A 
 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 UPON 
 
 AND THE 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF THE HOT-HOUSE. 
 
 C O N T A 
 
 I. The Method of planting Foreft-Trees 
 In gravelly, poor, mountainous, and 
 heath Lands ;- aiid for railing the 
 Plants in the Seed-Bed, previous to 
 their being planted. 
 
 II. The Method of Pruning Forcft-Trees, 
 and how to improve Plantations that 
 have been neglected. 
 
 HI. On tlie Soils mod proper for the 
 different Kinds of Foreft-trees. 
 
 IV. The Management of Vines ; their 
 Cultivation upon Fire-Walls and in the 
 Hot-Houfe ; with a new Method of 
 drefling, planting, and preparing the 
 Ground. 
 
 V. A new ani eafy Method to prc p:\gate 
 Pine Plants, lb as to gain Half a Year 
 
 I N I N O 
 
 in their Growth ; with a fure Methoj 
 of destroying die Inledl to dcflructive 
 to Pines. 
 
 VI. The beft Metliod to raife Muftiroomj 
 without Spawn, by which die Table 
 may be plentifully fupplied every Day 
 in the Year. 
 
 VII. An improved MedioJ of cultivating- 
 Afparagus. 
 
 VIII. The beft Method to cultivate Field 
 C i.bbages, Carrots, and Turnips fof 
 feeding of Cattle. 
 
 IX. A new Method of managing all 
 Kinds of Fruit-Trees,vii. of proper Soils 
 for plants:, of pruning and drefling 
 t!;em; with a Receipt to prevent 
 Blights, aud cure them when blighted* 
 
 BY JOHN KENNEDY, 
 
 GARDENER TO SIR THOMAS GASCOIGNE, BART. 
 THE SECOND EDITION, 
 
 CORRECTED AND GREATLY ENLARGED. 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 
 y o L. i, 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR S. HOOPER, N* 25, LUDGATB-HII.L, 
 M DCC LXXVII.
 
 T O 
 Sir THOMAS G ASCOIGNE, Bart, 
 
 TH E fruits of my labours, . 
 whatever they may be, be- 
 long to you : your goodnefs and 
 generofity have already greatly 
 over-paid them ; yet I never durft 
 have petitioned for your patronage 
 and protection for thefe Sheets, 
 which I prefume to offer to the 
 public, but from a perfect con- 
 viction of their utility : being 
 fufficiently acquainted with your 
 knowledge in my profeflion, and 
 more fo with the rigour with 
 which you would treat the errors of 
 a 2 your
 
 iv D E D I C A T I O N, 
 
 your own fervant when they re- 
 garded the public. 
 
 I have the honour to be, with the 
 tttmoft refpeft and gratitude, 
 
 S I R, 
 
 Your dutiful fervant, 
 
 JOHN KENNEDY.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 A Second Publication of this Work 
 affords the Author the pleafing 
 tafk of returning thanks to the Public 
 for the favorable reception it has met 
 with, which gives him great pleafure 
 and fatisfadion. 
 
 *He thinks himfelf obliged, in a 
 particular manner, to thofe Gentlemen 
 who have honored him with letters 
 of approbation of his Work, many 
 of whom have generoufly confeffed 
 the fingular advantage their Pineries 
 have received by applying his pre- 
 paration for deftroying thofe infects 
 fo pernicious and deftruclive to the 
 Ananas or Pine-Apple, which it has 
 effectually completed. 
 
 Many purchafers of the firft edition 
 
 of this work, as well as his friends, 
 
 a 3 having
 
 vi PREFACE. 
 
 having requefted him to publim his 
 thoughts upon the Management and 
 Pruning of Fruit-trees in general, 
 affuring him that it would prove a 
 valuable addition to this work. 
 
 In compliance with their flattering 
 requeft he has ventured to lay before 
 the Public a courfe of many years 
 practice, which he has followed with 
 the greateft fuccefs. 
 
 The many publications on Garden- 
 ing and Planting, which have been 
 offered of late years to the Public, 
 might have difcouraged the Author 
 of this Treatife from the prefent 
 attempt ; but as moft of thofe that 
 have fallen in his way treat the fubject 
 in too general and fpeculative a method 
 to be of fervice, to practitioners, his 
 intention in the following fheets is 
 not to deliver himfelf fyftematically, 
 tut, in the moft explicit manner, to 
 
 5 Ia 7
 
 PREFACE. vii 
 
 lay before the Public facts that have 
 been fuccefsfully reduced to practice 
 by himfelf. 
 
 Each particular fubject he means to 
 treat of, he will take up from the. 
 beginning, and to give the moft 
 minute directions as to the method of 
 culture, labour, and management ; 
 together with thefeafons that each par- 
 ticular work is to be performed 
 
 The planting of poor waftes, moor- 
 lands, and apparent barren mountains, 
 has been but feldom treated of, and 
 in very few places attempted. 
 
 The fuccefs the Author has had in 
 planting fuch grounds, even in the 
 north of Scotland, has induced him to 
 treat that fubjecl: rather largely ; and 
 he flatters himfelf that, if his direc- 
 tions are followed, extenfive tracts of 
 land which are now ufelefs, may be* 
 come ornamental and profitable.
 
 viii PREFACE, 
 
 A general fyftem of Gardening not 
 being the intention of this Treatife, 
 the Author will confine himfelf to 
 the management of Fruit-trees in 
 general, of Vines, Ananas or Pine- 
 Apple, Afparagus, and a new method 
 of raifingMufhrooms without fpawn. 
 
 His method of managing the dif- 
 ferent Soils proper for Borders, for 
 Planting Fruit-trees, and of Pruning 
 them, if not the beft, has at leaft the 
 merit of being fo new, that it differs 
 entirely from any thing he has feen, 
 both as to theory and practice. 
 
 The management of Fruit-trees has 
 been treated at large by moft of the 
 eminent writers on the fubject of Gar- 
 dening. The Author has read them 
 with attention, and while he fees 
 great objections to all their plans, 
 finds lefs reafon to attach himfelf to 
 any one 9f them, as there are hardly 
 
 twp
 
 PREFACE. ix 
 
 two writers of one opinion ; but it is 
 his bufinefs to endeavour to be as 
 accurate as poflible himfelf, and not 
 to criticize on the defeds of others. 
 
 He would not however have it un-* 
 derftood, that by reading this treatife 
 every perfon who can diftinguifh a 
 peach from a pear, will be able to- 
 undertake the management of Fruit- 
 trees, &c. for if books could make 
 prpfideiits, there would be no occa- 
 fidn 1 for inafters in any art or branch 
 whatever. 
 
 Neither fliould any one attempt to 
 plant or prune without having been 
 fome time under a fkilful perfon y 
 xvhofe pradical inftruclion being 
 added to a careful obfervation of the 
 rules here given, cannot fail of fuc- 
 ceeding to the utmoft expectation of 
 thofe who follow them, which is the 
 moft ardent wilh of the Author. 
 
 The
 
 X PREFACE; 
 
 The directions given on thofe heads 
 being very different from the general 
 practice, may perhaps make fome 
 rather diffident in following them; 
 but the Author avers that they are 
 what he has followed with the greateft 
 fuccefs for many years. 
 
 Agriculture being now the object 
 of general attention, the Author has 
 added to this Treatife the cultivation 
 of Field-Cabbages and Carrcts., in- 
 duced thereto by the great crops he 
 has himfelf raifed, and the great ad- 
 vantage they are. in feeding of cattle, 
 &c. 
 
 The growing of Turnips too is be- 
 come an, objedl of the greateft confe- 
 quence for feeding of Cattle ; the Au- 
 thor, therefore, has from many accurate 
 obfervations added a.chapter on their 
 cultivation; his method has been fol- 
 lowed by many who have raifed them 
 
 with
 
 with the greateft fuccefs for years in 
 different parts of England. The 
 great wafte every year, occafioned by 
 their rotting (and the larger they are 
 the more they are liable to it) muft 
 be a considerable lofs to the grower, 
 which may be avoided in a great mea- 
 fure by pulling and houfing them, 
 efpecially the large ones, in dry 
 weather, which, from repeated trials 
 he is warranted to fay, will effeclnially 
 preferve them. 
 
 The inftrudHons given in this : Trea- 
 tife -upon Planting, Gardening, and 
 rural Oeconomy, are the refult of 
 many years experience ; and the ap- 
 probation his labours have met with is 
 a very "ample reward to the Author. 
 
 CON-
 
 CONTE NTS 
 
 O F 
 
 VOLUME THE FIRST. 
 
 CHAP. PAGE. 
 
 L The Method of f aifing Wood on 
 Rocky, Hilly, Wafte, and Heath 
 Lands - i 
 
 II. On Sowing Tree-Seeds with Corn 34 
 
 III. On Planting Moors and Commons 
 
 covered with long Heath 44 
 
 IV. On Thick Planting, and the Ma- 
 
 nagement of Woods that have 
 been neglefted 102 
 
 VI. On the Soils proper for the different 
 
 Kinds of Foreft-Trees 125 
 
 VII. On American Foreft-Trees 155 
 
 VIII. On the Management of grown 
 
 Woods ~ 167 
 
 IX. On Fences and their Management 182 
 
 X. On Vines 201-
 
 A 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 O N 
 
 PLANTING 
 
 AND 
 
 GARDEN ING. 
 
 > 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 "The Method of raijirtg wood on rocky , billy, ivajlC) 
 and heath lands* 
 
 TH E cxtenfive traces of rocky, 
 wade, and heath lands in this 
 kingdom, if converted into plan- 
 tations of thriving trees, would proye a 
 certain benefit to pofterity, as well as a 
 pleafing reflection to thofe who are at the 
 expence of performing fo great and good 
 a work. To aflifl the generous planter in 
 VOL* L A his
 
 2 O PRAISING WOOD 
 
 his patriotic defign, is the intention of 
 this firft chapter. I (hall fuppofe the 
 tract of country, now in view, to confift of 
 rocky, hilly, and heath land, with little 
 or no foil. Such unpromifing ground 
 may be covered with wood in the follow- 
 
 ing manner. 
 
 THE labourers mould be provided with 
 light ax-hoes, broad at one end and nar- 
 row at the other. With the broad end 
 pare off the grals or heath as thin as poffi- 
 ble ; then with the narrow end ftir the 
 ground to four or five inches, if you can; 
 picking out fuch fmall (tones as are loo- 
 feried by the hack in ftirring the ground, 
 always avoiding large ilones ; but where 
 thefe, or pieces of rock intervene, at three 
 feet diiUmce from the rock make as many 
 places round as you can, for no ground 
 mould be loft; and although the trees 
 are near on one fide, they will have fuf T 
 ficient air to grow to maturity. 
 
 TH i s work fhould be done in fummer, 
 
 that
 
 ON WASTE LANDS 3 
 
 that the places loolened may have the ad- 
 Vantage of the firft rains in autumn to 
 moiften them ; for there is no planting in 
 fuch grounds until they are moiftened af- 
 ter {Hiring, as all rain runs off before the 
 (urface is broke. 
 
 THERE is nothing more to be done un- 
 til the planting-feafbn, which fliould be 
 as early as the weather will permit ; for if 
 done late, a dry fpring would be of bad 
 confequence, 
 
 WHEN you begin to plant, take up no 
 more trees at a time than can be planted 
 in one day, taking care not to expofe the 
 roots to the fun or wind. 
 
 THEbeft method is to fbw and plant 
 the trees alternately. So when you plant, 
 the places for feed fliould he left until the 
 (eafon for {owing in fpring. 
 
 THE trees fit for planting in fuch places 
 
 are, at the fummit of hills, Scotch firs and 
 A 2 larches.
 
 4 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 larches. This is the proper fitnation 
 for larch, it being an inhabitant of high 
 and cold places. A great reafon for its 
 growing crooked, is its being planted in 
 low foliations and good land, where it 
 grows too fad, and is not able to flipport 
 ks large head. 
 
 THE weft, north, and north-eaft afpecls 
 fhould be planted with Scotch fir and 
 larch ; and towards the bottom of the 
 hill, in the fame afpects, beech will thrive* 
 If there are fix inches of foil, fown or 
 planted oaks will grow very well ; and 
 though the foil be poor, clumps of fyca- 
 more for ornament will grow beyond ex- 
 pectation ; as they will receive the moifturc 
 from the higher grounds. This may be 
 fcen. ia natural woods. 
 
 THE other afpects fhoul'd be planted 
 with beech, hornbeam, fycamore, and 
 all the bottom with oaks : if three or 
 four mountain aflies are planted in dif- 
 ferent places, it will add to the beauty of 
 
 the
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. 5 
 
 the plantation ; but the wood is of little 
 value. 
 
 THE common wood, or rough-leaved 
 Elm, will grow in a very poor foil to 
 great perfection, and may be planted next 
 to the Beech. Theie muft be planted very 
 thick. There are many firs and pines 
 brought from America that thrive in poor 
 land. Of theie there have been no large 
 plantations made ; what have been plant- 
 ed are for ornament, and the wood of 
 them does not feeni to differ much from 
 the Scotch, which we are Cure comes to a 
 great fize in a very poor foil, and at a 
 tliftance they have much the fame ap- 
 pearance. The beauty of fuch plantations 
 is only to be feen from cliftant views. 
 The feeds of the fame fort of trees fhonld 
 be town in every other place left vacant 
 in planting. ^t the top, where the 
 Scotch firs and larches are planted, 
 there mould be no places left, as thefe 
 trees are of a very quick growth, and the 
 
 feeds of the fir kinds are fubjecl to be 
 A 3 dc-
 
 6 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 devoured by birds. The young plants 
 alfo, for the firft year, are very fubjeft 
 to be thrown out of the ground by froft. 
 And, what is more material, they would 
 be (mothered by thole planted, if they 
 fhould meet with no mifchance. 
 
 IN lowing, you may put fome acorns 
 amongft the planted beech, as they are 
 near of a growth. They will grow from 
 ieed where they will not thrive when 
 planted, and, penetrating into the cavities 
 with their young fibrous roots, will find 
 IlirRcient nouriihment where there is lit- 
 tle appearance of a tree's growing. In 
 natural woods we often fee fine oaks in 
 fuch iltuatidns, and there is no doubt fuch 
 trees were from feeds accidentally dropt. 
 
 IT fliould be ob&rved, that all trees 
 thrive better in clumps than when mixed. 
 If mixed, they mould be with trees of an 
 equal growth, which is feldom confkler- 
 cd. It has been a common praclice to 
 
 mix Scotch firs with oak and beech (the 
 
 Scotch
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. 7 
 
 Scotch fir is of a very quick growth 
 for ten years, the oak and beech of a ve- 
 ry flow growth for near that time) to keep 
 them warm and to encourage their growth. 
 The praclice is very wrong, and quite con- 
 trary to the prefent fyftem of thick plant- 
 ing. If the firs are planted at fix feet 
 diftance, with an oak between, they will 
 finother the oaks in a few years ; and if 
 taken away fooner, they do not anfwer 
 the end they were planted for. . If the 
 oaks are planted alone at three feet di- 
 ftance, they will thrive much better, for 
 they fuffer more from the cold when the 
 firs are taken away, than any advantage 
 they can receive from their warmth while 
 they remain. When the firs are taken 
 away your oaks fland at fix feet diftance, 
 which is too much, as the intention of 
 planting thick is fruftrated, which is to 
 prevent pruning and to keep the trees 
 warm, both which are of the greateft com 
 iequence to plantations on poor land. 
 
 WHERE there is ib much rock, and in- 
 A 4 deed
 
 8 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 deed no appearance of earth, there is no 
 poflibility of ftirring the earth with a 
 hack ; yet we muft not deipair of railing 
 trees and (hrubs, which is evident to be 
 leen in natural woods where trees and 
 (hurbs are feemingly growing out of the 
 ftone. No art can pretend to plant in fuch 
 places ; but nature (hews us what (lie can 
 do, and by following her dictates we may 
 accomplifh what has been thought im- 
 poffible. 
 
 IN all rocks there are openings and ca- 
 vities, and by the moifture falling from 
 the higher parts of the rock into the bou 
 torn of the openings, there is fufficient 
 nourifhment to vegetate feeds ; and when 
 they are once in a growing ilate, the 
 young roots will find cavities and open- 
 ings to pufh into, and alib nourifliment 
 fufficient to make a tree, bufh, or flirub. 
 It cannot be fo certain to get trees and 
 ftirubs to grow in rocks as in earth; but 
 it may be depended on that many will 
 grow, and to a great ilze. The only me-, 
 thod is to drop feeds into the cavities.
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. 9 
 
 THE bed feafbn for dropping feeds into 
 rocks is as fbon as they are full ripe and 
 dry ; but there are fb many mice and other 
 vermin about fuch places in winter, not 
 overftocked with provifion, that they de- 
 ftroy every thing within their reach. To 
 remedy this as much as poffible, the feeds 
 may be fo prepared as to be fbwn or drop- 
 ped in March with good fucceis. 
 
 THE preparation of the feeds for drop- 
 ping amongft rocks, and fbwing planta- 
 tions on all kinds of poor land, will be 
 treated of under that head. 
 
 IN order to drop the feeds amongft 
 rocks, let a man take a few of the follow- 
 ing feeds, and drop three or four of a kind 
 into each cavity, obferving to drop the 
 larger feeds into the deepeft cavities, 
 fuch as acorns, beech-matt, hornbeam, 
 evergreen oaks, yews, mountain afh, 
 hollies, haws ; and, into the lefler open- 
 ings, broom, juniper, furze, birch, and 
 wood elm.
 
 THESE places mould be gone over the 
 following fpring, as there are many acci- 
 dents to prevent the growing of the feeds. 
 There will be no occafion to have any re- 
 gard to drop the fame forts of feeds into 
 the holes as they were dropped the fpring 
 before ; for if both grow, it will be of no 
 bad confequence, as we often fee two 
 trees of different kinds growing in natu- 
 ral woods on bare rocks. 
 
 IT may feem ridiculous to drop feeds 
 into rocks ; but it is evident, that many 
 fine trees are growing in fuch places, and 
 Jt muft have been occafioned from feed 
 accidentally dropping. This is no more 
 than following nature, and fhe has taught 
 us what is to' be clone to cover fiich places 
 as have been left naked and difagreeable. 
 
 IT may 'be objected, that there are ma- 
 ny trees in natural woods, on rocks, that 
 produce feed, and yet there are many 
 bare places on the fame rocks. But it 
 may be remarked, that many of the feed 
 
 falling
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. it 
 
 falling into one cavity may intice vermin 
 to deftroy the whole, and many places 
 where none fall. The fmall quantity that 
 is dropped into each place is no great 
 temptation to vermin, and the regular 
 dropping prevents any being milled. 
 
 I MUST here be understood asfpeaking 
 of fuch places where there is very little 
 earth, and of bare rocks where there ap-i 
 pears to be no earth, and where it feems 
 almoft impoflible for any thing to grow, 
 and where the fpade could be of no fer- 
 vice. But I am certain, if the directions 
 given are followed, a fine foretl will (uc- 
 ceed a barren mountain, which will be a 
 great pleafure to the prefent pofleflbr, a 
 profit to pofterity, and an advantage to the 
 kingdom in general. 
 
 HAVING given directions for planting 
 the barren mountain where there is little 
 foil, I fhall now take into confideration 
 gravelly hills, heaths, and commons, where 
 there is fo much earth that little holes 
 may be made to plant and fow in.
 
 12 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 MAKE the holes at three feet cliftance 
 as deep as the foil will allow, and one foot 
 broad, if the ground is not very ftony at 
 top. The readieft method is to pare off 
 the fiirface with a paring fpade ; but if 
 (tony, the broad end of the ax-hole will 
 be the belt. If grafs, pare it off as thin 
 as poflible, lay it afide, dig out the earth, 
 and lay the pared furface into the bottom, 
 laying in the earth in the form of 'a mole- 
 hill, to remain until the (eafon for plant- 
 ing and fowing. This work fliould be 
 performed early in fummer for the rains 
 to moilten the earth, which is always very 
 dry when turned up, and there is no dan- 
 ger of weeds growing on fuch land. The 
 arth being laid up round will have more 
 advantage of being mellowed by the wea~ 
 ther ; and when the planting feafon comes, 
 there is nothing to do but to level the 
 ground even with the furface and plant. 
 
 A MAN can make three hundred holes 
 in a day, and two men may plant a thou- 
 
 fand, and do them well. 
 
 IF
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. 13 
 
 IF the furface be coarfe, benty grafs or 
 fliort heath, \vhich is often the cafe in 
 flich poor land, pare it off with the hoe 
 as thin as poffible, and throw it away. 
 The paring fpade mould not be ufed, as 
 it takes too much of the (canty foil : for 
 in flich dry ground any thing that is light 
 keeps it open, and is of very bad confe- 
 queiice by making the ground lighter 
 and drier. 
 
 THE holes being laid in this pofition, 
 will be in good condition to plant after 
 the firft autumn rains, for moft kinds of 
 deciduous trees. They mould be planted 
 as foon as the leaf is decayed. They may 
 be planted in open weather the begin- 
 ning of winter, but never in the fpring 
 on fuch dry ground. 
 
 OAK and larch are an exception to the 
 general rule ; for although they are deci- 
 duous plants, their proper time of plant- 
 ing is late in fpring. 
 
 OAK
 
 14 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 OAK thrives beft when it is removed 
 in the fpring, juft before the bud begin? 
 to pufli ; that is, about the beginning of 
 March. This fliould always be oblerved 
 in the removing of them that have been 
 trained in the nurfery for four or five 
 years, as in a great meafure fuccefs de- 
 pends on their being removed at a pro- 
 per time. I have planted oaks of fix and 
 eight feet high, the latter end of April 
 with good fuccels, but it was into a fine 
 ftrong loamy foil. 
 
 TH E young plants of oaks that are in- 
 tended for bare ground fliould be planted 
 at the fame time with the trees from the 
 nurfery; but if there is the appearance of 
 a dry fpring, they muft be planted before 
 the ground is diy, or they will infallibly 
 perifti. 
 
 As it is beft to plant 'all kinds of trees 
 by themfelves, it can be no inconvenience 
 to leave the ground defigned for oaks un- 
 til the proper feafbn. This wilt be an ad- 
 van-
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. 15 
 
 vantage ; as the other forts of trees (hould 
 be planted fooner, there will be more 
 time to finifti planting. 
 
 IF there are any (mall crooked oaks in 
 the nurfery, and feemingly good for little, 
 prune their (terns, and plant them by 
 themielves ; and after they have been 
 planted two years, in any of the winter 
 months cut them down an inch below the 
 ground, and they will make fine flraight 
 (hoots next fummer. In the latter end 
 of June, or beginning of July, let them 
 be gone through, and all the {hoots but 
 one of the ftraighteft and (trongeft be 
 lliped off with the finger and thumb, 
 doling the earth round the remaining 
 plant ; they will come eafily off at that 
 feafon, but if they (land much longer, 
 we ihall be in danger of tearing the bark 
 off the (tool, which would fpoil the tree. 
 There muft be no knife made ufe of ; for 
 if cut, they will pufli many (hoots at every 
 imputation, which would much injure 
 
 the trees, as they muft be cut again, and 
 
 bv
 
 i6 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 by that means will form a bunch round 
 the root of the tree, which would be very 
 detrimental, if not wholely deftroy it. It 
 will be neceflary the next fummer to go 
 over them at the fame feafon, and ftrip off 
 anyfmall flioots that may have fprung, 
 after which no further care will be want- 
 ed. This is foreign to what I propofed 
 treating of; but I have feen fuch oak 
 plants thrown away as good for nothing. 
 I have planted fuch, and treated them as 
 here directed, and have had a clump of 
 fine trees, flraighter and finer than thole 
 planted with their heads. It is my opi- 
 nion, that all planted oaks which do not. 
 thrive, if they were cut down as above, 
 would make fiue trees. I have done fo 
 with fbme, and they anfwered very well. 
 
 TH E larch, although a deciduous tree, 
 fliould never be planted in winter, and in 
 mofl autumns it is too late before it lofes 
 its leaf. The beft feafon then is the be- 
 ginning of March, both for large and 
 
 imall trees. They mould be planted juft 
 
 before
 
 ON WASTE LANDS; 17 
 
 before the buds begin to pufli. It is a 
 refinous tree, although not an evergreen, 
 and has fmall fibrous roots like all kinds 
 of firs and pines, whole roots fhoti Id never 
 be cut, unlcfs they have been long out of 
 the ground. 
 
 o 
 
 NONE of thole trees flioukl be planted 
 when the wind is high, nor when the air 
 is frofly ; their ftrong roots being hard 
 and brittle : the fmall roots, if dried by 
 froft or wind, never recover, and it is 
 from thole fmall roots the tree is firft put 
 in a growing ftate ; this often occasions 
 the lois of the tree, as the large roots are 
 ib hard, that they feldom pufh until the 
 tree is growing. Young larches have on- 
 ly fmall roots, and require no cutting if 
 planted foon after taken up. If the fmall 
 roots are dried, it is of bad confequence, 
 and is the reafoii they fo often milcarry 
 when kept long out of the ground. All 
 kinds of refinous plants fhould have their 
 roots wrapped in wet mols, if they are to 
 be carried to any diftance. 
 
 VOL. I. B ALL
 
 a3 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 ALL kinds of pines and firs fliould be 
 planted early in autumn or in die fpring ; 
 the latter is preferable, as early in autumn 
 the ground is generally too dry, and after 
 the rains have fallen, it will be too late, 
 as the frofls may be expected fbon ; and 
 fliould they be very fevere, it will throw 
 the young trees out of the ground. 
 
 TH E Scotch firs are an exception to 
 the general rule, for they may be planted 
 with (afety from September to April; but 
 in poor land that is hard and dry, it would 
 be of great fervice to put fome grafs, ftub- 
 ble, or any light (luff round them, to keep 
 out the froft, as they are fubjeft to be 
 thrown out of the ground as the other 
 kinds. 
 
 IT fliould be obferved, that firs ought 
 never to be planted in fuch dry ground, 
 as here treated of, when very dry ; nei- 
 ther fliould they be planted when the 
 ground is very wet. Two days after 
 rain, it will be in good condition, that is, 
 
 in
 
 O N W A S T E L A N D S. 19 
 
 In high ground ; but there are fome very 
 poor lands that areYo flat, that the wa- 
 ter has no way to run off. Such places 
 fliould be planted in fpring. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the ground in general be 
 very poor, yet in thole places where the 
 water lies, it is richer, and generally of 
 a (Irongifh loam, although (hallow, and 
 a clayey bottom. If the water can be 
 drained off, fb that the ground remains 
 only wettifh, and not to fland to cover 
 the furface, oak will thrive well in (uch 
 places, and grow fatter than in any other 
 ground. I have had them (hoot three 
 feet in one year, being the lecond after 
 planting, and very flraight and ftrong. 
 although the whole ground was feveral 
 times covered with water the firft winter 
 after being planted. 
 
 WHEN fuch places are planted, the 
 
 holes muft not be made but as you plant; 
 
 for if the holes were to be made as before 
 
 directed, the bottoms would be full of 
 
 B a water,
 
 20 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 water, the tree would (land in a quag- 
 mire, and it would be impoffible to fatten 
 it. If the tree is planted fix inches above 
 the level of the furface, it will be better, 
 and the ground made up, round die 
 tree, in the form of a round-topp'd mum- 
 room. 
 
 IN thefe places we muft deviate from 
 the general rule for planting poor land. 
 The trees planted here mufl be flich as 
 iiave been trained in the nuriery for four 
 or five years, and of a pretty good growth. 
 The reafbn is, that the fmall fibres of 
 young trees are eafily rooted ; therefore, 
 fuch trees as are planted in this ground, 
 muft have all their fmall roots pruned off. 
 The ftrong roots will bear the moiflure, 
 and pufli frefh roots fooner than in any 
 other ground. It will be abfolutely ne- 
 ceflary to plant fuch places in fpring, and 
 it may be performed ten days later than 
 in any other grounds, for there will be 
 fufficient moiflure for them all the fum- 
 mer. 
 
 THERE
 
 ON WAST ELANDS. 21 
 
 THERE muft be no places left for (ow- 
 ing here ; for the moifture would rot the 
 feeds. Spruce-fir, and the fwamp-pine 
 will thrive well in (uch places ; and the 
 plane tree will grow, if there is a foot 
 deep of foil. Every one of the poplar kind 
 will do very well ; but I think they ftiould 
 all give place to the oak, which will thrive 
 to admiration. 
 
 POPLARS of all kinds have come into 
 great efleem of late years, being found 
 very fit for every fort of country bufinefs. 
 Several gentlemen have made chamber- 
 floors of them, which anfwer very well ; 
 
 but they will not be of long duration. 
 
 i 
 
 As wood is fcarce in many places, a 
 fmall place might be allotted for a planta- 
 tion of poplars ; and as they are of a 
 quick growth, they will come to ufe in a 
 few years, and lave better wood. They 
 will grow in any land that is not very hard 
 and dry ; but as the intention of planting 
 them is, that they may foon become pro- 
 B 3 fita-
 
 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 fitable, it is advifeable to plant them in a 
 fwampy rich foil. 
 
 TH E beft method to propagate them is 
 to cut them into truncheons of a yard 
 long, and with an iron bar let them into 
 the ground level with the furface, fatten- 
 ing the ground round them. They will 
 pufh out many (hoots the following fum^ 
 mer, which mould be all pulled off by 
 the hand die end of June, or foon in Ju- 
 ly ; only one of the flraighteft and ftrong- 
 eft fhould be left to grow to a tree. There 
 will be more (hoots puflied out in the 
 fuHitner, which mould alfo be pulled off 
 as before (for they are very fubjecl: to pufli 
 out fuckers) after which they require no 
 further care ; for if they are planted at 
 fix feet diftance; they will prune them- 
 felves, and grow very ftraight, and to a 
 great fize in thirty years, 
 
 SOME (harpen them like a flake, and 
 drive them down with a mallet, but that 
 is not a good method ; for if in driving, 
 
 they
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. 23 
 
 they are fcratched by ftones or roots, the 
 bark decays on that ficle, and often caufes 
 a blemim in the tree, after It has grown 
 leveral years. When the bark is not broke, 
 they pufli roots all along the truncheon 
 to the very furf ace, and make much finer 
 trees than thole planted with roots ; nei- 
 ther are they fubjecl to be blown up, 
 which the others are. 
 
 IN plantations where under-wood Is 
 defigned, Ibme clumps of poplars will an- 
 fwer extremely well ; if the ground is in- 
 clined to wet, they will be fit for cutting- 
 much fooner than any other wood ; therer 
 fore they fiiould be kept by themlelves. 
 
 TH E fowing tree-feeds by the plow has 
 been fome time in practice, and is cer- 
 tainly a good Icheme ; but to uie the plow 
 in poor gravelly land, that is covered 
 with (hort heath, and has never been in 
 tillage, will anfwer no end ; or if the 
 field or common be rough with coarfe 
 grafs, and little foil, it will coft ten times 
 
 B 4 the
 
 *4 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 the expence to bring it into order for 
 (owing or planting, than making the holes 
 for planting as before directed ; and the 
 trees will thrive much better than when 
 the coarfe grafs and heath are plowed in, 
 imlefs the ground is worked until they are 
 quite rotten, which would require a good 
 deal of labour and expence to no pur- 
 pole. 
 
 WHERE there is poor land, that has 
 growed corn for fome years, and is 
 designed for planting, plowing will 
 be of great u(e, and a very profitable way 
 of working it ; the field may, at a fmall 
 expence, be put into good condition, 
 which will promote the growth, fuccour 
 and encourage the trees for many years, 
 even until their own foliage becomes a 
 manure to them ; and a crop of under- 
 wood my be expected. 
 
 PLOW the ground in autumn immedi- 
 ately as fbon as the corn is off, and let it ly 
 all the winter to mellow ; plow it again 
 
 in
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. 25 
 
 in the fpring, as fbon as the ground is in 
 condition ; and a third plowing is nece 
 fary in order to fbw turnip or rape feed, 
 which fhould be fbwn as early as pol- 
 fible, and very thick. When it is grown 
 ilufh, that is, juft before the plants begin 
 tofhoot (for they will all (hoot that are thus 
 fbwn (b early and thick) feed them off with 
 iheep ; as fbon as they have ate them quite 
 bare, plow the ground a fourth time ; and 
 if many weeds fhould grow, which is 
 hardly to be expected in poor gravelly 
 land, plow it again juft before winter. 
 When it is dry, let it ly all the winter 
 rough until fpring. 
 
 THE middle of April is the proper 
 time for lowing the prepared feeds ; but 
 if they are fbwn without any preparation, 
 they fhould be fbwn the beginning of 
 March. Early in the Spring there is al- 
 ways a great hurry of bufinefs ; it will, 
 therefore, be a great relief to have a 
 week more to perform the fame work. ; 
 and, befldcs other advantages, this is .a 
 
 very
 
 i6 
 
 very eflential one for preferring the pre- 
 pared feed. 
 
 JUST before you intend to fbw, plow 
 and harrow the ground ; and if the field 
 is (b large as to take feveral days work, 
 plow no more than you can finifh in a 
 day. 
 
 THE ground being plowed and har- 
 rowed, mix beech-maft, afli-keys (the 
 afh-keys fhould be buried a year in a pit, 
 mixed with fifted coal-aflies, as they never 
 come up the firft year) fycamore, horn- 
 beam, common black cherries, Spanifli 
 chefhut, maple, and acorns, and fow 
 them broad-cafi all over the field ; then 
 plow the field with a very mallow fur* 
 row three inches, and fcatter fbme 
 birch and rough -leaved elm-feed alj 
 qver it. 
 
 TH E proper timber-trees for fuch land, 
 with underwood, are oak, beech, and 
 Spanifli chefnuts, which are all much of 
 
 a growth ;
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. vj 
 
 a growth ; and although this is not the 
 proper foil for the oak, it will anfwer 
 veiy well when fbwn. Notwithflanding 
 there are all thofe kinds of feeds fown in 
 the broad-caft way, and covered by the 
 plow, it would not be amils, at thirty 
 feet diftance, to plant tliree of the timber- 
 tree feeds in a triangle of fix inches di- 
 ftance, and then there will be a certainty 
 of having the trees, which are to grow to 
 timber, at a regular diftance (which might 
 be marked as the labour would not be 
 much) and room for the underwood to 
 grow fo as never to be over-topp'd by the 
 timber-trees. The whole mould then have 
 a fingle ftroke with a bufh-harrow. 
 
