THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 DAVIS 
 
THE 
 
 RAY SOCIETY 
 
 INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV. 
 
 This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the RAY SOCIETY for 
 the Year 1878. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 MDCCCLXXX- 
 
A MONOGRAPH 
 
 OS THE 
 
 FJKEE AND SEMI-PARASITIC 
 
 COPEPODA OF THE BRITISH 
 ISLANDS. 
 
 BY 
 
 G. STEWARDSON BRADY, M.D., F.L.S., 
 
 PEOFESSOE OP NATTTEAL HISTOEY IN THE TTNIVEESITY OP DTTEHAM COLLEGE 
 
 OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE ', COEEESPONDING 
 
 MEMBEE OP THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP LONDON, 
 
 OP THE ACADEMY OP NATUEAL SCIENCES 
 
 OP PHILADELPHIA, ETC. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 LONDON: 
 FEINTED FOB, THE BAY SOCIETY 
 
 MDCCCLXXX. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 
 DAVIS 
 
FEINTED BY J. E. ADLABD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. 
 
A MONOGRAPH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BRITISH 
 
 FREE AND SEMI-PARASITIC COPEPODA. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 SECTION I. GNATHOSTOMA, Thorell (continued). 
 Family 6. HAEPACTIOID^, Glaus (in part). 
 
 BODY cylindrical, or, sometimes, flattened. Abdo- 
 men, in most cases, not sharply separated from the 
 cephalothorax. First pair of antennae short, composed 
 of few (4 10) joints, scarcely ever reaching beyond 
 the edge of the first body-segment; in the male 
 forming on both sides a clasping organ. Second pair 
 2 4-jointed, bearing a secondary branch which is 
 usually small and made up of 1 4 joints. Mandibles 
 strongly toothed, provided with a palp which is either 
 simple, consisting of one or two joints, or more complex 
 and composed of a basal portion with two branches ; 
 in a few cases forming a laminated branchial appendage. 
 Maxillse usually well developed, consisting of a den- 
 tated cutting segment and a more or less, complex 
 palp, which is made up of several setiferous digits 
 arranged in a somewhat radiated manner. First pair 
 of foot-jaws armed at the extremity with several strong 
 teeth, and on the inner margin with several (usually 
 
 VOL. u. A 
 
 81792 
 
2 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 three) wart-like, setiferous processes. Second pair 
 sometimes foot-like, but mostly forming a strong pre- 
 hensile uncinate hand. First pair of feet mostly 
 (though not always) different from the following pairs 
 and converted into a prehensile apparatus ; second, 
 third, and fourth pairs adapted for swimming ; fifth 
 pair 2-jointed, foliaceous ; different in the two sexes, 
 the basal joint usually dilated and more or less embrac- 
 ing the smaller apical joint. Eyes as in Cyclops. 
 Heart wanting. Copulative organs in the female 
 symmetrical, in the male usually asymmetrical. Ovisac 
 in most cases single, rarely double. 
 
 This family, according to the arrangement here 
 adopted, contains thirty-three genera* and eighty- one 
 species, and is therefore by far the largest of the nine 
 families coming within the range of the present Mono- 
 graph. The limits of the family are precisely those 
 adopted by Claus and Boeck, except that the group 
 erected by the former author into a separate family 
 under the name Peltididce are here (as also by Boeck) 
 included amongst the Harpacticidce. There is, in 
 fact, no important structural difference between the 
 two, the point relied on by Claus as distinctive being 
 the flattened form of the Peltididce, which is of no 
 great importance in itself, and is found in certain 
 species of some genrea (e. g. Thalestris), the normal 
 form of which is cylindrical. The cylindrical form, 
 with an abdomen not much narrowed, and not mark- 
 edly distinct from the cephalothorax, must, however, 
 
 * Excepting Cylindropsyllus, which cannot at present be referred 
 with certainty to any family. 
 
HARPACTICIDJS. 3 
 
 be looked upon as the typical form of the family ; the 
 genera which depart from this rule being Zaus, 
 Peltidium, Porcellidium, Idya, and Scutellidium, all of 
 which are to a greater or less extent flattened from 
 above downwards. Amymone, on the other hand, 
 presents a peculiarity of the opposite kind, being flat- 
 tened laterally. The two pairs of antennse do not 
 present any remarkable abnormalities of structure; 
 the mandibles, however, vary very considerably, more 
 especially as to the degree of development of the palp, 
 which in some cases is reduced to very small dimen- 
 sions (Canthocamptus, Attheyella, Laophonte, &c.) ; 
 the maxillao also vary a good deal in development, and 
 in Longipedia approach very nearly to the shape of the 
 same organs in the Galanidce. The usual digitate, sub- 
 triangular shape of the first pair of foot-jaws is lost in 
 some genera, as in Ectinosoma, Idya, and Scutellidium, 
 where these limbs are prehensile and clawed; the second 
 foot-jaw constantly takes the form of a powerfully 
 clawed prehensile hand except in the genera Longipe- 
 dia, Ectinosoma, Zosime, and Brady a (sub-family Longi- 
 pediince), where it approaches somewhat to the structure 
 seen in Calanidce and Cyclopidce. The first pair of feet 
 has in general one or both branches adapted for 
 prehension, and more or less powerfully clawed ; but 
 in the genera belonging to the sub-families Longi* 
 pediince, Tachidiince, and Amymonince, it is formed for 
 swimming, being nearly or quite like the following pairs. 
 The second, third, and fourth pairs are always natatory 
 organs, and the outer branches are always 3 -jointed ; 
 the inner branch, however, has a variable number of 
 
 
4 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 joints (one to three), and sometimes (Nannopus, Platy- 
 chelipus) is reduced to a small papilla bearing a few setae. 
 The genera in which two non-coalescent ovisacs occur 
 are very few, probably only iwoDiosaccus and Dela- 
 valid. 
 
 Die 
 
 'Non-pr 
 
 1 
 
 in the 
 form 
 of a 
 pre- 
 hen- 
 sile 
 clawed * 
 hand : 
 ante- 
 rior 
 foot- 
 jaw 
 
 ignosis of Sub-families of Harpacticidce. 
 
 hensile Lonawediince. 
 
 '"forming a j 
 
 bearing 
 marginal 
 setiferous 
 processes, 
 but not 
 forming < 
 an tmcin- 
 ate hand ; 
 inner 
 branch of 
 first foot 
 
 >owerful clt 
 
 not 
 elongated 
 nor 
 adapted 
 for pre- 
 hension 
 
 " 
 
 2- or 
 3-joint- 
 ed, - 
 elon- 
 gated 
 
 I I 
 
 iwed hand Idyince. 
 
 f broad and 
 1 -joint- \ lamelliformPorceZZieZmiee. 
 ed 1 
 v. slender ...Amymonince. 
 
 2-jointed Nannopinc&. 
 
 3-jointed Tachidiince. 
 
 and provided with 
 strong uncinate 
 terminal claws Harpacticince. 
 
 hinged, f 
 imperfect- | 1-branched Canthocamp- 
 iy clawed ; { tince. 
 mandible- | 
 palp 1^2 -branched Stenheliince. 
 
 Sub-family 1. LONGIPEDIIN^E, Boeck. 
 
 The characters which distinguish the genera belong- 
 ing to this section are as follows : The accessory 
 branch of the posterior antenna is largely developed ; 
 mandible-palp 2 -branched, the branches springing 
 from a large basal plate ; the posterior foot-jaws are 
 not formed for prehension, having no clawed hand ; 
 the first pair of feet is like the following pairs, both 
 branches being adapted for swimming and not at all 
 for grasping. 
 
LONGTPEDIA. 
 
 The genera belonging to this sub-family are four 
 Longipedia, Ectinosoma, Zosime, and Bradya. 
 
 Inner 
 
 branch 
 
 of 
 
 first 4 
 
 pair 
 
 feet 
 
 Diagnosis of Genera of Longipediince. 
 
 '2-jointed Zosime. 
 
 3-jointed; f 5 ' or 6 -jointed Longipedia. 
 
 inner branch 
 
 of posterior 1 J' ? r 3 :J ol ^ ed j C 2 -Ji*ted . . .Ectinosoma. 
 . first pair of foot- ^ 
 
 of 
 
 antenna 
 
 ^ jaws well developed, (.^-jointed ...Bradya. 
 
 Genus 1. LONGIPEDIA, Glaus (1863). 
 
 Body elongated, slender. Head united with the first 
 body-segment and produced into a long, curved beak. 
 Abdomen composed, in both sexes, of five segments. 
 Anterior antennas short, arcuate, indistinctly 5- 
 jointed. Accessory branch of the posterior antennas 
 large, 6-jointed. Mandibles (Plate XXXIV, fig. 4) 
 broad and distinctly toothed ; palp 2-branched, the 
 outer branch consisting of one, the inner of two joints. 
 Maxillaa (Plate XXXIV, fig. 5) consisting of a basal 
 plate to which are attached a short and thick manduca- 
 tory process armed with a series of curved teeth, a 
 slender, setiferous, jointed palp, and a short, ovate 
 branchial plate. First pair of foot-jaws (Plate XXXIV, 
 fig. 6) 3-jointed, bearing several long marginal 
 processes which are densely setose at their apices. 
 Second pair (Plate XXXIV, fig. 7) short and broad, 
 3-jointed, fringed with numerous stout, plumose 
 setas. First four pairs of feet having both branches 
 3-jointed, and adapted for swimming ; first pair 
 somewhat smaller than the rest ; second pair having 
 
6 BEITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 the inner branch much elongated. Fifth pair, in the 
 male, f oliaceous ; in the female rudimentary. 
 
 1. LONGIPEDIA CORONATA (Glaus), Pis. XXXIV and 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 Longipedia coronata, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. Ill, 
 
 taf. xiv, figs. 1424 (1863). 
 
 Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 29 
 (1864). 
 
 Anterior antennae short, 5- jointed, thickly beset on 
 the outer border with stout hairs, many of which are 
 strongly pectinate or plumose ; in the female (Plate 
 XXXIV, fig. 3) the antenna tapers somewhat toward 
 the extremity and terminates in two or three long, 
 simple setaa, the last joint being the longest and most 
 slender ; in the male the organ is thicker, obtuse, and 
 more distinctly arcuate, the whole outer margin beset 
 with very strongly pectinate and plumose seta3 ; the 
 apex bears two stout falciform processes, and two or 
 three similar (but setose) appendages occur amongst the 
 hairs of the outer margin of the antenna. The posterior 
 antenna (Plate XXXV, fig. 1) consists of two nearly 
 equal branches, the main branch being composed of 
 four joints, of which the second and fourth are the 
 smallest; the secondary branch of six nearly equal 
 joints which are short in the female (fig. 1) and longer 
 in the male (fig. 2). The first pair of swimming feet 
 is armed in the male (fig. 4) with somewhat longer 
 spines than in the female (fig. 3). The inner branch 
 of the second pair of feet (fig. 5) is in both sexes 
 much elongated, reaching in the female as far as the 
 
LONGIPEDIA. 7 
 
 termination of the thorax, in the male to the middle 
 of the abdomen, the last joint constituting about 
 three fourths of the whole length of the limb and 
 bearing three terminal and three lateral spines. The 
 feet of the third pair (fig. 6) are rather larger than 
 those of the fourth (fig. 7), and bear a series of marginal 
 spines on the first and second joints of the inner, and on 
 the second joint of the outer branch. The fifth foot in 
 the male (Plate XXXIY, fig. 8> consists of a moderately 
 broad central lamina bearing about eight marginal 
 setse, two of which are much longer than the rest and 
 are situated near the apex ; the two lateral segments 
 are smaller, one bearing a very long curved seta, the 
 other a short apical filament only ; the fifth pair in the 
 female (fig. 9) is rudimentary, consisting only of four 
 short setao. The first segment of the abdomen of the 
 male (Plate XXXV, fig. 8) has two lateral spines on the 
 inferior angles, while the fourth segment is armed with 
 a long, downward-pointing posterior spine ; the female 
 abdomen has none of these appendages, and the caudal 
 segments (fig. 9) are much narrower and more diver- 
 gent than in the male ; the longest of the two principal 
 tail setae is equal to about twice the length of the 
 abdomen. Length, i- 8 -th of an inch (I f 4 mm.). 
 
 Longipedia coronata is often taken abundantly by the 
 dredge on sandy or gravelly bottoms in depths of from 
 one to thirty fathoms or more ; it also occurs, though 
 in less abundance, on muddy bottoms and amongst the 
 fronds of fuci between tide-marks. It is readily dis- 
 tinguishable from all other species by the great length 
 of the inner branch of the second swimming foot ; the 
 
8 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 short and exquisitely plumed antennae, and (in the 
 male) by the conspicuous posterior abdominal spine. 
 It is certainly one of the most common, as it is also 
 amongst the most beautiful, of British Copepods. The 
 following are some of the localities in which I have 
 taken it : Abundantly on a sandy bottom off Seaton 
 Carew (Durham), four fathoms ; off Marsden, Sunder- 
 land, and Seaham, twenty to thirty fathoms ; Clifden 
 Bay, Ireland, four fathoms ; in tide-pools, Aranmore 
 (Ireland) ; Lough S willy, two fathoms ; off St. Mary 
 and St. Agnes, Scilly Islands, twenty to forty fathoms ; 
 Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; on weeds at Bell 
 Rock Lighthouse (Mr. E. G. Davison). 
 
 Genus 2. ECTINOSOMA, Boeclc (1864). 
 
 Body much elongated, slender; abdomen not 
 separated from the thorax by any distinct constric- 
 tion, and remaining unflexed on the body after death 
 (PL XXXYI, fig. 1). Head small, and united with 
 the first thoracic segment. Anterior antennas (fig. 2) 
 very short, much attenuated towards the apex, 5 7- 
 jointed, bearing numerous long setae. Posterior an- 
 tennaa much larger and stronger (fig. 3), 3-jointed, 
 and having attached to the first joint a long 2- or 3- 
 jointed secondary branch ; the last joint bears several 
 strong, spine-like, plumose hairs. Mandible (fig. 4) 
 slender, deeply cleft at the apex ; palp large, 2-jointed, 
 bearing several long seta? and a short, simple, secon- 
 
ECTINOSOMA 9 
 
 dary branch which arises from the first joint. Basal 
 joint of the maxilla (fig. 5) strongly clawed ; palp 
 divided into numerous marginal, setiferous lobes. 
 First pair of foot-jaws (fig. 6) 2-jointed, broad, pro- 
 vided with two strong, terminal claws and marginal 
 setaa ; second pair (fig. 7) 3-jointed, long, and slender, 
 second joint the longest. Four pairs of swimming 
 feet, all nearly alike, 2 -branched, each branch com- 
 posed of three nearly equal joints (fig. 8). Each foot 
 of the fifth pair is composed of two angular, setiferous 
 larninas (fig. 9). 
 
 1. ECTINOSOMA SPINIPES, nov. sp. PI. XXX YI, figs. 
 
 110. 
 
 Ectinosoma melaniceps, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland 
 and Durham, vol. iv, p. 435, pi. xx, figs. 
 112 (1872). 
 
 Brady and Robertson. Ann. and Mag. 
 Nat. Hist., p. 130 (1873). 
 
 Anterior antennae 6-jointed, joints subequal, the 
 first three much stouter than the last three, and 
 having several setae of moderate length on the outer 
 margin, last joint with two long and two shorter setae 
 at the apex ; accessory branch of the posterior antenna 
 3-jointed, longer than the last two joints of the 
 primary branch. Posterior foot-jaw slender, the second 
 joint long (fig. 7) and bearing a series of six spine-like 
 hairs, terminal joint provided with one long and two 
 short apical setae ; one very long seta attached to the 
 basal joint. All the joints of the swimming feet, as 
 
10 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 well as their spines, fringed on the outer margins with 
 closely-set, stout, spine-like setse. Basal joint of the 
 fifth pair of feet (fig. 9) produced internally into a 
 narrow quadrate lamina which bears two stout, apical 
 spines of moderate length and a series of about eight 
 spine-like setae on the inner margin ; the outer margin 
 of the basal portion forms a slender process which 
 is tipped with a plumose filament ; second joint 
 broader and shorter, tripartite at the apex, each lobe 
 giving origin to a single seta, the innermost of which 
 is the shortest. Caudal setae of moderate length. 
 Length of animal - 2 ^th of an inch (1'3 mm.). 
 
 I was at one time disposed to consider this very 
 well characterized species as identical either with 
 Boeck's E. melaniceps or E. curticornis, though differ- 
 ing from the former in several important points, espe- 
 cially in the absence of any black markings on the 
 head and in the configuration of the fifth feet ; in this 
 last respect it also seems to differ from E. curticornis, 
 so that on the whole it seems best to assign to it a 
 new specific name, spinipes. It is very generally dis- 
 tributed round the British Islands in water of mode- 
 rate depth from low-water mark to forty fathoms, 
 and has been observed in the following places : at 
 various points off the Durham and Yorkshire coasts in 
 company with Longipedia coronata, but not so abun- 
 dant ; in tide-pools, Aranmore, Ireland; Lough Swilly, 
 two fathoms ; Scilly Islands, ten to forty fathoms ; 
 Douglas (Isle of Man), two to three fathoms ; Little 
 Cumbrae (Clyde), on weeds at ebb tide ; on weeds at 
 Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman). 
 
EOT1NOSOMA. 11 
 
 2. ECTINOSOMA MELANICEPS, Boeck. PI. XL, figs. 17 
 
 20. 
 
 Ectinosoma melaniceps, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 30 
 
 (1864). 
 
 Anterior antennae 6-jointed (fig. 17), slender, gradu- 
 ally tapering, the first two joints short and rather 
 stouter than the rest ; third joint about twice as long 
 as the fourth or fifth, last joint very small. Second 
 foot-jaw (fig. 18) slender; the long middle joint finely 
 setose on both margins, last joint having three slender 
 apical spines. Swimming feet (fig. 19) much as in the 
 preceding species, but having the setae and spinous 
 armature much more slender and delicate. Basal 
 joint of the fifth foot (fig. 20) short and broad, its 
 inner margin devoid of setae and reaching only about 
 half the length of the outer segment, bearing two 
 apical setae, one of which is very short and stout; 
 outer margin produced and having a small apical hair ; 
 second segment broad and short, 4-cleft at the 
 extremity, each digit bearing a single seta, all of 
 different lengths. Tail-segments very short. Length 
 -g^th of an inch (*84 mm.). 
 
 This species does not differ very much from the 
 foregoing. It is, however, much smaller and more 
 delicate in structure, and is moreover always distin- 
 guishable by a a cloudy blackish patch on the head. 
 Its habitat is chiefly amongst weeds or mud, whilst 
 E. spinipes haunts, as has been already stated, sandy 
 or gravelly ground. I have found E. melaniceps 
 
12 BBITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 sparingly amongst weeds near low-water mark at 
 St. Mary's, Scilly, and in a gathering taken from the 
 fronds of Laminarice in Shetland by the Rev. A. M. 
 Norman. Mr. Norman has also more recently (1877) 
 taken it at Oban. 
 
 3. ECTINOSOMA ERYTHROPS, 110V. Sp. PI. XXXVI, figS. 
 
 1117. 
 
 Anterior antennse 6-jointed, mandibular palp having 
 only a single terminal seta. First foot-jaw (fig. 14) 
 slender, terminal claws long and slender, middle joint 
 of second foot-jaw having only one long marginal seta. 
 Swimming-feet destitute of marginal spines, their inner 
 branches more elongated than in the preceding species 
 (fig. 16). Fifth pair of feet (fig. 17) much shorter than 
 in the two preceding species, and having much longer 
 setae, the longest of which is at least three or four times 
 longer than the foot itself; basal segment having two 
 setae on its inner portion ; terminal segment small, 
 reaching not much beyond the inner portion of the 
 first segment and bearing three long apical setae. 
 The head (fig. 11) bears close to its anterior margin 
 two distinct, brilliantly red, eye- spots. Length, 4-9 th 
 of an inch ('65 mm.). 
 
 A small, but apparently very distinct, species of 
 which I have seen only a few specimens, all of them 
 taken by the dredge in depths of from five to thirty 
 fathoms off the coasts of South Durham and North 
 Yorkshire. 
 
ECTINOSOMA. 13 
 
 4. ECTINOSOMA ATLANTICUM (Brady and Robertson). PL 
 
 XXXVIII, figs. 1119. 
 
 Microsetella atlantica, B. & R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iv, 
 vol. xii, p. 130; pi. ix, figs. 1116 (1873). 
 
 Body -^th of an inch in length (fig. 11), excessively 
 slender, almost linear and much attenuated both 
 behind and in front : tail-segments (fig. 19) very short 
 and divergent. First cephalothoracic segment curvate, 
 much attenuated in front, and equal in length to the 
 five following segments. Anterior antennae (fig. 12) 
 slender, 6-jointed, sparingly setose ; posterior large, 
 3 -jointed, the first joint bearing a long 2- (or 3- ?) 
 jointed secondary branch (fig. 13). First foot-jaw 
 2-jointed, short and stout, provided with several apical 
 setae ; second foot-jaw (fig. 16) 3-jointed, with two 
 or three curved claw-like setae at the apex. First four 
 pairs of feet nearly alike ; long and slender ; branches 
 of nearly equal size (fig. 17). Fifth pair (fig. 18) 
 2-jointed ; internal portion of the basal joint produced 
 nearly as far as the apex of the second joint, and bear- 
 ing three apical setae, one of which is very long ; second 
 joint smaller, and bearing two long setae. The caudal 
 segments have two principal setae (fig. 19), the inner- 
 most of which is very short, the other as long as the 
 entire body of the animal. Colour yellowish. 
 
 Taken in the surface-net by Mr. E. 0. Davison in 
 the open sea as follows : Lat. 53 24' N., long. 15 
 24' W. ; lat. 53 15' N., long. 11 51' W. ; lat. 51 22' 
 
14 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 H"., long. 12 25 J' W. ; and at 40 miles off the Skelligs ; 
 sparingly also in Kinsale Harbour. 
 
 This species was described by Mr. Eobertson and 
 myself (loc. cit.) as the type of a new genus Microsetella; 
 but on further examination I find no sufficient grounds 
 to maintain its separation from Ectinosoma. The 
 general habit and appearance of the animal coincide 
 entirely with that genus ; but it is worthy of note, that, 
 while all other members of the genus seem to haunt 
 the bed of the sea, this has been found only near the 
 surface, being taken by the tow-net. I have never 
 noticed its occurrence amongst dredged material. 
 
 The mouth organs being so extremely minute, I have 
 not succeeded in obtaining a satisfactory view of all of 
 them. There seems to be a mandible-palp, but I have 
 not been able to see it with sufficient distinctness to 
 describe or figure it ; and the same may be said of 
 the maxillae. 
 
 Genus 3. ZOSIME, BoecJc (1872). 
 
 Anterior antennae 6 -jointed, very short and stout ; 
 posterior 2-branched, accessory branch 2-jointed; 
 mandible-palp composed of a large basal portion and 
 two small branches. First pair of foot-jaws having 
 three marginal setiferous digits; second pair small, 
 3-jointed, simple, terminating in a few setae. First 
 pair of feet having the outer branch composed of 
 three, the inner of two joints; both branches of 
 
ZOSIME. 15 
 
 three following pairs 3 -jointed. Fifth pair small 
 2-jointed. 
 
 1. ZOSIME TYPICA, Boeck. PL XXXIX, figs. 112. 
 
 Zosime typica, Boeck. Nye Slsegter og Arter af Saltvands- 
 Copepoder, p. 14 (1872). 
 
 Female. Body robust, truncated in front; no 
 distinct separation between thorax and abdomen, head 
 small, coalescent with first thoracic segment ; rostrum 
 short, thick, and squared at the apex, which bears two 
 small hairs ; abdomen but little more slender than the 
 cephalothorax, tail-segments much narrower than 
 the last abdominal ring. First two joints of the 
 anterior antennas large and nearly equal, each of them 
 equal to the united lengths of the four following joints ; 
 all except the first joint densely clothed on the outer 
 margin with stout, strongly plumose hairs (fig. 3). 
 Second pair of antennas (fig. 4) 3-jointed ; basal 
 joint about as long as the two following, and giving 
 origin to a large triarticulate secondary branch ; both 
 branches plentifully provided with strongly plumose 
 spine-like setas. Mandible short, broad, and strongly 
 toothed (fig. 5) at the extremity ; basal joint of the palp 
 produced internally into a digitiform process (&). 
 Maxillaa composed of a broad main segment (fig. 6), 
 with three or four small setiferous digits. Second 
 foot-jaws (fig. 8) having three apical setaa, one long 
 and plumose, the other two small. The two joints of 
 the inner branch of the first foot are of equal length ; 
 
16 BRITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 the marginal spines of the outer branch are strongly 
 pectinate (fig. 9) towards the apices, and the longer 
 setae are plumose. The basal joint of fifth pair of feet 
 (fig. 11) is short and broad, and bears three long 
 plumose setae, the second joint is quadrangular, small, 
 and has three apical setae, one much longer than the 
 other two ; in the male (fig. 12) the segments of the 
 fifth foot are even less developed, but bear an almost 
 exactly similar set of setae. The abdominal segments 
 are produced downwards at the angles into short spines. 
 The caudal segments are short, about twice as long as 
 broad, having two short spines on the outer margin 
 and two at the apex, the longest of which is about 
 equal in length to three rings of the abdomen ; while 
 the smaller is barely half as long as the other. Length, 
 - 2 \th of an inch ('9 mm.). 
 
 Several specimens of this curious and distinctly 
 characterized species were dredged twenty miles off 
 Sunderland, on a bottom of muddy sand in forty- five 
 fathoms water ; also five miles off Hartlepool on a 
 sandy bottom. M. Boeck's specimens were taken 
 amongst mud in Christiania fiord in a depth of sixteen 
 fathoms. 
 
 Genus 4. BBADYA, Boeck (1872). 
 
 Anterior antennae very short, 7-jointed ; inner 
 branch of the posterior antennae of moderate size, 
 2-jointed (" 3-jointed," Boeck). Mandible-palp large, 
 2-branched. Maxillar palp well developed. First 
 
BRADYA. 17 
 
 foot-jaw large, 5-jointed (PL XXXVIII, fig. 6) ; basal 
 joint elongated and provided with three marginal seti- 
 ferous digits, second joint very long, third, fourth, and 
 fifth extremely short, and bearing several long setse. 
 Second foot-jaw much shorter, 3-jointed, the last joint 
 short and bearing three curved terminal setas. First 
 four pairs of feet nearly alike (fig. 8) ; both branches 
 composed of three joints and adapted for swimming. 
 Fifth pair small, 2-jointed. 
 
 1. BRADYA TYPICA, BoecL PL XXXVIII, figs. 110. 
 
 Bradya typica, Boeck. Nye Slsegter og Arter af Saltvands- 
 Copepoder, p. 15 (1872). 
 
 Body ^th of an inch in length, cylindrical, exhibit- 
 ing no distinct separation between thorax and ab- 
 domen ; caudal segments tapering, and much narrower 
 than the last abdominal segment. Anterior antennae 
 (fig. 2) very short, 7 -jointed; fifth and seventh joints 
 the smallest ; all beset on the outer margin with long 
 setae; inner branch of the posterior antennas (fig. 3) 
 as long as the outer branch, but much more slender, 
 2-jointed. Mandible (fig. 4) having rather slender 
 teeth, but a ]arge palp the basal joint of which is much 
 elongated and bears two branches of moderate size. 
 Basal joint of the first foot-jaw (fig. 6) large ; its 
 three marginal processes somewhat long and slender, 
 each bearing about three apical setae ; second joint 
 also long and slender; three following joints very 
 
 VOL. n. B 
 
18 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 short and armed with numerous setae of moderate 
 length. Lower foot-jaw (fig. 7) 3-jointed; first joint 
 short and stout, second rather longer and having a 
 pectinate series of small cilia near the middle ; last 
 joint very short and armed with three strong, curved, 
 and plumose setae at the apex. The outer margins of 
 all the joints of the first four pairs of feet (fig. 8) are 
 fringed with spines, and their longer setae have pec- 
 tinate margins. Fifth pair of feet small (fig. 9), the 
 basal joint triangular and bearing two long setae on 
 the inner and one on the outer angle ; second joint 
 smaller, subquadrangular, bearing four setae, two of 
 which are of equal length with those of the basal 
 joint ; the other two much shorter. 
 
 I have seen only very few examples of this species, 
 not more than a dozen; these were taken off Porcressa 
 Bay (Scilly Islands) in a depth of twenty fathoms, and 
 off Hartlepool in twenty-five fathoms on a sandy 
 bottom. M. Boeck's specimens were found in com- 
 pany with the previous species, Zosime typica. 
 
 There may, perhaps, be some doubt whether the 
 species here described is rightly referred to M. 
 Boeck's Brady a typica. In some points the two 
 appear to differ, the only important divergence being, 
 however, as to the number of joints on the inner 
 branch of the posterior antennae. But this is a point 
 upon which a mistake may very readily be made ; 
 indeed it is one by no means always easy of determi- 
 nation, even when attention is specially directed to it. 
 I regret that an insufficient supply of specimens has 
 prevented my satisfying myself as to this particular, 
 
TACHIDIUS. 19 
 
 and also as regards the maxillar palp, of which, very 
 possibly, my figure may be inaccurate. 
 
 Sub-family 2. TACHIDIINJ;, BoecJc. 
 
 The species belonging to this sub-family agree with 
 the Longipediinte in having the first almost exactly like 
 the three following pairs of feet, adapted for swim- 
 ming and not for grasping, and in having all the 
 branches of the swimming feet 3-jointed ; the acces- 
 sory branch of the second antenna consists of one or 
 two joints and is mostly small; the second foot-jaw 
 forms a clawed hand and is adapted for prehension, 
 and the fifth foot consists usually of only one joint. 
 To this division belong the genera Tachidius, Euterpe, 
 and Robertsonia. 
 
 Diagnosis of Genera of TacMdiince* 
 
 Both f2-jointed , Euterpe. 
 
 branches | 
 
 of first -{ 3-j ointed ; secondary C 1 -j ointed Tachidius. 
 
 pair of j branch of posterior < 
 feet (^ antenna (,2-j ointed Robertsonia. 
 
 Genus 5. TACHIDIUS, Lilljeborg (1853). 
 
 Cephalothorax broad, and not distinctly separated 
 from the abdomen ; head united with first thoracic 
 segment ; abdomen in both sexes 5-jointed. Anterior 
 antennas (PL XXXVII, fig. 4) very short, 7-jointed. 
 
20 BRITISH COPErODA. 
 
 Posterior antennas 2-jointed, with a minute 1 -jointed 
 inner branch. Mandible-palp short (fig. 6), consisting 
 of a basal portion and two short 1 -jointed branches. 
 Maxilla armed with several curved teeth (fig. 7), and 
 having a small bilobed setose palp. First pair of foot- 
 jaws (fig. 8) divided into several setose segments ; 
 second pair elongated (fig. 9), 3-jointed, forming a 
 grasping hand, which terminates in a curved claw. 
 First four pairs of feet (fig. 10) nearly alike; both 
 branches 3-jointed. Each foot of the fifth pair con- 
 sists of a single broad fringed plate, larger in the 
 female than in the male. Ovisac single. 
 
 1. TACHIDIUS BREVICORNIS (Miiller). PI. XXXVII. 
 
 Cyclops brevicornis, Miiller. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 2414 (1776). Ento- 
 
 mostraca, p. 118 (1785). 
 Fabricius. Faun. Groen., 240 (1780). 
 
 Tachidius Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ord. trib., 
 
 p. 196, tab. xxii, figs. 1216; tab. xxiii, 
 
 figs. 1, 2, 9 ; and tab. xxiv, figs. 17, 18 (1853). 
 
 Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and 
 
 Durham, v. iii, p. 130, pi. v, figs. 19 (1868). 
 
 Boeck. OversigtNorg.Copepoder,p.33 (1864). 
 
 Body robust, produced into a short, blunt rostrum ; 
 body-segments fringed on their posterior margins with 
 rows of minute teeth ; last three abdominal segments 
 about equal in length, those of the tail (fig. 16) rather 
 longer than broad. Anterior antennae of the female (fig. 
 4) 7-jointed ; first two joints large, third, fourth, and 
 fifth short and nearly equal, sixth nearly as long as the 
 two preceding, seventh very small, the whole limb beset 
 
TAOHIDIUS. 21 
 
 with rather long hairs, some of which are plumed with 
 strong spine-like setse ; in the 'male the fifth and sixth 
 joints form a large vesiculiform swelling (fig. 3), the 
 last joint forming a strong claw ; a curved spine is 
 also attached to the outer margin of the swollen joint 
 (fig. 3 a). Posterior antennae 2-jointed, the secondary 
 branch (fig. 5) small, 1-jointed. In the male the 
 inner branch of the second pair of feet (fig. 11) has its 
 marginal setas much reduced in size, and the second 
 joint has attached to its apex a strong spine which is 
 nearly as broad and quite as long as the much nar- 
 rowed terminal joint ; the outer branch of the third pair 
 has also very small marginal seta and is armed at its 
 extremity with three strong spines (fig. 12), one of 
 which is very long. Fifth pair of feet in both sexes 
 broad, subquadrate, single-jointed, much larger in the 
 female (fig. 13) than in the male (fig. 14), and bearing 
 several marginal setas, some of which are plumose. 
 The innermost of the two principal tail setas is much 
 the longest, and both are finely aculeate throughout 
 (fig. 16). The first abdominal segment bears on its 
 outer angles (fig. 15) two spines. Eye small, situated 
 near the base of the anterior antenna. Colour grey 
 or yellowish brown. Length ^jth of an inch (*65 mm.). 
 There are probably few brackish marsh-pools in 
 which Tachidius brevicornis may not at times be found, 
 more especially in the autumn months, when long- 
 continued warmth has developed many successive 
 broods of these rapidly multiplying tribes. In pools 
 of this kind I have found it often in great abundance, 
 the following being some of the localities of which I 
 
22 BRITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 have memoranda : Seaton Sluice (Northumberland), 
 Hylton Dene and Hartlepool (Durham), Oulton Broad, 
 Maningtree, and Lake Lothing (Suffolk), pond at St. 
 Mary's, Scilly Islands. 
 
 Genus 6. EUTERPE, Glaus (1863). 
 
 Anterior antennae 7-jointed. Second pair of foot- 
 jaws elongated, 3-jointed, armed with a long, slender 
 claw. Both branches of the first pair of feet 2-jointed. 
 Abdomen in both sexes 5-jointed. 
 
 1. EUTERPE GRACILIS, Glaus. PI. XL, figs. 1 16. 
 
 Euterpe gracilis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 109, 
 t. 14, figs. 113 (1863). 
 
 Body slender, produced into a stout rostrum ante- 
 riorly, somewhat sigmoid in outline when seen from the 
 side, the dorsal cephalothoracic margin being strongly 
 arched (fig. 1). Abdomen short, about as long as the 
 last three thoracic segments, and not sharply separate 
 from the thorax. Anterior antennas 7-jointed ; shorter 
 than the first body-segment; in the female (fig. 3) slen- 
 der, beset somewhat sparingly with hairs, and bearing 
 on the fourth joint (fig. 3a) a stout setose appendage ; 
 length of the several joints nearly equal; in the male 
 (fig. 2) the fifth and sixth joints are coalescent, and 
 form an elongated vesiculiform swelling; last joint 
 
EUTEBPE. 23 
 
 very small and armed with a long, curved, apical claw, 
 the whole forming a powerful prehensile organ. The 
 posterior antennae are 3-jointed and rather large, the 
 basal joint giving attachment to an accessory branch 
 composed of a single joint, which is smaller in the 
 female than in the male (fig. 4) ; in the latter sex it is 
 armed at the apex with a falciform claw, which, accord- 
 ing to Glaus, is used as an auxiliary clasping organ. 
 The mandibles (fig. 5) are short and stout, strongly 
 toothed, and bearing a short 2-branched palp. The 
 maxillae (fig. 6) are strongly toothed, and have a 2- 
 jointed clawed palp. The upper foot- jaw (fig. 7) bears 
 three marginal digits, which, as well as the terminal 
 segment, are provided with plumose setae ; the lower 
 (fig. 8) is exceedingly long and slender, 3-jointed, with 
 a very long curved claw at the apex. The swimming- 
 feet of the first pair are 2-branched, each branch con- 
 sisting only of two joints ; and in the male (fig. 9) the 
 inner branch is sharply flexed, the terminal joints of 
 both branches bear on the inner margin and at the 
 apex five long, finely-plumose setae, but neither of 
 them possesses a prehensile claw. The three follow- 
 ing pairs of feet have both branches 3-jointed, the 
 inner branch, however, being in each case much 
 shorter than the outer (figs. 10, 11, 12); all the setae 
 of these limbs are plumose, but those belonging to the 
 first joint much more strongly so than the rest. The 
 fifth foot in the female is foliaceous, elongated, subovate 
 (fig. 13), bearing at the broad apex five spines, of which 
 the three median ones are plumose ; on the middle of 
 the external margin there is also a spine of nearly 
 
2 t BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 similar size ; in the male the fifth pair of feet (fig. 14) 
 is rather smaller, and consists of two tapering laminae 
 which are closely united almost to the apices, each of 
 which bears two nearly equal spines, the external 
 margins each having two slender setae ; the first male 
 abdominal segment (fig. 15) has attached to it a pair 
 of small bisetose appendages, much like rudimentary 
 feet. Caudal segments (fig. 16) subconical, a little 
 longer than the last abdominal ring ; tail setae two, the 
 innermost much the longer, stout and finely aculeate 
 along the margins, somewhat shorter than the abdo- 
 men, but about five times as long as the outer one. 
 The animal is of a deep brown colour, and is ^yth of 
 an inch in length ('65 mm.). 
 
 The only specimens of this species which I have 
 seen occurred in a tow-net gathering made by my 
 friend, Mr. E. C. Davison, in Kinsale Harbour, 
 Ireland, during the cruise of the "Porcupine;" there 
 were several examples, but, except one or two, all were 
 males. The type-specimens described by Dr. Glaus 
 were taken at Heligoland, these two localities being at 
 present the only recorded habitats of the species. 
 
 Genus 7. ROBEETSONIA, nov. gen. 
 
 Abdomen separated by a distinct constriction from 
 the cephalothorax ; anterior antennae short, 7- or 8- 
 jointed ; inner branch of posterior antennae of moderate 
 size, biarticulate ; mandible palp composed of a large 
 
BOBERTSONIA. 25 
 
 basal joint and two small branches ; anterior foot-jaw 
 short and broad, posterior 3-jointed, well developed, 
 forming a prehensile hand. First four pairs of feet 
 nearly alike, each branch 3-jointed ; fifth foot foliaceous, 
 2-jointed. Last joint of the inner branch of the second 
 pair in the male converted into two or three strong 
 spine-like processes. 
 
