'It.'Mh-MlV ! Itn- '.: .UNIV. OF CALIF. LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES^ A CATALOGUE OF THE GREEK COINS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM CATALOGUE OF THE GREEK COINS OF ARABIA MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA (NABATAEA, ARABIA PROVINCIA, S. ARABIA, MESOPOTAMIA, BABYLONIA, ASSYRIA, PERSIA, ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST, PERSIS, ELYMAIS, CHARACENE) BY GEORGE FRANCIS HILL, F.B.A. KEEPER OF COINS AND MEDALS WITH A MAP AND FIFTY-FIVE PLATES LONDON PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES SOLD AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AND BY LONGMANS & CO., 39 Paternoster Row, E.G. 4; BERNARD QUARITCH 11 Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. 1 ; HUMPHREY MILFORD Oxford University Press, Amen Corner, E.G. 4; and ROLLIN & FEUARDENT, 4 Rue de Louvois, Paris 1922 [All rights reserved] FEINTED IX ENGLAND AT THE OXFOED UNIVEESITY PEESS BY FREDEEICK HALL UNIV. OF CALIF. LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES stack Annex Cage cj CONTENTS Preface List of Plates INTRODUCTION :— Kings of Nabataea Aretas III Obodas II Malichus I Obodas III Aretas IV Malichus II Rabbel II Standard of the Silver Arabia Provincia Adraa Bostra Charachmoba Dium Eboda Esbus Gerasa Medaba Moca Petra Philadelphia Philippopolis Rabbathmoba Arabia Felix Sabaean, Himyarite, and Katabanian Coinages I. Imitations of the Older Attic Types II. Imitations of the Later Attic Type III. Bucranium class .... PAGE i XI xi xii xiii xiv xvii xix xix XX xxii xxiii xxiv XXX xxxi xxxii xxxiii xxxiii XXXV xxxvi xxxvii xxxix xli xlii xliv xlv xlvi liv Ixii IV CONTENTS IV. Class with beads of two kings i. Coins with kings' names . ii. Coins without the king's name The Standard of the Coinage Minaean Coinage .... North Arabian Imitations of Athenian Coins Mesopotamia Anthemusla Carrhae . Edessa Maiozomalcba Nesibi Nicephorium Ehesaena Singara . Zaiitha Babylonia Seleucia ad Tigrim Assyria Atusia (?), Atumia (?), or Natumia (?) ad Cap Demetrias ad Tigrim Niniva .... Persian Empire Alexandrine Empire of the East Northern Persia . Persis .... First Series : Bagadates I Vahuberz (Oborzos) Artaxerxes I Autophradates I . Second Series . Third Series Fourth Series . Elymais-Susiana . Kamnaskires I Kamnaskires II and Anzaze CONTENTS V PAGE Kamnaskires III ........ clxxxvii Orodes I . . cxc Orodes II cxci Phraates .... cxcii Later Kings cxciii Characene .... cxciv Greek Series . cxcvi Hyspaosines . cxcvi Apodakos cxcvii Tiraios I . . . cxcvii Tiraios II . cxcvii Attambelos I . cxcviii Theonesios I . cxcviii Attambelos II . cxcviii Adinerglos . cxcix Theonesios II cci Attambelos III cci Ai-tabazos and Attambelos IV cci Theonesios III ccii Attambelos V ccii Aramaic Series cciii Group A . . . . cciv „ B . . . ccv „ c . . . ccvi „ D . . . ccvii Sub-Characenian Class . ccx ' Orabzes ' . . . . ccx Meredates .... ccxi Erkata ccxv Key to Plates XLVIII-LV . ccxvi CATALOGUE OF COINS:— Kings of Nabataea Aretas III ......... 1 Obodas II ...... 3 Malichus I . . . . 3 Obodas III .... 4 Aretas IV .... 5 Malichus II and Shaqilath II . 11 Eabbel II ... . 12 VI CONTENTS Arabia Adraa Bostra Charachmoba . Dium Eboda . Esbus Gerasa Medaba . Petra Philadelphia Philippopolis . Rabbathmoba . Arabia Felix Sabaeans and Himyarites Katabania Minaean . Northei-n Arabia Felix Mesopotamia Anthemusia Carrhae . EdessH Nesibi Rhesaeiia Singara . Uncertain Mint Babylonia Seleucia ad Tigrira . Assyria Atusia (?) ad Caprum Persian Empire . Alexandrine Empire of the East North-Eastern Persia Andragoras Vabshuvar Pcrsis First Series : Bagadat PAGE 15 16 27 28 28 29 31 33 34 37 42 44 45 75 76 77 81 82 91 119 125 134 137 140 147 148 176 193 194 195 CONTENTS Vll Vahuberz (Oborzos) Ai'taxerxes I Autophradates I . Uncertain of First Series Second Series : Darius (?) Autophradates II . Third Series : Darius II Oxathres Uncertain Artaxerxes II Fourth Series : Namopat Uncertain Pakur . Uncertain Kapat (?) Uncertain Autophradates III Artaxerxes III Manucithr II Uncertain Manucithr III Artaxerxes IV Elymais Kamnaskires I Kamnaskires II and Anzaze Kamnaskires III and Successors Orodes I . Oi'odes II Phraates . Orodes III Orodes IV Uncertain Kings Characene Greek Series : Hyspaosines . Apodakos Tiraios I . . PAGE 197 198 200 202 204 212 216 219 221 222 225 228 229 231 232 237 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 245 247 253 260 272 280 282 284 289 289 289 CONTENTS Tiraios II Attambelos I Theonesios I Attambelos II Adinerglos . Theonesios II Attambelos III Artabazos Attambelos IV Theonesios III Attambelos V Uncertain Kings Aramaic Series : Banaga or Binaga (1) Nameless King Maga son of Athabiaos . Sub-Characenian : Uncertain King Meredates . . . , Addenda : Obodas II of Nabataea INDEXES :— I. Geographical II. Types . III. Symbols and Adjuncts IV. Countermarks V. Kings and Rulers . VI. Emperors, &c. VII. Inscriptions : — A. Greek . B. Semitic C. Latin . VIII. Eras . IX. General Table of the various Eras in use in Arabia, Mesopotamia, &c. LIST OF PLATES II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII— X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV— XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX— XXII. XXIII. XXIV— XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII— XLTI. XLIII— XLVI. Kings of ISTabataea. Aretas III. Malicbus I. Obodas III. Aretas IV. Aretas IV. Malichus II. Eabbel II. Arabia. Adraa. Bostra. Bostra. Charachmoba. Dium. Esbus. Gerasa. Medaba. Petra. Pbiladelpbia. Pbilippopolis. Rabbathmoba. Sabaean and Himyarite. Himyarite. Himyarite. Katabanian. Minaean. Arabian. Mesopotamia. Anthemusia. Carrhae. Carrhae. Edessa. Edessa. Edessa. Nesibi. Rhesaena. Singara. Uncertain Mint. Babylonia. Babylon. Babylon. Seleucia. Atusia. Peesia. N. Persia. Peesis. Bagadat I. Oborzos. Artaxerxes I. Autophradates I. Uncertain of Series I. Second Series : Darius. Darius. Autophradates II. Autophradates II. Third Series : Darius II, Oxathres. Oxathi'es. Uncertain. Artaxerxes II. Artaxerxes 11. Fourth Series : Naniopat. Uncertain. Pakur. Uncertain. Kapat. Kapat. Uncertain. Autophradates III. Artaxerxes III. Artaxerxes III. Manucithr II. Uncertain. Manucithr III. Artaxerxes IV. Elymais. Characene. b LIST OF PLATES XL^'I^. Sub-Characeniax. XLYIII. Addenda. XLIX. Supplementary : Nabataea. Arabia. L. Supplementary: Arabia. Mesopotamia. LI. Supplementary : Babylon, LII. Supplementally : Babylonia. Persia. Persis, LIU. Supplementary : Persis. Elymais. LIV. Supplementary : Characene, &c. LV. Addenda. N. Arabia. Characene. Map facing p. ccxiv. INTRODUCTIOX KINGS OF NABATAEA Little modification, except in small details, seems to be required in the arrangement of the Nabataean series proposed by R. Dussaud in his excellent study published in 1904/ to which reference may be made for earlier numismatic literature. ARETAS III (c. 87-62 b. c). The coinage begins with Aretas III Philhellen (about 87-62 B. c), who acquired Damascus in 85 B.C., having defeated Antiochus XII. His coinage ^ is for the most part a close copy of the bronze coins issued at Damascus (under the name of Demetrias) by Demetrius III Eukairos ; indeed, even the portraits on the obverses of the two sets of coins are strikingly similar. In addition to the two types of coins described in this Catalogue, there is also a third similar to a type of Demetrias, viz. a female figure standing 1., r. extended holding uncertain object, 1. resting on sceptre (Dussaud, no. 5, PL I. 3 ; here PI. XLIX. 1, from the Paris specimen). All the bronze coins of Aretas bear in the field the letters AP, which are not likely to be a date, a mark of value, an abbreviation ^ Journal Asiatiqiie, Mars-Avril 1904, pp. 189-238. The admirable summary of Nabataean histoiy in E. Schiirer, Gesch. des jiidischen Volkes*, I, pp. 726 ft'., should also be consulted. For the dedication at Miletus by Syllaeus, the minister of Obodas III. see Kawerau u. Rehm, Das Delpliinion in Milet, pp. 387 ff. (K. Mus. Berlin, MHet, Bd. III). Many Nabataean inscriptions, old and new, are dealt with by RR. PP. Jaussen and Savignac, Mission archeoloffique en Arabie (Paris, 1909 and 1914 [1920]). 2 P. von Rohden, de Palaestina et Arabia, &c. (Berlin Diss. 1885), p. 7, attempts to give these coins to Aretas IV ; his view has not been accepted, so far as 1 know, by any one else. Xii INTRODUCTION of the name of Aretas, or (least of all) of Upd^, all possibilities discussed by Dussaud. It is possible that Aretas may have re- named Damascus after himself, as Demetrius had done, and that AP represents this new name. In any case Aretas does not seem to have held Damascus very long, since it appears that the coins of Tigranes' third period (71-69 B.C., see Macdonald in Head's Hist. Num}, p. 773) were struck there,^ and in 66 it was occupied by Pompeius's legates. The later coins of the Nabataeans were therefore presumably struck at their old capital, Petra. No coins with Nabataean inscriptions can be attributed to Aretas III. On the other hand, all trace of Greek disappears from the coinage of his successors, if we except the puzzling letters IKC on a coin of Malichus I (see below). How long Aretas III reigned after the expedition of Scaurus (62 b. c.) is not known. OBODAS II (c. 62-60 B.C.). Obodas II has been proposed by Clermont-Ganneau to fill the gap between Aretas III ^ and the next king who appears in history, Malichus I (first mentioned as assisting Julius Caesar in 47 B. c, last mentioned in 30 b. c). To this Obodas, Dussaud attributes silver didrachms (see PL XLIX. 2, 3)," dated in years 2 and 3 ; the elderly short-haired head on the obverse is quite difierent from the portrait on the coins attributable to Obodas III. Fabric and style show that these didrachms are not far removed in date from the didrachm attributed to Malichus I. ^ Various writers cite an autonomous coin with the Seleucid date 243 = 70-69 B.C. as proof of the independence of Damascus ; but the only authority for this coin is Sestini. ^ The existence of a king ' Obodas son of Aretas ' is proved by the Petm inscription, Dalman, Neue Petra-Forschnngen (1912), p. 99. ^ PI. XLIX. 2 is from Mr. E. T. Newell's Collection (wt. 6-25 gm.), and appears to be of year 2, as Dussaud, p. 209, no, 6. PI. XLIX. 3, formerly in the Windischgratz Collection, was acquired by the British Museum after the Nabataean section of this Catalogue was printed off (see p. 314). KINGS OF NABATAEA— MALICHUS I MALICHUS I (c. 60-30 b. c). Although Malichus I is not mentioned before 47 B. c, he may have been reigning for some time previously. Since the coins just mentioned, if rightly attributed to Obodas II, show that that king came to the throne at a ripe age, and did not perhaps reign more than three years, it may be suggested that Malichus I may have succeeded him in or soon after 60 B. c. If the date on the bronze coin to be mentioned immediately can be read 28, it seems necessary to assume this. Dussaud assigns to Malichus I only the didrachm illustrated in PI. I. 5. This bears, in addition to the two Nabataean letters Avhich occur constantly on coins of Obodas III and Aretas IV, the mysterious letters IKC. Neither of the interpretations hitherto suggested, /[epay] K[al a]a[vXov] nor /[epay] K[oiXTJi] ^Ivpias], commends itself. It is true that Dussaud's objection, that Upas Kal davXov are titles applicable only to a city, falls to the ground, since the coins were presumably struck in some city which might bear those titles; but the use of such a formula without a city- name is unparalleled; and the blunder presupposed in the abbre- viation provides another objection. With regard to the second interpretation proposed by Dussaud, it is not clear whether he regards Upd? as an epithet of KoiXfjs Xvpias (for the use of such an epithet to describe a large province he does not give any authority) or of some unnamed city in the province. In the second case the objection to the interpretation just rejected applies again. It is to be noted that all the other coins of the period are dated, and bear the date across the field ; it may therefore be suggested that IKC is the attempt of a person, but slightly acquainted with Greek, to date the coin. C may possibly be meant for "E{rovs), and IK for 30, since a Nabataean, accus- tomed to write 30 as 20 + 10, might conceivably construct a Greek date on the same plan. Another possibility, more remote however, is that he used I for 1, and meant the date to be 21. INTRODUCTION Among tlie coins of Aretas IV, with wliich it has no affinity in portraiture, style, or arrangement of inscription, Dussaud, following Clermont-Ganneau, places a large bronze coin (here PI. XLIX. 4), on which the king's name is obliterated. It bears across the field — like the coins of the period with which we are dealing — a date which has been read as 43. So high a date would certainly point to the reign of Aretas IV; but the middle numeral seems to me to be possibly not .20, but 5. This reading — yielding the date 28 — is confirmed by M. Babelon, who has kindly re- examined the original. Now in fabric, portrait, general style, and arrangement of inscription this coin is as closely allied to the silver of Malichus I as it is unlike the coins of Aretas IV. It would thus seem that Malichus I reigned at least twenty-eight years; possibly thirty, if my interpretation of IKC is correct. There is just room for such a term of j^ears between the date suggested above for his accession and 30 b. c, when he is last mentioned. In addition to the letters IKC the didrachm of Malichus I bears the Nabataean H and also a circular sign. These two occur frequentlj^ on the succeeding coins, both silver and bronze, and no explanation of their meaning is forthcoming. The H might possibly be the initial of a mint, as was suggested for the AP on the coins of Aretas III. OBODAS III (c. 30-9 b. c). If the reign of Malichus I really extended from about 60 to 30 B. c, it is not possible to accept a proposal of Dussaud's,^ by which he would interpolate between Aretas III and Malichus I not one but two kings of the name of Obodas. His reason for the interpolation of this new Obodas (who would be Obodas III, the Obodas who reigned circa 30-9 B. c. becoming Obodas IV) ^ In Florileghim Melchior cle Vogilt (1909j, pp. 210 fF. KINGS OF NABATAEA — OBODAS III XV is the following. To this Oboclas of 30-9 b. c. had been attributed two classes of coins : 1. 'Ptolemaic' coins of years 3 and 5,^ weighing 6-90 gm. and 6-94 gm. (obv. head of king and queen, jugate ; rev. eagle). 2. ' Attic '^ coins of years 10 to 20, weighing 4-50 gm. max., average 4-386 gm. (ohv. head of king ; rev. head of king and queen, jugate). Now, however, it has been discovered that there exist coins of this latter class dated in the first year of Obodas (weights 4-75 gni., 4-15 gm.). It seems to Dussaud better, therefore, to transfer the Ptolemaic coins to an earlier Obodas, whom he places after Obodas II and before Malichus I, with a reign of at least five years, leaving coins of uniformlj^ ' Attic ' weight to the old Obodas III, who now becomes Obodas IV. From a metrological standpoint this new arrangement is certainly advantageous. But it is open to the following objections : (1) It leaves no time for the long reign which, if the bronze coin which I assign to Malichus I is rightly attributed and the date rightly read, that king must have enjoyed. (2) It invents a new king of whom nothing is otherwise known. (This, of course, in the fragmentary state of our information, is not a strong objection.) (3) While making a good metrological sequence it breaks the sequence of types ; since the coins which Dussaud transfers to before Malichus I bear on the obverse two heads jugate, as in the later fashion, whereas the coins of Malichus I have only one head. I prefer therefore to adhere to Dussaud's older arrangement. The appearance of coins of the ' Attic ' standard early in the king's reign, before the Ptolemaic standard had been discarded, would point merely to his making experiments with a new standard before giving up the old. As the coins were of very different 1 The Paris specimen of this year is figured here on PI. XLIX. 5. ' On these weights, see below, p. xx f. XVI INTRODUCTION weights and sizes, no confusion would result ; the double standard of the coins of Croesus, for instance, must have been much more likely to cause trouble.^ They may have been meant, as it is supposed the coins of Croesus were meant, for commerce in two different directions. In any case, since the average weight of all the known coins of the Ptolemaic standard struck by the Nabataeans is 6-70 gm., and that of the 'Attic' drachms of Obodas III is 4-41 gm., two of the older coins (13-40 gm.) would be worth little more than three of the new (13'23 gm.), so that the two sorts could be used together. On the so-called ' Attic ' drachms of Obodas III of his first year, one side, which bears the king's name and the date, has a diademed portrait ; on the other are the jugate busts of a queen, veiled, and of the king. The queen's head is placed in the first plane. On the later coins of this king,^ whether ' Ptolemaic ' or ' Attic ', the king's head takes its place in the first plane. Dussaud suggests ^ that Obodas came to the throne as a minor ; that the female bust on the coins of year 1 is his mother's, on the later coins his wife's ^ ; and that it was during the regency that the notorious Syllaeus, who really ruled in Nabataea during the reign of Obodas, was first appointed epitropos. There can be little doubt that the single bust represents a king, the jugate busts a king and queen throughout the Nabataean series henceforward.^ There is probably no particular significance ^ For a still more inconvenient double standard in Crete, see Gr. Macdonald, Silver Coinage of Crete {Proc. Brit. Acad., Dec. 10, 1919), where other double standards are mentioned. ^ In addition to nos. 2 and 3 in this Catalogue, a good specimen (un- fortunately the date is off the flan) is figured in PI. XLIX. 6 ; it is in the Berlin Cabinet, and weighs 444 gm. ^ Floril. Melchior de Vogue, p. 213. * It should, however, be noted that on the coins of Rabbel II during his minority (Dussaud, Num. des Rois de Ndbatene, PL IV. 6) the queen-mother's head does not seem to be placed in the first plane. ^ C. R. Morey {Eev. Num., 1911, p. 79 ; Bosira, p. 5) suggests that the single bust may represent Dusares ; but it is quite indistinguishable in details from the regal portraits, and the king's name is inscribed against it. Kubitschek, KINGS OF NABATAEA ARETAS IV XVll in this repetition of the king's bust alone. The eagle on the diclrachms was merely a copy of the Ptolemaic or Tyrian type ; as Dussaud remarks, it disappeared when the Ptolemaic didrachm was superseded by the new drachm, and was succeeded, * sans grands frais d'imagination ', by the king's head.^ The appearance of the jugate busts may, as Dussaud remarks, point to the queen's being queen by the right of birth and not merely as consort ; in other words, as in Egypt, the king married a sister or a cousin german. But it is noticeable that it is not until we come to the reign of Malichus II that the queen is described as sister of the king ; the fact that this description was thought necessary would rather indicate that in previous reigns the king did not marry his sister.^ ARETAS IV (9 b. c.-40 a. d.). The most plentiful issue of coins in the Nabataean series was in the reign of Aretas IV 2; hence doubtless the fact that the silver coins with his bust came to be known as ^niH j'^J? /D;' which the editors of the C.I.S. (II. 198) render deli Haretici. The dates on the coins of Aretas IV, even when they are not off the flan, are frequently very obscure. I am compelled to differ from Dussaud in the reading of some of these dates. Of the wives of Aretas, Huldu seems to have lived until at least the sixteenth year of her husband's reign, and Shaqilath to have however {Num. Zt., 1916, p. 191), accepts Morey's identification. [The article which is here and henceforward cited as Bostra is the Appendix to Div. II, Sect. A, Part 4 of Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expeditio}i to Syria in 1^04-3 and iQog, which contains a revised version of the article in the Rev. Num. and a Catalogue of the Coinage of Bostra. I have to thank Mr. Morey for a copy of this Appendix.] ^ As we shall see, something of the same kind seems to have happened on the Himyarite coins. ^ On this king and his descendants, see Dalman, Neiie Petra-Forschiingen, p. 106 f. The existence of a wife of Aretas called Hagiru is very problematical. ^ Cp. Dy7DX D^n (fiv6 selaim) in a Himyarite inscr. (Halevy 152) cited by Mordtraann, Num. Zeit., XII (1880), p. 319. c XVlll INTRODUCTION become queen as early as the twentieth year. This latter date depends on no. 7 (p. 6), which appears to read clearly ' 20 ', although Dussaud reads it ' 40 ', presumably regarding the numeral, the top of which has run into the border of dots, as having three curves instead of the usual two. The date 24 on no. 8 he reads as 30, whereas the cross (representing 4) attached to the tail of the 20 is fairly clear on the original. The other dates on coins of this couple in the British Museum are doubtful. The name of Shaqilath is not legible on any coins later than that of year 24, unless no. 13 is really of year 27 ; but the types continue the same until year 48 of Aretas, so that we may assume that she shared his throne to the end. Among the types of bronze coinage of Aretas IV not represented in this collection are the following : a. Obv. Head of Aretas r., laureate. liev. Draped and turreted figure (City- goddess) standing r., holding palm-branch in 1., r. hand raised. Remains of inscr. 'king of Nalaataea, year 4 '. ^ 18 mm. Paris; Dussaud, p. 218, no. 25; here PI. XLIX. 7. /3. Obv. Head of Aretas r., laureate; name and titles of Aretas. Rev. Eagle standing 1. ; inscr. ' half (obol) of silver, year 10 '. JE 19 mm. Paris (two specimens). Dussaud, p. 221, no. 32; here PI. XLIX. 8. This is the half of the bronze ' obols of silver ' represented by nos. 5, 6 (see below, p. xxi). y. Obv. Head of Aretas r., laureate. Hev. Two cornuacopiae and palm-branch ; in field 1., V^ JE 14 mm. Dussaud, p. 231, no. 57. Here PI. XLIX. 9. The letters VS are unexplained. Possibly they may represent 7N^3 , one of the children of Aretas IV.^ ^, Dti', and D'^tJ^ (nos. 14 ff.) probably all stand for the same word, in the sense of ' concordia '. ^ C.I.S., II, 354; Dalman, Neue Petra-Forschungen, p. 107. KINGS OF NAEATAEA RABBEL II XIX Aretas IV seems to have held Damascus for a time/ but there is no evidence that he struck coins there. Mr. E. T. Newell possesses a bronze coin with ^ between the two cornuacopiae on the reverse, and, on the obverse, = behind a head (to r.), which by its style and dressing of the hair in long ringlets may be of Aretas IV, or even earlier. It is unfortunately too liadly preserved to be worth reproducing. MALICHUS II (c. A. D. 40-71). Under Malichus II ^ the practice of placing the busts of king and queen jugate on the silver disappears, although it is retained on the bronze. Shaqilath, the queen, is described on the coins as sister of the king." As Dussaud has pointed out, on the coins of this reign the date is placed on the obverse after the kino's name, not on the reverse as in the reign of Aretas IV. There is, however, doubtless no significance in this arrangement ; the title ' lover of his people ' borne by Aretas made it difficult to find space for the date after his name. RABBEL II (c. A.D. 71-106). Rabbel II ^ reigned for a short time as minor under the regency of his mother Shaqilath, as is proved by bronze coins from 1 2 Cor. xi. .32. - Malichus II (son of Aretas IV and Shaqilath I) reigned over thirty years. Littmann [Prhiceton Univ. Arch. Exped., Div. lY, Sect. A, p. 21) reads a date as 'year 33 of Malik', but the number of units seems doubtful, and the date is perhaps 31. ^ Half-sister, if Dalman {Neue Pefi-a-Foi'schtmgen, p. 106) is right in his genealogical list. * Son of Malichus II and Shaqilath II. His accession is fixed to A. D. 70-71 by an inscription {C.I.S., I, 161), which ec[uates his twenty-fourth year to year 405 of the 'Roman' (i.e. Seleucid) era. This Seleucid date has also been read 410 (giving A. D. 75 as Rabbel's first year), but 405 seems to be correct. XX INTRODUCTION the collections of the Marquis de Vogli^ and of Dussaud himself.^ One Oneishu, described as ' brother of the queen Shaqilath ', in the sense of iniTpoTros,^ assisted the queen in the government. Subsequently Rabbel married Gamilath, and all the coins (on none of them are any dates legible with certainty) were issued in their joint names. The existence of a Malichus III in succession to Rabbel II, assumed by Dussaud, is, as Schiirer has argued, very doubtful. The dynasty came to an end with the creation of the province of Arabia in 106. The Berlin Cabinet possesses three bronze coins procured recently at Bostra ; one is of Malichus II and Shaqilath, of the usual types ; the second is an unusually rude specimen of Rabbel II and Gamilath ; but the third is a new variety : Obv. Figure standing 1., r. raised ; border of dots. liev. Similar type ; in field r. inscr., apparently ^v, of which there seems to be a trace on another coin of Commodus recorded by Hardouin.^ The inscription AOYCAPIA which is supposed to occur on a coin of Adraa is perhaps really AOYCAPHC.^ The description: ' Table on which is an urn, between two small figures ; under ^ the table, a press ', suggests that the ' urn ' is not a prize-crown or vase, but the baetyl of Dusares. BOSTRA. Bostra, the modern Bosra,^ belonged to the Nabataean kingdom and was included by Trajan under the name Nea Tpa'iavr] Boar pa in the Provincia Arabia. Its era dates from this incorporation, beginning March 22, 106.'"' The earliest coins which can with certainty be assigned to Bostra are of Antoninus Pius ; but it is generally supposed that the coins of Hadrian, with the bust of Arabia holding two small figures^ ^ De Saulcy, p. 374, note on no. 2. "^ See de Saulcy, p. 375, under Caracalla. ^ Not upon the table, as de Saulcy says. ■* For the remains see especially Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, pp. 1-84. C. R. Moray has made a useful list of the known coins of Bostra in the appendix to Div. ii, sect. A, part 4 of Pithlications of the Princeton Univ. Arclmeol. Exped. to Syi-ia in 1904-5 and 1909 ; this appendix is hereafter cited as Morey, Bostra. It supersedes the same author's article in the Revue Numismatique for 1911. The latest contribution to the subject is the article on Bostra by Kubitschek in the Numismatische Zeitschrift in 1916. ^ Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 303. ''' Possibly personifying the Auranitis and Arabia Petraea. The type is not included by M. Jatta in his Rappresentanze Jigurate delJe Prorincie Romane (1908). ARABIA PROVINCIA — EOSTRA XXV in her arms (PI. III. 1-3), were struck at this mint. There are a few quasi-autonomous coins (p. 16, nos. 1, 2) which seem to bear the date^ ^(tovs) X^, i.e. 76, which would place them in the reign of Commodus ; and another, apparently not dated, is men- tioned below. The date of the erection of Bostra into a colony is in dispute. Eckhel- is inclined to refer the statement of Damascius, that it was made a colony (TroX/^erat) by ' Severus ', to Septimius Severus rather than Severus Alexander. This must have been after A. D. 209-10, as the existence of Greek coins of Septimius Severus and Domna shows. Some of the small coins of Caracalla inscribed COL-MET-ANTONINIANA-AVR-.. (in various forms), and usually classed under Carrhae, have been attributed to Bostra ; for they are said to read B, and one of them BOSTRA in full, after the other titles.^ These readings, up to the present, entirely lack confirmation ; and it may be remarked that, if Bostra was already called Metropolis in the reign of Caracalla, it would hardly have dropped the title only to resume it under Philip. Further, while these coins of Caracalla do not resemble in style or fabric those of Bostra either before or after his reign, they are extremely close to those of Carrhae. De Saulcy'^ seems therefore to have been justified in rejecting the attribution to Bostra altogether.^ Nor is it probable that Elagabalus was responsible for the foundation ; for the one coin which seems to show that the place was a colony ^ For the form of ^ for trovs compare the coins of Olba in Cilicia, B. M. C, Lycaonia, &c., pp. 119 ff. ^ Docti:, iii, 500. Kubitschek, op. cit., p. 189, argues that the authority of Damascius on such a point is worthless. ^ Mhs. Sanclem., iii, pp. 8, 9 ; Mionnet, Suppl. viii, p. 385, nos. 9-14 ; Morey in Bei: Num., 1911, p. 81 f. The reading BOSTRA is given in Mus. Sanclem. on the authority of Cousinery. Morey, who had previously [Rev. Num., loc. cit.) accepted the attribution of these coins to Bostra, now recognizes its improbability. * Ten-e Sainte, p. .36fi. ^ Another coin of Caracalla that has probably been misread seems to give the name ANTflNI ... to Bostra (de Saulcy, p. 365, no. 2). As regards an alleged later coin with Greek inscription, see Kubitschek, op. cit., p. 186 vMaximinus, Thessalonica). d XX"V1 INTRODUCTION in his time is equally uii verified. ^ In fact, there is no satisfactory evidence of the foundation of the colony before Severus Alexander/'^ It then takes the title Colonia Bostra Nova Traiana Alexandriana. Under Philip it receives the title Metropolis, and the titles acquired from Trajan and Severus Alexander disappear. The coinage comes to an end with Trajan Decius or Trebonianus Gallus. The types are as interesting as the}'- are puzzling. Of chief importance is the god Dusares.^ There is an anthropomorphic representation of this god on a coin of Commodus : — Ohv. AAYPKOMOAOCKAICAYTOKYIor(v) EY.