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 By the same Author. 
 
 1. SACRED ARCHAEOLOGY : a Popular Dictionary 
 
 of Ecclesiastical Art and Institutions, from Primitive to Modern Times : 
 comprising Architecture, Music. Vestments, Furniture, Arrangement, 
 Offices, Customs, Ritual, Symbolism, Ceremonial, Traditions, Religious 
 Orders, &c. of the Church Catholic in all Ages. 
 
 2. CATHEDRALJA : a Constitutional History of Cathedrals of the 
 
 Western Church ; being an Account of the various Dignities, Offices, 
 and Ministries of the several members. 
 
 3. CHURCH AND CONVENTUAL ARRANGEMENT. With Ground- 
 
 plans. 
 
 4. MEMORIALS OF THE CATHEDRAL CITIES OF ENGLAND 
 
 AND WALES. 
 
 5. NOTES ON CERTAIN RUBRICS FROM CANON LAW, Judgments 
 
 of the Ordinary and Earlier Liturgical Directions.
 
 TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS 
 
 BY 
 
 MACKENZIE E. C. WALCOTT, BD. 
 
 OP EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD ; 
 
 PRECENTOR AND PREBENDARY OF CHICHESTER ; 
 
 F.S.A., F.R.S.L., MEMB. CORK. SOC. FRAN?. D'ARCHEOL., 
 
 SOC. DBS AJSTIQ. HE NORMANDIE, SOC. HOY. DE3 ANT. DU NORD, ETC. 
 
 ' A narrative memory with circumstances of time, 
 persons, and places, and with names.' LORD BACON. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMANS, G R E E N, AND CO. 
 
 1872.
 
 LONDON: PBINTBD BY 
 SPOTTISWOODB AND CO., NBW-STKKKT SQUABB 
 
 AND PAI1HAMENT STKEliT
 
 Stag* 
 
 Annex 
 
 5 
 
 PBEEACE. 
 
 ORIGINALLY these pages were not intended to 
 constitute an independent volume. The reasons 
 for their issue in this form would be without 
 interest to the reader. However, it is necessary to 
 explain the object of the work, which is designed 
 (however imperfectly the purpose may have been 
 carried out) to be popular, reliable, and instruc- 
 tive. It resolves itself into two main divisions. 
 
 I. Historical, containing a sketch of the Ca- 
 thedrals of the Old and New Foundation, with 
 notices of the * moving history ' of ravage or 
 injury, which make a further demand on our 
 interest and sympathy beyond their sacred cha- 
 racter, their national associations, their antiquity, 
 their manifold contents, or their value as monu- 
 ments of Art. 
 
 II. Partly Archaeological, with details of their 
 ancient customs, not without profit as examples 
 for imitation or warnings of failure, interspersed
 
 vi Preface. 
 
 with legend and tradition ; and partly modern 
 and practical, as indicating the various uses 
 which have grown up, alongside with material 
 restoration, in the celebration of Divine Ser- 
 vice, when evidences of new life and unbroken 
 vitality are rife on every side. Changes in the 
 structure and furniture and services have been 
 supplemented by the dying out of traditional 
 lore; and designs are on foot to remodel their 
 constitution : so that, on either ground, I hope to 
 interest both the curious antiquary in matters of 
 ritual, and the conscientious reformer in points 
 of detail. 
 
 The three beautiful ' Sisters of the Vale ' the 
 spires of Lichfield so beautiful that old Fuller 
 suggests that they should only be shown on great 
 festivals; the glorious towers of Lincoln, on its 
 sovereign hill, the delight of Southey and Words- 
 worth ; the majestic pile of York, perhaps the 
 most admired in modern times, although Lord 
 Burlington could not award his preference; the 
 massive grandeur of Durham, immortalised by 
 Scott and Johnson; the grace of Salisbury; the 
 unequalled front of Wells ; the triple porches or 
 gallery of Peterborough; the soaring angel steeple 
 of Canterbury, and its more than rival at Glou- 
 cester, if lost would be irreparable. They were
 
 Preface. vii 
 
 the production of men who thought that to work 
 was to pray, and laboured as those who in their 
 daily procession spent every day as if their last, 
 pourtraying the pilgrimage of earth. Erasmus 
 tells us of the joy of the travellers as they heard 
 the great bells of Canterbury booming over the 
 country side, and saw the two towers rising as 
 if to salute those who approached ; and the church 
 with such majesty lifting itself into the sky, that 
 even afar off it inspired religious awe, and when 
 near blinded the eyes with its splendour. 1 
 Gostling mentions that he had seen the eyes of 
 negroes glisten as they caught their first sight 
 of the interior, and Southey says he heard more 
 than one American say it was worth while to 
 cross the Atlantic in order to see a single 
 Cathedral. 
 
 They are the history of England written in 
 stone ; the erection, not of ecclesiastics only, but 
 of every class of the community ; storehouses and 
 treasuries of the arts, whether in glass, architec- 
 ture, painting, sculpture, or carved work : there 
 is scarcely a name of an ecclesiastic eminent in 
 piety or literature which is not contained in their 
 list of members; the graves of the highest and 
 noblest are made, or their memorials erected 
 1 Peregrin. Relig. ergo; Op. 1. 360.
 
 viii Preface. 
 
 under the shadow of their vaults; music, learning', 
 and science have flourished within their walls; 
 vast sums have been spent by persons in modem 
 pilgrimages coming to visit their beauty ; and a 
 noble spirit of restoration has revived what was 
 decayed in their structure and faulty in arrange- 
 ment. They are a part of the Constitution, and, 
 as Coleridge says, a petrifaction of religion. 
 They elevate the position of the town which they 
 grace; they raise the ordinary thoughts of men 
 who labour and toil in the busy world around 
 them, and make foreigners own, in despite of our 
 miserable present style, that we once had a 
 national architecture, which (as ^Eneas Sylvius, 
 centuries ago, said at York, when he admired 
 ' its gleaming walls of glass and graceful shafts,') 
 produced fabrics ' whose fame was commensurate 
 with the civilised world.' 
 
 These notes have been collected in the course 
 of special reading extended over nearly a quarter 
 of a century, and during frequent visits to our 
 Cathedrals. To those who have given me in- 
 formation, my best acknowledgments are due, 
 and I shall be very grateful for any further 
 suggestions or aid.
 
 TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS 
 
 OF 
 
 CATHEDBALS. 
 
 WANT CP CONTEMPORARY NOTICES OF 
 USES AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 IT is an unfortunate fact that few ecclesiastics 
 possessed of opportunities of daily observation have 
 been animated with the spirit of the early ritualists, 
 and played the important part of contemporary his- 
 torians, with the exception of an illustrious band of 
 Frenchmen, such as De Moleon, Claude le Vert, Le 
 Brun, Mabillon, and Martene. In England the Church 
 at the Beforrnation established an uniform rite, and, 
 in consequence, the ancient uses became obsolete, 
 except so far as old tradition and custom were neces- 
 sary to supplement the deficiencies and slender direc- 
 tions of the new rubric. In time, owing to frequent 
 revisions and political and religious changes, even 
 this oral, or rather practical, reminiscence of previous 
 usages gradually dimmed and partially passed away. 
 The material fabrics suffered a great change, which 
 contributed to efface ancient memories. 
 
 We have thus lost in our churches many an in- 
 valuable work of art, and our libraries show empty 
 B
 
 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 shelves, once rich in books, which would have thrown 
 a clear light on archaeological points now hopelessly 
 involved in obscurity. No wonder foreign nations 
 marvelled at our barbarous proceedings ; the pity is 
 that we, three centuries after, suffer by this hot and 
 rash fury of destractiveness. It must plead my 
 excuse for any shortcomings in the present volume ; 
 which is designed to embody all the strays and waifs 
 of incidental information now available with regard 
 to the Customs of our Cathedrals, mainly since the 
 Reformation, and in degree previous to that great 
 convulsion in the Church of this country. 
 
 I have given, in my ' Cathedralia and Sacred Ar- 
 chaeology,' the gradual development of the Cathedral 
 system in England, -its monastic foundations, the 
 abortive attempts at Exeter and Wells to introduce 
 Regular Canons on the model of Lorraine, Hugh 
 Nonant's short-lived policy of the same kind at 
 Coventry in 1190, 1 and that of Thomas of Bayeux 
 at York, and the historic notices of the first division 
 of the Common Fund into distinct prebends at Wells 
 and Lincoln. For this reason I shall not repeat 
 these details here, but content myself with offering 
 a sketch of the Constitution of Chichester as an 
 instance of secular organisation. 
 
 Charles I. ' divided Cathedral churches into three 
 ranks,' as Fuller informs us, 'as he did his royal 
 ships of the line, accounting St. Paul's at London, 
 and the Cathedrals of York, Lincoln, and Winches- 
 ter, of the first; Chichester, Lichfield, &c., of the 
 second ; and the Welsh Cathedrals, of the third.' 
 
 1 Ang. Sac. i. 436.
 
 Cathedrals of the Old and New Foimdations. 3 
 
 The division I wish to point out is that, not of archi- 
 tectural merit, but internal constitution. 
 
 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION CATHEDRALS OF THE OLD 
 AND NEW FOUNDATIONS CONSTITUTION OF A CATHE- 
 DRAL OF THE FORMER CLASS CHICHESTER^-DUTIES 
 OF MEMBERS ANCIENT CUSTOMS AND OATHS. 
 
 'THERE are in Wales now,' according to the ' Annals 
 of Waverley,' under the date 1085, ' four bishoprics, 
 in England seventeen, and in seven of these there are 
 monks in the Cathedrals. This in other provinces yen 
 will seldom or never find ; but the reason in England 
 for it is that the first preachers to the English, 
 S. Augustine, Mellitus Justus, and Laurence, were 
 monks. In the other nine Cathedrals there are Secu- 
 lar Canons.' ! This is one of the earliest notices of 
 the distinction between the Cathedrals of Secular 
 Canons and those of Monks, or, as at Carlisle, 
 Regular Canons, before the Reformation, which, since 
 the reconstitution of the latter class, as converted 
 by Henry VIII., have been known as Cathedrals of 
 the /Old and New Foundations. The former are 
 those of St. Paul's, Salisbury, Chichester, Exeter, 
 Wells, Hereford, Lincoln, Lichfield, and York ; the 
 latter include Canterbury, Durham, Winchester, 
 Rochester, Ely, Norwich, and Worcester (Bath, Co- 
 ventry, and Carlisle being omitted by the annalist) ; 
 and the sees created after the dissolution of the Reli- 
 gious Houses, to which I shall presently allude. 
 Hugh Nonant, Giraldus says, stated before the Pro- 
 
 1 Q;mp. Anu. Roffens. A.S. i. 342 ; Stubbs, Comic, iii. 57G. 
 B 2
 
 4 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 vincial Council of London, as a ' well-known and evi- 
 dent fact, that throughout the world the Cathedrals 
 were occupied by [secular] clergy, except in England 
 only, which was converted by the monk St. Augus- 
 tine, bishop of the English, and in consequence he 
 placed monks in them.' * These were erroneous 
 views, for although monks were soon introduced at 
 Canterbury, 2 yet they were not established until the 
 time of Laurence. "When Walkelin of Winchester 
 well-nigh persuaded the bishops that Cathedral 
 canons in cope and surplice were better than monks, 
 the archbishop was compelled to urge Pope Alexan- 
 der III. not to sanction the change. 3 Gundulph, 
 A.D. 1083, followed his policy at Rochester, 4 William 
 of St. Calais at Durham ; 5 Ethelwold at Winchester, 
 A.D. 964 ; 6 Oswald, ' circumventing the canons with 
 holy art ' at Worcester, A.D. 969, 7 and Herbert Losinga 
 at Norwich. 8 Peter removed from Lichfield to St. 
 Peter's, Chester, which he filled with canons, but his 
 successor, Eobert I. [de Limesey], made Coventry, 
 then a monastery, his see, 9 and so in 1088 John de 
 Villula chose Bath instead of Wells, 10 and in conse- 
 quence the monks of these united sees had an equal 
 voice with the canons. At Ely, Bishop Ethelwold 
 ejected the clergy, and established monks, A.D. 970. M 
 In these Cathedrals the bishop was abbot and the 
 convent the Cathedral Chapter, the monks acting as 
 
 1 Ang. Sac. ii. 352. 2 A. S. Chron. s.a. 995 ; W. Malm. 32. 
 
 W. Malm. 72. - Ibid. 72. 
 
 1 Ibid. 272 ; Eegin. Dunelm. c. xvi. ; Hoveden, i. 129, b. 7 ; Simeon, 
 Dun. 212. 6 Ibid. 167 ; Bromton, 364. 
 
 ' Wendover, i. 413 ; W. Malm. 248. 8 Ibid. 151. 
 
 Ibid. 310. "> Ibid. 194. Ibid, 322-4.
 
 Constitution of Chichester Cathedral. 5 
 
 Cathedral canons, with the same duties as were com- 
 mon to secular churches; ' and to this day the 
 Bishops of Ely, Durham, and Carlisle occupy that 
 which is ordinarily the dean's stall on certain occa- 
 sions, the two former having been a minster of Bene- 
 dictines, and the latter of .Regular Canons of St. 
 Austin. 
 
 QUOTIDIAN RESIDUE RESIDENTIARIES PULL AND 
 
 HALF-FULL RESIDENCE FEES FOR ADMISSION 
 
 DEAN PR^ECENTOR CHANCELLOR TREASURER 
 
 COMMUNAR INSTALLATION VICARS' COLLEGE. 
 
 OF the Constitution of Selsey Cathedral we know 
 that it was monastic. 2 Stigand, who was promoted by 
 William L, removed in 1082 the see to Chichester, 
 where there had been St. Peter's Minster and a con- 
 vent of nuns. 3 His successor, Ralph, who may be con- 
 sidered the real founder of the Cathedral as regards the 
 fabric, no doubt also arranged the establishment. In 
 1108 the Cathedral was consecrated: the Norman sys- 
 tem, as adopted at Lincoln by Kemigius, was followed 
 at Chichester; for the first Statute of 1114 4 is signed 
 by the DEAN, PRECENTOR, CHANCELLOR, ARCHDEACON, 
 Canons, and Chaplains; and in 1127 a Statute em- 
 powered three Canons, including the TREASURER, 
 who received the whole commune, to distribute bread 
 according to the Statute of Bishop Hilary, who had 
 given the prebend of Sangleton, viz., the church of 
 East Dene and its chapelries, lands, and tithes, for 
 
 1 Reiner, Apost. Bened. tr. i. sect. i. 17, p. 77. 
 
 2 W. Malm. 232. 3 Ibid. 68, 205. 
 
 4 MSS. Harl. 6973, and Univ. Coll. Oxfd. No. cxlviii.
 
 6 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 the purpose ; and from the residue of the commune 
 to give 12d. to each canon present in his habit at 
 X Mass or Vespers on every Saturday weekly, with a 
 deduction in proportion to his absences, and to every 
 VICAR 3d. over and above the pence which their 
 masters paid them that is, a mark to a priest, half 
 a mark to a deacon, and 11<Z. to a sub-deacon, each 
 Vicar being bound to be in the same order as the 
 PREBEXDAEY whom he represented. The residue was 
 divided by advice of the Chapter after all expenses 
 had been paid in the collection of the commune and 
 the stipends of the distributors. The choral habit 
 was to be uniform, a cope open without gorjurse worn 
 over a surplice or rochet. [This habit appears in two 
 pictures of the time of Sherborne, in the Cathedral,] 
 Those in the upper stalls were to be incensed twico, 
 and a cross was to be carried before the Gospeller if 
 he read in the roodloft. 
 
 In 1226 a library had been long formed, for an old 
 . custom was revived, to the effect that a residentiary 
 might borrow a reasonable number of books, which 
 he was to return on leaving the city, unless he 
 received the Dean's license and paid down an ade- 
 quate deposit for their retention. 
 
 The Treasurer had the charge of the treasure [the 
 jewels, altar- plate, relics, vestments, and the like] and 
 treasury by night and day, the ringing of the bells, 
 ihe ornaments of the church, the altars, and the wax 
 for the candles. The number of tapers which he 
 had to furnish was prescribed : there were seven, 
 each of two pounds in weight, upon the high altar, 
 on the roodbeam eight of the same size, and two on
 
 The Treasurer. 7 
 
 tlie altar steps ; two in the small candlesticks car- 
 ried before the priest when he censed the altar, and 
 two used for the same purpose outside the choir, and 
 two at Nocturns, and three on Trinity Sunday burn- 
 ing in the chandelier in the midst of the choir; two 
 before the bishop's throne when he was present, and 
 one outside the choir, near the steps leading to the 
 vestry. There were three lights only on the altar 
 on week days and the lesser holydays. Whenever 
 a canon wished to celebrate or hear mass, the Trea- 
 surer furnished, through a SACEISTAN or CHTTECH- 
 WAEDEN, once in the day, all necessaries ; his other 
 assistants were a CLEEK to light the tapers and two 
 SERVANTS or MINISTERS, at least, to ring the bells 
 and sweep out the church at Easter and before the 
 feast of dedication, and also hang the church at pro- 
 per times with curtains, veils, and palls. At Lincoln, 
 1440, two residentiaries called Masters of the Fabric, 
 annually elective, looked after the repairs and clean- 
 liness of the church and yard, and saw that no doves v^ 
 haunted the bell-house near the choir. 
 
 A canon ' intitled ' to sing mass was not bound to 
 entertain the assistants or ministers, unless of his 
 own accord he invited them to take refreshment 
 (comestio). In later times, on the quarterly ' cake 
 days,' a trace of the custom remained in the residen- 
 tiary being conducted to church by the lay vicars. 
 
 At Lincoln, 1440, the invitation was to be given 
 on the previous day during the singing of the Am- 
 brosian hymn, or before Lauds, by the canon's chap- 
 lain, a priest who accompanied him in going to the 
 choir or chapter.
 
 8 Traditions and Ciistoms of Cathedrals. 
 
 The Vicars being maintained at the table of their 
 respective masters when resident, it was agreed that 
 the Residentiary should receive his daily bread whe- 
 ther present himself or by deputy at the Nocturns, 
 and also if either of them was sick, or had been 
 ^blooded, with the license of the Dean or other su- 
 perior of the church. The Canon or Vicar, if absent 
 on the business of the Dean and Chapter, and having 
 his expenses paid out of the commune, received his 
 daily pence only on the day of his departure and 
 return. At Lincoln, 1440, the major residence con- 
 sisted of thirty- four weeks and four days, with license 
 of absence of one entire day in a week, the days 
 of recess and return not being reckoned, with one 
 day also when he was blooded with the Dean's 
 leave. 
 
 A canon who offended by omitting to do his duty was 
 reprimanded by the Dean and Chapter ; a Vicar was 
 fined Id. or 2d. out of his weekly stipend ; and those 
 of lower degree were punished by the Chanter or the 
 Chanter's Vicar. The ten Boys in the Third Form or 
 Scholars were chosen by the latter officers ; and their 
 names were written on the upper part of the Table 
 near the margin ; and those who were maintained in 
 the household (familia) of a canon were to receive 
 special kindnes from the Dean and Chapter. At 
 Lincoln, 1440, the singing boys were admitted in 
 Chapter-house only in presence of the Canons. 
 
 In 1247 it was now ordered that no canon should 
 receive the quotidian pennies who was not present in 
 his habit in the Choir, at Vespers, or Matins, or High 
 Mass, unless he had a reasonable excuse, or was
 
 Fu II and Ha If-Fu II Residence. 9 
 
 absent on Chapter business, or was going on a jour- 
 ney, or had returned from. one. The residue of the 
 commune was to be given to the B-esidentiaries, that 
 is, those canons who resided all the year, being 
 absent only during three weeks in each quarter with 
 the license of the Dean or a Canon his Vice Gerent : 
 but it was reckoned to be a Full Residence if a Canon 
 was not absent during more than twelve weeks in the 
 year altogether. There was also a Half-Full Resi- 
 dence, where the absence did not comprise half the 
 year, and in this case any share in the commune was 
 a gift of grace. 
 
 The quotidian distribution amounted to 3d. to 
 every member present at Matins, Vespers, or High 
 Mass, and on great feasts Id. in lieu of wine to those 
 present at the Gospel at High Mass, if the Dean and 
 Residentiaries approved. A Vicar, if prevented by 
 illness from attendance at Mass and the Hours, was 
 to supply his absence by one of his fellows in the 
 same Form ; chaplains where there were two in a 
 chantry did the same. Canons were bound to repair 
 their prebendal houses, and if they omitted their 
 duty, the Dean and Chapter compelled compliance 
 with the rule. 
 
 Ancient Constitutions with regard to the offices 
 were as follows : The Dean preside'^Tbver all canons 
 and vicars as regards cure of souls and correction of 
 morals. At Lincoln, 1440, all in choir bowed to the 
 Dean when he entered or left choir, and rose when 
 he passed through it ; he visited, with two canons, as 
 assessors, the Chapter and all members of the Cathe- 
 dral triennially.
 
 io Traditions and Customs of Cathedral?, 
 
 The Prsecentor ruled the choir as regards the ser- 
 vice of song, and could raise or lower the chant ; he 
 tabled the leaders and singers for night and day, 
 admitted the inferior clerks into the choir and, in 
 ordinations, read over the names of the clerks to be 
 presented. The Chancellor had the control of Schools 
 or taught them, heard and ended the lections, kept, 
 with the aid of a faithful brother, the Church seal, 
 and drew up letters and documents (cartas). The 
 Treasurer kept the treasures, ornaments, vessels, and 
 utensils ; furnished all the lights used throughout 
 the year, rang the bells for all services, and opened 
 and shut the doors. 
 
 The only excuse for non-residence was study at 
 the University (causa scholarum] and service to the 
 King, who might have one canon in his chapel, an 
 Archbishop one, and a Bishop two. A canon might 
 be absent without leave of the Dean for two days. 
 Only those present received the commune. The 
 dignity of the Dean and all Canons was that they 
 were to make answer to the Bishop only in Chapter, 
 whose judgment they were to obey. 
 
 At Lincoln, 1440, the Dean and Canons visited a 
 dying canon with cross, tapers, and bells to give the 
 extreme unction and kiss of geace. When he was 
 dead the Commendation of the Soul was recited after 
 Vespers ; the choir and priests in silk copes carried him 
 into the church, where the exequies were said with 
 ' Placebo ' and ' Dirige,' and on that night the choir 
 kept watch round the bier on the north side before, 
 ^ and on the south side after, Matins, singing the whole
 
 Fees for Admission. ir 
 
 Psalter with a full voice. Next day tlie burial took 
 place. 
 
 At Nocturns canons of Chichester were to appear 
 in silk copes without embroidery, except on the four 
 great feasts of the year, or during the presence of the 
 bishop or any great personage at the instance of the 
 Dean or other Major of the Church. A canon who 
 intended to become a residentiary paid first twenty- 
 five marks to the Dean and Chapter, and the same 
 sum to the fabric ; he was required to be present in 
 choir at all the Hours ; so that if he was absent at 
 any service he had to recommence his residence. 
 Every day he was to entertain at dinner the vicar of 
 his stall, two other vicars of choi.^ the porter, two 
 sacrists, and one chorjgter during the year. He also 
 gave a banquet to the Dean and Chapter and all the 
 ministers of the church, and strangers coming from 
 any part of Sussex ; and so at Exeter, hospites honesti 
 were entertained on all festivals. At Lichfield, in 
 James the First's time, each new vicar paid twenty 
 shillings, called interest money, and at the end of 
 his probation gave a ' Senie feaste.' ' x 
 
 In 1662 hospitality had reached such a height at ' 
 Durham, that a rule was made that neither the Dean 
 nor any prebendary, during his residence of twenty- 
 one days, except once weekly, should invite more 
 than six persons, besides such strangers as they might / 
 accidentally meet, under a fine of 51.'* 
 
 The cost of such an entrance on residence, which 
 was common at the period, with a fee of 100 marks 
 
 1 IIa:wDocl, 264. 2 Granville's Letters, ii. 110.
 
 1 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 in other churches, and sometimes still larger hos- 
 pitality, no doubt deterred canons from undertaking 
 residence as much as the dislike to conform to strict 
 rule. 
 
 At his institution the Dean, in the presence of the 
 brethren in Chapter, asked the canon of Chichester 
 if he would promise and swear fealty to the Church, 
 obedience to the Dean and Chapter of residence 
 according to the use of the Church ; would not reveal 
 Chapter secrets, and would keep all the ancient and 
 approved customs of the Church. If he promised to 
 do this, the Dean gave him the book with (i. e., con- 
 taining) the Rule (a rod is now erroneously given for 
 seisin), and common bread thereon, saying, ' I re- 
 ceive thee as a canon, and invest you in this prebend 
 with the book for spirituals and bread for temporals.' 
 Afterwards he said, * Behold how good, &c. ; ' then 
 the Dean and brethren gave him the kiss of peace, 
 and afterwards being placed before them, he swore 
 to observe the prescribed articles : ' I promise and on 
 these holy Gospels of God swear to observe these 
 articles, and especially the order of Chapter touching 
 the money deposited for the yearly distribution as far 
 as touches me.' After the oath, he was given a stall 
 in choir and a place in Chapter. 
 
 When a Dean was elected by his brethren he was 
 led to his stall solemnly with bells ringing, and the 
 Chanter beginning Te Deum. Then the senior said 
 a prayer, and the election being approved, the elect 
 took his oath of perpetual residence, of observance of 
 the statutes, of maintaining the decanal stock, and 
 showing in his own person humility and patience.
 
 Installation. 1 3 
 
 He then prostrated himself before the cross in Chap- 
 ter, the brethren singing three Psalrns, * Deus mise- 
 reatur,' ' Ad te levavi,' ' Ecce quam bonum,' and the 
 senior saying a prayer. He was then solemnly led 
 by the majors to his stall, and the senior said the 
 Lord's Prayer. 
 
 The earliest instance of a distinct mention of a 
 prebend does not reach beyond the reign of Edward I. 
 The Vicar was to swear fealty to the Church, obe- 
 dience to the Dean, reverence to the Chapter, and 
 retention of his stall only at his master's pleasure, 
 and the consent of the Dean and Chapter. There 
 was also a statute requiring the new residentiary to 
 pay fifty marks at his installation. The Dean, Prse- 
 centor, Chancellor, and Treasurer had each their own 
 house and oratory, and the Bishop gave the vacant 
 prebendal houses to the residentiaries at his pleasure. 
 
 The Vicars occupied a College, with its hall and 
 chapel ; the Principal, who was elected annually, 
 superintended the Vicars and reported offenders to 
 the Dean and Chapter, received an oath of obedience, 
 and appointed a deputy in his absence. The Vicars 
 and other commoners were not to linger in the com- 
 mon hall after the nocturnal collation called Bevers ; 
 they were to keep silence within the precinct and in 
 their chambers from 7 P.M. to 7 A.M., and were not 
 to leave them for the night except by permission. 
 They could not receive guests without license ; an 
 inventory of plate and a common seal were to be kept; 
 all business was transacted in the common hall ; the 
 servants were to be delated but not corrected by 
 the Vicars ; the steward kept the daily bread and
 
 14 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 buttery ; they dined after Nones, then sung after the 
 
 High Mass, and supped after the last an them, sung 
 
 \ in the nave daily ; bevers were at 7 P.M. ; an anthem 
 
 \ was sung after meals, and the Bible or some other 
 
 ' lection was read during the time. Vicars were not 
 
 to carry swords in the city, or keep dogs in their 
 
 rooms ; rules were also prescribed for keeping the 
 
 quadrangle and cloister clean, for the overseership of 
 
 lands, distribution of fines, quarterly reading of the 
 
 Statutes, and choice of servants. 
 
 The System in the Old Foundation embraced four 
 persons or dignitaries, the Dean, Prsecentor, Chan- 
 cellor, and Treasurer, who occupied the four corners of 
 ^Ny the choir to overlook the good order of the members of 
 the church ; Archdeacons were placed next in order, 
 and then Canons and Prebendaries, according to their 
 order of installation or the foundation of their stalls. 
 Gradually a system of deputies grew up Bishops had 
 their suifragans, and evaded the Canon which re- 
 quired them at least to reside in their Cathedrals on 
 some of the greater feasts and in part of Lent, 1 and 
 so dignitaries had their representatives, the Sub- 
 Dean, Sub-Chanter, Sub- Chancellor, and Sub-Trea- 
 surer; and Minor Canons, as at St. Paul's and 
 Hereford, with right to celebrate at the high altar ; 
 or Vicars were appointed for each of the Major 
 Canons, whether as Priest, Deacon, or Sub-Deacon. 
 In some cases a Sub-Dean and Sub-Chanter of 
 Canons, as at York, Lincoln, and Salisbury, held 
 an intermediate rank between the dignitaries and 
 
 Canons. 
 
 1 Lynd.v. liii. t. iv. 131.
 
 CJianges at the Reformation. 1 5 
 
 CHANGES AT THE REFORMATION CATHEDRALS OP THE 
 NEW FOUNDATION HENRY THE EIGHTH'S ORIGINAL 
 AND AMENDED SCHEMES FIRST CONSTITUTION OF 
 NORWICH WESTMINSTER ONCE A CATHEDRAL 
 
 ROBBING PETER TO PAY PAUL PETER SHAVES PAUL 
 
 COVENTRY CATHEDRAL DESTROYED BATH CATHE- 
 DRAL LEFT A RUIN EVILS OF A VICARIOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 IN the Cathedrals of the New Foundation which 
 were recast, with the exception of the Dean, the digni- 
 taries disappeared. A precentor and sacrist, annually 
 elective by the Dean and Chapter from among the 
 minor canons, and two officers, a sub-dean and trea- 
 surer among the prebendaries (as they were called 
 until the recent act of spoliation), represented them : 
 a Gospeller and Epistolar were to assist the celebrant; 
 and a grammar-school, in which the course was to 
 embrace Hebrew, Latin, Greek, and Logic, was y 
 supplemented by a liberal foundation for Divinity 
 students at the University ; a reader of Divinity and 
 Latin was to give instruction, and a certain number 
 of the prebendaries were to be accredited preachers 
 to assist the clergy within a certain area round the 
 Cathedral; whilst a master of the children, lay 
 singers and choristers, to conduct the solemn service >(j 
 of the choir, were appointed. The precentor noted 4- 
 the absences of the various members from choir. 
 The monastic constitution never worked well, for the 
 monks, 1 unlike the secular canons, were constantly 
 at issue with their bishops. 
 
 1 Ang. Sac. i. 620, 436, 727, 749; li. 480; Godwin, 521, 395, 348, 
 169, 59.
 
 1 6 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 Henry VIII. seems at first to have taken the 
 model of the Old Foundations, as at Norwich we 
 find a scheme of seats corresponding to the ancient 
 rule. On the south side of the choir were two 
 Prebendaries, the Prsecentor, and Chancellor, and 
 on the north two more, the Treasurer and Arch- 
 deacon; two others have distinct prebends, those of 
 Lynn and Yarmouth, and among the sixteen Pre- 
 bendaries occur the Sub-Dean and Succentor : * 
 and the custom of St. Paul's is the rule prescribed 
 in the Statutes of Carlisle and Peterborough. At 
 Durham, also, by Statute of 1556, the custom of the 
 Old Foundations was adopted of giving admission to 
 a new residentiary by the delivery of a white loaf 
 upon the statutes. It is a corroboration of this view 
 to find that in the Scheme of new bishoprics (drawn 
 up by Gardiner, 1531-40) which was contemplated 
 by Henry VIII. Norwich is omitted. It includes 
 six sees which were actually constituted Westmins- 
 ter, Oxford, translated soon after from Osney, Peter- 
 borough, Chester, Bristol, Gloucester and others, 
 which were never erected St. Alban's, Shrewsbury, 
 Waltham, Colchester, Fountains, and Bodmin-Laun- 
 ceston-St. German's. The first scheme was one for 
 combining abbeys with some of the new Cathedrals, 
 Rochester and Leeds, Osney and Thame, Chester 
 with Wenlock, Carlisle with Roche, and Durham 
 with its cells. Had it been carried out, we should 
 have been spared the scandal of Bishops of Rochester 
 holding, as a matter of course, the Deanery of West- 
 minster, and similar painful stories of episcopal 
 
 1 Valor Ecclesiasticus, iii. 490-4.
 
 Robbing Peter to pay Paul. 1 7. 
 
 indigence and supplementary compensation at a mo- 
 mentous cost to the well-being and reputation of the 
 Church at large. The revised list omits the adjuncts. 
 In the end, Canterbury, Winchester, Norwich, Car- 
 lisle, Durham, Ely, Worcester, and Eochester were 
 converted into secular establishments; and these, 
 with the six newly-erected sees already mentioned, 
 now constitute the Cathedrals of the New Founda- 
 tion. Westminster enjoyed only one episcopate, 
 1540-1550, and owing to the transfer of some of the 
 lands to the See of London and for the repair of St. 
 Paul's, the proverb arose of ' robbing Peter to pay 
 Paul.' l 
 
 With all the specious show on paper, and the later 
 erection of Eipon and Manchester, we have in fact 
 fewer Cathedrals than in the early part of the six- 
 .teenth century, for Westminster has no longer a 
 bishop, though, like the great churches of Antwerp 
 and Brussels, Caen, Semur, Brou, Aire, St. Denis, 
 Vendome, and St. Quentin, it is regarded as an 
 acephalous ' Cathedral,' from its dignity and impos- 
 ing size. On the other hand, the Convocation always 
 met in the double- storied Chapter-house of St. Paul's 
 (and hence the names of the ' Upper ' and ' Lower 
 House'), until Wolsey, as Legate, in 1523, convened 
 it at Westminster ; and to this transference Skeltoii 
 alludes, when he says 
 
 Gentle Paul, lay down thy sword, 
 
 For Peter of Westminster hath shaved thy beard. 2 
 
 It will be remembered that Shakspeare and later 
 writers speak of the ' Cathedral of Westminster,' 
 
 1 Widmore, 133. 2 Stanley, 402. 
 
 C
 
 1 8 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 showing how the old name lingered on just as the 
 men of Coventry still speak of their city. It is said 
 that the Poet passed the night in the Abbey when he 
 A was preparing the gravedigger's scene in ' Hamlet.' 
 The visitor to Coventry will now see, carefully pre- 
 served, a few bases and the lower parts of shafts in a 
 continuous line, within a sunken pit. These are the 
 suggestive remains of a magnificent Benedictine 
 Minster, a famous Cathedral, rich in historic memo- 
 ries, which Henry VIII., with his usual wanton and 
 wicked violence, ordered to be levelled with the 
 ground : in vain did Bishop Lee intreat and beseech 
 the infamous Cromwell that ' his principal see and 
 head church ' might stand, or that f it might be 
 brought to a Collegiate church as Lichfield, and so 
 the poor city have a perpetual comfort of the same.' 
 What a splendid sight must that Cathedral have been,, 
 with the noble churches of Holy Trinity and St. 
 Michael, as tradition says that it rivalled even Lich- 
 field in beauty it was indeed a matchless group ! 
 Bath also was reduced to the condition of a parish 
 church. 
 
