UNIVERSITYo/tALIFORNIA COLLEGE of MINING DEPARTMENTAL LIBRARY BEQUEST OF SAMUELBENEDICTCHRISTY PROFESSOR OF MINING AND METALLURGY 1885-1914 . X . X C ' ' GLOSSABY OF BY R. W. RAYMOND, Pn.D., NEW YORK, FROM VOLUME IX, TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OP MINING ENGINEERS. EASTON, PA.: PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE, AT THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. 1881. "TV/? A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. BY R. W. RAYMOND, PH.D., NEW YORK. THE absence of a convenient glossary of terms connected with mining and metallurgy has long been felt by the general public. It is to meet this want, not to furnish a technical manual for experts, that the following glossary has been prepared. It originated in an attempt on my part to revise for publication the manuscript of a compilation prepared from the appendix of Yale's work on Mining Titles and one or two other sources, to serve as an appendix to a new work on mining law, about to be published by Mr. H. N. Copp, of Washington, D. C. Thjs revision soon assumed, contrary to my original intention, the proportions of a reconstruction ; and with the consent of Mr. Copp, and for the purpose of receiving from my fellow-members valuable aid, I presented my still incomplete work as a paper at the Lake Superior meeting of the Institute, inviting from any quarter suggestions of new terms or better definitions to be incorporated in the glossary before its final publication. This invitation was so widely and generously responded to, that I cannot undertake to make in this place individual acknowledgments to those members of the Institute, and professional colleagues outside of it, who have favored me with assistance and advice. The labor bestowed upon this paper since its presentation at the Lake Superior meeting has considerably exceeded that of its first preparation, as may be inferred from its great increase in length, as well as the numerous alterations which it has undergone. It could certainly be still further enlarged and improved ; but I think a comparison of it with any of the glossaries of the same class now in print will show, at least, that it is an advance upon what has hitherto been accom- plished. I shall be grateful, however, for further criticisms and suggestions; and I purpose at some future time to incorporate in a supplementary paper the results of such additional collections or corrections as I may obtain. To avoid too great prolixity, I adopted at the outset the follow- ing general principles : 1. To include the most important technical words and phrases used by American miners and metallurgists, or occurring in English books and periodicals. 303743 Z A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL, TERMS. 2. To exclude Spanish, French, and German terms, unless they fall under the rule above given. The Spanish terms included are in use among our miners in the far West and Southwest. 3. To exclude almost all purely scientific terms, such as those which denote the operations of chemical analysis, the chemical names and symbols of elements and compounds, the species of rocks and minerals, the principles of general physics and mechanics, etc. 4. To avoid scientific and technical explanations. 5. To omit, in general, self-explanatory terms, and such as are common to all mechanical and manufacturing trades. The grounds of these rules are evident. It was neither practica- ble nor necessary to give in this paper what could be, and must be, sought in technical textbooks or general dictionaries and cyclopae- dias. But the paper as presented, and to a still higher degree as now completed, presents numerous exceptions to the above rules. Many geological terms, for instance, are so common among miners, and many chemical terms are so common among metallurgists as to render their adoption in this catalogue justifiable. The difficulty has been to "draw the line;" and this has been done, as I must confess, somewhat arbitrarily, and rather under the influence of a desire not to overburden the Transactions of the Institute than in consistent obedience to any rule. An apology should be. made for the obscurity of a few of the definitions. Many terms taken from English glossaries were found to be most vaguely defined ; and in most cases of this kind, I was able to improve the definitions; but there remain some with which I was neither sufficiently acquainted to amend them with certainty, nor sufficiently dissatisfied to strike them out altogether, nor suf- ficiently satisfied to let them stand without any explanation. In many instances, the locality in which a term is believed to have originated or to be peculiarly in use, is indicated by abbrevia- tions which will mostly explain themselves. The principal regions named are England, Scotland, Wales, France, Germany, the United States, Spain (including Mexico), Australia, Cornwall, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Newcastle, Devonshire, Lake Superior, Pennsylvania, and the Pacific slope (including the mining districts of the Rocky Mountains). It must be understood that the naming, in this con- nection, of any one locality does not exclude the use of the term in other localities; and particularly that in this country the circulation both of miners and metallurgists, and of books and journals from all the world has brought into use a heterogeneous technical vocabu- A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. lary. This is especially the case in the gold, silver, and lead mining districts of the West, where all the names, phrases, and theories that anybody anywhere at any time has cultivated, together with a crop of indigenous, spontaneous growth, seem to flourish vigorously. GLOSSARY. Abstrich, GERM. The black or greenish-brown mass (black lith- arge) appearing upon the bath of work-lead early in the cupell ing- process, and gradually, as the process advances, giving way to pure litharge. Abzug, GERM. The first scum appearing (before the abstrich) on the surface of molten lead. Adit. A nearly horizontal passage from the surface, by which a mine is entered and unwatered. In the United States an adit is usually called a tunnel, though the latter, strictly speaking, passes entirely through a hill, and is open at both ends. Adlings, ENG. Earnings. Adobe, SP. Clay suitable for adobes or sun-dried bricks. Adventurers, ENG. Shareholders or partners in a mining enter- prise ; in Cornwall, cost-book partners. After-damp, ENG. The irrespirable gas, consisting of nitrogen and carbonic acid chiefly, remaining after an explosion of fire-damp. Agitator, PAC. See Settler. Aich's metal. See Gun-metal. Air-head, or Air-heading, S. STAF. A smaller passage, driven parallel with the gate-road, and near its roof, to carry the ventilating current. It is connected with the gate-road at intervals by openings called spouts. Air-reduction process. See Roasting and Reaction process. Aitch-piece. See H-piece. Alberti furnace. A continuously working reverberatory furnace for the roasting of quicksilver ores, with condensation of the mercury in iron-tubes and brick chambers. Alligator. 1. See Squeezer. 2. A rock -breaker operating by jaws. Alloy. A compound of two or more metals fused together. Alluvium. The earthy deposit made by running streams, especially in times of flood. Aludel. An earthen condenser for mercury. See Bustamente furnace. Aluminium ores. Cryolite, a fluoride of sodium and aluminium, A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. found in Greenland ; bauxite, a. hydrous compound of alumina, ferric oxide and silica. Amalgamation. 1. The production of an amalgam or alloy of mercury. 2. The process in which gold and silver are extracted from pulverized ores by producing an amalgam, from which the mercury is afterwards expelled. See Retorting. Amalgamator. 1. A machine for amalgamating ores. 2. The workmen in charge of such a machine. American forge. See Catalan forge. Anemometer. An instrument for measuring the rapidity of an air- current. Annealing. I. The gradual cooling of glass or metal from a high temperature, to render it less brittle. 2. See Malleable m,s^V/.s\ Anthracite. See Coal. Anticlinal. The line of a crest, above or under ground, on the two sides of which the strata dip in opposite directions. The con- verse of synclinal. Antimony ores. Native antimony ; stibnite (sulphide of antimony) ; valentinite and senarmontite (oxides). Apex. In the U. S. Revenue Statutes, the end or edge of a vein nearest the surface. Apolvillados, SP. Ores superior in quality to the azogues. Appolt oven. An oven for the manufacture of coke, differing from the Belgian in that it is divided into vertical compartments. Aprons. See Copper-plates. Arch, CORN. 1. A portion of a lode left standing when the rest is extracted, to support the hanging wall or because it is too poor for profitable extraction. 2. The roof of a reverberatory furnace. Arenaceous. Silicious or sandy (of rocks). Arends' tap. An arrangement by which the molten lead from the crucible of a shaft-furnace is drawn through an "inverted siphon " into an exterior basin, from which it can be ladled without disturb- ing the furnace. Arenillos, SP. Refuse earth. Argentiferous. Containing silver. Argillaceous. . Containing clay. Arm. The inclined member or leg of a set or frame of timber. Arrastre, SP. Apparatus for grinding and mixing ores by means of a heavy stone dragged around upon a circular bed. The arrastre is chiefly used for ores containing free gold, and amalgamation is A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 5 combined with the grinding. Sometimes incorrectly written arraster, arrastm, or raster. Arroba, SP. Twenty-five pound avoirdupois. Arsenic, ores. Native arsenic ; wdspickd (arsenopyrite, arsenical Pyrites, arseno- sulphide of" iron). Ascension-theory. The theory that the matter filling fissure-veins was introduced in solution from below. Ash-pit. The receptacle for ashes under a fire-place. Assay. To test ores and minerals by chemical or blowpipe ex- amination ; said to be in the dry way when done by means of heat (as in a crucible), and in the wet or humid way when by means of solution and precipitation or liquid tests. An* assay differs from a complete analysis in being confined to the determination of certain ingredients, the rest not being determined. Both assays and analyses may be either qualitative or quantitative ; that is, they may determine the presence merely, or also the amount, of some or all of the con- stituents of the substance examined. The assay value of gold and silver ores is usually determined in Troy ounces (or, for gold, penny- weights) per ton (2000 pounds avoirdupois) of ore. See Assay ton. When reported 'in money value, the ounce of gold is taken at $20.6718. A ton of pure gold would be worth $602,928.51; the value of $6 per ton would be by weight one-thousandth per cent., and so on. Silver varies greatly in market value; but assayers often report their results according to the old U. S. standard, which made the ounce of pure silver worth $1.2929. The ton of silver at this rate, would be worth $37,710.40 ; the value of $37 per ton would be by weight one-tenth per cent., and so on. For ordinary gold and silver ores, it is evident that the percentages would be inconveniently small as expressions of value. Assays of lead, copper, iron, etc., are reported in percentages. Assay-ton. A weight of 29.166J grams. Since one ton of 2000 pounds avoirdupois contains 29.166f troy ounces, it is evident that each milligram of gold or silver obtained from one assay-ton of ore represents one ounce troy to the ton of 2000 pounds avoirdupois. Assessment-work, PAC. The work done annually on a mining claim to maintain possessory title. Astel. Overhead boarding or arching in a gallery. Astytten, ENG. A small dam in an adit or level, to check water. AtierreSj SP. Refuse ores. Attle, CORN. Refuse rock. Auger-nose shell. See Wimble. 6 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Auger-stem. The bar to which a drilling-bit is attached. Auget or Augette. A priming tube, used in blasting. Augustin process. The treatment of silver ores by chloridizing, roasting, lixiviation with, hot brine, and precipitation with copper. Auriferous. Containing gold. Average produce, CORN. The quantity of pure or fine copper in one hundred parts of ore. Average standard, CORN. The price per ton of pure or fine cop- per in the ore. Aviador, SP. A person who habilitates a mine; that is, who fur- nishes the money for working it by a contract with proprietors. Azogueria, SP. l.'The amalgamating works. 2. The processs of amalgamation. Azogues, SP. Common or inferior ores. Back, CORN. 1. With reference to an adit, drift or stope, the part of the vein between it and the next working above, or the sur- face. 2. See Face. Back-casing, ENG. A temporary shaft-lining of bricks laid dry, and supported at intervals upon curbs. When the stone-head has been reached, the permanent masonry lining is built upon it inside of the back-casing. Back-end, NEWC. The part ofajudd remaining after the sump has been removed. Backing deals, NEWC. Planks driven vertically behind the curbs in a shaft from one curb to another. Back-shift. The second set of miners working in any spot each day. Back-skin, NEWC. A leather covering worn by men in wet workings. Bait, NEWC. A pitman's provisions. Bal, CORN. A mine. Balance-bob. A heavy lever ballasted at one end, and attached at the other to the pump-rod, the weight of which it thus helps to carry. When the shaft is deep, and the pump-rods are consequently very heavy, balance-bobs are put in at intervals of 200 or 300 feet, thus relieving the strain on the rods themselves and on the engine. Balk, NEWC. A hitch producing a nip. Balland, DERB. Pulverulent lead ore. Ballast-shovel. A round-mouthed shovel. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 7 Balling. The aggregation of iron in the puddling or the bloom- ary process into balls or loups. Ball-staw.p, LAKE SUP. A stamp for crushing rock, operated directly by steam-power, the stem of the stamp being at the same time the piston-rod of a steam cylinder. Band, NEWC. Stone interstratified with coal. Bank 1 . (DERB. or Benk). The face of the coal at which miners are working. 2. An ore-deposit or coal-bed worked by surface ex- cavations or drifts above water-level. 3. ENG. The ground at the top of a shaft. Ores are brought " to bank/' i. e., " to grass." See Grass. Banksman, NEWC. See Lander. Bar. I. A drilling or tamping-rod. 2. A vein or dike crossing a lode. 3. A sand or rock ridge crossing the bed of a stream. Bar-diggings, PAC. Gold-washing claims located on the bars (shallows) of a stream, and worked when the water is low, or other- wise with the aid of coffer-dams. Barilla, SP. Native copper disseminated in grains in copper ores. Barmaster, DERB. A mining official who collects the dues or royalties, presides over the barmote, etc. (From Germ. Bergmeister.) Barmote, DERB. A mining court. Barney. A small car attached to a rope and used to push cars up a slope or inclined plane. Barranca, SP. A ravine. Barrel. 1. The water-cylinder of a pump. 2. A piece of small pipe inserted in the end of a cartridge to carry the squib to the pow- der. 3. A vessel used in amalgamation. Barrel-amalgamation. The amalgamation of silver ores by revo- lution in wooden barrels with quicksilver, metallic iron, and water. Barrel-work, LAKE SUP. Native copper occurring in pieces of a size to be sorted out by hand in sufficient purity for smelting with- out mechanical concentration. Barrier-pillars. Pillars of coal, larger than ordinary, left at in- tervals to prevent too extensive crushing when the ground comes to be robbed. Barrow, CORN. 1. A heap of attle or rubbish ; a dump. 2. A vehicle in which ore, coal, etc., are wheeled. Barrowmen, NEWC. See Putters. Barrow-way, NEWC. A level through which coal or ore is wheeled. 8 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Base bullion. See Bullion . Base metals. The metals not classed as noble or precious. See Noble metals. Basic. In furnace practice, a slag in which the earthy bases are in excess of the amount required to form a neutral slag with the silica present. Basie lining. A lining for furnaces, converters, etc., formed of non-silicious material, usually limestone, dolomite, lime, magnesia, or iron oxide. Basic-lining process. An improvement of the Bessemer process, in which, by the use of a basic lining in the converter and by the addition of basic materials during the blow, it is possible to eliminate phosphorus from the pig iron, and keep it out of the steel. Basin. 