^ Bust of Commodus r. Itev. BOCTPHN WNAOYCAPHC. Beardless male bust r. draped, wearing diadem or fillet. M 22 mm. Princeton Art Museum. C. R. Morey, Rev. Num., 1911, p. 69 = Bostra, p. 12, no. 12, fig. 11 (here PI. XLIX. 13). The bust on the reverse of a badly preserved coin of Philip, which Morey takes for Philip Junior, perhaps represents the same god (p. 23, no. 39). Since Dusares was identified with Dionysos,"' it has l)een thought that he is to be recognized in the god who appears on a coin of 1 Pellerin, Mel. de Med. i (1765), p. 300, no. 6. Ohv. IMP. M. AVR. ANTOJNIN. Bust of Elagabalus laureate. Rev. N. TRA. BOSTRA. Founder ploughing with two oxen. Cf. Mionnet, v, 582, 20 (who gives N. TPA. BOSTRA). The mixture of Latin and Greek on the obverse is, of course, possible, but does not add to our confidence in the reading. Kubitschek, op. cit., p. 187, thinks that Bostra may have been made a colony in the last days of Elagabalus, while Alexander was Caesar. ^ P. Meyer, Fleckeisen's Jalirhncher f. class. Fhilol., xliii, 1897, p. 595, note, cuts the difficulty by saying that Bostra received ' Stadtrecht ' under Septimius Severus, and became a colony under Severus Alexander. ^ See especially Baethgen, Beitr. z. setnit. Religio)isgesch., pp. 92 ff. ; Cumont in Pauly-VVissowa, v, 1865 f . ; Dussaud, l^otes de Mythologie Syr., pp. 169 ff. ; C. R. Morey, Rev. Ku»i., 1911, pp. 69 ft". = Bostra, pp. 1 ff. * Cf. the inscription on the coin of Commodus in the British Museum (no. 12): AAYPKOM[KA?]lCAV(V)TVIOC€B. On r for C and S, see Kubitschek, op. cit., p. 190, n. 3. ■'' See e.g. G. Dalman, Fetra ii. s. Felsheiligtibner (1908), p. 50. In the dedication by Syllaeus at Miletus he is identified with Zeus. ARABIA PROVINCIA — EOSTRA XXVll Elagabalus (PI. IV. 3), on which the attribute of the god has been taken for a panther. But there is little doubt that that god is the same as the one who appears under Trajan Decius (PI. IV. 13)/ where the animal accompanying him seems to be more like a ram than a panther; in fact he is no other than Zeus Amnion (see below). Dussaud has explained the type, usually described as a wine- press, which is found on various coins of Bostra (PI. IV. 12 and XLIX. 14), as three baetyls sacred to Dusares. Kubitschek^ dismisses this interpretation as a ' verlorene Sache ' ; and recently Morey has endeavoured to revive the wine-press theory.^ I confess that the arguments against Dussaud's views seem to me to be quite baseless. The fact that an anthropomorphic representation of the god occurs under Commodus is certainly no reason for supposing that an aniconic representation would not occur later ; the evidence of coinages, such as those of Perga or Ephesus, where primitive cultus statues existed, proves the precise contrary. Secondly, the object does not, apparently, 'bear any very close resemblance to any known form of ancient wine-press.* If the central portion is a press, the two objects at the sides are certainly not in the least like vases. It is true that no satisfactory explana- tion has been given of the flat objects'^ of which seven are piled on the central baetyl, and one on each of the side ones ; but such ^ Cf. the coin of Etruscilla, de Saulcy, y. 370, where the type is also described as Dionysos (cf. Morey, Bostra, p. 16, no. 51). ^ Xtini, Zeit., 1908, p. 131. He still adheres to his view in Num. Zeit., 1916, p. 192. ^ He publishes an interesting variation of the type, his fig. 20, on which the base looks rather like a throne (here PI. XLIX. 14). On the left, upwards, is AOY ; in the exergue OC (which is probably for ©€ [^C] as in Dussaud's reading of the Rouvier specimen). * Since the above was written, the technical objections to the wine-press theory have been put with convincing force in Rev. Num., 1916, p. 184. All the constructional parts of a press (the two summers, the two posts) are lacking ; so also are all the essential elements of the screw (such as transverse lever, hole therefor in the head of the screw, inclination of the thread, &c.); and the base, instead of being solid, as is essential, is a platform. ^ Dussaud's suggestion of shewbread does not seem very probable. XXVlll INTRODUCTION caps to baetyls are known in otlier cases, and occur both singly and doubly at Paphos.^ The number seven m&y have some relisrious sig-nificance, as Dussaud remarks. The platform on which the baetyls rest, and the top of which is approached by steps, is doubtless, as Dussaud has shown, a sort of altar, motab or kcihah. It is true that Suidas or his source (s.v. Gevadpr]s) says that the baetyl of Dusares had square faces and rested on a golden base ; but possibly he confused the omphalos- shaped baetyl itself with the square base on which it rested. The coins of Adraa show the baetyl in a simpler form (see above). The fact that two camels (or rather the figures thereof) were dedicated by Nabataeans to Dusares, according to an inscription at Puteoli,^ does not prove, though it does suggest, that the camel was his sacred animal ; nor is that necessary to explain the appear- ance of the camel on the coins of Bostra. A quasi-autonomous coin (here PI. XLIX. 15) in the Paris Cabinet (ohv. head of City -goddess) is described by Morey (no. 1) as having on the reverse two camels, one with a rider (possibly Dusares). But the animals, and the type as a whole, bear an extraordinarily close resemblance to the type on the coins of Orthosia in Phoenicia ^ ; and the animals, whether they be panthers or griffins, are almost certainly winged. On the other hand, a camel-rider appears on a coin of Caracalla or Elagabalus (PL XLIX. 16) with the half-read and unexplained inscription 0€OKANI (? ?),* which seems to contain the element 0€O, and may therefore be a god's name. The games celebrated at the annual festival of Dusares (Dec. 25) were known as the Actia Dusaria, as is proved by the inscriptions on the coins (nos. 40-42). ^ B. M. C, Cyprus, p. cxxxii. 2 C.I.S., ii (i),p. 183, no. 157. s B. M. C, Plioenicia, p. Ixxvii, plates XVI. 1 and XLI. 16. ^ De Saulcy, p. 366, no. 3. Cf. Kubitschek, op. cit., pp. 191-2. One of the gods of the Nabataeans seems to have been called |^ (Baethgen, Beit): z. semit. Religionsgesch., p. 107 f.), and this may be represented by the KAN I of the Greek inscription. ARABIA PROVINCIA— BOSTRA XXIX If Dussaud is happy in his interpretation of the baetylic type of Dusares, he is less certainly right in his theory of the identifica- tion of Zeus Amnion with the Arabian god. Ammon appears as the god of the third legion (Cyrenaica) which was quartered at Bostra.^ He is represented on a coin already mentioned (PI. IV. 13) in soldier's garb, proving his connexion with the legion. A very interesting Concordia type (cf. Rev. JS^wni., 1911, plate iii, 10) shows the god, representing the legion, in concord with the Citj— goddess. The City -goddess type (TYXH) is manifestly influenced by the Astarte-City-goddess of Phoenicia and Palestine (PI. III. 8). One foot is placed on the back of a small crouching animal; unfortunate] }■ this detail is obscure on all specimens known to me, although de Saulcy identifies it as a lion on a good specimen which was in his collection.^ She rests her hand on a spear, which is apparently topped by a small trophy, although this detail is seldom in any degree clear. She holds a cornucopiae. On one coin, of Mamaea (PI. IV. 9), two small creatures, which have been taken for centaurs, stand on either side of her; Dussaud is, however, probably right in describing them as bulls.^ It may be observed that in a dedication at Petra,* by one of the panegyriarchs of Adraa, a goddess is figured ; she is described as being seated, wearing modius and veil and holding a cornucopiae, with two oxen recumbent at her feet. We have already seen that another 1 Drexler in Zeit.f. Num., xiii (1885), p. 281 ; C. R. Morey, Bostra, p. 8. The cuirass woi-n by the god is best seen on a coin at Paris with his bust. On the pre-colonial coin of Elagabalus, mentioned above, his garb is not military. - p. 365. As Kubitschek remarks (p. 193), it is probable that the object on which Tyche rests her foot is always the same, not a lion on one coin, a prow on another, a human figure on a third. He describes (ibid.) a coin of Otacilia Severa with rev. bust of Tyche, veiled and turreted, holding a sceptre ending in a flower-shaped or cornucopiae-shaped head. Is not this the ordinary type with the cornucopiae as seen on many earlier coins ? ^ Notes, p. 180. It is strange, at the same time, that he has mistaken the goddess for a male deity. * Briinnow-Domaszewski, i, p. 220, fig. 252. Dalman, Petra u. s. Fehheilig- tilmer, -p. 145, says the goddess stands between two panthers ; he cannot see the cornucopiae, and adds that the modius is conjectural. XXX INTRODUCTION of these dedications, in the same place, is connected with Dusares. We may take it that this goddess, who is also the City-goddess of Adraa and Bostra, is Allat, the consort of Dusares, or possibly the Xaafxov mentioned by St. Epiphanius as the virgin-mother of that god. Dussaud's attempt to explain away St. Epiphanius's account is based on the doubtful reading Xaa^ov} A very interesting type of the City-goddess is the Athena of. PI. III. 9. There can be no doubt that she is the City-goddess, since the inscription calls her Tyche. There is abundant evidence that, in the Hauran, Athena was identified with Allat.^ The ' god of (the tribe) Qatsiu ' was worshipped at Bostra;^ but the coins do not help to inform us how he was represented, and whether he was identical with Z^v^ KdaLo's or Baal-Shamin. Another unidentified god of Bostra was Aarra (X^y^{).■^ The coin-engravers of Bostra seem to have used the genitive of the town name BOCTPflN and the ethnic BOCTPHNflN indifferently. Among the Latin inscriptions on the coins is found the transliteration BOSTPvON. Many of the smaller coins of Bostra in the third century (e. g. nos. 22-7, 32-8) seem to have been produced by casting. There is no doubt that this process was more frequently used in antiquity, at any rate under the Roman Empire, than is usually supposed. CHARACHMOBA. The Qir-MOab of the Old Testament, el-Kerak at the present day.° The coins, which are all of Elagabalus, were unknown ' See Baethgen, Beitr. z. semit. Religionsgesch. (1888), p. 107. Littmann {Princeton Univ. Arch. Ex2)e(l., div. iv, sect. A, p. 57) is inclined to regard n^^K' (Sharait) as the name of the consort of Dusares at Bostra ; but his interpretation is admittedly very uncertain. Another Nabataean goddess at Petra and Bostra is al-'Uzza (ibid., p. 58), but she is only a hypostasis of Allat (Dussaud, Les Arahes en Syrie avant VIslam, p. 132), * Baethgen, Beitr., p. 97; Dussaud, Les Arahes en Syrie avant VIslam (1907), p. 129. ^ Littmann, Princeton Univ. Arch. Exped., div. iv, sect. A, p. 13. * Jaussen et Savignac, Mission en Arahie, i, p. 205. ^ Benzinger in Pauly-Wissowa, iii, 2120 ; Babelon in Rev. Num., 1899, ARABIA PROVINCIA DIUM until Babelon published two of the specimens now in the British Museum, The third was at the time unknown to him. On this coin, unfortunately badly preserved, a figure is seated before an erection on which is a tall object between two small baetyls (?), i. e. probably an altar or cult-stone of Dusares, as on coins of Bostra and Adraa, rather than a wine-press ; but the central object in this case looks more like a column^ than an omphalos- shaped baetyl. DIUM. Dium - of the Decapolis probably belonged to Provincia Arabia in the time of Septimius Severus, when its coins were issued ^ ; certainly that was the case at a later time. Its site is very uncertain : Kefr-Ahil, near Pella ; Edun and QaVat el-Husn, near Irbid : and T ell-el- Ash^ari, N. of el-MuzeHb have all been suggested.* The era employed on the coins is the Pompeian, since the place received its liberty from Pompeius. In the Decapolis this era seems to have dated from Oct. 63 b. c.^ Consequently the dates which appear on the coins of Caracalla and Geta (268, 270, 271, and 275) are all, with the exception of the last, within the reign of Septimius Severus. The coin of Caracalla, reputed to bear the date €0C, rests on the authority of Sestini only ; that of Geta, with apparently the same date, has been shown bj- de Saulcy to be really of year 270 (^C). There is, of course, nothing improbalile in the issue of a coin by Caracalla in 275 = a.d. 212-13. The type p. 274 f. ; art. Kir {of Moah) in Hastings's Diet, of the Bible ; A. Musil, Arabia Petraea, i (1907), pp. 45-62. ^ Such as the X^^Ji'tt erected to Dusares at Umm-el-Jimal {Princeton Univ. Arch. Exped., div. iv, sect. A, p. 34). For Nabataean pillar-idols generally, see Dalman, Petra u. s. Felslieiligtilmer, p. 70. - Benzinger in Paulj'-Wissowa, v, 834 ; de Saulcy, pp. 378 fF. ' Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 264 f. The coin discussed at such length by de Saulcy, with AKZAIOY, belongs to Seleucia on the Tigris. * De Saulcy, Joe. cit. ; Briinnow-Domaszewski, Joc.cit. and p. 361 ; Bleekmann in Zeitschr. d. detitschen Pcdastina-Vereins. xxxvi (1913), p. 234. ^ Briinnow-Domaszewski, op. cit., iii, p. 304. XXXll INTRODUCTION of this piece, according to Sestini, is the City-goddess seated, with a river-god at her feet. The type of the other coins is the Syrian god Hadad (PI. IV. 15, 16), who appears in many slightly varying forms on coins of Syrian cities, notably Rhosus and Raphanea ^ ; the bulls are a constant element in the type. At Rhosus, as at Dium, horns appear on the top of his head. Hadad, being equated by the Greeks with Zeus, was appropriately worshipped at a place called Dium. EBODA. The site of "E^coSa ^ is at el-'Abda, in Arabia Petraea, south of Elusa. It is sometimes called Oboda, and Zeus Obodas was worshipped there. Apparently the only known specimen of the coinage is that identified by Imhoof-Blumer : Obv. [NEPWN] KAAYAIOC KAIZ. Head of Nero r., laureate. Bev. EBW 1., [A]HZ r. Nike apteros 1., semi-mide, holding wreath in r., pahii-branch in 1. JE 16 mm. Berlin (Imhoof-Blumer Collection, here PI. XLIX. 17) : see Mionnet, Suppl. viii, 387, 21 (under Eshus) ; de Saulcy, p. 394 ; Imhoof-Blumer, loc. cit. The occurrence of a coinage in this district so early as the time of Nero is surprising; but it must be remembered that the rela- tions of Eboda with Gaza (between which and Petra it was about half-way) must have been fairly close ; and Gaza had a coinage at this time. ^ Dussaud in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, vii, 2161. ^ See Imhoof-Blumer, Momi. gi-ecques, p. 450; Benzinger in Pauly-Wissowa, V, 1896 ; Brunnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 268 ; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, PhU.-hist. KL, xliv (1907j, p. 140. For the site see Rev. Bihl., 1904, pp. 403 fF., 1905, pp. 74 flP. ; A. Musil, Arabia Petraea, ii (1908), pp. 106-51. I have to thank the late Dr. Imhoof-Blumer for a cast of the coin here illustrated (PI. XLIX. 17). ARABIA PRO VINCI A — GERASA XXXI 11 ESBUS. 'Ea-jBov's, the Biblical Heshbon, is the modern Hesbdn between Philadelphia and Medaba, 26 km. east of the north end of the Dead Sea.^ The coins are probably all of the time of Elagabalus, although some of them have been attributed to Caracalla. The types are an ordinary seated Zeus, holding phiale (PI. V. l) ; the City-goddess in her temple, her right foot on a small figure, an obscure object (perhaps the emperor's Ijust 2) in her hand (PI. V. 2) ; and the god illustrated on PI. V. 3. The last is the second type described by de Saulcy as Astarte holding a small bust ; but it is apparently a male god,^ perhaps akin to the so-called Men who appears on the coins of Gaba.^ The conical object which he holds resembles a pine-cone, but it may perhaps be compared with the conical stone, if it be a stone, held by the City -goddess on coins of Sebaste in Samaria.^ A serpent twines round the spear or sceptre on which he leans. '^ The coins show that Esbus was called Aurelia. The inscription on the obverse is in Latin (save for the beginning, AVT instead of IMP), that on the reverse in Greek. GERASA. Gerasa (Jerash) was prol)ably included in the Provincia Arabia at the time of its foundation." The coins bear no dates, but the ^ De Saulcy, p. 393 ; Benzinger in Paulj'-Wissowa, vi, 613 ; A. Musil, Arabia Fetraea, i (1907), pp. 383 ft'. ^ B. M. C, Palestine, p. xix. ^ Eckhel, iii, p. 503. ^ Drexler in Rosclier, ii, 2728 f., where it is suggested that this is the Semitic god Sin. '' B.M.C, Palestine, p. 78. •^ This suggests another possibility: the god may be the Phoenician Eshmun with his sacred serpent, whose worship, on account of the assonance, might well have been considered in place at Heshhun. "^ Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 265. e XXXIV INTRODUCTION so-called Pompeiau era was in use on inscriptions there.^ The place is not mentioned in history before Josephus, who says that it was taken by Alexander Jannaeus.^ But one of the Seleucid kings, probably Antiochus IV, who was fond of renaming cities, had previously given it the name of Antiochia t] npo9 rco Xpvaopoa. This is proved by various inscriptions of the second century after Christ, which speak of the inhabitants as 'Avrio\ei9 ol npo^ Xpv(Top6a ol npoTepov Tepacrrjvoi^ ; and by coins of M. Aurelius and L. Verus which bear the same legend abbreviated. These coins are published by Imhoof-Blumer.'* The type of that of M. Aurelius (PI. XLIX. 18) is Tyche, with rudder and cornucopiae, standing, with the emperor (?) togate, standing to front Ijehind her ; that of L. Verus (PI. XLIX. 19) bears Tyche seated on a rock, holding ears of corn, with a figure of the river-god Chrysorrhoas swimming at her feet. The coins of imperial date belong for the most part, if not entirely, to the period of the city's greatest prosperity in the second century, and extend from Hadrian to Commodus, and perhaps to Severus Alexander.-^ Under the bust on the obverse ' Ibid., p. 303; Schiirer, Gescli. d. jildischen Volkes, ii^ pp. 182 fF. ^ For the history of the place, see G. Schumacher in Zeitschr. d. dentschen Pcdilstina-Vereins, xxv (1902), pp. 119 fF. ; Schiirer, op. cif., pp. 177 ff. ^ Perdrizet, Lettre au B. P. Sejournd in Bev. BihUque, p. 441 (pp. 18 ff. of reprint), shows (1) that Imhoof-Blumer's interpretation of the latter part of the coin-legend as tccv npoi Tepdaois must be corrected as in the text ; (2) that therefore Antiochia ad Chrysorrhoam and Gerasa were identical, not neighbouring places ; and (3) that the Chrysorrhoas is not the river of Damascus and Leucas, but another stream on which Jerash lies, called the Wady Jerash. The most recently found inscription is a Latin one of Hadrian mentioning the place under the title ' Antiochia ad Chrysorhoan quae et Gerasa Hiera et Asylo(s) et Autonomos' (Cheesman in Journ. Bom. Stud., iv (1914), p. 13). * Bev. Suisse, viii (1898), p. 47 f. Specimens in the market. I have to thank the late Di*. Imhoof-Blumer for casts of these coins, and of a third in the Gotha cabinet on which the inscription is incomplete (M. Aurelius, Tyche seated as on the coin of Verus). ® De Saulcy, Teire Sainte, pp. 385 ff. The coin of Severus Alexander, with a figm-e of Ai'temis as huntress, depends on Sestini's authority only. The coinage probably began on the occasion of Hadrian's visit to Palestine in ARABIA PEOVINCIA — MED ABA XXXV of many of the coins of Hadrian are certain unexplained letters, which have been read €AI, A€, Al, i^vC. It does not seem possible to read them as dates, or as part of the title of the emperor. The prevailing type is the Ijust of Artemis as Tyche of the citj^ (PI. V. 4-6).^ Dedications to the goddess are found among the inscriptions from the site ; the great temple of Gerasa was dedicated to her, not, as formerly supposed, to the Sun.^ The coins throw no light on the other cults of the city -which are revealed by the inscriptions (Zeus Olympios with Hera, Zeus Helios Sarapis with Isis and Necoripa, i. e. Nephthys,'^ the ©eb? 'Apa^tKO^, presumably Dusares, &c.). MED ABA. Medaba (Mddaha), chiefly famous for its geographical mosaic,* was not known to have struck coins until Babelon ^ published one of the Hamburger specimens, now in the British Museum (PI. V. 9), and another in the Paris Cabinet, which had been described by de Saulcj' as possibly a coin of Rabbathmoba or Gaba.^ To these coins, which are of Elagabalus, we may now add two dated coins of Caracalla, nos. 1 and 2 (PI. V. 7, 8) in this catalogue, and two 129-30. when a statue of the emperor was erected in the city ; see Bleekmann in Zeifschr. D. P. V., xxxvi, p. 231, and cf. ibid., p. 260 f. ; or it may have been connected with the wintering of eight troops of the Cavahy of the Guard at Gerasa, which Cheesman {Joiirn. Rom. Stud., iv (1914), p. 16) supposes to have taken place in a. d. 132. ^ De Saulcy describes one coin of Hadrian (p. 385, 3 ; Mionnet, v, p. 329, .57) as having the bust placed on a crescent. - H. Lucas in Mitf. tt. Nachr. des deutschen Palcisfina-Vereins, 1901, pp. 50 flf. ; no. 2 Geci 'Aprf/xtSi ; nos. 3, 5 'ApreiiiSi Kvpia ; no. 4 Qed AaKa[iV7;] iirqKoa 'Apre/xiS*. Schumacher, Zeitschr. D.P.V.. xxv (1902J, p. 130, adheres to the view that the great temple was dedicated to the Sun. For other inscriptions, besides the references given by Schiirer, p. 179, note, see Princeton Univ. Expedition , div. iii, sect. A, part i, p. 18 f. 2 A. J. Reinach, Rev. Et. f/r., 1912, p. 68. * A. Jacoby, Das geogv. Mosaik von Madaba (1905). On the site see A. Musil, AvaUa Petraea, i (1907), pp. 113-23. Comptes Rendus de VAcad., 1898, p. 387 = Mel. Num., iii, pp. 251 fF. ' De Saulcy, Ten-e Sainte, p. 358. XXXVl INTRODUCTION of Septimius SeverusJ De Saulcy read the coin of Elagabalus in tlie Paris Cabinet . . . BHN TYXH, and Babelon accordingly assumes, for this coin, the ethnic MHAABHNCJN. Possibly the H is a badly formed W. The coins of Septimius Severus, if rightly read, confirm the termination -rji/cou ; but in the illustration given the last three letters NHN are indicated as doubtful^ while in the text the letters [HN] are bracketed. The draughtsman has read the first two letters as MA ; he may be right, since the form MdSa^a is one of the many which the name assumes in literature. All the other coins read MHAABIIN TYXH. The City-goddess is represented, on three of the four specimens where she appears, as holding a human bust, which has been shown elsewhere to be that of the reigning emperor.- On the fourth the object in her right hand, which is held close to her body, is not distinguishable. An interesting coin of Septimius Severus, published Ijy R. P. Decloedt, represents Helios (HA I) in a quadriga to front, his head to 1. and his r. hand raised ; the torch which Pere Decloedt says that he holds in his left arm is not shown in the illustration. Behind him appears a double arc which may l)e meant to indicate the heavens. The coins of Caracalla appear to be dated by the Arabian era, wliicli, as Kubitschek remarks,^ was naturally used by Medaba so long as it belonged to the Arabian province. The dates on the two coins in the British Museum appear to me to be P€ (A. D. 210- 11) rather than PG (a. d. 214-15). MOCA. De Saulcy * is rightly doubtful of the existence of coins of Moca. Coins of Antoninus Pius and Septimius Severus were described by Vaillant"' as reading respectively MO K A lEP. ACY. AYTO (City- ^ R. P. Achille Decloedt, Bev. Xum., 1910, p. 532. He mentious a second specimen in the collection of the German Benedictines at Jerusalem. " B. M.C., Palpstine, p. xix. ° Mitth. d. k. k. geog. GeseUsch. hi Wieii, 1900, ]). 369. * Terre Sainte, p. 402. ^ Num. Imp., pp. 44 and 84. ARABIA PEOVINCIA — PETRA goddess in tetrastyle temple, in r. spear, in 1, cornucopiae) and MOKA lEP. ACYA. AY (female figure standing, holding poppy- head and corn-ears in r., cornucopiae in 1.). Mionnet^ described similarly a specimen of the former from the Beaucousin cabinet, and a specimen of the latter (with a slight dilTerence in the inscription, MOKA. IE P. A. AYTO) which de Saulcy has shown to be really a coin of Hermocapelia. Yet another autonomous piece attributed to Moca is stated by de Saulcy to belong to Mopsus. The coin of Antoninus Pius has not been verified.- PETRA. Petra/ the capital of the Nabataean kingdom, was presumably the chief mint of the Nabataean regal coinage. Its coinage under the Roman empire is of comparatively small interest, and extends only from Hadrian to Geta. The coins show that Hadrian bestowed on the city the titles Hadriana and Metropolis.* The coinage under this emperor must have been considerable in extent, since among the twelve coins in the British Museum only two show the use of a common obverse die. The chief type is the City-goddess (PI. V. 10, 11, 13-15), who, according to Dalman, is to be identified with Allat-Manatu.' She carries a trophy, and sometimes holds in her other hand other 1 V. p. 586, nos. 40, 41. - Mr. E. S. G. Robinson suggests that it may be a coin of Dora, with the inscription ACJPA. I€P. ACY. AYTO k.t.X. and a type similar to that of B.M. C, Phoenicia, p. 118, no. 43 (Elagabalus). In the iUustration in Gessnev, Num. Aiit. Ini2). Iiotn.,iA. CU,&gAQ, the word MOKA occupies the same position in the exergue as the word AGJPA on the coin of Elagabalus. and the representation of the temple looks as if the engraver had omitted the gable and one column on each side. ^ See especially Briinnow-Domaszewski, i, pp. 125-428 ; A. Musil, Arabia Petraea, ii (1907), pp. 41 if, ; G. Dalman, Petra u. s. Felslieiligtiimer (1908), and Neue Petra-Forschungen (1912). ^ De Saulcy, pp. 351-3. Perhaps the titles were given on the occasion of a visit by Hadrian in 130. Kubitschek, Num. Zei'., 1916, pp. 185-6. 5 Petra, p. 52. INTRODUCTION objects which cannot l)e easily made out. On one coin, the object has been described ^ as a human bust : l)ut it differs little from the object which, on another piece (PI. XLIX. 21),''' looks like a small stele, and may perhaps represent a deity." Usually, however, her right hand is open.* On a coin of Antoninus Pius (PI. V. 13) she is shown sacrificing.'^ The coins throw no light on the cult of Dusares, the chief god of the Arabians, unless the object held by the City-goddess, as above described, is connected with him. De Saulcj^ has described a series of coins of Elagabalus wliich, if rightly attributed, would show that Petra became a Roman colony in the reign of that emperor. These coins, which are not uncommon,'^ appear always to come from Palestine. The reverse type is a founder (who is onl}^ partly visible) ploughing to r. with two oxen. The inscription in the exergue is COLOM or COLON I (with A sometimes in front of the oxen's forefeet) ; above is PETAA, PETA, or PEXA. The lower bar of the X is, how- ever, apparently the remains of a line drawn to regulate the lettering. The fabric is usually thick and dumpy, entirely un- like anything found at Petra, but resembling that of the smaller coins of places like Caesarea Samariae and Ascalon. Under the circumstances the series cannot j^et be accepted as belonging to Petra. ^ De Saulcy, p. 353. 2 In the market in 1906 ; ohv. AYK YH POCTTE - bust of Severus r., laureate; in countermark on neck, A; rev. AAPIANHTTET PAMH TPOTTOAIC. City-goddess seated 1. as described in text. Mionnet (v, p. 588, 49) describes a coin of Geta bearing on the obverse € in countermark. ' Cf. the pillar-idols so frequent at Petra ; Dalman, Petra, p. 70. * Her fingers have apparently been taken for ears of corn by de Saulcy (p. 351, no. 1); and the cornucopiae and palm-branch which have been described as carried by her on some specimens seem to be equally doubtful. ^ Probably also on a joint coin of two Antonine emperors, where de Saulcy describes the reverse type as a pontifex. •^ De Saulcy mentions three in the Paris Cabinet, two in his own collection (acquired at Jerusalem), and one (under Pella, p. 292, 'Caracalla') from the Clermont-Ganneau collection ; this last is now in the British Museum, which also acquired three others with the Hamburger collection. ARABIA PROVINCIA — PHILADELPHIA XXXIX De Saulcy has pointed out that the letters read as PA^ Ijy Pellerin on a coin of Septimius Severus are really MHT. No dated coins of Petra are known. PHILADELPHIA. Philadelphia/ the Biblical Rahhah or Rabbath-beiie-'Ammdn, is represented by extensive ruins at 'Aonindn. It acquired its Greek name from Ptolemy Philadelphus, who rebuilt it. Stephanus (s.v. ^iXaSeXcpeta) says that it was called 'Aa-rdpTrj, which may be a confusion with 'Acmpta, since a goddess of this name is proved by the coins to have been worshipped there, and since Eustathius ' actually mentions a city called Asteria in Syria. The coins," which are inscribed 4>IAAA€A€IAC), who is depicted in the usual Astarte-like form. The Dioscuri also occur ; the type is probably only an allusion to the name of the city, and does not prove the existence of a cult there. The head of ' Bacchus ', described by Vaillant on coins of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, seems to require verification.* The Herakles types have already been mentioned, but attention should be called to the remarkable coin at Paris of M. AureKus and L. Verus, with the facing bust of the god HPAKAHC holding a club over his shoulder.^ (Here PI. XLIX. 20.) Of the quasi-autonomous coins described by de Saulcy, his first ^ On the other hand, the veiled goddess on certain quasi-autonomous coins, without a star above her head, is Demeter; for the reverse types associated with her bust are a wicker basket containing two ears of corn between two serpents (PI. VI. 2) and five ears of corn (Mionnet, v, p. 330. no. 61). - Variously misread by older authorities. = Jouni. HelJen. Stud., xxxi, pp. 61 ^., pi. HI, 17-19; IV, 25, 34; cf. also the well-known car of the sun-god of Emesa. A temple of Herakles, and possibly also a procession in his honour, at Philadelphia are mentioned in an inscrip- tion : Clerraont-Ganneau, Rev. ArcJi., vi (1905 , pp. 209 ff. * Perhaps they are coins of the Lydian Philadelphia. Lydian also may be the coin of M. Aurelius and L. Verus showing a figure with extended arms in a distyle temple (Mionnet, v. p. 333, 79) ; possibly Helios, cf. B. M. C, Lydia, p. 199, no. 73. '•' De Saulcy, pi. XXII, 7. To judge from a cast, it would seem that the surface of the coin has been worked on. ARABIA PROVIXCIA PHILIPPOPOLIS xli is a misread coin of Philadelphia in Cilicia,^ and his second appears to be badly preserved and of doubtful attribution. His coin of Agrippina Junior belongs to the Lydian Philadelphia.^ Thus there remain no coins earlier than the reign of Titus. From henceforward until the reign of Elagabalus the coinage is fairly continuous. The coins of Severus Alexander cited by de Saulcy rest on the authority of Sestini only. PHILIPPOPOLIS. Philippopolis was founded as a Roman colony by Philip the Arabian. The site is at Shuhba (or Shehha), about 7 kil. north of el-Kanatvdt (Canathal).^ A building which bears inscriptions in honour of members of Philip's family, including his father Julius Marinus, was probably a temple in which the deified Marinus was worshipped.'* Coins struck by Philip commemorate the apotheosis of his father, whose bust is borne by an eagle, and surrounded by the inscription SEH MAPINU (PL VI. 14, 15).'' But the statue of Roma on the coins with the portraits of the two Philips and Otacilia bears in her hand an eagle supporting not one but two small figures (PL VI. 16, 17). These are possibly intended for Marinus and his wife, the mother of Philip, although there is no evidence that she was divinized.''' ' A similar specimen from the Hamburger collection shows that the letters on the reverse are KIH TOJN. - Imhoof-Blumer, Lt/d. Stacltmunzen, p. 121, no. 29. ^ Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, pp. 145 ft'. ; Ptiblications of an Amer. Arclmeol. Exped. to Syria in 1899-1900, part ii (1904), pp. 376 ft'. ; iii, pp. 307 ff. ; Kubitschek, Sitzb. Ahid. Wien, Bd. 177, Abh. 4 (1916), pp. 40 ft\ Kubitschek's suggestion that the ancient name may have been Chababa is, he says, rejected by philologists, so far as equation with the modern name is concerned. It is to be presumed that Philip was born in the place where he founded the city (Dessau, Prosopogr., ii, p. 205). * Briinnow-Domaszewski, ibid., p. 167. ■' See especially Waddington, Jl/e7. de Num., ii, p. 61 f. '' De Saulcy takes the two figures to be the two Philips ; but the eagle shows that the figures are divinized. Mowat {Rev. Num., 1912, p. 200) is certainly wrong in calling them the Dioscuri. f xlii INTRODUCTIOK The coins of Philippopolis are not dated (though the city used a local era, about a.d. 244, commemorating its foundation).