 IF any large weeds, fuch as thirties, 
 docks, or wild muftard, fhould grow, 
 they mould be pulled by the hand when 
 young ; as for fmall weeds, they will be 
 of fervice in winter, to prevent the frofts 
 throwing the feedlings out of the ground, 
 and will not grow in fummer to be any 
 ways detrimental to the plants ; befides, 
 
 they
 
 28 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 they will keep out the drought, which 
 will be of great ule in fuch ground. 
 
 i 
 
 TH E trees defigned for timber fliould 
 have nothing of the tree kind grow nearer 
 them at firft than three feet ; and the third 
 year after ibwing, there fliould be only 
 one plant left in a place. 
 
 THE whole ground fhould be gone 
 over the third year, and all the plants that 
 are for underwood, and nearer than a 
 foot, (liould be drawn up, and the ground 
 fattened round the remaining plants. 
 
 As there will be a number of young 
 plants drawn, they fhould be planted in a 
 'nurfery prepared for them in tolerable 
 good land, and trained for Come years to 
 plant in good ground. 
 
 ALL kinds of firs and pines mufl not 
 have any place where underwood is in- 
 tended ; if allowed to grow fcattered 
 about the field, they fpread a vafl way, 
 
 and
 
 O N W A S T E L A N D S. 29 
 
 and by the clofenefs of their branches will 
 deftroy every thing under them ; and if 
 they are cut down after they are grown to 
 a conficlerable fize, they make a large gap. 
 
 TH i s is the only method to get under- 
 wood in poor gravelly land. It will be 
 long after fowing, before it is fit for ufe j 
 but after it has been cut the firft time, it 
 will grow better every cutting, and laft 
 many years. 
 
 GROUND thus managed with the plow 
 would make a fine wood, fown after the 
 following manner. Make the holes at 
 three feet diftance ; put three or four feeds 
 in a hole, at four inches diftance, in form 
 of a fquare. To the weft, north- weft, 
 north, north-eaft, and eaft, make a fkirt- 
 ing of Scotch firs, ,and another of larches 
 in the fame afpecls ; then beech, Spanifh 
 chefnuts, and acorns. The feedlings may 
 grow to the feconcl year, when they 
 fliould be drawn, except two of the beft 
 plants. Then the third year, the beft 
 ftiould be left, and the others taken away.
 
 30 OF RAISING WOOD 
 
 THERE mud neither be fpade nor fork 
 uled in taking up the fupernumerary trees; 
 for if the roots of the trees that are to re- 
 main are difturbed, it will greatly hinder 
 their growth. If a proper feaibn is ob- 
 ferved, they will draw eafily. After a 
 very hard froft, when the ground is tho- 
 roughly thawed, they will draw with the 
 hand. When the plants are all drawn, 
 fallen the ground round the plant that 
 remains, with your foot. The plants taken 
 up in this, and all (own plantations on 
 poor land, niuft be carried to the nur- 
 (ery. 
 
 
 
 A POOR cold clay, that has been in 
 corn, and is of no great value for that 
 purpole, will anfwer to make a plantation 
 with underwood. It will not be very vi- 
 gorous for fbme years ; but after the roots 
 have got good hold of the ground, it will 
 (hoot in fad, and laft many years. 
 
 OAK is the only timber-tree to be en- 
 couraged in fuch a foil. Its progrefs will 
 
 be
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. 11 
 
 
 
 be flow, but it makes fine wood. The 
 acorns fhould be fbwn four in a place, at 
 fix inches diftance from each other ; and 
 the places fhould not be nearer than thir- 
 ty feet, to allow room for the under-wood. 
 
 ASH, poplars of all kinds, tree fallow, 
 and birch are the proper underwood to 
 be planted and fown in fuch land. The 
 poplars and fallows, for planting in clay, 
 fhould be cut eighteen inches long. As 
 the clay is hard and dry, there will be 
 little moiflure to encourage their ftriking 
 roots at a greater depth, therefore they 
 fhould be let down, as before diredled, in 
 making plantations of them. 
 
 THE ground fhould be plowed early 
 in autumn, as deep as the plow can go, 
 with a thin furrow, and ly all winter to 
 mellow. 
 
 TH E poplars and fallows may be plant- 
 ed any time in winter, and the feeds fbwn 
 in the middle of April. This land mufl 
 
 not;
 
 O F R A I S I N G W O O D 
 
 not be plowed in the fpring, as it would 
 be too 
 at firft. 
 
 be too ftiff for the feeds to vegetate in 
 
 TH E acorns being planted at their pro- 
 per diftances, as alfb the fallows and po- 
 plars, let aQi, birch, and rough-leaved 
 elm-feed be fbwn all over the field, and 
 covered with a fingle ftroke of a bufh- 
 harrow. 
 
 THE poplars and willows fliould be 
 planted at eight feet diitance ; but none of 
 them (hould be planted nearer the acorns 
 that are to remain for timber-trees, than 
 ten feet. 
 
 IN fuch g plantation it would be very 
 beneficial to prune the oaks for ten years, 
 which would make them have fine flraight 
 flems, and be of great value. Being plant- 
 ed at fb great a diftance, there would not 
 be a great number in a large field, and 
 the labour and expence would be trifling. 
 Where underwood is intended, the tim- 
 ber
 
 ON WASTE LANDS. 33 
 
 ber-trees mould never be nearer, for if they 
 are, they will in a few years quite {mother 
 the under-wood, fo as to render it of little 
 value. 
 
 THERE is another advantage in pruning 
 the Oaks ; their (terns being long, and 
 their heads fmall, the under-wood will 
 thrive all around them as near as it mould 
 be allowed to grow j which will not be the 
 cafe if they are not" pruned : they wilt 
 then have fhort flems and very large heads, 
 and will deftroy the under-wood for thirty 
 feet round them. 
 
 IN countries fcarce of firing, and where 
 poles and rails are wanted, under-wood 
 will pay the proprietor triple more value 
 than the beft fields of corn, even allowing 
 for the expences of planting, fencing', 
 and the rent of the land from its being 
 planted to the firft cutting, after which 
 there is no labour but keeping up the 
 fences ; fo that the profit will increafe, and 
 the Oaks for timber fUll remain a great 
 eflate to fucceeding generations. 
 
 VOL, I. C CHAP,
 
 34 O N S O W I 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 On Solving Tree-Seeds with Corn. 
 
 OWING tree-feeds amongft corn is 
 an exceeding good method, for it pre- 
 vents the vermin deftroying the trees as 
 they come out of the ground ; moft trees 
 rring up the feed with the firfl leaf, and' 
 all birds are fond of them, and often deftroy 
 whole fields as they come up. This method 
 fhould not be attempted on fields that have 
 been in grafs, but fuch as have been in 
 corn for fome time. 
 
 IF it were rich deep land, it would be a 
 very good method to have a crop of under- 
 wood ; but bare poor land is our prefent 
 fubject, therefore I fhall give proper direc- 
 tions for raifmg a field of good timber- 
 trees on fuch land. 
 
 THE:
 
 TREE-SEEDS. 35 
 
 ^THE ground fhould be plowed in au- 
 tumn, and early in the fpring Town with 
 a thin crop of oats. If the feeds are dry, 
 and not prepared, they fhould be fown at 
 the fame time j but if prepared feeds are 
 ufed, which are much preferable, the 
 middle of April is the proper feafon. 
 
 THE large feeds may be planted with a,- 
 fetting-ftick, not too fharp at the point, at 
 three feet diftance, three or four feeds in a 
 place, at four inches apart and two inches 
 deep. 
 
 THE rough-leaved Elm, Larches, Scotch 
 Firs, Silver and Spruce Firs, and Pinafters 
 muftnot be planted with the fetting-ftick, 
 but the ground hollowed out half an inch, 
 and three or four feeds dropped into each 
 place at four inches diitance, and prefled a 
 little down with the hand, then covered 
 with mould level. 
 
 THE proper feeds to be (own, even iii 
 
 poof land, amongft corn, are Oak, Beech* 
 
 G 2, Black
 
 36 O N S O W I N G 
 
 Black Cherry, Spanifh Chefnut, Horn-- 
 beam, Silver and Spruce Firs, the Scotch-- 
 Fir, Larches, and Pinafter ; and, if the 
 ground is inclined to fand, Sycamore,, 
 Horfe Chefimt, and Limes may alfo be 
 planted. - 
 
 ALTHOUGH the ground is not the pro- 
 pereft for all the trees here mentioned, the 
 growing corn is of fo great fervice to them,, 
 that they will thrive beyond all expecta- 
 tion. 
 
 THERE mould be no tree-feeds fown 
 where the furface is not quite rotten. If 
 any gentleman choofes to be at the ex- 
 pence of paring and burning fields or com- 
 mons that are in grafs or fhort heath, let 
 him fow it with turnips, and let them be 
 eat off with fheep early in autumn, then 
 plow it as deep as the foil will allow as 
 foon as it is clear of the turnips. In the 
 fpring fow it with a thin crop of oats, and 
 with the tree-feeds at the proper feafon ; 
 
 March 
 6
 
 T RE E-S E E D S. 37 
 
 'March for the dry feeds, and the middle 
 of April if they are prepared. 
 
 IF the ground is free from large "ftones 
 and tolerably even, fo as to be eafily plowed, 
 the expence will not be great, efpecially if 
 the feafon anfwers, the turnips will repay 
 the expences ; there can be no expectations 
 .of a great crop from fuch poor land. It is 
 for the advantage of the tree-feeds that I 
 .recommend this method of working, 
 
 ALL the Pine and Fir kinds of Trees d 
 much better fown amongfl corn than any 
 .other way; and indeed it is the beft 
 method of fowing them, for theilubble is 
 very beneficial to them, as it prevents, in 
 a great meafure, the froft throwing them 
 out of the ground, which all forts of Firs 
 and Pines are fubjecl: to when fown other- 
 wife. 
 
 ALL the different kinds of trees fliould 
 
 fee fown feparate : the afpeh from the 
 
 C 3 Jimthr-
 
 3 S ON SOWING 
 
 fouth-eaft to the fouth-weft ihould be 
 (own nrft. A fkirting of Scotch Firs, 
 forty feet broad, mould be {own if the 
 plantation is large ; then another of 
 Larches of the fame breadth ; and if all 
 the other forts were fown in the fame 
 form, the different ma Jes would add greatly 
 to its beauty. 
 
 THE reafoti for {owing the Scotch Firs 
 find Larches to the weft, north, and eaft 
 points is, that as they are very hardy, ,and 
 quick growers, they will be a great melter 
 to the ether trees, and keep them from, tfye 
 cold winds that blow from thofe quarters, 
 which often bends them and makes them 
 grow crooked. 
 
 WHEN the oats are cut, the labourers 
 fhould be particularly careful not to tread 
 on the trees. The oats fhould be cut 
 high to prevent the feedling-plants from 
 being topt ; and the long ftubble will 
 keep the trees warm all the winter. The 
 oats mould be carried off the field by men 
 
 i ,
 
 S E E D - T R E E S. 39 
 
 .as foon as they are cut, for it will be im- 
 poffible to bring carts or horfes into the 
 field without deftroying many of the 
 young plants. 
 
 TREES (own amongft corn will grow 
 more the year they are fown, than they 
 will any other way in two, and be very 
 ftraight. I have had Oaks grow eight 
 inches from the feed in one year in very 
 poor land. 
 
 UNLESS there are thirties, or fuch 
 ftrong-growing weeds (which mould be 
 pulled up by the hand when? young) there 
 will be no occailon to hoe or clean in fuch 
 grounds, for the flubble and fmall weeds 
 wili be of great feryice to keep out froft 
 and drought, which is of great importance 
 to the young trees on fuch dry ground. 
 
 THE young plants mould be thinned the 
 
 fccond and third years, as directed in the 
 
 .other fown plantations ; after which they 
 
 C 4 will
 
 40 O N S O W I N G 
 
 will require no further trouble for many 
 years. 
 
 IT may be imagined that fawn trees left 
 at three feet diftan.ee would be fo thick as 
 never to grow to timber ; in tolerably good 
 foil it would be improper, but in poor 
 gravelly and fandy land they grow very 
 flow for feveral years, and never begin to 
 make any great progrefs until they ihelter 
 and keep one another warm ; they alfo 
 grow much differ and ibronger in the ftem, 
 and their fide-branches do not extend near 
 fo faft as in good land ; therefore their be- 
 ing {own thick is a very great advantage, 
 and the only method to make them thrive. 
 
 THERE is nothing further to be done 
 until the plantation becomes quite a 
 thicket, then every other tree muft be 
 fhib-felle.d, and they will be fit for many 
 ufes. 
 
 THE trees to be taken away (as they 
 will not be drawn weak on fuch ground) 
 
 may
 
 T R E E - S E E D S. 4* 
 
 * 
 
 .may feem very good plants for tranfplant- 
 ing ; but that muft not be attempted, as 
 it will be impoffible to take them up with 
 any thing like a root for planting, without 
 greatly hurting the roots of the trees that 
 are to remain on the ground ; it would 
 greatly retard their growth, and the trees 
 .taken up would have little chance of 
 growing, being taken out of fo clofe a 
 iituation ; and it would be impoffible to 
 avoid cutting thefe roots very mort, as the 
 trees are only three feet diftance, with their 
 roots fpreading all over the ground. 
 
 ALJL the plantations here treated of muit 
 be thinned in the fame manner when they 
 are grown up ; then the trees will ftand at 
 fix feet diftance, which will be fufficient 
 room for them to grow to timber. Aftet 
 ibme trees are taken away, and the re- 
 maining ones are at fix feet diftance, their 
 fide-branches will flill near meet, and be 
 fufficiently warm ; and they will decay as 
 the trees advance in height, and by. their 
 clofenefs will prune themfelves. 
 
 IT
 
 42 ON SOWING 
 
 Ix wltt. be a great temptation to lovers 
 of trees and planting, who have planta- 
 tions going on, to thin their fbwn planta- 
 tions. When the trees are about fix feet 
 high they are then of a proper frze and 
 age, and would be very fit for tranfplant- 
 ing into any ground that is tolerably good ; 
 but then, the plantations they were taken 
 from being on poor land, they would never 
 thrive, but Hunt and grow crooked bumes, 
 as may be feen in natural woods on poor 
 ground. Where the trees are thin they 
 make no progrefs, whereas where they are 
 very thick in the fame wood and on the 
 fame foil they are very ftraight and tall ; 
 for which reafon no temptation muft pre- 
 vail to thin them at that age. 
 
 WHERE under- wood is of great value, 
 and where there have been large planta- 
 tions made on poor land, when they come 
 to be about fix teen feet high, if there was a 
 hundred yards cut clean off by the ground, 
 then a clump of trees to (land of the fame 
 , and fo on all over the plantation, this 
 
 Would
 
 SEED-TREES. 43 
 
 svould be profitable to the prefent proprie- 
 tor and advantageous to the country ; and 
 as the trees ftand in large clumps they will 
 thrive very well, and the under-wood will 
 grow very fad after the firft cutting. 
 
 C II A P,
 
 ON P :L A N T I N -Q 
 
 CHAP. Ill, 
 
 Planting Moors and Commons covered 
 *wi}h long Heath. 
 
 THERE are large hills, moors, and 
 commons covered with long heath ; 
 fuch places are of more value than is ge- 
 nerally imagined. The heath which grows 
 .on them plainly mews the ground is fertile, 
 and if they had been planted fome years 
 fince would have been fine forefts, and not 
 one fprig of heath to be feen. It is the beft 
 foil for planting in England, and will bring 
 trees to as great perfection as our beft land, 
 and with fmall expence. 
 
 THIS foil, in appearance, is a light, 
 black peat earth ; but it is of a far fuperior 
 nature, for on that black, loofe, mofly 
 earth grows little heath, only a ftrong 
 benty grafs, and a little foft mofly earth 
 below the grafs, then a hard kind of peat ? 
 
 which
 
 VIGORS AND COMMONS. 45 
 
 which is very barren ; whereas that on 
 which long heath grows is of a great depth, 
 and of a fine moift clammy nature. On 
 this foil moft of all the kinds of foreft-trees* 
 known in England will grow, even all the 
 kinds of poplars, which mews that it is of 
 a very fine moift nature. 
 
 THE planting or fowing in fuch ground 
 is much eafier performed than in the beft 
 land : there is nothing further requifite 
 than to pull up -the heath about a foot's 
 breadth, and if you low with the large 
 tree-feeds, fuch as Acorns, Spanim Chef- 
 nuts, or Beech-Marl, they may be planted 
 with the fetting-ftick (as the pulling up of 
 the heath has loofened the ground fuffi- 
 ently) twa inches deep; four or five feeds 
 in a hole, three inches apart. 
 
 WHERE the fmaller feeds are fovvn, fuch 
 as the Silver and Spruce Fir, the Scotch 
 Fir, the Pinafler, Weymouth Pine, and 
 Larch Tree, after the heath is pulled up, 
 chop the ground with a fpade, and drop-" 
 
 four
 
 4$ ON PLANTING 
 
 four or five feeds into the place, at three 
 or four inches diftance, then gently tread- 
 it with the foot ; and nothing further is 
 required in fowing on ground where long 
 heath grows. 
 
 SUCH ground requires lefs labour to*' 
 plant than any other : there is no occafion 
 to make the holes until they are juft going 
 to be planted, and they need not be any 
 larger than juft to receive the tree roots/ 
 
 THE heath is of great advantage to the 
 young trees,- and makes them thrive ex- 
 ceedingly if it is higher than the trees 
 planted, which I would advife. If the 
 heath is eighteen inches or two feet high, 
 the trees fhould be a foot or thereabouts-; 
 the heath will then keep them warm, and 
 will protect them from all winds until 
 they have got good roots ; fo there will 
 be no occafion to plant fo thick as on thai 
 poor bare land.
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 4? 
 
 Six feet will be a proper difbnce ; the 
 trees will grow very faft, and by the time 
 they have got a foot or two above the 
 heath their branches will near meet, and 
 as the trees advance the heath will decay. 
 The trees growing clofer will prune them- 
 felves, and there will be no further care 
 requifite. 
 
 IF the ground is a fiat moor, it mould 
 be planted to the weft, northern^ and eaft 
 aspects with Scotch Firs and Larches,- 
 as before directed upon poor land, for 
 fhelter. 
 
 ,!F a hill or riling ground, which is 
 generally the cafe, the higheft ground to 
 the weft and north mould alfo be planted 
 with Scotch Firs and Larches, to fhelter 
 the other trees from the north winds ; but 
 the plantation of the N m mould be fmall, as 
 it would be bad policy to ufe much of this 
 ground for any trees but the Oak, which 
 thrive in fuchfoil better than in any other.
 
 4* ONPLANTI N G 
 
 I F fuch rifing ground is in fight of a 
 gentleman's houfe, there may be fome 
 clumps of the different kinds of Firs and 
 Pines planted for ornament, as they are 
 very beautiful at a diftance in the winter. 
 The Silver and Spruce Firs will grow to air 
 knmenfe height in fuch foil.- 
 
 ALTHOUGH I have given directions for 
 fowing and planting the different kinds of 
 foreft-trees on fuch ground, it is to mew 
 that it may be planted and foww with fuch 
 where gentlemen are inclined fo to do ; 
 but as the Oak is by much the finefr. and 
 moft valuable wood, it mould have the 
 preference, efpecially on ground fo proper 
 for its growth. 
 
 I MADE three different plantations a- 
 mongft long heath (where the ground an- 
 fwered the defcription given) in the fame 
 year. The firfl was fown with Acorns and 
 Scotch Fir-feed ; the lecond was planted 
 with feedling Oaks a foot high, two years 
 Id,- and Scotch Firs from the feed-bed of
 
 M O OR S AND COMMONS. 49- 
 
 that year's fowing, but were thinned to two 
 inches in the feed-bed, and were fine ftifF 
 plants ; the third was planted with feed- 
 ling oaks, three years old (eighteen inches 
 high) but had not been removed from the 
 feed-bed. The heath was near two feet 
 High and very ftrong. 
 
 IN thefirft, fbwn with Acorns' and Scotch- 
 Fir-feed, many of them came up very well; 
 but the mice, which were very plentiful 
 amongft the heath, deftroyed many of the 
 acorns, fo that many of the holes were 
 quite empty, and many had only one tree. 
 Next winter many of the young (hoots of 
 the Oaks were cropped- by the hares. 
 They were to make good for three years 
 before all the holes were full, which was 
 a good deal of trouble and expence. 
 
 THE growth of the plantation was very 
 irregular; the Firs in fome places fpread- 
 ing over the Oaks, and where they had 
 been fbwn the laft time, to make up the 
 deficiencies, not ib high as the heath. 
 
 VOL. I. I>
 
 50 ON PLANTING' 
 
 THE young moots of the Oaks were 
 weak, being drawn, but very ftraight,. 
 and when- they got above the heath they 
 were (lender for fome years. So that I 
 think planting good young plants is better 
 than fowing acorns in fuch ground. 
 
 THE heath had no bad effect: upon the 
 fown Firs, they grew faft and ftrong, and 
 there were few of them deftroyed by the 
 mice ; there were many to take away, 
 and thofe plants were much better than 
 thofe fown in feed-beds according to the 
 
 o 
 
 common method, and fit to plant in any 
 ground; therefore if a- plantation of them 
 were intended and fown alone, they would 
 anfwer fulL as well as planting attiongft> 
 heath. 
 
 WHERE the feedling Oaks and Firs were 
 fown together, the Firs did not get the 
 better of them for fome years, but their 
 fide-branches at lafl fpread fo, that it be- 
 came abfolutely neceflary to take them 
 away. The whole were accordingly taken - 
 
 away,-,
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. p 
 
 away, and replaced with Oaks of fixteen 
 inches high (two years old) from the feed- 1 
 bed. They all throve very well, and a 
 few years after the plantation was pretty 
 equal, only the planted Oaks were ftirTer 
 than the fown, and not fo tall. No Firs 
 fhould be fown nor planted with Oaks, 
 let the ground be good or bad* 
 
 IN the fecond plantation, both Oaks and 
 Firs did very well ; but in fix years the 
 fide-branches of the Firs over-topp'd the 
 Oaks ; and the feventh year there was a 
 neceffity of taking all the Firs away, which 
 was done, and Oaks of three feet high, 
 that had been removed from the feed-bed 
 into the nurfery two years, planted in the 
 room of the Firs* 
 
 THEY all grew very well, but the firft- 
 p'lanted oaks were the fined trees ten years 
 after, which is a good reafon for making 
 all plantations for timber of fmall trees ; 
 for unlefs it be for pleafure, where large 
 trees are planted for ornamenting pleafure 
 D 2 grounds,
 
 5 2 ON PLANTING 
 
 grounds, without any regard to timber^ 
 th6 fmall-planted trees will in time make 
 the fineft woods, and in lefs time than 
 thofe that are planted large. 
 
 THE third plantation, planted with 
 Oaks only, of three years old, eighteen 
 inches high, and had never been removed 
 from the feed-bed, grew extraordinaay 
 well, and was the fineft of all the three. 
 There was no further trouble with it.- 
 
 THE heath decays as the tree advances 
 in height ; and as they grow thick, the 
 under-branches decay, and they have in 
 general fine ftraight ilems. 
 
 THERE was on the fame hill I.pla'nted 
 on a plantation of Scotch Firs, which had 
 been planted fixty years. At the time the 
 Firs were planted, fuch high grounds 
 were thought to be fit for no other kind 
 of wood. They were fine trees and many 
 of them were cut for ufe : the wood 
 
 was
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 53 
 
 was pretty good, but not come to its full 
 growth. There was not one fprig of 
 heath on all the ground the Firs were 
 planted on, and if it had been any other 
 kind of wood but Firs, there would have 
 been good .feeding for cattle and;ilieep, 
 and good meiter. 
 
 ALTHOUGH, in aM plantations where 
 fowing the feeds is recommended, I "have 
 given directions for lowing all the kinds of 
 Fir and Pine-feeds, yet the fowing them 
 on the place they are to remain in, on poor 
 ground, is not the befl method (unlefs 
 arnongft corn or long heath) as they are 
 fo apt to be thrown out of the ground, 
 efpecially on poor land, where they grow 
 very little the firft year, and are very fmall ; 
 and the ground being naturally very loofe, 
 they are froze in winter below the roots, 
 and many of them thrown out of the 
 ground, and fome of them are raifed fo 
 as to ftand like a fpider, with a very Imall 
 part of their roots in the earth. 
 
 P 3 THOSE
 
 54 ON PLANTING 
 
 THOSE that ftand fo will grow, but 
 their being raifed fo retards their growth 
 much, and they look red and moot little 
 until their roots have got hold, which will 
 not be for a year or two. A little foft 
 mofs fpread over the holes when they are 
 fown is of great ufe to prevent the froft's 
 penetrating the ground below the feed- 
 ling's roots ; but that is attended with 
 fome inconveniency, for it muft be at leaft 
 an inch thick, or it will be of no fervice ; 
 and then it encourages grubs and other 
 vermin to lodge utider it, and they very 
 often deftroy the young plants as they 
 come out of the ground. The heft method 
 for all the Fir kinds is to fow them and 
 plant them from the feed-bed. 
 
 THE compoft for the feed-beds, and the 
 method of fo wing and managing them, fo 
 as to make them fit for planting out the 
 firft year, will be fully explained under 
 the article of fowing all kinds of tree- 
 feeds.
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 55 
 
 IF there was any mofs fpread over the 
 holes and places where the Fir and Pine- 
 feeds were Town, it muft not be removed 
 when -the fupernurnerary trees are taken 
 up, unlefs the ftem of the plant that is to 
 >.ftand be earthed up to the top ; for it 
 will be very tender by growing through 
 ^Ehe mofs, and would be in great danger 
 -of perifhing by the cold winds in fpring. 
 Earthing up -the ftem is more advantageous 
 -to the tree, and will greatly encourage its 
 growth, but will be attended with a good 
 ,deal of labour, as the ground fhould be a 
 foot level round the plant. If the mofs be 
 -left, the ftem will harden as the mofs 
 ^decays, and the plant will thrive very well. 
 
 THE difference between planting and 
 
 rfowing Firs is trifling, for both in rocky 
 
 and poor land the holes and places are 
 
 made the fame for planting as fowing ; 
 
 and it will take very near as much time to 
 
 fovf a hole as^ to plant a {ingle tree into it; 
 
 ?.ud the advantage is very great in favoi a* 
 
 P 4 of
 
 5.6 ON PLAN TING 
 
 of planting, for the many reafons before 
 given. 
 
 A MAN may, with care, plant four hun- 
 dred in a day, where the holes are made, 
 and do them well. As they are planted, 
 it would be of great lervice to them to 
 lay fome long grafs, heath, or mofs round 
 each ; it will not be much trouble, as the 
 parings which come off when the holes 
 were made will be near at hand. It will 
 keep out the drought in fummer, and pre- 
 vent the froft from loofening the mould in 
 winter ; for altjiough the frofl is not fo 
 detrimental to the planted tree as to the 
 leedling plants, the tree will thrive much 
 better when the mould is not fo light 
 about it. 
 
 FIRS and Pines are in general planted 
 all the winter months, efpecially the Scotch 
 Fir, and very often with good fuccefs ; yet 
 it is not the bed: method in poor ground, 
 for the reafons before given. Early in 
 autumn is the beft feaion for planting them 
 
 6 in
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 57 
 
 in hard dry ground, provided the holes 
 were made early and had fome rain. 
 
 IT is the nature of the Fir to pufh roots 
 
 immediately after they are planted, if the 
 
 weather is free from frofr. for fome time. 
 
 It will be a great advantage to trees of any 
 
 kind to be well fettled on dry grounds 
 
 before winter, but there is none of them 
 
 that get frefh roots but the Fir kinds. 
 
 Firs may be planted to the end of April, 
 
 but at that feafon they (hould not be long 
 
 ,out c-f the ground. 
 
 WHERE there are large plantations of 
 
 Scotch Firs that come to maturity, they 
 
 H)cai feed in great plenty when about thirty 
 
 years old. If there is any wafte ground 
 
 joining the Fir wood that is covered with 
 
 .heath four or five inches long, if it was 
 
 iiiclofed, and kept from cattle and Iheep, 
 
 in a few years it would be very full of 
 
 .fine young plants, and will ferve for a 
 
 nurfery for feveral years, and flill there 
 
 .may be fufficient trees left to grow into a 
 
 wood.
 
 58 ON PLANTING 
 
 WHEN the trees are grown to eight and 
 ten feet high, the young plants that fpring 
 yearly will not be fit for planting, as they 
 will be drawn weak : and although fome 
 of them mould be $irT fhort plants, they 
 will be in danger of periming when taken 
 out of fuch clofe places. So if there are 
 many of thefe trees wanted, it will be 
 the eafieit way of propagating them to 
 take up yearly all the young trees that 
 are fit, until there is a fufficiency got ; 
 then they may be allowed to grow into a 
 thick wood without any further care ; and 
 as they grow fit for ufe may be thinned as 
 wanted. 
 
 THERE will be a great many to cut 
 out, but there is no need of thinning them 
 to any regularity or fet diftance, for the 
 thicker they grow they make the finer wood. 
 A great many will be over-topp ? d and 
 /decay, but that is not minded in countries 
 where thofe woods all grow from ielf- 
 fowing, and are the fmeft timber. 
 
 IF
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 59 
 
 IF the heath adjoining the Fir wood be 
 long, when inclofed it will anfwer to make 
 a wood, but will be of very little life as 
 a nurfery, as the length of the heath will 
 draw up the trees weak, and they will be 
 void of branches on the fides until they 
 are grown above the heath, fo will have 
 long weak ftems, and will not be fit to 
 plant. They may be allowed to grow 
 from the firft coming up ; they will grow 
 very faft, and foon be fit for ufe. 
 
 BUT fuch grounds as produce long 
 heath, may be better employed than with 
 Fir-trees, as has been treated of in planting 
 ground covered with long heath. I have 
 heard of fowing Fir-feeds broad-cafl 
 amongft heath, as corn, without any fur- 
 ther trouble, and that it hasfucceeded very 
 well. 
 
 THIS is fomewhat fimilar to what has 
 been juft now treated of, and I make no 
 doubt the hint has been taken from that, 
 
 V 
 
 pr by feeing the feeds of trees come up iu 
 
 the
 
 6o 
 
 the grounds at a diftance from the trees 
 lhat bear feed. 
 
 BUT there is ,a great difference between 
 .ground around, and even at a diftance from,, 
 feed-bearing trees being full of young- 
 plants, and fowing in ground where there 
 Js no fupply. Round a feed-bearing Jree 
 there will be plenty of young -trees if .cattle 
 are kept off; and where there are vacancies 
 it may be replenished next year. 
 
 WHEREAS the feed that is fown at 
 random there muft many perifh, and many 
 more be deftroyed by vermin ; and as there 
 is no fpupply, there may be many places 
 empty ; and as there is not the advantage of 
 trees full of feed to make up the deficiencies, 
 fb there mufk be a want, if not made good 
 by fowing frefh feeds, which would be trour 
 blefome and expensive, as perhaps there 
 would need repairs for years ; fb that the 
 expences will be greater than following the 
 directions given for fowing Fir-feecls a- 
 mongft long heath, which is Jittle trouble, 
 and fo eafy that it may be performed by 
 any labourer at a very fmall expehce.
 
 MOORS AJTD COMMONS. 6t 
 
 A LITTLE quantity of feed will fbw a 
 great deal of ground. One man will fow 
 and make the places for feveral hundreds 
 rn a- day ; and there is almoft a certainty 
 of fuccefs : and what is more advantageous, 
 if four or five good feeds are put into each 
 place (as directed for fowmg Fir-feeds 
 amongft long heath) at three inches diftance,- 
 there is a probability of having three or 
 four good plants to {pare in each hole for 
 making more plantations. 
 
 WHAT has been faid of the fuccefs of 
 the inclofed wafte has been done frequently. 
 There are many objections againft fowing 
 the feeds at random. It were to be wifhed 
 that fome public-fpirited gentleman would 
 try the experiment, not only with the 
 Fir, but feveral other kinds of tree-feeds - T 
 it would be a great advantage if it an- 
 fwered. 
 
 THE preparation of tree-feeds is of greats 
 advantage, as it will in a great meafure 
 prevent their being defboyed by vermin, 
 
 which
 
 62 ON PLANTING 
 
 which is one principal objection for not 
 fowing all the poor land inftead of plant- 
 ing; for fown feeds grow mueh better 
 than planted trees, efpecially the larger 
 forts. 
 
 THE befl feafon for fowing all kinds of 
 Acorns, Beech-matt, Chefhuts, &c. would 
 be the autumn, as foon as they are quite 
 dry, were it not that they have to lay all 
 winter in the ground before they vegetate ^ 
 and the mice, who are very dextrous in 
 finding them, will often deftroy a great 
 part of them ; and frequently what they 
 do not eat they will collect from 1 different 
 places into holes of their own making, 
 leaving many places in the field without a 
 feed, as I have often found to my great 
 difappointment. 
 
 To prevent as much as poffible thefe 
 inconveniencies, the prepared feeds, with 
 equal fuccefs, are fown late in the fpring, 
 and are a very little time in the ground 
 before they come up, and after they have 
 
 begun
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 63 
 
 begun to vegetate, the mice are not fa 
 fond of them. 
 
 THERE is alfo another great misfortune 
 that tree-feeds fown in autumn are liable 
 to, that is, if there mould come a few 
 weeks of fine weather in the end of Janu- 
 ary or the beginning of February, it will 
 caufe the feeds to come up early, before 
 the hard frofts are over, which is the de* 
 ftru&ion of many of the young plants, and 
 fometimes of the whole. 
 
 THIS does not, however, often happen, 
 as there is feldom fuch fine weather at 
 that feafon ; but it is a misfortune feeds- 
 fown in autumn are rather liable to, which 
 the prepared feeds prevent, the dangerbeing. 
 over before they are fown. 
 