1. A natural depression of strata containing a coal bed or other stratified deposit. 2. The deposit itself. Bass or bait. See Bind. Basset, DERB. An outcrop ; the edge of a stratum. Batch, CORN. The quantity of ore sent to the surface by a pare of men. Batea, SP. A large wooden bowl in which gold-bearing earth or crushed ore is washed in the same way as in a pan. Bath. A mass of molten material in a furnace, or of solution in a tank. Bait. See Bind. Battery. 1. A set of stamps in a stamp-mill, comprising the num- ber which fall in one mortar, usually five. 2. A bulkhead of tim- ber. 3. The plank closing the bottom of a coal-chute. Battery-amalgamation. Amalgamation by means of mercury placed in the mortar. Battery-assay. See Pulp-assay. Bauxite. See Aluminium-ores. Beans, NEWC. Small coals. Bean-shot. Copper granulated by pouring into hot water. Bear. 1. See Salamander. 2. See Loup. Bearing. See Strike. Bed. A seam or deposit of mineral, later in origin than the rock below, and older than the rock above ; that is to say, a regular mem- ber of the series of formations, and not an intrusion. Bedded vein. Properly bed- vein (Lager gang tf the Germans); a lode occupying the position of a bed, that is, parallel with the stratification of the inclosing rocks. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 9 Bede. A miner's pickaxe. Bed-rock, PAC. The solid rock underlying alluvial and other surface formations. Bed-way. An appearance of stratification, or parallel marking, in granite. Beehive oven. An oven for the manufacture of coke, shaped like the old-fashioned beehive. Belgian oven. A rectangular oven with end-doors and side-flues for the manufacture of coke. Belgian zinc-furnace. A furnace in which zinc is reduced and distilled from calcined ores in tubular retorts. Bell and hopper. See Cup and cone. Belly-helve, ENG. A forge-hammer, lifted by a cam which acts about midway between the fulcrum and the head. Bell-metal. A hard bronze, containing sometimes small propor- tions of iron, zinc, or lead, but ordinarily consisting of 78 parts cop- per to 22 tin. BelVs dephosphorizing process. The removal of phosphorus from molten pig iron in a puddling furnace, lined with iron oxide and fitted with a mechanical rabble to agitate the bath. Red-hot iron ore is added. See Krupp's washing process. Bench. 1. One of two or more divisions of a coal seam, sepa- rated by slate, etc., or simply separated by the process of cutting the coal, one bench or layer being cut before the adjacent one. 2. To cut the coal in benches. Benching-up, NEWC. Working on the top of coal. Bend or Bind, DERB. Indurated clay. Beneficiar, SP. To benefit. To work or improve a mine ; to reduce its ores; to derive profit or advantage from working it. Beneficiation, sometimes used in English, usually means the reduc- tion of ores. Bessemer iron. Pig iron suitable for the Bessemer process. Bessemer process. The process of decarburizing a bath of molten cast iron by blowing air through it, in a vessel called a converter. Biche. A tool ending below in a conical cavity, for recovering broken rods from a bore-hole. Billet. 1. Iron or steel, drawn from a pile, bloom, or ingot into a small bar for further manufacture. 2. A small bloom. Bind, DERB. See Bend. Bing, NORTH ENG. Eight hundred weight of ore. Bing-ore, DERB. Ore in lumps. 2 10 A GLOSSARY OP MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Sing-hole, DERB. A hole or shoot through which ore is Liu-own. Bing-tale, NORTH ENG. See Tribute. Bismuth-ores. Native bismuth ; bismuth ochre (oxide) ; bismuthine (sulphide); also, bismuthiferous cobalt, silver and copper ores. Bit. The cutting end of a boring implement. Bituminous coal. See Coal. Black-band. An earthy carbonate of iron, accompanying coal- beds. Extensively worked as an iron ore in Great Britain, and some- what in Ohio. Black-copper. Impure copper from smelting, before refining. Black-damp, ENG. Carbonic acid gas. Black-ends, ENG. Refuse coke from coking-ovens. Black-flux. A mixture of charcoal and potassium carbonate. Black-jack, CORN. Zinc-blende; sometimes hornblende. Black-lead. Graphite. Black litharge. See Abstrich. Black-plate. Sheet iron before tinning. Black-tin, CORN. Tin ore prepared for smelting. Blair process. An improved form of the Chenot process. Blanch. Lead ore, mixed with other minerals. Blanched copper. An alloy of copper and arsenic. Blanket- sluices. Sluices in which coarse blankets are laid, to catch the fine but heavy particles of gold, amalgam, etc., in the slime passing over them. The blankets are removed and washed from time to time, to obtain the precious metal. Blast. 1. The operation of blasting, or rending rock or earth by means of explosions. 2. The air forced into a furnace to accelerate combustion. 3. The period during which a blast furnace is in blast, that is, in operation. Blastfurnace. A furnace, usually a shaft-furnace, into which air is forced under pressure. Blasting -stick. A simple form of fuse. Bleaching-clay, CORN. Kaolin, used with size, to whiten and give weight and substance to cotton goods. Bleiberg furnace. See Carinthian furnace. Blende. See Zinc-ores. Blick,QcERU. The brightening or iridescence appearing on silver or gold at the end of the cupelling or refining process. Blind level. 1. A level not yet connected with other workings. 2. A level for drainage, having a shaft at either end, and acting as an inverted siphon. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 11 Blind-shaft. See Winze. < Blister-steel. See Steel. Bloat. A hammer swelled at the eye. Block-coal, U. S. See Coal. Block-furnace. See Bloomary. Block -tin. Cast tin. Bloom. 1. A large steel bar, drawn from an ingot for further manufacture. 2. A rough bar of iron, drawn from a Catalan or bloomary ball, for further manufacture. See Billet. Bloomary. A forge for making wrought-iron, usually direct from the ore. The sides are iron plates, the hair-plate at the back, the cinder-plate at the front, the tuyere-plate (through which the tuyere passes) at one side (its upper part being called in some bloom- aries the merrit-plate) the fore-spar plate opposite the tuyere-plate (its upper part being the skew -plate) and the bottom-plate at the bot- tom. Blossom. The oxidized or decomposed outcrop of a vein or coal- bed, more frequently the latter. Also called smut and tailing. See Gossan. Blow. A single heat or operation of the Bessemer converter. Blower, NEWC. 1. A strong discharge of gas from a fissure. 2. A fan or other apparatus for forcing air into a furnace or mine. Blow-george. A hand-fan. Blow-in. To put a blast furnace in operation. Blow-out. 1. To put a blast furnace out of blast, by ceasing to charge fresh materials, and continuing the blast until the contents of the furnace have been smelted. 2. A large outcrop, beneath which the vein is smaller, is called a blow-out. 3. A shot or blast is said to blow out when it goes off' like a gun and does not shatter the rock. Blowpipe. A tube through which air is forced into a flame, to direct it and increase its intensity. In the compound blowpipe, two jets of gas (one of which may be air) are united at the point of com- bustion. Blue-billy, ENGL The residuum of cupreous pyrites after roasting with salt. Blue-John, DERB. Fluorspar. Slue lead. (Pronounced like the verb to lead.) The bluish aurifer- ous gravel and cement deposit found in the ancient river-channels of California. Blue metal. See Metal. 12 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Blue peach, CORN. A slate-blue, very fine-grained schorl-rock. Blue stone. Copper-vitriol; copper-sulphate. Boards. The first set of excavations in post-and-stall work. Boat level, WALES. A navigable adit. Bob, CORN. A triangular frame, by means of which the horizon- tal motion imparted from an engine is transformed into a vertical motion of the pump-rods in a shaft. Bob -station. See Station. Bog-iron ore. A loose, earthy brown hematite, of recent origin, formed in swampy ground. Boiling. See Puddling, Bonanza, SP. Literally, fair weather. In miners' phrase, good luck, or a body of rich ore. A mine is in bonanza when it is profit- ably producing ore. Bone. The slaty matter intercalated in coal-seams. Bonnet. A covering over a cage to shield it from objects falling down the shaft, Bonney, CORN. An isolated body of ore. Booming. The accumulation and sudden discharge of a quantity of water (in placer mining, where water is scarce). See, also, Hush- ing. Boot. A leather or tin joint connecting the blast-main with the tuyere or nozzle in a bloomary. Bord, NEWC. A passage or breast, driven up the slope of the coal from the gangway, and hence across the grain of the coal. Bord. See Boards, Breast, and Post-and-stall. Board -and -pillar. See Post-and-stall. Borer. See Drill. Borrasca, SP. The converse of bonanza. Barren rock. Bort. Opaque black diamond. Bosh. 1. A trough in which bloomary tools (or, in copper-smelt- ing, hot ingots) are cooled. 2. (Or, Boshes.) The portion of a shaft furnace in which it widens from above the hearth up to its maximum diameter. Bottom-lift. The deepest lift of a mining-pump, or the lowest pump. Bottomer, ENG. The man stationed at the bottom of a shaft in charge of the proper loading of cages, signals for hoisting, etc. Bottoms, CORN. 1. The deepest workings. 2. In copper-smelt- ing, the impure metallic copper, or cupriferous alloy, which separates A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 13 from the matt, and is found below it, when there is not enough sul- phur present to retain in combination all the copper. Boulder or Bowlder. A fragment of rock brought by natural means fro:n a distance (though this notion of transportation from a distance is not always, in later usage, involved) and usually large and rounded in shape. Cobble stones taken from river-beds are, in some American localities, called boulders. Bounds, CORN. A tract of tin-ore ground. Bout, DERB. A measure of lead-ore ; twenty-four dishes. Bowke, S. STAFF. A small wooden box in which iron-ore is hauled underground. Bowse or Bouze, DERB. Lead-ore as cut from the lode. Box-bill. A tool used in deep boring for slipping over and recov- ering broken rods. Box-groove. A closed groove between two rolls, formed by a collar on one roll, fitting between collars on another roll. Box-timbering. See Plank timbering. Brace, CORN. The mouth of a shaft. Brace-head. A cross-attachment at the top of the column of rods in deep boring, by means of which the rods and bit are turned after each drop. Brace-key. See Brace-head. Braize, U. S. Charcoal-dust. See Breeze. Brake-sieve. A jigger, operated by a hand-lever. Brakesman. The man in charge of a winding-engine. Brances. See Brasses. Branch. CORN. A small vein departing from the main lode, and in some cases returning. Basque. A lining for crucibles or furnaces ; generally a compound of clay, etc., with charcoal-dust. Brass. An alloy of copper and zinc. Brasses, ENG. and WALES. Pyrites (sulphide of iron) in coal. Brat, ENG. and WALES. A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrites or carbonate of lime. Brattice, ENG., SCOT., and WALES. A plank lining, or a longi- tudinal partition of wood, brick, or even cloth, in a shaft, level, or gangway, generally to aid ventilation. Brazil. Iron pyrites. Breaker. See Coal-breaker and Rock-breaker. Breast. 1. The face of a working. 2. In coal mines, the cham- ber driven upwards from the gangway, on the seam, between pillars 14 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. of coal left standing, for the extraction of coal. 3. That side of the hearth of a shaft-furnace which contains the metal-notc-h. Breast-boards. Planking placed between the last set of timbers and the face of a gangway or heading which is in quicksand or loose ground. Breccia. A conglomerate in which the fragments are angular. Breeding -fire. See Gob-fire. Breeze, ENG. Small coke. Probably connected, perhaps inter- changeable, with Braize, and both with the FR. Braise. Brettis, DERB. A crib of timber filled up with slack or waste. Brettis-way. A road in a coal-mine, supported by brettises built on each side after the coal has been worked out. Bridge. See Reverberatory furnace. Bridle-chains. Safety-chains to support a cage if the link between the cage and rope should break. Brightening. See Blick. Broaching -bit. A tool used to restore the dimensions of a bore- hole which has been contracted by the swelling of the marl or clay walls. Brob. A peculiar spike, driven alongside the end of an abutting timber to prevent its slipping. Broil or Broyl, CORN. See Bryle. Broken coal, PENN. See Coal. Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin. Brood, CORN. The heavier kinds of waste in tin and copper ores. Brown coal. See Coal. Browse. Ore imperfectly smelted, mixed with cinder and clay. Bruckner cylinder, PAC. A form of revolving roasting furnace. Bryle, CORN. The traces of a vein, in loose matter, on or near the surface. Bucker, DERB. A flat piece of iron with a wooden handle, used for breaking ore. Bucket. The piston of a lifting-pump. Bucking, DERB. See Cobbing. The bucking-hammer or buck- ing-iron is a broad-headed hammer used for this purpose; and the ore is broken on a flat piece of iron (bucking -plate}. Buckshot-cinder. Cinder from the iron blast-furnace, containing grains of iron. Buckwheat-coal, PENN. See Coal. Buddie, CORN. An inclined vat or stationary or revolving plat- form upon which ore is concentrated by means of running water. A GLOSSARY OP MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 15 Strictly the huddle is a shallow vat, not a platform or table ; at least not in some localities. But general usage, particularly on the Pa- cific slope, makes no distinction. Buggy. A small mine-wagon holding J ton to 1 ton of coal. Buhrstone. A quartz rock containing cellules. Buitron, SP. A furnace of peculiar construction, in which silver ore is reduced. Bulkhead. 1. A tight partition or stopping in a mine for pro- tection against water, fire, or gas. 2. The end of a flume, whence water is carried in iron pipes to hydraulic workings. Bull. See Clay-iron. Bulldog. 1. A refractory material used as furnace-lining, got by calcining mill-cinder, and containing silica and ferric oxide. 2. PENN. See Buckshot-cinder. Bullfrog. See Barney. Bullion. Uncoined gold and silver. Base bullion (PAC.), is pig lead containing silver and some gold, which are separated by refining. Bull-pump, CORN. A direct single-acting pump, the steam cyl- inder of which is placed over the top of a shaft or slope, and the piston-rod attached to the pump-rods. The steam lifts piston and pump-rods, and the weight of these makes the down-stroke. Bull-wheel. In rope-boring, a wheel on which is wound the rope for hoisting the bit, etc. Bully. A pattern of miners 7 hammer, varying from " broad-bully" to u narrow-bully." Bunch of ore, CORN. An ore-body, usually a small one. Bunding. A staging of boards on stulls or stem-pies t to carry deads. See stull-covering . Bunions, ENG. Battens or scantlings placed horizontally across a shaft, to which are nailed the boards forming the deading or sheathing of a brattice. Burden, CORN. 1. The tops or heads of stream-work, which lie over the stream of tin. 2. The proportion of ore and flux to fuel in the charge of a blast-furnace. Burning. See Calcining. Burnt iron. I . Iron which by long exposure to heat has suffered a change of structure and become brittle. It can be restored by careful forging at welding-heat. 2. In the Bessemer and open- hearth processes, iron which has been exposed to oxidation until all its carbon is gone, and oxide of iron has been formed in the mass. Burr. Solid rock. 16 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Burrow, CORN. A heap of refuse. Buscones, SP. Searchers ; explorers. Bushel. The Imperial bushel, of 2218 cubic inches, and the Winchester bushel, of 2150 cubic inches, are divided into 4 pecks. The bushel used in measuring charcoal and coal contains 5 pecks, or 2680 cubic inches, being 20 pounds or less of charcoal, and, in various localities, 80, 76, or 72 pounds of coal. Bustamente furnace. A cylindrical shaft-furnace for roasting quicksilver ores; divided by perforated arches into two compart- ments, of which the upper receives the ore and the lower the fuel. The mercury-vapors are condensed in aludeln. Butt, ENG. Of coal ; a surface exposed at right angles to the face. See End. Button. The globule of metal remaining on an assay-cupel or in a crucible, at the end of the fusion. Butty, DERB. and STAFF. A miner by contract at so much per ton of coal or ore. Cobbling. Breaking up pieces of flat iron to be piled or fagoted, heated and rolled. Cable-tools. The apparatus used in drilling deep holes, such as artesian wells, with a rope, instead of rods, to connect the drill with the machine on the surface. Cache, FR. The place where provisions, ammunition, etc., are cached or hidden by trappers or prospectors in unsettled regions. Cage. 1. A frame with one or more platforms for cars, used in hoisting in a vertical shaft. It is steadied by guides on the sides of the shaft. 