^ Philip gave it the status of a Roman colony, Imt the lack of Latin among the colonists is proved by the use of Greek inscriptions. The letters SC in the field are an attempt to repair the omission, on the analogy of the coins of Syrian Antioch, which likewise used the title KOAIINIA in Greek. The only reverse types of Philippopolis represent Roma, either standing or seated ; when standing she holds a phiale, when seated the two figures. All the coins were evidently struck at the same time. RABBATHMOBA. The ruins of Rabbathmoba, which the Greeks called Areopolis, are at er-Rabha.^ The diflicult question of the relations of the ancient places Ar and Kerioth with Rabbathmoba cannot be dis- cussed here." The following points are, however, to be noted : Kerioth (Qeriyyoth) was apparently the chief cultus-place of the Moabite god Kemosh (Moabite Stone, G. A. Cooke, iV. Seni. Inscr., p. 3j. The old name of Areopolis was Ariel {'ApiiqX) : Theodoret, GomTii. in Is., c. 16 and 29 (Migne, ? Pair. Gr.., 81, 275 and 302) ; cf . Hieron., de situ et nomin. locorum Hehr. (Migne, ? Pair. Gr., 23, 162) : some consider Ariel (Isa, xxix. 1) to be Areopolis, ' eo quod ibi usque nunc Ariel idolum colunt, vocatum cctto rod "Apecos, id est a Marte, unde et civitatem dictam suspicantur ' * ; but St. Jerome takes Ariel here ' Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 805, give 248 ior, more exactly, between 247 and aut. 249). But Kubitschek, loc. cit., shows that Philip founded the colon}^ before he went to Rome, where he amved about summer 244. '■' Briinnow-Domaszewski, i, pp. 54-9. A. Musil, Aiahia Petraea, i (1907), pp. 370-2, 381. •' See especiallj' F. Dietrich in Merx, Archiv f. tcias. Erforsch. desA. T., i (1869), pp. 320 ff., and further references in articles Ar and Kerioth in Hastings's Diet, of the Bible. * Euseb., Onom., p. 58, 13 (ed. Larsow et Parthey) : eVetS') KaXoiaiv els eri Kn'i viv 'Apir]X TO etSwXoi/ avTcov ol rrjv 'A/J60770X11' OLKOvvm, ano tov aefdnv top Apea, €^ oil Koi Trjv TToXti' o)v6fj.aaav. ARABIA PROVINCIA RABBATHMOBA xliii to refer to Jerusalem, Elsewhere {Goinm. la Z*., c. 15, 1) identifying Areopolis with the ancient Ar, he denies tlie derivation from Ares. The god who is represented on tlie coins of Rabbathmoba is, in the first place, a war-god (PI. VII. 1, 2). But the torch-like altars which flank his figure (they are not ordinary incense altars, since they evidently burn with a large flame) suggest a connexion with fire ; and this is significant in view of the most favoured interpretation of the word 7X1i< as ' altar-hearth '} But for the statement of Eusebius it would be natural to give the name Kemosh to the deity represented on the coins of Rabbath- moba; and indeed it is possible that Eusebius misunderstood his authority, and applied to the god the name that really belonged to liis fire-altars ; or there may have existed between the god and his altars the same intimate union as seems to be indicated in the case of the Arabian god Dusares and his motab,^ the two being mentioned on an equality. Baethgen^ has already pointed out that Kemosh was probably a war-god. The coins of Rabbathmoba belong chiefly to Septimius Severus and his family. It may be doubted whether those which are attributed to Antoninus Pius and Gordian III (see de Saulcy) are rightly read ; there is, however, no reason to doubt de Saulcy 's coin of Elagabalus, whose head seems also to occur in countermarks on coins of the city (e. g. no. 3).'* Besides the type of the war-god, we find on the coins the City- goddess, her left foot on a river-god, resting with her r. on a spear (?), and holding in her 1. the emperor's bust.'' The type of Poseidon used on coins of Caracalla (no. 5) is interesting in con- nexion with the fact that the city seems to have been subject to earthquakes.'' ' See G. A. Cooke, Xorfh-Seinific Liftcriptions, ij, 11, quoting Robertson Smith's suggestion that the ^X'lX '"''^^ ^ pillar surmounted by a cresset, which exactly describes the objects on the coins. - Cooke, op. cit., no. 80, note on 1. 4. ^ Beitrage zur semit. Religionsfjeschichte, p. 14. * Cf. F. de Saulcy, &c., Mel. de Num., i (1875), p. 338. 5 De Saulcy, p. 355 f., nos. 4-6. '■ St. Jerome, Coiinii. in Jos., c. 15. Xliv INTRODUCTION Readings by Vaillant suggest that the phice-name was some- times written Rabbathmoma, and tins form is also attested by one of the manuscripts of Stephanus. The era used on the coins is that of the province. ARABIA FELIX According to Strabo/ whose information is based on Eratos- thenes, there were four leading tribes in occupation of Southern Arabia : Meipaioi jxev kv rep Trpoy ttji' 'EpvOpav fi^pei, TroAi? 5' avTmv 7] /xeyiaTT] Kdpva \rj KdpvavaY^ i\6fj,ei^0L Se tovtoiv ^a^aioL, /jLrjTpoTToXis 8' avrSiv Mapia^a' rpLTOL Se Karra^avels, KaOrjKovT^s rrpos TO, areva koI ttjv Sid^aaLV rov 'Apa^tov koXttov, to 8e ^aaiXeLov avToou Tafxi/a /caAeirar Trpoy eco Se fidXicrra Xarpa/xcoTiTai, ttoXlv S' eXovaL Sd(3aTau (v. L, Xa^dravov). The absence of the Him- yarites from this list is due to the fact that they did not rise to power until after the time of Eratosthenes. Pliny (vi. 161), on the other hand, mentions the Himyarites, omitting the Katabanians, whose place they had taken. They had already been mentioned {circa a.d. 50-70) by the author of the Periphit^. Hitherto the coins of Southern Arabia have always been classed together as ' Himyarite '. It will be seen that a more exact term for a great part of them would be ' Sabaean ', and also that there is ground for distinguishing two small groups of coins, one attribut- able to the Minaeans, the other to the Katabanians, although this latter group can only be regarded as subordinate to the main Himyarite series.^ 1 xvi. 768. . '^ Mordtmann's conjecture for the usual reading Kapvavn. The Minaean inscriptions give Qarna'u. The place is the modern Ma'in. ^ The literature of South Arabian archaeology is widely scattered. The following is a selection of the more important works and articles on the numismatics, history, and geography of the district. There is a vast literature ARABIA FELIX xlv SABAEAN, HIMYARITE, AND KATABANIAN COINAGES. Since the rise of the Himyarites to power probably did not take place before the middle of the second century B.C., when their capital at Sapphar regia (Safar, near Yerhn) superseded the old Sabaean capital at Mariaba (Met rib), the earliest series of the coins with which we are concerned should strictly be regarded as Sabaean rather than Himyarite. Nevertheless, the chronology is so uncer- tain, and the series are interlaced in so curious a way, that it is dealing with the epigraphic remains, and the portion of the Corpus Inscriptiomim Semiticarum which includes the inscriptions is still in progress of publication. W. T. Filter, in Proc. Soc. Bihl. ^rc7i.,xxxix -(1917), has pub- lished an Index of the South Arabian Preiser Names contained in the C. /. S. Numismatics. Adr. de Longperier, Rev. Num., 1868, pp. 169 fF. ; W. F. Frideaux, Trans. Soc. Bihl. Arch., ii (1873), pp. 5, 6, 23; ibid., Jouni. As. Soc. Bemjal, 1881, pp. 95 fF. ; B. V. Head, Ntm. Chron., 1878, pp. 273 fF. ; 1880, pp. 303 fF. ; J. H. Mordtmann, Num. Zeit., 1880, pp. 289 fF. ; Gr. Schlumberger, Le Trcsor de San\l (Paris), 1880; Rev. Ntim., 1886, pp. 369 fF. ; Casanova, Rev. Nuvi., 1893, pp. 176 fF. ; D. H. Miiller und J. W. Kubitschek, Sudarahische Altertilmer (Vienna), 1899, usually hereafter quoted as ' M. u. K.' ; E. Babelon, Traite des Monnaies grecques et romaines, II, ii, pp. 686 fF. ; G. F. Hill, Ancient Coinage of Southe7-n Arabia, in Proc. Brit. Academy, vol. vii, 1915 (this is the basis of the present section). History and Geoyraphy. D. H. Miiller, Burgen und Schlosser Sildarabiens nadi dem Iklil des Hamddni, in Sitzungsber. d. Wiener Akademie, Bd. 94 (1879), pp. 335-423, and Bd. 97 (1880), pp. 955-1050 ; especially pp. 981-96 and 1012-23 of the latter volume ; see also his additions to the lists of kings in Zeitschr. Deutsch. Morg. Ges., 37 (1883), p. 390. E. Glaser, Die Abessinier in Arabien und AfrlJca, 1895. Martin Hartmann, Der Islamische Orient, ii {Die Arabische Frage), 1909, is written from the political and sociological rather than from the historical standpoint. The summary by Tkac in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, Realencyclopadie. viii, 2182 fF. (Homeritae), and his immense article 'Saba' in the same work, lA 2, 1298- 1511, may also be consulted. The latter appeared too late for consultation while this section was being written, but has been referred to later. I have been unable to obtain a sight of Fart I of vol. i of Eduard Glaser's Skizze der Geschichte und Geographie Arabiens (Munich, 1889). Vol. ii of the same book (Berlin, 1890) deals with the geography, and I have frequently referred to his more ingenious than convincing theoi-ies ; but the most useful treatment of this subject is still A. Sprenger, Die alte Geographie Arabietts (Bern, 1875). Xlvi INTKODUCTION very difficult to draw any line between them. Roughly speaking, we may assume that the earliest coins, which are direct imitations of the earlier Attic coinage, belong to the Sabaean period, while the later, flat coins (of that which we may for convenience call the San'a class},^ with a reverse type derived from the Attic coinage of the ' New Style ', the small coins with names and heads of various kings, and the ' l:>ucranium ' series must certainly belong to the Himyarite period. But there are certain single coins, or small groups, which, although in fabric and types they look fairly early, seem by their monograms and inscriptions to be intimately con- nected with the San'a class, apparently so much later. The following is an attempt at a provisional classification of the various series. I. Imitations of the Older Attic Types. a. Ohv. Head of Athena. Hev. Owl, with olive-spray, crescent, and AGE, more or less blundered ; traces of incuse square on some specimens [Pl. VII. 3-8]. The largest coins which appear to belong to this class are repro- ductions of the Athenian tetradrachm ; the only specimens known to me are at Berlin.-^ One is countermarked on the obverse with X (Sabaean H) and A ; another has something like a Sabaean mono- gram (possibly meant for m reversed, wnth [^ below it) scratched on the reverse. But these large coins are quite exceptional, and we are justified ' Since the great majority, if not all, of the known specimens in silver seem to have come from the great board discovered there and described by Schlumberger, Le Tresor de Sana (Paris, 1880). The place-name, correctly written, is Sau'd. ' D. H. Miiller and J. W. Kubitschek, Si'idarahlsche Altertiimer (Vienna), 1889, p. 76, I, nos. 474 and 183-7. All these coins were brought from South Arabia by Glaser or Mordtmann. It may be mentioned here that the imitation, in a different style, of an Attic coin bearing the name of Mazaeus, which is attributed by Babelon {Traite, ii, p. 679, no. 1095) to Yemen, has nothing to do with that district ; the supposed Irqih which is read on it is not a Himyarite letter, whatever it may be. Cf. Newell in Ani\/T)\\} One of these coins in the British Museum (PL VII. 29) appears to have a bare male head on the obverse, instead of the head of Athena ; but in its present condition this is not certain. The monogram ^ (= &|]3^ Yanaf) represents a regal surname ('exalted'). Mordtmann^ has remarked that this name occurs as the surname of three kings of Saba, all called Samah'ali ; of a king whose name is missing on an inscription of Sapphar," and elsewhere ; while in the form IANAA it is inscribed on one of the later Aethiopic coins. Mordtmann further notes that since the word has no significance in Aethiopic, the equation IANAA = f\y helps to confirm Von Gutschmid's theory that of the two names which occur on the Axumite coins one represents the under-king of Yemen. It is obvious that all the Sabaean or Himyarite coins with the Yanaf monogram are not necessarily to be attributed to one ruler on account of that monogram only. Nevertheless, it would be un- reasonable on the ground of fabric alone to separate the coins of the group now under consideration from those of the San'a class which are connected with them by the Yanaf monogram, the Aramaic inscription, and the pair of signs \^ V. We may, there- fore, attribute them to the same ruler, to whom must be due the introduction of the coinage imitated from the ' New Style ' Attic coins. To the elucidation of the Aramaic inscription I am unable to contribute anything definite, Mordtmann (loc. cit.) holds that it ' For convenience I call this henceforward the Aramaic inscription. M. u. K., p. 67, no. 14, give an additional letter on the right, which is. however, the remains of the A of the A0E. - mm. Zeit., 1880, p. 296 f. ; Z. D. M. G., xxxi, p. 90. ^ 'Amdan Bayyin, who struck coins at Sapphar (Raidan), was also called Yanaf (see below, p. Ixx) ; may his then be the missing name ? liv INTRODUCTION should be inverted, and reads it Vlagash, i.e. Volagases, an Arsaeid name. He points out that the writer of the Periplus Maris Erythraei says that part of the coast of Hadramaut and the island Massyra (Sarapidis insula) belonged to Persia, so that Yemen may have been in relation with Persia before Sassanian times. Never- theless, his reading is improbable for at least two reasons. First, the position of the Yanaf monogram and other details of the design show that the inscription should be read as here printed, and not outwardly. Second, the two letters on the extreme left cannot reasonably be given different values. The general character of the script recalls the Characenian Aramaic.^ It might accordingly be read nunyri)! (g-t-'-t-h-h).^ It is possible that the inscription indicates the intrusion from the neighbourhood of the Persian Gulf of some conqueror, who ruled in Yemen for a time, and introduced the new style of coinage. But if so, why did he retain the distinc- tive Sabaean or Himyarite Yanaf monogram on his coins 1 Another possibility is that the inscription was added to the coins by a native ruler in order to facilitate commerce with some tribes who used the script in question. II. Imitations of the Later Attic Type. San'a class (PI. VIII-X. 11). As stated above, the change from the old to the new Attic type probably took place during the reign of a single ruler ; nevertheless, ^ See the alphabet given by Drouin, Rev. Num., 1889, PI. VII. '^ Col. Allotte de la Fuye has been kind enough to give me his views on this subject in a letter. He regards the inscription as Aramaic, and the last two letters as more probably T^T) than nn ; the first letter may possibly be {i^ (since it sometimes approaches the Estranghelo form for that sound). He adds that Schlumberger's attempt to recognize Sabaean letters in this inscrip- tion must not, however, be lightly set aside ; it may be a cursive form of Sabaean writing. From this point of view he suggests YTnirin ~ ^^^n^J^? noting that for tp the form Y is actually found in some Sabaean inscriptions, and V in Abyssinian. But it would be odd to find a cursive form like this side by side with monograms showing the ordinary monumental forms. ARABIA — SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES Iv for purposes of classification it seems better to keep the two types separate. HeacP dates the coins of the San'a class as follows: Group with Arab head on obv., Aramaic inscription and monograms on rev. (PI. VIII. 2-8). Circa 70-40 B.C. Group with similar obv., monograms only on rev. (PI. VIII. 9-IX.ll). Circa 40-24 B.C. Group with Augustan head on obv., monograms on rev. (PL X.1-11). After circa 24 b.c. This classification is generally much more acceptable than that of Schlumberger,* It is true that the Attic coinage of the New Style by no means came to an end, or was even seriously restricted, under Sulla, as was formerly supposed; we now know that it went on until the time of Augustus. But the rule that a barbarous imita- tive coinage begins when the supply of originals falls off must not be rigidly interpreted. It would, for instance, be inconsistent to insist on this rule, in order to find a date 2^081 quein for the earliest San'a type, and yet fix the adoption of the later type, with the Augustan head^ by the expedition of Aelius Gallus in 24 B. c. But if the rule applies at all here, it is worthy of notice that the supply of the New Style Attic coinage shrank considerably during the periods circa 146-100 and 100-86 B.C. According to the latest chronology ^ of these coins we find that in Class I, circa 229-197 B.C., there are 17 series II. „ 196-187 B.C., 9 Ilia, „ 186-147 B.C., 31 ni/3, „ 146-100 B.C., 14 IV a, „ 100-88 B.C., 9 IV A „ 86-Augustus , 30 The time of greatest scarcity of Attic coinage was therefore from 146 to 86 B.C., and the date of the beginning of the corresponding Himyarite coinage may fall within this period. 1 Num. Chron., 1880, p. 310. - Le Tresor de San^A (Paris, 1880). 3 Head, Hist. Num.\ pp. 380 ff. Ivi INTRODUCTION If, on the other hand, ignoring tliis rule, we seek to associate the reform with some event in Himyarite history, we may find it in the inauguration of the Himyarite era in 115 b. c.,^ a date which, curiously enough, corresponds to within a single year with the middle of the period 146-86 B.C. It appears to me quite reason- able, on grounds of style, to place the accession of the ruler repre- sented by the Aramaic inscription about this time, and to date the San'a coins with that inscription during the period circa 115- 80 B.C. The other San'a coins with the Arab head may then be dated circa 80-24 B.C.; and the Augustan type during the last quarter of the century and the first half of the first Christian century. The head on the obverse of the pre-Augustan San'a coins is seen by its head-dress to be that of an Arab king or god. The encircling of the type by a wreath has been referred by Schlum- berger to Seleucid coins,^ and the strange border made up of small vases to the fillet-border on the same series ; and there are no chronological objections to this view. The resemblance of the ringletted head to certain heads on Ptolemaic and Roman coins is doubtless purely a coincidence. It is indeed remarkable that there are so few signs on the coinage of this district of that Ptole- maic influence, which is so evident in Nabataea. Possibly, how- ever, the weight of the gold coin discussed below may point to a connexion with Egypt. It is exceedingly difficult to decide whether the head ^ represents a god or a ruler. The features on one coin (PI. VIII. 2) are curiously like those of Obodas III of Nabataea in general effect. The face on another (PI. VIII. 3) shows a very different individuality. It is ^ Glaser, Skizze der Gesch. Arabiens, i, as quoted by Mordtmann in Z.D.M. G., xliv (1890), p. 175. 2 Cp. the coins of Demetrius I (162-150 B.C.); B.M.C., Seleucid Kings, PL XIV. 2. ^ The coins are sometimes so badly double-struck as to give the appearance of two heads jugate. This is seen, for instance, in PI. VIII. 10 and IX. 5, and doubtless the coin in the E. F. Weber Collection (Hirsch, Kaicd., xxi, 4331) was similar. ARABIA HIMYAEITES Ivil probable that both gods and rulers would be represented in the same sort of head-dress, even to the wearing of the ornament (globe-in-crescent) which appears on the head in some specimens, and which is doubtless the symbol of the moon-god.^ The more important groups of the coins of the San'a class may be classified as follows ^ : A. With Arab head. a. Gold and Silver with monogram of Yanaf. (P. 54, no. 1, PI. VIII. 1). The British Museum specimen is the only known gold coin of this class ; another gold piece at Berlin is catalogued by Milller and Kubitschek " in tlieir sixth class, i. e. among the later coins with two heads. Its reverse is described as a clumsy attempt at a cornucopiae ; can this be the curved sign f which we shall discuss presently ? The weight of our coin is 2-48 gm. = 38-3 gn. This maj perhaps be regarded as one-third of a Phoenician didrachm of 7-44 gm. It is possible that Egyptian gold coins may have been in circulation in Yemen. As we know nothing of the ratio prevailing between gold and silver, it is wiser not to speculate on the question of the value of this gold coin in silver units. Although it does not bear the mysterious Aramaic inscription, this coin is connected with the groups which do bear it by its fabric, the Yanaf monogram, and the curved sign* which appears in so many varying forms on the remaining Himyarite coins. This same sign, often resembling a sort of ribbon, is found also in ^ Compare the coins of Carrhae (PI. XII. 3, &c.). The globe in a crescent is found on various inscribed Himyaritic stones, as C. /. S., iv, 226, 285, 362. ^ I have been obliged to omit some of the varieties described by Mliller and Kubitschek, owing to their not being illustrated. 3 p. 78, no. 216. Wt. 0-31 gm., i. e. J of our coin. * I regard all the forms, whether voided (i-ibbon-like) or solid, as variations of the same sign ; for both voided and solid forms occur in precisely the same I'elation to the other details of monogram,&c.(e. g. p. 62f.,nos. 44-8j. Otherwise, since in one series we find the solid form on one side of the coin and the voided form on the other, it might have seemed that they represent two different signs. h Iviii INTRODUCTION lapidary inscriptions,' and has been regarded as a non-significant terminal or initial sign, or even as a misunderstood or degenerate cornucopiae, derived from a symbol on some Attic coin which started the fashion. Neither explanation will stand in view of the fact that the object occurs alone as a symbol in the field of certain coins, and of the importance which is assigned to it in the lapidary inscriptions. The editors of the C. I. >S'.^ see in it the symbol of a deity, possibly Ilmaqah or Ilmuqah.^ It occurs on a remarkable little inscribed stone,* a dedication to 'Athtar and Sahr, with four other symbols, thus (from r. to 1.): ' gazelle-bucranium ', dragon's head, curved symbol, a second smaller bucranium, and the stan- dard (?) sign to be discussed later. Since Ilmaqah is not mentioned in this dedication, the curved sign can hardly be regarded as exclusively, if at all, his symbol. Weber's '^ theory that the voided form of this symbol is only another form of the sign for "l is not tenable for reasons already given. The late Prof. L.W. King has here again solved the difliculty, so far as tracing the origin of the object is concerned ; for it is exactly like the curved weapon, consisting of three or more strips bound together, which is held, for instance, by King Eannatum on his stele in the Louvre.^ It seems doubtful whether the other gold coins which according to rumour have been found in Yemen were Himyaritic." Mordt- mann ® quotes Cruttenden as saying that rectangular gold coins were often offered for sale by shepherds in the neighbourhood of Marib, and Mohl for the story of the finding in the same place of 1 e.g., M. u. K., Taf. IX, 23; Bh-ch, PI. Ill (in the margin); 36, PI. XVII; C.I.S., iv, 2, Tab. IV, no. 393. ^ Commentary on iv, no. 366, p. 11 f. * On this deity see D. Nielsen, Mitt. d. Vorderas. Ges., 1909, 4. * C.I.S., iv, 458. This is in the Marshall Hole Collection at Bulawayo. ® Hilprecht Annivei'sary Volume, p. 276 f. ^ L. Heuzey, C. R. de I' Acad. d. Inscr., 1908, p. 418, fig. B ; Catal. des Antiqu.ifes chakUennes, pp. 102 ff. ; Decoiivertes en Chaldee, vol. ii, 1912, PI. 3 bis. ■^ Capt. W. H. Lee-Warner, however, assures me that he has seen some Himyaritic gold coins in the possession of a dealer at Aden. 8 Num. Zeif., 1880, p. 289. ARABIA — HIMYARITE8 Hx a chest full of gold coins, which were melted down. There is no reason to suppose that any of these last were Himyaritic rather than Persian or Aethiopic. As to the rectangular gold coins, they must be something otherwise quite unknown ; for the gold mohurs of Akbar never, to our knowledge, circulated in those parts. In the same class as the gold coin must be placed the silver coins at Vienna of the same style, viz. a half (2-38 gm.) and a minute denomination (0-16 gm.).^ These have the same symbols as the gold, and the larger one, at any rate, is exactly similar in other details (reverse border with pellet in crescent at top). The larger silver denomination has not yet been found. All the remaining coins of the San'a class are of silver, and of fairly good quality. p. (PI. VIII. 2-10). The distinguishing marks of this group are the Yanaf monogram ; inscr. PpT)\/T)\\ ; AGE (blundered) ; and the group of signs H (oi' H) Y () ^^ of which have been discussed above. The remains of AGE and the inscr. pPTiVDS^ hereafter dis- appear from the coins ; so do the signs \f\ V, but the curved symbol remains. ' y. Monograms : 9 = Yanaf. M. u. K., p. 69, no. 1, Taf. XIV. 15. S. Monograms the same as on preceding, but, in addition, on 1. J^ (= Jb + *1 + *1); on r., ^ attached to the bottom of the ^, thus j^. M.u. K., p. 69, no. 5, Taf. xiv. 18 ; p. 76, no. 218. With the former of the additional monograms, cp. the place Medr or Madar in the Hamdan district, where there were no less than fourteen castles : Sprenger, Alte Geogr. Arab., p. 221 ; C. I. S., iv. 5 ; M. u. K., p. 94 (from Al-Hamdani), ' M. u. K., p. 69, nos. 10 and 8, Taf. XIV. 22 and 19. Ix INTRODUCTION e. Monograms the same as on y, l)ut, in addition, on 1. ft = C?) + !] + "1 + 7 (the upper sign is given differently b}^ Kubitschek); on r., the same elements as in the right-hand monogram of 5 (i.e. * + i + ^ + 7 + ^) differently arranged. M. u. K., p. 69, no. 12, Taf. XIV. 20. \ \ ^. Monograms : = n + l + ^ + J. The i is perhaps not part of the mono- gram, but the separate letter which occurs frequently on this class. See, e.g., p. 57, no. 16. as on 8, and below it ]Jp = *l + 23 + ^ ; cp. (jl Ijelow. The name may be Shammar (Shammar Yuhar'ish was king of Saba and Raidan ^ : cp. G. I. S., iv. 407) ; but there was also a place-name *12/'D, C.I. 8., iv. 376, 1.9. M. u. K., p. 69, no. 6. 7]. On obverse, behind the head, ^. On rev., monograms T7 O + i + zb) reversed and another probably the .same as the second on C- M. u. K., p. 69, no. 13, Taf. XIV. 31 ; cp. p. 76, no. 190. The first monogram occurs on coins of the Bucranium class (see p. 64 f .) 0. (PI. VIII. 11, 12.) Monograms : nr = D + Jl + J (according to Muller - ^ + '^5 + ^ + ^ = Arabic J.-Jo, sic, for J^ ?). tId t, K. (PI. IX. 1-6) . Monograms : = 7Xy*T^ (Yada'il) according to Prideaux"; this is ^ But according to Glaser {Die Abessinie7; p. 31) a dated inscription shows that he reigned as late as A. d. 281, and was also the first who was king of Hadramaut and Yemanat as well as of Saba and Raidan. The monogram on the coins cannot therefore be his. ^ Biirgen u. ScMosser, as above, p. 995, note. ' See Muller, Burgen u. Schlossei; ibid. h ARABIA — HIMYAEITES Ixi accepted by Miiller and Mordtinanu.^ It is the name of five kings of Saba.^ (PI. IX. 7-9). Monograms : \h = ^ivn, Hadur, according to Mordtmann (p. 305), a castle and mountain between San'a and Kaukeban. Un- fortunately for this identification, this same monogram occurs on coins of King 'Amdan Bayyin which bear the mint-name of Raidan in full ; it therefore probably repre- sents a personal and not a place name. as above (i, k). These two monograms occur together on one group of the coins with the Augustan head. We may therefore regard this group (X) as the latest of the pre-Augustan series. yu. (PL IX. 11.) On this solitary coin, differing somewhat in workmanship from the others, the head is not laureate, and the monograms are unusuall}^ elaborate. One of them £/ combines n + ^ + *l + J, but the last may be merely the f^ which is found on so man}^ of these coins, so that the same name may be intended as in A. The other & includes 5 + J + * in its upper portion and 1(?) + f2+^ in its lower. Cp. ^ above. B. With Augustan head. f. Of this series, the first group must be that with the same monograms as on A preceding.^ (PI. X. 1, 2.) i- (PI. X. 3-11). Monograms : /jij = * + ^< + 7 + fi + tJ^; perhaps also i + l + V. This is also found on the Bucranium class. Muller interprets ^y hi+'^ + h+^ or ^ + y + n (nos. 34-5); ^ == * + :j + (?) + tJ^ (M.u. K., p. 77, no. 196) ; and ^ = -l(?^) + n + J + l + p + n (M. u. K., p. 78, no. 195), which is apparently only the monogram on our nos. 36-7 without the ^. A variety of our nos. 17-23 at Paris has the head on the obv. to r. (here PI. L. 2). All the coins of this class show the curved sign in two forms, the solid form on the obverse, the voided one on the reverse. Ihe border on the reverse looks like a deaenerate 1 C. I. S., iv, 289, V 15 ; 308, v. 13 ; cp. Mordtmann, Z. D. M. G., xxxi, p. 65. - Coins of this class were first published by Schlumberger in Rev. Num., 1886, p. 370 f. ; then (the same specimens) by Casanova, Fer. Niint., 1893, p. 183. ^ A specimen of this variety at Paris shows also a ^ on the obverse below the head (here PI. L. 3). A *\ also occurs in the same place on a Paris specimen, otherwise similar to nos. 8 ff. (except that the monogram on the reverse is on the right). ARABIA HIMYARITES Ixiii descendant of the amphora Ijorder on the San'a class. The other sign, like a standard, on the obverse is probably not a monogram, but some sort of religious symbol. It occurs in the relief of the five symbols dedicated to 'Athtar and Sahr mentioned above (p. Iviii) and also in inscriptions (e.g. Brit. Mus., no. 102,460).^ A small coin at Vienna (M. u. K., no. 12, Taf. XIV. 28) omits the ordinary types on both sides, and bears only the monograms or symbols. The metal of these coins is often comparatively poor ; there is a large proportion of base coins in the Vienna series.^ The curious type of the reverse is evidently connected with the animals' heads carved on certain of the inscribed stones from Yemen. Thus at Vienna ^ we find two bucrania, each with a sort of plume between the horns, and a somewhat similar bucranium occurs on a stone at Paris already mentioned.^ Stylized bucrania also form the decoration of another Vienna stone.^ On the altar in the British Museum ^ the design is simplified into almost pictographic form.'