, and called orach, orage, or mountain spinach, and still culti- 
 vated in Paris " Pratt. Its cultivation in kitchen gardens in Eng- 
 land has lately been revived. 
 
 * A. Stocksii (Obione S., D.). Shrubby, leaves small, petioled, 
 oblong or roundish, whitish or glaucous, male clusters axillary, or in 
 short leafy spikes, fruiting bracts roundish from a narrow base. 
 Guzerat, common near the sea (D.). Knrrachee (H.). 
 
 3. ARTHROCNEMUM. 
 
 * A. Indicum. Stem prostrate, spreading, half shrubby, 
 branches alternate with short joints, spikes large cylindric. 
 Machur, ghuri. 
 
 Common in salt ground (D. and #.). I have not seen this, but it 
 appears to differ very little from the English jointed glass wort 
 
Order 95. Chenopodacece. 271 
 
 (Salicornia Jterlacea), which looks as if made of green glass, and has 
 spikes and branches very much alike. 
 
 4. SUEDA. Sea blite. 
 
 1. S. nudiflora. A prostrate spreading heath-like plant, a 
 good deal tinged with red, leaves narrow lanceolate or linear, 
 becoming more fleshy and cylindrical as they get older, flowers 
 in leafy spikes, 4 or 5 together, green or reddish, looking almost 
 like a 5-lobed berry, styles 3. Moras. 
 
 The above is my description of S. Indica, D., which H. includes in 
 this, though the two plants seem to me to be separate. Like others 
 of the order this grows near the seashore in Salsette, Bassein, &c. ; 
 which might well be described by those who are not botanists as 
 " wide flats where nothing but coarse grasses grow." 
 
 "2, S. maritima. Erect plant, with woody stems, much 
 branched from the root, glaucous tinged with red, leaves linear 
 or cylindrical, flowers very numerous in slender spikes, the 
 anthers alone conspicuous, styles 2. 
 
 Not in D. G. JS"o. 1250 : in similar situations as the last. H. makes 
 it identical with the English annual sea blite, in which the leaves are 
 generally half cylindrical, and the habit not shrubby. 
 
 5. BASELLA. 
 
 B. rubra (B. alba, D.). A pretty twiner, smooth, stems 
 red or green, leaves broad ovate, heart-shaped or roundish, 
 flowers in spikes, simple or branched, fruit size of a pea, red, 
 white or black. Midi ki bhdji, ydl chi bhdji, velgond. 
 
 Throughout India, wild or cultivated ( EL). 
 
 There seem to be several varieties all cultivated and used as 
 spinach. 
 
 To this order also belong Beta vulgaris, beetroot, wild on the 
 English coast, pdlak, chukandar, but generally known in W. India as 
 beet : the mangel wurzel is a variety of the same ; and Spinacia 
 oleracea, spinach, pdlak, but generally called, like other leaves used 
 for the same purpose, bhdji. 
 
 ORDER 96. POLYGONACEJE. Buckwheats. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs, leaves generally alternate, stipules con- 
 spicuous, chaffy or membranous, usually sheathing the stem, 
 perianth inferior of 3 to 6 imbricated sepals, united at the base, 
 nut hard, usually enclosed in the perianth, often triangular. 
 
 The remarkable stipules are generally enough to distinguish this 
 order, which otherwise bears much resemblance to the last two. Many 
 
272 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 of the species are tinged with red. The flowers of some species are 
 handsome, but most would ordinarily be called weeds. But then 
 comes the question, 
 
 " Of all that deck the lanes, the fields, the bowers, 
 What parts the kindred tribes of weeds and flowers?" Cowper. 
 
 POLTGONUM. Flowers clustered or spiked with bracts, steins 
 thickened at the nodes, and appearing to be jointed, stamens 
 any number up to 8, styles 2 or 3. 
 
 H. calls this a very troublesome genus, and has 70 species, many 
 of them with several varieties. 
 
 1. P. pleleium (P. elegans, D.). A small, prostrate plant, 
 with numerous stems, leaves lanceolate, smooth, stipules large, 
 white, ragged and hairy, flowers few in the axils, deep rose- 
 colonred, stamens 3 to 8, very short. 
 
 In good specimens this is a very pretty heath-like little plant, 
 sometimes red all over. I have had it at Mahableshwar, in Salsette, 
 and the Panch Mahals ; but it is not plain whether D. thought it 
 common or not. H. has 10 varieties, one or more found all over 
 India. 
 
 2. P. glabrum. A tall, smooth, reddish plant, leaves long, 
 lanceolate, oleander-like, flowers pink, in long-stalked spikes 
 or racemes, stamens about 7, seeds ovate, compressed. Rakt- 
 
 jrura^ sheral. 
 
 In river beds, in the Deccan, Konkan and Ghauts ; and common in 
 most parts of India (ff.). He says it is difficult to separate this from 
 smooth forms of P. persicana, which is so common in moist places 
 in England ; but this is much larger, and less branched. The English 
 plant has generally a dark mark in the middle of the leaf, which, I 
 believe, does not occur in Indian specimens. 
 
 3. P. larlatum (P. rivulare, D.). Smaller than the last, 
 leaves slightly hairy, stems, stipules and bracts very much so, 
 flowers pinkish, in long spikes, seeds triangular, stamens 5 to 
 8. Dliaktd sheral 
 
 In the same situations as the last. Throughout the hotter parts of 
 India (fl.). 
 
 4. P. Chinense. A climber, half shrubby, stems red, leaves 
 oblong, subcordate, hairy, stipules long, lanceolate, entire, 
 flowers in small, nearly round heads, white, with violet anthers, 
 bracts auricled, stamens 8. Paral, narali. 
 
 Mahableshwar, very common : confined to the Ghauts (#.) It 
 seems from H. to be found everywhere in the hills in India. He 
 calls it " a rambling, or erect shrub; a polymorphous plant." 
 
Order 96. Polygonacece. 273 
 
 * P. aZatitm, leaves ovate, narrowed into a broadly winged, often 
 stem-clasping petiole, stipules tabular, obliquely truncate, flowers 
 white, or pale purple, stamens 7 or 8 included, nut crowned by the 
 sepals. Canara (H.) He has 7 vars. P. pedunculare, smooth stem, 
 sometimes prickly, leaves elliptic, the base very variable, stamens 5 
 to 8, with alternating glands, nut roundish, included. Konkan (H.). 
 
 Rumex, stipules often disappearing with age, sepals 6, the inner 
 3 enlarging, and containing the fruit, stamens 6, styles 3, nuts 
 triangular. * R. denlatus, leaves oblong, obtuse, often contracted 
 above the rounded or cordate base, fruiting perianth with an oblong, 
 smooth tubercle, and broad, irregularly-toothed wings. Konkan 
 (H.). * R. nepalensis, tall and branched, radical leaves large, 
 oblong, ovate, with broad, or cordate base, racemes long, tubercle 
 as in the last, wings pectinated. Ghauts (/!.) ^k ^ ast f ur are 
 not in D. 
 
 To this genus belong the docks and sorrels. R. vesicarius, country 
 sorrel, chulca, chdkvat, is cultivated. " The numerous species of 
 Polygonum and Rumex are scattered everywhere from the seashore 
 to the snow line." Le Haout. 
 
 Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonum fagopyrum, D.) is the common 
 buckwheat, supposed to belong originally to B. Asia, cultivated 
 throughout N. Asia and Central Europe, growing in the poorest soil, 
 and with little care. It is known to have been cultivated in England 
 in the 16th century. It has the red stems and spikes or panicles of 
 pinkish-white flowers characteristic of the Polygonums. F.taiaricum 
 (Polygonum^ t. D.) is cultivated in the Deccan and Guzerat, the grain 
 being eaten by Brahmins on fast days ; leaves broad, spikes of flowers 
 white, scarlet, or yellow, very handsome. Rijagar. 
 
 To this order also belongs Rheum, rhubarb, of which many species 
 are found wild in the Himalayas. " The officinal rhubarb is the root 
 of an undetermined species. The best is said to come from the 
 very heart of Thibet, five or six hundred miles N. of Assam ; but it 
 is produced of one sort and another from many different species." 
 Balfour. 
 
 ORDER 97. PODOSTEMONACE.E. 
 
 Aquatic plants growing on stones in streams, flowers usually 
 enclosed in a spathe, inconspicuous, and generally very imper- 
 fect ; filaments flat, anthers 2-lobed. 
 
 I know nothing of this order but from books, but in appearance 
 the species seem to be more like lichens than flowering plants, and 
 all known in India are of the smallest possible size. 
 
 1. TERNIOLA. Stems confluent into an expanded horizontal 
 lobed frond, leaves minute, bristle-like, usually forming a 
 sheath round the base of the pedicel, perianth transparent, 
 3-lobed, stamens and style 3, capsule ovoid. 
 
 T 
 
274 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 2. PODOSTEMON. Flowers sessile, in a little spathe, perianth 
 of 2 or 3 scales, stamens 2, connate below, with 2 linear 
 staminodes, capsule long-stalked, ovoid. 
 
 Of Terniola there are 5 species, attributed by D. to Konkan rivers 
 on Mr. Law's authority, and for only one of these has H. any other 
 habitat. The stems of all are frond-like and horizontal, and the size 
 of the largest is put at of an inch in diameter. 
 
 Two Fodostemons are given, one moss-like, from one to two inches 
 broad; the other (not in D.) attributed by H. to streams of the 
 W. Ghauts, but no size given. 
 
 ORDER 98. AEISTOLOCHIACE2E. The Birthwort Family. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, often climbing, leaves alternate, without 
 stipules, perianth superior, generally large and tubular, anthers 
 6 or more, subsessile, inserted in a ring round the base of the 
 style, which is short and columnar, stigma large and lobed, 
 fruit a capsule or berry. 
 
 This is a small order, mainly of tropical America, with rather 
 strong medicinal qualities. The perianth in Aristolochia is of an 
 unusual shape, being rather like that of Ceropegia, and also resembling, 
 10 some extent, the pitchers of Nepenthes (pitcher plants) which 
 belong to an allied order. In that case, however, the pitchers are 
 appendages of the leaf. In this order the number and arrangement 
 of the stamens are also distinctive. There is one of the genus in 
 England, A, clematitis, generally considered to be wild. 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIA. Petioles with dilated base, perianth with 
 tube dilated at the base, then contracted and with a wide 
 limb, obliquely one or two-lipped, anthers 6, style very short, 
 3 to 6-lobed, capsule 6-valved. 
 
 1. A. bracteata. A smooth glaucous plant, spreading nearly 
 flat on the ground, leaves heart-shaped or kidney-shaped ; 
 flowers solitary axillary, green and claret- colour, hairy inside, 
 lip strap- shaped, pedicel thick, with a heart-shaped or roundish 
 bract attached, capsule oblong melon- shaped, seeds heart- 
 shaped, thin. Kiramdr, ganddti. 
 
 Guzerat and Deccan. 
 
 The thickened ribbed pedicel looks like an inferior ovary. 
 
 2. * A. Indica. Shrubby, smooth and twining leaves from 
 linear to obovate, waved, flowers in racemes erect, dark green 
 and brown, bract opposite the base of the penduncle, capsule 
 oblong grooved, seeds flat, triangular, winged. Sdmpsan. 
 
 Leaves exceedingly variable 
 
Order 98. Aristolochiaceoe. 275 
 
 Konkan hills, not very common (JD. and (7.). Throughout the 
 low country of India (If.)- 
 
 This is one of the plants said to be an antidote to the cobra's 
 bite, sought out and used by the Mungoose. Tennent. " In some 
 American species, one or two of which are grown in Indian 
 gardens, the perianth is almost large enough to form a bonnet for a 
 child." Oliver. 
 
 Bragantia, perianth shortly campanulate, equally 3-lobed, decidu- 
 ous, stamens 6 to 12 in one series, connective thick, style short, 
 stigmas 3 or more, capsule long, 4r-cornered. * B. Wallichii, shrubby, 
 dioecious, branches angled, leaves oblong lanceolate, large, flowers 
 large in small irregular cymes, lobes of perianth broad ovate, 
 stigmas 9, fruit like a silique, 4 inches long. Wari country and 
 Canara (D.). * B. Dalzelii appears to depend on a single specimen 
 found in Dalzell's herbarium, and to differ from the last in the leaves 
 capsule and seeds being very much larger. 
 
 ORDER 99. PIPEBACE.E. Peppers. 
 
 Aromatic herbs or shrubs, leaves entire, flowers minute in 
 catkin-like spikes, each supported by a peltate bract, perianth 
 none, stamens 2 to 6 hypogynous. 
 
 Note. In a true catkin the flowers are unisexual, here they are 
 often hermaphrodite. 
 
 This order and the two next may be called the spice orders, con- 
 taining between them 
 
 " Each spicy rind which sultry India boasts, 
 Scenting the night air round her breezy coasts." 
 
 Dr. Darwin. 
 
 1. PIPER. Shrubs with swollen nodes, leaves often unequal- 
 sided, flowers generally dioecious, filaments short, stigmas 2 to 
 5, berry ovoid or roundish. 
 
 2. PEPEROMIA. Succulent herbs, flowers hermaphrodite, 
 stamens 2, very short, stigma usually tufted, fruit minute. 
 
 1. PIPER. 
 H. has 45 species, but considers them very imperfectly identified. 
 
 P. nigrum (P. trioicum, D.). A large climber clinging very 
 close to trees, leaves polished, ovate acute cordate, often unequal 
 at the base, veined lighter, flowers in pendulous spikes, berries 
 in racemes, rather fleshy, size of a pea, one-sided. KdJcar vel, 
 ran miri. 
 
 This, as H. has settled the species, produces, when cultivated, in 
 the unripe dried berries, black peper, kdla miri, and in the ripe fruit, 
 
 T 2 
 
276 The Floivering Plants of Western India. 
 
 with the outer covering removed, white pepper. Lanoli, Matheran, 
 &o. H. seems doubtful as to it being often found wild. 
 
 * P. Hookeri, D. says, is easily distinguished by the rather long 
 petioles being thickly clothed with whitish hairs. Common on the 
 Mahableshwar hills (D.). Dongri mirchi. D. has also * P. sylvestre, 
 which H. does not refer to, and I cannot make out the difference 
 from P. nigrum. Mr. Birdwood has it at Matheran. * P. tricho- 
 stachyum, smooth, stem stout and woody, leaves large, elliptic, 
 spikes stoat, 3 or 4 inches long, male flowers sunk in a fleshy sessile 
 roundish receptacle, formed of the greatly enlarged bract. Not in 
 D. or G. Konkan, Canara, and Khandalla (H.). 
 
 P. longum produces in the dried flower spikes, long pepper, pipal, 
 pipri, Btngdli-pipli ; the root pipli mul (Dymock). P. betle, tdmbol, 
 supplies pan leaves for use with betel nut, and is extensively culti- 
 vated. "The Khasias, who are exceedingly addicted to pan, estimate 
 distances by the number of mouthfuls they eat on the road." 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. PEPEBOMIA. 
 
 * P. portulacoides. Stem smooth, erect from a creeping 
 base, leaves opposite, or upper ones whorled, obovate or 
 oblong, spikes stout, longer than the leaves, axillary or terminal. 
 Mirwal. 
 
 Common on the S. Ghauts on moist rocks and branches of trees (D.). 
 H. does not refer to D., and gives no habitat N. of Travancore. 
 
 * P. Wightiana, straggling, slender, smooth, leaves oblong or 
 roundish, very variable, spikes very slender, one to three together. 
 Not in D. or G. Konkan on trees (H.). 
 
 ORDER 100. MYRISTICE^E. Nutmegs. 
 
 Evergreen, generally aromatic, trees, leaves alternate entire 
 without stipules, flowers dioecious, small, regular, perianth 3- 
 lobed, stamens several, monadelphous, or none ; fruit fleshy, 
 but opening like a capsule by 2 valves, seed one, nut-like, 
 enclosed in a coloured aril. 
 
 " All parts of the Myristiceae are aromatic." Le Maout. 
 
 The fruit may be considered to characterize this small but impor- 
 tant order, which is in many respects very like Anonacese. There 
 are in W. India only two species, both more or less rare. 
 
 MYRISTICA as the order. 
 
 * M. malabarica. A tall tree, smooth with reddish bark, 
 leaves large, narrow, oblong or lanceolate, more or less shining 
 above, glaucous below, flowers in panicles, perianth round ; 
 male flowers with a persistent scale-like bract at the base, and 
 
Order loo. Myristicece. 277 
 
 10 to 15 anthers united in a column, female flowers larger and 
 fewer, fruit olong, pubescent, 2 or 3 inches long. RdnjaiphaL 
 
 Dense woods of the Ghauts (D.). Konkan, Canara, and Malabar 
 only (H.). The aril of this is called Mdyapatri or Rdmpatri. 
 
 * M. alternata, apparently like the above, but young shoots and 
 petioles covered with rusty meal, the male flowers fascicled on a 
 short peduncle, perianth roundish, anthers 12 on the toothed edge 
 of a stalked peltate disk, fruit ovate, beaked, rusty, 1% inch long. 
 Ghauts (!>.). Deep ravines at Khandalla, but not common (G.). 
 He calls it a very handsome tree, with something of the habit of 
 Michelia champaca. 
 
 " The nutmeg tree (M. fragrans, officinalis, or moschata) has a one- 
 seeded fruit like a peach, that splits open and exposes the nutmeg 
 (jaiphal), surrounded by a brilliant scarlet aril ; this aril, which is 
 mace (jayapatri) no doubt attracts pigeons, which swallow the nut- 
 megs, and transport them from island to island of the Moluccas" 
 Hooker. Aromatic fruits, more or less resembling the nutmeg, are 
 found in other species. 
 
 In the middle ages and later Arabia was looked on as the land of 
 spices and perfumes, because these sweet-smelling products came 
 to Europe through Arabia, or by the intervention of Arab merchants. 
 
 " All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand." 
 
 Macbeth. 
 
 But when the Portuguese in the sixteenth century had possession 
 of the Moluccas, they got the name of the spice islands, and when 
 the Dutch ousted the Portuguese, these islands were called the 
 gold mines of the Dutch East India Company. To keep up the price 
 the Dutch forced the native rulers to restrict the number of all 
 spice-producing trees, and in many cases even to destroy great 
 numbers of them. They thus managed to confine the production of 
 each sort of spice to one or two islands. Raynal, Cook, Sfc. 
 
 ORDER 101. LAURINE^l. Laurels. 
 
 Trees or shrubs (except Oassythd}, leaves alternate, gland- 
 dotted, without stipules, flowers regular, perianth tubular, 
 usually 6-cleft, stamens on the tube in 2 or more rows, filaments 
 flattened, some of them often with 2 glands at the base, anthers 
 erect, ovary superior, at the base of the tube. 
 
 The trees and shrubs of this order are generally fragrant and valu- 
 able. They mostly possess in the bark and other parts an oil, which 
 in different species has either stimulating or sedative qualities, 
 represented in their maximum intensity by cinnamon and camphor 
 respectively. From the beauty and celebrity of the true laurels, the 
 name has been given to various trees of other orders, as the laurel 
 and Portugal laurel of English gardens, which both belong to the 
 
2; 8 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 genus Prunus. But the true laurel, in Greek Daphne, the tree of 
 Apollo 
 
 " the meed 
 Of mighty conquerors and poets sage" (Spenser), 
 
 is Laurus noUlis, called in England the bay-tree, and supposed to have 
 been brought to Europe from Asia Minor in very early times ; while 
 the shrubs botanically termed Daphne (in English, Mezereon and 
 Spurge laurel) belong not to this, but to the next order. See also 
 under Croton. 
 
 1. CINNAMONUM. Flowers small in panicles, females usually 
 the longest, often with fewer parts, perianth tube short, perfect 
 stamens 9 or fewer in 3 rows, with a row of staminodes, anthers 
 4-celled, fruit seated on the enlarged perianth. 
 
 2. MACHILUS. Flowers in panicles, perianth tube short or 
 none, perfect stamens 9 in 3 rows, with a row of staminode?, 
 anthers 4-celled, berry seated on the perianth. 
 
 3. ALSEODAPHNE. Leaves more or less collected at the end 
 of the branches, flowers in panicles, stamens, staminodes, and 
 anthers as in the last, fruit seated on the thickened peduncle. 
 
 4. LITS.EA. Flowers dioecious, umbelled, with concave bracts, 
 stamens 6 and upwards, anthers 4-celled, fruit seated on the 
 often enlarged perianth tube. 
 
 5. CASSYTHA. Filiform twining leafless parasites, flowers 
 minute with 3 bracts, perfect stamens 9, anthers 2-eelled, fruit 
 enclosed in the succulent perianth tube and crowned by its 
 segments. 
 
 1. CINNAMONUM. 
 
 * C. zeylanicum, the cinnamon tree. A good-sized tree, 
 leaves broad lanceolate or ovate, 3 to 5-nerved, panicle downy 
 or silky, flowers small, greenish white, fruit oblong, dry. 
 OJiej t bojvdr. 
 
 "The cinnamon tree shoots forth its leaves in all shades from bright 
 yellow to dark crimson." Tennent. 
 
 The cultivated cinnamon tree is generally supposed to be found in 
 India only in gardens; but G.'s C. iners (not in D.) is believed by 
 Colonel Beddome, Dr. Dymock, and others, to be only a variety of 
 the above, and H., though giving C. iners as a separate species, seems 
 to incline to the same opinion. G. makes it grow all along the range 
 of Ghauts and in the hilly parts of the Kenkans ; it is not, however, 
 in Mr. Birdwood's Matheran and Mahableshwar list, though he has a 
 species, C. tamala, Mdhdrukh, which H. ascribes only to the Himalayas 
 and N. India. Dr. Dymock thought that the further N. the cinnamon 
 tree is found, the thicker and more mucilaginous is the bark. 
 
Order lor. Laurinew* 279 
 
 0. cassia, or an allied species, produces the Cassia bark of China, 
 which Sir J. Hooker believes to be the Cassia of Ex. xxx. 24 and Psl. 
 xlv. 8. Camphor is produced from the wood of 0. camphora, which 
 H. says is commonly cultivated in India ; but there are other native 
 species, which produce inferior sorts. (For the drug Cassia, see 
 p. 96.) 
 
 2. MACHILUS. 
 
 M. micrantJia. A pretty tree, leaves oblong, lanceolate, 
 smooth, glaucous beneath, flowers greenish, hairy, ovary round, 
 fruit like a large black currant or small gooseberry. Gulamb, 
 Kurma, ~bobarsa. 
 
 H. includes D.'s M. glaucescens in this. The panicles of flowers 
 are much like those of the Mango. Lanoli, Matheran. The Ghauts 
 (2>.). 
 
 3. ALSEODAPHNE. 
 
 * A. semecarpifolia. A small tree very variable in foliage, 
 leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, often unequal-sided ; 
 panicles more or less umbellate, flower stalks rather long, fruit 
 elliptical, as long as the swollen and warty peduncle. Gulumbi, 
 vivdrana, rani. 
 
 Matheran (Birdwood). The Ghauts (!>.). H. has four varieties ; 
 one of them, ascribed to the Konkan, has the young parts rufous and 
 hoary. 
 
 4. LlTSJSA. 
 
 1. L. Stocksii (Actinodaphne lanceolata, D.). A pretty tree 
 with bluish-grey leaves, lanceolate, drooping in tufts from the 
 end of the branches, about 6 together, racemes of about 8 flowers, 
 short, tawny and silky, bracts large obovate, deciduous, fruit 
 oval like a small red acorn in a green cup. Pesha, gulchai. 
 
 The Ghauts ; very common at Matheran and Mahableshwar. A re- 
 markable tree from the colour and elegant shape and arrangement of 
 the leaves. H. has 3 varieties. 
 
 Dr. Dymock agreed with me as to this identification of the Pesha, 
 but Mr. Birdwood has it as Actinodaphne Hookeri, and Dr. King, of 
 Calcutta, I am told, declared it to be Litscea fuscata, with the descrip- 
 tion of which this appears to me not to agree at all, and which H. 
 ascribes only to Ceylon, at an altitude of 6000 to 8000 feet ! But as 
 H. has 65 species of Litsaea there is evidently room for a good deal of 
 difference of opinion. 
 
 * 2. L. tomentosa (Tctr anther a apetala, D.). All downy 
 except the upper side of the oblong petioled leaves, umbels 
 large, solitary, many-flowered, involucre 4- leaved, flowers 
 minute, perianth none or incomplete, stamens 18 to 20, fila- 
 
280 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 ments long and slender, glands long- stalked, fruit round, 
 smooth, black, size of a pea. Chiknd, ivdras, miri. 
 
 Matheran (Birdwood). Vingorla and Ghauts (D.). Of one variety 
 of L. sebifera, which H. ascribes in one form or other to all the 
 hotter parts of India, he says : " Except by the compound umbels, this 
 is nndistinguishable from L.tomentosa," and he favours the opinion 
 of Dalzell and Gibson, that tomentosa and sebifera are forms of one 
 species. " The bark is the maida-lakri of the shops" (DytnocTc). 
 
 * L. Wightiana (Cylicodaphne W., D.), leaves broad -lanceolate, 
 crowded about the ends of the branches, umbels racemed, covered 
 with rusty hairs, bracts 4, stamens about 12, fruit like L. Stocksii, 
 but the cup sometimes toothed. Kengi. Ghauts (Lisboa). Canara 
 (If.). * L. zeylanica, a small tree, leaves variable, oblong, glaucous 
 beneath, bracts and flowers yellowish, silky, fruit roundish on the 
 disk-like perianth. Parwar Ghaut (Z).). 
 
 5. CASSTTHA. 
 
 Nothing could be less like the family generally than this genus of 
 leafless parasites, which, except for the species here given, is con- 
 fined to Australia and S. Africa. 
 
 C. filiformis. All yellowish-green and downy, flowers very 
 small in small spikes, the enlarged perianth white, fleshy, 
 as large as a marble, containing the black pea-like fruit. 
 Akasvel. (See Ouscuta.) 
 
 Common, especially in Guzerat. It runs over hedges in such a 
 tangled mass as to be suggestive of seaweed left on the shore by the 
 waves. It is larger in Guzerat than the Konkan. The fruit is like 
 that of the garden nasturtium (Tropceolum majus). G. calls it the 
 air plant. 
 
 Cryptocaria, flowers small in panicles, perianth ovoid or top- 
 shaped, stamens as in Machilus, anthers 2-celled, * 0. Wightiana 
 (C. floribunda, D.), leaves oval oblong, glaucous beneath, flowers 
 yellow, fruit black, glossy, round or oblong. Tullawari, plentiful 
 (D.). From Canara southwards (F.). * C. Stocksii, very similar, 
 but the leaves much smaller and usually very obtuse, panicles short 
 and dense, flowers larger, fruit smaller, ovoid. Not in D. or G. 
 Canara (H.). 
 
 Beilschmiedia, flowers and stamens as in the last, perianth tube 
 short, fruit quite free of the deciduous perianth. * B. fagifolia (S. 
 Roxburghiana, D.), a large tree, leaves oblong or broad-lanceolate, 
 shining, young flowers enclosed in broad, silky, deciduous scales, 
 fruit one to two inches long, oblong or roundish. Common on the 
 Ghauts (Z).). H. doubts about the identification of this tree. 
 
 Actinodaphne, flowers dioecious, more or less umbelled, with densely- 
 imbricated bracts, perfect stamens 6 to 9, in 3 series, anthers 
 4-celled, fruit seated on the enlarged perianth tube. * A. HooJceri, 
 young leaves and branches almost woolly, leaves ovate lanceolate 
 with long points, flowers silky, fruit very small. Not in D. or G. 
 Konkan, Canara and Ghauts (H.). 
 
Order 102. Thymeleacece. 281 
 
 ORDER 102. THYME LEACE.E. The Daphne Family, 
 Shrubs or trees, with simple entire leaves without stipules, 
 perianth regular, tubular, 4 or 5-lobed, ovary superior. 
 
 The Daphnes are known to many : " Small evergreens of great 
 beauty and fragrance in the flower, and with a peculiar velvet texture 
 in the leaf " (Loudnri). They have also very tough barks. H. has 
 three species as natives of the Himalayas, and one of Burmah, but I 
 find no mention of any as introduced into gardens in W. India. 
 The single species of the order found here is easily recognizable. 
 
 LASIOSIPHON. Silky shrubs, flowers in dense heads with 
 broad bracts, perianth cylindric, lobes 5, small, spreading, with 
 5 to 10 scales above the 10 stamens, fruit small, dry, included 
 in the base of the perianth. 
 
 L. eriocephalus (L.speciosus,D.). A large and pretty shrub 
 with lanceolate rather acute leaves and dense heads of small 
 yellow flowers surrounded by a large leafy involucre, perianth 
 and bracts silky. Rdmetta. 
 
 Very common and conspicuous on the Ghauts and Konkan hills. 
 H. has it as a small tree or large bush, but it is only in the latter 
 form, I believe, that it is known with us. G. calls it octandrous, 
 and I believe that there may often be a confusion between the 
 stamens and the scales. It seems in India to be confined to the 
 Peninsula. 
 
 ORDER 103. EL-ffiAGNACE-32. Oleasters. 
 Shrubs or trees, more or less covered with minute silvery or 
 brown scurfy scales ; flowers small, regular, perianth tubular, 
 stamens adhering to the tube, ovary free, fruit enclosed in the 
 perianth tube. 
 
 This is a smal 1 order, in characteristics much like the last. Only one 
 species is known in W. India. The oleaster, or wild olive, E. angusti- 
 folia, was in ancient times nearly as famous as the olive itself. 
 " The tree that grows carelessly, tufting the rocks with no vivid 
 bloom, no verdure of branch; only with soft snow of blossom and 
 scarcely full- filled fruit, mixed with grey leaf and thorn-set stem : 
 . . . type of grey honour and sweet rest." RusUn. 
 
 ELEAGNUS. Stamens 4, style linear, stigma lateral. 
 
 E. latifolia. A large climber, all silvery with oval leaves, 
 dotted above, white below, flowers several together, sessile, 
 pale in colour, lobes 4, pistiljvithin the tube, fruit oblong or 
 oval, red, size of an olive. Amgul, nurgi. 
 
 Matheran, Mahableshwar and Ghauts, common. P. has it as very 
 variable in habit, bush, small tree, or climber, but it appears to be 
 known in W. India only as the last. Mr. Birdwood says that the 
 leaves are silvery- white or rusty-red beneath. 
 
282 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 OBDEB 104. LORANTHACE-ffi. The Mistletoe Family. 
 
 It naturally puzzles students to find an order of plants, the flowers 
 of which have a complete corolla as well as calyx, in the middle of 
 the Monochlamydeous orders. Lorauthaceae, by Bentham and Oliver, 
 as well as by other authorities less connected with Kew, was put 
 among the calyciflorals near Araliacege and Rubiacese. H., however, 
 groups the order according to its less obvious affinities, and the 
 reason is, I suppose, that which I find in another book that the 
 petals are looked on as being in reality sepals, and the calycine rim 
 as being only an expansion of the pedicel. At the same time H., in 
 the description both of the order and of some of the species, writes 
 of calyx and corolla in the ordinary way. 
 
 Parasitic shrubs, leaves usually opposite, often thick and 
 fleshy, entire, without stipules; calyx adherent to the ovary, 
 limb truncate, rarely toothed ; petals 4 to 8 free or united, 
 stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, ovary 
 inferior, fruit a one-seeded berry or drupe. 
 
 1. LORANTHUS. Flowers conspicuous, generally with bracts, 
 corolla tube generally split on one side, lobes 4 or 5. 
 
 2. YISOUM. Flowers unisexual, very small and pale-coloured, 
 calyx without any prominent border, petals 4, anthers broad, 
 attached to the petals, stigma large, fruit fleshy and pulpy. 
 
 1. LORANTHUS. 
 
 Note. H. has 58 species, of which 13 are found in W. India. 
 
 Brandis has land as a name for most of the plants of this order, 
 which Dr. Dymock makes wdndd, and calls a general name for all 
 parasites. I noted godmal as a name generally given to the different 
 species of Loranthus, amongst which there is a very strong simi- 
 larity. 
 
 1. L. oltusatus. A large species, smooth, leaves oval obtuse, 
 broad and thick, flowers in erect racemes at right angles to the 
 stiff pedicels with a bract at the angle, corolla green with red 
 lobes, flower bud 4-angled, fruit ovoid or roundish. 
 
 Mahableshwar. Ghauta (H.). 
 
 2. L. longiflorus. Large and handsome, all smooth, leaves 
 oblong or ovate, flowers in racemes, tube long-curved, white or 
 pink, lobes 5, curled back, green ; stamens exserted, anthers 
 red, fruit oval of a beautiful pink crowned by the calyx. 
 
 This is like honeysuckle. H. has 3 varieties, " leaves infinitely 
 variable." Very common in the Konkan. Also in the Deccan and 
 Guzerat. Nearly all over India (H.). Grows on most trees (Brandis) 
 but with us especially on the Mango, on which its roots make great 
 unsightly knots. 
 
Order 104. Lorantkacece. 283 
 
 3. L. cuneatus. A small species, smooth except the young 
 parts ; leaves small obovate, narrowed at the base, flowers 3 or 
 4 together in short umbels, corolla tube green, lobes 5 red, 
 throat streaked, bract small acute. 
 
 Common at Matheran, especially on jdmlul trees ; also at Maha- 
 bleshwar. Ghauts (-D.). 
 
 4. L. elastums. A large woody smooth species, all olive- 
 coloured and tinged with red, leaves broad and thick, flowers 
 clustered on the branches, corolla long slender, white and green, 
 the 5 lobes twisted, stigma and anthers bright red, fruit oval. 
 
 Dapoli and Kashedy (N.E. boundary of Rutnagherry Collectorate), 
 where it is very common on pipal trees. Vingorla (-).) Mahablesh- 
 war (Birdwood). 
 
 5. L. lageniferus. Woody, leaves sessile or short- petioled, 
 broad ovate or cordate at base, veined red ; a large bell-shaped 
 reddish involucre with 5 shallow lobes is almost sessile on 
 the branches, and contains 5 or 6 green flowers, long- tubed, 
 erect, 5-lobed. 
 
 Matheran. Khandalla ((?.). Pretty common on the higher hills (D.). 
 
 6. L. loniceroides. Smooth, leaves ovate lanceolate, flowers 
 white, tinged with red, in short racemes, corolla tube long, 
 curved, lobes 6 ; bracts 3, roundish, at the base of the ovary ; 
 fruit smooth, oval, crowned by the calyx. 
 
 Common in the Konkan and Ghants. This is much like No. 2 and 
 also like honeysuckle. 
 
 * L. capitellatus is thought to be only a var. of this last, differing 
 in the straight corolla and very long peduncle. Chorla Ghaut (D.). 
 L. Wallichianus, smooth, leaves oval lanceolate, flowers in small 
 short umbels, corolla green with 4 equal red lobes, much bulged 
 at the base, fruit top-shaped : it comes nearest to No. 2. Mahab- 
 leshwar. Eotanda Ghaut (D. and G.). * i. scurrula (L. lud- 
 dleioides, D.). A large bush, very variable in pubescence, form 
 and size of leaves, and inflorescence ; leaves elliptic to cordate 
 ovate, peduncles very short, few-flowered, corolla buff or pink, 
 tube split, lobes 4, fruit pear-shaped. On dsana and karmal 
 trees at Khandalla (D. and 6r.). * L. pulveruleutus, stout, woody, 
 young parts covered with dense white meal, leaves long petioled, 
 ovate, flowers pale green in short racemes, corolla slender, 
 curved, the tube split, 4-divided, fruit club-shaped. Not in D. or (?. 
 Konkan (Siocfes, Brandis). * L. involucratus, woody with slender 
 branches, leaves ovate or cordate, flowers in clusters, each in an 
 involucre of 4 distinct leafy bracts, corolla tube split, lobes 5, style 
 
284 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 and stigma large. Matheran (Birdwood). Bhimashanktr (D. and 
 
 a). 
 
 The two following appear to be very slightly known ; they are not 
 in D. and G. H. ascribes the first to the Konkan, and the second to 
 Canara. * L. Stocksii, leaves small opposite, covered with buff meal, 
 flowers solitary, axillary, sessile, calyx limb truncate, fruit pear- 
 shaped. * Z. trigonus, smooth with very thick branches, branchlets 
 3-oornered, leaves very large, broad elliptic obtuse, flowers in short 
 racemes, bracts forming a small cup, corolla 5-lobed. 
 
 2. VISCUM. Mistletoe. 
 
 1. V. angulatiim. Leafless with very numerous green 
 jointed branches, lower ones round dichotomous, upper ones in 
 verticils 3 or 4 angled, flowers sessile arranged round the 
 joints. 
 
 S. Ghauts, not very common apparently. Mahableshwar, Dr. CooTce, 
 who calls it Indian mistletoe. The peninsula (H.). 
 
 2. V. ariiculatum. Like the last, but the branches flat and 
 flexible, broadening from each joint upwards, flowers several 
 together at the joints, berry round tubereled when young, 
 afterwards smooth and succulent. 
 
 Not in D. but in Q-. (No. 665), "common throughout the Konkana 
 and in the Ghauts." I had it in S. Konkan, and in the Dhanu taluka, 
 common. Deccan peninsula (H.). 
 
 G. has F. Wightianum with round stem and branches, and flat 
 obtuse leaves, common on trees at Mahableshwar towards the 
 llotunda Ghaut ; but this appears to be not otherwise known. 
 
 V. album is the European mistletoe, a plant much connected with 
 ancient religious and superstitious rites. 
 
 " Garlands of Spanish moss and of mystic mistletoe flaunted, 
 Such as the Druids cut down with golden hatchets at Yule-tide." 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 The berries of the mistletoe, of Loranthus albus, and of other 
 species of this order, produce the best and most tenacious bird- 
 lime. 
 
 ORDER 105. SANTALACE-ffi. Sandal woods. 
 
 Leaves entire without stipules, flowers inconspicuous, regular, 
 usually bracted, perianth more or less tubular of 3 to 8 divisions, 
 stamens 3 to 6, ovary inferior, fruit a nut or drupe. 
 
 A small order, with much likeness to Thymeleacese and Eleag- 
 
Order 105. Santalacea. 285 
 
 1. S ANT ALUM. Smooth trees, perianth adherent to the base 
 of the ovary with 4 or 5 lobes, stamens 5 or 4 with alternating 
 scales, style long, stigma 2 or 3-lobed. 
 
 2. OSYRIS.- Shrubs with angular branches, perianth with 3 
 or 4 triangular lobes, stamens 4 or 5, stigma 3 or 4-lobed. 
 
 1. SANTALUM. 
 
 S. album. Sandalwood tree. Leaves opposite, ovate elliptic 
 acute at the base, petioles flat ; flowers in panicles, small, 
 brownish purple, drupe size of a large pea, dark purple or black, 
 shining. Chdndan. 
 
 H. makes the flowers first straw-coloured, then blood-red, and the 
 drupe size of a cherry ; habitat from Poona southwards, elsewhere 
 planted. The Abbe Raynal describes it under the unromantic name 
 of the Sanders tree. Some authorities consider that the algum or 
 almug tree of Scripture (1 Kings x. 11 ; 2 Chron. ii. 8, &c.) was the 
 Sandal (Dictionary of the Bible), but Hooker thinks it was probably 
 either Pterocarpus santalinus, or Bombay blaokwood (Teachers' 
 Bible). The ancient Hindoos had no liking for the tree : Sir M. 
 Williams quotes from the " Hitopadesa " : " The root is infested by 
 serpents, the blossoms by bees, the branches by monkeys, the summit 
 by bears. In short, there is not a part of the sandal tree that is not 
 occupied by the vilest impurities." 
 
 2. OSYRIS. 
 
 0. arbor ea (O. Wightiana, D.). Leaves alternate oval, 
 fleshy, flowers minute green, the male and female on different 
 racemes or heads, drupe long-stalked, round, orange or red, 
 pretty. Lotal, popli. 
 
 Hills at Sattara. Mahableshwar and Khandalla (Dr. Cooke). 
 Common on the Ghauts (D.). 
 
 I noted that the leaves are covered with white bloom, and was long 
 before I could get this corroborated; but I believe that this bloom 
 goes off as the leaves get older. 
 
 Note. G.'s Osyris peltata is Macaranga Soxburghii. 
 
 ORDER 106. EUPHORBIACE^. The Spurge Family. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, generally with milky and acrid juice, 
 leaves generally alternate, simple, and stipulate ; flowers small, 
 unisexual, unattractive, often surrounded by bracts or an in- 
 volucre ; perianth inferior with various glandular or scaly 
 appendages, often wanting, sometimes double, the inner series 
 being then often called petals ; stamens very various, anthers 
 2-celled, often twin ; ovary inferior, generally of 3 carpels 
 
286 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 more or less united, styles as many as the carpels ; fruit of 3 
 cocci, separating from a persistent axis, or a drupe, generally 
 3-celled. 
 
 This is a very large and important order, chiefly tropical, though 
 there are a good many herbaceous species of Euphorbia pretty well 
 known in England. The order is, generally speaking, a very distinct 
 one, but there is sometimes a difficulty in distinguishing the various 
 parts of the flower, which some botanists describe as consisting of 
 separate calyx and corolla. Hooker, however, calls the flower " a 
 perianth, sometimes double," though he also occasionally lapses into 
 calyx and corolla. " The family exhibits every gradation, from perfect 
 corolliferons blossoms to the most degraded flowers in all nature." 
 Grant Allen. 
 
 The properties of the order are generally acrid, and often highly 
 poisonous, but not un frequently medicinal, as in the castor-oil plant 
 and the crotons. The milky juice is the most offensive part, and there 
 are many species (as there are of the English spurges) which, if 
 handled at all, unpleasantly affect the lips and nostrils. The Man- 
 chineel tree of the W. Indies, Htppomane manchinella, bears the worst 
 reputation. " The milky juice renders the cultivation of this tree, 
 and even the coming near to it, very dangerous. One cannot sleep 
 with impunity under the shade of it, and the water which drops from 
 its leaves after a shower raises blisters upon the skin and excites a 
 troublesome itching." Eaynal. 
 
 Note. The species of Euphorbia and some other genera are easily 
 identified by the remarkable ovary, which is round or nearly so, but 
 deeply divided from top to bottom into 3 carpels topped by the styles. 
 The fruit is then simply this ovary enlarged. This may be called the 
 normal Euphorbiaceous ovary and fruit. 
 
 Note. The leaves are alternate when not otherwise stated. They 
 are lobed in Bischofia, Jatropha, Givotia, Baliospermum, and Ricinus; 
 otherwise simple. 
 
 1. EUPHORBIA. Leaves often opposite ; flowers monoecious 
 a number of male flowers consisting only of a single-stalked 
 stamen, and a single female, consisting of a stalked pistil of 3 
 carpels, are all enclosed in a cup-shaped involucre bordered 
 with 4 or 5 glands sometimes resembling petals; capsule of 
 3 cocci, separating with elasticity. 
 
 Note. This genus, by the involucre, differs very decidedly from all 
 the rest, and is placed by H. in a tribe by itself. The above descrip- 
 tion requires explanation. The numerous male flowers and the single 
 female being as above described, and the involucre being more or less 
 like a perianth, the appearance of the whole is that of a single flower, 
 with about 12 stamens and a single pistil; and, in fact, Linnaeus thus 
 described the flowers of a large section of Euphorbias. 
 
 2. BRIEDELIA. Flowers in clusters, bracted, sessile or nearly 
 
Order 106. Euphorbiacece. 287 
 
 so ; calyx 5-cleft, petals much smaller, disk broad, stamens 5, 
 united below, styles 2, forked, fruit a drupe, or of 2 cocci. 
 
 Nothing could be less like last genus than this, the flowers being 
 of a very ordinary pentandrous type, much resembling some of the 
 Rhamnaceas. 
 
 3. PHYLLANTHUS. Leaves bifarious, flowers monoecious, 
 sepals 4 to 6 in 2 series with a disk, stamens 3 to 5, fruit gene- 
 rally a capsule, sometimes a berry. 
 
 4. GLOCHIDION. Like the last, but flowers without disk, 
 sepals generally 6 in 2 series, stamens 3 to 8 connate, styles 
 connate in a more or less round column, lobed or toothed at the 
 top, capsule often of 6 or more lobes. 
 