 THE fmall birds are great enemies to all 
 the tree-feeds that are fmall, the Fir and 
 Pine kinds in particular, and which bring 
 up the feed with the firll leaf; but as there 
 are few of them on uncultivated heaths 
 
 and
 
 64 ON PLANTING 
 
 and commons, where there are no trees,- 
 they may eafily be deftroyed. 
 
 THE crows are the mod mifchievo-us, 
 and will deftroy a large plantation in a 
 fhort time ; for as foon as they find a field- 
 er common, ibwn with tree-feeds, they 
 will root with their bills, and fcratch with 
 their feet, until they get at the feed, al- 
 though two inches deep in the ground, 
 efpecially Acorns and Beech-mall:, which 
 they are very fond of. 
 
 THE beft method I could ever find was 
 to (hoot ibm-e of them, pnll oft fome of 
 the feathers, fcatter them about, open the 
 crop, put fome gunpowder on the infide, 
 and drop the carcafes about the field : 
 this will frighten them for fome time* 
 and as the prepared feeds are foon out of 
 the ground, it will be a great means to 
 fave them from thofe enemies, who are not 
 fo fond of them after fprouting. 
 
 THE feeds of Acorns, Beech-maft, and' 
 
 all
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 63 
 
 all kinds of nuts fhould be kept in dry 
 land all winter, in a place that is not damp, 
 for the dampnefs would make them moot 
 too early in the fpring for fowing ; nor in 
 a place where there is any heat, for that 
 would make them pine, but in a dry airy 
 place. The Sycamore, rough-leafed Elm^ 
 and all the kinds of Firs and Pines, mould 
 be kept dry without any fand. 
 
 THE rough-leafed Elm is generally fowri 
 as foon as dry after it is ripe, which fre- 
 quently comes up the fame feafon, but 
 fometimes not till next fpring, and theri 
 for the moft part fo early, / that many of 
 them are cut off by the frofh If this 
 often happens to them in warm nurferies, 
 they would ftand a great chance of being 
 all deftroyed if fbwn in fields or commons 
 of poor land, as it is fo late in the feafon 
 before the Elm-feed is ripe ; for even thofe 
 that come up would be fo fmall and weak 
 that they would be all thrown out of the 
 ground, and thofe that did not come up 
 would perim by wet and cold. 
 
 VOL, L E Bvt
 
 6 ON PLANTING 
 
 Btrr if the feeds are thoroughly 
 and kept from damp, they would do very 
 well to be prepared and fown in fpring, 
 at the fame time the other tree-feeds are, 
 xvhich is of great ufe, far they are very 
 fit for many places on poor land, grow 
 much better from the feed than when 
 planted, and is a profitable good wood. 
 
 THE preparation of tree-feeds, fb as to 
 have them vegetate before they are fown, is 
 what has never been praclifed nor knoWn, 
 and is of the greateft ufe to fave the feeds 
 from vermin and frofr. in fpring, and from 
 being injured by the froth in the winter 
 following. 
 
 As to the fowing feeds in fpring, that 
 has already been fhewn, and as they have 
 all the advantages of thole fown in au- 
 tumn, and liable to none of their difafters* 
 it is a great improvement; for as the fevere 
 frofts in fpring are over before they are- 
 fown, and they, by being prepared, are 
 near as forward as if they had been fown
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 67 
 
 in autumn, they have time to grow to a 
 good fize, and to have their roots well fixed 
 in the ground, and are not liable to be 
 
 thrown out of the ground by froft the next 
 
 t 
 winter. 
 
 THE preparing and vegetating tree- feeds 
 before they are fown is only following 
 nature ; for the feeds that are blown by 
 the wind from the trees into different 
 places, thofe that grow are laid up by 
 chance in fecurity, and vegetate by the 
 warmth and moifture of the places they 
 lay in fooner than any that are fown in 
 the common way in the fpring, although 
 Ibwn as early as the weather will allow ; 
 and it is only doing what is every year 
 practifed, although it has never been 
 thought of. 
 
 HAWTHORN and Holly-berries are bu- 
 ried in autumn as fbon as they are pulled, 
 and lay a year, and then are fit to be fown. 
 The pulp of thofe berries is hard and dry, 
 and takes a long time to rot, and until 
 E 2 that
 
 65 ON PLANTING 
 
 that is quite rotten there can be no vege- 
 tation ; and if no art is ufed they take a 
 year ; but as foon as they are pulled, if 
 they were mixed with frefh grains, and 
 turned over every three or four days for 
 one month, and then lay all winter covered, 
 fo that no frorr. can come at them, and 
 turned over fometimes to prevent moul- 
 dinefs, which would deftroy them, they 
 may then be fown in the fpring with the 
 fame fuccefs as if they had been buried a 
 whole year. 
 
 THE only danger in having tree-feeds 
 fprouted before they are (own, is having 
 their fprouts rubbed off in fowing ; but of 
 this, unleis the perfons employed are ex- 
 traordinarily heedlefs, there is no danger. 
 
 THE proper time for fowing Hawthorn 
 and Holly-berries, that have been buried 
 a. year, is the beginning of March ; but 
 by the hurry of other fpring bufmefs, it 
 may be fometimes the middle of April 
 before they can be fown; by that time they 
 
 are
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 69 
 
 are fprouted a good length. I never found 
 it any detriment to their growing, for it 
 has happened to me feveral times. 
 
 I MENTION the Hawthorn, as every 
 one is acquainted with the nature of its 
 management, and knows it will grow very 
 well when fprouted before fown. If the 
 tree-feeds are managed as directed, they 
 will not be fo much fprouted as the Haw- 
 thorns, and fo will not be in any danger, 
 but will anfwer every thing that has been 
 faid of them, for there is nothing advanced 
 but what I have practifed often with good 
 fuccefs. 
 
 THIS method prevents many of the mif* 
 chances that fowing tree-feeds are liable to; 
 for as feeds fown on hills, commons, and 
 fields, ought to be done with great care, 
 fo it would be very troublefome to have 
 the whole to go over for a year or two to 
 make up deficiencies ; befides the irregula- 
 rity in their growth. 
 
 E 2 THE
 
 7 o ON PLANTING 
 
 THE competition for preparing the feeds 
 to vegetate is foft pit land (fharp land will 
 not anfwer) andfrefh grains from the brew- 
 houfe ; the fand mould be got in fummer, 
 and made very dry, and laid by until 
 wanted ; the grains muft be frefh from, 
 the brewhoufe, but muft be fpread, turned, 
 and dried until they are juft of a clammy 
 moifture ; then they mould be mixed with 
 dry fand in equal parts, until there is a 
 fufficiency for the quantity of feed to be 
 prepared. 
 
 AFTER the fand and grains are mixed, 
 they muit be rubbed between the hands, 
 and laid in a heap for four days, then, 
 turned over every day for a week, then 
 let them lay four days in the heap ; and 
 if then there is no mouldinefs, but a 
 fine clammy moiflure, it is fit for ufe ; 
 but if there is the leaft appearance of 
 mould, it muit be turned twice a day for 
 three days, and then lay four days more ; 
 and if then there is no mould it may be 
 ufed without danger, for here is nothing 
 
 that
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 71 
 
 {hat can be of the leaft hurt but the moul- 
 jdinefs. 
 
 WHEN the composition is ready, have 
 fome boxes of different fizes, according to 
 the quantity of ieeds ; if the quantities 
 fmall, garden-pots will do as well. 
 
 FOR the large feeds, fuch as Acorns, 
 B.eech-maft, &c. lay an inch of the com- 
 pofition at the bottom of the box or pot, 
 then a layer of feeds; fill up all the vacan- 
 cies quite level, then a layer of feeds; and 
 fo on till the whole be finifhed. The Fiir 
 feeds may be mixed with the hand and 
 laid in the box, firft laying half an inch 
 of the compolition in all the boxes or pots 
 you lay feeds in. 
 
 THE Elm-feed, Sycamore, or any other 
 fmall foft feeds, fhould be rubbed between 
 the hands with the compofition, and fb 
 laid into the box, laying half an inch of 
 the fame fluff over all the tops of the pots 
 or boxes, and place them in a dry place, 
 E 4 where
 
 PLANTING 
 
 where no wet can come at them, and if 
 it were where they could have the benefit 
 of the fun it would be better, but if that 
 cannot be conveniently done, they will 4o 
 very w r cll without : if they have the fun, 
 the boxes or pots fhould be turned every 
 week, that each fide may haye the fama 
 advantage, 
 
 THE large feeds, fuch as Chefnuts, 
 Acorns, &c. fhould be put into the com- 
 pofition the middle of February ; the Fir 
 and Pine-feeds, the beginning of March ; 
 and the Elm and fuch other foft feeds, the 
 middle of March : they will all be ready 
 for fowing the middle of April. Great 
 care muff be taken to keep them from wet 
 and mice ; the wet would caufe them to 
 mould and entirely fpoil them, and if mice 
 were to get into the boxes they would de-^ 
 ilroy the feeds in a fhort time. 
 
 IF the holes were made before winter, 
 as has been directed, they will be in fine 
 order for fowing the middle of April ; and
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 73 
 
 as at that feafon the fun has great force^ 
 and the holes being moifl and mellow, 
 the feeds will be above ground in a little 
 time, 
 
 WHEN the feeds are to be taken from 
 the pots and boxes, great care muft be 
 taken not to rub off the fprouts. The beft 
 way to carry them into the field for fbw- 
 ing is in little boxes with a handle ; and 
 as a fmall quantity will fow a great deal 
 of ground, there mould not be too many 
 taken out at a time ; and it will be necef-. 
 fary to take fome of the competition in the 
 box with the feeds, to prevent the young 
 moots being hurt by the fun and air, which, 
 would greatly damage them. 
 
 THIS work mould never be done when 
 the wind is high, nor when the air is 
 frofty j a calm dull day is the beft ; but if 
 the fun mines, if not frpfty, it will do 
 very well. 
 
 IF f the heath, fields, or commons are 
 
 planted
 
 ?4 ON PLANTING 
 
 planted or fown alternately^ the planting 
 being before finished, there is only the 
 holes left to be fown, which fhould be 
 the fame fort as the trees planted -, for J 
 would advife by all means to keep the trees 
 jn feparate clumps, 
 
 THE Chefnuts and all the other 
 feeds may be planted with a fetting-ftick, 
 ivhich (hould be a little thicker than the 
 feeds to be planted, that there may be 
 fome loofe mould lay round the feed ; and 
 it ihould not be fmall at the point, as that 
 would caufe a vacancy between the feed 
 and the bottom of the hole. The holes 
 mould be made two inches deep, and the 
 feed dropped into them : there mould 
 be four feeds planted in every place, at 
 three inches diftance from each other. All 
 the holes, after the feeds are dropped in^ 
 mould be filled with loofe mould. 
 
 FOR the fmaller feeds, fuch as the Pines, 
 Firs, Elms, and other fmall foft feeds, 
 there mould be four places made with -the
 
 MOORS 4ND COMMONS. 75 
 
 hand, half an inch deep, a feed dropped 
 into each, and covered level with loofe 
 mould. A man may perform a great dea^ 
 of this work in a day, and there is not th 
 lead doubt of fuccefs,. 
 
 THE propagation of trees to plant tq, 
 poor ground has never been made a dif- 
 ferent article from raifmg trees in general; 
 but it is very different, and very eafy. In 
 raifmg trees^ they are moved from the 
 feed-bed, the roo^s dreffed, and planted 
 in the nurfery, that the tap-root may be 
 <^eftroyed and made fit for moving, that 
 the roots may fpread horizontally, and not 
 go top deep into the ground; but in poor 
 land they are to be planted from the feed- 
 bed, and the tap-root is to be preferved, 
 (which feems a contradiction) for it is on 
 its length and ftrength that the chief part 
 depends ; for without it there will be little 
 hope of fuccefs in planting on poor gravel, 
 in heaths, commons, and rocky places, 
 
 where there is little earth. 
 
 
 
 PREPARE
 
 76 ON PLANTING 
 
 PREPARE fome beds of good earth, and! 
 add to them a large quantity of fand ; let 
 them be well worked over three or four 
 times, fo that the mould and fand be well 
 mixed a foot deep at leafV. It would be 
 befl to do this in the beginning of winter ; 
 and let them lay all the winter in fmall 
 ridges, that the froft may mellow them, and 
 that the fand and the mould may be well 
 incorporated. Early in the fpring dig them 
 over and lay them flat; then, juft before 
 you intend to fow them, dig them over 
 again. This feerns a great deal of labour, 
 but the fuccefs of the plantations, planted 
 from trees here raifed, will make it all well 
 ^eflowed. 
 
 AT the fame time there mould be a 
 good heap of the fame fort of mould and 
 land that the beds are made of, as near as 
 can be to them ; and, if it can be had, a 
 third part of black mould^ from old woods, 
 where (licks and leaves have rotted for 
 fome time, which mould be all well 
 mixed, and turned over feveral times tq 
 mellow.
 
 MOORS ANI? COMMONS. 77 
 
 THIS is to cover the feed-beds after they 
 are fown ; for taking the mould out of the 
 alleys to cover the beds (as is the common 
 method) is not right ; for it is fo trod in 
 fowing the feeds, that it is difficult to 
 break it to cover the feed ; befides it makes 
 the alleys fo deep that the fides of the beds 
 moulder down, and many of the trees are 
 loft, at leaft they ftand fo dry that they 
 make no progrefs. 
 
 THE beds being ready, they mould be 
 fown with the prepared feeds the middle 
 of April, as they are the propereft, being 
 forwarded in their growth by being vege- 
 tated before they are fown, fo will be fine 
 plants in autumn, when they are to be 
 planted in the fields where they are to re- 
 main. 
 
 THE feeds may be brought in the boxes 
 or pots they were laid in. The fmall 
 feeds may be fown all over the beds, com- 
 pofition and feeds .together, but not too 
 thick, and covered half an inch with the 
 
 mould
 
 7$ ON PLANTING 
 
 mould that was thrown in a heap for that 
 purpofe. 
 
 THE large feeds, fuch as Acorns, Chef- 
 nuts, &c. may be taken out of the boxes, 
 and placed on the bed with the hand, at 
 three inches diftance, and covered with the 
 fame mould as the others, two inches thick: 
 they will require no further trouble, but 
 to keep them clear of weeds until they are 
 taken up for planting. As the feeds were 
 prepared, there mould none be fown but 
 what have fprouted, that there may be no 
 vacancies in the beds, if the mice can be 
 kept away. 
 
 As loon as the fmall-feeded plants are 
 come into the third leaf, they muft not 
 be fuffered to ftand nearer to one another 
 than three inches, that they may grow 
 ftrong and ftif, and have a free air in the 
 feed-bed, which is of great utility to them 
 when they change their quarters to a poor 
 cold heath or common.
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 79 
 
 THE reafon of their growing to the 
 third leaf 1 before they are thinned, is that 
 they may be of ufe, and by (landing a year 
 in the beds they are planted in, will be as 
 Mt for planting in poor land as thofe in the 
 feed-beds. It may be imagined that a 
 that age they will be too fmall and tetider, 
 and will not bear tranfplanting ; but they 
 will, and grow very well, if carefully 
 planted. 
 
 IF there is occaiion for more trees thaii 
 can ftand in the feed-beds, they mould be 
 planted ; and there is this advantage, that 
 as they muft ftand another year in the beds 
 they are planted in, before they will be fit 
 to remove into the commons where they 
 are to remain for good, fo that there will be 
 a proviuon of trees for two years, equally 
 good, from the fame fowing ; but if they 
 are not planted, they mud be pulled out of 
 the feed- bed, for there they muft not ftand 
 clofer than three inches. 
 
 IF the young -plants, thinned frotti 
 
 amongft
 
 So 
 
 amongft thofe fown, are intended to be 
 faved, there muft be fome fpare beds, the 
 fame as the feeds were fown in ; and the 
 evening before the feed- beds are to be 
 thinned, they mould be well watered, tor 
 make thofe that are to be drawn come up 
 eafy. There will be fome that will break 
 in drawing, but that muft not be regarded; 
 for it would be quite wrong to loofen them, 
 as it would damage the plants that ftand 
 in the bed more than the value of thofe 
 that will be broke/ 
 
 DRAW only a few at a time, make a 
 hole with a fetting-ftick, and let theni 
 down the whole length of their fmgle 
 ftraight root (for at that age they have no 
 fibres) and clofe the earth gently to them, 
 for their ftems are very tender, 
 
 GREAT care mull: be taken to let down 
 their root ftraight its full length, or they 
 will not be fit for planting on poor land ; 
 but will anfwer very well for plantations 
 on tolerable good land. 
 
 AFTEK
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. Sr 
 
 AFTER they are planted they mould 
 have a little water every other day for eight 
 or ten days, but they muft have very little 
 at firft ; for as their ftems are tender much 
 water would rot them. If the weather is 
 clear, they fhould be (haded for three or 
 four days, and then they require no fur- 
 ther trouble. 1 have had very good fuccefs 
 feveral years in this very way, and never 
 allowed feedlings to grow too thick in the 
 feed-bed, which is frequently pra&ifed: 
 the bad confequence attending fuch ma- 
 nagement is too obvious to want any ex- 
 planation. 
 
 THER.E is one thing I cannot omit 
 taking notice of. It is the general opinion 
 that all trees mould be raifed on a ground 
 fimilar to that they are intended to be 
 planted in ; this is certainly wrong ; and 
 I dare fay that moil:, if not all, the 
 nurfery-men in England will join in the 
 fame opinion. 
 
 THE whole of what has been treated of 
 VOL. I. F is
 
 82 ON PLANTING 
 
 is planting on poor land, on which it is 
 very certain a wood may be railed both by 
 planting and lowing ; but it would be an 
 odd attempt to make a nurfery to tranf- 
 plant from on fuch ground. The feeds, 
 when fown in fuch places, find nourifh- 
 ment for their fmall roots to fupply their 
 little heads, whofe progrefs is flow until 
 they gather ftrength, and when they get to 
 three and four feet high, their own warm- 
 nefs makes them grow fafter than could be 
 expected ; and in the holes that are fown, 
 the plants that are to fpare in them are 
 not fit for planting in fuoh ground ; they 
 have little heads and fmall fibrous tufty 
 roots, and would be all thrown out of the 
 ground in winter, at leaft fo loofened as 
 never to make a tree. 
 
 IF, an animal was to be only half fed, 
 from its firft having life, for one year, I 
 believe that fuch an animal uould never 
 grow to be of a largo lizc of its kind, if 
 afterwards it was put into better keeping; 
 but fuppofe it was put to harder fare ; I 
 
 believe
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 83 
 
 believe it would make a poor figure. If 
 this fame animal had been moderately fed 
 for one year, and then put it into worfe 
 feeding, it would have been a better beaft. 
 
 THUS it is with trees ; if they are fbwn 
 in fuch poor hard dry land, they are hide- 
 bound from the beginning, and it would 
 be fome years before they would recover, 
 were they tranfplanted into good ground. 
 What then muft be their cafe when trant- 
 planted into the fame fort of ground, per- 
 haps into a colder fituation ? 
 
 I HAVE been longer on this point than 
 I intended, becaufe it is often recom- 
 mended that the nurfery be as near as 
 poflible to the ground the trees are to be 
 planted in. 
 
 ALL public nurferies in the kingdom, 
 that are of fame, are on fine light good 
 land ; and many years experience fhews 
 that all kinds of trees and plants bought 
 from them thrive very well, although for 
 F * the
 
 8 4 ON PLANTING 
 
 the moft part planted in much worfe 
 ground than where they were raifed. 
 
 IT would not be right to raife trees for 
 planting in poor land on ground made very 
 rich with dung ; but it would be much 
 worfe to pretend to raife them on a very 
 poor foil. If the beds for fowing the feeds 
 are made as here directed, they will produce 
 fine plants for the purpofe, and there will 
 be no doubt of their fuccefs when planted 
 in the very worft ground. 
 
 THE management and fowing the feeds, 
 as alfo the raifing of the trees, for planting- 
 poor land, are all fully explained. 
 
 WE now proceed to the planting, which 
 maybe either alternate, or wholly detached. 
 I would recommend alternate planting and 
 lowing, unlefs where it is otherwife 
 directed ; that is, all the Fir and Pine 
 kinds mould be all fown or all planted ; 
 but planting them is much the befr, as it 
 is almoft impoilible to fave the young 
 
 feed ling
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 85 
 
 leedling plants from being hove out of the 
 ground on poor land in winter ; fo it would 
 be better, to let the Firs, Pines, and 
 Larches be two years old before they are 
 planted, but they muft not be moved from 
 the feed-bed, but thinned as before di- 
 re dted. 
 
 THEIR roots are frnall and tufty, and 
 eafily managed, and may be fpread about 
 when planted without cutting any of 
 them, which will caufe them to get good 
 hold of the ground, and be in no danger 
 of being thrown out of the ground by 
 froft. 
 
 ALL the deciduous trees, but the Oak 
 and Larch (which are much better to plant 
 in fpring) may be planted from the decay 
 of the leaf, in any of the winter months 
 when the weather is mild, to the latter 
 end of February, after which it \vill not 
 be proper to plant in poor land and in 
 hard dry ground; for if the fpring mould 
 prove dry, which it often does, thofe 
 F 3 planted
 
 86 ON PLANTING 
 
 planted later would be in great danger of 
 being loft. 
 
 ALL the trees muft be planted from the 
 feed-bed of the fame year's growth ; but 
 thofe that were thinned from the feed-beds 
 and planted cut, will be fo much retarded 
 by being moved, that they will not be fit 
 for planting till the fucceeding winter. 
 Thofe that were fown in the feed-bed, and 
 not planted out the firft winter, their tap* 
 roots will become fo ftrong and ftubborn, 
 that, they will be difficult to manage in 
 planting ; and on the tap-roots being pro- 
 perly difpofed depends the fuccefs of plant" 
 ing in poor land. 
 
 IF there are any left that may not have 
 been wanted, or that there is not time to 
 plant, they mufl not be left for another 
 year, but mufr. be taken up, have their 
 roots dreiTed^ and planted in the nurfery 
 in the common method, to make, other 
 plantations in good land ; for there hould 
 none be planted in poor ground, but from 
 fhe feed-bed of that year's {owing.
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 87 
 
 THE planting in poor land is quite dif- 
 ferent from planting where there is plenty, 
 or even a moderate quantity, of foil ; for 
 where there is fo little as two or three 
 inches, if the roots are planted lower than 
 that, there is nothing for them to flrike 
 into but gravel or rock, where it is im- 
 poffible for them to thrive. 
 
 THE holes being made as before directed, 
 make them flat at top, and if they are two 
 or three inches higher than the ground, fo 
 much the better ; for they will link down 
 level with the other ground in a little time, 
 as their being higher is only from the 
 earth's being ftirr.ed. 
 
 TAKE up the trees from the feed-bed 
 carefully, taking great care to break none of 
 their roots, and take no more up than can 
 be planted in a day ; lay them in a flat 
 baiket with fome mofs over their roots, 
 and carry them into the field or common 
 where, they are to be planted. 
 
 F 4 OPEN
 
 88 ON PLANTING 
 
 OPEN the hole five or fix inches length- 
 ways, which may be done by only finking 
 the fpade into the middle of the hole after 
 it is flattened at top, which will be the 
 length of the tap-roots if they have throve 
 well. Lay in the root two or three 
 inches deep, as the ground will permit, 
 at its whole length, horizontally, and 
 then raife up the plant at the neck, in the 
 fame manner as in the planting of trees ; 
 fatten the earth to the plant, keeping its- 
 top upright ; after the plant is fattened, 
 loofcn the top of the ground with the 
 fpade, this prevents it from cracking, and 
 is of great fervice ; for if the top of the 
 ground be left hard, two or three dry days 
 make it open as deep as the roots, and 
 dries them, and fo ruins the whole plan- 
 tation. 
 
 IN light ground, where trees are railed, 
 they will have but very few roots but the 
 tap-root, and that is the realon that it is 
 made fo light to prevent fhort tufty roots : 
 they will be full of fmall fibres, none of 
 
 which
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 89 
 
 which fhould be cut off, and particular care 
 mould be taken to keep them from fun 
 and wind, which would foon dry them, 
 to the great detriment of the plant, for it 
 is from them the tree begins to ftrike 
 roots : as they are very final 1, they are 
 very foon dried by either fun or wind. If 
 it mould happen by any accident they are, 
 cut them off one inch diflant from the 
 tap-root ; but it will be more beneficial to 
 the tree if there is no occafion for any of 
 thefe amputations. 
 
 THE laying the roots at their whole 
 length horizontally prevents the roots 
 from ever attempting to run down into 
 the gravel, which they would, if planted 
 in any other method, and this is the 
 reafon that plantations on gravelly and 
 rocky grounds have hitherto made fo little 
 progref?. 
 
 THIS method of planting on poor land 
 is entirely new, and as it is ib differ ,t 
 from all kinds of planting hitherto 
 
 tifcd,
 
 90 ON PLANTING 
 
 tifed, it may feem very wrong, as dreflmg 
 and curring the roots are the firil: things 
 recommended by all that have given di- 
 rections about planting. But let thofe 
 who have fuch ground to plant, only fol- 
 low the directions given with accuracy, and 
 they will find them anfwer beyond their 
 expectation. 
 
 THE laying the roots horizontally pre- 
 vents the trees from being raifed out of 
 the ground by froft ; and as the roots will, 
 by this method, run juft below the furface, 
 they will have all the advantages it is 
 poffible for them to have in fuch mallow 
 grounds ; and this is the reafon that trees 
 raifed on poor loil are not fit to plant again 
 in the fame fort of foil, as their roots are 
 ihort, and feldom have a tap-root. 
 
 IT would be advifeable to plant fb that 
 the bend at the neck of the tree be always 
 againft the fun ; for if the tap-root be very 
 ftrong, and there being no great depth of 
 earth to make it fall:, it may throw the 
 
 top
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 91 
 
 top of the tree afide; if it does (which 
 feldom will happen if properly planted) 
 the fun will draw it ftraight ; but if the 
 hend was to the fun, and happen not to 
 be upright, the tree would never be 
 frraight. Were it not for that reafon, it 
 would be indifferent how the trees were 
 placed. 
 
 THERE mould be two men employed 
 in planting ; one to open the ground, and 
 the other to put in the tree, as it would be 
 a great lofs of time to lay down the fpade 
 fb often : they mould have a little box 
 or bafltet with a handle, into which they 
 mould put a few trees at a time, with a 
 little mofs over their roots ; this will be 
 very handy, as the man that plants mutt 
 ufe both his hands in planting. This 
 work mould never be performed when the 
 wind is high, nor when the air is frofly. 
 
 THERE is another method of planting 
 peer land that is either in fhort grafs or 
 #iort heath, which is very expeditious, and 
 
 alfo
 
 $(2 ON PLANTING 
 
 alfo very advantageous, for it effectually 
 prevents the drought from penetrating in 
 fummer, and the froft from hurting the 
 roots in winter. Two men will plant five 
 or fix hundred in a day with eaie. This fort 
 of planting mould be done in winter when 
 the ground is full of wet ; the bell feafon 
 is after a -deep fnow is gone off with a 
 fudden thaw; and at that time little work 
 can be done in any other grounds, as they 
 will be too wet to plant in. 
 
 THE trees are to be railed and managed 
 in the fame manner in every relpectas the 
 other trees for planting on poor lands, with 
 all the precautions concerning their roots. 
 A man with a fpade makes a nick a little 
 longer than the root of the tree in the 
 grafs or heath, two or three inches deep, 
 as the ground will allow, laying in the 
 roots at the whole length horizontally, 
 prefling the ground clofe with the foot, and 
 with the fpade nicks the ground crofs and 
 crofs all round the plant : this prevents 
 the nick from opening, which, without 
 
 that
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 93 
 
 that precaution, it would be very apt to $p 
 in lummer when the weather is very dry ; 
 it alfo prevents the wet from running off, 
 which it does where there is a defcent, and 
 the grafs is not nicked. 
 
 IF the ground is very fhallow and not 
 rocky, this is the beft method of planting; 
 but if the ground is very ftony, it is not 
 practicable, as the fcones would render it 
 very troublefome to make the nicks, which 
 interruption would often happen in the 
 middle, fo as to prevent the roots from be- 
 ing laid horizontally or ftraight. 
 
 THE trees for fuch plantations, thar. 
 have not their roots drefied, mould never 
 be brought a great diitance, for it will be 
 impoffible to prevent their fmall fibrous 
 roots from drying, if they are kept long 
 out of the ground ; but if we cannot avoid 
 bringing them from fome diftance, they 
 muil be carefully taken up and packed in 
 wet mofs : they will do very well for five 
 or fix days ; but if they lie much longer, 
 
 their
 
 94. ON PLANTING 
 
 their fmall roots will begin to mould, and 
 muft be cut off before they are planted, or 
 their mouldinefs will deftroy the large 
 roots. If they come packed in mofs, they 
 fhould not be unpacked, but taken out as 
 they are wanted, and planted as foon as 
 poffible. 
 
 IT has been a common practice to fend 
 to the north for feedling-trees, where they 
 are bought at a very cheap rate for plant- 
 ing out in poor land. In general the fuc- 
 cefs has been bad, and there are macjy 
 good reafons for its being fo. 
 
 BY chance there may be tolerably good 
 fuccefs, but it is a very bad practice ; for 
 thele trees are fown asthickas they can grow, 
 fo that they have no free air, and by their 
 clofenefs and their own warmth the/ are 
 drawn up weak, and their flems are very 
 tender, like a plant that is earthed up to 
 blanch. This is eafily to be difcovered by 
 obferving the lower part of the ftem, which 
 is of a languid green for want of air, and 
 
 the
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 95 
 
 the top quite of another colour where the 
 air had a free paflage. 
 
 WHEN trees, thus raifed are taken from 
 their clofe warm iituation, and expofed 
 fmgly to all weathers in poor cold ground, 
 or in any ground, many of them will 
 perim, although ever fo carefully planted ; 
 and as all their roots mull be drelTed (as 
 they will be either mouldy or very dry) 
 they have none of the advantages of thofe 
 feedlings raifed according to the directions 
 before given. Thofe ftems are ftifF and 
 ftrong, for as they were not allowed to 
 grow nearer than three or four inches in 
 the feed-bed, the air paffes freely amongft 
 them, and their ftems are as hard as if 
 they had been planted out three or four 
 years, which is of great fervice when they 
 are planted in the fields. 
 
 IT is impoffible that trees raifed in the 
 
 manner here directed can be fold fo cheap 
 
 as thofe that grow fo thick as to be pulled 
 
 up by handfuls from the feed-beds. But 
 
 6 it
 
 9 6 ON PLANTING 
 
 it will be more to the purchafer's advantage 
 to give ten Shillings a thoufand for trees 
 thus raifed, than to give one Shilling for 
 thofe that are fown and grow fo thick ; 
 there is more than that difference to the 
 nurferyman, as twenty will grow in the 
 thick feed-bed for one in thofe that are 
 properly managed. 
 
 THERE are many thoufands of Scotch 
 Firs fold in and near London, and many 
 other places in the country, that are 
 brought many miles, and are fome months 
 out of the ground ; thefe are fown in the 
 leed-bed as thick as grafs. Befides the 
 other difadvantages they have in common 
 with other foreft- trees, as Oak, Beech, &c. 
 they are very fubject to be rotted in their 
 item even to the ground ; and although 
 they appear green at top, and the fmali 
 roots they have are frefh, they decay and 
 go off as foon as planted out and expofed 
 to the air. 
 
 IF anyfuch trees arepurchafed, thebeft 
 5 m ethod
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 97 
 
 method to manage them would be to drefs 
 their roots, and plant them in the nuriery 
 at fix inches diilance, and in a year or two 
 thofe that grow will be good plants ; but 
 as many of them will decay, it would be 
 troubiefome and very expensive to have 
 them to go over for a year or two to make 
 good the deficiencies, if they were at firll! 
 planted in a large common* 
 
 THIS is mentioned by way of caution, 
 as fome gentlemen may think they have 
 made a good purchafe by getting fo many 
 thoufand trees for ib fmall a fum, much 
 leis than the expence of railing them would 
 be ; but thole that make iiich bargains will 
 find to their great diiappointment they have 
 paid very clear, and- had better have got 
 good plants, if they had paid a much greater 
 price. 
 
 WHAT has been treated of is only for 
 the railing of trees to plant out the firfl 
 year, from the feed-bed, into poor barren 
 ground, and is different from the manage- 
 
 Voi/. I. G mcnt
 
 98 ON PLANTING 
 
 ment of railing trees to be tranfplanted 
 from the feed-bed into the nurfery, to be 
 trained for fome years to make plantations 
 on different kinds of ground, where there 
 is a fufficient depth of earth to make 
 holes. 
 
 SUCH trees need not be thinned to fb 
 great a diftance in the feed-bed as thofe 
 for planting poor land, as they mould be 
 taken from the feed-bed and have their 
 roots drefled, and planted in rows at a 
 fmall difbnce, to ftand a few years, and 
 then to be removed again and drefled top 
 and bottom, and planted at a greater 
 diftance, where they may remain until they 
 are taken to plant in the fields to make 
 plantations to grow for timber. 
 
 IT is a great advantage for all kinds of 
 feedling-trees to be fo thin in the feed-bed 
 that the air may pals freely amongft them 
 in the fummer j they do not grow fo tall, 
 but there will be very few of them but 
 will grow, and be much better when re- 
 moved.
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 99 
 
 THERE are many gentlemen who are at 
 the expence of trenching in all kinds of 
 ground intended for planting. If it is a 
 poor mallow foil it is wrong, becaufe the 
 gravel muft be thrown up or there can be 
 no trench, and the little mould there is 
 will be loft, and nothing left for the trees 
 to ftrike roots in but gravel, mixed with 
 a fmall quantity of earth, fo finall that it 
 will not be vifible in a dry fummer : they 
 ftand but a poor chance to grow. If the 
 trees were planted according to the direc- 
 tions before given, without trenching, they 
 would thrive much better than it is poflible 
 for them to do in the trenched gravel. 
 