^ Casanova has noticed that the head on the Paris stone resembles a bull in its muzzle and a gazelle in its horns. There can be little doubt that it is the sacred beast of some deity, probably 'Athtar, as D^renbourg has suggested, since on some of the inscriptions it seems to be associated with that deity .^ ^ Weber {HilprecJit Anniversayy Volume, p. 275) recognizes its likeness to the spear-head of Marduk, which, however, lacks the cross-piece. ^ M. u. K., p. 70, nos. 1-12. Other copper coins of small size, with very degraded versions of the types, are in the possession of Comm. Carlo Conti Rossini, as he kindly informs me. 2 Hofm. 24; M. u. K., Taf. IX. Miiller holds that the bucrania here cannot have anything to do with bull-worship, because the inscription shows that the bucrania are used with a magical object : a complete non seqiiitur. It is to be noted that both on the Bulawayo stone and on that at Vienna the two bucrania are of different sizes. ^ Casanova in Eev. Num., 1893, p. 181. 5 Hofm. 123 ; M. u. K., Taf. XII. « Birch, PI. XV, no. 29. ■^ For other instances see Weber in Hilprecht Anniversai'y Volume, pp. 271 ff. ^ Nielsen, on the other hand, prefers to connect the stylized bull's head on the monuments with Ilmuqah, as the Sabaean moon-god {Mitt. Vorderas. Ges., 1909, 4, p. 52). Ixiv INTRODUCTION On one of the British Museum specimens of this series (no. 14), unfortunately much worn on the obverse, I seem to detect the sign X and even traces of IJJ to the right of it. These letters would indicate the mint of Harb (see below). Numbers of coins of this series have been brought to England by officers stationed at Aden during the war. Some were reported as being brought to Aden by an Arab from Zaaba ; others to have come from Marib. IV. There is a general agreement that the Himyarite coins which are inscribed with the full names of a series of kings, and which bear a head on either side, come last in the series in point of time (PI. XI. 1-20). It is also regarded as probable that Prideaux is right in his identification of Karib'il Watar Yehun'im, who struck coins at Raidan, with the Karab'il Watar Yehun'im,^ king of Saba and Raidan, known from a number of inscriptions, and with the Xapi(3arjX who was reigning at the time when the Periplus Maris Erythraei was written, that is about A.D. 70 or a decade or two earlier.- But since there were five rulers called Karib'il, it must be admitted that the last- mentioned equation, of the Charibael of the Pervpliis with the king who struck the coins, is open to dispute. Glaser, for instance,^ is inclined to identify the Charibael of the Periplus with the first of the kings of the name Karib'il, who apparently bore no extra titles. If this is so, then the Karib'il of the coins must come down a generation or two later. But he will still probably fall within the ^ Of the five kings called Karib'il mentioned in inscriptions, it is the son of Dharaar'ali Bayjun to whom the coins must be attributed (Prideaux and Miiller, Burgen u. Sciilosser in Sitzber. Wiener Akad., 97, p. 994). ^ W. Christ, Gesch. d. gr. LHt.^, 672. Glaser {Die Ahessinier, p. 140) claims to have fixed the date between a. d. 56 and 67. The latest discussion of the date of the Periplus is by Tkac, art. Saba above cited, who concludes (1465) that it was written about a.d. 40-5. The Periplus describes Charibael as reigning over the Homeritae and Sabaeans in his metropolis Sapphar, and being in constant diplomatic relations with Rome. ^ Op. cit., p. 37. ARABIA — HIMYARITES IxV second century after Christ. It may be remarked that it' we have to pick out our king who struck coins from among five kings of the same name, our choice will naturally fall upon that one who, like the Charibael of the Peri'plus, was in close relations with Rome, because such relations seem to indicate commercial prosperity. It may be added that the coins themselves seem to show the influence of the Roman denarius of the Neronian reduction (see below). Mliller assigns the rulers who, like Karib'il, call themselves ' Kings of Saba and Raidan ', to the last period of Sabaean history, ending about a.d. 100. Ilsharh Yahdib, king of Saba and Raidan, who is also mentioned in inscriptions, may be the 'iXdaapo? who was king of Mariaba or Marsyabae at the time of the expedition of Aelius Gallus (24 b.c.).^ Since his father Fara' Yanhub is called king of Saba only, the change from Sabaean to Himyarite domina- tion, with the corresponding transference of the capital from Mariaba to Raidan, may, Mliller suggests, have been connected with the expedition of Gallus.^ Mordtmann,^ on the other hand, would date the transference of the capital about the middle of the first century of our era ; and if the coinage inscribed with regal names began w^ith this transference, his date seems to suit the numismatic evidence better. If the identification of Ilsharh with 'iXdcrapo^ is correct, one might expect to find a monogram representing the name on some coin of the San 'a class ; but there is nothing of the kind. Another curious fact is that of the kings whose names can be read in full on the coins so few seem to be mentioned in the inscriptions.* It must, however, be remembered that many more inscriptions remain to be published. It is only fifteen years since the inscription containing the names of two Katabanian rulers, to whom as we shall see coins can be assigned, was first made known. 1 Strab., xvi, 782. 2 Cp. Mliller in Z.D.M.G., xxxvii (1883), pp. 10, 11. But it is doubtful whether the titulature of the kings on these inscriptions is so rigid that we can base an argument of this kind on it. ^ Z.D.ilf. (?.,xxxi, p. 72. * Cp. Glaser, Die Abessinier, p. 32, note. i Ixvi INTRODUCTION Longp^rier sees a general resemblance of the coins of the class now under consideration to those of the Characenian Arabs of the first and second centuries of our era,^ and suggests as the inferior limit for the coinage the breaking of the dam of Marib, which he supposes to have happened in the second century. But the date of this critical event is extraordinarily uncertain.^ This much is certain, that all these small coins, showing little change of style, belong to a comparatively restricted period." It is highly improbable that they should overlap with the large flat coins of the San 'a class : the non-numismatic evidence as to the date of Karib'il points to the second half of the first century after Christ; and since the tendency to a scyphate fabric, perceptible in these coins, is a sign of decadence, we cannot reasonably date any of the kings who struck them much earlier. On the whole we shall not be far wrong in assigning the coinage of this class to a period beginning about A. D. 50, and lasting about a century. The following is an attempt at the description and classification of this regal coinage.* ^ There is no resemblance to the Characenian coinage \\\ fabric. ^ Some authorities, as Redhouse {The Pearl-Strmgs, vol. iii, 1908, p. 7), place it in the time of the Achaemenidae ; Sale, soon after the time of Alexander the Great ; Caussin de Perceval, about a. d. 120 ; de Sacy about A. d. 150-170 ; and Glaser (who reckons three breaches) from A. D. 447-540 ! Of course there may have been more than one breaking of the dam ; but that which caused the dispersion of the Arabs was the one that mattered. ^ This is the answer to Glaser's question {Die Abessinief, p. 33) : ' Konnen wir nach dem oben Entwickelten tibrigens auch nur annehmen, dass alle Miinzkonige in so spate Zeit gehoren ? ' * The references to Mordtmann are to his useful article in Num. Zeit., 1880, where (pp. 307-16) he classifies this coinage under seven heads. To avoid confusion, it may be remarked that he calls the concave side obverse, the convex side reverse ; but the convex side was obviously the anvil side, and therefore the obverse, of the coin. Glaser {Die Ahessinier, pp. 32, note, 37) speaks of coins bearing the name 'Jahmal', who may possibly be the Ilsharh Yahm (?)... of the inscription Glaser 686. I have not been able to trace any specimens of this coin. ARABIA — HIMYA RITES Ixvii The general types of the coins are : i. (PI. XI. 1-20). Ohv. Head of the usual Himyarite type, with ringlets, usually with a monogram behind it. Rev. Smaller head of the same type, between two monograms ; above, king's name ; below, mint-name, ii. (PI. XI. 21, 22). Generally similar to i, but without any king's name. (See also M. u. K., Taf. XIV. .36, 37, 39 a, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46.) iii. Ohv. Monogram. Rev. As in ii. (See M. u. K., Taf. XIY. 38, 39.) The second and third types are confined to small denominations and, so far as I know, are represented only in the Vienna Cabinet among the coins from the Glaser Expedition, with the exception of two specimens of the second type in the British Museum. The two heads on the two sides of the coin are so much alike ^ that it seems natural to assume that they both represent persons of the same class ; that is to say, they are both human beings or else both deities. The inscriptions sometimes mention two brothers reigning jointly, but if the two heads on the coins represent joint rulers, it is strange that the name of only one is inscribed, and that too against the smaller head on the reverse. That smaller head, since the king's name is written against it, may be regarded as representing the reigning king. Is the larger head on the obverse the founder of the dynasty 1 Or have we here merely a repetition of the process which it is suggested took place on the Nabataean coinage, so that both heads represent the same person, the head on the reverse being repeated from the obverse when a type was required to take the place of the original owl *? ^ ^ Mordtmann, p. 308, says that the head on the rev. (his obv.) wears a wreath ; but the distinction certainly does not hold in most cases. Longperier (Rev. Num., 1868. p. 173) takes the two heads to represent the reigning king and a subordinate prince. ^ A somewhat similar problem arises in regard to the two heads on Axumite coins, and is discussed by Littmann [Deutsche Aksuni-Expedition, i, p. 46 j. But there the two heads differ in their dress, one being crowned. Ixviii INTKODUCTIOX i. Coins tvith kings' names. a. (PL XI. 1, 2.) Karib'il Yehun'ini Wattar ()X(D|llOf^yf JlftrDA im Dy^n'' 7X^15) son of Dhamar'ali Bayyin.^ The coins were first identified by Prideaux,^ who showed that the monogram on the obverse is the surname Wattar," which the king l^ears in the lapidary inscriptions. On his no. 2 Mordtmann reads a H in the border above the head, and behind it a monogram consisting of the letters V, t2, 1, ^ This contains the same elements as the names of two other kings who struck coins ('Amdan or 'Umdan). Since it cannot be a place- name (the mint-name being given on the other side), or another surname of the king, we may assume that it and the other monograms on the reverse represent magistrates of some kind (possibly one of them may be an eponym). Or it may represent the man who actually became king afterwards, in a subordinate capacity. So far it has not been possible to discover any definite rule about the use of monograms on these coins. On the reverse the king's second name is sometimes written HHV?' without the ain, as on the two specimens here catalogued. The mint-mark is always tHYX Raidan, the castle of Sapphar ; the regular title of the rulers of this period is p^Tl"! t^!}D *]7^, king of Saba and Dhu-Raidan."* In front of the head is always the sign «P (found also in slightly varying forms on coins of all 1 a I. S., iv, 373, cp. 37 ; Miiller, Burgen, ii, p. 994. 2 Miiller, loc. cit. ; Prideaux, J A.S.B., vol. 1, 1881, p. 98. Others are pub- lished by Mordtmann, p. 307; Miiller u. Kubitschek, p. 72, nos. 16, 17 ; p. 77, nos. 224, 483, and 481 (biat the last two are Mordtmann's specimens). ^ This solution of the monogram was found independently by Mordtmann, p. 308. * TOY PA€IAAN in the famous inscription of Aeizana*. C.I.G., iii. 5128. Hommel, in the Enzijlio})adie ties Islam, i, 39.5, says that the kings took their territorial title from ' the mountain Raidan near the Kattabanian capital Tamna' to the S.E. of Ma'rib '. Hut see M. Hartmann, Der Islamische Orient, ii, p. 168 f. There seems no reason to reject the statement of Hamdana that Raidan was the castle of Sapphar. ARABIA — HIMYARITES Ixix the other kings of this period except Yeda'ab Yanaf, Shahar Hilal, and Waraw'il Ghailan), This appears to be not a monogram, but some kind of symbol, analogous to the religious symbols on the coins of the San'a and Bucranium classes ; it occurs in inscrip- tions.^ On the left of the head, the British Museum specimens show monograms, or ?. The coins with kings' names on which this sign is absent are much fewer in number. C (PI. XI. 20.) Yeda'ab Yanaf (0*if | flfloH?, ^^' l^'^^'). Mordtmann points out that the name Yeda'ab occurs in inscriptions with the surnames Bayyin and Ghailan, but these are kings of Hadramaut ^ ; on the other hand the name is found with the surname Dhubayyin (riU'l) as the name of the son of a Katabanian priest-king, and we shall see later that the other rulers who struck coins at the same mint (Harb) as this Yeda'ab were Katabanians. The name also occurs among the deities and kings invoked at the end of certain inscriptions mostly found at Kharibat Sa'ud,'^ a day's journey north-east of Marib. All Glaser's ■' Kata- banian inscriptions came from the country between Marib and Shabwat, and they give as the name of the chief city Vi/^^ri, which is the Tamna of Eratosthenes, the Thomna of Pliny, the Thumna of Ptolemy, and, according to Glaser, the modern Tamna' in Wadi Baihan el Qasab."^ Now Eratosthenes says that the Katabanian country, which he mentions between the Sabaeans and the people of Hadramaut, came down to the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. It ^ This, and not the simple letter )^, seems to occur on Mordtmann's specimen as on ours ; on his, the head on the obverse appears to be turned to 1., not to r. ^ M. u. K., p. 72, no. 18. I have already noted that Glaser (Die Ahessinier, pp. 32, note, 37) speaks of coins with the name ' Jahmal ', and that I have not been able to trace these coins, of which he gives no details. 3 C. I. S., iv, 155, 308 ; cp. Mordtmann in Z. D. M. G., lii, p. 399. * Halevy, 630, 631, 632, 635 ; Z.D. M. G., xxx, p. 291, no. 5. ^ See his Ahessinier, p. 112. ® For Glaser's earlier identification of Tamna with Duranat Djaba or Dumnat Khadir see his Skizze, ii, p. 18 f. ARABIA — KATABANIANS IxXV would seem therefore that in his time the Katabanians occupied a good deal of the country which afterwards belonged to the Himyarites. There has been a general tendency to look for the capital Tamna somewhere in the south-west corner of the peninsula; but it is difficult to reject the evidence of the inscrip- tions.^ Now the coins of Yeda'ab Yanaf bear in their exergue, in the place where the mint-name normally comes, the name Harb.^ Mordtmann has accordingly suggested that Harb may be Kharibat Sa'ud, the place where the inscriptions with the name of Yeda'ab were found, and that both may be Caripeta, the furthest point reached by Aelius Gallus.^ Kharibat, however, merely means ' ruins ', and there are various places of that name. The name Har(i)b, again, is not singular; Manzoni marks one place of the name about 55 km. E. by N. of San'a on the way to Marib ; and there is another more important Harib south-east of Marib, about half-way to Nisab. Since the Katabanian coins were struck at Harb, is it not probable that it may have borne the same relation to the capital Tamna as Raidan did to Sapphar, i. e. that it may have been the stronghold of the Katabanian kings ? The coins of Yeda'ab Yanaf have no monograms on the obverse.* On the reverse, besides the familiar (^ and the incomplete mono- ^ See, for tlie latest discussion of Katabania and its capital, Tka2 in Pauly- Wissowa-Kroll-Witte, lA 2, 1326 f. ^ Col. Allotte de la Fuye notes that on a specimen in his collection the middle letter of the mint-name appears to be ^ or X rather than ); but the reading is very obscure, to judge from an impression before me, and the letter is clearly ) on other specimens. ^ Glaser (Shizze, ii, p. 58) is inclined to identify Pliny's Caripeta with Kharibat Sirivah (a long day's journey west of Marib). In the same work he distinguishes Strabo's Marsyabae from Mariaba, and thinks that Gallus never reached the latter; but in his Abessinier, p. 35, note, he seems not dis- inclined to admit that Marsyabae is Marib. Other views on the whole vexed question in Tkac, art. Saba above cited, 1353 ft". * Mordtmann describes two specimens as having a helmeted head on the obverse, but from his illustrations the appearance of the helmet seems to be deceptive. The head on the obverse is to the left on his no. 11 and on the Berlin coin, M. u. K., p. 78, no. 193. Ixxvi INTRODUCTION gram on no. 1, p. 75 of this Catalogue, we find a monogram Avhich, if rightly drawn by Kubitschek/ consists of ^ + 11; but in the illustration it appears to me to be more elaborate. The mint of Harb was also used by two other kings, who can be identified in a most satisfactory way with kings mentioned in inscriptions, and are represented each by a unique coin : — 77. Shahar (or Shahir) Hilal (11 V \ )Vj, SSn nnjT). This is presumably the Katabanian king, known from an inscription. The coin proves that Weber is right in correcting the reading of his second name from Yalil or Yagil to Hilal.^ His third name was Yuhargib (li'in*). The only known coin of this ruler, which is in the Vienna Cabinet,^ has the monogram £^ on the reverse, and weighs 0-77 gm. 6. Waraw'il Ghailan (h1?TI I Ift®)®. t^^^^ hi<)^\}, whose third name was Yehun'im, the son of Shahar Hilal, just mentioned. The inscription on the coin is incomplete,'* and is given by Kubitschek as in"TTl I Ifl^)) with an alternative reading by Glaser Hlffl I IWLfl]- Since O (y) and O {)) are so easily confused, especially on these tiny coins, we may quite certainly emend Kubitschek's reading, with the help of Glaser's, to 41f ^ I In®)®' the name of the Katabanian king who is known from the same inscription as his son Shahar.^ The solitary coin of this ruler, which is in the Berlin Cabinet, has on the reverse the monograms f^ and % (as drawn by Kubitschek) ; the latter I cannot resolve. The above identifications with Katabanian rulers perhaps justify 1 M. u. K., p. 73, 13, nos. 1, 2, Taf. XIV. 43. If no. 3 has no king's name following the letter ^, should it not have been catalogued after no. 4 ? As regards the Berlin specimens (p. 78, nos. 479, 193, 484, 480), all but the second were acquired from Mordtmann, and are doubtless identical with three of the four described by him on p. 315, but it is not quite clear which is which. ^ D. Nielsen, Xeue Katahanische Inschtiften, in Mitt. Vorderas. Gesellsch. 1906, 4, p. 17 ; O.Weber, Stiidien ziir sildarah. Alteiiumt<'kunde, ibid.. 1907, 2, pp. 12 ff'. 3 M. u. K., p. 73 /3, no. 4. * M. u. K., p. 78, no. 191. Berlin. Wt. 1-52 gr. ^ D. Nielsen and 0. Weber, as above. ARABIA HIMYARITES Ixxvii US in i-L'^arding the group of coins without the characteristic mark «j» as distinctively Katabanian. And if our dating of these coins to the period a.d. 50-150 is approximately correct, Glaser's theory ^ that Katabania was absorbed into Hadramaut in the second century B.C., and that at the time of the expedition of Aelius Gallus the Katabanian king- dom had ceased to exist, needs considerable revision. ii. Coins ivith ttvo heath, hut without the Icing's name. With the exception of the two pieces described in this Cata- logue (pp. 74-5), all the published coins of this class are in the Vienna cabinet. They all belong to small denominations, and it may be assumed that the absence of the king's name is merely due to lack of space. They fall into the following groups : a. Obv. Head r. Rev. Head r. ; ou I. «p ; sometimes on r. ? ; in exergue ^Hf) (Raidan). PI. XI. 21. M. u. K., p. 72, nos. 19-23, Taf. XIV. 36, 37. fj. Obv. Head r. Bev. Head r. ; on r. J, on 1. a combination of 4> with y ; in exergue JJO*] (Na'am). M. u. K., p. 72/3, nos. 1, 2, Taf. XIV. 39 a, 40. y. Olv. Head r. Bev. Head r. ; on I. a> ; in exergue nOj (Ya'ub). M. u. K., p. 72 y, nos. 1-5, Taf. XIV. 41, 42. 8. Obv. Head r, Ilev. Head r. ; on 1. t, on r. ^ ; in exergue ^rilT (Yuhabir). M. u. K., p. 73 B. a, nos. 1, 2, Taf. XIV 47, 48. e. Obv. Head r. ; sometimes on 1. a monogram, sucli as r*l . Eev. Head r. ; monogram of J and ^ or r^ ; in exergue ri/M-l (Harb). Brit. Mus., p. 75, no. 2, PI. XI. 22 ; M. u. K., p. 73, nos. 5-10, Taf. XIV. 44-6. If we assume, as Miiller and Kubitschek assume (and it is diffi- cult to take any other view), that the names in the exergue of the reverses of these five groups represent mints, it is strange that three out of the five mints should be represented only on these ^ Die Ahessinier, pp. 77, 114 f. Ixxviii INTRODUCTION poor little coins. Haib itself, it must be admitted, may be a man's name.^ As to Na'am, it can be both a man's name and the name of a castle.^ Ya'ub and Yuhabir, on the other hand, seem to be known, apart from their occurrence on these coins, onlj^ as sur- names of kings of Saba and Raidan." One of these kings, Tha'ran Ya'ub, struck coins at Raidan. The other, Dhamar'ali Yuhabir, was the father of a Tha'ran, presumably this same Tha'ran Ya'ub. This is a remarkable coincidence, if it is nothing more. We have to choose between two alternatives : either the names Yuhabir and Ya'ub on these coins represent not mints, but the two kings in question, or they represent mint-places which were founded by and named after these kings, just as the fortress of Na'am was named after its founder Na'am.* The Yanaf monogram occurs on the Raidan coins (a), and sug- gests that they may have been struck by 'Amdan Bayjnn Yanaf ; it is less reasonable to attribute them to Yeda'ab Yanaf because that king's coins were struck not at Raidan but at Harb, and do not bear the sign a. On 13 we find, combined with the sign J, the letters f and y. These might possibly stand for HO^iVf (Yehun'im), the surname of Karib'il and Shamnar, or Bfl^V? (Yehuqbid), the surname of 'Amdan. It is again a curious coincidence, if nothing more, that the supposed mint-name ||0*| in the exergue of these coins, if read in continuation of the two isolated letters, gives the name JJOitT (Yehun'im). y may conjecturally be attributed to Tha'ran Ya'ub, and S to Dhamar'ali Yuhabir, his father, even if we suppose the names in their exergues to be the names of mints; for the assumption — 1 See Mordtmann u. Miiller, Sabaische Denkmaler, p. 100; C.I.S., iv, 345. 2 C.I.S., iv, 154; cp. iv. 21 and 1 Chron. iv. 15. The name is a place or clan name {C.I.S., iv'. 37, v. 4 ; 74, v. 18 ; 117, v. 1 ; Z.D.M. G., xxix, p. 227; cp. Haitmann, Der islam. Orient, ii, p. 291). ' Tha'ran Ya'ub, whose coins are described above, and Dhamar'ali Yuhabir, C. I. S., iv. 365 and 457. ' C.J.S., iv, 154. AEABIA HIMYARITES. STANDARDS Ixxix taking- it for what it is worth — is that these mints were established by the jDersons whose names they bore. € bears a monogram of ^ and ^J, which may represent Yeda'ab, whose inscribed coins were struck at Harb. iii. Finally, there are two coins which bear on the obverse a monogram, on the reverse a head, the mint-name Raidan, and the sign «p.^ The monogram is that which is already familiar to us from coins of the San'a class (above, p. Ixi, A) and of 'Amdan Bayyin (above, p. Ixxi), Possibly the coins were struck by the last-named king. Here also may be mentioned a coin which Kubitschek has placed in a seventh class by itself.^ On the obverse it has a monogram which he draws j[J ; on the reverse ®X(, i-e- Wattar, and the curved symbol below it. It is natural to give this coin to Karib'il Wattar Yehun'im ; but it must be remembered that there were other kings bearing the name Wattar." The Standard of the Coinage. As Kubitschek^ has remarked, the standard in use was leased on the Babylonian drachm of 5-6 gm. (86-4 grains troy). The highest weight recorded for coins of this denomination of the earlier class is 5 55 gm.'' On the other hand, among the coins of the San'a class we find the maximum of this denomination reaching 5-62 gm. (86-7 gn.).*^ The maxima of the various denominations are given in grammes 1 M. u. K., p. 72, nos. 24, 25, Taf. XIV. 38, 39. On the second coin there is another sign to the left of the monogram, but it is half obliterated ; if Kubitschek reads it right, it is the Y of the earlier coins. 2 p. 74, vii. 1, Taf. XIV. 50. JP. plated ; wt. 0-24 gm. ^ AsYatha' 'amar Wattar (C. 7. &, iv. 490) and Wattar Yuha'min {C.I.S., iv. 10 and 258). " M. u. K., p. 66. 5 lUd., p. 76, no. 217. ® p. 54, no. 2. IXXX INTRODUCTION in the following table (based on the coins in the British Museum and Schlumberger's and Kubitsehek's lists) : Three units. Unit. Half. Quarter. Eighth. Earlier Class 16-95 5-55 2-Gl 1-35 0-55 Transitional Class 5-41 1-48 San'a Class 5-62 3-10 1-33 0-40 The high weight reached by the half in the San'a class is remarkable ; but it is possible that the two coins at Vienna and Berlin,^ weighing 3-10 and 3-05 gm. respectively, are accidentally over- weighted, since otherwise the maximum of this group is 2-85 grn.^ The weight 0-16 gm. is reached by two small coins at Vienna,^ but the weights of these minute denominations are apt to 1 >e irregu- lar, so that it is impossible to say what they represent. The Berlin Museum, as already stated, possesses six'* coins of approximately the weight of the Attic tetradrachm (ranging from 16-95 to 16-35 gm.), imitated from the earlier Attic type, but differing from the smaller coins in the absence of any Sabaean letter on the obverse. All appear to have come from South Arabia, having been acquired from Mordtmann and Glaser. A tetradrachm of purely Attic origin was acquired by the British Museum along with the Himyarite coins purchased from Salunjie of Aden. It is clear therefore that the Arabians were not only familiar with the Attic tetradrachm, but made imitations of it of somewhat low weight. Nevertheless, in consideration of the comparative rarity of these larger coins, and of the steady persistence of the piece of about 5-62 gm. as the dominant denomination throughout the period of the coinage, we are justified in regarding the latter as the unit. The pseudo-Attic tetradrachm, as Kubitschek has pointed out, is a tridrachm expressed in terms of the piece of 5-62 gm. In the same way, in the little group of coins attributed below 1 M. u. K., p. 69, no. 12, and p. 76, no. 218. 2 p. 58, no. 18. » M. u. K., p. 69, nos. 8, 9. * Ibid., p. 76, nos. 474 and 183-7. One of these is the conntermarked coin already mentioned. ARABIA — HIMYARITES. STANDARDS IxXxi to the Minaeans, we have an Alexandrine Attic tetradrachm or Babylonic tridrachm of 16-72 gm. The weights of the coins of the class with the bucranium reverse are very irregular, and the metal is frequently very base, so that any attempt to ascertain their standard is likely to be futile. Fifty-six specimens of which the weights are available range from 0-30 to 3-63 gm.; the weight aimed at was, however, apparently in the neighbourhood of 3-10 gm.^ The denominations employed for the latest class of Himyarite coins are so small that here again it is difficult to come to any conclusion about the standard.^ The maximum recorded weight seems to be 2-26 gm. (a coin of 'Amdan Bay y in Yanaf, from the alleged Abyssinian find), but this is quite exceptional. Another coin of the same ruler from the same find weighs 2-02 gm. These are clearly outliers; the table of frequency ^ shows that there is a fairly continuous series from 1-83 gm. down to 1-00 gm. ; thus, at intervals of 0-10 gm., we get 1-80 gm. 15 specimens 1-70 24 1-60 46 l-oO 48 1-40 30 1-30 14 1-20 10 MO 7 1-00 2 This indicates (allowing for loss of weight by circulation) that the norm was in the neighbourhood of 1-60 gm. The coins ' In a table of frequency we get the highest number (ten coins) at S-IO gm. ; eight at 2-90 gm. ; four at 3-20 gm. and 2-50 gm. But the material is inadequate for this method. ^ It is unfortunate that Mordtmann's weighings of his coins are hard to reconcile with those given by Kubitschek for the coins acquired from Mordtmann by the Berlin Museum. ^ Calculated from the coins in this Catalogue and in Miiller und Kubitschek, and from others which have passed through my hands. 1 Ixxxii INTRODUCTION weighing less than 1-00 gm. fall into two groups, representing probably the half and the quarter of the highest denomination, at about 0-80 and 0-40 gm. respectively. Most probably the highest denomination represents half the weight of the Neronian denarius (1-71 gm,). MINAEAN COINAGE. The remarkable imitation of an Alexandrine tetradrachm in the Cabinet of the University of Aberdeen, the Arabian source of which was hrst recognized by Head,^ stands quite apart from the rest of the South Arabian series in every particular except the script. I follow Head's description : Ohv. Head of young Herakles r., in lion's skin. Border of dots. Rev. Ojfnh ((^^ v^ S^n^^X, 'Abyatha') in the Himyarite character. Figure imitated from, or rather suggested by, the Zeus on the coins of Alexander, seated left on throne, his feet on footstool. He rests with his left arm on sceptre. The upper part of his body is naked, the lower limbs draped. The face is beardless, and the hair falls in curls, in the Arab fashion. In his right hand, instead of the eagle, he holds apparently a flower. Outside the inscription and parallel with the sceptre is a long perpen- dicular line of dots. In the field in front of the figure is the Himyaritic letter f\ {Alif). M 8i [30 mm.]. \Vt. 258 gn. [16-72 gm.]. [Die-position \]. PI. XV. 3 [here PI. L. 5]. The apparent radiation round the head on the reverse seems to be due to creases in the impression from which the cast photographed by Head and the electrotype now in the British Museum were made. The original Alexandrine from which this piece was imitated belonged to Muller's Class V. Head remarks that the original was doubtless struck about 200 B.C. We may date the coin itself to some time in the second century B. C. ' Num. Chroit., 1880, pp. 803 ff. ARABIA — MINAEANS Ixxxiii Since this coin seems to belong to a different category from the other South Arabian coins, which form one connected series attri- butable to the Sabaean and Himyarite rulers, we are justified in looking for its origin in one of the other two great Arabian tribes, viz. the Minaeans or the Chatramotites. Now it happens that a typical Minaean name is S?1^iX , Abyada*. Mordtmann has already remarked ^ that the Abyateh who was subdued by Assurbanipal in the middle of the seventh century B.C. must have been king of Ma'in, because his name, which is to be equated- with S?1^!3X, is peculiar to the Minaean royal race. We seem therefore to be justified in removing this coin from the Sabaean- Himyarite series and placing it in a separate class as Minaean. But to which of the kings Abyada' who are mentioned in the inscriptions it is to be attributed depends on the dates of those inscriptions, a question on which I do not feel competent to pronounce. D. H. Miiller^ places Abyada' Yathi' in the second group of Minaean kings ; if his third and last group was contemporary with the latest Himyarite dynasty of which we have coins (the fixed point among which is Karib'il, about a. d. 50-70), then kings of his second group may possibly have been reigning during the second cen- tury B.c^ The Aberdeen tetradrachm carries with it the curious bronze imitation of an Alexandrine drachm (PL XI. 23), which came from the Prideaux Collection, therefore probably from Arabia. The resemblance to the tetradrachm is very striking, especially in the modelling of the figure on the reverse. The reverse type of a small coin at Vienna^ is also imitated 1 Z. D.M. G., xliv (1890), p. 183. - The form VH^^X occurs in the Obne inscription ; see Homniel, Sildarab. Chrestotnathie, p. 119. 