 5. FLUEGGIA. Shrubs, leaves small, flowers dioecious, sepals 
 5, stamens 3 to 5 ; the male flower has a large imperfect pistil, 
 and in the female the long recurved styles are united below 
 into an erect column. 
 
 6. BREYNIA. Shrubs or small trees, flowers minute, calyx of 
 male flower truncate, of female 6-lobed, stamens 3 columnar, 
 anthers adnate to the whole length of the column, styles 3. 
 
 7. PUTRANJIVA. Trees, male flowers clustered, females sub- 
 solitary, calyx unequally 3 to 6-lobed, stamens 2 to 4, styles 
 short, dilated into broad fleshy arms, drupe 1-celled. 
 
 8. APOROSA. Trees, flowers minute, males in dense catkin- 
 like spikes, females larger in short spikes, stamens 1 to 5, anthers 
 twin. 
 
 Note. This genus, differing from the rest of the order by the 
 flowers being in catkins, was formerly in a separate order 
 
 9. ANTIDESMA. Trees or shrubs, flowers dioecious in spikes 
 or racemes, calyx 3 to 8-toothed, stamens 2 to 5 inserted on or 
 round the disk, fruit a drupe crowned with stigmas. 
 
 Note. This genus also belonged to a small separate order 
 Stilaginese connected by some authorities with Urticaceae, and by 
 others with Amentiferaa. 
 
 10. JATROPHA. Trees, shrubs or herbs, often glandular or 
 prickly, leaves often lobed, flowers monoecious, sepals and 
 petals 5, stamens many, anthers erect, fruit a capsule of 2 to 4 
 cocci. 
 
 11. CROTON. Trees or shrubs, leaves with 2 glands at the 
 base, sepals, petals, and disk glands 4 to 6, stamens many on a 
 
288 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 hairy receptacle, petals sometimes absent in female flowers, 
 capsule of 3 cocci. 
 
 12. CHROZOPHORA. Herbs or undershrubs, rough or hairy; 
 flowers in racemes with bracts, males crowded in the upper 
 parts, females solitary stalked, male calyx round or ovoid, 
 female of 5 narrow sepals ; petals 5, in female flowers some- 
 times wanting, stamens 5 to 16, styles bifid, capsule of 3 cocci. 
 
 13. CLAOXYLON. Flowers in spikes or racemes, calyx 
 roundish of 3 or 4 segments, stamens various, anthers erect, 
 styles spreading, fringed, capsule various. 
 
 14. ACALYPHA. Flowers generally dioecious, male flowers 
 very minute without bracts, females often at the base of large 
 increasing bracts, stamens many or 8, styles long, fringed. 
 
 15. MALLOTUS. Trees or shrubs, leaves sometimes opposite, 
 often with glands at the base, flowers racemed, males clustered, 
 females solitary in the bracts, stamens 20 or more, capsule of 2 
 or 3 cocci. 
 
 16. MACARANGA. Trees or shrubs, flowers racemed, generally 
 dioecious, males many clustered, females solitary or few under 
 each bract, stamens 1 or more, styles entire. 
 
 17. HOMONOIA. Kigid shrubs, flowers usually dioecious, 
 stamens numerous in a dense round head of branched filaments 
 and anthers, styles spreading, capsule of 3 cocci. 
 
 18. BALIOSPERMUM. Erect shrubs, male flowers round, 
 with 4 to 6 membranous sepals, females of 5 or 6 lanceolate 
 sepals, stamens 10 to 30, anthers with a broad connective, styles 
 stout bifid, capsules of 3 cocci. 
 
 19. TRAGIA. Twining herbs, flowers monoecious in racemes, 
 male above, female few below ; calyx of male flowers round or 
 obovoid, 3 to 5 partite, sepals of female flowers 6 ; stamens 1 to 
 3, styles spreading above, capsule of 3 cocci. 
 
 ' 20. SEBASTIANIA. Flowers monoecious, males minute, 1 to 3 
 in each bract, females solitary or at the base of the raceme, 
 male calyx unequally 5-lobed, female 3-lobed ; stamens 2 to 4, 
 capsule round of 3 cocci separating from a central column. 
 
 1. EUPHORBIA. 
 
 Note. I believe that the name dudhi is commonly applied to all 
 small species of this genus. H. has 52 species, of which 15 are found 
 in W. India. 
 
 I. Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. E. elegans (E. strobilifera, D.) Two or three feet high, 
 
Order 106. Euphorbiacece. 289 
 
 branched with smooth red stem ; leaves none ; bracts imbri- 
 cated^ leafy cordate, obliquely ovate, blunt, glands white, long- 
 tubed, with 4 segments, 2 larger, capsule smooth or nearly so. 
 
 Hills above Lanoli. Kocks in Wari country (D.). The Konkan 
 and Deccan peninsula (H".). 
 
 The above description is of my plant, which agrees with D.'s. H.'s 
 description does not agree at all, the greatest, but not the only dif- 
 ference being that he describes both leaves and floral leaves; but as 
 he makes the identification with D.'s plant without any mark of doubt, 
 I have left it so. 
 
 To this section, in which the flowers are rather conspicuous, belong 
 also * -E". pycnostegia, a slender branched herb, smooth, leaves oblong, 
 floral leaves ovate cordate or roundish, collected in an oblong head, 
 limb of glands large obliquely obovate, cocci obtusely furrowed. W. 
 Ghauts (H.). * E. zornoides H. calls probably a variety of this, with 
 narrower cauline and smaller floral leaves. * E. notoptera, a foot high, 
 smooth, leaves narrow linear oblong, distant, bracts with fringed 
 lobes, cocci 2-winged. Konkan and Canara (.#.). * E. coccinea, small, 
 rigid, slender, with white hairs and purple stem, leaves obliquely 
 elliptic or obovate, involucres in leafy roundish heads, two of the 
 glands with conspicuous rosy or purple limbs, capsules woolly. 
 Konkan (H.). None of these are in D. or 6?. 
 
 The next 3 species are small weeds, which may be found all together 
 about Poona in the rains, and in other localities. 
 
 2. E. hypericifolia (E. parviflora, D.). Smooth, light 
 green, leaves oval oblique blunt serrulate, involucres small in 
 cymes, limb of the glands white tinged with pink. Dudh 
 mogra. 
 
 Poona, Tanna, &c. Common throughout the hotter parts of India 
 and the tropics of both hemispheres (H.). 
 
 3. E. pilulifera (E. hirta, D.). A coarse weed, hairy and of 
 a dark hue, leaves oblong, very oblique acute serrulate, in- 
 volucres in round sessile heads, limbs of glands not noticeable. 
 Ndyati. 
 
 Commonly distributed like the last. 
 
 4. E. thymifolia. A very small weed, all red and hairy, 
 stems prostrate, leaves ovate oblique serrate, dark, involucres 
 very small in close terminal cymes, white tinged with red. 
 Dhdkti dudhi, hazdrddnd. 
 
 Throughout India and Ceylon and all hot countries (H.). To this 
 section belongs * E. microphylla (E. uniflora, D.), slender, much- 
 branched, smooth, leaves very short, obliquely oblong, involucres 
 solitary all up the stem and branches. Konkan (D.). Rather rare. 
 
 U 
 
2 go The Flowering Plants of Western Inaia. 
 
 II. Leaves alternate. 
 
 5. E. Tirucalli. Milk bush. An erect smooth shrub, con- 
 sisting of much-branched smooth round stems without leaves, 
 involucres clustered in the forks of the branches, inconspicuous, 
 capsule velvety. Nival, Sher, Kara. 
 
 A native of Africa, but qnite naturalized. 
 
 A few small leaves may be found by close examination, but it is 
 practically leafless. The milky juice is extraordinarily abundant and 
 sticky, so that it can be used as gum when its great acridity is not 
 an objection. 
 
 6. E. neriifolia. The common prickly pear (but see Opuntia). 
 An erect fleshy shrub or small tree, branches jointed, cylindric 
 or obscurely 5-angled, with short sharp thorns as stipules 
 arising from thick tubercles, leaves obovate oblong, fleshy, 
 involucres yellowish in short-stalked clusters, capsule smooth. 
 
 nival kcinta, mingut. 
 
 This is one of those shrubs which is too well known. A perfectly 
 bare Deocan hill in the hot weather is scarcely less beautiful than 
 one covered with this painfully hardy shrub. If. makes both this and 
 the next natives of India. E. canariensis, described in Cook's voyages, 
 seems to be very similar. 
 
 7. E. nivulia. Larger than the last, the leaves more fleshy, 
 and the tubercles which bear the thorns set in spiral rows all 
 up the stem. 
 
 This might easily be mistaken for the last, but neither could be 
 mistaken for anything else. It is said to be more common than the 
 other in Guzerat and Sind. 
 
 * E. antiquorum, of the same habit as the two last, but the branches 
 3 to 6-angled, with double rows of thorns along the angles ; leaves 
 none, or few and small, involucres about 3 to a peduncle. In the S. 
 of the Presidency, rare. Through the hotter parts of India and 
 Ceylon 
 
 8. E. Rothiana. A smooth glaucous, erect, slender plant, 
 leaves oblong, lanceolate, involucres in terminal umbels with 
 broad, cordate bracts at the forks, glands 2-horned, viscid. 
 
 Mahableshwar, Konkan, and Guzerat. 
 
 This, and also species Nos. 1 to 4, are quite of the character of the 
 English spurges, the remarkable ovary (or capsule), often stalked, in 
 the middle of the involucre, catching the eye at once. 
 
 * E.fusiformis (E.acaulis, D.). Stemless, leaves radical cuneiform 
 with curled margins, often spotted with red, peduncles from the 
 crown of the large spindle-shaped root, 5 to 7-flowered. Maha- 
 bleshwar, Sawant Wari, &c. (!>.). E. splendens, a small shrub, ex- 
 
Order 106. Euphorbiacea. 291 
 
 ceedingly thorny, with obovate leaves in whorls, and very pretty 
 scarlet involucres in clusters, is very common in Indian gardens 
 and English conservatories; a native of S. America. 
 
 2. BRIEDELIA. 
 
 1. B. retusa (IB. montan'a, D.). A handsome tree with 
 spreading branches, leaves lanceolate ovate or obovate, pale 
 beneath, flowers sessile axillary, fruit like a currant or larger, 
 purple-black with persistent calyx. Asanna, phatarphod, pale 
 hasan. 
 
 Common on the Ghauts : also in hilly parts of the Konkan. It is 
 found with or without thorns, and H. has 4 varieties, in one of which 
 the flowers are in spikes sometimes a foot long. 
 
 2. B. stipularis (B. scandens, D.). A scraggy diffuse shrub, 
 leaves oblong or obovate, blunt, hard, downy with prominent 
 nerves below, flowers greenish, axillary crowded, fruit oval 
 seated in the calyx, turning from red to black. Chikan. 
 
 Konkan : common about Rajapore. Hotter parts of India (H.). 
 If. has alternatively " flowers in long spikes often subtended by long 
 stipular bracts." 
 
 * B. Hamiltoniana, straggling, nearly smooth, leaves small, oblong 
 or obovate, flowers in minute axillary or spicate clusters, fruit 
 roundish, seated on the calyx. Not in D. or G. Konkan and Ghauts, 
 Law, Stock, &c. (fl.). 
 
 3. PHYLLANTHUS. 
 
 H. has 56 species, but only about 8 in W. India. All here given, 
 except the first, have stamens 3, more or less columnar. 
 
 1. P. reticulatus (Anisonema multiflora^ P.). A climbing 
 shrub, with very small oval obtuse leaves, quite smooth, petioles 
 red, flowers very small axillary reddish aggregated, stamens 5, 
 berry when ripe like a small black currant. Pdivan. 
 
 Sattara. Of great size in Sind, climbing to the tops of the highest 
 trees (D.). Watercourses and other moist places in the Konkan ((?.). 
 Throughout tropical India (JZ.). He mentions a pubescent state of 
 the plant. 
 
 2. P. emllica (EmUica officinalis, D.). A tree, leaves linear 
 oblong obtuse, flowers small, yellowish, tinged with red in 
 dense clusters on the branchlets, which look like spikes of 
 flowers with leaves among them ; perianth 6 or 7 divided, fruit 
 waxy, roundish, only slightly lobed, size of a large gooseberry. 
 Awl a, dmalak. 
 
 u 2 
 
292 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Konkan and Deccan, often planted. Throughout tropical India (If.). 
 The fruit is eatable, and is the Emblic Myrobolan of commerce. 
 
 3. P. Lawii (P. polyphyllus, D.). A rigid twiggy shrub, 
 stems red, leaves oblong, very small, flowers subsessile, females 
 above, fruit 3-lobed. 
 
 Banks of the Bhima, Gutpurba and Krishna (6r.) ; and generally 
 of rivers towards the Ghauts (!>.). 
 I noted it as thorny, for which I find no confirmation. 
 
 * 4. P. madraspatensls. A herb or shrubby, leaves cuneate 
 lanceolate or obovate, nearly sessile, flowers axillary, very 
 small, females largest, sepals green with white margins, capsule 
 dry, round. Kdnocha. 
 
 Common in gardens and cultivated ground (D.). Drier parts of 
 India, very variable in habit (if.)- 
 
 5. P. simplex. Diffuse, smooth with red stems and flattened 
 branches, leaves sessile lanceolate or oblong entire, flowers 
 axillary sessile, capsule rough, seeds black muricated. 
 
 I had this as a small weed, and with branches rising from near the 
 top of the short stem, which agrees with one of H.'s varieties, but he 
 calls it a most variable plant, often shrubby, sometimes 3 feet high. 
 
 6. P. niruri. A much-branched smooth herb, leaves small, 
 elliptic, narrow at the base, stipules 2, narrow, flowers very 
 small, solitary in the axils, perianth persistent of 6 broad and 
 blunt lobes, capsule nearly round of several shallow lobes. 
 Bhui dwali. 
 
 A common weed. Throughout the hotter parts of India (H.). 
 The capsule is like a miniature edition of the fruit of Malva ro- 
 tundifolia, and other mallows. 
 
 H. has another species, P. scabrifolius, known only in the Konkan 
 on the authority of Stocks, which is near the last, but a leafy herb, 
 roughish, with much larger flower and fruit. &. has also *P. urinaria, 
 which he calls much like P. niruri, but distinguishable by sessile 
 flowers and rough capsules. Ldl bhui dwali. H. calls it a low or tall 
 diffusely branched erect or decumbent herb; throughout India. 
 Common in Bombay (#) * P. Indicus (Prosorus 7. D.), a tree with 
 oval or oblong leaves, male flowers very numerous, clustered, sepals 
 generally 4, female flowers larger, capsules in 3's, bluish, roundish. 
 S. Ghauts (D.). 
 
 P.disticlius (Cicca d. D.), a tree, harpharori, raydwdla, is cultivated 
 in gardens for the fruit, which is generally called " country goose- 
 berry ;" tho flowers are minute red. It is a native of the Malay 
 islands. 
 
Order 1 06. Euphorbiacece. 293 
 
 4. G-LOCHIDION. 
 
 1. 6r. lanceolarium. A small tree, leaves lanceolate acumi- 
 nate, shining, flowers clustered, white, males on longish slender 
 stalks with.4 to 6 anthers, females few and sessile, capsule small, 
 6-lobed, brown, splitting up like the capsule of a mallow. 
 BJiomd. 
 
 Matheran, very abundant. Mahableshwar and the Ghauts gene- 
 rally. 
 
 2. G. zeylanicum (G. nitidum, D.). A small tree, leaves 
 large sessile ovate oblong acute, shining, male and female 
 mixed in short-stalked clusters, anthers 5 or 6, capsule nearly 
 round, 6-lobed, larger than that of ISTo. 1. 
 
 S. Konkan, near water. Very variable, there being a smooth and a 
 hairy variety, pretty widely spread (H.). 
 
 The four following are small trees or shrubs, attributed to the 
 Konkan or Canara by H., but not in D. or G. * G. tomentosum, 
 white with hairs, leaves ovate or oblong, flowers on short stout 
 bent pedicels, anthers 5 to 7, capsule slightly 10 to 12-lobed. * G. 
 Hohlnackeri, smooth, leaves ovate lanceolate, male flowers long- 
 stalked, females sessile in clusters, capsule 6 to 8-lobed, the large 
 round style in the sunk top. This and the next two have 3 an- 
 thers. * G. Ralphii, smooth, leaves lanceolate, male flowers on 
 slender stalks, capsule 3 to 6-lobed with style as in the last. * G. 
 ellipticum, smooth, branchlets angled, leaves elliptic, often unequal- 
 sided, male flowers minute, short-stalked, females clustered, capsule 
 obscurely 4 to 6-lobed. 
 
 5. FLUEGGIA. 
 
 F. microcarpa (F. leucopyrus, D.). A pretty shrub, leaves 
 small smooth obovate cuneate, stipules small pointed, flowers 
 very small, crowded in the axils, berry pure white, round, size 
 of a pea with calyx attached. Pdndharphali, Kdnte puwan. 
 
 Sattara. Konkan, common (D.). Matheran (Birdwood), Through- 
 out India (H.). 
 
 H. has as another species, * F. leucopyrus (F. virosa, D.), a thorny 
 shrub, differing more from the last in habit and foliage than in flowers 
 and fruit, the leaves being smaller. But D., who attributes the shrub 
 to Malabar and Worlee hills only, says they are larger ! Possibly 
 the two plants are one, with trifling and casual differences. 
 
 6. BRETNIA. 
 
 B. patens (Melanthesa turbinata, D.). A smooth shrub with 
 red stem and branches, leaves oval obtuse or oblong, sometimes 
 unequal-sided, bifarious, female flowers greenish, calyx open 
 
294 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 flat, enlarging and growing red with the small melon-shaped 
 fruit. 
 
 Bombay and the Konkan. The enlarged calyx looks like a minia- 
 ture dish with the fruit in the middle. 
 
 7. PUTEANJIVA. 
 
 P. Roxburgliii. A very pretty tree, with drooping branches 
 and bifarious leaves, lanceolate or ovate, rather blunt, smooth, 
 sometimes unequal at the base ; flowers in dense clusters, very 
 small, stigmas 3, crescent-shaped, drupe from round to ovate, 
 stalked, white, with persistent calyx. Putrdvanti, jivputrak. 
 
 Nasik. Konkan, Khandalla, Belgaum (D.}. Throughout tropical 
 India (H.). 
 
 The generic name is from the Sanscrit, the drupes being used as 
 charms to keep children in health, 
 
 8. APOROSA. 
 
 * A. Lindleyana (Scepa L., D.). A much-branched tree, 
 leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, with large hairy stipules ; 
 flowers yellowish, anthers 2, bracts broad ciliated, fruit round, 
 smooth, tipped with the style, size of a pea. Said. 
 
 Very common in S. Konkan (D.), Deccan peninsula (H.). 
 
 9. ANTIDESMA. 
 
 1. A. Gliaesembilla {A. paniculatum and A. pubescem, D.). 
 A shrub or small tree, leaves oblong, broad, rounded at both 
 ends, downy beneath, stipules small subulate ; flowers sessile, 
 greenish yellow in simple or compound spikes, the stamens 
 (about 5) the most conspicuous part, berry small roundish, dark 
 purple. Jondri. 
 
 Konkan, not common apparently, but widely spread through India 
 (I/.). The leaves in the specimens I had were of an uncommon 
 shape, broad in comparison with the length, and equally broad 
 throughout, but H. makes them vary from roundish to oblong. 
 
 2. A. diandrum. A laurel-like shrub or small tree, leaves 
 oval entire smooth, stipules lanceolate, flowers greenish, very 
 small, fruit minute succulent. Amihi. 
 
 Dapoli. Vingorla (D.). Khandalla (#.). Leafless in the hot weather 
 (Lisboa). Leaves very variable 
 
 * A. menasu (A. lanceolatum,^ D.). Shrub or tree, leaves long 
 lanceolate, smooth, flowers in spikes or racemes, stamens 3 or 4, fruit 
 very small, ovoid. Tulkat Ghaut and Virdi (D.). 
 
Order 106. Euphorbiacece. 295 
 
 10. JATROPHA. Physic Nut. 
 
 * /. glandulifera. A stout shrub or small tree, leaves 
 simple ovate, or palmate, with 3 to 5 lanceolate lobes, the 
 serratures bristle-tipped ; flowers greenish yellow in glandu- 
 lar cymes, bracts bristly, stamens 8, capsule size of a cherry, 
 slightly 6-lobed. Tarkiyerand, andarUU. 
 
 Pun dher pore, plentiful (D.). Deccan peninsula (H.). D. calls the 
 capsule 3-lobed, and G. (if this is his No. 1325) calls it a strange- 
 looking plant. " The flowers are not pale greenish yellow, as D. 
 has it, but dull red, and the plant now grows everywhere on waste 
 ground in Bombay island." Dr. Dymock. 
 
 * J. nana. A small smooth shrub, leaves broad ovate, entire or 
 3-lobed, flowers with a subulate bract half-way up the pedicel, fruit 
 obovate, slightly 6-furrowed. Karkandi. Stony places near Poona. 
 Woodrow. J. Curcas, yerand, jepdl, is a large unbeautiful shrub, 
 much used for hedges (but it makes very bad ones), in the Konkan. 
 Throughout India and Ceylon, cultivated and naturalized, and 
 throughout the tropics (#.) "The seeds taken inwardly act with 
 great violence both upwards and downwards " (-R.). 
 
 J. multifida is the coral plant of gardens, with much- divided leaves 
 and red and yellow flowers, cultivated and naturalized in various 
 parts of India. Chini yerand. 
 
 11. CROTON. 
 
 * 1. C. Gibsonianus. A tree with smooth whitish bark, 
 leaves oval pointed, often yellowish or reddish ; flowers in 
 long and slender racemes, distant, disk glands large, stamens 
 10, capsule greenish yellow, size of a cherry. 
 
 Canara and the Ghauts ; common in moist forests of the S. 
 Ghauts 
 
 * 2. C. reticulatus (C. hypoleucos, D.). A small tree, with 
 much reddish down, leaves sometimes opposite, elliptic long- 
 stalked, much covered with silvery scales, and with 2 or 3 
 stalked glands at the base ; flowers . in racemes, males above, 
 females few below, stamens 15 to 18. Pdndhare. 
 
 Shady jungles on the Konkan hills (D.). Matheran (Birdwood), 
 Deccan peninsula (//.). 
 
 * C. ollongifolius, young parts scaly, leaves large oblong, serrate, 
 flowers pale green in erect racemes, petals woolly, stamens 10 or 12, 
 capsule round, fleshy, 6-furrowed. Gansur. * C. Lawianus, leaves 
 oblong lanceolate or broad ovate, racemes short, few flowered, male 
 flowers large, membranous, stamens about 20, capsule 3-lobed, sur- 
 
296 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 rounded by the enlarged leafy sepals. Beemashankar, Mira hills 
 and Canara (D.). * C. tiglium, leaves ovate serrate, flowers greenish- 
 yellow in racemes, stamens 15 to 20, capsule large oblong or obovoid, 
 S-cornered, jepdlyjamalgota, is the tree from which croton oil is pro- 
 duced ; it is attributed by G. to the S. Konkan, but by H. only to the 
 E. of India. 
 
 " The familiar ' laurel ' of Bombay gardens, a shrub with green and 
 yellow leaves, is C. variegatum, a native of the Indian archipelago " 
 (Dr. G-ray). Many species and varieties of croton are now culti- 
 vated both in India and England as foliage plants. 
 
 12. CHROZOPHORA. 
 
 1. C. plicata. A tall handsome plant, all more or less rough 
 and mealy, leaves long-petioled, broad cordate, waved ; flowers 
 in racemes, very small red, petals elliptic, scaly on the outside, 
 hairy inside, ovary very large, capsule 3-sided. Suryavarta. 
 
 Konkan, Deccan, and Guzerat. Throughout India (H.). The 
 leaves in shape and petiole are like those of scarlet geranium. 
 
 2. C. prostrata. Prostrate, rough and hairy all over, some- 
 times woolly,' dark-coloured, with roundish leaves, much 
 wrinkled and blistered; flowers as 'in the last, with bright 
 yellow exserted stamens, capsule with styles and calyx per- 
 sistent. 
 
 Poona, Found commonly in dried up water holes (D.). It is often 
 pressed close to the ground, and is thus in habit, as well as in some 
 details, as different as possible from the last, of which. H. has put it 
 us a variety. On sending a specimen to Kew the authority declared 
 it to be C. tinctoria, though he confessed to not seeing how it differed 
 from some large forms left by H. in C. plicata. C. tinctoria, which is 
 attributed by H. to Sind and the Deccan as well as the Punjaub, 
 he makes exceedingly like the larger states of C. plicata. The solu- 
 tion of the difficulty seems to be that they all three run into one 
 another. 
 
 13. CLAOXYLON. 
 
 * C. Mercurialis (Mictostachys m., D.). Annual, nearly 
 smooth, leaves ovate, sometimes cordat e serrate or crenate ; 
 racemes axillary solitary, few-flowered, stamens 3 to 10, or 
 very numerous in a round mass, capsule depressed, cocci 
 round. 
 
 I do not know this, and D. gives no habitat. " Common in the 
 rains, much like Acalypha Indica, and both of them bearing a strong 
 resemblance to Mercurialis perennis, the English dog's mercury " (a 
 very common and unattractive plant of the early spring) (G.). 
 
Order 106. Euphorbiacece. 297 
 
 14. ACALTPHA. 
 
 1. A. Indica. Erect, smooth, leaves round ovate serrate, 
 long petioled, flowers very small, whitish, in axillary spikes ; 
 involucre cup-shaped, toothed, concealing the capsule. Kokati, 
 Kupi. 
 
 Poona. An annual common weed (#.). Hotter parts of India (H.). 
 
 2. A. ciliata. Differs from the last in being smaller, the 
 ovate serrate leaves acuminate, the spikes more crowded, the 
 involucre with narrow teeth ; stem, petioles and invol ucre softly 
 hairy. 
 
 Poona. Deccan peninsula (H.). 
 
 H. has named after Dalzell "a very remarkable shrubby species," 
 smooth with 2 flowers in a very large round-reniform bract, but it is 
 only known from female specimens and a drawing, and the locality 
 is not given. 
 
 15. MALLOTUS. 
 
 1. M. repandus (Rottlera dicocca, D.). A large woody 
 shrub, leaves large, round cordate pointed, waved or slightly- 
 toothed, softly downy, racemes terminal and axillary ; fruit 
 almond-shaped, 2-lobed, about an inch long. Petdri. 
 
 Konkan. Throughout India (H.). If this is G.'s No. 1333 the 
 leaves fall in the cold weather. H. has it as sometimes a tree with 
 trunk 60 to 80 feet. I noted the leaves as opposite, which 0. has, but 
 not D. or H. 
 
 2. M. Philippensis (Rottlera tinctoria, D.). Tree with oval 
 oblong leaves, shining above, pale and covered with red glands 
 below ; flowers very inconspicuous in panicles, capsule 3-lobed, 
 3-seeded, covered with red meal, size of a pea. Shendri, kamela, 
 rohin, asli. 
 
 Konkan, Ghauts and S. M. country (D.). Throughout tropical India 
 (#.). I had what I thought to be this, a tree with smooth white bark, 
 in the Panch Mahals. " Monkey -face tree, in allusion to their paint- 
 ing their faces red by rubbing them with the fruit." G-., from 
 Buchanan's " Mysore." 
 
 * M. albus (Rottlera mnppoides, D.). Arboreous, leaves cordate pel- 
 tate, long-petioled, white or reddish, hairy beneath, flowers clustered 
 in panicles, capsule round, white, of 3 or 4 cocci, tubercled. Konkan, 
 Canara and Ghauts. * M. Lawii {Rottlera aureopunctata, D.). A 
 dioecious shrub, leaves opposite, oblong, with minute glands below, 
 flowers in racemes, female calyx spathaceous, split on one side, cap- 
 sule small, glandular. Konkan and Canara. * M. stenanthus, a small 
 tree, leaves opposite, ovate lanceolate, racemes short and slender ; 
 anther tips with a broad connective, capsule 3-lobed, with yellow 
 glands and tubercles. 
 
298 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 16. MACARANGA. 
 
 M. RoxburgTiii. A tree, leaves large peltate, round, pointed, 
 long-petioled ; flowers minute in panicles, stamens 2 to 5, cap- 
 sules pea-like, sticky, in masses close to the trunk, seeds black. 
 Chdnda, chanddra. 
 
 Matheran, Konkan, and the Ghauts. Deccan poninsula (H.). This 
 is G.'s No. 1284. 
 
 17. HOMONOIA. 
 
 1. H. riparia (Adelia neriifolia, D.). A shrub, with linear 
 lanceolate willow-like leaves ; flowers red in slender axillary 
 spikes, female flowers much smaller, with red 3-lobed stigma, 
 capsule very small round, 3-lobed. Sherni. 
 
 In river beds, Deccan, Konkan and Mahableshwar, growing with 
 tamarisk and Polygonum glabrum, and much resembling the latter. 
 
 * 2. H. retusa (Adelia r., D.). A low shrub, leaves sessile 
 obovate cuneate retuse, slightly crenate, spikes short and stout, 
 flowers minute, capsules very small. 
 
 In river beds, Deccan (D., G. and H.). Bears some resemblance 
 to the sloe bush, and in foliage to Sida retusa (G.*). 
 
 18. BALIOSPEEMUM. 
 
 B. axillare (B. polyandrum, D.). A shrub, lower leaves 
 ovate, sometimes lobed, upper oblong, small, all hairy and 
 coarsely serrated ; flowers in spikes yellowish, anthers broad, 
 fruit green striped with white, 3-lobed, broader above, crowned 
 with the 3- cleft style ; seeds dark mottled and shining. 
 Jamdlgota, ddtarda, jdphalgota. 
 
 S. Konkan. Ghauts. 
 
 The seeds are used in the same way as those of Croton tiglium : 
 the root called d&ntimul. Dr. Dymock. 
 
 19. TBAGIA. 
 
 T. involucrata. Leaves oblong cordate pointed, serrated, 
 covered with stinging hairs, raceme long ; male flowers each 
 with a bract, white and green, female sepals pinnatifid, lobes 
 of capsule round. Kulti, thora dgiya, Kaldvi. 
 
 S. Konkan. Common on the Ghauts (D.). Throughout India, most 
 variable (H.). The hairy 6-lobed calyx of the female flowers is the 
 most prominent feature of the plant. It might easily be taken for 
 one of the Menispermaceae. 
 
Order 106. Euphorbiaceoc* 299 
 
 20. SEBASTIANIA. 
 
 S. chamcelea (Microstachys c., !).) A small erect smooth 
 plant, branched or with many stems from the root, leaves oppo- 
 site linear sessile, capsule stalked. 
 
 Rutnagherry. Common about Vingorla (D.). Decoan peninsula 
 
 (a). 
 
 I noted this as very like a Euphorbia. Some specimens have 
 grooved and ribbed stems (H.}. 
 
 Actephila, like Briedelia, but flowers larger, petals sometimes want- 
 ing, filaments free, the male disks 5-lobed, the fruit or capsule of 3 
 cocci. * A. excelsa (Anomospermum excelsum, D.). An evergreen 
 shrub or tree, leaves smooth and shining, elliptic, flowers axillary, 
 long-pedicelled, sepals oblong, capsule smooth, broader than long. 
 Fonda Ghaut (D.). 
 
 Sauropus, male calyx disciform, 6-lobed, female 6-cleft, persistent, 
 increasing, stamens and styles 3, fruit with 6 indehiscent cocci. *S. 
 quadrangularis (Ceratogynum rhamnoides, D.), a dwarf smooth shrub, 
 leaves elliptic or broad ovate, male flowers very minute, racemed 
 below, female solitary above, capsule size of a pea. Chikli. Vingorla, 
 rare (D.) : Matheran (Hirdwood). 
 
 Hemicyclia, stamens eight or more inserted round a disk, sepals 4 
 or 5, the inner usually larger, stigma large, otherwise as Putranjiva. 
 
 * H. sepiaria, shrub or tree, leaves smooth, oblong, obovate, flowers 
 minute, whitish, stigma concave, crenated, drupe nearly round, red. 
 Konkan and Ghauts (D.). * H. venusta, tree with drooping branches, 
 leaves oblong, smooth, male flowers clustered, females in pairs, stigma 
 large disciform, fruit obovoid. Dharwar, Canara, &c. (D.). 
 
 Bischofia, a tree, leaves trifoliate, flowers dioecious, without 
 petals, sepals and stamens 5, anthers large, fruit round, fleshy. 
 
 * B. Jatanica (Stylodiscus trifoliatus, D.), a large tree, leaflets ob- 
 long ovate, flowers in slender panicles, green, fruit size of a small 
 cherry, blue-black, on long thickened stalk. Boke. Konkan and 
 Ghauts. 
 
 Givotia, sepals 5, unequal, corolla 5-lobed, stamens 13 to 25 on a 
 woolly receptacle. * G. rottleriformis, a small tree, leaves very large 
 rounded and cordate, sometimes lobed, white and hairy beneath, very 
 long-petioled, flowers in panicles, stamens about 15, fruit oblong 
 hoary, size of a pigeon's egg. N. Deccan and S. M. Country (D.). 
 
 Elachia, smooth shrubs, sepals 4 or 5 enlarged and leafy in fruit, 
 petals small in the male, absent in female, capsule of 3 cocci. 
 
 * B. denudata, leaves ovate, oblong entire, flowers small, white, um- 
 belled. Chorla Ghaut (D.). Konkan and Canara (H.). Dimorphocalyx, 
 smooth trees, male calyx cup-shaped or 5-toothed, female of 5 dis- 
 tinct sepals enlarging greatly in fruit, petals 5, stamens 10 to 20; 
 capsule of 3 cocci. * D. Lawianus, leaves ovate oblong, male flowers 
 in cymes, female long pedicelled, stamens about 15, sepals in fruit 
 very unequal. Not in D. or G. Konkan (H.). 
 
3OO The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Agrostistacliys, smooth shrubs, male flowers several within each 
 bract, -female solitary, male calyx round, splitting into lobes, female 
 5 or 6 parted, petals 5 to 8, stamens 8 to 13. * A. Indica, leaves 
 oblong, sharply serrated, very long, male flowers in grass-like spike - 
 lets, petals white, disk glands very large, capsule 3-celled. S. Ghauts 
 (P.). 
 
 Trewia, trees, leaves opposite, flowers rather large, develop- 
 ing before the leaves, dioecious, males each with a bract, stamens 
 numerous, styles very long. * T. nudiflora, more or less hairy 
 or woolly, leaves heart-shaped, male flowers in drooping racemes, 
 females generally solitary, long-stalked, fruit a berry, round, 3 or 4- 
 celled. Konkan (H.). Pet&ri. * T. polycarpa, female flowers in 
 short racemes, the fruit smaller and ovoid. Konkan (H.). 
 
 Cleidion, male flowers in long racemes, females one or two on a 
 long peduncle, stamens over 20, styles very long, bifid. *C.javani- 
 cum (Rottlera uranda, D.). Shrub or tree, leaves narrow, oblong, 
 narrowed into the petiole, capsule of 3 round cocci. S. Ghauts 
 
 Sapium, flowers monoecious, males several in each bract, females 
 solitary in the bracts, stamens 2 or 3. * S. Indicum, a small smooth 
 tree, sometimes thorny, leaves elliptic, serrate, bract broad, obtuse, 
 ciliated, female flowers larger, with long style and stigma, fruit 
 round, hard, size of a nutmeg, 3-celled. S. Konkan, Nimmo (If.). 
 * S. sepiferum, vilayati pipal, in Bombay gardens, &c., the China 
 tallow tree ; the fatty substance surrounding the seeds is used to 
 make candles, but in India is produced in quantities too small to be 
 of any practical use. 
 
 Exceecaria, smooth trees or shrubs, flowers dioecious or monoecious, 
 males 1 to 3 in each bract, sepals 3, females at the base of the ra- 
 cemes, or in separate racemes, rachis with large glands near the 
 bracts, stamens 3, capsule of 3 cocci. * E. agallocha, leaves about the 
 end of the branchlets ovate or roundish, long-petioled, flowers fra- 
 grant, filaments lengthened after flowering. In salt marshes, 
 with the mangroves, but not common apparently. The milky juice is 
 said to be very dangerous. *E. robusta, leaves opposite, linear, 
 oblong, spikes stout, sepals of the male flowers round, irregularly 
 toothed, bracts broad, fleshy, bracteoles large. Konkan (H.), on Stock 's 
 authority, but apparently very imperfectly known. 
 
 The following are cultivated : 
 
 Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant, formerly called Palma 
 Christi, rand, erandi, probably indigenous! in Africa (H.). Fie Ids of 
 it are very striking from the large, handsome leaves, and their pecu- 
 liar bluish tint. The scarlet flowered species is a very orname ntal 
 shrub. 
 
 Pedilanthus tithymaloides, the slipper plant, with scarlet flowers 
 (involucres) slipper-shaped, is commonly used as an edging in gardens. 
 Thor, vilayati thor, sliend. 
 
 Povnsettia pulcherrima, with scarlet or crimson bracts and yellow 
 
Order 106. Euphorbiaccce. 301 
 
 flowers, is known in every garden. It is a native of Mexico, and of 
 comparatively recent introduction into India. 
 
 Aleurites molluccana, Belgaum walnut, Jdphal dlchrot : in the S. Sea 
 Islands it is called the candlenut tree, the kernels themselves burn- 
 ing brilliantly, and lampblack being also obtained from the shell of 
 the nut. In gardens, Bombay and Belgaum, and said, but apparently 
 without reason, to grow wild in the latter neighbourhood (D.)- 
 
 Manihot utilissima, a South American plant, produces (from the 
 root) tapioca, and is grown in various places (e.g. Dapoli) with that 
 object. From the same root, by another mode of preparation, is made 
 the Cassava bread of Africa, and from another species Manioc. 
 
 * Hura crepitans is given both by D. and 6?. (though probably not 
 common) as a garden tree. It is called the sand box tree ; the 
 capsules round, and consisting of many cocci, are in America boiled 
 in oil to prevent dehiscence, and then being emptied used as sand 
 b oxes. The milky juice is said to be very dangerous, and to produce 
 erysipelas (Le Maout). " The fruit is difficult to obtain even where 
 the tree is plentiful, because, hanging at the end of long branches, 
 it bursts when ripe with a crack like a pistol, scattering its seed 
 far and wide." Kingsley. 
 
 ORDER 107. URTICACEJE. 
 
 Leaves generally alternate and stipulate, often oblique, 
 generally rough with hairs, as the whole plant often is ; flowers 
 usually monoecious or direcious, minute, often crowded on a 
 fleshy involucre, perianth lobed ; stamens generally as many 
 as the perianth lobes, opposite to them, and inserted into the 
 base, anthers 2-celled, ovary superior. 
 
 This, though not one of the largest, is a very important tropical 
 order, and the number of species found in India is very large. 
 Many of them are large and well-known trees, which makes the 
 common English name of the order, "the nettle family," not appro- 
 priate here. The flowers in this order are absolutely and perhaps 
 invariably without beauty. Its properties are very various, as will 
 be seen from the names of trees and plants given below. 
 
 H. has the following tribes (here represented), all of which 
 have by different botanists been considered as separate orders, 
 but with distinctions so slight that except that tribes Nos. 4 
 and 5 have usually milky, and the others watery sap, I think 
 it better not to attempt to describe them. Tribe 6 alone is 
 obviously distinct from the rest. 
 
 Tribe 1. Ulmea? Elms gen. Holoptelea. 
 
 Tribe 2. Celtidese gen. Celtis and Trema. 
 
3O2 TJie Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Tribe 3. Cannabinese gen. Cannabis, hemp. 
 
 Tribe 4. Morese Mulberries gen. Streblus. 
 
 Tribe 5. Artocarpeae gen. Ficus, Antiaris, Artocarpus. 
 
 All the above, except Cannabis and some species of Ficus, are 
 trees. 
 
 Tribe 6. Urticeae contains all the other genera here given, 
 the species being mostly herbs and no trees. They have long 
 coiled and elastic filaments, and round anthers, and leaves very 
 frequently with stinging hairs. 
 
 1. HOLOPTELEA. Deciduous trees, leaves entire (except in 
 young plants), with scarious stipules; flowers fascicled, peri- 
 anth cleft to the base, stamens 4 to 8, fruit dry, flat, and 
 winged. 
 
 2. CELTIS. Trees or shrubs, leaves bifarious, flowers poly- 
 gamous, in cymes, females in the upper axils ; sepals 4 or 5 im- 
 bricated, stamens short surrounding a woolly disk, drupe small 
 ovoid or roundish. 
 
 3. TREMA. Trees or shrubs, sepals 4 or 5, drupe ovoid or 
 roundish small, usually crowned with the style. 
 
 4. STREBLUS. Unarmed shrubs or trees, sepals 4, in the 
 female flowers embracing the ovary, female flowers bracteate, 
 fruit membranous roundish. 
 
 5. Ficus. Trees or shrubs, flowers minute, unisexual on the 
 inner walls of a fleshy receptacle, the mouth of which is closed 
 by imbricated bracts ; flowers often mixed with bracteoles, 
 stamens one or two, perianth of female flowers often im- 
 perfect. 
 
 6. ANTIARIS. Trees, leaves bifarious, male flowers crowded 
 on the surface of an axillary fleshy receptacle, surrounded by 
 imbricated bracts, female solitary, without perianth, in a many- 
 leaved involucre ; male sepals 4, stamens 3 to 8, ovary adherent 
 to the involucre, fruit fleshy. 
 
 7. ARTOCAEPUS. Trees, flowers densely crowded on recep- 
 tacles, male perianth 2 to 4-lobed, stamen one erect ; female 
 perianth tubular, fruit large and fleshy, composed of a great 
 number of enlarged perianths and carpels. 
 
 The remainder have sepals and stamens 4 or 5, but in Nos. 10 and 
 12 sometimes only three. 
 
 8. FLEURTA. Annual herbs with stinging hairs, flowers 
 clustered and spiked. 
 
 9. ELATOSTEMMA. Herbs or undershrubs, leaves usually very 
 
Order 107. Urticacew. 303 
 
 oblique, flowers very minute, crowded on fleshy involucrate re- 
 ceptacles, bracteoles densely crowded. 
 
 10. BOEHMERIA. Shrubs or small trees, leaves opposite or 
 alternate, flowers in clusters, spiked racemed or panicled with- 
 out involucres, male perianth 3 to 5-lobed, female tubular 
 toothed. 
 
 11. POUZOLZIA. Like the last, but some are herbs, flowers 
 in axillary clusters, never in naked spikes, the slender styles 
 deciduous. 
 
 12. DEBREGEASIA. Shrubs or trees, flowers in clusters sessile 
 or spiked, female perianth ovoid or obovoid, succulent in 
 fruit. 
 
 1. HOLOPTELEA. 
 
 H. integrifolia. A large tree with ovate subcordate leaves, 
 smooth and hard, bifarious, flowers very small, dark purple, in 
 dense sessile clusters on the branches ; sepals minute, ovary 
 large and flat with two white stigmas, capsule nearly round, 
 very thin, notched at the top, with one seed in the centre. 
 Waola, Jcewal, ainsddera. 
 
 Konkan and Ghauts. Abundant at Ghorabunder. 
 
 &. calls it the Indian elm, and gives the stamens as 5 ; I noted 10, 
 but they probably vary a good deal. if. has 3 varieties, in one of 
 which the fruit is not notched. It is eatable and called pdpari. 
 
 2. CELTIS. 
 
 * C. tetrandra (O. Roxburgliii, D.). A small tree, leaves 
 ovate oblique cordate, flowers in slender axillary softly hairy 
 racemes, drupes solitary or twin. 
 
 On and below the Ghauts, common (D. and 6?.). The value of the 
 specific name is reduced by H. saying flowers usually tetrandrous, 
 and by his including in it a species which E. describes as pentan- 
 drous, as D. and G. call this. 
 
 H. has 4 species, one or other of which seems to be found in most 
 parts of India, and he says " the species appear to me inextricable." 
 
 3. TREMA. 
 
 T. orientalis (Sponia Wiglitii, D.). A small twiggy tree 
 with pretty, lanceolate leaves, heart-shaped and oblique at the 
 base, finely serrated, rough above, white and prominently veined 
 beneath, stigmas 2, large, covered with white hairs, capsule very 
 small and black, top- shaped. Gol, Kargol. 
 