 The crying evil of non-residence was a constant 
 theme for reproach in the Injunctions of bishops and 
 the writings of the period, as, for instance, in the 
 stinging sarcasm of Richard of Devizes, that canons 
 never resided, and praised God through the lips of 
 their vicars. 1 At Hereford, on the occasion of Henry 
 the Third's visit, neither Dean, nor Canon, nor Vicar 
 was to be found in the city, and the church and 
 establishment were in decay and ruin, 2 and Fitz- 
 
 1 Chron. 66. 2 Wilkins 1 Cone. i. 761.
 
 Evils of a Vicarious System. 19 
 
 Stephen tells us that on the Feast of the Ascension 
 at St. Paul's, Berengar, the envoy of Becket, found 
 only a vicar as celebrant. In consequence of vicarious 
 representation, and the creation of distinct prebends 
 (except at Exeter), non -residence with all its evils 
 grew up, and it was found indispensable to insist 
 upon the value of personal residence, and invite it by 
 limiting the share in the distributions and casual V 
 oiferings to those actually present at Divine service. 
 So after the Reformation the number of residentiaries 
 became curtailed ; the power of a voluntary protesta- 
 tion of residence being taken away ; and the pretence 
 put forward that the capitular funds could do no 
 more than support a reduced staff. Yet Hacket in 
 his day speaks of one Cathedral maintaining three 
 hundred persons or more. 
 
 Then came evasion of residence on the part of resi- 
 dentiaries, the year was partitioned off for their 
 separate terms of appearance, in many cases a single 
 house was only retained for their accommodation; 
 and at last public attention was called to the matter, 
 and, in a sudden and hasty panic of great popular 
 excitement, when root and branch reform was the 
 general cry, the number of residentiaries was cut 
 down, and all the stalls of members of the great 
 Chapter (which had practically fallen into desuetude) 
 were disendowed. It was a fatal act of destructive- 
 ness ; and a spirit of selfish cowardice on the part of 
 Churchmen suffered it to take effect when a timely 
 acknowledgment of shortcomings and a vigorous show 
 of internal reform might have staved off the hands of 
 the spoiler, which have left our Cathedral establish- 
 c 2
 
 2O Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 ments so weak and scanty, that a repetition of the 
 process would leave them simply useless and un- 
 
 MEDI^YAL EAVAGES AND PROFANITIES. 
 
 THE Cathedrals in the north were ' half Church of God, 
 half castle 'gainst the Scot,' and in the south were 
 not exempt from disorders, profanity, and even blood- 
 shed in the age of steel, when they afforded sanc- 
 tuaries against wrong, and furnished an important 
 part in the work of national civilization. At Win- 
 chester the monks actually reversed the order of 
 procession in order to signify anger at a bishop's 
 conduct ; 1 but even monastic discipline could not 
 always procure reverence in church, for Eobert de 
 Stichill, afterwards Bishop, when a young monk, was 
 thoughtless and rebellious, and on a Sunday when he 
 was ordered to sit in the midst of the choir on a stool, 
 lie was so ashamed of his appearance that he took it 
 \/ by the leg and threw it into the nave among the 
 s people. 2 It is also remarkable to read in ancient 
 statutes some of the ordinances of older times, when 
 it was necessary that such indecencies as playing at 
 ball in church, buying and selling, quarrels, blows, 
 and traffic in candles at St. Paul's and Chichester, 
 should be rigorously forbidden. 
 
 Griffith of North Wales and Earl ^Elfgar, on Oct. 
 24, 1005, entered Hereford and slew seven canons, 
 who defended the doors of the great church which 
 Ethelstan had built, and burned the Minster, with 
 
 1 Ann. Winton. 46. 3 Eob. de Graystanes, vii. 45.
 
 Medieeval Ravages and Profanities. 2 1 
 
 all its ornaments, vestments, and divers relics, and 
 took away its treasures. 1 In 1139 the Cathedral 
 was reduced to desolation and solitude, according to 
 the touching picture given by William of Wycumbe. 2 
 In 1264, at the time of Vespers, the Earl of Leicester's 
 ' squires of the devil entered the Cathedral with drawn 
 swords, and crucified its sons and all that were found 
 therein with fear and terror, with the Lord who 
 suffers in His elect, and took away by force the gold, 
 silver, and precious things. Many royal charters 
 and other muniments necessary to the Church of 
 Rochester were lost and torn in the Prior's chapel. 
 Some monks were guarded as prisoners in the church. 
 The armed knights on horseback rode about the 
 altars, and dragged away with wicked hands those 
 who took sanctuary at them. 0, day of sadness and 
 death ! wherein the noble Church, with all it con- 
 tained, became the spoil of vile fellows, who showed 
 no more respect or reverence to it than the meanest 
 stew or cabin. The holy places chapels, cloisters, 
 chapter-house, infirmary, and all that was holy 
 were made into stables, and deluged with the filth of 
 animals and the foulness of dead bodies.' 3 
 
 In 1217 Lincoln Cathedral was treated, by orders 
 given by the Legate to the soldiery, as though its 
 canons were excommunicate, and enemies of the 
 Roman Church and the King of England, and the 
 precentor mourned over a loss of 11,000 marks of 
 silver. 4 Hemingford says that the soldiers used it as 
 
 1 Simeon, Dunelm. 187 ; A. S. Chron. i. 157. 
 
 4 Ang. Sac. ii. 313-4. Edm. de Hadenham, A. S. i. 351. 
 
 4 Wendover, iv. '!').
 
 2 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 a stables and cattle pens ; l and in 1216 Faukes 
 de Breaute spoiled the Cathedral of Worcester. 2 
 Stephen did great injury to Exeter. 3 
 
 On May 4, 1264, the priory gate of Winchester, 
 the adjoining buildings and city gate, with St. 
 Swithin's Church over it, were burned by the citizens, 
 and many of the community killed. 4 
 
 In 1273, on the morrow of St. Laurence, the 
 citizens of Norwich, with the women of the city, 
 nearly made an end of the Cathedral ; they burned 
 the great gate and parish church, the bell-tower, 
 dormitory, refectory, infirmary, almonry, chamber- 
 lain's office, sacristy, guest-house, the Lady Chapel, 
 and other domestic buildings ; they burned or stole 
 the reserved sacrament of the altar, with the golden 
 cup pendent over the altar, and the reliques, books, 
 sacred plate, vestments, candlesticks, and ornaments 
 of Divine service, and murdered some members of 
 the house sub-deacons, clerks, and laymen in the 
 Cloisters and Close, and others they dragged away 
 and slew in the city, or put them in prison. For 
 three days they continued their horrible excesses and 
 pillage, only two or three of the monks venturing to 
 remain. The city was in consequence laid under an 
 interdict, and severe measures were taken with the 
 rioters. 5 
 
 Sometimes bishops laid to hands, as at Coventry, 
 where Chesterfield says the Cathedral was so rich in 
 gold and silver that the walls seemed too strait to 
 
 1 Gale, ii. 558 ; Ann. Waverl. 287. 2 Ann. Wigorn. 407, 416. 
 * Descript. by Soc. Ant. Lond. 6. 4 Ann. Winton. a. a. 
 
 5 Barthol. Cotton. 149, 423 ; Oxenedes, 241.
 
 Medicsval Ravages and Profanities. 2 3 
 
 hold the treasures. 1 Robert I. took 500 marks of 
 silver from the beam which supported the shrines. 2 . 
 
 At Durham, Bishop Philip of Poictiers, because ' 
 the monks locked him out, turned the Cathedral into 
 a prison-house ; he surrounded it with troops, set 
 fire and smoke to the doors and windows, and cut off 
 all supplies of food. 3 When the Prior was commenc- 
 ing the Mass, he sent in clerks, laymen, and priests 
 to seize on the altar linen, and there were the monks 
 pulling one way and these intruders another way, 
 a most disgraceful sight. 4 Bee also was in collision 
 with the convent, who refused to accept his nominee 
 as Prior, whereupon he sent his foresters from Wer- 
 dale and the men of Tynedale to besiege them ; so 
 close was the siege that no victuals could be intro- 
 duced, the watercourses were cut off, and the gates 
 of the priory and the cloister being broken down, for 
 three days the monks were kept prisoners in the 
 church. On St. Bartholomew's Day a monk dragged 
 the prior from his stall, when a man of Tynedale 
 averred he would not do the work for gold ; and at 
 length, overpowered, the convent accepted the patri- j 
 arch's new prior. 5 
 
 Hugh de Nonant, in 1189, so irritated the monks 
 of Coventry, that, whilst he was holding a synod in 
 their church, they rushed upon him and broke his 
 head with a cross and spilled his blood before the 
 altar. 6 At Norwich Henry Spencer had a contention 
 with his monks for fifteen years ; they being too weak 
 
 1 Ang. Sac. i. 443. 2 W. Malm. 310. * Ang. Sac. ii 727. 
 4 Ibid. 729. * Ibid. 750. 
 
 Dugdale, Warw. 102 ; Kich. of Devizes, 9.
 
 24 Traditions and Ciistoms of Cathedrals. 
 
 for him, at last were glad to give him 400 marks to 
 enjoy their privileges in like sort as heretofore they 
 had done. 1 
 
 In 1394 we are told that Lincoln Cathedral on 
 St. Stephen's Day was polluted, owing to the pride 
 and discords of the clergy ; 2 at Michaelmas, 1393, 
 St. Paul's was also polluted with human blood ; 3 in 
 1400, on the feast of St. Ambrose, the boys were 
 playing at the battle of English and Scots in St. 
 Paul's Churchyard, and the play waxed so hot and 
 those engaged were so many that some were wounded 
 and some were killed. 4 A Frenchman of vicious life, 
 Prior of Campania and Proctor to the Bishop of 
 Hereford, was slain at Mass after the Sanctus, before 
 the altar of St. Mary Magdalen, in 1252. 5 On 
 Sunday, 1205, W. de Bramford, Sub-Dean of Lincoln, 
 was murdered in the Church of Lincoln by a former 
 vicar, before St. Peter's altar ; he was at once torn 
 almost limb from limb by the sub-dean's servants 
 and others, and then dragged out and hanged outside 
 the city. 6 At St. Paul's, 1259, two candidates for a 
 vacant stall killed each other in church. In 1249, 
 at York, an archdeacon was murdered by a soldier 
 stung with his reproaches. 7 In 1561, a man who 
 made a fray in St. Paul's Cathedral had his ear 
 nailed to the pillory. 
 
 1 Godwin, 352. 2 J. de Trokelowe, 166. * Ibid. 164. 
 
 4 Ibid. 332. 5 Ann. Wigorn. 441 ; Ann. de Theok. 149. 
 
 4 Ann. of Waverley, 257. 7 Matt. Par. ii. 511.
 
 Pillaging Bishops. 25 
 
 PILLAGING BISHOPS WOMEN FORBIDDEN IN THE 
 CLOSE PURGING OF CHURCHES DESTRUCTION OF 
 MONUMENTS STATE OF CATHEDRALS. 
 
 THE effect of the Reformation in England was at 
 first not altogether beneficial in a religious point of 
 view. It was, in great degree, a political act ac- 
 quiesced in by the whole nation ; a revulsion against 
 the intolerable burden of papal supremacy, laxity of 
 discipline, and prevalence of superstitions ; but, as 
 Bacon says, ' men made it, as it were, their scale by 
 which to measure the bounds of the most perfect 
 religion, taking it by the furthest distance from the 
 error last condemned.' In 1289 all the prebends 
 of Lincoln, with the exception of five, were held 
 by Romans. 1 Now Erastiaaism took the place of 
 Popery, bringing in the tyranny of the State ; foreign 
 Protestantism regarded all that was ancient as an 
 abomination, and sought to innovate all things, 
 until all discipline was relaxed, the services of the 
 Church neglected, and its fabrics and ornaments 
 given over to havoc: so at York and Lincoln the 
 significant entry was made, ' Abrepto omni thesauro 
 desiit thesaurarii munus.' Bigots like Home, and 
 Hooper, who would not wear a square cap because 
 V his head was round, disreputable men as Poynet and 
 Whittingham, unscrupulous courtiers as Holbeche, 
 who left most of the churches in Lincoln in ruin, 2 
 and Barlow, intent only on marrying his daughters, 
 which he did, to five Bishops, were evil counsellors 
 in those day, when a serving man was made a 
 
 1 Ann. Wigorn. 501. 2 Camd. ii. 263.
 
 26 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 Prebendary of Salisbury. 1 It is well known that 
 chalices were converted into drinking-cups, altar- 
 palls into quilts and coverlets, coffins into horse- 
 troughs, and vestments into hall-hangings. At 
 Zaragoza and Valencia are some of those once used 
 in St. Paul's. 2 Sir J. Harington writes: 'Scarce 
 were five years past after Bath's ruins, but as fast 
 went the axes and hammers to work at Wells. The 
 goodly hall, covered with lead, was uncovered. The 
 Chapel of our Lady, late repaired by Stillington, a 
 place of great reverence and antiquity, was likewise 
 defaced ; and, such was their thirst after lead, that 
 they took the dead bodies of Bishops out of their 
 leaden coffins and cast them abroad. The statues of 
 brass and all the ancient monuments of Kings went 
 to an alderman of London; the statues of Kings 
 were shipped from Bristol, but lie in St. George's 
 Channel, where the ship was drowned.' 3 
 
 Bishop Arthur Bulkeley spoiled the bishopric of 
 Bangor and sold the five bells, and would go down 
 to the sea to see them shipped, and was suddenly 
 deprived of sight. 4 
 
 At Durham the unworthy ' dean ' Whittingham, a 
 man not in orders, like a Dean of Wells in 1537, 
 whose infamous character has been lately exposed, 5 
 either destroyed the tombs in the Centerie garth, or 
 removed the stones to make a * washinge howse,' 
 ' for he could not abyde any auncient monuments, 
 nor nothing that apperteyned to any godlie religi- 
 
 1 Parker's Works, 176. 2 Ford's Spain, i. 440. 
 
 3 Nug. Ant. ii. 147. * Fuller's Worthies, ii. 57. 
 
 4 Camd. Misc. vi. 47.
 
 Women forbidden in the Close. 27 
 
 ousnes ; ' he steeped beef and salt fish in the holy 
 water vats, unleaded the Refectory, and would have 
 sold the very bells. 1 Whilst his French wife actually 
 burned the famous standard of St. Cuthbert, which 
 was never showed at any battle but it brought home 
 the victory, 2 he flagged his house with the grave- 
 stones of the Priors, 3 and, like Dean Wilford at Ely, 
 intended to sell the bells for his own profit ; 4 exceed- 
 ing even the atrocities of Dean Home, who, when 
 Bishop, 1570, destroyed at Winchester, partly for 
 the sake of the leaded roofs and partly out of bigotry, 
 the Chapter House, Dormitory, Eefectory, Cloisters, 
 and other buildings, which have left the south side 
 of the nave now naked and bare. 
 
 The palaces and Cathedrals were alike in danger ; 
 Bishop Warton left only the palace of St. Asaph to 
 his successors; and Bishop Barlow, to provide for 
 his children, stripped off the lead from his palace at 
 St. David's and Wells, and would, as appears by one 
 of his letters in tbe Cottonian Library, have pulled 
 down the very Cathedral church of St. David had he 
 stayed there. 5 Possibly Elizabeth may have had 
 such outrages in view when she ordered that all 
 priests in Cathedral churches, who had wives, to have 
 them ' lie no more within that place.' 6 Thorndike 
 also wished Cathedrals to be communities of celi- 
 bates. 7 To the convenience of the Prebendaries' 
 wives at Durham Wyatt was within an ace of sacri- 
 ficing the Galilee, and the beautiful initials and 
 
 1 Rites, xix. xxix. xxx. 2 Rites, 23. s Camden, iii. 119. 
 
 4 Rites, 34. 5 B. Willis, St. Asaph, i. 99. 
 
 6 Strype's Annals, i. 405. 7 Works, v. 51, 576.
 
 28 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 miniatures of many of the priceless MSS. in the 
 Cathedral library were cut out by a nursemaid of one 
 of the Chapter in order to amuse some fractious 
 children. 
 
 At Canterbury, Parker, in 1 567, doubted ' whether 
 the married sort or virginal pastors had done most 
 spoil' in plate and copes. 1 At Wells there are two 
 corbel-busts, ' representing a king, holding in his 
 hands a child falling, and a bishop with a woman and 
 children about him. There was a tradition that when 
 there should be such, then the Church should be in 
 danger of ruin ; the child, they said, was King 
 Edward, and the fruitful bishop Dr. Barlow, the first 
 married bishop.' z 
 
 Harding well asked Bishop Jewel how he could 
 reconcile the destruction of the canopy over the 
 altar while his seat had a solemn canopy of painted 
 boards spread over his head? and Eidley, at St. 
 Paul's, broke. down 'the wall standing by the high 
 altar's side,' that is, the exquisite reredos of St. Paul's. 3 
 ' The Church was altogether scoured of gay gazing 
 sights, such as gross fantasy was greatly delighted 
 with. A woman said to her neighbour,' we are told 
 in the Homily of the Place and Time of Prayer, 
 ' Alas, gossip, what shall we now do at church since 
 all the saints are taken away, since all the goodly 
 sights we were wont to have are gone, since we cannot 
 hear the like piping, singing, chanting, and playing 
 upon the organs that we could before.' With ' the 
 superstitious and idolatrous manners' went altars, 
 sculpture, tombs, stained glass, carvings, screens, 
 
 1 Corr. 304. 2 Nugae Antiq. ii. 148. * Works, 324.
 
 Purging the Churches. 29 
 
 paintings, pictures, and other furniture of unrivalled 
 value. All monuments of this character were to be 
 taken down, so ' that there remain no memory of the 
 same in walls, glass windows, or elsewhere within 
 churches.' 1 f Polluted churches were purged ' with a 
 vigour and haste so violent, wholesale, and destructive, 
 that within a year the Queen 2 had to issue a procla- 
 mation against persons ignorant, malicious, or 
 covetous, who had of late years spoiled and broken 
 monuments of stone and metal,' to regret ' churches 
 at the present day, spoiled, broken, and ruinated to 
 the offence of all noble and gentle hearts,' and forbid 
 in future ' the defacing of any monument, tomb, or 
 grave,' ' the breaking of images not erected for any 
 religious honour,' and ' the defacing of any image in 
 glass windows.' The sacrilegious hands were stayed, 
 but a worse destruction had befallen * all antiphoners, 
 missales, grayles, processionalles, manuelles, legendes, 
 pies, portasies, jornalls and ordinalles after the Use 
 of Sarum, Lincoln, Yorke, or any other private use, 
 and all bokes of service which were ruthlessly defaced 
 and abolished.' 3 
 
 By chap. x. 3 & 4 Edw. VI. 1549, all images of stone, 
 umber, alabaster, or earth, graven, carved, or painted, 
 were to be defaced and destroyed, and all the old 
 service-books to be burned ; the only exception being 
 in favour of effigies of kings, nobles, or other dead 
 person. By 1 Edw. VI. c. 14, the crown unrighteously 
 seized all the revenues of chantries and chapels, 
 
 1 King Edward VI.' s Inj. 1547, n. 28; Queen Elizabeth's Injunctions, 
 l.59, n. 23. 
 
 2 Weaver's Funer. Mon. c. x. p. 51. 3 Edward VI. 's Order, 1549.
 
 V 
 
 30 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 except in Cathedral and some other specified churches, 
 and by 3 & 4 Edw. VI. c. 37, the exportation of bell- 
 metal was fortunately prohibited. 
 
 The state of Canterbury Cathedral at the time of 
 Archbishop Parker's Visitation in 1573 was eminently 
 unsatisfactory. A great many old copes remained, 
 'of which the Dean had away with several,' whilst 
 Mr. Bullen, one of the Prebendaries, a hasty man 
 who struck people blows, threatened to nail him to 
 the wall with his sword; 1 and in 1597 Archbishop 
 Whitg-ift found that * some Clerks had their wives or 
 women-servants in their chambers in the dormitory,' 
 and 'children, girls as well as boys, besides the 
 choristers, were taught in the church.' 2 
 
 A MS. diary of the year 1634 gives us an interest- 
 ing insight into the condition of Cathedrals. At 
 Lincoln there was ' solemn service, the organs with 
 other instruments suited to most excellent voices : ' 
 at Durham, ' the sweet sound and richness of a fair 
 organ and the orderly, devout, and melodious har- 
 mony of the choristers : ' at Lichfield, ' the organs 
 deep and sweet : ' at Winchester, the organs sweet, 
 tunable, and sweetly played on, the choristers skilful, 
 and the voices good : ' and at Exeter, ' the delicate, 
 rich organ with viols and other sweet instruments 
 and tunable voices making a melodious and heavenly 
 harmony able to ravish the hearers' ears,' suggest a 
 most beautiful picture of devotion and the beauty 
 of holiness. Unhappily, all the choirs were not 
 ' indiiferent.' Peterborough Cathedral was in ' a 
 deplorable condition' and ' Carlisle was like a great 
 
 1 Strype's Parker, ii. 301. 2 Strype's Whitgift, ii. 385.
 
 Sta te of Cathedra Is. 3 1 
 
 wild country church ; and as it appeared outwardly so 
 was it inwardly, neither beautified nor adorned one 
 whit ; the organs and voices did well agree, the one 
 being like a shrill bagpipe, the other like the Scottish 
 tone, the sermon in the like accent. The Communion 
 was administered and received in a wild and irreve- 
 rent manner.' So late as 1756 Hume wrote on a 
 window at Carlisle, 
 
 Here godless boys God's glories squawl. 
 
 RAVAGES IN THE CIVIL WARS WORCESTER DURHAM 
 ST. ASAPH LICHFIELD PETERBOROUGH SALIS- 
 BURYBRISTOL HEREFORD CHESTER CARLISLE 
 
 LINCOLN WINCHESTER EXETER ROCHESTER 
 
 CHICHESTER ST. PAUL'S CANTERBURY NORWICH 
 
 YORK. 
 
 IN the time of the great troubles in 1644 the Par- 
 liament commenced a new spoliation of Cathedrals, 
 when an ordinance was made that from. November 1 
 all Communion-tables should be removed from the 
 east end of every church and all rails taken away, 
 with all tapers, candlesticks, and basins, altars, tables 
 of stone, crucifixes, crosses, images, and pictures. 1 
 
 The savage atrocities committed by the Parliamen- 
 tary reformers in 1646 at Worcester are too foul to 
 record here. ' The organs being two fair pair, all 
 the bishops' beards, noses, fingers, and arms and all, 
 if they had any white sleeves, were broken. King 
 John and the other _kings that lie interred there have 
 not passed , better in this quarrel than with cracked 
 
 1 Harl. Miscellany, v. 440-2.
 
 32 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 crowns.' 1 On Sept. 24, 1642, their whole army, 
 / under the Earl of Essex, effected ' the profanation of 
 
 ' the Cathedral, destroying the organ, breaking in 
 pieces divers beautiful windows wherein the founda- 
 tion of the church was lively historified with painted 
 glass, and barbarously defacing divers fair monu- 
 ments of the dead. And, as if this were not enough, 
 they brought their horses into the body of the church, 
 keeping fires and courts of guard therein, making 
 the quire and side-aisles with the font the common- 
 places wherein they did their easements of nature. 
 Also to make their wickedness the more complete, 
 they rifled the library with the records and evidences 
 of the church, tore in pieces the Bibles and service- 
 books pertaining to the quire, putting the surplices 
 and other vestments upon their dragooners, who 
 rode about the streets with them.' 2 At York the 
 brasses, enriched with images of bishops and others, 
 ' which formerly shone like embroidery,' and had 
 been spared by the iconoclasts of the earlier period 
 of the Reformation, were stripped and pillaged to the 
 minutest piece of metal by those who imitated their 
 depredations and scandalous zeal, or rather love of 
 
 \ lucre, during the civil wars; so that out of 113 
 epitaphs not ten were left, in the nave alone. York 
 was ' the best preserved of all in the great war, the 
 best preserved from the fury of the sacrilegious by 
 composition with the rebels.' 3 Gent records a tradi- 
 tion, that if his death had not fortunately frustrated 
 his wicked project, a certain disciple of the Common- 
 
 1 Carte's Letters, i. 15. 
 2 Short View pf the late Troubles, 557. 8 Evelyn's Diary, ii. 89.
 
 Durham St. Asaph Lichfield. 33 
 
 wealth had obtained a grant to pull down the incom- 
 parable Chapter-house of York as useless. 1 At Lin- 
 coln, in 1641, the soldiers went in with axes and 
 hammers and shut themselves in till they had rent 
 and torn off some barge-loads of metal ; 2 the Cathe- 
 dral was so miserably ravaged that not one brass 
 plate or monument escaped the mad rage of these 
 men : at Peterborough the case was the same, and at 
 Chichester a single brass of the Elizabethan period 
 is all that is preserved : at Norwich only one remains. 
 At Durham, in 1650, the Scots, in pursuit of Dean 
 Ballanqual, as the author of King Charles's Declara- 
 tion, revenged themselves on the monuments and 
 destroyed the stalls, when, it is said, a thistle on the Y 
 face of the clock preserved it from their hands. 
 
 At St. Asaph the Cathedral was profaned by Milles, 
 the postmaster, who lived in the palace and sold 
 wine there, and kept his horses and oxen in the nave, 
 his calves in the throne and choir, and removed the 
 font to his garden to serve as a hog-trough. 3 
 
 At Lichfield ' they demolished all the monuments, \ 
 pulled down the curious carved work, battered in ' 
 pieces the costly windows, and destroyed the evidences 
 and records ; they stabled their horses in the body 
 of the church, kept courts of guard in the Cross- 
 aisle, broke up the pavement, and polluted the quire 
 with their excrement ; every day hunting a cat with y 
 hounds through the church, and delighting themselves 
 with the echo from the goodly vaulted roofs ; and, to 
 add to their wickedness, brought a calf into it, wrapt 
 
 1 York. Oath. 15. - Evelyn's Diary, i. 92. / 
 
 B.Willis, Asaph, i. 115. 
 D
 
 34 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 in linen, carried it to the font, sprinkled it with water, 
 and gave it a name in scorn and derision of that 
 holy Sacrament of Baptism.' When Prince Rupert 
 recovered the church by force on April 21, 1643, the 
 governor, Russell, carried away the Communion plate 
 and linen, with whatsoever else was of value.' The in- 
 jury done to the Cathedral was estimated at 14,OOOZ., 
 including the organ, the stalls, and the exquisite tomb 
 of Lord Paget, which had been made in Italy. The 
 vestry and chapter-house were the only buildings 
 which had roofs to shelter them, the west front was 
 shattered, and the great steeple beaten down; and 
 the wreck caused by the effects of 2,000 shot of great 
 ordnance and 1,500 hand-grenades was only partially 
 undone by the continuous labours of eight years 
 devoted to the rebuilding. 1 At Peterborough the 
 beautiful reredos and a magnificent cloister were 
 destroyed. Cromwell's horsemen in April, 1643, 
 . * ' broke open the church-doors and pulled down two 
 
 ( pair of organs ; those which stood on the rood-loft 
 they stamped and trampled on ; they then tore in 
 pieces all the common prayer books in the choir, and 
 broke down all the seats, stalls, and wainscot canopies 
 behind them ; the great brass candlestick hanging in 
 the middle of the choir, containing about a dozen 
 and a-half of lights, with another bow candlestick 
 about the brass eagle these were broken in pieces, 
 and most of the brass carried away and sold. They 
 
 \ burned the altar-rails and threw down the Holy Table. 
 On July 13 another gang of marauders plundered the 
 vestry, and dragged down the stately screen, well 
 
 1 Shaw's Staffordshire, i. 242 -3.
 
 Peterborough. 3 5 
 
 wrought, painted, and gilt, which, rose up as high 
 almost as the roof of the church in a row of three 
 lofty spires, with other lesser spires growing out of 
 each of them. Over this place, in the roof of the 
 church, in a large oval yet to be seen, was the picture 
 of our Saviour seated on a throne, one hand erected 
 and holding a globe in the other, attended with 
 the four Evangelists and Saints on each side with 
 crowns in their hands ; some of the company espying 
 this, cried out and said, Lo ! this is the God these 
 people bow and cringe unto ! this is the idol they 
 worship and adore ! Hereupon several soldiers 
 charged their muskets and discharged them at it, and 
 by many shots at length quite defaced it. They 
 robbed and rifled the tombs and violated the monu- 
 ments of the dead, broke down the hearse of Queen 
 Catherine, insulted the tomb of Mary Queen of 
 Scots, the tomb of Bishop Dove, and that of Sir 
 Humphrey Ortne, whose effigy they carried on a 
 soldier's back to the public market-place, there to be 
 sported withal, a crew of soldiers going before in 
 procession, some with surplices, some with organ- 
 pipes, to make up the solemnity. The exquisite 
 painted glass in the Cathedral and cloisters was de- 
 stroyed along with the manuscripts and records in the 
 chapter-house ; and the carved work in the fair and 
 goodly church, which was quite stript of all its orna- 
 mental beauty and made a ruthful spectacle, a very 
 chaos of desolation and confusion, nothing scarce 
 remaining but only bare walls. Many fair buildings 
 were likewise pulled down and sold by public auction, 
 the cloisters, the chapter-house, the library, the 
 
 D 2
 
 36 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 bishop's hall, and chapel at the end of it. The lead 
 that came off the palace was fatal, for the merchant 
 that bought it lost it all and the ship which carried 
 it on her voyage to Holland. Mr. Oliver St. John, 
 Chief Justice then of the Common Pleas, being sent 
 on an embassy into Holland by the powers that 
 governed then, requested the boon of them at his 
 return that they would give him the ruined church 
 or minster at Peterborough ; this they did accor- 
 dingly, and he gave it to the town for their use, to 
 be employed as a parochial church.' ! In order to 
 make the necessary repairs, the magnificent Lady 
 Chapel, which occupied a position similar to that of 
 Ely, was wholly destroyed. At Salisbury, however, 
 the churchmen in some manner preserved their 
 minster from falling into dilapidation when the 
 services were discontinued, the revenues confiscated, 
 and all its members dispersed (although the chapter- 
 house sculptures were defaced) ; as Dr. Pope, in his 
 Life of Seth Ward relates, workmen were often seen 
 ( employed in making repairs, and when questioned by 
 whom they were sent, were accustomed to reply : 
 Those who employ us will pay us ; trouble not your- 
 selves to enquire ; whoever they are, they do not 
 desire to have their names known. Still there was 
 ample destruction of stained glass, of carving in the 
 chapter-house, and statues on the west front. 2 
 Bristol Cathedral had a worse fate, for every indignity, 
 which was supposed to be a profanation of sacred 
 places, was offered; furnaces were erected on the 
 
 1 Gunton's Peterborough, Supplement, 333-339. 
 
 2 Hoare's New Sarum, 405. 
 
 \
 
 Hereford Chester Carlisle Lincoln. 3 7 
 
 side of the altar, and even the bedroom in which the 
 Bishop's wife lay, at a time when common decency 
 and humanity should have preserved her from insult, 
 was unroofed for the sake of the lead. 1 At Hereford, 
 where the loyalists gave false alarms to the besiegers 
 by 'lights on the steeple,' 2 the chapter- house was 
 unroofed in order to furnish lead for some portions of 
 the castle. 
 
 At Chester, in February, 1646, the Parliamentary 
 army defaced the choir, broke the painted glass, and 
 destroyed the organ and font. 3 
 
 At Carlisle, during the progress of the Eeformation, 
 the statues were torn from the canopies of the stalls, 
 and ancient glass, brasses, and monuments shared 
 in the ruin. In June, 1645, the Parliamentarians 
 destroyed nearly the whole of the nave, the cloisters, 
 the dormitory, the chapter-house, the prebendal 
 houses, and part of the deanery, in order, as Sir 
 Walter Scott says, to * construct a receptacle for the 
 sanguinary agents of civil strife and discord.' 
 
 ( The chief Cathedrals of England have tasted this 
 abominable reformation, particularly that of Lincoln 
 hath lately been prophaned by Cromwell's barbarous 
 crew of Brownists, who have pulled down all the 
 brave carved works there, torn to pieces all monu- 
 ments and tombs, laid them even with the ground, 
 shot down all the scutcheons and arms of such lords 
 and gentlemen as were benefactors or buried there ; 
 and, for which all Christians will for ever abhor them, 
 have filled each corner of that holy place with their own 
 
 1 Sayer's Bristol, ii. 91. 2 Duncumb. i. 229. 
 
 8 Lysons' Chester, 568.
 
 38 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 and horses' dung in so horrid a measure as the Lord 
 Kimbolton would turn away his groom that should 
 suffer his worst stable to lie half so nasty as he and 
 Cromwell have made the House of God.' 1 
 
 ' The rebels under Sir Wm. Waller, on Tuesday, 
 12th of December, 1612, being masters of Winchester, 
 instantly fall upon the close ; they break into some 
 of the Prebend's houses and plundered their goods ; 
 Wednesday and Wednesday night being spent in 
 plundering the close. On Thursday morning between 
 9 and 10 of the clock they violently break open the 
 Cathedral Church, and being entered, to let in the 
 tide they presently open the great west doors, when 
 the barbarous souldiers, gready to rob God and pollute 
 His temple as if they meant to invade God as well as 
 His possession, enter the Church with colours flying, 
 their drums beating, their matches fired and that 
 all might have their part in so horrid an attempt, 
 some of their troops of horse also accompanied them 
 in their march, and rode up through the body of the 
 Church and quire until they came to the altar where 
 they begin their work. They rudely pluck down the 
 Table and break the rail, and afterwards carrying it 
 to an ale-house, they set it on fire, and in that fire 
 burned the books of common prayer, and all the 
 singing books belonging to the quire. They threw 
 down the organ and break the stories of the Old and 
 New Testament curiously cut out in carved work, 
 beautified with colours, and set round about the tops 
 of the stalls of the quire. From hence they turn to 
 the monuments of the dead, which they utterly de- 
 
 1 Mercurius Aulicus, Sept. 16, 1644.
 
 Winchester. 39 
 
 molish ; others they deface. Bishop Fox his Chapel 
 they utterly deface ; they break all the glass win- 
 dows ; they demolish the monuments of Cardinal 
 Beaufort, they deface the monument of William of 
 Wainnete. From hence they go into Queen Mary's 
 Chapel, so called because in it she was married to 
 King Philip of Spain ; here they brake the Communion- 
 table in pieces, and the velvet chair whereon she sat. 
 On the north side of the quire they threw down the 
 chests wherein were deposited the bones of the 
 bishops ; the like they did with the bones of William 
 Rufus, of Emma, Hardicanute, and Edward, to 
 scatter over the pavement of the Church. Those 
 windows which they could not reach with their 
 swords, muskets, or rests, they broke to pieces by 
 throwing at them the bones of kings, queens, bishops, 
 confessors, and saints, so that the spoil done will 
 not be repaired for a 1000Z. They seize upon all the 
 Communion plate, the Bibles and service books, with 
 hangings, large cushions of velvet, all the pulpit 
 clothes, some whereof were of cloth of silver, some 
 of cloth of gold. They break up the muniment 
 house and take away the common seal of the church 
 and a fair piece of gilt plate, they tear the evidences 
 of their lands and cancel their charter. The troopers, 
 because they were most conspicuous, ride through 
 the streets in surplesses, with such hoods and 
 tippets as they found, carrying common prayer books 
 in one hand and some broken organ-pipes, together 
 with mangled pieces of carved work.' l 
 
 At Winchester College it was long the custom to 
 
 1 Merc. Rust. iii.
 
 4-O Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 remind each scholar who subscribed to the Statutes 
 of the chivalric loyalty of Col. Fiennes and Mr. Love, 
 who with drawn swords on this occasion preserved 
 the tomb of William of Wykeham. 
 