 1. ROBERTSONIA TENUis (Brady and Robertson). 
 PI. XLI, figs. 114. 
 
 Ectinosoma tenue, B. & R. Proceedings of the British Associa- 
 tion, p. 196 (1875). 
 
 Length - 2 ^th of an inch. Moderately robust ; head 
 united with the first thoracic segment, and pro- 
 duced into a long falcate rostrum (fig. 1) ; abdomen 
 distinctly narrower than the cephalothorax, and com- 
 posed of five segments, the posterior margins of which 
 are finely spinulose, and have three or four somewhat 
 larger spines at the outer angles (fig. 14). Anterior 
 antenna3 8-jointed, short, only about half the length of 
 the first body- segment ; in the female densely beset on 
 the outer margin with long hairs, some of which are 
 strongly pectinate (fig. 2) ; in the male (fig. 3) the 
 joints are irregularly swollen at the distal, and con- 
 stricted at the proximal extremities ; the fifth joint is 
 produced on the outer margin, and bears a thick, club- 
 like appendage (fig. 3a), the limb altogether being not 
 so densely setose as in the female. Posterior antennas 
 (fig. 4) 2-jointed, the large basal joint giving attach- 
 ment to a slender, biarticulated inner branch, which 
 
26 BRITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 bears two apical and two marginal setae ; the last joint 
 of the main limb is armed with several spine-like setae 
 at the apex and on the outer margin, and the basal 
 joint has one strong plumose seta. Mandible (fig. 5) 
 broad and strongly toothed at the extremity; basal 
 joint of the palp large. The maxilla (fig. 6) consists 
 of a small masticatory segment, and a 4-digitate palp, 
 the extremities of all the digits bearing three or four 
 long setae. The anterior foot-jaw (fig. 7) has three 
 marginal digits ; the posterior (fig. 8) is 3-jointed, 
 first and second joints subequal, third small, slender, 
 and having three apical setae, one of which is longer 
 than the others and forms a slender claw ; the basal 
 joint has four marginal setae, two attached at the apex 
 being very long ; the second joint has a series of about 
 eight setae on its inner margin. The inner branch of 
 the first pair of feet (fig. 9) is rather longer than the 
 outer branch, the terminal joints in both cases being 
 rather long and slender ; the outer margins are fringed 
 with spine-like setae, those at the apex of each joint on 
 the outer branch being unusually large. The basal 
 portion of the limb is armed with three strong spines 
 (fig. 9, a, a, a), the innermost of which is broad and 
 lancet-shaped ; the second, third, and fourth pairs of 
 feet are somewhat similar, but their setose armature is 
 not quite so strong; in the male the third joint of the 
 inner branch in the second pair (fig. 11) is converted 
 into two spine-like processes and two slender setae, 
 while the setae usually present on the inner margins of 
 the first and second joints are quite rudimentary. The 
 fifth foot (figs. 12, 13) is composed of two joints fringed 
 
AMYMONE 27 
 
 with numerous marginal setse, some of which are 
 plumose, the basal joint dilated and embracing the 
 second joint ; in the male the limb is much smaller 
 and less profusely setose, the inner segment of the 
 basal joint having only two strong apical spines and 
 a fringe of fine cilia along the inner margin. The 
 caudal segments are very short the length being 
 less than the width, and bear several short and two 
 long setae, the inner and larger of which is finely and 
 shortly plumose, and about as long as the abdomen. 
 
 This very distinct and well-marked species is perhaps 
 not uncommon off the Durham coast, a considerable 
 number of specimens having been noticed in two 
 dredgings, off Hawthorn, in a depth of twenty-seven 
 fathoms on a sandy bottom, and off Seaham, in thirty- 
 seven fathoms amongst mud. It may be noted that 
 these two localities are in close proximity. 
 
 Sub-family 3. AMYMONINJI, Boeck. 
 
 Posterior antennse 3-jointed, with a small 1- or 2- 
 j oin ted inner branch ; mandible-palp 1-jointed; maxil- 
 lar palp 2-jointed, slender. Anterior foot-jaw 3-jointed, 
 digitate ; posterior strongly ch elate ; branches of first 
 pair of feet 1-jointed, of following pairs 3-jointed. 
 
 One genus only Amymone. 
 
28 BRITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 Genus 8. AMYMONE, Glaus (1863). 
 
 Body much compressed. Dorsal margin very con- 
 vex. Head and last thoracic segment very large, pro- 
 duced ventrally and approximating so as to give a 
 more or less circular outline to the animal. Abdomen 
 very short. Head united with the first thoracic 
 segment. First pair of antennae elongated, 6- or 8- 
 jointed; second pair 3-jointed, and bearing a small 1- 
 or 2-jointed secondary branch, last joint clawed. 
 Mandible-palp 1-branched;* maxillar palp elongated, 
 2-jointed. First foot-jaw slender, 3-jointed; second 
 much elongated, 2-jointed, and forming a strong 
 grasping hand. First pair of feet not prehensile, 2- 
 branched, each branch consisting of a single joint; 
 second, third, and fourth pairs with both branches 
 3-jointed. Fifth foot in the female composed of two, 
 in the male of one, joint. Integument excessively 
 tough and coriaceous, usually cellular or areolated. 
 
 1. AMYMONE SPHJEKIOA, Glaus. PI. XLIX, figs. 1 11. 
 
 Jmymone sphriceea, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 114, 
 t. xx, figs. 19 (1863). 
 
 Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 32 
 
 (1864). 
 
 falcata, Norman. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 296 (1868). 
 
 * Boeck says fooo-branched a mistake, unless his specimens belong 
 to a different species from those here described. The statement of the 
 same author as to the structure of the second and third pairs of feet 
 is also erroneous ("outer branch 2-jointed, inner 3-jointed") both 
 branches being always 3-jointed. 
 
AMYMONE. 29 
 
 First segment of the body produced ventral ly into 
 a large triangular or broadly falciform promontory ; 
 last segment of the thorax and first of the abdomen 
 coalescent, produced in the female into a doubly- 
 hooked projection, and in the male into a long trian- 
 gular process, which nearly meets that of the 
 cephalothorax (represented by the dotted line in 
 fig. 1) ; abdominal segments and tail setaa very short. 
 Anterior antennae in the female 8-jointed, slender, and 
 tapering; nearly as long as the first body- segment ; 
 joints decreasing in length from the first to the sixth, 
 last three nearly equal ; in the male the first, second, 
 and fourth joints are long (fig. 2) and nearly equal, 
 the third, fifth, and eighth very short ; a hinge between 
 the sixth and seventh joints ; in both sexes the outer 
 margin of the limb is clothed with short hairs. Poste- 
 rior antennas (fig. 3) 3-jointed, long and slender, the 
 first joint giving attachment to a small 1- jointed, 
 secondary branch, which bears several apical setas ; the 
 last joint is clawed at the apex, and has likewise three 
 or four moderately long setaa. Mandible (fig. 4) 
 slender; palp 2-jointed. Maxilla (fig. 5) slender; 
 palp 2-jointed, first joint short, second long, slender, 
 and curved, each joint bearing three or four strong, 
 curved, apical setas. First foot-jaw 3-jointed (fig. 6), 
 last joint very slender, and, like the previous one, 
 giving origin to a setiferous process. Second foot- 
 jaw (fig. 7) very long and strong, forming a powerful, 
 chelate, prehensile limb, the hand elongated, ovate, 
 bearing a comb-like series of teeth on the inner 
 margin ; claw long and curved. The four pairs of 
 
30 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 swimming- feet are nearly equal in length, but the 
 branches of the first pair (fig. 8) are only 1- jointed, 
 and their marginal setae are comparatively short ; 
 branches of the three following pairs slender, the 
 outer branch (fig. 9) having two apical spines, one 
 long and one short ; setae of the inner margins long 
 and slender. Fifth pair in the female foliaceous, 2- 
 jointed, bearing a few marginal setae (fig. 10), the 
 joints nearly equal in length; in the male (fig. 11) 
 1 -jointed, elongated, curved, bearing two long setae at 
 the apex, and one on the outer margin. Colour deep 
 yellowish brown. Length 3-3- rd of an inch ('77 mm.). 
 Dredged in twenty-five fathoms four miles off 
 Marsden (Durham) amongst rough sand ; in thirty-five 
 fathoms off Robin Hood's Bay (Yorkshire), amongst 
 Filagrana implexa, and off Red Cliff (Yorkshire) : 
 Oban (Rev. A. M. Norman). The Rev. A. M. 
 Norman also records the occurrence of " A. falcata" 
 which I believe to be properly referable to this species, 
 " amongst Laminarice in Bressay Sound " (Shetland). 
 Dr. Claus's specimens were found at Heligoland and 
 Naples, and Boeck's at Christiania. 
 
 2. AMYMONE LONGIMANA, Glaus. PI. XLIX, figs. 12, 
 
 13. 
 
 Amymone lonyimana, Clans. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 115, 
 t. xx, figs. 13, 14 (1863). 
 
 Anterior antennae of the female stout and 6-jointed 
 (Claus), of the male (fig. 12) closely similar to those of 
 
STENHELTINJ1. 31 
 
 the preceding species. Second foot-jaw (fig. 13) long, 
 the hand stout and subtriangular ; terminal claw short 
 and stout; the prominent inner margin of the hand 
 armed with a row of about eight spine-like setas. 
 Length s^jth of an inch ('5 mm.). 
 
 One specimen only was dredged in a depth of 
 twenty-seven fathoms off Hawthorn (Durham). 
 
 Sub-family 4. STENHELIIN^, nov. sub.-fam. 
 
 In this section the inner branch of the first pair of 
 feet is 2- or 3-jointed, has its first or last joint more 
 or less elongated and the limb partially adapted for 
 grasping by means of an imperfect hingement at the 
 apex of the first joint ; the second, third, and fourth 
 pairs have both branches 3-jointed ; the mandible- 
 palp is large and 2 -branched, and the inner branch 
 of the posterior antenna is 2- or 3-jointed, and of 
 moderate size. 
 
 The genera are Stenhelia, Ameira, Jonesiella, and 
 Delavalia. 
 
 Diagnosis of Genera of Stenheliince. 
 
 f C shorter than the outer branch Delavalia. 
 
 2-jointed \ 
 
 (. longer than the outer branch Jonesit lla. 
 
 pair of ^ - 3_j i n ted; secondary ( small, 1 -jointed Ameira. 
 
 nmmi g- | k ranc h o f posterior < 
 
 (_ antenna C 3-jointed Stenhelia. 
 
32 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 Genus 9. STENHELIA, Boeck (1864). 
 
 Anterior antenna 8- jointed; inner branch of the 
 posterior antenna of moderate size, 3-jointed, median 
 joint very small. Mandible-palp composed of a well- 
 developed basal joint and two small 1-jointed branches. 
 Masticatory segment of the maxilla provided with a 
 few strong apical claws and two smaller setiferous 
 digitate segments ; from the outer margin spring three 
 small setiferous tubercles ; first pair of foot jaws having 
 one large terminal claw and three or four digitiform 
 setose processes ; second forming a grasping hand. 
 All the branches of the swimming-feet 3-jointed, the 
 inner branch of the first pair elongated, its first joint 
 being often about as long as the whole outer branch ; 
 last two joints small, and terminating in three long 
 setae without any claw. Fifth pair foliaceous, 2-jointed. 
 abdomen in both sexes 5-jointed. 
 
 The characters which chiefly distinguish this genus 
 from the Tachidiinte are the structure of the inner 
 branch of the first foot, the well-developed mandibular 
 and maxillar palps, and the 3-jointed inner branch of 
 the posterior antenna. From all except Robertsonia it 
 is also separated by the 2-jointed fifth foot. 
 
 1. STENHELIA HISPIDA, nov. sp. PL XLII, figs. 1 14 
 Female. Animal rather slender ; head united with 
 
STENHELIA. 33 
 
 tlie first thoracic segment, and produced into a long 
 curved rostrum (fig. 1). Abdomen (fig. 1) 5-jointed, 
 the first two joints not coalescent. Anterior antenna 
 8-jointed, the second joint reaching to the extremity 
 of the rostrum ; the fourth joint is somewhat longer 
 than the preceding three, and the last four are much 
 shorter and more slender, their entire length being 
 only equal to that of the two preceding joints ; the 
 second, third, fourth, and eighth joints each bear several 
 apical setae, the other joints very few. Middle joint of 
 the inner branch of the posterior antenna (fig. 4) very 
 small. The second foot-jaw (fig. 8) has two spine-like 
 setae on the inner margin of the slender, oblong hand. 
 Outer margins of the swimming-feet densely fringed 
 with spine-like setae ; first joint of the inner branch of 
 the first pair elongated, nearly twice as long as the two 
 following joints ; second joint smaller than the third ; 
 the outer branch scarcely reaches beyond the apex of 
 the first joint of the inner branch; branches of the 
 second, third, and fourth pairs al!3-jointed and nearly 
 equal, joints long and slender (fig. 10). Fifth pair 
 well developed (fig. 12), basal joint broad and long, 
 fringed with small hairs and provided also with five 
 stout plumose setae on the apex and internal margin ; 
 second joint broadly ovate, bearing five marginal setae. 
 The third segment of the abdomen is the shortest, the 
 fourth the longest ; caudal segments about as long as 
 broad ; outer terminal setae very thick for the first 
 half, then suddenly tapering to a hair-like fineness 
 (fig. 14) ; inner setae about twice as long, stout and 
 shortly plumose. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
34 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 Male. Anterior antenna (fig. 3) constricted between 
 the third and fourth joints ; fourth joint armed with 
 a very robust rod-like appendage (fig 3 a) ; first joint 
 of the inner branch of the first foot much thickened 
 (fig. 9), bearing a fringe of long spine-like setae on the 
 inner margin and one much longer apical seta ; the basal 
 portion of the foot has a large darkly-coloured chitinous 
 tubercle on its inner margin, just above the origin of 
 the inner branch (fig. 9 a). The second and third 
 joints of the inner branch of the second foot (fig. 11) 
 are converted into a long, chitinous, bayonet -like 
 spine, which is tuberculated near the base. Fifth 
 pair of feet (fig. 13) smaller and more angular than in 
 the female, the basal segment having only two principal 
 setse ; those on the outer margin of the second joint 
 short and stout. The tail setge in the male are not so 
 stout as those of the female. Length ^-th of an inch 
 (1 mm.). 
 
 This fine species was first noticed by my friend the 
 Rev. Alfred Merle Norman amongst Entomostraca 
 washed off the fronds of Laminarite at Tobermory ; in 
 this gathering it occurred abundantly. I have since 
 dredged it in several places, but nowhere in great 
 numbers : Clew Bay (Ireland) ten fathoms ; off 
 Hartlepool five fathoms ; and off Marsden (Durham) 
 thirty fathoms; Portincross (Ayrshire) fifteen fathoms; 
 Yen try Bay, Ireland (Mr. E. C. Davisori). 
 
 The specific name hispida is the MS. name given 
 by Mr. Norman to his specimens, and on that account 
 is adopted here. 
 
STENHELIA. 35 
 
 2. STENHELIA IMA, Brady. PI. XLIII, figs. 1 14. 
 
 Canthocamptus imus, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland 
 and Durham, vol. iv, p. 436, pi. xix, figs. 
 15 (1872). 
 
 ? restrains, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copopoden, 
 
 p. 122, t. xiii, figs. 58 (1863). 
 
 Animal very slender, rostrum slender, long, and fal- 
 ciform ; fourth joint of abdomen the longest. Anterior 
 antennae (fig. 2) very slender, the last four joints 
 much thinner than the rest : third, fifth, sixth, and 
 seventh joints short and nearly equal. In the male the 
 second and fourth joints are much elongated (fig. 3), 
 the latter bearing a stout rod-like appendage (fig. 3 a). 
 Second foot-jaw very slender (fig. 8), the long thin 
 hand having several hair-like spines on the inner 
 margin. First joint of inner branch of first pair of 
 feet very slender and longer than the outer branch, 
 ciliated on both margins and bearing one long 
 apical seta on the inner margin (fig. 9), second joint 
 very short, third more than twice as long as second ; 
 three terminal setae, one of which is much longer than 
 the rest. Both branches of the three following pairs 
 long, slender, and nearly equal ; inner branch of the 
 second pair in the male terminating in two slender 
 spines and a long seta (fig. 10). Inner segment of the 
 fifth foot in the female elongated, narrow, having five 
 or six marginal seta3 ; second joint long and narrow, 
 subovate, six- setose, the two apical hairs much the 
 longest (fig. 12). The fifth feet of the male are very 
 much shorter and proportionately wider (fig. 13). The 
 
36 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 tail setaB ai*e a good deal swollen at the base (fig. 14). 
 Ovisac curvate, containing a small number of large 
 ova ranged in a single layer. Length -g^th of an 
 inch ( % 85 mm.). 
 
 Hob. Dredged in depths varying from ten to 
 thirty-five fathoms, off Marsden on the Durham Coast, 
 off Red Cliff, Staiths, and Robin Hood's Bay (York- 
 shire) ; off Call urn's Hole, Bute ; Glen Sannox, Arran ; 
 St. Mary's, Scilly ; and Clew Bay, Ireland. 
 
 This agrees very closely with the somewhat scanty 
 details of character noted by Dr. Claus for Oantho- 
 camptus restrains, but if that species really belongs to 
 the genus Canthocamptus as defined by Dr. Claus 
 (having the fourth foot only 2- jointed), it cannot be 
 the same as the form now under consideration. With 
 this uncertainty I retain my own specific name, 
 though, if the two forms are really identical, the 
 term rostrata should have the preference on account 
 of priority. 
 
 Genus 10. AMEIKA, Boeck (1864). 
 
 Anterior antenna 8-jointed; inner branch of posterior 
 antenna small, 1 -jointed. Mandible-palp small, 1- 
 or 2-branched. Branches of all the swimming-feet 
 3-jointed ; outer branch of the first pair short ; 
 inner branch long, the first joint especially much 
 elongated. 
 
AMEIRA. 37 
 
 1. AMEIRA LONGIPES, Boeck. PL LIII, figs. 1 10. 
 
 Ameiralongi/pes, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 49 (1864). 
 
 Rostrum of moderate length, obtuse; last abdo- 
 minal segment longer than the preceding; tail seg- 
 ments about as long as broad. The second joint of 
 the anterior antenna is much longer and wider than 
 any of the following, the third joint is of mode- 
 rate size, the rest short and nearly equal in length 
 (fig. 1). Hand and claw of the second foot-jaw 
 slender (fig. 5). First joint of the inner branch of 
 first swimming-foot longer than the entire outer 
 branch (fig. 6), ciliated on the outer margin, and 
 bearing one long seta below the middle, and another 
 at the apex ; second joint short, with one apical seta, 
 third twice as long as the second and bearing two 
 long and one short setae ; the inner branches of the 
 second, third, and fourth pairs are 3-jointed, and 
 shorter than the outer ; but the second pair in the 
 male (fig. 8) has the third joint converted into 
 a long slender spine ; fifth pair small, the basal joint 
 broad, its inner segment not much elongated (fig. 9), 
 and armed with four setae; second joint long, oval, 
 ciliated on the lateral margins, and having five long 
 terminal setae ; in the male the outer joint is much 
 shorter (fig. 10), and the setae of both joints are 
 reduced both in number and size. Length -^th of an 
 inch (*85 mm.). 
 
 A. longipes has been noticed in several dredgings, 
 but would seem to occur sparingly, not more than 
 
o8 BRITISH COl'EPODA. 
 
 about one specimen having been seen in each case. 
 The localities are as follows : Off Portincross (Ayr- 
 shire) fifteen fathoms; off Sunderland and Seaham 
 (Durham) twenty-five to forty- five fathoms ; off Staiths 
 (Yorkshire) ; and on roots of Algae at Roundstone 
 (Ireland). 
 
 This species is perplexingly near in many characters 
 to Stenhelia ima, but is separated by the characters of 
 the first antenna, the 1-jointed branch of the second 
 antenna, and the outline of the fifth pair of feet. 
 Boeck characterises the mandible-palp as 1-jointed, 
 but in my specimens the 2-branched character is 
 perfectly evident. Nevertheless the difficulty of dis- 
 tinguishing between this and Stenhelia ima is great, 
 and, without dissection, insuperable. Indeed, I can 
 scarcely resist the impression that the two forms may 
 be varieties, or stages of development, of one and the 
 same species. 
 
 Genus 11. JONESIELLA, nov. gen. 
 
 Body slender, of nearly equal thickness throughout. 
 Abdomen not flexed on the thorax after death. An- 
 terior antennse small, 7- or 8-jointed; inner branch of 
 posterior antennae 2- jointed. Mandibles well deve- 
 loped; palp 2-branched. Second foot-jaw forming a 
 clawed hand. Maxillae and foot-jaws nearly as in 
 Stenhelia. First pair of swimming-feet short, inner 
 branch rather the longer, 2 -join ted, bearing long 
 terminal setae, but no claws ; second, third, and fourth 
 
JONESIELLA. 39 
 
 pairs having both branches composed of three joints ; 
 basal joint of the fifth pair very broad, second joint 
 smaller. One ovisac. 
 
 Seen from the side these animals have much the 
 appearance of the genus Ectinosoma, the first body- 
 segment being small and tapering towards the front, 
 the abdomen also slightly tapering and extended per- 
 sistently nearly in the axis of the cephalothorax ; the 
 structure of the swimming-feet is also very similar, 
 but the mouth-organs are entirely different. I have 
 much pleasure in naming the genus after my old and 
 valued friend, Prof. T. Rupert Jones, one of the 
 first and most zealous workers amongst the fossil 
 Entomostraca. 
 
 1. JONESIELLA FUSIFORMIS (Brady and Robertson). PL 
 
 XLYIII, figs. 113. 
 
 Zosime fusiformis, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 (1875). 
 
 Body elongated, slender ; head and first thoracic 
 segment coalescent, produced into a slender rostrum. 
 Anterior antenna 7-jointed, short, the last four joints 
 short and densely clothed with long hairs (fig. 2), 
 some of which are strongly pectinate or plumose ; the 
 fourth joint bears a long rod-like appendage (fig. 2 a), 
 and the fifth a peculiar, branched, sine-like seta 
 (fig. 2 b). In the male the antenna is irregularly 
 corrugated, and has a large vesiculiform swelling of 
 the fourth joint (fig. 3). Posterior antenna stout, 
 and armed on the second joint with several short 
 spines, some of which have pectinate margins (fig. 4), 
 
40 HK'ITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 two or three being long and having their marginal 
 spines produced so as to form short branches. Man- 
 dibles (fig. 5) broad and strongly toothed; basal 
 joint of the palp large, and bearing two rather long, 
 biarticulate branches. Masticatory portion of the 
 maxilla (fig. 6) broad and strongly toothed ; palp well 
 developed. First two joints of the second foot-jaw 
 (fig. 8) finely ciliated along the upper margins ; the 
 hand and nail both long and slender. First pair of 
 swimming-feet (fig. 9) robust and short ; inner branch 
 rather longer than the outer, its second joint longer 
 than the first ; outer and apical margins of the joints 
 fringed with large spines, those of the outer branch 
 being shortly plumose, while the longer setae are either 
 finely plumose or strongly pectinate. The other 
 swimming-feet have both branches 3-jointed and 
 nearly equal, the outer margins spinous and the larger 
 spines strongly pectinated (fig. 11). The inner branch 
 of the second foot in the male has the middle joint 
 produced into a large spine-like process (fig. 10), 
 first joint marginate with strong spines, last joint 
 long, slender, and bearing several long plumose seta3. 
 Basal joint of the fifth foot in the female (fig. 12) 
 broad and quadrate, with ciliated margins, and armed 
 along the distal border with five or six large thong- 
 like setae of various lengths ; outer joint much smaller, 
 similarly armed, but having only one large and several 
 small setae. The fifth foot in the male (fig. 13) is of 
 somewhat similar character, but much smaller; the 
 outer joint is large in proportion to the inner, and 
 thje marginal spines are much fewer and smaller. 
 
JONUSIELLA. 41 
 
 Caudal segments very short and broad ; setae finely 
 aculeate. Length -^g-rd of an inch (1-1 mm.). 
 
 This species occurred plentifully in a dredging made 
 off Porcressa Bay, Scilly, in twenty fathoms, on a 
 bottom of hard sand ; also, less plentifully, in thirty- 
 five fathoms off Red Cliff, Yorkshire. 
 
 2. JONESIELLA SPINULOSA (Brady and Robertson). PI. 
 
 XLVIII, figs. 1417; and 
 PL XLIX, figs. 14, 15. 
 
 Zosime spinulosa, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 (1875). 
 
 This differs from the preceding species chiefly in 
 the structure of the mandibular palp and the first and 
 fifth feet. The basal joint of the mandible-palp is broad, 
 and the two branches short and stout (PI. XLVIII, 
 fig. 15). The second joint of the inner branch of the 
 second foot is twice as long as the first joint. The 
 basal joint of the fifth foot (fig. 17) is somewhat 
 rounded at the apex, and of moderate width ; not much 
 broader than the outer joint. Length -^th of an inch 
 (85 mm.). 
 
 The following are the localities in which /. spinulosa 
 has been noticed : Westport Bay (Ireland), taken in 
 the tow-net; dredged off Hartlepool on a sandy 
 bottom ; and in a depth of thirty-seven fathoms six- 
 teen miles off Hawthorn (Durham), on a muddy bottom; 
 in all cases sparingly. 
 
 The resemblance between this and the preceding 
 species is, perhaps, too close to be altogether satis- 
 factory, especially as specimens of the male of /. 
 
42 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 spinulosa have not been seen ; but the points of differ- 
 ence, as shown in the plates, seem to me to be too 
 well marked to allow of the two forms being brought 
 under one specific name. 
 
 Genus 12. DELAY ALIA, Brady (1868). 
 
 Delavalia, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Dur- 
 ham, vol. iii (1868). 
 
 Animal like Dactylopus in general form ; rostrum 
 short and blunt, abdomen of the female 5-, of the male 
 6-jointed, tail-segments distant and rather divergent : 
 anterior antennae shorter than the first body-segment, 
 in the male hinged (Plate LI, fig. 3), but destitute of 
 a vesicular swelling, 8-jointed; inner branch of 
 posterior antennse composed of two or three joints ; 
 mandibles well developed, basal joint of the palp large, 
 and giving origin to two long, slender, 1 -jointed 
 branches. Maxillar palp well developed, multilobular ; 
 first foot-jaw composed of several digitiform seg- 
 ments, a small marginal 2-lobed palp, and a long 
 terminal claw. Second foot-jaw forming a slender 
 clawed hand. All the branches of the four pairs of 
 swimming-feet 3-jointed, except the inner branch of 
 the first pair, which has only two joints. Basal joint 
 of the fifth pair of feet very short and broad, second 
 joint leaf -like, ovate or subovate ; ovisacs two, large, 
 and containing a small number of large ova. 
 
DELAVALTA. 43 
 
 1. DELAVALIA PALTJSTRIS, Brady. PL L, figs. 18. 
 
 Delavalia palustris, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland 
 and Durham, vol. iii, p. 134, pi. v, figs. 
 10-15 (1868). 
 
 Rostrum short, broad, somewhat retuse at the apex, 
 and having two minute lateral setse. Anterior antenna 
 (fig. 2) shorter than the first body-segment, rather 
 densely hairy on the distal half, and devoid of a 
 flagellum : second joint of the posterior antenna (fig. 3) 
 fringed with a series of spine-like hairs on the outer 
 margin ; inner branch composed of two long, slender 
 joints. Mandible-palp (fig. 4) large, all the joints long 
 and slender; one of the terminal setse of the main 
 branch excessively long. First pair of swimming-feet 
 (fig. 6) short, the two branches nearly equal in length ; 
 inner branch 2-jointed, the second joint being slender 
 and about twice as long as the first : each branch 
 bears only two slender and moderately long spine-like 
 setse at its apex. Basal joint of the fifth pair (tig. 8) 
 almost obsolete, terminal joints distant, broadly ovate, 
 the distal extremity fringed with six subequal and not 
 very long setae. Anal operculum protected by two 
 curved lines of teeth. Caudal segments more than 
 twice as long as broad, distant, and slightly divergent. 
 Inner (or longer) tail seta about as long as the 
 abdomen ; outer seta half the length of the inner. 
 Length -^th of an inch ('85 mm.). Male unknown. 
 
 The only locality in which I have as yet found this 
 species is at the mouth of the Seaton Burn, Northum- 
 
44 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 berland, where it haunts the shallow pools which are 
 scattered over a small extent of salt marsh near the 
 river side : these pools, being subject to the occasional 
 overflow of the tide, are, of course, brackish, and, 
 towards the end of summer, swarm with microscopic 
 and even larger life of various kinds. I have no doubt 
 that they would well repay a more minute examination 
 than I have been able to devote to them. It may be 
 interesting here to note the Entomostraca which I have 
 taken in this marsh : the Copepoda are Cyclops 
 cequoreus, Tachidius brevicornis, Temora velox, Delavalia 
 palustris, Ectinosoma (sp.), Laophonte (sp)., Platy- 
 chelipus littoralis, Dactylopus tisboides, and possibly 
 others of which I have not kept note ; and besides 
 these, the following Ostracoda occur plentifully : 
 Cythere castanea, Limnlcythere inopinata, Cypris gibba, 
 Loxoconcha elliptica, Cytheridea torosa. 
 
 As regards the particular species now under con- 
 sideration Delavalia palustris it remains to be noted 
 that it is scarce in comparison with the other Copepoda 
 in whose company it occurs, though a few specimens 
 may almost always be found in a gathering from the 
 Seaton Marsh. Though I have dissected several spe- 
 cimens very carefully I have not succeeded in finding 
 the lower foot-jaw ; I can scarcely doubt that it really 
 exists, as in other species of the genus, though perhaps 
 very small. The mouth-organs of these mud-loving 
 creatures are very liable to get obscured by adherent 
 dirt, and difficult 10 recognise even after long-con- 
 tinued maceration in solution of potash. 
 
DELAVALIA. 45 
 
 2. DELAVALIA REFLEX A, Brady and Robertson. PL LI, 
 
 figs. 1 14. 
 
 Delavalia reflexa, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196, 1875. 
 
 Anterior antennae (fig. 2) somewhat more slender 
 than in the preceding species, the last three joints 
 nearly equal in length, third, fourth, and fifth a little 
 larger ; both joints of the posterior antennas (fig. 4) are 
 very long and slender ; the inner branch composed of 
 three joints ; basal joint of the mandibular palp (fig. 5) 
 very long, giving origin near the middle to a small 
 1 -jointed branch, and at the extremity bearing another 
 long and attenuated 1 -jointed branch; both branches 
 setiferous at the apex. Maxillary palp (fig. 6) well 
 developed ; first segment of the anterior foot-jaw ex- 
 panded and crutch-shaped (fig. 7 a). Inner branch of 
 the first foot (fig. 9) shorter than the outer, second 
 joint widened at the apex, and only about half as long 
 as the first ; inner branches of the third and fourth 
 pairs nearly as long as the outer, that of the second 
 pair (fig. 10) much shorter. Basal joint of the fifth 
 foot in the female (fig. 11) short, broad, and bearing 
 four long marginal setae on the inner segment ; second 
 joint (11 a) oblong, subquadrate, and having four 
 moderately long terminal setae ; in the male the fifth 
 foot is atrophied (fig. 12), the first joint (a) having 
 only two setae and the second (b) being reduced to a 
 small unisetiferous lobe. Caudal segments as in D. 
 palustris ; anal operculum smooth. 
 
46 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 Delavalia reflexa was dredged by Mr. D. Robertson 
 and myself five miles off Hartlepool on a sandy bottom ; 
 several specimens were taken. 
 
 3. DELAVALIA ROBUSTA, Brady and Robertson. PI. LI, 
 
 figs. 1521. 
 
 Delavalia robusta, B. & B. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 (1875). 
 Spio brunnea, Idem. Ibidem. 
 
 Rostrum as in D. palustris ; anterior antenna (fig. 
 
 15) curved, profusely setose, first joint the longest, 
 fifth shortest. Basal joint of the mandible-palp (fig. 
 
 16) of moderate length, branches about equal and 
 nearly as long as the base ; palp and digits of the 
 upper foot-jaw (fig. 17) small and simple. Inner 
 branch of the posterior antenna 3-jointed. First pair of 
 feet like those of D. reflexa, but that the terminal setae 
 of the inner branch (fig. 19) are stronger and the 
 principal one plumose ; the second, third, and fourth 
 feet have both branches equal (fig. 20), each joint 
 being produced into a strong spine at the distal 
 extremity of the outer margin. Fifth feet like those 
 of D. reflexa, but more profusely setose. Caudal 
 segments as in the two preceding species. Length y^th 
 of an inch ('85 mm.). 
 
 This species was dredged in depths of twenty-five to 
 thirty-five fathoms in several places off the coasts of 
 Durham and Yorkshire ; off Staiths and Robin Hood's 
 Bay (Yorkshire) ; and off Hawthorn (Durham) ; in all 
 these places it occurred very sparingly. 
 
CANTHOCAMPTIN^E. 47 
 
 Sub-family 5. CANT HOC AMPTIN^, nov. sub-fam. 
 
 The characters which, chiefly distinguish the species 
 belonging to this sub-family are as follow : The inner 
 branch of the second antenna is usually 1 -jointed, and 
 always very small ; the mandible-palp consists (usually) 
 of one branch only; the second foot-jaw forms a 
 grasping hand ; the inner branch of the first foot is 
 elongated (usually 3-jointed), and more or less adapted 
 for prehension, sometimes, though not always, power- 
 fully clawed, while the fourth pair nearly always, and 
 sometimes also the second and third, have the number 
 of joints in the inner branch reduced to two, or even 
 one. Ovisacs one or two. 
 
 The genera which come under this sub-family are 
 Canthocamptus, Mesochra, Attheyella, Tetragoniceps, 
 Diosaccus, Laophonte, Normanella, Cletodes, and Enhy- 
 droboma. 
 
 Diagnosis of Genera of Oanthocamptince. 
 
 usually elongated, f ?-.T , f one '-Canthocamptus. 
 
 3-jointed (ilrely pointed; 
 
 2-jointed); J ovisacs (two ...Diosaccus. 
 i of | 
 
 nner 
 
 PH 
 
 un- 
 
 branch- 
 ed; 
 
 branch 
 
 inner branch 
 
 composed of one joint 
 fourth pair 
 
 ily Attheyella. 
 
 p. P , -j ' i one strong uncinate claw... Laophonte. 
 
 f iHf ) ** 9l - d -' ^...M^oo^. 
 feet 
 
 shorter than the f 3-jointed Enhydrosoma. 
 
 outer branch, \ 
 2-jointed ; mandi- 1 minute, or reduced 
 
 ble-palp v^ to a few setae Cletodes. 
 
 branched; fl-joi 
 fifth pair < 
 of feet C2-joi 
 
 1 -jointed Tetragoniceps, 
 
 jointed , , Normanella. 
 
48 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 Genus 13. CANTHOOAMPTUS, Westwood (1836). 
 
 Posterior antenna 2- jointed, and having a small 1- or 
 2-jointed branch attached to the basal joint ; mandible- 
 palp small, composed of one branch ; second foot-jaw 
 slender, and forming a prehensile clawed hand. Inner 
 branch of the first pair of feet 3-jointed, elongated, 
 and flexed at the median joint ; of the second, third, 
 and fourth pairs 2- or 3-jointed. 
 
 1. CANTHOCAMPTUS MINTJTUS (Miiller). PL XLIV, figs. 
 
 117. 
 
 (Not C. minutus. Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 122.) 
 
 Cyclops minutus, O. F. Miiller. Zool. Dan. Prodr. (1776). En- 
 
 tomostraca, p. 101, pi. xvii, figs. 17 (1785). 
 Monoculus staphylinus, Jurine. Hist, des Monocles, p. 74, pis. vii, 
 
 figs. 119 (1820). 
 Cyclopsina M. Edwards. Nat. Hist. Crust., iii, p. 428 
 
 (1840). 
 
 Canthocamptus minutus, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus 
 tribus, t. xiv, figs. 7 12 ; t. xv, 
 figs. 1317 ; t. xvi, figs. 15 (1853). 
 Baird. British Entomostraca, p. 204, 
 t. xxv, figs. 4 8, and t. xxx, fig. 3 
 (1850). 
 
 ? Uljanin. Reise in Turkestan (Crus- 
 tacea), p. 26, pi, vii, figs. 1, 2 (1875). 
 staphylinus, Fric. Die Krustenthiere Bohmens, 
 
 p. 224, fig. 21 (1871). 
 
 Claus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, 
 
 p. 121, pi. xii, figs. 4 14 ; pi. xiii, 
 figs. 1, 3, 4 (1863). 
 
 Female. Body slender, elongated, not much con- 
 stricted between thorax and abdomen, straight during 
 
CANTHOCAMPTUS. 49 
 
 life, but abdomen after death bent to a right or acute 
 angle on the thorax. Head coalescent with first 
 thoracic segment, rostrum short and blunt. Abdo- 
 men 4- jointed, the first joint being very large and 
 formed by the fusion of two rings ; lower border of 
 each ring finely pectinated; the last joint produced 
 downwards at the dorsal angle into a short spinous 
 process. Anterior antennae slender, 8-jointed, about 
 as long as the first cephalothoracic segment, all the 
 joints nearly equal in length except the fifth, which is 
 very short, and the last, which is the longest and most 
 slender; the fourth joint has attached to its apex a 
 stout rod-like seta (fig. 2 a). The second antenna is 
 moderately long, 2-jointed, and has a small biarticu- 
 lated branch affixed to the inner margin of the basal 
 joint (fig. 8). The mandible (fig. 4) is stout and bears 
 a small biarticulated palp. The main stem of the 
 maxilla (fig. 5) is divided at the apex into several claw- 
 like segments, and has two lateral lobes, one large and 
 bearing numerous setae, the other slender and having 
 only one apical claw; on the opposite margin is a 
 small bisetose tubercle. The first foot-jaw is divided 
 at the apex into three claw-bearing segments (fig. 6) ; 
 the second (fig. 7) is 3-jointed and narrow, the last 
 small and slender, terminating in a long, curved claw, 
 and a small seta. The inner branch of the first foot 
 (fig. 9) is about twice the length of the outer (which 
 reaches only to the apex of its first joint), the second 
 joint is short, and forms at its junction with the pre- 
 ceding a flexile hinge ; the last joint, which is long 
 and slender, has at its apex one very long, and two 
 VOL. n. D 
 
50 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 shorter, setae, the longer one being geniculated in the 
 middle, and bearing on the distal half a pectinately 
 arranged series of minute cilia; the outer branch has 
 all its joints armed with strong apical spines, between 
 which the external margins are closely ciliated. The 
 second and third pairs of feet have both branches 3- 
 jointed, the inner branches shorter than the outer (fig. 
 10) ; inner branch of the fourth foot (fig. 11) short, 
 2-jointed; basal joint of the fifth pair (fig. 15) broad, 
 the inner segment scarcely at all elongated, but bearing 
 five, stout, shortly -plumose setae ; second joint ovate, 
 narrow, provided with one long apical and three mar- 
 ginal setae, all of which are plumose, the inner margin 
 has also two much shorter setae. Tail-segments (fig. 
 17) not much longer than broad, bearing two apical 
 setae, the innermost of which is at least three times 
 longer than the outer, and is minutely aculeate along 
 the margins; anal operculum (fig. 17 a) denticulated. 
 Length -^nd of an inch (1*1 mm.). 
 