304 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Matheran and Mahableshwar. Common in the hilly parts of the 
 Konkan (D.). 
 
 Called in Mysore the charcoal tree (R. H. Elliot}. R. very tersely 
 cordemns it : " This tree is neither useful, nor ornamental, nor is it 
 of long duration." 
 
 4. STREBLUS. 
 
 S. asper (JEpicarpus orientalis, D.). A small scraggy tree, 
 with ovate or obovate leaves very rough, serrated ; flowers aggre- 
 gated, nearly fsessile, stamens long, folded up, opening elas- 
 tically, anthers leafy, fruit yellow, compressed, size of a pea, suc- 
 culent, with reflexed calyx attached. Kdru, Karoti, Sareru. 
 
 Very common in Konkan hedges, also in Guzerat. Drier parts of 
 India (H.). It has the general appearance of a thorn tree. The 
 leaves vary much in shape ; they are used to polish wood and ivory. 
 
 5. FlCUS. Fig. 
 
 This is a very difficult genus to describe, for many of the species 
 eeem to run into one another. H. has 112 of them, divided into 7 
 sections, but I do not find much help from these divisions. H. lays 
 
 great stress on the venation of the leaves, which I have accordingly 
 
 given, mostly on his authority. 
 
 In all the species here given the flowers are monandrous, " and 
 grow, closely packed, inside a pear-shaped receptacle, the month of 
 which is closed by bracts. To see the flowers it is necessary to open 
 the receptacle (commonly called the fruit) while still young and 
 green. When it ripens, the true fruits (commonly called the seeds) 
 are found shut up in it, mixed with a pulp formed of the remains 
 of the flowers" (Camel). Some writers give the name of syconus to 
 this sort of aggregated fruit, of which the cultivated fig is the best 
 example. H. always calls it the receptacle, but I think it better to 
 retain the simple name of fruit. 
 
 * 1. F. yibbosa (Urostigma ampelos and volubile, D.). A 
 tree or climbing shrub, trunk short, thick, often concealed by 
 numerous small leafy branchlets, bark smooth, ash-coloured ; 
 leaves obliquely oval, rough, 3-nerved, the nerves prominent 
 and pale, petioles channelled, male and female flowers in separate 
 receptacles, fruit in pairs, size of a pea, yellow. Ddtir. 
 
 Ghauts (D.). Throughout India (H.). 
 
 H. calls this a protean plant, and divides the forms into 4 groups. 
 Mr. Birdwocd calls F. volubile the climbing fig. 
 
 2. F. Bengalensis (Urostigma^ B. D,). The banyan tree, 
 called by some old writers " the Brahminee fig." Throwing 
 out roots from the branches and thus making subsidiary stems, 
 bark smooth, light ash-colour, leaves ovate, roundish, downy 
 
Order 107. Urticacece. 305 
 
 beneath, smooth and shining when old, nerves about 5 pairs, 
 fruit in pairs axillary sessile deep-red, size of a cherry, downy. 
 Wad. 
 
 Planted in all the plains of India ; wild only in the Sub-Himalayan 
 forests and on the lower slopes of the Deccan hills (H.). There are 
 various vast and famous banyan trees in this Presidency, the first of 
 which is probably that at Kabirbhur in the Narbadda. Milton's de- 
 scription of this, " the fig-tree, not that sort for fruit renowned," is 
 well known, with his mistake of giving it leaves " broad as Amazonian 
 targe." 
 
 Southey's description is not so well known, 
 
 " It was a goodly sight to see 
 That venerable tree, 
 For o'er the lawn, irregularly spread, 
 Fifty straight columns propt its lofty head : 
 And many a long depending shoot, 
 Seeking to strike a root, 
 Straight like a plummet grew towards the ground. 
 
 Some to the passing wind at times, with sway 
 Of gentle motion swung, 
 
 Others cf younger growth unmov'd were hung, 
 Like stone drops from the cavern's fretted height : 
 
 So like a temple did it seem that there 
 
 A pious heart's first impulse would be prayer." 
 
 Sir E. Arnold speaks of 
 
 ..." its ample shade 
 
 Cloistered with columned dropping stems, and roofed 
 With vaults of glistering green." 
 
 Eoxburgh says that where a palmyra tree is seen, as it often is, 
 apparently growing out of the trunk of a banyan, it is really the other 
 way on, the palm being the older, and the seeds of the banyan being 
 dropped in its fronds, and throwing its roots to the ground. "For 
 such unions the Hindoos entertain a religious veneration, saying it is 
 a holy marriage, instituted by Providence." (See as to this under 
 the Yine). 
 
 3. F. retusa (Urostigma retusum, and nitidum, D.). A 
 handsome compact tree, leaves broad ovate or obovate, shining, 
 nerves 5 or 6 pairs ; male flowers numerous, scattered, fruit 
 axillary twin sessile, size of a pea. Ndndruk. 
 
 Tolerably common, particularly about the Ghauts, Deccan penin- 
 sula 
 
 E. has a species very near this, but differing in the leaves being 
 ovate, with narrow base and 3 to 5-nerved, found only in Canara. He 
 has named it after Mr. Talbot, F. Talboti. 
 
 X 
 
306 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 4. F. religiosa (Urostigma r., D.). The Peepul tree. A 
 large smooth handsome tree, leaves very long, petioled ovate 
 cordate with long narrow points ; nerves about 8 pairs with fine 
 reticulations, fruit in pairs axillary sessile, like a black cherry. 
 Pipalj dshtd. Sanscrit Aslwoat. 
 
 Wild in the Sub-Himalayan forests, in Bengal and Central India. 
 Universally planted (#.). 
 
 When in full growth and in good condition it is a noble tree, and is 
 often seen to great advantage in front of temples, the base of the 
 trunk surrounded by a stone platform. It is also in a very different 
 form, the most destructive of those plants which nourish 
 
 " On gray but leafy walls, where ruin greenly dwells." Byron. 
 
 " Where o'er some tower in ruin laid, 
 The peepul spreads its haunted shade." Heber. 
 
 The sacred bo tree of Buddha was a peepul : " the age of the bo 
 tree is matter of record, its conservancy has been the object of solici- 
 tude to successive dynasties, and the story of its vicissitudes has 
 been preserved in a series of continuous chronicles among the most 
 authentic that have been handed down by mankind" (Tennent}. A 
 famous pipal at Anarajpura was said to have attained in 1852 the 
 age of 2147 years : (this is so stated on a label in the Museum at 
 Kew). 
 
 The leaves in their perpetual motion and pleasing sound resemble 
 those of the poplar and the aspen, celebrated by the poets of all 
 ages : 
 
 " Restless as the leaves of the tall poplar tree." Odyssey. 
 
 " And in the meadows tremulous aspen trees 
 And poplars made a noise of falling showers." Tennyson. 
 
 5. F. Arnottiana (Urostigma cordifolium, D.). A tree much 
 like the last, leaves with very long petioles, broadly heart- 
 shaped with long points, margin waved, 7-nerved, finely reticu- 
 lated beneath, fruit like that of the last. Pair. This also is 
 sometimes called Ashta. 
 
 On the Ghauts. 
 
 6. F. tsiela (Urostigma pseudo-tsiela, D.). A very large 
 tree, all smooth, leaves long petioled ovate or oblong acute, 
 shining, with numerous simple and parallel veins, fruit in pairs, 
 axillary sessile, smooth, purple, size of a cherry. Pipri. 
 
 It is much like the pipal, but the leaves are narrower and without 
 the long points. 
 
 The Ghauts (D. and (?.). Deccan peninsula (#.). I noted it as 
 common in Guzerat. 
 
Order 107. Urticacece. 307 
 
 7. F. infectoria (Uro stigma i. and U. Lambertianum, D.) 
 A fine tree, all smooth, leaves rather long petioled oblong acute, 
 nerves 5 to 7 pairs, anther broad ovate, fruit round, size of a 
 marble, white. Bassdri, pdkari lendva, kel, pipli. 
 
 Salsette and the Konkans. Plains and lower hills of India ; not 
 common wild, frequently planted (H.). 
 
 8. F. heteropliylla. A weak straggling shrub, mostly rough 
 with short petioled leaves varying in shape, more or less oval, 
 often 3-lobed, serrated or toothed, nerves 4 to 8 pairs, fruit 
 sessile on the branches roundish or 2-lobed, yellowish, size of a 
 cherry, rough. 
 
 Salsette. Common in moist places (D.). Throughout the hotter 
 parts of India near water (#.)! 
 
 9. F. aspemmd. A shrub or small scrubby tree, leaves 
 oblong lanceolate toothed or crenate, exceedingly rough, nerves 
 3 to 5 pairs, very prominent beneath, fruit round, hairy, rough, 
 red, like a miniature fig. Karoti, kdl-umbar. 
 
 Konkan and elsewhere. Central India and Deccan peninsula (H.). 
 The leaves are used as sand-paper. (See Streblus asper.) 
 
 10. F. hispida (Covellia oppositifolia and dcemonum, D.). 
 A shrub or small tree with opposite leaves, large, rough, oblong, 
 cordate at the base, shining above, downy beneath, nerves 3 
 to 5 pairs \ young snoots and branches hollow and jointed at 
 the axils, fruit on the stem or branches round, hairy, size of a 
 plum with several longitudinal ridges. Kdl-umbar ', dhed- 
 umbar, gdndyd-umbar. 
 
 The Konkan. Ghauts, pretty common ((?.). Panch Mahals com- 
 mon (Lisboa). Throughout India (-&.)- D. makes 0. d&monum 
 common generally near the sea. 
 
 This is much like the last, but altogether larger, and the leaves not 
 so very rough. The hollow branches are a peculiarity, and, in a 
 lesser degree, the opposite leaves. 
 
 11. F. glomerata (Covellia g. D.). A large tree, leaves 
 oblong or broad lanceolate, 3 to 6 nerved, opposite, fruit in 
 clusters on the trunk or branches, like the cultivated fig, but 
 small, red and downy, stamens 2. Umbar, gular. 
 
 Common in the Konkan and on the Ghauts. Widely spread through 
 India (H.). 
 
 The fruit of this is eatable, and it is often called the wild fig-tree. 
 The leaves are often covered with galls. 
 
 The only other species belonging to this side of India appear to be 
 x 2 
 
308 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 F. mysorensis (Urostigma dasyacarpum, D.), a fine spreading tree, 
 most parts densely downy, leaves broad ovate or elliptic, thick, 
 veins very prominent beneath, fruit ellipsoid obtuse at both ends, 
 generally twin. Bhurwad. Bhandup. Bombay (D.). Konkan (Lis- 
 boa). F. Benjamina (Urostigma B., D.), a smooth tree with drooping 
 branches, leaves broad ovate, leathery, male flowers very few, scat- 
 tered ; sepals 2, large, flat, females with shortly spathulate sepals, 
 fruit like peas, smooth yellowish-green dashed with purple, sessile. 
 S. M. country (!>.). Dr. Cooke mentions F. caricoides as the only 
 species besides F. glomerata growing at Mabableshwar. This is pre- 
 sumably H.'s F. palmata, ascribed to Abu by H., a bush or small tree, 
 leaves roundish-ovate, or obtusely 3 5 lobed, fruit roundish or pear- 
 shaped, yellow. 
 
 F. carica, anjir, is the cultivated fig, which seems always to 
 have "been one of the most valued of fruits. It is mentioned 
 in the " Odyssey." " There (in the garden of Alcinous) grow tall 
 trees blossoming, pear trees, and pomegranates, and apple trees 
 with bright fruit, and sweet figs, and olives in their bloom." 
 (Bk. 8.) And in Judges ix. 8 it is mentioned with the olive 
 and the vine, as if these three were the choicest of all trees. 
 
 The figs grown in India must be placed far below those of England, 
 and these again are in flavour nowhere near the Italian figs ; but 
 the scientific cultivation of fruit in India must come in time. 
 
 F. elastica is the india-rubber tree, found in Bombay gardens, wild 
 " in damp forests at the base of the Sikkim Himalayas," and further 
 east (-H".). "The close parallel straight nervation of the leaves and 
 the enormous stipules " are its distinguishing marks. The true 
 sycamore is F. sycamorus. 
 
 6. ANTIARIS. 
 
 * A toxicaria (A. saccidora, D.). A tree, leaves oblong 
 elliptic acute toothed or serrated, flowers 4-androus on a convex 
 fleshy receptacle, fruit like a small fig, purple or red, with one 
 seed. Jdsund, chdndul, chdnd kuda. 
 
 Konkan hills and Khandalla (D. and #.). Deccan peninsula, &c. 
 
 "A stately forest tree, truly majestic (H. says it attains 250 feet) ; 
 the flowers are in very curious reflected aments something like a 
 common mulberry" ($.) Its viscid juice, obtained by incisions in 
 the bark, hardens into a gum resin, with which the Malays prepare 
 the upas to poison their arrows. But a good many fables have grown 
 up around the name upas, which is in fact only the Malay word for 
 poison. 
 
 " The upas tree had reared its head, 
 And sent its baneful scions all around, 
 Blasting, where'er its effluent force was shed 
 
Order 107. Urticacece. 309 
 
 In air and water and the infected ground, 
 
 All things wherein the breath and sap of life is found." 
 
 Southey. 
 
 In Coorg and Ceylon sacks are manufactured from its bark. 
 
 Tennent. 
 
 7. ARTOCARPUS. 
 
 1. A. hirsuta. A handsome tree, leaves elliptic, obtuse or 
 obovate, smooth above, hairy beneath, especially on the nerves ; 
 male flowers in pendulous heads 4 to 6 inches long, fruit 
 round, size of a small melon, surface prickly. Han fanas, pat 
 fanas, fansul. 
 
 It seems doubtful from D. and Cr. whether this is wild in W. India, 
 but it is often found planted. Deccan peninsula (#.). The foliage 
 is very like that of the next. 
 
 2. A. integrifolia. The jack tree. Leaves oval oblong or 
 obovate, rough below, male catkin size of a man's thumb ; 
 fruit growing on the trunk and main branches, very large and 
 irregular in shape, rough, tubercled. Fanas, kanthal. 
 
 The immense fruit, the largest eatable fruit in the world (Tennent), 
 sometimes attaining (it is said) the weight of 60 Ibs. (R.) looks like a 
 huge parasite on the trunk of the tree : the smell generally deters 
 Europeans from tasting it, but having once ventured, I can state that 
 the flavour is not disagreeable. 
 
 Colonel Beddome is said to have discovered it wild on the W. 
 Ghauts : otherwise it is known in India only as a cultivated tree. 
 The yellow wood is worthy of more attention for ornamental furni- 
 ture than it has received. 
 
 It is said that the situation of the fruit varies with the age of 
 the tree, being first borne on the branches, then on the trunk, and 
 in very old trees on the roots. Its tenacious white juice makes 
 the best bird-lime (E.). 
 
 * A. lakucha is a large tree, leaves oval entire, downy beneath, male 
 aments about the size of a nutmeg; fruit nearly round smooth, 
 yellow, size of an orange. Ldni,dond, Idkuch. Caranja and Bassein 
 (D.). Cultivated (.). 
 
 * A. incisa is the bread-fruit tree of the South Seas. It has been 
 grown in Bombay, and elsewhere in India. The fruit is not nearly 
 so large as the jack. 
 
 " The bread-fruit, the jaca, and the mango vied with each other in 
 the magnificence of their foliage. The landscape in the neighbour- 
 hood of Bahia almost takes its character from the two latter trees. 
 Before seeing them I had no idea that any trees could cast so black 
 a shade on the ground." Darwin's Naturalist* sVoy age. 
 
 8. FLEURYA. 
 F. interrupta. A rough bristly plant, leaves long-petioled 
 
3IO The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 ovate cordate acute, coarsely serrated, flowers in interrupted 
 sessile clusters on long spikes, stamens very elastic. Khdjoti, 
 Jchajkul, vedekotti. 
 
 S. Konkan ; Matheran. A weed in waste places (D. and G.). 
 
 9. ELATOSTEMMA. 
 
 E. cuneatum. A very small plant, with leaves arranged in 
 a rosette at the top of the stem, unequal-sided, narrow at the 
 base, broad and toothed at the top, rough ; flowers in sessile 
 clusters. 
 
 Grows on walls : S. Konkan. Bombay and Belgaum (D.). 
 
 The description above is as I have seen it, but apparently under 
 other conditions the stem lengthens and the leaves separate. " Base 
 of leaf subanricled with sometimes a minnte opposite leaflet " 
 (IT.). 
 
 10. BOEHMERIA. 
 
 E. platypliyllcb (Splitgerbera scabrella, D.). Shrubby, 3 or 
 4 feet high, all rough, leaves very large coarse, long-petioled 
 ovate cordate serrated ; spikes numerous, very long, fruit com- 
 pressed or angled. 
 
 Dapoli. Matheran and Mahableshwar. Eirdwood. Common in 
 hilly jungles of the Konkan (D.). 
 
 The above is my description, but H. calls it a most variable plant, 
 and has nine varieties. The spike and flowers are suggestive of an 
 amaranth. 
 
 B. nivea is the shrub from the bark of which " grass-clofch " is 
 made : a native of the Eastern Islands, cultivated in Bengal. 
 
 11. POUZOLZIA. 
 
 P. Indica. A hairy plant tinged with red, with square 
 stems and ovate pointed entire leaves, often long-petioled ; 
 flowers in sessile clusters within an involucre, hairy and 
 reddish, stamens generally 4, very elastic, fruit winged or 
 not. 
 
 The Konkans. Common in gardens as a weed (D.). 
 
 Throughout tropical and subtropical India (H.). It is very like 
 the English pellitory of the wall, Parietaria, thought by many to be 
 " the hyssop that springeth out of the wall" of 1 Kings iv. 33. 
 
 H. has 5 vars., some prostrate or creeping. 
 
 * P. pentandra, stem angled above, leaves entire narrow lanceolate, 
 lower opposite ; flowers in a terminal spike, stamens 5, fruit with 3 
 broad membranous wings. Caranja (D.). * P. Bennettiana (P. 
 StocTcsii, D.). Straggling, branched, 4-angled, stipules broad scarious, 
 
Order 107. Urticacece. 311 
 
 leaves oval obtuse, flowers few axillary, stamens 5, fruit ovate ribbed 
 or winged. 
 
 Belgaum and Deccan (D.). *P. integrifolia, 3 or 4 feet high, stem 
 slender, leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate ; stamens 3 or 4, fruit 
 cordate or winged. Fonda Ghaut (D.), Canara and Deccan (H.). 
 
 12. DEBREGEASIA. 
 
 * D. velutina (Conocephalus niveus, D.). A tall shrub, 
 leaves ovate lanceolate acute serrated, rough or blistered above, 
 prominently veined and white below, flowers clustered in cymes, 
 drupes small round yellow, something like a mulberry. Kdpsi, 
 kargul. 
 
 Common in Konkan and Ghaut jungles (D.). Deccan peninsula 
 (H.)- 
 
 Conocephalus concolor, D., If. puts as a doubtful species. 
 
 Qirardina, shrubs with stout stinging hairs, flowers clustered in 
 spikes, achene broad compressed, seated on the perianth. * G. 
 heterophylla, tall stout leaves large, long-petioled, broad cordate, 
 7-lobed, coarsely toothed, male spikes below panicled, female above 
 and longer. Moti Tcajoti, dgia, agarra. Slopes of the Ghauts (D.). 
 Matheran and Mahableshwar. S. Konkan (G.). "A formidable 
 plant, the least touch of any part produces most acute pain " (17.). 
 
 Lecanthus, like Elatostemma, but leaves opposite. * L. Wightii 
 (Elatostemma oppositifolium, D.). A succulent herb, leaves ovate or 
 lanceolate, heads of flowers peduncled, receptacles flat, discoid, 
 achene minute. Ghauts (D.). 
 
 The following are cultivated : 
 
 Cannabis sativa, common hemp, bhang, producing also gdnja and 
 charas, cultivated throughout India, but wild in N. W. Himalayas 
 (H.). The Egyptian haschish is a preparation from the husks of the 
 seeds. 
 
 "Of all that Orient lands can vaunt 
 
 Of marvels with our own competing, 
 The strangest is the Haschish plant, 
 And what will follow on its eating." Wliittier. 
 
 Humulus lupulus, the hop, well-known in England, but a native of 
 N. America, is cultivated in N. W. Himalayas. It belongs to the 
 same tribe as the last. 
 
 The various mulberries, Morus, belong to the same tribe as Streblus 
 M. Indica, tut, and M. atropurpuraa, shaitut, are found in gardens. 
 The latter, a Chinese species, has a long cylindrical fruit, and H. 
 considers that it may be only a form of N. alba, the sort most 
 frequently cultivated for silkworms in China, and also in France and 
 Italy. 
 
 Graham was very sanguine of the cultivation of mulberries and 
 the production of silk in the Deccan, but the promising experiments 
 
312 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 of his time seem eventually to have come to nothing, like so many 
 other attempts of the same sort. 
 
 The nettles, Urtica, as giving their name to this order, ought to be 
 mentioned. Three are given by If. as occurring in the Himalayas 
 and Thibet at high elevations, one of them in the Nilghiris, and he 
 says, " U. pilulifera, the Eoman nettle, a common European weed, 
 occurs occasionally near Simla, and elsewhere near houses in the 
 hills." We need not regret their absence from our territories, and 
 in fact many of the species of tribe Urticese given above may reason- 
 ably be regarded in the same rather contemptuous way as that class 
 of plants is in England. 
 
 " We call a nettle but a nettle, and 
 The faults of fools but folly." Coriolanus. 
 
 The great order Amentaceee formerly contained all plants having 
 their flowers arranged in a catkin, a feature easily recognizable. The 
 oaks, beeches, birches, willows, planes, chestnuts, hazels, and other 
 trees were thus included in this order. It is, however, in H. split up 
 into a number of orders, of which Casuarineae and Salicineae are alone 
 represented here. To C ASUARINE.E belongs Casuarina equisetifolia, sum, 
 vilayati sdru, a very well known tree, wild on the east side of the Bay 
 of Bengal, and extending to Malaya and Australia. It is outwardly 
 like a conifer, but is really leafless, the branchlets being green and 
 cylindrical with sheaths of subulate scales at the nodes. It has, or 
 had, a reputation for improving the climate of malarious places ; and 
 the branches when gently swayed by the wind give out a sound like 
 that of the sea on a beach, very pleasing to the ears of exiled islanders. 
 It is called in Australia the swamp oak, and in the Pacific Islands 
 Toa. The genus is also known as Cassowary tree and Beefwood. 
 
 ORDER 108. SALICINEJE. Willows. 
 
 Deciduous dioacious trees or shrubs, leaves alternate, with 
 stipules, flowers in catkins, one under each bract, composed of 
 a disk and two or more stamens ; style short or none, stigma 
 short, notched or lobed, capsule ovoid or lanceolate 2 to 4- 
 valved, seeds with a pencil of long silky hairs. 
 
 This is a small order containing only two genera, but both well 
 known, Salix (willow) and Populus (poplar). They are mostly trees 
 of cold and temperate climates, found chiefly in damp situations. 
 The greater part of the 26 species of willow given by H. belong to 
 the Himalayas. 
 
 SALIX. Disk of one or two separate glands. 
 
 " See the yellow catkins cover 
 All the slender willows over." If. Howitt. 
 
 S. tetrasperma, a small tree, leaves lanceolate, acute smooth, 
 grey beneath, petioles red, male catkins lax and few-flowered, 
 
Order 108. Salicinece. 313 
 
 females dense and generally longer, stamens 5 to 10. Wdlunj, 
 bucha, ~bitasa. 
 
 This is the only wild species of W. India ; it has all the appearance 
 of the English willows, and, like many of them, is found on the banks 
 of streams, but in this Presidency only, I believe, in or near the 
 Ghauts, though H. gives it as throughout tropical and subtropical 
 India. He calls it a polymorphous plant, and includes in it several 
 different species of other authorities. 
 
 " There is a willow grows aslant a brook, 
 That shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream." Hamlet. 
 
 The willow is the tree of jilted lovers 
 
 " I offered him my company to a willow tree, ... to make him a 
 garland, as being forsaken." Much Ado about Nothing. 
 
 The weeping willow, S. Babylonica (so called apparently from 
 Ps. cxxxvii. 1, 2) is said to be found in Bombay gardens, and this and 
 other species are, it appears from H., cultivated in N. India for the 
 same purpose as willows at home. 
 
 Note. The next order and Coniferee belong to a separate 
 class of Exogens, called Gymnospermse, and differ from all the 
 orders which have gone before in the seeds not being contained 
 in an ovary. There is in fact no pistil, and the ovules, which 
 are naked, are fertilized by the direct application of the 
 pollen. 
 
 ORDER 109. GNETACE^E. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with jointed branches, leaves opposite 
 without stipules ; filaments columnar, anthers roundish on the 
 top of the column, seed dry or drupaceous. 
 A very small order : only one species known in W. India. 
 
 GNETUM. Flowers whorled in axillary spikes. The male 
 flowers consist of a single stamen, the female of a naked ovule 
 terminating above in a prolongation resembling a style, 
 perianth scarcely distinguishable, seed drupaceous. ~ 
 
 The above description is partly from Oliver. 
 
 G. scandens. A very large climber with a trunk like a tree, 
 young shoots round and smooth, leaves oval, smooth, shining, 
 entire ; racemes containing 2 or 3 pairs of catkins, which are 
 jointed, seed oblong, size of an acorn, orange- coloured with 
 fibrous skin. Kumbal, umbli. 
 
 Ghauts and Konkan. "Very common in thick jungles " (D.). 
 
314 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Deocan and Ghauts (#.). The fallen catkins look exactly like green 
 caterpillars with black rings, and legs all round. 
 
 Of the CONIFERS which come next the only species known in W. 
 India is the G-oa cypress, Cnpressus glauca, or lusitanioa, sdru, 
 planted sometimes in gardens, and also in graveyards ; the whole 
 genus with the yews being always associated with death and 
 mourning. 
 
 " Gome away, come away, death, 
 
 And in sad cypress let me be laid." Twelfth Night. 
 
 " Young flowers and an evergreen tree 
 
 May spring from the spot of thy rest, 
 But nor cypress nor yew let us see, 
 
 For why should we mourn for the blest ? " Byron. 
 
 VI. ENDOGENS. 
 
 With the conclusion of the Exogens the interest of our 
 work may seem to decline : for the species of Endogens to he 
 mentioned are not only few in comparison, hut are in general, 
 from their small size and the imperfection of their flowers, less 
 attractive to the ordinary observer. "In northern regions 
 everything included in this class of plants is herbaceous, and 
 in hotter latitudes few deserve the name of hush or tree except 
 the Palms, and a few Aroidese and Asphodelese " (Lindley). 
 But as Palms make a large exception when speaking of the 
 absence of trees, so the Lilies, Irises, and Orchids (to mention 
 no others), are certainly sufficient to glorify the whole class 
 as regards beauty. And there are perhaps among Endogens, in 
 proportion to the whole number of species, a larger number of 
 flowers which may be called popular favourites, than in the 
 much larger class of Exogens. 
 
 The parts of the flower in Endogens are generally in threes, 
 or some multiple of three, which is rarely the case in Exogens. 
 
Conspectus of Endogenous Orders. 315 
 
 CONSPECTUS OF ENDOGENOUS OKDEKS. 
 
 I. Perianth 6 -divided : stamens generally 6, but sometimes 
 3, either with or without staminodes. 
 
 ORDER 114. AMARYLLIDEJ;. Bulbous plants with radical 
 
 leaves. 
 ORDER 115. TACCACE.E. A herb with tuberous roots and 
 
 large pinnatifid leaves. 
 ORDER 116. DIOSCORACEJ]. Twiners with unisexual flowers : 
 
 leaves reticulated. 
 ORDER 117. LILIACE-E. Herbs: fruit a 3-celled capsule or 
 
 berry. 
 
 Tribe Smilaceae has reticulated leaves. 
 Tribe Asparagese has no real leaves, but much-divided 
 
 green leaf-like branches. 
 ORDER 118. PONTEDERACEJE. Herbs more or less aquatic, 
 
 flowers from the sheaths of the leaves. 
 ORDER 119. XTRIDE^:. A herb with radical leaves and 
 
 scape of flowers from their sheaths. 
 ORDER 120. COMMELINACE^:. Herbs with flat narrow leaves, 
 
 and flowers from their sheaths or from aggregated 
 
 bracts. 
 ORDER 121. FLAGELLARIE^;. A large climber with small 
 
 panicled flowers. 
 ORDER 122. PALME JB. Unbranched trees or shrubs with 
 
 very large leaves collected at the top : flowers enclosed 
 
 in spathes. 
 ORDER 126. ALISMACE^;. Marsh or water plants with 
 
 conspicuous flowers. 
 
 II. Perianth often but not always 6 -divided, stamens not 
 usually 6. 
 
 ORDER 110. HYDROCHARIDE^:. Aquatic herbs, flowers uni- 
 sexual in a spathe : stamens various. 
 
 ORDER 111. BURMANNIAOE^;. Herbs with bracted flowers : 
 stamens 3. 
 
 ORDER 113. SCITAMINE^:. Flowers irregular with petal-like 
 bracts, stamen one with petaloid staminodes, leaves pin- 
 nately nerved from the midrib. 
 
316 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 III. Perianth none, or sometimes (in Aroidese) of scales, 
 stamens various. 
 
 ORDER 123. PANDANACE^;. Trees or shrubs, flowers on a 
 
 spadix. 
 ORDER 124, AROIDE^:. Herbs, flowers on a spadix, enclosed 
 
 in a spathe. 
 ORDER 125. LEMNACE.&. Very small floating plants, 
 
 stamens 1 or 2, 
 
 IV. Not included in the above. 
 
 ORDER 112. ORCHIDE^. Herbs with very irregular con- 
 spicuous flowers, stamens and style united into a 
 column. 
 
 ORDER 127. NAIADACE.E. Aquatic plants with perianth and 
 stamens various. 
 
 ORDER 110. HYDROCH ABIDED . 
 
 Aquatic herbs with undivided leaves, flowers unisexual, 
 enclosed in a spathe, perianth 6-divided in two series, and there- 
 fore representing sepals and petals, stamens and styles 3 to 12, 
 ovary inferior, fruit membranous or fleshy. 
 
 Many of the species of this order are so small that the parts 
 of the flower are quite indistinguishable except when much magni- 
 fied : in other species all the parts are of good size and well 
 developed (If.). 
 
 1. HYDRILLA. A submerged dioecious herb, leaves whorled, 
 sepals petals and stamens 3, styles 2 or 3, stigmas 3. 
 
 2. LAGEROSIPHON. Submerged dioecious herbs, leaves scat- 
 tered, male flowers many together, female solitary; anthers 
 2 or 3 with often 3 staminodes, ovary oblong produced into a 
 fi liform beak, styles 3. 
 
 3. VALLISNERIA. A submerged tufted dioecious herb, leaves 
 very long linear, male flowers very numerous, female solitary 
 at the end of a very long thread-like spiral scape ; sepals 3, 
 petals none, stamens one to three, anthers twin, stigmas 3, 
 fruit linear included in the spathe. 
 
 4. OTTELIA. Leaves crowded, the submerged narrow, the 
 floating long-petioled broader, flowers solitary sessile on a 
 tubular bifid spathe, stamens 6 to 15; ovary oblong, styles 
 6 bifid, fruit oblong 6-valved enclosed in the spathe. 
 
Order no. Hydrocharidece. 317 
 
 1. HYDRILLA. 
 
 * H. verticillata. Growing in large masses, leaves very 
 small, sessile, oblong, serrulate, 4 to 8 in a whorl, with a short 
 sheathing one at the base of each branch, and a short pair 
 above this, linear or oblong ; perianth segments very variable, 
 fruit smooth or warty. 
 
 Common in tanks (D.). Still and slowly running waters through- 
 out India and Ceylon (H.). R. has "male calyx 4-toothed, corolla 
 4-petalled, female calyx 4-parted." 
 
 2. LAGEROSIPHON. 
 
 * L. Roxburghii (Neclimandra, R.D.). Stems filiform, leaves 
 alternate, linear acute, grass-like, stem clasping, male spathe 
 ovate enclosing many flowers, female tubular bifid at the apex, 
 fruit many-seeded. 
 
 Common in tanks throughout India and Ceylon (If.). In both this 
 and the last (as well as the next) the male flowers separate from the 
 spadix and float away in search of the female flower. 
 
 3. VALLISNERIA. 
 
 V. spirdlis. Leaves slightly spathaceous, flowers minute, 
 males on short stalks, fruit long linear below the flower. 
 
 N. Konkaa. In G. but not in D. Throughout India and Ceylon, 
 and otherwise very widely distributed (H.). The remarkable arrange- 
 ment by which the 'flowers of this plant are fertilized is described 
 and figured in many botanical works. The best description that I 
 have seen is Sir J. Lubbock's. " The female flower has a long spiral 
 stalk, which by uncoiling enables the flower to reach the top of the 
 water. The male flowers, which are small, numerous, and attached 
 lower down, separate from the plant, rise to the surface and fertilize 
 the female flower, around which they float. The spiral stalk of the 
 female flower then contracts, acd draws it down below the surface." 
 " In the soft heaven of a translucent pool," the long spiral stalk is a 
 beautiful object, and the minute male flowers floating on the surface 
 of the water look more like pollen. 
 
 The plant is mentioned in ' Sakuntala ' under the name of saivala. 
 " The lotus with the saivala entwined." Sir M. Williams' trans- 
 lation. 
 
 4. OTTELIA. 
 
 O.alismoides (0. Indica, D.). Leaves and peduncles all from 
 the root, which is under water, floating leaves large oblong 
 
31 8 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 cordate, petioles 3-sided, flowers above the water white, rather 
 large ; the swelling ovary covered by the spathe is as much as 
 2J inches long. 
 
 Deocan and Konkan. Tanks and ditches throughout India and 
 Ceylon (ET.). Leaves extremely variable ; fruit 6-grooved, attaining 2 
 inches in diameter (If.). 
 
 JBlyxa, stemless plants, bearing a spathe ; leaves linear, male 
 flowers several in a tubular 2-toothed spathe, sepals 3, petals 3, 
 longer stamens 3 to 9, pistillodes 3, female flowers solitary sessile in 
 the spathe, stigmas 3. * . Roxburghii, a grasslike plant, leaves 
 radical, sword-shaped, 8 to 24 inches long, flowers white, stamens 8, 
 seeds tubercled, sometimes with short tails. *B. echinosperma, leaves 
 6 inches to 4 feet long, like the last, stamens 3, capsule 2 or 3 inches 
 long, seeds spiny, with a long thread-like tail at each end. *B. Tal- 
 boti, leaves 4 to 6 inches long, linear lanceolate, serrulate, narrowed 
 from below the middle to the base, capsule an inch or two long, 
 seeds with strong protuberances. These three are not in D. The 
 first is attributed by G. ( J r allisneria octandra, K.) to the margins of 
 tanks throughout the Konkans ; the two last have been found in 
 Canara by Mr. Talbot. 
 
 ORDER 111. BTIRMANNIACEJE. 
 
 Herbs with regular flowers, bracted, sepals and petals 3 each, 
 or the latter wanting ; stamens 3 on the tube, ovary inferior, 
 capsule 3-valved, crowned by the perianth. 
 
 A very small order. " Natives of moist grassy places in the 
 tropics. " Balfowr. 
 
 BURMANNU. Leaves radical sword-shaped or reduced to 
 scales, calyx tube winged or angled, anthers sessile or nearly so, 
 with a crested connective, style 3-lobed. 
 
 B. ccelestis (B. triflora, D.). About six inches high, scape 
 square, leafless except for a few lanceolate scales, flowers terminal 
 not more than 3, very pretty, the long 3-winged tube dark 
 blue, the 3 lobes very small tipped with white. 
 
 Dapoli. Matheran and Mahableshwar (Birdwood). Mhar (D.). Widely 
 distributed, and very variable in size, leafiness, and form of flowers 
 (JET.). *B. pusilla, Konkan (Law), H. suspects to be a small state of 
 the last, radical leaves very few, canline none, or one or two. *B. 
 disticha, scape up to 20 inches, all the leaves radical, flowers 
 crowded on a double spike, blue, sepals keeled at the back, capsule 
 3-winged. Neither of these are in D., but the latter is in. (?., 
 S. Konkan. 
 
Order 112. Orchidece. 319 
 
 ORDER 112. ORCHIDEJE. Orchids. 
 
 Herbs, with simple quite entire leaves, either terrestrial with 
 tuberous roots and annual simple stem, or epiphytes with 
 perennial stems or branches thickened and shortened into a 
 bulb-like mass (pseudo- bulbs). Flowers bisexual, perianth 
 superior irregular with 6 segments arranged in two rows, the 
 three outer (sepals) more or less alike ; of the inner (petals) 
 the two lateral are alike, the lower (lip) quite different, often 
 large and lobed and provided with a spur at the base. The 
 stamens and style are united in a column which is opposite the 
 lip, and bears a single anther, free or adnate to it, with the 
 pollen in two or more solid masses (pollinia) ; ovary inferior, 
 usually linear and twisted, stigma a viscid surface on the top of 
 the column, below the anther ; fruit a capsule with 3 or 6 
 valves, containing many minute seeds. 
 
 "The orchis family (which consists of about 5000 species), is 
 without question the most remarkable in the vegetable world. No 
 plants unfold blossoms of more fantastic beauty, of odours more 
 delicious, or of colours more vivid." Sowerby. 
 
 To this it must be added that it is, at present, by far the most 
 fashionable of floral families among English people. 
 
 The flowers of most, though not of all orchids, are so peculiar in 
 shape, mainly in regard to the lip and staminal column, as to be at 
 once recognizable. The twisted ovary might often be mistaken at 
 first sight for the pedicel of the flower. 
 
 "In Mexico, where the language- of flowers is understood by all, the 
 Orchidese seem to compose nearly the entire alphabet. Not an infant 
 is baptized, not a marriage is celebrated, not a funeral obsequy per- 
 formed, at which the aid of these flowers is not called in by the 
 sentimental natives to assist the expression of their feelings. They 
 are offered by the devotee at the shrine of his favourite saint, by the 
 lover at the feet of his mistress, and by the sorrowing survivor at the 
 grave of his friend ; whether, in short, on fast days or feast days, on 
 occasions of rejoicing or in moments of distress, these flowers are 
 sought for with an avidity, which would seem to say that there was 
 no sympathy like theirs," JBateman (quoted in Contemporary 
 Review). 
 
 The most obvious distinction between the various orchids is 
 into Epiphytes, or those which grow on trees, and terrestrial plants. 
 Epiphytes differ from parasites in not deriving their sustenance 
 from the tree or plant on which they grow, but mainly from the 
 air. They are found almost exclusively in the moister parts of the 
 tropics, while terrestrial orchids belong quite as much to the tem- 
 perate regions of the world. 
 
 The genera of Orchideae are divided by H. into 5 tribes, of which the 
 
320 TJie Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 first four, each divided into several subtribes, are hero represented. 
 I have thought it better to give the distinctions of these tribes, 
 though confessing that I myself know little about the pollinia, 
 which form so great a part of these descriptions. 
 
 TRIBE 1. EPIDENDRE^. All here given are Epiphytes 
 (except Microstylis, and perhaps Liparis). Anther cells dis- 
 tinct and parallel, pollinia waxy, one to nine in each cell, or 
 those of each cell held together by a viscid appendage. 
 
 1. OBERONIA. Tufted : leaves distichous, sword-shaped, 
 flowers very minute in dense spikes or racemes, sepals broad, 
 ovate or oblong, petals smaller, lip sessile, concave, column 
 very short. 
 
 Note. " Tufted " is used of stems when very short, close, and 
 many from the same root. 
 
 2. MICROSTYLIS. Terrestrial : flowers small in terminal 
 racemes ; sepals and petals about the same length ; lip united 
 to the base of the column, usually flat. 
 
 3. DENDROBIUM. Stems elongate or pseudo-bulbous ; flowers 
 racemose, often large and handsome, sepals about equal, the 
 lateral obliquely united to the foot of the column, lip contracted 
 at the base, similarly united, column short. 
 
 4. ERIA. Flowers not large or bright-coloured, sepals free, 
 lip sessile on the foot of the column, spur various. 
 
 5. PHAJUS. Large stout herbs, leaves pleated, flowers 
 large, handsome, racemed, sepals and petals about equal, lip 
 embracing the column, erect, column long and stout. 
 
 TRIBE 2. YANDEX. Epiphytes (except Eulophia and 
 Geodorum) ; anther cells generally confluent, pollinia waxy, 
 usually 2 or 4 in superposed pairs, attached to a gland or 
 process. 
 
 6. EULOPHIA. Terrestrial smooth herbs, leaves pleated, 
 scape usually leafless, flowers racemose, sepals and petals free, 
 spreading, lip erect from the base of the column, its disk 
 crested or softly spinous, top of the column oblique, entire. 
 
 7. CYMBIDIUM. Generally epiphytes, scape loosely 
 sheathed, flowers in racemes often large, sepals and petals 
 about equal, free, lip embracing the column upwards, middle 
 lobe recurved, column long. 
 
 8. KHYNCOSTYLIS. Stem stout, leafy, leaves very thick, 
 linear, 2-lobed ; flowers in long dense drooping racemes, sepals 
 and petals spreading, lip produced into a broad dilated limb, 
 without side lobes, column short and stout. 
 
Order 112. Orel idea. 3 2 1 
 
 9. ^ERIDES. Stem leafy, leaves linear, flowers many in 
 curved racemes, sepals and petals broad and spreading, column 
 short. 
 
 10. SACCOLABIUM. Flowers usually small in simple or 
 branched racemes, sepals and petals similar, free, united to the 
 base of the column, spreading, lip with small lobes. 
 
 TRIBE 3, ^BOTTIE^E. Small terrestrial herbs. Anther cells 
 distinct and parallel, pollen granular, powdery, or in small 
 masses. 
 
 11. SPIRANTHES. Flowers small, often in twisted or spiral 
 spikes, dorsal sepal and petals forming a hood, lip entire or 
 3-lobed, column short. 
 
 12. ZEUXINE. Flowers small spicate, hood as in the last, 
 lip boat-shaped or saccate, the sac spurred within, column 
 very short keeled or winged in front. 
 
 13. POGONIA. Herbs with one leaf, broad and pleated, 
 appearing after the flowers ; flowers racemed, sepals and petals 
 about equal, narrow, lip with very short spur or sac, column 
 rather long. 
 
 TEIBE 4. OPHRYDE/E. Terrestrial; anther cells parallel or 
 divergent below, often produced into a tube, pollinia one, 
 rarely two, in each cell, granular, produced into short 
 tails. 
 
 14. HABENAEIA. Leafy herbs, flowers spicate or racemed, 
 lip continuous with the base of the column, spurred, anther 
 adnate to the very short column. 
 
 Note. The very great majority of the species of W. India are 
 found only in the Konkan and Ghauts. The proportion tl at I have 
 seen is unusually small, and it will be noticed also that J?. has a very 
 large number of species which were not known to -D. 
 
 1. OBEEONIA. 
 
 0. recurva. A very small stemless plant, leaves fleshy oval, 
 veinless, flowers minute, brick-red, dense, in a raceme 2 inches 
 long, lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe 2 divided. 
 
 Tanna districts. Trees on the Ghauts (D.). 
 
 F. does not refer to D. either in this or 0. Lindleyana, but there 
 seems no reason for doubting the identity of the plants described. 
 
 * 0. Lindleyana D. calls much larger than this, leaves short 
 fleshy brown, somewhat fa'cate, spike very dense, flowers sessile, 
 petals narrow linear, lip 2-lobed, flowers straw-coloured with orange 
 lip. Trees on the Ghauts (D.). 
 
 * 0. Falconeri, stem very short, leaves one or two inches long, 
 
 Y 
 
322 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 sword-shaped, bracts ovate, serrulate, flowers minute, greenish- 
 yellow, lip with 2 small incurved lobes at the tip, lateral lobes 
 small, capsule short- stalked. Konkan, Bombay, &c. (H-). * 0. 
 platycaulon, leaves narrow sword-shaped, 6 to 10 inches long, scape 
 shorter, flowers densely imbricated, much larger than 0. recurva; 
 petals narrow, lip with broad rounded lateral lobes and a very short 
 2 or 3-divided terminal one. From the Konkan to the Nilghiris (#.) 
 These two are not in D. 
 