 At Durham, in 1650, the Cathedral was made ' a 
 prison for the Scots, and quite defaced within, for 
 there was to the number 4,500, of which most of them 
 perished and died there in a very short space, and 
 were thrown into holes by great numbers together.' ' 
 
 At Exeter, having the Church in their possession, 
 they make * it a common jakes, sparing neither the 
 altar nor the pulpit. The holy and blessed name of 
 Jesus over the Communion-table they expunge as 
 superstitious ; the pictures of Moses and Aaron they 
 deface ; they tear the books of common prayer to 
 pieces and burn them at the altar. They made the 
 church their storehouse where they kept their am- 
 munition and powder, and planted a court of guard 
 to attend it ; the church they defiled with tippling 
 and taking tobacco; they brake and defaced all 
 the glass windows, they struck off the heads of all 
 the statues on all monuments ; they brake down 
 ^ the organs, and taking 200 or 300 pipes with 
 them, in a most scornful contemptuous manner went 
 up and down the street piping with them. The 
 members of the church were threatened to have 
 their houses plundered and their persons sent on 
 shipboard, where they must expect usage as bad as 
 at Argier or the gallies.' 2 The Cathedral was divided 
 X by a wall for the services of the rival sects of In- 
 
 1 Eites, xix. xxviii. ; Hutchinson, ii. 156. 2 Merc. Rust. iv.
 
 Rochester Chi Chester. 41 
 
 dependents and Presbyterians, the cloisters were 
 destroyed, and a cloth, mart established in the garth. 
 
 At Rochester the rebels ' violated the monuments 
 of the dead, broke down the altar rails, seized on the 
 velvet covering of the Holy Table, which they 
 removed into the lower part of the church ; and one 
 of them discharged a pistol or carbine at one of 
 the residentiaries who endeavoured to restrain their 
 fury.' 
 
 At Chichester, on Holy Innocents' Day, 1642, they 
 1 plundered the Cathedral, seized upon the vestments 
 and ornaments of the church, together with the 
 consecrated plate serving for the altar ; they left not 
 so much as a cushion for the pulpit, nor a chalice for 
 the Blessed Sacraments ; the common soldiers brake 
 down the organs, and dashing the pipes with their 
 pole-axes, scoffingly said, Hark how the organs go. 
 They brake the rail, which was done with that fury 
 that the Table itself escaped not their madness. 
 They forced open all the locks, whether of doors or 
 desks, wherein the singing men laid up their common 
 prayer books, their singing books, their gowns and 
 surplices ; they rent the books in pieces, and scattered 
 the torn leaves all over the church even to the cover- 
 ing of the pavement ; the gowns and surplesses they 
 reserved to secular uses. In the south cross ile the 
 history of the church's foundation, the pictures of 
 the Kings of England, and the pictures of the 
 Bishops of Selsey and Chichester, begun by Robert 
 Sherborn the 37th Bishop of that see, they defaced 
 and mangled with their hands and swords as high as 
 they could reach. On the Tuesday following after
 
 42 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 the sermon, possessed and transported by a baccha- 
 nalian fury, they ran up and down the church with 
 their swords drawn, defacing the monuments of the 
 dead, hacking and hewing the seats and stalls, and 
 scraping the painted walls ; Sir William Waller and 
 the rest of the commanders standing by as spectators 
 and approvers of these barbarous impieties. The 
 subdeanery church was then pillaged. About five or 
 six days after Sir Arthur Haselrigg demanded the 
 keys of the chapter-house, where the remainder of 
 the church plate was ; he commanded his servants 
 to break down the wainscot round about the room, 
 which was quickly done, they having brought crows 
 of iron for that purpose. Sir Arthur's tongue was 
 not enough to express his joys, for, dancing and 
 skipping, he cried out, There boys, hark ! hark, it 
 rattles, it rattles ; and, being much importuned by 
 some members of that church to leave but a cup for 
 administration of the Blessed Sacrament, answer was 
 returned by a Scotchman standing by, that they 
 should take a wooden dish.' * 
 
 ' What say our leeches,' asked Bishop Hacket, the 
 eloquent defender of Cathedrals before Parliament, 
 ' to the rotting of horses three years together in 
 stalls and pastures ? Nothing ! But observant 
 Christians note that it began upon the jades that 
 were stabled in the goodly Cathedral of St. Paul's.' 2 
 
 On August 26, 1642, 'the troopers fought with 
 God Himself in the quire at Canterbury,' so profane 
 Culmer opens the account with the proverbial 
 
 1 Merc. Eust. 139-143. 2 Plume's Century, 826.
 
 Canterbury. 43 
 
 scurrility of a Puritan of how lie spoiled that 
 ' malignant cathedral.' ' They hewed the altar rails 
 all to pieces and threw their altar over and over and 
 over down the three altar steps, and left it lying 
 with the heels upward ; they slashed some images, 
 crucifixes and prick-song books, and one greasy )^~ 
 service book and a ragged smock ' (too coarse for X 
 transcription) ' called a surplice, and began to play 
 the tune of the zealous soldier on the organs or 
 case of whistles which never were in tune since. 
 The soldiers afterwards sang Cathedral prick-song 
 as they rode over Barham Downs towards Dover 
 with prick-song leaves in their hands, and lighted 
 their tobacco pipes with them.' On December 13 / 
 a worse destruction befel the Cathedral : the brutal 
 narrator sneers at the touching pleading of one of the 
 brave prebendaries and his equally courageous wife ; 
 windows and statues were broken in pieces. 'A 
 minister with a whole pike rattling down proud 
 Becket's glassy bones,' some of the bystanders wish- 
 ing that he might break his neck; crosses on the 
 steeples ; the goodly painted glass, ' for which many 
 thousand pounds had been offered by outlandish 
 Papists ; ' the superb figure of St. Michael holding 
 a cross of brass over the south door under Bell 
 Harry steeple, dragged down by one hundred men 
 with a rope ; an image of our Lord at the gate 
 riddled with musket shots ; ' the glorious glory 
 cloth, the golden tabernacle work, the costly copes, 
 basins, and candlesticks and rich hangings ' were 
 involved in one ruin as idols, with every mark of 
 insult and coarse profanity, as * a blessed work of
 
 44 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 reformation.' 1 ( The windows were greatly battered 
 and broken down ; the whole roof, with that of the 
 steeples, the chapter-house, and cloister, extremely 
 impaired and ruined both in timber work and lead ; 
 water-pipes, pipes, and much other lead cut off; the 
 choir stripped and robbed of her fair and goodly 
 hangings; the organ and organ-loft, Communion 
 table, and the best and chiefest of her furniture, 
 with the rail before it and the screen of tabernacle 
 work richly overlaid with gold behind it; goodly 
 monuments shamefully abused, defaced, and rifled 
 of brasses, iron grates and bars.' 2 They ' threw the 
 altar over and over down the three altar steps, and 
 left it lying with the heels upward ; ' the newly- 
 erected font was pulled down, and brasses torn off 
 from the ancient monuments, and whatsover there 
 was of beauty or decency in the holy place was 
 despoiled. The horrible language employed by 
 these marauders who also destroyed the arras hang- 
 ing in the choir representing the whole story 
 of Christ which they stabbed, with imprecations 
 too revolting to repeat here broke down the eagle, 
 and strewed the pavement with the leaves of the 
 service books, may be read in ' Mercurius Rusticus,' 
 p. 119, in a letter written by the Subdean to Lord 
 Holland. The like abominations in 1642 at West- 
 minster included the hunting the hare through the 
 aisles, the smoking and drinking, the mutilation of 
 monuments, the hewing down of carved work and 
 the trampling of ancient glass under the jackboots 
 of the godless troopers. 
 
 1 Culmer's Cathedral News, 19-24. * Prof. Willis, Arch. Hist. 103.
 
 Norwich. 45 
 
 At Norwich, ' a plundering commission, relying on 
 the support of their soldiers, defaced monuments, 
 broke windows, filed bells, dashed in pieces carved 
 works, and reaved the brasses off the stones, the 
 Cathedral affording them above a hundred ; thereby 
 defacing the memory of the ancestors of many of 
 the most ancient and worshipful families in the 
 county (including the effigies of two bishops and the 
 chapel of the Hobarts), pulling down the pulpit in 
 the Green yard. What clattering of glasses, what 
 beating down of walls, what wresting out of irons 
 and brass from the windows and graves, what defac- 
 ing of arms, what demolishing of curious stonework, 
 what pilfering of the destroyed organ pipes ; vest- 
 ments, both copes and surplices, together with the 
 leaden cross which had been newly sawn down from 
 over the Green yard pulpit, and the singing books and 
 service books were carried to the fire in the public 
 market-place; a lewd wretch walking before the 
 train in his cope trailing in the dirt, with a service 
 book in his hand, imitating in an impious scorn the 
 tune, and usurping the words of the Litany. The 
 Cathedral was filled with musketeers, drinking and 
 tobacconing as freely as if it had turned ale-house. 
 Superstitious pictures were also burned in the market- 
 place, and the seals of the court fixed where the altar 
 stood.' l The total destruction of Gloucester in 1657 
 was only narrowly prevented ; the tackle having 
 been put about the tower and Lady Chapel for their 
 demolition. At Carlisle the marks of the bullets 
 fired by the idle soldiers in 1646, for amusement, are 
 
 1 Blonufield's Norfolk, iii. 389-90.
 
 46 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 still visible. 1 Prince Charles's garrison was disarmed 
 before confined here in 1745. 
 
 DANGERS FEOM MOBS THE BRAVE BISHOP AND VERGER 
 OF BRISTOL. 
 
 AT Wells, July 1, 1685, the Duke of Monmouth's 
 Protestant followers tore the lead from the roof of 
 the Cathedral to make bullets, but wantonly defaced 
 the ornaments of the building. Grey, Lord of Wark- 
 worth, with difficulty preserved the altar from the 
 insults of some ruffians who wished to carouse round 
 it, by taking his stand before it with his sword 
 drawn. 2 
 
 In the middle of August, 1683, when the Duke of 
 Monmouth came to Chester, the mob forced the 
 doors of the Cathedral, destroyed most of the painted 
 glass, burst open the vestries, rent the surplices and 
 hoods to rags, and carried them away ; beat to 
 pieces the font, pulled down the ornaments, injured 
 the organ, and committed other enormous outrages. 3 
 
 On Dec. 23, 1810, at midnight, the vestry of St. 
 Paul's was robbed of its valuable altar plate, includ- 
 ing four large silver-gilt candlesticks; the robbers 
 were never discovered. At Worcester and West- 
 minster sacrilegious thieves were flayed, and strips 
 of their skin have been found upon doors. 
 
 Two fires at York, one on Feb. 2, 1829, the work 
 of Martin the incendiary, and a second, the result of 
 a plumber's carelessness, on May 20, 1840, necessi- 
 tated a costly restoration of the superb Minster. At 
 
 1 Purday's Carl. 23. 2 Macaulay, i. 602. * Hemingway, ii. 242.
 
 The brave Bishop and Verger of Bristol. 47 
 
 Lincoln there was a provision in 1440 that such 
 workmen were to be carefully watched as a precau- 
 tion against such dangers. The fall of the spire and 
 tower of Chichester, on Feb. 21, 1861, dragging down 
 the adjacent bays, was repaired at a vast outlay, 
 which showed, as in the northern county, that in 
 these later days the spirit of love and munificence of 
 England is not dead with regard to her ecclesiastical 
 buildings. 
 
 The last havoc was made at Bristol, in the dis- 
 graceful riots of Oct. 31, 1831, when the chapter 
 library was thrown into the Avon or into the fire. 
 (TvvwfjLoa-av *yap Trvp /cat OaXacraa. The sub-sacrist, 
 W. Phillips, gallantly withstood the mob with a 
 stancheon, saying that the only entrance to the 
 Cathedral they should have would be over his dead 
 body ; and Bishop Gray, when importuned to escape 
 whilst his palace was blazing, replied that death 
 could not overtake him in a better place than in 
 God's house. 
 
 RAVAGES OP IGNORANCE WREN'S TEARS CORN- 
 
 WALLIS SAVES THE GALILEE THE MOB OP LINCOLN 
 
 ELY IN DANGER MRS. COTTON'S BIRDCAGE MONK 
 
 WINS HIS MITRE. 
 
 THE very theory of the ground plan for a church 
 had died out when Wren constructed his first mise- 
 rable design for a huge preaching house, in which he 
 was foiled by the Duke of York. Unhappily he was 
 permitted to erect the wooden fabric of a sham dome, 
 build a wall in front of the clerestory, and leave a
 
 48 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 shallow niche for the altar. The lateral oratories are 
 said to have been forced upon him, though he pro- 
 tested with tears, by James II., who hoped one day 
 to fill them with low altars. 1 The Morning Chapel 
 has recently received such an addition for early cele- 
 brations. Wren opposed the introduction of a balus- 
 trade, saying bitterly that people who were of little 
 skill in architecture expected what they had been 
 used to in Gothic structures, and ' ladies think 
 nothing without an edging.' 2 According to the 
 ' Parentalia,' a labourer by accident having brought 
 a fragment of a gravestone with the word Resurgam 
 on it, to mark the centre of the site of the dome, the 
 incident was regarded as an omen, and a phoanix with 
 this motto now appears on the pediment over the 
 southern portico. 3 
 
 The ravages committed at the Reformation and 
 during the civil wars were almost equalled by those 
 of ignorance and vile taste in that miserable era of 
 false doctrine, decadence of ecclesiastical learning, 
 and worship of a spurious foreign element in archi- 
 tecture, the eighteenth century ; beautifying then 
 was as fatal a word as restoration often has proved in 
 our own period. In 1764, at Carlisle, the wiseacres 
 discovered that the wooden ceiling of the choir was 
 in decay, so they ' stuccoed it in the form of a 
 groined vault, which is a great advantage to its 
 appearance,' says Hutchinson. The ancient bishop's 
 throne, the whole of the choir screens, with one 
 exception, and the reredos, were removed, and a new 
 
 1 Spence's Anecdotes, Ed. Singer, 256. 
 
 2 Ibid. 257. Knight, 254.
 
 Ravages of Ignorance. 49 
 
 throne, altar, and other woodwork, after the designs 
 of Lord Camelford, were erected at a cost of 1,300Z. ; 
 at a later period the Church of St. Mary in the nave 
 was walled off from the rest of the Cathedral in the 
 beginning of this century; modern panelling, and 
 walls as high as the capitals of the pillars, blocked 
 out the light ; and then, to counteract this wanton 
 mutilation, the beautiful quatrefoil parapet of the 
 clerestory was removed piecemeal; and, in 1780, two 
 houses at the N.E. angle of the Cathedral were 
 erected, with a scullery and upholsterer's shop between 
 the buttresses. 
 
 At Canterbury, in 1750, the screens of iron which 
 had parted off the nave and aisles from the lantern, 
 and in 1787 the singular Neville's Chapel, built 
 between the buttresses, had been removed; in 1729 a 
 Corinthian altar-piece was erected ; and in 1 704 the 
 old stalls were removed, and a throne of Corinthian 
 design erected by Archbishop Tenison ; and about 
 this time the organ was removed from the north side 
 of the choir to a position over the choir screen. In 
 the present century the old Norman west tower was 
 destroyed and rebuilt as a facsimile of the Arundel 
 steeple, to the too obvious detriment of a distinctive 
 feature of the fabric. The beautiful perpendicular 
 screen of the Jesus Chapel at Norwich was in exist- 
 ence within forty years since ; the ancient clock has 
 also disappeared, like the famous horn of Carlisle. 
 
 At Durham, Wyatt plied his chiselling process to 
 the western towers, the whole north side of the 
 church, and the east end of the Nine Altars, between 
 1775 and '95. Four inches of masonry were removed
 
 5O Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 from the surface, amounting to full 1,100 tons weight, 
 at a cost of 30,OOOL A Gothic parapet and pinnacles, 
 with Italian mouldings on the western towers, four 
 great stone pinnacles on the Nine Altars, destruction 
 of statues, defacing of buttresses, alterations of the 
 front of the transept, and the removal of the room of 
 the sanctuary watchers over the north porch, were 
 among the atrocities committed by this shameful 
 wrecker, who, but for the fierce outcry of John 
 Carter, would have taken down the reredos and 
 throne to make a screen in the Nine Altars. Atkin- 
 son's application of Roman cement and the chisel 
 combined to the grand central tower in 1812, were 
 harmless when contrasted with this man's design to 
 destroy the Galilee. Conceive what the spire would 
 have been which he wished to raise upon the lantern ! 
 He had actually stripped the lead off the Galilee, 
 designing to make on the site a carriage way for the 
 wives of the prebendaries to drive straight to their 
 houses, when most opportunely the good Dean 
 Cornwallis, who had driven in all haste from Lich- 
 field, opportunely interposed. ' I saved the Galilee ' 
 was his happy thought, often loudly expressed. In 
 1799, however, the chapter-house was doomed to 
 destruction in order to make ' a comfortable room,' 
 the keystones were knocked out, and in their fall 
 demolished a superb pavement, rich in gravestones 
 and brasses; while the apse, with its side walls, 
 forty feet in length, was completely removed, along 
 with the old marble chair in which the bishops had 
 been installed, under the supersntendence of the 
 Cathedral surveyor.
 
 Ravages of Ignorance. 5 1 
 
 At Salisbury the ruinous hand of Sir Christopher 
 Wren was felt in the erection of new stalls and a 
 screen, which overlaid the early English woodwork, 
 and led to the removal of the rood loft. In the time 
 of Bishop Hume, a screen, painted in imitation of 
 oak, and of an indescribable design, was set up, and 
 the iron chapel of the Hungerfords was bodily 
 removed into the choir. Bishop Barrington, with 
 ill-directed zeal, fostered ' improvements ' still 
 more disastrous. The Hungerford and Beauchamp 
 Chapels, with the remarkable paintings of Death 
 and the Gallant in the former, which flanked the 
 Lady Chapel, were destroyed, and part of their 
 stonework was employed to make an organ screen ; 
 and a reredos for the altar, which in contempt for 
 precedent and taste was placed at the extreme end of 
 the building in the Lady Chapel, far out of hearing 
 and partially of sight, whilst a sort of transparency 
 designed by Sir Joshua Eeynolds and worthy of 
 the ' washy virtues ' of New College, Oxford, rendered 
 the vista hideous. Disjointed fragments were em- 
 ployed to make a motley patchwork for mutilated 
 monuments, which were sent to new positions, and 
 in some instances were coolly ranged between the 
 pillars of the nave far away from the graves which 
 they had covered. The ancient rood-beam, an unique 
 remnant of old ornament and devotion, was bar- 
 barously removed, as well as the chantry screens in 
 the transept and two external porches. The stalls, 
 pulpit, and throne suffered under Wyatt's reforming 
 hand; the paintings on the vault, of high value, were 
 washed out with a stone tint; and the superb de- 
 
 E 2
 
 5 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 tached bell-tower, which had been wisely erected to 
 save the delicate central steeple from the resonance 
 of a large peal, was laid low. * Yes, the monster 
 has been here,' said poor Pugin, when he tracked 
 the ill-doings of Wyatt. In 1834 the muniments of 
 Salisbury strewed the floor, a feast for moths and 
 spiders, when Peter Hall visited it, until Dean Lear 
 remedied the state of things. 
 
 This evil genius of Cathedrals was called in at 
 Hereford to effect a further execution after the N fall 
 of the western tower. He deliberately rebuilt, with- 
 out any necessity, the nave triforium, and clerestory, 
 in his own bastard style; flimsy, poor, and dis- 
 cordant with the grand Norman arcade below, and 
 with the sacrifice of an entire bay, between 1786 and 
 1796, at a cost of nearly 20.000Z. What we have 
 lost may be gathered at a glance, with a drawing of 
 the old nave before the eye. In similar evil fashion, 
 which would dismay a country mason of ordinary 
 skill, two hideous arches with a square pillar were 
 erected under each arch of the tower ; and an incon- 
 gruous screen blocked up the superb Norman east 
 end. The Lady Chapel, neglected and dilapidated, 
 was a lumber room of bookcases, and its exquisite de- 
 tails smothered in thick coats of whitewash. And 
 the western alley of the cloister disappeared to make 
 room for a brick building, which served as a grammar 
 school. 
 
 The ridiculous furniture of the choir of Worcester, 
 f a Greek among Goths,' happily has lately dis- 
 appeared ; but, in 1647, the detached campanile was 
 destroyed. * Within these few weeks past, January,
 
 Ravages of Ignorance. 53 
 
 1 737-8, they have begun to pull down the old Gothic 
 chapel belonging to the bishop's palace at Hereford, 
 in order to erect a pile in a politer taste for the public 
 service.' l The chapter-house was also destroyed by 
 him. 2 
 
 At Lichfield, Wyatt in 1788 laid open the choir to 
 the Lady Chapel, and filled up the lateral arches, which 
 had opened to the aisles, with a plain wall. Within 
 memory the Early English woodwork of Wells has 
 given place to a set of worthless, cold, incongruous 
 stone stalls. At Lichfield, a dean being apprehensive 
 that the rows of statues on the west front would some V" 
 day fall on his head, employed a chimney sweep boy, 
 at great hazard, to pull them down. 
 
 It is time to turn from a painful subject ; our losses 
 are irreparable, but at least we have generally got rid 
 of pews ; ladies' galleries (which have disappeared at 
 Worcester) only remain at Peterborough in their full 
 obtrusiveness. It is to be hoped that, with the in- 
 congruous stall work and screen, they may very 
 speedily be removed. In 1740, the ladies' pews at 
 York, by order of Dean Osbaldiston, were rebuilt ; 
 ' the Canons' ladies' pew ' still deforms Durham, and 
 at Winchester a motley square of pews still blocks 
 up the centre of the choir. At Eipon some of the 
 tabernacle work of .the stalls was converted into 
 gallery fronts and pews. In 1753, eleven images of 
 kings over the west door of Lincoln were pulled down 
 in order to put up a foolish incription of the names 
 of the subscribers to the new railings. 
 
 At Lincoln, in Browne Willis's plan (1730), the 
 1 Defoe, iii.277. 2 Price's Hereford, 136.
 
 54 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 screens at the east end of the presbytery are still 
 shown ; now the only tokens of the site of the chapels 
 are the raised altar-steps. The new paving (1791), as 
 in other Cathedrals, completely removed the ancient 
 gravestones ; but here, although Brasenose College 
 would have restored the brass of their founder, 
 Bishop Smith, the offer was declined. Other stones 
 were removed to the cloisters, which were used as a 
 sort of workshop, and were broken and defaced. Mr. 
 Essex erected a wretched reredos in place of that 
 made up of Palladian panelling. In 1547 the great 
 central spire fell, and wrecked the battlements, which 
 were replaced after his own design by Essex in 1775, 
 who built up a hideous reredos ; he and James also 
 erected the incongruous arches at the west end of the 
 nave. Peck, in a dedication to his * Desiderata 
 Curiosa,' actually in all seriousness complimented 
 Bishop Eeynolds on his gift of the palace of Lincoln 
 as a quarry for the repairs of the Cathedral. In 1808 
 the spires were removed from the western towers in 
 spite of every argument; and though, in 1726, the 
 townsmen had uprisen in a body to resist a similar 
 purpose, and were only calmed by a politic pro- 
 clamation of the bellman. 1 Those of Durham in 
 1665, Eipon in 1664, and other spires of Hereford, 
 Rochester, and Ely, have disappeared since the views 
 in the ' Monasticon ' were engraved. 
 
 At Chichester, in 1735, the most wretched inno- 
 vations were effected ; the Lady Chapel converted 
 into a library, being provided with places for brooms 
 and coals behind the bookcases, and the choir with 
 
 1 History of Lincoln, 70
 
 Ely in Danger, 55 
 
 accommodation for ladders, and the like. 1 At 
 Gloucester, Fowler, afterwards bishop, actually de- 
 stroyed with his own hand some fine glass in 1679, 
 and Bishop Benson in 1 741 mutilated the interior of 
 the Church. 
 
 Altai-pieces came into vogue as at Lincoln, 
 Worcester, and Winchester, often in place of hang- 
 ings of tapestry, which were in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury not an uncommon decoration. It was removed 
 at York in 1760. 
 
 At Winchester the beautiful ceiling of the chapel 
 of the Guardian Angels was broken through into 
 large holes for the leaders to the organ not many 
 years since. The affectation of vistas introduced by 
 Wyatt the Destructive ; restoration so-called, in re- 
 casting buildings, scraping of stones, and actual de- 
 struction as at Wells and Worcester ; have bared our 
 Cathedrals and Closes, so that the old features are 
 no longer discernible, and the old arrangements 
 lost. 
 
 I shall now add a few notices of Cathedrals in the 
 seventeenth century. 'Ely is (1738) in some part 
 so ancient that it totters so much with every gust of 
 wind, looks so like a decay and seems so near it, that 
 whenever it does fall, all that 'tis likely will be 
 thought strange in it will be that it did not fall a 
 hundred years sooner.' 2 
 
 At Salisbury ' the painting in the choir is mean, and 
 more like the ordinary method of common drawing- 
 room or tavern painting than that of a church.' It 
 had lately been repaired. 
 
 1 Cole's MS. xl. fo. 141. * Defoe's Travels, i. 85.
 
 \ 
 
 56 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 
 
 As many days as in one year there be, 
 
 So many windows in one church we see ; 
 
 As many marble pillars there appear 
 
 As there are hours throughout the fleeting year ; 
 
 As many gates as moons one year do view, &c. 2 
 
 'Here, at Gloucester/ says Walpole, 'is a mod- 
 ernity (1753) which beats all antiquities for curiosity. 
 Just by the high altar is a small pew hung with 
 green damask, with curtains of the same, a small 
 corner cupboard painted, carved, and gilt for birds 
 in one corner, and two troughs of a birdcage with 
 seeds and water. It belongs to Mrs. Cotton, who, 
 having lost a favourite daughter, is convinced her 
 soul is transmigrated into a robin redbreast, for 
 which reason she passes her life in making an aviary 
 of the Cathedral of Gloucester. The Chapter indulge 
 this whim, as she contributes abundantly to glaze, 
 whitewash, and ornament the church.' 2 Carter used 
 to rejoice that Westminster Abbey was one of the 
 few churches which had escaped the pollution of 
 whitewash. Dr. Monk was one of the first to attempt 
 the appropriate style of ornament and furniture in 
 Cathedrals ; and a mitre was considered the due 
 reward, by the Duke of Wellington, for his zeal shown 
 at Peterborough during his decanate. 
 
 The evil days have passed away, worse than those 
 of pillage and sacrilege, when sloth and nepotism 
 reigned; when Canons carefully pared down their 
 residence to the lowest amount ; when Kesidentiaries 
 owed their preferment to the recommendation of 
 county magnates, and chapters were a family com- 
 pact ; when the residentiary houses were pulled down, 
 
 1 Defoe's Travels, i. 287. 2 Lett. ii. 35.
 
 The Demon at Worcester. 5 7 
 
 and a solitary house was retained for a Canon in 
 residence for three months in a year. Magnificent 
 works of renewal or restoration, complete or in pro- 
 gress, are signs of the inner life of Cathedrals, which 
 has manifested itself in special and more frequent 
 services, open and free naves full of worshippers, 
 greater devotion in choral song, and a willingness 
 to keep pace with the demands of the nineteenth 
 century. 
 
 THE DEMON AT WORCESTER ST. WOLSTON'S TEARS 
 
 ACCIDENTS TO ARCHITECTS LOSINGA's PENANCE 
 
 CANONS BEGGING ALMS THE FRAUD OF WALKELYN 
 
 LORD BROOKE'S WISH. 
 
 CATHEDRALS were, like Eome, not built in a day, 
 and even at their commencement their foundations 
 were laid, with difficulty, for Florence of Worcester 
 relates how a horrid Ethiopian demon sat upon a 
 stone at Worcester, and defied the exertions of eighty 
 men to move it, until St. Oswald dislodged the incum- 
 brance by the sign of the Cross. 
 
 St. Wolstan, the bishop, whose pastoral staff fixed 
 itself in the solid stone of the Confessor's tomb, 1 
 wept when rebuilding the minster, 'for,' said he, 
 we destroy the works of saints; their happy age 
 required no sumptuous piles, but dedicated itself to 
 God under any roof, whilst we, careless of souls, heap 
 up stones.' 2 The cradles of Gothic architecture were 
 at Lincoln and Canterbury ; at the latter the architect 
 fell from a scaffold to remain a cripple for life, as 
 
 1 Stanley, 35. 2 W. Malm. 283.
 
 58 Traditions and Customs of CatJiedrals. 
 
 Basevi from a similar cause met his death at Ely. 
 Whilst at Lincoln, St. Hugh toiled with a hod, 
 bringing mortar and stones to the work. 1 Herbert 
 Losinga founded Norwich Cathedral in penitence for 
 his simoniacal possession of the see. 2 In 1242, the 
 monks vaulted the nave of Gloucester with their own 
 unaided hands. 3 The see of Carlisle was founded 
 owing to the sorrow of Henry I. for the loss of the 
 White Ship, and the dear freight which it carried. 4 
 Bishop Oliver, in the reign of Henry VII. , having been 
 at Bath, imagined, says Sir J. Harrington, as he one 
 night lay meditating in bed, that he saw angels 
 ascending and descending by a ladder, near which 
 there was a fair olive tree supporting a crown, and 
 heard a voice which said, ' Let an olive establish the 
 Crown, and let a king restore the Church.' In obe- 
 dience to this vision, he rebuilt St. Peter's minster 
 church, and caused it to be represented on the west 
 front, with the motto De sursum est. The commis- 
 sioners offered to sell the church to the townspeople 
 for 500 marks, but they refused the offer, which was 
 so cheap that the king they thought might believe 
 they had cozened him ; glass, iron, bells, and lead 
 were sold and sent beyond seas. 5 
 
 At Salisbury the Canons went on a mission to 
 collect alms ; and, owing to the contributions levied 
 on farmers, the Cathedral was popularly said to be 
 built on woolpacks. A license was given by the 
 Bishop or Prior of Durham to bear certain relics of 
 
 1 Metr. Life, v. 839. 2 W. Malm. 152. 
 
 * Chron. Glouc. 29. 4 Tail's Carl. 15. 
 
 * Fuller's Worthies.
 
 Fraud of Walkelyn Lord Brooke s Wish. 59 
 
 St. Cuthbert, in order to collect alms for the fabric. 1 
 At St. Asaph, in ] 284, the Canons gathered alms, 
 carrying a sacred book of the Gospels through the 
 adjoining dioceses. 2 In 1442 King Henry VI. remitted 
 all taxes due, as the Cathedral had been burned with 
 fire by the Welch in 1402. 3 At Lichfield the bells 
 rang merry peals when the shrine of St. Chad was 
 carried in procession into the city, in order to stimu- 
 late the gifts of the devout. Walkelyn of Win- 
 chester obtained permission to take as much timber 
 from Hanepiugs as could be cut in four days and 
 nights. The bishop set an army of fellers to work, 
 and the whole wood was carted away to rebuild the 
 Cathedral. Soon after, when William passed by, he ex- 
 claimed, 'Do my senses deceive me, or had I not once 
 a fair wood here ! ' and it required a modest artifice 
 of the prelate to appease the King's wrath. After 
 the civil wars, wood and stone and the alms of the 
 faithful were in requisition, when fanatics like Lord 
 Brooke assailed Cathedrals. On March 2, St. Chad's 
 Day, 1642, he was shot in his left eye by Dumb 
 Dyott, from ' moated Lichfield's lofty pile,' as he was 
 giving orders for the onset upon the close. Ever 
 fierce against Cathedrals, he had, two years before, 
 as he was passing in a boat upon the Thames, said 
 he hoped to live to see St. Paul's with not one stone 
 left upon another. 4 
 
 1 III. Script, ccxxiv., ccccxxxvi ; Regin. Dunelm. c. xxxv. 
 
 2 Reg. Peckham, fo. 208. 3 Edwards, i. 73 ; ii. 116. 
 
 4 Laud's Diary, iii. 241, 249.
 
 60 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 ENTHEONISATION OF A BISHOP. 
 
 THE method of receiving a Bishop at his enthroni- 
 sation and visitation in a Secular Cathedral is noticed 
 in my Memorials of Chichester, p. 59, and in a monastic 
 Cathedral, by Green. 1 The monks of Canterbury 
 claimed to have the consecration of every Bishop of 
 the province solemnised in the metropolitan church ; 
 and, when the privilege was disused, to this time the 
 Archdeacon of Canterbury, either in person or by 
 proxy, enthrones the Suffragans of the province. 2 
 When Nigel was received at Ely all the street 
 through which he passed was hung with curtains, 
 carpets, and tapestry, the monks and clergy meeting 
 him in procession ; and within a comparatively recent 
 period the bishops of Chichester were met, on their 
 return from London, at St. Roche's Hill, by way of 
 congratulation that they had escaped dangers from 
 bad roads and highwaymen. At Ely on one occasion 
 the Bishop removed all the obedientiaries at one 
 stroke ; for, as at Eochester, he had the appointment 
 of the principal officers of the Convent. 
 
 INSTALLATIONS CHOICE OF CHAPTEES ANTIPHONS 
 AND OEDEE OF STALLS WEEKLY AND GREAT 
 CHAPTEES A EESIDENTIAEY DINNEE. 
 
 THE Dean of York at his installation was invested 
 with a gold ring, 3 and was required to feed ten 
 
 1 Hist, of Worcester, ii., App. ix. xxxiv. T. ; Somner, App. 441. 
 
 2 Aug. Sac. i. 632 ; Somner's Canterb. App. 323. * Drake, 557.
 
 Antiphons and Order of Stalls. 61 
 
 persons daily. 1 It was the custom of the Canons 
 Kesidentiary * to convene on the Vigil of All Saints 
 before 9 A.M. in the Church, and there invite such 
 as they thought good to dine with them during all 
 the double festivals which should happen in that 
 year's summer residency.' 2 It was the privilege of 
 the Dean to * see ' when a residentiaryship was 
 vacant, and the first prebendary who caught his eye 
 succeeded. The last Dean who was elected by a 
 chapter was Dr. Lowe of Exeter, and the bishop, 
 and not the dean and chapter, now has the right of 
 appointment to the residentiaryships in the Old 
 Foundations. The last election of a residentiary by 
 a chapter was at Chichester. At Hereford, ab- 
 sence upon a pilgrimage was allowed to reckon as 
 residence. 
 