 Male. Anterior antenna (fig. 3) constricted so as 
 to form a hinge between the fifth and sixth joints ; 
 thickly beset with short marginal hairs. The second 
 and third joints of the inner branch of the second foot 
 are incompletely separated (fig. 12), and the apical 
 setae are much reduced in size ; in the third foot the 
 inner margin of the second joint is produced into a 
 long, downward-pointing, spinous process (fig. 13), 
 while the third joint has only a single small apical seta, 
 all the other setae of the branch being wanting ; the 
 joints of the fourth foot present the same characters 
 as in the female, except that the marginal setae of the 
 
CANTHOCAMPTUS. 51 
 
 inner branch (fig. 14) are reduced in size, and the 
 small outer apical seta (a) is thickened and spine-like. 
 The basal joint of the fifth foot (fig. 16) has only two 
 principal spines on its inner segment. Abdomen 
 composed of five segments. 
 
 This pretty and graceful species occurs commonly 
 in small freshwater pools and ponds throughout the 
 country. I have no record of its occurrence at any 
 great elevation, nor have I ever found it in lakes or 
 very large sheets of water. The reason of this I take 
 to be that it prefers shallow water where the vegeta- 
 tion is abundant ; its colour seems to vary with the 
 character of the plants and Infusoria upon which it 
 probably feeds. The only considerable pieces of water 
 in which I have found it are the lake in Axwell Park 
 near Gateshead, and Holy Island Lough (Northum- 
 berland), but both these are really, as to size and 
 character of vegetation, big ponds rather than lakes. 
 
 Miiller's figures of Cyclops minutus, though in some 
 respects inaccurate, as was unavoidable in the absence 
 of the modern microscope, doubtless refer to the 
 species under consideration. Jurine, however, dis- 
 carded the name minutus, under the idea that still 
 smaller species of the genus might subsequently be 
 found, a reason which might have had some weight 
 had Miiller called his animal minutissimus, but to which 
 we can scarcely allow any, as matters stand. It seems 
 to me due to the older author to retain his specific 
 name which has the claim of undoubted priority. 
 
 The females are very commonly found with a long, 
 narrow, and curved spermatic tube attached to the 
 
52 BRITISH COPEPOPA. 
 
 vulvar aperture of the first abdominal ring. There 
 appears never to be more than one of these tubes 
 attached to the same female, whereas in the case of 
 Temora and Diaptomus several of the spermatophores 
 may be seen depending side by side from the vulva of 
 the same individual. This difference, together with the 
 peculiarly hard and rigid character of the attached body 
 in the case of Canthocamptus, has induced Dr. Baird 
 and other authors to doubt the spermatic nature of 
 the tubes. I think, however, there need be no doubt 
 on the matter ; the tubes may indeed be seen in the 
 interior of the male organism before their extrusion, 
 just as is constantly noticed in the males of other 
 Copepods. 
 
 2. CANTHOCAMPTUS HIBERNICUS, nov. sp. PI. XLYI, 
 
 figs. 112. 
 
 Anterior antenna (PI. XL VI, fig 3) of the female 
 slender, 8-jointed, about as long as the first body-seg- 
 ment, and much like that of the preceding species. Inner 
 branch of the second antenna (fig. 4) very small, 1- 
 jointed. Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 7) having a broad hand 
 armed with a long apical claw. Inner branch of the first 
 pair of feet (fig. 8) scarcely twice as long as the outer ; 
 first joint longer than the entire outer Jbranch, and 
 nearly twice as long as the united second and third 
 joints, both of which are extremely small. Inner 
 branches of the second, third, and fourth pairs shorter 
 than the outer, and 3 jointed, the first joint being very 
 
CANTHOOAMPTUS. 53 
 
 small (fig. 9). Inner segment of the basal joint of the 
 fifth pair of feet (fig. 10) in the female, elongated, 
 fringed, bearing two long and three short apical setae ; 
 second or outer joint sub-ovate, finely fringed intern- 
 ally; externally bearing six long marginal setae. In 
 the male the limb is smaller, the basal joint short, 
 broad, and having six short setae of equal length 
 (fig. 11) ; second joint nearly like that of the female. 
 Caudal segments (fig. 12) somewhat longer than 
 broad ; inner seta about twice as long as the 
 outer ; anal operculum denticulated. Length ^th of 
 an inch ('65 mm.). 
 
 C. hibernicus occurs plentifully in the Mullingar 
 Canal at Dublin, and in a lake near Newport, county 
 Mayo ; for specimens from both of these places I am 
 indebted to my friend Mr. David Robertson, of Glasgow. 
 From C. minutus, which must be considered as the 
 type of the genus, it differs essentially in having the 
 inner branch of the fourth foot 3-jointed ; but in all 
 other important particulars its characters are those of 
 a true Canthocamptus. 
 
 3. CANTHOCAMPTUS PALUSTEIS, nov. sp. PI. XXXIX, 
 
 figs. 1323. 
 
 Anterior antenna of the female slender, 8-jointed ; 
 second joint the largest ; last two much more slender 
 than the rest (fig. 13). In the male it is more robust, the 
 fifth and sixth joints coalescent (fig. 14), and forming 
 
54 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 a vesiculiform swelling, the last joint hooked. Acces- 
 sory branch of posterior antenna (fig. 15) very small, 
 biarticulate ; mandible-palp (fig. 16) small, biarticulate, 
 unbranched, and bearing four small setae. First foot- 
 jaw (fig. 17) divided into four setiferous segments ; 
 second small (fig. 18) and forming a clawed hand. 
 The first four pairs of feet have both branches 3- 
 jointed ; the inner branch of the first pair (fig. 19) is 
 rather longer than the outer, its first joint being as 
 long as the second and third together, and having a 
 long seta and three or four small hairs on its inner 
 margin ; the inner branches of the second, third, and 
 fourth pairs are considerably longer than the outer, 
 and the outer margins of all are fringed with spine- 
 like hairs ; the third and fourth pairs longer than the 
 first two. Fifth pair in the female (fig 21) 2-jointed, 
 the basal joint short and broad, its inner segment 
 fringed with three short, equal spines, and two longer 
 ones, besides numerous short hairs ; the second joint is 
 sub-ovate, fringed with fine hairs and having five long 
 apical setae. In the male (fig. 22) the fifth pair is 
 obsolete, being reduced to a minute setiferous lobe. 
 Caudal segments very short, bearing two principal 
 setge, the outer half as long as the inner. Length - 2 - 7 -th 
 of an inch ('9 mm). 
 
 This is a brackish-water species inhabiting the same 
 sort of localities as Tachidius brevicornis, from which, 
 however, it is perfectly distinct. I have taken it in a 
 large pond, subject to occasional tidal influx, at St. 
 Mary's (Scilly) ; in brackish pools by the River Stour, 
 at Manningtree, and in Oulton Broad (Suffolk) ; it 
 
OANTHOCAMPTUS. 55 
 
 occurs also in a brackish-water gathering taken by the 
 Rev. A. M. Norman at Isle Oronsay, Skye. 
 
 It may be readily distinguished at sight from 
 TacMdius by its somewhat greater size, and more 
 slender and graceful figure, as well as by the longer 
 antennae. 
 
 4. CANTHOCAMPTUS TEISPINOSUS, nov. sp. PL XLY, 
 figs. 1522. 
 
 Anterior antenna 9-jointed (fig. 15), slender, the 
 last joint very small, third and sixth long, fifth short, 
 bearing numerous rather short hairs ; inner branch of 
 the posterior antenna small, 1-jointed. Mandible-palp 
 minute. Lower foot-jaw moderately strong (fig. 19), 
 second joint having two slender spines on the external 
 margin. First pair of feet exactly like those of Can- 
 tJiocamptus minutus. Inner branches of the second, 
 third, and fourth pairs short, 2-jointed (fig. 20), the 
 first joint very small, the second elongated. Basal 
 joint of the fifth foot of the female (fig. 21) not at all 
 produced downwards, bearing three strong plumose 
 setae and a fringe of several minute cilia on the inner 
 margin ; second joint long and narrow, internal margin 
 densely fringed with small hairs, external corrugated 
 and bearded ; one long and two shorter apical setae, 
 and two on the external margin, all of which are 
 strongly ciliated. The segments of the abdomen, 
 except the last, are finely denticulated along the post- 
 erior margins (fig. 22) ; anal operculum smooth ; 
 
56 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 caudal segments about as long as broad, bearing three 
 stout marginal spines, and two plumose apical setae. 
 Length ^ 5 -th of an inch (1 mm.). Male unknown. 
 
 The only known locality for this species is the river 
 Nene at Peterborough, where I took it sparingly in a 
 little weedy inlet. 
 
 This, and the following species, G. Northumbricus, 
 constitute a link between the two genera Cantho- 
 camptus and Mesochra, the first foot being similar in 
 structure to the typical Cantho camptus, having both its 
 branches triarticulate, while the remaining pairs of 
 swimming-feet have the inner branch biarticulate 
 after the manner of Mesochra. It seems better, how- 
 ever, to enlarge the generic definition so as to include 
 these forms, rather than to erect a new genus for their 
 reception, which would indeed, if the same principle 
 were fully carried out, necessitate the establishment of 
 not one but several new genera. The point on which 
 I base the separation of Canthocamptus from Mesochra 
 is the structure of the first foot, leaving altogether 
 out of sight the number of joints of which the three 
 following pairs are made up. 
 
 The most important specific characters of C. tri- 
 spinosus are found in the structure of the fifth pair of 
 feet, the very slender 9-jointed anterior antenna, and 
 the three spines of the caudal segments. 
 
CANTHOCAMPTUS. 57 
 
 5. CANTHOCAMPTUS NORTHUMBRICUS, nov. sp. PI. XLV, 
 
 figs. 114. 
 
 Body robust ; abdomen of the female 4-, of the male 
 5-jointed. Anterior antenna (fig. 1) as long as the 
 first segment of the body, 9- jointed, almost exactly 
 similar to that of G. trispinosus. Secondary branch of 
 the posterior antenna very small, 1-jointed. Mandible 
 (fig. 4) very slender, palp minute. Second foot-jaw and 
 first pair of feet (figs. 7 and 8) as in G. trispinosus. 
 Inner branches of second, third, and fourth pairs of 
 feet 2-jointed (fig. 9), the first joint very small. In 
 the male the inner branch of the third foot (fig. 11) is 
 3 -jointed, and the middle joint is produced downwards 
 into a long crooked spine ; the last joint has three 
 apical setae. Basal joint of the fifth foot in the female 
 broad, the inner segment not at all produced, but 
 fringed with six stout plumose setse; second joint 
 broad, quadrangular (fig. 12), and armed with five 
 stout plumose setas, one of which is much longer than 
 the rest ; in the male the inner segment of the basal 
 joint (fig. 13) has only three setse ; the second joint 
 small, subtriangular, and having a setose armature 
 somewhat similar to that of the female. The hinder 
 margins of the abdominal segments (fig. 14) are ser- 
 rated with two rows of small teeth, and the anal oper- 
 culum is also sparingly denticulated (fig. 14 a). Length 
 -^th of an inch (-9 mm.). 
 
 This species I have found only sparingly in the lake 
 at Bolam, Northumberland. 
 
58 BRITISH COPEPOPA. 
 
 Genus 14. ATTHEYELLA, nov. gen. 
 
 Like Canthocamptus, except that the inner branch 
 of the first pair of feet is scarcely at all elongated, and 
 is either 2- or 3-jointed ; those of the second and third 
 pairs are 1- or 2-jointed, the first joint being very 
 small ; and that of the fourth pair consists of only one 
 joint. 
 
 1. ATTHEYELLA SPINOSA, nov. sp. PI. XLIII, figs. 15 
 
 -18 ; and PL XLVI, figs. 
 1318. 
 
 Female. Anterior antenna (PI. XLIII, fig. 15) 8- 
 jointed, joints subequal, fifth and seventh the smallest, 
 sparingly setose; secondary branch of posterior antenna 
 small (PI. XLVI, fig. 13), 1-jointed. First joint of 
 inner branch of first foot (PI. XLIII, fig. 17) about as 
 long as the united lengths of the last two joints ; 
 second and third joints nearly equal. Inner branches 
 of the three following pairs (PI. XLYI, figs. 15, 16) 
 very short. Basal joint of fifth pair (PL XLIII, 
 fig. 18, and PL XLVI, fig. 17) very broad; inner 
 segment produced, and bearing five or six very long 
 curled setae ; second joint narrow, and armed with a 
 few setae, two of which are very long. The abdominal 
 rings are fringed posteriorly with closely-set, long, 
 spine- like setae (Plate XLVI, fig. 18) ; the principal 
 tail setae are rather short and divergent, thick, and 
 
ATTHEYELLA. 59 
 
 twisted at the base, and the larger pair are shortly 
 plumose. Length ^rd of an inch ('77 mm.). 
 
 Male unknown. 
 
 A very few specimens only were found in an old 
 engine-pond at Murfcon Junction, near Sunderland ; 
 and a single example, which appears to belong to the 
 same species, occurred in a gathering sent to me by 
 Mr. David Robertson from an old canal at Peterhead. 
 The fifth foot of this latter specimen is represented at 
 PL XLIII, fig. 18, and differs slightly from that of the 
 Murton specimens. More recently (July, 1877) I have 
 found A. spinosa in a gathering taken amongst weeds 
 in the river a little west of Pwllheli, Caernarvonshire, a 
 situation where it is quite possible that sometimes the 
 water may become brackish, though at the time of 
 my visit it was not perceptibly so. I at first sup- 
 posed these specimens to belong to Fischer's Cantho- 
 camptus horridus, to which they bear a very close 
 resemblance, but Fischer's figure distinctly represents 
 the first foot with a much elongated inner branch, 
 from which I infer that it cannot be identical with the 
 present species, which seems to be generically distinct 
 from Canthocamptus. I propose, therefore, for its 
 reception a new genus named after my friend Mr. 
 Thomas Atthey, of Grosforth, near Newcastle, to 
 whom we are indebted for the discovery of the next 
 species (A. cryptorum), and who, by his intelligent and 
 unwearying labours amongst the fossils of the Nor- 
 thumberland coal-field, together with an unsurpassed 
 manual skill in the preparation of his specimens, has 
 done so much for that branch of science. 
 
GO BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 2. ATTHEYKLLA CRYPTORUM, Brady. PI. LII, figs. 1 
 
 18. * 
 
 Canthocamptus cryptorum, Brady. Journal of Microscopical 
 
 Science, vol. ix, pi. vi, figs. 1 10 
 (1868). 
 
 Animal slender, about ^-th of an inch in length; 
 head united with the first thoracic segment ; posterior 
 borders of all the body-rings finely pectinated. Ante- 
 rior antennae 8-jointed, shorter than the first body- 
 segment (fig. 2), the joints not much differing in 
 length ; the fifth joint in the male much swollen (fig. 3). 
 Mandible-palp (? absent). Inner branch of the 
 posterior antennas 2-jointed. Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 8) 
 slender, the hand finely ciliated on the inner margin, 
 and terminating in a long, slender, and slightly curved 
 claw. Branches of the first pair of swimming-feet 
 (fig. 9) equal, spinous on the outer margins, the apical 
 spines of each joint very long ; inner branch 2-jointed, 
 the second joint slender and nearly twice as long as 
 the first. Inner branch of the second pair of feet 
 (fig. 10) only half as long as the outer, the first joint 
 only about one fourth the length of the second, which 
 bears two long apical setae, four shorter setae on the 
 outer and one on the inner margin ; inner branch of 
 the fourth foot (fig. 11) small, 1-jointed, fringed with 
 three long and three short setae. The inner branch of 
 the third pair (fig. 12) is 1-jointed, tapering, and ends 
 in an extremely long, plumose seta, at either side of 
 which is a short spine and another plumose seta of 
 
ATTHEYELLA. 61 
 
 little more than half the length. The basal portion 
 of the fifth foot is large (fig. 16), its inner portion 
 quadrilateral, the distal margin bearing six stout, 
 plumose, and unequal setae; the second joint small, 
 ovate, reaching as far as the extremity of the first 
 joint, bearing one long and four shorter setae. In 
 the male the inner branch of the second foot (fig. 
 13) is modified, having a long, flexuous, lateral 
 spine, while that of the third foot (fig. 14) is much 
 attenuated, and of the fourth (fig. 15) quite rudi- 
 mentary. The fifth pair (fig. 17) is much smaller, 
 and has also a smaller number of setae. The anal 
 operculum (fig. 18) is strongly spinous along its curved 
 posterior margin. The caudal segments are short and 
 broad, and the innermost or longest seta is more than 
 half the length of the body of the animal. Byes 
 absent. 
 
 This little animal inhabits the damp roof of the 
 pit-workings of the low main, West Cramlington 
 Colliery, near Newcastle, living amongst films of gela- 
 tinous algae. Specimens, both living and dead, were 
 kindly sent to me by Mr. Atthey, but I was not able 
 to detect any eyes ; nor even with the most careful 
 dissection have I succeeded in getting a view of 
 the mandible-palp, the existence of which, however, 
 I can scarcely doubt. Apart from peculiarities of 
 structure, the species has a distinct interest on account 
 of its unusual habitat ; there can be no doubt, how- 
 ever, that similar situations, if minutely searched, 
 would disclose unsuspected forms of microscopic life. 
 I have, indeed, in this same gathering seen a species 
 
62 BRITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 of Cyclops (?), which I have not been able to identify 
 or describe from want of sufficient material. 
 
 Genus 15. MESOOHEA, Boeck (1864). 
 
 / 
 
 (Paratachidius, Brady & Robertson, 1873.) 
 
 First pair of antennae 7- or 8 -jointed; inner branch 
 of the second pair small, 1- or 2-jointed. Mandible- 
 palp of one branch. Inner branch of the first pair of 
 feet 2-jointed, the first joint being usually much elon- 
 gated, the second and third coalescent ; outer branch 
 shorter, 3-jointed. Inner branch of the second, third, 
 and fourth pairs 2-jointed, short. 
 
 There is nothing to distinguish Mesoc-hra from the 
 genus Canthocamptus excepting the structure of the 
 swimming-feet, the inner branches of which are con- 
 stantly 2-jointed. 
 
 1. MESOCHEA LILLJEBOEGII, Boeck. PI. XLI, figs. 15 
 
 21 ; and PL XLVII, figs. 
 1621. 
 
 Mesochra Lilljeborgii, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 51 
 
 (1864). 
 Paratachidius gracilis, B. & R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iv, 
 
 vol. xii, p. 131, pi. viii, figs 816 (1873). 
 
 Rostrum large, longer than the first joint of the 
 anterior antenna ; head united with the first thoracic 
 segment ; first four abdominal rings bordered behind 
 
MESOCHRA. 63 
 
 with rows of thickly set, short spines (PI. XLI, fig. 21), 
 last segment short and destitute of spines, caudal 
 segments a little longer than broad. Anterior antenna 
 of the female short, the joints of nearly equal size, the 
 third and fourth being, however, slightly longer than 
 the rest (PL XLI, fig. 15). In the male the anterior 
 antenna is short and thick (fig. 16), corrugated and 
 obtuse, ending in a small aborted claw. Posterior 
 antenna 2-jointed (fig. 17), and having a very small 
 1- jointed branch attached to the middle of the inner 
 margin of the first joint. Second pair of foot-jaws 
 (fig. 19) small, terminal claw long and slender. First 
 joint of inner branch of first pair of feet (PL XL VII, 
 fig. 17) longer than the entire outer branch, with 
 ciliated margins, and bearing below the middle of the 
 inner margin a moderately long seta ; last joint (coale- 
 scent second and third joints, Boeck) short, and 
 armed with two long and strong apical setae ; the three 
 joints of the outer branch with strong apical spines 
 and fringed margins, middle joint fringed also on 
 the inner margin, the three terminal setae of last 
 joint geniculated. First joint of the inner branch in 
 the three following pairs of feet not very much 
 smaller than the second joint (PL XL VII. figs. 18 
 20). Inner segment of the basal joint of fifth pair 
 long and broad (fig. 21), and having six stout setae of 
 various lengths; second joint rather small, sub- quad- 
 rangular, and bearing five setae, the longest of which 
 are plumose. In the male the fifth foot is much smaller 
 (PL XLI, fig. 20), and the inner segment of the basal 
 joint has only three setae. The anal operculum is 
 
64 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 devoid of spines. Inner tail seta twice as long as the 
 outer, and about equal in length to the abdomen. 
 The inner branches of the swimming-feet in the male 
 do not greatly differ from those of the female. Length 
 y^rd of an inch ("77 mm.). 
 
 The localities in which I have met with this species 
 are few, but in these it occurs pretty plentifully ; in a 
 brackish tidal pond at West-port (Mayo) ; in a pool 
 just above high-water mark, and in ditches amongst 
 Utricularia minor, near Clifden (Galway) ; also in 
 brackish pools at Pensarn, Merionethshire. 
 
 2. MESOOHEA ROBERTSONI, nov. sp. PL XLVII, figs. 
 
 115. 
 
 Animal robust; abdomen not much more slender 
 than the thorax, in the female 4-jointed, the last joint 
 short, and forming a projecting process at the posterior 
 dorsal angle ; caudal segments scarcely as long as 
 broad; anal operculum strongly denticulated (fig. 15). 
 Anterior antenna much shorter than the first body-seg- 
 ment, slender, 8-jointed (fig. 2), the joints nearly equal 
 in length ; accessory branch of the posterior antenna 
 small, 2-jointed. Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 6) small and 
 slender. First pair of feet (figs. 7, 8) very small, 
 larger in the male ; inner branch composed of two 
 nearly equal joints, and only slightly longer than the 
 outer branch ; inner branches of the second, third, 
 and fourth pairs (figs. 9, 10, 11) short, the first joint 
 extremely small. Basal joint of the fifth pair very 
 
TETRAGONICEPS. 65 
 
 broad, the inter aal segment much produced (fig. 12), 
 and bearing four long and two short setae, the longer 
 ones plumose ; second joint small, ovate, and having 
 one long and several small marginal setae ; the basal 
 joint in the male (fig. 13) is not much produced, and 
 has only two spine-like setae. The longer of the two 
 principal tail setae is a little longer than the abdomen, 
 the other about half as long ; both are minutely plu- 
 mose. Length -^fth of an inch f'68 mm.). 
 
 This I know only from Irish specimens. It occurred 
 in gatherings taken by Mr. Robertson and myself in 
 Lough Enask and Lough Arddery (two of the small 
 lakes of Connemara), and abundantly in a brackish 
 ditch near Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland, where it was 
 found by Mr. Eobertson, after whom I have much 
 pleasure in naming it. 
 
 Genus 16. TETRAGONICEPS, nov. gen. 
 
 Animal elongated, cylindrical; head consolidated 
 with thorax ; abdomen elongated. Anterior antennae 
 8- jointed, slender ; posterior long, 3 -jointed, with a 
 small 1-jointed inner branch. Mandible-palp slender, 
 2-branched ; maxillar palp moderately developed ; 
 second foot-jaw forming a prehensile clawed hand. 
 Inner branch of first pair of feet elongated, 2-jointed, 
 outer 3- jointed ; second, third, and fourth pairs with 
 the outer branch long and 3- jointed, the inner branch 
 2-jointed; fifth pair 1 -branched. 
 
 This genus is well characterised by the very long 
 
 VOL. II. E 
 
66 IMUTISli COPEPODA. 
 
 inarticulate posterior antenna, the presence of a small 
 branch on the mandible-palp, the uniformly triarticu- 
 late outer and biarticulate inner branches of the swim- 
 ming-feet, and by the one branched fifth foot. 
 
 1. TETRAGONICEPS MALLEOLATA, nov. sp. PL LXXVIII, 
 
 figs. 111. 
 
 First segment very broad and subtruncate in front, 
 rostrum short ; abdomen nearly as stout and quite 
 as long as the cephalo thorax, 5-jointed, first joint 
 shortest, last longest ; caudal segments slender, as 
 long as the last abdominal segment. Anterior an- 
 tenna (fig. 2) slender, somewhat longer than the first 
 cephalo thoracic segment, 8-jointed; first joint as long 
 as the united lengths of the following five, and pro- 
 duced at the inner apical angle into a large and stout 
 curved prominence somewhat like the claw of a 
 hammer ; second joint about half as long as the first, 
 the following being the relative lengths of the several 
 joints, 14, 8, 4, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4 ; posterior antenna (fig. 3) 
 composed of three elongated, nearly equal joints, to 
 the first of which is attached a small, slender, 1 -jointed 
 branch ; the terminal setse are slender and are attached 
 almost wholly to the apex. The hand of the second 
 foot-jaw (fig. 7) is slender, and has a long slender 
 apical claw. First joint of the inner branch of the 
 first foot slender (fig. 8), longer than the entire outer 
 branch, and having a single plumose seta on its inner 
 margin, second joint short, and bearing two short 
 
TETKAGONICEPS. 67 
 
 apical setae ; inner branch of the second and third 
 pairs (fig. 9) not very much shorter than the outer 
 branch, that of the fourth pair (fig. 10) less than half 
 as long ; except a small, weak spine at the apex of 
 each joint of the outer branch, the feet are entirely 
 without spinous appendages ; each branch, however, 
 bears three apical setaa, and the first joint of the inner 
 and the second of the outer branch have each one 
 seta. The fifth foot (fig. 11) is very large, consisting 
 of a single long, somewhat sternum-shaped joint, 
 broad at the base, then suddenly constricted and 
 tapering abruptly to the pointed apex ; three or four 
 marginal setae on the basal portion, and one towards 
 the apex. The caudal setae are short, the longest 
 being shorter than the abdomen. Length ^- 8 -th of an 
 inch ('9 mm.). 
 
 Three specimens only of this interesting species 
 were found amongst dredged material from a depth of 
 twelve fathoms inside St. Agnes (Scilly Islands). Its 
 characters are so remarkable as to need no comment. 
 The generic name Tetragoniceps was applied first in 
 MS. to this species, but afterwards erroneously to 
 Laophonte thoracica* ("Tetragoniceps longiremis"). 
 So far as this latter species is concerned, the new 
 generic name necessarily lapses. 
 
 * Brady and Robertson, ' Brit. Assoc. Report,' 1875, p. 196. 
 
68 BRITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 Genus 17. DIOSACCUS, Boeck (1872). 
 
 Anterior antenna 8-jointed, the peduncle (first four 
 joints) very long, flagellum (last four joints) short. 
 Inner branch of the posterior antenna 1- or 2-jointed. 
 Mandible-palp simple, 2-jointed. Outer branch of the 
 first foot very short, 3-jointed ; inner branch 3-jointed, 
 first joint much elongated, second and third extremely 
 short; second, third, and fourth pairs having both 
 branches 3-jointed, except that the inner branch of the 
 second pair in the male is 2-jointed ; ovisacs two. 
 
 It is perhaps doubtful whether the characters of this 
 genus are such as to warrant its separation from 
 Dactylopus, the most important diagnostic marks being 
 the elongated peduncle of the upper antenna, the 
 1-branched mandible-palp, and the double ovisac. The 
 only British species is Diosaccus tenuicornis, but M. 
 Boeck has described a second species from Norway, 
 under the name of D. abyssi. 
 
 1. DIOSACCUS TENUICORNIS, Glaus. PI. LIX,figs. 12 16, 
 
 and PI. LX, figs. 1418. 
 
 Dactylopus tenuicornis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, 
 p. 127, t. xvi, figs. 1723 (1863). Cope- 
 poden Fauna von Nizza, p. 28, t. iii, 
 figs. 1719 (1866). 
 
 Nitokra B. & B. Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist., 
 
 ser. iv, vol. xii, p. 137 (1873). 
 
 Body slender, elongated, head united with first thora- 
 cic segment, and produced into a long curved beak (PI. 
 
DIOSACCUS. 69 
 
 LX, fig. 14). Anterior antennae slender ; in the female 
 the first four joints are unitedly three times as long 
 as the following four, and somewhat sparingly setose. 
 Posterior antennae (PL LIX, fig. 13) large, 2-jointed, 
 the joints slender and nearly equal ; a small 1-jointed 
 secondary branch springing from the middle of the 
 first joint. Mandible (fig. 14) short and stout, palp 
 short, 2-jointed. The hand of the second foot-jaw (PI. 
 LX, fig. 16) is pear-shaped, swollen towards the base, 
 and fringed along the middle of the inner margin with 
 a number of short cilia ; terminal claw 2-jointed and 
 much curved. Outer branch of the first foot (fig. 17) 
 half the length of the first joint of the inner branch. 
 Inner branch of the second foot of the male (PL LIX, 
 fig. 15) short, 2-jointed, the third joint giving place to 
 two spines and a long seta. Fifth pair of feet 2- 
 jointed; in the female (PL LX, fig. 18) the joints 
 are nearly equal in size, elongated, subquadrate, each 
 bearing five short setae, the larger of which are spine- 
 like and plumose ; in the male (PL LIX, fig. 16) the 
 joints are much reduced in length and bear fewer setae. 
 Caudal segments short, the outer tail seta about 
 one third as long as the inner. Length, - 2 - 5 -th of 
 an inch (1 mm.). 
 
 This is an exceedingly distinct and graceful species, 
 and is in general easily recognised by its long, curved 
 antennas, and by the pyriform palm of the lower foot- 
 jaw ; it often occurs in considerable abundance. I 
 have notes of its capture in the following places : In 
 surface-net, Westport and Eoundstone Bays (abundant 
 in the last-named locality); on Laminariai, Clifden Bay ; 
 
70 BEIT1SH COPE POD A. 
 
 on weeds at low-water-mark, St. Mary's, Scilly; in 
 surface-net at Cumbrae (Firth of Clyde) ; dredged in 
 fifteen fathoms, Portincross (Ayrshire) ; on weeds at 
 Hillswick, Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman). 
 
 Genus 18. LAOPHONTE, Philippi (1840). 
 
 (Laophonte, Philippi, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1840. Cleta, 
 Glaus, Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, 1863. Asellopsis, 
 B. & B., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1873.) 
 
 Body elongated, slender, hinder margins of the 
 segments usually fringed with fine teeth or serra- 
 tures. Anterior antennae 4 8-jointed; secondary 
 branch of the posterior pair small, 1 -jointed. Man- 
 dible-palp small, 1 -jointed, or with a rudimen- 
 tary second branch. Maxillas strongly aculeate 
 and provided with a well-developed digitate palp. 
 First pair of foot-jaws strong, sub triangular, with 
 three or four setiferous marginal digits ; second pair 
 forming a slender clawed hand. First pair of feet 
 elongated, slender ; outer branch not more than half 
 the length of the inner, composed of two or three 
 joints and terminating in two or three slender setae ; 
 inner branch elongated, 2-jointed ; the first joint 
 excessively long, second short and bearing a long 
 movable claw at the apex. The second, third, and 
 fourth pairs have the outer branch composed of three, 
 the inner of two joints, except in some cases where 
 the inner branches of the second and third pairs in the 
 male are three-jointed, and formed as in Harpacticus. 
 
LAOPHONTE. 71 
 
 The fifth pair has a very large basal joint, the internal 
 segment of which (and sometimes also the outer) is 
 usually much produced ; second joint smaller and 
 ovate. In the male the fifth pair is much smaller than 
 in the female. 
 
 This genus in anatomical structure, though not in 
 general appearance, very closely resembles Mesochra, 
 Boeck, but differs in the poorly developed mandible- 
 palp, and the strongly clawed inner branch of the first 
 pair of feet. The serrated or denticulated posterior 
 margin of the body-segments and the rigid, angular 
 build of the animal likewise furnish good distinctive 
 characters. The species called by Philippi (loc. cit.) 
 Laophonte is, I think, undoubtedly identical generi- 
 cally with those assigned by Glaus to the genus Cleta, 
 and of course has the claim of priority as to nomen- 
 clature. Asellopsis hispidus (loc. cit.), though very 
 abnormal in general appearance, seems to have no 
 special point of structure calling for generic separa- 
 tion. 
 
 1. LAOPHONTE SEEEATA, Glaus, PI. LXXIII, figs. 1 14. 
 
 Cleta serrata, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 123, t. xv, 
 figs. 1320 (1863). 
 
 Body elongated; the first segment almost square 
 when viewed laterally, produced into a rostrum of 
 moderate size, and about equal in length to the three 
 following segments ; each segment considerably over- 
 laps the next one, forming a prominent dorsal angle ; 
 the fifth and sixth segments are constricted and the 
 
72 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 seventh is again more prominent and convex dorsally ; 
 the last abdominal segment has a sharp spine at the 
 postero-dorsal angle. The second, third, and fourth 
 segments are sometimes deeply tinged with purplish or 
 bluish black. The male (fig. 2) has a strongly gibbous 
 thorax, the outline of the animal when seen laterally 
 being not unlike a note of interrogation (?). 
 
 Anterior antenna 4-jointed (fig. 3), in the female the 
 third joint is the longest, the first joint has two small 
 spines, and the second, one very large and stout spine, 
 while the third and longest joint bears a row of several 
 small denticulations on the under margin ; the distal 
 half of the antenna is densely setose. In the male 
 (fig. 4) the same spines appear, but that of the second 
 joint is not so strongly developed ; the fourth joint 
 forms a vesiculiform swelling, and the limb is clawed 
 at the apex. The inner branch of the posterior an- 
 tenna is attached to the middle of the first joint (fig. 
 5), is very small, 1 -jointed, and bears four seta). The 
 mandible (fig. 6) is small, bluntly toothed at the apex, 
 and has a small 1 -jointed palp to which are attached 
 four set88. The posterior foot-jaw (fig. 8) is slender, 
 having an elongated subtriangular hand and a long 
 slender claw, which is quite as long as the hand itself. 
 The peduncle of the first pair of feet (fig. 9) is 2- 
 jointed, the outer branch very slender, 3- or sometimes 
 2- jointed (the last two joints being often coalescent) 
 and only half as long as the first joint of the inner 
 branch; the inner branch is very stout, and armed 
 with a strong falcate terminal claw. The second, 
 third, and fourth pairs have the outer branch (fig. 10) 
 
LAOPHONTE 73 
 
 long and slender, the inner branch only about half as 
 long. The second pair in the male (fig. 11) is 3- 
 jointed, the last joint being armed with a slender curved 
 spine and four long setae. The fifth pair in the female 
 (fig. 12) has a very large triangular basal joint which 
 is often distinctly areolated, and has four long sub- 
 apical setae ; the second joint is large and ovate and 
 attached by a narrow neck near the outer angle of the 
 first joint ; it is densely ciliated round the margins 
 and has six stout setae externally. In the male (fig. 13) 
 the foot is much smaller, the basal joint scarcely at all 
 produced and bearing one external and two internal 
 setae ; the second joint small, angular, and 4-setose. 
 The caudal segments (fig. 14) are distant, moderately 
 slender, and about as long as the last abdominal seg- 
 ment; they bear a single stout apical seta, about 
 equal in length to the abdomen, and two short lateral 
 ones. Length -^th of an inch (*9 mm.). 
 
 This is by no means a common species. Mr. Robert- 
 son and I dredged a few specimens in a depth of ten 
 to twelve fathoms off St. Agnes (Scilly), and like- 
 wise took a few amongst weeds at St. Mary's ; we 
 have also taken it in Clew Bay. and at the roots of 
 weeds in Roundstone and Mulroy Bays. I have speci- 
 mens dredged by Mr. E. C. Davison in Ventry Bay. 
 These are all the British localities known to me, and 
 the species would seem, therefore, to be distributed 
 chiefly, if not entirely, on our western shores. As 
 Dr. Claus's specimens, however, were taken at Heli- 
 goland, it is probable enough that it may be found 
 also upon the east coast of Britain. 
 
74 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 2. LAOPHONTE HORRIDA, Norman. PI. LXXIV, figs. 
 
 111. 
 
 Cleta minuticomis, Buchholz. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolar- 
 fahrt in den Jahren 1869 und 1870, p. 393, 
 pi. xv, fig. 3. 
 
 horrida, Norman. Report of the " Valorous " Expedition, 
 p. 206 (Proceedings of the Royal Society), 1876. 
 
 Female. Body elongated ; head separate from 
 thorax ; rostrum long and sharp ; dorsum strongly 
 jagged and spinous ; as seen from behind, rounded with 
 two sharp lateral angles (figs. 1, 2), the cephalic seg- 
 ment being produced in the median line into one 
 very large backward projecting spine (figs. 1 and 2), 
 the thoracic and first two abdominal segments each 
 having two spines ; first and second abdominal seg- 
 ments produced also into lateral angular spines and 
 marginally ciliated ; posterior margins of the seg- 
 ments denticulated (fig. 11) ; caudal segments about 
 twice as long as broad, rather longer than the last abdo- 
 minal segment, carrying one stout apical seta about two 
 thirds the length of the body, one much smaller and 
 very slender, and three very small external lateral 
 setaB near the apex. Anterior antennae slender, 
 longer than the cephalic segment, 6-jointed, second 
 and third joints long and nearly equal, last three joints 
 short ; the comparative lengths being as follows : 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 
 
 797223 
 
 Second foot-jaw (fig. 7), long and slender, hand elon- 
 gated and scarcely at all dilated. First pair of feet 
 
LAOPHONTE. 75 
 
 (fig. 8) very long, with a long and slender 2-jointed 
 peduncle, the margins of which are densely ciliated ; 
 outer scarcely one third as long as the first joint of 
 the inixer branch; inner branch stout and strongly 
 clawed. Second, third, and fourth pairs shorter, 
 slender, outer branches about twice as long as the 
 inner, densely ciliated on the external margins ; apical 
 spine of each joint very long and pectinated on the 
 edges ; first joint of inner branches very short, second 
 long and slender. Basal joint of the fifth foot very 
 large (fig. 10) ; segments much elongated, the outer 
 bearing one, the inner four long setse. Length ^th of 
 an inch (1-3 mm.). 
 