3 Burgm ti. ScMosser, as above, p. 1012. Muller's arrangement is disputed in certain details by Mordtmann, Z.D.M.G., xlvii, pp. 407 ff. See further M. Hartmann, Der islamische Orient, ii, pp. 126 ff. * The Minaean dynasty was still flourishing in the third century B. c, by the evidence of Eratosthenes (see Mordtmann in Z. D. M. G., xliv, p. 184). Hartmann, oj). cit., p. 132, thinks it came to an end about 230 B. C. 5 M. u. K., p. 70, Taf. XIV. 23. Wt. 0-41 gm. (fy of the Alexander drachm). IxXXiv INTRODUCTION from the Alexandrine coinage, with less modification than the tetradrachm above discussed ; the obverse shows a bare male head, with short curly hair, and a skin (lion-skin?) fastened round his neck. The ancient Minaean capital is probably represented by impor- tant ruins at Ma'in, about 1^ hours east of El-Hazm Hamdan, in the middle Jauf.^ The ancient writers give Kama or Karnaua (Qarna'u ; see above, p. xliv) as the name of the capital. Important Minaean sites are also at Es-Sud and Beraqish.^ These are all in the interior, whereas the statement of Eratosthenes that the Minaeans lived iu tS> npo^ 'EpvOpau /lipeL seems to point to the coast." Probably the geographer's use of the phrase merely implies south-western Arabia generally, which is bounded by the Arabian Gulf (the Red Sea in the modern acceptation) and the Gulf of Aden, Both these pieces of water were included by the ancients in the Red Sea. To sum up : we have seen that the coinage of Southern Arabia Felix may be divided into (1) the coinage of the Sabaean dynasty, merging into that of the Himyarites, with a small group that can be assigned with practical certainty to the Katabanians ; (2) a small group which stands apart, and may be attributed to the Minaeans. It is doubtful whether any of the coinage is earlier than the third century B. c, although the Attic prototype is of the fourth century. The influence of Athens is dominant as regards morphology, that of Persia in the standard. The coinage probably comes to an end in the second century of the Christian era. ^ J. Halevy, Rapport sur une mission archeologique clans le Yemen, 1872, p. 75. ^ See Mordtmann in Z.D.M. G., xlvii, p. 408; Ma'in = Qaniau, Beraqish = Yathil. ^ Glaser accordingly {Ahessinier, p. Ill) supposes that Eratosthenes cannot mean the Minaeans of the period of the Minaean kingdom, known from inscriptions, since these inhabited the Jauf ; and that at most he could mean the Minaeans whom Pliny describes as living in the immediate neighbourhood of the frankincense country. NORTH ARABIA IxXXV NORTH ARABIAN IMITATIONS OF ATHENIAN COINS. Head has published- a group of very barbarous small imita- tions of the earlier Attic type, some of which come from the land of Midian. Burton obtained at Macna (Muqna') on the east coast of the Gulf of Aila an ancient plated coin copied from one of the earlier Attic tetradrachms. Unfortunately Head did not illustrate this, and it is not clear how precise he intended to be in describing it as of the same class as the coin next to be mentioned (see PI. XI. 26). This, which has recently been presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. Mavroo-ordato,^ weighs 10-87 gm., and is of copper or bronze, without trace of plat- ing. It is said to have been found in Babylonia hy Loftus. This is not in favour of its Arabian origin, though it may well have passed across the neck of the Arabian peninsula to the head of the Persian Gulf ; but Head points out that it is the prototype of small coins already mentioned as having been acquired by Burton at Muqna'. On these the degradation has proceeded still farther, the types being almost unrecognizable, and the fabric similar to that of the small bronze coins of the Jewish rulers in the late second and first centuries b. c. ' Among them,' says Head, ' and at first sight hardly to be distinguished from the rest, I have found coins struck hy the Maccabaean princes, Alexander Jannaeus and Alexander II, a coin of Herod Archelaus, and several coins of Tiberius, one struck in a. D. 30 l:)y Pontius Pilate, also a few coins of the Nabathaean king, Aretas II, 7 b. c. to A. D. 40 .'^ Clearly then these imitations, although derived from the earlier Attic 1 Num. Chron., 1878, pp. 274, 283, PI. XIII. 17-22. These coins are the property of the Camberwell Public Library, but are deposited in the British Museum on indefinite loan, so that it has been possible to include them in this Catalogue (pp. 78 fi"., PI. LV. 2-9). I have not been able to identify among the pieces that I have seen all those described by Head, e.g. nos. 18, 19 on his plate ; doubtless these have gone astray between 1878 and 1920. 2 The Photiades coin (Froehner's Catalogue, lot 785) seems to be something of the same kind. ^ For the last vrords read ' Aretas IV, 9 b. c. to a. d. 40 '. IxXXvi INTRODUCTION type, must have been made as late as the first century B. c, since their fab)'ic is that of coins which would only have come into circulation in North Arabia in the last third of the second century. The British Museum possesses (see PI. XI. 24, 25) two other imitations of the Athenian tetradrachm which, although their provenance is not known, alike differ from any other Eastern imitations in certain peculiarities, which at the same time seem to connect them with the Loftus coin. These are, on the obverse, the large curve on the cheek under the eye, and, on the reverse, the treatment of the olive-spray, which, with a little more formalization might well develop into the form which it takes on the Loftus coin. Both still retain traces of the incuse square, and are evidently, to judge by the treatment of the eye, copied from a quite early variety of the Athenian coinage. They have been tentatively included in this Catalogue as earlj'' examples of the Arabian imitations circulating in the northern part of the peninsula. Finally, among Arabian imitations of Athenian coins, may be mentioned the curious piece (PI. L. 4) belonging to Mr. J. de Morgan, and illustrated here by his permission. It was procured by him at Muscat. The crest of Athena's helmet is represented by a row of annulets. On the reverse the owl is incuse; on the left are three letters, HM^ (^), and on the right a crescent above a sign resembling the Cypriote sign for ba. MESOPOTAMIA. The cities considered under this heading were all included in the Roman province of Mesopota^mia.^ The region was conquered by Trajan at the same time as Armenia and Assyria, as a result of his campaigns of a.d. 114-16; but it was given up by Hadrian, and ^ Kiepert, Formae Orbis Antiqui ; Mommsen, Provinces, ii, 68 fF. The details in Marquardt, Rom. Staatsverw., P, 435 ff., are for the most part worthless, owing to his uncritical use of the numismatic evidence. MESOPOTAMIA CARKHAE IxXXvii only partly recovered by the campaigns of L. Verus (a. u. 162-5). It was first properly organized by Septimius Severus. The Romans held it with varying completeness until Jovian in 363 ceded all east of the Chaboras to the Persians. It is bounded on the north by Armenia, on the west by the Euphrates, on the east by the Tigris ; southwards it may for a time have extended to the sea ; but the coinage of the southern portion was issued from Babylon and Seleucia,^ and none of it comes into the period of the Roman Province ; it is therefore dealt with under the heading Babylonia. ANTHEMUSIAS. Anthemusias (also called Anthemusia or Anthemus) is identified by Regling ^ with Batnai and the modern EsJci-Seruj. It was a Macedonian foundation and took its name from the Macedonian Anthemus. All the coins that can be verified are of the reign of Caracalla, who, as Regling suggests, may have visited the place on his eastern campaign.^ The reverse type is a head of the City- goddess (PL XII. 1, 2). On some specimens she wears a crescent on her turreted crown, as at Carrhae. CARRHAE. Carrhae, or Harrdii, Crasd ciade nobiles, lay at the junction of tlie rivers Skirtos and Karrha.^ It is described by Dio Cassius (37, 5) as a Macedonian colony. It was famous in antiquity for ^ Seleucia is usually included by numismatists under Mesopotamia ; but its nearness to Babylon and the unlikeness of its coinage to the otherwise homogeneous Roman coinages of Mesopotamian cities make it desii'able to transfer it to Babylonia. ^ In Lehmann's Beitrage zur alten Gesch., i, pp. 450-6. ^ Sestini (Mus. Hed., iii, p. 123. n. 1, Tab. XXXII. 3) gives a coin of Maximinus, which is apparently like our no. 2 (Caracalla). The reverse inscription on no. 1 is probably to be completed as AN0€MO VCI AC. A coin of Domitian which has often been published is of Anemurium in Cilicia (see B. M. C, Lycaonia, &c., p. xli, note 2). * Regling in Lehmann's Beitr. z. alt. Gesch., i, map at p. 445 ; E. Sachau, Beise in Syrien u. Mesopotamien, 1883, pp. 217 ff . ; D. Chwolsohn, Die Ssabitr unci der Ssahismus (1856), i, 303 ff. IxXXviii INTRODUCTION its cult of the Moon-o-od, the Babylono-Assyriau Sin, here called Ba'al-Harran.^ The coinage extends from Marcus Aurelius ■^ to Gordian and Tranquillina. Most, if not all, of the quasi-autono- mous coins attributed to Carrhae belong to other mints. Thus the piece described by Duraersan ^ and Millingen * {ohv. bearded head r. rev. XAPP three ears of corn) is a common coin of Tingis in Mauretania^ with a Punic inscription ; and Arigoni's piece {ohv. head of Helios, with torch in front, rev. bucranium surmounted by a crescent and two stars with the inscription ETCKAP PHNnN) is of Stectorium in Phrygia.*' Here may be mentioned a curious bronze coin in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge : Ohv. Figure of armed goddess ou basis, facing, with round shield on 1. arm, wielding axe (?) in r. ; inscription KAIKOACO N€IAC Border of dots. Rev. On a basis, a baetyi, decorated with an eagle displayed, and with a crescent(?); inscription AACB^filA^ Border of dots. M 19 mm. Dr. Imhoof-Blumer kindly informed me that a specimen formerly in his collection read MHTPOTTOACCJC on the reverse, on the right side, where the Fitzwilliam coin is deficient ; on the other hand his specimen failed altogether where that in the Fitzwilliam Museum shows considerable though obscure remains of lettering. I had been inclined to read these remains as AA€ZANAP€IAC and to attribute the coin to Carrhae, regarding KAI on the obverse 1 Cf. Chwolsohn, op. cit., i, pp. 399 ff., and the article Sin by Jeremias in Roscher's Lexicon, 890 f. ^ Unless Invent. Waddington, 7287, is rightly read, in which case the coinage begins with Antoninus Pius. * Cabinet Allier de Hauteroche, 1829, p. 114. * Sylloge, p. 82, PI. IV. 63. ^ L. Miiller, Numism. de VAfrique anc, iii, p. 146. ® Sestini, Catal. Num. vet. Mtts. Arig. (1805), p. 89. The type is coramon in Phrygia ; see the coins of P^ucarpeia, Hieropolis, and Peltae, B. M. C, Phri/gia, PI. XXVI. 7 ; XXXII. 5 ; XLI. 5. MESOPOTAMIA — CARRHAE JXXXIX as a miswriting of KAP. The type of the reverse would be quite appropriate to Carrhae. Further examination, however, inclines me strongly to read AAOAIKIAC. If I am right, the coin must belong to Laodicea ad Mare. The type of the obverse would then be the Artemis Brauronia, who appears on the coins of that city, with axe and shield, accompanied by deer.^ The baetyl of the reverse, on the other hand, must be the stone of Elagabal, which on the coins of the neighbouring Emesa is represented adorned with an eagle. ^ Sestini^ has published the following coin from the Munich Cabinet : Ohv. Crescent with star, resting on globe. Rev. KAPPHNflN Crab. JE size 4. If this is correctly described, the crab presumably stands for the constellation Cancer. The ethnic of Carrhae is given as Kappalo^ by Dio Cassius, as Kappaio9 or Kapprji/6^ by Stephanus. Only the latter form (some- times written with one p) is found on the coins. Where the name of the city appears instead of the ethnic, it takes the form KAPPA.* On a coin of Sept. Severus we find this in the genitive miswritten KAPCJN. The books of the older writers on Carrhae swarm with mis- readings.'* On the authenticated coins the following titles appear, usually abbreviated : IAOPnM€0|. M. Aurelius and L. Verus ; possibly also Com- modus. See Eckhel, iii, p. 509. AYPHAIA, AYPHA(iai/oO. From Commodus onwards. 1 Wroth, B. M. C, Galatia, &c., p. 263, no. 113, PL XXXI. 5. - Wroth, 02?. cit., PL XXVIL 12; cf. B.M.C., Palestine, p. xxxii. ^ Classes generales, 1821, p. 156. * Macdonald, Hunter. Catal., iii, p. 301, 3-5. ® Grave doubt attaches to Sestini's description of a word in oriental script on a coin of Elagabalus {Mits. Hede>v., iii, p. 124, 8 ; cf. Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier, p. 413). m XC INTRODUCTION AOYKIA. Septiniius Severus. See MsLcdonald, Hunter. CataL, iii, p. 301, 2. KOAflNEIA. From Septimius Severus onwards. MHTPOTTOAIC. From Caracalla onwards. MHTPOTTOAIC MECOn(ora/xray). Severus Alexander; some- times with A added in the field (for TTPnTH). See Eckhel, iii, p. 509. Vaillant's coin of ' Marcus Aurelius ' with this title is doubtless really of Severus Alexander. On the Latin coins of Caracalla the titles are Col{onia) Met{roi)olls) Antoniniana Aur{elia) Alex{andriana) or Got. Aur. Metropolis Antoniniana. According to Eckhel one coin with the latter legend adds CA, and indeed this affords the reason for the attribution of these Latin coins to Carrhae. Numerous coins of M. Aurelius, L. Verus and Commodus ^ have been published by Arigoni, Vaillant, Sestini and others, which would seem to show that Carrhae was a colony before the time of Septimius Severus; and Eckhel and other good authorities have not questioned the readings. In no case, however, have I been able to verify them. Some of them combine the colonial title with the epithet IAOpnMAIO|, but how should Roman colonists be described as 'Friends of Rome ' r- Yet, if KOAHNEIA really appears on coins of Commodus, the latter portion of the word may have been the source of the readings KOAHN. €. If. given by Arigoni and KOAHN. SEIUN. quoted by Rasche from Odericius. The titles Lucia Aurelia were, as Macdonald has remarked, derived from Verus, who effected the Roman conquest of Mesopotamia. Whether, however, either of them appears before the time of Commodus seems to be doubtful; and of AOYKIA the only occur- rence seems to be on a coin of Severus. ^ I observe that, as at Edessa, it is easy to confuse the portrait of Septimius Severas on these poor coins with those of some of the Antonines. ^ Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier, i, p. 394, sees the difficulty and attempts to explain it away. Prof. J. S. Reid also suggests to me that the title may have been taken by the Carrhenes to declare their loyalty to Rome, before the foundation of the colony, and retained afterwards. But the title remains otiose in the case of colonists, however unreal their Roman character may have been. MESOPOTAMIA CARRHAE XCl Imhoof ^ has suggested the attribution to Carrhae of two silver tetradrachms, the style of which, and the form of oxide with which they are encrusted, point to a Mesopotamian origin. He describes them as follows : 1. AYT K M AY [C€ ANTWJNINOC C€. Bust of young Caracalla 1., laureate ; on his back, scale-cuhass, on his 1. arm, shield. Rev. POC [BACI]A€YC (Babelon, no. 33, PL V. 7, here PI. L. 12). (5) There are also some coins (Babelon, pp. 258 fl'.) which bear on the obverse the bearded portrait of king Abgar (PI. L. 14), and on the reverse a portrait of Ma'nu (MANNOC with beardless bust (PI. XIV. 8, 9), or MANNOC TTAIC with bearded bust, here PI. L. 13). Both persons wear the tiara. It is clear that this Ma'nu was associated in youth with his father Abgar. The question arises : are these two persons Abgar VIII and an otherwise unknown son Ma'nu wdio was associated in the kingship, but did not succeed his father, and is not known except from the coins ? Or are they Abgar IX Severus and his son, who, according to Dionysius of Tellmahre, reigned together for one year and seven months, begin- ning A. Abr. 2203 (a.d. 214): 'and after Abgar, there reigned his son Ma'nu, for 26 years ' ? The Abgar whose portrait is associated with the boy Ma'nu is bearded, and resembles Abgar VIII, whereas all the portraits which can with any probability be identified with Abgar IX (see below) are beardless. We are therefore constrained, in spite of the undesirability of inventing an otherwise unknown Ma'nu son of Aligar VIII, to follow Babelon and adopt the former alternative. It is curious that the beardless portraits are en- titled simply AAANNOC, and the bearded one /^ANNOC TTAIC; possibly, wdien the son had grown a beard, it was thought necessary to indicate his juniority in the inscription. Von Gutschmid, by an arbitrary alteration of the text of Diony- sius, makes Abgar VIII (IX) continue to reign after a.d. 214 for one 1 Of. Hirsch, Katal. xxi, 4336 (E. F. Weber). Cll INTRODUCTION }'ear and seven months with his son Severus Abgar. Now we know ^ that Caracalla deposed ' Abgar king of the Osroenes ' who, as soon as he had estal)Hshed his power over his people, began to treat them with great cruelty. Therefore this Abgar, who is Severus Abgar, must have been reigning for some little time before his deposition; in other words, Abgar VIII (IX) must have ceased to reign : and there is no reason to emend Dionysius or extend the reign of Abgar VIII (IX) beyond A.D. 214. It was, as Babelon maintains, Severus Abgar who reigned for one year and seven months from 214 to 216, not with his father Abgar VIII (IX) but with a son, possibly the Ma'nu who was afterwards titular king of Edessa for 26 j^ears. An epitaph at Rome ^ tells us that ' Abgar, son of the former king Abgar ', died there aged 26 years ; the epitaph was put up by his brother Antoninus. According to von Gutschmid and von Rohden "' this young Abgar was the Abgar IX (X) Severus who was deposed hy Caracalla, and Antoninus was the Ma'nu who appears on the coins with Abgar the Great. But we should, in that case, expect to find this j'oung Abgar called by his Roman name Severus (especiallj^ since his brother calls himself Antoninus) ; and, also, the fact that he had actually reigned for a time would hardly be ignored. It is much more probable that 6 nplv ^aacXev? 'A^yapos of the epitaph was Abgar IX (X) Severus. Whether the Abgar buried at Rome was the son who, according to Dionysius, was associated with his father on the throne, may be doubted, since such a fact, again, would hardly have been ignored in the epitaph. Probably Antoninus was his elder brother ; for Abgar IX being named after Septimius Severus would appropriately name his elder son after Caracalla. It is accordingly not unreasonable to assume that Antoninus was the name of that Ma'nu who, according to Dionysius, reigned for twenty-six years after his ' Dio Cassius, 77, 12. 2 C.I.G., 6196. ^ In Pauly-Wissowa, Beal-Enc, i, col. 95 MESOPOTAMIA — EDESSA father Abgar IX (X) had been deposed by Caracalla. This reign was of course merely de jure. Was he also the son who had also previously been associated with his father on the throne ? If so, would he not have mentioned the fact in the epitaph which he put up to his brother's memory 1 Or would he perhaps have considered it politic not to allude more definitely to his claim to a kingdom which had been suppressed 1 We may therefore, provisionally, accept the following table as representing the relations of the family at this period : Abgar VIII (IX) the Great son of Ma'nu, reigned a. d. 179-214. Ma'nu Abgar IX (X) Severus reigned for a time reigned A. D. 214-216. with his father I A son reigned] perhaps pla'nu Antoninus, Abgar, with his father identical ] reigned f?e J i0PinN. His attributions have not been confirmed. ' |0A. on certain specimens (cf. Macdonald, Hunter. Gated., iii, p. 316, no. 8) seems to be a mere mistake for |0 V. ^ It must be admitted that Mionnet's reading is confirmed by Chaix, no. 967. ^ In Hirsch, Katal. xxv (Philipsen), 3079, apparently mistaken for an eagle. * Num. Gr., pp. 154 and 182. ^ Regling in Lehmann's Beitrdge, i, p. 467. ex INTRODUCTION RHESAENA. Rhesaena, later called Theodosioupolis, lay near the upper waters of the Chaboras, about half way between Carrhae and Nesibi at Ras el 'Ain. The spelling on the coins is uniformly 'Pijaaiva, whereas most of the literary authorities write the first syllable with €.^ The inscriptions on the coins show that it was colonized by Septimius Severus,^ and that a detachment of the Legio Tertia P(arthica)" was quartered there. The coinage appears to begin with Caracalla, although some of the coins attributed to him may belong to Elagabalus.'* After Severus Alexander the coinage ceased, to be revived in great plenty in the time of Trajan Decius ; but after this revival it came to an end altogether. The Roman eagle is a frequent accompaniment of the main type ; on some coins it is apparently held by the City-goddess in her hand, or it is placed above her head,'^ but more frequently it ^ Stephanus has 'i'eaiva, noXis Trepl tov "AjSopov ('Ajyoppar) Trornfiov. He is evidently unaware of the true ethnic 'Prja-aivfjaios, and guesses either 'Pea-ivdrris or 'Pfaiva'ios. Ptolemy (v. 17, 7) mentions the place thrice as 'Piaiva and Pecraiva. - The titles C€TT. KOA do not, however, occur with certainty before the time of Severus Alexander; and even later the title KOA is not infrequently omitted, ^ The reading L. III. GAL on certain coins is discredited; on the other hand, L. III. PI A is supported by several writers. On all coins that I have been able to verify, the name of the legion is III. P ; once, III. P2, whatever that may mean. M. Dieudonne's examination of the coins in the Paris cabinet confirms my results. Since we know from Dio Cassius (Iv, 24) that the Tertia Paiihica was established by Severus in Mesopotamia, we must interpret P accordingly as Parthica. ^ The reading (in Num. Zeit.. xxsiii, p. 48, no. 101) of Scholz's coin of Elagabalus [obv. AYTKA IMAYPANTONINOC, rev. C€Y. RESAIN - - COLO, priest liloughing, with labarum inscribed LE behind) is to be regarded with the utmost suspicion. •^ Macdonald, Hunter. Catal, iii, PI. LXXIX, 19. MESOPOTAMIA — KHESAENA CXI appears as a separate adjunct. Under Trajan Decius it is repre- sented in a temple (PI. XVIII. 17). The river-god Cliaboras is figured in the usual way below the feet of the Citj^-goddess, or in the exergue under other types. The very rude representations on PI. XVIII. 1, 2, if rightly made out/ may be meant for a fountain nymph. If so, we may perhaps identify her as the Fous Cavorae (Scabore, i. e. Chaborae) of the Anonymus Ravennas and the Tabula Peutingeriana, a fountain which was quite close to Rhesaena. The Founder ploughing the sulcus primigenius is represented with a vexillum inscribed with the name of the legion in the back- ground, under Severus Alexander, according to Vaillant ; but on the later coins the vexillum is absent. It appears, on the other hand, both as a main type and accompanied by the fountain-figure or by a centaur (PI. XVIII. 3, 2, 6). The centaur Sagittarius ^ is the type of a coin of Elagabalus (PI. XVIII. 4), and appears as an accompaniment to one of the two figures of the city-goddess in the Concordia type (PI. XVIII. 11), the other goddess being accompanied by a figure of Aquarius on a pedestal, just as at Carrhae and Edessa. Sagittarius is less pro- bal:)ly the sign of the legion, or an allusion to a local force of mounted archers, than the zodiacal sign proper to Rhesaena.^ Singara seems also to have been founded under the same constella- tion. Macdonald"^ has suggested that in the Concordia type the City-goddess on the left represents Carrhae or Edessa, and that on the right Rhesaena or Sino^ara. Since Carrhae seems to have been of small importance at the time and Rhesaena is not likel}' to have ' Cf. Mionnet, v, 629, 184. - Sestini (Mus. Heden:, iii, p. 24, no. 4, tab. XXXII, 4. has published a coin of Caracalla which he gives to Carrhae. and describes as reading COL CAR on the rev. The type : Centaur r. with vexillum in background, is suspiciously appropriate to Rhesaena ; and its obv, (head of emperor supported on eagle) should be compared with the coin of Rhesaena (PI. XVIII. 2), on which the bust of Caracalla or Elagabalus has a similar support. ^ See Eckhel, Doctrina, iii, pp. 518-19, for a discussion of the question. * Himter. Catal., iii, p. 319, no. 19, INTRODUCTION been omitted altogether from a type of its own coinage, the two figures probably represent Edessa and Rhesaena. The Caryatid supporting the offering slab between the two figures, which is sometimes substituted for an altar (cp. nos. 28, 29) is shown clearly on the Hunterian specimen (here PI. L. 18). The letters T C?) and A which appear in the field of some of the coins (cf. Mionnet, v. 629, 184) are unexplained. There are remark- able l)lunders in the writing of the name of Herennia Etruscilla (OJTPACKAAAA, AITPOJCKI AAA),i the former of which suggests a confused reminiscence of Otacilia Severa. SINGARA. Singara {to. ^iyyapa, but occasionally as a fem. sing.) lay at the modern Slnjar, on the south slope of the ^lyydpas mountain, at the head of the W. Tartar, the stream of which is doubtless represented by the river-god at the feet of the City-goddess on the coins. The titles AvprjXia SeTTTCfxia indicate that benefits were conferred on the place by M. Aurelius or L, Verus and Septimius Severus, though which of them made it a colony we cannot tell. Vaillant ^ describes a coin of Severus Alexander (rev. bust of City -goddess 1.) ; but otherwise the only known coins belong to the reign of Gordian III,^ and presumably to the years 242-244, when Gordian after the battle of Rhesaena recovered Mesopotamia from the Persians. The City-goddess (figure or bust, PI. XIX. 1-4) provides all the types for the coinage. The sign of Sagittarius above her head has already Ijeen noticed (p. cxi). 1 Cf. Mionnet, v, 633, nos. 20.5-11. 2 Nicm. Col, p. 124. ^ I cannot verify the statements, which I allowed to survive in the ?econcl edition of Head, Hist. Num., p. 816, that there are coins of Philip with the inscription |0Y. C€TT. KOAIIN. CINfAPA, and that the inscr. r^HT. KO. AY. C. C€. CINPAPA occurs on coins of Gordian's time. BABYLONIA BABYLON CXUl zaDtha. Zalitha was situated on the left bank of the Euphrates, about 30 km. below the point where the river Chaboras enters the main stream. It is mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. 5, 7 : Zaitha locus, qui olea arbor interpretatur) as a place at which the tomb of Gordian III was conspicuous. Zosimus (iii. 14) calls it ZavOd, and places the tomb of Gordian at Dura, the next stage. Ptolemy (v. 17) gives the name as Zeida. The place is otherwise quite unknown, and was evidently of very small importance. Two coins have been described, purporting to be issued from this obscure town. The one^ is a bronze coin of Trajan (AY. N€PYAN TPAIANON C€., head r. laureate); rev. Nike 1. with wreath and palm-branch, and an inscription alleged to be ZAY0HC NIAC. It is highly improbable that Trajan should have struck coins at this alone of the Mesopotamian cities ; and, so far as it is possible to judge from the engraving published (the two publications are evidently from the same plate), the coin looks as if it belonged to some Lydian mint.^ The second coin '■'' is of Carrhae (see below, p. 83, no. 5). It is quite clear that Zaiitha may be expunged from the list of Mesopotamian mints. BABYLONIA. BABYLON. Certain series, representing the coinage (other than that bearing the name and types of Alexander the Great) which was issued by Alexander's governors and immediate successors between the 1 Pellerin, Bee, iii, p. 252, PI. CXXXVI, no. 1 ; Caylus, Rec, vi. pp. 207-8, PI. LXV. iii. ^ Since the above was written, M. Dieuclonne kindly informs me that the coin is indeed of Stratonicea in Lydia, PATON€ INA€ having been misread as ZAY0HC NIAC! ' Sestini, Miis. Hedervar., iii, p. 132, tab. xxxii, 6. P CXIV INTBODUCTION fall of the Persian Empire and the establishment of Antioch on the Orontes as the Seleucid capital, are currently attributed to the mint of Babylon. As these coins are the successors of the Imperial Persian issues, they are catalogued after the darics and sigloi of the Persian kings (pp. 176-9.2). SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM. Seleucia^ was founded by Seleucus on the right bank of the Tigris near the point where the Royal Canal from the Euphrates reaches the eastern river, perhaps on the site of the older city of Opis. It superseded Babylon as the chief city of the country ; indeed it became one of the greatest cities in the world. It must have been the mint from which many of the earlier Seleucid coins were issued. With the rest of the Seleucid Empire east of the Euphrates, the city fell into Parthian hands about 141 b. c, during the reign of Mithradates I. On the opposite bank of the river lay Ctesiphon, and this, rather than Seleucia, was the chief city during the Parthian domination from the first half of the first century down to A. D. 2.26. Some of the uninscribed coins generally attributed to Seleucia may just as well have been issued from Ctesiphon, which, as Wroth has remarked, was probably the mint of most of the ordinary later Parthian coinage. For convenience, however, and for lack of any criterion for distinguishing the two mints, all are collected together in this Catalogue under the heading of Seleucia. The coins which bear the name of the city read ZEAEYKEIIN THN TTPOZ Till TirPEI. In addition to the varieties repre- sented in this Catalogue, some are described by Imhoof-Blumer '"^ as follows : ^ Bevan, House of SeUiiciis, i, pp. 25B-5 ; Oppenheim, Vom Mittehneer ziiiu Persischen Golf, ii, pp. 285-7 ; M. Streck, Seleucia unci Ktesiphon, in Der Alte Orient, xvi (1917), Heft 3/4. '^ Monn. fjr., p. 451, nos. 60 ff. BABYLONIA SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM CXV 1. Obv. Head of City-goddess r., turreted. Border of dots. Rev. ZEAEYKEHN TQN HPOZ Till and, in ex., TlfPEI. Two women ^ turreted, standing confronted, eacli holding cornucopiae, and grasping each other's hands over a tripod. ^18 mm. Wt. 3-94 gm. Cp. Mionnet, Suppl. viii, 417. 