 The Antiphon of each Psalm, as the Psalter was 
 divided among the chapter to be said daily, is 
 inscribed on the stalls of the canons at Lincoln and 
 St. Paul's; in the latter Cathedral when a canon 
 was promoted to a dignity the Dean led him to his 
 new stall, and, said ( Friend, go up higher.' As at 
 Lincoln, when a major who had no prebend annexed 
 to his dignity was first installed in a prebend, and 
 then was thus addressed. In the New Foundations, 
 except at Bristol, Durham, and Carlisle, the dean 
 and residentiary sit on either side of the choir at 
 the west end. 
 
 At Lichfield the hebdomadary chapter on Friday, 
 as at Exeter now on Saturday, and at Salisbury the 
 Pentecostal Meeting of Great Chapter, was held 
 
 1 Ibid , 558. * Ibid., 569.
 
 62 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 in the present century. At Lincoln, every Saturday 
 the provost of vicars in chapter reported all offences 
 committed in choir. The doors were guarded by a 
 verger. 
 
 The Great Chapter seldom is assembled now, ex- 
 cept for the election of a Bishop. In 1634 a captain, 
 lieutenant, and auncient of the Norwich Company 
 visited Durham, and were entertained by the Dean, 
 along with * doctors, prebends, and citizens of both 
 sexes and of both kinds spiritual and layitie.' 
 * Good dishes and company were of both choice and 
 plenty ' at the Resident dinner.' ' After halfe an 
 houre's sitting there came a young scholler and read 
 a chapter, during which all discourse ceased. No 
 sooner was itt ended but the grave master of the 
 house begins a cup of wine to all his guests with 
 a hearty welcome which his gentile servitors were 
 careful to see every man pledge to wash down the 
 fat venison, sweet salmon, and other great cheere 
 this large and sumptuous table was furnished with. 
 Thus we spent an hour.' ' A residence dinner,' says 
 Mr. Ornsby, in 1846, 'still presents an appearance 
 very similar in many respects to that which it did 
 two hundred years ago. The host still presides in 
 his canonical habit of cassock and gown, and the 
 young scholar still comes in at a certain time to 
 read a portion of the Psalter, after which the resi- 
 dentiary addresses him with " Tu autem," to which 
 he responds, " Domine, miserere nostri," a remnant 
 of the old Office of the Benedictio rnensse, in which 
 it occurs. The poculum charitatis then makes its
 
 Common Table Vicars' College. 6 
 
 round.' * At Christchurch, Oxford, when the dean 
 and chapter dine in hall, a single verse is recited in 
 Greek from the 1st chapter of St. John's Gospel, 
 and then the dean interposes, saying, 'Tu autem.' 
 
 THE COMMON TABLE THE VICAES' COLLEGE OF- 
 FENDING VICARS VICAES IN THE MILITIA CAEDI- 
 NAL8 AND MINOE CANONS WASSAILING THE PE.E- 
 CULAE THE FIGHTING GEEEN THE CLOISTERS 
 RAMSAY AND THE DE.MONS THE CAENAET. 
 
 THE Vicars' Common Table continued to exist at 
 Hereford until 1828 : in the Cathedrals of the New 
 Foundation it lasted, under the chairmanship of the 
 Minor Canoii-prsecentor, until the Civil Wars, but at 
 Worcester fell into disuse in 1560. At Hereford, 
 De Foe says, ' next to the Cathedral is the College, 
 which still retains its foundation laws, and where the 
 residentiaries are still obliged to celibacy.' 2 
 
 Grindal at York ordered Vicars ' unmarried to be 
 in commons together in their common hall within 
 Bedern, except those which give attendance of the 
 Canons residentiaries.' They were ' daily by course 
 to read after dinner one chapter of the Evangelists, 
 and after supper one of the Acts of the Apostles or 
 St. Paul's Epistles.' 3 
 
 The Vicars of Exeter who did not pay due reverence 
 to the Dean were to stand in the nave before the 
 Rood over the choir door at all the Hours for a day 
 and a night. 4 All banquetings and drinking in the 
 
 1 Sketches of Durham, 132. 2 Travels, iii. 267. 
 
 3 Works, 149. 4 Archseol. xviii. 410.
 
 64 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 choir were forbidden in 1358 ; none, Canon, or Vicar, 
 were to walk about the church except in their habits ; 
 and clogs, no doubt a pleasant preservative against 
 cold feet in walking over the pavements strewed with 
 rushes, hay, or ivy leaves, were peremptorily pro- 
 scribed, possibly on account of its noise. 
 
 At Lincoln, 1440, Canons, unless infirm, were not 
 to enter the choir using sticks ; and the Vicars who 
 had been in the practice of running and dancing about 
 in leaving the choir, were ordered to bow to the 
 altar at every ingress and recess, and walk orderly. 
 They were forbidden to enter a tavern, or walk alone 
 in the city. At York it was found necessary to en- 
 join silence on the Sacrists in the vestibule, the part 
 adjoining the choir. In 1583, murmuring when a 
 person came late into choir was forbidden at Here- 
 ford. In 1599, Whitgiffc protested strongly against 
 mustering with the militia the singing-men occupied 
 in the daily service of God. 1 At St. Paul's two of 
 the Minor Canons were called ' Cardinals of the Choir,' 
 and at Canterbury we find an Archbishop celebrant 
 in 1294 attended by three Deacons and three Sub- 
 Deacons, Cardinals. 2 The only Minor Canons of the 
 Old Foundation, those of St. Paul's and Hereford, 
 had the privilege of celebrating at the high altar, as 
 representatives of the capitulars. 
 
 In Harwood's time the choristers at Christmas 
 went wassailing, calling at the houses of the towns- 
 people, with a cup for a collection of money or drink. 3 
 At Chichester, till recently, the choristers went about 
 singing at this time, and asked for money. At Lin- 
 
 1 Strype's Whitgift, ii. 245. 2 Somner, App. 441. P. 284.
 
 The Pr&ciilars The Fighting Green. 65 
 
 coin and Salisbury, where the original house remains, 
 the choristers were lodged in the Close under the 
 charge of a residentiary, and in the Old Founda- 
 tions were mainly under the direction of the prse- 
 centors and chancellors. In some Cathedrals, as at 
 Chester, Winchester, Gloucester, Wells, and Canter- 
 bury, they wear cornered caps, which at Norwich 
 and Ely have red tassels, such as the grammar boys 
 of the Cathedral school, including the choristers, at 
 Peterborough wear ; about twenty years since they 
 discontinued the use of bands. Singing men and 
 choristers wore gowns under their surplices at Dur- 
 ham. 1 
 
 At Chichester the verger who has charge of the 
 cloister is called the Prsecular ; his other names 
 formerly were Lord Robert (Bp. Sherborne) Bedeman 
 or Orator, the word precula used in the Exeter 
 Statutes meaning a set of beads. His duty was to take 
 ' charge of the paradise and cloisters, and celebrate 
 mass at the four altars in the choir ; in the seven- 
 teenth century he purged the churchyard of hogs and 
 dogs and lewd persons that play or do worse therein, 
 and scourge out of the cloister all ungracious boys with 
 their tops, or at least present them to the old man of 
 the vestry.' At Westminster within recollection the 
 College boys made the garth, so beautifully described 
 by Washington Irving, their ' fighting green ; ' Addi- 
 son complains of the noise of their games of football, 
 where Ramsay had plied his divining rod, and was 
 terrified by a storm raised by the 'demons' who 
 guarded the hidden treasure. At Gloucester, when 
 
 1 Granville's Lett. ii. 1G1. 
 
 1
 
 66 Traditions and Ciistoms of Cathedrals. 
 
 the Parliament met in 1378, and made the whole 
 place look like a fair, the ball playing and wrestling 
 matches utterly bared the grass-plot in the cloisters. 1 
 At St. David's and Durham the dog-whipper is a sta- 
 tutable servant. At Durham in 1632, dogs ran into the 
 choir and disturbed the service. 2 The Bedesmen 
 in the New Foundations wear a red Tudor rose on the 
 right side of their gown. The six junior choristers 
 at Lincoln are still called, from their founder, the Bur- 
 ghersh Chanters. Bishop Sherborne, at Chichester, 
 required that his four lay clerks should wear sur- 
 plices, with his initials worked on the breast and back, 
 in silken thread black and gold. 
 
 In speaking of the Cloisters, I should mention that 
 at Chichester the garth is called the Paradise, and 
 at Chester the Sprice ; at Hereford, the Cloister- 
 garth bears the name of Our Lady Arbour ; 3 and it 
 may be observed, that it resembles the term Maid 
 Arbour at Durham, 4 and the Maiden Alley, the 
 Slype, at Chester.- In the Cloister of Chichester the 
 first theological prebendaries gave their lectures. 
 At Norwich, Worcester, and Winchester a Carnary 
 received the bones dug up in course of successive in- 
 terments. The Cathedrals of the Old Foundations had 
 only three sides to the cloister, for in monasteries the 
 fourth alley next the church was used by the readers. 
 
 1 Chron. Glouc. 53. 2 Granville's Lett. ii. 163. 
 
 * Havergal, 32. III Script. Dunelm. 156.
 
 Ancient Rites Watchers Door Sanctuary. 67 
 
 ANCIENT RITES THE WATCHERS' DOOR SANCTUARY. 
 
 WITH the pageants and pomps of other times I must 
 deal, without lingering on their details. The Eites 
 of Durham are full of solemn processions, the daily 
 one with its crystal cross, and that on Easter Day so 
 gorgeous and full of joy. On Good Friday, while 
 the Passion was sung, the Crucifix was laid at the 
 lowest altar step on a velvet cushion, and the whole 
 Convent crept upon their knees to it. And then they 
 laid it up on the Sepulchre, not a tomblike per- 
 manent structure, as at Norwich or Lincoln, but a 
 fabric made on the north side of the choir near the 
 altar, along with the Holy Sacrament, which they 
 censed and left with two tapers burning before it till 
 the dawn of Easter, about 4 o'clock in the morning ; 
 and then they carried a monstrance having the figure 
 of Our Lord to the altar, while the choir chanted 
 the anthem Christus resurgens. It was then taken 
 by two monks down to the south choir door, where 
 four ancient gentlemen of the prior's household held 
 up a purple canopy over it, making the round of the 
 church, the whole choir following with goodly torches 
 and great store of lights, singing, rejoicing, and 
 praising God, till they came to the high altar again, 
 where it remained till Ascension Day. On Thursday 
 after Trinity Sunday the Corpus Christi shrine was 
 carried with crosses and St. Cuthbert's banner by the 
 Prior, Convent, and choir, in their best copes into the 
 choir, where Te Deum was sung with the organs, and 
 all the banners of the city-crafts followed round St.
 
 68 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 Cuthbert's shrine with burning torches. On Maundy 
 Thursday the Prior washed the feet of thirteen poor 
 men in the cloister at 9 o'clock, and the monks 
 the feet of children. From Maundy Thursday till 
 Wednesday after Ascension Day the great Paschal 
 Candle, so tall that it was lighted from the roof, 
 burned, with its seven tall tapers, in the choir. 
 
 A vivid picture is given of the daily occupation : 
 the Sacristan in the early morning opening the aum- 
 bries in readiness for the celebration of masses ; the 
 high officers going to their chambers, the monks one 
 by one leaving their little trellised cells in the dor- 
 mitory with a study under each window, and the 
 twelve cressets at either end of the room lighting 
 them down to the midnight matins : the cloister, 
 with its sumptuous windows, its northern alley divi- 
 ded into separate carols where each monk studied 
 after dinner, taking his book from the aumbry in the 
 wall ; the western alley filled with a school of novices 
 both forenoon and afternoon ; the south alley with its 
 towel-aumbry and the marble laver in the centre of 
 the garth where they washed before going into re- 
 fectory. There are the tables laid out on some high 
 festival (for on other days the smaller room called 
 the Loft is in use) with its snowy table-cloths, its 
 bright salts and silver-edged mazers before each 
 monk ; the Novice reading in Latin a portion of the 
 Bible from the pulpit during dinner, which was 
 brought to a close before noon by the ringing of the 
 gilt bell, which hung above the Prior's seat, and the 
 passing of the grace cup. Then every day went forth 
 the solemn procession, bare-headed, to the ' cemetery
 
 Ancient Rites. 69 
 
 garth,' to pray among the tombs of the dead 
 brethren, until they returned to study in the cloister, 
 which they left to sing Evensong at 3 o'clock. 
 At 5 supper was served, and afterwards the last 
 prayers were said in the chapter; then the bell 
 rang, and, after saying the Salve, all retired to the 
 dormitory. 
 
 Over the great north door was a chamber for two 
 men, who were there always to receive persons who 
 claimed asylum ; and the sound of the great bell of 
 the Galilee booming over the city told that some 
 fugitive had fled to holy church. At Chichester and 
 Norwich traditions of a similar arrangement are 
 preserved. 
 
 OPEN AIR PREACHING. 
 
 AT Hereford there was a Great Cross in the Minster 
 churchyard, and it was only about the year 1791 that 
 all persons who died in Hereford were no longer 
 buried within it. 1 In London they preached from 
 the steps of Paul's Cross, the congregation assembling 
 around it, and only adjourning to the shrouds (the 
 crypt) when the weather was unfavourable. 2 Some- 
 times a guard of soldiers protected the pulpit in the 
 reign of Elizabeth. From his attendance here as a 
 preacher, Richard Hooker dated the miseries of his 
 married life. Sir Thomas Browne says of Norwich, 
 'Before the late times the Combination Sermons 
 were preached in the summertime at the Cross in 
 the Green Yard, where there was a good accommo- 
 
 1 Price, 142-144. 2 Bhmt's Hist, of Reform. 179, 257.
 
 jo Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 
 
 dation for the auditors. The mayor, aldermen, with 
 their wives and officers, had a well-contrived place 
 built against the wall of the Bishop's palace, covered 
 with lead, so that they were not offended by rain. 
 Upon the north side of the church places were built 
 gallery-wise, one above another, where the Dean, 
 Prebends, and their wives, gentlemen, and the 
 better sort, very well heard the sermon ; the rest 
 either stood or sat in the green, upon long forms 
 provided for them, paying a penny or halfpenny 
 apiece as they did at St. Paul's Cross in London. 
 The Bishop and Chancellor heard the sermons at the 
 windows of the Bishop's palace. The pulpit had a 
 large covering of lead over it, and a Cross upon it, 
 and there were eight or ten stairs of stone about it, 
 upon which the hospital boys and others stood. The 
 preacher had his face to the south, and there was a 
 painted board of a foot and a half broad and about a 
 yard and a half long hanging over his head before, 
 upon which was painted the names of the benefactors 
 towards the Combination sermon.' Lestrange (before 
 1641) says, that on high festivals the Bishop or Dean 
 preached at Norwich in their scarlet gowns. 1 
 
 At Lincoln, Canterbury, and Rochester the Watch- 
 ers' door and chamber are still remembered by 
 name, which were used by men who patrolled the 
 church at night to see that all was safe from robbers 
 and fire. At Worcester, Oxford, and Lichfield, 
 the gallery used for this purpose still remain. At 
 Canterbury, in times of danger, bandogs were loosed 
 
 1 Anec. and Trad. Camd. Soc. v. 21.
 
 Parish Church Use of Triforium. 71 
 
 to guard the shrine, which was more costly than the 
 treasures of kings. 1 
 
 PAEISH CHUECH USE OP TEJFOEIUM THE DEAGON 
 HEAD OF TOEK. 
 
 NOEWICH, Eipon, Manchester, Hereford and Ches- 
 ter still contain, and Carlisle till recently included, a 
 parish church. Lichfield, Exeter, and St. Paul's 
 also have a second altar. At Salisbury marriages 
 within the last half century have been solemnized 
 in one there, and that of St. Peter's was removed 
 from Chichester, as in still earlier times was the 
 case at Lincoln. At St. Paul's, the parish church of 
 St. Faith, after 1256, was in the crypt. At York the 
 triforium has a stone rail, and at Chichester these 
 galleries were used at the re-opening of the Cathe- 
 dral, and at Norwich at Bishop Stanley's funeral, and 
 are still used, for congregational purposes, at the 
 nave services at Westminster Abbey. At York, pro- 
 bably in allusion to Ps. Ixxiv. 13, a dragon's head, 
 still remaining, supported the font cover, and fronts 
 a statue of the Christian Warrior. 
 
 ANCIENT NAME OF THE CLOSE. 
 
 I MAT, by the way, mention that old names still 
 cling about the Closes of the monastic Cathedrals, as 
 the Precincts at Norwich, Rochester, Peterborough, 
 
 1 For further information with regard to the internal furniture and 
 arrangement, and the plan of the Close and adjacent buildings, I must 
 refer to my ' Interior and Precincts of a Gothic Minster.' [Masters.]
 
 72 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 and Canterbury ; at Carlisle, the Abbey ; at Durham, 
 Gloucester, Ely, Bristol, and Worcester, the College ; 
 at Chester, the Abbey Square, and at Westminster 
 the Cloisters ; whilst at Wells, Cathedral Green ; at 
 Chichester, Canon Lane ; at Exeter, Cathedral Yard ; 
 and at Lincoln and York, Minster Yard, preserve 
 the old names, as Deanery and Subdeanery, the 
 Precentoryat Lincoln, and the Chantry and Treasury 
 at Chichester denote the old residence of the digni- 
 taries. The Choristers' House remains at Lincoln. 
 In the close of St. Paul's, on one festival of the 
 patron saint, Henry II. fed fifteen thousand people. 
 Exhibitions also took place ; at Durham a rope- 
 dancer performed on a cord stretched between the 
 towers, but fell and broke his neck. 1 
 
 NOTICES ON DOORS LOTTERIES, AND PENANCES 
 
 THORNS PLACED BEFORE DOORS PARDON DOORS 
 DR. LAKE'S ESCAPE. 
 
 IN 1395, the Lollards fixed their heretical conclu- 
 sions on the doors of St. Paul's and Westminster, 
 with various insolent verses. 2 The first lottery drawn 
 in England was held at St. Paul's door in 1569 ; and 
 others were drawn there in 1586 and 1612. Bishop 
 Ralph at Chichester, the partisan of St. Anselm, 
 when Henry II. levied a tax upon priests, ordered 
 the cessation of Divine service, with the exception of 
 that in the choir, and directed the doors of the Cathe- 
 dral to be barred with thorns. 3 At the west door of 
 
 1 Ormsby, 14. 2 Trokelowe, 174, 182. 3 W. Malm. 206.
 
 Pardon Doors. 73 
 
 his minster, Archbishop Sewal, of York, sat on. 
 Maundy Thursday to reconcile penitents, and those 
 who were obdurate were bound to the pillars and 
 publicly whipped; and Bishop Kirkham scourged 
 one of the noblest barons in England at the door of 
 Durham, according to the Chronicle of Lanercost. 
 In 1250, the Dean of St. Paul's closed the doors 
 against Archbishop Boniface, under whose robes a 
 breastplate ominously glittered. The great doors of 
 a Cathedral are only opened for the reception of a 
 Sovereign or a Bishop. At York, on Shrove Tuesday, 
 the doors of York were thrown open all day, and all 
 the apprentices, servants, and journeymen, streamed 
 in to ring the Pancake bell, with such gross excesses 
 that the attempt of Dr. Lake to stop the scandal 
 nearly cost him his life. Bishop Hacket, on the doors 
 of Lichfield, wrote up a Latin verse forbidding can- 
 didates for holy orders wearing long hair. There 
 were Pardon doors at St. Paul's and Chichester, for 
 the sale of Indulgences. 
 
 PROCESSIONS: CANTERBURY, NORWICH, CHICHESTER, 
 
 YORK, LINCOLN, PROCESSIONS NO PROCESSIONS 
 
 NO CHOIR, TAPESTRY HANGINGS ON SUCH OCCA- 
 SIONS PRAYERS IN VESTRY ORDER OF PROCESSION 
 ANCIENT PROCESSIONS THE FRAY AT CHICHESTER 
 SINGING WOMEN THE DANCING ROUNDHEADS 
 THE PROCESSION OF FLAGELLANTS. 
 
 PARKER, the last primate who wore the fur almuce 
 as ' a collar of sables ' at his consecration, was a man 
 intimately versed in the traditions of the Church,
 
 74 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 and directed in 1570 that 'all they of the choir with 
 the whole foundation, after service done by 8 A.M., 
 should stand in the body of the church, on either side 
 of the middle aisle, in due order,' and so ' until the 
 repairing of the nave in 1788, there were at Canter- 
 bury two parallel lines cut in the pavement, about 
 eight feet asunder, to show what room should be kept 
 clear for processions.' J At Norwich the rings re- 
 main on the pillars towards the aisle for the ropes, 
 which were used with a similar design. Mr. "Valen- 
 tine remembered at Chichester a line of processional 
 stones in the nave ; and at Lincoln, until 1790, two 
 rows of circular stones remained. 
 
 In 1536, when Henry VIII. and his queen of the 
 time visited the Minster, the Bishop of Lincoln, with 
 the whole quire and cross, were ready, and stood in 
 the Minster along on both sides, the body of the 
 church giving attendance when his grace alighted at 
 the west end. 2 The socket for the processional cross 
 still remains near the central pillar of the Chapter- 
 house. These circles were destroyed in 1736, at 
 York ; they may be seen marked in old ground-plans 
 of the Minster, and are thus described : e A number 
 of circles, which ranged from the west end up the 
 middle isle, on each side and in the centre. They 
 were about forty-four on a side, about two feet in 
 diameter, and as much in distance from one another. 
 Those in the midst were fewer in number, larger, and 
 exactly fronted the entrance of the great west door, 
 that circle nearest the entrance being the largest of 
 all. We take all these to have been drawn out for 
 
 1 Gostling, 180. 2 Brooke's Lincoln, 11.
 
 No Choirs Tapestry Hangings. 75 
 
 the ecclesiastics and dignitaries of the church to 
 stand in, habited according to their proper distinc- 
 tions, to receive an Archbishop for installation, or on 
 any other solemn occasion. The Dean and other 
 great dignitaries, we presume, possessed the middle 
 space, whilst the prebendaries, vicars, sacrists, priests 
 at altars belonging to the church, ranged on either 
 side, and all together, when clad in their proper copes 
 and vestments, must have made a glorious appearance, 
 from whence we take this isle was called the Pro- 
 cessional Isle.' 
 
 York presented a strange scene when on the Vigil 
 of the Epiphany, 1190, the Dean and certain of the 
 chapter refused to receive in procession the Arch- 
 bishop, who had come to enquire about the perse- 
 cution of the Jews. Vespers had begun, the primate 
 and prsecentor ordered the choir to be silent, the Dean 
 and treasurer bade them sing ; and the latter ter- 
 minated the unseemly dispute by putting out all the 
 lights, 2 but the Archbishop retorted by having the 
 bells removed and laid into the earth, 3 and putting 
 the church under an interdict. 
 
 The hooks for tapestry hangings used on such 
 occasions remain in the nave at Winchester. 
 
 Bishop Hacket revived a procession and the 
 Litany desk at the reconciliation of Lichfield. In 
 several parts of Westminster, where the old pavement 
 remains, a line of square stones between the ordinary 
 diamond-patterns, may be traced, which once guided 
 the progress of the procession. The Queen and Prin- 
 
 1 History of Church of York, 1768, 35. 
 
 2 Hoveden, hi. 31. * Bened. Petrib. ii. 108.
 
 76 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 
 
 cesses, in 1803, witnessed the processions of the 
 Knights of the Bath from the Dean's gallery in the 
 south aisle of Westminster, and as it passed, the 
 trumpets sounded and the knights made obeisance. 
 
 The orderly procession on week days, juniors going 
 first, was commenced at Bristol, and on Sundays at 
 Canterbury, where the verger precedes the clergy, and 
 not the Dean and Chapter. At Ely and Chichester 
 the Dean precedes the Chapter in going to and from 
 choir ; and prayers are said previously by the senior 
 present in the Choristers' Vestry at Chichester; 
 at Durham they are said before service ; and at 
 Hereford both before and after by a chorister. At 
 Ely there are prayers in the boys' vestry. 
 
 At Bristol the capitular members intervene between 
 the lay clerks and choristers ; at St. Paul's they form 
 three separate processions, which merge into one 
 under the dome. At Durham, and in most cathedrals, 
 the choristers and clerks walk two and two, and the 
 clergy singly. Theological students at Durham and 
 Lichfield close the procession. At Ely exceptionally 
 the Bishop walks between the choir and Dean ; and 
 ordinarily he is last in the procession. At Canter- 
 bury, preceded by his verger, he walks with the Dean. 
 At Westminster, at the striking of the clock, the 
 members drop in independently. 
 
 At Durham there was a custom of coming to cele- 
 bration by the south-east door; at Chichester the 
 clergy go out at this side after it. At Chichester the 
 choir gates were closed before the last peal for any 
 office, the south door being left open for the ministers 
 of the choir by Story's Statutes.
 
 Ancient Processions Fray at Chichester. 77 
 
 At St. Paul's the citizens yearly visited the tomb 
 of the great bishop, William the Norman, who pro- 
 cured their charter from William I. ; and at Wells 
 the grave of Bishop Beckington, the benefactor of the 
 city, was treated with similar honour. The people 
 in every diocese were required to visit the Cathedral 
 at Pentecost, to pay their Whitsun farthing, but the 
 custom fell into desuetude, though the offering con- 
 tinued to be levied. The Cathedral at Chichester is 
 still called by the old folks the High Church. 
 
 On June 1, 1291, the processions fought upon 
 Trinity Sunday, and owing to the bloodshed, service 
 was said in the chapter-house untilJune 11, when the 
 Bishop reconciled the Cathedral of Worcester. 1 At 
 York the guilds came in solemn procession, in their 
 liveries and with banner, on their anniversaries, to 
 service in the Minster. At Lichfield the pilgrims 
 were required to cross by the ferry over the Minster- 
 pool, and approach the shrine of St. Chad in the 
 south choir aisle. At Chichester the parishioners of 
 the villages round came to blows when they visited 
 St. Richard's shrine on Whitsun Monday, about pre- 
 cedence of access and departure, and Bishop Story 
 required them to assemble at 10 A.M., and enter, not 
 with long painted rods, with which they had be- 
 laboured each other, but with crosses and banners, 
 and go through the church decently and in order. 
 And so late as 1687, the question was asked by the 
 Bishop in Visitation, 'Is the pious and grateful 
 commemoration of the founders, Wilfrid and Richard, 
 made in Divine service on set days ? ' At that time 
 
 1 Ann. Wigorn. 510.
 
 78 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 a list of all the benefactors was set up in an open 
 place in the Cathedral, and the Feast of the Dedica- 
 tion was observed in 1682. 
 
 At Exeter, on St. Peter's Eve, the Canon's tenants 
 and the choristers with paper shields of arms went 
 in procession. 
 
 Sir T. More says that women sang songs of ribaldry 
 in processions in Cathedral churches. 1 The last in- 
 decency of such a kind we may hope occurred on the 
 following occasion : ' Sabbath Day, about the time of 
 morning prayer, we went to the Minster of Worcester, 
 when the pipes played and puppets sange so sweetely 
 that our soildiers could not forbeare dauncinge in the 
 holie quire. Oct. 7, 1642.' 2 
 
 About Michaelmas, 1349, some seven score Flemish 
 fanatics, bare from the waist upwards, clad in linen, 
 hats, and with red crosses before and behind, scourged 
 themselves twice a day in St. Paul's till the blood 
 flowed, with a whip of three-knotted cords, and then 
 went in procession singing antiphonally. 3 
 
 BOOKS IN NAVES LINCOLN CATHEDEAL CHAINED 
 BOOKS AT HEEEFOED GONDOMAE'S BID FOE THE 
 
 GLASS OF CANTEEBUET AND INSCE1PTION AT YORK 
 
 SOUTHET AT HIS STUDIES. 
 
 AN ancient desk and chain, preserved at Lincoln 
 in the library, may have been used for the Bible 
 which Henry VIII., in 1537, ordered to be placed 
 in all churches for the perusal of the common 
 
 1 Tjndal's Works, iii. 12,5. Arch. xxxv. 332. 
 
 3 Sto-w's Ann. 246.
 
 Books in Naves Chained Books. 79 
 
 people, who came, some to read and some to listen. 
 Bale records, in his narrative of Anne Askew's 
 examination, how she said, t As I was in the Minster 
 reading upon the Bible the priests resorted unto me 
 by two and two.' ' The sneering Erasmus saw in the 
 nave of Canterbury ' some books fixed to the pillars, 
 among them the Gospel of Nicodemus. 2 At Hereford 
 the books in the library retain their chains. Here, 
 in 1798, Southey read the legend of the old woman 
 of Berkeley in Matthew of Westminster, which, as it 
 was fastened to the top-shelf by a very short chain, 
 he was compelled to read standing on a number of 
 books piled upon a lectern once used by the librarian. 
 For the ancient glass of Canterbury, Gondomar, the 
 Spanish ambassador, offered to pay its weight in 
 pieces of gold ; and he was probably the traveller 
 who set up the inscription in ' old Saxon characters 
 of gold in the chapter-house of York : " Ut rosa flos 
 florum, sic domus ista domorum.'" 
 
 A THOROUGHFARE IN CATHEDRALS : CANTERBURY, WIN- 
 CHESTER, DURHAM, WORCESTER, SALISBURY, YORK. 
 
 AT Winchester there is a slype at the west side of 
 the Cathedral, with a Latin motto to this effect, that 
 one way led to the choir and the other to market; 
 it was opened in 1632, in order to prevent the inde- 
 cency of leaving the Cathedral open as a common 
 thoroughfare to the Close and College. 3 Archbishop 
 
 1 Brooke's Lincoln, 12 ; Strype's Cranmer, 64, App. 42. 
 
 2 Peregrin. Relig. ergo; Op. ii. 361. * Milner, ii. 132.
 
 So Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 Parker forbade the Church and Cloister of Canter- 
 bury to be a highway or passage for market-folk. 1 
 
 All dignitaries and prebends of York were to be 
 daily present at Divine service in their own stalls, 
 and not to walk in any part of the Church at that 
 time, 1572. 2 
 
 THE CHOIR OP DURHAM SCREENED OFF. 
 
 CUTHBERT TONSTAL ordered the Chapter of Durham 
 to set up strong grates, or screens of iron or wood, 
 with gates round the choir, as at St. Paul's, London, 
 leaving open that part of the church only when Divine 
 service was going on ; for fear of dishonest folks steal- 
 ing the books and vestments, as there was no enclo- 
 sure whatever. 3 At St. Paul's, horses and mules were 
 driven across the nave, and Weever gives a fearful 
 picture of the profanity in his day. 4 This scandal 
 long after continued at Durham ; and at Worcester, 
 iu 1750, the opening of the slype at the west end 
 ' removed the indecent annoyance of passengers con- 
 veying every kind of burden through the principal 
 north entrance across the nave to the cloisters, even 
 during the time of Divine service.' 5 At Salisbury, 
 Laud, in his Visitation Articles, enquired whether the 
 Church and Close were made a common thorough- 
 fare. 6 Bishop Sir Thomas Gooch, early in 1740, sup- 
 pressed the indecent thoroughfare through the nave 
 and rorth transept of Norwich. In the Lives of 
 
 1 Strype's Parker, ii. 21, 23. 2 Grindal's Works, 148. 
 
 1 Script. Dnnelm. iii. App. cceclvii. 
 
 * Fun. Mon. 163. See also Strype's London, iii. 169. 
 
 * Chambers' Worcester, 132. Works, v. 461.
 
 Marvel at Wells Paul's Walk. 81 
 
 the Norths it is mentioned that, at York and Dur- 
 ham, 'the gentry affected much to walk there, to 
 see and be seen.' J The service at Lichfield is stated 
 to be ' conducted with more harmony and less huddle 
 than in any church, except of late at St. Paul's.' 2 
 
 MARVEL AT WELLS. 
 
 IT is a pity that these idlers had not had a similar 
 warning to that recorded by Casaubon, and certi- 
 fied by Bishop Andrewes on the authority of Bishop 
 Still, that, on a summer's day in 1596, as the people 
 were at prayers in the Cathedral of Wells, two or 
 three thunder-claps were above measure dreadful, 
 so that the whole congregation, affected alike, threw 
 themselves on their knees at this terrifying sound. 
 The marks of a cross were found to have been im- 
 printed on the bodies of those present. 3 Most Cathe- 
 drals are now left open and free; a fact in 1857 which 
 the American ^author, N. Hawthorne, commented on 
 as peculiar to Peterborough. 
 
 TATTL'S WALK TO DINE WITH DUKE HUMPHREY 
 
 ABUSES OF THE NAVE. 
 
 THE central alley of St. Paul's was called Paul's 
 Walk; the fashionable hours being between eleven 
 and noon and three and six. 4 Bishop Earle describes 
 the sound of tongues and feet as f a kind of still 
 roar or loud whisper;' and about midway was the 
 
 1 Comp. Gran. Lett. ii. 163. 2 Lives of the Norths, ii. 144. 
 
 s M. Casaubon on Credulity and Incredulity, 118. 
 4 Osbornt's Works, 403. 
 
 G
 
 82 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 Duke of Gloucester's tomb ; and hence loiterers who 
 employed their time in pacing the distance between 
 the west door and the choir, were said to dine with 
 Duke Humphrey. A Club used to assemble at it on 
 St. Andrew's Day, in the morning, and afterwards 
 dine together as if they were servants in his house- 
 hold ; and on May Day the watermen and tankard- 
 bearers sprinkled water and strewed herbs upon it 
 early in the morning (after the fire, the nave of 
 Westminster was occupied by the idlers) ; the south 
 alley was for usury and popery, the north for simony 
 and the horse fair ; in the midst for all kinds of 
 bargains, meetings, brawlings, murders, conspiracies ; 
 and the font for ordinary payments of money,' 
 according to Pilkington. Every serjeant-at-law had 
 his pillar to hear clients, where he took notes of his 
 client's cause; when in 1552 they were appointed 
 'they went round the choir, and there did their 
 homage.' * At the serving man's log domestics, like 
 Bardolph, stood to be hired ; rufflers, quacks, ballad- 
 mongers, masked women, stale knights, and the Cap- 
 tains Bobadil of the period, and noisy craftsmen, 
 plied their trade ; drunkards slept on the bench at 
 the choir door, and idlers with their hats on walked 
 within it. On one of the pillars, Algar's, a preben- 
 dary's, foot was carved, and served as the standard 
 measure of land. In the east alley was the Si quis 
 door for advertisements. From the sight of a fly on 
 one of the pillars Bishop Berkeley derived one of his 
 finest theological illustrations. In the plague year 
 three hundred pallets for the sick were laid in the 
 aisles. 
 