 IF the ground be clay, and a fmall quan- 
 tity of earth at top, it is of very bad confe- 
 quence to trench; for to make even a very 
 mallow trench there muft be a good deal of 
 clay thrown up. If the earth be mixed 
 with the clay it will be loft ; if laid in the 
 bottom, it is turned down lower than trees 
 mould be planted in fuch ground, or the 
 trench muft be fo fhallow as to be next to 
 G 2 no
 
 too ON PLANTING 
 
 no trench ; therefore the trees in that cafer 
 will be planted in ckan clay, and will 
 languish many years before they reach the 
 good ground laid in the bottom in trench- 
 ing, and often fo as never to recover, which 
 I have frequently feen. To plant in clay,- 
 where the foil is very mallow, the fama 
 method fhould be followed as planting in- 
 poor gravel. 
 
 IF the ground is good, trenching Is at- 
 tende-d with a great expence to no purpofe ; 
 for if the trees are fmail or large, if the 
 holes are made fix inches wider than the 
 roots all round, for the young roots to ftrike 
 into, they will grow as well as if the whole 
 had been trenched, as the trees growing on 
 rocks where there is very little (and what 
 there is very hard) fully demonftrate ; for 
 the roots twift and twine round the ftones^ 
 and penetrate the earth between them y 
 which is extremely hard ; as alib by tree 
 roots going down into hard clay, which 
 fully mews there is no occaiion to trench 
 for timber-trees^ 
 
 6 BESIDES:
 
 MOORS AND COMMONS. 101 
 
 BESIDES the trenching there is another 
 expence faved. Good land, when trenched, 
 plowed, or dug, grows full of flrong 
 weeds, and muft be kept clean, or they 
 will greatly impoverifh the ground ; and 
 this will require to he performed for fomc 
 years. 
 
 I HAVE here deviated from what I pnr- 
 pofed, but as I have feen plantations made 
 at a great expence by trenching, in all the 
 different kinds of foil here mentioned, I 
 have planted on all the fame forts of foils 
 -according to the di regions here given, with 
 better fuccefs and at a fmall expence. 
 
 G 3 CHAP,
 
 ;oi ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 > 
 On thick Planting, and the Management of 
 
 Woods that have been neglected. 
 
 THICK planting has been recom- 
 mended and pracliied many years ; 
 but the method of dreffing and thinning 
 is very feldom properly performed. The 
 prejudices againft pruning are fo great, 
 that we frequently fee thickets of fmall 
 drawn-up trees of immenfe height, with- 
 gut a poflibility of ever having good boles. 
 
 FOR the advantage of thofe gentlemen 
 that have fuch thickets within a poflibility 
 of recovery, that is, from fix years old to 
 twenty, the following directions will be of 
 uie for making fine trees of what, in a few 
 years, would be paft redemption, 
 
 IF a plantation has been planted five or 
 fix years, and planted at three., four, five, 
 
 PV
 
 O F W O O D S. 103 
 
 or fix feet diftance (for the diftance mould 
 be according to the goodnefs of the ground) 
 and this neglected ever iince planting, we 
 mall find, if the trees have throve anything 
 like, they will all be mere thickets. 
 
 IT will not be proper to remove any 
 trees to plant in another place from fuch 
 a thicket directly, for as they have been 
 long fp very clofe, and have had no free air, 
 :hey will be very unfit to remove, becaufe 
 their ftems will be very tender. 
 
 FIRST, let all the large branches be cut 
 
 off clofe to the bole, and all the other 
 
 parts of the tree be drefled according to 
 
 the directions for pruning : let this be 
 
 ione for two years, and then every other 
 
 'ree may be removed with fafety, and 
 
 flanted again. The pruning of the trees 
 
 left in the old plantation mufl be con- 
 
 tiiued until the trees have got fufficient 
 
 Je.igth of bole. 
 
 THE trees that were removed, if they 
 G 4 were
 
 104 ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 were carried without earth, will want little 
 this year ; but if they had balls there will 
 be little difference, and they muft be treated 
 accordingly, and they will frill make fine 
 
 trees. 
 
 IF the plantation has been planted ten 
 or twelve years, and has had no care taken 
 of it all that time, if the ground be good 
 they will be very tall and imall,.aud never 
 will be fit for planting, for they would be 
 io tall and (lender, that they would neve' 
 be able to Hand the wind, nor iuppojt 
 their own heads. 
 
 WEAK trees taken from clofe thickets 
 feldom make good trees ; for befides then 
 being tall, they have few fide-branches, ani 
 fhoot (if they grow) ib fait at top as to b f . 
 rnoftly crooked, 
 
 IF under-wood is of value, Inch thickets 
 are very fit to make a good wood of Mat 
 kind, but it mufl be done with cautioi: ; 
 for as the trees are tall and" fmall, and w 
 
 fdc-
 
 O F W O O D S. 105 
 
 fide-branchcs but juft at the top, they 
 would be very liable to be much toffed 
 and hurt by the wind if thinned too much 
 ;it firft ; beiides, if they are expofed to the 
 free air all at once, many of them will be 
 in danger of perifhing, for they are very 
 tender by being fo many years without a 
 free air paffing amongft them. 
 
 IF fuch thickets are defigned for timber- 
 trees only, and were planted at three feet 
 diftance at firft, let all the large branches 
 of the trees be cut off the firft year, and 
 none the next year. 
 
 STUB up every other tree, and mark the 
 trees that are to ftand, and let them be 
 pruned and drefled according to the direc- 
 tions for pruning. The other trees that 
 are to be taken up, fbould have the long 
 branches cut oft" and ftand till next winter, 
 and then ftubbed : by this method the 
 trees will have the free air admitted amongft: 
 {hem gradually; and if they are afterwards 
 
 pruned
 
 106 ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 pruned regularly, in a few years they will 
 thrive and be fine trees. 
 
 IF under- wood and timber is defigned, 
 and that the under-wood is to remain, the 
 timber-trees mould be marked, and all the 
 trees round them have all their fide-branches 
 lhagged orT a foot long, fo as to give air 
 and harden the tree that is toftand, which 
 fhould have all the ftrong branches cut off 
 clofe to the ftem. 
 
 NEXT winter all the trees round the 
 timber-tree mould be fbubbed, and it mould 
 be drefled according to the directions for 
 pruning. The winter following all the 
 trees that are defigned for under-wood 
 mould be cut clean clofe by the ground ; 
 they will moot very faft and grow very 
 thick. The timber-trees mould not be left 
 nearer than fifty feet to each other, for it 
 is impoflible to have good under-wood if 
 they are nearer.
 
 OF WOODS. 107 
 
 IF the under-wood is only defigned to 
 remain for a term of years, that is, until 
 the trees grow up, the timber-trees may 
 be left at ten feet, if the ground is very 
 good ; but if it is only middling land, 
 eight will be iufficient. 
 
 A PLANTATION converted iftto timber- 
 trees and under-wood that is to remain on 
 good land, will be of more value than any 
 other way it can be employed ; for in 
 countries where firing is fcarce it will every 
 fourteen years yield a great profit to the 
 proprietor, much more than good corn 
 crops, if their whole value was calculated 
 to the greateft nicety. And as the timber- 
 trees are ftill growing, and will have very 
 tall boles if they were managed as directed, 
 they will be of very little detriment to 
 the under-wood, and when they are of age 
 to cut will be of great value, 
 
 IF the plantation be feventeen or 
 eighteen years old, never pruned nor drefied, 
 and planted at three or four feet di fiance, 
 
 there
 
 icS ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 there muft be great caution ufed to bring 
 it into order. 
 
 THE tre&s will be very tall and (lender, 
 and have very few iide-brauches, and thofc 
 that are will be mofily at the top and very 
 long ; their roots will be all intermixed, 
 fo that the*re will be no porlibility of even 
 flubbing any of them without hurting the 
 roots of thofe that are to remain. 
 " 
 
 THE only method that can be taken 
 with trees that are thus tall and (lender, is 
 to cut out every other tree dole to the 
 ground, and the long tide-branches, ibme 
 "of which will be very thick, mould be 
 cut off at a foot from the bole of the tree, 
 that there may no hlemiihes be made i-: 
 the bcle. 
 
 THE heads of the trees mould aliu bL 
 thinned and lightened, for they will be all 
 top-heavy, and be much hurt by the wind, 
 \vhich will have great power on them. 
 
 As
 
 OF WOODS. 109 
 
 As they have had only every other tree 
 cut off, if they were three feet diffonce at 
 firft planting, they will now be only fix 
 feet diftance, which is too little if the 
 land is very good ; but it will be befl to 
 let them remain fo for two or three years, 
 and by that time the trees that are to {land 
 for timber will be hardened a little, and 
 have got fome little itrength. 
 
 BEFORE there are any trees cut, the beft 
 that are to ftand mould be marked, and 
 thole that are to be taken away may have 
 their iide-branches cut off at random ; but 
 thole that are to remain for timber mould 
 be dreiTed according to the directions (or 
 pruning. When thole that are to ftand 
 have got fome flrength, the other trees 
 fhould be cut oft dole to the ground. 
 
 IT will be many years before fuch trees 
 recover, and never will make fuch good 
 trees as if they had been drefled fooner ; 
 and this is all that can be done for planta- 
 tions that have been fo long neglected. 
 
 THE
 
 no ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 THE trees that were cut off will fhoot 
 ftrong, and make good under-wood for 
 fome years ; that is, till the trees get fome 
 fide-branches, and grow to a fize to (mother 
 it. But in fuch thickets, as the trees are 
 fo tall, it would be very improper to thin 
 them to fuch a diftance as to make a laft- 
 ing crop of under-wood and timber-trees ; 
 for as they are very tall, and not ftrong 
 in proportion to their height, the wind 
 would make them fo much, if it did not 
 break them, that they would be in great 
 danger of being, what is termed by the 
 wood-workers, Jhaken^ which greatly lef- 
 lens the value of the tree. 
 
 THE under- wood will (hoot very fafr, 
 five or fix feet the firfr, year, and will be 
 of great fervice to the {landing timber- 
 trees ; in three years time it will be as high 
 as- the boles of the trees ; but as their 
 heads will always be above, it will not 
 draw them, and they will grow very 
 ftrong. 
 
 BEFORE
 
 O F W O O D S. - in 
 
 BEFORE the under-wood is fit to cut, 
 the timber-trees will be a good deal pro- 
 portioned in their bodies to their height, 
 and the winds will not hurt them when 
 the under-wood is cut. 
 
 As the under-wood will be very thick, 
 it will prevent any fide-moots growing on 
 the bole of the timber-trees, ib that after 
 the third year there will be no occafion to 
 prune them, nor in fummer to pull off any 
 of the fide-branches ; for if there mould 
 any fide-branches fprout on the bole after 
 that time, the thicknefs of the brufh- 
 wood, which will be very clofe, willfmo- 
 ther them, fo that they will decay next 
 year. There will, then be no further 
 trouble. 
 
 ALL trees that have been neglected, and 
 have great fide-branches, although they 
 grow in avenues or fmgle trees, may be 
 brought into order, fb as to iucreafe the 
 fize of their boles, but they will not be 
 very fightly, as all the large arms mould 
 2 be
 
 W2 ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 be cut off a foot from the body of the 
 tree ; and it will be abfolutely neceflary to 
 pull oft" the young moots in fummer, that 
 Ihoot from the places where the large 
 branches were cut off; for as they ft and 
 foopen, they will pufh many ftrong moots, 
 which will be more detrimental to the tree, 
 if not pulled off, than if it had never been 
 cut ; for there are often to be feen trees 
 that have had large branches cut off, and 
 then neglected for four or five years, and 
 then cut again, with their whole bodies 
 one continued blemifh. 
 
 THIS is the error that the workers, in 
 wood fo juftly complain of, and it is in 
 general imputed to the pruning of timber- 
 trees ; but it is not regular pruning, but 
 the negiecl of performing it properly that 
 is the occafion of this diiafter. 
 
 IT mould be obferved, that none of the 
 directions here given will aniwer with any 
 of the turpentine kinds, as they never 
 fhoot after cutting; fo if there are any 
 
 thickets
 
 OF W O O D S. 113 
 
 thickets of them, the beft way is to thin 
 them gradually at two or three different 
 times, and leave them as . regular as poffi- 
 ble. 
 
 ALL the pine kinds will thrive and grow 
 to fine timber at eight feet diftance on the 
 befl of ground ; and all the forts of firs at 
 ten feet diflance. The only way to have 
 fine trees of thofe kinds is to keep them 
 thick, for they extend their fide-branches 
 to a great length when they have room 
 to fpread, and do not grow fo tall and 
 (Iraight in their boles as when they are 
 confined* 
 
 PLANTATIONS of eighteen or twenty 
 years old, that have been neglected and 
 are very thick, may be brought to order by 
 following the directions for that purpofe, 
 which will preferve many good trees ; but 
 if it is in a country where firing is fcarce, 
 and of confequence under-wood of great 
 value, they would turn to more profit to 
 cut them all down an inch below ground, 
 
 VOL. I. H for
 
 ii4 ON THICK PLANTING 
 for they will grow very fail and very 
 thick. 
 
 IN the beginning of July, fome ftools 
 that have fine fhoots may be marked at 
 forty or fifty feet diftance, of the kind 
 the moft proper for the foil, or what the 
 proprietor likes heft (if there are different 
 kinds of trees in the plantation) and all the 
 fhoots but one pulled off by the hand ; 
 they will come off very eafily at that fea- 
 fon, as the wood will be very thick. 
 
 IN the winter, ftub a root or two the 
 neareft to thofe that are to ftand for tim- 
 ber, that they may have free air : they 
 will make finer trees than if they had been 
 treated in any other manner. 
 
 IT will be necefiary to examine their 
 bottoms next fummer, and pull off the 
 fhoots, if any more have grown : they 
 muft be pruned and dreffed as other trees ; 
 and as they have free air and warmth they 
 will grow amazingly, and in ten years 
 
 time
 
 O F W O O D S. 115 
 
 time be much finer trees than they would 
 have been at the age if they had not been 
 cut down. 
 
 PLANTATIONS that have been planted 
 on tolerable or even very good land with 
 trees from the nurfery, of five or iix feet 
 high, and do not feem to thrive, whofe 
 bark looks reddifh, and pufh many fmall 
 fide-fhoots, and whofe leading (hoot often 
 decays, after they have been planted three 
 or four years, if they do not take to grow- 
 ing, cut them off an inch below the ground 
 in any of the winter months. 
 
 THEY will pufh many moots next fum- 
 mer ; in the beginning of July pull them 
 all off but one of the ftrongefl ; fatten 
 the earth about the moot to prevent the 
 wind breaking it, which is the only dan- 
 ger it is liable to ; they will then grow 
 very freely, and foon be fine trees, 
 
 THIS method will anfwer very well for 
 
 all kinds of deciduous trees, the oak in 
 
 H 2 parti-
 
 ii6 ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 particular : they will fhoot a yard trie 
 firft year, and be handfome ftraight trees J 
 whereas before they did not fhoet two 
 inches, and even that killed in winter, be- 
 caufe it never came to- maturity. 
 
 THIS mutt never be attempted on trees 
 that are planted on poor land, becaufe all 
 trees on poor ground are feemingly hide^ 
 bound for fome years after they are plant- 
 ed, and never make any progrefs until- 
 they have been fome time at a ftand ; if 
 they were to be cut down they would 
 make moots, but they would be very 
 weak ; the wood would not be ripened,, 
 as it would be long before they fhoot in the 
 .fpring, and they would be in danger of be- 
 ing killed in winter. 
 
 THE bottoms of all trees that are cut 
 down muft be carefully kept clean of all 
 Ihoots ; they muft be pulled off by the 
 hand ; this muft not be negle&ed for two 
 or three years, for if the young moot that 
 is encouraged grows well, which there is 
 
 no-
 
 O F W O O D S. 117 
 
 jio doubt but it will, there will fhoots 
 come from the bottom for iome time: 
 thefe mufl be pruned and dreffed accoi'd- 
 ing to trie general rules for pruning and 
 drefling foreft- trees. 
 
 THERE are many kinds of wood very 
 -beneficial to be raied where public works 
 are carried en at or near the place, which 
 ocean" on s a great demand for wood. 
 
 WHERE there are coal-pits whofe roofs 
 are bad, and require a great deal of wood 
 for fupports, it would be of great advan- 
 tage in fuch places to allot twenty acres of 
 good land to be fown with am-feeds, 
 which grow very fad. 
 
 AFTER they are come to a proper fize, 
 if the ground was quite cleared as they 
 were wanted, there would be an immenfe 
 quantity of wood. They would be fit for 
 fuch ufes in about twenty years after fow- 
 ing ; and if the field was begun at one end 
 and cut regularly, before they were all 
 H 3 gone
 
 n8 ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 gone over, that which was firfr, cut would 
 be fit for ufe, if the demand was not very 
 great. 
 
 THE fowing of afh-feeds will be of 
 great profit in. fuch places where much 
 wood is wanted. The heft method to 
 have it come to maturity foon, is to low it 
 'in a field that has been corn a few years, 
 the foil rich, and in good condition. Give 
 it a winter fallow, and as foon as it is dry 
 in fpring plow it again, and let it lie until 
 the beginning of April. The feeds being 
 prepared, fow them broad-cart all over the 
 field, and then a thin crop of oats ; har- 
 row the whole. 
 
 THE corn mud: be cut high, and all the 
 precautions that were given in the direc- 
 tions for fowing amongft corn obferved. 
 In the winter they ihould be thinned 
 where too thick, and in the fummer, for 
 a year or two, have the large weeds pulled 
 from amongft: them, and they will require 
 no more trouble. 
 
 As
 
 OF WOOD S. 119 
 
 . As they grow thick there will be no 
 occafion for pruning or dreffing ; only 
 when any part of the field is cut in the 
 winter, the next fummer all the fhoots, 
 but two or three of the beft, mould be 
 pulled off from the ftools, and thole left 
 fhould be at as equal diftances as potlible. 
 There will be no occalion to pull them 
 any more, as the thicknefs of the wood 
 will fmother what fprings after the firft 
 fummer. This mould be done every cut- 
 ting. 
 
 THERE fhould never be any trees 
 weeded out, for that, in a few year?, 
 would fpoil the whole field ; for as the 
 wood will be very clofe, the young moots 
 that fprouted from the tree which was 
 cut would want free air, be drawn up 
 weak, and grow crooked, 
 
 UNDER- WOODS of Beech and Hornbeam 
 will be very profitable where much char- 
 coal is wanted ; for if they are cut clean 
 they will grow very faft from the {tools, 
 
 JI 4 and
 
 120 ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 and be of a good fize. Although they be 
 very thick, there is no occafion for doing 
 any thing to them after they are cut ; only 
 clear the ground of all rubbifh, and let 
 them -grow as nature directs, and they an- 
 fwer very well. 
 
 THERE are many compositions recom- 
 mended (and all of them would be a great 
 expence if ufed for a large plantation) as 
 fit to cover the places where large 
 branches have been cut off; and that by 
 applying any of them, they will prevent 
 any blemifh in the tree, although the 
 bov.g'h cut off be very large and cut 
 clofe. 
 
 THIS I cannot agree to, as I have feen, 
 it often tried, and never found it anfwer. 
 If any cf them are laid on too hot it burns 
 the bark all round the amputation, and 
 makes the \vound larger, and the bark 
 rifes fo that it is long before it begins to 
 cover. If it be laid on too cold it never 
 joins well, but cracks, and falls off. If 
 
 they
 
 OF WOODS. 121 
 
 they are laid on juft of a right warmth,, 
 fhey will ftick until the bark grows over 
 the wound, but there will be a dead place 
 in the body of the tree, although the bark 
 in time will cover the wound. 
 
 THERE can no large brnnch be cut clofe 
 to the hole without making a blemim. 
 Whe-n the bark on the bole of any tree is 
 bruifed v or rubbed againft by carts or any 
 other accident, if the loofe bark is pared 
 off immediately, and a compofition of 
 equal quantities of clay and cow-dung be 
 mixed fo thin as to be laid on with a 
 brufh, as paint, all over the wounded 
 place, and as foon as it is a little dry lay a, 
 plaifter of the fame compofition, made 
 pretty ftifF, about half an inch thick all 
 over, and dam it with a little dry mould 
 to prevent its cracking, there will be no 
 t>lemim. 
 
 BUT if the application is not made be- 
 fore the wound dries, where the tree was 
 hurt there will be a blemim, but the bark 
 
 will
 
 i.22 ON THICK PLANTING 
 
 will grow over better and fooner with this 
 than any of thofe competitions that are fo 
 highly recommended, and at no expence. 
 
 THE laying the firft on fo thin and with 
 a brufh is, that there may no part be mirT- 
 ed, for it penetrates into all the fides of 
 the tree, clofe to the fides of the found 
 bark, and it alfo prevents the ftifF plaifter 
 from dropping off by the heat of the fun, 
 which .it would do if a thick plaifter was 
 laid firft on the wounded place. 
 
 IF any favourite detached tree mould 
 have the misfortune to have a large arm 
 or branch fplit, fo as to hang almoft by 
 the bark of one fide, let all the fraclured 
 places be brufhed over with the thin ftufF, 
 and then half an inch thick of the fame be 
 laid all over. 
 
 RAISE the branch to its proper pofition, 
 fo that the bark fits all round, and then 
 fecured with props, fo as to prevent the 
 wind making it ; then apply a plaifter of 
 
 the
 
 O F W O O D S. 
 
 the fame, pretty ttiff, all round the branch 
 fix inches above and below the fplinter, 
 which fhould have a coarfe cloth lapped all 
 round to prevent its cracking, and fattened 
 with a fmall rope wrapped quite clofe. It 
 will unite and grow, and in a few years 
 be as found as ever. 
 
 THE compoiition of cow-dung and clay 
 is better for all wounded places in trees 
 than any of the grafting waxes ufed for 
 that purpofe. Although this has no con- 
 nection .with planting, it is often of great 
 fervice to trees that meet with accidents. 
 
 IF a branch is broken by the wind, and 
 flips off a good deal of the bark, lay on the 
 thin fluff with thebrufh firtt, and then a 
 plaifter of the fame made a little ttiffer, 
 taking care to let it be an inch wider than 
 the wound, and be quite thin at the fides 
 to prevent its coming off by the heat of the 
 fun, and it will anfwer beyond expecta- 
 tion. There is no danger in laying it on, 
 and, if it is well fattened to the tree, it 
 
 will
 
 in ON THICK PLANTING: 
 
 will flick until the wound is covered 
 with new bark. After the plaifter is laid 
 on, and a little dried, if it was brufhed all 
 over with fome of the thin that was nrft 
 laid on, it would prevent its cracking and 
 fill up all the cavities, fo that no air could 
 get between the piaifter and the tree ; 
 which if it does, the whole falls off, and 
 
 will be of no fervice. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 THE dung and clay mould be mixed 
 fbme time before it is ufed,' and worked 
 feveral times, that it may be well united ; 
 if it was' for three or four months it would 
 be the better ? but there will be no occafion 
 to keep it mpift all that time ; for after ;t 
 is brought to proper order and laid in a 
 heap, it will require no further care until 
 a day or two before it is wanted. 
 
 CHAP,
 
 FOREST T & E S. 
 
 CHAP VI. 
 
 On the Soils proper forthe different Kinds of 
 fioreft-l'rees. 
 
 THERE is a proper foil for all kinds 
 of trees in which they thrive, an<f 
 moft of the directions for planting flop 
 there. The variety of trees would be con- 
 fined to a very fmall number, if the fame 
 kinds of trees did not thrive and grow in 
 many different foils. 
 
 FOR the information and fatisfa&ion of 
 thofe whofe foil is not the belt, and may 
 be thought not to be fit for many kinds 
 of trees, I have here added a lift of the 
 common forts of foreft-trees, with an ac- 
 count of the different foils and fituatious 
 they will grow and thrive in. 
 
 observations were at firft taken 
 from natural woods, and improved by fol- 
 3 lowing
 
 SOIL FOR 
 
 lowing nature in many fuccefsful experi- 
 ments j fo that if all the trees are planted 
 and Town in foils according to what is 
 here mentioned, they will thrive ; and if 
 managed after planting as directed for 
 pruning and dreffing, will make very fine 
 trees* 
 
 OAKS will thrive in clay if the acorn be 
 fown. They grow very {lowly for fome 
 years, but they make fine trees, and are 
 the heft of wood. If planted from a nur- 
 iery where the land is good they feldom 
 thrive, but grow ftunted and crooked ; 
 but if planted from the feed-beds that are 
 made to raife trees for poor land, they will 
 grow very well, and after the firft year 
 ihoot freely. 
 
 IN ftrong loam they may be planted at 
 fix or leven. feet, from the nurfery, and 
 after the firil year will grow very well. 
 
 IN light loam they may be planted from 
 
 the nurfery or other plantations when of a 
 
 2 large
 
 FOREST TREES. 127 
 
 large fize, and will grow freely even the 
 firft year. 
 
 IN fat, rich earth they grow well at all 
 ages, and make fine fhoots ; if the acorn 
 is fown in fuch ground they make the 
 finefl trees. 
 
 IN black moorifh land, where long 
 heath grows, they grow farter, and have 
 finer (hoots than in any other. The acorn 
 fown thrives well in fandy loam ; but they 
 muft be planted young, or fown ; for if 
 they are large they grow hide-bound and 
 never thrive. Acorns fown round the 
 bottoms of hills will thrive and grow fine 
 trees, although the ground be very indif- 
 ferent. 
 
 . f, 
 
 POP L A R s of all kinds will thrive in bogs 
 and all moift grounds ; they will grow to 
 a great fize in good land, but the wood 
 does not deferve fuch quarters, unlefs they 
 are planted by way of ornament for the 
 variety of their leaves. 
 
 THE
 
 SOIL FOR 
 
 THE American poplars are amazing faft 
 growers, and are beautiful trees, but the 
 wood does not feem to be miich better 
 than the other forts. 
 
 ALL the kinds would jinfwer well to be 
 planted thick in moift grounds for coal- 
 pit props, or where wood was much 
 wanted for fencing of plantations and in- 
 elofures. The wood of late is much ufed 
 in different kinds of huibandry for its 
 lightnefs ; and fome have made chamber- 
 floors of it. The wood is of ihort dura- 
 tion, and is not of value to make large 
 plantations in any other grounds but wet 
 places, where other wood will not thrive;, 
 and there they will turn to great profit; 
 
 THE Alder wood is of fo little value, 
 and the tree of fo little beauty, that it is 
 not worth cultivating in any place but 
 mere bogs, where little elie will grow. 
 They may be propagated in fuch places by 
 large truncheons drove or pufhed into the 
 ground, 
 
 ASH
 
 F O R E S T T R E E S. 12$ 
 
 ASH is a tree of great life and value ; 
 In good land they grow very faft. A gen- 
 tleman may plant Am, and fee the fame 
 trees cut and fold for three and four guineas 
 each. It will grow in hard clay, but the 
 wood is not very good ; in ftrong loam 
 it will make fine trees ; in light loam it 
 grows amazingly faft, and in fifty years 
 after planting there will be trees of great 
 value. It will grow very well in moift 
 foils, but in hard dry ground the wood is 
 hot good; neither does it grow to a great 
 fize. 
 
 THE Am is not efteemed, becaufe it is 
 long before it is green, and lofes its leaves 
 the foorieft of all the fo'reft kind. It is a 
 wood much ufed in all forts of hufbandry 
 work; fo that there mould be a large plan- 
 tation in good land, in a proper place that 
 is not near nor much in view of the 
 manfion-houfe, as they are very unfightly 
 in fpring: 
 
 BEECH will thrive iri all kinds of foils 
 VOL. I, I that
 
 S O I L F O R 
 
 that are not wet ; it will grow amongft 
 hard rocks where therfe is hardly any foil ^ 
 it will grow in clay, hut there they mould 
 be planted from the feed-bed, in the fame 
 manner as trees planted on. poor gravel. 
 
 IF they are planted from the nurfery at 
 four years old they will do pretty well, but 
 if they are much older, there will not be 
 one in ten that will grow. 
 
 IF they are planted in clay, or even in 
 ftrong loam, they mould have only the 
 large fide-branches taken off. 
 
 IF they are trained in the nurfery, oi? 
 taken from other plantations, and have 
 been regularly dreffed and pruned, they 
 may be planted in good light loil, when 
 they are large, with fuccefs -, but even then 
 they mould have all the fmall fide-branches 
 left on, for they do not thrive well when 
 they are much diverted of their branches. 
 In the nurfery they mould not be much 
 .g r lined*.
 
 FOREST TREES. 
 
 IT is a tree of great ufe, and very pro- 
 fitable to make large plantations of. The* 
 favourite foil of the Beech is a dry light 
 foil, of a foot or eighteen inches deep, 
 with a gravel or ftony bottom, and a high 
 fituation : in fuch ground it will grow 
 very beautiful. 
 
 BIRCH will grow in any foil or fituation, 
 o the hardeft rocks and in the foftefi 
 bogs ;' thofe on the hard rocks never grow 
 to very large trees, but the wood is pretty 
 clofe ; thofe in bogs and wet land grow to 
 large trees, but the wood is fpongy, and 
 the trees will not live to a great age ; thofe 
 On middling land will make fine trees, and 
 live to a good old age. The wood is 
 tolerable, but is not of value to make large 
 plantations of, unlefs where coal-pits or 
 forges are near, to both which they are of 
 great ufe. 
 
 THEY are aifo very beneficial to mstke 
 
 common railing for fencing on walles and 
 
 commons that are planted or taken into' 
 
 I z tillage,
 
 132 S O I L F O R 
 
 tillage, becaufe they grow very ftraight 
 and long, and are eafy to fplit when too 
 thick. A plantation of them planted very 
 thick on moift ground that is tolerably 
 good would he advantageous, as they 
 would grow very fail and ftraight, and 
 would be foon fit for many ufes. 
 
 THE favourite foil of the Birch is a light 
 black earth, of a foot deep, and a gravel pr 
 ftony bottom ; in that they will grow tall 
 and ftraight, with a remarkably white bark 
 and fine heads. 
 
 THE Horfe-Chefnut will thrive in all 
 foils where there is a moderate depth of 
 earth, and a gravel or ftony bottom ; there 
 they will grow to a great magnitude. The 
 leaves are handfome and the flowers are 
 beautiful, but the wood is of no great value, 
 fo it is only fit for pleafure. 
 
 A FEW clumps in the ikirts of planta- 
 tions are very pretty. They mould never 
 be planted near walks ncr houfes, as they 
 
 make
 
 F O & E S T T R E S. 133 
 
 make a conftant litter from their firft bud- 
 dins: until the leaves are all sfone. It is a 
 
 o *-* 
 
 tree not fit to plant for profit. 
 
 THE common rough-leafed Elm will 
 thrive in mod foils but hard clay and 
 (landing water ; yet it will thrive by river 
 fides, where the foil is light and fandy (as 
 it generally is) although the roots are three 
 parts warned bare by the water ; but the 
 wet is only temporary and goes off foon. 
 It is an excellent foreft-tree, and is of 
 great utility both in the hufbandry way and 
 cabinet work ; and it has this advantage 
 over all the other kinds of Elms, that it 
 will thrive very well in indifferent ground. 
 Its favourite foil is a light black earth, of a 
 loofe nature and a hard bottom ; in fuch a 
 foil the roots will run a great way, and the 
 trees will grow 'to a great fize, and be very 
 ftraight, if planted thick. 
 
 THEY are raifed from feed and from 
 
 layers ; many prefer the feed, but if the 
 
 layers are rightly managed there is little 
 
 I 3 difference,
 
 134 S O I L F O R 
 
 difference, if they are moved once or twice 
 in the nurfery : they may be planted 
 out from thence, or from other plantar 
 tions that have been properly managed, 
 after they are large, with good fuccefs. 
 It is an excellent tree to make large plan.- 
 tations of, and will turn to great profit, 
 AS it will thrive ib well on very indifferent 
 ground. 
 
 THE Dutch Elm is a tree that grows 
 very fail when young, if the foil be good ; 
 and as it moots immenfe quantities of fide- 
 branches, they require a good deal of 
 labour to keep them in order. It likes ^ 
 good depth of foil, a good rich loam ; 
 there it will thrive and grow very fail: fpr 
 twenty-five or thirty years, but after that 
 time it generally is at a {land, is (hmtecj, 
 and makes no figure ; the bark grows 
 rough, and the wood is of little value, fp 
 large plantations of them would not be 
 very . advantageous, efpecially as they re- 
 quire good land, which may be better em- 
 
 TUB
 
 FOREST TREES. 135 
 
 THE Englifh Elm is the mod beautiful 
 of all the foreft kinds, and grows to an 
 amazing great fize. It will grow in a 
 ftrong loam where there is a good depth 
 of foil above the clay, which is generally 
 the bottom where the top foil is a ftrong 
 loam. 
 
 As all thefe trees are raifed from layers, 
 they mould be trained in the nurlery for 
 fome time before they are planted out : 
 if they are properly managed, the roots 
 will be fo trained as to run horizontally, 
 and if they are fo ordered, they will grow 
 to very flrong trees in a ftifT loam ; for 
 after the roots are flat they will run along 
 juft below the furface, and never attempt 
 going into the clay, which is a great enemy 
 to them, for they ilunt as foon as the 
 roots touch it. 
 
 THEY will thrive very well on a light 
 
 black earth, and on light loam that is of 
 
 a moift nature they thrive the beft of all : 
 
 fuch loam has always a fandy bottom ; and 
 
 I 4 although
 
 S O I L F O R 
 
 Although the Elms are trained fo that their 
 roots are quite fiat, and the large ones as 
 they extend run juft below the furface, 
 there will be many fmall roots a great 
 depth in the fand. They will thrive fur- 
 prizingly in foft fand, but then they mould 
 be planted young and pretty deep, 
 
 ; A J O X J X 
 
 THEIR leaves are not of that dark 
 green when in fuch fandy land ; they 
 tore them fooner in autumn and are out 
 earlier in fpring. It mould be obfer\ 7 ed, 
 that their fituation be on the loweft 
 ground, that the moiilure may fall to 
 
 them; for although they qo not love to 
 
 . 
 
 fland in wet, yet they like a good deal of 
 moiflure, and they always thrive beft in 
 that fituation. 
 