79. Here PI. LII. 1 (Paris). 2. Ohv. Similar ; border of dots ; bevelled edge. Rev. Z[EAEY]KEnN and, in smaller letters, THN TTPOZ THI [TirPEI], in circular legend. Man, nude, seated 1. on cippus, holding in r. a large corn-ear or palm-branch, and in 1., supported against his seat, a cornucopiae (?). M 18 mm. Wt. .3-67 gm. This type .seems to resemble, in some respects, that of no. 5, PI. XXIII. 7, in this Catalogue. The figure on the Museum coin also appears to be male and nude, but the kalathos-shaped head- dress, which suggests Tyche, is clear. The object behind does not seem to be held in the figure's hand, and is more like a lyre than a cornucopiae ; the figure sits forward on the edge of the seat or cippus, on which appears an omphalos-shaped object. These details indicate a connexion with Apollo, whose tripod appears on other coins (PI. XXIII. 3. 4). Imhoof-Blumer also gives two specimens .similar to our no. 4, on the obverse of which monograms ^ and |^ (?) are visible ; also varieties of no. 6, without date, and (from other authorities) with the dates ABC (?ADC)- and AOQ; the last has the reading CEAEVKIA THC k.t.X., and the City-goddess standing. A speci- men acquired in Persia and presented to the British Museum by Mr. G. B. Hopkins shows the reading - - AEYKIA - - and the date AOC. On the Paris specimen illustrated in PI. LII. 2, the mono- gram 1^ C?) is partly legible both on obverse and on reverse. The anonymous coins fall into the following groups : 1. Ohv. Head of City-goddess. Rev. City-goddess seated, holding Nike, with horned river-god at her feet; inscr. TTOAIZ and large A (see nos. 7-15, PI. XXIII. 9, 10). ^ Seleucia and Ctesiphon ? ^ So too AOC on a specimen at Paris (PL LIT. 3). CXVl INTRODUCTION Imlioof-Blumer explains A as wpcoTr), Seleucia being the Parthian capital. The word TTOAIZ occurs, accompanying the type of an eagle r., on Ijronze coins with the portrait of Phraates IV,^ and these city -coins may perhaps belong to his time. 2. Obv. Bearded bead r. Eev. Head of City-goddess r., turreted ; behind, A ; all in wreath. JE 17 mm. Wt. 4-35 gm. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. gr., p. 452, no. 69. 3. Ohv. Head of City-goddess r. Rev. King(?) seated, holding Nike. (See no. 16, PI. XXIII. 11). 4. Obv. King seated, receiving wreath from City. Rev. City-goddess seated, holding wreath (see nos. 17, 18, PI. XXIII. 12, 13). In style and fabric groups 3 and 4 are late and poor, and would seem to be about contemporary with Volagases III (second half of the second century after Christ). The following dated groups exist : 5. The common coins with AKZ AIOY A (nos. 19-40, PI. XXIII. 14, 15). These belong to the end of the reign of Mithradates II, or to the beginning of his successor's. The A seems to connect them with the TTOAIZ coins, which are, however, probably later, if the era used on the coins in question is really the Seleucid.- 6. The small group with a veiled head, wearing small kalathos, on the reverse, dated in the months Gorpiaios and Hyperberetaios of the year 326 ( = a. d. 14-15). See no. 41 and Gardner, Parthian Coinage, PI. VII. 21, here PI. LII. 4. Both bear the same mono- gram, K or XI according to the way in which it is looked at. Connected with this group is an interesting coin with a similar 1 B.M.C., Pm-thia, PI. XXIII. 7. See below under group 7. We are reminded of the phrase of Pliny {N. H., vi. 122) : ' ferunt ei plebis urbanae DC esse, situm vero moenium aquilae 2->andentis alcts^ ; although on the coin the eagle's wings are not fully displayed. ^ Wroth, B. M. C, Partliia, p. xlvii, note. The era Kara Xakbalovs began a year later than the true Seleucid ; but the choice is between some other local era and the Seleucid. BABYLONIA — SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM obverse tj'pe, and the same monogram as reverse type, surrounded by the inscription BOYAHCCKY' (so de Saulcy; probably SKT.). In the time of Tacitus {Ann. vi. 42) the Senate of Seleucia con- sisted of trecenti opihiis uut sapientia delecti tit Senatv.s. 7. For coins with the head of Phraates IV on the obverse, and the bust or figure of the City-goddess, or eagle with TTOAIC on the reverse, see Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. (jr., p. 452, nos. 70-2 ; B.M.C., Parthia, pp. 128, 131, 133, 134. 8. The little coin no. 42, PI. XXIII. 17, is badly preserved: indeed, the type has been taken for a dolphin to 1., instead of an elephant's head to r. ; and the supposed date has been read as YAA (431 = a. d. 119-20) instead of TAA. In either case the date is inverted as regards the type ; and the coin is only included here with the greatest reserve. 9. The little group of coins with dates from 351 to 355 (= a.d. 39-40 to 41-2) must belong to the revolt of Seleucia. The date of the suppression of the revolt, which lasted seven years, is fixed by Gutschmid in a. d. 43, by others in a. d. 46.'- The earlier date is to be preferred ; for these coins are immediately succeeded by others, with the portrait of Vardanes, the type of BO YAH seated, and the dates ANT and €NT (a.d. 42-3 and 43-4), which, as Wroth suggests, must have been struck by the Senate of Seleucia on returning to its allegiance. But from this time onwards, Ctesiphon greatly overshadowed its neighbour, which probably ceased to issue coinage of any kind, and was utterly destroyed by Avidius Cassius in a.d. 165." 1 De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 287, no. 1, PL XIV. 8 (French Collection). 2 See Wroth, B. M. C, Pmihia, p. xlvi. ^ A new city was founded on the site by the Sassanian iixler Ardashir I (226-41). On its history see Streck, oj). cit., pp. 27 ff. CXVJll INTKODUCTION ASSYRIA. ATUSIA(?), ATUMIA(1j, ou NATUMIA(^). Atusia ^ (as the name of the city has always hitherto been read) is not mentioned by ancient literary authorities, and is only known from the solitary specimen of its coinage here catalogued (p. 147, no. 1, PI. XXIII. 22). The style of the coin shows that the Kapros on which the city stood was the Assyrian, not the Phrygian river. The ' palm-branch ' which, together with an arrow, forms the reverse type of the coin, may perhaps be really meant for the jaw-bone of a boar, alluding to the name of the river, the whole type being reminiscent of that of the Aetolian coins; l;)ut, if so, the jaw-bone is singularly ill represented. But, as Mr. Robinson points out to me, the reading of the coin is by no means certainly ATOY^IEIIN. The supposed 5 is very large compared with the rest of the letters, and much older in form (having splayed arms) than the nearly square C of TTPOQ, and the top bar is perhaps separate from the rest of the letter. It seems preferable to read, continuing in the direction of the first four letters, ATOY/Vl or ATOYM. Further, it is more natural, though not necessarily correct, to begin the word with N, rather than to suppose that the N comes at the end of the legend. In that case the • after KATTP must be regarded as a stop. The two other stops in the inscrip- tion appear to be equally large, though placed lower in relation to the other letters. The problem is further complicated by the fact that, as Weston pointed out in the first publication of the coin, a distinguishing epithet giving the name of the river on which a place stands usually indicates the existence of another city of the same name. So that we might expect to find two cities Atumia or Natumia. ^ See Pauly-Wissowa, ii, s.v., and the authorities cited on p. 147. ASSYRIA— DEMETRIAS AD TIGRIM Weston suggested that the arrow may 1)e an allusion to the name of the Tigris, which appears to he connected with the Zend word tighri for arrow. ^ If he is right, the site of the city should he looked for near the confluence of the Lesser Zab and the Tigrris. DEMETRIAS AD TIGRIM. This cit}^ is mentioned b}?- Strabo ^ and Stephanus as lieing in the neighbourhood of Arbela. The only known specimen of its coinage was described by Millingen, from the cabinet of Steuart.^ ' Obv. Bust of City-goddess r., turreted. Eev. Tripod; in field, downwards, inscr. [AHJMHTPEnN r., THNTTPOCXni I TirPEI 1. Border of dots. JE -65. The proper form of the ethnic would be AHMHTPIEHN, and the engraving in Millingen shows a slight space between P and E. Steuart is either R. Steuart or Col. Claude Scott Steuart, of whom the British Museum bought a number of Parthian and other coins in 1848 ; acquisitions were also made at his sale in 1853.* The coin is unfortunately no longer to be traced, and it appears possible that the first word of the inscription should really be read ZEAEYKEHN, since it so closely resembles that of the coins of Seleucia with the same types.'^ ^ Cp. Eustatliius ad Dionysium, 984: MjjSot yap Tiypiv koXovctl to To^evjxa, quoted by M. A. Stein in Babylonian and Oriental Record, i (1887), p. 160. ^ xvi. 738. I do not know what is Millingen's reason for identifying the place with Ptolemy's KopKovpa. 3 Millingen, SyUoge, p. 84, PI. IV. 65 ; Mionnet, Suppl. viii, 398. 47. * Sotheby's Sale Catalogue, 'A well-known Collector', April 5, 1853. I take this opportunity of saying that in the Museum registers for this period it is not always possible to distinguish between the two Steuavts, and some of the Museum coins attributed to one may have been bought from the other. '' The late Dr. Imhoof-Blumer informed me that he was of the same opinion. CXX INTRODUCTION NINIVA. It is hardly necessary to state here that the supposed Roman colony at Nineveh never existed, and that the coins attriljuted to it in old books belong to Ninica Claudiopolis in Cilicia.^ PERSIAN EMPIRE.- The rulers of the Persian Empire, during whose reigns the Persian Imperial coinage was issued, were the following ^ : B.C. Darius I, s, of Hystaspes .... 521-486 Xerxes I, s. of Darius I 486-465 Artaxerxes I Makrocheir, s. of Xerxes I . 465-4:25 Xerxes II, s. of Artaxerxes I . . . 425 Ochos = Darius II Notlios, s. of Artaxerxes I 424-405 Arsakas = Artaxerxes II Mnemon, s. of Darius II 405-359 Cyrus the Younger, s. of Darius II . . 401 Ochos = Artaxerxes III, s. of Artaxerxes II . 359-338 Arses, s, of Artaxerxes III .... 338-337 Kodomannos = Darius III, s. of Arsanes, s. of Artostes or Ostanes, s. of Darius II . . 337-330 The Persian Imperial coinage consisted of gold coins, generally known to the Greeks as Darics {AapeLKol ararrjpe^), with smaller denominations, and silver coins, generally known as sigloi [aiyXoi, aUXoL, (TiKXa, the same word as Hebrew shekel), which also had smaller denominations. The word AapeiKo^ was sometimes also ^ B. M. C, Lycaonia, &c., p. Iviii f. ; Kubitschek, Num. Zeit., xsxiv (1902), pp. 1-27. '^ The substance of this section was published in the Jottrnal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xxxix (1919), pp. 116-29. ^ References to recent authorities in Babelon, Traite, II, ii, 44. See also the genealogical tree in Pauly-Wissowa, R.E., i, s.v. ' Achaimenidai '. PERSIAN EMPIRE CXXl used by the Greeks of the silver coins.^ The Persian name for the gold coins is not known"-: there can be little doubt that the word AapeLKos is ' a pure Greek formation from the Greek form of the Persian name Darayavaush ; just as " fanciful " is a pure English formation from the English form " fancy" of the Greek (/>auTa(TLa.'''' The probability is that the daric was introduced by Darius I * ; no specimens that have survived appear, so far as one can judge by style and fabric, to be earlier than his reign. The metrology of the daric and siglos has been subjected to an exhaustive analysis by Regling,^ which makes it unnecessary to go into details here. He comes to the conclusion that the normal weight of the daric is 8-4 gm. (129-7 gn.),^ although single speci- mens are known of various higher weights from 8*41 gm. (129-8 gn.) to 8-83 gm. (136-3 gn.). The average weight is 8-354 gm. (128-9 gn.). The supposed half -daric does not exist as a denomination ;'^ but two specimens of the ^V daric survive, one in the British Museum weighing 0-69 gm. (PI. XXVII. 22), and one weighing 0-71 gm. at Berlin,^ as well as a single specimen of /^ of a daric, weighing 0-155 gm.^ It is difficult to know what purpose these small denominations can have serv^ed, except as makeweights when it was desired to make up the value of under-weighted darics. 1 Cp. Plut., Clm., X. ^ It has long been known that there was a word dariku used in contracts of the reigns of Nabonidus and the false Smerdis, before the reign of Darius I, as in the phrase 'he gave in payment two talents of dry dates and a dariku\ The meaning of the word, however, remains quite uncertain, and it is not clear that it is the name even of a weight, as Babelon {Traife, II, ii, p. 39) now maintains. 3 Hill, Hist. Greek Coins, p. 27. ^ Herodotus, iv. 166; Harpocration, s.v. An/jei/cos (cp. Schol. Aristoph. EccL 602), says that it was named after some older king. ^ Klio, xiv, 1914, pp. 91 ff., with full tables of revised weights. •^ Borrell (Num. Chron., vi, 1843, p. 153) reports that the average weight of 125 gold darics from the Canal Find was 129-4 gn,, and that darics found in Asia Minor are always lighter, however well preserved, by from 2 to 2| gn., than the lightest of those in the Canal Find. ' Klio, loc. cit., p. 106. » Z.f. N., xxiv, 1904, p. 87, Taf. IV. 5. ^ Ibid., Taf. IV. 6. Obr. head of king r. , bearded ; rer. incuse. q CXXU INTRODUCTION The specific gravity of seven of the '77 r I7S 179 u 181 D IBl ¥ 18S f 187 (2) 5„ Itl ~f-*.i 161 9 ® 199 o 200 .®, 103 X 204 205 I f 207 203 CXXXVUl INTRODUCTION PI. XXXIX. 8, and our nos. 121-3), or Phoenician letters (jimel, yod, pe, mem (nos. 124-32) seem to indicate the coasts of CiHcia and Syria and Cyprus as a source. Rapson/ it is true, held twenty-four years ago that some at least of the punch-marks were Indian in origin, and included Brahmi and Kharosthi characters. But of the former, his yo, if turned upside down, would serve for the Cypriote >tM the name of Antigonus. But why should only one group of the many coins which he ascribes to Antigonus bear this monogram ? Babelon in his Traite follows generally Imhoof-Blumer's arrangement as modified by Six, wisely refraining from formulating a new hypothesis. ^ Imhoof-Blumer, loc. cit., Taf. I. 3. - See above, p. cxlii, note 4, on the coins which Six attributes to this period. Cxliv INTRODUCTION Mazaeus, and I have therefore placed them higher up in the classi- fication. The distribution of these coins among the various rulers seems to me to be so difficult that, while placing the coins in what appears to be an approximately chronological order/ I have pre- ferred not to attempt it. The double darics show a curious development in the design of the reverse ; there can be no doubt that the pattern of PI. XX. 11-13 is a development from the wavy lines of the earliest specimens. But there is also little doubt that some coins which show a comparatively undeveloped reverse were of late origin, being copied at a later time, perhaps by an Oriental artist, from earlier specimens. Such are the coins no. 10 on PI. XX with ^ and wreath,'- and also no. 138 in the Paris collection.^ Head^ has noticed a tendency in these Indo-Greek coins to dispense with the representation of the quiver on the king's shoulder. I must confess that grave doubts may be entertained about the antiquity of many of these pieces of Indian provenance, especially no. 11, PI. XX. 11, but I have included them in the Catalogue under reserve. ^ Imboof-Blumer gives the coins with the letter A to the time of Seleucus. The two in this Catalogue, however, seem to mark the transition in the curve of the lion's tail from an S-shaped curve waving out behind him to the characteristic later position between his legs ; they would therefore seem to come rather earlier in the series. In favour of the attribution of the scorpion coin to Seleucus is the fact that on it the seat of Ba'al has two cross-bars, a feature which is characteristic of a small group of the coins with the anchor (also of the Alexandrine tetradrachm, Miiller, no. 806). ^ The specimen at Paris, Babelon, Traitv, PI. CXV. 26, is similar (from same rev., and perhaps same obv. die). 3 Traite, PI. CXV. 27. * Hist. Xum.'^, p. 829. He is inclined (cp. Num. Clii'on., 1906, p. 5) to regard a large proportion of the double-darics as of Eastern origin, and includes in that category no. 5 on PI. XX, as well as the ZZTA /^N A coin. For the latter he suggests a connexion with Stasanor, satrap of Bactria. The explana- tion of the mysterious word or words as the name of Stamenes is now genei'ally discarded (the coin indeed seems later than his time), and Head himself gave up his theory that they meant ' 2 staters = 1 mina '. A double and single daric of this type, obviously false, were in the Jenkins Collection (wts. 14-72 and 8-06 gm. ; casts in the British Museum). ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST Cxlv Imhoof- Blumer points out that the gold distaters with the head of Alexander in elephant-scalp are double-darics in weight, not Euboic- Attic distaters (16-66 gm. maximum: Jameson CataL, no. 1781). In this connexion we may note that the gold stater acquired by the British Museum in 1884 (p. 192, no. 63) is over the weight of the daric (8-61 gin.). There is every reason to suppose that it is a forgeiy. It is to be observed that the stater in the British Museum and the distater in the Jameson Collection are from the same dies. That in itself is not necessarily against their genuine- ness, but it is the kind of thing that might easily happen in a modern forger's shop. The late Mr. Jenkins also possessed a stater (8-11 gm.) from the same dies. Nearly all his gold coins were obvious forgeries. It will be noticed that the tip of the trunk of the elephant on this . die is quite misunderstood. Also the flap of the elephant's skin, which should be sharply defined against the lower jaw of Alexander, fades into it imperceptibly^ That this is not due to the coin being worn is proved by the fact that the failure is perceptible in exactly the same way on all three pieces. It would appear that the die was made without intelligent apprecia- tion of this part of the design. If the British Museum stater is false, as it undoubtedly appears to be, so are the Jameson distatei- and the Jenkins stater. Less suspicion seems to attach to the other distaters. Certain forgeries do, however, exist; one was in the Jenkins Collection, and one in silver was given to the British Museum by Dr. Parkes Weber. The remarkable decadrachm illustrated in PI, XXII. 18 is in- cluded among the series at pi'esent under discussion, as having been issued somewhere in the Eastern Alexandrine Empire shortly after Alexander's death. Its mint must for the present remain uncertain, although the monogram, as Mr. Robinson points out to me, suggests Babylon itself. Head's theory that the piece com- memorates Alexander's expedition to the Panjab is most attractive.^ ^ See Head's remarks {Num. Chron., 1906, p. 9, note 7) on the mistake in the rendeiing of the elephant's hind legs. t xlvi INTRODUCTION It tJiiis falls into line with other great Victory coins of Greek times, such as the Demareteion and the decadrachm of Athens. The description of the bronze coinage which has to be associated with this period may, since it still bears the name AAEHANAPOY, be reserved for the Alexandrine Catalogue. Here, however, it may be noted that, besides the coin with the anchor as reverse type, the British Museum contains seven specimens of the coin with the Nike type, on two of which, besides the symbol of the horse's head, the monogram TV (characteristic of some Seleucid issues) ^ may be discerned ; those with the anchor symbol do not seem to bear any monogram. The provenance of these pieces is Eastern. The later coinage of Babylon, in the name of Seleucus and Antiochus, as well as the coinages of later rulers intimately associated with Babylon, such as Timarchus, belongs to the domain of Seleucid numismatics.- Some of the coins generally, in accord- ance with Imhoof-Blumer's view, attributed to Babylon may, as he himself admits, have been struck in Seleucia on the Tigris, and there were other mints farther east at which we cannot at present do much more than guess. The discovery of an Alexandrine tetradrachm struck at Susa by Aspeisas " gives an indication of one of them. Of the silver lion-coins, some exceed 17 gm., but most of them would pass very well as triple-sigloi (16-80 gm.). This explains the three pellets which mark some specimens.* In addition to the double-darics, there exist a few darics (none in the British Museum) which by the design of the reverse or by marks on the obverse are connected with the double-darics. ^ Imhoof-Blumer, Num.'Zeit., xxvii (1895), p. 16. ^ See Imhoof-Blumer, as above, pp. 11 ff . ; Six, Num. Chron., 1898, pp. 222- 33 ; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Ztit., 1913, pp. 171 ff. ^ Robinson in Num. Chron., 1921, p. 37. * e. g. no. 25, and one with rev. letter T in Mr. Newell's Collection (here PI. LI. 16). ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST Cxlvii Such are (to judge by the description) a daric at Paris ^ ; another in Mr. E. T. Newell's Collection, with the satrapal head-dress as symbol (PI. LI. 7) " ; those which bear the letters AY (or Q) and A\^; and those with ^.^ The daric in the Ward Collection (no. 821) may possibly be of the same class, although in some ways its reverse recalls the satrapal silver of Pythagores issued in Western Asia Minor. Specimens of the Babylonian coinage showing variations not represented in the Museum Collection are illustrated in PI. LI. They are : Gold double darics. No. 1. 16-65 gm. Wreath and \^ Paris. Babelon, Perses Acheni., p. 14, no. 117. No. 2. 16-52 gm. X Paris. /6icZ., pp. 13-14, no. 113. No. 3. 16-71 gm. Tiara. E. T. Newell (from E. F. Weber Sale, 4406). No. 4. 16-65 gm. /^ Berlin (Imhoof-Blumer). Read, Li/dia a7id Persia, PI. I. 20. No. 5. Wt. ? and grapes. Present possessor unknown. Gold darics. No. 6. 8-35 gm. AY and M. Paris (Babelon no. 120). No. 7. 8-30 gm. Tiara. E. T. Newell. No. 8. 8-24 gm. No symbol. J. Ward no. 821. Silver. No. 9. 17-12 gm. Mazaeus. Bev. M below lion. Major Y. E. Mocatta. No. 10. 17-07 gm. Mazaeus. liev. Shell on exergual line. Cambridge (McClean). ^ Babelon, Perses Ache'm., p. 15, no. 123. It is possible that this is merely one of the K darics (see p. cxxvii). ^ From the Guzman Collection (Sotheby's Sale, 1914, PI. V. 87) ; formerly in the O'Hagan Coll. (Sotheby's Sale, 1908, PI. X, 726). ^ Babelon, Perses AcMm., p. 14, no. 120 ; Traite, PL CXV. 9 ; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeif., 189-5, Taf. I. 10 ; here PI. LI. 6. * Egger Sale, Dec. 10, 1906, lot 407 ; Philipsen Collection (Hirsch, Ratal. XXV, lot 3181, Taf. XXXV). A specimen formerly in the Jenkins Collection is an obvious forgery (a cast is in the British Museum). No. 11 No. 12. No. 13, No. 14. No. 15. No. 16. No. 17. Cxlviii INTRODUCTION 16-50 gm. lUv. Torch and UD E. T. Newell. 16-49 gm. Eev. Rose in wreath and IM. E. T. Newell. 16-71 gm. OLv. ^^ Cambridge (McClean). 16-91 gm. Rev. -AJ Cambridge (Leake). 15-9.3 gm. Ohv. Club. Rer. V. E. T. Newell. 15-91 gm. Ohv. •.• Rev. V. E. T. Newell. 16-90 gm. 06v. Head of horse. Rev. Anchor and ^^^ E. T, Newell. No. 18. 15-30 gm. /e^v. Anchor and Ds^ E. T. Newell. NORTHERN PERSIA Before considering the coinage of Persis, it seems necessary to discuss the coins which bear the name of Andragoras. These were included by Gardner in his Catalogue of the coins of Bactria, but it is generally admitted that they do not belong to that part of the world. Wroth, on the other hand, excluded them from Parthia,^ with which the only known historical references to persons called Andragoras connect them, on the ground that they should properly be catalogued with Persia and its satrapies. It is not, therefore, possible to evade the obligation of grappling with this difficult problem here.^ The first coin of Andragoras to be known was published by Gardner in 1879." It was the gold stater, said to come from the Oxus find. In 1881 he published the first silver tetradrachm from the same find.* With the Cunningham Collection in 1888 the Museum acquired another specimen of each of these. ^ A third ' B. M. C, P«r. b. ^ Sir Henry Boworth, Num. Chron., 1905, pp. 210 ff. There were undoubtedly a number of forgeries mingled with the genuine objects in the hoard; a,jad each obiect has to be considered on its own merits. cl INTRODUCTION (6) The bearded head on the obverse is very puzzling ; ' the hair is bound by a taenia, and round the neck is a nondescript garment, neither a chlamys nor yet a regal robe.' It is clear that the treat- ment is orientalized ; but that cannot surprise us. Nor is the taenia in an}'- way unusual instead of a wreath on a god's head.^ The drapery is, it must be admitted, very clumsily and unintelli- gently done. The head is evidently modelled on some fourth or third-century type of Zeus or Poseidon or Dionysos, with rather weak features, such as one finds, for instance, on coins of Metapon- tum or Locri.- The treatment of the hair is not exactly paralleled elsewhere, but the suggestion of waving is, as Gardner remarked, doubtless due to Oriental influence. (c) ' The figures of Mars and Victory occur in this way ' (i. e. driving in a chariot) ' on Roman, and nowhere, so far as I know, on Greek coins.' There is no ground to suppose that the armed figure in the chariot is ' Mars ' rather than Andragoras himself. Chariot groups containing a general and a driver were familiar in the East, as for instance on the coins of Sidon. On the other hand, Victory is the commonest of all drivers in Greek chariot-types. The substitution of Victory for the usual Oriental driver is quite appropriate to a Greek (or Graecizing Persian) ruler of a Parthian province. The implication that Mars in a chariot driven by Victory is found on Roman coins is incorrect so far as the Republican series is concerned. The nearest parallel is to be found on the Romano- Campanian silver, where Victory drives Jupiter in a chariot. But whereas on these Campanian coins the god stands forward, leaning over the front of the chariot, while Victory is behind him, on his right, in the coin of Andragoras the disposition is similar to that ^ For instance, the Apollo on the early regal coins of Macedon (B.M.C., Macedon, pp. 164 IF.), or at Mytilene (B. M. C, Troas,8zc., PI. XXXVII. 10, 11) ; the Zeus of Messene (B. M. C, Pelop.. PI. XXII. 8) ; and many others, as at Cyrene (see next note). ^ Head, Coins of the Ancients, Plate 34. 18 and 26. The resemblance to the Metapontine type was pointed out to me by Mi-. A. B. Cook. Compare too the 'Ammon' types of Tenos (ibid., PL 32. 27) and Cyrene (PI. 47. 44, with the taeniaj. NORTHERN PERSIA cU on the Sidonian coins, or on the chariot of Darius as seen on his seal ; that is to say, the charioteer occupies the forward position, leaning over the front-rail of the car. It is, in other words, locally correct. It must be admitted that the way in which the tail of the near horse flies out behind is rather strikingly paralleled in Roman coins, and not, so far as I know, in Greek or Oriental ones. (d) ' The horses' legs . . . instead of being carefully modelled, as they are on Greek gold coins, such as those of Philip of Macedon, are treated exactly in the same way that the horses' legs are treated on the Roman denarii in question, namely, with little lumps or dots on the joints, involving a very peculiar and unmistakable technique! The treatment thus described as peculiarly Roman is due to the use of the drill or, rather, of the punch, and is found on all Greek coins of Asia after the best period, and is especially characteristic of Parthia. There are signs of it on other coins of the period immediately following Alexander, as in the modelling of the lion's legs on Babylonian coins.^ The way in which the horses gallop in step, like those on Roman denarii, is found in all parts of the world, and is familiar in Babylonian and Persian art. As is shown below, it is also found on a coin of Seleucus I. The chariot is of good Greek shape. The horses are horned (another Oriental touch). The two staters in the British Museum are not from the same dies - ; although the obverses are almost line for line the same, the head on the Cunningham coin is on a much larger scale and in flatter relief. On the reverse, the Cunningham coin has three pellets, thus * •, in the field. Very close to this Cunningham specimen is yet another, which belonged to General Pearse.^ The obverse is, again, almost line for line the same as that of the Cunningham piece ; the reverse is also very close, and 1 E. S., PI. XX. 15. ^ The third specimen at Berlin is unfortunately not illustrated by Dressel, Z.f. N., xxi, p. 231. In my article in the Atti e Mem. deW 1st. Ital. the reverses of nos. 3 and 5 in the plate have unfortunately been interchanged. ^ The late Mr. Jenkins of Brighton also had a specimen, similar in details to Gen. Pearse's, but from different dies and of still worse workmanship (wt. 7-74 gm.). clii INTRODUCTION is also marked by three pellets ; and the inscription, which takes the form OAfOPOY, Ijrands it as a forgery. That is not the sort of mistake that an ancient imitator made. In fact, it is clearly derived from the Cunningham specimen, in which PAfOPO, owing to the bottoms of the P and the A being off the flan, has been read OAPOPO l)y the forger. Cunningham says that he had seen no less than seven forgeries of the Andragoras gold. He had two specimens in his own cabinet (no. 26 of his list) which he considered genuine ; but only one came to the British Museum with his collection. The most striking of all analogies to the stater of Andragoras is, however, to be found in a bronze coin of Seleucus, of which the British Museum has long possessed a specimen, although it escaped the cataloguer of the Seleucid Kings. Ohv. Bearded bust of Poseidon (?) r., with long hair, wearing wreath ; behind, head of trident (?). Border of dots. Rev. Nike r., driving quadriga of horses, galloj^ing in step, the hind legs all parallel and of exaggerated length. In field 1., monogram Yf^ ; in exergue ZEAEYK - JE f 18 mm. Wt. 3-89 gm. The coin is indifferently preserved, but the general resemblance, especially of the reverse, to the Andragoras stater is veiy striking.'