2. A structure of elastic iron rods slipped into the bore- hole in rod-boring to prevent vibration of the rods. 3. The barrel or drum in a whim on which the rope is wound. Cake-copper. See Tough cake. Caking coal. See Coal. Cola, SP. A small pit or experimental hole. Cal, CORN. Wolfram. Calcine. To expose to heat, with or without oxidation ; to roast. Applied to ores for the removal of water and sulphur, and the dis- integration of the mass; to limestone for the expulsion of its car- bonic acid ; etc. Calciner. A furnace or kiln for roasting. Calicata, SP. A digging or trial pit. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 17 Campaign. The period during which a furnace is continuously in operation. Canada , SP. A ravine, or small canon. Canch. A part of a bed of stone worked by quarrying. Cand or Cann, CORN. Fluorspar. Cankj DERB. See Whinstone. Canon, SP. A valley, usually precipitous ; a gorge. . Cannel coal. See Coal. Cap or Cap-rock. Barren vein matter, or & pinch in a vein, sup- posed to overlie ore. Capel. A composite stone of quartz, schorl, and hornblende. Capella, SP. Cupelling furnace. Captain, CORN, and WALES. The official in immediate charge of the work in a mine. Cara.t. 1. A unit employed in weighing diamonds, and equal to 3J troy grains. A carat-grain is one-fourth of a carat. 2. A term employed to distinguish the fineness of a gold alloy, and meaning one-twenty-fourth. Fine gold is 24^-carat gold. Goldsmiths' stand- ard is 22 carats fine, i. e., contains 22 parts gold, 1 copper, and 1 silver. Carbona, CORN. An irregular deposit or impregnation of tin ore, found in connection with a tin lode. Carbonaceous. Containing carbon not oxidized. Carbonates. The common term in the West for ores containing a considerable proportion of carbonate of lead. They are sometimes earthy or ochreous (soft carbonates), sometimes granular and com- paratively free from iron (sand carbonates), and sometimes compact (hard carbonates.) Often they are rich in silver. Carbonization. The process of converting to carbon, by removing other ingredients, a substance containing carbon, as in the charring of wood or the natural formation of anthracite. Carburization. The process of imparting carbon, as in making cement steel. Carga, SP. A mule-load of 300 pounds avoirdupois. Carinthian furnace. A small reverberatory with inclined hearth, in which lead ore is treated by roasting and reaction, wood being the usual fuel. Car-wheel iron. See Chill. Case. A small fissure, admitting water, into the workings. Case-harden. To convert iron superficially into steel by partial cementation. 3 18 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Casing, CORN. 1. A partition or brattice, made of in a shaft. 2. PAC. Casings are zones of material altered by vein- action, and lying between the unaltered country rock and the vein. Cast-after-cast, CORN. The throwing up of ore from one platform to another successively. See Shambles. Cast-house. The building in which pigs or ingots are cast. Casting. Pouring or drawing fused metal from a blast furnace, cupola, crucible, converter, or ladle into moulds. Cast-iron. See Iron. Cast-steel. See Steel. Cata, SP. A mine denounced, but an worked. Catalan forge. A forge with a tuyere for reducing iron ore, with charcoal, to a loup of wrought iron; abloomary. See Champlain forge. Cat-head. 1. A small capstan. 2. A broad-bully hammer. See Bully. Cauf, NEWC. See Corf. Caunter-lode, CORN. A vein coursing at a considerable angle to neighboring veins. Caving. The falling in of the sides or top of excavations. Cawk. Sulphate of baryta (heavy spar). Cazo, SP. A caldron in which amalgamation is effected by the cazo process, used in Mexico and South America. Cement, AUSTR. and PAC. Gravel firmly held in a silicious matrix, or the matrix itself. Cementation. The process of producing a chemical change in a solid substance by packing it in a powder and heating it. See Cement-steel and Malleable castings. Cement-copper. Copper precipitated from solution. Cement-gold. Gold precipitated in fine particles from solution. Cement-silver. Silver precipitated from solution, usually by cop- per. Cement-steel. See Steel. Cendrada, SP. Ashes or smeltings found at the bottom of a fur- nace, and valuable for use in other smeltings. Cerro, SP. A hill or mountain. Chacing. Following a vein by its range or direction. Chafery. A forge fire for reheating. (From the FR. C/taujferie.) Chaldron. Thirty-six bushels. In Newcastle fifty-three hun- dredweight avoirdupois. Chaldron-wagons, containing this quan- tity, convey the coal from the pit to the place of shipment. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 19 Chalybeate. Impregnated with iron (applied to mineral waters). Chamber. See Breast. Champion lode. The main vein as distinguished from branches. Ckamplain forge or American forge. A forge for the direct pro- duction of wrought iron, generally used in the United States instead of the Catalan forge, from which it differs in using only finely- crushed ore and in working continuously. Changing -house, CORN. A room where miners change and dry their underground clothing. See Dry. Charbon roux, FR. Brown charcoal, produced by an incomplete carbonization of wood. Charge. 1. The materials introduced at one time or one round into a furnace. 2. The amount of explosive used for one blast. Charger, CORN. An auger-like implement for charging horizontal bore-holes for blasting. Charring. The expulsion by heat of the volatile constituents of wood, etc., leaving more or less pure vegetable carbon. Chartermaster, S. STAFF. See Butty. Chats, NORTHUMB. Small pieces of stone with ore. Cheeks. 1. The sides or walls of a vein. 2. Extensions of the sides of the eye of a hammer or pick. Chenot process. The process of making iron-sponge from ore mixed with coal-dust, and heated in vertical cylindrical retorts. Chert. Hornstone; a silicious stone often found in limestone. Cherry coal, ENG. See Coal. Chestnut coal, PENN. See Coal. Chilian Mill. An improved arrastrc, in which a heavy stone wheel is rolled around the bed. Chill. An iron mould or portion of a mould, serving to cool rapidly, and so to harden, the surface of molten iron which comes in contact with it. Iron which can be thus hardened to a considerable depth is chilling iron, and is specially used for cast-iron railway car- wheels requiring hardness at the rim without loss of strength in the wheel. Chimming, CORN. See Tossing. Chimney. An ore-shoot. See Chute. China clay. Kaolin. Chisel. See Bit. Chock. See Nog. Choke-damp, ENG. Carbonic acid gas. 20 A GLOSSARY OF MINING ANT) METALLURGICAL TERMS. Chlorides, PAC. A common term for ores containing chloride of silver. Chloridize. To convert into chloride. Applied to the roasting of silver ores with salt, preparatory to amalgamation. Chlorination process. The process first introduced by Plattner, in which auriferous ores are first roasted to oxidize the base metals, then saturated with chlorine gas, and finally treated with water, which removes the soluble terchloride of gold, to be subsequently precipitated and melted into bars. Chrome ore. Chromic iron (chromite, oxide of chromium and oxide of iron). Chute. (Sometimes written shoot.} 1. A channel or shaft under- ground, or an inclined trough above ground, through which ore fill Is or is "shot" by gravity from a higher to a lower level. 2. A body of ore, usually of elongated form, extending downward within a vein (ore-shoot). The two forms of orthography of this word are of French and English origin respectively. Under chute, the original idea is that of falling; under shoot, that of shooting or branching. Both are appropriate to the technical significations of the word. An ore-shoot, for instance, may be considered as a branch of the general mass of the ore in a deposit, or as a pitch or fall of ore (GERM. Erz- foll). In England the orthography shoot is, I believe, exclusively employed, and this is perhaps the best, the other being unnecessarily foreign. Cinder, ENG. Slag, particularly from iron blast furnacesl Cinder-pig, ENG. See Pig iron. Cinder-plate. See Bloomary. Cinder-tap, Cinder-notch. The hole through which cinder is tapped from a furnace. See Liirmann front. Cinnabar. Sulphuret of mercury. Cistern, CORN. See Tank. Clack, CORN. A pump-valve. Clack-door, CORN. An opening into the valve-chamber of a pump. Cloggy, NEWC. Adhesive. When the coal is tightly joined to the roof, the mine is said to have a cloggy top. Claim, PAC. The portion of mining ground held under the Fed- eral and local laws by one claimant or association, by virtue of one location and record. Clanny lamp. The safety-lamp invented by Dr. Clanny. Clay-iron. A tool for crowding clay into leaky bore-holes. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 21 deciding, ENG. See Bunions. Clean-up. The operation of collecting all the valuable product of a given period or operation in a stamp mill, or in a hydraulic or placer mine. Cleat. 1. A joint in coal or rock. 2. A strip of wood. Cleavage. The property in a mineral, of splitting more easily and perfectly in some directions than in others. The planes of cleav- age bear a relation to the crystal form of the mineral. The cleav- age of rock-masses is more properly a jointing, unless it follows the planes of bedding. Clinker. The product of the fusion of the earthy impurities (ash) of coal during its combustion. Clinometer. A simple apparatus for measuring by means of a pendulum or spirit-level and circular scale, vertical angles, par- ticularly dips. Clod. Soft shale or slate, in coal mines, usually applied to a layer forming a bad roof. Closed top. See Cup-and-cone. Closed front. An arrangement of the blast-furnace without & fore- hearth. Clotting. The sintering or semi-fusion of ores during roasting. Coal(EtSG. Coals). This term is now applied to stonecoal or pit-coal, that is, mineral coal, obtained by mining, as distinguished from char- coal. No scientific account of the nature and origin of coal will be given here. The three principal classes recognized by common usage are anthracite (hard, black, composed, when pure, almost exclusively of carbon), bituminous or coking coal (brown or black, containing hydrocarbons), and lignite or brown coal (brown or black, gen- erally showing a woody or a laminar structure, containing much water, and more recent, geologically speaking, than the other varie- ties). Semi- anthracites and semi-bituminous coals are gradations be- tween anthracite and bituminous, based on the increasing percentage of volatile matters. Hydrogenous or gas-coals are bituminous coals yielding the highest percentage of volatile matters. The English classification of bituminous coals distinguishes coking coal proper (splintering when heated, but subsequently fusing into a semi-pasty mass), cherry or soft coal (igniting readily and burning rapidly with- out splintering or fusion), splint, rough or hard coal (igniting with more difficulty but burning with a clear, hot fire), and cannel coal (the parrot coal of Scotland, compact, homogeneous, conchoidal in fracture, burning with clear, bright flame). The English call an- 22 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. thracite also stonecoal or culm, and speak of a semi-anthracite as steam-coal. Any coal advantageously used for generating steam is called a steam-coal in the United States. The solid carbon remain- ing after the expulsion of volatile matters from bituminous coal or lignite is called coke. Commercial coke, however, must have a cer- tain coherence and strength ; and the coals which furnish it in this condition are called coking coals. A peculiar bituminous coal of Indiana and Ohio, which breaks in blocks, and is used raw without coking, to some extent, as a blast-furnace fuel, is called block-coal. Anthracite is divided in the United States according to the color of the ash afterburning, into white- ash, red-ash, and pink-ash coal. It is also classified for the market according to the size of the pieces (see Coal-breaker), as follows: Lump includes the largest lumps as they come from the mine. The other sizes pass over and through sieve-meshes of the size named, the figures signifying inches, and thus indicating roughly the average limit of diameter for the pieces in each size, viz. : Steamboat, through 7 over 4 ; No. 1, Broken or grate, through 4 over 2} to 2J ; No. 2, Egg, through 2} to 2| over '1\ to 2 ; No. 3, Large stove, through 2J to 2 over 1| to 1J; No. 4, SmaU, stove, through 1J to H over 1J to 1 ; No. 5, Chestnut, through 1J to 1 over f to J ; No. 6, Pea, through f to J over f to J. No. 7, Buckwheat, is rarely made, except when the coal is washed on the screens, and the chestnut and pea have the larger dimensions above given. It is the smallest size, and usually included in the dirt or culm. Coal-breaker. A building containing the machinery for break- ing coal with toothed rolls, sizing it with sieves, and cleaning it for market. Coal-pipes, NEWC. Very thin irregular layers of coal. Cobalt-ores. Cobalt-speiss (smaltine, chloanthite when niccoliferous, safflorite when ferriferous, an arsenide of cobalt with or without nickel or iron); cobalt glance and cobalt pyrites (smaltite and tinwrite, sulphides of cobalt); cobalt bloom (erythrite, arseniate of cobalt). Cobbing, CORN. Breaking ore to sort out its better portions. See Spall. Cobble, PENN. An imperfectly puddled ball which goes to pieces in the squeezer. Cobre ores. Copper ores from Cuba. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 23 Cockle, CORN. See Schorl. Cod, NEWC. The bearing of an axle. Coffer or Cofer, DERB. 1. To secure a shaft from leaking by ramming in clay behind the masonry or timbering. 2. (or Cover) CORN. See Mortar (2). 3. A rectangular plank frame, used in timbering levels. Coffin, CORN. 1. An old open working. 2. The mode of open working by casting up ore and waste from one platform to another, and so to the surface. Cog. To roll or bloom ingots. Cogs. See Nogs; only eogs are not squared, but simply notched where they cross each other. The interior of a structure of this kind and the spaces between the timber are usually filled with gob. They are called also cobs, corncobs, etc. Coil-drag. A tool to pick up pebbles, bits of iron, etc., from the bottom of a drill-hole. Coke. The product remaining after the expulsion by heat of the volatile constituents of coal. Coking coal. See Coal. Cold-bed. A platform in a rolling-mill on which cold bars are stored. Cold blast. ' Air forced into a furnace without being previously heated. Cold-short Brittle when cold. Applied chiefly to iron and steel. Collar. 