 IT is a tree very fit to make large plan- 
 tations of, as the wood is very valuable, 
 and will turn to great profit, if the foil be 
 proper and of a good depth ; but on poor 
 land and fhallow foils they thrive the worfl 
 of any of the fprefl kind. 
 
 THE
 
 F O R E S T T R E E S. 137 
 
 THE Witch Elm is generally miftaken 
 for the common rough-leafed Elm, which 
 grows wild in moft woods, and is fine 
 wood ; whereas the Witch Elm is a foft 
 fpongy wood, not much better than a Sal- 
 low, and grows almoft as faft : it grows 
 very tall, and fmall in the bole to its 
 height. It will thrive in an indifferent foil 
 if it is pretty deep ; it grows heft in a 
 good light loam. It is only fit for hedges, 
 to cover arbours, or (planted very thick) 
 to cover old walls in fummer, or any other 
 difagreeable object, for all which it is very 
 fit, as its branches and leaves are very thick. 
 It is not worth cultivating for any other 
 ufe. 
 
 THERE are fome other varieties of varie- 
 gated Elms that are for beauty and orna- 
 ment in pleafure-grounds, but of no great 
 value as foreft-trees, fb are of no confe- 
 quence at preient. They are propagated 
 from layers, and budding on the common 
 rough-leafed Elm. They require a good 
 deep foil, and not too rich, or they lofe 
 much of their beauty.
 
 138 S O I L F O R 
 
 THE Lime tree is a very beautiful grow- 
 ing tree, and is very fit for fhady walks 
 and clumps for ornament, but, like the 
 Horfe-Chefnut, makes a conftant litter, 
 which is the reafon it is not now in much 
 efteem. Its wood is foft, and of no great 
 value, but for carvers and fuch trifling 
 works, fo is not a fit tree for large 'planta- 
 tions. It will thrive in foft fanct, and any 
 light foil that is dry : its favourite foil is 
 a, fandy loam, in which it will grow to a 
 great fize, and if it has room to fpread 
 will be very beautiful. 
 
 THE Sycamore is a fine growing tree, 
 and the wood is of great ufe for turners, 
 and many other things in the furniture and 
 husbandry way ; it is alfo a very orna- 
 mental tree in plantations, and in clumps 
 where the ground is fit. It thrives bell in 
 a fandy loam ; it grows very well in all 
 light dry foils that are of a moderate depth. 
 It is worth propagating for profit, where 
 the foil anfwers, 
 
 THE
 
 FOREST TREES. 139 
 
 THE common Maple will thrive in all 
 poor dry grounds, even where there is but 
 little earth : it is a wood of no great 
 value, and feldom grows to a great iize, 
 and is not fit to make plantations, neither 
 for profit nor beauty ; it is very good for 
 to convert into under-wood, as it moots 
 very ftrong and very quick from the ilools 
 after the firfl cutting, 
 
 MAPLE (the Norway) is a good tree, 
 the leaves are handfbme, and make a fine 
 ihade; the wood is much of the fame 
 nature with the Sycamore, and will thrive 
 in all the fame forts of foils. It is a veiy 
 good tree to plant for ufe. 
 
 THE Mountain Aih is a very handlbme 
 tree ; the leaves, flowers, and fruit are all 
 very pretty: the tree grows to a good 
 frze, but the wood is of no great value. 
 The leaves and flowers make a very beau- 
 fcifni appearance in fummer, and in the 
 v autumn, when the fruit is ripe, they are 
 pf a fine red colour. If three or four are 
 6 planted
 
 S O I L F O-R 
 
 planted in little clumps in different parts 
 of the plantation they would be very or- 
 namental ; it is not a tree to plant for 
 profit. It will grow in very poor land, and 
 thrives in moft foils, even amongii rocks 
 and in fluT clay, 
 
 LABURNUM (the Scotch) is one of the 
 moft beautiful trees of the foreft kind ; its 
 bark is remarkably green, with a fine 
 mining leaf, and when in flower is all over 
 a bright yellow. It grows to a great tree 
 if planted in good, light, rich earth ; it 
 will thrive in all light foils that are 
 moderately deep. 
 
 IT is a very valuable wood, and will 
 yield great profit to make large plantations 
 of, if near a great town or convenient for 
 water-carriage, as it is too . beautiful a 
 wood to ufe for any work but the cabinet 
 bufmefs. 
 
 FOR clumps in pleafure grounds, Labur- 
 nums and Birches would be very beautiful, 
 
 as
 
 FOREST TREES. 141 
 
 as the bark of the one is white, and the 
 other a dark green r they are both much 
 of the fame growth as to height, and both 
 their leaves are very fine. 
 
 THE Spanifh Chefnut will thrive in all 
 good foils that are not wet ; it will grow 
 in fandy loam, and in very poor dry 
 ground ; but then it muft be planted 
 young, that is, from the feed-beds, as di- 
 rected for planting poor land : it may alfo 
 in fuch foil be propagated from the nut. 
 It makes a fine made, grows to a very 
 large tree, and is a good durable wood : 
 it is ufeful for all kinds of country bufinefsj 
 and is valuable to make large plantations. 
 
 IT may be objected that fowing the nuts 
 or tree-feeds on poor land is contrary to 
 the directions given for planting poor land, 
 and the reafons that are given for its being 
 done in that manner are, that all feeds 
 fown go down with a tap-root, which 
 they certainly do if the ground is good, or 
 if even it is a hard clay ; but in gravel or 
 ftony ground the tap-root cannot get far 
 
 before
 
 j 4 2 S O I L F O R 
 
 before it meets with fome obftrtadion and 
 is turned afide, after which it fpreads and 
 runs amongft the ftones and along the top 
 of the gravel, as may be feen in natural 
 woods. 
 
 that have been felf-fown in {tony 
 ground, their roots run many of them on 
 the top of the ground ; or if they are 
 covered when young, when they grow 
 large they rife above the furface, fo that 
 moft of the foots are feen above ground, 
 and they run the fame as if they had been. 
 planted and laid horizontally ; fo that 
 planting and fowing in bare ground is no 
 ways contradictory. 
 
 THE Walnut : its proper foil to plant 
 in is a. fine, rich, light, black earth of twcr 
 feet deep (if it can be had) with a gravel 
 or ftony bottom ; in fuch foil the trees will 
 grow to be very large and bear great quan- 1 
 tities of fruit, and very good. It will thrive 
 on a ftrong loam, if there be a good depth 
 of it, but it will not bear much fruit^ 
 and what there is will not be good. In
 
 FOREST TREES. 
 
 will grow very well in a fandy loam, and 
 bear great crops of fruit, which will be 
 fmall, but very good. 
 
 IT will grow and thrive very well as a 1 
 timber-tree on all deep foils, although in- 
 clining to clay, but will bear very little 
 fruit, and thofe will not be very good. It 
 is a wood of great value, and irl proper 
 foils no tree yields more profit. It is 
 a too beautiful wood to ufe in any bufinefs 
 but furniture and ornamental works, fb 
 that if they are not near a market it leflens 
 their value, which fhould always be con- 
 fidered where timber-trees are planted fcfr 
 profit. 
 
 *C KERRY (the common Black or Wild) 
 is an exceeding good foreft as well as fruit- 
 tree, and in places where diftilleries are 
 near, their fruit yields great profit. It 
 grows to a great fize in all kinds of good 
 foils, and will bear fine fruit equal in flavour 
 to the fineft cherries. It will thrive in very 
 indifferent ground, provided it has a dry 
 
 bottom
 
 144 S O I L F O R 
 
 bottom (for wet is a great enemy to it) 
 but the fruit will be fmall. In luch foils 
 it mould be planted from the feed-bed, as" 
 directed for poor foils. 
 
 IT will grow in all foft moift fands, and 
 in ftrong loam it will grow to a great tree^ 
 but the fruit will be hard, dry, and bitter.' 
 It is a tree that will thrive in almoft any 
 foil but where there is fbnding water. 
 It is very beautiful when' in blofibm ; 
 fome clumps of them properly placed in 
 large plantations would add great dignity 
 to the whole ; and as the wood is very 
 valuable, they deferve to be encouraged in 
 all plantations; 
 
 % . 
 PLATANITS or Plane-tree (occidental 
 
 and oriental) are two fpecies differing only 
 in the fhape of their leaves ; and as botanick 
 diftindlions are no part of the plan of this 
 work, but plain and eafy directions how 
 to manage and bring to perfection all the 
 kinds of trees mentioned, I mall clafs 
 them together-j a3 their wood and culture 
 
 are
 
 FOREST TREES. 145 
 
 are much the fame. They are very beau- 
 tiful, have fine leaves, and grow to a great 
 magnitude. There have not as yet been 
 any large plantations made of them, but 
 there are many fine trees growing in feveral 
 parts of England. 
 
 THE wood is much the fame as that of 
 the Sycamore, and they will thrive in much 
 the fame kinds of grounds ; but to have 
 them grow to perfection they fhould have 
 a good, rich, deep loam, not too ftifF; in 
 fuch foil they will grow to an enormous 
 fize, and when fuch a foil happens in a 
 plantation, fome clumps of them would 
 add greatly to its beauty. 
 
 THE Hornbeam is much of the nature 
 of the Beech, and will thrive in all the 
 fame forts of foils. I can afiign no other 
 reafon for its being generally neglected in 
 plantations, than that the Beech is a much 
 hanclfomer tree, and grows much ftraighter 
 in the fame kinds of ground and fituations. 
 The Hornbeam, if planted thick, will grow* 
 VOL. I, K verv
 
 J4 6 SOIL FOR 
 
 very ftraight and tall, and make a fine tree. 
 There is no wood fitter to cut down for 
 under-wood; it grows very quick and very 
 
 thick. 
 
 i 
 
 THE Crab is a tree that grows to no great 
 fize, and large plantations of them* would 
 not be prudent. They are a fine, hard, 
 durable wood, and are ufeful, efpecially 
 for many things belonging to Mills. It 
 has the iineft bloffom of all the flowering 
 kinds, and a few of them properly dif- 
 pofed in a large plantation would be very 
 beautiful. 
 
 THEY thrive beft in a good rich loam, 
 and there will grow to a pretty good fize ; 
 they will alfo grow in very indifferent 
 foils that are dry. If they are planted 
 thick they will grow tall and have fine 
 ftraight items ; but their greatefr, beauty is 
 their fine fpreading heads, fo if they are 
 planted for beauty they mould have room 
 to ipread. 
 
 TUB
 
 O R S T T & E S. 1.47 
 
 THE Larch tree is a yepy beautiful plant, 
 surd makes ample amends for its not being 
 an evergreen, by its fine appearance in the 
 fpring. Moft plantations of them that 
 have been planted are in low grounds, good 
 land, and warm fituations, which is very 
 Wrong ; for in fuch places they grow too 
 faft, like a, plant that is drawn, under glafs, 
 for want of air. Such places are not their 
 proper fituation : as they were of foreign 
 growth^ it was imagined they were tender* 
 which they are not. 
 
 THEY are very hardy, will refift the 
 greateft cold, and will thrive exceeding 
 Well in high fituations, and in very poor 
 land, and there will grow to fine large trees 
 find good wood, which they never will in 
 rich foils ; for they grow fo faft that they 
 cannot fupport themfelv.es j and fo are 
 always crooked; If defigned for wood, 
 they mould be planted in clumps pretty 
 thick, for they fpread prodigioufly when 
 they have room or are detached, or planted 
 promifcuoufly amongft other trees, which 
 K 2 they
 
 i 4 8 S O I L F O R 
 
 they overgrow in a little time ; this has 
 been the common practice in planting 
 them. 
 
 THERE is no tree they can be mixed 
 with to fucceed but the Mountain Pine ; 
 they are the mofr. agreeable companions, 
 for they are inhabitants of cold high moun- 
 tains, and in fuch (ituations will grow very 
 equally. 
 
 THE Larch will thrive in any foil or 
 fituation ; it will thrive very well in a 
 ftrong clay, and I have feen them growing 
 very freely where one third of their roots 
 were in the water. This was in an ifland, 
 the furface of which was not a foot above 
 the level of the water, and of confequence 
 moft of the roots were in wet ground ; fo 
 that they may be laid to grow in any place 
 where there is mould for them to ftrike 
 root. If they are planted in clay they 
 fhould be planted in the fame manner as 
 trees on poor gravel. They mould never 
 be removed when they are large, for they 
 
 thrive
 
 FOREST TREES. 149 
 
 thrive badly for fome years if they grow, 
 which is very hazardous, although they 
 are taken up with large balls. 
 
 I HAVE been told that the wood is very 
 good (but there are no trees come to pro- 
 per age in England to judge of its good- 
 nefs) and that it hardens in water ; for if 
 it is always wet, it will laft for hundreds 
 of years ; which, if true, it would be worth 
 propagating, if only for the ufe of water- 
 w@rks. 
 
 THE Common Spruce, the Norway 
 Spruce, the White and Black Spruce, are 
 all different fpecies of the fame tree, and 
 the fame management and culture will 
 anfwer to bring them to perfection. They 
 x are all fine trees and grow to be very large, 
 and when our plantations of them come 
 to maturity, we mall have as good wood as 
 any that is brought from Norway or any 
 other part of the globe ; and as there are 
 great quantities of ground fit for their 
 growth that is of little value, they moulcj. 
 K 3 ho
 
 150 SOIL F"O R 
 
 be cultivated with great care and induftry. 
 They will thrive in poor gravel and ftony 
 mountains ; on fueh ground they fhoulcj 
 be planted from the feed-bed, two years 
 old, 
 
 IN marmy, moorifli ground they will 
 come to great perfection, as in fuch places 
 the ground is wet and the foil deep. It 
 would be befr. to plant them when a foot 
 or two high ; that is, plants that have been 
 removed from the feed-bed into the nurfery, 
 and have flood two years. They will even 
 grow in wet moffes, but there the trees 
 fhould be four or five feet high, and the 
 bell for that purpofe are trees that have 
 been fome time planted, and growing on 
 hard bare dry grounds. 
 
 THEY rnay be planted at firft at fix feet 
 diflancc, and mould not be moved until 
 they meet, and then every other tree mould 
 be taken up and planted in other places ; 
 thofe taken up in the hard dry ground will 
 be very fit to plant in the wet mofly 
 3 grounds,
 
 FOREST TREES. 151 
 
 grounds, and the proper feafon for plant- 
 ing them is the laft week in March or the 
 mil week in April. 
 
 THE trees taken from the hard dry 
 ground, their roots will he rhort, tufty, 
 and fmall, none of which mould be cut, 
 but planted again as foon as poffible, and 
 it would be right to plant them^a foot 
 higher than the level of the ground, if it is 
 very wet ; they will ftrike root and grow 
 immediately, and will have good hold be- 
 fore winter, and then the wet will not 
 hurt them. As the trees are large that are 
 planted in the marfhy and mofly ground, 
 they may be planted at twelve feet diftance 
 at firfr, fo they will require no further 
 trouble. 
 
 SILVER Fir is a beautiful tree and grows 
 to a great magnitude, but muft have better 
 ground than the Spruce. If it is planted 
 in a light black foil, after the third year 
 from the feed, it will grow very faft ; it 
 will thrive in light loam, and will grow 
 K 4 in
 
 S O I L F O R 
 
 in fandy loam, but not to a great fize : it 
 makes a handfome detached tree, and will 
 fpread its branches a great way, and will 
 be very ornamental. If a plantation for 
 timber, twelve feet will be fufficient, and 
 they mould be planted in large clumps. 
 
 I HAVE feen Silver Firs of fixty years 
 old that were almoft a hundred feet high, 
 and thick in proportion. The foil was 
 light and fine, not much more than 
 
 eighteen inches deep, and not very rich. 
 
 ', 
 
 i 
 
 THE Pinafter is not much different in its 
 appearance, at a diftance, from the Scotch 
 Fir, and while young they feem to be 
 much the fame ; but as there is no plan- 
 tation of them old enough to try the good- 
 nefs of the wood, it cannot be determined 
 if it is any better than the wood of the 
 Scotch Fir ; it is equally hardy, and will 
 thrive in the fame foils and fituations, and 
 may be planted round the ikirts of planta- 
 tions to melter other trees.
 
 FOREST TREES. 153 
 
 THE Swamp Pine has only this advan- 
 tage over the others, that it is fuppofed to 
 grow in wetter places than them. As to 
 its wood and beauty, it is, to view, not 
 much different from the Pinafter, is as 
 hardy a tree, and will thrive on hard dry 
 ground as well as in bogs. The Scotch 
 Fir will grow in very wet ground. 
 
 THE Mountain Pine (commonly called 
 the Scotch Fir) is what we are beft ac- 
 quainted with, and is known to thrive in 
 poor gravel, rocky mountains, and in all 
 kinds of foils and fituations ; but in low 
 fituations and good land the wood is not fo 
 good as when the foil is but indifferent and 
 the fituation high, which makes it valuable. 
 
 I KNEW two plantations of Scotch Firs 
 that were planted at the fame time ; fixty 
 years after they were planted they were cut. 
 The one was on a riling ground, which 
 was (hallow and very poor ; the other was 
 on a low ground, which was ftrong, and 
 #11 the winter covered with water : that 
 6 on
 
 .'SOIL FOR 
 
 on the low ground the trees were in general 
 four inches more in-diameter than thofe on 
 the rifing 'poor land, but the wood was not 
 fo good, it was white and fpongy ; the 
 other was firm and of a good red colour, 
 2nd of much greater value. 
 
 THE Wcy mouth Pine is thebeautifuilefk 
 of all the Pine kinds, but is tenderer than 
 any of them ; by the growing of the wood 
 it feems to be finer than any of the others, 
 but as yet there have none been cut of a 
 fufRcient age in England to know its good- 
 nefs ; neither have there been many large 
 plantations planted of them, for what has 
 been planted are moflly for pleafure, and 
 mod of them in good ground and warm 
 fituations, where they have throve very 
 well : they will alfo grow in indifferent 
 foil, but ihould be flickered from the north, 
 and weft winds.
 
 F O R E S T T R E E S. 155 
 
 CHAP. VII, 
 
 On American Foreft-Trees. 
 
 MOST of the common kinds of forefl- 
 trees in England have been treated 
 of, and the manner of propagating and 
 bringing them to perfection; btit there 
 are numbers of American tree-feeds brought 
 over every year and fown in England, 
 many of which are fine plants and pro- 
 mifmg. 
 
 IN the year 1772 I had a collection of 
 tree-feeds from America, amongft which 
 were many forts of Oaks, which were fown 
 in very indifferent foil, but awarmfituation; 
 moft of them grew very well, and made 
 fhoots much fuperior to what I expected 
 in fuch ground. 
 
 THE woods in America are, in general, 
 
 on
 
 156 ON AMERICAN 
 
 on very rich, fine, deep ground ; and by a 
 gentleman who was very curious in plant- 
 ing and obferving the progrefs of the 
 growth of wood, and who had refided 
 many years in America, I was allured 
 that trees of all kinds, in that country, 
 grew as much in one year as they did in 
 England in three. He alfo affirmed* that 
 if a wood was ftubbed, and brought into 
 corn, and kept fo for fome time, and then 
 laid into grafs, in a few years it would be 
 all a wood again. 
 
 IT is well known that it is not fo in 
 England ; for if a wood is destroyed and 
 taken into corn, and kept for that ufe for 
 fome years, when laid into grafs, if it con- 
 tinues never fo long in grafs, there grow 
 DO timber-trees; thorns, broom, and furze 
 
 ^ 
 
 will grow, and cover a field in a few years, 
 if not prevented, where fuch fhrubs are 
 near, and even fometimes where there is 
 no fuch thing, but that is ealily accounted 
 for, as the wind and birds may and do 
 carry the feeds ; but timber-trees never
 
 FOREST TREES. 157 
 
 grow there, unlefs a wood is near that has 
 trees bearing feeds, which may fcatter 
 their feeds there as well as in any other 
 field. 
 
 1 AM far from being againfl the intro- 
 ducing and propagating of foreign trees, as 
 many of them are great beauties ; but I 
 would not have planters be too (anguine, 
 and plant large plantations of foreign trees 
 on the recommendation of foreigners, for 
 all or moft nations are partial to their own 
 country, and recommend the produce as 
 far fuperior to what they fee in other 
 places, without confidering what it is that 
 makes the difference. 
 
 IT muft be many years before thegood- 
 nefs of the wood can be determined by 
 young trees raifed from the feed and planted 
 in England. The bed method would be 
 to procure fome wood that has come to 
 maturity in the country the feed comes 
 from, and of the fame kind, and it would 
 be neceflary to know what kind of foil 
 
 and
 
 158 ON AMERICAN 
 
 and fituation the wood grew in, for the foil 
 alters the wood very much. 
 
 IF the wood is good and nt for any par- 
 ticular ufe, then it would be worth the 
 while to plant the foreign and fome Eng- 
 li(h trees of or as near the fame fort $s 
 poffiWe, in the fame foil and fituation, in 
 clumps, the trees planted alternately ; this 
 would he a fair trial as to growth : then 
 it would be right to confider whether this 
 foreign wood is better than the Englifti 
 that grows on the fame foil ; if it is, and 
 grows farter, it is a great acquifition, and 
 fit to plant for profit. 
 
 SOME years iince I raifed from feed the 
 American and the common Spruce Fir ; the 
 American grew taller the three years they 
 were in the nurfery, but not fo ftrong as 
 the cornmpn : they were then planted 
 into little clumps in a rich light loam* 
 The firft year neither of them made much 
 progrefs, although they were taken up 
 with good balls of earth, and were not a 
 quarter of an hour out of the ground.
 
 FOREST TREES. > 159 
 
 THE fecond year the American made a 
 fhoot of two feet long ; the common a 
 moot of fifteen inches, but near twice as 
 thick. The third year the American moot 
 was much the fame ; the common twenty- 
 two inches and very ftrong. The fourth 
 year the American kept frJll to two feet; 
 the common gained an inch. They both 
 grew much the fame for many years ; the 
 American was the talleft, but the common 
 was much the ftrongefr. plant. 
 
 THERE were the fame year, and near 
 the fame time, fome planted on a dry, 
 poor, fandy foil. They both made very 
 poor moots for feveral years, but the com- 
 mon was the heft, and of a much darker 
 green. 
 
 I HAVE taken notice of this difference 1 , 
 becaufe moil that have wrote on planting, 
 of late years, greatly recommend the Ame- 
 rican kind of trees, as being of a much 
 quicker growth than the fame kinds that: 
 are Englim ; that is, that an American 
 
 Oak;
 
 i6o ON AMERICAN 
 
 Oak, Afh, Beech, &c, will grow much 
 fatter than an Englifh Oak, Afh, or 
 Beech. 
 
 I HAVE at this time Oaks of different 
 kinds, Am, Beech, and Birch, from Ame- 
 rican feeds, and the fame forts that are 
 Englifh, growing in the fame nurfery ; 
 there are fome of both forts that make 
 long moots and flrong ; and in many of 
 them there is no material difference. I 
 believe it is more from the richnefs of the 
 foil than from the trees, that caufes the 
 great difference in the growth of wood in 
 England and America. 
 
 THERE are many kinds of American 
 oaks that have been railed from feed fome 
 years fince in England, and are planted 
 out, and are fine thriving trees, and grow 
 much fafter than the generality of the 
 Enolifh ; but as thev were new trees, and 
 
 o * 
 
 greatly recommended for their beauty and 
 quick growth, they were fown in th 
 
 Left
 
 F OR E S T T.R -E E 5. 161 
 
 b.sfl fpils, and planted with all care in the 
 warmeft foliations* 
 
 BUT if they had been planted in ground 
 of lefs value, perhaps they would not have 
 grown fafter than the common Englim 
 oak ; and if they did, it would he very 
 material to know if the wood was equally 
 good, for the quantity will not make up 
 for the quality, if it is of an inferior 
 nature^ 
 
 EVERY one knows that all the kinds of* 
 forefi-trees we have in England, that are 
 of quick growth, their wood is of very lit- 
 tle value, as poplars and willows of all- 
 kinds ; but there may be feminal varieties 
 in feedlings of all kinds of trees, as the 
 quality of the wood may be equally good 
 and yet grow much fatter ; for in large 
 plantations of all kinds of trees there will 
 be many that will moot as much in one 
 year as the generality of the plantation do 
 in two or three, where there is not tha 
 leaft vifible difference in the foil. 
 
 VOL. 1. L Wflfi-
 
 ife. ON AMERICAN j , 
 
 WHETHER this is owing to a feminai* 
 Variety, or to fome fuperior quality in the 
 ground where fuch plants are planted, I 
 do not pretend to determine ; but if, upon 
 the nicefl obfervation, there cannot be dif- 
 c0vered the leaft variation from the others 
 that grow fo (lowly, I think it would be 
 furprizingjf it proceeded from a change 
 in the feed, but rather from force hidden 
 quality in the foiL 
 
 THOSE that are curious in trees, when 
 they cbferve a feedling-tree that is re- 
 markably different, and has fome good' 
 qualities which they would wifh to pre- 
 ferve,- the bsfb method is to convert it into 
 aftcol, and raiie plants from layers (for 
 all fortft-trees will grow from layers) 
 which is a more certain method than graft- 
 ing j for all trees partake foruething of the 
 flock they are grafted on, as can be eafily 
 proved from the dwarfimnefs of the apples ? 
 grafted on paradife {locks, and pears on 
 quinces, with many others. 
 
 THOSE
 
 FOREST TREES. 
 
 THOSE that are accurate in botany can 
 dhlinguifli many fpecies from feedlings, 
 fbwn at the lame time, of any kinds of 
 trees or plants ; and it is owing to their 
 ingenuity and difcoveries that makes us 
 poiTeffed of fo great a variety of beautiful- 
 plants of all kinds. 
 
 THE only difficulty in feedling- trees is 
 to know which is the heft wood ; as in all 
 kinds of feeds fome improve, fome dege- 
 nerate, and many keep to their kind. But 
 when there are many vifible differences in 
 plants from the kind that was fown, there 
 is no doubt but the very nature is altered ; 
 and although they may feem to be im- 
 proved by being more vigorous than the 
 others, perhaps trie wood may be'rnucli 
 inferior. 
 
 IN flowers and other inferior plants,' 
 their goodnefs is foon difcovered, and in 
 general (efpecially in flowers) fhe ftrorfgeft 
 and freeft growing are the worft ; but in 
 trees it will be a long time before ;t can bz 
 L 2 knowiiy
 
 1 64 ON AMERICAN* 
 
 known, not before the trees are fit for 
 cutting ; for there are many kinds of wood 
 which is good for nothing until it comes 
 to its proper age, which is then very good ; 
 and many kinds that are pretty good when 
 young, but when old are good for little. 
 
 FOR which reafons it will not be pru- 
 dent to plant large plantations for profit 
 with trees, let them be never fo well re- 
 commended, until the goodnefs of the 
 wood is well known. 
 
 I HAVE been informed by feveral gentle- 
 men that have been many years in Ame- 
 rica, that in the large and fine growing 
 woods there the foil in general is a fine 
 light loam of a great depth, fuch as is in 
 our valleys by river fides, and are perfectly 
 dry. 
 
 IF a large plantation was made on fuch 
 ground in England (for if there are only 
 a few trees planted they will never make 
 fine timber), and if the water does not lay 
 
 on
 
 FOREST TR EES. 1-65 
 
 on it in the winter, which is often the 
 cafe, they would grow very fa ft and be 
 fine trees. Some years iince I made a 
 plantation on fuch a foil, which was not 
 liable to be wet in winter. 
 
 THE plantation was moftly the Englifli 
 oak; they in general made moots two 
 feet long the fecond year after planting ; 
 the moots were proportion ably flrong. 
 They continued to grow very quick, fo 
 that in a few years they were fuch large 
 and fine trees, that none who faw them 
 would believe but they were much older. 
 
 THERE are now growingat Lord Downe's 
 at Cowick, in Yorkfhire, what are there 
 called the large American oaks ; they 
 are growing in fmall clumps ; they are 
 about thirty years old ; the mofl of them 
 are fifty feet high and upwards, two feet 
 diameter at bottom, fine fhaight {terns, 
 clear bark, and grow freely. 
 
 feeds were fown where they are 
 L 3 now
 
 j66 ON AMERICAN, &c. 
 
 now growing ; they were kept clean and 
 drefled carefully for fome years. There 
 are no Englifh oaks growing near them ; 
 if there had, I am of opinion they would 
 have been as large as the Americans, for 
 there are fome Englifh elms growing near 
 them which are much larger ; which 
 makes me believe iris more the foil than 
 the kinds that makes the quick growth of 
 trees. His lordmip's park is a rich, light ? 
 deep loam, and a warm fituation. 
 
 CHAP,
 
 GROWN WOO D. 
 
 i 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 'On the Management of grown 
 
 ALTHOUGH the intention of this 
 publication is only for the planting 
 of poor lands, and converting them into 
 profitable forefts, as fuch ground is of 
 very -little life and of no value, it cannot 
 be fuppofed that trees on fuch ground wit! 
 ever grow to the perfection and fize of 
 trees on rich foils ; fo that every gentle- 
 man of landed property mould allot a 
 few acres of good land for planting for 
 the good of poftcrity, and the advantage of 
 his country. 
 
 IT will not turn to the planter's imme- 
 diate profit ; but there are few of that par- 
 fimonious difpofition who will do nothing 
 for futurity, who are really gentlemen ; 
 ; aud all thole that are lovers of trees, as 
 L 4 moi>
 
 i68 T H E M A N A G E M E N T 
 
 mofl gentlemen are, their pleafure in fee-* 
 ing them grow will be very great, anc! 
 give them more joy than any other amufe- 
 ment. tfhefe ars frees of my own planting 
 are words 1 have often heard repeated with 
 great content and. gladnefs. 
 
 , 
 
 ALTHOUGH I have treated a good deal 
 already on the thinning of plantations on 
 good land, I mud: again repeat a caution, 
 The methods of planting good land is 
 ikilfully and plainly taught by many ablo 
 authors, fo as to want no inflructions but 
 fome cautions, 
 
 PLANT thick and prune carefully ac- 
 cording to the directions given for prurn 
 ing, and juft when the fide-branches be- 
 gin to meet remove every other tree, for 
 if they ftand until they are become a 
 thicket, it makes them tender for want of 
 free air, and when expoled are in danger 
 of being loft. The removed trees mould 
 J3e planted in large clumps, or in a new 
 lantation ; for trees from fuch places
 
 OF GROWN WOO D. . 
 
 (hould never be planted as detached trees, 
 jaor in {ingle rows, 
 
 THE trees that are taken up muft not by 
 any means be divefted of all their fide- 
 branches, as is often pracYifed ; for if they 
 have been well managed, they will be. 
 flifF and ftrong, and very able to fupport 
 themfelves with the fide-branches on ; 
 they keep the trees warm, and encourage 
 their growth greatly ; whereas, when ta-r 
 ken clean off, the top or leading moot 
 grows very long even the firfl: year after 
 planting, and always fo weak, that it is 
 pot ftrong enough to fupport itfelf, fb 
 prows crooked ; but where many or all of 
 the fide-branches are left on, it grows not 
 fo much in length, but quite ftrong and 
 upright, 
 
 IT is owing to the {tripping of young 
 ones that there, are fo many crooked trees 
 in plantations that are planted from nurfe^ 
 ries with trees eight or ten feet high. 
 
 I HAVE planted trees twenty feet high
 
 170 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 with ib many of the fide-branches on, that 
 by the middle of fummer it would have 
 been very difficult to know at a little dif- 
 tance, but that the trees had been grow- 
 ing in that place feveral years. 
 
 ' 
 
 IF trees that are very tall and have 
 ftiff boles are to be removed, if they are 
 Gripped <( which is very often the cafe) of 
 all their fide- branches, they grow to a. 
 great bufh at top, and are in danger of be- 
 ing broke ; but if there had been many 
 large branches left pretty thick on the 
 bole, the tree would bear the wmd muck 
 better, as it would then have all bent 
 equally, been in no danger of being broke, 
 made a finer tree> 
 
 THE difficulty of planting trees that 
 have been a long time in a thicket, is ? 
 that they have very few fide-branches, aiid 
 thofe that they have are very long. They 
 thould be Shortened to two feet long, and 
 the top, which is generally very bufhy, 
 |ho\dd be thinned by cutting out fome of
 
 OF GROWN WOOD. 
 
 the largeft clofe to the bole, and fhorten- 
 sng the others gradually, fo as to draw th 
 tree to a leading fhoot. 
 
 BUT it is -bad planting them; for as 
 they have been fo long deprived of free 
 air, and been very warm, they are in 
 .great danger of being loft, fo that it is 
 only in cafe of neceffity they ever mould 
 be planted ; and when they are, the only 
 place is in a wood, where there is a large 
 vacancy by a tree's being dead, or cut out 
 for fome particular uie. There they may 
 iucceed, but hardly any where elfe. 
 
 IN fuch places they are >f great fervice, 
 and it is difficult to find trees that are tall 
 enough but from fuch thickets, and there 
 they are in no danger of being (haken by 
 the wind, as they are prote&e.d by the trees 
 all around. 
 
 IF the vacancy is large, that is, forty 
 or fifty feet diameter, which is often th 
 cafe where a Urge tree has been cut out, it 
 
 would
 
 i;2 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 would be right to plant four or five in the 
 middle pretty clofe ; for it would be to no 
 purpofe to plant within twenty feet of the 
 fide, imlefs the tree that is planted is taller 
 than the trees that are growing round the 
 vacancy. 
 
 IT is a common practice in natural woods 
 to cut out trees for particular ufes : this 
 is very wrong ; for it would be of more 
 advantage to the owner to purchafe what 
 wood is wanted, even at a very dear rate, 
 than mangle his wood j for if the wood 
 was not' well managed when young, it is 
 probable the cutting out of a large tree 
 may make a gap of twenty or thirty 
 feet. 
 