^ The two silver coins in the British Museum are from different dies ; but the Cunningham specimen is in so poor a condition that it is better to leave it out of consideration here, although there is no prhna facie reason for suspecting it. That which was acquired in 1881 ^ shows certain weaknesses in technique. The hair of the Tyche is clumsily done ; the panelling of the battle- ments of her crown is ratlier unusual ; on the reverse, the spear of Athena, which passes, point downwards, behind her, is supported on air only ; and her dress is not as well understood as it might be. ' Mr. Robinson called my attention to this piece of evidence. ^ The third specimen, which is illustrated by Markotf, is apparently from the same dies. NORTHERN PERSIA cliii Still, these are all faults which an Oriental die-cutter miglit perhaps have committed in the late fourth or early third century ; it is sufficient to compare the Athena holding an owl on the fourth- century coins of Side to l)e convinced of this.^ The lettering of the inscription is good, and so is the edge. The head of a city-goddess wearing a walled crown does not become common on Greek coins until after the middle of the third century. But a crown commonly described as turreted is worn liy a goddess on coins of Heraclea Pontica as early as the first half of the fourth century,^ and at Salamis in Cyprus on the coins of Euagoras II (361-351) and his successors Pnytagoras (351-332) and Nicocreon (331-310) "^ there is no doubt about the walled crown worn by the local goddess. It is probable that, on the analogy of these coins, we have to recognize in the turreted bust of the coins of Andragoras not primarily a City-Tyche, but a national goddess to whom the Greek or half-Greek artist has given the head-dress which defines her as protectress of the state. There is nothing extraordinary in the appearance of even a city-goddess on coins of a monarch or the representative of a monarch.* A detail worth noticing, as confirming the authenticity of the type, is that the battlements of the crown are stepped, in true Persian fashion. The balance of the evidence accordingly seems to be in favour of the genuineness of two at least of the gold staters of Andragoras, ■ that acquired by the British Museum in 1879 and the Cunningham specimen, and of one of the silver tetradrachms, that acquired in 1881; while there is nothing definite against the second silver piece (no. 4). The close resemblance between the stater of Andragoras and that of a Persian ruler with Aramaic inscription, to which we are 1 B. M. C, Ltjcia, &c., PL XXVI. 6. 2 B.M.C., Pontus, PL XXIX. 20. I consider, however, that the objects which appear above the decorated stephane are not meant to represent city walls, but are some kind of ornament, like the points on the crown nf the Hera of Argos (see J. H. S., xxi, p. 41, note 1). 3 B.M.C., Cyprus, PL XH. 3, 4, 11, 19. * See above, p. xcviii. u Cliv INTRODUCTION about to come, necessitates dating them to about the same period. Eut contemporaneity of date does not impl}- identity of person; there is, that is to say, no reason, so far as the coins are concerned, to follow Sir Henr}' Howorth in identifying the man who issued the Aramaic coins with Andragoras.^ The extant staters with Aramaic inscriptions with which we are immediately concerned are two. One, a barbarous imitation of Alexander the Great, comes from the Payne Knight Collection. Its appearance and the nature of its inscription were unknown until Gardner published it in 1879. It cannot therefore have suggested to a forger the idea of the inscription on the other stater, with a satrap's head, since that was acquired as part of the Oxus find in the same year 1879. But indeed the suspicion that has been cast - on this coin with the satrap's head seems to me to be quite baseless. The onl}^ peculiarity in its design is the omission of the knot and ends of the tie behind the head ^ ; and this may have been caused by the desire to find room for the inscription, although on the reverse, so far as the minuteness of the design allows one to see, the ends are also omitted. Such a detail as the studding of the tyre of the wheel, which has been described as ' quite unknown elsewhere and meaningless ', is on the contrary a distinct mark of oenuineness. A o-lance at the chariot of ' Num. Chron., 1890, p. 38. ^ Howorth, Xiiiii. Chron., 1905, p. 213. There exists a very clever forgeiy of the piece, shown at the British Museum in Nov. 1919. It weighs 8-35 gm., and appears to be struck from a die copied extremely closely from our specimen ; so closely that in a photograph the differences would not be discernible. But every detail which is solid in the Museum specimen is weaker, sometimes to the point of being absent, in the other ; an instance is the decoration of the seam of the garment outlining the shoulder. Yet the false coin is not in any degree worn. Generally speaking, the design has gone to pieces, as usually happens in copying. The false dies were possibly based on a mechanical reproduction of the original coin. ^ The knot and ends are similarly omitted on the well-known satrapal coin. Head, Coins of the Ancients, III, A 27 ; and as the coin of Mallus, B. M. C, Lijcaonia, &c., PL XVII. 9, shows, even when the knot is represented the tie does not always have loose ends. NORTHERN PERSIA clv Darius III in the Issus mosaic, or on the cylinder- seal of Darius I in the British Museum, or at the chariot of Assurbanipal in the relief also in the British Museum,^ or, again, at the coins of Sidon,^ is enough to show that such studding of the wheels is a local characteristic. Again, the firmness and regularity of the letters, as distinct from the carelessness of the script on the later silver coins, is not due to a forger's copying from books (how many books giving such an alphabet were available at Rawal Pindi in 1879 ?), but partly to the special care in engraving dies for a new gold coinage, partly to the comparatively early date of the coins. The following readings have been proposed for the inscriptions : On the stater of Alexander's types (a) A'ev. PHSPPD and B (Pliabaspes (?) Pada). Gardner. (6) Ohv. VaH. Rev. VaHSHUVaR (' qui possede la croissance '). Marquart, quoted by Drouin, Bull, de Num., 1900, p. 95 ; cp. Holwerda, Levenshericlbt van J. P. Six (Jaarh. d. Kon. Akad. V. Wet., Amsterdam, 1902), p. 47. The name would be, in Greek, Oxyares. On the other stater with the satrap's head (a) Obv. PDIPD (Pad-i Pada, Lord of Lords). Rev. PIISP (Pha- haspes?). Gardner, ih) Rev. Pharaspa. Cunningham. (c) Obv. PHRTPIIR (Phrataphar). Howorth {Xum. Chron., 1890, p. 40). This reading is accepted by Drouin, Rev. Num., 1893, p. 119. {d) Obv. nSn^lfi (Phrataphar). Rev. (n)^^^^!^ (Lord of a Paxs). Justi {Iran. Namenbuch, p. 104). {e) Obv. A'aRIUR. Rev. VaHSHU (' qui possede la croissance '). Marquart, quoted by Drouin, Bull, de Num., 1900, p. 95. Drouin objects that there is no instance in numismatics of ^ The two latter figured by Studniczka in Jcdirh., xxii (1907), pp. 170, 188. Cp. too the Persepolis chariot (Dalton, Treasure of the Oxus, p. 57) or the model chariot from the Treasure itself {ibid., PI. IV). 2 B. M. C, Phoenicia, Pi. XVIII. 4 ; XIX. 5. clvi INTRODUCTIOX an iuscription thus divided between obverse and reverse. This objection may be true of Oriental inscriptions, but does not hold of Greek (e. g. the coins of Abacaenum and Laiis) ; still, the division is not very probable. Allotte de la Fuye inclines to accept the reading. (/) Rev. ZHSP or PHSP. G. A. Cooke, quoted by Dalton, Treasure of tJie Oxus, p. 105. It is curious and rather unfortunate that all the scholars who have dealt with these coins, with the exception of Cunningham and Dalton, seem to have paid little or no attention to the fact that the same Aramaic inscription ' Vahshu ' or ' Phahasp ', or whatever it may be, occurs on a gold seal-ring from the Oxus Treasure, and was also read on another coin, of which unhappily all trace has now been lost. These facts are dul}^ recorded in Cunningham's article in the Bengal Asiatic Societj-'s Journal, which for some reason has been ignored by all later writers except Dalton. The gold seal-ring is now in the British Museum (PL XXVIII. 5)\ It is of a typical fourth-third century form, and bears on the flat oval bezel an intaglio of a winged human-headed bull, crowned, and standing 1. Above is the inscription in question ; in front, the taurine sj-mbol, resembling the upper part of a caduceus. Dalton's defence of the genuineness of the ring, which may be read at length in his Catalogue of the Oxus Treasure, seems to be quite convincing. The ring cannot possibly, from its form, be as late as the second century B.C.; it is either earlier, or quite modern. Canon G. A. Cooke, consulted on the inscription, read it ZHSP or PHSP, and dated it, from the style of the lettering, to the fourth or third century B.C. The third coin bearing the inscription, which has now most unfortunately disappeared, is described by Cunningham,- who however only saw a paper impression, as a gold double stater of the types struck at Babylon, with the head of Alexander in ^ Dalton, 02). cif., p. 103, no. 105. and PI. XV. - 02). cit., p. 172, no. 2-3. NORTHERN PERSIA clvil elephant's skin on olt verse, and on the reverse Nike holding palm-hranch and wreath, with the symbol of the horned horse's liead. It is to be presumed, though he does not say so, that the Greek letters Al, which occur on the double staters^ with which he compares it, were absent. But as he saw only a paper impres- sion, it is impossil)le to say whether the coin was a rough imitation, like the imitation of the ordinary stater of Alexander, or something more in the stjde of the stater with the satrapal head. It would seem, however, that we have no right to assume that the coin was a modern forgery. And, if genuine, it affords another valuable indication of date ; for we know now that these gold double staters were struck in Babylonia or some neighbouring province shortly before 306 B.C. Thus it may be said that the whole of the evidence indicates, for these coins with the Aramaic inscription, a date towards the end of the fourth century. This investigation of the whole question of Andragoras and the other ruler who is represented by the Aramaic inscription was begun with a distinct prejudice against the coins; but gradually it became clear that the Ijalance of evidence was on their side (with the reservation about certain specimens of the Andragoras coinage already mentioned). It was onlj^ after the genuineness of the coins seemed to be highl}' probable that they were examined in the light of Mr. Dalton's discussion of the problem from an extra-numismatic standpoint. It is highl}- satisfactory to find that his evidence supports the conclusion which had been reached on independent grounds. We now come to the attribution of the coins. Justin mentions two people of the name of Andragoras : (1) a noble Persian, established by Alexander the Great as governor of Parthia (xii. 4. 12). * Specimens of these double staters and staters have been forged by the Rawal Pindi craftsmen. In the late Mr. Jenkins's collection were false specimens of both denominations, weighing 15-95 and 8-11 gm. respectively (casts are in the British Museum). See above, p. cxlv. Clviii INTRODUCTION (2) a o'overnor of Parthia about the middle of the third century, who was crushed by Arsaces (xli. 4. 7). Markoff'i held that the gold coins inscribed ANAPAfOPOY were struck by the first Andragoras, i. e. about 330 B.C., the silver by the second, i.e. about 250-240 B.C. Most scholars will agree with Rapson that it is not possible to separate them, and that both belong to one satrap. Sir Henry Howorth, in the days before he took up the position that all these coins were false, identified Phrataphar, as he read the Aramaic legend, with the Phrataphernes, satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania, who retained his position under Alexander, afterwards became Satrap of Armenia, and fell fighting against Eumenes.-^ He made the further ingenious suggestion that Andragoras was no other than Phrataphernes under a Greek name. This view, inspired by the resemblance between the quadriga types of the two coinages (a resemblance which seems to be due merely to their having been made in the same part of the world within a genera- tion of each other) has not met with much acceptance, although his reading of the inscription has received a good measure of support. Justi also accepts his identification of Phrataphar with the his- torical Phrataphernes. Drouin, while accepting Howorth's reading Phrataphar, argues that no other pieces with Phoenico- Aramaic script (i.e. with Aramaic script of this early character) are known to come from beyond Tigris ; it is therefore, he says, difficult to admit that these staters can have been struck in Parthia ; so that he cannot accept Howorth's attribution of the coin to the Phrataphernes who was satrap of that province. But, whether we accept that attribution or not, it is surely excess of caution to refuse to believe that coins with this earl}'- script can have been struck in Parthia, say about 323-300 B.C., when we know that coins with the same script, in a further state of development, were struck in Persis before the middle of the next century. ^ See Rapson in Num. Chron., 1893, pp. 204-6. ^ See Justi, Iran. Nnmcnhuch, p. 104, who gives the ancient authorities. NORTHERN PERSIA clix Marquart, so far as it is possible to gather from the brief sum- mary of his views given by Holwerda. believed that after the fall of Andragoras a Hyrcanian kingdom came into existence and lasted some time, and it is to a ruler of this kingdom, called Vahshuvar (Oxyares ^), that he would attribute these coins. We are told by Justin (xli. 4. 8) that the Hyrcanian kingdom was eventually subdued b}^ Arsaces, soon after he had suppressed the second Andragoras. On the other hand Michael the Great ■^ says, just after mentioning the rise of the Parthian power under Arsaces, that ' Hyrcania, situated to the north of Persia, imitated the example (of the Parthians) and set up a prince of its owai under the suzerainty of Persia '. It must be confessed that, without having the details of Marquart's argument, it is difficult to see what has inspired his idea that these coins may belong to Hyrcania. This is not the place '' to add to the conjectural readings which have already been proposed in sufficiency, but it may be observed that the reading Uhshu suggested itself independently. As regards the local attribution of the coins, it seems that every- thing points to Northern rather than to Southern, or South- western Persia. The only reason for connecting these coins with the Persepolitan series is the quite superficial one, that tlie satrap wears a head-dress of the same fashion that is familiar to us from the later Persepolitan coins. But this head-dress, the kyrhasia^ is not specifically Persepolitan ; it is worn by Persians, and in the same way, with the piece swathing the chin, in all parts of the empire ; by Pharnabazus, on a coin struck in North-western Asia Minor ; by a Persian on one of the Sidon sarcophagi ; and so on.^ On the other hand, as regards Andragoras, the historical evidence points to Parthia ; and if the other coins were struck by the ' Oxyartes was the name of the satrap who received Paropamisus and India after the death of Alexander, who had married his daughter Roxane (Arrian 6, 15, 3). ^ Chronicle, transl. by V. Langlois, Venice, 1869, p. 79. ^ On p. 194, no. 2, obverse, ^I'lTl'Tl is a misprint for "IV'^V * See Dalton, pp. 48-50. Clx INTRODUCTION historical Phrataphernes, they too must come from Northern Persia. The place of discovery, which seems, according to the most probable account/ to be Kabadian, on a tributary about a stage to the north of the Oxus itself, also favours a Northern rather than a Southern Persian origin. Of course provenance is of little value in deciding the place of mintage of gold coins, which wander far ; but in this case we have the seal-ring, which presumably belonged to the ruler who struck the Aramaic coins, and is not likely to have travelled far from his dominions. As regards date, if the gold double stater inscribed Uhshu, referred to above as having been seen by Cunningham, was genuine, we must place our Andragoras late in the fourth century or early in the third, a date which is confirmed by the comparison of the types of his coins Avith those of the bronze coin of Seleucus. PEESLS. For the coinage of Persis, at least in its earlier stages, our chief guide must be the work of Col. Allotte de la Fuye.^ He gives a full bibliography of the subject, which need not be repeated here. The coins were struck in the province of Iran lying along the north-east coast of the Persian Gulf, corresponding to the modern Parsistan, and containing the great cities of Pasargadae and Istakhar or Persepolis.'^ The period covered by the coinage is ^ See the discussion in Dalton, p. 1. ^ In Coivlla Nnniismaiica (1906), pp. 63-97. Since this introduction was written, and as it is on the point of going to the printer, M. Jacques de Morgan has published (C. li. de VAcad. des Inscr., 1920, pp. 132 flf.) a brief summary of his views on the reading of the legends, classification, and chronology of the coins of Persis. I have not, at this late stage, attempted to modify the present section in the light of his views ; on all the main questions we are in substantial agreement. ^ Drouin in Serrure's Bulletin de Niimisniatlque, 1900, p. 93. Marquart (according to Holwerda, Levensbericht van J. P. Six, p. 46) professed to decipher on some coins the mint-name rdrsa-Stachni = Persepolis ; but no details are given. PERSIS Clxi between four and five centuries, beginning about 250 B. c, and lasting until the rise of the Sassanian coinage in the first half of the third century after Christ. The currency consists entirely of silver,^ forming a curious contrast to that of Susiana and Characene. The denominations are the tetradrachm with a maxi^ mum of 16-95 gm. (261-6 gn.)^; the drachm, with a maximum of 4-50 gm. (69-5 gn.),'^' and smaller pieces which are described as tetrobols, hemidrachms, diobols, obols, and half-obols ; but their weights are very irregular, and it is often difficult to decide upon their denomination. In the last period of the coinage the standard degenerates, the drachm seldom rising above 3-56 gm. (55 gn.). The inscriptions are all in Aramaic, degenerating into Pehlvi. Drouin is of opinion that the debased and frequently illegible script, occurring on coins of which the art is still good, indicates that the coins are the work of Greek artists who did not under- stand the language. If that is so, there is some excuse in the case of many of the inscriptions, especially in the latest stages of the coinage, for the difficulty of making out where they begin, and even which way up the letters stand. The accompanying tables (p. clxii f .) give the forms more usually occurring on these coins. The coins which Allotte de la Fuye has studied belong to three series. The remainder may be classed as a fourth series, since the intricacy of the relations between the groups is too great to allow of their being divided up. ^ An interesting forgery in gold, of the types of Namopat, with attempts at Greek as well as Pehlvi lettering, was presented to the British Museum in 1908 by A. J. Kharaman Khan. - Allotte de la Fuye, no. 18. ^ ibid., no. 1-. clxii INTRODUCTION ALPHABET OF THE COINS OF PERSIS. FIRST SERIES. SECOND SERIES. THIRD SERIES. K i >r>)^XKK^^<'^ at«^>k -*^X>>^3fX.Vs^Xl-/Ult*ikX 2 >:? a ^ 1 1M mi)y n^ujf n 1 >\< P P') 3 111 r iMnf\i b h6vn f i;niii xy>x^ f 'h'n^K^sSs >fJfJs'h'?^^T^-f XVnKX : Mv-»1 D y 11fT)'T> T)'?1 m'ynrs'MP P -1 I^I^UHKHT lU^ M)ir«nT) B' tt a ETC n lh)K hlHhh 1 hbr^h^rPrk -13 ^ -2Jj/^.Ay > ^ JJX^' ^ ma -LiV^Ajy PERSIS clxiii ALPHABET OF THE COINS OF PERSIS FOURTH SERIES 1 U t/^ AJ J^ >0VJU ^ IL J 5 ^y ^^y n 3 n lEDlAL u 1 r VI n lAr'i^rr^ D > rn>) 3 uiuu y lUdK D V> K N h K-:^ XJX)-h ^ o ; \l D y 7PC9^ P -I \\L •J' UA LL — n HTih Chert: t -12 -M ,^-^ -c4 n-13 dL-i^ Clxiv INTRODUCTION FIRHT SERIES. Bagadates I. Allotte de la Fuye gives all the coins with the head shown on PI. XXVIII. 7-9 to the same man. It is, however, clear that our no. 1 (his no. 2) never had any inscription in the exergue. Our no. 2 was published by de Luynes in 1846 as being in the British Museum, but it was not acquired from Canon Eaton until 1872. J. R, Steuart's coin, on the other hand, which the Museum acquired in 1 848, and which has more than once been illustrated,^ is a cast, made probably from the Eaton specimen. Its low weight (235-7 gn.) is due to this, and not, as Levy wronglj^ supposed, to its being restruck over an Alexander, which it is not. Of course this fact does not lessen its value as evidence for the reading of the inscription, which, as may be seen from the Eaton specimen, it reproduces correctly. No. 1. This inscription has been read as follows: (a) N^nSi^ (on 1.) n i^nnnnS nn:in (on r.), i.e. BaGaDaT PRaTaDaRA ZI ALaHIA by Allotte de la Fuye (there can never have been another w^ord in the exergue as he suggests). (h) i<''rhi< :iT Xn^tonS Tn:i!l, i.e. BaOaRaZ FeRiTKaRA ZaG ALoHIA by Mordtmann. Drachms in de la Fuye's own collection (his no. 1) and else- where '" add to the inscription a w^ord in the exergue, which he and Mordtmann both read Hl^^^ (BaGaKeRT). As between Bagadat and Bagaraz, the former has the advantage of being the better known Persian name. The fourth letter is a mere vertical stroke. I can see no trace on our specimen of the hook which would make it into a certain H, but Allotte de la Fuye » XioH. Chron., 1856, p. 145, fig. 6 ; Levy, Z. D. M. G., 1867, p. 425. Taf. I. 1 ; Mordtmann, Z.f.N., iv, p. 157, no. 5; Allotte de la Fuye, Cor. Nttm., p. 80, no. 3^ Gardner had already suspected its genuineness. « e. g. Egger, Katal, xli (1912), Taf. XXI. 786. PERSIS CIXV gives another instance of such simplification, which is in any case not surprising in the slovenly script of these coins. The reading T) seems to be confirmed by the hemidrachm no. 3, on which the fourth letter in the exergue, mutilated though it is, seems to be a certain p. The reading n*|^i!l, on the other hand, seems to be very doubtful. The third letter on de la Fuye's drachm is 1, which as he says is rather ii than k. The same word occurs on the hemidrachm just mentioned, between the standard and the temple ; and here the third and fourth letters are the same 1, except that the vertical of the third is slightly the shorter of the two. I would suggest, as a possibility, BaGaWaRaT (= Bagarat) or BIURaT.^ The word which de la Fuye reads Fratadara, Mordtmann Ferit- kara, Justi ^ Frataha ra, occurs regularly on the coins of the earlier Persepolitan series ; of these readings, the last, meaning ' fire- kindler ', has hitherto seemed the most attractive. But as Babelon has pointed out,^ the word would seem from the Elephantine Papyri * to be Fratarak. All authorities seem now to be agreed in reading ZI (or ZaG) ALaHIA in the sense of either ' of the Gods ', or ' of divine origin '. The form affected by the final J<, if such it is, compared with the initial one, is an extraordinary instance of the looseness of this script. The fragments of the inscription on the left of the hemidrachm no. 3 may perhaps represent ALaHIA. The evidence, then, so far as it is verifiable, points to the following, reading first on the right, then in the exergue, then on the left : ' The signs for g and / are often indistinguit^bable on these coins. But the Jameson specimen, which 1 saw after the text of this Catalogue was printed off, seems on the whole to support the reading Bagawarat, for the second letter is not like the / in ZI or ALaHIA. ^ Z. D. M. G., xlix, 1895, p. 684 ; Gesch. Irans, p. 487. 3 Rev. Num., 1910, p. 233. * No. 1, 1. 5 ; no. 2, 1. 5 ; Sachau, Aram. Pap. ii. Ostr. aus . . . Ele])hantine, 1911, p. 12. Sachau translates 'Obeier" : an official title from Iranian frntara with suffix /.-. clxvi INTRODUCTION No. 1. BaGaDaT FRaTaRaKA ZI ALaHIA No. .'2. BIURaT FRaTaRa ZI - - - No. 3. BIURAT BaGaDaT - - - A. F., no. 1. BaGaDaT FRaTaRaKA BIURat ZI ALaHIA Finally, a very fine specimen of the tetradrachm in Monsieur Jameson's collection, on which the inscription is complete, seems to me to read BaGaWaRaT or BIURaT (on r. downward}, BaGaDaT FRaTa[Ra]KA ZI (in ex.), ALaHIA (on. 1. upwards). In view of the identity of the portraits on all these coins, we must assume that they represent the same man ; and if so no. 1, on which the inscription is complete, shows that he must have been Bagadat. Then Biurat was his father, and the word Bar, for son, is omitted, as in modern Persian. That the name of the father should be placed sometimes on the right, sometimes in the exergue, and sometimes omitted altogether, need not surprise us in a coinage which is conspicuous for its irregularities. As regards the proposed reading BIURAT, Col. Allotte de la Fuve, to whom a cast of no. 3 was submitted, writes that the read- ing is epigraphically sound, though the name is rather Armenian than Achaemenid.^ M. de Morgan, also consulted with regard to the same coin, reads, on the right, between altar and standard, BGDDjF for BGDT|F. But, since the reading BGDT is already certain in the exergue, we must not read the same name between altar and standard. * Justi, Iran. Namenh.: Biurat, son of Bagarat, and another Biurat, brother of Bagarat, both from Armenian sources. Col. Allotte de la Fuye's words are : 'Ce nom do Biurat, inconnu dans I'onomastique achemenide, qui fournit presque tous les noms des premiers souverains de la Perside, semble specmle- ment armenien. et quelque seduisant qu'il soit de comparer les noms de Biurat et Bagarat avec les lectures possibles ' (des noms) ' associes sur nos monnaies, ce qui pourrait conduire ii reprcndre I'hypothese aujourd'hui con- damnee de I'attribution des monnaies a I'Armenie, il faut peut-etre hesiter a adopter ces lectures possibles mais douteuses et leur en prefei-er d'autres plus en rapport avec I'onomastique achemenide : la question est certes tres embarrassante, et j'avoue qu'en rejetant la lecture Bagarat pour adopter Bagadat je n'ai pas eu d'autres raisons que d'eviter un nom armenien.' He even inclines to a return to the reading Bagakert, which is etyraologically sound though epigraphically disputable. PERsis clxvii The objects which surmount the fire-temple on no. 2, and on similar coins of succeeding rulers, have been explained as three small altars, placed en top because they could not be seen outside. They are, however, probably merely battlements, of the form found on coins of the Second Series.^ Vahuberz (Oborzos). Polyaenus (vii. 40) mentions a satrap of Persis called "O^op^os, without indication of date ; Justi identifies with this satrap the ruler whose name he reads H^lin*), Vahuberz, on a certain number of coins, given by Mordtmann to Zaturdat.^ On our drachm, no. 1, the king's name is much broken down, but on the Paris tetra- drachm (A. de la Fuye, no. 4), here PI. LII. 10, the reading (which is in the first place due to Justi) seems clear. In addition to the formula Frataraka zi Alahia, de la Fuye read on the right of the temple 13 I *li on our drachm, and, on the Paris tetradrachm and smaller denominations (tetrobol, hemidrachm, and obol, A. de la Fuye, nos. 6-8), 113 or 13. These letters he takes to be the patronymic FRaDaBaR, son of Frada. The reading 1^ is very probable ; that of the father's name less so. The 1 between the king and the temple is unexplained. Our hemidrachm, no. 3, appears to belong to this series, although the reading of the word in the exergue is difficult to reconcile with the others, unless it is, as I have suggested, and as de la Fuye thinks it may be, X *T ni3 for Frataraka zi Alahia. On both the drachm no. 3 and the hemidrachm no. 3 the name of the ruler (on the left) is off* the flan, but both the French scholars agree in the attribution to Oborzos. Justi ^ reads the letters on our drachm FRBG, i. e. the sacred fire Far(n)bag. If he were right, we should find the same name * Cp., too, the towers represented on the dress of the archers of Susa, Perrot and Chipiez, v, p. 766. - All the varieties collected by Allotte de la Fuye, Cor. Num., pp. 83-5. 3 Z. D.M. G., xlix (1895), p. 685. clxviii INTRODUCTION beside the fire altar on other coins, whereas the word in this position varies frequently. Moreover, the fourth letter, whatever it may be, is hardly a G. Justi's suggestion is a good example of the rashness of building a theory on a single coin. Artaxerxes I. The four coins catalogued here (p. 198) are the only extant pieces which are attributed to this ruler. The reading of the drachm no. 1 as ARTa^SHaTR FRaTaRaKa ZI ALaH(ia) seems to be fairly certain. On the tetrobol the name seems to be written HaRTaHSHaTR ; on the left is an inscription which has not been read, although the letters are quite clearly defined (possibly FRaTaRA?). On the right, between standard and temple, are three letters, which Allotte de la Fuye in his scheme represents as 1^^, although in his text he interprets FRaDa, which seems to be the more likely reading. If so it represents the same name as we find on the coins of Vahuberz, and the two kings may have been sons of the same Frada. The hemidrachm is very difficult to decipher ; the name in the exergue may be that of Artaxerxes in some form or another. The words on the left and right are clearer since the coin was cleaned. While that on the left remains undeciphered, that on the right may be the same "113 as on the tetrobol. The drachm no. 2 (PL XXIX. 2) must also be attributed to Artaxerxes. The three letters beside the standard on nos. 2 and 3 in this Catalogue are presumably the same. The former piece gives the third letter clearly. Allotte de la Fuye (on his no. 9) reads the word FRD (i. e. [son of] Frada . . .) ; if he is right, the D is an early form which, by being turned on its side, developed into the form which one finds on later coins. AUTOPHRADATES 1. The coins attributed to Autophradates (Vatafradat) ^ are mainly tetradrachms and drachms (Allotte de la Fuye, nos. 12-20). I have ^ For the reading see Drouin in Serrure's Bull, de Num., vii, 1900, p. 97. PERsis clxix included with them the liemidrachm no. 5, which may have had the name of the ruler on the left. The inscription in the exergue is perhaps a miswriting of X^^lH'lS. As to the letters on either side of the shaft of the standard it is just possible that they may read ^^ which might stand for DaRIaU B(ar) (cp. FRa(Da) BaR on the drachm of Oborzos, A. F., no. 5). But until a specimen is discovered with the left side complete, it must remain uncertain whether this coin really belongs to Autophradates. Where the reading of the inscription is as uncertain as it is in this series, it seems best to classify the coins according to details of types, rather than according to their inscriptions. This ruler introduces certain variations of the reverse type; on some he is represented crowned by Nike (PI. XXIX. 7), and the temple is surmounted by the stepped-battlement arrangement so characteristic of Persian architecture ^ ; and in all, the figure of Ahuramazda now appears hovering above the temple. We may assume that all coins of this series on which Ahuramazda is not present are earlier than Autophradates. This Autophradates is the latest ruler of the first series w^hose name can be read with any probability. Allotte de la Fuye describes a number of uncertain coins of similar types, placing among them no. 2, p. 200, which he would presumably assign to a .son of Autophradates ; but as it is so close in type to the coins of Autophradates himself, and the missing word may as well Have been the father's name as the son's, or have merely completed the formula N^n7X ^T, I have placed it among the attributed coins. The uncertain drachms nos. 5 and 6 (p. 203) have been submitted to MM, de la Fuye and de Morgan for suggestions. For no. 5 they propose respectively VT (on the right, as the beginning of Vatafradat) or PHR (as on coins of Oborzos), and HTR perhaps Artahshtr, reading from left to right. For no. 6 M. de la Fuye proposes the reading of the portion on the right as given ^ Sometimes, as in the Luynes specimen, here PI. LII. 11, the battlements are jilain. y clxx INTRODUCTION ill the text ; on the left he sees traces of VaHUBeRZ ; the exergue remains unintelligible. An uncertain tetradrachm in the Paris Collection, which is restruck on a tetradrachm of Vahuberz, is figured in PI. LII. 12.