 This remarkable and strongly characterized species 
 has been noticed in Britain as yet only on the 
 Atlantic coasts of Scotland and the north of Ireland, 
 but was found also by the German Polar Expedition in 
 the Arctic Sea. Buchholz, in his account of the 
 Zoology of that Expedition, refers it to Cyclops minuti- 
 cornis, Miiller, an identification which certainly cannot 
 be accepted, and Mr. Norman in his report on the 
 Crustacea, &c., of the " Valorous " cruise, proposed 
 for it the specific name horrida, a term which I had 
 also myself previously applied to it, though only in 
 MS. My collection contains several specimens which 
 were dredged off the Island of Cumbrae amongst vege- 
 table and other debris, and one from a depth of fifteen 
 fathoms off Portincross (Ayrshire). Mr. Norman 
 found a single example in material from Oban, and, 
 lastly, I have noticed it in material washed from the 
 roots and fronds of Laminarice in Mulroy Lougb, 
 
76 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 Donegal. Female specimens only have been ob- 
 served. 
 
 3. LAOPHONTE THORACICA, Boeclc. PI. LXXVII, figs. 1 
 
 8. 
 
 Laophonte thoracica, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 54 
 
 (1863). 
 Tetragoniceps longiremis, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196, 
 
 (1875). 
 
 Female. Body elongated (fig. 1), subsigmoid when 
 seen laterally, posterior dorsal angles distinctly but 
 not very strongly prominent, margins denticulated; 
 head united with the first thoracic segment, no ros- 
 trum; caudal segments very slender, distant, about 
 twice as long as the last abdominal ring ; principal 
 tail seta rather longer than the abdomen ; second 
 abdominal segment (fig. 8) produced laterally, the 
 angles rounded and densely ciliated; third segment 
 (fig. 8) also produced, but angulated and armed with 
 two lateral spines ; fourth segment not produced, setose 
 at the angle. Anterior antennas (fig. 2) slender, about 
 as long as the cephalic segment, 6-jointed, the joints 
 having the following proportionate lengths : 
 
 1, 2, 3,__4^__5, 6. 
 
 8 "ll 8 l'i ij 5 
 
 Secondary branch of posterior antenna (fig. 3) very 
 small, 4-setose. Second foot-jaw (fig. 4) excessively 
 long and slender, the hand almost linear and the 
 terminal claw very long. First pair of feet (fig. 5) 
 very long, peduncle long, slender, and biarticulate ; 
 
LAOPHONTE. 77 
 
 external branch very slender, less than half the length 
 of first joint of outer branch; outer branch long and 
 moderately stout, with a long curved claw. Second, 
 third, and fourth pairs very slender, elongated (fig. 6), 
 outer branch twice as long as the inner, the last joint 
 as long as the preceding two. Fifth pair of feet 
 (fig. 7) long and narrow ; lateral segments of the basal 
 joint not much developed; inner segment 4-, outer 1- 
 setose , second joint attenuated, with ciliated margins ; 
 the apex bearing two, and the outer margin three, long 
 setse. Length ^ 8 th of an inch ('52 mm.). 
 
 Apparently a rare species. Two or three specimens 
 only were seen in dredged material from a depth of 
 thirty fathoms, off Staiths and Eobin Hood's Bay, 
 Yorkshire coast : one or two specimens, perhaps refer- 
 able to L. thoracica, occur in a series of Copepoda 
 taken by Mr. Norman at Oban, in a depth of twelve to 
 sixteen fathoms. The characters of the antennas, 
 second foot-jaws, and fifth pair of feet amply distin- 
 guish it from any other species. I am indebted to 
 the kindness of the late M. JBoeck for drawings of L. 
 thoracica, and can scarcely entertain any doubt that 
 they refer to the species here described, though the 
 swimming-feet of the Norwegian species do not appear 
 in M. Boeck's figures to be quite so slender, nor the 
 fifth pair of feet so profusely setose; this last con- 
 dition, however, may very easily have arisen from 
 accidental mutilation. Females only have occurred 
 amongst my specimens. 
 
78 BRITISH CQrEPODA. 
 
 4. LAOPHONTE SIMILES, Glaus. PL LXXV, figs. 1 14. 
 
 Clcta siinllis, Clans. Die Copepoden- Fauna von Nizza, p. 23, t. v, 
 
 figs. 13, 14 (1866). 
 ? forcipata, Norman. Last Shetland Dredging Report, p. 296 
 
 (1868). 
 
 Body slender (fig. 1) ; head rounded in front and 
 united with the first thoracic segment, dorsal angles 
 of the segments not produced, posterior margins finely 
 aculeate ; caudal segments about twice and a half as 
 long as broad, and longer than the last abdominal 
 joint ; setaB finely ciliated, the inner one about as long 
 as the entire animal, the outer less than half as long. 
 Anterior antennae (fig. 2) 8-jointed, the first three 
 joints long, the rest short and subequal ; in the male 
 the fourth joint forms a corrugated, pear-shaped 
 swelling (fig. 4), the last two joints being slender, and 
 together making a strongly curved claw. The man- 
 dible-palp is very small (fig. 5), but has a minute 
 lateral branch. The hand of the posterior foot-jaw 
 (fig. 8) is convex on the outer margin, and moderately 
 robust. Outer branch of the first pair of feet (fig. 9) 
 half as long as the first joint of the inner branch ; in 
 the male the inner branch of the second pair (fig. 10) 
 is 3-jointed, the second joint having an apical spine, 
 the last joint four, long, plumose setse. The fifth pair 
 in the female (fig. 11) has a large basal joint, the inner 
 portion of which is much elongated, and bears inter- 
 nally four strong seta3 ; the second joint is oblong, sub- 
 ovate, with five long seta3 on the outer margin, two of 
 
LAOPHONTE. 79 
 
 which are very slender ; the margins of both joints are 
 densely ciliated ; in the male the fifth foot is very small 
 (fig. 12), the basal joint almost obsolete, and bearing 
 only two setae, one external and one internal ; second 
 joint small and ovate, 4-setose. The first abdominal 
 segment has a pair of bi-setose appendages resembling 
 a rudimentary foot (fig. 14). Length -^yth of an inch 
 (85 mm.). 
 
 The anterior antennae of this species vary a good 
 deal in the comparative lengths of the different joints, 
 and sometimes one of the joints is altogether deficient 
 (fig. 3). The outer branch of the first foot is often, 
 if not always, 2-jointed owing to the coalescence of the 
 second and third joints a condition which is met 
 with frequently in other members of the genus. Though 
 not agreeing quite accurately with the figures given in 
 Claus's memoir, this must, I think, be taken as a 
 northern variety of L. similis, Glaus. It is, perhaps, 
 the commonest British species of the genus, occurring 
 from above high- water mark to a depth of several 
 fathoms. Occasionally also it is found in brackish 
 pools, as for instance at Isle Oronsa, Skye (Rev. A. M. 
 Nor man), and. at Clifden, Co. Gal way. The following are 
 the stations from which I have specimens : Amongst 
 weeds in rock-pools, between tide-marks at Sunderland 
 and several places on the Northumberland coast ; Isle 
 of Aran, Clifden, Westport, Roundstone, and Ventry 
 Bay (Ireland) ; Scilly Islands, dredged in fourteen 
 fathoms, and plentiful on weeds between tide-marks. 
 
80 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 5. LAOPHONTE CURTICAUDA, Boeclc, PL LXXIII, figs. 
 
 1518, and PI. LXXVI, 
 figs. 19. 
 
 Laophonte curticauda, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 55 
 
 (1864). 
 
 Body rather robust (fig. 1), dorsal angles not much 
 produced, rostrum very short ; caudal segments not 
 much longer than broad, and about as long as the last 
 abdominal ring. Anterior antennae (fig. 2) in the female 
 7-jointed; first three joints much longer than the rest, 
 the following three short and nearly equal, the last some- 
 what longer ; in the male the fourth and fifth joints are 
 swollen, the third very narrow, and the last two form 
 a prehensile claw. The posterior foot-jaw (PI. LXXIII, 
 fig. 16) has an elongated hand, the inner margin of 
 which is convex, terminal claw long and curved. 
 The first foot has a long 2-jointed peduncle (fig. 3) 
 which is ciliated on the outer margin ; the inner 
 branch is stout, the outer slender, 3- jointed and more 
 than half the length of the first joint of the inner 
 branch. The outer branches of the second, third, and 
 fourth pairs are stout and fringed with spine-like cilia, 
 the marginal spines long and rather slender ; inner 
 branches stout and 2-jointed (PL LXXIII, fig. 17, 
 and PL LXXYI, figs. 4 and 6). In the male the inner 
 branch of the second pair (fig. 18) has three long 
 terminal setse, and one much shorter seta, which ends 
 in a strong hook ; the third pair (PL LXXVI, fig. 5) 
 has both branches very thick, the second joint of the 
 
LAOPHONTE. 81 
 
 inner branch having four long apical setae, and a very 
 stout beak-like spine at the outer angle ; the last joint 
 of the outer branch has four very large terminal spines, 
 the longest of which is nearly as long as the limb 
 itself; and besides these, there are five or six small 
 subsidiary spines attached between the bases of the 
 larger ones ; the outer margins of both branches are 
 densely clothed with spine-like cilia. Fifth pair (figs. 
 7 and 8) short and broad, basal joint broadly trian- 
 gular, its inner portion large, bearing four or five 
 short setae on the outer, and three large and one short 
 on the inner margin, the rest of the margin being 
 shortly ciliated ; second joint very broadly ovate, 
 angulated internally, and bearing several slender setae 
 of various lengths ; in the male (fig. 9) the fifth pair 
 has both branches narrower, more angular, and some- 
 what less profusely setose. Length -^nd. of an inch 
 (79 mm.). 
 
 This species is not unfrequently taken in the surface- 
 net not far from the shore, in tidal pools amongst Algce, 
 and by the dredge in small depths of water. I have 
 found it on mud-covered rocks at Whitburn (Durham), 
 amongst weeds at Sunderland, Little Cumbrae, Clif den, 
 Roundstone and Westport, and in tow-net gather- 
 ings from Westport Bay. It occurs also amongst 
 Copepoda dredged by the Rev. A. M. Norman at 
 Oban, in a depth of five fathoms, and is common in 
 washings of Laminarice from Hillswick, Shetland. 
 
 The short and broad fifth foot, with the remarkable 
 angulation of the inner margin of its second joint, in 
 the female, together with the strongly marked cha- 
 
 VOL. 11. F 
 
82 BRITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 racters of the second and third pairs of feet in the 
 male, amply suffice to distinguish this from all other 
 species ; it is also much shorter and stouter than any 
 other known to me, having indeed, at first sight, more 
 the appearance of Dactylopus than of Laophonte. The 
 second and third feet of the male show an approach 
 to the structure of those limbs in Harpacticus ; and it 
 would seem almost desirable, on this ground, to esta- 
 blish a new genus for the reception of this species. 
 
 6. LAOPHONTE LONGICAUDATA, Boeck. PI. LXXIV, figs. 
 
 12 15;andPl.LXXVI, 
 figs. 1015. 
 
 Laoplwnte longicaudata, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, 
 
 p. 55 (1864). 
 
 Hodgii, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland 
 and Durham, vol. iv, p. 437, pi. xxi, figs. 
 19 (1872). 
 
 Brady & Robertson. Brit. Assoc. Report, 
 p. 196 (1875). 
 
 Body more slender than in the preceding species ; 
 margins of the segments smooth; caudal segments 
 long and slender, about twice as long as the last 
 abdominal joint (Plate LXXIV, fig. 15). Anterior 
 antennse (Plate LXXYI, fig. 10) rather short, 7- or 8- 
 jointed, first three joints much longer than the fol- 
 lowing four or five, the relative lengths being as 
 
 follows :* 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 
 
 59622322 
 
 * These measurements apply only to the most common forms. When 
 
LAOPHONTE. 83 
 
 In the male, the antenna is clawed, as in L. curticauda. 
 The outer branch of the first foot (fig. 12) is very 
 short, the inner long and slender ; the second foot-jaw 
 is smaller, but otherwise does not differ much from 
 that of the preceding species ; the inner branches of 
 the second, third, and fourth pairs (figs. 13, 14) have 
 the first joints longer than in curticauda. The third 
 foot in the male (Plate LXXIY, fig. 13) is only mode- 
 rately spinous, but the inner branch is 3 -join ted, and 
 has a slender spine attached to the apex of the second 
 joint. Fifth foot (fig. 14) small, having both inner and 
 outer segments well developed, the inner having four 
 marginal setse, the outer one large apical, and several 
 minute marginal seta3; second joint elongate, ovate, 
 5-setose. Length -g^-rd of an inch (-77 mm.). 
 
 This species was met with in dredged material 
 from several places off the Durham coast : Hartle- 
 pool ; Seaham, twenty to thirty fathoms ; Hawthorn, 
 twenty-seven fathoms. I have found a few examples 
 among Copepoda washed from weeds in Ventry Bay, 
 Ireland, and sent to me by Mr. E. C. Davison. 
 
 7. LAOPHONTE LAMELLIFERA, Glaus. PL LXXV, figs. 
 
 1523. 
 
 Cleta lamellifera, Glaus, Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 123, 
 
 t. xv, figs. 21-25(1863). 
 
 Body robust (fig. 15), arcuate ; rostrum short, 
 
 the antennae are only 7-jointed the variation takes place in the flagellum 
 or slender terminal portion, which then has three instead of four articu- 
 lations. 
 
84 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 hinder margins of the segments, except the last, 
 distantly denticulated ; the dorsal border of each 
 thoracic segment is produced below the middle, so as 
 to form a broadly rounded lip ; the abdominal segments 
 are only slightly convex dorsally. Caudal segments 
 (fig. 22) subconical, appressed, longer than the last 
 abdominal segment, with two small lateral setae and two 
 at the apex, the longest of which is scarcely as long 
 as the last segment of the abdomen. Anterior antennae 
 short and stout (figs. 16, 17), 5-jointed, the ensiform 
 appendage in the male very broad. Outer branch of 
 the first pair of feet (fig. 20) about one third as long 
 as the inner. Lower foot-jaw (fig. 19) short. Fifth 
 foot (fig. 21) elongated; basal joint long and broad, 
 its inner segment oblong, subquadrate, and produced 
 nearly as far as the apex of the second joint which 
 is subtruncate, and bears four long setae, one at 
 the apex, and one at the middle of the inner margin ; 
 second joint long and narrow, 6-setose. The integu- 
 ment of the animal is thick and porous, the pores 
 being arranged in widely- separated irregular patches 
 (fig. 23). Length - 2 \th of an inch ('9 mm.). 
 
 L. lamellifera is not a very abundant species; 
 though I have notes of its occurrence in many different 
 localities, the number of examples obtained from each 
 place is usually small. I have found a very few speci- 
 mens on Laminarice and on muddy rocks near Sun- 
 derland, several in dredgings from a depth of twenty 
 fathoms among the Scilly Islands, off Port Dinlleyn, 
 North Wales, Portincross (Ayrshire), and the Islands 
 of Cumbrae and Bute ; from two fathoms in Lough 
 
LAOPHONTE. 85 
 
 S willy (Donegal), and from dredgings made in Ventry 
 Bay by Mr. E. 0. Davison ; also from weed- washings 
 at Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman). 
 
 8. LAOPHONTE HISPIDA, Brady and Robertson. PL 
 
 LXXXI, figs. 111. 
 
 Asellopsis hispida, B. & B. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, 
 
 p. 137, pi. ix, figs. 610 (1873). 
 
 Body elongated, much depressed (fig. 1), lower 
 thoracic segments distinctly narrowed, the margins of 
 the first three abdominal segments produced down- 
 wards at the sides in an imbricated manner. Anterior 
 antennas (fig. 2) short, densely . setose, 7-jointed, first 
 two joints not much longer than broad, third about 
 the same length but much narrower, fourth very short 
 and broad, fifth* about twice as long as the fourth, 
 sixth and seventh equal and very small, the propor- 
 tionate lengths of the joints, beginning at the base, 
 being as follows 9, 9, 9, 3, 5, 2, 2 ; posterior antennas 
 nearly as large as the anterior, biarticulate, bearing a 
 very small 1 -jointed secondary branch. Mouth-appa- 
 ratus as in the typical Laophonte; second pair of maxilli- 
 peds (fig. 6) 3-jointed, with an oval hand andlong slender 
 claw. First pair of feet (fig. 7) having the inner 
 branch very long and biarticulate, the first joint much 
 elongated, terminal claw thick and strong; outer 
 branch also biarticulate, the entire length being less 
 than half that of the first joint of the inner branch; 
 
86 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 second, third and fourth pairs of feet (figs. 8, 9), with 
 the outer branch long and 3 -jointed, the inner very 
 short and 2-jointed ; fifth pair (fig. 10) rather narrow 
 and elongated, the two laminae being of nearly equal 
 length, with finely ciliated margins, and a few short 
 setae. Caudal segments (fig. 11) very broad, rounded ; 
 surface hispid towards the margins ; terminal setae 
 very short, the longest not much exceeding the length 
 of the segment itself. Length -^-th of an inch 
 (73 mm.). 
 
 Several specimens of L. hispida were taken in the 
 surface-net in Westport Bay by Mr. Robertson and 
 myself. We have also dredged it sparingly in a depth 
 of from four to ten fathoms off the Durham coast, and 
 more abundantly on a bed of fine clean gravel off 
 Glen Sannox, Arran (N.B.), off the islands of Bute 
 Cumbrae, in depths of ten to twenty fathoms amongst 
 the Scilly Islands, and off Port Dinlleyn, Caernarvon- 
 shire. 
 
 The general habit of this species is very distinct 
 from all others of the genus, and I was at first induced, 
 more on this account than from any very marked 
 peculiarities of structure, to consider it as a distinct 
 generic type ; but further investigation revealing no 
 points of structure materially different from those 
 belonging to the various species of Laophonte, I have 
 here assigned it to that genus. 
 
NOEMANELLA. 87 
 
 Genus 19. NORMANELLA, nov. gen. 
 
 Animal rigid, subcylindrical ; abdomen as wide as 
 the thorax and not distinctly separated from it; 
 caudal segments and setae small. Anterior antennae 
 short, 7 -jointed ; secondary branch of posterior an- 
 tennse small, 1 -jointed ; mandible palp small, with two 
 minute 1-jointed branches ; maxillar palp well deve- 
 loped, with several setose digits ; second foot-jaw 
 forming a small clawed hand . Inner branch of first 
 pair of feet elongated, 2-jointed, the second joint 
 short, and bearing two long apical setae ; outer branch 
 short, 3 -jointed; inner branches of the second, third, 
 and fourth pairs 2-jointed; fifth pair foliaceous, 
 2-jointed. 
 
 In general appearance this genus resembles Lao- 
 phonte and Cletodes. From the former, however, it 
 is separated by its branched mandible- palp and the 
 want of a prehensile claw on the first foot ; from Cletodes 
 by the presence of a branch on the posterior antenna, 
 by the branched mandible-palp, and the elongated 
 inner branch of the first pair of feet. 
 
 1. NOEMANELLA DUBIA, Brady and Robertson. PI. 
 
 LXXVIII, figs. 1222. 
 
 Laoplionte dulia, Brady & Robertson, Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 
 (1875). 
 
 Female as seen laterally (fig. 12) somewhat con- 
 
88 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 stricted in the middle, which is the narrowest part of 
 the animal, posterior margins of the segments finely 
 denticulated, but not produced on the dor sum, except 
 the last abdominal segment, which has a posterior 
 spine ; rostrum short; caudal segments (fig. 22) shorter 
 than the last abdominal joint, and bearing three apical 
 setse, the largest of which is not much longer than the 
 last segment. Anterior antennae (fig. 13) 7 -jointed, 
 densely setiferous on the outer margin, first three 
 joints larger than the rest, which are short and sub- 
 equal. Secondary branch of the posterior antenna 
 small (fig. 14), 1-jointed, and bearing four seta3. 
 Mandible slender (fig. 15), palp slender, with two small 
 1-jointed branches. Second foot-jaw (fig. 18) small 
 and slender. Inner branch of first pair of feet (fig. 19) 
 long and slender, the second joint bearing two curved 
 apical setse, only one fourth as long as the first joint, 
 which has ciliated margins and a long marginal seta 
 near the apex. Fifth pair of feet (fig. 21) composed of 
 a large, subtriangular basal joint, and a smaller external 
 joint, both of which bear several long marginal setaB ; 
 the internal portion of the first joint is largely de- 
 veloped, and reaches as far as the apex of the second. 
 Length -gVth of an inch (*68 mm). 
 
 This species may perhaps have been often over- 
 looked, owing to its small size and its general resem- 
 blance to Cletodes and Laophonte. I have notes of its 
 occurrence as follows : At New Grimsby and Por- 
 cressa Bay, Scilly, fourteen to twenty fathoms ; Clew 
 Bay ; off Marsden and Hartlepool (Durham coast), ten 
 to thirty fathoms. 
 
CLETODES. 89 
 
 Genus 20. CLETODES, Brady (1872). 
 
 (Cletodes, Brady, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham, 
 1872 ; Boeck, Nye Slsegter og Arter af Saltvands-Copepoder, 
 1872. Lilljeborgia, Glaus, Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, 
 1866. Orthopsyllus, Brady & Robertson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
 Hist., 1873.) 
 
 Animal resembling Laophonte in general appearance; 
 abdomen as broad as the cephalothorax, and not 
 distinctly separated from it. Anterior antenna short, 
 4- to 6- join ted ; secondary branch of posterior antennas 
 1 -jointed, very small, or reduced to a few setaa ; mouth- 
 organs like those of Laophonte. First pair of feet 
 small, non-prehensile ; inner branches of all the four 
 pairs of swimming feet composed of two joints, the 
 first of which is very short. Fifth pair narrow, 
 foliaceous. 
 
 The characters which I formerly supposed to sepa- 
 rate this genus from Lilljeborgia (Glaus), do not, on 
 further examination, hold good. There is mostly, if not 
 always, a small branch attached to the lower antenna ; 
 and the inner branches of the swimming feet, though 
 stated by Glaus, in the generic definition of Lillje- 
 borgia, to be " rudimentary," are yet described in the 
 text as 2-jointed; there is, therefore, scarcely any 
 difference between it and Cletodes. The name Lillje- 
 borgia, however, having been previously used for a 
 genus of Amphipoda, must be discarded, as has already 
 been done by M. Boeck, in favour of Cletodes, the term 
 Orthopsyllus, which, in a previous memoir, was pro- 
 
90 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 posed as a substitute for Lilljelorgia, being also 
 allowed to lapse. 
 
 1. CLETODES LIMICOLA, Brady. PI. LXXIX, figs. 1 12. 
 
 Cletodes limicota, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland 
 and Durham, vol. iv, p. 438, pi. xxi, figs. 
 1017 (1872). 
 
 pectinata, Brady & Robertson. Brit. Assoc. Report 
 p. 196 (1875). 
 
 Animal, as seen from behind, elongated, distinctly 
 indented at each, ring of the body. First segment of 
 cephalothorax short, about equal in length to the two 
 following ; second and third abdominal segments pro- 
 duced into spinous processes at the lower lateral 
 angles. Anterior antenna3 in the female (fig. 2) much 
 shorter than the first cephalothoracic segment; first 
 three joints nearly equal, fourth about half as long as 
 the third, fifth as long as the third, but much more 
 slender, sixth very short ; in the male (fig. 3) forming 
 at the fourth joint a large vesiculiform swelling, last 
 two joints elongated and uncinate. Hand of the pos- 
 terior foot-jaw short, ovate, often finely ciliated on the 
 inner margin ; terminal claw long and slender. Swim- 
 ming-feet slender ; the outer branches ciliated on the 
 margins, and bearing at the apex of each joint, on the 
 external margin, a long slender spine ; terminal setae 
 long and slender ; the middle joint has a long apical 
 seta at the inner margin ; inner branches 2-jointed, 
 the first joint very small, the second long, almost fili- 
 
CLETODES. 91 
 
 form, and dividing at the extremity into one short and 
 one or two very long, lash-like branches ; first foot 
 much shorter than the rest. Basal joint of the fifth 
 pair (fig. 11) small, but produced into a long inner 
 segment, which has a ciliated inner margin and three 
 stout apical setaa, and reaches nearly as far as the 
 end of the second joint ; second joint elongated, 
 narrow, bearing three stout, curved, marginal setae, 
 and two at the apex. In the male (fig. 12) the two 
 branches are of nearly equal length, very narrow, 
 simple, the external branch bearing one, the internal 
 two, long apical setae. Caudal segments short, but 
 longer in the male than in the female (?) ; setae, one 
 on each segment, scarcely longer than the segment 
 itself. Length, -g^rd of an inch ('77 mm.). 
 
 I have included in this description the form which, by 
 Mr. Robertson and myself, was noted (in our ' Report 
 of Dredging on the Coasts of Durham and Yorkshire ') 
 as a new species under the name Cletodes pectinata. 
 A re-examination of these specimens leads me to think 
 that there is no sufficient reason to separate them 
 from the previously described species, though it is 
 certainly very difficult to decide in these minute and 
 nearly allied forms as to how much latitude must be 
 allowed for variation. There occurs not unfrequently 
 a form with very long and slender caudal rami almost 
 as long as those of G. longicaudata which, except for 
 this peculiarity, I am unable to distinguish from G. 
 limicola. The difference is certainly not a sexual one, 
 as both forms are to be seen in the adult oviparous 
 females. For the present I am content to note the 
 
92 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 long-tailed form as a variety : var. gracilis. This 
 species has in all cases occurred in dredgings from 
 depths of 20 45 fathoms, and usually amongst muddy 
 sand. It has been observed in the following locali- 
 ties : Off the coasts of Durham and Yorkshire, 
 amongst the Scilly Islands, and in Westport Bay, 
 Ireland. 
 
 2. CLETODES LONGICAUDATA, Brady and Robertson. PI. 
 
 LXXIX, figs, 1319. 
 
 ? Cletodes laticauda, Boeck. Nye Slacgter og Arter af Saltvands- 
 
 Copepoder, p. 20 (1872). 
 
 longicaudatus, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 
 (1875). 
 
 Female. Animal slender, elongated ; rostrum 
 moderately long ; caudal segments very long and 
 slender, about as long as the last three abdominal 
 segments ; at the upper fifth of the outer margin is 
 affixed a long slender spine (fig. 19), and at the apex 
 three setae, two of which are very small, but the 
 median one longer than the tail itself. The anterior 
 antennae (fig. 14) are 6-jointed, third joint the 
 longest, last three short and subequal ; ensiform fila- 
 ment very stout. Second pair of foot-jaws of mode- 
 rate size, with an ovate hand. Inner branch of the 
 first pair of feet (fig. 15) larger than the outer, its last 
 joint as long as the entire outer branch, cylindrical, 
 and bearing two long terminal setae ; inner branches 
 of second, third, and fourth pairs shorter than the 
 outer, the fourth having three, the second and third 
 
CLETODES. 93 
 
 two, terminal setse (figs. 16 and 17), the first joint 
 minute ; marginal spines of the outer branches slender 
 and plumose. Fifth foot in the female (fig. 18) folia- 
 ceous, the distal joint long, bearing two long setae at 
 the apex, two on the outer, and one on the inner 
 margin, basal joint small, with three internal and one 
 external setse (fig. 12). Length -^n.d of an inch ('79 
 mm.) 
 
 Several specimens were found amongst dredged 
 material, from a depth of five fathoms off Hartlepool, 
 and one or two from 7 29 fathoms off Portincross, 
 Ayrshire. 
 
 M. Boeck's description of Cletodes laticauda may 
 very possibly be meant to apply to this species, but 
 his account of the first pair of feet and of the caudal 
 segments does not agree accurately with my own 
 observations of those organs in 0. longicaudata, and it 
 seems, therefore, best to adhere to the name already 
 proposed by Mr. Robertson and myself.* 
 
 * I leave the descriptions of the two species C. longicaudata and 
 C. limicola as originally written, but must express some doubt as to 
 their entire accuracy. That two distinct species are referred to I have 
 no doubt, but as they occur mixed up together in the same gatherings, 
 and are not readily distinguishable except when quite perfect, it is quite 
 likely that there may be some confusion between the two. The dis- 
 tinctions of sex especially, and of the fifth pair of feet, I have not been 
 able quite clearly to make out. 
 
94 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 3. CLETODES PROPINQUA, Brady and Robertson. PL 
 
 LXXVII, figs. 917. 
 
 Cletodes propinqua, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 196 (1875). 
 
 Animal, as seen laterally (fig. 10), arcuate, of nearly 
 equal thickness throughout ; seen from above (fig 9) 
 oblong, subtruncate behind ; abdomen nearly as stout 
 as cephalothorax ; rostrum minute; caudal segments 
 (figs. 16 and 17) short, subovate, distant, pointed at the 
 apex, not as long as the last abdominal segment. 
 Anterior antenna short (fig 11), not half the length of 
 the first body-segment; last four joints much shorter 
 than the rest. Mouth-organs as in the preceding 
 species. Inner branch of first pair of feet (fig. 14) 
 shorter than the outer, marginal spines of the outer 
 branch very long and slender. Basal joint of the 
 fifth pair (fig. 15) in the female produced at the inner 
 side, bearing at the apex a lancet-shaped spine, and on 
 the margin two long setae ; terminal joint elongated, 
 subovate, with one long apical and three short marginal 
 setae. The fifth pair in the male are very similar to 
 those of the female. Caudal segments (fig. 16) pro- 
 vided with two or three small marginal hairs and 
 one apical seta, which is about as long as the last 
 abdominal ring. Length ^th of an inch (*63 mm.). 
 
 I have notes of the occurrence of C. propinqua in 
 the following localities : In twenty fathoms off St. 
 Mary's, and in fourteen fathoms, New Grimsby Har- 
 bour, Scilly ; Clew Bay, Ireland ; Tobermory (Rev. 
 
CLETODES. 95 
 
 A. M. Norman) ; and in thirty-five fathoms off 
 Marsden, Durham coast. The number of specimens 
 found in each case was very small. The two figures 
 (16 and 17, in PI. LXXVII) show tail-segments of 
 different shapes, but whether they belong to male and 
 female of the same species, or to entirely distinct 
 species, I have not been able to satisfy myself. 
 
 4. CLETODES LINEARIS, Claus. PL LXXX, figs. 1 14. 
 
 Lilljeborgia linearis, Claus. Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, 
 
 p. 22, t. ii, figs. 18 (1866). 
 
 Orthopsyllus B. & R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, 
 p. 138 (1873). 
 
 Body elongated, nearly straight, cylindrical; first 
 segment about as long as the three following. Ros- 
 trum moderately long. Abdomen as thick as the 
 thorax, and constituting half the length of the body. 
 Caudal segments very broad, scarcely equalling in 
 length the last abdominal segment; the posterior 
 borders of all the body-segments, except the last, are 
 fringed with rows of short rectangular teeth. An- 
 terior antennas short and stout, 4-jointed; in the 
 female (fig. 3) the inrer margin of the second joint 
 forms a very large and stout spine; the third joint is 
 as long as the second, but only about half as broad, 
 the fourth is short and nearly square, truncate, bear- 
 ing several stout, short setae, and a curved spine at 
 the upper apical angle ; the second and third joints 
 also have several strong setae, and the ensiform appen- 
 
96 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 dage which spriugs from the apex of the third, is 
 short, broad, and curved ; the anterior antenna of the 
 female (fig. 2) has the second joint developed into a very 
 large, subquadrate swelling, while the last two joints 
 are much more slender and form a strong claw-like 
 appendage, the last joint having also a subsidiary 
 spine at the base. Setae of the posterior antennas 
 (fig. 4) very strong and spine-like ; secondary branch 
 1 -jointed, of moderate size, and having four setae. 
 Hand of the lower foot- jaw ovate, with a slender ter- 
 minal claw. Inner branch of the first foot (fig. 7) 
 rather longer than the outer, 2-jointed, terminating in 
 two long setae, the longest of which has an apical tuft 
 of spreading, root-like hairs; the outer branch has 
 three setae, one of which also is tufted at the 
 apex. The second foot is shorter than the three 
 following pairs, and is much more slenderly spined ; 
 inner branch of the second pair (fig. 8) slender, not 
 much longer than the first joint of the outer branch, 
 2-jointed, the first joint extremely short, the second 
 having one marginal and two apical setae, all of about 
 equal length, and finely plumose beyond the middle. 
 Inner branch of the third foot robust (fig. 9), the two 
 joints subequal, bearing at the apex one long terminal 
 spine and two setae, the shorter of which is plumose 
 (these appendages are stouter in the male than in the 
 female) ; the terminal spines of the outer branch are 
 very short and thick. The fourth pair (fig. 10) has 
 the inner branch rudimentary, 2-jointed, and provided 
 with one stout apical seta and two shorter and more 
 slender; the second, third, and fourth pairs are of 
 
ENHYDROSOMA. 97 
 
 nearly equal size, but short, being scarcely longer than 
 the width of the thorax ; the margins of all the joints 
 of the outer branches are fringed with spine-like setse, 
 and the apical spines are large and strong. The fifth 
 pair, in the female (fig. 11), has the basal joint well 
 developed and forming a large internal segment, which 
 bears five marginal setse ; outer branch subovate, 
 having four large and two small setse ; the margins of 
 both joints finely ciliated ; the tail-segments have at 
 the apex one stout seta about equal in length to four 
 of the abdominal joints, and on the lateral margins are 
 also three or four minute setae. Length, ^ 2 -nd of an 
 inch (I'l mm.). 
 
 This is a very distinct and at the same time one of 
 the least common of British species. I for a long 
 time knew it only from two specimens, one found on 
 a Sponge in Westport Bay, and one taken amongst 
 Algoe at St. Mary's, Scilly ; but more recently I have 
 found several specimens in a collection of Copepoda 
 washed from the roots of Algce gathered in Round- 
 stone Bay. 
 
 Genus 21. ENHYDROSOMA, BoecJc. 
 
 (Boeck, Nye Slsegter og Arter af Saltvands-Copepoder, 1872.) 
 
 Body subcylindrical ; first pair of antennae short and 
 stout, 5- join ted ; second pair nearly as large as the 
 first, 2-jointed, secondary branch small, 1-jointed; 
 
 VOL. II. G 
 
98 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 mandible-palp simple, 3-jointed. Maxilla-palp small, 
 2-jointed. First pair of foot-jaws small, with a 
 terminal claw and two or three marginal claw-like 
 setae ; second pair forming a prehensile hand. Inner 
 branch of the first pair of feet 2-jointed, non-pre- 
 hensile, shorter than the outer branch ; inner branches 
 of the second, third, and fourth pairs also short and 
 2-jointed; outer branches 3-jointed; fifth pair short 
 and broad, 2-jointed. 
 
 This genus differs from Cletodes in having a 1- 
 jointed secondary branch springing from the posterior 
 antennas, and in the elongated 3-jointed mandible- 
 palp. 
 
 1. ENHYDEOSOMA CUEVATUM, Brady and Robertson, 
 
 PL LXXXI, figs. 12 15; 
 and PI. LXXXII, figs. 
 1119. 
 
 Bhizothrix curvata, B. & R. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 197 (1875). 
 
 The anterior antennse (figs. 13 and 14, PI. LXXXII) 
 are short and stout, and beset with numerous setse, 
 many of which are strongly plumose ; the penultimate 
 joint in the male forms a large vesiculiform swelling 
 and the last joint is claw-like. The posterior antenna 
 (fig. 14) has attached to its apex three stout, lancet- 
 shaped seta3, one of which is strongly pectinate, and 
 four or five smaller lateral setae ; the secondary branch 
 bears two setae. The mandible (fig. 15) is bluntly 
 
ENHYDROSOMA. 99 
 
 toothed, the palp elongated, its first and second joints 
 each bearing one strong plumose seta, the last joint 
 four apical setae. The second foot-jaw (fig. 18) is well 
 developed, its terminal claw long and slender. Both 
 branches of the first pair of feet (PI. LXXXI, fig. 12) 
 have two very long terminal setae, which bear near 
 their apices three or four lash-like cilia. In the three 
 following pairs the inner branch is very small and has 
 three plumose terminal setae ; the outer branch is of 
 moderate size, and has three plumose setae at the 
 apex, while the marginal spines are elongated, slender, 
 and strongly pectinate. The fifth pair in the female 
 (PL LXXXII, fig. 19) has the first joint very broad 
 and short, the internal segment fringed with five stout 
 plumose setae ; the second or outer joint is ovate, 
 crenulated on the external margin, bearing on the 
 inner margin two stout setae, and at the apex a short, 
 broad spine. In the male (PL LXXXI, fig. 14) the fifth 
 foot is smaller and is incompletely divided into two 
 laminae, each of which bears four or five plumose setae. 
 The caudal laminae are broadly ovate (fig. 15) and are 
 provided with five minute marginal setae. The animal 
 when seen from the side (PL LXXXII, fig. 11) is 
 arcuate, the head and tail being sharply bent upon the 
 body ; the integument glabrous. Length aVth of an 
 inch (*67 mm.). 
 
 I have not been able to identify this with either of 
 the two species (E. curticauda and E. longicaudaia) 
 described by M. Boeck, the fifth pair of feet being 
 apparently quite different. E. cnrvata, though occur- 
 ring pretty plentifully in several widely separated 
 
100 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 localities, appears to be somewhat local in its distribu- 
 tion. I have notes of its capture as follows : Off 
 Porcressa Bay and in New Grimsby Harbour (Scilly 
 Islands), dredged in 10 20 fathoms; abundant in a 
 depth of three fathoms on a sandy bottom, Lough 
 Swilly ; off the islands of Bute and Cumbrae, sixteen 
 fathoms ; off Portincross, Ayrshire, fifteen fathoms ; 
 off Port Dinlleyn, Carnarvonshire, ten fathoms ; off 
 Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire (one specimen only 
 seen), thirty-five fathoms. 
 
 Sub-family 6. NANNOPIKZE, nov. sub-fam. 
 
 Anterior antennae short, 6-jointed ; secondary 
 branch of posterior antennae 1- jointed; mandible- 
 palp 1 -branched, second foot- jaw forming a prehensile 
 claw. Inner branches of the first and second pairs of 
 feet 2-jointed, non-prehensile, of the third and fourth 
 pairs rudimentary, and consisting only of a few setao, 
 fifth pair foliaceous, 2-branched. 
 