 No young tree can be got up even in 
 that great fpace, for the trees that are 
 round will fpread their fide-branches, 
 which were kept up by the tree that was 
 cut, and in a few years will meet ; fo that 
 if even a tree from fome other place was 
 t be planted in the opening, unlefs it was 
 | higher
 
 OF GROWN WOOD. 173 
 
 higher than the trees round it, it would 
 foon be over-hung and deftroyed ; fo that 
 there is not the leaft probability of any 
 fhoots that come from the {tool of the tree 
 that was cut off ever getting np fo as to 
 come to perfection, even although all the 
 fide-branches of the ftanding trees were 
 cut, which would be a great detriment to 
 them, more than the value of the planted 
 tree, even if it mould thrive very well. It 
 is owing to this bad practice of cutting 
 out trees, that there are fo many crooked 
 trees in natural woods. 
 
 THERE is another great objection againft 
 the cutting of trees in grown woods. 
 There are generally cattle allowed to 
 feed in them, and if the owner caufes 
 fences to be made round where the tree 
 was cut, to fave the young moots (which 
 I have feen) they are little regarded after 
 the firft making ; and indeed if they were 
 it would be to little purpofe, for if the 
 young (hoots were never fo well prefer v- 
 ed, before they could come to any height 
 
 the
 
 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 the place is quite clofed at top, and the/ 
 
 grow crooked, unfightly biifhes. 
 
 . 
 
 IF the wood is come to its full growth, 
 and is to $and forne years, it is a great 
 iofs ; for when the whole of the wood is 
 felled, the fhoots from the tree that was 
 <ut before will be fo bent by the over- 1 
 -hanging of the trees,' that they will be fo 
 brooked as to fpoil many of the young 
 frees refund them, if they are not cut down, 
 'and if they are_, it is wafting the ftool to 
 no purpofe. 
 
 I? the wood is fit to cut, and is left Be-" 
 ca'ufe it is bfeautiftil, and the- owner has no" 
 mind to part' with it, the vacancy muft' 
 either remain empty or be filled with n 
 crooked bufh, which are fufficient reafona 
 to put an end to that bad practice. 
 
 IF a little wood is wanted, let Ibme 
 corner that is moft out of fight be cur 
 down and afterwards planted, or the {tools; 
 managed as before di reeled, and thciitherr
 
 O GROWN WOOD.' 
 
 vtill be woods both beautiful and profita- 
 ble. No gentleman mould allow their 
 woods to be cut and mangled, as mofl of 
 them are in the north. 
 
 IT is a cuftom when oak woods are cut" 
 to leave many fmall trees, which is a bad 
 practice ; for if the wood was thick and 
 good, as it ought to be (and would have 
 been, if well managed when young) thefe 
 fmall trees will have long (lender boles, 
 and are very liable to be broke by the 
 wind ; if they fhould efcape being broke, 
 they a're often fo twifted and fhaken, that 
 they never make good wood. If they 
 fhould meet with none of thefe misfor- 
 tunes they will grow to great bufhy heads, 
 and over-hang many of the young trees-. 
 
 WHEN a wood is cut, if there are any 
 {tiff young trees, and four or five of them 
 can be left in a clump, it will anfwer very 
 well, and they will grow fine tall trees ; 
 but if they are left detached they wilt 
 grow no taller. If they meet with no mif- 
 6 fortunes
 
 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 fortunes (for they are liable to many) fo 
 that they grow fine trees, they will take 
 tip a great deal of room, for nothing will 
 grow ftraight that their branches over* 
 hang. 
 
 EITHER in natural or planted woods 
 the trees may ftand fo thick as eight feet 
 diftance, if the natural wood is managed 
 with care after cutting, and the planted 
 wood carefully pruned for a few years af- 
 ter planting. 
 
 THOSE that are fond of pleafure or pro- 
 fit can have no profpect fo agreeable as a 
 well-drefied wood,-where the trees are tall 
 and ftraight, and not a foot of ground 
 loft, the trees growing in a regular plea- 
 fant form, which is agreeable even in win- 
 ter to walk in, and in the fummer is a 
 pleafant made ; at a diftance it is a beau- 
 tiful carpet in the air, far fufpamng the 
 moft elaborate works of what are called 
 pleafure-grounds. All this may be accom- 
 pliflied by following the directions before 
 given.
 
 OF GROWN WOOD. 177 
 
 1 MAKE no doubt but it will be very 
 agreeable to all or moft gentlemen to 
 blend pleafure and profit, provided it can 
 be done without expence, and at a very 
 little lofs. 
 
 THERE are fome trees that are of little 
 value, but very beautiful : if fome fmall 
 clumps of them were interfperfed in a 
 plantation with tafte, they would be very 
 ornamental, and the little room that mould 
 be allowed them would not be a great 
 lofs, as they would be of fome value 
 when cut, and a great beauty when grow- 
 ing. 
 
 THIS may be done in all plantations, 
 even in the pooreft barren ground ; for the 
 moft beautiful of the flowering-trees will 
 thrive in the very poorefl dry ground and 
 coldeil fituation. 
 
 IF the plantation is on a poor heath or 
 barren hill where there is little foil, there 
 may be planted clumps of hollies and 
 
 VOL. I. M tree-
 
 178 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 tree-box ; for although they are not flow- 
 ering-trees, they are beautiful ever-greeny 
 and will grow to a great fize in poor dry 
 grounds. The mountain afh and crab- 
 tree will alfo grow in fuch places : if thefe 
 four are properly planted they will be fuffi- 
 cient to add great beauty to a plantation 
 that is feen at a diftanee. 
 
 THE hollies mould be planted at four 
 feet diftance to prevent their burning and 
 to make them grow tall ; there may be 
 ten of them in a clump. 
 
 THE trees round them fhould be at ten 
 feet diftance at leaft, as they are (low grow- 
 ers for feveral years ; then at fome hun- 
 dred yards, according to the largenefs of 
 the plantation, three or four crab-trees, 
 which mould be planted at ten or twelve 
 feet diflance, that they may fpread and 
 have large heads. The trees round them 
 fhould not be too clofe to them, at leaft 
 ten feet diftance, as it would draw them 
 up and fpoil their beauty ; then fome 
 
 tree-
 
 OF GROWN WOOD. 179 
 
 tree-box, which Ihould be planted thick 
 to make them grow ftraight and tall. None ' 
 of the clumps mould be planted in rows, 
 but as irregular as poffible. 
 
 To beautify plantations on good land 
 the fame trees mould be recommended, 
 with the addition of horfe-cheinut, com- 
 mon black cherry, filver and fpruce fir, 
 (if 'no part of the plantation is planted 
 with them). Plantations thus planted will 
 make fine pictures at a diftance, and give 
 joy to the beholder, and pleafure to the 
 owner : they will have a chearful, agree- 
 able look. 
 
 THESE clumps mould not be too nume- 
 rous, fo as to look like patches, but ba 
 planted at a great distance, and placed fo 
 as to add beauty to the whole foliage, for 
 nothing is fo difagreeable, nor hurts ele- 
 gance ib much, as plantations planted in 
 little patches. Large clumps of a fort are 
 noble and have a pleafant look: the light 
 green of the box will add beauty to the 
 M 2 gloomy
 
 180 THE MANAGE M E N T 
 
 gloomy fir ; and the mining dark greer? 
 of the holly will make the fine green of 
 the larch frill more cheerful. 
 
 IF woods, hedges, and fields were ma- 
 naged as they ought to be, the whole 
 country would be a delightful garden- 
 The expence would be trifling confidering 
 the advantage,, for they would grow much 
 better -, and as all gentlemen that are fond 
 of rerJ rural fcenes (and I believe moftare) 
 mould have the grounds in their own oc- 
 cupation in fuch order, that every wood 
 fhould be a grove (inftead of a heap of 
 rubblfh over-grown with thorns and bri- 
 ars) ; every grafs-field a lawn, only de- 
 tached by a clean fallow, or a- good crop 
 of grain, to diverfify the fcene. And 
 there might be fome art made ufe of, by 
 decorations of evergreen, and detached- 
 trees and mrubs at proper places-, to add 
 beauty to the whole. 
 
 EVEN in plantations that arc converted 
 under-wood, where all ought to be 
 
 a thicker,
 
 OF GROWN WOOD. 
 
 ,a thicket, there might be fome fmall or- 
 .iiaments made round the outiides, fuch as 
 -fmall clumps of hollies, laurels, and flow- 
 ering-fhrubs ; which may be fo placed as 
 to be feen by iurprize, and not as if they 
 Jiad been defignedly planted. 
 
 
 en A p.
 
 x82 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 On Fences, and their Management. 
 
 HEDGES are the moft ufeful as well 
 as ornamental things belonging to a 
 country ; but the method of managing 
 them, in mofl countries in England, is 
 very erroneous. There is an old common 
 tract of fcouring and laying them when 
 they are grown fb bad as to be of little 
 uie. 
 
 THE method of planting them is much 
 the fame, without considering the nature 
 of the ground, whether it is wet or dry, 
 a ftrong clay, land, or poor gravel. To 
 have good hedges it would be right to 
 plant them in very different ways. 
 
 THERE will be many objections madq 
 by the country-men in general, as it would 
 put them out of their old way ; but let 
 
 any
 
 OFFENCES. 183 
 
 any gentleman or farmer only try, and 
 they will find it turn to their advan- 
 tage. 
 
 BEFORE I begin to give directions for the 
 planting the hedges, it will be neceflary to 
 give fome inftr actions concerning the raif- 
 ing the plants. 
 
 THE berries are in general too foon ga- 
 thered ; they mould not be pulled before 
 the leaves are all off the trees. When they 
 are gathered, they fhould be thrown into 
 a heap, and lay for fix weeks ; then they 
 fhould be buried in a pit that is quite dry, 
 and fhould have an inch of fifted coal- 
 afhes in the bottom, and then a layer of 
 berries, and then of afhes, until all is 
 fmifhed. 
 
 THE pit fhould be raifed a foot above 
 the level of the ground, and a fmall trench 
 made all round to prevent the wet getting 
 into the pit. Coal-afhes is better than 
 iandqr mould to mix with the berries, as 
 M 4 it
 
 -I $4 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 it prevents all mouldinefs, and hinders 
 mice from deflroying th.em, which often 
 happens. 
 
 affi ?it)f> 
 
 THE berries which are gathered when 
 the leaves are on the trees, will gvow, but 
 as they are not then full ripe, many of 
 them will mould and rot ; and thole that 
 grow, will not make vigorous plants, 
 which is their greateft -qualification. 
 
 HE.RE they muft lay two. winters and 
 pne fummer, until the time of fbwing 
 (the beginning of March) then they may 
 be fifted from the afjies, or fown all to- 
 gether, which is much the beft way. 
 
 THE ground fit for fowing them mould 
 be light and rich ; and as there are many 
 that do not come up before the fecond 
 year, all that come up the firfr. year mould 
 be drawn in the winter ; mod of them 
 will be fit to plant out for hedges. 
 
 THE reafon for drawing out thofe thr.t 
 3 come
 
 OF FENCES. 185 
 
 come up the firft year is, to let thofe that 
 come up the next have free air and room 
 to grow. The feed-beds mould not be 
 deftroyed for three or four years, for if the 
 large ones are drawn, thofe that come up 
 laft may ftand in the beds until they are 
 fit for ufe. 
 
 EVERY time there are any drawn out of 
 the feed-bed, it will be neceffary to dig 
 the alleys, and lay a little earth all over 
 {he beds, becaufe in the drawing there 
 will be many of the feeds raifed out of 
 the ground. 
 
 IF quicks are wanted in a hurry, they 
 may be made to come up the firft year ; 
 that is, many of them, which will be fit 
 for ufe next winter. 
 
 A s foon as the defigned quantity of haws 
 are gathered, mix them well with -twice 
 as much frefh grains from the brewhoufe, 
 (old grains will not anfwer) and lay them 
 up in a round heap, covering them all 
 found with half an inch of grains.
 
 i86 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 THERE they may remain for ten or 
 twelve days, ty which time they will be 
 in a gentle 'heat ; they muft then be 
 turned and la-id up as before, and lie as 
 long, by which time moft of the pulp 
 \vill be rotted off; then they fhould have 
 another turning, and a good deal of fand 
 mixed with them, and rubbed between 
 the hands, and laid up clofe, and covered 
 two inches thick with fand to keep them 
 from frofr.. They muft be under cover ; 
 an open fhed will do. Thefe muft be 
 fown in March. 
 
 I F there is a hedge to plant in poor 
 gravel or fandy foil, pare off the grafs as 
 thin as poffible two feet wide ; take out 
 a fpade of earth and put in a quick, 
 which mould be cut eight inches long, 
 and laid in Hoping, fo that the top mould 
 not be above two inches out of the 
 ground ; then dig on a foot and lay 
 another in the fame manner, and fo on, 
 to the end \> then there will be a ftraight 
 row at a foot di fiance. 
 
 OPEN
 
 OF FENCES. iS 7 
 
 OPEN the ground two inches diftant 
 from the firft row, and plant another quick 
 in the fame manner between every one of 
 thofe firft planted, fo that there will be 
 another ftraight row two inches wide of 
 the firfr., and the quicks at fix inches 
 diftance. 
 
 LET it grow at pleafure for two years, 
 by which time the moots will be a good 
 length ; fo that they may be platted into 
 one another, and then with a pair of 
 garden fheers cut off all the long drag- 
 gling branches. There is nothing fur- 
 ther requilite for two years ; then it 
 mould be platted, and cut as before. 
 
 IF the hedge is to grow tall, provide a 
 hedge-bill with a long handle, and in 
 winter fwitch off all the long fide-branches 
 that over-hang the bottom of the hedge, 
 and keep the top narrow, and it will be a 
 good and neat fence for many years. 
 
 I N fuch grounds' there is no occafion. 
 
 for
 
 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 for ditches, fo there will be no fcouring, 
 and the dreffing will be a very fmall ex- 
 pence, as a man will fwitch and drefs as 
 much in a day as he could fcour in a week. 
 Scouring in fuch dry ground never Hands 
 well. 
 
 I N all poor gravel and Tandy land, if a 
 little very rotten dung can be fpared to 
 put to the root of each quick, it would 
 be of great fervtce, .and would encourage 
 their growth greatly. If the hedge is 
 to be kept dipt, which is the beft way 
 to have a good fence on fuch poor land 
 (for they grow very flow after laying) it 
 fhould be clipped every year after the 
 fecond platting. The expence of clip- 
 ping will be lefs than where fcouring is 
 wanted, and it may be performed in 
 winter, when little other bufmefs can b? 
 done in the fields. 
 
 IF the ground is ftrong clay there will 
 be water to carry off, fo there muft be a 
 .ditch. 'The heft method to have a good 
 
 hedge
 
 O F FENCES- 189 
 
 hedge is to make the ditch and throw the 
 beft of the earth up behind, and fo form 
 a border, and plant the hedge in the 
 border a foot from the face of the ditch, 
 in the fame manner as that planted on 
 poor land. 
 
 THE flope of the ditch on that fide the 
 quick is planted, fhould be faced with the 
 turf that is cut off the top of the ditch* 
 The turf mould be a fpade deep, and the 
 firil mould be laid as low as the bottom of 
 the ditch (if two inches lower it would be 
 better) to prevent the water undermining 
 it, which it frequently does where there 
 is a bare fpace left below the turf, fo that 
 the whole tumbles down. 
 
 . THE advantages of planting the quicks 
 in this manner are many, and attended 
 with only one inconvenience ; that is, 
 there mull: be a few thorns pricked in 
 the top of the flope, to prevent the cattle 
 fetting their feet on it, and to hinder 
 them from cropping the quicks and pull- 
 ing down the Hope.
 
 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 IF the ground is good and no water to 
 carry off, it would make a much better 
 fence to plant on the level ground, as on 
 poor land ; for befides growing much bet- 
 ter, there is no expence in cleaning and 
 fcouring the ditches. 
 
 IT is three years longer in being a fence 
 than if there was a ditch ; but after it is 
 fenceable, there is no further trouble than 
 annually to fwitch off the long branches 
 that over-hang the hedge bottom, and 
 makes it foon naked when they are not 
 taken off. 
 
 THE over-hanging of the top-branches 
 kills all the bottoms ; the hedge grows fo 
 thin that it is not fenceable, and then it 
 muft be laid ; but by this annual trim- 
 ming it will be very good for many years, 
 and will grow much taller, and be a much 
 better melter, where it is wanted for that 
 life. 
 
 1 F on good land there is water, and a 
 
 ditch
 
 OF FENCES. 
 
 ditch is neceffary, make it the fame as in 
 clay land, and plant the quicks in the 
 fame manner ; and if turf can be got it 
 would be right to face the dopes on both 
 fides, as the light mould will tumble 
 down with froft and rain and fill the 
 ilitch bottom foon. 
 
 IF the ground is wet, planting in the 
 face of the flope is the befh method ; but 
 if it is boggy, quicks will not thrive ; 
 they grow cankered and fhunted, and 
 
 never will make a fence. 
 
 i 
 
 IN boggy grounds Willows will make a 
 good fence with little trouble. If a ditch 
 will carry off the wet, make one as before 
 directed ; but if it will not, there is no 
 occafion for any. 
 
 PROVIDE good ftrong truncheon's of 
 the large growing kinds, three feet long ; 
 with art iron crow make holes two feet 
 deep and eighteen inches diftaht, aiid 
 plant one into each hole, making it fait 
 2 with
 
 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 with the foot. This may be done in any 
 of the winter months. 
 
 THE firfr. year they will moot many 
 flrong moots ; let fome of thofe be platted 
 a foot from the top of the truncheons, 
 fo then the fence will be two feet high ; 
 let all thofe that are not platted in be cut 
 off, but not too clofe/ The next year 
 plat fome of the ftrongeft moots a foot 
 higher, fo that the hedge will then be 
 fchree feet high. 
 
 NEXT year cut all the upright moots a 
 foot from the laft platting, for there will 
 be no occafion for platting them any more; 
 Thus there will be a fence four feet high 
 which cannot be broke through. All the 
 fide-branches muft be cut every year, and 
 in a few years they will grow very thick 
 and flrong, and be as good a fence as a 
 quick hedge. 
 
 ALL hedges that are defigned to be 
 clipped mould be platted the third and 
 
 fourth
 
 OF FENCES. 193 
 
 fourth year after planting, as it binds 
 them fo that they cannot be broke 
 through ; but thofe that are to grow 
 high, and are afterwards to be laid, 
 Should not be platted at all, for they 
 would be fo intangled that it would be 
 impoflible to feparate them. 
 
 THOSE on gravelly poor land make 
 but bad fences when laid, fo that the 
 beft way is to clip them ; but if that is 
 thought too great an expence to the 
 farmers, if they will carefully keep them 
 thin at top, and cut off all the fide- 
 branches that over-hang, they will laft 
 at lead: twenty years and more* and 
 be in a good condition to lay after that 
 time. 
 
 I N good land and clay grounds laid 
 hedges will anfwer very well. The cut- 
 ting the boughs that hang down will be 
 of great fervice to thofe that are to run up 
 to height, and are to be cut down and 
 laid. By the trimming of them annually 
 
 VOL. I. N they
 
 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 they will remain good fences longer than 
 can be imagined till tried, 
 
 HEDGES that are laid are in general 
 fpoiled in the bottom by weeds and grafs 
 the firft and fecond year after laying* be- 
 caufe there are many root-weeds and grafs 
 in the bottom of old hedges which have 
 great roots, but have been prevented from 
 growing in fummer by being fmothered 
 by the hedges hanging over them ; but 
 when it is cut clofe they grow very fail, 
 and almoft or quite cover the whole hedge, 
 which is of great detriment to the young 
 ihoots, 
 
 THE heft method to manage them is to 
 lay the hedge firft, then with a ftubbing- 
 hoe clean all the ground on both fides, 
 taking up all the roots of briars, which 
 run great lengths and do a deal of hurt ; 
 alfo all root- weeds and ftrong benty grafs ; 
 then face up the flope with turf from 
 the ditch, always obferving to let the firfl 
 fpade of turf be laid even with the bot- 
 tom
 
 OF FENCES. 195 
 
 from of the ditch, and never to plaifter the 
 mould up to a point againft the quicks, 
 but lay it in between and at leaft a foot 
 beyond the hedge, There mould be eight 
 or ten inches flat between the flope and 
 the hedge, which fhould be kept as clean 
 for two years as if it were a new-planted 
 one, and by that time the hedge will be 
 even with the face of the flope, and pre- 
 vent weeds growing to hurt it* 
 
 IN five or iix years, if the ditch mould 
 want cleaning arid facing, give the turf 
 that it is faced with a moderate flope ; but 
 by no means carry it nearer the hedge 
 than it was at firft* 
 
 LET the mould be broke dowri 
 amongfr. the roots of the hedge, and laid 
 flat at top ; this encourages its growth 
 greatly ; but when the mould is laid up 
 to a point againft the hedge, it deprive? 
 it of all moifture ; and when one fide is 
 covered up a foot, the other is quite bare. 
 By being laid up in that way it is very 
 
 N 2 liable
 
 196 THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 liable to flide down, and is often much 
 damaged by heavy fhowers. 
 
 I T is frequently difputed whether live 
 or dead flakes are befl in a laid hedge. I 
 am of opinion dead flakes are beft, for this , 
 reafon, that the live flakes fhoot much 
 flronger and fafler than the branches that 
 are laid, and grow quite upright. 
 
 I N a few years they over-hang the 
 winders and kill them ; and although 
 they meet at top there are great gaps 
 in the bottom. It will be of fervice, 
 where there is any, to cut them clofe 
 down to the binding of the hedge for 
 two years, as it will encourage the growth 
 of the winders, fo that the whole will 
 be much clofer. 
 
 I F live flakes could be left regular at 
 two or three feet diflance, a good hedge 
 might be made with a very little trouble. 
 The winders fhould be laid in very thin, 
 and all the (hoots that grow upright on 
 
 the
 
 OF FENCES. 197 
 
 the top of the flakes (hould be rubbed off 
 at leaft four times in a fummer. This 
 will caufe the flakes to pufti many flrong 
 fide-fhoots, which all grow almoft hori- 
 zontally, and will foon meet. 
 
 To rub off the top-fhoots of the live 
 flakes would be a trifling expence ; a man 
 might go over a large farm in a day, if all 
 the hedges were laid in one year, which 
 never happens. 
 
 I F hedges were managed as here di- 
 rected, the expence would not be (b much 
 as it is in the common way, becai\ie they 
 would lafl much longer, and be much 
 better fences. 
 
 IT is the common practice to plant trees 
 in hedges, and is recommended as bene- 
 ficial ; but it is aq exceeding bad practice, 
 and fpoils the hedges, for they grow to 
 fhort boles and large heads ; fo far as the 
 branches hang the fence is very weak, and 
 the trees are never of great value. 
 
 N 3 IT
 
 j 9 S THE MANAGEMENT 
 
 IT deftroys and waftes much ground, 
 as little will grow under the drop of 
 their branches, and the roots run a great 
 way into the fields when in grafs, which 
 are very troublefome when taken into 
 tillage; 
 
 THE heft method is to plant a few trees 
 in the corners of the fields, and where 
 hedges meet. If all the four corners are 
 planted, it will make a handfome clump ; 
 and, as the trees may be planted thick, 
 they will grow ftraight and tall, and make 
 fine timber, which they never will do in 
 hedge-rows, 
 
 IF the fields are large, the clump in 
 each corner may be made fo that when 
 grown up it will be fine fhelter for cattle 
 in winter ; and the fields may t>e kept 
 feparate by a coarfe rail. 
 
 TREES thus planted will be more beau- 
 tiful to the country, lefs damage to the 
 farmers, and more profit to the landlords. 
 1 As
 
 OF FENCES, 199 
 
 As they will be of courfe very irregular, 
 from any eminence at a diftanc.e the whole 
 country will look like an entire wood, 
 beautiful furpaffing imagination, 
 
 THERE is another improvement that 
 would render the face of the country 
 beautiful and fweet, viz. to plant red and 
 white rofes in all hedges. Honey- fuckles 
 are often planted, and are very fweet and 
 pretty ; but they are fuch great runners, 
 and grow fo thick, that they deftroy all the 
 quicks, therefore I would not recommend 
 them : fweet-briar will be full as fra- 
 grant, and be no detriment to the hedge. 
 The common wood-rofe is pretty in 
 hedges; but it grows fo vigoroufly that it 
 is hurtful to the quicks. The red and 
 white fpindle-tree might be planted in 
 hedges that are to grow high ; their berries 
 are beautiful in winter : and if fome 
 fiollies were fcattered at a difbnce they 
 would look cheerful. 
 
 IT is a common practice (and as hedges 
 
 N 4 are
 
 200 OF FENCES. 
 
 are managed there is no avoiding it) when 
 a hedge grows thin in the bottom, to draw 
 cut thorns into it to ftop the gap ; but in 
 reality it makes it larger, for the cut thorns 
 are drawn in very thick to ferve the prefent 
 purpofe, which kills the live wood, and in 
 a few years the whole bottom of the hedge 
 is ftuck with dead thorns, when the top is 
 thick, ftrong, and vigorous. 
 
 THE cutting up of the fide- boughs that 
 hang down annually prevents all this ; but 
 if by any accident there mould be an open 
 in the bottom of an hedge, flick in a few 
 imall flakes and wind fome live branches 
 to them, and it will be clofe in a year's 
 time, as the flakes will make the gap 
 good in the mean time, and be no detri- 
 ment to the hedge. 
 
 C HA P.
 
 ON VINES. 201 
 
 C H A P. X. 
 
 On Fines. 
 
 TH E cultivation of vines, and the 
 bringing the fruit to maturity, has 
 been much ftudied of late, and not with- 
 out fuccefs; but, from a long andafliduous 
 application, I have difcovered many things 
 that are nor in common practice, which 
 I hope may be of fervice to the public. 
 
 I SHALL begin with raifmgof the plants, 
 and go through the management of them ; 
 firft, on common walls (for the benefit of 
 thofewho refide in countries where they will 
 ripen without help) fecondly, on fire-walls 
 without glafs or covering, thirdly, on fire- 
 walls with glafs or fome other covering; in 
 glafs-houfes or floves built on purpofe for 
 
 them,
 
 202 ON VINES. 
 
 them, called vineries, and in ftoves that 
 are ufed for pines. 
 
 I SHALL 'alfo recommend a method to 
 prepare the borders for planting them, very 
 different from what is in common practice, 
 together with a particular method of ob- 
 taining good plants that will be very fruit- 
 ful. . I begin. with the chopfing of them, 
 which is cuttings, they being much better 
 than rooted plants, and, if managed as di- 
 redted, will bear fruit fooner and much 
 better. 
 
 THE method of procuring good vine 
 cuttings has not been attended to with 
 that attention which is requifite, as the 
 chief part of the fuccefs depends on their 
 being good. Thefe mould be taken from 
 plants near the bottom of the wall, good 
 bearing plants that have their eyes round 
 and plump, their joints fhort, and the 
 wood quite round. 
 
 CUTTINGS with thefe properties will be 
 
 very 
 I
 
 ON VINES. 203 
 
 very fruitful, whereas cuttings from the 
 upper parts of the wall, although they 
 may feem to have moft of the properties 
 of thofe cut from the bottom, are far in- 
 ferior, being in general longer jointed, the 
 wood fofter, and more apt to fhoot irrtp 
 great rambling wood, 
 
 WHEN they are taken off, there mould 
 be an inch of the old wood to each, which 
 fhould be cut (loping. Three eyes are a 
 fufficient length ; the top mould alfo be 
 cut doping from the eye, and a quarter 
 of an inch above it, 
 
 BEING thus prepared, put them into 
 light dry ground (not too near together) up 
 to the laft eye, preffing the ground clofe to 
 them ; and before the frofts come on, 
 cover them over four inches thick with 
 dried fern, or dried peafe-ftraw, and let 
 f:hem remain until you want them in 
 fpring : they muft not be touched with 
 the knife then, for it will caufe them to 
 bleed, and fpoil them entirely. 
 
 SOME
 
 204 ON VINES. 
 
 SOME may think that all this precaution 
 is not neceffary, and that a cutting taken 
 from any part of the wall, if it has the 
 properties (as to outward appearance) of 
 thofe taken from the bottom, is equally 
 good ; but let thofe who think fo only 
 try the experiment, and they will find 
 their error ; the bottom cutting will moot 
 lefs vigorous wood, but be much more 
 fruitful. 
 
 CUT TINGS are much thebeft for making 
 all kinds of vine plantations. It is ob- 
 jected they are longer in bearing than young 
 plants, which I never found to be the cafe ; 
 for if young plants are brought from any 
 diftance, it will be necelTary to cut off all 
 the fmall fibres, which will fo far impede 
 their growth, that the fhoots from the 
 cuttings will be Wronger, and bear fruit 
 fooner and much better. 
 
 WHERE there is an old plantation of 
 vines, and a ftrong plant is wanted for any 
 particular place, if it is taken up carefully 
 
 with
 
 ON VINES: 205 
 
 with a good ball, and planted immedi- 
 ately, it will anfwer very well ; but this 
 is only moving from one part of the gar- 
 den to another a few plants ; and if the 
 vine be very old, it is difficult to be done 
 with fuccefs. 
 
 THE common method of planting vines 
 (or cutting of vines, for there have been 
 fome walls planted with cuttings) is to 
 plant them at feven- or eight feet diftance, 
 and fo train the fide-branches to fill the 
 wall ; but there is a better way to have 
 finer grapes, and to have them bear fooner. 
 
 PREPARE fome good hot dung as for a 
 melon bed ; make it up in the fame form, 
 but two feet wider than the frame that 
 is to cover it ; two feet high will be fuffi- 
 cient, but it mould be well trodden to pre- 
 vent the heat being too ftrong at firft. Stake 
 it all round the fides with flakes two feet 
 long, and wind them with flraw ropes 
 
 very cloie to the top. 
 
 2 PRO-
 
 ON f I N E S. 
 
 PROCURE fome frefh tanner's bark froiii 
 the tan-pits (if the bed is to be covered 
 with a three-light melon frame, which will 
 hold eighty plants) two good loads of 
 bark will be fufficient, and fo in propor- 
 tion. If the bark can be made dry before 
 It is laid on the bed, it will be better ; but 
 as the weather is generally very uncertain 
 at that time of the year (February) it 
 may be dried in the bed. 
 
 LAY it on a ridge in the middle of the 
 bed ; fet on the frame and glaffes, and give 
 it air : as the bark dries, draw it to the 
 back and fore-fide of the frame till the 
 whole is dried ; then take off the frame, 
 and fpread it all over the bed ; fet on the 
 frame and glafles ; let them lay clofe until 
 the heat is rifen, which will be in three 
 or four days, when it will be of a mode- 
 rate temperature, if all has been performed 
 as directed. 
 
 PREPARE fome mould a little lighter 
 and richer than is generally ufed for me* 
 
 Ions*
 
 ON V I N E s; 
 
 Ions. Take penny garden-pots, and into 
 each put one of the cuttings, but be fure 
 there be an inch of mould between the 
 bottom of the pot and the lower end of 
 the cutting. 
 
 THERE mould be only one eye left out 
 of the mould, and the top of the cutting 
 mould be doping to one fide of the pot. 
 When planted, plunge them into the tan 
 half the depth of the pot at firft (for they 
 require little heat for fome time) put oa 
 the glafles, and give them air night and 
 day as long as there is any fteam in the 
 bed. 
 
 GIVE them no water while the fteam is 
 ftrong in the bed, for although they have 
 air, they will be all wet with it in the 
 night. It will be proper to made them in 
 the day if it is very hot. 
 
 WHEN the buds begin to pum (by 
 which time the fteam will be gone) give 
 them a little water at the bottom when 
 
 the
 
 2o8 ON VINES. 
 
 the mould appears dry ; but care muft be 
 taken to give it fparingly, and often, for 
 too much at a time would rot them. It 
 will be of great fervice to them to fprin- 
 kle them all over twice a- week in the even- 
 ing, and fhut the glaifes clofe ; but they 
 mud have air in the morning early to dry 
 the wet before the fun becomes hot, for if 
 they are wet it will fcorch the end of the 
 bud, and prevent its growing. They will 
 require little water for the firft three 
 weeks. 
 
 WHEN the heat begins to decline, which 
 will be in about five weeks (for the bark 
 will grow mouldy, and then it lofes its heat) 
 take all the pots out, and ftir the bark 
 down to the dung; level it, and plunge 
 the pots up to the top ; put on theglafles, 
 and give a little air ; for although there 
 will be neither heat nor {team for three or 
 four days, there will be a rancid fmell, 
 which will be very prejudicial to the plants, 
 and turn them yellow. 
 
 WHEN
 
 ON VINE S. 209 
 
 WHEN the heat rifes, if it is moderate, 
 \vhich it generally is, there \vill be no fur- 
 ther trouble with it, for it will laft long 
 enough to bring the plants to perfe&ion : 
 but if it mould be very hot, which fome- 
 times happens, the pots muft be raifed until 
 the violent heat is over, and then they 
 may be let down, only fHrring the bark 
 deep enough to plunge them to the top. 
 They will now require a good deal of wa- 
 fer and air, if the weather is warm. 
 
 IF they pufh more moots than one, take 
 them off as foon as they appear ; put a 
 (lick to that which is to remain, and tie 
 it up as -it advances in height, for it will 
 be of great detriment to the plant, and re- 
 tard its growth, to let it lie down. 
 
 THE frame mould be raifed as the plants 
 grow high, fo as to keep the glafles a foot 
 from the top of the plants ;. but the bot- 
 tom of the frame mould be kept clofe, fb 
 as no. air can get in (which will be eaiy 
 to do, as the bed is broader than the frame) 
 
 VOL. I. O by
 
 aio ON VINES. 
 
 by flicking a few flakes round, and fluff- 
 ing flraw between the vacancies. 
 
 As the plants advance in height they 
 will pufh out fide- branches at the eyes, 
 which mufl be conflantly picked off as 
 they grow ; but not in the common me- 
 thod, which is to break them off clofe to 
 the eye : they mufl be pinched off a joint 
 above the eye, and then they will pufh 
 again at that place, and never hurt the 
 bud that is to remain for next year's fhoot, 
 
 WHEN they are taken off clofe to the 
 bud, it often pufhes, and that joint is loft, 
 which, if near the bottom, is of bad con- 
 fequence ; and although it does not pufh, 
 there often comes one, fometimes two 
 fide-branches jufl by the eye, which weak- 
 ens it greatly, and renders the place very 
 unfightly. 
 