1. See Cap. 2. The collar of a shaft is the horizontal timbering around the mouth. Colliery. A coal mine. Collom washer, LAKE SUP. A variety of jig. Color, SP. 1. Color. The shade or tint of the earth or rock which indicates ore. 2. A particle of metallic gold found in the pros- pector's pan after a sample of earth or crushed rock has been "panned out." Prospectors say, e. g., "The dirt gave me so many colors to the panful." Colorados, SP. Ores impregnated with oxide of iron, and in a state of decomposition. See Gossan. Col-rake. A shovel used to stir lead-ores during washing. Comb. The place, in a fissure which has been filled by successive depositions of mineral on the walls, where the two sets of layers thus deposited approach most nearly or meet, closing the fissure and exhibiting either a drusy central cavity, or an interlocking of .crys- tals. 24 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Combined carbon. That portion of the carbon in iron or steel which is not visible as graphite, and is supposed to be alloyed or chemically combined with the iron. Compass. An instrument like the ordinary nautical or surveyor's compass, though sometimes otherwise marked, and having a clinometer attached. Also, a dip-compass, for tracing magnetic iron ore, having a needle hung to move in a vertical plane. Concentration. The removal by mechanical means of the lighter and less valuable portions of ore. Concentrator. An apparatus in which, by the aid of water or air and specific gravity, mechanical concentration of ores is performed. Condenser. A vessel or chamber in which volatile products of roasting or smelting (e. g., mercury or zinc vapors) are reduced to solid form by cooling, or in which the fumes of furnaces, containing mechanically suspended as well as volatile metallic matters, are ar- rested. Conglomerate. A rock consisting of fragments of other rocks (usually rounded) cemented together. Consume. The chemical and mechanical loss of mercury in amal- gamation. Contact. The plane between two adjacent bodies of dissimilar rock. A contact-vein is a vein, and a contact-bed is a bed, lying, the former more or less closely, the latter absolutely, along a contact. Continental process. See German process. Converter. See Bessemer process. Cope. 1. DERB. To contract to mine lead ore by the dish, load, or other measure. 2. The upper part of a flask, separable from the lower part. See Drag. Coper, DERB. One who contracts to raise lead-ore at a fixed rate. Copperas. Ferrous sulphate. Copper-ores. Native copper ; red copper-ore (cuprite, protoxide) ; green and blue malachite (malachite and azurite, carbonates) ; copper glance (chalcocite, sulphide) ; purple copper (variegated or peacock ore, bornite, sulphide of copper and iron); gray copper (fahl-ore, tetrahedrite, sulphantimonide of copper and other metals); yellow copper (copper-pyrites, chalcopyrite, sulphide of copper and iron) ; copper-lead ore (bournonite, sulphantimonide of lead and copper) ; black copper-ore (an earthy and variable mixture of sulphide and oxide of copper). Copper-plates, AUSTR. and PAC. The plates of amalgamated copper A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 25 over which the auriferous ore is allowed to flow from the stamp battery, and upon which the gold is caught as amalgam. Copper-rain. Minute globules thrown up from the surface of molten copper, when it contains but little suboxide. Copper-smoke. The gases from the calcination of sulphuretted copper-ores. Corbond. An irregular mass or " dropper" from a lode. Cordurie process. The refining of lead by conducting steam through it, while molten, to oxidize certain metallic impurities. Core, CORN. A miner's underground working-time or shift. Corf, Corve, or Cauf (the last incorrect). 1. NEWC. A large bas- ket used in hoisting coal ; from the GERM. Korb. 2. A wooden frame to carry coal. 3. A sled or low wagon for the same purpose. Cornish pump. A pump operated by rods attached to the beam of a single-acting, condensing beam-engine. The steam, pressing down the piston in the vertical steam-cylinder, lifts the pump-rods, and these subsequently descend by their own weight. Coro-coro. A dressed product of copper-works in South America, consisting of grains of native copper mixed with pyrite, chalco-py- rite, mispickel, and earthy minerals. Corroding-lead. Refined lead, sufficiently pure for the corroding process, by which white lead is manufactured. Cost-book, CORN. A book used to keep accounts of mining enter- prises carried on under the cost-book system, peculiar to Cornwall and Devon, and differing from both partnership and incorporation. It resembles the mining partnership system of the Pacific States. Costeaning or Costeening, CORN. Discovering veins by pits and open cuts, run on the surface transversely to the supposed course of the veins. Counter. 1. A cross- vein. 2. (Or counter '-gangway.} A gangway driven obliquely upwards on a coal-seam from the main gangway until it cuts off the faces of the workings, and then continues par- allel with the main gangway. The oblique portion is called the run. Country, or country-rock, CORN. The rock traversed by or adja- cent to an ore deposit. Course. See Strike. Course of ore. See Chute (2.). Coursing. Conducting the air-current of a mine in different direc- tions by means of doors and stoppings. Cousin Jack. A common nickname for a Cornishman. 4 26 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Covered-binding, CORN. See Cow. A kind of self-acting brake for inclined planes ; a trailer. Cowl. See Water-barrel. Cowper- Siemens stove. A hot-blast stove of firebrick on the regenerative-principle. Coyoting, PAC. Mining in irregular openings or burrows, com- parable to the holes of coyotes or prairie foxes. Crab. A machine for moving heavy weights. Specially the en- gines employed for lowering into place the pumps, rods, pipes, etc., of Cornish pit-work. Cradle, PAC. See Rocker. Cramp. A pillar of rock or mineral left for support. Cranch. Part of a vein left by old workers. Craze or Creaze, CORN. The tin-ore which collects in the middle part of the buddle. Creep, NEWC. A rising of the floor of a gangway, occasioned by the weight of incumbent strata, in pillar workings. Also any slow movement of mining ground. Cretaceous. 1. Chalky. 2. See Geological formations. Crevet. A crucible. Crevice, PAC. 1. A shallow fissure in the bed-rock under a gold placer, in which small but highly concentrated deposits of gold are found. 2. The fissure containing a vein. Crib. 1. See Curb. 2. A structure composed of frames of timber laid horizontally upon one another, or of timbers built up as in the walls of a log -cabin. 3. A miner's luncheon. Cribbing. Close timbering, as the lining of a shaft, or the con- struction of cribs of timber or timber and earth or rock, to support a roof. Cribble. A sieve. Crop. 1. CORN. See Crop-tin. 2. The basset or outcrop of strata at the surface. 3. To leave coal at the bottom of a bed. Cropping out. The rising of layers of rock to the surface. That part of a vein which appears above the surface is called the cropping or outcrop. Crop-tin. The chief portion of tin-ore separated from waste in the principal dressing operation. Cross-course, CORN. An intersecting (usually a barren) vein. Cross-cut. A level driven across the course of a vein, or, in gen- eral, across the direction of the main workings (as to connect two parallel gangways), or across the " grain of coal." A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 27 Cross-heading. A heading driven across from one gangway or breast to another, usually for ventilation. Ct^oss-vein. An intersecting vein. Crow or crow-foot. A tool with a side-claw, for grasping and re- covering broken rods in deep bore-holes. Crucible. 1. A melting pot. 2. The lower part of a shaft furnace, in which fusion is effected and the molten bath is contained. Crush. 1. A squeeze, accompanied, perhaps, with more violent motion and effects. 2. A variety of fault in coal. See Fault (2). Crusher. A machine for crushing ores. Cry of tin. The peculiar crackling noise produced in bending a piece of metallic tin. Culm. 1. ENG. Anthracite. 2. PENN. The waste or slack of the Pennsylvania anthracite mines, consisting of fine coal, more or less pure, and coal-dust and dirt. Cup-and-cone. A machine for charging a shaft-furnace, consist- ing of an iron hopper with a large central opening, which is closed by a cone or bell, pulled up into it from below. In the annular space around this cone, the ore, fuel, etc., are placed ; then the cone is lowered to drop the materials into the furnace; after which it is again raised to close the hole. Cupellation. The treatment on a hearth or cupel (usually formed of bone-ash) of an alloy of lead, gold, and silver, by means of fusion and an air blast, which oxidizes the lead to litharge, and removes it in liquid form, or absorbs it in the cupel. Cupola. A shaft-furnace with a blast, for remelting metals, pre- paratory to casting. Sometimes incorrectly pronounced and written Cupalo. Curb. A timber frame, circular or square, wedged in a shaft to make a foundation for walling or tubbing, or to support, with or without other timbering, the walls of the shaft. Curbing. See Ch'ibbing. Cut. 1. To intersect a vein or working. 2. To excavate coal. Dam. 1. To keep back water in a stream or mine by means of a dam or bulkhead. 2. S. STAFF. See Stopping and Bulkhead. 3. The wall of refractory material, forming the front of the fore-hearth of a blast furnace. It is built on the inside of a supporting iron plate (dam-plate). Iron is tapped through a hole in the dam, and cinder through a notch in the top of the dam. See Lurmann front. 28 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Damask. The etched or " watered" surface produced on polished (welded) steel by corrosion. Damper. A valve in a flue or at the top of a chimney to regulate the draft. Dam-plate. The plate upon the dam-stone or front stone of the bottom of a blast furnace. Damp sheet, S. STAFF. A large sheet, placed as a curtain or par- tition across a gate-road to stop and turn an air-current. Dan, NEWC. A truck or sled used in coal mines. Danks puddler. A revolving mechanical puddler. Set- / VA///V/. Dant, NEWC. Soft, inferior coal ; mineral charcoal. Davy lamp. The safety lamp invented by Sir H. Davy. Day, WALES. The surface of the ground over a mine. Dai/- level. An adit. Day-wafer. Water from the surface. Dead, CORN. 1. Un ventilated. 2. As to a vein or piece of ground, unproductive. Deadened mercury. See Floured. Dead-plate. A nearly horizontal iron plate, at the mouth of the furnace, under a steam-boiler, on which the bituminous coal charges are laid to be. partially coked before they are pushed upon the grate where their solid carbon is consumed. The gases evolved on the dead-plate pass over the grate and are burned. Dead riches. See Base bullion. Dead roasting. Roasting carried to the farthest practicable de- gree in the expulsion of sulphur. Deads, CORN. The waste rock, packed in excavations from which ore or coal has been extracted. Dead-work. Work that is not directly productive, though it may be necessary for exploration and future production. Deal. Plank used in shaft and gallery construction. Dean, CORN. The end of a level. Debris, FR. The fragments resulting from shattering or disinte- gration. Deep, CORN. The lower portion of a vein ; used in the phrase to the deep, i. e., downward upon the vein. Denunciar, SP. To denounce. To give information that a mine is forfeited for being insufficiently worked, or for a violation of some condition which imposes that penalty. This term is also applied to the giving notice of a discovery, for the purpose of registry. Deposit. The term mineral deposit or ore-deposit is arbitrarily A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 29 used to designate a natural occurrence of a useful mineral or ore in extent and degree of concentration to invite exploitation. Derrick. 1. See Whip. 2. The hoisting-tower over an artesian well-boring. Descens ion-theory. The theory that the material in veins entered from above. Desilverization. The process of separating silver from its alloys. Desiring, CORN. See Dissuing. Desulphurization. The removal of sulphur from sulphuret ores. Dial, CORN. See Compass. To dial a mine is to make a survey of it, Diamond-drill. * A form of rock-drill in which the work is done by abrasion instead of percussion, black diamonds (borts) being set in the head of the boring tool. Diamond groove. A groove of V-section in a roll. Die. A piece of hard iron, placed in a mortar to receive the blow of a stamp, or in a pan to receive the friction of the muller. Be- tween the die and the stamp or muller the ore is crushed. Dig, CORN. See Gouge. Diggings. Applicable to all mineral deposits and mining camps, but in usage in the United States applied to placer-mining only. Dike. A vein of igneous rock. Dilluing or dilleughing, CORN. An operation performed in tin- dressing upon the slimes of a certain part of the process. It is like the operation of panning, only performed with a sieve having a close haircloth bottom, and in a kieve of water which receives the tail- ings of the process. Diluvium. Sand, gravel, clay, etc., in superficial deposits. See Drift. According to some authors, alluvium is the effect of the or- dinary, and diluvium of the extraordinary action of water. The latter term is now passing out of use as not precise, and more spe- cific names for the different kinds of material are substituted. Dinas brick. A refractory brick, almost entirely composed of silica from the Dinas " clay " in the Vale of Neath, England. Dip. The inclination of a vein or stratum below the horizontal. The dip at any point is necessarily at right angles with the local strike, and its inclination is steeper than that of any other line drawn in the plane of the vein or stratum through that point. Dipping-needle. See Compass. Discovery, PAC. The first finding of the mineral deposit in place upon a mining claim. A discovery is necessary before the location 30 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. can be held by a valid title. The opening in which it is made is called discovery-shaft, discovery-tunnel, etc. Dish, CORN. 1. The landowner's or landlord's part of the ore. 2. DERB. A measure of 14, 15, or 16 pints. Dissumffj CORN. Cutting out the selvage or gouge of a lode, to facilitate the ore-extraction. Distillation. Volatilization, followed by condensation to the liquid state. District. In the States and Territories west of the Missouri, a vaguely bounded and temporary division and organization made by the inhabitants of a mining region. A district has one code of min- ing laws, and one recorder. Counties and county* officers are grad- ually taking the place of these cruder arrangements. Ditch. An artificial watercourse, flume, or canal, to convey water for mining. A flume is usually of wood ; a ditch, of earth. Divining-rod or Dowsing-rod, CORN. A rod (most frequently of witch-hazel, and forked in shape) used, according to an old but still extant superstition, for discovering mineral veins and springs of water, and even for locating oil welis. Doggy, S. STAFF. An underground superintendent, employed by the butty. Dog-hole.. A small proving-hole or airway, usually less than 5 feet high. Dole. A division of a parcel of ore. Dolly-tub, CORN. A tub in which ore is washed, being agi- tated by a dolly, or perforated board. Dope. See Explosives. Dotts or Dott-holes. Small openings in the vein. Douglas process. See Hunt and Douglas process. Downcast. The opening through which the ventilating air-current descends into a mine. Downcome. The pipe through which tunnel-head gases from iron blast-furnaces are brought down to the hot-blast stoves and boilers, when these are below the tunnel-head. Dradge, CORN. The inferior portions of ore, separated from the prill by cobbing. Drag. The lower part of a flask. The mould having been pre- pared in the two parts of the flask, the cope is put upon the drag before casting. After casting, the flask is opened by removing the cope. \ A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 31 Drug-twist. A spiral hook at the end of a rod, for cleaning bore- holes. Draught, S. STAFF. The quantity of coal raised to bunk in a given time. Draw. To rob pillars or the top-coal of breasts before abandoning the ground. Dredge. Very fine mineral matter held in suspension in water. Dresser, S. STAFF. A large pick, with which the largest lumps of coal are prepared for loading into the skip. Dressing, CORN. The picking and sorting of ores, and washing, preparatory to reduction. Drift. 1. A horizontal passage underground. A drift follows the vein, as distinguished from a cross-cut, which intersects it, or a level or gallery, which may do either. 