 This sub-family contains only two genera, Nannopus 
 and Platychelipus, both of which are new. 
 
 Genus 22. NANNOPUS,* nov. gen. 
 
 Like Tachidius in general appearance. Head con- 
 solidated with thorax ; body-segments denticulated on 
 
 * vavvoc, dwarf; TTOVI;, foot. 
 
NANNOPUS. 101 
 
 the posterior margins. Anterior antennae short, 6- 
 jointed (?) ; outer branches of all the swimming-feet 
 3-jointed; inner branches of the first and second 
 pairs 2- jointed, short, non-prehensile, of the third 
 and fourth pairs obsolete and reduced to a single seta. 
 
 1. NANNOPUS PALUSTEIS, nov. sp. PI. LXXVII, figs. 
 
 1820. 
 
 Anterior antennas very short and stout, scarcely 
 half as long as the cephalic segment. Terminal setae 
 of the outer branch of the first and second feet strongly 
 and distantly plumose ; inner branch not half as long 
 as the outer, first joint fringed with setae at the apex, 
 second having three terminal setae. In place of 
 the inner branch of the third and fourth pairs is a 
 small tubercle, which gives attachment to a long 
 plumose seta and two or three very small cilia. 
 
 I have seen only one or two specimens of this species, 
 which were so coated with mud that it was difficult to 
 get a distinct view of the limbs, nor did I at first 
 recognise anything very noteworthy about them, else 
 possibly a little extra care might have enabled me more 
 fully to elucidate their structure. There seems, how- 
 ever, to be no reason to doubt the complete distinctness 
 of the genus, and I therefore think it best to 
 describe it, even though imperfectly. Its nearest ally 
 is probably Jurinia, Glaus, but in that genus the third 
 and fourth pairs of feet have the inner branches well 
 
102 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 developed, wliile in Nannopus they are obsolete. The 
 second foot- jaw, which in Jurinia is said to be reduced 
 to a few setae only, has not been observed in Nannopus. 
 The specimens were taken in pools of brackish water 
 in a salt marsh at Seaton Sluice, Northumberland, 
 a locality which has yielded many interesting species 
 and which would doubtless well repay an attentive 
 investigation by some naturalist living within easy 
 reach of it. 
 
 Genus 23. PLATYCHELIPUS,* nov. gen. 
 
 Anterior antennas 6-jointed ; secondary branch of the 
 posterior antenna small, 1 -jointed; mandible-palp com- 
 posed of a single 2-jointed branch (PI. LXXIX, fig. 20) 
 bearing four apical seta3; maxilla (fig. 21) well de- 
 veloped, palp composed of three large setiferous digits ; 
 first foot-jaw (fig. 22) stout, having three large mar- 
 ginal segments, all of which bear short, strong setaa ; 
 second pair of foot- jaws (PL LXXX, fig. 19), forming 
 a clawed prehensile hand. First pair of feet having 
 both branches 2-jointed, the inner elongated and 
 slender, but not forming a clawed hand. Inner branch 
 of the second pair small, 2-jointed, outer branch 
 3-jointed ; the third and fourth pairs have the inner 
 branch reduced to a setiferous tubercle, the outer 
 strong and 3 -jointed ; fifth pair, 2 -branched, foliaceous. 
 
 This genus agrees very much with Nannopus, but it 
 
 * 7rXari>c, broad ; xqXij , cla,w t TTOVC, foot. 
 
PLATYCHELIPUS. 103 
 
 is clearly separated from it by the 2 -jointed branches 
 of the first foot. Only one species has yet been 
 observed. 
 
 1. PLATYCHELIPUS LITTOEALIS, nov. sp. PL LXXIX, 
 
 figs. 2023 ; and PL 
 LXXX, figs. 1519. 
 
 Animal somewhat like Laophonte. Anterior antennas 
 6-jointed (PL LXXX, fig. 15) ; first two joints large 
 and thick, third equally long but only about half as 
 broad, fourth and fifth about one third as long as the 
 third, sixth equal to the third but more slender. The 
 last four joints bear numerous short spine-like setae on 
 the outer margin, besides several which are longer and 
 more hair-like. The peduncle of the first pair of feet 
 is stout and 2-jointed, the basal joint being beset with 
 numerous setae on its outer surface (fig. 16) ; the 
 second joint has two long spines on the inner and one 
 on the outer margin ; the outer branch is short and 
 2-jointed, the marginal spines slender ; inner branch 
 elongated, first joint longer than the entire outer 
 branch, second about half the length of the first and 
 terminating in a single, slightly curved, claw-like, but 
 slender seta, which is as long as the limb itself; the 
 inner branch of the second pair (fig. 17) is only 
 half as long as the outer, its two joints equal in length 
 but the second very narrow and bearing a long, slender, 
 terminal seta. The outer branches of the second, 
 
104 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 third, and fourth pairs are 3- jointed and bordered 
 with chitinous plates, their marginal spines extremely 
 stout, and in length much exceeding the width of the 
 limb; the last joint has at the apex two long and 
 much more slender spines. Basal joint of the fifth pair 
 produced into a large quadrangular internal segment, 
 which has four apical spines and a few small cilia 
 (fig. 18) ; second joint smaller, subovate, its external 
 margin divided into five setas. 
 
 Several examples of this very distinct species were 
 noticed in a gathering from between tide-marks at 
 Lake Lothing, Suffolk, where the water of Oulton 
 Broad finds its way to the sea. Though the gather- 
 ing was made amongst the fronds of Fuel the water 
 would no doubt be brackish. I have more recently 
 found a few examples at Seaton Sluice, in the brackish 
 pools which have been spoken of in connection with 
 Nannopus palustris and other species. 
 
 Sub-family 7. HAEPACTICIN^, BoecJc (in part). 
 
 Body cylindrical, or, less commonly, broad and de- 
 pressed. First pair of antennas 5 9-jointed ; secondary 
 branch of second pair 2- or 3 -jointed. Mandible- 
 palp 2-branched, usually largely developed. First 
 foot- jaw triangular, not chelate ; with several digi- 
 tate marginal processes, second foot-jaw forming a 
 strong clawed hand; outer branch of the first pair 
 of feet always, inner branch usually, clawed and 
 
DACTYLOPUS. 105 
 
 prehensile, first or second joint of the outer branch 
 elongated ; second, third, and fourth pairs with both 
 branches 3- jointed ; fifth pair 2-jointed and usually 
 foliaceous. One ovisac. 
 
 The genera belonging to this sub-family are Dacty- 
 lopus, Thalestris, Westwoodia, Ilyopsyllus (?), Harpac- 
 ticus, Zaus, and Peltidium. The genus Ilyopsyllus is 
 included provisionally only in this group ; its struc- 
 ture has not been fully made out, but the abnormal 
 form of the mandibles and antennae will probably 
 necessitate its removal to some other position. 
 
 Diagnosis of Genera of Harpacticince. 
 
 f f two joints Harpacticus. 
 
 both three f greatly elongated Thalestris. 
 
 n es <{ middle not much ffaliaceous Dactylopus. 
 
 CO 111* . i i , -i ** -*- 
 
 -, n joint ^ longer than | 
 
 of the I thenrstjoint;j elon.-ated, sub- 
 | '> { I outer fifth pair of | falciform, and 
 
 ^ (^branch ^ feet ^ strongly spined Peltidium. 
 
 the outer f one joint ; C two-branched Westwoodia. 
 
 branch | mandible- < 
 
 composed of { palp (. simple, bisetose Ilyopsyllus. 
 
 three, the 
 inner of ^two-joints Zaus. 
 
 Genus 24. DACTYLOPUS, Glaus (1863). 
 
 Body elongated, more or less cylindrical; first pair 
 of antennae usually 5 9-jointed ; in the male genicu- 
 lated ; inner branch of the second pair of moderate size, 
 2- or 3-jointed. Maxilla-palp well developed, the 
 basal portion numerously clawed and having one or 
 two lateral processes ; mandibles well developed, the 
 
 to 
 
106 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 palp composed of a wide basal joint and two uniarticu- 
 late branches ; anterior foot-jaws of moderate size, 
 posterior slender and forming a clawed hand. First 
 four pairs of feet having both branches 3-jointed ; inner 
 branch of the first pair elongated, first joint very long, 
 second and third extremely short and ending in two 
 slender claws, outer branch shorter, the middle joint 
 long, first and third short, ending in four claws ; fifth 
 pair 2-jointed, foliaceous. Ovisac single or double. 
 
 1. DACTYLOPUS TISBOIDES, Glaus. PL LIY, figs. 1 16. 
 
 Dactylopus tisboides, Glaus. Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. 127, 
 taf. xvi, figs. 2428 (1863) ; Die Copepoden- 
 Fauna von Nizza, p. 27, taf. iii, figs. 1 7 
 (1866). 
 
 Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland 
 and Durham, vol. iii, p. 131 (1868). 
 
 ? Normani, idem. Ibid., vol. iv, p. 441, pi. xx, figs. 
 1317 (1872). 
 
 Body robust ; head produced into a short, conical 
 beak ; anterior antennae in the female 9-jointed (8- 
 jointed, Claus), tapering gradually from the base, the 
 seventh and eighth joints being much the shortest 
 (figs. 2 and 14) ; hinge-joint in the male (fig. 3) be- 
 tween the sixth and seventh joints. Inner branch of 
 the posterior antenna (fig. 4) 3-jointed. Second foot- 
 jaw slender, the hand elongate- oval and ciliated on the 
 inner margin, near the middle of which is a single long 
 seta. Outer margins of both branches of the first pair 
 of feet densely setose and spinous ; first joint of the 
 inner branch longer than the entire outer limb, and 
 
DACTYLOPUS. 107 
 
 armed above the middle of the inner margin with a 
 single, long, plumose seta (fig. 9) ; middle joint of the 
 outer branch thrice as long as the first or third, ciliated 
 on both margins, the cilia of the outer margin being 
 often strong and almost spinous ; the second, third, and 
 fourth pairs (fig. 11) have the branches nearly equal, 
 bearing long plumose setae, and ciliated on the external 
 borders ; the inner branch of the second pair in the 
 male (fig. 10) has the second and third joints coales- 
 cent, the outer margin deeply excavated above and 
 below the middle, and bearing one rather large crooked 
 spine, several strong short setae, and at the apex two 
 stunted spines ; setae of the inner margin three ; fifth 
 pair (figs. 12 and 15) in the female composed of two 
 subequal, broadly ovate joints, each of which bears 
 several rather long apical setae ; the outer joint has 
 also along its free margin a series of oblong, curved, 
 pellucid patches (fig. 12 a) ; in the male the joints of 
 the fifth pair are, as is usual in the Harpacticinae, more 
 angular, smaller, and less profusely setose (figs. 13 and 
 16). Caudal segments short; larger tail setae two 
 thirds the length of the body, outer setae about half as 
 long. Length ^th of an inch (*56 mm.). 
 
 This is probably the commonest British species of 
 the genus Dactylopus, occurring not unfrequently in all 
 kinds of localities, from the brackish water of estuarine 
 pools to depths of at least forty fathoms. I have notes 
 of its capture in the following localities: Durham coast, 
 amongst Laminarice ; in brackish pools, at the mouth 
 of the Seaton Burn, Northumberland ; dredged off Red 
 Cliff and Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, in thirty-five 
 
108 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 fathoms ; brackish pools near the River Stour, at 
 Manningtree, Suffolk ; abundant on weeds at low 
 water mark, Little Cumbrae; off Portincross, Ayr- 
 shire, fifteen fathoms ; Scilly Islands, ten to forty 
 fathoms; brackish pools at Clifden, Connemara; and 
 in surface-net gatherings from Westport Bay, Mayo. 
 It has also been found by the Rev. A. M. Norman 
 between tide-marks at Oban ; on weeds at Tobermory, 
 Mull ; Bressay Sound, Shetland ; and in brackish 
 water at Isle Oransa, Skye. 
 
 The range of variation of Dactylopus tisboides, especi^ 
 ally as to strength and quantity of setose armature, is 
 very considerable. Two extreme forms, one from 
 brackish water, the other from a purely marine habitat, 
 are figured in the plate, but even in brackish water 
 one may sometimes meet with specimens nearly as 
 strongly spinous and setose as any of those from the 
 open sea. Speaking broadly, however, we may say that 
 there are two races or varieties of the species, charac- 
 terised in one case by a robust body and strong setae, 
 in the other by a slender body and delicate setge. It 
 is interesting to note that, in other species, especially 
 in those whose habitats and consequently whose 
 manner of life are of varied character, structural 
 variations not unlike those of D. tisboides are not 
 unfrequently to be found. 
 
 The following remarks of Dr. Glaus, with reference 
 to a species of a closely allied genus, are of much 
 interest : " The stronger, and, on the average, the 
 larger form of Harpacticus nicceensis has a heavy, 
 strong body ill-bred apparently, inactive, and want- 
 
DACTYLOPUS. 100 
 
 ing in mobility ; the antennas clumsy, with their third 
 and fourth joints short and thick, the second joint 
 very long ; the second foot-jaw ends in a strong, mas- 
 sive, clasping hand ; the first pair of feet are armed 
 with doubly-curved claws ; the feet, especially the last 
 pair, are strong and clumsy, all the seta3 showing a 
 tendency to become .plumose. The smaller and slen- 
 derer breed has larger antenna3, the third and fourth 
 joints of which are much elongated ; the prehensile 
 apparatus of the foot-jaws and first pair of feet more 
 slender, and there is also a much slimmer, slen- 
 derer form of the limbs. In general structure and 
 conformation of body, in the peculiar arrangement 
 of setae, the serration of the abdominal segments, in 
 short, in those points where distinct species mostly 
 diverge, there is here a striking agreement. . . . 
 After diligent inquiry, these differences remained un- 
 explained, and I was inclined to consider them as 
 mere individual variations. But further investigation 
 of all parts of the body convinced me that two distinct 
 forms, with qualities diversely useful, had originated 
 two separate races, one slender, swift, and agile, the 
 other clumsy in figure, but robust and powerfully 
 armed. The two races are so far separate that inter- 
 mediate individuals partaking of the characters of both 
 are not met with. The upper antennas, however, in 
 each case show a tendency to similar variations ; at 
 the same time these variations are not so profound 
 that they might not have been acquired singly or in 
 combination. The differences in the relative size of 
 the claws and prehensile organs may be traced back 
 
110 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 to the youngest stages of growth. . . . Many- 
 species may, no doubt, have been founded on characters 
 no more distinct than these, and on mere deviation 
 of character in the joints, which a critical investigation 
 would prove to be worthless."* It maybe noted that 
 many of the peculiarities here pointed out by Dr. Glaus 
 especially the strong, doubly-curved claws of the 
 first feet in the stronger, and the very slender simply- 
 curved claws in the weaker form have their exact 
 counterparts in the two varieties of D. tisboides here 
 described. 
 
 2. DACTYLOPUS SIMILIS, Glaus. PL LY, figs. 14 16. 
 
 Dactylopus similis, Glaus. Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, 
 p. 25, taf. ii, figs. 29, 30 (1866). 
 
 This species differs little from D. Stromii except in 
 the proportionate lengths of the various antennal 
 joints, the length of the rostrum, and some other 
 minor points. The rostrum is very long and curved, 
 and the relative lengths of the joints of the anterior 
 antenna (fig. 14) may be expressed (allowing some 
 latitude for individual variation) as follows : 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 
 
 20 12 883527 
 
 The lower foot- jaw, the first and all the following 
 pairs of feet differ scarcely at all from the same organs 
 
 * Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, Ein Beitrag zur Charakteristik 
 der Formen und deren Abanderungen, " im Sinne Darwin's," von Dr. 
 C. Glaus, Marburg und Leipzig, 1866. 
 
DACTYLOPUS. Ill 
 
 in D. Stromii. The setae of the fifth feet (fig. 16) 
 are, however, more irregular in length than in D. 
 Stromii. Length ^ 8 -th of an inch ('9 mm.). 
 
 A few specimens which I refer to this species were 
 dredged off Portincross, Ayrshire, in a depth of fifteen 
 fathoms, but noth withstanding the careful examination 
 which Dr. Glaus has bestowed upon it, with the result 
 of separating it specifically from D. Stromii, I must 
 confess myself unable to see the propriety of that 
 step. The preferable course would, I think, be to 
 consider the present as a well-marked variety of what 
 must be admitted to be a variable species. 
 
 3. DACTYLOPUS STKOMII, Baird. PL LY, figs. 1 13. 
 
 Canthocamptus Stromii, Baird. Brit. En torn. p. 208, pi. xxvii, 
 fig. 3 (not Canthocamptus Stromii of 
 Lilljeborg) ^1850). 
 
 Cyclops Baird. Mag. Zool. and Botany (1837). 
 
 Nauplius Phillippi. Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 
 
 p. 69 (1843). 
 
 Dactylopus cinctus, Glaus. Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, 
 p. 27, taf. iii, figs. 812 (1866). 
 
 Rostrum long and curved; anterior antennae 8- 
 jointed, slender, plentifully beset with not very long 
 hairs; the fourth joint bearing a long, curved, rod- 
 like "olfactory" appendage (fig. 1 a), the first four joints 
 (peduncle) stouter than the rest, last joint long and 
 slender ; in the male (fig. 2) the first, second, and fourth 
 joints are tumid, the third small and narrow, and there 
 
112 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 is a hinge between the fifth and sixth. Inner branch of 
 the posterior antennas (fig. 3) 3-jointed ; mandible- 
 palp (fig. 4) large and strongly setose ; maxillae (fig. 5) 
 strong, with a well-developed palp ; anterior foot-jaw 
 (fig. 6) 4-digitate ; posterior with a slenderly ovate 
 hand, which has a long plumose seta on the inner and 
 three short ones on the outer margin (fig. 7). Inner 
 branch of the first foot about twice as long as the outer ; 
 first joint very long, second scarcely as long as broad, 
 third about twice as long as the second, and bearing 
 two slender, slightly curved, terminal claws ; the first 
 joint has a strong apical seta, and is ciliated along the 
 inner margin ; the second joint of the outer branch is 
 rather larger than the first and about twice as long as 
 the third ; the margins of all the joints of the outer 
 branch bear long apical spines and pectinate rows of 
 stout setaft (fig. 8). The second, third, and fourth 
 pairs have the joints more or less angulated at the 
 distal extremities (fig. 10), and those of the outer 
 branches are strongly spined ; the terminal joints 
 considerably longer than the others. The second pair 
 in the male is only 2-jointed, the last joint (fig. 9) 
 being reduced to a broad, lancet-shaped spine (fig. 9 a) 
 and a digitiform segment, which bears three setaa. 
 The fifth pair in the female (fig. 11) has a broad basal 
 joint, produced internally, with ciliated margins and 
 five long setas; the outer joint is broadly ovate, 
 ciliated internally, and bearing six large marginal setas. " 
 In the male both lobes are much smaller, and the 
 inner one (fig. 12) has only two terminal setas. The 
 caudal segments (fig. 13) are very short, the setas of 
 
DACTYLOPUS. 113 
 
 moderate length and imperfectly ringed (fig. 13 a), their 
 structure appearing under high powers of the micro- 
 scope somewhat like that of wool or human hair. 
 Length - 2 - 5 -th of an inch (1 mm.). 
 
 This is a widely distributed and very distinct species, 
 with a slender, tapering abdomen, which in preserved 
 specimens is usually only slightly bent upon the 
 thorax ; the colour is usually pale or golden yellow, 
 and the animal is frequently filled with small oil 
 globules, a character often sufficient to distinguish it 
 at once amongst other species. Some doubt must 
 rest upon the identification of this with Dr. Baird's 
 Cantlwcamptus Stromii, but as I am unable to suggest 
 any other species to which Dr. Baird's description 
 might better apply, I follow the nomenclature adopted 
 by Dr. Claus and Mr. Norman. 
 
 The habitats given by Dr. Baird are : " Sea-shore 
 at Cockburnspath, Berwick, &c., amongst coralline and 
 seaweeds, 1835. Dover, North Foreland, September 
 1849." No one, however, so far as I know, has found 
 the species in these localities since Dr. Baird, nor has 
 it occurred (except in one instance) in any of the 
 numerous gatherings from different parts of the East 
 Coast which have passed through my hands. Mr. 
 Norman has recorded it from Lerwick ; I have speci- 
 mens taken at Ventry Bay, Valentia, and Killybegs 
 Harbour, Ireland, by Mr. E. 0. Davison ; and it has 
 been dredged by Mr. Robertson and myself off Red- 
 cliff, Yorkshire ; off Port Dinlleyn, North Wales ; in 
 Clew Bay, and amongst the Scilly Islands, where also, 
 as well as in the Frith of Clyde, near Cumbrae, we 
 
 VOL. n. H 
 
114 BEITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 took it by means of the surface-net. I am unable 
 to find any characters which distinctly separate 
 Dactylopus cinctus, Glaus, from robust forms of 
 D. Stromii, and have frequently seen specimens 
 which, so far as I can ascertain, might be referred 
 equally well either to one species or the other. 
 
 T am disposed to think that a form described by me 
 some years ago, under the specific name " Normani^ 
 may very probably belong to D. Stromii. For the 
 present, at any rate, it seems best to withdraw the 
 name, which can be re-established should further 
 research prove the species to be well founded. The 
 following is the description of D. Normani :* 
 
 " Closely approaching D. tisboides, from which it 
 differs, however, in the following particulars : The 
 superior antennas are 8-jointed, and not so densely 
 setose, the proportionate lengths of the various joints 
 being as follows : 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 
 65452224 
 
 The secondary branch of the lower antennse bi-articu- 
 late, each joint bearing two moderately long setae. 
 Lower foot-jaw (gnathopod) simply chelate, the inner 
 margin of the hand fringed with short setae. Longer 
 branch of the first foot slender, bearing almost at the 
 extremity of the outer margin a short ciliated seta. 
 Fifth pair of feet large, outer branch subovate, bearing 
 three long setae, one at the apex, one on each lateral 
 margin, and three shorter ones on the outer margin 
 
 * ' Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,' vol. iv, 1872. 
 
DACTYLOPUS. 115 
 
 between the apical and lateral setaa ; inner branch very 
 much smaller, subquadrate, extending only half the 
 length of the outer, bearing four primary setae, two of 
 them long and two of moderate length, the interspaces 
 being densely ciliated. 
 
 " Hob. Roker, on Laminaria saccharina; rare." 
 
 4. DACTYLOPUS TENUIREMIS, Brady and Robertson. PI. 
 
 LYI, figs. 1218. 
 
 Dactylopus tenuiremis, Brady & Robertson. Brit. Assoc. Report, 
 p. 197 (1*75). 
 
 Rostrum of moderate length, slender ; anterior 
 antennas very slender (fig. 12), about as long as first 
 body segment ; first four joints (or peduncle) stouter 
 than the flagellum ; second and fourth joints much the 
 longest, about equal in length to the last three ; inner 
 branch of posterior antenna 2-jointed. Inner branch 
 of the first foot (fig. 16) nearly as in D. Stromii; outer 
 branch rather more slender. Basal joint of the fifth 
 foot (fig. 17) broad, triangular, bearing a row of five 
 long setae from the apex to the middle of the inner 
 margin ; outer joint ovate, about as long as the basal 
 joint, its inner margin ciliated, outer margin and apex 
 fringed with eight setae, the longest of which are at 
 the apex. Tail setae (fig. 18) short, dilated at the 
 base, the longest about as long as the abdomen. 
 Length injth of an inch ('63 mm.). 
 
 Apparently a rare species ; found hitherto only 
 
116 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 sparingly in the undermentioned localities off the coasts 
 of Durham and Yorkshire. In forty-five fathoms 
 twenty miles off Sunderland, amongst muddy sand, 
 and in thirty to thirty-five fathoms off Robin Hood's 
 Bay, Staiths, and Red Cliff. 
 
 Allied to D. longirostris t Claus, and D. minutus, 
 Glaus, as well as to D. Stromii, Baird, but differing 
 from these, especially in the structure of the antennas, 
 the first and fifth pairs of feet, and the tail setae. 
 
 5. DACTYLOPCTS FLAVUS, Claus. Plate L VI, figs. 1 11. 
 
 Dactylopus flavus, Claus. Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, p. 28, 
 taf. iii, figs. 1316 (1866). 
 
 Body depressed, robust; abdomen short and broad; 
 the second, third, and fourth segments and in the 
 male the first segment also pectinate on the posterior 
 margins ; rostrum rounded off. Anterior antennae 6- 
 jointed, much shorter than first body segment, joints 
 subequal (fig. 2) ; in the male (fig. 3) the fourth joint 
 forms a vesiculiform swelling. Inner branch of poste- 
 rior antenna 2-jointed. The hand of the second foot-jaw 
 (fig. 4) is long and slender, ciliated on the inner margin 
 and provided with one large seta, one also at the 
 apex of the preceding joint. The outer branch of the 
 first swimming-foot has the middle joint scarcely at 
 all larger than the other two (fig. 5), the entire length 
 of the branch being less than that of the first joint of 
 the inner branch; the apical spines of the first and 
 
DAOTYLOPUS. 117 
 
 second joints are exceptionally long and are pectinate 
 on the outer margin ; the last joint bears at its ex- 
 tremity five geniculated setae ; first joint of the inner 
 branch robust, giving origin near the middle of the 
 inner margin to a very long plumose seta; second 
 and third joints equal, about as long as broad, the 
 second bearing two slender terminal setae. In the 
 male the first joint is excessively broad (fig. 6), and 
 just within its point of attachment is a stout lobe (fig. 
 6 a) with a curved spine and two or three small hairs. 
 The inner branches of the following pairs of feet are 
 considerably shorter than the outer. The fifth pair is 
 of moderate size, the basal joint short and broad (fig. 
 8), its internal segment not much produced, fringed 
 with a few short hairs and five setae of moderate length ; 
 the second or outer joint is small, about as long as 
 broad, and is also provided with five setge. In the 
 male the basal joint is less developed (fig. 9) and has 
 only two setae, but the second joint is larger, more 
 angular, and bears five strong spine-like setae on the 
 outer, and one of more slender build on the inner 
 margin. The tail segments in the female (fig. 10) are 
 rather longer than broad, bearing three setse, the inner- 
 most of which is the longest, but scarcely equals the 
 length of the abdomen; in the male (fig. 11) the last 
 abdominal ring is also partially divided, forming a 
 portion of the caudal fork ; the tail setae are consider- 
 ably dilated towards the base, and the inner angle of 
 the caudal segment gives attachment to a narrow 
 lancet-shaped spine (fig. 11 a). Colour yellowish 
 brown. Length -^nd of an inch ('6 mm.). 
 
118 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 This very well-marked species has occurred amongst 
 dredged material from several places, but except at 
 Red Cliff, where several examples were found, it seemed 
 to be extremely scarce. The following are the locali- 
 ties : In twenty-seven fathoms off Hawthorn, Durham ; 
 thirty to thirty-five fathoms off Staiths, Red Cliff, and 
 Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire ; Clew Bay, Ireland ; 
 off Callum's Hole, Bute, sixteen fathoms ; Oban, 
 twelve to sixteen fathoms (Rev. A. M. Norman). 
 
 6. DACTYLOPUS BREVICORNIS, Glaus. PL LVII, figs. 10 
 
 -12 ; PL LVIII, fig. 14. 
 
 Dactylopus brevicornis, Glaus. Die-Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, 
 p. 29, taf. iii, figs. 2025 (1866). 
 
 Body elongated ; abdomen short and broad ; rostrum 
 of moderate length. Anterior antennae (fig. 10) ex- 
 cessively short and stout, thickly clothed with hairs, 
 five-jointed ; fourth joint short, fifth more than twice 
 as long and more slender. Inner branch of posterior 
 antenna 3-jointed. Mouth organs very similar to 
 those of D. tisboides. Lower foot-jaw short and stout 
 (fig. 11), the hand somewhat oblong-quadrangular and 
 bearing a stout, curved, terminal claw. Both branches 
 of the first pair of feet short and (PL LVIII, fig. 14) 
 nearly equal in length ; first and second joints of the 
 outer branch equal, twice as long as the third, which 
 is extremely short, truncate at the extremity, and 
 bearing five strong curved seta3, increasing gradually 
 
DACTYLOPUS. 119 
 
 in length, from without inwards ; the inner branch is 
 stout, with two stout, curved, terminal claws, and one 
 long, plumose, marginal seta. The fifth foot (PI. 
 LVII, fig. 12) has a stout and broad basal joint, the 
 inner segment of which bears five setae of unequal 
 length ; the second joint is of moderate size and has 
 about six unequal setae and a few small marginal hairs. 
 Length ^nd of an inch (1*1 mm.). 
 
 Mr. Norman has taken this species at Oban, and on 
 the fronds of Laminarice at Tobermory, and I have 
 myself found it not uncommonly on Laminaria sac- 
 charina at Sunderland ; Mr. Robertson has dredged it 
 in a depth of two to three fathoms off Douglas, Isle of 
 Man, and it occurred also in dredged material got by 
 Mr. Robertson and myself amongst the Scilly Islands, 
 in depths of twenty to forty fathoms. 
 
 The extremely short, somewhat conical, and densely 
 setose antennae distinguish this species at a glance 
 from any other with which I am acquainted. 
 
 7. DACTYLOPUS MINUTUS. Plate LXVII, figs. 1214. 
 
 Dactylopus minutus, Glaus. Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. 126, 
 taf. xvi, figs. U, 15 (1863). 
 
 Body very slender ; rostrum long. Anterior antenna 
 (fig. 12) elongated, slender, 9- jointed ; second and 
 fourth joints much the longest ; last five joints (fla- 
 gellum) more slender than the rest and subequal. 
 Outer branch of the first foot (fig. 13) slender, about 
 two thirds as long as the first joint of the inner branch ; 
 
120 BEITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 inner branch ciliated on the upper half of the inner 
 margin, but destitute of long setse ; terminal claws two, 
 long, slender, and only slightly curved. " On the 
 lower borders of the four last body segments, and, in 
 the female, also on the line between the first and 
 second abdominal segments, a row of minute teeth. 
 The last abdominal segment shorter than the preced- 
 ing ; the caudal segments very short and broad ; the 
 inner tail seta longer than the abdomen, the outer 
 scarcely half as long. Two ovisacs." Glaus. 
 
 My observations of this species have not been so 
 full as might be wished, owing to a scanty supply of 
 specimens. Possibly it ought to come under Boeck's 
 genus Diosaccus ; but I have no doubt whatever of the 
 identity of my specimens with D. minutus, Glaus. They 
 occurred very sparingly in a tow-net gathering, taken 
 at dusk, in Westport Bay, Ireland. 
 
 Genus 25. THALESTRIS, Glaus (1863). 
 
 Body slender and elongated, or broad and depressed. 
 Anterior antennas 9-jointed (sometimes 8- or 6- join ted, 
 Boeck). Inner branch of posterior antenna 2- or 3- 
 jointed. Mandible-palp large, 2-branched, the inner 
 branch usually the largest. Masticatory portion of 
 the maxilla provided with numerous strong teeth ; palp 
 large, its terminal segment usually armed with a large 
 claw; lateral segments sometimes reduced to a few 
 bristles. First pair of foot-jaws ending in a strong 
 
THALESTRIS. 121 
 
 claw, and bearing three or more setiferous marginal 
 lobes. Second pair forming a strong prehensile hand. 
 Both branches of the first pair of feet form strong pre- 
 hensile organs with terminal claws, and are 3-jointed ; 
 first joint of the inner branch much elongated, second 
 and third very short ; first and third joints of the 
 outer branch short, the middle joints greatly elongated. 
 The second, third, and fourth pairs have both branches 
 3-jointed, and adapted for swimming, except in the 
 second pair of the male, where the inner branch has 
 the third joint wanting or very much reduced in size, 
 and converted into two or three strong spines. Fifth 
 pair of feet 2-branched, foliaceous ; both branches 
 in the male usually much reduced in size, the inner 
 often almost obsolete. Ovisac single. 
 
 1. THALESTRIS MYSIS, Glaus. PL LVIII, figs. 1 13. 
 
 Thalestris my sis, Clans. Die frei lebenden Copepoden, p. 130, 
 
 t. xviii, figs. 1216 (1863). 
 Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder,p. 44 (1864). 
 
 Body elongated, slender; abdomen very long, the 
 first two segments much longer than the rest ; ros- 
 trum of moderate size, sharp and slender. Anterior 
 antennas (fig. 2) 9-jointed ; the first four subequal 
 and considerably longer than the following joints. 
 Inner branch of the second pair of antennas 2-jointed 
 (fig. 4), armed with stout setae. Mandible-palp well 
 developed and strongly setose (fig. 5) ; maxilla also 
 
122 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 largely developed (fig. 6), The first foot-jaw (fig. 
 7) is strong, having a long apical claw and three setif- 
 erous marginal segments ; second foot-jaw (fig. 8) 
 slender, the hand somewhat angulated on the outer 
 margin and bearing a long terminal claw. First pair 
 of feet (fig. 9) elongated, both branches of equal 
 length ; outer branch terminating in four claws and 
 bearing a short spine in the middle of the outer 
 margin ; first joint of the inner branch very long, ex- 
 panded towards the base, ciliated along the outer, and 
 having a small plumose seta attached to the middle of 
 the inner margin ; last two joints very small and termi- 
 nating in two or three curved setae. The joints of the 
 three following pairs of feet are angular, dilated 
 towards the apices, and ciliated on the outer border, 
 while the common basal segment bears a comb-like 
 series of six teeth on its inner angle (fig. 11 a). The 
 inner branch of the second pair in the male (fig. 10) 
 has its second joint much narrowed and produced at 
 the apex, forming an abortive third joint (fig. 10 b), 
 which bears an apical spine and two long plumose 
 lateral setae, while springing from its base on the 
 outer side are three stout spines (fig. 10 c), one of 
 which is short, the other two long and sinuous. Fifth 
 pair of feet, in the female, very large and foliaceous 
 (fig. 12), the segments of nearly equal size; outer 
 segment ovate ; margins finely ciliated beyond the 
 middle ; apex obliquely truncate and emarginate, and 
 fringed with seven short setae ; inner segment some- 
 what triangular, with rounded broad apex, which bears 
 four short hairs and a row of minute cilia, also a short 
 
THALESTEIS. 123 
 
 seta towards the middle of the inner border ; in the 
 male the outer branch is much longer than the inner 
 (fig. 13), bearing three stout spines and two setse, 
 while the inner portion of the basal joint has only two 
 spines, one of which is very small. Caudal segments 
 as long as the last abdominal ring ; inner setae longer 
 than the abdomen, outer scarcely half that length. 
 The whole integument of the animal has a corrugated 
 or waved appearance, this being especially conspicuous 
 in the fifth pair of feet of the female. Length -r^th 
 of an inch (1-8 mm.). 
 
 A very fine and well-marked species, apparently 
 local in its distribution, but sometimes occurring in 
 moderate abundance. I have specimens from the 
 undermentioned localities : Westport Bay, Ireland, 
 taken in dredge and tow-net, but rare ; also in Round- 
 stone and Clifden Bays ; Scilly Islands, dredged in ten 
 to twelve fathoms, and taken in the surface-net and 
 amongst weeds at low water ; dredged in a depth of 
 five fathoms at Oban, and found also on the fronds of 
 Laminaria at Tobermory (Rev. A. M. Norman). 
 
 2. THALESTRIS HELGOLANDICA, Glaus. PL LXI, figs. 
 
 914. 
 
 Thalcstris lielgolandica, Glaus. Die frei lebenden Copepoden, 
 p. 131, t. xvii, figs. 1221 (1863). 
 
 Body robust ; abdomen short ; rostrum broad and of 
 moderate length. Anterior antenna (fig. 9) elongated, 
 
124 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 slender, 9-jointed; inner branch of the posterior antenna 
 broad, 3-jointed (fig. 10). Basal joint of the mandible- 
 palp almost quadrate. Hand of the second foot-jaw 
 almost exactly like that of the preceding species (fig. 
 11). Branches of the first pair of feet (fig. 12) elon- 
 gated, the inner rather the shorter. Basal joint of 
 the fifth pair of feet in the female broad, triangular, 
 its inner segment (fig. 14 a) tapering to the apex and 
 bearing four setae of moderate length ; outer segment 
 narrow, hastate, with ciliate margin and short ter- 
 minal seta ; second joint elongate-ovate, margin ciliated, 
 setae six, four moderately long, two short. Last 
 three abdominal segments short ; tail segments broad 
 and short. Length -^ud of an inch (1*1 mm.). Male 
 unknown. 
 
 Beside the general build, which is quite different 
 from that of the foregoing species, T. helgolandica is 
 well separated from all others by the characters of the 
 fifth pair of feet ; these, taken together with the 3- 
 jointed inner branch of the second antenna and the 
 absence of a rugose epidermis, form sufficient diagnostic 
 marks. It seems to be one of the rarer British species. 
 The Rev. A. M. Norman has found it at Oban and in 
 Bressay Sound, Shetland. I have myself dredged it 
 off the Durham Coast, in a depth of twenty-seven 
 fathoms, very sparingly, and in rather more abundance 
 off Port Dinlleyn, Carnarvonshire, in ten fathoms. 
 
THALESTRIS. 125 
 
 3. THALESTEIS EUFOCINCTA, Norman (M.S.). PL LVII, 
 
 figs. 19. 
 
 Body elongated, slender ; rostrum very long, curved 
 and sharp ; anterior antennae 9 -jointed, the first joint 
 nearly as long as the following three ; inner branch of 
 the posterior antenna 2- jointed. Mouth organs large 
 and well developed; second foot-jaw (fig. 4) very similar 
 to those of the two preceding species ; first joint 
 setose on the outer margin ; inner margin of the hand 
 finely ciliated, nearly straight, and bearing a short 
 seta over the middle ; outer margin angulated and also 
 provided with a short median seta ; terminal claw 
 long, slender, and having three slender setse attached 
 near the base. First pair of feet (fig. 5) stronger and 
 more powerfully clawed than in T. my sis, but other- 
 wise very similar ; inner branch of the second pair in 
 the male (fig. 6) indistinctly 3 -jointed, the last two 
 joints being imperfectly separated ; apex armed with 
 one short crooked spine and two short setse; the 
 spines of the outer branch in all the swimming-feet 
 have strongly aculeate margins (fig. 6 a a). Inner 
 segment of the basal joint of the fifth foot in the 
 female (fig. 7) elongated, subtriangular, bearing five 
 setse on the inner margin ; second joint ovate ; distal 
 half of the outer margin four times indented and bear- 
 ing six setae of unequal lengths ; the margins of both 
 joints densely ciliated; in the male (fig. 8) the basal 
 joint is broad, its inner segment convex, but only 
 
126 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 slightly produced and armed with three spine-like 
 setae ; second joint triangular, beset with five or six 
 setae on the outer, and one near the apex of the inner 
 margin. First two joints of the abdomen (fig. 9) very 
 wide and fringed with small cilia ; the second joint 
 produced downwards into two broad triangular pro- 
 cesses (&&), third joint forming two similar but smaller 
 projections (c c) ; all the abdominal joints, as well as 
 the caudal segments, very short and broad. Length 
 - 2 - 5 -th of an inch (1 mm.). Colour yellowish, more or 
 less banded with deep crimson, the parts of the body 
 which exhibit the colouring being usually the second 
 and third thoracic segments and two or three of the 
 median joints of the upper antennae, but the bases of 
 the limbs, tail, &c., are liable to partake in the red 
 colouring. 
 