 THIS mould be obferved in taking 
 off the fide-fhoots of vines of all ages, 
 that they pufh again much fooner when 
 
 they
 
 ON VINES. 
 
 they are pinched off at a joint than when 
 they are taken off clofe, and will require 
 a little more labour to keep them clean ; 
 but by this method the eyes are all faved ; 
 and as they pufh much weaker when they 
 are pinched off at a joint than when they 
 are taken off clofe, the vine buds for next 
 year are much ftronger, and confequently 
 the fitter for bearing good fruit. 
 
 THE bed for the vines mould be made 
 the beginning of February ; and, if all 
 fucceeds well, they will be fine ftrong 
 plants four and five feet high the begin- 
 ning of June, at which time we mould 
 begin to harden them ; firft by taking off 
 the glaffes morning and evening, and giv- 
 ing them air all night ; for if great care is 
 ridt taken, they will be flopped in their 
 growth and turn red, which will be of 
 bad confequence, as then they will not 
 {hike root after planting. 
 
 THERE is no other difficulty in keeping 
 
 them growing, than being cautious, giv- 
 
 O 2 ing
 
 ON VINES; 
 
 ing them air gradually, and not expofmg 
 
 tliem to' the fun above an hour in the rnorn- 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 TAKE off the glafTes at five o'clock at 
 night, let them ftan'd fb till ten o'clock* 
 and after they have been ufdd to that ma- 
 nagement for ten daysj they rriay fland un- 
 covered all night, and have a ; great deal of 
 air in the day-time. If a dull loft, day hap* 
 pens -they may be uncovered all Icfey.' 
 
 
 WHEN they are fo hardened that they 
 
 cari '{Wnd the fun, they are then., ready for 
 planting, which will be about the begin- 
 ning of July, and they will have time to 
 &rike root in the common .borders before 
 winter, and will be very fine ftrong plants, 
 
 THE common method of preparing bdr-^ 
 ders for vines is to mix lime fiihbifri and 
 hard fluff with good earth, which I have 
 found, . by many years experience, to be 
 wrong, and not a fit compofitiqn for them, 
 in general" for all kinds "of fruit- 
 6 trees
 
 ON VINES. 213 
 
 S93J1 are made too deep ; two feet is quite 
 lufficient ; the breadth ten feet at lead. 
 When borders are made deep it encourages 
 the roots downwards, where neither fun 
 nor air can have any influence, and of co,n- 
 fequence the fruit is not fo well flavoured. 
 If they are properly prepared there is no 
 danger from drought, which is the only 
 thing that can hurt (hallow borders. 
 
 IN making of all kitchen-gardens it is 
 a common practice to fet out the borders 
 and walks ; then to empty the walks of all 
 good earth, and to fill them up with all 
 the rubbifli and ftones that are found in 
 making the garden. 
 
 THE roots of moft trees run much fur- 
 ther than is generally imagined, especially 
 vines ; and when they meet with that bad 
 fluff it cankers them, and infects the whole 
 tree. This is a good reafon why efpa- 
 liers, and other fruit-trees planted round 
 Jdtchen-gardens, fo often decay ; for the 
 Q 3 border^
 
 2J4 ON VINES; 
 
 borders are feldom above fix feet broad, 
 and if they are planted in the middle they 
 liave only three feet to run on the fide next 
 -to .the walk before they reach this rubhim, 
 .which cankers their roots and infects the 
 whole tree. 
 
 To make a good kitchen-garden, and to 
 . give all the trees an equal chance, would 
 be to take levels of the whole ; and, if it 
 can be conveniently done, it fhould flope 
 all to the fouth ; but if the ground will 
 not admit of that, and fome part falls to 
 the north, there mould be a large covered 
 drain where the falls meet. 
 
 IF the bottom is clay, it will be much 
 better to raife the level than dig into the 
 clay. None will attempt to make a kitch- 
 en-garden in a ipot where there is not at 
 leaf! eight or ten inches of tolerable good 
 mould. 
 
 IT would be much better for all the 
 kinds of trees and herbage that are to 
 
 grow
 
 ON VINES. 215 
 
 in it, to let the clay, gravel, {lone, or 
 fand remain, and bring earth to make the 
 ground of a fufficient depth, as it will be 
 lefs expensive ; and there is no neceffity 
 that the eafl and weft walls mould be level 
 at the top, nor that they mould fall regu- 
 larly to the bottom ; for if the garden is 
 higheft in the middle, and falls to the right 
 and left, it will be no offence to the eye, 
 rjor detriment to the ground, provided 
 there be a fall to the fouth. 
 
 I F any little heights intervene they 
 (hould be taken down, fo as to make the 
 bottom of the ground have the fame level 
 with the top ; for that is of more conf- 
 cjuence than is generally imagined. If the 
 bottom be clay, and- there is a hollow dug, 
 it holds water ; and when the roots of 
 trees Breach the place, they are rotted. 
 
 A HEIGHT has the fame effect, as it 
 {lops the water, throws it back, and makes 
 the ground all round very wet. 
 
 O 4. HILLS
 
 21-6. ON VINES. 
 
 HILLS of (tone or fand are alfo of bad 
 confeqiience, for the roots are either flop- 
 ped by them, or they run into them, which 
 is much worfe. If the bottom has no ob- 
 ftruftions the water pafles off regularly, 
 and the roots of trees and plants meet with 
 no impediment under ground, fo that all 
 things will thrive well. 
 
 WHEN the levels are fixed upon, the 
 walks mould be flaked out and dug over r 
 and cleared of all weeds, ftones, and roots', 
 as deep as the bottom of the other parts 
 of the garden, and left fix inches lower 
 than the level, which will be fufficient to 
 lay gravel, or any other kind of hard fluff, 
 to form the walks, for grafs walks are very 
 unfit in kitchen-gardens. 
 
 BUT if any gentleman prefers them to- 
 gravel, they mould be left only two inches 
 lower than the kitchen ground and bor- 
 ders, which mould be filled up with fharp 
 fand to lay the turf upon, as it will make 
 them much drier for walking on in winter, 
 
 will
 
 ON VINES. 217 
 
 will greatly prevent the worms from work^ 
 ing in them, and keep them from growing 
 too flufh in fummer, which they would 
 do, as the ground is all made good below. 
 They fhould alfo be made a little round to 
 make the wet run off. 
 
 IF the kitchen-garden is a fmall one, 
 the walks mould be narrow in proportion ; 
 in that cafe the whole ground may be 
 trenched, and the walks emptied either 
 for grafs or gravel, as the owner choofes, 
 and the foil that is taken out of the walks 
 may be fcattered over the kitchen ground. 
 
 IF the walks are thus formed and made 
 good, the borders may be contracted to 
 what breadth the owner pleafes, and it 
 would be no detriment to the trees on the 
 walls, if the gravel was laid clofe to the 
 wall. 
 
 Bur it would be fo far a lofs, that 
 there would be no fouth borders for plant 
 j;ng things to ftand the winter ; and every 
 
 five
 
 O N V I N E S. 
 
 five or fix years it would be neceflary to 
 take up the gravel to add fome frefh com- 
 pofition for the encouragement of the trees, 
 which mould be prepared fome time be- 
 fore it is ufed. By this management the 
 trees will thrive very well, and the garden 
 will be exceeding neat, 
 
 IF the gravel is laid clofe to the wall, or 
 the borders contracted, there mould be at 
 leaft ten feet diftance from the wall, made 
 as good, and in the fame manner, as if the 
 borders were of that breadth, which is 
 fufficient for the roots, provided they meet 
 with no obstruction after they have run 
 
 that length. 
 
 . 
 
 THIS digreflion is for the advantage of 
 thofe who are making new kitchen-gar- 
 dens, as it \vill be of great fervice to e& 
 paliers and chvarf apple-trees on the fides 
 of the walks, and of great ufe to the wall 
 'trees; for although the borders are twelve 
 -fee*, broad, which is wider than can be 
 2 afforded
 
 ON VINES: 219 
 
 afforded in a fmall kitchen-garden, be-* 
 fides it is in no proportion, and very un^ 
 feemly to fee a fhort narrow walk and fo 
 broad a border; and if the trees are fb 
 planted that the roots be made to run hori- 
 zontally, they in a few years will reach 
 the fide of the walks, and then the roots 
 are liable to all the misfortunes that they 
 would have been, had the border been 
 narrower ; only then it would have hap- 
 pened fooner, which any one may fee that 
 will be at the trouble to examine into the 
 bottom of a rubbifhy gravel walkj al- 
 though the border was fourteen feet broad. 
 
 IF ever there have been thriving trees on 
 the wall, the roots will be found cankered 
 and full of knobs and bunches. I do 
 not pretend to fay it is from that reafbn 
 that trees do not thrive; they are liable to 
 .many other misfortunes, and often decay 
 before their roots extend half way over 
 the border : but it is my opinion that 
 moil of the thriving trees off fix and fe- 
 ven years pld, that go of by canker, are 
 infected from that caufe,
 
 220 ON VINES. 
 
 I AM confident that thofe who pleafe to 
 try this method of making their kitchen- 
 gardens, will find their trees flourifh much 
 better than by any method that has hi- 
 therto been practifed ; and the wideneis of 
 the borders, which has been introduced 
 of late years, is a certain reafon that what 
 is here directed will be of greater ier-> 
 vice. But to return to the making the 
 tx>rders for Vines. 
 
 IF the natural foil is a light fandy loam 
 (which is the beft) with a clay bottom, 
 raife the ground fo as. to have a fufficient 
 depth (two feet) which is much better 
 than digging down into the clay, although 
 it fhould be neceflary to have a ftep or two 
 into the garden. 
 
 SPREAD fix inches of rotten dung all 
 over the top of the border ; open a trench 
 two feet deep ; lay three inches of the 
 dung in the bottom ; and when the bor- 
 der is a foot high, lay in the other three 
 inches, and .then fill up the border to its 
 
 level ;
 
 O NT VINES. 
 
 level ; leave the laft trench open, and iii 
 about three weeks work it back again ; 
 only when within four inches of the dung 
 that is lain in the bottom, it mould be dug 
 over, and the dung and the foil well 
 mixed. The dung that is laid in the 
 middle will mix in the courfe of work- 
 ing, but none of it fhould be brought 
 to the top. This laft trenching fliould be 
 at leaft "fix weeks before the border is plant- 
 ed, in order that the ground may be well 
 fettled, 
 
 HALF a year at leaft before planting 
 make "up the following cornpofition, the 
 quantity according to the number of vines 
 that are to be planted : Two loads of good 
 frefh loam from a pafture, two loads of 
 rotten wood that is become earth, one 
 load of .(harp fand, and one load of very 
 rotten dung ; lay it in a long ridge four 
 feet broad at bottom, and quite narrow 
 at top : this muft be turned often, un- 
 til it is fo well mixed that none of the 
 ingredients can be diftinguifhed. If this 
 
 was
 
 ON VINES; 
 
 was made up m the beginning of winter j 
 and turned over when hard frozen (with- 
 out fnow) it would be of very great fer- 
 toit* 
 
 . 
 
 THE borders, compofition, and plants 
 feeing now all ready, provide flat flags or 
 ftrong (late a foot iquare. For as many 
 plants as the plantation confifls of, make 
 holes a foot fquare, one foot deep, and at 
 two feet diftance ; lay the flags or flates 
 into the holes, fcatter the mould that was 
 taken out of the holes all over the border, 
 and lay an equal quantity of the prepared 
 compoft down at every hole ; put into the 
 hole, upon the flag, fo much of the com- 
 pofition as that, when the plant is put into 
 it, the ball may be covered an inch. 
 
 TAKE the plant carefully out of the 
 pot, loofening the roots gently ; but great 
 care muil be taken not to break them; 
 then place them in the hole eight inches 
 "from the wall, their heads inclining to it ; 
 fill up the whole with the compofition all 
 
 round
 
 ON VINES. t~aj 
 
 round the ball, as high as the top, prefT- 
 ing it gently with the hand, and fb pro- 
 ceed until the whole is planted ; * then give 
 them a good watering, and a little after 
 cover the ball an inch over the top with 
 $he competition ; fatten the plant to the 
 wall with two or three nails, according to 
 its length ; fpread an inch of rotten dung 
 all over the border, and prick it in four 
 inches deep. 
 
 IF all has. been managed as directed they 
 will grow a good deal after being planted, 
 therefore muft be fattened to the wall, and 
 have the fide-fhoots picked off as they ad- 
 vance in height and pum out; but as the 
 lower part of the vine will have given over 
 pufhing fide-moots, thofe now at the top 
 may be broke clofe off, as all that part will 
 be cut off in pruning, but is now allowed 
 to grow to ttrengthen the lower.part of the 
 vine, which grows much ttronger than if 
 they were flopped at the top; for when 
 they are, they puih many vigorous fide*
 
 ON VINES. 
 
 THE ufe of the flag is to turn the roots 
 horizontally at their firfr. growing ; and as 
 the plants have heen railed in pots, the 
 roots are prevented from taking a down* 
 right pofition ; and although the bottom 
 of the border is hard clay, there will be 
 no occafion for any rubbifh or {tones be- 
 ing laid in it,, for the roots will run hori- 
 zontally, and never attempt going into the 
 clay. 
 
 IF cuttings are taken off and preferred, 
 sis before directed, during the winter, and 
 planted, as above, againft either common 
 or hot walls, they will anfwer very well. 
 They mould be planted in the beginning 
 of March; they will do much better than 
 thofe that are raifed in a feparate place, 
 'and taken up and planted againft the walls 
 afterwards ; but they will be two years 
 longer in bearing fruit than thofe that are 
 raifed and trained in heat, and will not 
 be fo ftrorig the third year as thofe raifed 
 in heat will be the firft. Vines are much 
 better never to be removed. 
 
 ABOUT
 
 N V I N E S. 
 
 ABOUT the beginning of Auguft nip 
 t>ff the end of the leading (hoot ; for if 
 it is done fooner they will pufh out fo 
 many fide- branches, that it will weaken 
 the plants greatly, and they will ceafe 
 growing. 
 
 As foon as the leaves grow red, which 
 will be about the end of September, prune 
 them, and moft of them will be ftrong 5 
 cut them, according to their ftrength^ 
 into one, two, or three eyes ; let the flope 
 of the cut be oppofite to the eye, and a 
 "quarter of an inch above it ; and as you 
 cut them have fome clay at hand (a little 
 fofter than for grafting) and over every 
 cut give a very thin cover ; this will be 
 of great fervice to them ; for the wood 
 
 O ' 
 
 of young Vines is foft and fpongy, and 
 their hearts opener than thofe that are 
 come to maturity. 
 
 THE thin coat of clay prevents wet 
 
 and froft from penetrating them ; and 
 
 being cut a little above the eye, although 
 
 VOL. I. P the
 
 226 O N V I N E S, 
 
 the froft be fevere, it never damages the 
 bud, which often happens when cut clofe 
 to it. 
 
 IF the plants raifed in pots are planted 
 againft a fined wall (for they will do very 
 well on common walls, in countries where 
 they ripen without affiitance) it will be of 
 great fervice to add a little fire to them for 
 two months after they are planted, as it 
 would encourage their growth greatly, and 
 ripen the wood much better. 
 
 THE border which has been preparecf 
 and planted is fuppofed to be a fandy 
 loam, which is certainly the beft; but 
 as that cannot always be had, it will bq 
 neceffary to give (bmc directions for pre- 
 paring all the different foils which can 
 happen, at leaft thofe that are fit to plant 
 Vines in. 
 
 IF it is a itrong loam, which always 
 bas a hard clay bottom, but in general a 
 good depth of foil, a compofition of light 
 
 black
 
 O N V I N E S. 227 
 
 black earth, (harp fand, and coal or wood 
 aihes (if coal ames, they mufl: be fifted 
 through a fine riddle, as any pieces of 
 coal would canker) and it will make the 
 border in good order. 
 
 IF the ground is in grafs, and a ftrong 
 loam, open a trench two feet deep, pare off 
 the grafs two inches thick, and lay it in the 
 bottom of the open trench ; then two 
 inches of rotten dung ; then fix inches of 
 the natural earth, two inches of the com- 
 pofition, four inches of natural earth, two 
 Inches of dung, two inches of natural earth, 
 and four inches of the compoiition ; let 
 all be well mixed (only the turf at the 
 bottom mould not be difhirhed) to incor- 
 porate the different ftrata, and they will 
 then be fit for planting, 
 
 IF- the ground is fandy, or a light black 
 
 earth (the fame materials will anfwer for 
 
 both) a good quantity of a ftrong loam and 
 
 rotten dung, the dung and loam equal to 
 
 P 2 a third
 
 ON VINES; 
 
 a third of the natural foil, and well mixed^ 
 will make it in good order for planting. 
 
 A HARD dry gravel is thought the pro* 
 pereft foil for Vines of any, and not with- 
 out good reafon, as moft of the fineft wines 
 are produced from fuch grounds ; and I 
 have been informed that the fineft of the 
 Spanim wines are produced from the grapes 
 that grow wild on the rocks without any 
 cultivation ; and from thofe obfervations 
 it was recommended to mix lime rubbifh 
 and gravel with the foil on borders that 
 are intended for Vines, and the directions 
 feem very rational ; but experience and 
 the obfervations of many years have made 
 it plainly appear to me to be a wrong 
 practice. 
 
 THE grapes in thofe countries are fmall, 
 and tne great heat brings them to perfec- 
 tion ; but even there thofe forts are not 
 efteemed for eating : befides, they are not 
 allowed to grow above three or four feet 
 
 high,
 
 O N V I N E S. 229 
 
 high, and to carry a few clufters on each 
 branch, which no ways anfwers clothing 
 a wall of ten or twelve feet high from top 
 to bottom ; the wood, foliage, and fruit 
 muft be fupported to bring them to perfec- 
 tion ; and I have found, by long practice, 
 that Vines thrive, and carry large and good- 
 flavoured fruit, when planted in borders 
 prepared as here directed. 
 
 I HAVE tried many compofitions, and 
 all hard (luffs, fuch as gravel, rubbifh, &c. 
 and they never produced fb good-flavoured 
 fruit. I have been informed that all the 
 vineyards round Rome are on a fine rich 
 deep loam, and are manured with the ames 
 and the cleanings of the ftreets, and that 
 they produce the beft of eating grapes. It 
 from this hint I firft began to alter the 
 preparation of the borders for Vines, 
 which has been crowned with many years 
 fuccefs. 
 
 IF the ground is a hard gravel, add four 
 
 |oads of rotten dung to fixteen loads of 
 
 P 3 good
 
 O N V I N E S. 
 
 good ftrong loam and eight loads of the 
 natural foil ; mix them we'll, and after the 
 border has been worked all over in that 
 manner it will be fit for planting. 
 
 IN all the different foils that have been 
 treated of, the fame manner of planting 
 muft be obferved that is directed in the 
 firft ; for the goodnefs of all fruit depends 
 greatly on having the roots run horizon- 
 tally and mallow, and none more than 
 Vines. 
 
 IF the cuttings raifed in heat are defigned 
 for a hot-houfe adapted for Vines, or a 
 {love that is employed for Pines, the bed 
 way would be to plant them as foon as 
 they are fit, for it is impoffible to harden 
 any thing that is brought up under glafles, 
 fo as to make it endure the open air with- 
 out giving it a check ; and as they are 
 both covered with glaffes, the plants will 
 fufFer nothing by being planted as foon as 
 they are ready.
 
 O N V I N E S. 231 
 
 THOSE in thehot-houfe that are forPines 
 will thrive and grow beyond what many 
 will imagine ; and thofe that are planted 
 where there are no Pines, if they are 
 managed in the fame manner, will anfwer 
 beyond the moil fanguine expectation. 
 The preparation of the ground for them 
 ih'all be treated of when we come to give 
 directions for the management of Vines in 
 in ftoves and vineries, 
 
 GREAT care muft be taken the next 
 fpring, when they begin to moot, to keep 
 all moots that come from the bottom rub- 
 bed off as foon as they appear, and none 
 allowed to grow but thofe from the buds 
 left in pruning. They mould be carefully 
 kept to the wall, and all the fide-branches 
 nipped off, and allowed to run to the 
 end of July ; they mould then be flopped. 
 There will be fome little clutters of 
 grapes this year ; but the encouragement 
 of the Vines is the only thing to be re- 
 garded, fo that there mould be moderate 
 fires kept. 
 
 P 4 I FOUND
 
 O N V I N E S. 
 
 I FOUND by the experience of many years 
 that moderate fires, which would bring the 
 fruit to perfection in September, are a great 
 advantage to young vines, as they ripen the 
 wood, and make them fit for pruning early 
 in autumn. 
 
 \ 
 
 YOUNG plants that are vigorous grow 
 much longer than old ones, and when they 
 have no affiftance they are not fit to cut 
 till late in the feafon, which is of very bad 
 confequence to them ; for they fhould not 
 be pruned at a time when there is a pro- 
 bability of froft, but it mould not be de- 
 ferred till fpring ; for although they are 
 late in mooting, if they are pruned any 
 time in March, which is as foon as it can 
 be done with fafety, and at that time they 
 have no appearance of vegetation, yet as 
 foon as they begin to pufh (and fometimes 
 before) they will bleed much, although 
 every gardener knows how to flop their 
 bleeding, and may prevent their receiving 
 any damage ; yet their bleeding, when 
 put in fpring, fhews evidently it is wrong, 
 
 as
 
 O N V I N E S. 233 
 
 as they never bleed when cut in the 
 autumn. 
 
 4 
 
 IF the wood is not fufficiently ripened 
 by the end of July (which it generally is) 
 keep on the fires ten days longer ; then let 
 them out gradually, and they will be fit to 
 prune in the middle of September, without 
 danger, as the frofts feldom are very hard 
 nt that feafon. 
 
 THE Vines will now be ftrong and 
 vigorous, and, at this cutting, every fixth 
 plant may be left a yard long, and thofe 
 between to three, four, and five eyes, ac- 
 cording to their ftrength, 
 
 JN order to get the wall covered with 
 bearing wood, cut them floping as before 
 directed, and nail thern'; then fpread fome 
 very rotten dung four feet broad from the 
 wall, and prick it in with a dung fork (a 
 fpade fhould never be ufed nearer than four 
 feet of the wall) ; then all is finiihed for 
 this feafon. 
 
 THE
 
 O N V I N E S. 
 
 THE next fpring, about the end of 
 March, make on the fires, flow at firft, but 
 increafe them gradually, fb that when the 
 Vines have fhot about an inch the walls 
 fhould be milk- warm all over, and mould 
 never be much hotter. 
 
 RUB off all branches that attempt to 
 fhoot from any part of the Vine, except 
 from the eyes left in pruning ; carefully 
 nip off the fide-branches, and keep the 
 young (hoots nailed as they grow. 
 
 THERE will this year be a tolerably good 
 crop of grapes ; and as foon as they can 
 be diftinguifhed, mark the wood for next 
 year, which mould be the moot next the 
 old wood ; and when thofe that have fruit, 
 and are not for next year's wood, are 
 grown two or three joints beyond the fruit, 
 top them ; but thofe that are defigned 
 for the next year's wood, although they 
 Jiave fruit, muft not be flopped before the 
 latter end of July, which will caufe them 
 to grow ftrong and vigorous for next year's 
 crop.
 
 O N V I N E S. 235 
 
 THE fruit on them will be fmaller and 
 hter than thofe that were {topped, but 
 they will come to fucceed the others, 
 and it will be a great advantage to the 
 wood. 
 
 WHEN the fruit is out of blofibm, and 
 as large as a pin's head, if the weather is 
 dry and warm, they mould be watered 
 twice a week ; but if there be mowers, 
 once a week will be fufficient, until the 
 fruit is come to its fize, after which it . 
 mould have no more water at bottom ; 
 but if the weather is very dry, and there is 
 little dew, if the whole wall was fprinkled 
 in the evening, once a week, it would in- 
 creafe the fize of the fruit. 
 
 THERE is nothing further requifite until 
 pruning time, but to keep them clean of 
 all moots that attempt to moot from the 
 old wood and the fide- branches, which 
 murr, neyer be neglefted. 
 
 |T would he of great advantage to both 
 
 fruit
 
 236 O N V I N E S. 
 
 fruit and Vines, at the beginning of the 
 year to lay fome fhort grafs clofe to the 
 wall, four feet broad and two inches thick. 
 This will keep them moift after watering, 
 and prevent the ground from cracking, 
 which frequent watering occafions ; for if 
 it cracks, the roots of the Vines being 
 near the furface of the ground, it would 
 deftroy all the fmall fibrous roots, and 
 greatly damage the fruit, and retard their 
 growth, 
 
 
 
 WHEN the grapes are all mewn, and the 
 
 next year's wood fixed on, if there are any 
 ihoots that have no fruit, pull them ofF. 
 If they come clean off (as they fhould) 
 they will leave a fmall hole in the old 
 wood, which fhould be immediately filled 
 xip with worked clay ; for very foon after 
 the moot is pulled off it begins to bleed ^ 
 after which it will be difficult to get the 
 clay to flick ; if it bleeds, it will hurt 
 all the fruit on that branch, and greatly 
 weaken the Vine.
 
 ON VINES. 237 
 
 this method there will be no ufeiefs 
 wood on the wall to weaken the tree, nor 
 to croud the branches that bear fruit, or 
 thofe that are for next year's wood, which 
 Is often the cafe. 
 
 EVERY priming feafon fome of thofe 
 that have long bare wood may be cut down ; 
 fo that by cutting Ibme down every pru- 
 ning, the bottom of the wall may be 
 kept a? well covered with ftrong wood as 
 any part of it. A great quantity of good 
 cuttings cannot be had from a well-managed 
 wall ; but when many plants are wanted, 
 if the fide-branches of thofe that bear fruit 
 are nipped off at a joint, as directed for 
 the wood of next year, there may be a 
 good many got. 
 
 THE fruit being all gathered, and the 
 pruning feafon come, the loweft (hoot on 
 the plant of all thofe Vines that were left 
 fix feet long lad pruning mould be cut to 
 .four eyes long, .to keep the bottom of the 
 wall in good bearing wood ; and the top 
 
 moot
 
 O N V IN E S. 
 
 fhoot of the fame plant to five or fix eyes* 
 to fill the middle of the wall with young 
 wood ; and all the moots between the top 
 and bottom fhoot cut off clofe to the laft 
 year's wood. There mould alfo, at this 
 pruning, be fome more moots, fix feet long, 
 laid in exactly in the middle between thofe 
 before left. 
 
 ALL the other branches mould be cut 
 to five and fix eyes, according to their 
 ftrength ; obferving that a weak fhoot 
 fhould never be left with more than three 
 eyes. 
 
 As foon as the Vines are pruned, let 
 them be nailed, the border cleaned, and the 
 ground forked out four feet broad from the 
 wall ; the other part of the border dunged 
 two. inches thick with very rotten dung 
 that has been turned feveral times, and is 
 very mellow : this mould be dug in with 
 the fpade. 
 
 WHEN the Vines begin to fhoot next
 
 O N V I N E S. 239 
 
 fpring, great care muft be taken to rub 
 off all moots fpringing from the old wood * 
 for thofe moots that are laid in long, and 
 had the branches cut clofe to the old wood, 
 will puih out many moots at every ampu- 
 tation, and many will alfb fpring from 
 other places on the old wood, which mufl 
 *iever be fufFered to grow. 
 
 THE keeping clean, and pinching off 
 the fide-branches, is every year the fame, 
 fo need no more to be repeated. 
 
 ON the proper difpofition of the wood 
 at this feaibn depends the beauty and re- 
 gularity of next jear; fo that great at- 
 tention mould be had to the following 
 directions. 
 
 THERE being now on the wall two forts 
 of long moots, one two years old, which 
 has a young moot of five eyes at bottom, 
 and another much of the fame length at 
 top, the eye next the old wood mould be 
 marked for next year's wood on. the. low 
 
 moot,
 
 O N V I N E . 
 
 fhoot, to fupply the bottom of the wall ; 
 and the fifth or lafl eye on the top fhootj 
 to furnifh the top of the wall. 
 
 THE laft laid in fhoot, which is all 
 young wood, mutt have the lowefl and 
 higheft eyes encouraged for next year ; and 
 all the other plants on the wall mould have 
 the eye next the old wood trained for next 
 feafon. 
 
 THERE will be fome fhoots that have 
 no fruit on them ; if they are not marked 
 for next year's wood, they mould be 
 pulled off to give air to the fruit and 
 wood : there will be a hole in the old 
 Vine where the moot came out, which 
 muft inftantly be filled with we'll- worked 
 clay ; for if not flopped it will foon begin 
 to bleed, after which it will be difficult 
 to make the clay flick. If it be allowed 
 to bleed it weakens the Vine and fpoils the 
 fruit. 
 
 ALL the branches that have fruit, arid 
 
 are
 
 ON VINES. 241 
 
 are not for next year's wood, fhould be 
 flopped as foon as they have run two eyes 
 beyond the laft clufter ; thofe for wood 
 fhould not be flopped before the end of 
 July. 
 
 THE next pruning the wall will be full 
 of good bearing wood, fo that it fhould 
 be left regular, and the fhoots cut to four, 
 five, and fix eyes, according to their 
 Strength. There fhould this feafon be fome 
 rotten dung fpread four feet broad from 
 the wall, and forked as before directed. 
 
 IF Vines are thriving, and carry great 
 crops of fruit, they will only require 
 dung every other year after the fourth ; 
 hut it will be better to dung one year 
 half the breadth of the border next the 
 Vines ; then mifs a year, and dung the 
 other half. 
 
 THERE is now only one difficulty re- 
 maining in the "management of Vines on 
 walls, and that is to keep the bottom of 
 VOL. I. Q the
 
 O N V'ftt-E S. 
 
 the wall full of good bearing wood, which 
 it is impoifible to do if the Vines are 
 planted at a great diftance. 
 
 THERE was a neceffity to run fome 
 {hoots a great length, to furnifh the top of 
 the wall until the other wood mounted 
 gradually, which it is now fuppofed tc 
 have done, 
 
 THOSE branches that were lakl in fir: 
 feet long, and at fix feet difbmce, having 
 one moot at bottom and another at top 
 faved for wood, and of confequence the 
 middle being now all bare, cut them down- 
 to the ground ; thofe cut down will pufh 
 out inany ihoots from the bottom, which 
 mufl be all pulled up but one of the 
 flrongeft on each plant, and it will be a 
 fine ftrong moot for next year. 
 
 THE next pruning feafon there fhould 
 be fome more of the long moots cut down, 
 and managed in the fame way as in the 
 others; and every year there will be fome
 
 O ft VINES. 243 
 
 old plants that may be cut dawn, fo that' 
 the wall may be Rept in good bearing 
 wood at the bottom for many years. There' 
 is no difficulty in keeping the middle an<f 
 top of the wall in young wood. 
 
 THERE cannot' be maiiy good cutting^" 
 6btained from a Vine-wall fhat is properly 
 managed ; but if plants a're wanted, pinch 
 off the fide-branches in the fame manner 
 from the fruit-bearing branches as they 
 are from the branches' that are defigned 
 for next year's wood', and there will be 
 more good plants ; but urilefs the plants 
 are wanted, the bell way is to' break off 
 the fide-thoots clofe to the eyes of thofe 
 that are not for wood : they do not moot 
 fb foon as when pinched off at' a joint 
 above the eye, fo require lefs labour. 
 
 IT may be thought that more dung is 
 recommended than neceffary, and that it 
 will fpoil the ftavour of the fruit ; but if 
 rightly confidered, there muil certainly be 
 a great fupply to fupport plants on a waif 
 
 z nvelve
 
 244 O N V I N E S. 
 
 twelve feet high, covered with luxuriant 
 branches, fruit, and fuch great quantities 
 of leaves as there are on a well-managed 
 Vine- wall. 
 
 WHERE this is not obferved, the wood 
 is very fmall, the clutters little, and the 
 Jkin of the fruit very tough, and of a very 
 bad flavour ; but where they are properly 
 fupplied with rotten dung that has been 
 prepared atleatt a twelvemonth, they will 
 continue many years in the greateft vigour. 
 By this management I forced one wall 
 twenty years, and had always good crops 
 of well-flavoured fruit, large clutters, and 
 the Vines in good order. 
 
 BY the common method of planting 
 Vines at a great dittance, and training the 
 fide-branches until they meet, in a few 
 years the bottom of the wall becomes bare, 
 without a poflibility of preventing it ; but 
 by planting at two feet diflance there is a 
 command of bottom- wood (if managed as 
 directed) for many years. 
 
 THIS
 
 O N V I N E S. 245 
 
 THIS method of planting, training, and 
 pruning of Vines will anfwer very well on 
 common walls in the fouth, where they 
 ripen without fire, 
 
 THE management of Vines on a fire- 
 wall with gfaffes, as to preparing the 
 borders, planting, dreffing, and pruning, 
 is the fame as before directed for walls 
 without glalTes. 
 
 THE management of the glaffes is the 
 thing now to be confidered. They mould 
 be made to take away at pleafure, and 
 never mould be ufed until the Vines are of 
 a good flrength, which will be the fourth 
 year, if planted in the common method ; 
 but if from cuttings railed in heat, they 
 will be fit the fecon$ year, if managed as 
 follows. 
 
 As foon as the plants are fit for plant- 
 ing, without being hardened, plant them 
 on the fire-wall ; put on the glafles and 
 a gentle fire ; if they have fucceeded well 
 
 m
 
 246 ON VINES. 
 
 in the raifing they will be fit to plant 
 the beginning of June. Give them mo- 
 derate heat and air^ fo as not to draw 
 them, and they will be fine flrocg plants 
 by the end of Auguft, when the fires fhoul(J 
 be put out, and more air given to harden 
 .them. 
 
 IF they have all thriven they will be very 
 iftrong. As foon as the wood is well har- 
 dened they mould be pruned, which may 
 be done about the end of September. 
 