2. Unstratified diluvium. Drill. A metallic tool for boring in hard material. The ordi- nary miner's drill is a bar of steel, with a chisel-shaped end, and is struck with a hammer. See Rock-drill, Diamond-drill. Driving. Extending excavations horizontally. Distinguished from sinking and raising. Dropper, CORN. A branch leaving the main vein on thefootwall side. Dross. The material skimmed from the surface of freshly melted, not perfectly pure metal. Drowned level. See Blind level, (2). Druggon, S. STAFF. A square iron or wooden box, used for con- veying fresh water for horses, etc., in a mine. Drum. That part of the winding machinery on which the rope or chain is coiled. Druse. A crystallized crust lining the sides of a cavity. Dry, CORN. See C hanging-house. Dry copper. See Under-poled copper. Also copper just ready for poling. Dry Puddling. See Puddling. Dry sand. Sand prepared for moulds by thorough drying and baking. When special cohesion is required) as for cores) other sub- stances, such as flour, molasses, etc., are mixed with it. Dualin. See Explosives. Dumb-drift. An air-way conveying air around, not through, a ventilating furnace to the upcast. Dump. 1. To unload a vehicle by tilting or otherwise, without handling or shovelling out its contents. 2. A pile of ore or rock. 32 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Dumper. A tilting-car used on (Jumps. Durn, CORN. A frame of timbering, like a door-frame. Dust-plate. A vertical iron plate, supporting the dag-runner of an iron blast furnace./ Dutch metal. An alloy of copper and zinc, containing more copper than ordinary brass. Duty. A measure of the effectiveness of a steam-engine, usually expressed in the number of foot-pounds (or kilogram metres) of use- ful work obtained from a given quantity of fuel. Duty-ore, CORN. The landlord's share of the ore. Dyke. See Dike. Dzhu, CORN. To cut ahead on one side of a face, .so as to increase the efficacy of blasting on the remainder. (Doubtless the same word as Dissue. See Dlssuing.) Also called to hnlh. Egg-coal, PENN. See Coal. Egg-hole, DERB. A notch cut in the wall of a lode to hold the end of a stempel. Electrum. An alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. Eliquation. Separating an alloy by heating it so as to melt the more fusible of its ingredients, but not the less fusible. Elutriation. Purification by washing and pouring off the lighter matter suspended in water, leaving the heavier portions behind. Elvan, CORN. A name given to certain broad granite veins or belts in schistose rocks. Emery. Impure corundum. End of coal. The direction or section at right-angles to the face ; sometimes called the butt. End-pieces, CORN. See Wall-plates. English process. In copper-smelting, the process of reduction in a reverberatory furnace, after roasting, if necessary. English zinc-furnace. A furnace in which zinc is reduced and distilled from calcined ores in crucibles. Engorgement. The clogging of a furnace. See Scaffold. Entry. An adit. Applied to the main gangway in some coal mines. Estufa amalgamation, SP. A modification of the patio process, using heat. Exploder. A cap or fulminating cartridge, placed in a charge of gunpowder or other explosive, and exploded by electricity or by a fuse. See Explosives. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 33 Exploitation, FR. The productive working of a mine, as distin- guished from exploration. Explosives. The principal explosives used in mining are gun- powder, a compound of sulphur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (potash saltpetre) or sodium nitrate (Chili or soda-saltpetre); nitroglyc- erin, a liquid compound of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxy- gen, produced by the action of nitric acid upon glycerin ; dynamite No. 1, or giant-powder, a mixture of nitroglycerin with a dry pulver- ized mineral or vegetable absorbent or dope (commonly silicious or infusorial earth) ; dynamite No. 2, nitroglycerin mixed with saltpetre, sawdust, or coaldust, paraffin, etc., in lieu of an inexplosive dope; litho- fracteur, nitroglycerin mixed with silicious earth, charcoal, sodium (and sometimes barium) nitrate and sulphur; dualin, nitroglycerin, mixed with potassium nitrate and fine sawdust ; rend-rock, Hercules, Neptune, tonite, vigorite, and other powders, resembling dyna- mite No. 2, i. e., consisting of nitroglycerin with a more or less explo- sive dope ; and mica-powder, a No. 1 dynamite, in which the dope is fine scales of mica. The chlorate, picrate, and fulminate explosives are not used in mining, except the fulminate of mercury, which is employed for the caps or exploders, by means of which charges of powder, dynamite, etc., are fired. Eye. 1 . The top of a shaft. 2. The opening at the end of a tuyere, opposite the nozzle. 3. The hole in a pick or ham'mer-head which receives the handle. Face. 1. In any adit, tunnel, or stope, the end at which work is progressing or was last done. 2. The face of coal is the principal cleavage-plane at right angles to the stratification. Driving on the face is driving against or at right angles with the face. Fagot. See Pile. Fahlband, GERM. A zone or stratum in crystalline rock, impreg- nated with metallic sulphides. Intersecting fissure-veins are en- riched by ihefahlband. Famp, N...WC. Soft, tough, thin shale beds. Fan. A revolving machine, to blow air into a mine (pressure- fan, blower), or to draw it out (suction-fan). Fanega, SP. A bushel ; sometimes half a mule-load. Fang, DERB. An air-course cut in the side of a shaft or level, or constructed of wood. Fast-end. 1. The part of the coal-bed next the rock. 2. A gangway with rock on both sides. See Loose-end. 5 34 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Fast shot, NEWC. A charge of powder exploding without the de- sired effect. Fathom, CORN. Six feet. A fathom of mining (/round is six feet square by the whole thickness of the vein, or in Cornish phrase, a fathom forward by a fathom vertical. Fauld. The tymp-arch or working-arch of a furnace. Fathom-tale, CORN. See Tut-worJc (2). This name probably arises from the payment for such work by the space excavated, and not by the ore produced. Fault. 1. A dislocation of the strata or the vein. 2. In coal- seams, sometimes applied to the coal rendered worthless by its condi- tion in the seam (slate-fault, dirt-fault, etc.). Feather. See Plug and feather. Feathered-shot. Copper granulated by pouring into cold water. Feathering. See Plugging. Feeder. 1. A small vein joining a larger vein. "2. A spring or stream. 3. A blower of gas. Feigh, NEWC. Refuse washed from lead-ore or coal. Feldspathic. Containing feldspar as a principal ingredient. Fell. See Riddle. Ferrie furnace. A high iron blast furnace, in the upper part of which crude bituminous coal is converted into coke. Ferromanganese. An alloy of iron and manganese. Ferruginous. Containing iron. Fettle, Fettling. See Fix. Fillet. The rounded corner of a groove in a roll. Fin. The thin sheet of metal squeezed out between the collars of the rolls in a roll-train. Fine metal. 1. See Metal. 2. The iron or plate-metal produced in the refinery. Finery. A charcoal-hearth for the conversion of cast into mal- leable iron. Fining. I. See Refining. 2. The conversion of cast into mal- leable iron in a hearth or charcoal-fire. Finwhing-rolk. The rolls of a train which receive the bar from the roiighing-rolls, and reduce it to its finished shape. Fire-bars. Grate-bars in a fireplace. Fire-bricks. Refractory bricks of fire-clay or of silicious mate- rial used to line furnaces. Fire-bridge. The separating low wall between the fire-place and the hearth of a reverberatory furnace. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 3o Fire-day. A clay comparatively free from iron and alkalies, not easily fusible, and hence used for fire-bricks. It is often found be- neath coal-beds. Fire-damp. Light carburetted hydrogen gas. When present in common air to the extent of one-fifteenth to one-thirteenth by volume, the mixture is explosive. Fire-setting. The softening or cracking of the working-face of a lode, to facilitate excavation, by exposing it to the action of a wood- fire built close against it. Now nearly obsolete, but much used in hard rock before the introduction of explosives. Fire-stink, S. STAFF. The stench from decomposing iron pyrites, caused by the formation of sulphuretted hydrogen. Fissure-vein. A fissure in the earth's crust filled with mineral. Fix. To fettle or line with a fix or fettling, consisting of ores, scrap and cinder, or other suitable substances, the hearth of a pud- dling furnace. Flang, CORN. A two-pointed miner's pick. Flange. Applied to a vein widening. Flap-door, NEWC. A manhole door. Flask. 1. The wooden or iron frame which holds the sand- mould used in a foundry. 2. An iron bottle in which quicksilver is sent to market. It contains 76J pounds. Flat, DERB. and N". WALES. A horizontal vein or ore-deposit auxiliary to a main vein ; also any horizontal portion of a vein else- where not horizontal. Flat-nose shell. A cylindrical tool with valve at bottom, for boring through soft clay. Flat-rods. A series of horizontal 'or inclined connecting-rods, running upon rollers, or supported at their joints by rocking-arms, to convey motion from a steam-engine or water-wheel to pump-rods at a distance. Flat-wall, CORN. A local term (in St. Just) for foot-wall. Flintshire furnace. A reverberator^ with a depression, well or crucible in the middle of the side of the hearth; used for the roasting and reaction process on lead ores. Float-copper, LAKE SUP. Fine scales of metallic copper (espe- cially produced by abrasion in stamping) which do not readily settle in water. Float-gold, PAC. Fine particles of gold, which do not readily settle in water, and hence are liable to be lost in the ordinary stamp- mill process. 36 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Float-ore. Water-worn particles of ore ; fragments of vein-ma- terial found on the surface, away from the vein-outcrop. Flooltan or F looking, CORN. See Fluccan. Floor. 1. The rock underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal deposit, corresponding to the foot-wall of more steeply-dipping de- posits. 2. A horizontal, flat ore-body. 3. A floor, in the ordinnrv sense, or a plank platform underground. Floran-tin, CORN. Tin ore scarcely visible in the stone, or stamped very small. Flosh, CORN. A rude mortar, with a shutter instead of a screen, used under stamps. Floss. Fluid, vitreous cinder, floating in a puddling furnace. Floss-hole. A tap-hole. Floured. The finely granulated condition of quicksilver, pro- duced to a greater or less extent by its agitation during the amalga- mation process. Flowing furnace. A reverberatory with inclined hearth, used in Cornwall for treating roasted lead ores by the precipitation process. Fluccan, CORN. Soft clayey matter in the vein ; a vein or course of clay. Flue. A passage for air, gas, or smoke. Flue-bridge. The separating low wall between the flues and the laboratory of a reverberatory furnace. Flue-cinder. Iron-cinder from the reheating furnace, so called because it runs out from the lower part of the flue. Flume. A wooden conduit, bringing water to a mill or mine; Flux. A salt or other mineral, added in smelting to assist fusion, by forming more fusible compounds. Foal, NEWC. A young boy employed in putting coal. Fodder, NORTH ENG. A unit employed in expressing weights of metallic lead, and equal to 21 hundredweight of 112 pounds avoir- dupois. Foge, CORN. A forge for smelting tin. Fondon. A large copper vessel, in which hot amalgamation is practiced. Foot-piece. See Sill. Foot-wall, CORN. The wall under the vein. Foot-way. The series of ladders and sollars by which men enter or leave a mine. Forefield, NEWC. The face of the workings. The forefield-end is the end of the workings farthest advanced. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 37 Fore-hearth. A projecting bay in the front of a blast-furnace hearth, under the tymp. In open-front furnaces it is from the fore- hearth that cinder is tapped. See Dam and Tymp. Forfeiture. The loss of possessory title to a mine or public lands by failure to comply with the laws prescribing the quantity of assess- ment work, or by actual abandonment. Fore-poling. A method of securing drifts in progress through quicksand by driving ahead poles, lath, boards, slabs, etc., to prevent the inflow of the quicksand on the sides and top, the face being pro- tected by breast-boards. Forespar. See Bloomary. Fore-winning, NfiWC. Advanced workings. Forge. 1. An open or semi-open hearth with a tuyere. 2. ENG. That part of an ironworks where balls are squeezed and hammered and then drawn out into puddle-bars by grooved rolls. Forge-cinder. The slag from a forge or bloomary. Formation. See Geological formations. Fork. I. CORN. The bottom of the sump. 2. DERB. A piece of wood supporting the side of an excavation in soft ground. Forpale or Forepale. The driving of timbers or planks horizon- tally ahead at the working-face, to prevent the caving of the ground in subsequent driving. Fossil ore. Fossiliferous red hematite. Fother, NEWC. One-third of a chaldron. Foundershaft. The first shaft sunk. Fox-tail, S. WALES. The last cinder obtained in the fining pro- cess. Frame, CORN. See Tin-frame. Free. Native, uncombined with other substances, as free gold or silver. Free fall. An arrangement by which, in deep boring, the bit is allowed to fall freely to the bottom at each drop or down-stroke. Free-milling. Applied to ores which contain free gold or silver, and can be reduced by crushing and amalgamation, without roast- ing or other chemical treatment. Freiberg amalgamation. See Barrel amalgamation. Fritting. The formation of a slag by heat with but incipient fusion. Frontal hammer or Frontal helve, ENG. A forge-hammer lifted by a cam, acting upon a " tongue " immediately in front of the ham- mer-head. 38 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Frue vanner. A variety of continuously working percussion- table. Fulguration. See Blick. Furgen. A round rod used for sounding a bloomary fire. Furnace. 1. A structure in which heat is produced by the com- bustion of fuel. 2. A structure in which, with the aid of heat so produced, the operations of roasting, reduction, fusion, steam-gener- ation, desiccation, etc., are carried on, or, as in some mines, the upcast air-current is heated, to facilitate its ascent and thus aid ven- tilation. Furnace cadmium or cadmia. The oxide of zinc which accumu- lates in the chimneys of furnaces smelting zinciferous ores. Furtherance, NEWC. An extra price paid to hewers when they also put the coal. Fuse. A tube or casing filled with combustible material, by means of which a blast is ignited and exploded. Gad. 1. A steel wedge. 2. A small iron punch with a wooden handle used to break up ore. Galemador, SP. A small Mexican furnace for roasting silver ores. Gale, ENG. (Forest of Dean.) A grant of mining ground. Galiage, Royalty. Gallery. A level or drift. Gallery-furnace. A retort-furnace used in the distillation of mercury. Gallows-frame. A frame over a shaft, carrying the pulleys for the hoisting cables. Galvanize. To coat with zinc. Ganister. A mixture of ground quartz and fire-clay, used in lin- ing Bessemer converters. Gang. 1. A mine. 2. A set of miners. Gangue. The mineral associated with the ore in a vein. Gangway. 1. A main level, applied chiefly to coal mines. 2. NEWC. A wooden bridge. Garland, S. STAFF. A trough or gutter round the inside of a shaft to catch the water running down the sides. Gas-coal. See Coal. Gas-furnace. A furnace employing gaseous fuel. Gash. Applied to a vein wide above, narrow below, and termi- nating in depth within the formation it traverses. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 39 ' Gas-producer. A furnace in which combustible gas is produced, to be used as fuel in another furnace. Gas-well. A deep boring, from which natural gas is discharged. Gate, Gate-way, or Gate-road, ENG. 1. A road or way under- ground for air, water, or general passage; a gangway. 2. The aperture in a founder's mould, through which the molten iron enters. Gear, NEWC. 1. The working tools of a miner. 