 This is a widely distributed species, and sometimes 
 occurs in considerable abundance ; it is readily dis- 
 tinguished from all other species of Thalestris by the 
 aculeate character of the spines of the swimming-feet. 
 It has occurred sparingly in dredgings from the coast 
 of Durham and Yorkshire off Marsden, ten fathoms, 
 Hawthorn, twenty-seven fathoms, and Red Cliff, thirty- 
 five fathoms ; Scilly Islands, ten to twelve fathoms, 
 and also on alga3 in Porcressa Bay, St. Mary's ; 
 dredged off Cumbrae and Portincross, Firth of Clyde ; 
 Port Dinlleyn, North Wales ; Clew Bay and Lough 
 Swilly, Ireland ; plentiful on fronds of algae in Mulroy, 
 Clifden, Birtirbuy and Yentry Bays ; Oban (Rev. A. 
 M. Norman}. 
 
THALESTRIS. 127 
 
 4. THALESTRIS HARPACTOIDES, Glaus. PL L, figs. 9 16; 
 
 and PL LIX, fig. 1. 
 
 Thalestris harpactoides, Glaus. Die frei lebenden Copepoden, 
 p. 133, taf. xix, figs. 211 (1863). 
 
 Body very slender and elongated, subsigraoid in 
 outline ; abdomen scarcely at all narrower than the 
 cephalothorax ; each segment bordered by a more or 
 less distinct belt ; rostrum of moderate size, slender ; 
 anterior antenna (fig. 9) 9-jointed, slender; inner 
 branch of lower antenna 2-jointed. Second foot-jaw 
 (fig. 12) slender ; hand elongated, ovate, much like 
 that of T. rufocincta, but the terminal claw is devoid of 
 basal setae, and is only 1 -jointed. Mouth organs and 
 first pair of feet also like those of rufocincta, but the 
 marginal seta3 of inner branch longer. The fifth pair 
 of feet in the female have a large, broadly triangular 
 basal joint (fig. 14) with ciliated inner margin, and five 
 setse of moderate length ; second joint broadly oval, 
 ciliated, obliquely truncate, and dentate distally, bear- 
 ing six setas, not much longer than the first joint ; 
 fifth feet of the male (fig. 1 5) almost exactly like those 
 of rufocincta. Abdominal segments (fig. 16) short 
 and wide, ciliated laterally, the first two scarcely 
 wider than the rest, and not produced into lateral 
 angles; posterior margins of the last two segments 
 finely dentate ; the second segment has also two spine- 
 like appendages (a a). Caudal segments about as long 
 as broad, armed with a small spine on the outer angle; 
 tail setae rather short, the inner one about as long as 
 
128 BRITISH COPEPODA. * 
 
 the abdomen and finely aculeate. Length -^-rd of an 
 inch (1*1 mm.). 
 
 One of the less common British species. I have 
 scarcely ever myself taken it, but am indebted to my 
 friend, Mr. E. C. Davison, of Sunderland, for surface- 
 net gatherings in which it occurred, from Grimsby, 
 Teesmouth and Killybegs. The Rev. A. M. Norman 
 mentions it as found " at Hills wick, Shetland, among 
 weeds;" and I have a single specimen, apparently 
 belonging to the same species, which was dredged 
 amongst the Scilly Islands. It occurs also in gather- 
 ings of Copepoda, made by the Rev. A. M. Norman, 
 between tide-marks at Oban, and in material dredged 
 in a depth of five fathoms at the same place. 
 
 5. THALESTRIS CLAUSII, Norman. PI. LXII, figs. 1 12. 
 
 Thalestrw Clausii, Norman. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 297 (1868). 
 Parathalestris Clausii, Brady and Robertson. Ann. and Mag. 
 Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 136 (1873). 
 
 Animal robust, stout and heavy in all its parts ; 
 rostrum short and blunt, not as long as first antennal 
 joint; anterior antenna of the female (fig. 2) 9-jointed, 
 gradually tapering to the apex ; third and fourth joints 
 of the male antenna constricted, the fifth swollen and 
 forming the base of the conical distal half of the limb 
 (fig. 3). Secondary branch of the posterior antenna 
 2- join ted. Branches of the mandible-palp (fig. 4) two, 
 one small and bearing a single setae, the other larger 
 
THALESTEIS. 129 
 
 and profusely setose. Maxilla (fig. 5) strongly clawed, 
 the lateral segments of the palp well developed (a, a) ; 
 anterior foot-jaw (fig. 6) stout, its lateral segments 
 stout and bearing short claw-like setae. Posterior foot- 
 jaws (fig. 7) large and broad; hand broadly ovate, 
 its inner margin nearly straight, outer strongly convex ; 
 proximal half of the- inner margin finely ciliated and 
 bearing a single spine-like seta near the middle the 
 outer margin has also a few fine cilia ; terminal claw 
 stout, shorter than the hand, and bearing two fine 
 setae near the middle. Branches of the first pair of 
 feet (fig. 8) very stout, nearly equal in length, and 
 smooth on the inner margin, which has only one 
 short seta near the middle ; upper half of outer 
 edge of the inner branch strongly ciliated ; last 
 two joints very short, with two sub-equal ter- 
 minal claws; the outer branch has three strong 
 terminal claws, and a short seta, its whole external 
 margin densely ciliated ; peduncle bearing at the 
 external angle a ciliated lanceolate spine ; first and 
 second joints each with an apical spine ; the three 
 following pairs of feet are short and thick ; inner 
 branch of second pair in the male 2-jointed, the second 
 joint produced into a narrow apical portion and armed 
 with one very short and two long spines (fig. 9). 
 Fifth pair in the female short, the two joints nearly 
 equal in length (fig. 10), the outer broad, sub-ovate, cili- 
 ated, and bearing six short setae on the apical portion ; 
 inner joint sub -triangular, five short setae on the distal 
 half of the inner margin, the first of which is plumose. 
 The fifth pair of the male (fig. 11) has the outer branch 
 VOL. n. i 
 
130 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 longer than the inner, short and broad, four setse on 
 the outer margin, one long plumose apical seta, and one 
 short seta on the inner margin ; inner branch bearing 
 three strong, sub-equal, spine-like setas ; caudal seg- 
 ments short and broad ; internal seta as long as the 
 abdomen, external about half as long; in the female 
 swollen at the bases, but not so in the male. 
 
 Length - 2 ^-nd of an inch (1*1 mm.). 
 
 Thalestris Clausii was described by the Rev. A. M. 
 Norman from specimens found " amongst Laminaria3 
 in Bressay Sound, 1867 ; and also at Tobermory, in the 
 Isle of Mull, in 1866." It occurs also in gatherings 
 made recently by Mr. Norman at Oban. It is, in fact, 
 one of the commonest, perhaps the commonest, British 
 species of Thalestris, often occurring plentifully in the 
 littoral zone amongst weeds, and not unfrequently in 
 the open sea, where it is taken by the surface-net. In 
 such situations I have found it frequently on the 
 Northumberland and Durham coasts ; in Birtirbuy, 
 Clifden, and Westport Bays (Ireland), the Scilly 
 Islands, and Cumbrae (Firth of Clyde). 
 
 The characters, on the strength of which this 
 species was separated from the rest of the genus, are 
 certainly insufficient ; I therefore here return to the 
 old generic term. 
 
TILALESTEIS. 131 
 
 6. THALBSTRIS RUFO- VIOLA SCENS (?), Glaus. PI. LXI, 
 
 figs. i_8. 
 
 Thalestris rufo-violascens, Glaus. Die Copepoden-Fauna von 
 
 Nizza, p. 33, taf. iv, figs. 1822 
 (1866). 
 
 Body of the female robust; first four segments 
 much wider than the rest and produced laterally into 
 projecting angular processes ; body-segments bordered 
 with chitinous bands and marginally ciliated, rostrum 
 broad and short. Anterior antennae 9-jointed, the 
 proportionate lengths of the joints being as follows : 
 8, 12, 9, 7, 3^ 3 4, 2|, 2, 3. Inner branch of posterior 
 anfcenna 2-jointed. Mandible and palp (fig. 3) strong 
 and well developed ; first foot-jaw (fig. 4) having a 
 stout terminal claw and three digitiform marginal 
 segments ; second foot-jaw (fig. 5) very large and 
 stout, hand very broad, its inner margin straight, and 
 having two rows of short spine-like cilia extending 
 along its whole length, outer margin excessively 
 convex; claw strong and very much curved, with a 
 single accessory curved seta on the inner margin. 
 First pair of feet (fig. 6) robust, branches sub-equal, 
 margins smooth, terminal claws extremely long, joints 
 of the outer branch in the second, third, and fourth 
 pairs of feet contracted at the bases (fig. 7), first joint 
 much expanded at the apex, its inner angle truncate 
 and giving attachment to a long seta, second joints 
 somewhat similar but less prominent ; outer border of 
 the first joint ciliated and bearing a strong apical 
 
132 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 spine, that of the second joint beset with a series of 
 six short spines, and one large spine at the apex ; last 
 joint fringed with six spines which increase in length 
 from the first to the last, the last being very long and 
 plumose. Fifth pair large, both joints nearly equal, 
 the inner large and sub -triangular, the outer broadly 
 ovate (fig. 8), both joints bordered by wide chitinous 
 plates ; on the inner joint six spine-like apical setae 
 three long and three short; on the outer also six 
 setae, three of which are much more slender than the 
 rest ; inner margin ciliated. Caudal segments broader 
 than long, fringed with numerous short, spine-like 
 cilia ; inner tail-seta dilated at the base, much .shorter 
 than the abdomen ; outer about half as long. 
 
 I have some doubt whether the species here de- 
 scribed is rightly referred to rufo-violascens, Glaus, but 
 if not so it must be very closely allied to that species. 
 The most conspicuous characters are the very strongly 
 arched and clawed foot-jaw, the peculiar form of the 
 joints of the outer branches of the swimming-feet, 
 the large chitin-bordered fifth foot, and the general 
 outline of the whole animal. This seems to be a very 
 rare species in Britain. I have seen only very few 
 examples, two from Mr. Norman's washings of 
 Laminariae in Shetland, and two or three washed off 
 weeds dragged up near the " Allans," Cumbrae (Firth 
 of Clyde). 
 
THALESTRIS. 133 
 
 7. THALESTEIS SERRULATA, nov. sp. PL LIX, figs. 2 11. 
 
 Male. Body elongated, of nearly equal thickness 
 throughout, first segment unusually small. Anterior 
 antenna short and robust. Inner branch of posterior 
 antenna 2-jointed. Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 7) very 
 strong, hand broad, sub- quadrate, outer margin 
 strongly arched, inner sinuous and fringed with two 
 .separate rows of spine-like cilia, the distal row sub- 
 crescentic and tending inwards towards the middle 
 of the hand; terminal claw stout, falciform, about 
 half the length of the hand; first joint bearing a 
 spine and three or four seta3 at the extremity of its 
 inner margin. Outer branch of the first foot much 
 more slender than the inner (fig. 8), terminating in 
 two long, slender spines, and a short seta; outer 
 margin closely ciliated, having a short seta below the 
 middle and one at the apex of the first joint ; pedun- 
 cle armed at the outer angle with a broad plumose 
 seta, and at the inner with a stout curved spine ; inner 
 branch very broad, and bearing a seta near the middle 
 of its inner margin, outer margin ciliated, terminal 
 claws two, one long and one short; these, as well as 
 the claws of the outer branch, are closely and finely 
 pectinated on the concave margins ; outer margins of 
 all the swimming-feet fringed with spines. Inner branch 
 of the fifth foot (fig. 9) short, broadly triangular, 3- 
 setose ; outer branch elongate sub-ovate, inner margin 
 ciliated, outer with three or four short and one long 
 
134 r.KTTISH COPEPODA. 
 
 seta near the base, and four more towards the apex, 
 from which spring three setse, one much larger than 
 the others. Last abdomina Isegment very short, tail- 
 segments (fig. 11) about thrice as long, tapering 
 towards the apex and armed with a row of serratures 
 along the greater part of the outer margin. Second 
 foot of the male like that of the following species 
 (T. hibemica). The limbs are all short, but the first 
 pair of feet are longer than the others. Length 
 TTS-th. of an inch (1*7 mm.). 
 
 I have seen only one specimen a male of tmV 
 species, which was dredged on a bottom of muddy 
 sand in New Grimsby Harbour, Scilly ; depth fourteen 
 fathoms. The characters of the posterior foot- jaw and 
 tail-segments are abundantly sufficient to distinguish 
 it from any described species. 
 
 8. THALESTBIS HIBEBNIOA, Brady and Robertson. PL LXII, 
 
 figs. 1317, and PL LXIII, 
 figs. 14, 15. 
 
 Thalestris hibernica, B. & B. Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist., ser. 4, 
 vol. xii, p. 135, pi. viii, figs. 1719 (1873). 
 
 Body slender, rostrum of considerable length. 
 Anterior antennae 9-jointed, of moderate length, rather 
 thickly clothed along the anterior margin with shortish 
 hairs ; second, third, and fourth joints nearly equal, 
 about twice as long as broad; fifth, sixth, seventh, 
 and ninth also nearly equal, and about half the length 
 
THALESTBIS. 135 
 
 of the foregoing; penultimate joint much smaller. 
 Anterior antennae of the male shorter and swollen, 
 third joint very short and constricted, fourth much 
 the longest and as wide as the two basal joints, armed 
 with a long falciform appendage, fifth and sixth joints 
 about half the length and breadth of the fourth, 
 seventh and eighth very small, last joint as long as the 
 fifth, but very narrow ; a few crowded setae on the 
 margin of the second joint, and three small ones at 
 the apex of the last joint : inner branch of posterior 
 antennas 2-jointed. Mouth-organs as usual in the 
 genus. Lower foot-jaw (PL LXIII, fig. 15) terminat- 
 ing in a slender clawed hand, in shape approaching that 
 of T. longimana, the hand being irregularly angular 
 and subcrescentic, with the internal angle slightly 
 setose ; the claw strong and well curved. First pair 
 of swimming-feet (PL LXII, fig. 14) almost as in T. 
 longimana, except that the terminal claws and setae 
 are longer and more slender, the two branches being 
 nearly equal, and the long claw equal in length to the 
 branch itself. The inner branch of the second pair of 
 feet in the male is, as usual, 2-jointed (PL LXII, fig. 15), 
 the three terminal spines being uncommonly small 
 and slender (a). Fifth pair of feet in the female 
 (fig. 16) having both branches of nearly equal length, 
 the inner branch broad, sub-quadrate, and bearing five 
 setae on the distal extremity, the margins between the 
 setae ciliated; outer joint smaller, ovate, with six 
 terminal setae, four of which are small and slender, 
 the apical two being larger. The fifth foot in the male 
 (fig. 17) is smaller; inner segment short and broad, 
 
136 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 3-setose ; outer narrow, quadrate, armed with one 
 long, and four short, terminal setae. Length - 2 \th of 
 an inch (1*05 mm.). 
 
 This is very similar in many respects to the following 
 species (T. longimana) ; but, besides the less gibbous 
 outline, less vivid colouring and more delicate skin, it 
 differs considerably in several anatomical points, 
 especially in the structure of the fifth pair of feet in 
 both sexes, and the inner branch of the fifth pair in the 
 male. The posterior foot-jaw, though similar in general 
 character to that of T. longimana, is much less robust 
 and less angular. T. hibernica was taken very spar- 
 ingly in the tow-net in Westport Bay (Ireland) and 
 rather more plentifully in a gathering off Cumbrae 
 (Firth of Clyde). Oban (Rev. A. Norman). 
 
 9. THALESTEIS LONGIMANA, Glaus. PI. LX, figs. 1 13. 
 
 Thalestris longimana, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, 
 p. 130,.t. xviii, figs. 111 (1863). 
 
 Body very robust, cephalothorax much arched 
 dorsally, integument tliick and tough, rostrum broad 
 and blunt, body-segments bordered with chitinous 
 marginal bands, which are often deeply coloured, 
 brownish or blood-red, the general colour of the 
 animal being yellowish. Anterior antennae (figs. 2, 3) 
 9-jointed, joints of the peduncle long and stout, those of 
 the flagellum short ; inner branch of the posterior an- 
 tenna (fig. 4) 2-jointed, short ; mandible (fig. 5) strong, 
 with a large, well-developed palp ; maxilla (fig. 6) 
 
THALESTRIS. 137 
 
 rather strongly clawed, the lateral processes of the palp 
 broad and stout. Anterior foot-jaw (fig. 7) strong and 
 numerously segmented ; posterior (fig. 8) having a 
 remarkably large and powerful hand, broad at the 
 base, with a serrated or file-like, deeply-concave, 
 inner margin, and shaped much like that of Harpac- 
 ticus cJielifer, with a strongly produced angle at the 
 proximal end of the concavity ; terminal claw more 
 than half the length of the hand, much curved, 
 stout, and armed with two small accessory spines 
 near the base. First pair of feet (fig. 9) very long 
 and slender, subequal, each branch with only one 
 long terminal claw and one short seta ; outer branch 
 bent on the peduncle in a knee-like angle; margins 
 only very slightly ciliated; the second, third, and 
 fourth pairs of feet are successively much shorter ; 
 fifth pair, in the female very large, at least as long as 
 the first two abdominal segments ; the outer branch 
 elongated, subquadrate (fig. 11), bearing five setae on 
 the distal margin, which is also finely ciliated ; inner 
 branch narrower, subovate, margins ciliated and having 
 four setse on the outer margin and apex. Last ab- 
 dominal segment very short, tail-segments rather 
 longer ; outer tail-seta very short and slender, inner 
 thrice as long, strong, and much dilated at the base. 
 Length y^-th of an inch (1'4 mm.). 
 
 A very fine species and one of frequent occurrence, 
 varying much in colour, from a uniform deep brown 
 or red, to a golden yellow with red bands and blotches ; 
 otherwise very constant in character. It occurs most 
 frequently in the laminariau and littoral zones amongst 
 
138 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 weeds, but is sometimes dredged abundantly, and is 
 also taken by the tow-net in the open sea. On the 
 Durham coast it is not uncommon between tide- 
 marks. (Sunderland, Ryhope, &c.) 
 
 I have specimens found amongst dredged material 
 from Portincross (Ayrshire), and in surface-net 
 gatherings taken by Mr. E. 0. Davison in the har- 
 bours of Valentia and Killybegs (Ireland). I have 
 dredged it abundantly amongst the Scilly Islands, 
 where, also, it was got in the surface-net; dredged 
 also off Scarborough, and in Lough Swilly. Mr. 
 Norman has taken it in Bressay Sound, Shetland, at 
 Oban, and at Tobermory, amongst weeds. 
 
 10. THALESTRIS PELTATA (Boeck). PL LIII, figs. 11 19. 
 
 Amenophia peltata, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 45 
 
 (1864). 
 
 Body depressed, broadly ovate ; abdomen con- 
 stricted at the base, and narrower than the cephalo- 
 thorax. Rostrum short, obtusely rounded. Ante- 
 rior antennae 9-jointed (fig. 12) ; first four joints 
 (peduncle) much longer and broader than those of the 
 terminal portion (flagellum), the first, third, and 
 fourth joints being nearly equal in length, the second 
 almost as long as the third and fourth together. Inner 
 branch of the posterior antenna (fig. 13) 3 -jointed. 
 Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 16) slender, hand elongated and 
 bearing a single seta on the middle of the inner 
 margin. Branches of the first pair of feet nearly 
 
THALBSTBIS. 139 
 
 equal (fig. 17) ; first joint of the inner branch having 
 a series of cilia along the proximal half of the inner 
 margin, and a long seta near the middle ; two terminal 
 claws on the last joint, which, like the preceding joints, 
 is very short ; outer branch densely ciliated along the 
 outer margin, the elongated second joint armed near 
 the middle with a long pectinated spine; the short 
 terminal joint bears five long claws, some of which are 
 finely ciliated. Inner joint of the fifth pair of feet 
 broad and short (fig. 19) ; margin clothed with short 
 cilia, bearing two long ciliated setae at the outer angle, 
 and two shorter ones more internally; outer branch 
 elongated, subquadrangular ; outer marginal portion 
 hispid, inner margin closely ciliated ; apex broad, and 
 armed with several short spines. Lateral margins of 
 the abdominal segments finely aculeate; caudal seg- 
 ments short and broad. The animal (according to 
 Boeck) is of a brown colour, banded with red across 
 the second and third segments of the body, and first 
 and last abdominal rings. 
 
 One specimen only was found in dredged material 
 from a depth of forty fathoms off St. Agnes. (Scilly). 
 
 This species was removed by Boeck from the genus 
 Thalestris, on the ground of the eyes being widely 
 separate and placed towards the sides of the head, 
 a character represented in my figure from a drawing 
 kindly sent to me by that lamented naturalist. This 
 ground of generic separation seems to me, however, 
 scarcely sufficient to warrant the breaking up of 
 the older genus, which is not yet so overgrown as 
 to require disintegration on the score of convenience. 
 
140 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 Moreover, it is doubtful whether some other species 
 here referred to Thalestris (notably T. rufocincta) 
 might not also, considering their general conformation, 
 have to accompany T. peltata in any generic migra- 
 tion. On these grounds I think it better, for the 
 present, to ignore the genus Amenophia. I have not, 
 in my single specimen, been able to observe accurately 
 the position of the eyes, and have therefore, in this 
 respect, as well as in that of colour, simply recorded 
 the statements of M. Boeck. 
 
 Genus 26. WESTWOODIA, Dana, 1855. 
 
 (Harpacticus, in part, Baird.) 
 
 Cephalothorax large and robust ; abdomen slender. 
 Head and first thoracic ring coalescent; rostrum of 
 moderate size; first pair of antennae 6-jointed, second 
 pair 2- jointed, with a 2-jointed inner branch. Man- 
 dibles elongated, slender ; palp consisting of a long, 
 narrow, basal joint, with two small, 1 -jointed branches. 
 First foot- jaw stout, provided with a strong terminal 
 claw and three marginal, setiferous digits. Second 
 foot-jaw forming a stout, grasping hand. Inner 
 branch of the first foot 1 -jointed, outer branch 3- 
 jointed ; the first joint much elongated, second and 
 third joints rudimentary and terminating in two claws. 
 Both branches of second, third, and fourth pairs of 
 swimming-feet 3- jointed ; fifth pair foliaceous, two 
 branched. 
 
WESTWOODIA. 141 
 
 1. WESTWOODIA NOBILIS, Baird. PL LXIII, figs 1 13. 
 
 Arpacticus nobilis, Baird. Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, ii, p. 155, 
 1845 ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, xvii, p. 416, 
 t. 9, figs. 5, 5 a, b, c, d (1846) ; Brit. Entomo- 
 straca, p. 214, tab. 28, figs. 2, 2 a e (1850). 
 
 Westwoodia nobilis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 118, 
 t. 21, figs. 19 (1863). 
 
 Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copep., p. 35 (1864). 
 
 
 
 Anterior antennae short, in the male 6-jointed (fig. 3), 
 in the female 7-jointed, rather stout (fig. 2), third joint 
 much the longest, toothed on its upper edge, last 
 four nearly equal, and altogether scarcely as long 
 as the preceding joint ; all the joints setiferous. Inner 
 branch of the posterior antenna (fig. 4) rather large, 
 2-jointed. Hand of the second foot-jaw (fig. 8) oblong- 
 ovate, having a long spine-like seta near the middle of 
 the inner margin ; terminal claw long and slender. 
 The outer branch of the first pair of feet (fig. 9) con- 
 sists of one joint, which is large, ovate, and bears several 
 marginal spines and setae ; the inner branch is 3- 
 jointed, the first joint being much elongated and 
 having a very long plumose seta near the middle of its 
 inner margin ; terminal claw long and slender. The 
 inner branches of the three following pairs of swimming- 
 feet are much shorter than the outer, the first two 
 joints in both branches, but especially in the inner, 
 being unusually broad and angular. The inner branch 
 of the second pair in the male is only 2-jointed and 
 has modified spines. Fifth pair of feet of moderate 
 size and not very different in the two sexes, the mar- 
 
142 BRITISH (JOPEPODA. 
 
 ginal setae in the male being, however, stouter ; the 
 inner segment of the basal joint is broad and large, 
 and of about the same length as the outer segment, 
 which forms a subquadrate plate bearing five setae ; 
 the setae of the inner plate are three in the male (fig. 
 12) and five in the female (fig. 11). Caudal segments 
 short, about as long as broad (fig. 13). Inner tail- 
 seta longer than the abdomen, outer not much shorter. 
 Length Vyth of an inch ('9 mm.). 
 
 Dr. Baird's specimens of Westwoodia nobilis were 
 obtained in Berwick Bay, at Dover, and the North 
 Foreland. I have found it rarely on Laminariae 
 near Sunderland, and in a depth of two fathoms 
 at Cumbrae ; on weeds between tide-marks at Round- 
 stone ( Gal way ) ; Yen try Bay and Mulroy Lough 
 (Donegal), fourteen fathoms ; Portincross, Ayr- 
 shire, ten to thirty fathoms ; also near St. Agnes 
 (Scilly), ten to twelve fathoms. Mr. Norman has 
 noticed it amongst weeds at Oban and at Tobermory 
 (Mull). This, though widely distributed, is one of the 
 less common of the British Copepoda, occurring 
 nowhere in any considerable numbers. Dr. Baird 
 states that the " whole animal is beautifully coloured 
 with green, red, and purple ;" this has not been by any 
 means usually the case with such specimens as I have 
 taken ; but in those sent to me by my friend, Mr. 
 Norman, from Oban where it was found amongst 
 weeds between tide-marks the head, last thoracic 
 somites, and tail are marked with deep brownish red ; 
 the eye also is conspicuously large and red. 
 
ILYOPSYLLUS. 143 
 
 Genus 27. ILYOPSYLLUS, Brady and Robertson (1873). 
 
 Body tumid and gibbous. Anterior antennae 
 very short, 5-jointed, basal joint greatly dilated; 
 posterior stout, destitute of a secondary branch. 
 Mandibles small, and bearing a simple bisetose palp. 
 First pair of feet stout, and strongly spined, internal 
 branch composed of one, external of three joints, 
 second, third, and fourth pairs having both branches 
 tri- articulate. Abdomen short and tapering towards 
 the extremity ; caudal seta3 spathulate. 
 
 1. ILYOPSYLLUS CORIACEUS, B. and R. PL LXXXII, 
 
 figs. 110. 
 
 Ilyopsyllus coriaceus, B. and R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 
 ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 132, pi. ix, figs, 1 5 
 
 (1873). 
 
 Body very tumid ; seen laterally (fig. 2) the ventral 
 line is almost straight, the dorsal excessively arched, 
 so that the cephalothorax forms almost a semicircle ; 
 seen from below (fig. 1), the outline is like that of a 
 spear-head rounded off in front; greatest width situate 
 in the middle, and equal to half the entire length of 
 the body ; posterior half abruptly tapered. First 
 cephalothoracic segment very large, forming half the 
 length of the animal. Anterior antennae (fig. 3) 5- 
 jointed, sparingly setose, very minute, the basal joint 
 
144 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 excessively dilated, and produced anteriorly into an 
 overlapping, hood-like beak ; posterior antennae (fig. 5) 
 simple, biarticulate (?), the second joint armed with 
 six strong spines, one of which is very long. Man- 
 dibles (fig. 6) extremely small, with a small bisetose 
 palp. First pair of feet (fig. 7) short and thick; 
 internal branch 1- jointed, and bearing two strong 
 terminal spines, one longer than the other; external 
 branch 3 -jointed, bearing at the truncated apex of the 
 last joint two spines similar to those of the inner 
 branch, and also two very long curved setae ; second, 
 third, and fourth pairs of feet (fig. 8) having both 
 branches triarticulate and nearly equal, more slender 
 than the first pair, each joint bearing at its apex a sub- 
 verticillate series of sharp slender spines. Abdominal 
 segments beset round the posterior margins with fine 
 spine -like setae, the last two cut into rectangular 
 notches. Caudal segments (fig. 10) very small, each 
 bearing one large and two small setae, the larger ones 
 curved, their anterior halves dilated and spathulate. 
 Colour dark vinous red; skin excessively thick and 
 tough. Length - 5 \th of an inch ('43 mm.). 
 
 The habitat of this remarkable species is amongst 
 black peaty mud and roots of seaweeds at the upper 
 end of Roundstone Bay, near high-water mark, where 
 it was found by Mr. Robertson and myself in 1872. 
 It is to be regretted that our specimens were not 
 noticed until after the mud in which they were taken 
 had been completely dried ; had we been able to pre- 
 serve them in spirit it is probable that more accurate 
 knowledge of the mouth-apparatus and some other 
 
BARPACTICUS. 145 
 
 organs might have been obtained. As things stand we 
 have been unable, with the most careful dissection, to 
 find any trace of maxillae or foot-jaws except (doubt- 
 fully) of a very feeble posterior foot- jaw, neither 
 have we seen any trace of a fifth pair of feet. The 
 remarkably short and thick limbs of this little creature, 
 together with its flattened ventral surface, its short, 
 stout, and dilated tail-setae, and general absence of deli- 
 cate setose encumbrances, seem to fit it admirably for 
 the sort of locality in which it was found, to which and 
 similar situations it is probably exclusively confined. 
 
 Genus 28. HARPAOTICUS, Milne-Edwards (1838). 
 
 Body elongated, or broad and depressed. Head 
 united with the first thoracic segment; first and 
 second abdominal rings, in the female, coalescent. 
 First pair of antennae 8- or 9-jointed. In the male 
 the fifth and sixth joints form a vesiculiform swelling. 
 Mandible-palp 2-branched, large. Second pair of 
 foot-jaws strongly -developed. Outer branch of the 
 first pair of feet 3-jointed, inner branch 2-jointed, 
 both springing from a large, common, basal joint;* 
 first and second joints of the outer branch elongated, 
 third joint rudimentary; second joint of the inner 
 branch very short ; three following pairs of feet with 
 both branches 3-jointed ; in the male the inner branch 
 of the second pair is modified by having the second joint 
 produced into one or more spines, while in the third 
 * Both branches 2-jointed, Boeck. 
 
 VOL. II. K 
 
146 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 foot the outer branch is converted into a stout clasping 
 organ, which is bent across the inner branch, and had 
 its last joint armed with several strong spines. Ovisac 
 single. 
 
 1. HARPACTICUS OHELIFER (Muller). PL LXV, figs. 
 
 115; and PL LXIV, 
 figs. 19, 20. 
 
 (Not Harpacticus chelifer, Lilljeborg.) 
 
 Cyclops chelifer, O. F. Muller. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 2413 ; Ento- 
 
 mostraca, p. 114, taf . xix, figs. 13 (1776). 
 Nauplius Philippi. "Weigmann's Archiv, p. 69 (1843). 
 Arpacticus Baird. Brit. Entomostraca, p. 212, t. xxix, 
 
 figs. 2, 3, 3 a g (1850). 
 Harpacticus Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 135, 
 
 t. xix, figs. 1219 (1863). 
 Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copep., p. 37 (1864). 
 ? gracilis, Glaus. Loc. cit., p. 135, taf. xix, fig. 20. 
 
 ? elongatus, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copep., p. 38 
 
 (1864). 
 
 Body elongated, slender, cylindrical, rostrum rather 
 long and curved, reaching beyond the first joint of 
 the anterior antenna. Anterior antennae (PL LXV, 
 fig. 2) elongated, slender, 9- jointed, third and fourth 
 joints longer than the first two, fifth joint short, 
 sixth nearly twice as long, last three very small. 
 Anterior antenna of the male hinged between the 
 fourth and fifth joints, the next two joints forming a 
 corrugated vesiculiform swelling, and terminating in a 
 crooked, claw-like appendage. Inner joint of the 
 posterior antenna (fig. 4) 2-jointed. Mandibles (fig. 5) 
 broad and strong, basal joint of the palp large, and 
 giving attachment to two slender and nearly equal 
 
HARPACTICUS. 147 
 
 setiferous branches. Maxillae (fig. 6) well developed, 
 bearing two marginal, subqvate, setiferous lobes, and 
 several digitiform clawed processes. Posterior foot-jaw 
 (PI. LXV, fig. 8; and PI. LXIY, fig. 19) having a very 
 strong subtriangular hand, the outer margin of which 
 is strongly convex, while the inner is produced near 
 the middle into an angular promontory, beyond which 
 it is deeply excavated ; the angle is strongly toothed 
 or spined, and the teeth are continued, though of 
 smaller size, along the concave portion of the hand; 
 the apex gives attachment to a large falciform claw, 
 and the distal portion of the concave margin bears 
 one, or sometimes two, smaller claws. Outer branch 
 of the first foot elongated, the first joint marginally 
 ciliated, the cilia being arranged either in a continuous 
 series (fig. 9) or in three separate groups (fig. 10), 
 second joint ciliated in the middle, and having one 
 rather longer seta at the distal end of the row ; apex 
 3-clawed, inner branch about half as long as the outer, 
 and armed with two terminal claws. The inner 
 branch of the second foot in the male (fig. 11) has the 
 outer angle of the median joint produced downwards 
 into a long bayonet-like spine, which is about three 
 times as long as the small and almost obsolete third 
 joint. Outer branch of the third foot of the male (PL 
 LXIY, fig. 20) curved, and armed at the apex with three 
 strong spines. Fifth pair of feet (PI. LXV, figs. 12, 
 13) consisting of an ovate outer, and a broad, sub- 
 quadrate inner (or basal) joint; the inner portion of 
 the basal joint bears about five plumose setse of 
 irregular size, and its outer portion is more or less 
 
148 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 ciliated ; the external ovate joint is fringed with cilia, 
 and bears also five ciliated apical setae of unequal 
 length ; in the male (fig. 14) the basal joint is obsolete, 
 and the outer plate, though more angular, is very 
 similar to that of the female. The second and third 
 abdominal rings (fig. 15) are denticulated along the 
 hinder border and at the angles. Caudal segments 
 very short and broad. Inner tail seta about twice as 
 long as the outer, and finely aculeate beyond the 
 middle. Length -^th of an inch (-98 mm.). 
 
 This fine species is of common occurrence in the 
 littoral and laminarian zones, and is likewise frequently 
 taken by the dredge, and by the towing-net in the open 
 sea. Different examples vary very much in amount of 
 setiferous and spinous armature (especially in the fifth 
 pair of feet) as well as in slenderness or robustness of 
 build, and it seems to me that it is on mere degrees 
 of variation in these respects that the species gracilis, 
 Glaus, and elongatus, Boeck, have been founded. I have 
 often met with examples which might have been referred 
 to one or other of these species, but have been unable to 
 find any permanent and trustworthy diagnostic mark 
 separating them from the typical H. chelifer. I there- 
 fore prefer to consider the two as varieties only. The 
 foot, represented in Plate LXV, fig. 10, and the foot- 
 jaw in fig. 8, are, I believe, well-marked examples of 
 those organs in the gracilis form, specimens of which 
 from the Mediterranean Professor Glaus has been 
 good enough to send me. It is, however, only right 
 to add that Dr. Glaus has examined the subject with 
 great care, comparing specimens from widely separated 
 
HARPACTIOUS. 149 
 
 localities, and appears to be convinced of the specific 
 distinctness of his H. gracilis. 
 
 It is scarcely needful to note the numerous localities 
 from which I have memoranda of the occurrence of 
 this species. I have found it in many places on the 
 coasts of Durham and Northumberland, as well as in 
 Galway, Mayo, the Scilly Islands, and the Firth of 
 Clyde. Mr. Norman also notes its occurrence at 
 Tobermory in the Island of Mull. 
 
 2. HAEPACTICUS FULVUS, Fischer. PL LXIV, figs. 1 11. 
 
 Harpacticusfulvus, Fischer. Beitrag. zur Kenntniss der Entom. 
 
 (Abhandl. der Konig. Bayer. Akad., 
 
 Bd. viii, p. 656, t. i, figs. 3033; t. ii, 
 
 figs. 3439 (1860). 
 
 chelifer, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ord. trib., p. 200, 
 
 tab. mi, figs. 211 (1853). 
 crassicornis, Brady and Robertson. Brit. Assoc. 
 
 Report, p. 196 (1875). 
 curticornis, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, 
 
 p. 38 (1864). 
 
 Tigriopus Lilljeborgii, Norman. Last Shetland Dredging Report, 
 p. 296 (1868). 
 
 Rostrum short and blunt. Anterior antennae (fig. 1) 
 robust, second and third joints longer than the fourth, 
 and nearly equal, seventh and eighth joints very short, 
 about half as long as the sixth and ninth, which are 
 nearly equal. Inner branch of the posterior antenna 
 rather large, 3-jointed (fig. 3). Lateral segments of 
 the maxilla (fig. 4) slender. Posterior foot-jaw (fig. 5) 
 forming a broadly ovate or sub-pyriform chelate hand, 
 without an angular promontory, but bearing a strong 
 bristle on the inner margin which is strongly convex, 
 
150 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 while the outer margin is only moderately so ; terminal 
 claw stout, sub-falciform. First pair of feet (fig. 6 
 and 6 a) thick and short ; first joint of the outer 
 branch elongated, ciliated on the external margin, and 
 bearing one short apical seta, second joint scarcely 
 more than half the length of the preceding, truncate at 
 the apex, which is armed with four or five short and 
 strong curved claws, and one long straight bristle, the 
 whole (as remarked by Mr. Norman) bearing a strong 
 resemblance to the foot of a feline animal ; inner 
 branch much shorter, its first joint long, ciliated on 
 the upper half of both margins, the internal edge 
 bearing also near the apex a long ciliated seta; 
 terminal joints small, 2-clawed. The inner branch of 
 the second foot in the male (fig. 7) has the first joint 
 short, broad, and armed at the outer angle with 
 a long plumose hair, second joint produced at each 
 apical angle into a long and strong spine, the outer 
 one being strongly ciliated ; third joint slender, shorter 
 than the spinous processes of the preceding joint, and 
 furnished with four apical setse, one of which is very 
 long. The spines of the third foot in the male are 
 not unduly developed. The outer and inner segments 
 of the fifth pair of feet are of nearly equal length and 
 breadth in the female (fig. 9), and each bears five 
 marginal setse of moderate length ; in the male the 
 inner segment is reduced to a single seta (fig. 10), the 
 outer one being fairly developed, quadrate, and bearing 
 four marginal setse. Margins of abdominal segments 
 not denticulated, but spinous at the angles. The last 
 segment of the abdomen is cleft, the caudal segments 
 
HARPACTICUS. 
 