 1 Dugd. Orig. Jur. 142; Maehyn's Diary, 23, 195.
 
 Acrobats on Steeples Singing on Tower. 83 
 
 ACEOBATS ON STEEPLES GEOEGE III.'S EEBUKE 
 BANKES AND THE DANCING HOESE. 
 
 ' FEOM tlie top of tlie spire at coronations, or other 
 solemn triumphs, some for vain glory used to throw 
 themselves down by a rope, and so killed themselves 
 vainly to please other men's eyes.' Thus, in 1555, 
 ' a fellow came slipping upon a cord as an arrow out 
 of a bow from Paul's steeple to the ground, and 
 lighted with his head forward on a greate sort of 
 feather bed,' at the reception of King Philip. In 
 1553, a Dutchman stood on the top of the steeple and 
 waved a streamer, and kneeled down on the weather- 
 cock, he received 16., but the wind was high and the 
 lights would not burn. 1 When a silly fellow did a 
 similar foolhardy trick at Salisbury, and demanded a 
 fee of George III., the king replied, 'As the father 
 of my people, it is my duty to reward those who save, 
 not those who risk, human life.' Bankes and his 
 dancing horse ' Morocco,' which was shod with silver, 
 in 1600 ascended to the top of St. Paul's. 2 He 
 was afterwards burned to death at Rome as a 
 magician ! 
 
 SINGING ON THE TOWEB AT ST. PAUL'S AND DUEHAM. 
 
 ' AT the battlements of the steeple sundry times 
 were used their popish anthems to call upon their 
 gods with torch and taper in the evenings.' 3 On St. 
 Katharine's Day, 1553, after Evensong, began the 
 
 1 Ellis, Dugd. St. Paul's, 113. 
 
 * Boswell's Malone's Shakspeare, iv. 299 n. s Pilkington, 540-1. 
 o 2
 
 84 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 choir to go about the steeple singing, with lights, 
 after the old custom. 1 Knighton 2 says that the 
 monks of Durham remained in the belfry at the 
 Battle of Neville's Cross, and that at the close of the 
 action their hymns of praise and thanksgiving were 
 miraculously heard by the combatants as distinctly 
 as if they had been close by them. Year by year 
 ever after they sang Te Deums in the same place ; 
 and ' the custom was observed on the anniversary 
 (May Day) till, in the confusion of the seventeenth 
 century, it was discontinued, but was revived again 
 on the Restoration Day, an occasion of infinite joy 
 to the Church ; and an anthem is still sung on the 
 top of the great tower on that day by all the choristers 
 and singers, facing about to every side of the tower 
 progressively, that they may be heard all around.' 3 
 One side was afterwards omitted, owing to the fall of 
 a chorister. 
 
 SEEMONS LECTTTEES PULPITS AFTERNOON AND 
 EVENING SEEMONS DE. SHAW'S FATAL ILL-ADDEES3 
 THE FALL OF THE EOOD TOWEE OF LINCOLN IN- 
 
 TEEEUPTS THE PEEACHEE THE FEIGHT AT OXFOED 
 
 BISHOP ATLMEE'S GHASTLY EUSE NO MOEE-OP 
 THAT POINT, PETEE ! HETLIN'S DEBAM. 
 
 AT Durham every Sunday a sermon was preached 
 in an iron pulpit from 1 to 3 P.M. in the Galilee, and 
 the great bell was tolled and rung for one hour before 
 to give warning to the town. 4 At Ely the sermon 
 
 1 Cont. Fabyan's Chron. 712. 2 Col. 2591. 
 
 1 Camden, iii. 121. Kites, 33, 40.
 
 Sermons L ectu res Pu Ipits. 8 5 
 
 was preached under the lantern ; and the throne was 
 used by the Bishop at Wells. 
 
 At Winchester, from the time of the Reformation 
 until 1573, a sermon in lieu of a mass was given at 
 the tomb of William of Wykeharn. With his usual 
 self-complacency, on October 25, 1570, Bishop Home 
 ordered the fellows and conducts to attend the Cathe- 
 dral to hear the Divinity lecture, and be examined 
 therein once a month, and ' on every Sunday the 
 whole society to resort to the Cathedral to hear the 
 sermon attentively, without reading of any book.' 1 
 'The local statutes of all or the most Cathedral 
 churches,' Hacket says, ' do require lecture sermons 
 on the week days ; ' at that time ' some one Cathedral 
 church had 300 persons and more depending upon 
 it.' 2 Divinity lecturers were instituted at Carlisle, 
 Durham, Peterborough, Lichfield and Hereford on 
 Litany days. 3 The praelector of Hereford and the 
 prebendary of Wittering at Chichester still give 
 theological lectures ; until 1394 St. Paul's excep- 
 tionally had no such foundation. Sermons on Wed- 
 nesdays and Fridays during Lent, which had been 
 the custom before the Rebellion, were revived after 
 the Restoration in some Cathedrals, 4 and in Advent 
 at Durham. 
 
 At the Reformation the Chapter-house of Canter- 
 bury was fitted up with a pulpit, pews, and gallery, 
 with a royal closet dated 1544, to serve as a Sermon 
 House, and after service in the choir the congrega- 
 
 1 MSS. Winton Coll. 
 
 "- Lif. , 51, 56 ; see also Grindal's Life, B. i. c. 6. 
 8 Whitgift's Life, B. ii. ch. 3, 4. * Granville's Lett. ii. 145.
 
 86 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 tion came to hear the preacher; but the disorder 
 which ensued, and the preoccupation of the seats by 
 those who would not attend in the church, led to its 
 abandonment, and the incongruous furniture was 
 taken away a few years since, as Gostling says, in 
 1796 (p. 176). In Gostling's time the pulpit was 
 moveable, and taken from its usual position to a place 
 opposite the throne (p. 255). At Exeter, Oxford, 
 Hereford, Bristol, Peterborough, Wells, Worcester, 
 Gloucester, and Chichester the sermons were preached 
 in the nave. The pulpit in which the Residentiaries 
 were required to preach four Latin sermons in the 
 Chapter-house still remains in a choir aisle at Here- 
 ford ; formerly it was placed in the nave where, as at 
 Ely, all the people of the city came to hear the 
 sermon on Sunday. At Gloucester, Worcester, and 
 Carlisle it was portable, and stood in the centre of 
 the choir. 1 
 
 At Salisbury, in the time of Bishop Hume, the 
 sermon was no longer preached in the nave and, the 
 pulpit and seats there being removed, the congre- 
 gation retained their places in the choir. At York 
 the pulpit used to be brought on preaching days to 
 the first ascent between the ladies' pews, which had 
 been reformed in consequence of the rebuke of 
 Charles I. in 1633 ; a but in the time of Dean Finch 
 was removed to another position. The afternoon 
 sermon has been customary at Exeter since the Re- 
 storation, and in the nave since 1859 ; it was first of 
 late years introduced at Rochester, and is now general. 
 At Ripon until 1848 it preceded evening prayer. On 
 
 1 See Plans in B. Willis' Cathedrals. 2 Poole and Hugall, 177.
 
 Afternoon and Evening Sermons. 87 
 
 Sundays there is a late evening service at Ely, Glou- 
 cester and Hereford. At Lincoln, when an indignant 
 Canon declaimed against the Bishop, saying, ' Were I 
 silent, the very stones would cry aloud in our behalf,' 
 the great rood tower fell and crushed many. 1 At 
 Oxford, when Bishop Westphaling was in the pulpit, 
 an icicle, formed upon the spire, fell with a crash so 
 loud upon the roof, that the congregation fled in 
 terror, until reassured by the calm demeanour of the 
 preacher. Dr. Shaw, in 1483, in his preconcerted 
 surprise, during his sermon at St. Paul's, at the entry 
 of the Duke of Gloucester, when he was to call out 
 ' Behold, this excellent prince,' was disappointed in 
 his stroke of artifice by Richard failing to come at 
 the right moment, and he made himself ridiculous by 
 having to repeat it. 2 ' It struck him to the heart,' 
 says Stow, ' and within a few days he consumed and 
 withered away.' Bishop Aylmer at St. Paul's used 
 to produce a skull from under his gown to stimu- 
 late the flagging attention of the congregation. 
 A stranger interruption occurred at Westminster, 
 when Dean Williams, sitting in the great pew, 
 ' knocked his staff on the pulpit, saying unto Heylin, 
 who was preaching against the Puritans, " No more 
 of that point, Peter," and the quiet answer was 
 returned, " I have a little more to say, and then I 
 have done." On the night before his death, in a 
 dream, he heard King Charles saying to him, " Peter, 
 I will have you buried under your seat in church, for 
 you are rarely seen but there or at your study." ' 3 
 
 1 Matt. Par. 522. 2 Hume, iv. 11. 
 
 3 Stanley, 449.
 
 88 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 SPUE, MONET THE COOK OP WESTMINSTER. 
 
 SPUR money demanded at Hereford, Westminster, 
 St. Paul's, and Bristol, 1 can be traced at Peterborough 
 to 1661, in the case of the famous John Bay, 2 and at 
 Durham, caused people to avoid service. 3 It was a 
 fine for entering the choir with spurs on, as their 
 jingling interrupted the service; if, however, the 
 youngest chorister being summoned could not repeat 
 his gamut, the fine could not be levied. Bishop 
 Finch paid eighteen pence as an offender, but the 
 Duke of Cumberland pleaded, successfully, that it 
 was hard if he could not wear his spurs where they 
 had been first buckled on. At the installation of the 
 Knights of the Bath, the Cook of Westminster stands 
 with a cleaver at the door, threatening to strike off 
 the spurs of any unworthy of their honour. He 
 receives a fee for his speech. 
 
 THE MAYOR IN CATHEDRALS THE LORD CHANCELLORS' 
 
 WIGS CAUSE DAMAGE CHURCHING THE JUDGES. 
 
 THE Lord Mayor was accustomed to attend Even- 
 song at St. Paul's on the Feast of All Saints, Christ- 
 mas, Epiphany, and the Purification. 4 
 
 At Norwich, on the guild day of St. George, and 
 later on the Tuesday before the eve of St. John, the 
 mayor elect went in procession with the corporation 
 on horseback, and after 1772 until 1835, in carriages 
 to the Cathedral, preceded by the dragon, whifflers, 
 
 1 Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser. xii. 229, 259. 2 Ibid. 1st Ser. 374, 494. 
 * Granville's Lett. ii. 162. 4 Stow's Survey, 637.
 
 The Mayor in CatJiedrals. 89 
 
 swordsmen, musicians, the standards of blue and 
 silver, and crimson and gold, the councillors in gowns, 
 mace-bearer, the city waits, the marshalmen, and 
 the civic authorities, with the sword carried erect. 
 The gates of the close were opened at their approach, 
 and the corporation proceeding through the nave, 
 strewn with sweet scented rushes, was received at 
 the choir door by the Dean and Chapter. Bushes 
 were used in the choir of Canterbury in 1635. * The 
 ancient custom of strewing the choir of Bristol with 
 sweet smelling herbs is still observed when the mayor 
 visits the Cathedral in state. 
 
 At Exeter, in 1549, the insurgents of the West, 
 who wished to restore the Roman ritual, were at 
 length repulsed, and the siege of the city was raised ; 
 the mayor still attends in state on the anniversary, 
 August 6, with the incorporated trades, and his 
 chaplain preaches a commemorative sermon. 2 
 
 Bishop Sparrow (1684) says that he found a custom 
 at Exeter that the mayor and aldermen, when they 
 came from the sermon, were not admitted to the 
 prayers of the choir till they went home and pulled 
 off their gowns, but this custom was abandoned, on 
 condition that the sword-bearer turned down his 
 sword at the choir door. 3 On July 16, 1708, it was 
 agreed that if Divine service had commenced before 
 the arrival of the mayor, the sword should be dropped 
 at the choir door, and the cap of maintenance re- 
 moved, but at other times the sword might be 
 carried erect and the cap worn. On January 30, a 
 
 1 Laud's Works, v. 469. 2 Britton, 53. 
 * Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser. vi. 477.
 
 90 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 sword, given by Edward IV. to the city, was carried 
 before the mayor enveloped in black crape. 1 
 
 At Canterbury, the mayor's desk in the choir had 
 gilt iron- work for receiving the sword and mace ; and 
 the independence of the Cathedral was acknowledged 
 by the Serjeant lowering these civic insignia from his 
 shoulder to his arm on entering the precincts. The 
 sword was not placed erect, as at St. Paul's. At 
 Bristol Bishop Thornborough mortally offended the 
 civic functionaries, who seceded in consequence to 
 St. Mary's, Eedcliffe, because he pulled down a 
 gallery which the mayor had built near the pulpit, 
 saying he would not have God's House turned into a 
 playhouse. At Chichester the mayor sits in the nave 
 close to the choir steps, on a line with the prsecentor's 
 stall. On June 6, 1635, he was forbidden to have 
 the mace borne before him in the choir. 2 
 
 At Worcester, in 1635, he sat in a stall next the 
 Bishop or Archdeacon. 3 At Gloucester, the wives of 
 the mayor and aldermen had fixed and standing 
 seats. 4 At St. Paul's the churching of the Judges 
 takes place on the first Sunday afternoon in Easter 
 term. The portrait of Richard II. was, in 1775, re- 
 moved to the Jerusalem Chamber owing to the injury 
 it received from the wigs of successive Lord Chan- 
 cellors, who sat in a pew below it. 5 
 
 1 Britton, 48. 2 MS. Harl. 2173, fo. 34 b. 
 
 3 Laud's Works, v. 492. 4 Ibid. 480. 
 
 5 Stanley, Mem. 142.
 
 Boy-Bishop Chorister Actors. 91 
 
 BOY-BISHOP CHORISTER ACTORS MASKERS IN CHOIR 
 THE MIRACLE PLAT THE EPIPHANY THE AS- 
 CENSION CENSERS AT WHITSUNTIDE ST. PAUL'S, 
 NORWICH CLOUDS AT LICHFIELD. 
 
 UNTIL recent years the lilliputian effigy of a Bishop 
 at Salisbury was believed to be that of a Boy-Bishop, 
 whose office may be traced in that Cathedral to the 
 year 1319; and at York to 1369, where it was re- 
 quired that the chorister should have served well in 
 the minster and be of suitable comeliness. By Colet's 
 Statutes in 1518, the child-Bishop was yearly to 
 preach in St. Paul's ; the curious office may also be 
 traced at Exeter ; it began on the eve of Childermas, 
 and lasted till the second vespers of the festival, the 
 boys taking the parts of the chanters and canons, 
 chaplains and cross-bearer, while the residentiaries 
 bore the censers, and the vicars the tapers : and the 
 dean and canons preceded them in procession, from 
 the west door into the choir. In 1378 the choristers 
 of St. Paul's formed a dramatic company, and the 
 ' children of Powles' acted plays even in the time of 
 Queen Elizabeth and James I. after Evensong. 1 
 
 At Wells, in 1321, between Christmas and the 
 Octave of Innocents, the deacons, sub- deacons, and 
 even priest- vicars, represented ludicrous plays, and 
 introduced monstrous masks, grimacing even in 
 Divine service, and in Whitsun week laymen per- 
 formed the same indecencies. 2 In the twelfth cen- 
 
 1 Collier, Hist, of the Stage, i. 17, 137, 281 ; iii. 377. 
 
 2 Ilarl. MS. 1682, 16-21.
 
 92 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 tury, at Lichfield, the miracle -plays were represented : 
 the Shepherds on Christmas Eve, the Resurrection at 
 the dawn of Easter, the Miracles on Easter night and 
 the next morning, and the Pilgrims (the Disciples 
 going to Emmaus) on Easter Monday ; and at York, 
 the Three Kings at Epiphany, the Apparition of the 
 Star on Christmas Eve, and the Salutation of the 
 Shepherds at Bethlehem. At Chichester, on the 
 Feast of Epiphany, an image of the Holy Ghost was 
 borne in procession round the whole Cathedral by 
 two vicars which was then offered in succession to 
 the various members, beginning with the Dean ; and 
 the person who accepted it, gave an ornament to the 
 church. Grostete at Lincoln, forbade the abominable 
 feast of asses on the festival of the Circumcision. 1 
 
 At Gloucester there are two circular apertures in 
 the roof through which the monks drew up with wires 
 on Holy Thursday the representation of Our Lord's 
 Ascension into heaven. 2 
 
 In a MS. inventory of St. Paul's Cathedral I found 
 the following entry : ' A great large censer all silver 
 with many windows and battlements used to cense 
 withal in the Pentecost Week in the body of the 
 Church of Paul's at the procession time Clviij ounces 
 iii quarters.' I at length found the clue to its use in 
 a passage of Bishop Pilkington : ' In the midst alley 
 was a long censer, reaching from the roof to the 
 ground, as though the Holy Ghost came in there 
 censing down in likeness of a dove.' Lambarde, in his 
 Topographical Dictionary says, ' I myself being a 
 child once saw in Paul's Church at London at a feast 
 1 Brown, Fasc. Ker. exp. ii. 33. 8 Haines* Gloucester, 63.
 
 Censers at Whitsuntide. 93 
 
 of Whitsuntide, where the coming down of the Holy 
 Ghost was set forth by a white pigeon that was let to 
 fly out of a hole that is yet to be seen in the midst of 
 the roof of the great aisle, and by a long censer which, 
 descending out of the same place almost to the very 
 ground, was swung up and down at such a length 
 that it reached at one sweep almost to the west gate 
 of the church, and with the other to the choir stairs 
 of the same, breathing out over the whole church and 
 company a most pleasant perfume of such sweet 
 things as burned therein.' 
 
 Exactly in the centre of the nave roof of Norwich 
 is a circular opening, and the Sacrists' Eolls contain 
 an entry for letting a man habited as an angel down 
 from the roof with a thurible to cense the rood. 1 In 
 1170, at Lichfield, clouds, formed with vast quantities 
 of incense, were made to fill the church with perfume, 
 and probably, as in some places, had lighted tow mingled 
 with them to represent the descent of fiery tongues. 
 
 THE UNBTTEIED AMBASSADOR A HEADLESS KING 
 THE HALF-NAKED KNIGHT THE BAGGED EEGIMENT 
 
 ' BLOW BAEEOW DOWN ' EENTS PAID ON TOMBS 
 
 FLOWEES ON DE. DONNE'S GEAVE. 
 
 HUGE masses of statuary still block up the aisles of 
 Westminster ; cumbrous tombs fill the niches of St. 
 Paul's, which would be more appropriately arranged 
 along the Thames Embankment, and disfigure many 
 other Cathedrals. It was not until 1812 that* the 
 two coffins and chests, which were laid open to the 
 
 ' Harrod's Monasteries, 270.
 
 94 Traditions and Ciistoms of Cathedrals. 
 
 gaze in the first chapel on the right hand in Henry 
 Tilth's Chapel, Westminster, no longer offended 
 public decorum; one, commonly attributed to a 
 * Spanish ambassador, was carried back to his native 
 land, in company with the remains of the late Duke 
 of Albuquerque. 1 Another coffin, of red leather, was 
 that of the Conde de Eonquillo, who died in 1691. 2 
 
 At Westminster, a writer of the time of James I. 
 informs us that ' about the latter end of Henry VIII. 
 the head of Henry V.'s image being of massive silver 
 was broken off and conveyed clean away with the 
 plates of silver and gilt that covered his body.' 3 The 
 effigy of Sir John Stanley at Lichfield is naked 
 to the waist and holds a scroll of confession, as it 
 was upon the condition that he, having been excom- 
 municated, should be thus represented that the figure 
 was admitted. At Westminster the waxen ' niensuree,' 
 or effigies of great personages, were exhibited at 2d. 
 per head as the ' Eagged Eegiment,' or ' Play of the 
 dead Volks' (till 1839), upon all holydays, Sundays 
 excepted, between the Sermon and Evening Prayers ; 
 and on one occasion, when Dr. Barrow was preaching 
 one of his interminable sermons ' the crowd began to 
 be impatient, and caused the organ to be struck up 
 against him, and would not give over till they had 
 blowed him down.' 4 When Lord Nelson's funeral car 
 was exhibited at St. Paul's, the rival attraction drew 
 away the sightseers from Westminster. 
 
 The Chapter of Norwich formerly received their 
 rents on the tomb of Chancellor Spencer, and the 
 
 1 Gent. Mag. Ixxxii. ii. 338. 2 Button's New View, ii. 514. 
 * Howe's Chron. 262-3. 4 Pope's Life of Seth Ward, 447.
 
 Rents paid on Tombs. 95 
 
 stone was completely worn by the frequent ringing of 
 the money. The tombs of St. Chad at Lichfield, and 
 Haxby, the Treasurer of York, received money pay- 
 ments limited to be made on them by old leases and 
 settlements. Solemn covenants were contracted 
 upon Teliau's tomb at Llandaff. At Carlisle the 
 same custom was observed at the tomb of Prior 
 Senhouse. They strewed an abundance of curious 
 and costly flowers, morning and evening, many days 
 on Dr. Donne's grave in old St. Paul's. 1 At Dryden's 
 burial in the Abbey rosemary was used ; and Shaks- 
 peare represents Queen Katharine, who was buried 
 at Peterborough [and her grave probably saved the 
 minster at the Dissolution], desiring maiden flowers 
 ' to be strewn over her when dead.' 
 
 FLAGS IN CHAMBER BANNERS USED AT PETER- 
 BOROUGH BURIAL OP THE BANNERS. 
 
 ONE of the Cinque Port banners carried at a coro- 
 nation was offered at the shrine of Canterbury. In 
 1485 Henry VII. offered three standards of St. 
 George, the Red Dragon, and Dun Cow, after the 
 battle of Bosworth Field. 2 Banners were suspended 
 round the shrine of St. Cuthbert. The famous 
 banner of the saint, which was at the winning of 
 Flodden Field and many other battles (1385 and 
 1401), was carried in great processions, 3 
 
 Where his cathedral huge and vast 
 Looks down upon the Wear.' 
 
 1 Walton's Lives, 54. 2 Stow's Ann. 471. 
 
 3 Davies' Rites, 80.
 
 96 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 At St. Paul's in September, 1588, twelve standards 
 captured from the ships of the Spanish Armada 
 decorated the choir, 1 after being displayed along the 
 lower battlements during the sermon at the Cross ; 
 till within a recent period, when they were removed 
 to Chelsea, flags taken in the wars from the capture 
 of Louisburgh to the victories of Nelson, were sus- 
 pended round the dome, and the flags of the old 
 county regiments may be now seen at York, Canter- 
 bury, Chichester, Exeter, Salisbury, Eochester, and 
 other places. Banners have been used in the pro- 
 cession at ' Choral Festivals' at Peterborough Cathe- 
 dral since 1860. At an installation of the Knights 
 of the Bath the Dean lays the swords upon the altar, 
 and delivers them to their owners, and the banners 
 of the deceased are laid under it, whilst the band 
 plays the ' Dead March in Saul.' 
 
 CARNARY OF RIPON CRYPT BOOKSELLERS' STORE- 
 ROOM HENRY THE SECOND'S PENANCE LOOMS AT 
 CANTERBURY. 
 
 THE Carnary in the Crypt of Eipon, with its walls 
 and vaulting encrusted with more than 9,000 bones, 
 was arranged in 1843 out of collections of human 
 remains, at first removed to a space between two 
 buttresses, as fresh interments were made when the 
 cemetery was used "by the ' dependent chapelries.' 
 They were buried in 1866. Books were stored in 
 the crypt of St. Faith under St. Paul's. At a still 
 earlier date the bakery and other buildings were 
 1 Stow'sAnn. 751.
 
 Looms at Canterbury. 97 
 
 occupied for unworthy purposes. In the undercroft 
 of Canterbury, Henry II. passed a night fasting, after 
 being scourged by every bishop, abbot, and monk 
 present. In 1561 it was occupied by the silk-looms 
 of the French and Flemish refugees, who used one 
 aisle as a place of worship. 
 
 DAILY COMMUNION INTERVAL BETWEEN SERVICES 
 MIDNIGHT SERVICEHENRY VIII.'S STATUTES EXCUSE 
 ATTENDANCE AT THEM EARLY MASS EARLY 
 MATINS : EXETER, NORWICH MORNING PRAYER 
 CHAPEL : ST. PAUL'S, YORK, LICHPIELD, WORCESTER, 
 WELLS, DURHAM, LINCOLN, CANTERBURY SERVICES 
 IN 1852. 
 
 THE daily Communion we find, by a rubric of 1549, 
 was maintained in Cathedrals, but in the Council's 
 Letter of that year an early Communion in the morn- 
 ing was to be permitted at the high altar of St. 
 Paul's, only ' if some number of people desired it for 
 their necessary business.' 
 
 Bishop Cosin has recorded the following custom. 
 Speaking of the rubrical notice to be given by per- 
 sons intending to become communicants, he says, 
 ' Whereupon is necessarily inferred a certain distance 
 of time between Morning Prayer and High Service, 
 which is at this time duly observed in York and 
 Chichester.' This custom continues to linger at 
 Worcester and Winchester on Sundays, and may be 
 traced back to the time of Grindall's Injunctions for 
 York in 1571, in which any intermission in Divine 
 service was forbidden. At Ely Matins are sung at 
 9, and Litany and Holy Communion at 11. 
 H
 
 98 Traditions and C^^stoms of Cathedrals. 
 
 If we may believe the coarse-tongued Pilkington, 
 ' in Paul's and abbeys at their midnight prayers were 
 more commonly but a few bawling priests, young 
 choristers, and novices ; the elder sort, both in Cathe- 
 dral churches and abbeys, almost never came at 
 their midnight prayer, it was thought enough to 
 knoll the bells.' * It is certain that a great stress 
 was laid upon attendance at Matins in the ancient 
 statutes, and that it was a special exemption in those 
 of Henry VIIL, which excused the members of 
 Cathedrals from coming to the night Hours, so cold 
 had old devotion grown. ' Venite Bread ' signifi- 
 cantly was given at Chichester. 
 
 No church in Bath, in 1411, was allowed to chime 
 for service until the Cathedral had rung its morning 
 bell, or tolled the curfew. 
 
 Harding says, ' where great multitude of Christian 
 people is, as in towns, we see some resort to church 
 early in the morning, making their spiritual obla- 
 tkns to the intent to serve God ere they serve men 
 in their worldly affairs. Others come at their con- 
 venient, opportunity, some at 6, some at 7, some 
 at 8, some at 9 or 10 of the clock. All well- 
 disposed people about Paul's cannot come to Postles' 
 Mass at 4 or 5 of the clock in the morning.' 2 
 The Apostles' Mass was said in the Jesus Chapel in 
 the Shrowds. Pilkington profanely calls it Judas 
 Chapel. 3 Cooper says there was Mass in the Lady 
 Chapel at 6, and in Jesus Church at 9; 4 or, as 
 he also calls it, ' the lowest place of the west end.' 5 
 
 1 Works, 528. 2 Jewel's Works, ii. 630. 
 
 1 Works, 541; Strype, i. 392. 4 Works, 119. Ibid. 21.
 
 Early Matins. 99 
 
 The Matins in 1559 succeeded the Apostles' Mass. 1 
 Sermons were preached in the shrouds or under- 
 croft. 
 
 The usual hour of Matin mass, the first said in the 
 day, was 6 A.M. or at 5 A.M., according to the season, 
 at Chichester and Lichfield ; and at Durham, in 1567, 
 servants attended in* the Cathedral at 6, the ordinary 
 service being at 9 ; 2 in the time of Cosin prayers 
 were said at 5 A.M. winter and summer, followed by 
 a second service at 9. At Winchester, the morning 
 service is sung at 8 A.M. on Sundays. In Townsend's 
 Journal of the Siege of Worcester, 1646, we have 
 the affecting entry : July 23. ' This day many gentle- 
 men went to 6 o'clock prayers to the College, to take 
 their last farewell of the Church of England service, 
 the organs having been taken down on the 20th.' 
 At Durham, in 1682, there were prayers at 6 A.M. for 
 servants, except on Sundays and holydays. 3 At 
 Chester and- Exeter prayers are said in the ' Lady 
 Chapel ' at 7 A.M. In Defoe's time 500 people 
 attended the 6 o'clock service, and ' the solem- 
 nity, decency, and affecting harmony of the choir 
 service rendered the Cathedral a glory to the 
 diocese, the envy of other choirs, and the admiration 
 of strangers.' 4 In 1559 the hour was 6 A.M., and a 
 hymn was sung. 
 
 At Norwich there were early prayers said at 6 A.M. 
 in summer and at 7 in the winter, ' but of late years ' 
 (it is said in 1814), 'they had been discontinued.' 
 The name of the Morning Prayers Chapel still 
 
 1 Machyn, 212. Granv. Lett. ii. 163. 
 
 1 Camd. MSS. vi. 23. 4 Comp. Lyttelton, Descript. by S.A. 22. 
 
 H 2
 
 ioo Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 remains at St. Paul's, Salisbury, and Lincoln; in 
 1 708 they were said in the former Cathedral and at 
 Westminster Abbey at 6 A.M., 1 and now at 8 A.M. ; 
 and still later, in 1730, the members of Christ Church, 
 Oxford, went to Matins at 6 and Litany at 9. 2 In 
 1818, at York prayers were said at 6 A.M. in summer 
 and at 7 in winter; 'formerly hey were said in the 
 choir at 6 the whole year round. In 1 764 the service 
 had been transferred to a chapel. 3 A small bell, 
 * the silver sound of which could be heard some miles 
 off the city,' and then suspended in a cupola on the 
 ' Lantern Steeple,' bore these allusive lines, engraved 
 in 1592: 
 
 ' Surge cito. Propera. Cunctos citat, excitat Hora ; 
 Cur dormis ? Vigila : me resonante, leva.' 
 
 Hist, of Ch. of York, 40, 33. 
 
 At Lichfield, Bishop Hacket's Statutes require an 
 early service for small tradesmen, labourers, and ser- 
 vants in the Lady Chapel. Laud, in 1634, ordered 
 the usual morning prayers at 6 A.M. to be henceforth 
 read or celebrated in our Lady's Chapel at the east 
 end of the Cathedral Church of Worcester. 4 At 
 Hereford, the hour then was 5 or 6.30, according to 
 the season. At Wells, Mr. Phelps (1839) says < there 
 is in the Lady Chapel a Communion Table, and seats 
 for the accommodation of a congregation, which for- 
 merly assembled at 6 A.M. in summer and at 7 in 
 winter to hear Morning Prayers. This service has 
 been discontinued many years.' 5 At Durham, Morn- 
 
 1 Button's New View, s. v. 2 Peck's Desid. Cur. lib. xii. No. 21. 
 Hargrove, 84. * Works, v. 491. 5 Somersetshire, ii. 68.
 
 Services in 1852. 101 
 
 ing Prayer was said in the song school at 6 A.M., except 
 on Sundays and holydays. * At Lincoln, in Hollar's 
 Plan, mention is made of the chapel where Matins are 
 said at 6 A.M., and there prayers were continued down 
 to comparatively recent times, as at Salisbury at 6.30 
 and 6 at Winchester in the present century. The 
 Collect still retains the significant words, 'the be- 
 ginning of this day.' Gostling says that in his time 
 early prayers were said in the Chapter-house, and not 
 in the choir of Canterbury, owing to the following 
 circumstance : Lord Jefferies told one of the Pre- 
 bendaries that the Presbyterians were about to peti- 
 tion James IT. for the use of this noble building as a 
 meeting-house. The Prebendary then made the pro- 
 position to convert it to this new purpose. ' That 
 will do,' said the Chancellor, ' have it put to that use 
 immediately, for if the Presbyterians don't get it, 
 perhaps others will whom you may like worse.' 2 
 
 When the Cathedral Commission in 1852 was 
 appointed, there was only monthly Communion on 
 Sundays at Wells, Carlisle, Chester, Ely (where it 
 was innovation dating seventy years back), Glouces- 
 ter, Bristol, Hereford, Lincoln, Norwich, Peter- 
 borough, Rochester, and St. Asaph, and fortnightly 
 at St. David's. This was a great falling off, for, 
 in 1684, Durham and Gloucester, with other Cathe- 
 drals in the Province of Canterbury, had revived the 
 weekly celebration. 3 At Carlisle, within a short 
 time previous, a lecturer, never contemplated by the 
 statutes, preached for the Dean and Canons : at Ely 
 
 1 Rites, 72. * Ibid. 177. 
 
 * Dean Granville's Letters, 124--,}, 132.
 
 IO2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 the precentor similarly 'guarded' the pulpit when 
 required, and two Minor Canons could not sing ; at 
 Manchester the service was ' read ; ' at Norwich the 
 Evensong was a service in the choir, ' partly choral, 
 partly parochial ' (!) for three winter months at 
 2.30 P.M., and during the rest of the year the choral 
 service was resumed, and the parish service said in 
 St. Luke's Church. At Eipon, as now, there was no 
 choir on Wednesday or Friday ; at St. Asaph there 
 were two week-day choral services ; at Llandaff, 
 none ; at St. David's the Saturday evening service 
 was % choral. Still there was life in the old Cathe- 
 drals : in some the weekly Communion was main- 
 tained; at Salisbury, except on one Sunday in the 
 month and on great festivals, there was early cele- 
 bration at 8 A.M. ; at Eipon, on Easter Day at 
 5 A.M. ; at Exeter, Matins were said daily at 7, and 
 at-Chester, except in winter, when the hour was 7.30 ; 
 at Gloucester, during seven months, at 7.15 ; at 
 Hereford, on festivals ; and at Oxford, always at 8 : 
 whilst at Norwich, from 1831 to 1843, the attempt 
 was made to have an additional sermon, at Eoches- 
 ter the choir was silent on Litany days in Lent ; and 
 at Worcester, Matins on Sunday were said at 8.15 
 in summer, and at 8.30 in winter. 
 
 REVERENCE TO THE ALTAR TURNING TO THE EAST 
 AT CARLISLE AND MANCHESTER. 
 
 LAUD, at Canterbury, in his revised Statutes, 
 c. xxxiv., required that every member of whatsoever 
 degree or rank sjiould, when they enter the choir, 
 adore the Divine majesty with a devout heart, and
 
 Reverence to th? Altar. 103 
 
 make a lowly reverence towards the altar, as is 
 prescribed in the ancient statutes of certain churches, 
 and then turn to the Dean and do the like, and 
 also bow the knee in crossing the choir. A trace 
 of the former custom still lingers at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, St. George's, Windsor, and was observed 
 until very recent times also at Durham ; but, that it 
 was once an ordinary custom, we gather from the 
 exceptions of the Committee of the House of Lords, 
 where an objection is raised to ' bowing towards the 
 altar or towards the east many times with three 
 conges, but usually in every motion in access or 
 recess in the Church.' 1 
 
 At Worcester, 1635, Dean Mainwaring ordered 
 the King's scholars, who used formerly to throng 
 tumultuously into the choir, to go in rank two and 
 two and make their due obeisance, at their coming in. 2 
 
 On a Sunday, 1641, after the sermon was endecl, 
 the Canon went before, the Petty Canon behind him, 
 and the verger before both, ' all three ducking, 
 ducking, ducking as they went from their seats to 
 the quire up to the high altar, where the priests 
 stood till the organs and choir had ceased, and then 
 the priest began to read the afternoon service at 
 Canterbury.' 3 
 
 At Gloucester, Winchester, Hereford, and in other 
 Cathedrals, Laud ordered it to be observed, 4 and 
 it is said to have been made in the present century 
 at Exeter. 5 
 
 1 Cardw. Conf. 273. * Neal, History of Puritans, ii. 292. 
 
 3 Cathedral News, 1 8 ; quoted in Hierurgia Anglicana. 
 
 4 Cypr. Angl. 291-3 ; Laud's Works, v. 478 ; Canterb. Dom. 75, 79, 80. 
 * Hierurg. Angl. 366 n.
 
 i O4 Traditions and Ciistoms of Cathedrals. 
 