 THEY snuft be cut very different from 
 any thing yet mentioned. Begin at an end, 
 cut the firfl to four eyes, the next to ten, 
 and fo on until all are fmifhed ; nail them 
 immediately, and drefs the border. 
 
 THE reafo:i for this difference in cutting 
 
 ' IP 
 
 jthofe young trees is, that if they were all 
 cut fhort there would t>e little or no frpit ; 
 
 and if they \ve;c all cut long, there would 
 
 * 
 
 }}e fo much \vood that the wall would be 
 erouded, and not have room Sufficient to 
 
 lay
 
 ON V I-N E S. 347 
 
 3ay In the wood, fo as to have proper air, 
 which would fporl the next year's crop ; 
 but by this management there will be a 
 good deal of fruit, and the Vines remain 
 in good order for the next year: and 
 here it will be sbfolutely necefTary to pull 
 -orF all barren branches that are not for 
 next year's wood, as there mould be no- 
 thing but what is uieful left to weaken the 
 .plants. 
 
 IT will not be proper to force them early 
 in the fpring, as they will not then be 
 Strong enough ; but if the fire is put to 
 them the beginning of April, and kept oil 
 that month before the glaffes are ufed, it 
 will be much better for them : when the 
 glafies are put on, give moderate heat and 
 air, and there will be a tolerably good crop 
 ,of grapes, which will be ripe the latter end 
 iof July. 
 
 IT will do the Vines no hurt by forcing 
 jthem fo young, provided it is done mode^ 
 j-ately ; and as this year the wood will be 
 
 ripened
 
 248 O N V I N E S. 
 
 ripened much better nndfooner, they may- 
 be pruned early, and fo have the heat ap- 
 plied fooner in the fpring* 
 
 THOSE who delight to have grapes very 
 early, mould begin in January to apply the 
 heat; for it is much better to begin early 
 and work moderately, than to keep them 
 very hot, as it does lefs damage to the 
 Vines, and there is more certainty of a, 
 crop ; but it is impoffible to force in fo 
 much bad weather as generally happens in 
 thofe cold months, without hurting the 
 plants ; fo that 'thofe who choofe to have 
 them early in the feafon, mould have two 
 feparate lengths for that ufe. Thofe which 
 were forced early this year fho.uld have no 
 glafles put on them the next year, but 
 fhould have a moderate fire applied the 
 beginning of April, and continued until 
 the end of July, 
 
 IN the pruning, feafon, that which was 
 forced early mould be cut fhort ; that is$ 
 have few eyes left on a moot, in order that 
 
 they
 
 O N V I N E S. 249 
 
 they may pum ftrong wood for next year, 
 as the preparation for the next early crop 
 is. what is to be regarded this feafon, 
 Thofe who prefer a good crop to having 
 them very early, may force the fame wall 
 with glaffes for many years witji good 
 fuccefs. 
 
 THE beginning of March is a good fea- 
 fon to begin to apply the heat, if the 
 weather will permit. It is much better 
 to have the fire at the wall ten or fifteen 
 days before the glafles are put on ; but it 
 will be dangerous to keep them long with- 
 out glafs at that feafon ; for after they 
 begin to pufh, and the moot is jufl coming 
 out, if the froft mould catch the top of it, 
 all hopes of a crop are fruftrated for the 
 feafon. 
 
 GIVE a good deal of air every day, 
 especially when the fun is hot ; for if 
 drawn, they drop their fruit after it is 
 formed, before they come into bloflbm. 
 There mould be little or no water given 
 
 until
 
 O N V I <N E -S. 
 
 until the fruit is out of blofTom, and then 
 they fliould frequently have a little ; but 
 at firft it fhould be given in the morning, 
 when there is the appearance of a fine day 
 and little wind. As foon as they are 
 watered, the glafles mould be opened -a 
 good deal to dry the furface of the ground 
 before night ; for when the glaffes are fhut, 
 there is a great fleam, which is very preju- 
 dicial to the young fruit, and often makes 
 it drop off; but when half grown, it is of 
 great fervice, and then they fhould be 
 watered in the evening, and the glal!e$ 
 Jhut immediately;. 
 
 WHEN the fruit is as large as a fmall 
 pea they will bear more heat, and the 
 glaffcs need not be opened fo foon in the 
 morning, and may be fhut clofe at night 
 , before they lofe the fun ; but in the midd-le 
 of the day, if the fun is hot, they fhould 
 have a confiderable quantity of air. In 
 dull days a little will be fufficient ; but if 
 jt is even a cold day, they fhould have a 
 little to rarefy the air, otherwife the fruit 
 will not be good.
 
 O N V I N S. 351 
 
 WHEN the grapes are come to their fize 
 jrhey may be kept pretty hot and clofe, if 
 they are wanted very early ; by that ma- 
 ^nagement they will grow very large and 
 fine to look at, but will not be ib high- 
 flavoured as when they have lefs heat and 
 more air. 
 
 WHEN the fruit is in -bloflbm they 
 /hould have no water ; and the place kept 
 3$ 4.ry as poffible, for they are then in the 
 mod critical fituation, as they at that time 
 receive great quantities of the fteam (if 
 jrhere is any) that rifes when the glafies 
 are fhut ; fo if great care is not taken, 
 many of them will drop off ; to prevent 
 which, if two or three little holes were 
 made in the back-wall with mutters, they 
 might be opened in the night when the 
 fruit was in bloflbm, and it would keep 
 Jibe place quite dry. 
 
 WHEN glafles are ufed for grapes on fire- 
 walls, and the fruit is not required early ? 
 there (hould be two lengths, which wilj 
 
 be
 
 O N V I N E S. 
 
 be fufficient to make a regular fiicccflion, 
 The frames and glalTes mould be mover- 
 able ; and thofe that were forced with 
 glaffes, if properly managed according to 
 what has been directed, will be little 
 worfe. 
 
 As foon as the fruit is gone the glaffes 
 fhould be removed, and the Vines cut, 
 which will be about the beginning of 
 September, when they mould be nailed, 
 and the border dreffed. 
 
 THOSE Vines that had glafTes over them 
 laft year, and are to be this year without, 
 mould have fire put to them any time be- 
 tween the 25th of March and the ift of 
 May, and in every refpcct managed as di- 
 for fire-walls without glaffes. 
 
 BY this means there will be as good a 
 crop this year as if there had been no 
 glaffes the year before, and the Vines will 
 be very fit for glafTes the next fpring ; and 
 thofe which are forced by fire only this
 
 O N V I N E S. 253 
 
 year, -will gain ftrength if they were any 
 ways drawn : they will alfo fucceed thofe 
 under the glafles, and there will be a fuf- 
 ficient quantity to fupply a moderate fa- 
 mily from the middle of June to the end 
 of October* 
 
 I HAVE had feveral crops of fine grapes 
 by the following method : I applied the 
 fire to the wall the i ft of April, and worked 
 it to the end of May without glafles, in 
 the fame manner as if there had been 
 no glafles 'intended. At that time, the 
 grapes being juft out of bloflbm, I put on 
 the glafles, and managed them in the fame 
 manner as I have directed for Vines under 
 glafs, and had very fine crops. The ber- 
 ries were very large, the fruit had a much 
 finer flavour than thole that had the glafles 
 put over them fooner, and were ripe the 
 latter end of July. 
 
 PROPER heat and air are the only things 
 to be confidered to render fruit of a good 
 flavour ; and imlefs thefe two elements 
 are ufed properly, grapes will never be 
 
 good :
 
 N V I N E S. 
 
 good : they may be obtained early by 
 the ftrength of heat, and by a large quan- 
 tity of water they may be fwelled to a ; 
 forge fiz,e, but they will be krfipid. 
 
 A FINE large clufter of grapes- makes *" 
 fine appearance when the berries are plump 
 and large , but in eating they tafte flat, 
 and have no flavour, which is a great 
 difappointment ; but thofe who follow the 
 elirecYions here given with accuracy, will 
 obtain fruit rich and good, which cannot 
 fail to give both fatisfacYion anxi pleaiure, 
 
 THE directions for the management of 
 grapes on fire-walls forced early, and thofe 
 forced late,, may feem much the fame ; 
 but when compared they will be found 
 very different. The wood of the firjft wilt 
 be much weakened by having early 1ruit, 
 which it is impoffible to prevent, as the 
 inclemency of the weather in the win- 
 ter months will not permit giving them 
 fufficient air to keep the wood fh-ong; : 
 fo that the management of them next fea- 
 fon (although fire is requitite) is not with
 
 Q N V I N S. 255 
 
 Regard to fruit, but to recruit the wood, 
 and make it fit for forcing early the next 
 year with glaffes ; whereas thofe that are 
 not forced early will have a good crop under 
 the glarTes, for at that feafon proper air 
 Hiay be given to keep the wood in good order. 
 
 TH E year following there may be as 
 good a crop as if there had been no glafs 
 over them the preceding year. As to the 
 forcing of the young Vines that were raifed 
 in the hot-bed of tanner's bark, it was 
 only to encourage their growth, as it is 
 directed to be done with moderation, al- 
 though, at the fame time, there will be a 
 good deal of fruit. 
 
 GRAPES may be forced with paper co- 
 vers inftead of glafs ; and if the wall be 
 lighted the beginning of April, and 
 worked, as if no covers were intended, to 
 the beginning or middle of May, they 
 will aniwer very well and bring the fruit 
 forward ; but when they are ufed early 
 they are liable to many misfortunes from 
 fche weather - y and in a ftormy night of 
 6 wind
 
 256 Q N V I N E S- 
 
 wind and froft, if the covers are ton! 
 (which fometimes happens) much damage 
 may be done to the crop* . 
 
 FRUIT raifed under paper covers ate not 
 fo high-flavoured as when under glafs, and 
 by the faintnefs of their light they draw 
 and tender the trees much more, efpecially 
 iii dull day s,when muchair cannot be given. 
 
 HAVING treated fully of fire- walls with 
 and without glaffes, I now proceed to hot- 
 houfes built on purpofe for vines, called 
 Vineries. 
 
 THERE are many forts and forms of 
 Vineries which bring good crops of fruit* 
 Some of them have the Vines planted on 
 borders in the houfe, and many are planted 
 On the outiide, and taken in at holes left 
 for that purpofe. 
 
 IF the houfe is intended to have grapes 
 very early, it is beft to have the Vines 
 planted on a border in the houfe : if for a 
 large crop, and of a good flavour, they are 
 beft planted on a border on the outfide, 
 3 for
 
 6' N V I N E' Si 57 
 
 for there the roots have the advantage of 
 fun, air, and natural rains, which is much 
 better than any artificial waterings, although 
 ever fo Ikilfully performed. 
 
 A VTNERY built on' pirrpofe frroul'd have 
 no tan-pit, although many hold it hefty 
 a.s it gives a natural moift heat, which 
 is by fome faid to be better than the dry 
 fcorching heat produced by fire.' 
 
 A SOFT moil! heat is beft for all kinds 
 
 of fruit in the open air ; but is not fo where 
 
 "*-,, 
 
 the air is confined, for many reafons too' 
 numerous to mention, fo mall only take 
 notice of two. 
 
 IF there mould be a great heat in the' 
 bai*k when the vines are in bloflbm, the 
 fteam that rifes from it caufes many rf 
 them to drop off. When the bark has 
 Toft its heat at" top; which it foon does, it 
 muft be often ftirred up, which' caufes a 
 very bad fmell, and a great fteam rifes,' 
 if it isfrefh and hot ; if there is not much 
 Heat, it has a mUfty fmell, which will in v 
 fed the fruit, unlefs there are air-holes to' 
 VOL- L R carry
 
 458 ON VINES, 
 
 carry off the fleam at night when the 
 houfe is fhut up ; if that be the cafe, the 
 moift heat of the bark is lofty therefore 
 would be better without it. 
 
 A GOOD Vinery mould be all flagged, 
 and the flues fo confhucted that they may 
 give a good deal of heat with little fire. 
 There mould be a flue all round the 
 houfe, which mould ftand above the level 
 of the floor, and as there is no tan-pit, 
 it mould fland off the walls at lead two' 
 feet, that the heat may be equal on both 
 fides, which it cannot be when clofe to y 
 or in the wall. There might be a tingle 
 flue all along the middle of the floor, and 
 one in the back wall, independent of each 
 other, A little fire will keep a houfe warm- 
 if thus conftruded. 
 
 A HOUSE built after this method might 
 have the border made between the flue 
 and the forefide of the houfe thus : A brick 
 of breadth laid a foot from the flue and 
 raifed one foot, the other foot funk ; fa 
 that the top of the flue, which fhould be 
 
 two
 
 ON V I N E S. 
 
 two feet, high, would be a foot higher than 
 the furface of the border. The forefide 
 wall of the houfe mould be built on 
 arches fupported by fmall pillars (which 
 there would be no difficulty in doing, as 
 there is no flue in the forefide) fo that the 
 roots of the Vines might have liberty to 
 ftrike into the border on the outride, 
 which might be made ten feet broad* 
 The arches mould be all fo low that their 
 tops may be within the border* 
 
 THE Vines mould be planted on the in-* 
 fide of the border, a foot from the brick 
 that fupports the mould, by which means 
 the roots would fbon be without the houfe, 
 and have all the advantages of free air and 
 proper moiilure, and at the fame time 
 would be fecure from the frofts affecting 
 them, if they were forced early. If they 
 are thus prepared and planted they would 
 bear forcing much earlier* 
 
 IT will be neceflary to have a med at 
 the back of the houfe, into which there 
 mould be a door for a paflage in very cold 
 R a weather.
 
 2 6o ON VINES. 
 
 weather, and to give air in hard frofts 
 when forced early. It would alfo be very 
 beneficial to have three air-holes in the-' 
 back-wall above the flue, to carry off the 
 great heat in very hot days when the 
 glafles are opened ; and there mould be 
 a door at each end of the houfe for the : 
 convenience of paffing. 
 
 THE frame for fupporting the Vines 
 fhould be at leafE two feet from the giafs, 
 which is much better than when it is 
 nearer ; for when they are too clofe to 
 trie glafles, it is impoffible, in very hot 
 days, to prevent the ftnvfrom burning the 
 leaves and fcorching the fruit ; befides they 
 have a free air when diflant from the glafs, 
 ripen much better, and are not fo fubje& 
 to rot. 
 
 frame fhould have the fame flops.* 
 with the glaffes, that the Vines may be alt- 
 of an equal diilance from it. There mould* 
 be no glafs in front ; and indeed there will - 
 be little room forany, if the houfe is built 
 as directed. 
 
 THE
 
 ON VINE S. 261 
 
 THE Vines may be trained ftraight up 
 fin front like an efpalier, until they are 
 at a proper diftance from the glafs where 
 the frame is fixed. 
 
 ?F the Vines are forced ve-ry early, it 
 will be proper to cover the border on the 
 outfide of the houfe four or five inches 
 thick with long dung, ftraw, mofs, or any 
 fuch light covering, which will keep the 
 froft from penetrating to the roots, and 
 there will be a free communication with 
 the plants in the ,houfe and the roots on 
 .the outfide. 
 
 IT muft be remembered that all Vines 
 fhould be planted in the fame manner that 
 was directed for the firft againft fire-walls, 
 that their roots may run horizontally, and 
 with the fame compound ; and that the fide- 
 branches every where fhould be pinched 
 ofF at a joint above the eye, as before di- 
 rected. 
 
 IF this houfe is planted with plants 
 raifed in heat, they mould be managed 
 planted in the fame manner, and at
 
 162 ON VINES. 
 
 the fame time, with thofe under glaffes on 
 fire-walls ; only with this fmall difference, 
 that in the pruning the firft plant fhould 
 be cut to one eye ; the next to ten or fif- 
 teen, if ftrong ; the next to four eyes]; 
 and fo on to the end ; that is, one, ten, 
 four. 
 
 THE reafon for this difference in prun- 
 ing is, that here they may be managed fo 
 as to grow much flronger than on a com- 
 mon fire-wall ; they have alib much fur- 
 ther to run, fo that the houfe mould be 
 furnifhed as foon as poffible, to keep good 
 wood in all parts of it. 
 
 IT would be of great fervice to the Vines 
 to take the glaffes off the houfe as foon as 
 the fruit is gone ; but this mould be done 
 with care, as they mould be hardened 
 gradually, which may be done before the 
 fruit is all gathered ; for, after the grapes 
 are all cleared for ripening, there will be 
 JIQ occafion for much heat, fo that they 
 mayLnve air night and day. 
 
 WHEN the leaves begin to grow yel- 
 low
 
 ON VINES. 263 
 
 fow they fhould be pruned, fattened to 
 the frame, and the glafles put on before 
 the hard f roils and heavy fnovvs fall ; for, 
 as they are not perpendicular, the froft 
 and fnow would hurt them ; neverthelefs 
 they fhould have free air night and day 
 until the heat is applied. 
 
 THE next fpring the fhoot that was cut 
 to ten eyes fhould have the bottom eye 
 and the tenth encouraged for next year's 
 young wood ; and as there will be eight 
 eyes between them which may have fruit, 
 they muft be topped two joints above the 
 clutter. That which was cut to four eyes 
 fhould have the fourth encouraged for 
 young wood ; and if the other three have 
 fruit they mutt be topped as before ; but if 
 any of them, or thofe on the long fhoot, 
 are barren, pull them off, and ttop the hole 
 with clay, as before. The fhoot that was 
 cut to one eye will be very ftrong, and rim 
 to the backfide of the houfe. 
 
 THE next pruning feafon the ttrong 
 
 fhoot from one eye mould be cut to the 
 
 R 4 whole
 
 364 P N y i N E a 
 
 .whole breadth of the houfe, and it will 
 .be full of bearing wood ; the flioot from 
 the top of the plant that was before cut to 
 four eyes fhould be cut to reach the mid- 
 dle of the houfe, and the bottom branches 
 to four, five, and fix eyes, as they are of 
 ilrength. 
 
 Now jthe w.hole frame is covered, there 
 mufr. be young wood left regularly all 
 over at proper diftances, as before directed, 
 and at the pruning feafon fhortened as they 
 are of ftrenth. 
 
 
 A HO.USE for Vines built after this man- 
 ner is much better for forcing early than 
 a common fire-wall, as there is proper 
 conveiiiency to give Warm air in very hard 
 froils, and in the very damped 'weather "it 
 may be kept perfectly dry ; ' for, when 
 there is a long time of dull, damp, rainy 
 Weather, it is very difficult to keep the 
 fruit on a fire-Wall from moulding, with^- 
 out over-heating the wall, which has often 
 
 o 
 
 been the detraction of both vines a:;d 
 fruit. 
 
 IN
 
 ON VINE S. 26$ 
 
 IN the cold winter months, when the 
 forcing is begun, the fires fhould be made 
 very moderately at firft, and have a good 
 deal of air in the day, and a little at night, 
 for fome time ; for vmlefs the buds pufli 
 jftrong ac firft there are little hopes of a 
 good crop. 
 
 A WEEK after the fires are made, it will 
 be proper to give a little water to that part 
 .of the border which is within the houfe 
 once a week, and it fhould be kept juft 
 moift at all times when the glafles are on 
 the houfe, although there is no fire ; other- 
 wife the roots will decay. 
 
 AFTER the fruit is out of bloflbm, and 
 about the largenefs of a final! pin's head, 
 it will add greatly to the fize of the fruit to 
 fpnnkle all the floor over in the evening 
 in fine weather, and fhut up the houfe 
 directly, which will caufe a fine moifture 
 like a dew ; but care mufl be taken to give 
 air early in the morning to dry both fruit 
 and leaves before the fun begins to mine 
 hotupon them, or it will burn the leaves 
 and fcorch the fruit. 6
 
 if 6 ON VINES. 
 
 IT will be of great advantage to the fruit 
 to give the border a good watering every 
 week after it is out of bloiTom, until it is 
 full grown ; after which they mould have 
 none, neither fhould the floor be any more 
 {prinkled, but kept quite dry, and have a 
 good deal of air, which will make the 
 fruit of a much better flavour than when 
 they- are kept very hot, but they will not 
 be fo early by ten days. After they are full 
 grown the air mould be admitted gradually; 
 for if there be too much given at firil:, fo 
 as to check the growth of the Vines, it 
 quite fpoils the flavour of the grapes ; and 
 this is the reafon why fruit that is forced 
 under glafs mould never have them taken 
 away until all is gathered. 
 
 GREAT care mould be taken not to draw 
 the Vines weak ; for if they are, there is 
 no other remedy to recover them but g, 
 year's reft ; that is, they muft be all cut 
 very fhort, and have no fire put to their* 
 before the beginning of May; and then 
 it muft be moderate, and have a great 
 deal of air. 
 
 IT
 
 ON VINES. 267 
 
 IT will be of great fervice to fprinkle 
 the floor often to encourage the young 
 :fhootsj they frjould alfo have a great deal 
 of water on the border, both on the out- 
 iide and infide of the houfe, as it is not the 
 fruit which is to be regarded this feafo:i, 
 but the ftrengthe'ning of the Vines for 
 another year. 
 
 IT will be a great difappointment to a 
 gentleman to have few or no grnpes for a 
 whole year, who had great plenty the 
 feafon before ; and as every gardener that 
 has the leaft knowledge of plants mufr. fee 
 when they are drawn weak, as foon as that 
 is vifible he mould give more air and lefs 
 heat, tut this muft be cautioufly per- 
 formed ; for if, from a great heat and lit- 
 tle air, the fyftem was to be changed to the 
 other extreme, it would check the growth 
 of the plants, and not only fpoil the next 
 year's wood, but the fruit of this year alfo. 
 
 THERE are few gentlemen that will be 
 at the expence of having two fuch houfes, 
 If the vines are forced early one year 
 with care, and the next year not until the 
 
 beginning
 
 2 68 O N V I N E S. 
 
 beginning of May, as the plants wou!4 
 lail many years, and bring good crops 
 every year ; becaufe at that feafon the 
 weather is fine, and they may have a great 
 quantity of air to ftrengthen them ; for, 
 as I faid before, it is impoffible to force 
 *very early without drawing the plants. 
 
 y INES in fuch houfes .are fubject to pufli 
 .out many fhoots from the old wood, 
 which mould be conflantly rubbed off : 
 they alfo pufh roots, which fhould be 
 taken off as foon as they appear. 
 
 GRAPES in a hot-houfe that is ufed for 
 Pjnes in general appear large and fine to 
 the eye, but are moflly inferior in flavour 
 to thofe on hot-walls, with or without 
 glafles, as they cannot be managed as they 
 ought to be, the Pines requiring a very 
 different culture,- and being the principal 
 crop. There fhould be a good border made 
 in the front, on the outfide of the houfe, 
 of the fame materials as before directed, 
 which mould be four inches lower thai) 
 $he level of the ground, except a foot nexfc 
 
 th
 
 ON VINES. 
 
 the wall where the Vines are planted, 
 which need not be above an inch. When 
 they are all planted, cover all the border 
 with gravel or fand, fo that the walk be- 
 fore the ftove may be neat and clean. 
 
 IF they are plants raifed in heat, which 
 a're the propereft, plant them four inched 
 from the front wall of the ftove, in the 
 farfie manner as they are planted in all 
 other places. Where Vines are intended 
 in a Pine-flove, there mould be a round 
 hole left againft every rafter when the 
 houfe is building, and the Vines fhould 
 be introduced into the houfe as foon as 
 they are planted, and they will grow a 
 great length the fame feafon, be rery 
 ftrong, and will bear many grapes the 
 next year. 
 
 THERE mould be no more than one 
 plant to a rafter, which fhould be cut to 
 a great length when they are pruned ; for" 
 they will be very flrong, and will produce 
 fruit at almofl every eye ; but . thofe 
 branches that do not bear mould be- 
 guiled off,
 
 ON VINES. 
 
 THERE mould be a ftrongfhoot trained 
 as near the bottom as poffible every year, 
 and the laft year's bearing branch cut en- 
 tirely off. There can be no other manage- 
 ment of Vines in a Pine-flove thari to keep 
 them clear of all fide-branches* and to top 
 the bearing moots at two joints above the 
 fruit ; for regard miiflbe had to the Pines, 
 and not the Vines ; fo that fometimes a 
 fmall accident deflroys a crop that had a 
 fine appearance. 
 
 As foon as the Vines in a hot-houfe 
 begin to pufh, all the item that is on the 
 outfide of the houfe muft be guarded from, 
 froft ; for one night's hard froft, after the 
 buds are broken, will deflroy all the fruit 
 
 for that year. 
 / 
 
 CLEAN mofs, free of grafs and mould> 
 is the beft thing I know for that ufe. It 
 muft be three inches thick all round the 
 item, and fattened very clofe. 
 
 GRAPES that grow very clofe in the 
 clufter are not fit for hot-houfes, for there 
 is often a great fteam rifes from the bark 
 
 when
 
 ON VINES; 271 
 
 when in proper order for the Pines, la 
 that the moifture, in dull weather, 's not 
 dried up for feveral days : when the gripes 
 are near ripe, in fuch weather they often 
 rot, if they are clofe in the clutter. 
 
 WHEN the grapes grow very dole, the 
 clufters mould be thinned when they are 
 very young, and thofe left will grow much 
 larger, and not he fo liable to rot. The 
 large forts that hang loofe are the propereft 
 for Pine-ftoves. This work mould be per- 
 formed in the morning, when there is ail 
 appearance of a fine day, that the wounds 
 may be dried before night by the heat of 
 the fun. This mould be performed with 
 fharp-pointed fciflors, and great care taken 
 not to wound any of the berries that are left. 
 
 THOSE that ufe covers for their Pine- 
 ftoves are in no great danger of having 
 their grapes' hurt by frofls ; but they are 
 liable to be fcorched by the fun when they 
 are clofe to the rafters. The covering of 
 jftoves is attended with many mconvenien- 
 eies, fuch as breaking of glafs in high 
 
 winds,
 
 ON V I N Si 
 
 winds, let the covers be of what fort they 
 will ; in wet weather, in treading the fand 
 or gravel into a quagmire ; and in very 
 hard frofts, when the covers cannot be 
 taken off for feveral days: in that time/ 
 perhaps fome hours of fun every day is 
 entirely loft, alfo the expence of time 1 in' 
 covering and uncovering. All thefe things" 
 render it very troublefome. 
 
 I HAVE not ufed a cover for a Pine- 
 ftove thefe thirty years, although I have 
 had^them urider my care part of that time, 
 even in the north of Scotland. There is 
 no difficulty in keeping Pine-ftoves with- 
 out covers where there are no grapes ; but 
 as they are now introduced into almofl: 
 every houfe, it is neceffary to know how' 
 to manage them without being at the' 
 trouble of covering.- 
 
 THERE are few fioves for' Pines but' 
 where the plants {land at four or five feet' 
 from the glafs. Fix iron pins of a foot long' 
 three or four in a rafter, according to the 
 
 breath'
 
 O N V I N E S. 273 
 
 breadth of the houfe : there mufl be an 
 eye of an inch fquare at the end of each 
 pin, through which place a rod to fatten 
 the Vine ; it will then be fo far from the 
 glafs as to prevent the frofts hurting the 
 grapes, and they will have a freedom of 
 air, and not be fubject to rot, 
 
 THE Vines hanging thus lower will be 
 no detriment to the Pines, although it 
 will made them a little; but as it is in the 
 fummer months k will be no difad vantage, 
 as at that feafbn there is fun and heat 
 fufficient, although a little fhaded by the 
 Jeaves of the Vines, and they will be all 
 .off before the autumn when fun is wanted. 
 If they have not dropped, they may be 
 pulled off without any injury to the Vine. 
 
 GRAPES in Pine-ftoves are for the 
 mofl part planted promifcuoufly of early 
 and late forts ; the early have in general 
 their berries much clofer in the clufter 
 than the late, and are not fo fit for the 
 hot-houfe. 
 
 VQL. I. S I?
 
 274 O N V I N E S. 
 
 IF the large late kinds are taken into the 
 hot-houfe, they are much higher flavoured 
 than thofe that ripen foon ; for as they 
 pum much later than the early forts, the 
 Pines are put into their proper order for 
 the fummer long before the grapes are of 
 any fiie ; fo that there will he little or no 
 {learn until the autumn, when the grapes 
 will be moftly ripe, 
 
 As the weather in the fummer is warm, 
 the Pine-houfe has a great deal of air, 
 and confequently the grapes will be much 
 richer ; and as there is no long continuance 
 of damp weather at that feafon, they will 
 not be fo fubject to rot ; there will be 
 this advantage alfo, although they are late 
 in ripening, they will be of no additional 
 expence. 
 
 THE fire-wall may be forced to bring 
 much earlier fruit than the plants in the 
 Pine-ftove ; for the Vines that are in it 
 will not pufh early, unlefs they are taken 
 out of the {love as foon as the fruit is 
 
 gathered
 
 O N V I N E S. 275 
 
 gathered (which is very troublefome, and 
 the Vines are in danger of being hurt) and 
 kept out fome time ; as foon as they are 
 put in again they will pum, but it will be 
 difficult to keep the frofl from the roots if 
 they are put in early. 
 
 IF the Vines are planted in the infide of 
 the Pine-ftove they will pufh foon and be 
 early ; but it is not a good method, for 
 there they can have no water but artificial 
 waterings ; and although it is done with 
 judgment and care, it is far inferior to 
 natural rains which fupply them in winteri 
 When in the infide of the ftove they muft 
 be kept damp when they are not growing, 
 or the roots will mould and decay* 
 
 IF the fire- walls are properly built they 
 fhould be fifty feet long for Vines to one 
 fire, which mould be in the middle, draw 
 both ways, and have dampers fo as to 
 throw all the heat one way or both, as 
 (hall be neceffary. One fide may be 
 planted with the early kinds, and the 
 other with a later fort, that will ripen on 
 S 2 fire-
 
 276 ON VINES. 
 
 fire-walls without glafles. As they will 
 be every other year without covers, it 
 would be wrong to plant them with any 
 Vines that will not ripen without glafles* 
 
 THE fide that has the early Vines may 
 be forced early (two months) before the 
 others, for it will be no detriment to 
 them, as all the heat may be kept from 
 the fide that is not covered by the damper. 
 It will be much better for the late Vines 
 not to force them before the beginning of 
 March, as then there will be more certain- 
 ty of a crop, and the fruit will be much 
 better. 
 
 To have a regular fucceflion for forcing, 
 there fliould be two lengths of fire-wall 
 in Vines, and one half of each length 
 planted with the early forts, and the other 
 half with late. 
 
 IF the early forts are forced to bear 
 very early, the glafles may then be put on 
 the other fide, and all the heat thrown that 
 way. If it is a cold wet feafon it will be 
 of great fervice.
 
 O N V I N E S. 277 
 
 THE black, red, white, and brown 
 Frontiniacs are all very fit for a hot-houfe, 
 having full as high a flavour as when on 
 an open wall with fire ; the pores of .the 
 berries are much clofer, and do not admit 
 of lo much of the fleam when the houfe 
 is fhut up at night as moll: of the other 
 forts of grapes ; they never ripen equally 
 without glafs, and I have had them in 
 greater perfection in Pine^ftoves than I 
 could ever bring them to on fire-walls 
 amongft other Vines. They all grow very 
 clofe in the charter, fo mould be thinned, 
 as before directed, when very young, which 
 adds to their fragrancy, as then the fun 
 gets to all parts of the berries. The red 
 Frontiniac is the highefl flavoured, and 
 the moft efteemed of any known in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 THE Tokay is an exceeding good grape 
 for the hot-houfe : it is the only proper 
 place for it, as it is fo long in ripening 
 after the other forts, that it would caufe 
 the fire and glafles to be kept on at leaft a 
 
 mouth
 
 ON V I N E . 
 
 month longer, which would be a detri* 
 ment to the other plants ; and, befides the 
 expence, they will not come to perfection 
 without glafs, fo are not fit to be planted 
 where there is not a conttant cover. 
 
 THE brown Hamburgh is a fine large 
 grape, and grows to a great weight, even 
 four, five, and fometimes fix pounds a 
 clutter ; but it is not of fo high a flavour 
 as thofe already mentioned, yet is a good 
 fruit. 
 
 THE Burlake is a fine large grape, and 
 fit for the Pine-ttove. It ripens very late. 
 
 THE Raifin Grape grows to large clutters; 
 the berries alfo are very large. It ripen? 
 the lateft of all the grape kinds, will hang 
 . long on the Vine, and after it is cut may 
 be kept a month in a dry place where there 
 is a good deal of air. 
 
 THERE are fome other forts that will 
 anfwer very well for the Pine-ttove ; but 
 
 thofe
 
 O N V I N E S. 279 
 
 thofe here mentioned are the beft, and 
 will be fufficient to fupply the table a 
 long time after all thofe on the fire-walls 
 are gone. 
 
 THE following grapes ripen on fire- 
 walls with or without glafs, but are not 
 fit for forcing early : red, royal, and black 
 Mufcadines -, white, red, and black Fron- 
 tiniac j black Sweet- water, black Ham- 
 burgh ; all thefe are fit to plant on one 
 fide of the fire-wall, to be forced alternately 
 with or without glafs ; and that year the 
 glaffes are ufed, if you begin about the be- 
 ginning of March, the grapes will be ripe 
 in July. 
 
 THE year the glafles are not ufed, the 
 middle or end of April is time enough to 
 put fire to them, and then both fides may 
 be worked together. The early forts will 
 be ripe the middle of July, and the late 
 will be all finimed by the beginning of 
 Odober. 
 
 IT
 
 2.So O N V I N E S. 
 
 IT will be proper to plant the following 
 grapes on fire-walls by themfelves, and 
 they may be forced every other year early, 
 fo as to be ripe the beginning of May ; 
 the Sweet-water, brick-coloured Grape, 
 black Clufler, white Mufcadine, and the 
 Miller's Grape ; many others will anfwer 
 as well, and perhaps much better, than 
 thofe here mentioned, but I have not had 
 them under my care. 
 
 I SHALL not mention any other forts of 
 Vines, as I do not copy from any book, 
 but only relate what has fucceeded under 
 my own immediate direction. 
 
 THE laft-mentioned grapes -will all ripen 
 on common walls in the fouth of England^ 
 and come to perfection. 
 
 END of VOL. I.
 
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