 (fig. 11) about as long as broad, and the inner of the 
 two principal tail-setae is excessively long, being quite 
 equal in length to the whole body of the animal. 
 Length -^rd.of an inch (1*1 mm.). 
 
 Considerable interest attaches to this species on 
 account of its wide geographical distribution. It 
 is restricted almost exclusively to the uppermost 
 margin of the littoral zone, haunting more especially 
 shallow pools at or above high-water-mark, and often 
 occurring in prodigious numbers towards the end of 
 summer when the water has become warm with 
 prolonged exposure to the sun. In such situations it 
 occurs almost everywhere round the British Islands, 
 and has been found by Continental naturalists in 
 various places on the coasts of the Baltic and North 
 Seas. I have also had specimens sent to me 
 from Kerguelen Island in the southern hemisphere, 
 where it was found by Mr. Eaton of the " Transit of 
 Venus Expedition." Some specimens which are 
 indistinguishable from E . fulvus were dredged by Mr. 
 Eobertson and myself in a depth of thirty- five fathoms 
 off the Yorkshire coast, and were noted by us in the 
 British Association Report for 1875, as a new species 
 under the name H. crassicornis. This name must, 
 however, now be withdrawn, as, notwithstanding the 
 unusual nature of the habitat, there seems nothing to 
 separate these specimens from the species now under 
 consideration. In one fresh-water locality (Kinny 
 Lough, County Donegal) we have found this species ; 
 but there is little reason for surprise here, the Lough 
 being in close proximity to the sea, almost on the sea- 
 
152 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 level, and very possibly, during storms or excessively 
 high tides, exposed to some admixture of salt water. 
 
 3, HARPACTICUS FLEXUS, Brady and Robertson. PL LXIY, 
 
 figs. 1218. 
 
 Harpacticus flexus, B. & R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 
 vol. xii, p. 134, pi. ix, figs. 1721 (1873). 
 
 First pair of antennas (fig. 12) rather short, 8- 
 jointed: first four joints in the female of nearly equal 
 length, last four also subequal, but less than one-half 
 the length of the preceding; in the male (fig. 13) the 
 second joint is very short, the fifth and sixth coalescent 
 and forming a vesiculiform swelling, the last two 
 joints claw-like. Inner branch of the second antenna 
 minute, 2-jointed. Second foot-jaw small, hand elon- 
 gated, oval, with a slender curved terminal claw. 
 First pair of feet (fig. 15) not materially different from 
 those of H. chelifer, but more slender. Outer branch 
 of second foot in the male (fig. 16) very similar to that 
 of H. chelifer; third foot strongly spined. Body con- 
 stricted at the base of the abdomen. Fifth pair of feet 
 in the female (fig. 17) as in H. chelifer ; in the male 
 (fig. 18) the marginal setse are shorter and spine-like. 
 Length ^th of an inch ("64 mm.). 
 
 Taken by the surface-net in Westport Bay, Ireland. 
 Dredged in depths of ten to twenty fathoms amongst 
 the Scilly Islands, off Bute, and in one or two fathoms 
 at Kames Bay, C umbrae (Firth of Clyde), and in Lough 
 Swilly (Donegal). 
 
ZAUS. 153 
 
 The form of the lower foot-jaw and the 8-jointed an- 
 terior antenna separate this species distinctly from H. 
 chelifer. In other respects the two are closely similar, 
 H. fiexus being, however, much more sparingly pro- 
 vided with spines and cilia. This general resemblance 
 may lead to the suspicion that the one is perhaps only 
 an immature form of the other, and but for the totally 
 different form of the lower foot- jaw, one might very 
 readily be led to adopt that view. In some of the 
 localities mentioned above, the species occurred in 
 tolerable abundance. 
 
 Genus 29. ZAUS, Goodsir (1845). 
 
 Body broad and depressed; head distinct from 
 cephalothorax ; rostrum broad and truncate. Anterior 
 antennae 9-jointed ; posterior 2-jointed, inner branch 
 slender, 2-jointed. Mandibles small, palp slender, 
 2-branched. First pair of feet 2-branched ; outer 
 branch indistinctly 3-jointed, the median joint very 
 short ; inner branch 2-jointed, short, last joint rudi- 
 mentary ; ovisac large, adpressed, single. In other 
 respects like Harpacticus. 
 
 1. ZAUS SPINATUS, Goodsir. PI. LXVI, figs. 1 9. 
 
 Zaus spinatus, Goodsir. " On several new species of Crustaceans 
 allied to Saphirina;" Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
 Hist., vol. xvi, p. 326, pi. xi, figs. 18 (1845), 
 
154 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 Zaus spinosus, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 146, 
 
 taf . xxii, fig. 25 ; taf. xxiii, figs. 110 (1863). 
 Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 40 (1864). 
 
 Cephalothorax much expanded, the posterior lateral 
 angles of the various segments produced and overlap- 
 ping ; abdomen considerably narrowed and constricted 
 at the base; margins of the first body-segment beset 
 with a few short rigid projecting setae; integument 
 simple, not pitted nor perforated. Anterior antennae 
 slender, shorter than first body-segment, 9-jointed; first 
 joint short, third much the longest, second and fourth 
 shorter and nearly equal ; last five joints minute ; the 
 whole limb clothed with rather short setae : posterior 
 antennae (fig. 3) 2- jointed, the first joint bearing a 
 small 2- jointed inner branch ; the second terminating 
 in four geniculated setae and three spines, each of 
 which bears a brush-like appendage composed of 
 radiating tactile (?) filaments (fig. 4). Mandibles 
 (fig. 5) small ; palp composed of a basal joint and two 
 small setiferous branches. Maxillae and first pair of 
 foot-jaws small. Second pair of foot-jaws (fig. 7) 
 small, the hand quadrate and bearing two small and 
 thick, crooked claws. First pair of feet (fig. 8) 2- 
 branched, inner branch short, terminal joint very 
 small and bearing one or two claws, one of which is 
 minute ; outer branch 3-jointed, the median joint small 
 and indistinctly separate ; last joint dilated at the apex, 
 and bearing four slender falciform claws, the inner mar- 
 gins of which are beset with comb-like rows of minute 
 setae. The three following pairs of feet are 2-branched, 
 each branch being 3-jointed, the terminal joint of each 
 
ZAUS. 155 
 
 outer branch bearing on its external margin, near the 
 apex, three marked spines (fig. 8), each of which is 
 bordered externally with a closely appressed series of 
 radiating filaments, each group having much the appear- 
 ance of a minute hair-brush. Outer branch of the fifth 
 pair of feet in the female (fig. 9) elongated, quadrate, 
 bearing five terminal setse, and closely ciliated on the 
 outer margin ; inner branch short and broad, densely 
 ciliated, and bearing two long and two or three short 
 hairs : in the male, the inner segment is obsolete, the 
 outer not much different from that of the female. Caudal 
 segments short and broad ; inner tail-setae stout, about 
 as long as the abdomen, outer scarcely half as long. 
 Colour pale yellowish, the central body-segments some- 
 times tinged with lilac or blue. Length ^g-th of an 
 inch ('52 mm.). 
 
 This species does not seem to be of very frequent 
 occurrence, but is perhaps commoner on the east coast 
 than elsewhere. It was first found by Mr. Goodsir in 
 the Firth of Forth, and I have taken it in several places 
 on the coasts of Durham and Northumberland, usually 
 amongst Laminaria saccharina or other Fuci. Dredged 
 in 10 12 fathoms amongst the Scilly Islands, and in 
 Ventry Bay on seaweeds. Mr. Norman has found 
 it amongst weeds in Balta Sound, Shetland, and 
 between tide-marks at Oban. 
 
156 BBITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 2. ZAUS GOODSIBI, Brady. PL LXVI, fig. 1013. 
 
 Zaus ovalis, Glaus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 146, tab. xxii, 
 fig. 18, and tab. xxiii, figs. 1118 (1863). 
 
 Body elongated, depressed, sub-pyriform, first seg- 
 ment about one third the length of the animal ; 
 rostrum large, much broader than long, slightly 
 rounded in front ; abdomen narrower than the cephalo- 
 thorax. Anterior antennae slender and tapering, 
 9-jointed; first, second, and third joints longest and 
 sub-equal, fourth and sixth much shorter and nearly 
 equal, the rest minute ; the male anterior antenna (fig. 
 11) is stouter, less tapered, and more profusely setose at 
 the apex, the fifth and sixth joints small and con- 
 stricted, the seventh somewhat swollen, but not 
 vesiculated. Posterior antennae and mouth-organs not 
 materially different from those of Z. spinatus. Swim- 
 ming feet also like those of Z. spinatus, except that 
 the terminal claws of the inner branch of the first pair 
 are much more slender and longer (fig. 12). Outer 
 segment of the fifth pair of feet in the female (fig. 13) 
 elongated, subovate, margins hispid, apex bearing five 
 plumose setae ; inner segment almost obsolete, bearing 
 four setae, one of which is long and plumose ; in the 
 male, the inner portion is entirely wanting. The 
 abdomen gradually tapers backwards, and the posterior 
 angles of its first two segments, as well as all those of 
 the cephalothorax, are much produced and acutely 
 
ZAUS. 157 
 
 angular; caudal segments large, about twice as long 
 as broad ; length of the principal tail-setae about 
 equal to that of the abdomen. Colour deep yellowish- 
 brown. The integument is marked with closely-set 
 subcircular foramina or pits, especially towards the 
 front of the body. Length of the animal ^yth of an 
 inch (1*5 mm.), greatest width ^ 3 -rd of an inch. 
 
 The following are the localities from which I have 
 notes of the capture of this species : Portincross 
 (Ayrshire), dredged in fifteen fathoms ; off Staiths, 
 Red Cliff, and Eobin Hood's Bay (Yorkshire), thirty- 
 five fathoms ; Bridlington Bay, one specimen taken in 
 the surface-net. These localities, it will be seen, are 
 all except one on the Yorkshire coast ; and in each case 
 the number of specimens found was very small, so that 
 Z. G-oodsiri must be looked upon as one of the rarest, 
 as it is certainly one of the finest, of British Har- 
 pacticidse. 
 
 Dr. Glaus has identified this species with Goodsir's 
 Sterope ovalis, and considers Sterope armatus of that 
 author to be simply the male of the same animal. I 
 am unable, however, to agree with this view. Goodsir's 
 figures, if meant to represent this species, are certainly 
 very unfortunate, showing in both cases an abruptly- 
 rounded abdomen, without any distinct caudal seg- 
 ments. Moreover, in 8. ovalis the anterior segment of 
 the body is stated to be as long as the entire length of 
 the remaining segment, and the posterior legs to be 
 armed on the lateral edges with strong spines, of which 
 the two terminal are the longest. Both these characters 
 are certainly incorrect as applied to the present species. 
 
158 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 It is, indeed, difficult to say with any degree of cer- 
 tainty what species Goodsir had in view, his written 
 and engraved descriptions being altogether inadequate. 
 On this account I venture to propose a new specific 
 name, Goodsiri, for the form here referred to. 
 
 Genus 30. PELTIDIUM, PUlippi (1839). 
 
 (Alteutha, Baird, 1846. Carillus, Goodsir ; Sterope, Goodsir (in part), 
 
 1845.) 
 
 Body depressed, incised between the segments, ovate 
 or subovate, abdomen not distinctly separate from the 
 cephalothorax ; integument very strong and thick; 
 caudal segments and setae short. Anterior antennae 
 shorter than the first body-segment, 9 -jointed, slender 
 and tapered in the female , in the male knotted and 
 clawed at the apex ; posterior antennae 4-jointed, a small 
 2-jointed secondary branch attached to the apex of the 
 second joint. Mandibles minute, basal joint of the 
 palp expanded distally, and bearing two 1 -jointed 
 branches, the innermost of which is the longest ; each 
 branch as well as the base bears three setae, and the 
 longer branch has also a small lateral uni-setiferous 
 digit. Maxillae very small ; palp much larger than the 
 masticatory portion, composed of a basal joint and 
 three setiferous segments, the middle being the largest, 
 clawed at the apex, and provided with a short lateral 
 setiferous process. First pair of foot-jaws laterally 
 
PELTIDIUM. 159 
 
 digitate, clawed at the apex (not unlike those of Thales- 
 iris), second pair elongated, 3 -jointed, terminating in a 
 strong clawed hand. All the swimming feet have both 
 branches elongated and 3-jointed, but the first pair 
 has the outer branch very long and angularly flexed, 
 the last joint very short, and terminating in two or 
 three prehensile claws. Fifth pair simple, stout, 2- 
 jointed, the second joint much elongated, and strongly 
 spinous on the outer margin and apex. 
 
 Goodsir's figure of the first foot of Garillus oblongus 
 is so characteristic that there can be no doubt of the 
 identity of that species with some member of the 
 present genus, while his representation of the second 
 foot-jaw (" second thoracic leg ") would lead me to 
 suppose that the species in view must have been Al- 
 teutha depressa, Baird. As regards Sterope interrupta 
 of the same author the figures and description of the 
 posterior pair of feet also point to the genus Alteutha, 
 and the general form of the animal to A. bopyroides, 
 Claus. Though there must, for the present, be some 
 doubt as to the species referred to by Philippi ( Weig- 
 mann's Archiv.,' 1839), there can be none, I think, as 
 to the genus, which by the structure of the limbs and 
 mouth-organs, most of which are clearly figured by 
 Philippi, is distinctly shown to be identical with Al- 
 teutha and Carillus. The name Peltidium being older 
 by six years than those of Baird and Goodsir, must 
 therefore be adopted as the generic appellation. 
 
 Though, in general outline and in the depressed 
 form of the animal, these species exhibit an approach 
 to the previous group Zaus, Scutellidium, and Porcel- 
 
160 BRITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 lidium they differ very remarkably in the structure of 
 the mouth-organs and the first pair of swimming-feet, 
 as well as in the minor characters of other parts. 
 Altogether, indeed, these organs are much nearer in 
 structure to those of the typical Harpacticidce than 
 are those of the immediately preceding genera. 
 
 1. PELTIDIUM DEPRESSTTM (Baird). PI. LXXII, figs. 1 5. 
 
 Alteutha depressa, Baird. Trans. Berwick Nat. Club, ii, p. 155 
 (1845); Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom., p. 216, 
 tab. xxx, figs. 1, 2 (1850). 
 Carillus oblongus, Goodsir. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi, 
 
 pi. xi, fig. 12 (1845). 
 
 Peltidium purpureum, White. Popular History of British Crus- 
 tacea, p. 308, pi. xviii, fig. 4 (1857). 
 ? Philippi. Weigmann's Archiv, p. 131, 
 
 taf. iv, figs. 12, 13 (1839). 
 
 Alteutha purpurocincta, Norman Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 298 
 
 (1868). 
 
 Body ovate ; first segment nearly one half the length 
 of the body; rostrum large, broad, and prominent; 
 second joint of the anterior antenna (in the female) 
 longest ; first, third, and fourth nearly equal to each 
 other, and about two thirds the length of the second ; 
 last five joints very small, all rather densely setose 
 (fig. 2). Second foot-jaw (fig. 3) 3-jointed; hand 
 ovate, shortly setose on the inner margin. Fifth foot 
 not spinous on the sides, but armed at the truncate 
 apex with three strong spines, the innermost of which 
 is the longest (fig. 4). Caudal lamellse nearly twice as 
 long as broad, not tapered to the apex, bearing four 
 terminal spines, the innermost the longest, the outer- 
 
PELTIDIUM. 161 
 
 setas short and stout. Eyes large and of a bright 
 ruby red, situated considerably behind the origin of 
 the first pair of antennae. Integument dense and 
 tough ; colour yellowish olive, except the second and 
 third segments, which are of a deep bluish purple, the 
 fourth and fifth segments also more lightly stained 
 with the same colour. Length yg-th of an inch 
 (1-33 mm.). 
 
 This beautiful species haunts chiefly the fronds of 
 Laminarite, and will probably be found wherever 
 L. saccJiarina grows. Mr. Norman notes it as being 
 abundant at Hillswick, Shetland ; Mr. Spence Bate 
 has found it at Plymouth, and Dr. Baird in Berwick 
 Bay. I have found it at Sunderland and Oullercoats, 
 and in Clifden Bay, Ireland. It does not often occur 
 amongst dredged material, but I noticed it on one 
 occasion amongst coarse sand from a depth of four 
 fathoms at Sunderland. 
 
 It is possible that Philippi's figure may be intended 
 to apply to this species, but if so it is unfortunate, 
 and must have been taken from a specimen distorted 
 by pressure. At any rate there can be no doubt that, 
 though the figures are poor, Dr. Baird's description 
 of Alteutha depressa is applicable to this and to no 
 other British species.* I have therefore adopted his 
 specific name, regretting the necessity of discarding 
 the more characteristic ones of Philippi and Norman. 
 
 * Specimens wholly without colour are sometimes met with, and I 
 do not doubt that it was from such a one that Dr. Baird drew his 
 figures and descriptions. In any other case it would have been im- 
 possible for him to omit noting the very striking coloration of the 
 animal. 
 
 VOL. II. L 
 
162 BRITISH COPEFODA. 
 
 2. PELTIDIUM INTERBUPTUM (Goodsir). PL LXXI, figs. 
 
 415. 
 
 Sterope interrupta, Goodsir. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi, 
 
 pi. xi, fig. 10 (1845). 
 Alteuiha bopyroides, Claus. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 143, 
 
 taf. xxii, figs. 1017 (1863). 
 norvegica, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 48 
 
 (1864). 
 
 Body elongated, ovate, deeply incised at the junctions 
 of the thoracic segments. Second joint of the female 
 anterior antenna somewhat swollen, otherwise the organ 
 in both sexes is nearly like that of the preceding species 
 (figs. 4, 5). Second joint of the posterior foot-jaw 
 (fig. 11) very short, the hand ovate and ciliated on the 
 inner margin. Fifth pair of feet (fig. 14) exten ding- 
 beyond the middle of the abdomen, sword-shaped, 
 strongly spinous ; three stout blunt spines the 
 middle one the largest at the apex, and two on the 
 external margin ; one slender marginal seta near the 
 middle. Caudal segments short and broad, armed 
 with four setse, three of which are about as long as the 
 segment itself, and one about twice as long. Integu- 
 ment (fig. 15) thick, porous, very opaque, variously 
 coloured with dark yellowish or reddish brown ; the 
 caudal segments and the antennse pale. Length -^nd 
 of an inch (1*1 mm.). 
 
 This is a very common oceanic species all round 
 our shores, but is only rarely met with between tide- 
 marks. The female is at least as common as the 
 male, although Dr. Claus had not met with a specimen 
 
PELTIDIUM. 163 
 
 at the time of writing his work on the Copepoda. 
 The only females, with ova, which I have seen were 
 dredged in a depth of ten fathoms off the Durham 
 coast. 
 
 Dr. Claus's description of the lower foot-jaw (" styli 
 basali elongato non articulato ") is scarcely correct, 
 there being a very small joint intercalated just behind 
 the hand. 
 
 3. PELTIDIUM CRENULATUM, nov. sp. PI. LXXII, figs. 
 
 615. 
 
 Body subovate, broader in front than behind, in- 
 cised at the junctions of the thoracic segments. 
 Anterior antenna slender; first two joints longest, 
 third and fourth about half as long ; next four very 
 short ; last about as long as the seventh and eighth 
 together. Peduncle of the posterior foot-jaw (fig. 9) 
 composed of two equal joints ; hand subquadrate and 
 marginally ciliated. The fifth foot in the female (fig. 
 10) has three rather sharp and slender apical spines 
 (one long and two short), together with two smaller 
 spines on the inner edge near the apex ; that of 
 the male (fig. 11) has one large curved apical and 
 four much smaller marginal spines, all of them very 
 blunt ; the first abdominal segment has also a strong- 
 spine at the outer angle (fig, 11 a) ; the inner angle of 
 the peduncle is produced and crenulated (fig. 10 a). 
 The produced angles of the abdominal segments in 
 
164 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 the male are crenulated ; so also is the anal operculum 
 (fig. 14 ), the lower border of the last abdominal 
 segments (6), and of the thoracic segments (fig. 12). 
 Caudal segments broader than long, bearing three 
 principal setas, the innermost of which is stout, and 
 about half the length of the abdomen, the outer very 
 much shorter. Integument thick and closely per- 
 forated (fig. 15). Colour yellow, the hinder portion 
 of the first segment, and the abdomen, tinged with 
 brown or orange, the last thoracic and margins of 
 first abdominal segment with bluish purple. Length 
 -^-th of an inch (1 mm.). 
 
 Apparently a very local species. On Algaa near low- 
 water-mark at St. Mary's and St. A.gnes (Scilly 
 Islands), where it was also taken in the surface-net in 
 the evening. A few specimens only amongst roots of 
 AlgaB between tide-marks at Roundstone, Connemara. 
 
 Sub-family S. POKOELLIDIIN^, BoecJc. 
 
 Body much depressed; secondary branch of pos- 
 terior antenna 1 -jointed ; mandible-palp forming a 
 large setiferous lamina. Anterior foot-jaw not clawed, 
 posterior forming a prehensile hand. Inner branch of 
 first foot broad, 1 -jointed; fifth pair forming broad 
 laminar expansions; caudal segments broad and 
 laminated. 
 
 The genus Porcellidium is the only representative of 
 this sub-familv. 
 
POECELLIDIUM. 165 
 
 Genus 31. PORCELLIDIUM, Glaus (1860). 
 
 (Thy one, Philippi.) 
 
 Body oval, depressed, in the female 6-, in the male 
 7-jointed. Anterior antenna 6-jointed, in the male 
 obtuse, knotted, and adapted for clasping; poste- 
 rior 4-jointed, secondary branch of moderate size, 
 1- jointed, attached to apex of second joint. Man- 
 dible-palp large, forming an irregularly shaped, oblong 
 lamina, beset with numerous stout ciliated filaments. 
 Maxilla composed of a toothed masticatory branch, 
 with a complex, 4-digitate palp. Anterior foot-jaw 
 not forming a prehensile hand, divided at the apex into 
 short digits, which bear slender, terminal, claw-like 
 setas ; posterior foot-jaw 3-jointed, elongated, simple, 
 with two small, crooked, apical claws, and a laminar 
 appendage. Outer branch of first pair of feet short, 
 3-jointed ; inner branch composed of one excessively 
 broad triangular joint, which is clawed at the apex, 
 claws bearing delicate laminar expansions. Second, 
 third, and fourth pairs with both branches 3-jointed, 
 branches subequal, except in the second pair, which 
 has the outer branch very short ; fifth pair laminar, 
 subtriangular ; caudal segments lamellar. 
 
166 BRITISH OOPEPODA. 
 
 1. PORCELLIDIUM TENUICAUDA, CldUS. PL LXIX, figS. 10 
 
 -13 ; PI. LXX, fig. 5. 
 
 Porcellidium tenuicauda, Clans. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der 
 
 Entomostraken, 1 Heft, p. 6, 
 taf. 2, figs. 1018 (1860). 
 Die frei-lebenden Gopepoden, 
 p. 140 (1863). 
 
 First segment not quite half the length of the body ; 
 caudal segments acutely pointed behind, the two toge- 
 ther forming a heart-shaped lamina. Anterior antenna 
 6-jointed ; last two joints very short. Outer branch 
 of the second foot only as long as the first joint of the 
 inner branch. Fifth pair of feet large, triangular, 
 reaching as far as the extremity of the abdomen, very 
 wide at the base, acutely pointed behind, divided 
 longitudinally by a rib-like, curved line; margins 
 finely ciliated ; a single short seta near the middle of 
 the outer margin. Integument thick and marked 
 with thickly-set small circular impressions. Colour 
 yellowish, the central portion of the body often 
 tinged with deep crimson. Length -^-rd of an inch 
 (1-1 mm.). 
 
 Of rare occurrence. I have not seen more than 
 half a dozen specimens, most of which were found 
 amongst Laminarice in the west of Ireland : Birtirbuy, 
 Clifden, and Yentry Bays. One specimen dredged off 
 St. Agnes (Scilly), in a depth of ten fathoms. 
 
POECELL1D1UM. 167 
 
 2. PORCELLIDIUM FIMBRIATUM, CldUS. PL LXX, figS. 1 4. 
 
 Porcellidiumfimbriatum, Clans. Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 
 140, t. xxii, fig. 1 (1863). 
 
 Body scarcely at all attenuated behind, broadly 
 oval, width equal to two thirds of the length ; integu- 
 ment pitted, as in the preceding species. Mouth- 
 organs and swimming-feet scarcely different from 
 those of the previous species. Fifth pair of feet (fig. 
 1 a) forming two broadly triangular plates, with finely 
 ciliated margins, between which the caudal segments 
 are intercalated ; last thoracic segments (fig. 1 b) 
 produced backwards into long triangular laminse, 
 which reach as far as the apices of the fifth feet. 
 Caudal segments (c) elongated, broad, laminar, with 
 broad, finely ciliated extremities. Colour yellowish or 
 pale olive, often tinted with red and violet. Length 
 -^th of an inch (1 mm.). 
 
 P. fimbriatum, like the rest of the genus, occurs 
 chiefly on the fronds of Laminarice and other seaweeds ; 
 it is also sometimes taken by the dredge in consider- 
 able numbers, in localities where decomposing Algae 
 and other vegetable matters are deposited. Clifden, 
 Birtirbuy and Ventry Bays (Ireland) ; Cumbrae and 
 Portincross (Firth of Clyde) ; St. Mary's (Scilly) ; 
 Alnmouth (Northumberland) ; Oban, Hills wick, and 
 Lerwick (Eev. A. M. Norman). 
 
168 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 3. PORCELLIDIUM viniDE (Philippi). PI. LXX, figs. 6 8. 
 
 Thy one viridis, Philippi. Weigmann's Arcliiv, p. 190, taf. 4, 
 
 fig. 2 (1840). 
 
 Porcellidium dentatum, Glaus. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ento- 
 
 mostraken, p. 8, pi. ii, figs. 19 
 22 (1860). 
 
 Die frei-lebenden Copep., p. 140 
 
 (1863). 
 
 Body very broadly oval, width equal to three fourths 
 of the length, not at all attenuated behind, more or 
 less truncated in front, especially in the male ; in- 
 tegument only slightly pitted. Anterior antennas 
 4-jointed, with coalescent second, third, and fourth 
 joints. Last thoracic segment proportionately much 
 broader and less elongated than in the two preceding 
 species ; fifth pair of feet (fig. 8 a a) quadrate, dilated 
 at the extremity, and fringed with about six small 
 sharp spines ; caudal lamina (b b) also quadrate, with 
 obtuse, broad extremities, which bear four small setae 
 at the outer and two at the inner angles. In the 
 male these plates project somewhat beyond the apices 
 of the fifth feet. Colour greenish yellow. Length 
 4^-th of an inch ('63 mm.). 
 
 Found in the same situations as the preceding, and 
 equally, if not more, abundant. The list of localities 
 given for P. fimbriatum applies accurately to the 
 present species. 
 
 There seems little reason to doubt the identity of this 
 species with Phillppi's Thyone viridis ; the serration of 
 the lower border of the fifth foot is very distinctly 
 marked in that author's figure, and I do not know any 
 
PORCELLIDIUM. 169 
 
 other form to which that character would apply. The 
 generic term Thyone, however, having been previously 
 in use to designate a genus of Echinodermata, must give 
 place to the name proposed by Claus. 
 
 4 POBCELLIDIGTM SUBKOTUNDUM, Norman. PL LXXI, 
 
 !. 13. 
 
 Porcellidium subrotundum, Norman. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 297 
 
 (1868). 
 
 Body short, subcircular, nearly as broad as long, sub- 
 truncate in front, broadly rounded behind; anterior 
 antennae 6- jointed, short, not reaching the sides of the 
 cephalothorax. Last thoracic segment (fig. 3 a) 
 laciniated at the angles; fifth pair of feet (&) triangular, 
 with a few spine-like setae on the distal margin ; caudal 
 larnellse broad and square ; three setae on the outer 
 and one on the inner distal angle. Colour pale 
 yellowish green, more or less tinged with pale purple 
 or violet ; integument not pitted. Length - 3 ^-rd of an 
 inch ('77 mm.). 
 
 Not so common as either of the two foregoing 
 species, but occurring in similar positions. Hillswick, 
 Shetland (Rev. A. M. Norman) ; Clifden and Birtirbuy 
 Bays, and Portincross (Firth of Clyde). 
 
 I retain this species more out of deference to 
 Mr. Norman's practised judgment in the matter of 
 specific distinctions, than from any conviction of my 
 own as to its validity. Indeed I am very much disposed 
 to suspect that it may be found to be a form of the 
 
170 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 female P. viride, the very poorly developed or almost 
 obsolete fourth body-segment being probably a mark 
 of immaturity. It must be admitted, however, that the 
 siae of the animal fully equal to that of P. viride 
 is an argument against this view. But I have seen no 
 male referable to P. subrotundum, and the caudal 
 laminae, as well as the antennae, are almost identical 
 with those of the female viride. 
 
 Sub-family 9. IDYIN^J, nov. sub-fam. 
 
 Cephalothorax more or less depressed. Anterior 
 antennge 7 9- jointed ; inner branch of the posterior 
 pair 1 4-jointed. Mandible-palp well developed, 
 2-branched, or provided with complex setiferous plates. 
 Both pairs of foot-jaws forming elongated clawed 
 hands. Inner branch of first pair of feet 2-, outer 
 3 -jointed; three following pairs having both branches 
 3-jointed; fifth pair elongated, 2-jointed. One ovisac. 
 
 This group includes only Idya and Scutellidium, 
 which are very like each other in habit and general 
 appearance. The structure of the mandible-palp is, 
 however, widely different in the two genera, and might 
 probably be safely used as the basis of separation into 
 two sub-families. 
 
IDYA. 171 
 
 Genus 32. IDYA, Philippi (1843). 
 
 (Tisbe, Lilljeborg, Clans.) 
 
 Cephalothorax broad and somewhat depressed; 
 abdomen narrow, 5-jointed. Head coalescent with 
 the first thoracic segment. Anterior antenna 7- or 
 8-jointed, elongated; inferior 3-jointed, with a large 
 4-jointed secondary branch. Mandible long and 
 strongly toothed ; palp 2-branched, basal joint short, 
 branches 1 -jointed, long and slender, setiferous at the 
 apices. Maxilla armed with several slender terminal 
 teeth; palp well developed. First and second foot- 
 jaws nearly alike, uncinate; first pair 2-, second 3- 
 jointed. Inner branch of the first pair of feet 2- 
 jointed, clawed; outer branch short, 3-jointed; the 
 three following pairs having both branches 3-jointed. 
 Fifth pair elongated, 2-jointed. 
 
 In the tendency to flattening and lateral expansion 
 of the cephalothorax, and the uncinate form of the first 
 foot-jaws, as well as in the dilatation and peculiar 
 armature of the first pair of feet and the elongated 
 fifth foot, this genus exhibits a distinct departure 
 from most of the Harpacticidae which have been 
 described in the foregoing pages. These characters 
 are even more marked in the next succeeding genus, 
 Scutellidium. The genus Harpacticus, in the struc- 
 ture of the first pair of feet, and Zaus, both in that 
 character and in the lateral expansion of the body, 
 
172 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 show a condition intermediate between the flattened 
 Peltidian group, on the one hand, and the typical 
 Harpacticids, such as Thalestris and Dactylopus, on 
 the other. 
 
 As regards the generic term Idya, I think Boeck is 
 doubtless right in identifying Philippi' s genus with 
 Lilljeborg's Tisbe, and as the former has the claim of 
 priority it becomes necessary to discard the latter and 
 better-known name. 
 
 1. IDYA FTJRCATA (Baird). PI. LXVII, figs. 111. 
 
 Cyclops fur catus, Baird. Mag. ZooL and Bot., i, p. 330, t. ix, figs. 
 
 2628 (1837). 
 Cyclopsina furcatus, Milne Edwards. Hist. Nat. Crust., iii, p. 429 
 
 (1834). 
 
 Canthocamptus furcatus, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 210, tab. xxv, 
 
 figs. 1, 2 ; tab. xxx, figs. 4, 5, 6 (1850). 
 
 Nauplius furcatus, Philippi. "Weigmann's Archiv, p. 69 (fide 
 
 Baird and Claus) (1843). 
 Tisbe furcata, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, 
 
 tab. xxv, figs. 15, 11, 12, 17 (1853). 
 Clans, Die frei-lebenden Copepoden, p. 115, taf. xv, 
 figs. 1 10 (1863). Die Copepoden-fanna von 
 Nizza, p. 21, taf. iv, figs. 16, 17 (1866). 
 Tisbe ensifera, Fischer. Abhandl. der Konig. Bayer Akad., B. viii, 
 
 p. 668, t. iii, figs. 6770 (1860). 
 
 Idya furcata, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 34 (1864). 
 barbigera ? Philippi. Weigmann's Archiv (1843). 
 
 Body elongated, pyrif orm ; anterior antennas (fig. 2) 
 slender, 8-jointed, first four joints (peduncle) consider- 
 ably stouter than the rest ; the comparative length of 
 the joints, though variable, may be stated as follows : 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 
 10 18 13 8 3 3 2 8 
 
IDYA. 173 
 
 All the joints are somewhat sparingly setose, and the 
 fourth bears a long curved (olfactory?) appendage 
 (fig. 2, a) ; in the male (fig. 3) the median joints are 
 swollen and coalescent, and the terminal joints are 
 constricted at the points of articulation. The posterior 
 antennas are 3- jointed (fig. 4), and bear several 
 terminal setas, five of which are geniculated ; the 
 inner branch is long and 4-jointed. First and second 
 foot-jaws (figs. 7, 8) slender, with long curved claws. 
 The inner branch of the first pair of feet consists of 
 two long joints, the first of which is much dilated 
 above ; each joint bears a very long plumose marginal 
 seta (fig. 9, a, a), and the last is armed at the apex 
 with two slender claws ; outer branch 3- jointed, short, 
 and broad ; last joint very small and truncate, armed 
 with seven moderately long and stout setaa, the five 
 shorter of which bear on their concave margins a few 
 secund spine- like apical cilia; the first and second 
 joints also bear each a single stout plumose seta. 
 Fifth pair of feet (fig. 11) 2-jointed, first joint short, 
 setiferous at the angles, second elongated, marginally 
 ciliated, and at the apex bearing five long setaa, smaller 
 in the male. Fourth and fifth abdominal segments 
 very short ; caudal segments short, about as long as 
 broad. Inner tail-seta nearly as long as the body of 
 the animal, outer about half as long, both finely 
 aculeate in their entire length. Animal usually colour- 
 less or pale milky white, often yellowish, and some- 
 times distinctly banded with pale lilac or purple. 
 Length -^-th of an inch (1 mm.). 
 
 This species is almost ubiquitous in the British seas. 
 
174 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 at any rate in the littoral and laminarian zones, 
 occurring usually in considerable numbers, though 
 never in the countless swarms of some of the larger 
 oceanic species. It is occasionally found amongst 
 dredged material, but possibly this may, in some cases 
 at least, arise from its being entangled during the 
 upward passage of the dredge through the water ; in 
 the open sea it is often taken by the tow-net. Dr. 
 Glaus has taken it both in the North Sea and in the 
 Mediterranean, M. Boeck on the coast of Norway, and 
 Fischer in Madeira (?). With so wide a range of 
 distribution we need not wonder that its range of 
 variation is likewise great, and Dr. Glaus has pointed 
 out (loc. cit.) some of the characters, especially the 
 lengths of the antennal joints, which are thus liable 
 to vary ; I have no doubt that a minute examination 
 would show great diversity of structure perhaps even 
 some well-marked races or varieties in the species as 
 it exists on our own shores. At one time, indeed, I 
 was disposed to think that two or more species had 
 been grouped under one name, but further examina- 
 tion showed this idea to be untenable, and without 
 more time than I had at my disposal it would have 
 been impossible to attempt satisfactorily any un- 
 ravelling of the complicated problems connected with 
 race variation. 
 
SCUTELLIDIUM. 175 
 
 Genus 33. SCUTELLIDIUM, Glaus (1866). 
 
 (Porcellidium, Boeck, 1864. Aspidiscus, Norman, 1868.) 
 
 Body depressed, subovate. Anterior antennae 9- 
 jointed, with very short median joints ; posterior 
 3 -jointed, the inner branch short, 1 -jointed (?). Man- 
 dible-palp (PL LXVIII, fig. 4) large and complex, 
 bearing numerous stout setiferous filaments ; maxillary 
 palp (fig. 5) provided with two very long and stout 
 ciliated setae. Both pairs of foot-jaws forming 
 clawed hands. First pair of feet prehensile, very 
 like those of Idya. Fifth pair foliaceous, the outer 
 branch much elongated. One ovisac. 
 
 1. SCUTELLIDIUM TISBOIDES, Glaus. PL LXVIII, figs. 
 
 110 
 
 Scutellidium tisboides, Glaus. Die Copepoden-fauna von Nizza, p. 
 21, taf. iv, figs. 815 (1866). 
 