 A reverence towards the east (in conformity with 
 the Canons of 1640), was still retained in most of 
 the Cathedrals, and when the reader went to the 
 lectern he made an obeisance to the altar in one of 
 the greatest of these churches in 1748, 1 and a 
 ' similar bowing towards the stalls ' prevailed. In 
 earlier times the clerks in choir only rose when the 
 Dean entered or left ; 2 ' lowly reverence in bowing 
 the head at entrance into the most solemn place of 
 God's worship, the quire,' was practised in Cathe- 
 drals in 1682. 3 
 
 In the dedication to the Life of Ambrose Barnes, 
 who lived in the seventeenth century, we have the 
 following allusion to the custom of the period : 
 ' What mean these alterations of the Communion 
 tables into stone altars? What mean these rich 
 altar cloths with these Jesuits' cypher embosst upon 
 them? some of our altar pieces are contrived with 
 carved work resembling the lighted tapers of a 
 mass-board' p. 8; and a writer in 1687 says: 'I 
 went diligently to the public worship, especially to 
 the Cathedral of Carlisle, where in time of public 
 prayer we used all, male and female, as soon as 
 that creed called the Apostles' Creed began to be 
 said, to turn our faces towards the east, and when 
 the name of Jesus was mentioned we all as one 
 bowed and kneeled towards the altar-table as they 
 call it, where stood a couple of Common Prayer 
 books in folio, one at each side of the table, and 
 over them, painted upon the wall, IHS, signifying 
 
 1 Gent. Mag. xviii. 511. 2 Monasticon, ii. 534. 
 
 * Granville's Letters, ii. 95.
 
 Turning to the East at Manchester. 105 
 
 Jesus. 1 In Manchester Cathedral, at the singing of 
 the Gloria Patri, the whole choir turns round and 
 stands towards the east, as was the custom at 
 Lincoln in 1440. 
 
 LIGHTS: YORK, BRANCHES CANTERBURY, DURHAM 
 CANDLEMAS. 
 
 IN these days, when gas is employed to light 
 Cathedrals and even ingeniously arranged to follow 
 the architectural lines and heighten the interior 
 effect on certain occasions, as at St. Paul's Cathe- 
 dral at the funeral of the Duke of Wellington, 
 we are likely to let the tradition of former lighting 
 pass out of mind, and what were these jets to the 
 1400 serges carried at the funeral of Henry V. at 
 Westminster ? 2 The ancient Statutes are very 
 stringent and precise in laying down the number, 
 size, and weight of the tapers, torches, wax 
 serges and candles employed in Divine worship. 
 After the Reformation, when no part of the service 
 was any longer said by rote, not only the bishop's 
 throne had its two candles, but similar conveniences 
 were added along the stalls ; and in the seventeenth 
 century pendant branches, of which a specimen re- 
 mains at Chichester, supplied the want which had 
 ensued by the wholesale destruction of the glorious 
 chandeliers and crowns of former times. At York, 
 about a century since, ( in winter, from All Saints to 
 Candlemas, the choir was illuminated at evening 
 service by seven large branches, beside a small wax 
 
 1 Story's Journal, 4. * Dart, ii. 37.
 
 io6 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 candle fixed at every other stall. Three of these 
 branches were the gifts of ' Sir Arthur Ingram, anno 
 1638,' as appears by an inscription on each; he also 
 settled 4L per annum on the church for finding them 
 with lights. * These, with two large tapers for the 
 altar, are all the lights commonly made use of; but 
 on the vigils of certain holydays the four grand dig- 
 nitaries of the Church had in 1818 each a branch of 
 seven candles placed before them at their stalls.' ' 
 
 In 1748, Mr. John Allen left 200Z. to the Dean 
 and Chapter for providing more lights for the winter 
 service : two brass sconces of twenty-four lights each, 
 c. 1726, hung in the choir of Canterbury. 2 Bishop 
 Cosin (who celebrated in a plain white satin cope 
 only, without any embroidery, at the west side of the 
 altar, turning his back to the people) being bitterly 
 and basely maligned by Peter Smart, was compelled 
 to explain that ' in winter time upon the Communion 
 Table were never set more than two fair candles, 
 with a few small sizes near to them, which they put 
 there of purpose that the people all about might 
 have the better use of them for singing the Psalms 
 and reading the Lessons out of the Bible, but 200 
 was a greater number than they used in all the church, 
 either upon Candlemas night or any other.' 3 Dr. 
 Donne, in a sermon at St. Paul's, says, * Your custom 
 celebrates Candlemas with many lights.' Cosin did 
 not deny the article which charged him with allowing 
 'the company of boys to come in with lighted 
 torches in their hands at the choir door, bowing 
 
 1 Hargrove, 85 ; Hist, of York, 47. 
 2 Gostling, 261. * Cosin's Works, Ixxviii.
 
 Lights in Cathedrals. 107 
 
 towards the altar at their first entrance, bowing 
 thrice before they lighted their tapers, and withdraw, 
 bowing so oft towards the altar, the organ all the 
 time going.' 
 
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS USED IN CHOIRS MUSICAL 
 FESTIVALS MINSTRELS' GALLERY MEETINGS OP 
 
 CHOIRS AN ABBEY REMOVED ON ACCOUNT OP ITS 
 ORGAN PURPLE GOWNS OF CHORISTERS CHOIR SER- 
 VICE IN JEOPARDY PLACE OF ORGAN ORGANS RE- 
 STORED BEAUTIES OF THE SERVICE AT SALISBURY. 
 
 IN the reign of Queen Elizabeth, ' in Cathedrals the 
 hymns were sung in a more awakening and improved 
 manner, and, to make the performance further enter- 
 taining and solemn, organs and other instruments of 
 music were made use of.' 1 Viols were employed at 
 Exeter, musical instruments at Lincoln in 1631, 2 and 
 the lyre and harp at Hereford ; cornets and sackbuts 
 were played in Worcester at the reception of Eliza- 
 beth, August 13, 1575. In 1667 cornets were used 
 at Westminster. At Durham and York, when Lord 
 Guildford visited those minsters, ' wind music in the 
 choir ' was only recently disused ; Lord Keeper 
 Guildford ' being well known in all the choirs where- 
 ever he came, the boys failed not to bring him a 
 fair book of the anthem and service, and sometimes 
 the score if they had it, expecting, as they always 
 had, a compensation for their pains.' 3 At Exeter he 
 observed that ' the two side columns that carried the 
 
 1 Collier, Ecc. Hist. vi. 246. 
 
 2 See my article on Cathedrals prior to the Civil Wars, in the Gent. 
 Mag. for 1848, 480. 
 
 * Lives of the Ncrths, i. 279.
 
 io8 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 tower were lined with organ pipes, and were as 
 columns themselves.' 1 At Canterbury, among the 
 members of the foundation, Laud appointed, in 1636, 
 two sackbutteers and two corneteers. 2 Organs and 
 violins are mentioned at St. Paul's, in a coarsely 
 irreverent work. 3 P. Smart complained of pipers at 
 Durham during the Holy Communion. 4 On Novem- 
 ber 12, 1702, and in 1700, the Te Deum was sung in 
 this Cathedral with vocal and instrumental music, 5 
 and at the Feast of the Sons of the Clergy, December 
 8, 1720. 6 On August 6, 1788, a full band of music 
 played at the service in Worcester Cathedral. 7 
 Drums and trumpets are still used on rare occasions 
 at St. Paul's and Westminster, and recently in the 
 Abbey, Bach's Passion-musik was performed with a 
 full orchestra as a kind of anthem ; but the divorce 
 of a modest instrumental accompaniment from the 
 actual services, and the conversion of a Cathedral 
 into a music-hall with its attendant indecencies, 
 began in a slothful and indifferent age, in the so- 
 called festival of the Three Choirs. It is to be hoped 
 that this unsuitable means of raising money may 
 shortly be as much of the past as those in vogue at 
 York, Chester, and Westminster, happily long since 
 defunct ; and that it will be found that the noblest, 
 most perfect, and becoming instrument in the House 
 of God is the unrivalled organ. At Westminster, on 
 
 1 Lives of the Norths, i. 246. 
 
 * Works, v. 507. * Hickeringill's Ceremony Monger, li. 405. 
 4 Catal. of Superst. Innov. 26. 
 
 * Dugdale's St. Paul's, Ed. Ellis, 441-447. 
 
 * Burney's Hist, of Music, iv. 246. 7 Green's Wore. i. 299.
 
 Musical Festivals. 109 
 
 the Feast of SS. Simon and Jude, Tallis's service is 
 magnificently sung every year. The late Prsecentor 
 Hutchinson, of Lichfield, first introduced the Dio- 
 cesan meetings of parish choirs in a Cathedral in 
 1856. In England, as now on the Continent, the 
 organ, it must be remefnbered, was used only on 
 festivals, as we learn from the Nonne's Priest's Tale 
 of Chaucer : 
 
 His vois was merrier than the mery Organ 
 On Massie Dayes that in the churches gon. 
 
 At Winchester an abbey was removed from the 
 neighbourhood to the Cathedral owing to the jarring 
 of the voices of the choir. 1 At Norwich the chori- 
 sters wear surplices only on Sundays, holydays, and 
 eves, and at other times wear purple gowns, and sit 
 in the organ loft. 
 
 At York, in the wooden reredos, there were two 
 doors which opened into a vestry where the Arch- 
 bishops used to robe themselves at their enthronisa- 
 tion, and afterwards proceeded to the high altar, 
 where they were invested with the pall. Above the 
 screen was a gallery for musicians who played during 
 the celebration of high mass. 2 At Chichester there 
 was a similar arrangement. 3 In the Synod of West- 
 minster, 156f , the motion to remove ' strains of skill, 
 musical performances, and playing on organs ' out of 
 Cathedrals was lost in the Lower House of Convoca- 
 tion by one vote only. 4 Owing to the want of f able 
 ministers ' in the reign of Elizabeth, it was, in 1584, 
 
 1 W. Malm. 173. s Hist, of Ch. of York, 45. 
 
 ' Hargrove, 81. 4 Collier, vi. 362.
 
 1 10 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 seriously proposed to Parliament ' that every Dean 
 and Chapter of every Cathedral and collegiate church 
 that did pay yearly wages to singing men and chori- 
 sters and musicians in their churches, should pay the 
 same in yearly pensions to such pastors as were resi- 
 dent on their benefices which should be found to 
 want sufficient sustentation. of living.' ! Yet in 1559 
 the royal Injunctions commanded that ' no altera- 
 tions be made of such assignments of living as here- 
 tofore hath been appointed to the use of singing or 
 music in the church, but that the same do remain.' 2 
 Fuller says it was reported of the Puritan bishop of 
 Carlisle, Dr. Barnabas Potter, that ' organs would 
 blow him out of the church.' There appears to have 
 been great laxity in the choirmen who, at Canter- 
 bury, absented themselves ' every third week,' and at 
 Chichester were required to ' carry themselves in a 
 respectful manner to the residentiaries,' who were re 
 minded to maintain ' the meetings and hospitable 
 invitations kept quarterly for the choir,' or give in 
 lieu ' money by way of perdition ' and as a ' benevo- 
 lence.' 3 The tribune of Winchester, the galleries 
 with book-stands over the chapels in the Lady Chapel 
 of Gloucester, and the galleries in the nave of Wells 
 and Exeter, served for the minstrels ; and in the latter 
 Cathedral, until recently, at 7 A.M. on Christmas Day, 
 the choir sang to the organ the Old Hundreth Psalm, 
 with a beautiful effect in the solemn dimness of the 
 church at that hour. The galleries over the west 
 
 1 Strype's Ann. III. i. 320 ; App. xxxix. : comp. I. i. 269, 537 ; and 
 Hooper's Works, ii. 151 ; and I. xvii-xix. 
 
 2 Cardw. Doc. Ann. 1. 229. * Laud's Works, v. 455, 486.
 
 Organs Restored. 1 1 1 
 
 doors of Winchester, Cliichester, and other Cathedrals, 
 were used by the choir in singing the ' Gloria, Laus 
 et Honor,' as the procession of Palm Sunday entered 
 in. The organ was erected in 1783 over the choir 
 screen at Canterbury. Laud recommended the fusion 
 of the two pair of organs at Lichfield into a single 
 ' chair organ.' Charles I., who contributed 1,000. 
 to one at York, as George III. did ' as a Berkshire 
 gentleman' to that of Salisbury, stipulated that it 
 should be removed from the screen. 1 The organ 
 stood on the north side of the choir at Canterbury 
 in the twelfth century, and still later at Winchester, 
 Worcester, Chester, St. Paul's, Lincoln, and West- 
 minster. At Hereford and Canterbury it is now on 
 the south side. It sometimes stood in the rood loft 
 both before and after the Reformation, and is still 
 an unsightly object at Lincoln, Norwich, and some 
 other churches. The organ is not used during Holy 
 Week at Chichester until the Evening Service on 
 Easter Even. The organ was silenced where it had 
 not been destroyed during the Usurpation ; and it is 
 curious to read this entry in the diary of a man of 
 middle age, November 4, 1660: 'To the Abbey, 
 where the first time that ever I heard the organs in 
 a Cathedral.' 2 On one of the pinnacles of the organ 
 case at Bristol, a robin took up its abode in 1773, 
 and was regularly fed with crumbs by the sexton till 
 its death in 1787. The Cathedral service was soon 
 restored in all its beauty, for Pope, in his Life of Seth 
 Ward, mentions the celebration of Divine service at 
 Salisbury, 'with exemplary piety, admirable decency, 
 
 1 Hargrove, i. 78. * Pepys' Diary, i. 150.
 
 1 1 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 and celestial music ; ' just a century before, George 
 Herbert used to go twice a week to the Cathedral, 
 where the music, he said, ' elevated his soul, and was 
 his heaven upon earth.' 
 
 THE LECTERN DOUBLE CHANT HARMONISED CONFES- 
 SION SERVICES VOLUNTARY, ANTHEM. 
 
 DR. JEBB, in his ' Choral Service,' has given many 
 interesting particulars with regard to the musical 
 history of our Cathedrals. He mentions that the 
 Prayers were not sung at Chester, and the Dean and 
 Canons read the lessons, a duty performed at West- 
 minster by the Minor Canons. Since the restoration 
 of the lectern in most of the choirs, the Lessons are 
 read from it, as at Chichester, St. Paul's, Hereford, 
 Chester, York, Lichfield, Ely, Norwich, Westminster, 
 Salisbury, Exeter, Peterborough, Gloucester, and 
 other churches ; and at Canterbury, on Sundays and 
 festivals, called locally Precum Days, by the Canons ; 
 there on week-days from the stalls the First Lesson is 
 read by a Minor Canon, and the Second by the Dean 
 or Yice-Dean. At Bristol and Winchester, and in 
 most Cathedrals, the lectern at the east end of the 
 choir faces westward ; at Peterborough the position 
 is reversed ; at Chichester and Hereford it stands 
 before the choir-step. At Durham the Holy Bible is 
 brought by a verger to the reader in his stalL At 
 Lichfield the Dean reads from his stall, and in many 
 Cathedrals this is the rule on week-days ; the lectern, 
 as at Eochester and Carlisle, being used only on 
 Sunday ; at Ely the choir lectern is used on week-
 
 The Lectern. 1 1 3 
 
 days, and that in the octagon on Sundays. At Wells 
 the residentiary is the reader; usually the Dean reads 
 the Second Lesson. At York and Lichfield, by old 
 statute, the Dean read from his stall. 1 
 
 It is not many years since that the choral service 
 was not sung by the Priest Vicars at Salisbury. 
 The varieties in the services with regard to cadences, 
 raising or lowering the note, and the use of a varied 
 melody, have been fully given by Dr. Jebb ; and it 
 only remains to add, that at Ely a Confession with 
 harmonized inflexions was introduced by the orga- 
 nist, Mr. Eobert Janes, in 1831. The Double Chant 
 took its origin in a mistake by the assistant organist 
 of Gloucester, about the beginning of the last century. 
 
 The Committee appointed by the House of Lords 
 (1643) acquaint us, in one of their captious excep- 
 tions with the first notice of what are technically 
 called Services, alleging it to be an innovation in 
 discipline, the ' singing the Te Deum in prose after 
 a Cathedral church way in divers parochial churches, 
 where the people have no skill in such music;' 2 
 whilst they recommend that 'the musick used in 
 God's holy service in Cathedral and collegiate 
 churches be framed with less curiosity, that it may 
 be more edifying and more intelligible, and that no 
 hymns or anthems be used where ditties are framed 
 by private persons, but such as are contained in the 
 sacred canonical Scriptures, or in our Liturgy of 
 prayers, or have publick allowance.' 3 
 
 1 Monast. vi. 1200, 1257 ; Dugdale's St. Paul's, 258 ; App. to 1st Rq>. 
 C.'ith. Comm. 28. 
 
 -' Cardw. Conf. 273. Ibid. 274. 
 
 I
 
 1 1 4 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 In some places, as at York and Lichfield (and at 
 St. Paul's in Clifford's time), 1 a voluntary is played 
 after the Psalins, possibly in lieu of the Paternoster 
 and Credo, said privately at this part of the service 
 by the Salisbury use. It is, if brief, a most con- 
 venient arrangement, in order to allow the reader 
 time after the conclusion of the Gloria Patri to pro- 
 ceed to the lectern. 
 
 According to Mace, a metrical Psalm, instead of an 
 anthem, was sung at York in the time of Charles I., 
 in harmony with the Elizabethan advertisements. 
 He tells the story of a Dean who could sing common 
 services and anthems, once rebuking a choirman 
 who had sung very badly, and the answer of the 
 furious clerk, ' Sir, except ye mend my wages, I am 
 resolved never to sing better whilst I live.' 2 On 
 Litany days the anthem is omitted at St. Paul's 
 and Westminster, and in the latter church and at 
 Wells, on Sundays, is postponed after the sermon : at 
 Chester on certain days it was not used; 3 nor at 
 York in the afternoon of Sundays in Lent in 1818. 4 
 At Christ Church, Oxford, the suffrages for the Queen 
 are sung after the anthem. At Norwich one of the 
 choristers, as a supernumerary clerk, in 1827, read 
 the First Lesson, 5 whilst at Hereford the choir of 
 Hereford had ' this peculiar quality, that the services 
 and anthems were sung exclusively by Priest Vicars,' 
 and only recently at that time * many excellent choirs 
 had transferred these songs of Sion to the hands of lay- 
 
 1 Jebb, 317. * Musick's Mon. 27. 
 
 1 Jebb, 382,371, 411. Hargrove, 84. 
 
 * Backet's Cath. Schools, *41.
 
 The Litany Litany Desk. 1 1 5 
 
 men.' To eacli of the five Canons, a chorister was 
 allotted to attend upon him in Cathedral during his 
 residence and times of preaching. 1 
 
 THE LITANY LITANY DESK CANTOR S SEATS 
 YORK USE. 
 
 AT the reopening of Chichester Cathedral the 
 Litany was sung at the entrance of the choir by two 
 Priest Vicars ; but the rule is to chant from the 
 stalls. At St. Paul's it is sung from the end stalls ; 
 at Canterbury, York, Lincoln, and Oxford, in the 
 midst of the choir ; at Lichfield, and on great occa- 
 sions at Ely, in the nave ; at Hereford, Canterbury, 
 Norwich, and Exeter (as before 1741), and Gloucester, 
 at a Litany desk. Two Priest Vicars at Hereford, two 
 Minor Canons at Durham and St. Paul's, two lay 
 Vicars at Lincoln, on the spot where an inscription 
 ' Cantate hie ' marks the place once occupied by 
 rulers of the choir, and a Priest and a Vicar at Lich- 
 field and Exeter, sing it. At Lichfield, Hacket's 
 Statutes allow two lay Vicars to sing it at the fald- 
 stool up to the Lord's Prayer. 2 
 
 At Winchester on Sundays the Litany precedes 
 the Holy Communion at 10 and at Ely at 11 A.M., 
 forming a distinct service, as formerly at Canterbury 
 in 1560, when ' Matins were to be done by 8 A.M., and 
 the Litany sung at a later hour.' 3 There is a Litany 
 of modern use peculiar to York. On Sept. 18, 1 547, 
 
 1 Racket's Cath. Schools, 3-45. 
 
 2 App. to 1st Rep. Cath. Comm. 28. 
 1 Strype's Parker, ii. ch. 2. 
 
 i '2
 
 1 1 6 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 the Litany was first sung in the English tongue in 
 St. Paul's, between the choir and the high altar, the 
 singers kneeling half on one side and half on the 
 other. 1 At Ripon the service is not sung on Litany 
 days. 
 
 NICENE CEEED ANECDOTES OP AECHBISHOP BUTTON 
 AND MASON CUSTOM OF NOEWICH EEVEEENCE AT 
 
 MENTION OF THE INCAENATION GOSPEL AND EPISTLE 
 
 SUNG WEEKLY EAELY AND CHOEAL CELEBEATIONS 
 VOLUNTAEY INSTEAD OF THE AGNUS DEI HYMN 
 BEFOEE SEEMON COMMUNION OFFICE LENGTH OF 
 CATHEDEAL SEEVICE. 
 
 AT Westminster and St. Paul's, the Canon, after 
 intoning the Nicene Creed, went to the pulpit at 
 once if he was also the preacher. At Canterbury it 
 was the custom for the Dean and Canons to wait on 
 the Primate in his throne in order to conduct him to 
 the pulpit before the Creed was finished. Arch- 
 bishop Manners- Sutton was the first to mark his 
 disapprobation of this bad custom, by resolutely keep- 
 ing his place until the Amen was concluded. Mason, 
 the friend of Gray, when prsecentor of York, had a 
 theory that Creeds ought not to be sung, and he 
 stopped the chanting of this Creed. 
 
 In 1812, it is said at Norwich, < the Nicene Creed 
 is chanted, not sung, contrary to the practice which 
 obtains in every other Cathedral ;' after the Gospel is 
 finished, ' instead of a single note on the choir organ 
 merely to give the choir a certain pitch, comes a 
 
 1 Heylin, Hist, of Keform. 42.
 
 Reverence at Mention of the Incarnation. 1 1 7 
 
 terrific blast of three octaves on the full organ, and 
 off start the boys. 1 
 
 Cardinal Pole, in 1556, ordered veiling of bonnets 
 and bending knees in Hereford Cathedral, when the 
 words were sung, Et Incarnatus ex Spiritu, and Et 
 Homo factus est. Men sat covered in Cathedrals until 
 Laud forbade the custom, and a picture of Bishop 
 Cox's funeral in 1581 showed the large congregation 
 sitting in the choir of Ely, to hear the sermon, ' having 
 their bonets on.' 2 The homily on "The Time and 
 Place of Prayer,' was in error about the cessation of 
 a musical service, at least ( in choirs and places where 
 they sing,' as the Lessons, Gospel, and Epistle were 
 still sung to a plain tune. 
 
 The weekly Communion was restored, first at York, 
 Exeter, and Canterbury, and a choral celebration at 
 Ely and York. Dr. Jebb, in 1843, says, < The choral 
 accompaniments had ceased in all but a few churches, 
 as Durham, Exeter, and Worcester.' Early celebra- 
 tions have been revived at Wells and Chichester, m 
 term-time of the Theological College ; at Chester, on 
 the great festivals and Sundays, except the first in the 
 month ; at Salisbury, weekly ; at Peterborough, on 
 Saints'-days ; and York, on the first Sunday in the 
 month and Saints'-days ; at Durham, on the second 
 Sunday in the month ; at St. Paul's, weekly, and on 
 festivals; at Lichfield and Hereford, in the Lady 
 Chapel ; at Norwich, where there are two celebra- 
 tions ; at Gloucester on special, and at Canterbury on 
 very rare occasions. Two early celebrations were in 
 
 1 Gent. Mag. Ixxxii. p. 222. Peck's Desid. Cur. ii. 574.
 
 1 1 8 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 use on Easter Day at Eipon in 1852, at 5 and 7 A.M. 1 
 There is choral Communion at Chichester on the 
 greater festivals ; at Chester, occasionally ; at Exeter, 
 on high festivals and the first Sunday in the month ; 
 at Hereford, on the four great festivals ; at Peter- 
 borough, on those days, and at Ordinations, Visita- 
 tions, and the installation of a Bishop ; at York, on 
 the second Sunday in the month and great festivals ; 
 at Salisbury, at large diocesan meetings ; at Worces- 
 ter on all days having a Proper Preface ; at Durham, 
 once a month; and at Ely, on every Sunday. At 
 Ripon and elsewhere a voluntary is sometimes played 
 before and after the service. The incongruity of 
 singing the Sanctus as an introit was introduced at 
 the Eestoration. At Canterbury, on the three great 
 feasts, the Gloria in Excelsis is sung to the St. Mark's 
 phrases. At Durham a soft voluntary is played during 
 the communion of the people in place of the Agnus 
 Dei. 
 
 Duke Cosmo III. mentions a hymn sung before 
 the sermon at Exeter. The ' singing of a common 
 psalm after sermons ' took its origin at St. Paul's, 
 Bishop Hacket informs us, and was observed t in 
 Westminster Abbey from Bishop Andrewes' to Bishop 
 Williams' time, 2 and in the opening of the Convoca- 
 tion of 1562 in St. Paul's. In 1644, during the siege 
 of York for eleven weeks, when the enemy planted 
 their guns against the church in prayer time, so that 
 ' cannon bullets came in and bounced from pillar 
 to pillar,' according to ' a custom not in any other 
 
 1 Cath. Com. Rep. 333. 
 
 2 Life of Hacket, edited by me, 128, notes.
 
 Hymn before Sermon. 1 1 9 
 
 Cathedral,' ' before the sermon the whole congre- 
 gation of the besieged Eoyalists sang a psalm to- 
 gether, with the quire and organ ' ' thundering in 
 so as to make the very ground shake under them.' l 
 Cosin, however, mentions at Durham congregational 
 singing of Psalms. Probably such additions contri- 
 buted to the fact recorded by Bishop Hacket in his 
 sermon on Church festivals, that ' people of purpose 
 declined Cathedral churches, and never came at 
 them, because Divine service is there continued an 
 hour longer at least than in parochial congrega- 
 tions.' 2 At Westminster, the service in Strype's 
 time lasted on Sundays from 8 to 11, and on week- 
 days from 9 until near that hour, which it reached 
 on Litany and holydays. In the afternoon it lasted 
 from 4 till 5, or after. 3 
 
 COSMO III. AT EXETER BISHOP SPARROW AND HIS 
 
 LITTLE FAMILY CANONS' HABITS AT SALISBURY 
 
 GREY AMESS THE SCARF COPES AT DURHAM, AT 
 NORWICH AND WESTMINSTER PETER MARTYR'S 
 CONSCIENCE ALBS AT CHESTER CANONICALS WORN 
 IN GOING TO CATHEDRAL COPES ENJOINED BY THE 
 CANONS DEACON AND SUBDEACON. 
 
 CAPS were worn in choir at Canterbury and Ely. 4 
 When Cosmo III., Grand-Duke of Tuscany, visited 
 Exeter Cathedral in 1669, he saw Dr. Sparrow, the 
 bishop, ' con cotta sopra la veste talare nera e maii- 
 teletta dell ' istesso colore, portando in testa un berra- 
 
 1 Mace, Musick's Mon. 19. * Plume's Century, 707. 
 
 s Annals, II. b. ii. App. x. 4 Bentham, ii. Notes, 79.
 
 1 20 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 tino di raso nero simile al camauro pontifizio ;' and 
 what surprised him yet more below the throne (as 
 now at Carlisle) was a family pew : * nel piano della 
 chiesa in un recinto di legno stava la moglie del 
 vescovo e le di lui figliolule che si numeravano fino 
 a nove.' The Canons wore, he says, ' abito canoni- 
 cale di botta e manteletta di seta nera diversa pero 
 di figura da quella del vescovo,' being narrower both 
 before and behind. He says the music was reckoned 
 amongst the best in the kingdom, owing to the 
 good stipends, and compares the chanting of the 
 Psalms to the Gregorian use, adding that they were 
 accompanied by the organ; 1 at Salisbury, he says, 
 merging the hood and scarf into one, the Canons 
 wore ' un capuccio nero di seta che dal collo per la 
 parte di inanzi ha attaccatta due lunghe falde e di 
 dietro casca come una mezza pianeta;' 2 he calls the 
 Dean's hood ' cappuccio ossia mozzetta.' The real 
 choral habit by statute is a black cope, with the 
 almuce 3 over the surplice or rochet. The hood was 
 abandoned at St. Paul's, Nov. 1, 1562, 4 but, neverthe- 
 less, the ' graius amictus ' was surrendered by the 
 Canons of 1571 as tainted with superstition, 5 and, as 
 appears by a paper in the ' Spectator,' No. 21, A.D. 
 1711, the scarf was in use by Prebendaries as their 
 special ornament in the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century, having been the lining of the almuce or amess. 
 
 1 Grenville, Lib. MS. Cosmo III. Viaggio, fo. 42. * Fo. 70. 
 
 1 Stow's Ann., 605. 
 
 4 Almuces, ' amicis ', are an ornament having authority of Parliament, 
 24 Hen. VIII. c. 13. sec 2, 7. See also miniatures in the St. Alban'sBook 
 of Life, Brit. Mus., and the engraving in my Memor. of Chichester, 
 p. 40. * Wilkins, iv. 264.
 
 Grey A mess. 121 
 
 The surplice had once been in like ill-report, and 
 discarded by Peter Martyr, ingenious rather than 
 ingenuous, who said that when he was a Canon of 
 Christ Church he never wore the surplice in the choir, 
 because he should have confirmed that of which his 
 conscience approved not of. 1 At Durham, a tra- 
 veller says, in 1771, 'they showed us the old. vest- 
 ments of the clergy, which on Sundays and other 
 holy days they put on still (1738) ; they are so rich 
 with embroidery and embossed work of silver, that 
 indeed it was a kind of load to stand under them. 
 Here they have excellent music.' 2 In 1634 they 
 were ' of several works of crimson satin, embroidered 
 with embossed work of silver, beset all over with 
 cherubim curiously wrought to life; a black cope, 
 wrought with gold, with divers images in colours ; 
 four other rich copes, and vestments : the richest of 
 all they gave to the king in his progress.' 
 
 According to a writer in the i Quarterly Be view,' 
 xxxii. 273, the abandonment of copes is referred to 
 Warburton, at Durham (prebendary till 1779), who 
 found the stiff high collar ruffle his great full- 
 bottomed wig, till one day he threw off the cope, 
 saying he would never wear it again, and he never 
 did ; and the other residentiaries soon afterwards left 
 off their own also. In 1804 they are said to have 
 been worn at the altar there on festivals and princi- 
 pal days. 3 Bishop Cosin wore one of plain white 
 satin only, without any embroidery. 4 Another con- 
 
 1 Strype, Ann. I. i. 257; comp. 537, and^Life of Parker, App. 
 liv., Ixiv. 
 
 2 Defoe, iii. 155. 3 Gent. Mag. Ixxiv. i. 232. 4 Works i. Ixxvii.
 
 122 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 sequence of wearing the wig was that the surplice, 
 hitherto sewn up and put over the head, was made" 
 open in front and untidy. A cope at Norwich was 
 given at the Restoration, 1 which is probably the date 
 of those at Westminster Abbey ; for those of cloth of 
 silver and tissue were sold May 31, 1643. 2 The 
 cranes for hanging them remained in the old vestry 
 in Dart's time, and cope forcers are in an aisle at 
 York. In 1621 the quiremen wore copes at West- 
 minster on special occasions. 3 Copes are still 
 preserved at Salisbury, Carlisle, Ely, and West- 
 minster. 4 At Canterbury, till Cramner's time, every 
 Bishop had to present a cope of profession at 
 his consecration ; their use recently was revived by 
 the Bishops of London, Kipon, and Lincoln, and the 
 Dean of Bipon. In 1661, all the members of the 
 Cathedral of Chester, habited in their albs, received 
 benediction from the Bishop in the nave ; and, after 
 singing Te Deum, conveyed him in procession to his 
 throne. 5 The porter was, by statute, also the barber 
 of the Close, but the custom began to die out in the 
 time of Laud. 6 
 
 The use of canonicals in going to and from service 
 remains in force at Durham, Lichfield, Ely, Glou- 
 cester, Carlisle, Wells, Canterbury, Chester, Wor- 
 cester, and Westminster. At Chichester on ordinary 
 days the gown is worn ; and on Sundays with a 
 cassock, the Dean, as at Peterborough, alone wearing 
 his surplice, scarf, and hood. The verger precedes 
 
 1 Blomefield's Norfolk, ir. 6. Widmore, 155. 
 
 2 Stanley's Memor. 430. * Sacred Archaeology, s. v. 
 * Kannet's Eegister, i. 537. s Works, ii. 455.
 
 Canonicals worn in going to Cathedral. 123 
 
 both the Dean and residentiary to church. The cap 
 is still carried in Cathedrals at all times when the 
 Canon or other member is in his choir habit. Square 
 caps were ordered to be worn at Canterbury by 
 Laud, 1 and the cope and hood by the Canons of 1603, 
 the former being enjoined, for the principal minister, 
 Gospeller, and Epistolar ; the latter are called in the 
 Rochester Statutes, deacon and subdeacon. At 
 Durham the master and scholars of the King's 
 school come to Cathedral in surplices. There are 
 always three vestries: one for the Dean and Chapter, 
 etc., a second for Priest Yicars or Minor Canons, and 
 the third for lay clerks and choristers. At Canter- 
 bury the Library forms a vestry. In many Cathe- 
 drals the Priest Vicars or Minor Canons, when robed, 
 come into the first vestry before the procession is 
 formed. 
 
 TRACES OF BASILICAN USE AT CANTERBURY POSITION 
 
 OF THE CELEBRANT THE PATRIARCHAL CHAIR BE- 
 HIND THE ALTAR; AND AT NORWICH BISHOP'S 
 
 THRONE AT CHESTER THE BASEMENT OF A SHRINE 
 
 LEOFRIC'S ENTHRONISATION BY A KING AND 
 
 QUEEN THE PONTIFICAL CHAIR SEATS OF THE 
 CELEBRANT AND MINISTERS THRONE COLLATERAL 
 SEATS FOR CHAPLAINS THE THRONE OCCUPIED 
 BY LAY PERSONS A DESEETED CHOIR. 
 