2. The me- chanical arrangements connecting a motor with its work. Geode. A cavity, studded around with crystals or mineral mat- ter, or a rounded stone containing such a cavity. Geological formations. Groups of rocks of similar character and age are called formations. The different stratified formations have been arranged by geologists according to their apparent age or order of position stratigraphically, and the fossils they contain. While there are minor points of difference in classification, and still more in nomenclature, the general scheme is now well settled. Three tables are given below, the first prepared in 1878, by Professor J. D. Dana, the second by Professor T. Sterry Hunt, both for the United States, and the third, referring to formations found in Pennsylvania only, by Professor J. P. Lesley. They are taken (Professor Hunt's, with later revision by the author), from , The Geologist's Travelling Handbook, prepared by James Macfarlane, Ph.D. The numbers attached to the different formations in these tables will facilitate the identification of a given formation under different names. A cata- logue of the formations is added to the tables, in which the pre- dominant rocks of each are named. The eruptive rocks are not in- cluded in these tables, the determination of their age being a more difficult and doubtful matter, the discussion of which cannot be un- dertaken in this place. For lack of space, also, the enumeration and description of the different species of rocks and minerals must be omitted, the reader being referred for such information to works on lithology and mineralogy. (See next page.) Geordie. The miners 7 term for Stephenson's safety-lamp. German process. In copper smelting, the process of reduction in a shaft-furnace, after roasting, if necessary. German silver. A white alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc. German steel. See Steel. Gerstenhdfer furnace. A shaft-furnace filled with terraces or shelves, through which crushed ore is caused to fall, for roasting. Gig. See Kibble. Gin. See Whim. 40 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. PROFESSOR J. D. DANA*S TABLE OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. SYSTEMS OB AGES. GROUPS OR PERIODS. FORMATIONS OR EPOCHS. Age of man 20. Quaternary. 20. Quaternary. ^| 19. Tertiary. 19 c. Pliocene. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. I a a 18. Cretaceous. 17. Jurassic. 18 c. Upper Cretaceous. 18 b. Middle Cretaceous. 18 a. Lower Cretaceous. 17. Jurassic. 1 16. Triassic. 16. Triassic. n 15. Permian. 15. Permian. Carboniferot 14. Carboniferous. 13. Subcarboniferous. 14c. Upper Coal Measures. 14 b. Lower Coal Measures. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 13 b. Upper Subcarboniferous. 13 a. Lower Subcarbonilerous. rf 12. Catskill. 12. Catskill. a a M 65 11. Chemung. 10. Hamilton. lib. Chermtng. 11 a. Portage. 10 e. Genesee. 10 b. Hamilton. 10 a. Marcellus. I Q 9. Corniferous. 9c. Corniferous. 9b. Scboharie. 9 a. Cauda Galli. VKRTEBRATK8. Upper Silurian. 8. Oriskany. 7. Lower Helderberg. 6. Salina. 5. Niagara. 8. Oriskany. 7..Lower Helderberg. 6. Salimi. 5c. Niagara, 5b. Clinton. 5 a. Medina. AN OR AGE OP 11 Silurian. 4. Trenton. 3. Canadian. 4c. Cincinnati. 4b. Utica. 4 a. Trenton. 3c. Chazy. 3 b. Quebec. 3 a. Calclferous. f ' 1 2. Primordial or Cambrian. 2b. Potsdam. 2 a. Acadian. 1. Archaean. 1 b. Huroniau. 1 a. Laurentian. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 41 PROFESSOR T. STERRY HTJNT ? S TABLE OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. AMERICAN FORMATIONS. Cenozoic. 20. Quaternary. 19. Tertiary. 20. Recent. 19 c. Pliocene. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. Mesozoic. 18. Cretaceous. 17. Jurassic. 16. Triassic. 18. Cretaceous. 17. New Red Sandstone. 16. New Red Sandstone. Paleozoic. 13-15. Carboniferous. 15. Permo-Carboniferous. 14. Coal Measures. 13 b. Mississippi (Carb.Limestone). 13 a. "Waverley or TCouaventure. 8-12. Erian or Devonian. 12. Catskill. 11. Cheinung and Portage. 10. Hamilton (including Genesee and Marcellus). 9. Corniferous or Upper Helderb'gi 8. Oriskany. 5-7. Silurian. 7. Lower Helderberg. 6. Onondaga or Salina. 5 c. Nhigara (including Guelph). 5 b. Clinton. 5 a. Medina. 5 a. Oueida. 4. Upper Cambrian, Siluro-Cambrian, , Ordovician, or Ordoviau. 4 c. Loraine. 4b. Utioa. 4 a. Trenton. 3. Middle Cambrian. 3c. Chazy. 3 b. Lev-is (Tremadoc and Arenig). 3 a. Calcilerous. 2. Lower Cambrian. 2e. Potsdam. 2d. Silk-ry. 2c. Acadian (Menevian). 2b. Taconinn. 2 a. Keweenian. Eozoic. 1. Primary or Crystalline. 1 e. Montalban. 1 d. Norian or Labrador.* 1 c. Huronian. 1 b. Arvonian. 1 a. Laurentian. * Professor Hunt says there are many reasons for believing that the Norian may be older than the Arvonian and Huronian. 42 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. PROFESSOR J. P. LESLEY'S PROVISIONAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. NAMES PROVISIONALLY ADOPTED. Numbers used in first survey. 20. Quaternary. 16. Triassic. 14 c. Upper Barren Measures. 14 c. Monongahela River Coal Series. 14 b. Lower Barren Measures. 14 b. Allegheny River Coal Series. 14 a. Pottsville Conglomerate. XIII. XIII. XIII. XIII. XII. Bernician. 13 b. Mauch Chunk Red Shale. (Umbral.) 13 a. Pocono Gray Sandstone. (Vespertine.) XI. X. Devonian. 12. Catskill Red Sandstone. (Ponent.) 11 b. Chemung. 11 a. Portage. 10 c. Genesee. 10 b. Hamilton. 10 a. Marcellus. 9. Upper Helderberg. IX. VIII. VIII. VIII. VIII. VIII. VIII. VII. Silurian. 7. Lower Helderberg. (Lewistown Limestone.) 5b. Clinton. 5 a. Medina. 5 a. Oneida. VI. V. IV. IV. Siluro-Cambrian. 4c. Hudson River. 4b. Utica. 4 a. Trenton. 3 a. Calciferous. 2b. Potsdam. III. III. II. II. I. 1. Azoic. NOTES. In the following notes Professor Hunt's classification is sufficiently followed to show the nature of the older groups which he distinguishes. la. Laurentian. Chiefly massive gneiss, reddish or grayish, sparingly mica- ceous, often hornblendic. Some crystalline limestone, magnetic iron, and other metallic ores. Ib. Arvonian. Chiefly petrosilex, often becoming quartziferous prophyry, with some quartzites and hornblendic rocks ; magnetic and specular iron ores. Ic. Norian. Chiefly a feldspathic rock (norite), which sometimes carries gar- net, epidote, etc.; also, great beds of titaniferous iron ore. Id. Huronian. Chloritic schists, greenstone (diorite or diabase), serpentine, steatite, dolomite, copper, chrome, nickel, and iron ores. le. Montalban. Fine-grained micaceous or hornblendic gneiss, chrysolite rock, serpentine, mica-schist, granite. 2a. Keweenian. The copper-bearing series of Lake Superior, made up of sand- stones and conglomerates, with much interstratified eruptive rock. 2b. Taconian. Granular quartzites, argillite.s and nacreous or hydro-mica- ceous schists and great masses of crystalline limestone, marbles, magnetite, siderite, and pyrite changing to limonite. 2cand : d. Acadian (and Sillery). Fossiliferous sandstone and shale. 2e. Potsdam. Sandstone, conglomerate. A GLOSSARY OP MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 43 3a. Calciferous. Sandy magnesian limestone, calcareous sandstone. 3b. Quebec. Sandstone, limestone conglomerate, black slate 8c. Chazy. Limestone, chert. 4a. Trenton. Limestone, buff and bine ; dolomite carrying lead ore deposits ; brown-hematite beds. 4b. Utica. Dark carbonaceous slate ; impure limestone. "4c. Hudson River. Slate, shale, clay, grit. 5a. Medina. Conglomerate ; argillaceous sandstone. 5b. Clinton. Sandstone, shale, conglomerate, limestone, fossiliferous red hem- atite, or oolitic iron-ore bed. 5c. Niagara. Clay shale ; limestone. t>. Salina. Red shale, gypseous shale, hydraulic lime, salt. 7. Lower Helderberg. Limestone, shaly or compact, and fossiliferous. 8. Oriskany. Sandstone. 9. Corniferous or Upper Helderberg. Principally limestone. 9a. Cauda-galli. Fine-grained calcareous and argillaceous, drab or brownish sandstone ; peculiar fossils. 9b. Schohnrie Grit. Fine-grained calcareous grit, similar to 9a, but with dif- fering fossils. 9c. Oncndaga, and 9d. Corniferous. Gray, blue, black limestone. At the top of 9d occur the Marcellus iron ores (carbonate). lOa. Marcellus. Black or dark-brown bituminous and pyritiferous shales. In lOa and 9d occur the petroleum deposits of Canada. lOb. Hamilton. Slate, shale, sandstone, calcareous and argillaceous. lOb. Tally. Impure dark limestone. lOc. Genesee. Black clay slate. lla. Portage. Green and black sandy and slaty shales, sandstone, flagstone. lib. Chemung. Thin-bedded greenish sandstones and flagstones, with inter- vening shales, and rarely beds of impure limestone. 12. Catskill. Red, gray sandstone, grindstone grit, greenish shale, conglom- erate. 13a. Lower Sub carboniferous. Sandstone, limestone, small local coal beds. 13b. Upper Subcarboniferous. Red shale, red and gray sandstone, blue lime- stone. 14a. Millstone grit. White or yellow sandstone, and conglomerate of quartz pebbles. 14b. and 14c. Coal measures. Fire-clay, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, lime- stone, bituminous coal, anthracite, iron ore, salt. 15. Permian. Limestone, sandstone, marl, shale. 16. Triassic. Red sandstone, red shale, conglomerate, lignite, trap dikes, cop- per ore, coal. 17. Jurassic. Marl, limestone, probably the gold-bearing slates of Cali- tornia. 18. Cretaceous. Earthy beds of sand, marl, clay, limestone, chalk, lignite. 19. Tertiary. Earthy sand, clay, marl, limestone, sandstone. 20. Quaternary. Sand, pebbles, boulders, clay, diluvium, alluvium ; gravel and placer tin and gold deposits. NOTE. The primary and crystalline schistose rocks contain the larger number of mineral veins. The ancient magnesian limestones (probably Devonian) are characterized in many localities by deposits of argentiferous lead ore and of zinc ore. 44. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Ginging, DERB. The lining of a shaft with masonry. Giraffe. A car of peculiar construction to run on an incline. Girdle. A thin bed of stone. Girdle, NEWC. A thin stratum of stone. Girth. In square-set timbering, a horizontal brace in the direction of the drift. Glazy. See Iron. Glist, CORN. Mica. Glut, NEWC. A piece of wood, used to fill up behind cribbing or tubbing. Goaf, ENG. An excavated space ; also, the waste rock packed in old workings. Goaves. Old workings. Gob, S. WALES. See Goaf. Both terms are chiefly used in col- lieries, and are apparently the same word. Local usage seems to give to goaf rather the meaning of the space in which the roof has fallen after the pillars have been removed, and to gob that of a space packed with waste after long-wall extraction of the coal. Gobbing. Packing with waste rock. See Stowiny. Gob-up, ENG. Of a blast furnace, to become obstructed in work- ing by reason of a scaffold or a salamander. ' Gob-fire. Fire produced by the heat of decomposing gob. Goffan or Goffen, CORN. A long narrow surface-working. Gold-ores. Native gold; telluric gold ore (sylvanite, mullerite, nagyagite, tellurides of gold, silver, and lead) ; auriferous lead, zinc, and copper ores. Good levels, CORN. Levels nearly horizontal. Good roasting. See Roasting. Gopher or Gopher-drift. An irregular prospecting-drift, follow- ing or seeking the ore without regard to maintenance of a regular grade or section. Gossan or Gozzan, CORN. Hydrated oxide of iron, usually found at the decomposed outcrop of a mineral vein. Gothic groove. A groove of Gothic arch section in a roll. Gouge. A layer of soft material along the wall of a vein, favor- ing the miner, by enabling him after " gouging " it out with a pick, to attack the solid vein from the side. Grain, ENG. Of coal, the lines of structure or parting parallel with the main gangways and hence crossing the breasts. Grain-tin, CORN. 1. Crystalline tin ore. 2. Metallic tin. Grapnel. An implement for removing the core left by an annu- A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 45 lar drill in a bore-hole, or for recovering tools, fragments, etc., fallen into the hole. Grampus, U. S. The tongs with which bloomary loups and billets are handled. Granzas, SP. Small pieces of ore. Graphite. A crystalline form of carbon. Graphitic carbon. That portion of the carbon in iron or steel which is present as graphite. Grass, CORN. The surface over a mine. Bringing ores to grass is taking them out of the mine. Grassero, SP. A slag-heap. Grate, CORN. See Screen (as applied to stamps). Grate coal, PENN. See Coal. Gravel-mine, U. S. An accumulation of auriferous gravel. Grueso, SP. Lump ore. The term is in use at the quicksilver mines of California. Green sand. Sand used for moulds without previous drying or mixture. Gray ore, CORN. Copper-glance. See Copper-ores. Gray slag. The slag from the Flintshire lead furnace. It is rich in lead. Griddle, CORN. A miner's sieve to separate ore from halvans. Grip. A small, narrow cavity. Grizzly, PAC. A grating to catch and throw out large stones from sluices. Groove or Grove. 1. DERB. A mine; from the GERM. Grube. See Roll Ground, CORN. The rock in which a vein is found; also, any given portion of the mineral deposit itself. Growan, CORN. Decomposed granite ; sometimes the granite rock. Gubbin. A kind of ironstone. Grundy. Granulated pig iron. Guard. A support in front of a roll-train to guide the bar into the groove, sometimes called a side-guide. Guides. 1. The timbers at the side of a shaft to steady and guide the cage. 2. The holes in a cross-beam through which the stems of the stamps in a stamp-mill rise and fall. 3. In a rolling-mill a guide is a wedge-shaped piece held in the groove of a roll to prevent the sticking of the bar by peeling it out of the groove. When the guide is held by a hanger or counter-weight against the under side of the roll, it is called a hanging-guide. 46 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Guillotine. A machine for breaking iron with a falling weight. Gullet. An opening in the strata. Gun-metal. An alloy of copper with tin or zinc, and sometimes a little iron. The common formula is nine parts copper to one tin. Aich's metal and some other gun-metals contain zinc and iron but no tin. Gunnies or Gunniss, CORN. The vacant space left where the lode has been removed. Hacienda, SP. Exchequer ; treasury ; public revenue ; capital ; funds ; wealth ; landed estate ; establishment. In mining it is usually applied to the offices, principal buildings, and works for reducing the ores. Hack. 1. See Pick. 2. A sharp blade on a long handle used for cutting billets in two. Hade, DERB. See Underlay. Hcihner furnace. A continuously-working shaft furnace for roasting quicksilver ores. The fuel is charcoal, charged in alter- nate layers with the, ore. The ValVAlta furnace is a modification, having the iron tubes of the Alberti. Hair-plate. See Bloomary. Half-marrow, NEWC. Young boys, of whom two do the work of one putter. Halvans, CORN. Ores much mixed with impurities. Hammer-pick. See Poll-pick. Hanging-coal. A portion of the coal-seam which, by the removal of another portion, has had its natural support removed, as in holiuy. Hanging-guide. See Guide. Hanging-side, or Hanging-wall, or Hanger, CORN. The wall or side over the vein. Hazel. Freestone. Hard head. A residual alloy, containing much iron and arsenic, .produced in the refining of tin. Hard lead. Lead containing certain impurities, principally anti- mony. Hasenclever furnace. A roasting furnace, consisting of a long in- clined channel (in its first form, a succession of inclined shelves in a shaft) down which the ore slides in a thin sheet, heated from below. Head-gear. That part of deep-boring apparatus which remains at the surface. Head- house. See Gallows-frame. Heading. 1. The vein above a drift. See Back. 2. An interior A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 47 level or air-way driven in a mine. 3. In long-wall workings, a narrow passage driven upward from a gangway in starting a work- ing in order to give a loose end. Headings. In ore-dressing, the heavier portions collecting at the upper end of a buddle or sluice, as opposed to the tailings, which escape at the other end, and the middlings, which receive further treatment. Head-piece. See Cap. Headsman, NEWC. See Putter. Head-stocks. See Gallows-frame. Head-tree, NEWC. See Cap. Headway, NEWC. See Cross-heading. The headways are the second set of excavations in post-and-stall work. Heap, NEWC. The refuse at the pit's mouth. Hearth. 