 Cephalothorax broad, rounded in front ; second, 
 third, and fourth segments very short; abdomen 
 much narrowed. Anterior antennas 9- jointed, the 
 first three joints large (fig. 2), fourth and eighth very 
 short, fifth, sixth, and seventh shorter still, terminal 
 joint longer and slender; the fourth, fifth, and sixth 
 joints are each successively narrower than the preced- 
 ing, the last three being slender and of nearly equal 
 width. Foot-jaws short and stout ; last joint of the 
 first pair (fig. 6) slender and bearing two curved apical 
 
176 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 claws ; hand of the second pair (fig. 7) dilated at the 
 base, subpyriform, terminating in three strong claws. 
 Both branches of the first pair of feet (fig. 8) are 
 3-jointed and thick, the last joint being in both cases 
 extremely small, and the terminal claws expanded 
 into delicate pulvilliform appendages ; the first joint 
 of the inner branch is much dilated towards the base ; 
 the external margin is ciliated, the internal ciliated 
 near the base, and gives origin, near the middle, to a 
 large plumose seta ; the second joint has a single 
 short seta; first joint of the outer branch ciliated 
 externally, and provided with a large plumose apical 
 seta ; second and third joints each with one plumose 
 apical seta ; the outer branch is much the shorter of 
 the two. Three following pairs of feet 2-branched, 
 each branch composed of three joints ; the second pair 
 much shorter, however, than the third and fourth, des- 
 titute of marginal spines, and having the inner branch 
 shorter than the outer; first joint of the outer branch 
 fringed externally with a number of spine-like 
 setae ; the external margins of all the joints in the 
 third and fourth pairs (fig. 9) are beset with short, 
 stout spines, those of the first joints more slender 
 than the rest, the limb being very similar to that of 
 the CalanidaD. The fifth pair is 2-jointed (fig. 10), the 
 basal joint marginally ciliated, elongated, and cleft at 
 the apex, each segment bearing a single long seta; 
 second joint much elongated, narrow, marginally 
 ciliated, with irregular transverse rows of hairs 
 towards the internal margin, one long seta on the 
 external margin, and three at the apex. The last 
 
SCUTELLIDIUM. 177 
 
 cephalo thoracic segment (fig. 1) in the female is ex- 
 tremely small ; the first abdominal segment is formed 
 by the almost complete union of two segments, the 
 point of junction being marked by a chitinous line 
 on each side ; the remaining abdominal segments, as 
 well as those of the tail, are very short and broad. 
 The inner tail-setao are considerably longer than the 
 abdomen. Eye consisting of one central and two 
 lateral lenses. Ovisac large, circular, and extending 
 considerably beyond the extremity of the tail. Length 
 - 2 \-th of an inch ('98 mm.). 
 
 Excepting one imperfect specimen, which had four 
 deep red bands across the body, I have not seen the 
 male of this species, but Dr. Glaus figures it, describ- 
 ing the anterior antennas as being modified for clasping, 
 and the fifth pair of feet diminished in size, as is usual. 
 Dr. Glaus asserts the secondary branch of the posterior 
 antenna to be 4-jointed, but after repeated examina- 
 tion, I have failed to satisfy myself of the exact state 
 of the case. In some of my specimens the branch 
 appeared, indeed, to be indistinctly (and perhaps 4-) 
 jointed, but the articulations were so faint that I 
 should have overlooked them altogether without care- 
 ful search ; and even yet I should hesitate to affirm 
 that there is more than a single joint. 
 
 8. tisboides seems to be of rare occurrence. I have 
 taken one or two specimens at Eoker, near Sunder- 
 land, on fronds of Laminaria saccharina, a few on 
 weeds in tide-pools at Clifden and Roundstone, and 
 a rather larger number on weeds in Porcressa Bay, 
 Scilly. 
 
 VOL. II. M 
 
178 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 2. SCUTELLIDIUM FASCIATUM (Boeck). PL LXYIII, fig. 
 
 11 ; and PI. LXIX, figs. 
 19. 
 
 Aspidiscus fasciatus, Norman. Brit. Association Report, p. 298 
 
 (1868). 
 
 Porcellidium fasciatum, Boeck. Oversigt Norges Copepoder, 
 p. 56 (1864). 
 
 Body ovate, abdomen much narrower than the 
 cephalothorax, head and first thoracic segment coales- 
 cent ; segments of the thorax produced backwards in 
 acutely pointed, curved, and imbricated processes. 
 Anterior antennae 9 -jointed, slender, gradually tapered 
 from base to apex ; first, second, and third joints in the 
 female increasing progressively in length, remaining 
 joints very short ; in the male the limb is somewhat 
 flexuous, and hinged between the fifth and sixth joints 
 (PI. LXVIII, fig. 11); the fourth joint is longest, the 
 second somewhat shorter, the first, third, fifth, and 
 sixth still shorter and subequal, the last three very 
 short. The posterior antenna (PI. LXIX, fig. 2) has a 
 long, slender, secondary branch springing from the apex 
 of the first joint, dilated somewhat beyond the middle, 
 bearing three strong lateral set 83, and at the apex five, 
 one of which is exceedingly long ; the terminal setse of 
 the main branch are rather short, geniculated, and 
 minutely hooked or clawed at the apices, and the last 
 joint has two minute file-like or aculeated processes 
 near the extremity. Mandibles and maxillaa very 
 similar to those of the preceding species. Anterior 
 
SCUTELLIDIUM. 1 79 
 
 foot-jaw (fig. 4) slender, 2-jointed, the last joint bear- 
 ing a long, closely pectinated, apical spine and one seta, 
 which is also pectinate or plumose. Posterior foot-jaw 
 (fig. 5) short and robust, the hand irregularly quadrate, 
 and terminating in a short crooked claw. The first pair 
 of feet lie in close apposition, and, like the following 
 pairs, cross each other near the extremities when at rest; 
 they do not differ materially from the same structures 
 in 8. tisboides ; the last two joints of the inner branch 
 of the first foot are, however, very small, and the last 
 joint of the outer branch (fig. 6) bears on the outer 
 margin five curved spines, and at the apex a strongly 
 curved seta. The second pair, as in 8. tisboides, is 
 almost spineless, but the third and fourth have mar- 
 ginal spines, and the two distal joints of the outer 
 branches (fig. 7), besides having densely setose mar- 
 gins, have also curved rows of short spine-like hairs 
 scattered over the surface. Fifth pair elongated, 2- 
 jointed (fig. 8), the first joint larger than the second, 
 both having ciliated outer margins; the first also 
 a seta at each distal angle ; the second three long and 
 two smaller setae. In the male the fifth foot is some- 
 what similar (fig. 9), but very much smaller than in 
 the other sex, reaching only to the extremity of the 
 first abdominal ring, while in the female (fig. 1) it ex- 
 tends almost to the base of the caudal segments. Last 
 thoracic segment, in both sexes, very small (fig. 9) ; 
 the first abdominal segment in the female very much 
 larger than the following ones ; in the male (fig. 9) 
 all five segments are distinct and except the first, 
 which is longer than the rest nearly of equal widt h 
 
180 BRITISH COPEPODA. 
 
 caudal segments very short ; principal tail- setae nearly 
 equal to the length of the body ; outer setse about half 
 as long. The eye consists of one central and two lateral 
 lenses, and is of a ruby-red colour; the integument is 
 marked by distant circular punctures or impressions, 
 more especially near the edges of the carapace. Ovi- 
 sac large, circular, and single. The colour of the 
 animal is a clear yellowish brown or olive; there is 
 usually, but not always, a brilliant ruby patch extend- 
 ing nearly across the body behind the first segment, 
 and the glandular organs are less distinctly tinged 
 with the same colour. Length of the female -^-th of 
 an inch (*98 mm.), of the male -^th of an inch 
 (*64 mm.). 
 
 This species occurs often abundantly on the fronds 
 of Laminarice ; on the coasts of Northumberland and 
 Durham, wherever L. saccharina grows, it may be 
 found plentifully; also in Shetland (Rev. A. M. 
 Norman), Yentry Bay (Rev. E. C. Davison), Clifden 
 Bay, and the Scilly Islands. No doubt this list might 
 easily be much extended. 
 
 The brilliant colouring and considerable size of the 
 species render it a very showy and attractive object, 
 and it is surprising that, as it occurs so commonly on 
 the British shores, it should not yet have been noticed 
 elsewhere in Europe except by M. Boeck, in Norway. 
 In this respect it is a match for Cythere albomaculata 
 amongst the Ostracoda, an excessively common British 
 form, which has, as yet, not been recognised on the 
 continent of Europe. Mr. Norman (loc. cit.) has 
 proposed a new genus for the reception of this 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 181 
 
 animal, but the structural resemblances between it 
 and the Scutellidium of Glaus are so striking, and 
 the differences so extremely slight, that I think it best 
 to include both in the same generic group. 
 
 APPENDIX.* 
 
 CYCLOPINA (?) OVALIS, Brady. 
 
 Cyclops ovalis, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and 
 Durham, vol. 4, p. 429, pi. xviii, figs. 1, 2 
 
 (1872). 
 
 Anterior antennas 24-jointed, as long as the cephalo- 
 thorax, slender, and nearly equal in 
 width throughout, joints about 
 equal in length and breadth at the 
 base, gradually increasing in length 
 towards the apex, the terminal 
 joint being about thrice as long as 
 broad, each joint bearing a single 
 short, delicate hair on the external 
 margin, the twenty-second and 
 twenty-third one on each margin, 
 the last having four or five apical 
 seta3. Caudal segments about four 
 times as long as broad ; setaB about 
 as long as the last three abdo- 
 minal somites. 
 
 * See vol. i, p. 94. 
 
 VOL. It. 
 
182 APPENDIX. 
 
 Habitat. One specimen only taken off Sunderland 
 in the surface-net. 
 
 My knowledge of this species is confined to the 
 single specimen from which it was originally described. 
 Seeing, however, that no true marine Cyclops is 
 known (the species described as such being insuffi- 
 ciently examined as to structure of mouth-organs, 
 &c.), it seems more probable that C. ovalis will be 
 found to belong either to the genus Oydopina or to 
 Cyclopicera. 
 
 Fig. 1 in the woodcut represents the anterior 
 antenna; fig. 2, the posterior abdominal segments 
 and tail. 
 
PLATE XXXIY. 
 
 Longipedia coronata. 
 
 Fig. 1. Male, seen from side. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 4. Mandible. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot- jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 9. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
PLATE XXXV. 
 
 Longipedia coronata (continued). 
 
 Fig. 1. Posterior antenna, female. 
 
 2. Posterior antenna, inner branch of male. 
 
 3. Foot of first pair, female. 
 
 4. Foot of first pair, male. 
 
 5. Foot of second pair, male. 
 
 6. Foot of third pair. 
 
 7. Foot of fourth pair. 
 
 8. Part of abdomen and tail, male. 
 
 9. Part of abdomen and tail, female. 
 
PLATE XXXYI. 
 
 Ectinisoma spinipes. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult seen from side. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna. 
 
 3. Posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Foot of first pair. 
 
 9. Foot of fifth pair. 
 
 10. Last segments of abdomen, and tail. 
 
 Ectinosoma erytUrops. 
 
 11. Anterior part of head and anterior antennae. 
 
 12. Mandible-palp. 
 
 13. Maxilla. 
 
 14. First foot-jaw. 
 
 15. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 16. Foot of first pair. 
 
 17. Fifth pair of feet. 
 
10 
 
 G.S.BiWy del. 
 AXHoV. 
 
 10 E etmosomsL spinipes. 
 
 11 17' 
 
 erythzops. 
 
PLATE XXXVII. 
 
 Tachidius brevicornis. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Adult male. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna, female. 
 
 5. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 6. Mandible. 
 
 7. Maxilla. 
 
 8. First foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 10. Foot of first pair. 
 
 11. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 12. Outer branch of third foot, male. 
 
 13. Fifth pair of feet, female. 
 
 14. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 15. Angle of first abdominal segment. 
 
 16. Tail. 
 
Plate 37 
 
 t&. Co 
 
 TsLch.id.ius brevioornis 
 
PLATE XXXVIII. 
 
 Bradya typica. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna. 
 
 3. Posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Firstfoot. 
 
 9. Fifth foot. 
 
 10. Tail. 
 
 Ectinosoma atlanticum.* 
 
 11. Adult (female ?). 
 
 12. Anterior antenna. 
 
 13. Posterior antenna. 
 
 14. Mandible. 
 
 15. First foot-jaw. 
 
 16. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 17. Firstfoot. 
 
 18. Fifth foot. 
 
 19. Tail. 
 
 * On the plate, for Ectinosoma atlantica, read Ectinosoma at- 
 lanticum. 
 
late 
 
 G.S.rady del. 
 '^Jc Uih. 
 
 10. JBpadya typica. 
 11-19. Ectinosoma atlayitica 
 
PLATE XXXIX, 
 
 Zosime typica. 
 
 Fig. 1. Female seen from above. 
 
 2. Female seen from side. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. First foot. 
 
 10. Second foot. 
 
 11. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 Canthocamptus palustris. 
 
 13. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 14. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 15. Inner branch, posterior antenna. 
 
 16. Mandible. 
 
 17. First foot-jaw. 
 
 18. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 19. Firstfoot. 
 
 20. Fourth foot. 
 
 21. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 22. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 23. Tail. 
 
Plate 39. 
 
 .S.Brady del. 
 
 1 12 . Z O S 1 1YL C tjp 1 C a . 
 
 13 23. C an tK o camp tn s palnstr.is 
 
PLATE XL. 
 
 Euterpe gracilis. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Firstfoot. 
 
 10. Second foot. 
 
 11. Inner branch of third foot. 
 
 12. Fourth foot. 
 
 13. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 14. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 15. Appendages of first abdominal segment of 
 
 male. 
 
 16. Tail of male. 
 
 Ectinosoma melaniceps. 
 
 17. Anterior antenna. 
 
 18. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 19. Firstfoot. 
 
 20. Fifth foot. 
 
Plate 40 
 
 . . 
 
 HolUSk Uth 
 
 1 16. Euterpe gracilis. 
 1720. Ectinos.oma melaniceps 
 
PLATE XLI. 
 
 Robertsonia tennis. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot- jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. First foot. 
 
 10. Third foot. 
 
 11. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 13. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 14. Posterior abdominal segments and tail, 
 
 Mesochra Lilljeborgii. 
 
 15. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 16. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 17. Posterior antenna. 
 
 18. Mandible. 
 
 19. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 20. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 21. Posterior abdominal segments and tail, 
 
Plate 41 
 
 G.S.Brady oieL. 
 AT.HoUick lift,. 
 
 114. Robertsonia tennis 
 15-21. Mesochra Lilljeborgii 
 
 W.West K C imp. 
 
PLATE XLIL 
 
 Stenhelia hispida. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible and palp. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. First foot of male. 
 
 10. Third foot. 
 
 11. Second foot of male. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 13. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 14. Tail of female. 
 
Plate 42 
 
 i 
 
PLATE XLIII. 
 
 Stenhelia ima. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible and palp. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. First foot. 
 
 10. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 11. Fourth foot. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 13. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 14. One of tail segments. 
 
 Attheyella spinosa. 
 
 15. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 16. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 17. First foot. 
 
 18. Fifth foot (variety), 
 
1 14. Stenlielia ima 
 15 18. Altheyella spinosa 
 
PLATE XLIV. 
 
 Oanthocamptus minutus. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Mandible and palp. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 9. First foot. 
 
 10. Third foot. 
 
 11. Inner branch of first foot. 
 
 12. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 13. Inner branch of third foot, male. 
 
 14. Inner branch of fourth foot, male. 
 
 15. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 16. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 17. Tail. 
 
e 44. 
 
 :ii8 riiinutus 
 
PLATE XLY. 
 
 Canthocamptus Northumbricus. 
 
 Fig. 1. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 3. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible and palp. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. First foot. 
 
 9. Fourth foot. 
 
 10. Inner branch, second foot, male. 
 
 11. Inner branch, third foot, male. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 13. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 14. Abdomen and tail, male. 
 
 Cantliocamptus trispinosus. 
 
 15. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 16. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 17. Mandible and palp. 
 
 18. First foot-jaw. 
 
 19. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 20. Inner branch of second foot. 
 
 21. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 22. Posterior abdominal segments and tail. 
 
1-14 Can th o c amp tii s NorthumJo ricu s . 
 
 1C OO - 
 
 ID ^ tnspinosiis. 
 
PLATE XL VI. 
 
 Canthocamptus hibernicus. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 4. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible and palp. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. First foot. 
 
 9. Second foot. 
 
 10. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 11. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 12. One of the tail segments. 
 
 Atiheyella spinosa. 
 
 13. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 14. Maxilla. 
 
 15. Second foot. 
 
 16. Fourth foot. 
 
 17. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 18. Posterior abdominal segments and tail. 
 

 Plate 46 
 
 -12. Qan.thocamptus liiloernicus 
 13-18. -Attlie yella spinosa. 
 
PLATE XLVIL 
 
 Mesochra Robertsoni. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 5. First foot- jaw. 
 
 6. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 7. First foot, female. 
 
 8. First foot, male. 
 
 9. Second foot. 
 
 10. Third foot. 
 
 11. Inner branch of fourth foot. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 13. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 14. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 15. Tail. 
 
 Mesochra Lilljeborgii. 
 
 16. Firstfoot-jaw. 
 
 17. First foot. 
 
 18. Second foot. 
 
 19. Inner, and part of outer, branch of fourth 
 
 foot, female. 
 
 20. Inner branch of fourth foot, male. 
 
 21. Fifth foot, female. 
 
Plate 47. 
 
 G S. B>- 
 
 Mesochra Xpbertsom 
 Me; '. -e 
 
 W.West Sk C 
 
PLATE XLVIII. 
 
 Jonesiella fusiformis. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible and palp. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot- jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Firstfoot. 
 
 10. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 11. Third foot. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 13. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 Jonesiella spinulosa. 
 
 14. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 15. Mandible and palp. 
 
 16. Second foot- jaw. 
 
 17. Fifth foot, female. 
 
Plate 48 
 
 
 113. Jone si ell a fn 
 14-17. 
 
 f*. 
 
 \ \ 
 
 
 
PLATE XLIX. 
 
 Amymone sphcerica. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 3. Posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible and palp. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. First foot. 
 
 9. Third foot. 
 
 10. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 11. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 Amymone longimana. 
 
 12. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 13. Posterior foot- jaw. 
 
 Jonesiella spinulosa. 
 
 14. First foot. 
 
 15. Third foot. 
 
1 11 . Anrymone splioenc a' 
 12-13. longimana. 
 
 14 15. cJon.es iell a spmulcsa 
 
PLATE L. 
 
 Delavalia palustris (female). 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna. 
 
 3. Posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible and palp. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. Firstfoot. 
 
 7. Third foot. 
 
 8. Fifth foot. 
 
 TTialestris harpactoides. 
 
 9. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 10. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 11. Maxilla. 
 
 12. Second foot- jaw. 
 
 13. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 14. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 15. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 16. Abdomen of female. 
 
Plaute 50 
 
PLATE LI. 
 
 Delavalia reflexa. 
 
 Fig. 1 . Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible and palp. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot- jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. First foot. 
 
 10. Second foot. 
 
 11. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 13. Caudal segments, female. 
 
 14. Caudal segments, male. 
 
 Delavalia robusta (female), 
 
 15. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 16. Mandible and palp. 
 
 17. First foot-jaw. 
 
 18. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 19. First foot. 
 
 20. Second foot. 
 
 21. Caudal segments. 
 
Plate 51 
 
 reflex a. 
 eiavalia robusta .9 
 
 A 
 
PLATE LIL 
 
 Attheyella cryptorum. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot- jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. First swimming foot. 
 
 10. Second foot. 
 
 11. Fourth foot. 
 
 12. Inner branch of third foot, female. 
 
 13. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 1.4. Inner branch of third foot, male. 
 
 15. Inner branch of fourth foot, male. 
 
 16. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 17. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 ' 18. Anal operculum and base of tail. 
 
PLATE LIII. 
 
 Ameira longipes. 
 
 Fig. 1. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 3. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible and palp. 
 
 5. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 6. Foot of first pair. 
 
 7. Foot of third pair. 
 
 8. Foot of second pair, male. 
 
 9. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 10. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 Thalestris peltata (male ?). 
 
 11. Adult male. 
 
 12. Anterior antenna. 
 
 13. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 14. Maxilla. 
 
 15. First foot- jaw. 
 
 16. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 17. Foot of first pair. 
 
 18. Foot of third pair. 
 
 19. Foot of fifth pair. 
 
1-10. Ameira lonqipes 
 11-19. Thalestris pettata. 
 
 ~VrWtstSf.Co.-tmf>. 
 
PLATE LIV. 
 
 Dactylopus tisboides. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible and palp. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot- jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Firstfoot. 
 
 10. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 11. Fourth foot. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 13. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 14. Anterior antenna, female,! 
 
 15. Fifth foot, female, [brackish water 
 
 16. Fifth foot, male, 
 
Plate 54. 
 
 
 tisi> oicie s 
 
 W West * C ' i .*; 
 
PLATE LV. 
 
 Dactylopus Stromii. 
 
 Fig. 1. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 3. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible and palp. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot- jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. First foot. 
 
 9. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 10. Third foot. 
 
 11. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 13. Tail ; a, portion of seta more highly magnified, 
 
 Dactylopus similis. 
 
 14. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 15. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 16. Fifth foot, female. 
 
Pla.te 55. 
 
 13 ."D stctylo p~us StroiTiii 
 IT 16 siin.ilis 
 
PLATE LVL 
 
 Dactylopus flavus. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 5. First foot, female. 
 
 6. First foot, male. 
 
 7. Third foot. 
 
 8. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 9. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 10. Tail of female. 
 
 11. Tail of male. 
 
 Dactylopus tenuiremis. 
 
 12. Anterior antenna. 
 
 13. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 14. Mandible and palp. 
 
 15. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 16. Firstfoot. 
 
 17. Fifth foot. 
 
 18. One of the tail segments. 
 
 Metridia armata. 
 
 19. End of right anterior antenna of male. 
 
 20. Inner branch of second foot of male. 
 
Pla.te 56, 
 
 ~11 D 
 19~20Metridi8L ay 
 
 op-u_s 'lajvus. 
 
 teiiuirexQis.9 
 
PLATE LVIL 
 
 Thalestris rufocincta. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Maxilla. 
 
 3. First foot-jaw. 
 
 4. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 5. First foot. 
 
 6. Second foot of male.* 
 
 7. Fifth foot of female. 
 
 8. Fifth foot of male. 
 
 9. Abdomen of female. 
 
 Dadylopus brevicornis. 
 
 10. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 11. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 * The letters a a, referring to the aculeate margins, are omitted 
 in the plate. 
 
Plate 57. 
 
 
 - 9 . Tli al e s tr i s r uf o c : in c t a 
 10-12. Dactylopus Lrevicornis 
 
 *** 
 
PLATE LVIII. 
 
 Thalestris mysis. 
 
 Fig, 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible palp. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. First foot. 
 
 10. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 1 1 . Second foot, female. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 13. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 Dactylopus brevicornis. 
 
 14. First foot. 
 
Plate 53. 
 
 7. 
 
 .13, TKal e s tris My si s . 
 
 14 . -D ac tyl opus bpevi c o rni s 
 
 WVffst & GO imp. 
 
PLATE LIX. 
 
 Thalestris harpactoides. 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 Thalestris serrulata, male. 
 
 2. Adult animal. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. First foot. 
 
 9. Fifth foot. 
 
 10. Appendage of first abdominal segment, 
 
 11. Tail. 
 
 Diosaccus tenuicornis. 
 
 12. Adult male. 
 
 13. Posterior antenna. 
 
 14. Mandible and palp. 
 
 15. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 16. Fifth foot, male. 
 
Plate 59 
 
 idy d&l 
 AT. HbEicfe luh, 
 
 1. Thalestns harpactoides 
 2-11- ser-rulata <5 
 
 12 -IS. Diosaccus tenaicomis 
 
 
PLATE LX. 
 
 Thalestris longimana. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. First foot. 
 
 10. Inner branch, second foot, male. 
 
 11. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 12. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 13. Tail. 
 
 Diosaccus tenuicornis. 
 
 14. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 15. First foot -jaw. 
 
 16. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 17. Firstfoot. 
 
 18. Fifth foot, female. 
 
Plate 60. 
 
 1 -13. Thalestris longimana. 
 14-18. Jjiosaccus tjemiicornis 
 
 TV" West iC?irnjD. 
 
PLATE LXI. 
 
 Thalestris rufoviolascens, female. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult animal. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna. 
 
 3. Mandible. 
 
 4. First foot-jaw. 
 
 5. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 6. First foot. 
 
 7. Fourth foot. 
 
 8. Fifth foot. 
 
 Thalestris hefyolandica, female. 
 
 9. Anterior antenna. 
 
 10. Inner branch of posterior antenna, 
 
 11. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 12. First foot. 
 
 13. Third foot. 
 
 14. Fifth foot. 
 
PleLte.61. 
 
 1-8. Thalestris rufoviolascens 2 
 
 3-14. helgolandica ? 
 
PLATE LXII. 
 
 Thalestris Clausii. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Mandible. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. First foot. 
 
 9. Inner branch of second foot, male, 
 
 10. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 11. Fifth foot, male. 
 
 12. Tail segment. 
 
 Thalestris hibernica. 
 
 13. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 14. First foot. 
 
 15. Inner branch, second foot, male. 
 
 16. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 17. Fifth foot, male. 
 
Pla/te 62 
 
 112 
 
 A o _ i 7 
 
 laalestris Ciausii. 
 hibernica. 
 
 
PLATE LXIII. 
 
 Westwoodia nobilis. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Foot of first pair, 
 
 10. Foot of second pair, female. 
 
 11. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 12. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 13. Abdomen and tail, female. 
 
 Thalestris hibernica. 
 
 14. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 15. Second foot-jaw. 
 
pia,te e>3 
 
 ' 
 
 1 18. Westwoodia nobilis . 
 14,15. Thalestris hitermca. 
 
PLATE LXIV. 
 
 Harp actions fulv us. 
 
 Fig. 1. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 2. Posterior antenna, male. 
 
 3. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Maxilla. 
 
 5. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 6. Foot of first pair ; a, end of outer branch, more 
 
 highly magnified. 
 
 7. Inner branch, second foot, male. 
 
 8. Foot of third pair. 
 
 9. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 10. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 11. Tail. 
 
 H arp actions flexus. 
 
 12. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 13. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 14. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 15. Foot of first pair. 
 
 16. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 17. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 1 8. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
PlaXe 64-. 
 
 10 
 
 G.SJS-. 
 ATH ' I 
 
 " 11 HarjoacticTis fulvas . 
 2-18 fle^jis. 
 
 cKelifer. 
 

PLATE LXV. 
 
 Harpacticus chelifer. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna; a, spine of the same more 
 
 highly magnified. 
 
 5. Mandible and palp. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Foot of first pair. 
 
 10. Foot of first pair, variety. 
 
 11. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 12. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 13. Foot of fifth pair, female, variety. 
 
 14. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 15. Abdominal segments and tail. 
 
Plate 65. 
 
 . . 
 
 H a,T TO a. c ti c u s c 1 : e 1 1 L'e. i 
 
PLATE LXVI. 
 
 Zaus spinatus. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 3. Posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Extremity of same, more highly magnified. 
 
 5. Mandible and palp. 
 
 6. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Foot of first pair. 
 
 8. Apex of outer branch of second, third, and fourth 
 
 swimming feet. 
 
 9. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 Zaus Goodsiri. 
 
 10. Adult female. 
 
 11. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 12. Foot of first pair. 
 
 13. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
Pla,te<oG, 
 
 
 9ZL"ULS 
 
 10-13 QoooLsiri. 
 
PLATE LXVII. 
 
 Idyafurcata. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female ; a, olfactory appendage. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Foot of first pair. 
 
 10. Foot of third pair. 
 
 11. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 Dactylopus minutus. 
 
 12. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 13. Foot of first pair. 
 
 14. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
Plate 67. 
 
 - 11 IcLya fur cat a, . 
 1 2 14-' D aciylopus miniitus 
 
PLATE LXVIII. 
 
 Scutellidium tisboides. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female; a, last thoracic segment; <, first 
 abdominal segment; c 9 chitinous bands. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible and palp. 
 
 5. Maxilla and palp. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Foot of first pair. 
 
 9. Foot of third pair. 
 
 10. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 Scutellidium fasciatum. 
 
 11. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
Plate 68 
 
 10 
 
 .10 S ciztelli dram. tislo old es ^ 
 
 ii 
 
TLATE LXIX. 
 
 Scutellidium fascia turn . 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Mandible and palp. 
 
 4. Firstfoot-jaw. 
 
 5. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 6. Foot of first pair. 
 
 7. Outer branch of fourth foot. 
 
 8. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 9. Last thoracic segment and abdomen of male. 
 
 Porcellidium tenuicauda. 
 
 10. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 11. Mandible and palp. 
 
 12. Maxilla. 
 
 13. Foot of second pair. 
 
Plate 69. 
 
 
 - 9 Scut ell idiuin fasciatum. 
 10~13 Porcelliiium tenuicauda. 
 
PLATE LXX. 
 
 Porcellidium fimbriatum . 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. First foot-jaw. 
 
 3. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 4. Foot of first pair. 
 
 Porcellidium tenuicauda. 
 
 5. Adult female. 
 
 Porcellidium viride. 
 
 6. Adult female. 
 
 7. Anterior antennae of male. 
 
 8. Fifth pair of feet, abdomen, and tail of male. 
 
Plate 70 
 
 * Pore eHictruina imibr- 1 ! 
 
 9 15 t Grru.1 c axicla, . 
 
 b 
 
PLATE LXXI. 
 
 Porcellidium subrotundum. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 3. Fifth pair of feet and caudal segments, 
 
 Peltidium interruptum. 
 
 4. Adult female. 
 
 5. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 6. Posterior antenna. 
 
 7. Inner branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 8. Mandible and palp. 
 
 9. Maxilla. 
 
 10. Pirst foot-jaw. 
 
 11. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 12. Poot of first pair. 
 
 13. Poot of third pair. 
 
 14. Poot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 15. Portion of integument. 
 
Plsute 71 
 
 1 3 P or eclli ' lium siibr o tund^vrn. 
 ; 5 Tel ti dram. iTiterpuptu in . 
 
 fc ro.-imp. 
 

PLATE LXXII. 
 
 Peltidium depressum. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Posterior foot-jaw. 
 
 4. Fifth foot, female. 
 
 5. Caudal segment, female. 
 
 Peltidium crenulatum. 
 
 6. Adult female. 
 
 7. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 8. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 9. Posterior foot-jaw. 
 
 10. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 10 a. Inner angle of peduncle of fifth foot. 
 
 11. Foot of fifth pair (male) and angle of first abdo 
 
 minal segment (a). 
 
 12. Hinder margin of thoracic segment. 
 
 13. Abdomen of female. 
 
 14. Abdomen of male. 
 
 15. Portion of integument. 
 
Plsute 72. 
 
 . 1 5 Peltid'ium- de 
 
PLATE LXXIII. 
 
 Laophonte serrata. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Adult male. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna of female. 
 
 4. Anterior antenna of male. 
 
 5. "Posterior antenna. 
 
 6. Mandible. 
 
 7. Maxilla. 
 
 8. Posterior foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Foot of first pair. 
 
 10. Foot of third pair. 
 
 11. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 
 12. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 13. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 14. Abdomen and tail. 
 
 Laophonte curticauda* 
 
 15. Mandible. 
 
 16. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 17. Inner branch of second foot, female. 
 
 18. Inner branch of second foot, male. 
 * For the numerals 1215 on the Plate read 1518. 
 
Plette 73. 
 
 1 4* L SL o pli onte s e rr a,ta . 
 15 
 
PLATE LXXIV. 
 
 Laophonte horrida. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female, from side. 
 
 2. Adult female, from above. 
 
 3. Secondary branch of posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible. 
 
 5. Maxilla. 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Foot of first pair. 
 
 9. Foot of second pair 
 
 10. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 11. Transverse view of thoracic segment. 
 
 i 
 
 Laophonte longicaudata* 
 
 12. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 13. Foot of third pair, male. 
 
 14. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 15. Caudal segment. 
 
Plate 74 
 
 G.SJ3rc*.3y del 
 ~ 
 
 
 1 11 L SLQ p Jaoxit e Jaorr-i d_a, ?. 
 12~15 longicaudata 
 
PLATE LXXV. 
 
 Laophonte- similis. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, female, variety. 
 
 4. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 5. Mandible. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Foot of first pair. 
 
 10. Foot of second pair, male. 
 
 11. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 12. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 13. Caudal segments. 
 
 14. Appendage of first abdominal segment. 
 
 Laophonte lamellifera. 
 
 15. Adult female. 
 
 16. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 17. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 18. Inner branch, posterior antenna. 
 
 19. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 20. Foot of first pair. 
 
 21. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 22. Caudal segments. 
 
 23. Portion of integument more highly magnified 
 
Plate 75 
 
 i.-Zy 3LeL. 
 
 AX FoZfc 
 
 WWtstfcCo.vnp. 
 
 "1 li'Lsuoplioiite similis. 
 15-23 lamelliferst. 
 
PLATE LXXVI. 
 
 Laophonte curticauda. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Foot of first pair. 
 
 4. Foot of third pair, female. 
 
 5. Foot of third pair, male. 
 
 6. Foot of fourth pair, female. 
 
 7. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 8. Foot of fifth pair, female, variety. 
 
 9. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 Laophonte longicaudata. 
 
 10. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 11. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 12. Foot of first pair. 
 
 13. Inner branch, second foot, female, 
 
 14. Inner branch, third foot, female. 
 
 15. Foot of fourth pair. 
 
PleLte 76 
 
 I 9 LsLOph.on.te 
 10-15 longi.oscacUL.tst 
 
PLATE LXXVIL 
 
 Laophonte thoracica. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Inner branch, lower antenna. 
 
 4. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 5. Foot of first pair. 
 
 6. Foot of third pair. 
 
 7. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 8. Abdomen and caudal segments. 
 
 Cletodes prqpinqua. 
 
 9. Adult female, from above. 
 
 10. Adult female, from side. 
 
 11. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 12. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 13. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 14. Foot of first pair. 
 
 15. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 16. Tail of female. 
 
 17. Tail of male. 
 
 Nannopus palustris. 
 
 18. Adult female. 
 
 19. Foot of first pair. 
 
 20. Foot of third pair. 
 
Plate 77 
 
 * La-ophonte 
 1/UletocLes p 
 
 18-20 Nannopus palust; 
 
PLATE LXXVIII. 
 
 Tetragoniceps matteolus. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Posterior antenna. 
 
 4. Mandible. 
 
 5. Maxilla, 
 
 6. First foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Foot of first pair. 
 
 9. Foot of third pair. 
 
 10. Foot of fourth pair. 
 
 11. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 Normanella dubia. 
 
 12. Adult female. 
 
 13. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 14. Inner branch of lower antenna, 
 
 15. Mandible. 
 
 16. Maxilla, 
 
 17. First foot-jaw. 
 
 18. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 19. Foot of first pair. 
 
 20. Foot of second pair. 
 
 21. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 22. Caudal segments. 
 
H (^ 
 
 p^ 
 
 G-S.BJ-; "I "I -| 
 
 v. -L ll , 
 
 . 
 
PLATE LXXIX. 
 
 Cletodes limicola. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. Mandible. 
 
 6. Maxilla. 
 
 7. First foot-jaw. 
 
 8. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 9. Foot of first pair. 
 
 10. Foot of third pair. 
 
 11. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 12. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 Cletodes longicaudata. 
 
 13. Adult female. 
 
 14. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 15. Foot of first pair. 
 
 16. Foot of third pair. 
 
 17. Foot of fourth pair. 
 
 18. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 19. Tail. 
 
 Platychelipus littoralis. 
 
 20. Mandible. 
 
 21. Maxilla. 
 
 22. First foot-jaw. 
 
 23. Foot of third pair. 
 
Pla.te.79 
 
 10 12 
 
 wfc Htlu 
 
 1 12,CletocLes limi o olst. 
 13-19, longicau-dsLtsL 
 
 20-23PlsLtychelipus littoi?alis. 
 
PLATE LXXX. 
 
 Cletodes linearis. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult male. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 4. Posterior antenna. 
 
 5. First foot -jaw. 
 
 6. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Foot of first pair. 
 
 8. Foot of second pair. 
 
 9. Foot of third pair, male. 
 
 10. Foot of fourth pair. 
 
 11. Foot of fifth pair, female. 
 
 12. Foot of fifth pair, male. 
 
 13. Caudal and last abdominal segments. 
 
 14. Portion of integument, highly magnified, 
 
 Platychelipus littoralis (female). 
 
 15. Anterior antenna. 
 
 16. Foot of first pair. 
 
 17. Foot of second pair. 
 
 18. Foot of fifth pair. 
 
 19. Second foot-jaw. 
 
lf<l 
 
 1 - " 14?, CletocLes linearis. 
 15 19, P la, ty cine lipu.s litto-palis. 
 
PLATE LXXXI. 
 
 Laophonte hispida. 
 
 Fig. 1. Adult female. 
 
 2. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 3. Mandible. 
 
 4. Maxilla. 
 
 5. First foot-jaw. 
 
 6. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 7. Foot of first pair. 
 
 8. Inner branch of second foot. 
 
 9. Foot of fourth pair. 
 
 10. Foot of fifth pair. 
 
 11. One of the caudal laminae and a portion of the 
 
 abdomen. 
 
 Enhydrosoma curvatum* 
 
 12. Foot of first pair. 
 
 13. Foot of third pair. 
 
 14. Fifth pair of feet, male. 
 
 15. Caudal laminae. 
 
 Corycceus anglicus. 
 
 16. Second foot-jaw of male. 
 
 17. Second foot-jaw of female. 
 
 18. Foot of fifth pair. 
 
 19. Terminal spines of one of swimming feet. 
 
 * On the plate, for Enhydrosoma curvata read Enhydrosoma cur. 
 vatum. 
 
Plate 81, 
 
 
 ll.LaopliOTite tispida 9. 
 -]5 , EnTiyd.ro soma cur vat a . 
 LcJ.CorycoBus aoaglicus. 
 
PLATE LXXXII. 
 
 Ilyopsyllus coriaceus. 
 
 Fig. 1. Female, seen from below. 
 
 2. Female, seen from side. 
 
 3. Anterior antenna, female, 
 
 4. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 5. Posterior antenna. 
 
 6. Mandible. 
 
 7. Foot of first pair. 
 
 8. Foot of third pair. 
 
 9. Fifth pair of feet, male. 
 
 10. Abdomen and tail. 
 
 Enhydrosoma curvahim . * 
 
 11. Adult male, seen from side. 
 
 12. Anterior antenna, male. 
 
 13. Anterior antenna, female. 
 
 14. Posterior antenna. 
 
 15. Mandible. 
 
 16. Maxilla. 
 
 17. First foot-jaw. 
 
 18. Second foot-jaw. 
 
 19. Fifth pair of feet. 
 
 * On the plate, for Enhydrosoma curvata read Enhydrosoma cur- 
 vatum. 
 
-10 jllyopsylliis coi-iaoe-us. 
 ii~iy,JlnlidrosoirLSL curvatst 
 
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