 2. MlCKOSTYLIS. 
 
 * M. Rlieedii. Stem 3 to 6 inches high, leafy, leaves broad 
 ovate pleated, the base often unequal, flowers greenish-yellow 
 or purple, fragrant, in a long slender raceme, bracts lanceo- 
 late, bent down, lip rounded, reniform or fan-shaped, finely 
 toothed. 
 
 S. Konkan (D.). Common in the Ghauts (H.). Mahableshwar, 
 " very like a Plantago. Birdwood. 
 
 * M . Stocksii. Stem one or two inches high, leaves ovate lanceolate, 
 bracts lanceolate bent down, flowers yellow, half an inch across, lip 
 much broader than long, deeply lobed. Not in D. or G. Bababudin 
 Hills, Stocks (H.). 
 
 3. DENDROBIDM. 
 
 //. has 158 species. " The name becJiu is commonly given to all 
 dendrobiums : ndngli is another name," Birdwood. 
 
 1. D. microbulbon. Very small with one or two linear 
 lanceolate or oblong leaves, or none, flowers few in racemes, 
 the shape of a cornucopia, outer sepals and petals white, lip 
 large 3-lobed, column green streaked with red. 
 
 On trees at Mahableshwar. Konkan (D.). 
 
 2. * D. clilorops. Stems 12 to 18 inches long, sometimes 
 very stout, leaves oblong, lanceolate, soon falling; flowers 
 white, greenish, or yellowish, middle lobe of lip round, fleshy, 
 crenate, petals much broader than the lateral sepals. 
 
 Common in both Konkans (->.) Flowers very variable in size 
 and colour (H.). 
 
 3. D. barbatulum. Six to fifteen inches high, very succulent, 
 stems short and thick, leaves narrow lanceolate, but soon 
 falling ; flowers in racemes cream-coloured with some green, 
 middle lobe of the lip flat, obtuse, bearded at the base with 
 yellow hairs, spur short and thick. 
 
 S. Konkan and Mahableshwar. Common in the Konkans (Z).). 
 
Order \\2. Orchidece. 323 
 
 * D. Macraei, much-branched, steins 2 or 3 feet long, leaf one 
 terminal, oblong, flowers 2 or 3, small white, the middle lobe of the 
 lip much dilated, and the disk crested. On jdmbul trees at Ram 
 Ghaut (D.). * D. herbaceum (D. ramosissimum, D.). Much-branched, 
 branchlets leafy, leaves linear lanceolate, flowers few, small, 
 yellow, lip narrow, middle lobe shorter than the side ones. Maha- 
 bleshwar and Ghauts (D.). * D. crepidatum (D. Lawianum, D.). 
 Stems stout, erect, leaves linear lanceolate, flowers in pairs, white 
 or pink, lip yellow, roundish or broad ovate, concave. Pdtrika. 
 "The flowers are of a beautiful shining rose-colour" (-D.). On 
 trees on the Ghauts to the S. (D.). S. Konkan and Canara (-ff.)- 
 
 All these six species are in Mr. Birdwood's Matheran list. 
 
 4. ERIA. 
 
 E. Dalzellii (including E. microcJiilos, D.). One or two 
 inches high, pseudo-bulbs lobed, reticulated with a white skin, 
 spike many-flowered, one-sided ; flowers minute, straw-colour 
 with dull orange lip, bracts sepals and petals more or less 
 lanceolate. 
 
 Sawarda. "Wari country and Ghauts (D.). 
 
 * E. reticosa (E. braccata, D.). Pseudo-bulbs round, enclosed in 
 a net-like skin, stem none, leaves about 2, lanceolate, scape one- 
 flowered with large boat-shaped bract ; flowers rather large, white, lip 
 yellowish, obscurely lobed and inconspicuous, spur broad incurved. 
 S. Konkan and Ghauts (D.). Matheran (Birdwood). * E. mysorensis, 
 leaves lanceolate, flowers from among them, curved, sepals petals 
 and lip more or less lanceolate, the latter clawed. Not in D, 
 Dharwar, &c. (H.). 
 
 5. PHAJUS. 
 
 * P. albus. Stems stout, pendulous, leaves in two rows, 
 oblong, soft, glaucous beneath, sepals and petals oblong lanceo- 
 late, 2 or 3 inches long, white, lip shovel-shaped, middle lobe 
 broad, toothed and crisped, white or yellow, veined darker, 
 spur short. 
 
 Not in D. "Trees at Khandalla, rare ; a very beautiful parasite " 
 (Cr.). The Konkan. " Very variable in size of flower and colour of 
 lip (#.) 
 
 The following belong also to this tribe : 
 
 Liparis. Lip united to the base of the column, usually broad, 
 column long, bent in, margined or winged towards the top. * L. 
 paradoxa, 6 to 18 inches high, leaves erect, sheathing, lanceolate, 
 flowers racemed, yellow-brown, lip with the sides erect. * L. Dal- 
 zellii, stems 4 inches long, as thick as the thumb, leaves elliptic 
 ovate, flowers half an inch across, lip fleshy, dark purple, broadly 
 obcordate, tubercled at the base. Neither of these are in D. t and I 
 
 Y 2 
 
324 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 have not been able to make out whether they are terrestrial or 
 epiphytes. Konkan (H.). 
 
 Cirrhopetalum, scape arising from the pseudo-bulb, or distant from 
 it, flowers in whorls, petals smaller than sepals, lip very small and 
 stalked, column very short. * C.fiiribriatum, leafless, umbels many- 
 flowered, petals and dorsal sepal long-ciliated, lip tumid, fleshy : 
 " lateral sepals cream-coloured with darker lines, the rest red " (Z>.) ; 
 but 'flowers green with red cilia' (H.). ''On trees on Parwar 
 Ghaut ' the umbrella orchis ' from the inflorescence : curious and 
 beautiful" (/X). Konkan and Canara (fl".). Matheran. Sirdwood. 
 
 Trias, small, scape lateral, one-flowered, petals and lip small, 
 column short, broad, anther produced into a long horn. * T. Stocksii, 
 leaves elliptic, an inch long, petals ovate lanceolate, erect, lip 
 oblong, convex. Not in D. Canara and Koukan (H.). 
 
 Josepkia, stemless, leaves radical, flowers very small in panicle?, 
 lip erect, fleshy, concave, 3-lobed, column erect, broad. * J. lanceo- 
 lata, leaves linear lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, bracts short, 
 ovate, petals narrower than sepals, flowers white, tinged with purple. 
 Not in D. W. Ghauts (H.). " Inflorescence like that of a Statice : 
 Wight, on Jerdon's authority, mentions the curious fact of the 
 persistent, continuously flowering spikes" (H.). 
 
 Pholidota, bracts in two rows, rigid, flowers small, round, sepals 
 concave, petals flat, lip erect. * P. imbricata, leaf solitary, 6 to 12 
 inches long, oblong lanceolate, petioled, racemes long, drooping, 
 slender, sepals united at the base, lip roundish hooded, the two 
 terminal lobes smaller. Near Vingorla (D.). 
 
 Tribe 2. YANDEX. 6. EULOPHIA. 
 
 1. E. pratensis. One or two feet high, stem sheaths acute, 
 flowers large, yellow and brown, petals and sepals much alike, 
 lobes of the lip ovate rounded, the middle one with 3 crested 
 veins. 
 
 Sholapore districts. Deccan pastures (D.). Mahableshwar. 
 Cooke. 
 
 D. has this as leafless, and I found it so apparently but H. says 
 the leaves appear with the flowers. 
 
 2. * E. nuda (E. bicolor, D.). Tall and stout with lanceo- 
 ate leaves coming after the flowers, which are large, green and 
 
 purple,Jsepals and petals elliptic oblong, lip with obscure side 
 lobes, the middle lobe crisped with many crested or tubercled 
 veins. Ambarkand. 
 
 Ghauts (Z>.). Matheran (Birdwood}. Many parts of India (H.). 
 The root is like a potato. 
 
 * E. herbacea D. has something like the last, (but H. has it in a 
 different group with "b he column produced into a foot ") the spike 
 
Order 112. Orchidecs. 325 
 
 shorter and thicker, spur shorter and flowers double the size. H. has 
 petals very variable white with purple nerves, lip white with yellow 
 nerves, bracts very long. The Konkan (D.). * E. ochreata, leaves 
 elliptic with 3 broad loose sheaths, bracts lanceolate, petals broader 
 than the sepals, acute, flat, lip oblong serrated, with all the veins 
 fringed, spur small, hemispherical. "A small -flowered species with 
 rather dense cylindrical raceme : all parts of the flower membranous " 
 (J5.). Konkan and Canara, and no other hab. (H.). 
 
 7. CYMBIDIUM. 
 
 * G. bicolor (C. aloifotium, D.). Leaves long sword-shaped, 
 the tip unequally lobed, racemes pendulous, many-flowered ; 
 petals and sepals lanceolate, yellowish-red, lip dark lilac or 
 purple with saccate base and acute side lobes, disk with 2 
 curved thick side appendages. 
 
 Mahableshwar and Konkan (D. and G.). " One of our largest 
 orchids, growing in great bunches on the branches of trees, and 
 even on palms " (D.). 
 
 8. EHTNCOSTYLIS. 
 
 R. retusa (Saccolabium guttatum, D.). Stem stout, leaves 
 thick linear channelled, ragged at the apex ; flowers very many, 
 in large and beautiful drooping racemes, pale with purple spots, 
 sepals and petals closely joined and spreading, so as to make 
 the flower as broad as long, lip long narrow, bending over to 
 the column, spur short baggy. 
 
 Very frequent on mango trees in the Konkan, and spread more 
 or less all over India. It is very conspicuous, and one of the most 
 beautiful of the plants which " drink the bright shower, and feed 
 upon the air " (Dr. Darwin). 
 
 9. BRIDES, 
 
 jiE. maculosum. Leaves oblique at the point, obtuse, petals 
 broader than sepals, lip ovate with a tubercle at the base of 
 the middle lobe, and a short straight spur ; flowers pale rose- 
 colour, spotted with purple. Ichwach. 
 
 Rutnagherry and Mahableshwar. Pretty common in Konkan 
 jungles (D.). Matheran (Birdwood). This also is a large and hand- 
 some species, and is no doubt G.'s JE. multiflorum. H. seems to make 
 the size much smaller, and does not refer to either D. or G. 
 
 * JE. crispum, stem very stout, leaves strap-shaped, obliquely 2- 
 lobed, panicle large, the terminal raceme long and drooping, sepals 
 and petals very broad, mid-lobe of lip broad ovate crenate or toothed, 
 spur short, obtuse, projecting forward, flowers rose-coloured, lip 
 darker. RaMising, pausing. S. Konkan and W^ri (D.). W. Ghauts (ff.). 
 
326 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 Matheran (Birdwood"). H. says he knows of no character whereby 
 to separate D.'s JE. Lindleyana from this. He also ascribes to the 
 Konkan, but without any Bombay authority, M. odoratum, which has 
 strap-shaped leaves, mid-lobe of lip incurved between the much 
 larger side-lobes ; flowers purple to nearly white, often purple-spotted 
 or -tipped. 
 
 10. SACCOLABIUM. 
 
 1. S. WigJitianum (S. papillosum, D.). Stem 12 to 18 
 inches, leaves thick fleshy strap-shaped, unequal at the point ; 
 flowers fragrant, stiff and fleshy, nearly sessile on a short thick 
 peduncle, sepals and petals nearly alike, greenish-yellow with 
 horizontal purple bars, lip oval, pure white streaked with 
 violet, saccate at base. 
 
 A very common species in the Konkan, but of little beanty. W. 
 Ghauts (#.) 
 
 * 8. prcemorsum, "Near the last, but more slender, the leaves 
 narrower, lip deeply lobed, very complicate, flowers small, papillose 
 all over." Konkan, Law (H.) Not in D. or Q. 
 
 2. 8. maculatum (Micropera m. D.). Almost stemless, 
 leaves flat linear, oblong, obliquely 2-lobed, spotted, racemes 
 erect, many-flowered ; flowers greenish-yellow, lip white spotted 
 with purple, sepals erect, lateral petals turned down, side-lobes 
 of lip erect horn-like, spur short and blunt. 
 
 S. Konkan. Talkat Ghaut (D.). Canara and W. Ghauts (H.). 
 
 The specimens that I had were very gmall, but H. gives the plant 
 a larger size leaves 4 to 6 inches long. " The whole flower like a 
 side-saddle " (D.) ; a resemblance that may, perhaps, be discovered 
 when pointed out. 
 
 * S. viridiflorum. Allied to the last (H.) ; very small, leaves 2 oblong, 
 flat, flowers few fleshy, greenish-white, the lip variegated with rose- 
 colour, sepals and petals clawed, obtuse, spur short conical, in- 
 curved. 
 
 Ghauts (D.). Also S. Konkan (H.). 
 
 To this tribe also belong : 
 
 Oeodorum, terrestrial, scape stout, erect, sheathed, racemes curved, 
 lip boat-shaped erect, anther 2-celled with appendages after dehis- 
 cence. * G. purpureum, usually tall, leaves oval, flowers from white 
 veined with red-purple to pale-purple with stronger veins, lip more 
 or less fiddle-shaped, disk with a broad channelled ridge ending in a 
 callosity. Wari country (-ZX). * G. dilatatum differs from the last in 
 lower stature and broader petals and lip, the disk of which is smooth, 
 granulate or sub-keelod. No hab. (D.). 
 
 Luisia, tufted epiphytes, stem sheathed, leaves more or less cylin- 
 dric, flowers in short spikes drooping, bracts very short, thick, im- 
 
Order 112. Orckidece. 327 
 
 bricated, petals narrower than sepals, column very short truncate. 
 * L. tenuifolia, stem long and slender, flowers few and large, 
 yellowish-green and purple, lip oblong auricled at the base, 2-lobed 
 at the apex, with 3 callosities on the disk. S. Konkan (D.). 
 
 Cottonia, stem leafy, sepals and narrower petals widely spreading, 
 lip much longer, more or less fiddle- shaped. * C. macrostachya, 
 leaves strap-shaped, obliquely 2-lobed, scape 12 to 18 inches with 
 branches, bearing a few short racemes on the apex, sepals broad 
 ovate, lip purple with yellow border, velvety, furnished with 
 bristly knobs and curious appendages (-D.), like that of Ophrys 
 aranifera, i.e. the English spider orchis (if.). Wari country and 
 Chorla Ghaut (Z>.). 
 
 Vanda, stems leafy, sepals and petals about equal, spreading from a 
 narrow base, lip large, mid-lobe short and stout. * F. parviflora 
 (JErides Wightianum, D.). Stem 4 to 6 inches, leaves strap-shaped, 
 obliquely 2-lobed, racemes many-flowered, sepals and petals oval 
 yellow and brown j lip with mid-lobe 2 or 3 divided at the tip, deep 
 lilac, disk crested with fleshy blue lines, spur slender conical. S. 
 Konkan (D.). * F. Soxburghn, leaves narrow, pleated, flowers large 
 yellowish-green, or bluish, tesselated with brown and with white 
 margins, disk of lip with fleshy ridges, spur conical. Not in D. 
 Guzerat and Konkan (H.). 
 
 Sarcanthus, like Saccolabium, but petals and sepals fleshy, and 
 spur with a callus or erect plate within. * S. peninsularis, stem 
 leafy pendulous, leaves linear thick, racemes opposite the leaves, 
 flowers bent down, green or yellow with pink margins and violet lip, 
 side-lobes of lip erect, mid-lobe small acute, spur as long as the 
 flower, obtuse. Wari country (Z).). Ghauts (#.). 
 
 Tribe 3. NEOTTIE^. 11. SPIRANTHES. 
 
 * 8. australis. Six to eighteen inches high, leaves very 
 variable, linear lanceolate to sword-shaped, spikes twisted, 
 slender, with very close-set white or reddish flowers, lip oblong 
 crisp saccate, with 2 glands. 
 
 Chorla Ghaut (D.). Throughout India (F.), and widely spread 
 over the world. /S. cestivalis, ladies' tresses, is one of the common 
 small English orchids, and the spirally twisted flowers mark the 
 genus. 
 
 12. ZEUXINE. 
 
 Z. sulcata. Stem leafy, leaves erect linear lanceolate, mar- 
 gins usually recurved, spike dense, flowers white, yellow, or 
 pale rose, lip oblong tongue-shaped, dilated and 2-lobed at apex, 
 or with a hammer-headed terminal lobe. 
 
 Sholapore. Throughout India in the plains and lower hills (If.). 
 Not in D. or G. " The commonest Indian orchid: very variable in 
 size" (J7.). I had it about a foot high. 
 
328 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 * Z. longilalris (Monochilus I., D.). Very small, leaves ovate 
 petioled, scape scaly, spike glandular pubescent, few-flowered, bracts 
 roundish hooded as long as the ovary, lip much longer than the 
 sepals, winged and toothed, flowers white with green sepals. Chorla 
 Ghaut (Z).)- Ghauts and S. Konkan (#.). 
 
 13. FOGONIA. 
 
 P. carinata. Erect, leaf cordate much pleated, quite separate 
 from "the stem, petals and sepals equal lanceolate, green, lip 
 about the same length, white streaked with red or purple, mid- 
 lobe broad, capsule oval, 6-winged. 
 
 Dapoli. Common in Konkan jungles (D.}. Plains of India (#.). 
 
 * P. fldbelliformis " differs from the last in the many-nerved leaf: 
 the flowers are not readily distinguishable in dried specimens " (H.). 
 D. also found no better distinctions " Densest and shadiest thickets 
 of the Konkan ; also near Dharwar ; " but he had never seen the 
 flowers. 
 
 * P. plicata, leaf round cordate hairy, petiole often rusty purple, 
 or brown ; flowers one to three, yellowish-green wich whitish or 
 rose-coloured lip; sepals and petals spreading; lip embracing the 
 column, the tip broad 2-lobed. Not in D. or G. Konkan (H.). 
 " Growing under the thick shade of bamboos in the vicinity of Cal- 
 cutta ; immediately after the flowers decay the leaf from each bulb 
 appears " (-2.). 
 
 To this tribe also belongs Clieirostylis. Stem leafy, sepals com- 
 bined in a tube, lip erect, base saccate, limb clawed and then dilated, 
 column short with two appendages in front. * C. flalellata, scape 
 glandular, pubescent, leaves ovate acute, flowers few white, limb of 
 lip roundish, deeply 2-cleft, the divisions 4 or 5-lobed, the claw with 
 two callosities at the base. Chorla Ghaut (Z).). Konkan (H. \ 
 " The leaves are almost transparent and most beatifully veined " 
 (ZX). 
 
 Tribe 4. OPHRYDE.E. 
 
 14. HABENAKIA. 
 To this tribe most of the well-known English orchids belong. 
 
 H. has no less than 106 species of Halenaria in his Flora, and 
 divides them into two divisions and eight sections. Of the species 
 given below all except the last four are in division A, which has 
 " lateral sepals spreading, deflexed or reflexed." Division B has 
 " lateral sepals erect or ascending, or forming a hood with the dorsal 
 sepal and petals." 
 
 Note, The flowers are nearly always white, though sometimes 
 tinged with green or yellow. 
 
 Note. Dr. Dymock gives Mhenas as the Marhatta name of the 
 various species of this genus. 
 
Order i\2. Orchidcce. 329 
 
 DIVISION A. Section 1. Petals truncate, bifid or bipartite, 
 lip 3-lobed. 
 
 1. H. digital a. One or two feet high, leaves oblong ovate, 
 waved, flowers greenish-white, the segments of the petals and 
 of the lip linear and much alike, bract spur and ovary nearly 
 the same length. 
 
 Dapoli. Caranjah (D.). W. Ghauts (ff.). 
 
 Smell strong and sickly. H. makes D.'s H. foliosa a var. of this ; 
 it is smaller, and has the peculiarity of having the hinder divisions 
 of the petals spirally twisted. I had it at Dapoli, D. in Salsette. 
 
 * H. Gibsoni, very stout and leafy, "much like a gigantic state of 
 H. digitata with much longer leaves, and a few very large flowers" 
 (H.). Not in D. or G. Near Kyreshwar, Konkan, and Khandalla, 
 Dr. Gibson (H.). 
 
 2. H. grandiflora (H. rotundifolia, D.). All smooth, about 
 six inches high, stem slender, arising from one round leaf 
 pressed close on the ground ; flowers few, divisions of the lip 
 about equal, middle one broader. 
 
 Rutnagherry, on the rocks, and I believe very common at Dapoli, 
 but I have made some mistake in my notes. Between Ram Ghaut 
 and Belgaum, and Sivner Fort (D.). Konkan and Ghauts, and no 
 other hab. (H.). The specific name is very misleading. 
 
 * 3. H. rariflora. Stem slender, leaves oblong lanceolate, 
 radical, or on the lower part of the stem ; flowers one or two 
 with bracts shorter than the pedicels, lower segment of petals 
 longer and narrower than the upper, lateral segments of lip 
 long and very narrow, spur very long and stout. 
 
 S. Konkan (D.)- Ghauts and Deccan peninsnla ; leaves and 
 flowers very variable in size (H.)- 
 
 * H. stenopetala, stem tall and stont, leaves oblong, raceme short 
 dense, flowers very variable in size, greenish, segments of petals 
 slender, sepals with filiform tips, segments of lip very variable, spur 
 as long as the ovary. Not in D. or G. Konkan, Stocks (H.). 
 
 Section 2. Petals entire, lip 3-lobed, side-lobes broad, except 
 H. platyphylla, mid-lobe narrow. 
 
 4. H. Susannce (Plafanthera S., D.). The giant orchis. 
 Two to four feet high, leaves ovate oblong acute, flowers very 
 large, upper sepal very broad, 4-sided, petals linear acute, 
 side-lobes of lip very broad, truncate, pectinated, mid-lobe 
 linear, spur very long, bracts leafy. 
 
 Dapoli. Konkan and Ghauts in several places, but nowhere abun- 
 
33O The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 dant (D.). " One plant has been found at Mahableshwar, and one at 
 Matheran " (Birdwood). 
 
 t There is no mistaking this grand plant, from its height and the 
 size of the flowers, which H. pnts at three or four inches in diameter. 
 The deeply pectinated lobes of the lip are also very conspicuous. 
 
 " From the root 
 
 Springs lighter the green stalk, from thence the leaves 
 More aery, last the bright consummate flower 
 Spirits odorous breathes." Milton. 
 
 5. H. longicalcarata. Two feet high, leaves oblong, elliptic, 
 stem clothed with sheaths of leaves, flowers white and green, 
 with peduncles and bracts equal, mid-lobe of lip narrow lanceo- 
 late, side-lobes truncated, crenate, spur several times longer than 
 ovary. 
 
 Dapoli. Grassy pastures near Belgaum, abundant (D.). Khan- 
 dalla ((?.). Ghauts (#".) This also is a large and handsome 
 species. 
 
 * H. platyphylla, six to eighteen inches high, leaves three to six, 
 sessile roundish or elliptic, pressed to the ground, flowers fragrant, 
 sepals broader than petals, mid-lobe of lip lanceolate, spur slender, 
 longer than ovary. Not in D. Mahableshwar (CooTce). Identified 
 by H. with G,'s plant of the same name (Belgaum and Dharwar), 
 which, however, he described as having a single round leaf pressed 
 flat to the ground. * H. suaveolens, six inches high, leafy at base, 
 leaves lanceolate acute folded, scape angled with one bract in the 
 middle, flowers few, petals and sepals alike, mid-lobe of lip narrow, 
 side-lobes obliquely truncated, slightly toothed, spur filiform as long 
 as the ovary. This species depends on Dalzell alone, who had it 
 between Vingorla and Malwan. * H. crinifera, very slender, leaves 
 oblong lanceolate, sepals broader than petals, lip much longer, clawed 
 and 4-partite, the side lobes tailed, spur much longer than the beaked 
 ovary. Near Vingorla (D.). Earn Ghaut (&.). D. calls it three to 
 five inches high. ; H. up to eighteen inches. 
 
 Section 3. Petals entire, lip 3-partite, side-lobes very narrow, 
 entire, filiform. 
 
 6. H. commelinifolia. Tall, robust, leaves oblong lanceolate, 
 bracts longer than the beaked ovary, mid sepal roundish, lip 
 with a linear blade, dividing into three very long filiform seg- 
 ments, spur incurved, green, very long. 
 
 Salsette. S. Konkan (#.). Canara also (if.). Not in D. 
 
 7. H. H&yneana. Stem short and stout, leaves narrow 
 oval, bracts leafy, hooded, large, sepals broader than petals, lip 
 thick, mid-lobe longer and broader than the side-lobes, spur 
 about as long as ovary ; flowers yellowish-green. 
 
Order 112. Orchidecz. 331 
 
 Lanoli. Wari country and Ghauts (D.~). 
 
 * H. subpubens (H. Candida, D.), perhaps only a form of this, but 
 more slender, leaves linear, flowers white, lip spathulate, clawed, 
 trifid (H.}. S. Konkan (D. and H.}. Mahableshwar (Cooke). 
 
 8. H. marginata. Eight inches to a foot high, leaves near 
 the base, ovate with whitish margins, racemes dense, flowers 
 yellow, sepals and petals about the same length, lip longer, 
 mid-lobe obtuse, shorter than the linear side-lobes, spur short 
 and stout. 
 
 Bandora and Dapoli. Caranjah and Ghauts about Junar (D.). S. 
 Konkan ((?.). The margins of the leaves in my specimens were very 
 slight. 
 
 * H. flavescens, perhaps only a form of this, but a much more 
 slender plant, turning yellow, with fewer and smaller flowers, and a 
 distinctly beaked ovary (if.). Not in D. or G. The Konkan (Law}, 
 and known to no one else (fl".). 
 
 9. * J9T. crassifotia (Platanthera "brachyphylla^ D.). Six 
 inches to a foot high, leaves 2, radical, roundish, fleshy, scape 
 with many sheaths, flowers many, small, white or greenish, 
 sepals and petals short and broad, lobes of lip about equal, 
 linear oblong obtuse, spur equal to the beaked ovary. 
 
 High hills about Junar (Z).). From the Konkan to the Nilghiris, 
 common (#.). 
 
 * H. affinis, one or two feet high, stem stout with many erect 
 lanceolate sheaths, leaves large lanceolate, spikes long cylindric, 
 flowers green, lip long, side-lobes longest, spur half as long as the 
 ovary, slender incurved. Konkan and Canara (ff.). Not in D. or G. 
 * H. viridifolia (Cceloglotsum luteum, D.), leaves radical, linear acumi- 
 nate, spike very slender, many-flowered, flowers small greenish- 
 yellow, lip longer than the sepals, lobes slender, variable in length, 
 spur about as long as the beaked ovary. Near Malwan (D.). * H. 
 diphylla, scape six inches high with many sheaths, leaves two, radical, 
 round cordate margined, pressed flat on the ground, flowers greenish, 
 sepals broader than petals, lobes of the lip filiform, lateral ones 
 longest, spur about equal to the ovary. S. Konkan (1?.). 
 
 DIVISION B. Section 5. Petals entire, lip usually trifid ; 
 flowers usually very small, spur usually very short or saccate. 
 The leaves in the species here given are collected about the 
 middle of the stem. 
 
 10. * H. Goody eroides (Peristylus } G., D.). Stem stout, 
 one or two feet high, leaves elliptic, lanceolate, spike long, 
 dense, flowers yellowish- green or white, lateral sepals oblong 
 obtuse, lip as long, recurved, spur minute. 
 
332 The Floivermg Plants of Western India. 
 
 S. Konkan (D.). Deccan peninsula (H.}. The size of the flowers and 
 the lobes of the lip are very variable (#.). 
 
 11. H. Lawii (Peristylus, L., D.). Stem slender, with 3 or 
 4 leaves, elliptic or lanceolate, flowers very small, sepals 
 narrower than petals, lip with* 3 equal lobes, spur short and 
 bladdery. 
 
 Lanoli. Belgaum (D.). Konkan and Mysore (H".). H. gives the 
 flowers as yellow ; I noted sepals brown, petals white. 
 
 * H. Stocksii, stem rather stout, 6 to 18 inches high, leaves obovate 
 or elliptic, spike twisted, flowers on one side, yellowish, petals ovate 
 obtuse, fleshy, lateral lobes of the lip incurved, claw broad, concave, 
 spur as long as the sepals. Not in D. or G. Konkan and Mysore 
 (H.), not elsewhere. *H. Wightii (Peristylus elatus, D.). Stem one 
 or two feet .high, rather stout, leaves oblong, lanceolate, flowers 
 greenish, crowded, dorsal sepal and petals broad, roundish, lip 
 almost entire, shorter than the sepals, spur spheroidal. Mai wan (D.) 
 
 D. had two species which U. cannot identify : * H. Caranjensis, 
 flowers small, yellow, upper sepal rounded, petals half ovate, obtuse, 
 mid-lobe of lip oblong, side-lobes shorter, truncate, spur club shaped, 
 shorter than the ovary ; Caranjah ; and *H. modesta, stem leafy at 
 the base, flowers greenish-white, mid-lobe of the lip oval, shorter, 
 cohering with the tip of the petals and upper sepals, and concealing 
 the column, side-lobes linear lanceolate, spreading ; spur filiform, a 
 little longer than the ovary. Salsette. 
 
 I have no means of giving a list of orchids introduced into Bombay 
 gardens and verandahs, of which there must be a great number. 
 
 Of useful products of plants of this order there seems to be only 
 two : Vanilla, from the fleshy pod-like fruit of some species of the 
 climbing genus Vanilla; one of these, F. aromatica, is said by D. to 
 do well in Deccan gardens. H. has five species, mostly belonging to 
 the south of India. The other product is Saloop, a nutritious 
 starchy substance made from the roots of tubers of various species 
 of Orchis, EulopTiia, and probably other genera. It is known in 
 England, and on this side of India is called Sdlap misri. It is made 
 from one species which grows commonly at Dapoli, but my note about 
 it is not forthcoming. 
 
 ORDER 113. SCITAMINE^E. 
 
 Herbs often large, rarely with woody stem ; leaves simple, 
 often radical, pinnately nerved from a midrib ; flowers irregular, 
 hermaphrodite (except Musa), arising generally from mem- 
 branous spathaceous bracts, sepals free or tubular, sometimes 
 spathaceous ; corolla tubular with 3-partite limb ; stamens 
 (except in Musece) one, with 5-petaloid staminodes ; ovary 
 inferior 3-celled, or imperfectly so, style slender, stigma entire, 
 fruit usually a 3-celled capsule. 
 
Order 113. Scitaminece. 333 
 
 This order was formerly called the Ginger family; but is now- 
 made to include, as separate tribes, the arrowroots and plantains, 
 formerly separate orders. It is a distinctly tropical order of large 
 herbs, having in nearly all cases large handsome foliage, and very 
 often showy flowers with many-coloured bracts. It might be thought 
 from the mention in the above description of calyx and corolla, and 
 leaves with nerves proceeding from the midrib, that the plants would 
 have the appearance of belonging to the earlier orders ; but this is 
 not the case, the leaves being evidently endogenous, and not re- 
 ticulated, and the peculiarity of flowers described below also making 
 a distinction. 
 
 The roots of a large number of plants of this order are used for 
 food, and some are medicinal. 
 
 " The peculiarity of the flowers is that most of the stamens are so 
 developed as to look like petals, only one stamen generally retaining 
 the normal appearance, and producing an anther. The perianth is 
 usually of six lobes in two series (called calyx and corolla above), 
 and within the perianth are the barren stamens (staminodes), which 
 look like petals, are generally unequal in size and phape, and are 
 variously combined. This arrangement makes the comprehension 
 of the flowers difficult to beginners." Oliver. 
 
 11 In the Ginger order one outer whorl of stamens resembles the 
 tubular corolla, so that the perianth seems to consist of nine lobes 
 instead of six." Grant Allen. 
 
 Note. When there is a stem the leaves make a sheath to it, but in 
 some cases there is no stem, the leaves being radical, and the scape 
 of flowers then springs up, sometimes from the centre of the leaves, 
 sometimes at a little distance from them, as if too proud to acknow- 
 ledge the connection. 
 
 TRIBE 1. ZINGIBERE^E. Gingers. Calyx tubular or spath- 
 aceous, staminodes various, style slender, embraced below the 
 stigma by the anther. 
 
 1. GLOBBA. Stem erect, leafy, corolla tube long, filament 
 slender, with two dorsal appendages, connective simple, winged 
 or spurred, ovary one-celled. 
 
 (a) Lateral staminodes broad. 
 
 2. CURCUMA. Stem none, bracts hooded, enclosing several 
 flowers, forming a cone-like spike, filament petaloid, anther 
 cells spurred at the base. 
 
 Note. Although having no stem, properly so called, many species 
 have a spurious istem formed of the thick sheathing leaf -stalks, much 
 as in the plantains j this is called by H. the " leafy stem." or the 
 " leafy tuft." 
 
 3. K^EMPFERIA. Stem short or none, filament very short, 
 connective crested. 
 
 4. HITCHENIA. Flowering stem leafy, filament long, 
 
334 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 complicate, connective broad, not crested, inflorescence as in 
 Curcuma. 
 
 (b) Lateral staminodes small or none. 
 
 5. ZINGIBER. Leafy stem elongated, spikes usually radical, 
 bracts single-flowered, filamemt short, anther cells parallel, 
 connective usually produced into a long appendage. 
 
 6. COSTUS. Stem and inflorescence as in the last, filament 
 petal oid, anther adnate to its middle, cells parallel. 
 
 7. ALPINIA. Leafy stem long, with a terminal lax spike 
 or panicle of flowers, filament long, connective various. 
 
 TRIBE 2. MARANTE^;. Sepals free or loosely cohering, 
 anther one-celled, staminodes connate into a 5 or 6-lobed inner 
 perianth, of which one lobe is lip-shaped, two hooded, and one 
 bears the auther. 
 
 8. PHETNIUM. Stemless (in the species here given), spike 
 compound from the side of the petiole, corolla tube cylindric, 
 staminal tube longer, segments unequal, one bearing the one- 
 celled anther on its margin. 
 
 TRIBE 3. MUSE.E. Sepals free or connate in a split spathe, 
 stamens 5, free, anthers linear, 2-celled, staminode one or 
 none, style central, stigma 2 or 3-partite. 
 
 9. MUSA. Stem subarboreous, simple, leaves very large, 
 flower spike erect, terminal, the flowers in clusters enclosed in 
 a large spathaceous bract, calyx tube short. 
 
 Note. Except in the last tribe, the following peculiarities are 
 noticeable in this order, all of which tend to make the flowers of 
 many species more conspicuous. 
 
 1. The calyx, petals, and petaloid staminodes are frequently all 
 coloured. 
 
 2. The central staminode (lip) is frequently larger than the rest, 
 often 3-lobed, and sometimes coloured difierently. 
 
 3. The bracts are very conspicuous, often delicately coloured, 
 particularly those which are without flowers, and which form the 
 top of the raceme. This part is then called the coma. 
 
 1. GLOBBA. 
 
 * G. "bulbifera (G. marantina, D.). 1 2 to 1 8 inches high, leaves 
 bifarious, broad lanceolate with waved margins ; spike terminal, 
 bracts ovate cordate, with a small bulb in the axil; flowers 
 yellow, fragrant, long-tubed, anthers with yellow bifid spread- 
 ing wings. 
 
Order 113. Scitaniinecz. 335 
 
 Wari country (D.), #., without hab. 
 
 2. CURCUMA. Turmeric. 
 
 Note. The species are very difficult of determination, and the 
 characters are taken, almost without exception, from drawings (H.}. 
 
 (a) Spike distinct from the leaves, usually appearing first. 
 
 1. C. aromatica (C. zedoaria, D.), Tubers yellowish inside, 
 stem composed of leaf sheaths and bracts, corolla rosy or 
 purple, the lip yellow, broad, 2-cleft. Ban lialdi, zadivdr. - 
 
 The Konkans, springing np very commonly at the beginning^of the 
 rains, and known as wild arrowroot. Throughout India wild and 
 frequently cultivated (H.}. The produce of this, C. Nilgherrensis, and 
 Hitchenia, is called East India arrowroot. 
 
 * C. zedoaria seems to be very like this, but larger, and the leaves 
 have usually a dark mark down the middle ; flowers shorter than 
 the bracts. Kachura, Mpur, said to produce the zedoaria of the 
 Miteria Medica. Cultivated throughout India (H.), but not given 
 by D. or O. 
 
 * C. Nilffherrensis (C. angustifolia, D.). Eoot with small tuber?, 
 leaves petioled acute, narrowed to both ends ; flowers large, bright 
 yellow, longer than the bracts ; coma pink or purple, flowering 
 bracts pale yellowish-green. Ram Ghaut (D.}. This yields 
 Travancore arrowroot. Lisboa. 
 
 (b) Spike in the centre of the tuft of leaves. 
 
 2. * C. amada. Leaves broad, lanceolate, long-petioled, 
 spike about 6 inches high, flower-bracts pale green, coma pink, 
 flowers about as long as the bracts, corolla whitish, lip pale 
 yellow. Amada, kajura gauri. 
 
 Konkans and Guzerat (D.). Widely cultivated (-5".). "Mango 
 ginger, so named from its fresh roots, something like green mangoes; 
 the tube of corolla is slender, and the mouth shut by 3 yellow hairy 
 glands" (<?.). 
 
 3. * C. longa. H. says that herbarium specimens of this 
 and the last are not distinguishable ; but the leafy stem in this 
 is given at 4 to 5 feet, and in the last at only 2 to 3 feet. 
 " Conspicuous by its beautiful pink coma " (D.). Haldi, alad. 
 
 Cultivated in Guzerat and some parts of the Deccan for the root, 
 which furnishes the turmeric of commerce. "Known in Bombay 
 also by its Chaldaic or Hebrew name, Karkam" ((?.). 
 
 "Curcuma, turmeric or Indian cane, brought to us from several 
 parts of India by the company of merchants trading thither." 
 Tournefort, A.D. 1719. 
 
336 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 4. * C. montana (C. pseudomontana, D.). Leafy, stem 
 2 to 3 feet, leaves with petiole as long, tapering to both ends, 
 coma of a beautiful dark rose-colour, waved, flowers yellow, as 
 long as the bracts, two or three to each. Sindarbdr, Sindar- 
 tvdni, lialaonda. 
 
 Konkans (D.). " Grows in great abundance about Malhar in 
 Salsettej tubers round, eaten by the natives when grain is dear" 
 
 () 
 
 * C. decipiens, tubers small almond-shaped, leaves broad, oval or 
 cordate and cuspidate, spikes 6 to 8 inches, bracts and flowers purple ; 
 lip bifid, with curled margins. Hal wan (D.), Konkan (#.) ; but the 
 species is known only to Dalzell. He says that the earlier spikes are 
 lateral, the later central. 
 
 H. identifies G.'s No. 1474, of which there is neither description 
 nor hab., with * C. strobilifera, bracts all green, flowers pale yellow, 
 about as long, corolla segments small, whitish, lip short, deflexed, 
 roundish. Found otherwise only in lower Bnrmah. 
 
 Many species and vars. of Curcuma are grown in conservatories 
 in England, and probably in gardens in India ; the bracts, perianth 
 and stamens are frequently all equally coloured. 
 
 3. KJEMPFERIA. Galangale. 
 
 K. scaposa (HedycMum s., D.). Leaf-sheaths forming a 
 stem, large, broad, lanceolate, scape 12 to 15 inches high, spike 
 dense with pure white flowers, lip bifid, staminodes large and 
 broad, anther very large, bracts green. Jangli kdcheru, kalla, 
 sunka. " The rice lily." 
 
 Rutnagherry, and (as G. says) very common in the plain between 
 Karli and Lanoli. S. Konkan 'D.). H. has no other hab., and this 
 differs from nearly all the other species of India proper, in having a 
 leafy stem. 
 
 The other three species are stemless ; the first two are not in D. 
 
 * K. galanga, leaves radical roundish, spread flat on the ground, 
 spike central, flowers pure white, fragrant, lip with a lilac throat, 
 deeply bifid, anther crest quadrate, lobes 2, rounded, bracts lanceo- 
 late green. S. Konkan (#.). Plains throughout India (ff.)- CJianda 
 mulct. This is the officinal Galanga. * K. pandurata, leaves large, 
 oblong, erect, spike hidden in the dilated bases of the petiole. " A 
 very beautiful plant, with pale pink-coloured flowers. Konkan and 
 Guzerat " (G.). H. has no other Indian hab., but has " cultivated for 
 its ginger-like rootstock." * K. rotunda, leaves oblong, erect, spikes 
 appearing before the leaves, corolla segments long linear, lip with 
 two deep roundish lobes, flowers of various shades of purple and 
 white, fragrant. Bhui champa. Gardens (D. and (?.). Throughout 
 India, often cultivated (H.). Described and figured by Dr. Kirtikar 
 in B.N.H.8. Journal, vii. 203. 
 
Order 113. Scitaminea. 337 
 
 4. HITCHENIA. 
 
 H. caulina (Curcuma caulina, D.). Stem leafy, 3 feet 
 high, radical leaves sheathing, oblong lanceolate, stem leaves 
 much tinged with red, bracts large, green, coma white, flowers 
 yellow, the tube slender. Chatcar, Nisham. 
 
 Table land of Mahableshwar (D. and <?.). The Konkan (H.) ; and 
 no other hab. This is the plant from which arrowroot is made at 
 Mahableshwar and Dapali. Lisboa. 
 
 5. ZINGIBER. Ginger. 
 
 1. *Z. nimmonii. Stem 4 or 5 feet high, round, leaves 
 lanceolate, acute, sheathing; spike just rising above the ground, 
 at a little distance from the stem, bracts striped with red, 
 corolla yellowish-red, lip yellow, 3-lobed, capsules size of a 
 pigeon's egg. 
 
 The Konkans, common (D.). Abundant in Lanoli Grove ((?.). ^ 
 other hab. (fl.). 
 
 2. Z. qfficindle, common ginger, dleh, adrcikh, the dried 
 root sunt, cultivated in gardens in Guzerat and the Deccaii, 
 and generally throughout tropical Asia. Native locality 
 unknown (H.). 
 
 3. *Z. zerumbet, broad-leaved ginger ; 3 to 4 feet high, 
 leaves oblong, lanceolate, spike oval, oblong, very dense, bracts 
 roundish, green, flowers large, sulphur-yellow ; lobes of lip 
 roundish, corolla tube as long as the bract. Buteh, mahdbdn 
 liuteh. 
 
 Common abont old wells in the Konkan (D.). Throughout In3ia : 
 widely cultivated in the tropics of the Old World (ff.). 
 
 4. Z. macrostacliyum. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, it and the 
 bracts red, leaves lanceolate, spikes long-peduncled, dense, 
 flowers white, lip pale yellow, the middle lobe lined purple, 
 corolla tube as long as the bracts, capsule red, size of a pigeon's 
 egg. Nisam. 
 
 Rutnagherry. Konkan and Lanoli, growing near streams (D. and 
 (?.). No other hab. (H.). Has much the appearance of Z,. nimrnonii, 
 but smaller (6r.). 
 
 5. *Z". casumunar. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, leaves bifarious, 
 linear-lanceolate, spikes oblong, very dense, bracts reddish, 
 flowers large, white, or pale yellow, corolla tube long. Ban 
 dda, ran ddu. 
 
338 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 In gardens Bombay, and wild in the Konkans (D. and #.). 
 Throughout India, and widely cultivated in tropical Asia (ff.). 
 
 Caeumunar, the root of this plant, sometimes called yellow 
 Zedoary, had a great reputation as a drug in Europe in the 17th 
 century, which did not last. * Z. cernuum, leaves narrow, elliptic, 
 spike as in Z. nimmonii, braets yellowish-green, flowers a mixture 
 of pink, white, and yellow. Earn Ghaut (D.). This is known to no 
 one but Dalzell apparently. 
 
 6. COSTUS. 
 
 * C. speciosus. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, leafy, spike at the end 
 of the stem, leaves spirally arranged, oblong, cuspidate, softly 
 hairy beneath, braets ovate, or obovate, bright red ; flowers very 
 large, pure white, the lip roundish, the margins incurved and 
 meeting. Kemuka, kut, ivangcliawa. 
 