 AN interesting relic of the old basilican form and 
 use lingered at Canterbury in 1564 ; the holy table 
 was set east and west at the time of celebration, and 
 
 1 Works, v. 456.
 
 124 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 the priest who ministered, with the Epistolar and 
 Gospeller, at that time wearing copes: but when 
 there was no Communion, the minister, using a sur- 
 plice only, stood on the east side of the table (stand- 
 ing north and south) with his face towards the people. 1 
 Bede records an altar of St. Gregory almost in the 
 midst of the north ' Porticus,' which, Thorn adds, 
 stood on the site of the Lady Chapel. 2 It is not im- 
 probable, that the position of two Priests at the altar, 
 * the one at the one end and the other at the other, 
 representing the two Cherubim at the mercy-seat, 3 
 may be a trace of the old arrangement of the 
 ' ministers,' as in the Ambrosian rite, the celebrant 
 standing in the midst. 
 
 According to JEdmer, ' at the western part,' of 
 Canterbury ' there was an altar consecrated to the 
 Virgin : at this [altar of our Lady, when the priest 
 celebrated the Divine Mystery, he had his face to the 
 east turned towards the people who stood below. 
 Behind him to the west was the pontifical chair re- 
 moved from the Lord's Table, being near the church 
 wall' 4 At the close of the last century (1796), 
 Gostiing mentions the patriarchal chair as still 
 standing between the altar and chapel of the Holy 
 Trinity, and upon the same level with that, raised 
 above the pavement of the altar by several steps 
 (p. 240). In allusion to this position, Gervase says : 
 ' above the low wall, in the presbytery in the circuit,' 
 
 1 Strype's Parker, i. 365. 
 
 z Hist. Eccles. lib. ii. cap. Hi.; Thorn, col. 1765. 
 
 3 Andrewes, Minor Works, 150. 
 
 4 Twysden, Decem Scriptores, 1292.
 
 The Patriarchal Chair. 125 
 
 behind and opposite to the altar, was the patriarchal 
 seat, formed out of a single stone, on which, accord- 
 ing to the custom of the Church on high festivals, 
 the Archbishops were wont to sit during the solemni- 
 ties of the mass until the consecration of the Sacra- 
 ment ; they then descended to the altar of Christ by 
 eight steps.' l At Norwich, the central arch in the 
 apse had a stone chair for the Bishop, above the rest, 
 ascended by steps at the back of the altar, and the 
 large arch and the basement of the throne are still 
 to be seen in the processional path : the Bishop being 
 as much elevated when he occupied it as his brother 
 of Durham was, seated on the tomb of Hatfield, in 
 that glorious church. At Chester he sits upon the 
 shrine of St. Werburgh. 
 
 At Exeter Bishop Leofric was installed in his 
 pontifical chair by the King and Queen. 2 At Peter- 
 borough the Bishop's hair or sedes, used by him in 
 his pontifical acts, was of stone, but in its proper 
 position on the north side of the altar. Except at 
 Ely and Durham and Carlisle, where he occupies the 
 abbot's stall, the throne that is, his cathedra of 
 dignity, in his capacity as head of the Cathedral 
 is on the south side of the choir, between the 
 stalls and the presbytery. At St. David's and 
 Hereford there are collateral seats for his chap- 
 lains. The south side was chosen as the more 
 honourable side, doubtless as being on the right of 
 the altar in facing the east, and occupied also by the 
 celebrant, who, when he was removed from the east 
 
 1 Gervase, in Decem Script. 1294-6; and Somner, App. 441. 
 
 2 Monasticon, ii. 256.
 
 126 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 side of the altar, followed the course of the sun as in 
 processions. It is a noticeable fact that Exeter, 
 Durham, and St. David's, in the old Cathedrals 
 before the Eeformation, alone have structural seats 
 in this position; therefore, the north side of the 
 altar was given up to the Bishop's ' see, 5 where he 
 had ample room for changing 1 his habit and atten- 
 dance by his ministers ; it was on the south in 
 Stigand's episcopate at Winchester. 1 The throne of 
 Exeter was taken down and concealed in the Great 
 Eebellion, and after the Eestoration was replaced. 
 The ancient chair of oak of the thirteenth century- 
 still remains at Hereford. Lay persons of royal rank 
 were accommodated in the choir. Henry VII. occu- 
 pied the Dean's seat at York. 2 
 
 At Chichester, on Feb. 7, 1679, the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth was welcomed by 'the great men of the 
 Cathedral, with bells and bonfires.' Dr. Edes (the 
 prsecentor) the next day conducted him to the 
 church from the cloister into the choir. He was 
 ushered into the Dean's seat with a voluntary upon 
 the organ. Before sermon a part of the first Psalm 
 was ordered to be sung. 3 On Sept. 10, 1682, the 
 Duke of Monmouth, * the Protestant duke,' was con- 
 ducted to and from the Cathedral by the mayor and 
 corporation, and Dr. Fogg preached a political 
 sermon. 4 On Friday, June 2, 1690, William III. 
 attended service at Chester, seated in the Bishop's 
 throne; 5 and previously at Exeter, where the Canons 
 
 1 Aug. Sac. i. 294. * Leland, Coll. iv. 191. 
 
 1 Sussex Arch. Coll. vii. 167. 4 Cuitt's Chester, 319. 
 
 * Hemingway, ii. 244.
 
 A Deserted Choir. 1 2 7 
 
 did not choose to. appear in their stalls but some 
 of the choristers and prebendaries attended William 
 repaired in military state to the Cathedral. He 
 mounted the Bishop's seat; Burnet stood below: the' 
 singers, robed in white, sang the Te Deum. When 
 the chant was over, Burnet read the Prince's de- 
 claration ; but as soon as the first words were uttered, 
 prebendaries and singers crowded in all haste out of 
 the choir. 1 At Westminster, when the Dean read 
 King James the Second's declaration, all the congre- 
 gation left the church, except a few prebendaries, the 
 choristers, and Westminster boys. 2 
 
 GOSPEL-DESKS : CANTERBURY AND ST. DAVID'S GOS- 
 PELLER AND EPISTOLAR ST. ETHELWOOD'S PIETY 
 CATHEDRAL ALTARS IN THE TIME OP CHARLES I. 
 
 CONSECRATION OF ALTAR PLATE ALTAR CROSSES 
 
 STONE ALTARS CREDENCE ALTAR CANDLES 
 
 CUSHIONS ALTAR PALLS ALTARWISE QUEEN 
 
 ELIZABETH'S DISLIKE OP AN ILLUSTRATED SERVICE 
 BOOK. 
 
 AT Canterbury, Gostling 3 mentions that before the 
 altar steps were changed in their position, in the 
 middle of the lowest stone there was a rounded pro- 
 jection with a square hole in it : this, like a socket, 
 still existing at St. David's, held the foot of the 
 lectern for the Gospel. At St. Paul's the Gospeller 
 and Epistolar stand and kneel at the south side of 
 the altar, and the former crosses to the south side to 
 read the Gospel. 
 
 1 Macaulay, ii. 493. ' Burnct's Own Times, ii. 111. * P. 256.
 
 128 Traditions and Ciistoms of Cathedrals. 
 
 St. Ethel wold of Winchester, ,in a season of famine, 
 broke up the sacred plate and gave the proceeds to 
 the poor, saying it was better that metal should 
 succour the want of the sorrowful than serve the pride 
 of the priest. 1 Neal says that the altar vessels of 
 Cathedrals underwent a solemn consecration ; on it 
 were placed at Canterbury, on Bishop Andrewes' 
 model, ' two candlesticks with tapers, a basin for alms, 
 cushion for the service book, a silver gilt canister 
 for the wafers, lined with cambric lace, the ton on a 
 cradle (for wine), a chalice covered with the aire 
 (the Greek arjp) embroidered with coloured silk, two 
 patens, the tricanale, a round ball with a screw cover, 
 out of which issued three pipes (a cruet with water 
 for the mixed chalice), and near it was the credentia, 
 a side-table with a bason and ewer on napkins, and 
 a towel to wash before the consecration, and three 
 kneeling stools (for celebrant Gospeller andEpistolar). 
 And on some altars were the incense pot, and a 
 knife to cut the sacramental bread.' 2 Laud conse- 
 crated the altar-piece at Canterbury, 3 and Bishop 
 Towers at Peterborough, where, in 1634, a ' corporal 
 of cambricke edged with bone lace, and a cloth for 
 the Litany desk,' were in use.' 4 Crosses were set up, 
 at Winchester, 1636, and Lichfield, 1635, over the 
 altar, 5 and were removed from St. Paul's in 1644. 6 
 
 In the early part of the seventeenth century stone 
 altars were erected at Durham and Worcester. 7 The 
 Credence has been in use time out of memory at Man- 
 
 1 W. Malm, 169. 2 Hist, of Puritans, ii. 223-4. 
 
 8 Ibid. ii. 567. 4 MS. Notes in Cath. Libr. 
 
 Canterbury's Doom, 80. Walker's Suff. of the Clergy, 1 3. 
 7 Canterbury's Doom, 13.
 
 Altar Candles Cushions. 129 
 
 Chester. Lighted candles on the altar were still in 
 use after the Restoration, as Hickeringill in 1682 
 speaks of them, and cringing to the east to the altar. 1 
 A large contemporary print of the coronation of 
 William and Mary at Westminster in 1689. shows 
 28 tapers burning on the altar, and eight upon the 
 retable. An engraving in 1698 shows the altar of 
 St. Paul's with two lighted candles, in accordance 
 with a view inGunton's ' Peterborough ' of the altar of 
 that Cathedral previous to 1643. There is a tradition 
 that the four standard candlesticks of the time of 
 Charles I., now in the choir of Ghent, once belonged 
 to St. Paul's. The altar candlesticks at Bristol were 
 taken from the Spaniards in 1709. At Exeter, as at 
 Salisbury, the altar had two candlesticks of brass, and 
 a cushion with a service book on it : the pall was of 
 red velvet ; and upon a second cushion were a bason 
 and ewer and two chalices. At the back were Moses 
 and Aaron and the sacred monogram. 2 Candlesticks 
 still stand on the altars of Canterbury, Manchester, 
 Oxford, Hereford, Durham, Wells, Westminster, 
 Chichester, and York; but the tapers are only 
 lighted on dark afternoons. The cushions on the 
 altar, which have lately disappeared, were the last 
 relic of the ( codde ' or pillow for the missal, and in 
 old prints the alms bason is seen at the back of the 
 altar resting on a cushion ; the last instance of it 
 probably was at Gloucester. The Holy Table was 
 set * altarwise ' ' an idiom peculiar to us English ' 3 
 
 1 Black Nonconformist. Works, ii. 87. 
 
 2 Cosmo the Third's Travels in England, fo. 48. 
 
 1 Lestrange's Alliance, 245. Flower-vases are used 
 K
 
 1 30 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 in all Cathedrals. 1 Strype relates tlie indignation 
 of Queen Elizabeth, when the Dean of St. Paul's set 
 before her a service book with German illustrations. 2 
 At Salisbury the altar cloth was violet when Duke 
 Cosmo visited the Cathedral. 
 
 In 1634 Winchester possessed a hanging of velvet 
 wrought with gold for the altar, and others of cloth 
 of tissue and cloth of gold filled with pearl wire. A 
 pall of cloth of gold in 1635 was laid on the altar of 
 Durham at the time of celebration by the Bishop, 
 who wore a red cope powdered with stars. 3 
 
 At York a fine pastoral staff is preserved, which 
 belonged to Smith, who was nominated Archbishop 
 of York by James II. in 1687, and was wrested from 
 his hands by the Earl of Danby, as he was going in 
 solemn procession from the Eoman Catholic Chapel, 
 in the manor near St. Mary's Abbey, to the Minster, 
 where his influence had prevailed on the authorities 
 to open the great doors for his reception. 
 
 A EOMAN 'AECHBISHOP' AT YOKE MOCK BISHOP OF 
 
 CAELISLE KEN'S PEOTEST AT BATH MASS SUNG 
 IN DUEHAM CATHEDEAL AND EIPON MINSTEE. 
 
 PEINCE CHAELES EDWAED, at Carlisle, in stalled James 
 Cappock as Bishop of Carlisle in 1745 ; he was hanged 
 soon after by the butcher Duke of Cumberland, who 
 put all the Scottish prisoners into ward in the Cathe- 
 dral, which they ' made a most nasty Church.' A 
 
 1 Carthv. Do;. Ann. ii. 238. 2 Annals, i. 408. 
 
 3 Brereton's Travels, 83.
 
 Ken 's Protest at Bath. 131 
 
 ring used for their detention was till lately pointed 
 out in the north choir aisle. 
 
 At Bath, when Father Huddlestone set out the 
 altar in the presence of James II. according to the 
 Eoman ritual, Ken mounted the pulpit in the nave, 
 and inveighed against the act. In the rising of the 
 North, 1569, from St. Andrew's Day to December 4, 
 ' they sang Mass, Matins, Evensong, and other service 
 in the quire, and went in procession twice or thrice 
 after the Crosse,' within the Cathedral of Durham, 
 before a great throng of people. 1 Two altars were set 
 up, and holy bread and water were distributed. On 
 November 19 mass was celebrated in the Collegiate 
 Church of Ripon, when Richard Norton displayed his 
 memorable banner. 
 
 THE BUCK AND DOE OPFEEED AT ST. PAUL'S A LAMB 
 AT TORK A STAG, HORSES AND CHARIOT AT 
 DURHAM BURNING BONDS ULPEUS' HORN BEFORE 
 THE ALTAR OF TORE PENANCE OF A NOBLEMAN 
 KING EDWARD'S LITTER THE STANDARD OF THE 
 
 NEVILLES EXPOSURE OF HENRY VI. AND RICHARD II. 
 
 AT ST. PAUL'S. 
 
 As at St. Edmund sbury a white bull was offered, 
 and at Westminster the fishermen of the Thames 
 presented a salmon and were feasted afterwards, so 
 on the day of the commemoration of St. Paul's, by a 
 bequest of the knightly family of Le Baud, from the 
 time of Edward 1., a fat buck in summer was carried 
 by a servant attended by members of the family 
 
 1 Depositions, &c. Surt. Soc. Publ. 154, &c. 
 K 2
 
 152 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 through the midst of a procession to the high altar, 
 where it was received by the Dean and Chapter, who 
 gave twelve pence to the huntsman for an entertain- 
 ment ; and on the Conversion of St. Paul a doe was 
 offered by a servant. Until the time of Elizabeth 
 the reception was made at the choir steps by the 
 Canons, wearing garlands of flowers on their heads, 
 and the horns of the buck were carried in procession 
 on the top of the spear round the nave with a great 
 noise of horn blowers ' In 1557, the buck's head 
 was carried on a pole, and ' forty horns blew before 
 all the priests of London in copes.' 2 At York on 
 Lammas Day the tenants of the chapter lands brought 
 up a lamb to the high altar, whilst the city waits 
 played their liveliest strains. Afc Durham the Ne- 
 villes annually offered a stag for the manor of Raby 
 on the feast of St. Cuthbert in September. In 1290, 
 Ralph de Neville, a young brawler who used to wind 
 his horn as he entered the precincts, claimed an enter- 
 tainment by the Prior for his retainers ; and the Prior 
 in consequence refused to receive the stag when 
 offered before the shrine. Ealph's men began to 
 carry the stag to the kitchen, the monks opposed 
 them, and words ended in blows ; the laymen at- 
 tacked the monks serving at the altar, the monks 
 replied by wielding the tapers which they carried ; 
 the stag remained as their prize of victory, and Ralph 
 and his followers departed without their usual dinner 
 in the hall, but disdained to carry away the venison. 3 
 The usual day for offering was Holy Cross, so that 
 
 1 Dugdale's St. Paul's, Ed. Ellis, 12. 2 Machyn, 141. 
 
 3 III Script. Dunelm. 74.
 
 A Stag, Horses, and Chariot at Durham. 133 
 
 when Eobert Neville died they sung the stave, the 
 oldest rhyme of the north, 
 
 ' Wei qna sal thir homes blau, 
 Holy Rod thi day? 
 Now is he dede and lies law 
 Was wont to blaw thaim ay.' Ibid. iii. 2. 
 
 Bishop Hatfield's body was carried into the choir 
 of Durham on a chariot drawn by five horses, which 
 became the mortuary due to the Abbey. 1 The ' chare' 
 and five great horses of Bishop Skirlaw were similarly 
 treated. 2 Four stately horses drew the hearse of 
 Bishop Langley into the nave, and possibly, owing 
 to these cumbrous solemnities, the wall of the Nine 
 Altars was broken through to permit the admission 
 of the body of Bishop Bek. 3 At the burial of Prince 
 Arthur, Lord Garrard, as his man-at-arms, in ' the 
 prince's own harness, on a courser richly trapped with 
 velvet embroidered with needlework, rode into the 
 midst of the choir of Worcester, with a poleaxe in 
 his hands, the point downwards, where the Abbot 
 of Tewksbury, the Gospeller of that mass, received 
 the offering of that horse.' 4 Edward the Con- 
 fessor was solemnly offered as an infant at the altar 
 of Ely. In England the offering of loaves and a 
 little tun of wine by a Bishop at his consecration does 
 not appear to have lasted for any long time. On 
 March 17, 1190, the gentlemen of Yorkshire 5 rushed 
 into the sacristy of the minster, where their bonds to 
 the Jews were kept, and burned them in a mass in 
 
 1 III Script. Dunelm. cli. 2 Ib. ex. vii. 
 
 * Surtees' Durham, I. xxxv. Sec also Ornsby, 28, and Appendix. 
 
 4 Leland, Collect, v. 380. * Ilemingford, c. xliv. inGalo ii. 518.
 
 1 34 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 the midst of the church, a far different scene from 
 that when Ulphus, who, filling his horn (still pre- 
 served in the vestry) with wine, offered with it, on his 
 knees before the high altar, to God and St. Peter all 
 his lands and revenues. ' Bishop Bateman compelled 
 Lord Morley, who had killed his deer and ill-treated 
 his keepers, to walk through the streets of Norwich 
 with a lighted taper to the high altar. 2 On May 22, 
 1471, attended by a number of armed men, the body 
 of King Henry VI. was silently exposed in an open 
 coffin, barefaced, for two days before the high altar 
 of St. Paul's, ' where he bled ' ; 3 and that of Richard 
 II., after his murder at Pontefract, was exposed for 
 three days, but 
 
 . . . his mass was done, and dirige, 
 In herse royally seemly to royalty, 
 
 in the presence of Henry IV. 4 The grand obsequies 
 of Henry V. were solemnised here. 5 Lord Neville 
 offered at St. Cuthbert's shrine, ' in the most solemn 
 and humble manner, after the battle done, his 
 own banner and the ancients of the King of Scots, 
 and other noble men, jewels, and the holy rood crosse 
 which had given name to the fair abbey of Edin- 
 burgh, 6 ensigns and trophies of a great victory, and 
 a great banner to the realm, and decent ornament to 
 the Church.' 
 
 Edward I., in solemn procession, visited Carlisle, 
 and offered up the litter in which he had journeyed 
 for so many months, and as he left the Cathedral 
 
 ' Camden, III. ii. 2 Godwin, 349. Grafton, ii. 45 ; Stow's Ann. 424. 
 * Ibid. 325. 3 Ibid. 363. fi Davies, 5.
 
 King Edward's Litter. 135 
 
 called for his horse, and rejoiced to feel himself jonce 
 more like a soldier in his saddle, 1 as he set out for his 
 last march. 
 
 For three or four days the naked bodies of the 
 lords Warwick and Montacute, ' that all men might 
 see them,' lay in St. Paul's in Easter week, 1471. 
 
 Here Courtenay the Bishop, and the Duke of Lan- 
 caster furiously contended when Wicliffe the heretic 
 was arraigned in 1377 ; 2 and on April 6, 1492, all the 
 nobles of England and the companies of London met 
 to hear Te Deum sung for joy ' because the king of 
 Spain had won the great and rich city and countrey 
 of Granada from the Moores.' 3 
 
 PROCESSION" AT RIPON APPLES DISTRIBUTED ON 
 
 CHRISTMAS DAT GIFT TO THE BISHOPS OF WIN- 
 CHESTER, ROCHESTER, AND CHICHESTER DOLE AT 
 CHICHESTER THE CHORISTERS' CUP MISTLETOE AT 
 YORK OFFERINGS AT ST. DAVID'S AND WESTMIN- 
 STER DIVISION OF THE SEXES AT DURHAM AND 
 HEREFORD. 
 
 AT Bipon, so late as in 1790, on the Sunday 
 before Candlemas Day, the Collegiate Church was 
 one continued blaze of light all the afternoon by 
 an immense number of candles. On the day before 
 Holy Thursday, all the clergy, attended by the 
 singing-men and boys of the choir, perambulated 
 the town in their canonicals, singing hymns, and the 
 blue- coat charity boys followed, singing, with green 
 
 1 Tail's Carlisle, 28. 
 
 - Fuller's Ch. Hist. b. iv. cent. xiv. 3 Stow's Ann. 47-t.
 
 1 36 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 boughs in their hands. On Christmas Day the sing- 
 ing boys came into the Church with large baskets 
 full of red apples, with a sprig of rosemary stuck in 
 each, which they presented to all the congregation, 
 and generally had a return made them of 2d., 4-d., 
 or 6d., according to the quality of the lady or 
 gentleman. 1 From time immemorial the prior and 
 convent of Winchester sent daily to the Bishop when 
 resident eight loaves of wassail bread and four 
 bottles of good wine, by the hands of the junior 
 monk, who presented them humbly to the Bishop, 
 saying, f SS. Pere et Paule vous envoient.' 2 At 
 Rochester the Bishop received a xenium or pension 
 on St. Andrew's Day from the convent. The bishop 
 of Chichester received bread and wine when he 
 came to celebrate pontifically. A dole to "the poor 
 is still given away on Saturdays; and even in 1724, 
 at the Bishop's visitation, a gold crown soleil was 
 given, by Sherborne's bequest, to the Bishop, with 
 a letter hoping he would receive it, not as a pay- 
 ment for work, but a kindly sign of remembrance, 
 which he trusted would be mutual ; and on his anni- 
 versary, each of the eight choristers sipped with a 
 spoon from a cup of the purest latten filled with 
 milk, coloured with saffron, sugared, and thickened 
 with eggs, saying, * God rest the soul of Lord 
 Robert, my benefactor.' 
 
 Stukeley says, 'Lately at York, on the eve of 
 Christmas Day, they carried mistletoe to the high 
 altar of the Cathedral, and proclaimed a public and 
 universal liberty, pardon, and freedom to all sorts of 
 
 1 Gent. Mag. be. pt. ii. 719. MSS. Winton Coll.
 
 Mistletoe at York. 137 
 
 inferior and even wicked people at the gates of the 
 city, towards the four quarters of heaven.' ' 
 
 Browne Willis says that the offerings of the de- 
 tached chapels in the neighbourhood of St. David's 
 ' were carried to the Cathedral, and divided on Satur- 
 day among the Canons and Priests, and some yet living 
 can remember since the offering-money was brought 
 on Saturdays to the Chapter-house and there divided 
 by dishfuls, the quantity not allowing them leisure 
 to tell it. 2 At Westminster, the clergy make their 
 offerings before the altar kneeling. The division of 
 the sexes at Hereford, with the men on the north 
 and women on the south side in choir, and at Holy 
 Communion, according to the rubric of 1549 at Dur- 
 ham, was long observed. 
 
 INCENSE AT ELY WAFER BREAD BENEDICTION 
 OF CHORISTERS. 
 
 WARBURTON gave up the cope because it discomposed 
 his wig, Dr. Green gave up incense because it spoiled 
 his smell of snuff. ' Cole often heard Mr. Soane 
 Jenyns, who lived at Ely when he was young, say, 
 as also Messrs. Bentham and others say. that it was 
 the constant practice on the greater festivals at Ely 
 to burn incense at the altar in the Cathedral till Dr. 
 Thomas Green, one of the prebendaries, and now 
 Dean of Salisbury, 1779, a finical man who is always 
 taking snuff up his nose, objected to it under pre- 
 tence that it made his head to ache.' 3 
 
 Cosin mentions as in existence in 1637 the custom 
 
 1 Med. Hist, of Ciirnus. ii. 164. 2 St. Duvid's, 54-5. 
 
 3 Add. MSS. 5873, fo. 82 b.
 
 1 38 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 of ' using wafers at the Sacrament, as at Westmin- 
 ster and many other places.' ' 
 
 Whenever the late Bishop of Exeter was celebrant, 
 after the conclusion of the service the choristers were 
 ranged in two lines on either side of the choir aisle 
 in order to receive his benediction. 
 
 THE FEAUD OF MONKS VENERATION TO THE CONFES- 
 SOR THE CORONATION AND SEPULCHRES OF KINGS 
 
 THE MINSTREL AT ST. RICHARD'S SHRINE THE 
 
 SPOIL OF BECKET'S SHRINE THE LECTERN AND 
 RELIQUARY OF SHRINES PILGRIMS AT A SHRINE. 
 
 ON the morrow of Palm Sunday, 1314, King Edward, 
 after visiting St. Alban's, went to Ely, where he 
 decided in favour of the former church that it 
 undoubtedly possessed the relics of the English pro- 
 tomartyr, although the monks of the Fen duly 
 pointed out a shrine labelled with his name which was 
 found to contain only the saint's caracalla; 2 for there 
 is a well-known story how the monks of St. Alban's 
 sent, in a time of peril, the relics of their patron 
 saint to Ely, and the refusal of the latter monks to 
 restore it, 3 when their black-cowled brethren proved 
 that they had taken the precaution of sending only 
 supposititious remains. 
 
 P. Calixtus made two visits to St. David's, equiva- 
 lent to a pilgrimage to Rome, 
 
 The shrine of St. Edward the Confessor still stands 
 at Westminster, but much of the beautiful mosaic 
 work has been carried away by devotees. ' A part 
 of the stone basement seat on the east side of the 
 
 1 Works, v. 518. - Walsingham, i. 138. 3 Leland, Itin. yiii. 60.
 
 Veneration to the Confessor. 139 
 
 south wing of the transept has been worn into a deep 
 hollow by the feet of the devout, who attend here 
 early of a morning, and from this point can just 
 obtain a view of the cover of the shrine. Previously 
 to the French Revolution, the very dust and sweep- 
 ings of the shrine and chapel were preserved and 
 exported to Spain and Portugal in barrels. 1 
 
 Francis Beaumont and Jeremy Taylor allude to 
 this ' acre sown with richest royalest seed,' a ceme- 
 tery for princes, where their ashes and their glory 
 shall sleep till time shall be no more ; where our kings 
 have been crowned, their ancestors lay interred, and 
 they must walk on their grandsires' head to take his 
 crown. 2 
 
 Here the bones of brith have cried, 
 Though gods they were, as men they died. 
 
 Dr. Clark says that pilgrims visited St. Richard's 
 shrine after the Restoration. 3 
 
 The lectern where the monks of Gloucester read 
 the story of King Edward's death to the pilgrims 
 visiting his tomb, and the alms-box and reliquary 
 of St. Richard of Chichester, are relics of the old 
 custom of visiting shrines, doing penance, and enrich- 
 ing the church treasury. When Edward I. visited 
 Chichester, Lovel the minstrel was singing to his 
 harp the praises of St. Richard. Sanders says that 
 25 ox-wains were employed to transport the spoil of 
 the shrine of Canterbury. 
 
 Kings, like Canute, walked barefoot for miles to 
 visit the shrine of St. Cuthbert. 4 With him, too, is 
 connected the famous verse : 
 
 1 Neal's Westm. Abbey, i. 69. 2 Works, iii. 272. 
 
 1 Segrave's Chichester, 13. 4 Camden's Brit. li. 103.
 
 1 40 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 Merrily sungen the muneches binnen Ely 
 That Cnut ching rew there by. 
 Eowe ye cnites noer the lant, 
 And here we thes muneches sing. 
 
 At the shrine of St. Cuthbert, persons proceeding 
 in defence of the Holy Land were branded on the 
 breast, 1 and pilgrims brought back specimens of 
 foreign marbles to Prior Roger, who wished to pave 
 the church with the costliest kind. 2 
 
 OFFEEING OF CEOWNS BY KINGS ROYAL MAEEIAGES 
 
 AND CORONATIONS THE MAUNDY TOUCHING FOE 
 
 THE EVIL EOYAL VISITS OF STATE. 
 
 IN 1140, as King Henry heard mass, and presented, 
 according to the custom of a king, a serge to the 
 Bishop, it broke and the light went out; and the 
 Eucharist, with the Body of Christ, the cord breaking, 
 fell upon the altar. 3 In 1141, he sat crowned at 
 Hereford. King Stephen braved an ancient pro- 
 phecy at Lincoln, and wore his crown in the minster. 4 
 Henry II. and Eleanor were crowned at Easter, 1159, 
 at Worcester, and at the oifertory laid aside their 
 crowns, vowing that they would never wear them 
 more. 5 In 1158, at Christmas, Henry wore his crown 
 at Worcester, but in memory of King Canute's offer- 
 ing of his crown upon the altar to be set upon the head 
 of the crucifix of Winchester, he also laid his crown 
 upon the altar and never wore it again. 6 Henry III. 
 
 1 111. Script. III. cccxc. 2 Eegin. Dunelm. Ixxv. 
 
 3 Wendover, ii. 228. " Hoveden, i. 209. s Ibid. i. 216. 
 
 * Wendover, ii. 287; Matt. Par. i. 309: comp. Somner, 155, where 
 he claims the golden crown for Canterbury.
 
 Offering of Crowns by Kings. 1 4 i 
 
 was crowned at Gloucester, Oct. 28, 1216, 1 with a 
 plain gold ring, as no crown was forthcoming ; 
 Henry IV., at Winchester, 1404 ; Eichard III. with 
 Queen Anne at York, Sept. 8, 1483; 2 and Philip and 
 Mary, were married in the former Cathedral, where, 
 as at York, the faldstool or chair used on the occa- 
 sion is preserved. 
 
 The craven John resigned his crown in St. Paul's 
 in fee to Koine, and the papal instrument was pub- 
 licly read before the Bishops and nobles of England 
 in 121 3. 3 In 1424, Henry VI. was led up by the 
 Lord Protector and the Duke of Exeter to the choir 
 steps, 'from whence he was borne unto the high altar, 
 and there kneeled in a travers . . . and he gode 
 to the rode [cross] of the north door, and there made 
 his offerynges.' 4 On June 28, 1461, King Edward IV. 
 went crowned to St. Paul's, and an ' angel came down 
 and censed him.' 5 
 
 In 1507, the marriage of Prince Arthur and Katha- 
 rine of Arragon was solemnized here by the Arch- 
 bishop, ' assisted ' by 19 prelates. 6 On June 8, 1522, 
 Charles V. heard mass sung by Cardinal Wolsey; 7 
 and on October 18, 1554, King Philip attended one 
 sung wholly by Spaniards. 8 
 
 On April 16, 1603, King James I. was received at 
 the west door of York Minster by the Dean, preben- 
 daries, and the whole quire of singing men, in their 
 richest copes. 9 In his own quaint way he offered to 
 
 1 Matt. Par. ii. 195. Kennet, 527. 
 
 * Tho. Wikes. s.a. 4 Fabyan, 594. 
 
 5 Stow's Ann. 416. Ibid. 483. 
 
 7 Ibid. 516. Strype. Ecc. Mem. III. 201. 
 
 9 Drake's York, 131.
 
 142 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 ' wrestle ' the nave of Durham against all others in 
 England. In 1639, King Charles I. kept Maundy in 
 the Minster ; and in the south aisle the Bishop of Ely 
 washed the feet of thirty-nine poor aged men in warm 
 water, and dried them with a linen cloth : afterwards 
 the Bishop of Winchester washed them over again 
 in white wine, wiped, and kissed them. 1 On Good 
 Friday, the King touched 200 persons for the King's 
 Evil. King James II. touched 500 persons in Wor- 
 cester Cathedral, August 24, 1687. The Maundy 
 had always been ministered in the choir of York, as 
 at Lichfield also. At St. Paul's, Henry IV. and 
 Henry "VI., on their accession ; Henry VII., after 
 his victory over Lambert Simnel; Henry VIII., to 
 receive a cap and sword sent by the Pope, May 21, 
 1514; Elizabeth, November 24, 1588, after the de- 
 feat of the Armada ; William III. ; Queen Anne, 
 on five occasions of victory; George III. in 1797; 
 and the Prince Regent offered public homage of 
 thanksgiving for national blessings. George III. also 
 came in 1789 to testify his gratitude on recovery 
 from his grievous malady. 
 
 The custom of receiving Kings at Canterbury was 
 for the Primate, Dean, and Chapter to wait at the 
 west end, and so to attend on him, and there to hear 
 an oration. ' After that, Queen Elizabeth went under 
 a canopy to the midst of the church, where certain 
 prayers kneeling were said, the Psalm, Deus miserea- 
 tur, and other collects, and after that the choir, Dean, 
 and prebendaries standing on either side of the 
 church, and then conducting him with a square song 
 
 1 Drake's York, 137.
 
 Royal Visits of State. 143 
 
 through the quire under a canopy borne by knights 
 up to the traverse near to the Communion-table.' ' 
 On similar occasions, as at the thanksgiving of 
 George III. and coronation of Victoria, the clergy 
 and choir of St. Paul's wear white gloves and crimson 
 shoulder sashes, and the Lord Chamberlain virtually 
 takes possession of the Cathedral. 
 
 THE VISION OF THE SAINTS' MASS ST. SWITHIN'S DAT 
 THE AMEN OF THE DEAD HELISEND BEAVES ST. 
 CUTHBERT HOW QUEEN PHILIPPA SPENT THE NIGHT 
 AT DURHAM THE DEMON CANON AT HEREFORD 
 BISHOP BLOET'S GHOST GOLDEN ROOD OF ELY 
 BELL OF PETERBOROUGH THE SENTINEL OF WIND- 
 SOR BELL OF ST. PAUL'S HACKET's KNELL BELL 
 JESUS GAMBLING AWAY OF JESUS BELFRY BONNIE 
 CHRIST CHURCH BELLS. 
 