1. The floor or sole of a reverberatory. 2. The crucible of a blast furnace. Hearth-ends. Particles of unreduced lead ore expelled by the blast from a furnace. Heat. One operation in a heating furnace, Bessemer converter, puddling furnace, or other furnace not operating continuously. Heating-furnace. The furnace in which blooms or piles are heated before hammering or rolling. Heave, CORN. A horizontal dislocation of a vein or stratum. Helve. A lift-hammer for forging blooms. Henderson process. The treatment of copper sulphide ores by roasting with salt, to form chlorides, which are then leached out and precipitated. Henderson originally proposed to volatilize the chlo- rides, and the leaching and precipitation are not original with him. Longmaid and many other metallurgists have proposed them in various modifications. Hercules powder. See Explosives. Hewer, NEWC. The man who cuts the coal. Hitch, SCOT, and NEWC. 1. A minor dislocation of a vein or stratum not exceeding in extent the thickness of the vein or stratum. 2. A hole cut in the side-rock, when this is solid enough, to hold the cap of a set of timbers, permitting the leg to be dispensed with. High explosive. An explosive or detonating compound developing more intense and instantaneous force than gunpowder. Most high explosives in general use contain nitroglycerin. See Explosives. Hog-back. 1 . A sharp anticlinal, decreasing in height at both ends until it runs out. 2. A ridge produced by highly tilted strata. 48 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Hogger-pipe. The upper terminal pipe of the mining pump. Hogger-pump. The topmost pump in a shaft. Holing. 1. The working of a lower part of a bed of coal for bringing down the upper mass. 2. The final act of connecting two workings underground. Hollow-fire, ENG. A kind of hearth with blast, used for reheating the stamps produced in the South Welsh process of fining, or the bars of blister-steel in the manufacture of shear-steel. Hollway process. The removal of sulphur from iron and copper sulphides by fusion and pneumatic treatment, analogous to the manner in which carbon, etc., are removed in the Bessemer process. Homogeneous metal. A variety of ingot-metal produced by the open-hearth process. See Steel. Hopper. 1. A trap at the foot of a shoot for regulating the con- tents of a wagon. 2. A place of deposit for coal or ore. Horn. See Spoon. Horse, CORN. 1. A mass of country-rock inclosed in an ore-deposit. 2. See Salamander. Horse-back, NEWC. A portion of the roof or floor which bulges or intrudes into the coal. Horse-flesh ore, CORN. Bornite. See Copper-ores. Horse-gin. Gearing for hoisting by horse-power. Hot-bed. A platform in'a rolling-mill on which rolled bars lie to cool. Hot-blast. Air forced into a furnace after having been heated. Hotching, NORTH ENG. See Jigging. House of water, CORN. A cavity or space filled with water. Howell furnace. A form of revolving roasting furnace. H-piece. That part of a plunger-lift in which the valves or clacks are fixed. Hudge. An iron bucket for hoisting ore or coal. Hulk. See Dzhu. Huel, CONN. See Wheal. Hungry. A term applied to hard barren vein-matter, such as white quartz (not discolored with iron oxide). Hunt & Douglas process. The treatment of copper oxide (or roasted sulphide) ores by dissolving the oxides of copper in a hot solution of protochloride of iron and common salt. From the solu- tion thus obtained, metallic iron precipitates metallic copper, at the same time regenerating the protochloride of iron for further use. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 49 Hurdy-gurdy wheel. A water-wheel operated by the direct im- pact of a stream upon its radially-placed paddles. Hushing. The discovery of veins by the accumulation and sudden discharge of water, which washes away the surface soil and lays bare the rock. See Booming. Hutch. 1, SCOT. A low car, suited both to run in a level and to be hoisted on a cage. 2, CORN. A cistern or box for washing ore. See Jig. Hydraulicking , PAC. Washing down a bank of earth or gravel by the use of pipes, conveying water under high pressure. Idria furnace. See Leopoldi furnace. Impregnation. An ore-deposit consisting of the country-rock impregnated with ore, usually without definite boundaries. Inbye or Inbyeside, NEWC. Further into a mine, away from the shaft. Incline. 1. A shaft not vertical; usually on the dip of a vein. See Slope. 2. A plane, not necessarily under ground. Indicator. 1. An instrument for showing at any moment the position of the cage in the shaft. 2. An instrument for recording, by a diagram, upon a card the varying pressure of the steam in the cylinder of a steam-engine during the stroke. Infiltration-theory. The theory that a vein was filled by the in- filtration of mineral solutions. Ingot. A cast bar or block of metal. Injection-theory. The theory that a vein was filled first with molten mineral. In place. Of rock, occupying, relative to surrounding masses, the position that it had when formed. Inquartation. See Quartation. Intake. The passage by which the ventilating current enters a mine. See Downcast, which is more appropriate for a shaft; Intake for an adit. Inwalls. The interior walls or lining of a shaft-furnace. Irestone or Ironstone, CORN. Greenstone. Irestone. Hard clay slate; hornstone; hornblende. Iron. The principal varieties of iron are wrought-iron and cast- iron (see Pig-iron). Wrought-iron, also called bar-iron and weld-iron, is the product of the forge or the puddling furnace, cast-iron of the blast furnace. The former approaches pure iron ; the latter is an alloy of iron and carbon. Steel (except some of the so-called "low" 7 50 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. or "mild" steels, which are more nearly wronght-iruo fused and cast) stands between them, having less carbon than cast-iron and more than wrought-iron. Some of the carbon in cast-iron is usually segregated during cooling in the form of graphite, and this deter- mines the grade of the iron as No. 1 foundry (the most graphitic, coarsely crystalline, soft and black), No. 2 foundry (less open in grain), gray forge or mill-iron (still closer in grain, suitable for puddling), mottled (spotted with white iron), and white (hard, brittle, radially crystalline, containing its carbon mostly in alloy with the iron, and showing no visible graphite). These grades are also called simply No. 1, 2 X 3, etc. So-called silver-gray, glazy, or carbonized iron is usually an iron rendered brittle by excess of silicon. Ingot iron, see Steel. Anthracite, charcoal, and coke iron are names given to pig-iron according to the fuel with which it is made. Iron hat. See Gossan. Iron-ores : Magnetic (magnetite, protoperoxide), specular (hematite proper, red hematite, anhydrous peroxide), brown iron ore (hematite, brown hematite, limonite, etc., hydrated peroxides), spathic (siderite, carbonate), clay-ironstone (black band, argillaceous siderite). See Fossil ore. Iron-reduction process. See Precipitation process. Ironstone. 1. Iron-ore. 2. See Irestone. Jacket. A covering to prevent radiation of heat, as the jacket of a steam boiler ; also, a casing around a furnace hearth in which water is allowed to stand or circulate to keep the walls cool. Jackhead-pit. A small shaft sunk within a mine. Jdckhead-pump. A subordinate pump in the bottom of a shaft, worked by an attachment to the main pump-rod. Jack-roll, NEWC. See Windlass. Jadding or Judding. See Holing. Jagging. A mode of carrying ore to the reduction-works in hairs on horses, mules, etc. Jars. A part of percussion-drilling apparatus for deep holes, which is placed between the bit and the rods or cable, and which by producing at each up-stroke a decided jar of the bit jerks it up, though it may be tightly wedged in the hole. Jig-brow. See Jinny-road. Jig-chain. S. STAFF. A chain hooked to the back of a >///> and running round a post, to prevent its too rapid descent on an inclined plane. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 51 Jigging, CORN. Separating ores according to specific gravity with a sieve agitated up and down in water. The apparatus is called a, jig or jigger. Jinny-road. A gravity plane underground. Joachimsthal process. The extraction of silver from sulphuretted ores by converting into chloride, leaching with sodium hyposulphite, and precipitating the silver as sulphide with sodium sulphide. Jowl, NEWC. A noise made for a signal by hammering at the faces of two levels expected to meet. Judge, DERB. and NEWC. A measuring-stick to measure coal- work under ground. Judd, NEWC. In whole working, a portion of the coal laid out and ready for extraction ; in pillar-working (i. e., the drawing or ex- traction of pillars), the yet unremoved portion of a pillar. Jugglers. Timbers set obliquely against pillars of coal, to carry a plank partition, making a triangular air-passage or man-way. Jump. 1, PAC. To take possession of a mining claim alleged to have been forfeited or abandoned. 2. A dislocation of a vein. Jumper, CORN, and NEWC. A drill or boring tool, consisting of a bar, which is "jumped" up and down in the bore-hole. Kann. See Cand. Kast furnace. A small circular shaft furnace with three or four tuyeres, for lead smelting. Keclde-mecUe. The poorest kind of lead ore. Keeve. 1. See Cauf. 2. A tub used in collecting grains of heavy ore or metal ; a dolly tub. Kernel-roasting. See Roasting. Kevil, DERB. A veinstone, consisting of a mixture of carbonate of lime and other minerals. Kibbal or Kibble, CORN, and WALES. An iron/bucket for raising ore. Kicker. Ground left in first cutting a vein, for support of its sides. Kieve, CORN. A tub for tozing tin-ore. Killas, CORN. Clay-slate. Kiln. A furnace for the calcination of coarsely broken ore or stone ; also, an oven for drying, charring, etc. Kind's plug. A wooden plug attached to an iron rod, used in connection with sand for recovering tubing from bore-holes. OZ A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. King-pot. The large central pot or crucible in a brass-melting furnace. King's yellow. Sulphide of arsenic. Kirving, NEWC. The cutting made at the bottom of the coal by the hewet\ Kish. The blast- furnacemen's name for the graphite-segrega- tions seen in pig-iron and in the cinder of a furnace making a very gray iron. Kit. A wooden vessel. Kitchen. See Laboratory (2). Knits or Knots. Small particles of ore.- Knobbling-fire. A bloomary for refining cast-iron. Knockings. See Riddle. Knox & Osborne furnace. A continuously working shaft-furnace for roasting quicksilver ores, having the fireplace built in the ma- sonry at one side. The fuel is wood. Knots. Small particles of ore. ' Krb'hnke process. The treatment of silver ores preparatory to amalgamation, by humid chloridization with copper dichloride. Krupp washing process. The removal of silicon and phosphorus from molten pig iron by running it into a Pernot furnace^ lined with iron oxides. Iron ore may also be added, and the bath is agitated by rotation for five to eight minutes only. See Betf* de- phosphorizing process. Labor, SP. Labor ; work ; a working. This term is applied in mining to the work which is actually going on, and to the spaces which have been dug out. It includes galleries, cavities, and shafts. Laboratory. 1. A place fitted up for chemical analysis, etc. 2. The space between the fire and flue- bridges of a reverberator^ furnace in which the work is performed ; also called the kitchen and the hearth. Ladle. A vessel into which molten metal is conveyed from the furnace or crucible, and from which it is poured into the moulds. Lagging. Planks, slabs, or small timber placed over the caps or behind the posts of the timbering, not to carry the main weight, but to form a ceiling or a wall, preventing fragments of rock from fall- ing through. Lame-skirting, NEWC. Widening a passage by cutting coal from the side of it. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 53 Lander, CORN. The man at the shaft-mouth who receives the kibble. Landry-box, NEWC. A box at the top of a set of pumps into which the water is delivered. Lath door-set. A weak lath-frame surrounding a main door- frame, the space between being for the insertion of spills. Lath-frame or crib. A weak lath-frame, surrounding a main crib, the space between being for the insertion of piles. Laths, CORN. The boards or lagging put behind the durns. ^aunder, CORN. A wooden trough, gutter or sluice. Lazadores, SP. Persons employed to collect workmen for a mine. Lazyback, S. STAFF. The place at the surface where coal is stacked for sale. Leaching. See Lixiviation. Lead (pronounced like the verb to lead), PAC. See Lode. Lead-fume. The fumes escaping from lead furnaces, and contain- ing both volatilized and mechanically suspended metalliferous com- pounds. Leader, CORN. A small vein leading to a larger one. Lead-ores. Galena (galenite, sulphide); antimonial lead-ore (bour- nonite, sulphantimonide of lead and copper); white lead-ore (cerus- site, carbonate); green lead-ore (pyromorphite, the phosphate, or mimetite or mimetesite, the arseno-chloride) ; lead-vitriol (anglesite, sulphate) ; yellow lead-ore (i.vulfenite, molybdate) ; red lead-ore (crocoite, chromate). Lead-spar, CORN. Anglesite. See Lead-ores. Leap, DERB. A fault. See Jump. Leat, CORN. A watercourse. Leath. Applied to the soft part of a vein. Leavings, CORN. The ores left after the crop has been removed. Ledge, PAC. See Lode. Ledger-wall. See Foot-wall. Leg. A prop of timber supporting the end of a stull, or the cap of a set of timber. Leopold i furnace. A furnace for roasting quicksilver ores, differ- ing from the Bustamente in having a series of brick condensing cham- bers. Both are intermittent, i e., have to be charged and fired anew after each operation. The California intermittent furnace is a modification of the Leopoldi, having the fireplace on the side. Level. A horizontal passage or drift into or in a mine. It is cus- tomary to work mines by levels at regular intervals in depth, num- 54 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. bered in their order below the adit or drainage level, if there be one. Lewis. An iron instrument for raising heavy blocks of stone. Ley, SP. Proportion of metal in the ore; fineness of bullion; also, an alloy or base metal. Lid. Aflat piece of wood placed between the end of a j>r<>j t or stempel and the rock. Lifters, CORN. The wooden beams used as stem* for stamps in old- fashioned stamp-mills. Lift-hammer. See Tilt-hammer. Lifting-dog. A claw-hook for grasping a column of bore-rods while raising or lowering them. Lignite. See Coal. Limp. An instrument for striking the refuse from the sieve in washing ores. Lining, NEWC. See Dialling. Linnets, DERB. Oxidized lead-ores. Liquation. See Eliquation. Litharge. Protoxide of lead. Lithofracteur. See Explosives. Little Giant. A jointed iron nozzle used in hydraulic mining. Lixiviation. The separation of a soluble from an insoluble mate- rial by means of washing with a solvent. Location. 1. The act of fixing the boundaries of a mining claim, according to law. 2. The claim itself. Loam,. An impure potter's clay, containing mica or iron ochre. Loch, DERB. and WALES. See Vug. Lock-timber. An old plan of putting in stull-pieces in Cornwall and Devon. The pieces were called lock-pieces. Lode, CORN. Strictly a fissure in the country-rock filled with min- eral ; usually applied to metalliferous lodes. In general miner's usage, a lode, vein, or ledge is a tabular deposit of valuable mineral between definite boundaries. Whether it be a fissure formation or not is not always known, and does not affect the legal title under the United States federal and local statutes and customs relative to lodes. But it must not be a placer, /. <>., it must consist of quartz or other rock in place, and bearing valuable mineral. Lodge, WALES. See Plait, Log, S. STAFF. A balance- weight near the end of the hoisting- rope of a shaft to prevent its running back over the pulley. Longmaid process. See Henderson process. Long torn, PAC. A kind of gold-washing cradle. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 55 Long-wall. A method of coal mining by which the whole seam is taken out as the working faces progress, and the roof is allowed to fall behind the workers, except where passages must be kept open, or where the gob being packed in the space formerly occupied by the coal, prevents caving. According as the work of extraction begins at the boundary of the winning t and converges back to the shaft, or begins with the coal nearest the shaft and proceeds outward to the boundaries, it is called long-wall retreating or long-watt advancing. Loob or loobs, CORN. The clayey or slimy portion washed out of tin-ore in dressing. Loop. See Loup. Loop-drag. An eye at the end of a rod through which tow is passed for cleaning bore-holes. Loose-end. A gangway in long-wall working, driven so that one side is solid ground while the other opens upon old workings. See Fast-end. Lorry. A hand-car used on mine tramways. Lost level, CORN. "Level" is "lost" when a gallery has been driven with an unnecessarily great departure from the horizontal. Loup. The pasty mass of iron produced in a bloomary or pud- dling furnace. See Puddle-ball. Lowe, NEWC. A light. A " piece of lowe " is part of a candle. Luckhart furnace. A continuously working shaft-furnace for roast- ing quicksilver ores, having the fireplace in the shaft at the bottom, protected by a cast-iron roof. The fuel is wood. Lum. A chimney over an upcast pit. Limp-coal, PENN. See Coal. Liirmann front. An arrangement of water-cooled castings through which iron and cinder are tapped from the blast furnace, thus avoid- ing the use of a forehearth. See Closed front. Lying-wall. See Foot-wall. Machine-whim. A rotary steam-engine for winding. Magistral, SP. A powder of roasted copper pyrites, used in the amalgamation of silver ores. Main-rod, CORN. See Pump-rod. Mcdnway. A gangway or principal passage. Makings, NEWC. The small coals hewn out in Mrving. Malleable castings. Small iron castings made malleable by "an- nealing " or decarburizing by cementation in powdered hematite or other oxide of iron. 56 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Mallet, CORN. The sledge-hammer used for striking or beating the borer. Mandril. See Mau/ndril, Manganese-ores. Gray oxide (pyrolmite,polianite, anhydrous per- oxide, and manganite, hydrated sesquioxide) ; black manganese (haus- mannite, protoperoxide) ; braunite (anhydrous sesquioxide) ; red manganese ore (rhodochrosite, a carbonate, or rhodonite, a silicate) ; also, manganiferous iron ores. Man-hole, CORN. The hole in a sollar through which men pass upon the ladder or from one ladder to the next. Man-machine or Man-engine, CORN and DERB. A mechanical lift for lowering and raising miners in a shaft by means of a recipro- cating vertical rod of heavy timber with platforms at intervals, or of two such rods, moving in opposite directions. In the former case, stationary platforms are placed in the shaft, so that the miner in descending, for instance, can step from the moving platform at the end of the down-stroke, and step back upon the next platform below at the beginning of the next down-stroke. When two rods are employed, the miner steps from the platform on one rod to that on the other. Man-of-war, STAFF. A small pillar of coal left in a critical spot ; also, a principal support in thick coal workings. Mania, SP. Blanket; sack of ore. Mantle. The outer wall and casing of an iron blastfurnace, above the hearth. Manway. A small passage, used by workmen but not for trans- portation. Maquilla, SP. A mill where ore is ground on shares. Marl. Calcareous clay, sometimes used for the hearths of cupel- ling-furnaces. Martin process. Called also the Siemens- Mar tin and the open- hearth process. See Steel. Mass-copper, LAKE SUP. Native copper, occurring in large masses. Massicot. See Litharge. Matrix. The rock or earthy material containing a mineral or metallic ore ; the gangue. Matt, or Matte, FR. A mass consisting chiefly of metallic sulphides got in the fusion of ores. Maul, DERB. A large hammer or mallet. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 57 Maundril, DERB. and S. WALES. A prying pick with two prongs. Mear. DERB. Thirty-two yards of ground measured on the vein. Measures. Strata of coal, or the formation containing coal beds. Meat-earth. The vegetable mould. Meetings, NEWC. The place at middle-depth of a shaft, slope, or plane, where ascending and descend ing cars pass each other. Merced, SP. A gift. This term is applied to a grant which is made without any valuable consideration. Merchant-iron. See Mill. Merchant-train. A train of rolls for reducing iron piles or steel ingots, blooms, or billets to bars of any of the various round, square, flat, or other shapes, known as merchant iron or steel. Mercury-ores. Native mercury ; cinnabar (sulphide). Merrit-plate. See Bloomary. Metal, SP. 1. This term is applied both to the ore and to the metal extracted from it. It is sometimes used for vein, and even for a mine itself. Metal en piedra, ore in the rough state. Metal or dinar io, com- mon ore. Metal pepena, selected ore. Metal de ayuda, ore used to assist the smelting of other ores. 2. Copper regulus or matt obtained in the English process. The following varieties are distinguished by appearance and by their percentage of copper (here given in approxi- mate figures) : Coarse, 20 to 40 ; red, 48 ; blue, 60 ; sparkle, 74 ; white, 11 ; pimple, 79. Fine metal includes the latter four varieties. Hard metal is impure copper containing a large amount of tin. 3. SCOT. All the rocks met with in mining ore. 4. Road metal, rock used in macadamizing roads. Metal-notch. See Tap-hole. Mica-powder. See Explosives. Mill. 1, ENG. That part of- an iron works where puddle-bars are converted into merchant-iron, i. e., rolled iron ready for sale in bars, rods, or sheets. See Forge. 2. By common usage, any establishment for reducing ores by other means than smelting. More strictly, a place or a machine in which ore or rock is crushed. 3. An excava- tion made in the country rock, by a cross-cut from the workings on a vein, to obtain waste for gobbing. It is left without timber so that the roof may fall in and furnish the required rock. 4. CORN. A passage through which ore is shot underground. See Pass and Shoot. Mill-cinder. The slag from the pudcl ling-furnaces of a rolling- mill. 8 58 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Mill-run, PAC. 1. The work of an amalgamating mill between two clean-ups. 2. A test of a given quantity of ore by actual treat- ment in a mill. Mine. 1. In general, any excavation for minerals. More strictly, subterranean workings, as distinguished from quarries, placer and hydraulic mines, and surface or open works. The distinction between the French terms mine and miniere results entirely from the law, and depends upon the depth of the working. The former is the more general term, and, ordinarily speaking, includes the latter, which signifies shallow or surface workings. 2. In a military sense, a mine is a subterranean gallery run under an enemy's works, to be subse- quently exploded. Mine-pig, ENQ. See Pig-iron. Miner, PENN. The workman who cuts the coal, as distinguished from the laborer who loads the wagons, etc. Mineral. In miners' parlance, ore. Mineral caoutchouc. Elastic bitumen. Mineral charcoal. A pulverulent, lustreless substance, showing dis- tinct vegetable structure, and containing a high percentage of carbon with little hydrogen and oxygen, occurring in thin layers in bitu- minous coal. Mineralized. Charged or impregnated with metalliferous mineral. Mineral oil or Naphtha. A limpid or yellowish liquid, lighter than water, and consisting of hydrocarbons. Petroleum is heavier than naphtha, and dark greenish in color when crude. Both exude from the rocks; but naphtha can be distilled from petroleum. Mineral pitch. Asphaltum. Mineral right. The ownership of the minerals under a given sur- face, with the right to enter thereon, mine, and remove them. It may be separated from the surface ownership, but, if not so sepa- rated by distinct conveyance, the latter includes it. Mineral wool. See Slag-wool. Mine-rent. The rent or royalty paid to the owner of a mineral right by the operator of the mine usually dependent, above a fixed minimum, upon the quantity of product. Mineria, SP. Mining. This term embraces the whole subject, including both mines and miners, and also the operations of work- ing mines and of reducing their ores. It, however, is often used in a more restricted sense. Minero, SP. Miner. This term is not limited to those who work mines, but includes their owners, and all who have the qualifications A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 59 prescribed in the ordinances, and are enrolled as members of the body or craft. Many of the laborers who work in mines are not, technically speaking, miners. This term is sometimes used in the old laws for mine. Miners' inch, PAC. A local unit for the measurement of water supplied to hydraulic miners. It is the amount of water flowing under a certain head through one square inch of the total section of a certain opening, for a certain number of hours daily. All these conditions vary at different localities. At Smartsville, Cal., the discharge opening is a horizontal slit, 4 inches wide, in a 2-inch plank, with the standing head of water in the feed-box 9 inches above the middle of the slit. Each square inch of this opening will discharge 1.76 cubic feet per minute. A miners' inch in use in El- dorado County, Cal, discharges 1.39 cubic feet per minute. At North Bloomfield, Cal., and other places, the discharge is 50 inches long by 2 wide (giving 100 miners' inches) through a 3-inch plank, with the water 7 inches above the centre of the opening. Each inch is 1.50 to 1.57 cubic feet per minute in practice, or 59.05 to 61.6 per cent, of the theoretical discharge. These figures are taken from the paper of A. J. Bowie, Jr., on " Hydraulic Mining in California," Trans. Am. Inst. M. E., vol. vi, p. 59. Mineta, SP. A little mine; a chamber, or cavity. Minium. Protosesquioxide of lead. Mispickel, GERM. Arsenical pyrites. Mistress, NEWC. A lantern used in coal-mines. Mobby, S. STAFF. A leathern girdle, with small chain attached, used by the boys who draw bowkes. Mock-lead, CORN. Zincblende. Moil or Moyle, CORN. A drill pointed like a gad. Monkey-drift. A small prospecting drift. Monitor, PAC. A kind of nozzle used in hydraulicking. Monnier process. The treatment of copper sulphide ores by roast- ing with sodium sulphate, and subsequent lixiviation and precipi- tation. Monoclinal. Applied to any limited portion of the earth's crust throughout which the strata dip in the same direction. Montefiore furnace. A peculiar furnace in which zinc-dust is com- pressed at a high temperature. Moorstone, CORN. Loose masses of granite found on Cornish moors. 60 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. More, CORN. A quantity of ore in a particular part of a lode, as a more of tin. Mortar. 1. A heavy iron vessel, in which rock is crushed by hand with a pestle, for sampling or assaying. 2. The receptacle beneath the stamps in a stamp mill, in which the dies are placed, and into which the rock is fed to be crushed. Mosaic gold. Bisulphide of tin. Mote. See Squib. Mothergate, NEWC. The main passage in a district of workings. Mottled. See Iron. Mouth. The end of a shaft or adit emerging at the surface. Mountain limestone. The English designation of a limestone of the lower part of the carboniferous age; called also subcarboniferous limestone. Muck-bar. Bar-iron which has passed once through the rolh. Mucks, S. STAFF. See Smut. Muffle. A semi-cylindrical or long arched oven (usually small and made of fire-clay), heated from outside, in which substances may be exposed at high temperature to an oxidizing atmospheric cur- rent, and kept at the same time from contact with the gases from the fuel. Cupellation and scarification assays are performed in muffles, and on a larger scale copper ores were formerly roasted in muffle- furnaces. Mailer. The stone or iron in an arrastre, or grinding or amal- gamating pan, which is dragged around on the bed to grind and mix the ore-bearing rock. Mun, CORN. Any fusible metal. Mundic, CORN. Iron pyrites. White mundic is mispickel. 'Narrow work. The driving of gangways or airways ; also, any dead work. Nasmyth hammer. A steam-hammer, having the head attached to the piston-rod, and operated by the direct force of the steam. Native. Occurring in nature; not artificially formed. Usually applied to the metals* Nays, CORN. See Nogs. Needle or Nail, CORN. A copper or copper-pointed implement, placed in a bore-hole during charging, to make, by its withdrawal, an aperture for the insertion of the rush or train. Negrillo, SP. A silver-ore; black sulphuret of silver. A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. 61 Neptune powder. See Explosives. Neutral. Of slags, neither acid nor basic ; of wrought-irons, neither red-short nor void- short ; of iron-ores, suitable for the produc- tion of neutral irons. Niccoliferous or Nickeliferous. Containing nickel. Nickel ores. Copper-nickel (niccolite, arsenide of nickel); antimo- nial nickel (breithauptite, antimonide) ; white nickel (rammelsbergite, binarsenide); nickel pyrites (pentlandite, sulphide of nickel and iron, millerite, sulphide) ; nickeliferous gray antimony (ullmannite, arsenan- timonide); nickeliferous serpentine (refdanskite, hydrous magnesian silicate); also, niccoliferous ores of copper, cobalt, manganese, etc. Nicking, NEWC. The cutting made by the hewer at the side of the face. Nickings is the small coal produced in making the nicking. Nicking-trunk. A tub in which metalliferous slimes are washed. Nip, NEWC. 1. A crush of pillars or workings. 2. See Pinch. Nipping-fork. A tool for supporting a column of bore-rods while raising or lowering them. Nitroglycerin. See Explosives. Nittings. The refuse of good ore. Noble metals. The metals which have so little affinity for oxygen (i. e., are so highly electronegative) that their oxides are reduced by the mere application of heat without a reagent; in other words, the metals least liable to oxidation under ordinary conditions. The list includes gold, silver, mercury, and the platinum group (including palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, and osmium). The term is of alchemistic origin. Noddle or Nodule. A small rounded mass. Noger. A jumper drill. Nogs, DERB. and CORN. Square blocks or logs of wood, piled on one another to support a mine roof. Nose. An accumulation of chilled material around the inner end of a tuyere in a smelting shaft-furnace, protecting and prolonging the tuyere. Nose-helve, ENG. See Frontal hammer. Nuts. Small coal. Occlusion. The mechanical retention of gases in the pores of solids. Ochre. A term applied to metallic oxides occurring in an earthy, pulverulent condition, as iron ochre, molybdic ochre. 62 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Oil-well. A dug or bored well, from which petroleum is obtained by pumping or by natural flow. Old man. Ancient workings ; goares. Old men. The persons who worked a mine at any former period of which no record remains. Open cast, SCOT. See Open cut. Open-crib timbering. Shaft timbering with cribs alone, placed at intervals. Open cut. A surface- working, open to daylight. Open-front. The arrangement of a blast furnace with a fore- hearth. Open-hearth. See Reverberatory furnace. Openings. The parts of coal mines between the pillars, or the pillars and ribs. Opens. Large caverns. Open-sand castings. Castings made in moulds simply excavated in sand, without ^Zodbs. Open-work. A quarry or open cut. Operator, PENN. The person, whether proprietor or lessee, actu- ally operating a colliery. Ore. 1. A natural mineral compound, of the elements of which one at least is a metal. The term is applied more loosely to all metalliferous rock, though it contain the metals in a free state, and occasionally to the compounds of non-metallic substances, as sulphur ore. 2. CORN. Copper-ore; tin-ore being spoken of in Cornwall as tin. Ore-hearth. See Scotch hearth. Ore-washer. A machine for washing clay and earths out of earthy brown-hematite ores. Orpiment. Sesquisulphide of arsenic. Outbye or Outbyeside, NEWC. Nearer to the shaft, *and hence further from the forewinning. Outcrop. The portion of a vein or stratum emerging at the sur- face, or appearing immediately under the soil and surface-r/