 One of the commonest as well as the handsomest of the order (D.). 
 Throughout India (-ET.)- ^ a l go describes it as common in Salsette 
 and the Konkans, so that I consider myself unfortunate never to 
 have met with it. 
 
 7. ALPINIA. 
 
 * A. galanga. Stems 6 or 7 feet high, leafy in the upper 
 part, leaves lanceolate, smooth, flowers in a dense panicle, 
 small, greenish white, the lip obovate, clawed, white veined 
 with lilac, fruit size of a small cherry, orange-red. Kulinjan. 
 
 The margins of the leaves are white, and somewhat callous: the 
 root is galanga major of the chemists (-D.). Wild in the Wari 
 country (D.). Throughout India, widely cultivated (H.). 
 
 The next two are ascribed to the Konkan, apparently on Nimmo's 
 authority alone ; but are widely cultivated (H.). The third is a native 
 of the Eastern Islands, common in gardens. 
 
 . * A. allughas, stem 3 to 6 feet high, covered with the smooth leaf- 
 sheaths, panicle bending to one side, flowers large, of a beautiful 
 rose-colour, capsule round, smooth, black when ripe. Tdraka. This 
 is .5., D. and G.'s description ; but JL. says, "flowers small, corolla 
 segments linear, oblong, greenish-white, lip cuneate, pink." * A. 
 calcaraia, stem 2 to 4 feet high, leaves lanceolate, panicle dense, 
 flowers middle size, corolla segments oblong, greenish-white, lip 
 striped, and spotted with red and yellow, on a pale ground, base 
 spurred ; capsule round, red. A. nulans, very large, leaves oblong, 
 lanceolate, flowers bell-shaped, red, yellow, and pink, very brilliant. 
 Puna champa, nag damani. 
 
 Anomum, flowers in a dense spike, filament short, anther cells 
 diverging above, connective crested or 2-lobed. The only species 
 (out of 48) attributed to this Presidency, and that on Stocks' 
 authority, as in the Konkan, is *A. microstephanum, stem 4 feet 
 high, leaves large, lanceolate, spike round, flowers white, corolla 
 
Order 113. Scitaminecz. 339 
 
 tube and lip each an inch, long, lip obovate, anther crest small, round. 
 Not in D. or G. 
 
 From various species of Amomwn, and from Elettaria cardomomum, 
 cultivated in the S., and sometimes found in gardens in W. India, 
 the cardozaums of commerce are produced, being the dry, mem- 
 branous capsules, full of small black seeds. ElcTii. 
 
 Hedychiu-m, with long and slender filament, and broad lateral 
 staminodes, is only known by H. coronarium, a garden plant, with 
 pure white, fragrant flowers, which R, called the most charming 
 plant of the order. Sontukha, dulaba cliampa. H. makes D.'s H. 
 flavum with large yellow flowers, also called Sontukha, and hema 
 champa, a var. of this. 
 
 Tribe MARANTE^:. 
 
 8. PHRYXIUM. 
 
 P. capitatum. Leaves radical, large, long-petioled, oblong ; 
 flowers in short spikes, scarlet, capsule 3-lobed, seeds warted. 
 Kudale. 
 
 Common in shady jungles of the Konkan (D.). H. has omitted 
 the reference to D. ; but I think there is no doubt that his plant and 
 D.'s are the same. It resembles Canna Indica. I have seen it only in 
 gardens. *P. spicatum, leaf oblong, petiole longer than the blade, 
 spike oblong, one or two inches long ; bracts green, flowers white. 
 
 Konkan, Law (H.). Otherwise only in Pegu. Not in D. or G. 
 
 Canna belongs to a separate tribe, Canneae, in which the 1-celled 
 anther is adnate to the single petaloid filament. C. Indica, Indian 
 shot, one of the commonest of Indian garden plants, deva keli, ndna 
 keli ; leaves large sheathing, flowers scarlet, seeds black, resembling, 
 and eaid to be sometimes used as, shot. 
 
 " Tall Canna lifts his curled brow 
 Erect to heaven." Dr. Darwin. 
 
 Throughout India (If.) ; but does not appear to be wild in W. 
 India. There are various varieties, one of which has yellow 
 flowers. 
 
 Tribe MUSE^. 
 
 9, MUSA. Plantain. 
 
 M. superba. Stem short, leaves petioled, lanceolate, bracts 
 large, roundish, many-flowered, calyx 3-cleft, petals shorter, 
 fruit oblong, dry when ripe, not eatable, full of large black 
 seeds. 
 
 This is the wild plantain, rdn kliela, kandera, common on the 
 Ghauts in the rains. The whole plant dies away to the ground each 
 year. H. has no other hab. than W. Ghauts. 
 
 M. rosacea (M. ornata, D.). From 3 to 5 feet high, leaves petioled, 
 linear oblong, bracts lilac, or pale red ; calyx yellowish, white, 
 5-toothed, fruit oblong, pulpy, much as in N. sapientium. Konkan 
 and Ghauts ; also in the E. Himalayas (-H".). 
 
 z 2 
 
340 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 The cultivated plantain, Khela, is M. sanentium, said to be 
 wild in Behar and the E. Himalayas. ' The specific name 
 conveys an allusion to a statement of Theophrastus concerning 
 a fruit which served as food for the wise men of India, supposed 
 to have heen the plantain." 
 
 By far the best plantains in W. India are grown in the Bassein 
 district; and at Agasi, N. of Bassein, they have a way of drying them, 
 which, if done scientifically, and for export, might probably make 
 the fruit in that form as popular in England as dried figs. The 
 banana of the W. Indies is not now considered a separate species ; 
 it has the honourable specific name of Paradisiaca, because of the 
 tradition that Eve first saw Adam under one of these trees : 
 
 " Till I espied thee. fair indeed and tall, 
 Under a platane." Paradise Lost. 
 
 " Gerarde and other old authors name it Adam's apple, from a 
 notion that it was the forbidden fruit of Eden ; while others suppose 
 the so-called grapes brought out of the Promised Land by the spies 
 to have been bunches of plantains." London. 
 
 The poetical allusions to tie tree are not always quite accurate, 
 e.g. : 
 
 " Carved is her name in many a spicy grove, 
 In many a plantain forjst waving wide." Rogers. 
 
 To its practical virtues H. M. Stanley bears witness in "Darkest 
 Africa : " 
 
 "We had often wondered, during our life in the forest region, that 
 natives did not appear to have discovered what valuable, nourishing, 
 aad easily digested food they possessed in the plantain and banana. 
 All banana lands, Cuba, Brazil, the W. Indies, seem to me to have been 
 specially remiss in this point. If only the virtues of the flour were 
 known it is not to be doubted that it would be largely consumed 
 in Europe. For infants, persons of delicate digestion, dyspeptics, 
 and those suffering from temporary derangement of the stomach, 
 the flour, properly prepared, would be in universal demand. During 
 my two attacks of gastritis a light gruel of this, mixed with milk, 
 was the only food that could be digested." 
 
 Ravenala Madagascarensis (Urania speciosa, D.), "the traveller's 
 tree" of Madagascar, "the water tree" of the Dutch, is found in 
 gardens in and about Bombay. It is a tree of remarkable appearance, 
 having a woody stem, and very large, long-petioled plantain-like 
 leaves, forming a semicircular head, like an open fan; flowers 
 large, white, sessile. 
 
 "In Madagascar it forms a characteristic feature of the scenery 
 in many parts. The lower leaves drop oft' as the stem grows, and in 
 an old tree the lowest leaves are sometimes 30 feet from the ground. 
 The fruit is filled with a fine silky fibre of the most brilliant blue 
 or purple, among which are about 30 or 40 seeds. . . The leaf- 
 stalks always contain water, even in the driest weather, more 
 
Order 113. Scitattoinecp, 341 
 
 than a quart being readily obtained by piercing the thick part of the 
 base of the leaf-stalk, and this water is pure and pleasant hence 
 the name." Chambers' s Encyclopaedia. 
 
 "This tree, like, the screw pine of the South Sea Islands, supplied 
 most of the needs of the E. Coast natives : it provides roof, walls, 
 floor, dishes, plates, ppoons, drinking cups, covers for cooking pots, 
 wrappings for parcels, and serves for various other purposes," 
 Diary of a Missionary in Madagascar. 
 
 Manilla hemp is made from a species very like the common plan- 
 tain, but with an uneatable fruit. 
 
 , the Iris family, have no representative in W. India, 
 the very few species given in the Indian Flora belonging to the 
 Himalayas. But one does not like to pass by quite without 
 mention flowers with such associations as the fleur-de-lis and 
 the crocus. The yellow flag, fleur-de-lis, or flower-de-luce, is 
 the royal lily of France, borne for several centuries in the 
 arms of England. 
 
 " Cropped are the flower-de-luces in your arms ; 
 Of England's coat one half is cut away/' King Henry VI. 
 
 " flower-de-luce, bloom on, and let the river 
 
 Linger to kiss thy feet ; 
 
 flower of song, bloom on, and make for ever 
 The world more fair and sweet." Longfellow. 
 
 ORDER 114. AMARYLLIDEJE. The Amaryllis Family. 
 
 Usually bulbous plants, leaves radical, more or less sword- 
 shaped, scape naked, perianth petaloid, 6-divided, sometimes 
 with a crown at the mouth ; stamens 6 on the perianth, ovary 
 inferior 3-celled, style one, stigma simple or cleft ; fruit usually 
 a 3-valved capsule. 
 
 This beautiful family is well known in Europe by the various 
 species of Narcissus (including the daffodil), and by the snowdrop 
 (Galanthus). The bulbs of mary plants of the order are poisonous. 
 
 TRIBE 1. HYPOXIDE-E. Rootstock tuberous. 
 
 1. HIPOXIS. Perianth sessile on the top of the ovary, 
 persistent, filaments short, anthers erect, style short, stigmas 3. 
 
 2. CURCULIGO. Flowers often unisexual, " perianth usually 
 produced above the ovary as a solid stipes (stalk), bearing the 
 rotate limb." 
 
 TRIBE 2. AMARYLLIDE^E. Rootstock bulbous, flowers from 
 a spathe, umbelled. 
 
 3. CRINUM. Flowers large, spathes 2, bracts linear, perianth 
 
342 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 funnel or salver-shaped, stamens on the throat, filaments free, 
 fruit large, rounded. 
 
 4. PANCEATIUM. Flowers large, spathes one or two, bracts 
 few linear, perianth funnel-shaped, stamens .on the throat, 
 filaments united by a membrane forming a cup. 
 
 1. HTPOXIS. 
 
 * H. aurea (Curculigo graminifolia, D.). Small, dioecious, 
 leaves narrow linear, keeled, scape slender with one or two 
 long-peduncled yellow flowers. 
 
 Khandalla and the Ghauts (D. and G.). Subtropical Himalayas 
 
 2. CURCULIGO. 
 
 C. orchioides (C. Irevifolia, D.). A pretty little plant with 
 star-like yellow flowers on a short scape, among the lanceolate 
 channelled leaves, which have a few long soft hairs ; stigma 
 3-cleft, capsule with slender beak. Musli Kand. 
 
 Dapoli. S. Konkan (G.). Common at the beginning of the 
 rains (D.). 
 
 In this H. includes D.'s C. malabarica, which D. distinguished 
 chiefly by its greater size and hairiness, giving the leaves as 2 feet 
 long and upwards; common on the Ghauts. 
 
 3. CRINUM. 
 
 1. * C. asiaticum. Leaves 3 to 4 feet by 5 to 7 inches, 
 scape \\ to 2 feet compressed, flowers numerous white, perianth 
 salver-shaped, tube 3 to 4 inches long, stamens often reddish, 
 fruit usually one- seeded. Ndgddn. 
 
 The Konkana (D. and G.). Throughout India (ff.). The leaves 
 are said to be equal as an emetic to the finest Ipecacuanha. 
 
 2. C. ensifolium (C. Roxlurghii, D.). Leaves 12 to 18 inches 
 by an inch broad, tapering to the tip, umbels with from 6 to 
 12 large, white, fragrant flowers with thread-like bracts among 
 them, tube 4 to 6 inches long, stamens long, protruding. 
 
 S. Konkan and Ghauts. Common on banks of Deccan rivers (D.). 
 H. attributes a very similar species, C. defixum, to swampy river 
 banks throughout India. 
 
 Unscientific observers would call this a very beautiful lily, 
 " Stately, and lovely, and pure as truth." 
 
 * C. bracfiynerna, bulb as large as the fist, leaves H to 2 feet long 
 by 3 or 4 inches broad, strap-shaped, appearing long after the flowers, 
 umbel of 15 to 20 white fragrant flowers, the tube 1 to 2 inches 
 
Order 114. Amaryllidecz. 343 
 
 long, anthers yellow. Found in the Konkan by Woodrow and Stocks 
 (If.). No other authority. D. has what seems to be a very noble 
 plant, * 0. augustum, with lanceolate channelled leaves 3 to 5 feet 
 long, scapes nearly as long, umbels of 30 to 40 pedicelled flowers, 
 white or rosy, fragrant, corolla tube 2 to 5 inches long. Banks of 
 the Gatparba and Malparba rivers. I cannot find this in H. Another 
 large species, * C. latifolium, is attributed by Nimmo in G. to both 
 Konkans, rare. H. has it as throughout India wild or cultivated, 
 but D. has not got it ; the leaves and scape are 2 or 3 feet long, 
 umbels of 10 to 20 white flowers, more or less streaked or tinged 
 with red, corolla tube 3 to 6 inches long. 
 
 4. PANCRATIUM. 
 
 P. parvum. A very pretty plant about 8 inches high, leaves 
 blunt, flat, linear, scape compressed with 3 or 4 very long- 
 tubed white flowers, staminal cup 12-toothed, anthers yellow, 
 oblong linear. 
 
 Tungar and Bandora. Konkan and Ghaut Hills (D.). No other 
 authority or hab. (H.) 
 
 G-. has * P. parviflorum without description. Common in both 
 Konkans and on margins of Deccau rivers ; not referred to by 
 either D. or H. 
 
 Agave Americana, the American aloe, pdlkdnde, jangli dnds, is 
 well known in gardens, "with leaves sharp-pointed like an Aztec 
 knife," formerly believed to flower only once in a hundred years ; 
 also A. vivipara, and probably others. 
 
 Order BROMELIACE^E (not given in H.) must be mentioned for the 
 sake of the pine-apple, andnas, Bromelia ananas. The fruit consists 
 of numerous flowers and bracts grown together in a mass, and the 
 crown of leaves, which looks so out of place, growing apparently 
 out of the fruit, belongs really to the flower less top of the spike. 
 
 The pine-apple was introduced into England about two centuries 
 ago. The best pines from S. Konkan gardens (e.g. between Harni 
 and Dapoli) are really good, though of course not equal to W. Indian 
 or English hot-house fruit. 
 
 ORDER 115. TACCACEJS. 
 
 Herbs, with tuberous roots, leaves radical, flowers umbelled, 
 involucre of 2 to 6 spathes, bracts very long filiform ; perianth 
 superior, 6-lobed in 2 series, stamens 6 at the base of the lobes, 
 anthers sessile within a hood, which forms the top of the 
 filament, style short, stigmas 3 broad, or petaloid and reflexed 
 like an umbrella over the style. 
 
 A very small order, containing only one genus. 
 
 TACCA, as the order. 
 
344 The Flowering Plants of Western India 
 
 T.pinnatifida. Leaves very large, smooth, pinnatifid, petioles 
 erect 1 to 3 feet long, scape separate from the leaves, smooth, 
 bearing at the top an umbel of insignificant greenish flowers, 
 which only half open ; capsule roundish with 6 prominent 
 ridges, many-seeded. Sardechdmdr devkandd. 
 
 Common in the Konkans during the rains. It is a very noticeable 
 plant. The tubers are eaten throughout Polynesia, after much wash- 
 ing, to get rid of the acridity. They yield what is called Tahiti 
 arrowroot. 
 
 ORDER 116. DIOSCORACE^. The Yam Family. 
 
 Herbs, usually twining, wiih simple or digitate reticulated 
 leaves ; flowers small, rarely bisexual ; perianth superior 6-lobed ; 
 male and female flowers alike, but the latter smaller ; stamens 
 3 or 6, or 3 perfect and 3 staminodes ; styles 3, very short ; 
 fruit a 3-valved capsule. 
 
 A small order, resembling in habit and the reticulated leaves tribe 
 Smilaceae of the Lily family. The tubers of some species are the 
 yams of tropical countries. In England Tamus communis, black 
 bryony, belonging to this order, is well known by its polished leaves 
 and black berries. 
 
 DIOSCOREA. Flowers unisexual, fruit capsular, 3-winged. 
 
 1 . D. pentaphylla. A large climber with digitate 3 or 5- 
 lobed leaves, leaflets oblong or oval, pointed, smooth, male 
 flowers very small and fragrant, white, in large panicles, with 
 a cup-like bract below the flower, female spikes much smaller ; 
 stems and branches sometimes prickly. Shendurvel. 
 
 Common in the Konkans and Ghauts. Throughout tropical India 
 (IT.). 
 
 " The small flowers are sold in the bazaar and eaten as greens, and 
 are said to be very wholescme and to resemble fish roes in flavour " 
 ((?.). The tubers are also eatable. H. includes in this D.'s (and 
 apparently G.'s) D. triphylla, Mdrchaina. The root is intoxi- 
 cating and intensely bitter, and is often need to render toddy more 
 potent ((?.). 
 
 *D. Jacquemontii, closely i allied to the last, but the flowers much 
 larger, and with the bracts streaked with brown. The Konkan, 
 between Poonaand Karli (Jacquemont) Belgaum, Ritchie (H.). Not 
 in D. or G. 
 
 2. * D. oppositifolia. Leaves opposite, oval, waved ; male 
 flowers very numerous in panicles, female flowers few in spikes, 
 both axillary. 
 
Order 116. Dioscoracece. 345 
 
 The above is D.'s description. H. has male spikes short, leaves 
 with a cartilaginous margin. Mdnda, pdshpoli. Common on the 
 Ghauts (D. and (?.). Tropical India (H.). 
 
 D. sativa is the yam most commonly cultivated (D.}. KonphaJ, 
 Godri. * D. globota, " the white yam, nearly as common as the last " 
 (D.). * D. aculeata, " Goa potato, common in Bombay, but imported 
 from Goa; the smallest and most delicate of those cultivated" (#) 
 Edngi, Mnte kdngi. These two H. has not identified. * D. alata, 
 stems short, variously angled or winged, leaves subhastate or 
 deeply cordate, roundish, ovate, petiole stout, often winged. H. 
 ascribes this to tropical India. * D. dcemona is apparently D.'s 
 Helmia d., stems twining, armed, leaves ternate, leaflets very large, 
 obovate acute, petioles prickly, male spikes compound 6 to 18 inches 
 long, female flowers on a different plant, solitary, pendulous. Vin- 
 gorla and Konkan hills, rare (D.). Tropical forests throughout India 
 (H.}. Helmia bulbiftra, D., is apparently G.'s D. lulbifera, put down 
 by H. as undeterminable, Kdru Icaranda, a smooth climber, leaves 
 cordate, deeply nerved, flowers white, the male spikes panicled, 
 bearing brown bulbs ; fruit in racemes, oblong with 3 oval wings. 
 Dapoli. Bombay and Konkans, common (D.). H. has not referred 
 to these two. He says the species of this genus are "in a state of 
 indescribable confusion." 
 
 ORDER 117. LILIACE^. The Lily Family. 
 
 Generally herbs with fibrous roots, or bulbs ; leaves generally 
 narrow with parallel veins ; flowers generally bisexual ; perianth 
 coloured with 6 divisions in 2 series ; stamens 6, rarely 3 or 
 fewer ; ovary 3-celled, fruit a 3 -celled capsule or berry. 
 
 This great family contains such a number of plants quite unlike 
 what are ordinarily known as lilies that it seems almost misleading 
 to call it by that name. Among these are tulips, onions, squills, 
 asparagus, aloes, Smilax, and Dracaena. H. has sixteen tribes, of 
 which only seven are represented in W. India, and six of these by a 
 single genus each. 
 
 TRIBE 1. SMILACE^:. Climbing shrubs with reticulated 
 and strongly-nerved leaves. 
 
 1. SMILAX. Flowers dioecious, small, umbelled, anthers twin, 
 or with cells separated by the forking of the filament : in the 
 female flowers there are 3 or 6 staminodes; fruit a round 
 berry. 
 
 TRIBE 2. ASPARAGEJ:. No real leaves, but many much- 
 divided, very slender branchlets, looking like feathery leaves, 
 and so called by old botanists. 
 
 2. ASPARAGUS. Flowers very small axillary, perianth bell- 
 shaped, berry round. 
 
346 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 _ The remaining tribes have parallel- veined leaves, and the distinc- 
 tions wonld not be much help to my clients. 
 
 3. CHLOKOPHYTUM. Flowers racemed; perianth segments 
 distinct, capsule 3-winged. 
 
 4. ALLIUM. Strong-smelling bulbous herbs ; scape bearing 
 a head or umbel of flowers, at first enclosed in a spathaceous 
 involucre. 
 
 5. DIPCADI. Koot tuberous, flowers racemed, perianth 
 cylindric, segments more or less recurved, stamens included. 
 
 6. URGiifEA. Bulbous, flowers racemed, perianth bell-shaped 
 of 6 unequal segments ; stamens included, capsule 3-sided. 
 
 7. SCILLA. Bulbous, flowers racemed, perianth star-shaped 
 or bell-shaped, segments recurved. 
 
 8. IPHIGENIA. Stem erect leafy, perianth segments equal, 
 narrow, clawed, spreading ; stamens hypogynous. 
 
 9. GLORIOSA. Climbing, leafy, leaves opposite or in threes, 
 the tip elongated and tendril-like, flowers large axillary solitary, 
 stamens hypogynous. 
 
 1. SMILAX. 
 
 Note. The plants of this genus have no outward resemblance to 
 Endogens. 
 
 S. macrophylla (S. ovaUfolia, D.). A large smooth prickly 
 climber, leaves large oval, strongly 5 to 7-nerved, entire, with 
 a sudden acumination, petioles channelled and slightly winged, 
 with tendrils in pairs ; flowers small, greenish, in globular 
 umbels, ovary and berries red. Guti. 
 
 Common in the Deocan and Konkan. Widely distributed in India 
 
 (A), 
 
 * S. prolifera (S. macrophylla, D.) is apparently very much like the 
 last, and H. gives the identification with D.'s plant doubtfully; the 
 sheathing part of the petiole usually forms 2 large auricles, and the 
 umbels are much divided. S. Ghauts (D.). Widely distributed (H.). 
 
 Sarsaparilla is produced from the roots of S. sarsaparilla and other 
 American species. (For Indian sarsaparilla, see Hemidesmus.} 
 
 2. .ASPARAGUS. 
 
 A. racemosus (A. sarmentosus, D.). A very delicate smooth 
 climber, with thorns turned downwards, branchlets divided into 
 very fine segments, flowers small, white, in racemes, very 
 fragrant, berries red, obscurely lobed. Shatmuli, zatar, 
 dsvel. 
 
 Decoan, Konkan, and Guzerat. Throughout tropical India (IT.). 
 
Order n 7 . Liliacece. 347 
 
 H. makes the Bombay plant var. Javanica. Anyone would recognize 
 this pretty climber as a near relation of the cultivated asparagus, A. 
 officinalis, haliyun. That is a native of England, though not often 
 found wild there. The young shoots, much enlarged by cultivation, 
 are the edible part. " The asparagus, with its elegant stem and silky 
 chevelnre, all shining with the evening dew, seemed like a forest of 
 Liliputian fir-trees covered with silver gauze." G. Sand. 
 
 * A. Jacquemontii, tall, much-branched, branches spreading, angled, 
 ribbed and grooved, segments of the branchlets 2 to 5-divided, 3-sided, 
 pointed; flowers solitary or in pairs on a short peduncle. Found by 
 Jacquemont between Poona and Karli. No other authority ; not in 
 D. or G. 
 
 3. CHLOROPHYTUM. 
 
 1. C. breviscapum. Tubers oblong from the fibrous roots, 
 leaves flat sword-shaped, narrower at the base, margins wavy ; 
 flowers in a close raceme on a short round scape, white, petals 
 much recurved, anthers long yellow, bracts long pointed, one to 
 each pair of flowers. 
 
 D. had this at Mai wan, I at Dapoli. Otherwise H. ascribes it only 
 to the foot of the Sikkim Himalayas. 
 
 * Q. glaucum, leaves glaucous, slightly folded, half the length of the 
 scape, which is from one to two feet high, and scaly ; flowers appa- 
 rently much as the last. On the Ghauts (D.}> rather rare. No other 
 hab. or authority. * C. tuber osum (C . anthericoideum, D.), scape 2 feet 
 high, longer than the sword-shaped slightly folded leaves, flowers 
 large. District of Malwan (D.). Pretty common through Central 
 and S. India (H.). E. says that the flowers are pure white, and like 
 those of a snowdrop. 
 
 " Chaste snowdrop, venturous harbinger of spring, 
 
 And pensive monitor of fleeting years." Wordsworth. 
 
 D.'s Phalangium tuberosum, which he calls very common in both 
 Konkans and the Deccan, but which I have seen only at Eutnagherry, 
 is apparently not mentioned by H. It may be included in the last, as 
 D. says it is very like it. The leaves are waved on the margin, scape 
 round, flowers small white in racemes or panicles. * C. orchidastrum 
 (C. Nimmonii, D.), three feet high, leaves long, attenuated towards 
 the base, scape round, branched, flowers twin, distant drooping white. 
 Malwan, and Ghauts opposite Bombay (D.). * C. laxum (C. parvi- 
 florum, D.), 8 to 10 inches high, leaves erect grass-like, folded, longer 
 than the scape ; flowers minute solitary or twin, white, anthers green, 
 bracts lanceolate. Rocky places near the sea in the Malwan district 
 (D.). 
 
 To this tribe belong the Asphodels. 
 
 4. ALLIUM. Onion. 
 
 There are a number of wild onions in the Himalayas, but 
 
348 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 none of the tribe in W. or S. India. The cultivated species 
 are the following : 
 
 A. ascalonium, the shallot. 
 A. ampeloperasunij the leek, Korat. 
 A. cepa, the onion, pidz, kdnda, kal. 
 A. sativum, garlic, lassan. 
 
 The well-known superiority of the Bombay onions is due to 
 their descent from Portuguese plants, though the size of the 
 bulb has degenerated to that of the common English onion. 
 
 " In warmer climates the onion produces a larger bulb, and 
 generally of a more delicate flavour than in England, and is more 
 extensively used as an article of food. . . . In Spain and Portugal 
 a raw onion is often eaten like an apple." Chambers. 
 
 " There is an odour of sanctity about the onion and the garlic, 
 turn up our noses as we may. The ancient Egyptians offered them 
 as first-fruits upon the altars of their gods, and employed them also 
 in the services for the dead ; and such was their attachment to them 
 that the followers of Moses hankered after them, despite the manna, 
 and longed for ' the leeks, and the onions, and the garlic, which they 
 did eat in Egypt freely.' Nay, even the fastidious Greeks not only 
 used them as a charm against the evil eye, but ate them with 
 delight." W. W. Story, " Eoba di Roma." 
 
 Some species of Allium, including A. sativum and a few other 
 plants, have small bulbs (bulbils or bulblets) mixed up among the 
 umbel of flowers. The flowers of several of the garlics are very 
 pretty and pure-looking, and but for the strong smell in the roots 
 and leaves would be very attractive as garden flowers. " Cloves of 
 garlic "are the subordinate bulbs of which the bulbous root of the 
 garlic plant is composed. Moly, the plant or root which Hermes 
 gave to Ulysses to overcome the enchantments of Circe, is said to 
 have been an Allium. Alphonse Karr says it was the yellow garlic, 
 A. aureum, which has the reputation of being a preservative from 
 enchantments, spells, and evil presages. 
 
 5. DlPCADI. 
 
 D. montanum ( Uropetalum m. , D.) . Scape about a foot high, 
 leaves linear folded, about as long, flowers in a raceme, white, 
 tubular or bell-shaped. 
 
 Rntnagherry. W. Deccan and Belgaum (J).). 
 
 * D. minor, a species found by Dalzell in rocky places at Malwan, 
 and not otherwise known. H. says it is at once distinguished from 
 the last by the small size of the flowers, the perianth of this being 
 given at one-third to half an inch, and of the other three-quarters of 
 an inch. * D. Concanense (Uropetalum c. D.). Scape six to twelve 
 
OrderiiJ. Liliacece. 349 
 
 inches, leaves fleshy, filiform half round, deeply grooved above j 
 flowers an inch and a half in diameter, white, capsule 3-lobed. 
 This also depends on Dalzell. The Konkan, and Hewra plains. 
 
 6. URGINEA. 
 
 U. Indica. Bulb like an onion, white, leaves numerous, 
 sword-shaped, smooth, a foot or more long, scape slender and 
 delicate, sometimes two feet high; flowers remote, long-stalked, 
 drooping, light-brown, petals lanceolate, stamens in pairs. 
 Janglipidz. 
 
 Common on the sandy shores of the Konkan, where " its early 
 flowers anticipate the leaves." Also in the W. Himalayas and Behar 
 (H.). He calls the flowers greenish-white with green nerves, but 
 they are certainly as above in the Konkan. " Usually employed as 
 a succedaneum for the true squill " (<?.). 
 
 7. SCILLA. Squills. 
 
 S. Indica (Ledebouria hyacintha, D.). Small smooth plant 
 with oblong linear leaves, scape round, bearing a raceme of 
 many small dull-pinkish flowers ; ovary roundish, flat-topped, 
 six-grooved. Blmikund. 
 
 I had this at Mahableshwar, but _D. thought it was confined 
 to S. Konkan. H. includes in it Ledebouria maculata, which D. 
 calls common in the Konkans and Deccan, and which springs up 
 everywhere at Bandora as soon as the rain falls. The flowers are 
 alike, but the leaves very different, ovate narrowing into a fleshy 
 petiole, and with dark blotches. I noted as to this also that the 
 pedicels and filaments were of a brighter colour than the perianth. 
 H. calls the flowers (of the combined species) greenish purple with 
 purple filaments, and adds that the leaves when the tips touch the 
 ground produce bulbs ; this, D. says, never occurs in L. maculata. 
 
 8. IPHIGENIA. 
 
 * I. pallida. This H. calls probably a variety of I. Indica, with 
 white flowers and narrow linear leaves; bracts linear leafy. The 
 Konkan, Mahableshwar, and Belgaum (Ritchie, &c.), and this is 
 probably what Dr. Smith and Mr. Birdwood in their Matheran lists 
 call Anguillaria indica. H.'s description of /. Indica, which he attri- 
 butes to the whole of India, is very meagre, and he calls it "a 
 sportive plant." G. had A. Indica under the name of Mdrkallai in 
 the Konkans and at Khandalla. D. has not got it. 
 
 9. GLORIOSA. 
 
 G. superba (Methonia s., D.). A very handsome climber, 
 leaves oblong to lanceolate with long curling tips ; flowers 
 axillary solitary long-stalked, petals about equal, long and 
 narrow, spreading or reflexed, waved or crisped, a mixture of 
 
3 $o The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 scarlet and bright yellow ; stamens very long, yellow, standing 
 out at right angles to the petals. Bachnag, kariandg, kalaldvi. 
 
 Common in the Konkans and Ghauts; also in Guzerat. Through- 
 out tropical India (H.). This well-known plant is almost as remark- 
 able as beautiful. The flowers go on changing in colour for several 
 days before they finally die off. It is frequently seen in English 
 conservatories, but in nothing like perfection. I always thought 
 the name itself a work of genius ; it is due apparently to Linnaeus. 
 
 This plant, though a climber, is more like the typical lilies than 
 any other of the order in W. India (but see Crinum ensifolium). The 
 lilies which are so celebrated in poetry are generally white, Lilium 
 candidum being the most typical. This, called in French fleur-de- 
 Marie, is dedicated to the Virgin, as being the emblem of purity, and 
 thus is constantly seen in religious pictures. 
 
 " Now by my maiden honour, yet as pure 
 As the unsullied lily. " Love's Labour Lost. 
 
 The lily of the valley, Convallaria, is similarly the emblem of 
 modesty. 
 
 Travellers in Palestine are not agreed as to what flower our Lord 
 alluded to when he said, according to our translation, " Consider the 
 lilies of the field how they grow . . . even Solomon in all his glory 
 was not arrayed like one of these," as there are several bulbous plants 
 common there, which He might easily have pointed at. Sir E. Arnold 
 calls it " the scarlet martagon," i.e. L. Chalcedonicum. But no doubt 
 the translators, like many other unscientific writers, used the name 
 lily as including many flowers, which do not belong to the botanical 
 family. So Shakspeare : 
 
 . . . " Lilies of all kinds, 
 The flower-de-luce being one." A Winter's Tale. 
 
 Of cultivated plants of this order the commonest in India is pro- 
 bably Polyanthes tuberosa, gulchhari, gulshdbu. 
 
 . . . " the sweet tuberose, 
 The sweetest flower for scent that blows." Shelley. 
 
 Captain Cook, in describing the profusion of sweet-smelling flowers 
 in Batavia, says, " The Malay name of the tuberose is ' Intriguer of the 
 night,' and is not inelegantly conceived. The heat of this climate is 
 so great that few flowers exhale their sweets in the day ; and this 
 in particular, from its total want of scent at that time, and its 
 modesty of colour, seems negligent of attracting admirers ; but as 
 soon as night comes on it diffuses its fragrance, and at once compels 
 the attention and excites the complacency of all who approach it." 
 Voyages. But it is now recognized that the particular office of white 
 blossoms specially fragrant at night is to attract moths and other 
 nocturnal insects for purposes of fertilization. 
 
 Yucca gloriosa, Adam's needle, is well known in gardens, with its 
 erect panicle of white bells. It is sometimes found out of doors in 
 
Order i if. Liliacece. 351 
 
 favourable situations in England, as in Tennyson's garden in the 
 Isle of Wight : 
 
 " And marvel how in English air 
 
 My Yucca, which no winter quells, 
 
 Altho' the months have scarce begun, 
 
 Has pushed towards our faintest sun 
 
 A spike of half-accomplished bells." 
 
 Draccsna ferrea, a shrubby plant with copper-coloured leaves, 
 crowded together at the top of the stem, and panicles of very small 
 flowers, white or purplish : common in gardens. Tulips and 
 hyacinths, of which the varieties may be counted by the hundred, 
 belong also to this family j and the true Aloes, of which there are 
 none given in the Indian Flora, nor in D., either wild or intro- 
 duced ; but G. has A. perfoliata as common in gardens under the 
 name of Tatar pur, and there are probably others. 
 
 ORDER 118. PONTEDERACEJE. 
 
 Herbs, more or less aquatic ; leaves erect or floating, flowers 
 in spikes or racemes from the sheathing petioles, and with 
 irregularly sheathing bracts ; perianth of six unequal divisions, 
 stamens one to six inserted at the base of the lobes, capsule 
 membranous, 3-valved. 
 
 A very small order, well marked (in the two Indian species) by the 
 handsome flowers coming out of an opening in the petiole. 
 
 Monochoria. Leaves radical and solitary at the top of the 
 branches, perianth bell-shaped ; one of the six stamens usually 
 larger, with the filament toothed on, one side, anthers at length 
 elongating. 
 
 * 1. M. hastcefolia (Poniederia hastata, D.). Leaves trian- 
 gular or arrow-shaped, very smooth and glossy, petioles of the 
 radical leaves 1 \ to 2 feet long, swollen and splitting near the 
 top to let the raceme come through : flowers numerous, bright 
 blue or violet : the top flowers open first, and all wither on the 
 stem ; the large anther is blue, the other yellow. 
 
 2. M. vaginalis (Pontederia v., D.). A succulent plant with 
 smooth glossy leaves, narrow cordate pointed, petioles long and 
 hollow, flowers bright blue like hyacinths. 
 
 D. has for both of these, " margins of tanks and water holes, 
 common." H. has " throughout India " for both. I have seen the last 
 in dry rice-fields in the Konkan. If. calls it a very variable plant, 
 the blue flowers sprinkled with red. 
 
 ORDER 119. XYRIDE^. 
 
 Herbs, with radical leaves sheathing at the base, and a spike 
 of flowers on a naked scape ; sepals, clawed petals and stamens 
 
35 2 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 3 each, and sometimes 3 stami nodes ; anthers sagittate, ovary 
 free, style trifid. 
 
 Another very small order ; in the only species occurring in W. India 
 the scape of flowers bursts from the sheath of the leaves. 
 
 XYEIS, characters of the order. 
 
 X. Indica. A small smooth rush-like plant, leaves linear, 
 sword-shaped, all radical, the round scape bursting from the 
 sheath of the leaf, and bearing an oval head of yellow flowers, 
 each with a broad ovate convex brown bract, anthers twin. 
 Alu. 
 
 Malwan. Salt marshes in S. Konkan, near Rairee fort (D.). 
 Various parts of India (H.~). I noted that the spathe and scape 
 were light-yellow. 
 
 The natives of Bengal consider this plant a certain cure for ring- 
 worm (R.). 
 
 ORDER 120. COMMELINACE^. The Spiderwort Family. 
 
 Herbs, with flat narrow leaves sheathing at the base, 
 perianth inferior 6-divided, the 3 outer segments herbaceous 
 green, the three inner petaloid, coloured ; stamens 6 on the 
 base of the perianth, some of them sometimes reduced to 
 staminodes ; filaments often bearded, ovary free, capsule 2 or 3- 
 valved. 
 
 Owing to the different colouring of the outer and inner sepals, the 
 flowers of this order seem to have a more distinct calyx and corolla than 
 most monochlamyds. This and the growth of the flowers (generally 
 blue) from large bracts, or from the sheaths of the leaves, make the 
 order tolerably easy of identification. Two or three spiderworts are 
 well known in English gardens. 
 
 1. COMMELINA. Flowers in cymes included in a terminal 
 spathe ; petals larger than the sepals, one or more often clawed, 
 stamens 3 perfect, with 2 or 3 staminodes. 
 
 2. ANEILEMA. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles, 
 with bracts but not spathes, stamens 2 or 3 with 3 or 4 
 staminodes. 
 
 3. CYANOTJS. Usually prostrate or creeping ; flowers in 
 cymes, usually almost covered by large leafy imbricating bracts ; 
 limb of the petal roundish, stamens 6, all perfect, capsule 3-celled. 
 
 1. COMMELINA. 
 
 1. (7. nudiflora^ (C. communis, D.). Stem creeping, jointed, 
 branchlets with a line of hairs, leaves sessile, sheathing, ovate 
 
Order 120. Commelinacece. 353 
 
 lanceolate, spathes opposite, the leaves rounded cordate, acute, 
 folded ; flowers handsome blue, one to three to each peduncle, 
 two peduncles to each spathe. 
 
 2. C. Bcngalensisl (So in D.). Like the last but much 
 smaller, and most parts hairy, leaves petioled ovate elliptic, 
 spathes short-peduncled, hooded, two peduncles in each, one 
 longer than the other ; flowers small, blue. 
 
 D. has these two as common everywhere, and they certainly are in 
 the Konkan. My plants agreed with D.'s descriptions, and also with 
 R.'s C. ccespitosa and C. Bengalensis, but H. has failed to recognize 
 D.'s plants, and I cannot find that he has referred to R.'s C. 
 Bengalensis at all. H. has his C. nudijlora as throughout the hotter 
 parts of India, and C. Bengalensis throughout India. 
 
 * C. hirsuta, stem erect, 6 to 12 inches, branched, leaves linear 
 lanceolate, spathes long-peduncled, hairy ; flowers yellow, capsule one- 
 seeded, the lateral cells being empty. Belgaum, Eitchie (H.). * C. 
 Forskalcei, stem diffuse, rooting at the nodes, leaves sessile, narrow 
 oblong obtuse, spathes short-peduncled, folded or hooded acute, 
 broader than long, flowers blue. The Konkan, Jacquemont (H.}. * C. 
 paleata, stem stout branched, smooth, leaves elliptic or broad lanceo- 
 late, spathes short-peduncled, broad ovate, hooded, flowers blue. 
 Konkan and Malabar, Law, Stocks, &c. (-H".). 
 
 These last three are not in D. 
 
 2. ANEILEMA 
 Note. The flowers are blue except where otherwise stated. 
 
 1. A. nudiflorum. A grass-like plant with creeping stem 
 and erect branches, leaves linear lanceolate acute, smooth, 
 except the sheath, lower leaves very long, peduncles with 
 several pale blue flowers collected at the end, anthers white. 
 
 S. Konkan. Common (D.). Throughout India (H.). 
 
 H. makes D.'s A. compressum a var. of this, and calls the petals 
 rosy. D. makes the leaves shorter and darker in colour, and more 
 seeds in the capsule. Malwan. 
 
 2. A ochraceum. Six inches high, leaves lanceolate, the 
 upper broader and cordate, sheaths long and hairy, flowers 
 several together with jointed pedicels, yellow ; stamens 3, 
 filaments much-bearded. 
 
 Dapoli. S. Konkan (D.) : not much known otherwise apparently. 
 H. describes the filaments as naked. * A. versicolor is the only other 
 species of W. India with yellow flowers, leaves flat oblong lan- 
 ceolate, stem-clasping : it would seem to be very like the last, and 
 
 A a 
 
354 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 to be scarcely known except to Dalzell, who had it at Malwan. H., 
 however, puts this in the section with seeds in one row, the other 
 with seeds in two rows. 
 
 3. A. paniculatum. (A. semiteres, D.). Two or three inches 
 high, leaves radical, half-cylindric, fleshy, pointed ; flowers in 
 dichotomous panicles, calyx and pedicels red, anthers 3 white 
 and 3 black. 
 
 Dapoli. At Bandora, on the rocks, it grows much larger, with 
 round and jointed stems. D. has no hab., but identifies it with G.'s 
 Commelina nimmonia, found in rocky parts of Malabar Hill, and about 
 Rosa and Ellora. H. calls the leaves sometimes grass-like, and seems 
 to have not much authority for it besides Dalzell. 
 
 * 4. A. vaginatum. (A. pauciflorum, D.). Two feet high, 
 all smooth except the base of the long linear pointed leaves ; 
 sheaths of the upper leaves transformed into bracts, pedicels 
 twice-jointed, one to three from the axils of the bracts ; fertile 
 stamens 2, anthers orange. 
 
 D. without hab. Throughout tropical India, in rice fields, and wet 
 places (H.). 
 
 The remaining 3 species are attributed by D. to the S. Konkan. 
 The last H. has throughout India, in pastures, &c. 
 
 * A. lineolatum. (A. elatum, D.). Three or four feet high, stem 
 round, smooth, leafy, leaves large linear lanceolate or sword-shaped, 
 with white margins ; flowers three together in panicles, filaments 
 bearded. * A. dimorphum, a foot high, nearly all smooth, leaves 
 lanceolate to oblong, stem-clasping ; flowers few, terminal, panicled, 
 bracts small hooded, perfect stamens 3, their filaments bearded, 
 anthers purple. * A. spiratum (A. canaliculatum, D.), small, branched, 
 leaves lanceolate, oblong, stem-clasping, peduncle terminal, few- 
 flowered ; flowers long-pedicelled, bracts ovate, perfect stamens 3, 
 filaments all bearded, anthers blue. 
 
 3. CYANOTIS. 
 
 1. C. papilionacea (0. hispida, D.). A small plant with 
 red stems, all covered with long hairs, leaves linear, sword- 
 shaped, fleshy, bracts falcate semi-cordate; flowers violet in 
 sessile heads, filaments bearded with blue hairs in the upper part. 
 
 Poona. On rooks, S. Konkan (-D.). Deccan peninsula, in rocky 
 places (H.}. 
 
 D. gives the anthers as bright violet. I noted them as yellow. 
 
 2. C. cristata. Erect or procumbent, the stem with a line 
 of hairs, which changes sides at each joint ; leaves ovate lan- 
 ceolate, smooth, except the margins and sheaths ; flowers blue, 
 bracts falcate, sepals narrow lanceolate, hairy, filaments bearded. 
 
Order 120. Commelinacea. 355 
 
 This is a larger and less hairy species than the last. S. Konkan. 
 The commonest species in the rains (D.). Throughout tropical 
 India in hilly districts (-ET). 
 