 LEGENDS usually connected with the acts of saints, 
 or the world of spirits, hang about some Cathedrals. 
 One of the earliest is narrated by Eeginald of Dur- 
 ham. 'A monk of Durham, keeping vigil in the 
 minster, sat down in the stalls and thought; he 
 raised his eyes, he beheld in the misty distance 
 three forms descend, and with slow steps come from 
 the east towards the choir steps ; each had a Bishop's 
 habit, each was comely, venerable, and glorious to 
 behold ; and, as they paused, they sang Alleluia with 
 the verse, with the sweetest strain of melody ; then, 
 towards the south, where the great crucifix stands, 
 was heard a choir of many voices singing in their 
 
 1 Purser, Corr. 442, 475.
 
 144 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 several parts the prose, and it seemed as though 
 clerks in their ministries were serving a bishop-cele- 
 brant, for there the clear shining of the tapers was 
 brightest, and thence the rich delicious perfume of 
 the fragrant incense breathed around. Then the 
 three Bishops sang their part, and the choir made 
 answer with chanting wondrous sweet, whilst one 
 celebrated as beseems a Bishop, then all was done ; 
 once more the solemn procession passed on its way, 
 and disappeared like faint images behind the altar ; 
 and they say that they who were at that service lie 
 asleep, revered in that ancient Church, Aidan, Cuth- 
 bert, Eadbert, and JEdelwold.' l The popular super- 
 stition with regard to St. Swithin's Day is founded 
 on a legend that after his canonisation the monks of 
 Winchester wished to translate his body from the 
 common churchyard into the choir ; but the solemn 
 procession was delayed on July 15, and for forty 
 days after, by violent rains, which were supposed to 
 have been produced by the humble-minded saint. * 
 St. Birstan, another Bishop of the see, out of his 
 charity, used to sing a psalter at midnight in the 
 same cemetery, for the repose of departed souls ; and 
 once, when he had finished his orisons with the Re- 
 quiescant in pace, from the graves came the voices of 
 the dead, as of a great army numberless, making 
 answer Amen. 3 
 
 The entrance of women had been forbidden by the 
 monks within the Church of Durham, out of de- 
 ference to St. Cuthbert's rule; and a cross of blue 
 
 1 Regin. Dunelm. c. xxxviii. 2 Foster, Peren. Calend. 344. 
 
 3 W. Malm. 163.
 
 Helisend braves St. Cuthbert. 145 
 
 marble on the pavement of the nave still marks the 
 line of demarcation. The Galilee, a kind of porch at 
 first and afterwards a Lady Chapel, is said to have 
 been built at the west end of the Cathedral, because 
 St. Cuthbert caused great rifts to break the walls of 
 a chapel which was begun to be erected in the usual 
 position eastward. 1 Helisend, a pert woman of the 
 chamber to Mahald, the queen of King David of 
 Scotland, unlike her mistress, determined to brave 
 the saint ; and, putting on a long black cope, entered 
 the church, where she at length sat down, paralysed 
 with terror. St. Cuthbert woke Bernard the sacris- 
 tan, who searched the church with all speed, and 
 having detected the intruder, poured out upon her 
 a flood of most villanous abuse (we must hope in 
 Latin), dragged her outside, and left her half-dead, 
 and swooning. She at length recovered, and went 
 as a penitent to Elvestowe, and was long in terror 
 lest she should lose her wits, owing to the anger of 
 the saint. 2 In 1 333, in Easter week, Queen Philippa, 
 says Robert de Graystanes, arrived from Knares- 
 borough, and, in ignorance of the custom at Durham, 
 entered by the Abbey gate, and supped with the 
 King in the Prior's chamber. When she had retired 
 to bed, a monk informed the King that St. Cuthbert 
 loved not women to be there. At once, at the King's 
 bidding, the Queen rose, and, clad only in her tunic, 
 went to the castle, beseeching the saint not to take 
 vengeance for her unconscious deed. 3 
 
 The clever embroidress outwitted the monks of 
 
 1 Sanderson's Antiq. 45. 2 Eegin. Dunelm. 151. 
 
 1 Ang. Sac. i. 760. 
 
 L
 
 1 46 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 Durham in male attire, but a more dangerous visitant 
 scared the Canons of Hereford with the cope and 
 almuce of one of their order, although he received a 
 sorer retribution than bare words, when c. 1290 ' a 
 marvel almost inconceivable took place in Hereford 
 Cathedral. A demon in the choral habit of a canon 
 sat in a stall after mattins had been sung, and a canon 
 came up to him to inquire the reason of his sitting- 
 there, thinking that he was one of his brother 
 canons : the demon was dumb, and said not a word. 
 The canon was beyond measure terrified, thinking it 
 was the foul fiend himself; but he conjured it by the 
 holy name and St. Thomas of Cantilupe not to stir 
 from that place ; he at once brought assistance, and 
 with the others beat it in German fashion and bound 
 it ; and there bound and fettered it lay before the 
 shrine of St. Thomas.' Possibly this weird apparition 
 was that of Titivillus, who, a learned Italian canonist 
 assures us, lurks in choirs with a little wallet, into 
 which he collects all elided syllables and false notes 
 made by the singers. 
 
 At Lincoln, according to Bale, * the church keepers 
 were sore annoyed with Bloet's soul and other 
 walking spirits till the place was purged with 
 prayers.' 
 
 The legend of the Golden Eood of King Edgar, 
 which was stolen and recovered by a wonderful inter- 
 position, occurs in the History of Ely. 2 
 
 At Peterborough there is a superstition that if the 
 Cathedral bell and the clock of the parish church 
 strike together there will be death in the minster- 
 
 1 Barthol. de Cotton, 457-8. 2 A.S. ii. 645.
 
 Bell of Peterborough. 1 4 7 
 
 yard. In the Cathedral there is a picture of Scarlet, 
 the sexton, 'who buried the householders twice 
 over.' 
 
 The story of the sentinel of Windsor and the so- 
 called bell of St. Paul's, but really ' Tom of West- 
 minster,' afterwards given to that Cathedral, is told 
 in my ' Memorials of Westminster,' p. 198. The 
 great bell of St. Paul's is tolled now at the death of 
 the Sovereign, the Bishop, the Dean, or Lord Mayor. 
 
 When the bells began to chime at Lichfield for the 
 first time, Bishop Hacket, then very old, went out of 
 his chamber to hear them. * It is my knell,' he said, 
 and in a few hours passed to his rest. The stilla- 
 tory at Canterbury is called Bell Jesus, from a legend 
 that it was erected ' in memory of a bell of that size 
 cast abroad and lost at sea.' J Henry VIII. gambled 
 away the famous Jesus belfry of St. Paul's at a 
 throw of the dice to Sir M. Partridge. The Bonnie 
 Christ Church bells of Oxford have been rendered the 
 best known peal in England by Dean Aldrich's glee. 
 
 THE HEAD OP BRONZE AUTOMATIC BELLS THE 
 
 BISHOP'S AND DEAN'S EYE THE FIVE SISTERS-- 
 THE DEVIL LOOKING OVER LINCOLN THE FALL OF 
 
 WINCHESTER TOWER ST. WILFRID'S NEEDLE 
 
 GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS ON ST. DAVID'S AND ITS 
 
 MARVELS. 
 
 AT Lincoln, in the vaults, according to Richard de 
 Bardney, are the fragments of Grostete's familiar, the 
 
 1 Gostling, 165. 
 
 i. 2
 
 148 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 talking head of bronze ; ! and the old belief was that 
 at his death heavenly music was heard upon the air, 
 and the bells of distant churches tolled of their own 
 accord, as they did on the day of Becket's death at 
 Canterbury, and before the coronation of Coeur de 
 Leon, or when little St. Hugh was buried. 
 
 ' A the bells o' merrie Lincoln, 
 Without men's hands were rung, 
 And a the books o' merrie Lincoln, 
 Were read without men's tongue.' 
 
 At Lincoln the great rose windows of the transept 
 were severally named the ' Dean's ' and ( Bishop's 
 Eye,' as if symbolical of their respective jurisdiction. 
 Pope speaks of ' wights ' who fondly call their own 
 
 Half that the Devil overlooks from Lincoln town, 2 
 
 in allusion to a hideous gurgoyle, still pointed out, 5 
 on the south side of that 
 
 . . . . Great monument 
 Of love divine, thou Lincoln on thy sovereign hill. 
 
 The Five Sisters of York are connected with a legend 
 of five young orphans who agreed to fill the lancets 
 with memorial glass in remembrance of a dead sister. 
 The tower of Winchester is said to have fallen down 
 because the wicked Red King was buried under it. 4 
 
 The Whispering Gallery of Gloucester is sonorous 
 owing to the thinness of the walls, and its position 
 as an upper passage connecting the triforia ; it has 
 these lines written upon it: 
 
 ' Ang. Sac. ii. 326. 2 Imit. of Hor. B. ii. S. ii. 246. 
 
 * Pointer's Oxon. Acad. 53. 4 Rudborne, 271.
 
 St. Wilfrid's Needle. 149 
 
 Doubt not but God who sits on high, 
 
 Thy secret prayers can hear, 
 When a dead wall thus cunningly 
 
 Conveys soft whispers to the ear. 
 
 At Eipon a rude orifice in the relic chamber of the 
 crypt is pointed out as a test, according to Camden, 
 as crucial as the water of the jealousy among the 
 Jews ; probably it served as a place for poor palsied 
 folk to creep through in the expectation of being 
 healed. It is called St. Wilfrid's Needle ; but, like 
 similar perforations in tombs at St. Didier and St. 
 Menoux, was an imitation of the Basilican transenna. 
 Giraldus Cambrensis tells pleasant stories of St. 
 David's in its l vale of roses,' dark with the shadows 
 of lofty hills, the tame jackdaws which loved the 
 sight of a dark frock, the river Alan flowing wine, 
 the spring of St. David bubbling over with fresh 
 milk, and the famous Lochlavar, a talking stone, 
 which burst asunder while a bier was carried over 
 it, and the object of the angry J Welshwoman's ad- 
 juration when Henry II. was about to cross it in 
 despite of Merlin 's prophecy. 
 
 VERGERS" TALES HANGING MARRIAGES THE BOLD 
 
 LEAP AT DURHAM THE FAST OP FORTY DATS 
 
 THE CHAINED HARTS DEATH BY PRICK OF A NEEDLE 
 
 THE LION TOMB AT RIPON NOBLE EPITAPHS 
 
 MISERRIMUS. 
 
 IN the cloisters of Norwich a boss representing the 
 Temptation was called the Espousals, owing to a 
 
 1 Op. vi. 107-9.
 
 1 50 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 misreading of William of Worcester's description as 
 ' where the marriages hung : ' the Latin word being, 
 in fact, rational enough, 'towels/ which were hung 
 above the lavatories. At Durham a figure which 
 holds a glove is represented to be the effigy of a 
 bold man who leaped from the great tower to the 
 ground to win a purse of gold, forming as a verger 
 once said of some disputed statue, that it was a 
 ( crux aquarium.' Still vergers point out the cadaver, 
 the sad symbol of mortality, as the figure of one who 
 essayed to imitate our Lord's fast of forty days and 
 perished in the attempt ; and at Westminster a new 
 vulgar error was long promulgated with regard to 
 Elizabeth Russell, who appears pointing with her 
 finger to a skull, which Goldsmith and Addison say 
 was said to refer to her death by pricking her finger 
 with a needle, with the further addition as a judg- 
 ment for working on Sunday. ' I wonder,' said Sir 
 Roger de Coverley, ' that Sir Richard Baker has said 
 nothing of her in his " Chronicle." ' Still the story- 
 may be told whilst these two noble epitaphs are for- 
 gotten, one of Margaret Lucas, ' of a noble family, 
 for all the brothers were Valiant and all the sisters 
 virtuous,' and the other of Purcell, * who left this 
 life, and is gone to that blessed place where only his 
 harmonies can be excelled.' The saddest epitaph 
 ever written is that on the gravestone of Morris, the 
 nonjuror, in the cloister of Worcester a single 
 word, ' Miserrimus.' 
 
 The chained harts, the badge of Richard II., 
 sculptured on the capitals of the great pillars at 
 Gloucester, gave origin to a legend that King
 
 The Chained Harts. \ 5 1 
 
 Edward II.'s funeral car was drawn by a team of 
 those animals from Berkeley Castle. At Ripon a 
 a high tomb of grey marble represents in low relief 
 a man kneeling, a lion, and a forest : and tradition 
 a century since described it as covering the grave of 
 an Irish prince, who died at Ripon on his return from 
 Holy Land, whence he had brought the king of beasts, 
 rendered tame as a dog, and following at the heels 
 of this second Androcles. Possibly it may, like an 
 annual sermon preached at St. Catharine Cree Church, 
 rather commemorate a deliverance from a lion. Over 
 the Richmond vault at Chiche'ster the words Domus 
 Ultima were inscribed, and Dr. Clarke wrote the 
 following epigram : l 
 
 Did he who thus inscribed the wall, 
 Not read, or not believe St. Paul, 
 Who says there is (where'er it stands) 
 Another house not built with hands ? 
 Or may we gather from these words, 
 That house is not a House of Lords ? 
 
 KIRKWALL THE STATE OF DUNBLANE LAUD'S RETORT 
 
 CROMWELL AT PORTROSE DUNKELD AND THE 
 
 TROUBLES OF ITS BISHOPS ELGIN, THE LAST HIGH 
 MASS THE LEAD OF ABERDEEN JAMES I. AT EDIN- 
 BURGH JENNY GEDDES THE CROWN OF ST. GILES 
 
 THE LAMP OF ST. ELOI DR. JOHNSON'S OBSERVATION 
 GLASGOW AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 THESE pages would be incomplete without a few anec- 
 dotes connected with the Scotch and Irish Cathedrals. 
 The church of St. Magnus, at Kirkwall, has gained 
 
 1 Segrave's Chichester, 25.
 
 1 5 2 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 fresh renown from having been introduced into the 
 ' Pirate ' of Walter Scott. 
 
 In 1233 the Cathedral of Dunblane lay roofless, 
 and a rustic chaplain said mass thrice a week within 
 it. 1 When Laud rode past Dunblane in 1633, he 
 observed that this was *a goodly church.' 'Yes, 
 my lord,' said a bystander, ' before the Reformation it 
 was a brave kirk.' 'What, fellow!' cried the pri- 
 mate, looking at the havoc, ' Deformation, not Refor- 
 mation.' 
 
 Cromwell destroyed Fortrose to build a fort at 
 Inverness. At Dunkeld, Bishop Lauder, c. 1740, 
 while celebrating High Mass on Whitsunday, was 
 compelled to find shelter among the rafters of the 
 choir roof from the arrows and swords of the clan 
 Donnoquhy, led by an Athol chieftain. The Chapter 
 was constantly exposed to the raids of the Highland 
 lairds, who carried off their cattle and despoiled the 
 treasury. 
 
 Gawain Douglas came to take possession of the 
 throne, and was received with a shower of shot from 
 the Cathedral tower, and only obtained access to his 
 church by the help of the retainers of that mighty 
 clan summoned from Fife and Angus. At Elgin, 
 within the choir and towers, still brilliant with mural 
 colour, the adherents of the elder form of religion 
 continued to worship in the middle of the sixteenth 
 century ; in 1594 the last High Mass was sung within 
 these walls as a thank-offering of the victory of the 
 ' popish earls ' of the north over the forces of the 
 Protestant west. Upon its towers and magnificence, 
 
 1 See Quarterly Review, clxix. art. iv.
 
 Elgin, the last High Mass. 153 
 
 Florence Wilson, when meditating his ' De Animi 
 Tranquillitate,' loved to gaze from the banks of the 
 Lossie. The Wolf of Badenoch, whom the Bishop 
 had excommunicated, burned, in 1390, ' Lantern of 
 the North.' The Privy Council, in February, 1568, 
 ordered the Cathedrals of Elgin and Aberdeen to be 
 unroofed, and the lead sold in Holland to pay the 
 Eegent Murray's troops. The sacrilegious plunder, 
 happily, sunk off Aberdeen. 
 
 King James I., in 1596, was greeted as wicked 
 Haman by the Presbyterian teachers at Edinburgh. 
 When Laud and Andrewes attended him, he here, 
 amid the sobs of the congregation, bade his Scottish 
 subjects farewell, promising that he would visit them 
 at least once in every three years. On July 23, 1637, 
 the English Service was first read here by Dean 
 Hannay, on Stoning Sunday or Casting of Stools- day, 
 when Jenny Geddes, a low disreputable kail-wife, 
 immortalized by the Covenanters, hurled her stool at 
 the clergyman's head; and Bishop Lindsay, cou- 
 rageously ascending the pulpit, vainly attempted to 
 preach in the face of the most brutal violence. The 
 beautiful crown of St. Giles was illuminated on 
 festival eves with coloured lamps tracery and arch, 
 and every graceful outline standing out dyed with 
 prismatic hues. The silver lamp of St. Eloi, rescued 
 from the sack of Jerusalem, and its four supporting 
 brazen columns, which stood within the canopy, were 
 melted down into cannon. 'Let me see,' said Dr. 
 Johnson to the door-keeper, 'what was once the 
 inside of a church ! ' 
 
 The Glasgow folks compared the building of ' the
 
 1 54 Traditions and Customs of Cat/iedrals. 
 
 Pride of Lanarkshire ' to Penelope's web, saying 
 that, like St. Mungo's work, it would never be 
 finished. In this church Wishart, the warlike Bishop, 
 absolved Robert Bruce after the murder of Comyn. 
 * Beneath the shadow of the rood loft, unrestrained 
 even in the presence of the Patriarch of Venice, the 
 primates of Scotland struggled for precedence, auiid 
 the cries of their attendants, the rending of cope and 
 surplice, and the crash of shivered croziers.' King 
 James of Flodden had a stall in the choir and a seat 
 in the chapter. When Edward I. gave oaks from 
 Ettrick to build the spire, the ungrateful prelate who 
 begged them converted the timber into mangonals 
 and catapults against Kirkintilloch Castle. In the 
 sacristy the robes of Bruce were fashioned for his 
 coronation, and the banner of Scotland taken down, 
 while men cried aloud it was more righteous to die 
 for King Robert, than to fall as Crusaders in the 
 Holy Land. In the Chapter-house and crypt assem- 
 bled the early convocations of the University. The 
 south wing of the transept is called the Dripping 
 Aisle, from a continuous dripping of water off the 
 roof caused by the porous nature of the stone and 
 capillary attraction. In 1650 Cromwell was com- 
 pelled to sit silent during a sermon of Zachary Boyd, 
 so insulting, that, but for his significant frown, the 
 rash preacher would have been a head shorter under 
 the swords of the archrebel's captains. Twice has 
 the church been preserved from destruction; in 
 August, 1560, when the judicious Lord Provost dis- 
 suaded a mob from razing it to the ground by the 
 happily-timed suggestion that it would be premature
 
 Glasgow and its Associations. 155 
 
 before a new kirk had been provided ; and again, in 
 1579, when Andrew Melville, Principal of the Uni- 
 versity, having prevailed on the magistrates for its 
 demolition, disgusted at his intolerant bigotry, the 
 incorporated trades assembled by beat of drum, and 
 the craftsmen and their deacons repulsed the sacri- 
 legious fanatics with such vigour as to terrify the 
 magistrates, and induce them to forbear. In 1560 
 Cardinal Beaton carried away to France all the 
 splendid altar-plate, the rich contents of the treasury, 
 the vestments and the records, and so preserved 
 them from certain sacrilege. 1 
 
 WHY LOED KILDAEE BUENED CASHEL THE DEFENCE 
 
 OP THE EOCK WALTEE SGOTT WILLIAM III. AT ST. 
 
 PATEICK'S THE FLAGS OF DEEET THE FEAT 
 A MATOE'S PENANCE CHOEAL SEEVICE IN IEELANI> 
 
 A CAPTUEED OEGAN THE GUN OF LIMEEICK 
 
 THE BELLS OF COEK AND ST. MAET's, LIMEEICK. 
 
 AT Cashel, in the wars of the Butlers and Fitz- 
 Geralds, the Earl of Kildare burned the Cathedral, 
 1495, and excused himself to the King, on the plea 
 that he should never have committed such a sacrilege, 
 but he was told that of a certainty Archbishop 
 Creagh was inside : the King answered the Bishop 
 of Meath, who complained of his turbulence * If all 
 Ireland cannot govern this man, who so fit as he 
 to govern her?' and he constituted him viceroy, 
 August 6, 1496. In 1647, Lord Inchiquin and the 
 
 1 Mac Ure's Glasgow, 30.
 
 156 Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals. 
 
 Parliamentarians summoned the citizens to pay him 
 3,OOOZ. to retire ; but they bravely took to the rock, 
 and numbers, with twenty monks, were slain at the 
 storming. The great ' Magician of the North ' was 
 on his way to London, when, astonished by the un- 
 expected magnificence of the ruins, he forgot his 
 intended journey, and was found at midnight wan- 
 dering through the lonely aisles. 
 
 At St. Patrick's, Dublin, William III. returned 
 thanks for his victory, wearing the crown which 
 James II. had abandoned in his flight. At Derry, 
 the flags captured by Dr. Walker, and carried in 
 procession by the ladies of the city after the great 
 siege was raised, are hung in the Cathedral. At St. 
 Patrick's the banners of the Knights of St. Patrick 
 are suspended in the choir. In the reign of Henry 
 VIIL, the lord deputy and the Earl of Ormoud with 
 their followers came to blows, and the marks of the 
 arrows shot in the fray remained on the walls. Until 
 the Reformation, the t mayor, as an act of penance, 
 walked barefoot to the Cathedral on Corpus Christi 
 Day. The aisles once were desecrated into stables 
 for Cromwell's, and, later, for James II. 's troopers. 
 St. Canice's, Kilkenny, also suffered during its occu- 
 pation by the Roundheads. Some vestments once 
 worn at Waterford are now at Oscott. Armagh and 
 St. Patrick have two choral services ; and Limerick 
 one, in the afternoon, daily. The organ of St. Patrick's 
 was captured by the Duke of Ormond at the siege 
 of Vigo, in 1702. In the memorable siege, the 
 tower of Limerick had a large gun placed on it, 
 and plied so successfully, that although the gunner
 
 The Bells of Cork and Limerick. 1 5 7 
 
 was killed, Ginkle did not care to fire any more 
 upon the church. It was used as a barrack. Crom- 
 well confiscated the bells of Cork, adding, with a 
 gloomy humour, that ' as a Priest invented gun- 
 powder, bells should go for cannon.' At Limerick, 
 the Cathedral bells were cast by an Italian for a 
 monastery near his home which was destroyed. 
 Years after, a childless man (for his three sons fell 
 together on the fatal field of Pavia), he came an 
 exile to Ireland; on his reaching the Shannon, he 
 left the ship which had brought him, and entered 
 a boat. Evening was closing in, when from the 
 distant tower of St. Mary rang out a soft chime : 
 the oarsmen paused in their talk as they saw tears 
 on the aged stranger's cheek, while with arms folded 
 over his beating heart, he leaned forward to catch 
 the faint music ; as he continued motionless, when 
 they reached the landing-place they stepped forward 
 to lead him out : it was the well-remembered sound of 
 his own dear bells with their thousand agonising 
 memories that had arrested his ear he was dead. 
 
 It is a painful blot on the annals of our Cathedrals, 
 that they do not contain the names of Keble, Neale, 
 or Isaac Williams; and those patrons who desire to 
 maintain the system, must now take good heed that 
 there may be no eligible man who will have to say, 
 with Norris of Bemerton, in his garden, when he was 
 congratulated on his 'prospect of Salisbury Cathe- 
 dral,' ' Alas ! it is my only one ! ' 
 
 In the celebration of Divine service, Cathedrals, 
 as Mother-churches, ought to be models ; they ' are 
 the standard and rule to all parochial churches of
 
 158 Traditions and Customs of CatJiedrals. 
 
 solemnity and decent manner, 1 by which all the other 
 churches depending thereon ought to be guided,' 5 
 for they are * the chief and principal ornaments of 
 this realm, and, next to the Universities, chief main- 
 tainers of godliness, religion, and learning.' 3 
 
 Changes in Cathedrals are said to be threatened 
 once more : possibly it may be so ; but no mutation 
 can destroy their associations ; trial may impend on 
 those who love these holy foundations, but the reflec- 
 tion may serve as an augury of good hope that they 
 exist after witnessing many social, historical, and 
 ecclesiastical revolutions ; and with God's help they 
 will survive the machinations of all who would 
 diminish their vitality or impair their condition, on 
 any pretext, however specious. 
 
 All that remains of old St. Paul's is in the engrav- 
 ings of Hollar and the verse of Milton, educated 
 under its shadow, recalling its stately and venerable 
 glories when he wrote of the 'studious cloysters 
 pale '- 
 
 The high embow ed roof, 
 With antick pillars massy proof, 
 And storied windows richly dight, 
 Casting a dim religious light. 
 
 And recollected 'the pealing organ,' and 'the full 
 voiced quire below ' 
 
 In service high and anthems clear. 4 
 
 1 1670. Cardw. Doc. Ann. i. 331 ; comp. vii. Canon. 1640. 
 
 2 1633. Cardw. Doc. Ann. i. 239. 
 
 Whitgifb, iii. 394. 4 Penseroso, 154-163.
 
 The End. 159 
 
 So true is it what old Fuller says : ( When their 
 substance is gone their very shadows will be accept- 
 able to posterity,' 1 for 
 
 Nor zeal for God, nor love to man, 
 Gives mortal monuments a date 
 Beyond the power of time, 
 
 1 Ch. Hist. i. 499. 
 
 LOW Sow : PBHTTBD BT 
 
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 INDEX. 
 
 ACTOX'S Modern Cookery 
 
 ALOOCK's Residence in Japan 
 
 ALLEN'S Four Discourses of Chrysostom .. 
 ALLIES on Formation of Christendom .... 
 
 Alpine Guide (The) 
 
 ALTHAUS on Medical Electricity 
 
 ARNOLD'S Manual of English Literature .. 
 
 ARNOTT'S Elements of Physics 
 
 Arundines Cami 
 
 Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson .... 
 AYRE'S Treasury of Bible Knowledge 
 
 BACON'S Essays, by WHATELY 
 
 Life and Letters, by SPEDDIXQ .. 
 
 Works, edited by SPEDDIXQ 
 
 BAIN'S Logic, Deductive and Inductive .... 
 
 Mental and Moral Science 
 
 on the Senses and Intellect 
 
 BALL'S Alpine Guide 
 
 BAYLDOX'S Rents and Tillages 
 
 Beaten Tracks 
 
 BECKER'S Charicles and Gallus 
 
 BENYEY'S Sanskrit Dictionary 
 
 BERNARD on British Neutrality 
 
 BLACK'S Treatise on Brewing 
 
 BLACKLEY'S German-English Dictionary'.. 
 
 ELAINE'S Rural Sports 
 
 Veterinary Art 
 
 BOOTH'S Saint-Simon 
 
 BoULTBEEon39 Articles 
 
 BOURNE on Screw Propeller 
 
 BOURNE'S Catechism of the Steam Engine . 
 
 Handbook of Steam Engine .... 
 
 Improvements in the Steam 
 
 Engine 
 
 i the Steam Engine .. 
 
 of Modern Engines .. 
 
 BOWDLER'S Family SHAKSPEARE 
 
 BOYK'S Reminiscences 
 
 BIIAMLEY-MOORE'S Six Sisters of the 
 Valleys 
 
 BRANDE'S Dictionary of Science, Litera- 
 ture, and Art 
 
 BRAY'S (C.) Education of the Feelings .... 
 
 . Philosophy of Necessity 
 
 on Force 
 
 BROWNE'S Exposition of the 39 Articles.... 
 
 BRUXEL'S Life Of BRUNEI. 
 
 B UCKLB'S History of Civilization 
 
 BULL'S Hints to Mothers 
 
 Maternal Management of Children 
 
 BUNSEX's God in History 
 
 Prayers 
 
 BURKE'S Vicissitudes of Families 
 
 BURTON'S Christian Church 
 
 Cabinet Lawyer 
 
 CAMPBELL'S Norway 
 
 CAEXOTA'S Memoirs of Pombal 4 
 
 CATES'S Biographical Dictionary 5 
 
 CATS' and FARLIE'S Moral Emblems 16 
 
 Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths . . . . 9 
 
 CHESNEY'S Indian Polity 3 
 
 Waterloo Campaign 2 
 
 and REEVE'S Military Essays .. 2 
 
 ChoraleBook for England 16 
 
 CLOUOH'S Lives from Plutarch 2 
 
 COLEXSO (Bishop) on Pentateuch 21 
 
 Commonplace Philosopher 8 
 
 CoxiXGTON's Translation of the sEneid. ... 26 
 
 CoxTAXSEAU'sFrench-EnglishDictionaries 8 
 
 COXYBEARE and HOWSON'S St. Paul 20 
 
 COTTON'S (Bishop) Life 5 
 
 COOPER'S Surgical Dictionary 15 
 
 COPLAND'S Dictionary of Practical Medicine 15 
 
 Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit. ... 9 
 
 Cox's Aryan Mythology 3 
 
 Manual of Mythology 25 
 
 Tale of the Great Persian War 2 
 
 Tales of Ancient Greece 25 
 
 CHESY'S Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering 18 
 
 Critical Essays of a Country Parson 8 
 
 CROOKESon Beet-Root Sugar 15 
 
 '8 Chemical Analysis 14 
 
 CULLEY'S Handbook of Telegraphy 18 
 
 CUSACK'S History of Ireland 3 
 
 D'AUBIGXE'S History of the Reformation 
 
 in the time of CALVIN 2 
 
 DAVIDSON'S Introduction to New Testament 20 
 
 Dead Shot (The), by MARKSMAN 27 
 
 DE LA RIVE'S Treatise on Electricity 12 
 
 DENISON'S Vice-Regal Life 1 
 
 DE TOCQUEVILLE'S Democracy in America 2 
 
 DISRAELI'S Lothair 24 
 
 Novels and Tales 24 
 
 Do BELL'S Medical Reports 15 
 
 DOBSON on the Ox 27 
 
 DovBonStorms 11 
 
 DOYLE'S Fairyland IB 
 
 DYER'S City of Home a 
 
 EASTLAKE'S Hints on Household Taste .... 17 
 
 History of Oil Painting 1C 
 
 ;hic Revival 17 
 
 LifeofGibson 16 
 
 Elements of Botany 13 
 
 EU.IOOTT on the Revision of the English 
 
 New Testament 19 
 
 Commentary on Ephesians .... 20 
 
 Commentary on Galatiana .... 20 
 
 . Pastoral Epist. 20 
 
 Philippians.&c. ;20 
 
 Thessaloniam 20 
 
 Lectures ou the Life of Christ. .
 
 NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BT LONGMANS AND CO. 
 
 Essays and Contributions of A. K. H. B. 
 EWALD'S History of Israel 
 
 F AIBBAIRN on Iron Shipbuilding 
 
 's Applications of Iron 
 
 Information for Engineers . 
 
 Mills and Millwork 18 
 
 FARADAY'S Life and Letters , 
 
 FARRAH'S Families of Speech 9 
 
 Chapters on Language 7 
 
 FELKIN on Hosiery and Lace Manufactures 18 
 
 FENNELL'S Book of the Roach 27 
 
 FFOULKBS'S Christendom's Divisions 21 
 
 FITZWYGRAM on Horses and Stables 27 
 
 FOWLER'S Collieries and Colliers 
 
 FRANCIS'S Fishing Book 
 
 FRESHFIELD'S Travels in the Caucasus. . . . 23 
 
 FHOUDB's History of England 
 
 Short Studies on Great Subjects 
 
 OANOT'8 Elementary Physics 11 
 
 GILBERT'S Cadore, or Titian's Country .... 28 
 
 GILBEBT and CHURCHILL'S Dolomites .... 23 
 
 GIRDLESTOXE'S Bible Synonymes 19 
 
 GLEDSTONE'SLifeofWHITEFIELD 5 
 
 GODDARD'S Wonderful Stories 25 
 
 GOLDSMITH'S Poems, Illustrated 26 
 
 GRAHAM'S View of Literature and Art .... 3 
 
 GRANT'S Home Politics 3 
 
 Ethics of Aristotle 6 
 
 Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson 8 
 
 GRAT's Anatomy 15 
 
 GREENHOW on Bronchitis 15 
 
 GRIFFITH'S Fundamentals 19 
 
 GBOVB on Correlation of Physical Forces .. 12 
 
 GURNET'S Chapters of French History .... 2 
 
 GWILT'S Encyclopaedia of Architecture.... 17 
 
 HAMPDEN'S (Bishop) Memorials 4 
 
 HARE on Election of Representatives 7 
 
 HARTWIG'S Harmonies of Nature 13 
 
 Polar World 13 
 
 Sea and its tiring Wonders .. 13 
 
 Subterranean World 13 
 
 Tropical World 13 
 
 HAUOHTON'S Manual of Geology 12 
 
 HERSCHEL'S Outlines of Astronomy 10 
 
 HEWITT on Diseases of Women 14 
 
 HODGSOH'S Theory of Practice 10 
 
 TimeandSpace 10 
 
 HOLMES'S System of Surgery 14 
 
 Surgical Diseases of Infancy .... 14 
 
 Home (The) at Heatherbrae 24 
 
 HORHB'S Introduction to the Scriptures. . . . 20 
 
 Compendium of ditto 20 
 
 How we Spent the Summer 23 
 
 HowiTT'S Australian Discovery 23 
 
 MadWarPlanet 26 
 
 Northern Heights of London. . . . 23 
 
 Rural Life of England 24 
 
 Visits to Remarkable Places.. .. 24 
 
 ofSixtusV a 
 
 HCOHES'S (W.) Manual of Geography .... u 
 
 HUME'S Essays 10 
 
 Treatise on Human Nature 10 
 
 IHNE'S Roman History 2 
 
 INGELOW'S Poems 26 
 
 StoryofDoom 26 
 
 Mopsa 26 
 
 JAMESON'S Saints and Martyrs 17 
 
 . Legends of the Madonna 17 
 
 Monastic Orders 17 
 
 JAMESON and EASTLAKB'S Saviour 17 
 
 John Jerningham's Journal 26 
 
 JOHNSTON'S Geographical Dictionary ll 
 
 KALISCH'S Commentary on the Bible 7 
 
 brew Grammar 7 
 
 KEITH on Fulfilment of Prophecy 20 
 
 Destiny of the World 20 
 
 KERL'S Metallurgy ... 
 
 RHHRIG is 
 
 KIRBY and SPENOE'B Entomology is 
 
 LATHAM'S English Dictionary 
 
 LAWLOR'S Pilgrimages in the Pyrenees .... 24 
 
 LECKY'S History of European Morals 3 
 
 Rationalism 3 
 
 Leisure Hours in Town 9 
 
 Lessons of Middle Age ft 
 
 LEWES' History of Philosophy 3 
 
 LIDDELL and SCOTT'S Two Lexicons 8 
 
 Life of Man Symbolised 16 
 
 LINDLEY and MOORE'S Treasury of Botany IS 
 
 LONGMAN'S Edward the Third 2 
 
 Lectures on the History of Eng- 
 land s 
 
 Chess Openings 28 
 
 LOUDON'S Agriculture 19 
 
 Gardening 19 
 
 Plants 13 
 
 LOWNDES'S Engineer's Handbook 17 
 
 LUBBOCK on Origin of Civilisation 12 
 
 Lyra Eucharistica 22 
 
 -Germanica 16,21 
 
 -Messianica 22 
 
 -Mystica 22 
 
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