 3. 0. fasciculata. Three to six inches high, all reddish and 
 woolly, leaves fleshy, lanceolate, stem-clasping ; flowers from the 
 boat-shaped sheaths rose-coloured, filaments bearded with white 
 and rose-coloured hairs. 
 
 Poona and Nasik. Common in rocky places in the Deccan (D.)' 
 It is a very pretty species, and D. says the only woolly one. H. has 
 the flowers issuing from bracts, but D. has them, as I have found 
 them, from sheaths. 
 
 * 0. tuberosa, stems several creeping, radical leaves sword-shaped, 
 large, stem leaves linear lanceolate, often purple beneath j flowers 
 bluish-purple in peduncled heads, bracts falcate, ciliated. A large 
 and coarse species compared with the others : W. Deccan, never 
 seen in the Konkan (D.). H. includes in this as a var. D.'s C. 
 adscendens, which is smaller and smoother. 
 
 * C. vivipara, a stemless epiphyte, radical leaves sword-shaped, 
 fleshy, in a tuft, scapes numerous, very slender, with 2 or 3 white 
 flowers, and small leaves and bracts. On trees at Parwar Ghaut (D.) : 
 not much known otherwise. C. axillaris, stem 6 to 18 inches, red, 
 branched ; leaves long linear, smooth, flowers blue, 2 or 3 together 
 from the sheaths of the leaves, bracts small and hidden. Poona. 
 W. Deccan (D.). Throughout India (H.}. This H. makes the only 
 species with flowers coming from the leaf-sheaths, but see No. 3. 
 
 Floscopa. Flowers in panicles with bracts, stamens 6 perfect, or 
 one sometimes imperfect, filaments smooth, capsule 2-celled. * F. 
 scandens (Dithyrocarpus paniculatus, D.). Stem creeping with erect 
 branches, sheaths of the lanceolate leaves with woolly mouth, panicle 
 roundish or pyramidal ; flowers small, white lilac or rosy. On the 
 Ghauts; might be easily mistaken for a grass at first sight (D.). 
 Throughout tropical India in swamps (T.). 
 
 ORDER 121. FLAGELLARIE^l. 
 
 Herbs, leaves with sheathing petioles, flowers small in ter- 
 minal panicles, perianth segments 6 imbricated, stamens 6, 
 ovary superior, styles 3, short, or one 3-cleft. 
 
 FLAGELLARIA. Stem climbing by the tendril-like tips of the 
 leaves, flowers bisexual, sepals sub-petaloid, fruit a drupe. 
 
 F. Indica. A Jarge climber with smooth jointed hollow 
 stems ; leaves alternate lanceolate, sub-cordate, flowers very 
 fragrant, whitish, anthers and stigmas more conspicuous than 
 the perianth, fruit roundish. 
 
 The stems are as thick as a walking cane, but quite green ; the 
 
 Aa 2 
 
356 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 leaves like those of Gloriosa. It looks most like a rush, in which 
 order some authors put it; others in Commelinaceae. 
 
 Cliffs at Vingorla. Among rocks near the sea; S. Konkan (D.). 
 Throughout India, chiefly near the coast (If.). 
 
 ORDER 122. PALMED. Palms. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with un branched trunks, marked with the 
 scars of the leaves, which are collected at the top, pinnate or 
 fan-shaped with sheathing petioles. Flowers small in panicles 
 or spikes, enclosed in spathes, generally with 3 bracts ; perianth 
 generally 6-divided in 2 series, stamens 3 or 6, ovary free, 
 generally of 3 carpels. Fruit a drupe or hard berry, often with 
 a fibrous covering. 
 
 The palms are a purely tropical order, and, being so different in 
 appearance from all other trees, have a certain romantic celebrity of 
 their own. They were called by Linnaeus " the princes of the vege- 
 table kingdom." Yet it is true that "masses of palms are far from 
 having the grand and imposing look of our European forests. . . . 
 The palm tree really displays all its splendours and its strength only 
 when it shows itself in little groups in the midst of rocks." Pouchet. 
 On the other hand, to walk through a grove of fine palm trees, such 
 as the cocoanut, must always be delightful. " The scene ... is one 
 of great interest : if, indeed, a person fresh from sea, and who has 
 just walked for the first time in a grove of cocoanut trees, can be a 
 judge of anything but his own happiness." Darwin. 
 
 Old writers speak of " the palm tree " as if there were only one 
 member of the family : " This tree is one of the most famous of all the 
 forest, and is the usual emblem of constancy, frnitfulness, patience 
 and victory; which the more it is oppressed, the more it flourisheth, 
 the higher it grows, the stronger and broader it is in the top." 
 Cruden. 
 
 Palms in W. India are seen mostly about the coast, where we 
 frequently find the combination mentioned by Tennyson, 
 
 "... Hills with peaky tops engrailed, 
 And many a tract of palm and rice " 
 
 but the islands and peninsulas nearer the line supply the great 
 majority of the species found in the Indian Flora. 
 
 H. makes 6 tribes, which I name, though I think the descriptions 
 are too technical for my purpose. In the generic descriptions he 
 often speaks of the inflorescence as a spadix. 
 
 TRIBE 1. 
 
 1. ARECA. Leaves pinnate, spadices branched, male flowers 
 many, minute, females much larger, few, at the base of the 
 branches, stigmas 3, sessile, fruit oval or oblong. 
 
Order 122. Palmece. 357 
 
 2. PINANGA. Leaves pinnate, upper leaflets running together, 
 flowers 3 together, a female between 2 males, the females much 
 the smallest, stamens 6 or more, stigmas 3. 
 
 3. CARYOTA. Leaves few, very large, very deeply divided, 
 leaflets very oblique, bases swollen at the insertion, spathes 3 
 to 5, spadices branched ; flowers solitary, or in 3's, the middle 
 one being female; stamens very numerous, filaments very 
 short, anthers long, stigma 3-lobed, fruit round. 
 
 TRIBE 2. PHCENICE^I. 
 
 4. PHCENIX. Flowers dioecious, leaves pinnate, leaflets 
 sword-shaped ; spadices several, calyx cup-shaped, stamens 6 ; 
 female flowers with 6 staminodes or a 6-toothed cup, carpels 3. 
 
 TRIBE 3. LEPIDOCARPE^E. 
 
 5. CALAMUS. Armed, erect or climbing, leaves pinnate, 
 spadices long, much-branched, spathes many, tubular, persistent, 
 calyx cup-shaped, 3-toothed, stamens 6, filaments short ; in 
 female flowers the staminodes form a cup, stigmas 3, fruit 
 roundish. 
 
 TRIBE 4. BORASSE^E. 
 
 6. BORASSUS. Leaves fan-shaped, spathes numerous, sheath- 
 ing; flowers dioecious, males minute, sunk in the cavities of the 
 catkin-like branches, stamens 6, females larger, sessile on the 
 very short branches of a stout spadix ; staminodes 6 to 9, stig- 
 mas 3, drupe large with 3 pyrenes. 
 
 TRIBE 5. COCCINE-E. 
 
 7. Cocos. Leaves very deeply divided, leaflets narrow, 
 spadix erect, panicled ; flowers monoecious, spathes 2 or more, 
 male flowers unsymmetric, stamens 6, females much larger, 
 perianth increasing, fruit large ovoid one-seeded. 
 
 1. ARECA. 
 
 A. catechu. Betel nut tree. Leaves 4 to 6 feet long, spathe 
 glabrous compressed, stamens 6 ; in the female the staminodes 
 are united ; fruit smooth, orange or scarlet. Poplili ; the nut 
 
 Grown in gardens about the coast ; the most slender and elegant 
 of Indian palms, "raising its graceful stem and feathery crown ' like 
 an arrow shot down from heaven.' " Hooker. The use of the nut 
 with pan leaves is universal. 
 
 2. PlNANGA. 
 
 P. Dicksonii. Leaves about 4 feet long, leaflets long, broadly 
 
358 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 linear, spadix with 4 to 8 branches, sepals subulate, nearly 
 equalling the petals, stamens 20 to 30, fruit ovoid or oblong. 
 W. Ghauts (#.), but not in -- or &- 
 
 3. CARYOTA. 
 
 C. urens. Leaves bipinnate, leaflets triangular, spadices 
 long, pendulous, berry size of a nutmeg. Bhirli mhdd ; the 
 fruit ardhisupdri. 
 
 Jungles in the Konkans and Ghauts. Hotter parts of India (#.) 
 This is a lofty and very noble palm, the great hanging clusters of 
 flowers and fruit being very noticeable. It is one of the species 
 called Sago palm. 
 
 4. PHCENIX. 
 
 1. P. sylvestris. Wild date. Petiole spinous, leaflets one 
 or two feet long, fruit yellow. Sindi, Khdjur. 
 
 H. has "cultivated throughout India, wild in the Indus valley," 
 but it certainly has all the appearance of being wild throughout N. 
 Konkan and Guzerat. G. calls it the wild date. 
 
 " P. dactylifera, the true date, Khurmd, Kdrik, has been introduced 
 into Simla and N.W. India'* (H.); but he makes it and P. sylvestris 
 very close together. 
 
 " The date palms rustled not, the peepul laid 
 Its topmost boughjs against the balustrade." Whittier. 
 
 * 2. P. acaulis. Stem 6 to 10 inches in diameter, densely 
 clothed with sheaths and bases of petioles ; petiole a foot or 
 more long, with many spines, fruit elliptic oblong, bright red 
 to blue-black. 
 
 Common on the Ghauts (_D.) ; not in 0. 
 
 Notwithstanding the specific name, D. speaks of trees 6 or 8 feet 
 high, and H. speaks of the stem. 
 
 5. CALAMUS. 
 
 Note. This genus, which produces rattan canes, London calls the 
 connecting link between palms and grasses, having the inflorescence 
 of the former, and the habit of the latter. 
 
 * 1. C. pseudotenuis . Stem slender, leaflets many, spathes 
 flattened, spadix 2 or 3 feet long. 
 
 W. Ghauts (H.). Not in D. or (?.. 
 
 * 2. C. rotang. The common rattan. Stem jointed, climbing 
 to a great extent, enveloped in the thorny sheaths of the leaves, 
 leaves 18 to 36 inches long, leaflets sessile, the margins with 
 minute prickles ; fruit small, pale. Bet. 
 
Order 122. Palmece. 359 
 
 Pretty common in Southern jungles (J>.). S. Konkan (#.). Deccan 
 peninsula and Ceylon (-ET.). 
 
 6. BORASSUS. 
 
 B. fldbellifer. The Palmyra or brab tree. Leaves very 
 large, petioles serrated and spinous on the edges, fruit large, 
 round. Tad. 
 
 Everywhere in N. Konkan ; elsewhere sparingly. H. gives it only 
 as cultivated. This is the largest and best known of the family in 
 W. India. The fruit with its white pulp is eatable, and the sap is the 
 commonest spirituous liquor of the Presidency. 
 
 G.'s B. dichotomus, Okemandal, which he says covers the whole 
 island of Diu, and is found in various parts of Guzerat, is included by 
 H. in this. 
 
 7. Cocos. 
 
 C. nucifera. The cocoanut tree. Unarmed, leaves pinna- 
 ted, 10 to 15 feet long, leaflets sword-shaped. Ndral mhdd. 
 
 Cultivated, especially near the sea (H.). The cocoanut groves in 
 the S. Konkan are planted by the Brahmins for the fruit, and by 
 Bandhdris for the liquor, but the other products of the tree are, as is 
 well known, valuable. 
 
 " And sweeter thy discourse is to my ear 
 Than fruits of palm tree, pleasantest to thirst 
 And hunger both." Paradise Lost. 
 
 Captain Cook mentions that natives of the South Sea Islands peel 
 off the outer rind of the cocoanut with their teeth. 
 
 Corypha, tall stout unarmed palms, dying after once flowering ; 
 leaves very large, roundish or fan-shaped, much-divided, calyx cup- 
 shaped, 3-divided, stamens 6, ovary 3-lobed, fruit of 1 to 3 round 
 fleshy drupes. 
 
 * C. umbraculifera, leaves palmately pinnatifid, 6 feet long, panicles 
 pyramidal. 
 
 This is the talipot palm of Ceylon, found in gardens in India. The 
 leaves are used for writing on with an iron style. 
 
 The allusions to palm trees generally in prose as well as poetry are 
 numberless. Few similes are more striking, or more interesting 
 from the circumstances under which the passage was composed,* 
 than Heber's, with reference to the building of the Temple, in 
 " Palestine : " 
 
 "No hammer fell, no ponderous axes rung, 
 Like some tall palm the mystic fabric sprung. 
 Majestic silence ! " 
 
 * See Lockhart's " Life of Scott," ii. 122, ed. 1839. 
 
360 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 ORDER 123. PANDANEJE. 
 
 Small dioecious trees or shrubs, spadices clothed with leafy 
 spathes; flowers small, covering the whole spadix, perianth none, 
 stamens numerous, ovary free t or united with those of contig- 
 uous flowers; fruit a round mass of united woody or fleshy 
 drupes. 
 
 PANDANUS, characters as abrove. 
 
 1. P. fascicularis (P. odoratissimus, D.). The screw pine. 
 A large cactus-like shrub, with long sword-shaped sharply- 
 toothed spinous leaves, growing round the stem in 3 spiral rows. 
 The flowers, consisting apparently of innumerable threads, grow 
 on a spadix 3 or 4 inches long, enclosed within large leaf-like 
 bracts ; fruit nearly round, something like a pineapple. Kevri, 
 Metki, bovdaga : in Sanscrit poetry Ketdka. 
 
 Sandy places near the sea in the Konkan and elsewhere. " Through- 
 out the hotter moister parts of India, and much planted for fences " 
 
 (jr.). 
 
 This is a well-known and widely-spread species, easily recogniz- 
 able ; many nses for various parts of it are found in the South Sea 
 Islands. In Mauritius it grows 40 or 50 feet high, and is cultivated 
 for the leaves, from which sugar bags are made. Kirby. There is 
 one in the palm house at Kew trying hard to get through the roof. 
 
 " The tender white leaves of the flowers (called spathes by H.), 
 chiefly those of the male, yield the most delightful fragrance ; of all 
 perfumes it is by far the richest and most powerful " (London). Roots 
 are sent out from many parts of the stem, as in some of the man- 
 groves, and look like artificial props. 
 
 * P.furcatus. " A large spreading bush, pretty much like the last, 
 but with large compound fruit of an oblong shape, drupes cuneate, 
 crowned with an incurved, polished, sharp-forked spine" (-D.). 
 " Spathes inodorous, golden-yellow " (?.) 
 
 Between Belgaum and Ram Ghaut (D.) ; but H. has no Western hab- 
 
 ORDER 124. AROIDE-E. Arums. 
 
 Perennial herbs with radical leaves, or scandent shrubs. 
 Flowers sessile on a spadix, which is enclosed in a spathe, 
 perianth none, or of scales ; male flowers with numerous anthers 
 on the upper part of the spadix, females with sessile ovaries on 
 the lower part, and often neuter flowers between. 
 
 A large order, easily known by the spadix, which conveys no par- 
 ticular idea of flowers, more or less enclosed in the spathe. The 
 single English species, " Lords and ladies," is one of the commonest 
 of wild flowers. The* tubers of many of them produce nutritious 
 starch or sago. I am not able to give H.'s tribal distinctions, but 
 group such genera as I find possible. 
 
Order 124. Aroidece. 361 
 
 Note. When the upper part of the spadix is without flowers, it is 
 called the appendage. 
 
 1. CRYPTOCORINE. Aquatic or marsh herbs, spadix very 
 slender, its top adhering to the spathe, anthers 2-celled, recurved ; 
 the female flowers form a single row of united ovaries ; fruit of 
 united 2-valved carpels. 
 
 2. LAGENANDRA. Like the last, but the female flowers form 
 a spiral row of many free ovaries with peltate or discoid stigmas, 
 and the fruit is a berry. 
 
 3. PISTIA. A floating stemless herb, leaves sessile, forming 
 an erect cup, spathe small, spadix united to its back; the male 
 flowers consist of a few sessile connate stamens near the top 
 of the spadix, the female of a solitary ovoid ovary. 
 
 4. ARIS^MA. Tuberous herbs, male flowers stalked, anthers 2 
 to 5, female densely crowded, the style short or none, the stigma 
 disciform. 
 
 The two following genera are tuberous herbs, having pinnatifid 
 leaves, which appear after the flowers. 
 
 5. AMORPHOPHALLUS. Male and female flowers contiguous, 
 without neuters, anthers 2 to 4 sessile, berries roundish. 
 
 6. SYNANTHERIAS. Like the last, but male and female 
 flowers distant with interposed neuters. 
 
 The next five genera belong to a tribe in which the leaves are un- 
 divided, often peltate, and the anthers sessile, densely crowded, with 
 very thick connective. 
 
 7. ARIOPSIS. A small tuberous herb, male flowers cylindric, 
 female adnate to the base of the spathes, berry 3 to 6-angleJ. 
 
 8. KEMUSATIA. Leaf solitary entire peltate, spadix very 
 short, male and female flowers separated by neuters, berry 
 small. 
 
 9. COLOCASIA. Coarse herbs with stoutly peduncled spathe. 
 
 10. KHAPHIDOPHORA. Scandent shrubs rooting on trees, 
 spadix sessile, perianth none, the berries many-seeded, 
 confluent. 
 
 11. POTHOS. Climbers, spathe small, sepals and stamens 6, 
 berries 1 to 3-seeded. 
 
 12. ACORUS. Aromatic marsh herbs, leaf sword-shaped, the 
 spathe is the leaf-like continuation of the peduncle, sepals and 
 stamens 6. 
 
 1. CRYPTOCORINE. 
 * C. Roxburghii. Stemless, leaves linear lanceolate, spathe 
 
362 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 about as long, erect, spirally twisted to a fine point, spotted 
 with dark purple, capsule conical, 5-celled. 
 
 Banks of streams and other wet places, common (.D.). 
 
 2. LAGENANDRA. 
 
 * L. toxicaria. A marsh plant 3 feet high, leaves long- 
 petioled oblong, with long sheath, spathe slightly twisted, 
 carpels free. Vatsandb. 
 
 8. Konkan and Belganm Collectorate, rare ; it is a deadly 
 poison (D.). 
 
 3. PlSTIA. 
 
 P. stratiotes. Leaves thick obovate, tapering to the base, 
 the margins waved, the nerves spreading like a fan, but con- 
 verging within the margin, spathe white, waved on the margin. 
 Gondali, prasni, shedvel. 
 
 In tanks. Throughout India (#.). 
 
 " A good deal like the common Endive. It has a peculiar muriatic 
 smell, and is said to be injurious to the water. Common throughout 
 the Konkans" (.) 
 
 4. ARIS-ZEMA. 
 
 1. A. tortuomm (A. curvatum, D.). About 18 inches high, 
 all smooth and greenish-yellow, leaves of 7 or more lan- 
 ceolate leaflets joined at the base ; flower stem arising from the 
 leaf-sheath, spadix slender, curved outwards and then back 
 over the spathe, which is much shorter. 
 
 Dapoli. No habitat in D., and not given in 0. 
 Appendage of the spadix long, like a rat's tail. Very common and 
 varying in many points (H.). 
 
 2. A. Murrayi. Leaves peltate, palmate with lanceolate 
 segments, spathe hooded, pointed, white tinged with purple, 
 spadix scarcely longer than the tube of the spathe, nearly 
 black. Sarpd chd Mndd. The snake lily of Mahableshwar. 
 
 Konkans and Ghauts. Hills S.W. of Surat (#.). 
 
 * A. Leschenaultii (A. erubescens, D.), leaves peltate, with 10 to 
 12 linear lanceolate segments, spadix club-shaped, shorter than the 
 pointed spathe. Between Earn Ghaut and Belgaum (!>.) 
 
 The above is D.'s description, and as //. identifies D.'s plant 
 doubtfully, it is better to give H.'s description separately. " Leaf 
 solitary, petiole usually mottled and branded with red and brown, 
 spathe green with broad dark-purple bands." W. Ghauts. 
 
 * A. neglecium. Monoecious, leaflets 4 to 7, elliptic, appendage 
 twice as long as the spathe, remarkably like that of A. tortuosum. W. 
 Ghauts (H.), but not in D. or G. 
 
Order 124. Aroidece. 363 
 
 The following also belong to this gronp : 
 
 Sauromatum. Tuberous herbs, leafing after flowering, leaf 
 solitary, spadix sessile, very long ; male and female flowers widely 
 distant, with a few large neuters close above the females. * S. 
 guttatum, leaves of 7 to 15 variable lobes, peduncle of spathe 
 very stout, green or spotted, spathe one to two feet long, green or 
 yellowish, with purple spots, spadix as long or nearly so, appendage 
 2 to 8 incites, green or dark purple. Attributed to the Konkan by 
 H., but doubtfully. 
 
 Typhonium. Spadix exserted, inflorescence as in the last, appendage 
 long, smooth. * T. trilobatum, leaves 3-lobed, petiole up to a foot, 
 spathe red-purple inside, appendage bright red. Not in D., but in 
 G. as Arum trilobatum. Widely spread (H.). * T. bulbiferum , leaves 
 triangular, sagittate or cordate, spathe very slender, pale rose- 
 colour, spadix as long, slender, yellow. The long petiole has usually 
 a small bulb or tuber at the top. S. Konkan; Stocks (H.). Not in 
 D. or a. 
 
 Therioplianum, like the last, but leaves undivided, cordate or 
 arrow-shaped. * T. crenatum, spathe pale yellow-green, the margins 
 waved and crenate, spadix half as long, appendage dark purple. 
 Konkan (Q-. and H.). 
 
 5. AMORPHOPHALLUS. 
 
 * 1. A. campanulatus. Tuber very large, leaves radical 
 few thrice bifid, segments oblique oblong, spathe large, bell- 
 shaped, spadix very stout, berries obovoid. 
 
 The cultivated suran, wild on the banks of streams in S. Konkan 
 (D.). H. makes it wild throughout the plains of India. " The large 
 dark-coloured flowers of this species have a very curious appearance " 
 (G.). " The wild kind is jangli suran, and, when dried, madanmast " 
 (Zh/mocfc). 
 
 * A. commutatus, spathe long-peduncled, spadix about as long, 
 appendage very long, tuber and leaf unknown. The Konkan, 
 Stocks (H.). 
 
 * A. bulbifer, spathe long-peduncled, spadix very stout and append- 
 age not so long as in the last, leaves bearing bulbils at the base, 
 forks and nerves above ; leaflets obovate or lanceolate, petiole 3 or 4 
 feet long, peduncle 8 to 10 inches, green and pink, streaked with 
 green or black. The Konkan (G.). Not in D. 
 
 Thomsonia has the characters of Amorpliophallus, but the appendage 
 is covered with tubercles at the top. *T. nepalensis, leaf once or 
 twice ternate, leaflets oblong lanceolate, petiole long and stout, 
 spathe boat-shaped, spadix very stout, greenish-brown or yellow. 
 This is not in D. or G., nor ascribed by H. to W. India, but it seems 
 to be the poisonous plant described by Dr. Kirtikar in Journal 
 B. N. H. S. vol. 7, under the name of Pythonium Wallichii, and said by 
 him to be very common in Tanna jungles. Dr. Dymock gives it the 
 name Shevale, which he says is applied to Arum flowers generally. 
 
364 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 6. SYNANTHERIAS. 
 
 S. sylvatica (Amorpliophallus s., D.). Scape two or three 
 feet high, smooth, light with dark spots, petiole long, winged, 
 with 3 or more leaflets radiating from the top, each of 2 or 
 more lanceolate segments ; spathe much shorter than the 
 spadix, which is dark and tapering. Luth, vajar mutli, 
 ujomuth. 
 
 Dapoli. S. Konkan, common (D.). Indian peninsula (H.}. 
 
 7. ARIOPSIS. 
 
 A. peltata. Small and pretty, all smooth, with one round 
 peltate leaf, petiole 6 inches long, scape 2 inches high, hidden 
 by the leaf, spathe hooded, pale buff, spadix shorter, club- 
 shaped, capsules aggregated, pointed. 
 
 Dapoli. Common in the Konkan (D.). S". has spathe violet, with 
 green dorsal ridge, paler within. 
 
 8. REMUSATIA. 
 
 R. vivipara. Growing in clefts of trees, sending up several 
 stalks covered with minute scaly bulbs, leaves long-petioled, 
 smooth, large, with prominent whitish veins, cordate, pointed ; 
 spathe with green tube and yellow limb ; tubers pink, 
 Hukhcilu. 
 
 Sawarda, Kutnagherry Colleotorate. Ghaut jungles; it rarely 
 flowers (2).). Both Konkans (.). 
 
 9. COLOCASIA. 
 
 C. antiquorum, leaves large ovate sagittate, spathe pale 
 yellow with green base, spadix shorter. Alu. 
 
 Everywhere in the S. Konkan at the beginning of the rains. 
 Throughout the hotter parts of India, wild or cultivated (H.). Not 
 in D. It is certainly, I think, Q.'s No. 1622, and not, as H. makes it, 
 his No. 1610. 
 
 Alocasia like the last in all outward respects. *A. macrorhiza, 
 leaves broad ovate sagittate, peduncles short, spathe hooded, spadix 
 about the same length, with long appendage ; berries size of a cherry. 
 Not in D. or G. apparently. Tropical and subtropical India, wild or 
 cultivated (H.) : he has stem 6 to 16 feet, spathe 6 to 10 inches. 
 
 10. KHAPHIDOPHORA. 
 
 E. pertusa (Scindapsus p., D.). A large climber, leaves very 
 large, pinnatifid on one side and with large holes on the other, 
 spathe shortly peduncled, yellow, spadix obtuse. Ganesh- 
 kand. 
 
Orderi2^. Aroidece. 365 
 
 Konkan jungles. Deccan peninsula (ff.). It is easily known by 
 the cnrious irregular holes in the leaves. 
 
 11. POTHOS. 
 
 P. scandens. A smooth parasite with many thick stems ; 
 leaves lanceolate, jointed with the petiole, which is winged and 
 the same shape as the leaf, with stem-clasping base ; spadices 
 axillary solitary, roundish, peduncle with a bract ; berries red, 
 nearly round. 
 
 Kajapore. Ghaut jungles, pretty common (-D.). Konkan (6?.). 
 Throughout India on walls and tree trunks 
 
 12. ACORUS. Sweet Sedge. 
 
 A. calamus. Sheath sword-shaped, several times longer 
 than the spadix, which is thick and cylindrical ; leaves three 
 to six feet long, the margins waved. Yekand. 
 
 Cultivated in gardens (Z>.). Wild in S. Konkan (&.). Throughout 
 India wild or cultivated (//.) It; is an English aquatic plant, some- 
 times called the Sweet flag ; it has been put in other orders, but the 
 spadix is unmistakable. Linnaeus called it the only aromatic plant of 
 northern climates. The root is said to have been employed medi- 
 cinally since the days of Hippocrates, and it is also said to be so 
 offensive to the cobra as to act as a preservative. 
 
 ORDER 125. LEMNACEJE. 
 
 Very small annual floating green scale-like plants, flowers 
 naked or in a spathe, perianth none, stamens one or two. 
 
 These are what in England are called Duckweeds, and there being 
 no distinction of stem and leaf, fronds are spoken of. 
 
 1. LEMNA. Fronds with one or more roots, bearing the 
 flowers in clefts on the margin. 
 
 2. WOLFFLA. Fronds like grains of sand, rootless, bearing 
 the flowers on the upper surface. 
 
 1. LEMNA. 
 
 * L. trisulca. Fronds joined crosswise, oblong lanceolate, 
 toothed near the apex, roots solitary. 
 In standing water (D.). Konkan 
 
 This is the largest of the several Indian species, the fronds being 
 as much as half an inch long. It is the ivy-leafed duckweed of 
 English ponds, but does not seem so common in India as two or three 
 other species, which however I do not find definitely ascribed to 
 W. India. Balfour thus describes the genus : " The flowers are very 
 simple, one male and the other female, without perianth; enclosed in 
 
366 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 a membranous bag; their roots are simple fibres covered with a 
 sheath." 
 
 2. WOLFFIA. 
 
 D. arrhiza (Lemna globosa, D.). Fronds one or two together, 
 roundish. 
 
 Common probably throughout India and Ceylon (#.). "Covering 
 the surface of tanks like a green scum " ((?.). 
 
 " The green mantle of the standing pool." King Lear. 
 
 OBDER 126. ALISMACEJE. 
 
 Marsh or water plants, leaves radical, entire ; flowers regular, 
 perianth segments 6, in 2 series, outer herbaceous, inner peta- 
 loid; stamens 6 or more ; fruit of small achenes or follicles. 
 
 Having passed from plants with flowers barely recognizable as 
 such to the scum that floats on ponds, we return in this order to tall 
 herbs with handsome flowers, practically complete in all their parts, 
 including the well-known English plants of brooks and ditches, 
 Water plantain, Arrowhead, and Flowering rush. 
 
 1. LIMNOPHYTON. Flowers polygamous, stamens 6, fruit of 
 3 or more achenes, receptacle flat. 
 
 2. WISNERIA. Flowers minute, monoecious in remote 
 whorls, stamens 3 ; female flowers with staminodes, carpels 3 to 
 6, fruit as the last. 
 
 3. BUTOMOPSIS. Flowers in bracteate whorls, petals larger 
 than sepals, deciduous, stamens 8 to 12, follicles 6 or 7, 
 erect. 
 
 1. LlMNOPHYTUM. 
 
 L. oltusifolium (Sagittaria o., >.). All smooth, scape and 
 petioles erect, thick, fleshy, obtusely angled, leaves broad, 
 bluntly arrow-shaped, lower lobes long and tapering ; flowers 
 white in whorls on the scape, arising from 3 bracts, sepals and 
 petals roundish ovate, drupes small, dry and wrinkled, collected 
 in round heads. Nalkut. 
 
 Bassein. Guzerat (D.). Throughout the Konkans (G.). H. has 
 stamens 6, and the same appears in other books ; but G. calls the 
 plant polyandrous, and I noted stamens numerous. 
 
 2. WISNERIA. 
 * W. triandra (Sagittaria t., D.). Leaves long-petioled 
 
Order 126. Alismacea. 367 
 
 linear, spathulate obtuse, scape shorter than the petioles ; 
 flowers white in 3's, sepals linear oblong, petals much larger, 
 achenes roundish. 
 
 Mai wan taluka, Stocks and Ddlzell (D. and #.). 
 
 To the same tribe as these two belongs Sagittaria Sagittifolia, " the 
 common arrow-head " of English brooks and rivers, a handsome plant 
 with white 3-petalled flowers. H. has it as growing in tanks 
 throughout the plains of India, and it is otherwise a widely spread 
 plant ; but it is not in the Bombay books. 
 
 3. BUTOMOPSIS. 
 
 Note. This genus has by other writers been put in a separate 
 order, Butomaceae, of which Sutomus umbellatus, the flowering rush, 
 is one of the handsomest of English aquatic plants. It is found also 
 in the Punjaub and Cashmere. 
 
 * B. lanceolata. Leaves radical, long-petioled, lanceolate, 
 scape as long as the leaves, 6 to 1 2-flowered ; flowers in umbels 
 erect, petals white. 
 
 Chickli in the Surat district (D. and #.), but H. has it as through- 
 out the plains of India and the tropics of the Old World. 
 
 ORDER 127. NAIAD ACE-ffi. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh herbs, with inconspicuous, usually green 
 flowers, perianth various, stamens hypogynous, ovary of one to 
 four carpels, fruit dry. 
 
 A small order of temperate and tropical lands, in no way remarkable. 
 All here given are submerged plants. 
 
 1. APONOGETON. Scape long, bearing one or two spikes of 
 bisexual flowers; perianth of one to three white segments, 
 fruit of 3 or more follicles. 
 
 2. POTAMOGETON. Flowers in a spike, the scape rising from 
 a membranous spathe, perianth of 4 green segments, anthers 4, 
 
 essile on the sepals. 
 
 3. NAIAS. Flowers minute, male flowers with perianth of 
 an outer and inner tube, stamen one adnate to the inner ; 
 female flowers without perianth. 
 
 1. APONOGETON. 
 * A. monostachyon. Leaves radical, long-petioled, linear 
 
368 The Flowering Plants of Western India. 
 
 oblong cordate, 3 to 6 inches long, spikes densely flowered, 
 sepals 2 concave, stamens 6, follicles smooth, pointed. 
 
 Tanks in S. M. country (D.). In Salsette and Konkans (G.). 
 Throughout India (ff.). The tubers are eatable. 
 
 2. POTAMOGETON. Pond weed. 
 
 1. P. Indicus. Stem branched, creeping, round, leaves lan- 
 ceolate oval, shining, peduncles solitary, axillary or opposite 
 the leaves ; flowers on a crowded spike, styles 4. 
 
 Poona and N. Konkan. Pretty common in tanks (D.). Throughout 
 the plains of India 
 
 2. * P. crispus. Stem branched, rather compressed, leaves 
 smaller than the last, sessile, oblong linear, waved and finely 
 toothed, spike very short, few-flowered, fruit oblique, broad 
 ovate. 
 
 Tanks in the Konkans (-ZX)- In tanks, common ((?.). Plains of 
 India (IT.). 
 
 H. has two other species : * P. perfoliatus, leaves ovate, stem- 
 clasping, peduncle short and stout, spike densely crowded. Streams 
 around Dapori garden (D.). This is an English species, "remark- 
 able for its brown, almost transparent leaves, which, when dry, have 
 the appearance of gold-beaters' skin." * P. pectinatus, stem round, 
 densely branched, the leaves extremely narrow, half round and 
 channelled ; flowers interruptedly whorled. PAds. Tank at Gogo, 
 most plentiful (-D.). Plains of India (H.~). 
 
 There are many more species of Pond weed in England than in 
 India ; the flowers, I think, soon turn brown. 
 
 3. NAIAS. 
 
 * N. minor (N. Indica, D.). Stem round, much-branched, 
 leaves narrow linear, remotely toothed, half an inch long or 
 less, sheath dentate, ciliate, style bifid. 
 
 Common in tanks (D.). Throughout India in still sweet water, and 
 distributed throughout the Old World generally (H.). 
 
 There are several other species of this order, all aquatic, which 
 H. attributes to India generally, but as no references are given to 
 Bombay books, and they are not in P., I have not inserted them. 
 
 D. has *Zostera marina (Zosteracese), the English grass-wrack, 
 found in the salt-pans near Malwan, but I cannot find it in H. It is 
 a submerged sea-water plant with slender stems and bright green 
 gi ass-like leaves, the spadix coming out of a sheath in the leaves, the 
 flowers consisting of one stamen and one pistil. 
 
INDEX (LATIN AND ENGLISH), 
 
 NOTE. The names of orders are in capital letters. 
 
 A. 
 
 ABBUS, 86. 
 Absinthe, 162. 
 Abutilon, 28. 
 Acacia, 102, 104. 
 Acalypha, 296, 297. 
 ACANTHACE^S, 213, 227. 
 Acanthus, 234. 
 Achimenes, 222. 
 Achyranthes, 268, 269. 
 Acorus, 365. 
 Acrocephalus, 252. 
 Acronychia, 46. 
 Actephila, 299. 
 Actinodaphne, 279, 280. 
 Adam's needle, 350. 
 Adansonia, 33. 
 Adenanthera, 101. 
 Adenoon, 154. 
 Adenostemma, 154. 
 Adhatoda, 241. 
 Adina, 142. 
 ^giceras, 170. 
 ^ginetia, 221. 
 ^Egle, 48. 
 ^Snothera, 122. 
 JErides, 325. 
 ^rua, 268. 
 ^Sschynanthns, 222. 
 ^Eschynomene, 83. 
 ^Esculus, 64. 
 Aganosma, 182. 
 Agave, 343. 
 Ageratum, 155. 
 Agrimony, 161. 
 Agrostistachys, 300. 
 Ailanthns, 50. 
 Air plant, 280. 
 
 Alangimn, 137. 
 
 Albizzia, 104. 
 
 Aleurites, 301. 
 
 Algum tree, almug, 285. 
 
 Alhagi, 81. 
 
 Alismacese, 366. 
 
 Allinm, 347. 
 
 Allophylus, 65. 
 
 Allspice, 115. 
 
 Almond, 106. 
 
 Alocasia, 364. 
 
 Aloe, 343, 345, 351. 
 
 Aloysia, 249. 
 
 Alpinia, 328. 
 
 Alseodaphne, 279. 
 
 Alstonia, 179. 
 
 Alternanthera, 269. 
 
 Althsea, 32. 
 
 Alysicarpns, 83, 85. 
 
 AMARAKTACE^:, 265. 
 
 Amaranth, amarantus, 266, 310. 
 
 AMARYLLIDEJS, Amaryllis, 341. 
 
 AMENTACE.E, 312. 
 
 Amentiferae, 287. 
 
 Amherstiese, 94. 
 
 Ammania, 24, 119. 
 
 Amomnm, 328. 
 
 Amoora, 55. 
 
 Amorphophallus, 363. 
 
 AMPELIDEjE, 58, 61, 
 
 Amygdalese, 106. 
 ANACARDIACEJS, 51, 67. 
 Anacardium, 68. 
 Anagallis, 169. 
 Anamirta, 10. 
 Ancistrooladus, 26. 
 Andrographis, 239. 
 Aneilema, 353. 
 Anguillaria, 349. 
 
 B b 
 
370 
 
 Index. 
 
 Anisocliiltis, 253. 
 Anisomeles, 257. 
 Anodendron, 181. 
 Anogeissus, 113. 
 
 ANONACE2E, 7, 276. 
 
 Anona, 9. 
 Anotis, 143. 
 
 Anthemis, Anthemideae, 1 
 Anthocephalus, 141. 
 Antiaris, 302, 308. 
 Antidesma, 294. 
 Antirrhinum, 220. 
 APETALOUS EXOGENS, 262. 
 Apium, 134. 
 APOCYNACE^;, 177. 
 Aponogeton, 367. 
 Aporosa, 294. 
 Apple of Sodom, 209. 
 Apricot, 106. 
 ARALIACE.E, 136. 
 Ardisia, 170. 
 Areoa, 357. 
 Arenaria, 22. 
 Argemone, 13. 
 Argostemma, 144. 
 Argyreia, 199. 
 Ariopsis, 364. 
 Arissema, 362. 
 Aristolochia, 274. 
 ARISTOLOCHIACEJE, 274. 
 Armeria, 168. 
 Arnotto, 20. 
 AROIDE^, 360. 
 Arrowhead, 367. 
 Arrowroot, 333, 335, 337. 
 Artanema, 220. 
 Artemisia, 162. 
 Artichoke, 162. 
 Arthrocnemum, 270. 
 Artocarpus, 309. 
 Arum, 360. 
 
 ASCLEPIADE2E, 177, 182. 
 
 Asclepias, 184, 188. 
 Ash, 175. 
 Aspen, 306. 
 Asparagus, 346. 
 Asphodel, 347. 
 Aspidopterys, 41. 
 Assafoetida, 136. 
 Aster, 156. 
 Asteroidese, 151. 
 
 Asystasia, 236, 243. 
 Atalantia, 48. 
 Atriplex, 270. 
 Atylosia, 90. 
 
 AUKANTIACEJE, 45, 114. 
 
 Averrhoa, 43. 
 Avicennia, 244, 248. 
 Azima, 177. 
 
 B. 
 
 BALANITES, 50. 
 Baliospermum, 298. 
 Balloon vine, 65. 
 Balm, 249. 
 BALSAMINE.E, 43. 
 Balsamodendron, 51. 
 Balsams, 44. 
 Bananas, 340. 
 Banyan tree, 304. 
 Barbadoes pride, 95. 
 Barleria, 231, 235. 
 Barringtonia, 115. 
 Basella, 271. 
 Basil, 251. 
 
 Bassia, Bassic acid, 171. 
 Bastard indigo, 80. 
 Bastard saffron, 165. 
 Bauhinia, 99. 
 Bay tree, 278. 
 Beaumontia, 181. 
 Bedstraw, 264. 
 Beeches, 312. 
 Beefwood, 312. 
 Beetroot, 271. 
 Begonia, 131. 
 BEGONIACEJE, 130. 
 Beilschmiedia, 280. 
 Belgaum violet, 217. 
 Belgaum walnut, 301. 
 Bell flowers, 167. 
 Bellis, 156. 
 Benzoin, 174. 
 Bergia, 24. 
 Bertholletia, 116. 
 Beta, 271. 
 Betel nut, 357. 
 Bidens, 161. 
 Bignonia, 225. 
 BIGNONIACE.E, 213, 223. 
 
Index. 
 
 371 
 
 Bindweed, 205. 
 
 Biophytum, 43. 
 
 Birches, 312. 
 
 Birdlime, 284. 
 
 Birthwort, 274. 
 
 Bischofia, 299. 
 
 Bitter apple, 128. 
 
 Bitter cress, 14. 
 
 Bixa, 20. 
 
 BIXINEJS, 19, 123. 
 
 Blachia, 299. 
 
 Blackberry, 106. 
 
 Blackeyed Susan, 230. 
 
 Blackwood, 92. 
 
 Blainvillea, 161. 
 
 Blepharis, 234. 
 
 Blepharispermum, 159. 
 
 Blumea, 156, 158. 
 
 Blyxa, 316. 
 
 Boccagea, 9. 
 
 Boehmeria, 310. 
 
 Boerhavia, 264. 
 
 Bois immortelle, 87. 
 
 Bombacese, 27, 32. 
 
 Bombax, 19, 33. 
 
 Bonnaya, 218. 
 
 Borage, BORAGINACEJE, 193. 
 
 Borassus, 359. 
 
 Boswellia, 51. 
 
 Bo tree, 306. 
 
 Bougainvillea, 264. 
 
 Box thorn, 210. 
 
 Brab tree, 359. 
 
 Bragantia, 275. 
 
 Brahminee fig, 304. 
 
 Brassica, 15. 
 
 Brazil nut, 116. 
 
 Brazil wood, 95. 
 
 Bread fruit, 309. 
 
 Breweria, 206. 
 
 Breynia, 293. 
 
 Brimstone tree, 147. 
 
 Brinjal, 209. 
 
 Briophyllum, 108. 
 
 Brocoli, 15. 
 
 Bromelia, BROMKLIACE^K, 343. 
 
 Brooklime, 218. 
 
 Broomrape, 184, 221. 
 
 Brugmansia, 210. 
 
 Bruguiera, 110. 
 
 Bryonia, bryony, 129, 344. 
 
 Buchaniana, 68. 
 
 Buchnera, 220. 
 
 Buckbean, 192. 
 
 Backthorn, 58. 
 
 Buckwheat, 271, 273. 
 
 Buddleia, 188. 
 
 Buettneria, 36. 
 
 Buffalo thorn, 104. 
 
 Bullock's heart, 9. 
 
 Bupleurum, 136. 
 
 Burmannia, BURMANNIACE^E, 318. 
 
 Burnet saxifrage, 135. 
 
 Bur marigold, 161. 
 
 Burr plant, 268. 
 
 BUKSEKACE^E, 46, 51. 
 
 Butea, 88. 
 
 Butomaceae, Butomopsis, 367. 
 
 Butter tree, 172. 
 
 C. 
 
 CAA tree, 56. 
 
 Cabbage, 15. 
 
 Cabbage tree, 163. 
 
 Cactus, CACTE,E, 131, 188. 
 
 Cadaba, 17. 
 
 Caesalpinia, 95. 
 
 Caesulia, 159, 162. 
 
 Cajanus, 91. 
 
 Calacanthus, 273. 
 
 Calamus, 358. 
 
 Calceolaria, 214. 
 
 Calendula, Calendulaceae, 164. 
 
 Callicarpa, 247. 
 
 Calophanes, 238. 
 
 Calophyllum, 24. 
 
 Calotropis, 184, 222. 
 
 Caltrops, 42. 
 
 CALYCIFLOR^:, 3, 71. 
 
 Calycopteiis, 113. 
 
 Camellia, 26. 
 
 Camel thorn, 81. 
 
 Camomile, 162. 
 
 CAMPANULACE^E, 167. 
 
 Camphire, 120. 
 
 Camphor, 277. 
 
 Candlenut tree, 301. 
 
 Canna, 329. 
 
 Cannabis, 302, 311. 
 
 Cannavallia, 88. 
 
 B b 2 
 
372 
 
 Index. 
 
 Canscora, 191. 
 Canterbury bells, 167. 
 Canthium, 145. 
 Cape gooseberry, 209. 
 Capers, 15, 17. 
 CAPPABIDEJB, 15. 
 Capparis, 17. 
 Capsicum, 210. 
 Carallia, 111. 
 Carallnma, 187. 
 Caraway, 135. 
 Cardamine, 14. 
 Cardanthera, 230. 
 Cardiospermum, 65. 
 Cardomum, 329. 
 Careya, 116. 
 Carica, 125. 
 Carissa, 178. 
 Carrot, 134, 135. 
 Carthamus, 165. 
 Carum, 35. 
 
 CARYOPHYLLEjE, 22, 40, 133. 
 
 Caryota, 358. 
 
 Casearia, 123. 
 
 Cashew nut, 68. 
 
 Cassava, 301. 
 
 Cassia, 80, 96, 279. 
 
 Caseowary tree, 312. 
 
 Cassytha, 207, 280. 
 
 Castor oil plant, 301. 
 
 Casuarina, CASUAHINEJ;, 312. 
 
 Casumuuar, 328. 
 
 Catmint, 260. 
 
 Cauliflower, 15. 
 
 Cedar, 54. 
 
 Cedrela, 54. 
 
 Ceiba, 33. 
 
 CELASTRINE^;, 56, 64. 
 
 Celastrus, 57. 
 
 Celery, 134. 
 
 Celosia, 266. 
 
 Celsia, 215. 
 
 Celtis, 303. 
 
 Centaury, 191. 
 
 Centranthera, 220. 
 
 Centrantherum, 154. 
 
 Cephelandra, 128. 
 
 Cephalostigma, 168. 
 
 Cerbera, 180. 
 
 Cereus, 132. 
 
 Ceropegia, 186, 274. 
 
 ChaiJletia, CHAILLETIACE,E, 55. 
 
 Changeable rose, 32. 
 
 Charcoal tree, 304. 
 
 Charlock, 269. 
 
 Chasalia, 148. 
 
 Cheiranthus, 14. 
 
 Cheirostylis, 328. 
 
 CHENOPODIACE.E, 269. 
 
 Chenopodium, 270. 
 
 Chestnuts, 312. 
 
 Cheveux de frise bean, 90. 
 
 Chick pea, 86. 
 
 Chickling vetch, 86. 
 
 Cbickrassia, 55. 
 
 Chinchona, 149. 
 
 Chiretta, 192. 
 
 Chlorophytum, 347. 
 
 Chloroxylon, 54. 
 
 Chocolate, 36. 
 
 Chonemorpha, 182. 
 
 Christisonia, 221. 
 
 Christ's thorn, 61. 
 
 Chrozophora, 296. 
 
 Chrysanthemum, 162. 
 
 Chrysophyllon, 172. 
 
 Cicer, 86. 
 
 Cichoraceae, 153. 
 
 Cinnamon, Cinnamonum, 98, 277, 
 
 278. 
 
 Cipadessia, 54. 
 Cirrhopetalum, 324. 
 Cissampelos, 11. 
 Cissus, 61, 63. 
 Cistanche, 184, 222. 
 Citron, citrus, 48. 
 Citrullus, 128. 
 Claoxylon, 296. 
 Clausena, 47. 
 Clearing nut, 189. 
 Cleidion, 300. 
 Clematis, 5. 
 Cleome, 16. 
 Clerodendron, 247. 
 Clitoria, 89. 
 Cloves, 115. 
 
 Cocoanut tree, 356, 359. 
 Cocculus, 11. 
 Cochineal, 131. 
 Cochleospermum, 19. 
 Cockscomb, 266. 
 COCOB, 359. 
 
Index. 
 
 373 
 
 Coffee, 87, 148. 
 Coldenia, 195. 
 Colebrookia, 256. 
 Cole rubbi, 15. 
 Coleus, 249, 253. 
 Colooasia, 364. 
 Colooynth, 128. 
 Colubrina, 60. 
 Colza oil, 15. 
 
 COMBRETACE^E, 111. 
 
 Combretum, 66, 113. 
 Comfrey, 198. 
 Commelina, 354. 
 
 COMMELINACE^, 352. 
 
 COMPOSITE, Composites, 149. 
 CONIFERS, 312, 313, 314. 
 CONNARACE.E, 71. 
 Connarus, 71. 
 Conocephalus, 311. 
 Convallaria, 350. 
 CONVOLVULACE.E, 198. 
 Convolvulus, 198, 205. 
 Conyza, 155. 
 Corallocarpus, 130. 
 Coral plant, 295. 
 Corchorus, 39. 
 Cordia, 194. 
 CORDIACE.E, 194. 
 Coriander, coriandrnm, 134. 
 CORNACE.E, Cornel, 137. 
 Corydalis, 14. 
 Corypha, 359. 
 Cosmostigma, 185. 
 Costus, 328. 
 Cotton, 32. 
 Cottonia, 327. 
 Country gooseberry, 292. 
 Cow parsnip, 136. 
 CRASSFLACE^E, 107. 
 Cratseva, 17. 
 Creeping Jenny, 215. 
 Cress, 15. 
 Cressa, 206. 
 Cressworts, 14. 
 Crinura, 342, 350. 
 Crocus, 341. 
 Crossandra, 236. 
 Crotalaria, 75, 90. 
 Croton, 295, 298. 
 CRUCIFER,E, 14, 150. 
 Cryptocaria, 280. 
 
 Cryptooorine, 361. 
 Cryptolepis, 183, 185. 
 Ctenolepis, 130. 
 Cucumber, 128. 
 Cucumis, 127. 
 Cucurbita, 130. 
 
 CUCURBITACE,E, 125. 
 
 Cudweed, 158. 
 Cuminum, cummin, 134. 
 Cupressus, 314. 
 Curculigo, 342. 
 Curcuma, 335. 
 Currants, 107. 
 Cuseuta, 206, 280. 
 Custard apple, 9. 
 Cyarnopsis, 78. 
 Cyanotis, 354. 
 Cyathocline, 155. 
 Cyathula, 269. 
 Cyclea, 11. 
 Cylista, 91. 
 Cymbidium, 325. 
 Cynanchum, 187. 
 Cynaroideae, 153. 
 Cynoglossum, 197. 
 Cynometra, 98. 
 
 D. 
 
 DAEDAL ACANTHUS, 238. 
 
 Daemia, 185. 
 Daffodil, 341. 
 Dahlia, 150, 162. 
 Daisy, 149, 156. 
 Dalbergia, 92. 
 Dalbergiese, 74, 92. 
 Daphne, 278, 281. 
 Date, 358. 
 DATISCACE^E, 132. 
 Datura, 181, 209, 210. 
 Daucus, 134. 
 Dead nettle, 258. 
 Debregeasia, 311. 
 Decaschista, 30. 
 Deeringia, 267. 
 Delphinium, 6. 
 Dendrobium, 322. 
 Dentella, 142. 
 Derris, 93. 
 Desmodium, 84. 
 
374 
 
 Index. 
 
 Devil's claw, 226. 
 
 Devil's dung, 136. 
 
 Dichopsis, 172. 
 
 Dichrostachys, 102. 
 
 Dicliptera, 242. 
 
 Dicoma, 165. 
 
 Dicrocephala, 155. 
 
 Digera, 266. 
 
 Dill, 134. 
 
 Dillenia, DILLENIACEJE, 6. 
 
 Dimorphocalyx, 299. 
 
 DioscoRACEjE, Diosoorea, 344. 
 
 Diospyros, 173. 
 
 Dipoadi, 348. 
 
 Diplospora, 147. 
 
 DIPTEROCARPE.ZE, 26. 
 
 DISCIFLORJ:, 2, 40. 
 
 Dock, 273. 
 
 Dodder, 206. 
 
 Dodonaea, 66. 
 
 Dogbanes, 177. 
 
 Dog's mercury, 296. 
 
 Dogwood, 137. 
 
 Dolichandrone, 224. 
 
 Dolichos, 90. 
 
 Donkey's eye, 87. 
 
 Dopatrimn, 217. 
 
 Dracaena, 345, 351. 
 
 Dregea, 186. 
 
 Drosera, DROSERACE.E, 108, 109. 
 
 Drumstick tree, 70. 
 
 Duckweed, 365. 
 
 Duranta, 249. 
 
 Dysophylla, 255. 
 
 Dysoxylon, 53. 
 
 E. 
 
 EBENACEJS, 172. 
 Ebermaiera, 238. 
 Ebony, 172. 
 Ecbolium, 241. 
 Echinops, 149, 164. 
 Ecbitideae, 178. 
 Eolipta, 160. 
 Egg plant, 209. 
 Ehretia, 195. 
 Ehretieae, 194. 
 
 EL^AGNACE^,Ela9agnus, 17o, 281, 
 284. 
 
 Elaeocarpus, 39. 
 Elaeodendron, 58. 
 ELATINK^E, 24. 
 Elatostemma, 310, 311. 
 Elder, 64. 
 
 Elepbant creeper, 200. 
 Elephantopous, 154. 
 Elettaria, 329. 
 Ellertonia, 180. 
 Elms, 301. 
 Elytraria, 243. 
 Embelia, 170. 
 Emilia, 162. 
 Endive, 362. 
 ENDOGENS, 314. 
 Endopogon, 233. 
 Englishman's foot, 261. 
 Enicostema, 191. 
 Entada, 101. 
 Epaltes, 159. 
 Epidendreae, 320. 
 Epilobiutn, 122, 
 Epithema, 223. 
 Eranthemum, 243. 
 Eria, 323. 
 Erigeron, 156. 
 Erinocarpus, 38. 
 Eriobotrya, 107. 
 Eriodendron, 33. 
 Erioglossum, 66. 
 Eriolaena, 36. 
 Ervum, 88. 
 Erycibe, 201. 
 Eryngo, 164, 234. 
 Erythreea, 191. 
 Erythrina, 87. 
 Eucalyptus, 116. 
 Eugenia, 114. 
 Eulophia, 324, 332. 
 Euocimeae, 252. 
 Euonymus, 57. 
 Eupatorieae, 150, 154. 
 Eupatorium, 153. 
 Euphorbia, 219, 286, 288, 299. 
 EUPHORBIACE^, 10, 262, 285. 
 Evening primrose, 122. 
 Evodia, 46. 
 Evolvulus, 206. 
 Exacum, 109. 
 Excaecaria, 300. 
 Eyebright, 214. 
 
Index. 
 
 375 
 
 F. 
 
 F,NICULUM, 134. 
 
 Fagonia,42. 
 
 Fagopyrum, 273. 
 
 Fennel, 161, 134. 
 
 Feronia, 46, 48. 
 
 Ferula, 136. 
 
 Fever nut, 95. 
 
 FICOIDEJE, 22, 23, 132. 
 
 Ficus, 302, 304. 
 
 Fig, 63, 304, 340. 
 
 Fire wood, 210. 
 
 Fitches, 86. 
 
 Flacourtia, 19. 
 
 Flagellaria, FLAGBLLARIE^E, 355. 
 
 Flame of the woods, 146. 
 
 Flarieria, 162, 159. 
 
 Flax, 40. 
 
 Fleabane, 158. 
 
 Flemingia, 91. 
 
 Fleur-de-lis, 341. 
 
 Fleur de Marie, 350. 
 
 Fleur de Paradis, 96. 
 
 Fleurya, 309. 
 
 Floscopa, 355. 
 
 Flower de luce, 341, 350. 
 
 Flowering rush, 366, 367. 
 
 Flueggia, 293. 
 
 Forget-me-not, 198, 206. 
 
 Four o'clock, 264. 
 
 Foxglove, 214, 222, 226. 
 
 Fragaria, 106. 
 
 Frankincense, 51. 
 
 French bean, 89. 
 
 Frerea, 187. 
 
 Fuchsia, 122. 
 
 Fumaria, FTJMABIACE^, 13. 
 
 Fumitory, 13. 
 
 G. 
 
 GALACTIA, 88. 
 
 Galauga, Galangale, 336, 338. 
 
 Galanthus, 341. 
 
 Gamboge, 25. 
 
 Galegeae, 72, 78. 
 
 Garcinia, 25. 
 
 Gardenia, 140, 145. 
 
 Garlic, 348. 
 
 Garuga, 52. 
 Geissapsis, 81, 82. 
 Genianthus, 187. 
 Geniosporum, 252. 
 Genistege, 72, 75. 
 Gentian, 189. 
 GENT IAN ACE^;, 189. 
 Geodorum, 326. 
 Geophila, 148. 
 GERANIACEJE, 42. 
 Geranium, 42. 
 
 GESNERACEJ3, 210, 222. 
 
 Getonia, 249. 
 Ginger, 333, 337. 
 Girardina, 311. 
 Givotia, 286, 299. 
 Glasswort, 270. 
 Globba, 334. 
 Globe amaranth, 264. 
 Globe thistle, 164. 
 Glochidion, 293. 
 Gloriosa, 349, 356. 
 Glossocardia, 161. 
 Glossogyne, 161. 
 Glossostigma, 220. 
 Gloxinia, 220. 
 Glycine, 92. 
 Glycosmis, 47. 
 Gmelina, 246. 
 Gnaphalium, 158, 159. 
 GNETACE.E, Gnetum, 313. 
 Goa almond, 68. 
 Goa cypress, 314. 
 Goa potato, 345. 
 Golden fringe, 186. 
 Golden rain, 96. 
 Gold mohar tree, 95. 
 Gomphandra, 56. 
 Gompjhia, 50. 
 Gomphrena, 269. 
 Goniocanlon, 165. 
 Goodenovia, 166. 
 Gooseberry, 107. 
 Goosef oot, 269, 270. 
 Goosegrass, 148. 
 Gossypium, 32. 
 Gouania, 61. 
 Gourds, 125, 130. 
 Gram, 86. 
 Grangea, 155. 
 Grass cloth, 310. 
 
376 
 
 Index. 
 
 Gratophyllum, 243. 
 Green loden, 242. 
 Grewia, 37. 
 Grona, 92. 
 Gnava, 115. 
 Guiaoum, 42. 
 Guizotia, 160. 
 Gum Arabic, 103. 
 Gum trees, 116. 
 Guttapercha, 172. 
 
 GUTTIFERJE, 24 
 
 Gymnema, 184. 
 GymnospermsD, 313. 
 Gymnosporia, 59. 
 Gymnostachyum, 243. 
 Gynandropsis, 16. 
 Gynura, 164. 
 
 H. 
 
 HABENARIA, 328. 
 HALORAGE^E, 109. 
 Hamiltonia, 147. 
 Haplacthus, 239. 
 Hardwickia, 98. 
 Harebell, 167. 
 Haschish, 311. 
 Hawthorn, 106. 
 Heart pea, 65. 
 Hedera, 136. 
 Hedychium, 339. 
 Hedyotis, 142. 
 Hedysaress, 73, 81. 
 Helenioidese, 152, 162. 
 Helianthoidese, 152, 159. 
 Helianthus, 162. 
 Helichrysum, 159. 
 Helicteres, 35. 
 Heliotropieas, 194, 
 Heliotropium, 195. 
 Helmia, 345. 
 Hemicyclia, 299. 
 Eemidesmus, 183, 346. 
 Hemigraphis, 232. 
 Hemigyrosa, 65. 
 Hemp, 302, 311. 
 Hemp agrimony, 153. 
 Henbane, 210. 
 Henna, 120. 
 
 Heptapleurum, 136. 
 
 Heracleum, 136. 
 
 Herpestes, 217. 
 
 Heterophragma, 224. 
 
 Heterostemma, 187. 
 
 Hewittia, 206. 
 
 Heylandia, 75, 
 
 Heynea, 53. 
 
 Hibiscus, 30. 
 
 Hippooratea, Hippocratese, 57, 
 
 58. 
 
 Hippomane, 286. 
 Hiptage, 41. 
 Hitchenia, 337. 
 Hog plum, 69. 
 Hog's fennel, 135. 
 Holigarna, 69. 
 Hollarhena, 179. 
 Holly, 56. 
 Hollyhock, 32. 
 Holoptolea, 303. 
 Holostemma, 185. 
 Homonoia, 298. 
 Honey ball, 188. 
 Honeysuckle, 282. 
 Hop, 311. 
 
 Horse chestnut, 64. 
 Horse knicker beads, 95. 
 Horseradish tree, 70. 
 Hound's tongue, 198. 
 House leek, 107. 
 Hoya, 186. 
 Hugonia, 40. 
 Humble plant, 102. 
 Humulus, 311. 
 Hura, 301. 
 Hyacinthus, 351. 
 Hydnocarpus, 20, 48. 
 Hydrangea, 107. 
 Hydrocharis, 316. 
 Hydrocotyle, 135. 
 Hydrolea, 193. 
 Hydrilla, 317. 
 HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 193. 
 Hygrophila, 230. 
 Hymenodictyon, 142. 
 Hyoscyamus, 210. 
 Hypoestee, 243. 
 HYPOXIDE^:, 341. 
 Hypoxis, 342. 
 Hyssop, 310. 
 
Index. 
 
 377 
 
 i. 
 
 ICE PLANT, 132. 
 Ichnocarpus, 182. 
 Ilex, 56. 
 
 iLICINEjfi, 56. 
 
 Ilysanthes, 220. 
 Impatiens, 43. 
 Incense trees, 51. 
 Inconstante amante, 32. 
 Indian batter tree, 172. 
 Indian cane, 335. 
 Indian cress, 42. 
 Indian fig, 131. 
 Indian ink, 226. 
 Indian lilac, 53. 
 Indian madder, 143, 148. 
 Indian oak, 116. 
 Indian rhododendron, 117. 
 Indian sarsaparilla, 183. 
 Indian shot, 339. 
 India-rubber tree, 308. 
 Indigo, Indigofera, 78. 
 Intriguer of the night, 350. 
 Inula, 159. 
 Inuloidese, 151, 156. 
 lonidinm, 19. 
 Iphigenia, 349. 
 Ipomaea, 201. 
 Iris, IBIDEM, 341. 
 Iron wood, 118, 171. 
 Isonandra, 172. 
 Ivy, 135. 
 Ixora, 148. 
 
 J. 
 
 JACA, Jacktree, 309. 
 Jacqnemontia, 207. 
 Jalap, 205. 
 Jasminum, 175. 
 Jatropha, 262, 286, 295. 
 Jerusalem artichoke, 162. 
 Jew's apple, 209. 
 Jew's mallow, 39. 
 Josephia, 324. 
 Jungle geranium, 146. 
 Jussiaea, 122. 
 Justicia, 239, 242. 
 Jute, 39. 
 
 K^MPFEEIA, 336. 
 
 Kalanchoe, 108. 
 Kathkaries, 103. 
 Klein hovia, 36. 
 Klugia, 222. 
 Knoxia, 144. 
 Kydia, 33. 
 
 LABIATE, 249. 
 Laburnum, 96. 
 Lactuca, 165. 
 Ladies' tresses, 327. 
 Lady of the night, 201. 
 Lagasca, 159. 
 Lagenandra, 362. 
 Lagenaria, 130. 
 Lager osiph on, 317. 
 Lagerstrasmia, 120. 
 Laggera, 157. 
 Lamium, 258. 
 Lamp black, 226. 
 Lamprachsenium, 154. 
 Lantana, 245. 
 Larkspur, 6. 
 Lasiosiphon, 281. 
 Lathyrus, 86. 
 Launea, 166. 
 Laurel, 25, 277, 296. 
 LAUBINE^E, 277. 
 Laurus, 278. 
 
 Lavandula, Lavender, 234. 
 Lawsonia, 120. 
 Lecanthus, 311. 
 Leea, 64. 
 Leek, 348. 
 LEGUMINOS^}, 71. 
 Lemna, LEMNACE.E, 365. 
 Lemon, 48. 
 Lemon plant, 249. 
 LENTIBTJLARIE^E, 210. 
 Lentile, 86. 
 Leonotis, 259. 
 Lepidium, 15. 
 Lepidocarpaea, 357. 
 Lepidogathis, 219, 237. 
 Leptadenia, 186. 
 
378 
 
 Index. 
 
 Leptoclada, 157. 
 Lettsomia, 200. 
 Lettuce, 165. 
 Lenoas, 258. 
 Liana, 11. 
 Lignum vitae, 42. 
 Ligustrum, 176. 
 LILIACE.E, 345. 
 Lily, 345, 350. 
 Lime, 48. 
 Lime tree, 37. 
 Limnanthemnm, 12. 
 Limnophila, 216. 
 Limnopbytum, 266. 
 Limonia, 48. 
 Linaria, 210, 215, 220. 
 Lindenbergia, 215, 
 Lindens, 37. 
 LINE.E, Linum, 40. 
 Liparis, 320, 323. 
 Lippia, 245. 
 Liquorice, 81. 
 Liriodendron, 7, 32. 
 Litchi, 66. 
 Litsaea, 279. 
 Lobelia, 167. 
 
 LOGANIACE^E, 188. 
 
 Loose strife, 118. 
 Lophopetalum, 57. 
 Loquat, 107. 
 Loranthns, 282, 284. 
 LOBANTHACE,*;, 262, 282. 
 Lotos, 60. 
 Lotus, 12, 13. 
 Lourea, 86. 
 Louse wort, 220. 
 Love apple, 209. 
 Love lies bleeding, 267. 
 Lucerne, 77. 
 Ludwigia, 123. 
 Luffa, 125, 126. 
 Luisia, 326. 
 Lumnitzera, 113. 
 Luvunga, 48. 
 Lyciutn, 210. 
 LYTHRACE,E, 116, 118. 
 
 M. 
 
 MABA, 173. 
 Macaranga, 
 
 Machilus, 279. 
 
 Mad apple, 209. 
 
 Madder, 148. 
 
 Maerua, 16. 
 
 Msesa, ] 69. 
 
 Magnolia, MAGNOLIACE^E, 7. 
 
 Mahogany, 54. 
 
 Malachra, 29. 
 
 Mai lotus, 297. 
 
 Mallow, 27, 28, 37. 
 
 MALPHIGIACEjfi, 41. 
 
 Malva, 28, 292. 
 MALVACEAE, 27, 34, 52. 
 Manchineel, 286. 
 Mandragora, Mandrake, 210. 
 Mangel wurzel, 271. 
 Mangifera, 67. 
 Mango, 67, 309, 325. 
 Mangosteen, 25. 
 Mangrove, 109, 113. 
 Manihot, 301. 
 Manioc, 301. 
 Manna, 81. 
 Maple, 64. 
 Mappia, 56. 
 Maranteaa, 334, 339. 
 Mare's tails, 109. 
 Marjoram, 260. 
 Martynia, 226. 
 Marvel of Peru, 264. 
 Marygold, 164. 
 Mastic, 70. 
 Matheran cofiee, 146. 
 Maurandya, 220. 
 Medicago, medick, 77. 
 Melastoma, 117. 
 MELASTOMACE.E, 116. 
 Melia, 53. 
 MELIACE^, 52. 
 Melilot, Melilotus, 77. 
 Melochia, 36. 
 Melon, 128. 
 Memecylon, 117. 
 MENISPERMACE^E, 9. 
 Mentha, 260. 
 Menyanthes, 192. 
 Mercurialis, 296. 
 Meriandra, 260. 
 Mesembryanthemum, 132. 
 Mesua, 26, 171. 
 Mezereon, 278. 
 
Index. 
 
 379 
 
 Mezoneurum, 95. 
 Michelia, 7, 277. 
 Micromeria, 257. 
 Microstylis, 322. 
 Midnapore creeper, 199. 
 Milfoil, 155. 
 Milkbush, 186, 290. 
 Milkwort, 21. 
 Milletia, 80. 
 Millincrtonia, 225. 
 Mimosa, 102. 
 Mimulus, 214. 
 Mimusops, 172. 
 Mint, 256. 
 Mirabilis, 264. 
 Mistletoe, 282, 284. 
 Mitrasacme, 189. 
 Mitreola, 107, 189. 
 Modecca, 124, 126. 
 Mollugo, 22, 133. 
 Moly, 348. 
 Momordica, 127. 
 Monkey bread tree, 34. 
 
 MONOPEPALOUS EXOGENS, 138. 
 
 Monkey-face tree, 297. 
 Monochoria, 351. 
 Monsonia, 42. 
 Mooncreeper, 199. 
 Morinda, 147. 
 Moringa, MORINGE^E, 70. 
 Morning glory, 202. 
 Morus, 311. 
 Moschosma, 252. 
 Mother of thousands, 215. 
 Mountain ash, 106. 
 Mountain ebony, 99. 
 Mucuna, 87. 
 Mugwort, 162. 
 Mukia, 129. 
 Mulberries, 302, 311. 
 Mullein, 208, 215. 
 Mundulea, 81. 
 Murray a, 47. 
 Musa, 332, 339. 
 Musssenda, 144, 147. 
 Mustard, 15, 40. 
 Mustard tree, 177. 
 Mutisiacese, 165. 
 Myosotis, 198. 
 Myriophyllum, 109. 
 Myristica, MYBISTICEJB, 276. 
 
 Myrobalan, 112, 292. 
 Myrrh, 51. 
 
 MYRSINACE^E, 46, 169. 
 Myrta, myrtle, 114. 
 MYRTACE.E, 114, 116, 121. 
 Mysore thorn, 95. 
 
 N. 
 
 NAIADACE.E, 367. 
 
 Naias, 368. 
 
 Nanothamnus, 158. 
 
 Naravelia, 6. 
 
 Narcissus, 341. 
 
 Naregamia, 54. 
 
 Nasturtium, 15, 42, 280. 
 
 Nauclea, 140, 142. 
 
 Neem tree, 53. 
 
 Negro bean, 87. 
 
 Negro coffee, 97. 
 
 Negro ipecacuanha, 188. 
 
 Nelsonia, 238. 
 
 Nelumbium, 12. 
 
 Nemophila, 193. 
 
 Neottiese, 321, 327. 
 
 Nepenthes, 274. 
 
 Nepeta, 260. 
 
 Nephelium, 66. 
 
 Neptunia, 100. 
 
 Nerium, 181. 
 
 Nettles, 301, 312. 
 
 Neuracanthus, 238. 
 
 Nicotiana, 210. 
 
 Nightshade, 207. 
 
 Nolecole, 15. 
 
 Nopal, Nopalries, 131. 
 
 Nothopegia, 69. 
 
 Nothosaerua, 268. 
 
 Notonia, 163. 
 
 Nutmegs, 276. 
 
 Nymphaea, NYMPH/EACE^E, 12. 
 
 NYCTAGINE^, 263. 
 
 Nyctanthes, 176. 
 
 O. 
 
 OBERONIA, 321. 
 Ochna, OCHNACE^;, 50. 
 Ochrocarpus, 25. 
 
Index. 
 
 Ocimnm, 251. 
 
 Oianthus, 187. 
 
 OLACINE.E, Olax, 55. 
 
 Oldenlandia, H3. 
 
 Oldman's beard, 5. 
 
 Olea, 176. 
 
 OleaceaB, 174. 
 
 Oleander, 181. 
 
 Oleaster, 281. 
 
 Olive, 174. 
 
 ONAGRACE.E, 122. 
 
 Onion, 347. 
 
 Ophelia, 192. 
 
 Ophiorrhiza, 144. 
 
 Ophrydeae, 328. 
 
 Opnntia, 131. 
 
 Orache, 270. 
 
 Oranges, 46, 49. 
 
 ORCHIDE^E, Orchids, 319. 
 
 OROBANCHACE*;, Orobanche, 221, 
 
 Oroxylum, 222. 
 
 Osbeokia, 117. 
 
 Osyris, 285. 
 
 Ottelia, 317. 
 
 Ougeinia, 84. 
 
 Oxalideae, 42. 
 
 Oxalis, 43. 
 
 OxyBtelma, 184. 
 
 P. 
 
 PALINUBTTS, 61. 
 
 Palma Christi, 300. 
 
 PALMED, palms, 356. 
 
 Palmyra tree, 359. 
 
 Panax, 137. 
 
 Pancratium, 343. 
 
 PANDANE^E, Pandanus, 360. 
 
 Pansies, 18. 
 
 Papaver, PAPAVERACEJE, 13. 
 
 Papaw tree, 125. 
 
 Papilionaceae, 72. 
 
 Paracharynm, 197. 
 
 Parkia, 102. 
 
 Parkinsonia, 96. 
 
 Parsley, 134 
 
 Parsnip, 134. 
 
 Parsonsia, 181. 
 
 Passiflora, PASSIFLORE/E, 121. 
 
 Passion flower, 124. 
 
 Pastinaca, 134. 
 Patchouli, 254. 
 Pavetta, 146. 
 Pavonia, 29. 
 Pea, 72, 86. 
 Peach, 107. 
 PEDALINEJE, 225. 
 Pedalium, 226. 
 Pedicularis, 220. 
 Pedilanthus, 300. 
 Peepul tree, 306. 
 Peganum, 45. 
 Pelargonium, 42. 
 Pentatropis, 185. 
 Peperomia, 276. 
 Pepper, 210, 276. 
 Peppermint, 260 
 Pepper tree, 69. 
 Pergularia, 188. 
 Perilla, 256. 
 Peristrophe, 243. 
 Persian lilac, 53. 
 Peruvian bark, 149. 
 Petalidium, 231. 
 Petrsea, 249. 
 Petunia, 210. 
 Peucedanum, 134, 135 
 Phajus, 323. 
 Phaseolea3, 73. 
 Phaseolus, 89. 
 Phaylopsis, 232. 
 Philadelphia, 176. 
 Phlox, 193. 
 Phoenix, 358. 
 Pholidota, 324. 
 Phrynium, 339. 
 Phyllanthus, 291. 
 Physalis, 209. 
 Physic nut, 295. 
 Pimenta, 115. 
 Pimpernel, 169. 
 Pimpinella, 135. 
 Pine apple, 343. 
 Pinanga, 357. 
 Piper, 275. 
 
 PlPERACEJE, 275. 
 
 Pistachio nut, 70. 
 Pistacia, 70. 
 Pistia, 362. 
 Pi sum, 86. 
 Pitcher plants, 274. 
 
Index. 
 
 381 
 
 Pithecolobium, 105. 
 Pittosporum, PITTOSPORACE^;, 20. 
 Plantago, PLANTAGINE-E, 260. 
 Plantain, 260, 339. 
 Platystoma, 252. 
 Plectranthus, 252. 
 Pleurogyne, 193. 
 Pleurostylia, 53. 
 Pluohea, 158. 
 
 PLUMBAGINE.E, Plumbago, 168. 
 Plamieria, 180. 
 Podostemon, PODOSTEMONACEJE, 
 
 274. 
 
 Pogonia, 328. 
 Pogostemon, 254. 
 Poinciana, 96. 
 Poinsettia, 300. 
 Poivrea, 114. 
 Polanisia, 16. 
 POLEMONIACE.E, 193. 
 Polyalthsea, 8. 
 Polyanthes, 350. 
 Polycarpaea, 22. 
 Polygala, POLTGALE^, 21. 
 
 POLYGONACE^E, 271. 
 
 Polygonum, 272. 
 
 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS, 1, 5. 
 
 Polyzygus, 136. 
 Pomeee, 106. 
 Pomegranate, 121. 
 Pond weed, 368. 
 Pongamia, 93. 
 
 PONTEDERACE2E, 351. 
 
 Poplars, 306. 
 
 Poppies, 13, 76. 
 
 Porana, 206. 
 
 Portulaca, PORTULACE,E, 22. 
 
 Potamogeton, 368. 
 
 Potato, 209, 345. 
 
 Potato tree, 209. 
 
 Pothos, 365. 
 
 Pouzolzia, 310. 
 
 Premna, 245. 
 
 Prickly pear, 290. 
 
 Primrose, PRIMULACE^;, 169. 
 
 Privet, 177. 
 
 Prosopis, 101, 
 
 Pseudarthria, 83. 
 
 Psidinm, 115. 
 
 Psilostachys, 269. 
 
 Psoralea, 80. 
 
 Psych otria, 148. 
 Pterocarpus, 93. 
 Pterospermum, 35. 
 Pudding pipe tree, 96, 
 Pueraria, 88. 
 Palicaria, 158. 
 Pnmelo, 49. 
 Pumpkin, 130. 
 Punica, 121. 
 Pupalia, 267. 
 Purslane, 23. 
 Putranjiva, 294. 
 Pycnospora, 85. 
 Pygeum, 106. 
 
 Q. 
 
 QUAMOCLIT, 201. 
 
 Quassia, 50. 
 Quisqualis, 113. 
 
 R. 
 
 RADISH, 14. 
 Ragwort, 163. 
 Ramphicarpa, 219. 
 Randia, 144. 
 RANUNCULACE.E, 5. 
 Ranwolfia, 179. 
 Rapeseed, 14. 
 Raphanus, 14. 
 Raspberry, 106. 
 Rattans, 358. 
 Ravenala, 340. 
 Reinwardtia, 40. 
 Remusatia, 364. 
 Rhabdia, 195. 
 RHAMNE^;, 58. 
 Rhamnus, 61. 
 Rhaphidophora, 364. 
 Rheum, 273. 
 Rhinancanthus, 241. 
 Rhizophora, 110. 
 RHIZOPHORE^, 109. 
 Rhubarb, 273. 
 Rhyncocarpa, 130. 
 Rhyncosia, 91. 
 Rhyncostylis, 325. 
 Ribes, 107. 
 
382 
 
 Index. 
 
 Rice lily, 336. 
 Eicinus, 300. 
 Eiedelia, 36. 
 Kivea, 199. 
 Eobinia, 104. 
 ROSACEJE, 105. 
 Eosemary, 260. 
 Roses, 106. 
 
 Rostellularia, 239, 242, 
 Rourea, 71. 
 Rubia, 148. 
 RUBIACE.E, 139. 
 Rubus, 106. 
 Ruellia, 231. 
 Rumex, 273. 
 Rungia, 242. 
 Russellia, 220. 
 Ruta, RUTACE.E, 45. 
 Rutnagherry violet, 211. 
 
 S. 
 
 SACCOLABIUM, 326. 
 
 Saffron, 165. 
 
 Sage, 257, 260. 
 
 Sago, Sago palm, 358, 361. 
 
 Salacia, 58. 
 
 SALICINE/E, salix, 312. 
 
 Salomonia, 21. 
 
 Saloop, 332. 
 
 Salvadora, SALVADORACE.*:, 177. 
 
 Salvia, 257. 
 
 Samadera, 50. 
 
 SAMYDACE.E, 123. 
 
 Sandal wood, Sanders tree, 285. 
 
 SANTALACE^E, 284. 
 
 SAPINDACJS.E, 64. 
 
 Sapindns, 66. 
 
 Sapinm, 300. 
 
 Saponaria, 22. 
 
 SABOTAGED, 170. 
 
 Sappan wood, 95. 
 
 Saprosma, 148. 
 
 Saraca, 98. 
 
 Sarcanthus, 327. 
 
 Sarcostigma, 56. 
 
 Sarsaparilla, 183, 346. 
 
 Satin wood, 54. 
 
 Sauromatum, 363. 
 
 Sauropus, 299. 
 
 SAXIFRAGE.E, Saxifrages, 107. 
 
 Scaevola, 166. 
 
 Scarlet runner, 89. 
 
 Sohinns, 69. 
 
 Schleichera, 65. 
 
 Schreibera, 176. 
 
 SCITAMINE^, 332. 
 
 Sclerocarpus, 161. 
 
 Scolopia, 20. 
 
 Screw pine, 360. 
 
 SCROPHULARINB.*;, 188, 212, 213. 
 
 Scutellaria, 257. 
 
 Scutia, 60. 
 
 Sea blite, 271. 
 
 Sea holly, 234. 
 
 Sea lavender, 168. 
 
 Sebastiana, 299. 
 
 Semecarpus, 69. 
 
 Sempervivum, 107. 
 
 Senecio, 163. 
 
 Senecionidese, 153, 162. 
 
 Senna, 98. 
 
 Sensitive plant, 101. 
 
 Sericostoma, 197. 
 
 ^esamum, 226. 
 
 Sesbania, 80. 
 
 Sesnvium, 133. 
 
 Shaddock, 49. 
 
 Shallot, 348. 
 
 Shittim tree, 103. 
 
 Shuteria, 87. 
 
 Sida, 28. 
 
 Sideroxylon, 171. 
 
 Siegesbeckia, 159. 
 
 SlMARUBE.E, 49. 
 
 Skull cap, 257. 
 Smilacese, 345. 
 Smilax, 346. 
 Smithia, 82. 
 Snake lily, 362. 
 Snap-dragon, 214, 220. 
 Snow creeper, 206. 
 Snowdrop, 347. 
 Soap nut, 66. 
 Soap wort, 22. 
 
 SOLANACBjE, 207. 
 
 Solanum, 170, 208. 
 Sonchus, 166. 
 Sonerila, 118. 
 Sonneratia, 121. 
 
Index. 
 
 333 
 
 Sophora, 94. 
 Sopubia, 220. 
 Sorrel, 273. 
 Sow thistle, 166. 
 Soymida, 54. 
 Spathalobus, 88. 
 Speedwell, 214. 
 Spermacoce, 148. 
 Sphseranthus, 157. 
 Sphenoclea, 168. 
 Spices, 275, 277. 
 Spiderworts, 352. 
 Spilanthes, 160. 
 Spinach, 270. 
 Spiranthes, 327. 
 Spurges, 131, 285, 290. 
 Squills, 349. 
 Stachytarpheta, 249. 
 Statice, 168. 
 Stemodia, 216. 
 Stephania, 12. 
 Stephanotis, 188. 
 Stephegyne, 142. 
 Sterculia, STERCULIACEJ;, 34. 
 Stereospermum, 224. 
 Stone crops, 107. 
 Strawberry, 107. 
 Streblus, 304. 
 Strobilanthes, 232. 
 Strombosia, 55. 
 Strychnine, Strychuos, 189. 
 STYBACEJS, 174. 
 Sueda, 271. 
 Sundews, 108. 
 Sunflower, 162. 
 Sun hemp, 76. 
 Supplejacks, 11. 
 Sweet flag, 365. 
 Sweet lime, 48. 
 Sweet sedge, 365. 
 Sweet sop, 9. 
 Sweet-william, 22. 
 Swertia, 192. 
 Swietenia, 54. 
 Sycamore, 308. 
 Symphorema, 248. 
 Symphytum, 198. 
 Symplocos, 174. 
 Synantherias, 364. 
 Syringa, 53, 176. 
 Syzigium, 114. 
 
 T. 
 
 TABERN^MONTANA, 180. 
 Tacca, TACCACE^, 343. 
 Talipot palm, 359. 
 Tamarindus, 99. 
 
 TAMARISCINEvE, 23. 
 
 Tamarisks, Tamarix, 23. 
 Tamus, 344. 
 Tapioca, 301. 
 Tares, 86. 
 Tavernieria, 81. 
 Tea, 26. 
 Tecoma, 225. 
 Tectona, 248. 
 Teil tree, 70. 
 Tephrosia, 80, 97. 
 Teramnes, 92. 
 Terebinth, 70. 
 Terminalia, 111. 
 Terniola, 273. 
 TERNSTR^MIACE^E, 26. 
 Tetrameles, 132. 
 THALAMIFLOR^E, 1, 5. 
 Thalietrum, 6. 
 Thea, 26. 
 Theobroma, 36. 
 Theriophanum, 36. 
 Thorn apple, 210. 
 Thrift, 168. 
 Thunbergia, 227, 280. 
 Thyme, 260. 
 THYMELACE.E, 281. 
 TILIACE^, 19, 37. 
 Tillsea, 108. 
 Tinospora, 10. 
 Toa tree, 312. 
 Toad flax, 215. 
 Tobacco, 210. 
 Toddalia, 46. 
 Tomato, 209. 
 Torenia, 217. 
 Towel gourds, 126. 
 Tragia, 298. 
 Trapa, 109, 123. 
 Traveller's joy, 5. 
 Traveller's tree, 340. 
 Trema, 303. 
 Trewia, 300. 
 Trianthema, 133. 
 Trias, 324. 
 
384 
 
 Index. 
 
 Tribulus, 42. 
 Trichodesma, 197. 
 Tricholepis, 164. 
 Trichosanthes, 126. 
 Trifoliese, 72. 
 Trigonella, 77. 
 Triphasia, 49. 
 Triumfettia, 38. 
 Tropseolum, 42. 
 Trumpet flowers, 223. 
 Tuberose, 350. 
 Tulips, 351. 
 Tulip tree, 7. 
 Turmeric, 335. 
 Turnera, TURNERACE^E, 124. 
 Turnsole, 196. 
 Turpentine tree, 70. 
 Turpinia, 64, 66. 
 Tnrraea, 53. 
 Tylophora, 185. 
 Typhonium, 363. 
 
 U. 
 
 ULME.E, 301. 
 UMBELLIFER.E, 133. 
 Unona, 8. 
 Upas tree, 308. 
 Urena, 29. 
 Urginea, 349. 
 Urtica, 312. 
 UKTICACE^E, 301. 
 Utricularia, 211. 
 Uvaria, 9. 
 
 V. 
 
 VALLARIS, 181. 
 Vallisneria, 317. 
 Vanda, 327. 
 Vandellia, 167, 217. 
 Vangueria, 145. 
 Vanilla, 332. 
 Varnish trees, 67. 
 Vegetable marrow, 130. 
 Ventilago, 59. 
 Verbena, 249. 
 VERBENACE^E, 244. 
 Vernonia, 153. 
 
 Vernoniea9, 150, 153. 
 Veronica, 218. 
 Vervains, 244. 
 Vetches, 86. 
 Vicieae, 73. 
 Vicoa, 158. 
 Vigna, 89. 
 Vinca, 90, 179. 
 Vines, 61. 
 
 VIOLACE^, Violet, 18. 
 Viscum, 284. 
 Vitex, 246. 
 Vitis, 61. 
 Vogelia, 168. 
 Volutarella, 165. 
 
 W. 
 
 WAGATEA, 96. 
 Wahlenbergia, 168. 
 Wallflower, 14. 
 Walsura, 55. 
 Waltheria, 36. 
 Water chestnut, 123. 
 Watercress, 14. 
 Water lilies, 12. 
 Water peppers, 24. 
 Water purslane, 118. 
 Water tree, 340. 
 Wax plant, 186. 
 Waybred, 261. 
 Weather plant, 86. 
 Webera, 147. 
 Wedelia, 160. 
 Wendenlandia, 142. 
 Whiterot, 135. 
 Willow, 181, 312. 
 Winter cherry, 209. 
 Wisneria, 367. 
 Wisteria, 80. 
 Withania, 209. 
 Wolfia, 365. 
 Woodfordia, 120. 
 Wood sorrels, 42. 
 Wormwood, 162. 
 Wrightia, 180. 
 
 X. 
 
 XANTHIUM, 161. 
 Xanthochymus, 25. 
 
Index. 
 
 385 
 
 Xylia, 101. 
 XYRIDE^E, 351. 
 Xyris, 352. 
 
 YAMS, 344. 
 Yarrow, 155. 
 Yews, 314. 
 Yucca, 350. 
 
 Z. 
 
 ZANONIA, 125, 130. 
 Zanthoxylum, 46. 
 Zedoary, 335, 333. 
 Zehneria, 129. 
 Zeuxine, 327. 
 Zingiber, 337. 
 Zingibereae, 333. 
 Zizyphus, 59. 
 Zornia, 81. 
 Zostera, 368. 
 ZYGOPHYLLEJJ!, 41. 
 
INDEX (NATIVE NAMES), 
 
 A. 
 
 Abai, 40, 88. 
 Abholi, 236. 
 Abinbuti, 120. 
 Abuli, 146. 
 Acharbondi, 160. 
 AdraJch, 337. 
 Adusa, CO, 241. 
 Agara, 268, 311. 
 Acrcm, 80. 
 Agiya, 120, 311. 
 Agnivala, 120. 
 ^m, 112. 
 Ainsadera, 303. 
 Ajmod, 135. 
 Ajwala, 251. 
 ^Ifcaspawan, 206. 
 Akasvel, 280. 
 
 233. 
 Z, 147. 
 
 Z, 335. 
 142. 
 
 i, 337. 
 
 92. 
 
 Almiro, 166. 
 ^Zsi, 40. 
 
 ^IZw, 146, 209, 352, 364. 
 Amada, 335. 
 Amalak, 291. 
 i, 206. 
 
 , 67. 
 Ambara, 69. 
 Ambari, 30, 62. 
 AmbarJcand, 324. 
 Ambarvel, 10. 
 4mba, 20. 
 Amberi, 69. 
 ^Lmferi, 186. 
 Anibuti, 43. 
 
 Amgul, 281. 
 
 :, 99. 
 
 *, 186. 
 
 i, 121, 294. 
 Amti, 170, 203. 
 Ananas, 343. 
 Anantamul, 183. 
 J.war, 121. 
 Andarbibi, 295. 
 ^ryan, 98, 118. 
 Anjir, 308. 
 Z, 137. 
 
 1, 185. 
 I, 309. 
 t, 25. 
 i, 99. 
 
 , 102. 
 
 Arab, 184. 
 Arang, 36. 
 Arani, 245. 
 Archiri, 55. 
 Ardhisupari, 358. 
 J.rjwn, 112. 
 Arjun sadera, 112. 
 - ',102. 
 
 **, 89. 
 i, 247. 
 Z, 145. 
 ,112. 
 ^sana, 283, 291. 
 Asandra, 99. 
 ^Iseit, 147. 
 Asgund, 209. 
 ^IsAofea, 98. 
 t, 306. 
 
 t, 306. 
 ^sZi, 297. 
 Asupala, 98. 
 
 346. 
 t, 28, 170. 
 
Index, 
 
 387 
 
 Ataran, 20. 
 Atibala, 28. 
 Atkura, 146. 
 Atmati, 99. 
 Ami, 90. 
 Awal, 97. 
 , 291. 
 
 Babra, 112. 
 BabuZ, 102. 
 -Badam, 107, 112. 
 Bachnag, 350. 
 JBagrwZi, 113. 
 Bahaphalli, 39. 
 Bahira, 112. 
 Bahmani, 256. 
 ailimbi, 43. 
 Bafcas, 240, 241. 
 Bakhor, 172. 
 
 Bakora, 146. 
 Eafcra, 237. 
 JBamb, 217. 
 Bamburti, 240. 
 .Ban ada, 337. 
 Bandhuka, 146. 
 Bandvel, 200. 
 Bangra, 160. 
 Banya bauri, 201. 
 Baobab, 34. 
 Baphalli, 136. 
 Baragadan, 78. 
 Sarbati, 170. 
 Bargund, 194. 
 Barishoph, 134. 
 Barfci, 81,82. 
 Earmasi, 113. 
 Barsoli, 172. 
 Bartang, 261. 
 Bartondi, 147. 
 asna, 80. 
 Bassari, 307. 
 Batata, 209. 
 .Bawa, 96. 
 Bawarclii, 80. 
 Bechaka, 78. 
 BecTm, 322. 
 Behelu, 69. 
 Behkali, 20. 
 
 Bekarhriya, 79. 
 Bekhariyo, 78. 
 Bela, 48. 
 Eelapata, 31. 
 Bendarvel, 63. 
 Bengali pipU, 276. 
 Bengan, 209. 
 Benteak, 121. 
 Bersingi, 225. 
 e, 358. 
 Bhadrak, 167. 
 Bhaikoi, 35. 
 
 JS/iaji, 77, 265, 267, 271. 
 Bhalga, 135. 
 Bhamurda, 156. 
 Bhang, 311. 
 Bhangra, 78. 
 Bharangi, 248. 
 Bharjambul, 120. 
 Bhatmogri, 175. 
 Bhekal, 20. 
 Bhendi, 82. 
 BTier, 59. 
 Bheriya, 54 
 Itaes, 103. 
 Bhinjra, 124. 
 J5Wrda, 112. 
 Shirli mad, 358. 
 Bhokar, 194. 
 Bhoma, 293. 
 Bhopla, 130. 
 Bhor, 59. 
 Bhoti, 33. 
 Bhovera, 89. 
 jB/mi awali, 292. 
 ihampa, 336. 
 T8. 
 
 ;-i fcowd, 349. 
 
 i Tcohila, 202. 
 JB/iwi ringani, 208. 
 
 ii sand, 21. 
 
 ,i iarvar, 79. 
 terda, 237. 
 Bhui vangi, 208. 
 Bhujari dtiaman, 33. 
 Bhurguti, 60. 
 Bhurundi, 196. 
 Bhurwad, 308. 
 Bhutapal, 58. 
 Bhutkesh, 144. 
 .BtbZa, 93. 
 
 c c 2 
 
388 
 
 Index. 
 
 Sibu, 69. 
 Bika, 59. 
 Bit, 48. 
 Mllu, 54. 
 Himbi, 129. 
 Birambol, 89. 
 Bitasa, 313. 
 Bobarsa, 279. 
 Bodaga, 78, 121. 
 .Bodfca, 65. 
 Bojwar, 278. 
 .Bofce, 299. 
 Bokhayan, 53. 
 .BofcTa, 41. 
 Boknal, 167. 
 .Bofcra, 124. 
 Bolpale, 57. 
 Bondaga, 360. 
 JSondar, 121. 
 Bondhara, 121. 
 .Bori ajmod, 134. 
 Borsangi, 248. 
 .BotfcM, 36. 
 Brahmi, 135. 
 JBucTia, 313. 
 JSwn, 148. 
 Sundar, 91, 153. 
 Burburra, 78. 
 Burumb, 55. 
 BurumM, 53, 258, 259. 
 337. 
 
 0. 
 
 Cetba, 33. 
 
 CAai, 84. 
 
 Chagal kun y 204. 
 
 Chaken, 97. 
 
 Chalcvat, cfiakyit, 270, 273. 
 
 Chamar musU, 63. 
 
 Chambari, 112, 245, 216. 
 
 Chambuli, 99. 
 
 Champa, 7, 26, 180, 338, 339. 
 
 ChampaTca, 7. 
 
 Uhanda, 298. 
 
 Chanda mula, 336. 
 
 Chandan, 285. 
 
 Chandan baiiva, 270. 
 
 Chandhara, 257, 298. 
 
 Chandhari, 90. 
 C/iand feuda, 308. 
 Chandra, 179. 
 Chandra leant, 201. 
 Chandul, 308. 
 Channa, 86. 
 C^anna yfcad, 208. 
 Chanoti, 86. 
 Chaoli, 89. 
 Chaora, 38. 
 Chappal, 131. 
 Chapyel, 145. 
 CAar, 68. 
 C^ar fccye, 264. 
 Charoli, 68. 
 Charonji, 68. 
 Charpatti, 90. 
 Charras, 311. 
 Chauchar mori, 156. 
 C?iawli, 267. 
 Chawar, 337. 
 Chawel, 206. 
 Chawir, 170. 
 Chenduphal, 102. 
 CAer, 38. 
 CTiena, 248. 
 Chibur, 128. 
 Chikakai, 104. 
 C%ifca, 291. 
 CWfcna, 28, 280. 
 Chikonda, 126. 
 Chilcras, 55. 
 CTuZi 210. 
 CMia, 124. 
 CWiZar, 95. 
 Chimar, 97. 
 Chimat, 60. 
 Chimkani, 96. 
 Chimnati, 79. 
 Chinai salib, 265. 
 China limbu, 49. 
 C/ana mendi, 121. 
 C^mcA, 99. 
 Chinchani, 80. 
 Chinchurdi, 208. 
 C^ini yerand, 295. 
 C^p, 170. 
 C/itratt, 129. 
 Chirchitta, 210. 
 Chircholi, 146. 
 Chiretta, 192. 
 
Index. 
 
 389 
 
 Chitkarvi, 232. 
 Chitrak, 168. 
 Choronva, 253. 
 Chota chand, 179. 
 Chota kalpa, 197. 
 Chouelien, 39. 
 Cfettfea, 273. 
 CfcwZai, 267. 
 Chunch, 39. 
 Chunibher, 60. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dabria, 113. 
 Date, 165. 
 Dahivan, 194. 
 DaTm, 164. 
 Dat, 85. 
 DaZ, 91. 
 Dalimb, 121. 
 Daman, 37. 
 Damgar, 130. 
 Dandelu, 142. 
 Dandus, 93. 
 Daona, 162. 
 Darsuri, 13. 
 Dasaa, 256. 
 Dasari lea jhar, 256. 
 Datarda, 298. 
 Daftr, 304. 
 Datrang, 195. 
 Daudaula, 92. 
 Dawwi, 162. 
 Daustiir, 58. 
 Dawa fcajhar, 66. 
 Dawal, 167. 
 Dayali, 76. 
 DeTcamali, 145. 
 Dev babwZ, 103. 
 J)ev dangri, 127. 
 Devdar, 9. 
 Dev kanc'han, 99. 
 Z>ev Tcanda, 344. 
 Devnal, 167. 
 ^i, 120. 
 
 ZwZsa, 241. 
 Dhakta anwala, 43. 
 Dhakti ambri, 186. 
 DTiaHi dwdfei, 289. 
 DTiafeti s/ieraZ, 272. 
 
 DhaleU s1ieran, 115. 
 Dhamasa, 42. 
 Dhamni, 35. 
 Dhampta, 84 
 Dhanga, 138. 
 Dhapa, 133. 
 Dhasera, 66. 
 Dhasra chi vel, 41. 
 Dhatara, 209. 
 Dhatri pushpika, 120. 
 Dhaura, 113. 
 Dhauri, 120. 
 Dhausar, 245. 
 Dhausi, 120. 
 Dft,ed umbar, 307. 
 D/ioZ, 215. 
 JDfcott, 148. 
 Dhudani, 184. 
 Z>^M(Zi, 178. 
 Dhudika, 184. 
 DJwZia, 171. 
 Di*na, 170. 
 D^on, 129. 
 Dilpasand, 128. 
 Dinda, 64. 
 Dindaga, 113. 
 Dingala, 76. 
 Dipmal, 259. 
 Do&at Zwia, 204. 
 Dodfci, 127. 
 Dolamba, 69. 
 Dondru, 142. 
 Dongari mirchi, 276. 
 Dorlin, 208. 
 Dudhali, 220. 
 DwcZW, 130, 288, 289. 
 Dudhmogra, 289. 
 Dudhvel, 186. 
 Dudurli, 185. 
 Dulaba champa, 339. 
 Dup-salai, 51. 
 JDyar, 195. 
 
 i, 259. 
 , 339. 
 Erandi, 300. 
 Z, 103. 
 
390 
 
 Fanas, 309. 
 Fanja, 199. 
 Fansi, 111. 
 Fansul, 309. 
 Farari, 104. 
 Fasarlani, 133. 
 Fattarsuva, 161. 
 
 Index. 
 
 Fungali, 170. 
 
 Gadagvel, 218. 
 Gacl&i, 19. 
 tfazdar, 163. 
 Gaimaril, 143. 
 Gajra, 189. 
 GaZm, 19. 
 GaZgraZ, 19. 
 Gandati, 274. 
 Gandya umbar, 307. 
 Gcwera, 56, 155. 
 #anes7i fcand, 364. 
 Ganesh vel, 201. 
 Gangar, 60. 
 Gangotri, 155. 
 Gangro, 210. 
 Ganja, 311. 
 Ganjar, 134. 
 Gansur, 295. 
 GaoW, 37. 
 Oaona, 197. 
 (?aora, 88. 
 Gaozaban, 163. 
 Garbi, 101. 
 Garmala, 96. 
 Garudgal, 92. 
 Garudvel, 10. 
 G^wn, 78. 
 Gauriphal, 106. 
 Gave*, 200. 
 Gcvyela, 187. 
 Gazdar, 215. 
 Gedon, 194. 
 Gendal, 62. 
 Gengri, 93. 
 Getana, 266. 
 Ghagri, 75. 
 
 Ghaipal, 108. 
 Ghanen, 270. 
 Gharphul, 185. 
 G^afi, 75, 208. 
 Ghatiche bhaji, 148. 
 GAafi pitpapara, 240. 
 Ghayal, 108. 
 G?ieZa, 144. 
 Ghogari, 145. 
 G^oZ, 267. 
 Gholbhaji, 23. 
 Gliora chi jibh, 85. 
 Ghorvel, 63. 
 G/iwrt, 270. 
 GicWsa, 147. 
 Gmsro, 38. 
 Gitsat, 147. 
 Godadi, 78. 
 Godmal, 282. 
 Goclrt, 345. 
 Godundi, 25. 
 Goindu, 173. 
 Gnjibha, 258. 
 Gokarni, 89. 
 Goferw, 42, 226. 
 GoksuraJe, 226. 
 #oZ, 303. 
 Golinda, 63. 
 Gometta, 129. 
 Gondali, 170, 362. 
 Gondan, gondani, 195. 
 Gonsali, 127. 
 Gopali, 258. 
 Gorakh chinch, 34. 
 Guam Zafcn, 146. 
 t, 71. 
 51. 
 200. 
 
 Gulab jamb, 115. 
 GwZaZ, 95. 
 Gulamb, 279. 
 #wZar, 307. 
 Gulchai, 279. 
 Gulchandani, 201. 
 Gulchhari, 350. 
 GwZi, 79. 
 
 GttZi gaojaban, 258. 
 Gulmohar, 95, 96. 
 GwZo, 10. 
 Gulshabu, 350. 
 Gulsham, 238. 
 
Index. 
 
 39* 
 
 Gulumbi, 279. 
 Gulvel, 10. 
 Guma, 258. 
 Gunglai, 19. 
 Gunj, 86. 
 (?wr, 56. 
 Gwra, 235. 
 Gwrar, 105. 
 Gwti, 60, 61, 346. 
 Ouya babul, 103. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hadja, 80. 
 Uadru, 173. 
 142. 
 
 Z, 41. 
 Halaola, 89. 
 HaZaoncta, 89, 336. 
 Halda, 54. 
 ITaZdi, 25, 335. 
 Haldwa, 142. 
 Halipriya, 141. 
 Haliyan, 347. 
 flaZwfo, 89. 
 Halwan, 142. 
 Hansoli, 38. 
 Har, 176. 
 Harani, 93. 
 Haramkhani, 55. 
 Haranpag, 205. 
 Harbara, 86. 
 Harduli, 55. 
 Hareri, 104. 
 #ana, 110. 
 ITaria /cadw, 130. 
 Haria lobeh, 89. 
 Harfew, 25. 
 Harmara, 45. 
 Harpharori, 292. 
 Harsankal, 61. 
 Hartondi, 178. 
 Hasha, 260. 
 Hawarna, 17. 
 Hazardana, 289. 
 Hema champa, 339. 
 He war, 103. 
 
 &adam, 68. 
 r, 136. 
 Hingen, 50. 
 
 Hingor, 50. 
 Ifm^a^, 24. 
 Hintalu, 20. 
 Hirandori, 185, 186. 
 Hirankhori, 39. 
 HircZa, 112. 
 JZm>^, 84. 
 HonaZ, 112. 
 
 Hulgari, 69. 
 Jfum, 8, 9. 
 11. 
 , 174. 
 
 Ichwach, 325. 
 I/aZ, 116. 
 , 57. 
 i, 235. 
 172. 
 Indarjao, 180. 
 Indrafal, 128. 
 Indrayen, 128. 
 Ingar, 116. 
 Jn^^, 57, 58. 
 Jpaw, 260. 
 Jppi, 172. 
 Ishakpech, 201. 
 Ispand, 45. 
 Jtan, 148. 
 
 Jagam, 20. 
 
 Jagdala, 224. 
 
 Jaiphal, 277. 
 
 Jakara, 239. 
 
 Jakhmi, 66. 
 
 Jamalgota, 296, 298. 
 
 Jamb, 115. 
 
 Jamba, 101. 
 
 Jambli, 115. 
 
 JambwZ, 115, 176, 283, 323. 
 
 Jangli anas, 343. 
 
 Jangli bendi, 38. 
 
 Jangli bhendi, 132. 
 
 Jangli ganga, 85. 
 
392 
 
 Index. 
 
 Jangli gaulya, 84. 
 Jangli kacheru, 336. 
 Jangli kajorni, 62. 
 Jangli kakri, 128. 
 Jangli math, 89. 
 Jangli mule, 157. 
 Jangli parol, 126. 
 Jangli piaz, 349. 
 Jangli ramphal, 25. 
 Jangra, 60. 
 Japhal akrot, 301. 
 Japhalgota, 298. 
 Jasondi, 98. 
 Jasud, 32. 
 J tawwcZ, 308. 
 JataZt, 190. 
 Jatt, 185. 
 Jawas, 40, 81. 
 Jayanti, 80. 
 Jayapatri, 277. 
 JepaJ, 295. 
 Jetimal, 81. 
 J/iaft, 130. 
 J/iao, 23. 
 Jharas, 133. 
 7Wr, 77. 
 Jhirang, 47. 
 Jinjali, 226. 
 Jira, 134. 
 Jivputrak, 294. 
 Jondrt, 294. 
 Jwnafc, 23. 
 JwH, 270. 
 
 tfabar, 17, 177. 
 Kachki, 95. 
 Kachlora, 105. 
 iTadab, 17. 
 Kadam, 142. 
 .STadamba, 147. 
 Kadawanchi, 127. 
 Kadoindi, 129. 
 w, 20. 
 
 chinch, 39. 
 
 feaferz, 128. 
 tfadw nat, 191. 
 JParftt wim, 47. 
 Kadu pab, 47. 
 
 i nai, 192. 
 Kadwa, kadwai, 142. 
 Kahola bhaj, 267. 
 Kaigar, 103. 
 ZTajaft, 89. 
 Kajarvel, 189. 
 Kajat cha ghas, 211. 
 Kajhuri, 143. 
 Kajra, 189. 
 Ziy'tt, 68. 
 
 Kajura gauri, 335. 
 Kajurati, 58. 
 JTafearueZ, 275. 
 Kakganja, 85. 
 Kakharunda, 156. 
 ffafci, 20. 
 Kakmachi, 208. 
 Kakmari, 10. 
 JTa^ri, 128. 
 iTafcria, 88, 121. 
 KaZ, 348. 
 
 , 239. 
 Z, 137. 
 
 chitrak, 168. 
 Kala gonda, 55. 
 /^aZa inderjao, 180. 
 Kala jwa, 154. 
 
 fetraib, 239. 
 
 koranta, 236. 
 
 fewra, 180. 
 Kalalavi, 350. 
 aZa mafea, 234. 
 JTaZa wieft, 239. 
 Kalaruk, 92. 
 J5TaZa /, 160, 161. 
 ^aZa vaZa, 30. 
 Kalgori, 225. 
 Kalgur, 56. 
 JTaZt dwdfci, 130. 
 Kalingar, 128. 
 ^aZZa, 336. 
 Kalmiluta, 199. 
 ^TaZpa, 239. 
 Kalsunda, 231, 235. 
 iTaZ umbar, 307. 
 Kamadu, 192. 
 Kamuni, 208. 
 Kamal, 12, 13. 
 Kamari, 145. 
 Kamarkas, 257. 
 Kamela, 297. 
 
Index. 
 
 393 
 
 Kamuda, 192. 
 Kanal, 189. 
 Kanara, 60. 
 Ranchan, 99. 
 Ranchari, 269. 
 Ranchuki, 209. 
 Kanda, 348. 
 Randal, 110. 
 Randera, 339. 
 JTandt, 101. 
 Randori, 129. 
 JTaw^, 202, 345. 
 Rangoni, 57. 
 ./Tanfcad, 52. 
 Rankar, 103. 
 Ranker, 181. 
 Rankra, 111. 
 Ranocha, 292. 
 Ranpliuti, 16, 91. 
 ATante 6^a>', 266. 
 /fante cAwfcafc, 164. 
 Rante dhatra, 13. 
 JTante wa7i, 266. 
 Rante puwan, 293. 
 Rante ringani y 208. 
 Ranthal, 309. 
 Ranvel, 59, 187. 
 Ranyel, 59. 
 Raola, 82. 
 -SraoZi, 34. 
 Raota, 48. 
 Rapas, 32. 
 /fapra, 133. 
 Rapsi, 310. 
 Rapur bhendi, 53, 54. 
 Rapur madhura, 268. 
 ./Tara, 290. 
 7f arai, 34, 124. 
 Raramba, 176. 
 Rarambalij 6, 43. 
 Raranda, 178. 
 Rarandi, 29. 
 Rarang icangoni, 57. 
 Raranj, 93. 
 Raranji, 145. 
 Rarati, 23. 
 Rarbat, 95. 
 Rardahi, 113. 
 Rardal, 27, 101. 
 Rardin, 69. 
 Rardondi, 27. 
 
 , 147. 
 /fare?;, 127. 
 Rarfas, 134. 
 TfanroZ, 303, 311. 
 JTon, 9. 
 Rarianag, 350. 
 .Karifc, 358. 
 /rartZ, 17. 
 Raringa, 135. 
 ^arti, 128. 
 Rarivana, 135. 
 Rarlcam, 335. 
 Rarkandi, 295. 
 RarTcandi cha yel, 59. 
 Rarfcani, 37, 170. 
 Rarkas, 114. 
 Rarmal, 6, 43, 283. 
 ATarnt, 172. 
 Raronga, 135. 
 Rarontia, 226. 
 
 ', 304, 307. 
 , 65, 116. 
 Rartoli, 127. 
 
 , 304. 
 
 , 127. 
 
 Raru karanda, 345. 
 Raru padval, 126. 
 i, 192, 232, 233. 
 
 , 129. 
 Rarwa wagati, 48. 
 ATas, 81. 
 JTastZi, 29. 
 .fiTasod, 98. 
 Rasoda, 97. 
 Rasumdro, 97. 
 
 , 189. 
 i, 103. 
 Ratkuri, 146. 
 Ratvel, 128. 
 JfcmZa, 130. 
 Raula kumti, 171. 
 #awZi, 181, 183. 
 Raundal, 126. 
 .ffawi, 192. 
 Raurio, 144. 
 /fau, 20. 
 Raivaj, 87. 
 Kawat, 20. 
 /fedart, 200. 
 JK"eZ, 307. 
 
394 
 
 Index. 
 
 Kemuka, 338. 
 Kenffi, 280. 
 Kera, 17. 
 Kesara, 172. 
 Kesh, 220. 
 Kesri babul, 96. 
 Keval, 303. 
 /f ewi, 360. 
 Ktu-an t 35. 
 Khaderi, 103. 
 Khadra, 174. 
 #7i<wV, 103. 
 Kliair champa, 180. 
 Khairi, 101. 
 Khajgoli cha vel, 62. 
 Khajkul, 310. 
 Khajoti, 310. 
 Khajur, 358. 
 Khaosi, 35. 
 Khapara, 264. 
 Khapparkaru, 187. 
 Kharbuti, 61. 
 Kharbuz, 128. 
 Khardi, 206. 
 Kharlcodi, 186. 
 KTiarmanjari, 268. 
 Kliarsing, 225. 
 /Aas, Jchasao, 39. 
 Khatara, 192. 
 Khatkhati, 38. 
 7f TieZa, 340. 
 JT^etW, 360. 
 JOura, 128. 
 Kholeta, 235. 
 Khorasani ajican, 210. 
 Khvrma, 358. 
 JftZat, 105. 
 Jfwai, 105. 
 Kinjal, 112. 
 7fip, 186. 
 Kiramar, 274. 
 Kirmira, 47. 
 iTirrn, 9, 145. 
 Kismari, 88. 
 ^Twrt, 20. 
 Kocham, 66. 
 JTocAi, 46. 
 Kochinda, 97. 
 Koidare, 35. 
 /To/cam, kokambi, 25. 
 Jfofcatt, 297. 
 
 Koland, 136. 
 Kolhal, 215. 
 Kolhe die clmtar, 237. 
 Kolisna, 18. 
 Kolsta, 235. 
 Konphal, 345. 
 JforaZ, 99. 
 
 , 231. 
 Kotliak, 133. 
 Kothmir, 134. 
 TTofri, 209. 
 /^reaf, 239. 
 Kuar pur, 351. 
 KucTiandana, 101. 
 Kuchla, 189. 
 Kudale, 339. 
 266. 
 
 tZ*, 87. 
 
 , 90. 
 , 35. 
 , 127. 
 
 , 90. 
 JfttZat, 76. 
 Kulinjan, 338. 
 7f wz', 90, 298. 
 Kumba, 116. 
 Kumbal, 313. 
 ITwm&ei, 171. 
 Kumbhraj, 192. 
 Jfwrt, 66. 
 Kunak, 52. 
 Kunan, 54. 
 JT'UTicZ, 175. 
 Kunjir, 266. 
 /Tun^, 47. 
 /Twpt, 297. 
 JSTwra, 180. 
 , 52. 
 
 , 146. 
 , 165. 
 ATwr/a, 23. 
 Kurma, 279. 
 Kurpa, 118. 
 Kurphemlra, 145. 
 Jfwsar, 175. 
 Kusimb, 66. 
 Kusumb, 154. 
 Kusumba, 165. 
 JTw, 338. 
 
 , 215. 
 
Index. 
 
 395 
 
 Kuire wandre, 38. 
 Kutri, 208. 
 Kutrund, 129. 
 Kuyeri, 87. 
 
 Lajalu, 102. 
 io/on, 102. 
 Lajri, 43. 
 Lakheri, 117. 
 Lakucli, 309. 
 iai ambari, 32. 
 Zai b/iwi awali, 292. 
 aZ cliameli, 113. 
 LaZ chitrak, 168. 
 ZaZ fcfcair, 103. 
 iaZZe*, 105. 
 I/aZ madar, 184. 
 LaZ mtrcTi, 210. 
 ia murga, 266. 
 Lamtani, 181. 
 Xangr, 86. 
 Lant, 309. 
 ianfafc, 191. 
 Lassan, 348. 
 Latchmi, 66. 
 Lauchat, 144. 
 Lessuri, 194. 
 Lichardi, 198. 
 Irt'c/M, 29. 
 Limbara, 53, 54. 
 Limbu, 48. 
 Lolirsir bhaji, 28. 
 Lodra, 174. 
 Lohari, 173. 
 Loheri, 225. 
 LoTcandi, 59. 
 Lokhand, 146. 
 Lolfhandi, 118, 177. 
 Lotai, 285. 
 Lungam, 66. 
 , 364. 
 
 JfabW, 16. 
 Machur, 270. 
 JfacZar, 184. 
 
 Madhavi, 41. 
 Madhvel, 113. 
 Madmi, 29. 
 Madnayhati, 148. 
 Madvel, 205. 
 Magiya mai, 23. 
 Mahaban, 337. 
 Mahadevi, 130. 
 Maharukh, 270. 
 Mahatiti, 239. 
 Jfatdo Za^rt, 280. 
 Jfafea, 160. 
 Makar kendi, 174. 
 Makar limbu, 48. 
 Makar sing, 188. 
 Makmal, 164. 
 M"afeo, 208. 
 Makri chajhar, 146. 
 Malkangoni, 57. 
 Mafya, 145, 173. 
 Mamijwa, 191. 
 Manda, 345. 
 Mandar, 87. 
 Manjit, 148. 
 Marandi, 234. 
 Mar da kush, 260. 
 Mwedi, 156. 
 Markalai, 349. 
 Marmat, 103. 
 Marsat, 124. 
 Marsingha, 177. 
 Marsingi, 224. 
 MaruTc, 50. 
 Jfarva, 260. 
 Maryadvel, 204. 
 Mashipatri, 155. 
 Ifasswr, 86. 
 Mastaru, 162. 
 
 , 56. 
 
 , 89. 
 
 , 267. 
 
 , 259. 
 Jfatfct, 78, 89. 
 Mattambadi, 267. 
 Mawali, 99. 
 Mayapatri, 277. 
 Mend*, 120. 
 Mend* aZ, 98. 
 Mendri, 65. 
 MeUi, 77. 
 Methuri, 36. 
 
396 
 
 Index. 
 
 Mhad, 359. 
 Mhaisvel, 61. 
 MhaJca, 154. 
 Mhatara, 166. 
 Mhatara cha gavat, 191. 
 Mhenas, 328. 
 Mial ki bhaji, 271. 
 Mindhal, 144. 
 Mingat, 290. 
 Mtroj, 177. 
 Mm, 280. 
 Mirjoli, 177. 
 Mirwal, 276. 
 Mocha, mocharas, 33. 
 Mogri, 175. 
 Moini, 68. 
 Molca, mokadi, 176. 
 Moras, 271. 
 Mori, 124. 
 Morvel, 5. 
 Jlfota bor, 165. 
 3foto dhatara, 210. 
 Motaye, 234. 
 barfci, 82. 
 Z, 23. 
 Moii ringani, 208. 
 t sadori, 153. 
 
 68, 171. 
 Mowra, 171. 
 Mua, 70. 
 Muchkunda, 35. 
 3fttdam, 28. 
 Mudra, 29. 
 3/wfeaZ, 126. 
 Mwfear, 51. 
 Mwfent, 89. 
 15. 
 
 i, 158. 
 r, 89. 
 Munganvel, 92. 
 Mungir, 89. 
 Muradsing, 35. 
 Muslikand, 342. 
 131. 
 
 Nadena, 62. 
 Nagavel, 63. 
 
 Nagr champa, 26. 
 ^fagr damani, 338. 
 Nagdan, 342. 
 Nagkesara, 26. 
 Nagkura, 147. 
 Nagphanna, 131. 
 Nagudri, 71. 
 JTot, 158. 
 Nai chapala, 191. 
 Nalabarki, 82. 
 Mt cW b7uy, 204. 
 Nalkarda, 43. 
 , 366. 
 eii, 339. 
 Nandet, 180. 
 Nandruk, 305. 
 Naneh, 121. 
 Naorangi, 54. 
 JVarai, 359. 
 J^araZi, 272. 
 Narangi, 49. 
 ISTari, 204. 
 Narma, 133. 
 JVauZt, 204. 
 Nayati, 289. 
 
 iVe^ii, 21. 
 
 Netasing, 224. 
 
 Nhaibel, 48. 
 
 JTMv, 141. 
 
 Nichardi, 38. 
 
 Mi, 79. 
 
 JTtZa pushpi, 202. 
 
 Mm, 53. 
 
 Nimbar, 103. 
 
 Nimbara, 53. 
 
 Nimurdi, 157. 
 i, 174. 
 , 141. 
 
 Nirbrahmi, 217. 
 
 Mrda, 79. 
 
 Nirmala, 189. 
 
 Nisal bundi, 58. 
 
 Nisham, 337. 
 
 Nishottar, 204. 
 
 Nisurdi, 197. 
 
 Niton, 104. 
 
 JWvaZ, 290. 
 
 NivoZt, 189. 
 
 NtvaZ feanta, 290. 
 
 Nivgur, 234. 
 i, 281. 
 
Index. 
 
 397 
 
 Odujati, 241. 
 Ohej, 278. 
 Omble, 127. 
 
 0. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pdbh, 55. 
 Pacfc, 255. 
 Pachaonda, 18. 
 PadeZ, 11, 225. 
 Padina, 260. 
 PacZn, 93, 225. 
 PacZvaZ, 126. 
 Pahadi abjanalcda, 234, 
 Pahadmul, 11. 
 Pahadvel, 11. 
 Pair, 306. 
 Pairalu, 144. 
 Pakari lendva, 307. 
 PaZafc, 271. 
 Palang, 224. 
 PaZrf Tiasan, 291. 
 Palkanda, 63, 343. 
 PaZZa, 172. 
 Paiias, 88. 
 Pallasvel, 88. 
 PaZore, 117. 
 Paw, 276, 357. 
 Panchoti, 172. 
 Pandari, 47, 295. 
 Pandari babul, 103. 
 Pandarphalli, 293. 
 Pandru, 145. 
 Pandru^r, 34. 
 Pangara, 87. 
 Pangli, 255. 
 Panphui, 108. 
 Pausing, 325. 
 Panvel, 204. 
 Papari, 303. 
 Papa*, 146. 
 Papur, 145. 
 ParaZ, 225, 272. 
 Parjamb, 176. 
 Parnabij, 108. 
 ParoZ, 126. 
 Parosi, 126. 
 Parpati, 143. 
 
 Parvel, 11. 
 Paru:ad, 127. 
 Pashpoli, 345. 
 Past, 93. 
 Patala, 225. 
 Patfannas, 309. 
 Patfcri, 154, 166. 
 Patwa, 32. 
 Pau*, 90. 
 Pawan, 291. 
 Penda, 50. 
 Pendharey, 144. 
 , 92, 146. 
 
 j, 57. 
 Peru, 115. 
 Pesfca, 279. 
 Peter*, 29, 297, 300. 
 Phalphara, 22 1. 
 Phalsan, 88. 
 Phapati, 143. 
 P/ias, 368. 
 Phattarphod, 291. 
 Phopti, 209. 
 Ptaz, 347. 
 P*Za champa, 7. 
 PtZa Tcanher, 180. 
 PtZoifco, 41, 113. 
 PtZw, 177. 
 Piwparni, 32. 
 Pinda, 136. 
 Ptn/aZ, 112. 
 
 , 276, 283, 306. 
 307. 
 
 i, 276, 306. 
 Pitani, 184. 
 Pitpapara, 240, 242. 
 P*toeZ, 54, 185. 
 Piwali til wan, 16. 
 Poiwi, 13. 
 Poira, 13. 
 PofeaZa, 267. 
 Pophli, 357. 
 PopZ*, 285. 
 Pop**, 129. 
 Potara, 33. 
 Poiari, 54. 
 Prasni, 362. 
 Pudza, 83. 
 Pwna champa, 338. 
 Puwagr, 25. 
 Punarnava, 264. 
 
398 
 
 Index. 
 
 Purvi, 18. 
 Putravanti, 294. 
 Pyal, 68. 
 
 Ragi, 95. 
 
 Eat, 14. 
 
 Raidori, 186. 
 
 Raikura, 146. 
 
 Rajagar, 273. 
 
 Rajagiri, 266. 
 
 Rajjiren, 39. 
 
 Rakhsing, 325. 
 
 Ralctrorar, 61, 173, 225, 272. 
 
 Rametta, 281. 
 
 RamTcanta, 103. 
 
 Sampatn, 277. 
 
 Ramphal, 9. 
 
 RamriTc, 11. 
 
 JRamftZ, 160. 
 
 Ramtulsi, 251. 
 
 JBan abholi, 241. 
 
 Ean adw, 337. 
 
 Ban amb, 69. 
 
 Ban badam, 35. 
 
 .Ran bhenda, 31. 
 
 Ban bibu, 69. 
 
 .Ran bofcri, 233. 
 
 Band, 300. 
 
 .Ran /annas, 111, 309. 
 
 .Ran ^ren, 39, 154. 
 
 Rangoon cha vel, 113. 
 
 J2an guera, 91. 
 
 Ban Tia^t, 335. 
 
 Eant, 279. 
 
 Eanjat, 5, 175. 
 
 Ranjaiphal, 277. 
 
 Eanjan, 172. 
 
 jKa ^rapsTii, 29. 
 
 Ban fceZa, 339. 
 
 Ean lavang, 114. 
 
 JJan ZiwJw, 48. 
 
 .Ran mai, 267. 
 
 Ean rnawsi, 232. 
 
 .Kan methi, 85. 
 
 Ban rain, 275. 
 
 .Ran shevari, 80. 
 
 Ean sir as, 105. 
 
 #a teuan, 230. 
 
 Ran tur, 90. 
 Ban turai, 126. 
 Ranyid, 48. 
 Ratalu, 202. 
 Ratambi, 25. 
 Ratanvel, 202. 
 JBaf jambul, 9. 
 Eayan, 172. 
 Ringani, 208. 
 22ia, 66. 
 J2o7itn, 297. 
 Rvdraksh, 39. 
 
 54. 
 184. 
 , 364. 
 
 tfabza, 251. 
 Sadafal, 179. 
 Sadhimandi, 163. 
 SadVi, 112. 
 Sagr, sagrwan, 248. 
 Sagarghota, 95. 
 Sahadevi, 28, 153. 
 Sainjna, 70. 
 Saivala, 317. 
 Sajeri, 9. 
 Sahara jamb, 115. 
 Samarkand, 202. 
 SaZa, 294. 
 Saiai, 51. 
 SaZap ?nisr?, 332. 
 
 Salparni, salwan, 85. 
 Salphalli, 51. 
 Sambhar vel, 201. 
 Sampsan, 274. 
 Samudra phal, 116. 
 Samudra shok, 200. 
 Saw, 76. 
 Sandesla, 80. 
 Sandesra, 96. 
 Santap, santuri, 45. 
 Saptaparni, 179. 
 -S'arati, 42. 
 Sarde chamar, 344. 
 Sardol, sardora, 34. 
 Sareru, 304. 
 Sarkholi, 117. 
 
Index. 
 
 399 
 
 Sarmal, 98. 
 Sarpa cha kanda, 362. 
 Saru, 314. 
 Sarub, 23. 
 Sarwad, 144. 
 Sathphal, 116. 
 Satura, 264. 
 Satwin, 179. 
 Saundar, 101. 
 $e?>estan, sepisfam, 194. 
 Sendri, 20. 
 Seoii, 257. 
 SevaJcas, 257. 
 Shaitan, 179. 
 Shaitut, 311. 
 Skameula, 33. 
 ShanTceshwar, 161. 
 Shankveli, 206. 
 Shardul, 112. 
 Shatmuli, 346. 
 Shedvel, 362. 
 flffceJWa, 70. 
 Shema, 101. 
 Shembar, 105. 
 Shembi, 104. 
 STwnd, 300. 
 Shendari, 185, 297. 
 Shendurvel, 344. 
 , 290. 
 J, 272. 
 Sherni, 298. 
 S/ievaZe, 317, 363. 
 Shevga, 70. 
 Shevri, 80. 
 260. 
 , 33. 
 Shewal, 218. 
 Shewan, 246. 
 Shidodi, 185. 
 Shimti, 68. 
 Shingari, 123. 
 Shinguti, 186. 
 Shiral, 38. 
 /S/iiras, 247. 
 SMrda, 44. 
 Shisham, 92. 
 Shivardoli, 144. 
 Stb/aZ, 65. 
 /Sidra, 95. 
 Sigamkati, 101. 
 Sindarbar, 336. 
 
 Sindarwari, 336. 
 Singahar, 176. 
 Singrota, 185. 
 Stras, 98, 104. 
 Strtd, 142. 
 Sirisha, 104. 
 fifirso, 105. 
 Sirpakha, 80. 
 flisaJ, 46. 
 St'ssw, 92. 
 ASi<a cTie fcesA, 201. 
 Sito c&i asre, 211. 
 Sitaphal, 9. 
 Sivlinga, 129, 130. 
 SoZa, 83. 
 Somavel, 201. 
 Sonamukhi, 98. 
 -Soya, 70. 
 tfonfci, 154, 163. 
 5onsaZi, 156. 
 Sow tufcfta, 339. 
 ^owa, 134. 
 Sringata, 123. 
 Sukhchain, 93. 
 Sukutya, 121. 
 Sumri, 101. 
 Sundar, 71. 
 tfwnfca, 336. 
 /Swwfca, 160. 
 Supari, 357. 
 /SMpi, supli, 81. 
 Suran, 363. 
 Surata, 268. 
 Surband, 162. 
 Swna, 101. 
 Surinji undi, 25. 
 ^itrw, 312. 
 Surya kawal, 196. 
 Swrya varia, 296. 
 ^M, 240. 
 Suvarna, 96. 
 
 Tad, 359. 
 Ta0, 76. 
 Tagari, 180. 
 Taindu, 172. 
 TaitoZ, 180. 
 Taiiw, 224. 
 
40O 
 
 Index. 
 
 TaUa, 97. 
 
 Tali, 92. 
 
 Talim khana, 231. 
 
 Taman, 121. 
 
 Tamanya, 62. 
 
 Tambada akar, 184. 
 
 Tambada kura, 180. 
 
 Tamfcadi kari, 219. 
 
 Tambat, 20. 
 
 Tambol, 276. 
 
 Tamdulja, 267. 
 
 Tamruj, 58. 
 
 Tanaz, tania, 84. 
 
 Tanfcari, 209. 
 
 Tankla, 39. 
 
 Tarafca, 338. 
 
 Taranti, 18. 
 
 Tarfci yerand, 295. 
 
 TaroZi, 58. 
 
 Tartara, 173. 
 
 Tartari, 1 46. 
 
 Tartt, 18. 
 
 Tarwad, tarwata, 97. 
 
 TatJcari, 247. 
 
 Ted, 204. 
 
 TeZas, 84. 
 
 2Wi cTia eZ, 63. 
 
 Tevari, 204. 
 
 T/iaw wzorz, 209. 
 
 Tharambal, 240. 
 
 T^or, 290, 300. 
 
 TTiora a^rti/a, 298. 
 
 Thoralaganj, 101. 
 
 Thorala nim, 54. 
 
 Tel, fc'ZW, 160, 226. 
 
 Ti/a, 209. 
 
 Tilparni, 16. 
 
 Tilwan, 16. 
 
 Timbori, 174. 
 
 Timburni, 173. 
 
 Timpani, 54. 
 
 Tipm, 65. 
 
 Tirat, 76. 
 
 Tirda, 44. 
 
 Tirpal, 46. 
 
 TtsaZ, 54. 
 
 Titabali, 92. 
 
 Kvar, 111, 116, 121, 248. 
 
 Kvot, 88. 
 
 Twra, 38. 
 
 Ttn-as, 84. 
 
 TowdW, 129. 
 Torib*, 78. 
 TripaTcshi, 195. 
 Tukati, 28. 
 TuZsi, 251. 
 Tultuli, 185. 
 Tumba, 259. 
 Twwa, 54. 
 Titp, 145. 
 Tupkariya, 28. 
 Twr, 91. 
 ZYwm, 127. 
 Turan, 60. 
 216. 
 
 [7. 
 
 , 104. 
 Udichirayat, 190. 
 Udrach, 39. 
 Ujomuth, 364. 
 T/fcst, 11, 13. 
 /7m/ or, 307. 
 Z7mftZ, 313. 
 Uridi, 9, 25. 
 [Tndirkani, 166, 205. 
 CTra^aZi, 80. 
 Uparsal, 183. 
 E/Hd, 89. 
 Z7tomt, 185. 
 C/toei, 80. 
 Utimukhta, 41. 
 
 F. 
 
 Vajarmuth, 36 f. 
 Valpapri, 90. 
 Fangre, 209. 
 FawweAfca, 77. 
 Faswfea, 241. 
 Faswfee, 270. 
 7ofeanoi, 362. 
 Fededans, 113. 
 Vedekotti, 310. 
 Feto, 112. 
 Fe?sroid, 271. 
 Vidarikand, 202. 
 Vikhari, 20. 
 Vikmvgra, 175. 
 
Index. 
 
 401 
 
 Vilayati babul, 96. 
 Vilayati chinch, 105. 
 Vilayati saru, 312. 
 Vinchu akara, 226. 
 Vivarana, 279. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wad, 305. 
 TFadastm, 196. 
 Wagati, 18, 71, 96. 
 Wahiti, 236. 
 TFai fcwmba, 116. 
 Waiti, 232. 
 TFaiwarari^. 170. 
 Wakeri, 96. 
 Wakhandi, 184. 
 Wakheri, 71. 
 TFafcJiora, 247. 
 VFaJwwj, 313. 
 Walwangane, 209. 
 Wamera, 96. 
 Wanbhendi, 29. 
 Wanda, 282. 
 TFandar rotti, 163. 
 Wangchaora, 338. 
 TTanra/o, 99. 
 TFaoii, 172, 303. 
 Warang, 33. 
 TTaras, 17, 224, 280. 
 Wardhana, 71. 
 
 fi, 145. 
 Warwan, 17. 
 Waryali, 134. 
 Wassanvel, 11. 
 TFataZao, 260. 
 Watvel, 11. 
 Wundri, 40. 
 
 *, 118. 
 Yavcwa, 81. 
 Yekand, 365. 
 Tekhadi, 20. 
 Te^e^, 92. 
 reZosi, 113. 
 Yenkal, 57. 
 TeraZ, 101. 
 YmiwcZ, 295. 
 Terundi, 53. 
 Teswr, 247. 
 
 Zadwar, 335. 
 Zatar, 346. 
 Zekhadi, 57. 
 Zewati, 58. 
 t, 197. 
 
 r. 
 
 D d 
 
9 80*4 
 

 \ 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 \. 
 
 r-K,