^ The two drachms formerly in Gen. Clerk's Collection described by Allotte de la Fuye under nos. 21 and 25 respectively, are now in the Museum (nos. 2, 3). I have nothing to add to his remarks on these coins. We have no evidence save that of style to enable us to date this first series. Allotte de la Fuye thinks that the earliest coins, those attributed to Bagadat I, are not much earlier than Antiochus III (222 B.C.). We may perhaps provisionally assign the whole series to the period 250-150 B.C., since, as we shall see, Parthian influence made itself felt during the time of Mithradates I (171-138 b. c), and is reflected in the coinage of the second series. Allotte de la Fuye has shown (p. 90) that the evidence for the name Narseh, which Mordtmann read on several coins of the first period, is insufficient. ^SECOND SERIES. The second series comprises the coins (PI. XXX-XXXII. 4) of two kings whose names are inscribed, and possibly of some others. The tetradrachm disappears after the beginning of the series, the majority of the coins being drachms, with smaller denominations. The coins are characterized by very high relief on the obverse. The king, on the earliest class, wears a modified kyrbasia, his chin being no longer swathed in side-flaps. This class falls into three groups : A. Uninscribed (with one or two possible exceptions) - ; the head-dress surmounted by an eagle. PI. XXX. 1-10. B. Similar; in addition to the eagle, a crescent on the back of the head-dress. PI. XXX. 11-15. ' Allotte de la Fuye, no. 23. '^ Cor. Num., nos. 34-6. PERsis elxxi C. Inscribed similar type, but instead of the eagle, a crescent on top of the head-dress, and none on the back. PI. XXX. 16 — XXXI. 11. All have the same reverse : the fire-temple, with Almramazda above it, the king adoring, and on the right a standard, on which is perched a bird.^ The work is progressively bad, the details of the temple, for instance, being more and more summary, the stepped .battlements becoming simplified into forms resembling the horns of an altar ; in group C, the standard is reduced to a mere upright rectangle. The inscription on the reverse of group C was read MaNaVaZ MaLKA 1 )y Mordtmann ; but Allotte de la Fuye points out that there is another letter at the beginning and suggests DARIaU. The first, third, fourth, and fifth signs are mere minims ; the second is proved to be X by comparison with the X in XD 7^ ; but the rest must remain uncertain for the present. An interesting feature of these coins is that the title of King appears on them for the first time. These coins are followed by a small group with similar types, but reading Vatafradat Malka (PI. XXXI. 12-14). As Allotte de la Fuye remarks (on his no. 51), this community of types proves that this Autophradates is the successor and probably the son of the king who used the same types with the inscription interpreted DARIaU MaLKA. This group represents the first coinage of Autophradates. He afterwards introduced his own portrait with the Parthian type of head-dress (PI. XXXI. 15— XXXII. 4). If the Parthian coins are any guide, he must be more or less contem- porary with Mithradates I (171-138 B.C.) if we accept the classifi- cations of Gardner and Petrowicz.^ Now there is a tradition that ^ Drouin (m Serrure's Bull, de Ninii., vii. 1900, p. 97) and Sarre (in Lehmann's Beitrdge, iii (1903), pp. 349-50) take the bird on the standard for the cock, a solar symbol, like the triskeles. But, bad as the art of these coins is, it is impossible to admit that the engraver meant the bird for a cock. The older royal Persian standard in Xenophon's time bore a golden eagle. - Wroth gives these coins to Mithradates II. Allotte de la Fuye (Cor. Num., p. 95) accepts Wroth's classification for the purpose of dating the Persid coins. I must confess that the high relief of these coins seems to me more in keeping with the earlier date. clxxii INTRODL'CTION Persi-s was conquered b}' Mithradates I, and this would account for the sudden appearance of the Parthian style. We may accordingly date this second series from about 150 to 100 b.c. THIRD SKRlEh;. The third series (PI. XXXII. 5— XXXIV. 5) begins with Darius (II ?), son of Autophradates II, who is followed, according to Allotte de la Fuye'g reading, by his sons Oxathres and (later) Artaxerxes II. The reading on the first group (PI. XXXII. 5-20)^ DARIaU MaLKA (or MeLeK) BaRMaN (or perhaps BaRaH) VaTaFRaDaT MaLKA (or MeLeK) is certain : and Allotte de la Fuye main- tains the same of the reading VaHUHSHaTR (equivalent to Greek Oxathres or Cyaxares) on the second group (PI. XXXII. 21 — XXXIII. 7). In style the coins of Darius, son of Autophradates, seem to show the influence of those placed by Wroth at the end of the series of Mithradates II (B. M. C, Parthia, PL YIIL 1-9), and by Petrowicz (PL IV. 6 fF.) attributed to Mithradates I. The arrange- ment of the inscription on the four sides of the square surrounding the type shows the growing influence of the Parthian coinage. The coins of Oxathres can hardly be earlier than those assigned by Wroth to Artabanus II, while in some ways they seem almost more reminiscent of Orodes I. We must regard this series as beginning not much earlier than 100 b. c. Gutschmid and Allotte de la Fuye think that Artaxerxes II may 1)6 the king of that name of whom Isidore of Charax (w^ho lived about the beginning of the Christian Era) speaks as having been known to his parents, and as having been assassinated at the age of ninety-three by his brother Gosithres.^ Allotte de la Fuye suggests that to this Gosithres^ may be assigned a drachm in his own collection with ' A particularly fine drachm in Col. J. Biddulph's Collection (.3-86 gm.) is illustrated in PI. LIII. 1. ^ Pseudo-Lucian. Macrobii, 15 (218 1. ^ The Greek raxrlOpqi is a regular transcription of the Avestic Gaofithra. PERSis clxxiii a reverse type, unparalleled in the series, and borrowed from the Parthian coinage of Orodes I (57-37 b. c.) ; viz. the king seated, receiving a palm-branch (?) from the City, who stands before liim.^ The usual reverse type of all this series is the king standing, with sceptre in his hand, before a small altar. The inscription on the coins of Darius has already been mentioned. That on the coins attributed to Oxathres^ is hardly ever complete; the name "intJ'n'im appears to be so on the drachm illustrated in Corolla N'wniismatica (PI. III. 68) as on the Paris specimen here given in PI. LIII. 2 " ; but of the five drachms in this Catalogue only two (nos. 2, 4) approach anything like completeness ; and as regards nos. 1, 3, and 5 it seems hardly possible to extract that name from them. On some of the smaller denominations the names of both king and father are much abbreviated. The word for ' son ' is written in a way which has excited considerable discussion. The signs for !l and ^ are combined, and followed by a sign which has been variously explained as ' * or n '^ or |D.'' Allotte de la Fuye observes that the letters T\ and H, in these Proto-Pehlvi inscriptions as in the fully developed Pehlvi, assume indistinguishable forms, except in the case of final H. The curious piece illustrated on PI. XXXIII. 8 (p. 2*21, no. 1) is connected by its obverse type with the Oxathres group. On the reverse is a sign (possibly the letter T\ or H) surrounded by radiating dashes, which may perhaps be the remains of an inscription. On the coins of Artaxerxes II we see the characteristic Perse- ^ Cor. Num., p. 94, PI. III. 77. The obverse shows the bust of the king in a tiara with a crescent on it, and a triskeles in the field behind, like the drachm of Darius in the present Catalogue (PI. XXXII. 8). ^ Blau {Num. Zeit.. 1877. p. 88) had already attempted to read 'Hurahshatr' instead of " Arthshatr' on some of the coins of the earlier Fersepolitan series, but without any success. ^ The inscription begins at the top left-hand corner. See A. de la Fuye, no. 69. * Thomas, Num. Chron., 1850, p. 77. ^ Levy. Z.D.M.G.. 1867, p. 462; Drouin in Serrure's Bull, de Num.. vii, 1900, p. 98 ; Allotte de la Fuye. Cor. Num.. p. 93. '' See Drouin, Jlev. Arch.. 1884, iv, pp. 165, 231. clxxiv INTKODUCTION politan crown, with stepped battlements.^ There also appears, in the field of the obverse, a monogram or rather a symbol,^ which reminds us of the Himyarite coinage more than of any other. The fabric of the coins of this king inclines to be thin and flat, and difters notably from that of the coins of Darius II and Oxathres ; so that it may 1 lelong to a different district. FOURTH SERIES. Col. Allotte de la Fuye having terminated his study of the series with Artaxerxes II, w" e have to rely, for assistance ^ in reading the inscriptions on the succeeding and still more difficult coins, chiefly on the work of Mordtmann and Justi.* The script is so slovenly that it seems desirable to see what can be done towards a classification based not merely on the readings of the inscriptions but also on fabric and style and other features which the linguist is apt to neglect. In what follows, this more strictly numismatic evidence has been taken into account as far as possible. The coins which remain to be considered in this way probably cover a period of about two centuries, bringing us down to the beginning of the Sassanian coinage under Ardashir I (a. d. 226). There may, as Col. Allotte de la Fuye points out, have been a gap in the succession in Persis during this last period, seeing that the Arsacid Gotarzes was able to set up a bas-relief commemorating a victory at Persepolis. The name Namopat or Nemopat, which has been read on the coins catalogued on pp. 225, 226 (PI. XXXIV. 6 ff.), is not otherwise ' Col. Allotte de la Fuye possesses an unusual drachm on which the king wears no crown, but is diademed. - For it is obviously not composed of any signs found in the writing of the time. Something of the same kind appears on Col. Biddulph's drachm of Darius II (PI. LIII. 1). '■ Apart from that which has been generously afforded l>y Col. de la Fuye himself and M. de Morgan in correspondence with me. * In his Iranisches Namenbtich and Gesch. Iraiis (pp. 487-8). Though following Mordtmann on the whole, he makes a number of useful corrections in the latter's readings. PERSIS clxXV known.^ His father was Artahshatr/^ possibly the second of that name, whose coins we have included in the third series. The star and crescent type (representing the conjunction of Venus and the Moon), either by. itself (as on no. 10 and on the Paris drachm, PI. LIII. 3), or combined with the figure of the king, is characteristic of this group of coins. There is also a small group '^ with the king's bust (instead of his figure) facing the star and crescent, which may be associated with Namopat (PI. XXXIV. 18-21) ; but I have failed to make anything of the inscriptions ; and, as the l)ust on the obverse wears a low tiara instead of the mural crown, a different person may be intended. On no. 3 the last three letters may, as M. de Morgan suggests, represent M[L]KA ; the rest may be a blundered rendering of some name ending in -pat. M. de Morgan suggests NaPat or NaMUPat ; Col. de la Fuye KaPAT. Close to the coins of Namopat, in the manner of dressing the hair, though the mural crown is lacking and the king wears a simple diadem, are the coins with a triskeles on the reverse (p. 229, nos. 1-3, PI. XXXV. 1-3). On some pieces of this type, Mordt- mann ^ has read the name of * Darius, king, son of Artaxerxes (II) '. I confess that neither on the specimens before me, nor yet in the facsimiles which he gives of the legends, can I see , satisfactory grounds for so reading the first name. No. 1, indeed, certainly contains a ^, the only certain letter of the first name, and Justi's suggestion ^ of ' Pakur Malka barah Vahumitr ' seems to be much nearer the mark. As regards the father's name, no. 1 in the British Museum and a small piece at Paris (here PI. LIII. 4) seem ^ See Justi, Iran. Namenbuch, s. v. Nemopat ; Drouin in Serrure's Bull, de Xumism., vii, 1900, p. 98. Mordtmann's reading of the name as " Yezdekert' {Z.f. N.. iv, p. 176) is manifestly wrong. ^ Justi {op. cit., p. 37) reads the inscription, on a coin illustrated by Mordtmann [loc. cit., PL II. 17), as ' Artanobocat (?) '; whether he is trusting entirely to Mordtmann's facsimile, he does not say. The coin is of the same type as our no. 10, PI. XXXIV. 15. and the little piece on which Drouin [loc. cit.) reads Namopat. 2 Called ' Prince X ' by M. de Morgan. ^ Z.f.N.,\y.^. 178. ^ h-an. Nam., p. 239, no. 10. clxwi INTRODUCTION to <;-ive tJ^nini (so Allotte de la Fiiye) or Dn*in"|/ and on the other n.. p. 154. » z Clxxviii INTRODUCTION coins, as we have seen, seem to follow closely in style on those of Darius II, whereas the NamOpat who struck coins seems to have been the son of Artaxerxes II who was the son of Darius II. We probably have to do with rulers reigning contemporaneously in diflferent parts of Persis ; possibly after Autophradates II there was a division of territories, at the end of the second period, and the father of Kapat may have been contemporary with Darius II, but have struck no coins. In this Catalogue, the main series of coins attributed to Kapat is divided into two groups, according as the king's bust on the obverse has a neck-piece to the tiara, covering the back-hair (PI. XXXV. 10 — XXXVI. 3), or has no neck-piece, so that the back-hair projects in a waved mass (PI. XXXVI. 4-11), In each of these groups, how- ever, a further distinction is noticeable, in that the hair of the bust on the reverse is also treated in two ways. On most of those pieces which show the hair of this bust in a thick waved mass behind (pp. 232-5. 1-3, 12, 22-8), the inscription is fairly legible ; l)ut on nearly all of those in which the hair falls more smoothly on to the neck (pp. 232-5, 4-11, 13-20, 29), the inscription appears to break down, and it is seldom possible to see any relation to the reading of the other group. It can hardly be that all these coins with the illegible inscription are merely unintelligent copies of the others, since they correspond with an actual variation of the type. As regards the two heads on coins of Kapat — and on other coins on which heads appear on both sides — they must, as Col. de la Fuye has already suggested, be father and son. The portrait with the tiara and without the inscription must be that of the son, who issued the coins. On Kapat's coins, therefore, the diademed head represents Namopat. The group of coins ^ which show a head in tiara accompanied by triskeles symbol on the obverse, and a formal representation of a diadem^ on the reverse (PI. XXXVI. 12-19), is connected by its * ' Prince Y ' according to M. de Morgan's nomenclature. 2 This type already occurs under Namopat (p. 227, nos. 11, 12, PI. XXXIV. 16, 17), PEESis clxxix fabric with the Kapat series. But the work, though occasionally neat (as in no. 5, p. 237, PI, XXXVI. 15), is usually very poor; the inscription, when anything is left of it, is reduced by the smallness of the flans to portions of a few letters. These coins belong to Mordtmann's classes XY and XVI (pp. 178-9). He has taken the triskeles, on the only specimen where he has observed it, for ^^. The type of the reverse is to be compared with the diadem on certain coins of Susiana (PL XLI. 26-7) ; but usually on the Persepolitan coins the ends of the diadem, instead of being kept outside the double circle, fall down in front of it; PI. XXXVI. 20 is an exception. Here, in connexion with the coins just discussed, for lack of a better place, we may mention the drachm, half-drachm, and obol (p. 239, PI. XXXVI. 21-3), which, like those of Kapat, have a head in a tiara on the obverse, and a bearded diademed head on the reverse. The types and the arrangement of the long circular inscription on the reverse connect these coins with the Kapat series, whereas the flatter fabric, together with the placing of an inscription along the back of the head on the obverse, is more in the fashion of the next series to be discussed. The remains of the inscription on the obverse seem to me to indicate Vatafradat malkd ^ ; unfortunately the beginning of the name is very uncertain. We now come (p. 241, PL XXXVII. 3-9) to the coins (confused by Mordtmann with those discussed above) on which the bust on the reverse is beardless. Justi ^ agrees with Mordtmann in reading on these coins the name of Manucithr (Mordtmann : Minutscheher ; Justi: Manusci^ra) Malka, i.e. J^^Sd ^^H^^)^. The beardless head (which, on the fine specimen no. 1, PL XXXVII. 3, is also ^ Thomas {Nttm. Chron., 1872, p. 42) read Aturdat Malkd. Mordtmann {Z.f. N., iv, p. 183, after no. 147) considered the piece false, but gave no reasons. Before it was cleaned, it certainly had an unpleasant appearance, but there seems no ground for doubting its authenticity. Col. Allotte de la Fuye agrees that it is genuine, but inclines to read M(?)iT(?)RDaT as on the Arsacid coins of Mithradates VI (whose date, A. n. 116 according to Gutschmid, would agree fairly well with that of our coin). - Iran. Nam., p. 192, no. 3. CIXXX INTRODUCTION identified as a king Manucithr, i. e. tlie first of that name) is doubtless that of tlie father of the king Manucithr who struck these coins, and who must be called Manucithr II, adding one to Mordtmann's numeration of the kings of that name. This beard- less head usually has the hair dressed up in a thick mass on the crown of the head. A similar treatment of the hair is seen on obverses of the small group (p. 240, PI. XXXVI. 24-6, XXXVII. 1, 2, and the Paris specimen, PI. LIII. 5), which bear on the reverse a radiate beardless diademed bust, inscribed, apparently K3 /^ ^"Ifl^S.^ It would seem that in these beardless busts, whether radiate or not, we should recognize deified ancestors. The Paris drachm gives us the name of the reigning sovereign, namely, Artaxerxes (Artahshatr). Coming to the coins of Manucithr III, son of Manucithr II (J). 243, PI. XXXVII. 12, 13), we see, in the fabric, a distinct approxi- mation to the flat Sassanian style. Mordtmann (p. 182, no. 141) reads the inscription on one specimen : (obv.) Minutschetri Malka, (rev.) Nafi (i. e. grandson) Minutschetri Malk Malka. He suggests that the son of Manucithr I died during his father's lifetime,- which would account for the second king of the name describing himself as grandson of the first. But of the two specimens of the coinage in this Catalogue, one describes the king clearly as son (ni^) of Manucithr.^ We have already seen that the first Manucithr to issue money seems to have placed on the reverse of his coins the beardless head of a predecessor, probably father, of the same name. If Mordtmann's reading of the Alishan specimen is correct, then the grandfather referred to is the beardless king in question. ^ Col. Allotte de la Fuye also reads MTR on a piece in his collection. He suggests a connexion with the reading MTRDT which he proposes for the coin which I have read VTPRDT (above, p. clxxix, note 1). '^ A suggestion which he supposes to be confirmed by the large number of coins which he has ascribed to the first king of that name. But most of those coins are of Kai^at, as has been shown above. ^ Col. Allotte de la Fuye thinks that the letters on the left of the head on the reverse of p. 243, no. 1, the source of Mordtmann's *i^y come from an earlier partly effaced inscription, or from a countermark. They seem to me , (as to M. de Morgan) to be the remains of X5I7/I3]- PERSis clxxxi The liemidrachm no. 3 (PL XXXVII. 14) is also to be attributed to this third Manucithr. It is probably similar to Mordtmann's no. 142. The latest issue of Persepolitan coins represented in this collection was made in the name of Artaxerxes IV, son of Manucithr (p. 244, PI. XXXVII. 15-19 ; Mordtmann, pp. 183-4). The kings name is sometimes on the reverse, around a radiate head wearing the Persepolitan walled crown ; which head, however, is doubtless that of his deified father, whose name is written against it on no. 3 and perhaps on no. 4. The coins of this king fall into two groups ; those which have Manucithr's name on the reverse (nos. 3 and 4) are of less flat fabric than the others (nos. 1, 2, and 5). Mordtmann closes his study of the series with two coins which he reads ' King Tiridat ' and ' Tiridat son of Ardeshir '. The former name is on a coin at Berlin (Prokesch-Osten) ; the latter he reads on a coin figured by Thomas ^ ; but in order to read the father's name it is necessary to assume that two letters have been dropped in the middle, for all that the coin shows is *inn*1X. As a matter of fact, the inscriptions on both sides of this coin are the same as on no. 4 of Manucithr II, and the father's name must be, as in that case, Manucithr also. No. 4 however, apart from its obverse inscription, is exactly like nos. 3 and 5, both of which seem to contain in their obverse legends certain elements of ^^iH^JJi. Markofi''s coin,^ which Justi " groups with the two described by Mordtmann, has only three letters of the king's name left on the obverse; the reverse is uninscribed, with a type like no. 2 of Manucithr II. Markofi" reads the name as rni[^n], thus con- firming Mordtmann's view. It is possible, therefore, that there was a Tiridates, son of the original Manucithr, who struck coins indistinguishable, save in their inscriptions, from those of Manu- cithr II. But the readings are so uncertain that I have preferred ^ Num. Chron., 1872, PI. II. 5. 2 Monn. Arsac, Suharsac, &c. (1889), PI. 1. 686. ^ Iran. Nam., p. 327, no. 9. Clxxxii INTRODUCTION to leave our hemidrachm no. 4 with the others which it so closely resembles. For the relationships of this last family of Persepolitan kings we may therefore propose the following- scheme : Manucithr I Manucithr II Tiridates ? Manucithr III I Artaxerxes IV A late Persepolitan coin which it is difficult to fit in with any of the other series is represented by a few specimens, of which two are catalogued on p. 242, PI. XXXVII. 10, 11. The remarkable reverse type has a faint suggestion of Indian influence.^ On the first specimen the inscriptions on both sides of the figure appear to be identical, except that on the left it is read inwards from left to right instead of as usual from right to left. Both suggest MaLKA, but in addition there is a fifth sign of which only the bottom of the upright stroke is visible. On the other specimen the inscription on the left of the figure may be as on the first. M. de Morgan, to whom a cast of the Museum specimen was submitted, suggests RTCR for the inscription on the right (for Artaxerxes II, father of Namopat ?) ; but, as he points out, the name is difterently written on Namopat's coins; and in any case the style of the coin appears to me to be later than the time of that Artaxerxes. ELYMAIS— SUSIANA. Elymais, which, at any rate for the most part, was identical with Susiana,- maj^ be briefly described as the country between ' Cp. Mao and Mithro on coins of Kanishka, B.M. C., Greek and Scythic Kings. PL XXVI. 9, 10. - Weissbacli in Paulj-Wissowa, v, 1908, cols. 2458-67, gives a convenient ELYMAIS — SUSIANA clxxxiii Babylonia and Persis, about the valleys of the Choaspes and Eulaeus, with Susa as its chief city. Of its cults, something can be gleaned from incidental references. Antiochus III was killed in an attempt to plunder the treasury of a temple of ' Belos' in Elymais'; and Antiochus IV, in 164 B.C., made a similar attempt on a temple of a goddess who is variously called ' Artemis ' (Poly bins, Josephus), ' Aphrodite ' (Appian), ' Nanaia ' (2 Mace. i. 13), i. e. the Babylonian Nature-goddess Nanai/ the Nana or Nanaia of Indo-Scythic coins, and perhaps also to be identified with the Persian Anaitis. of whom Aelian mentions a temple, in the land of Elymais, where tame lions were kept. The temple, or one of the temples, of Artemis was known as TO. "A^apa ; this and a temple of Athena were robbed by Mithradates the Great of 10,000 talents. It seems safe to assume that these goddesses are the Artemis and Athena who appear in Greek guise on the later coins (PI. XLII. 13-21) ; and the City- goddess whose radiate bust forms an earlier type (PI. XXXIX. 14 ff.) is generally also identified with the local Artemis. The Zeus of the earliest coins (PI. XXXVIII. 1-6), on the other hand, may repre- sent the Belos who is mentioned in connexion with Antiochus III. The ' anchor ' which occurs on most of the coins is usually supposed to be derived from the Seleucid symbol, and may, if that is so, indicate some claim of the local kings to Seleucid descent ; for after the death of Alexander Susa was part of the Seleucid dominions. Very similar objects occur on coins attributed to Phraates III (l) and Orodes I of Parthia ^ ; on some of the latter coins it is capped by a crescent or trident-shaped ornament. The association with the crescent and star or pellet on the coins of Elymais is very close. Parthian coins which bear this symbol may have been meant, as Wroth suggests, for circulation in Elymais, or to emphasize the Parthian king's suzerainty over that kingdom. summary of its geography and history, with full references, which need not here be repeated. ^ Wagner in Roscher's Lexikon, s.v. Nana. 2 Wroth, B. M. C, Parthia, PI. XI. 14 and XVII. 7 ff., and p. Ixxvi. clxxxiv INTRODUCTION But we are not by this brought any nearer to the interpretation of the object, which may, after all, be not an anchor at all, but a sacred symbol associated with some deity of Susa. The coinage begins in the second century B.C., under the dynasty of Kamnaskires. It has been studied with great care by Col. Allotte de la Fuye, whose three contributions to the subject make reference to earlier publications unnecessary.^ The earliest coinage directly associated with Elymais is the remarkable Alexandrine tetradrachm of Aspeisas, governor of Susiaua under Antigonus.^ The only literary mention of any later ruler of Elymais is to be found in the text of Pseudo-Lucian ^ : Kal MvaaKipr]^ 8e jSaaLXev? TIap6vai(ov e^ kol kvevrjKovTa 'i^-qa^v err], wliich Long- pdrier, on the evidence of the coins, emended to Ka/xuaa-Kiprj^ S^ /Sao-iAeyy, ktX. This Kamnaskires is called king of the Parthians, it is true, but the author could hardly be expected to distinguish between a king of the Parthians and his vassal of Elymais. Which of the kings of the name is referred to, it seems impossible to decide, for there is no certainty in the proposed attribution of the various coins with the name to three or four different kings. It is certain that the dynasty lasted for some time ; for the earliest coin, by its style, is evidently of about the middle of the second ^ (I) Rev. Num., 1902, pp. 92-114 ('La Dynastie des Kamnaskires', dealing ■with the earlier coinage). (II) ' Monnaies de TElymaide' in Mission de.Morgav, tome viii (1905), Avhich describes the coins in the hoard found in 1900 and other coins supposed to be contemporary with them, and also others which are known, and are presumably later than the contents of the said hoard. (III) 'Les Monnaies de I'Elymaide ' in Rev. Num., 1919, which modifies his previous classification in the light of new material. It may be noted here that, apart from the earlier coins of silver, and the bronze ' tetradrachms', the great mass of the coins in the British Museum comes from two donations made in 1909 by Lt. A. T. Wilson (now Sir Arnold Wilson, K.C.I.E.). The first donation consists of coins found in a hoard at Susa ; the provenance of the second does not appear to be certain, but that the coins came from a hoard, and from Susa, seems to be probable. In the indications below the text the coins from the latter donation are distinguished by a mark of interrogation after the word ' Susa '. A certain number of the ELYMAIS — SUSIANA clxXXV century b. c. ; the Kamnaskires who married Anzaze dated his coins in the year 231 a. s. (= 82-81 B.C.); and there is a long coins from these two donations are too badly preserved to be included in this Catalogue, or even to be classified with complete certainty. Approximately, however, Allotte de la Fuye's various groups are represented as follows in the two donations. Classification according to First donation Second donation Allotte de la Fuye. (from Susa). (from Susa ?). Kamnaskires Type B a 7 Orodes I Type A a 1 „ „ 2 „ „ 3 (Fortune) 18 — 10 3 „ ., 3 (Anchor, &c.) 30 3 „ Ad (Eagle) — — ., ., (Diadem) — — Orodes II Type A d or A e 1 (Bust) 12 — „ „ „ 2 (Dashes) 38 4 „ Bb 1 3 — „ ,, 2 31 2 Phraates Type A b 1 (Artemis) 11 3 ,, „ 1 (Dashes) 23 3 M Ac 1 1 2 ., ., 2 (Eagle) — 2 „ „ 2 (Diadem) 5 „ Ad 2 Phraataces Type B c — X Type B d — Orodes III Type B e (Anchor) — — • ,, ,, (Artemis) — 7 „ Bf 1 -- Orodes IV Type B g 10 .5 Y Type B h — 1 Z Type B i 14 6 Vologeses Type B j 1 2 Chosroes Type B k Total — — 210 50 Another important addition to the Museum series was made in 1920 by the generosity of Monsieur J. de Morgan. All the pieces presented by him are chai-acterized by their excellent preservation, especially as I'egards the inscriptions. They came from a hoard found at Dizful. '•^ Robinson in Num. Chron., 1921, p. 37. ■^ Macrohii, c. 16. 2 a Clxxxvi INTRODUCTION series of coins showing a progressive degradation of the types. A certain number of these degraded types are associated in hoards with the coins attributable to kings of the names of Orodes and Phraates. Allotte de la Fuye, who was formerly inclined to identify Orodes I and Phraates of Elymais with the Parthian kings of the same names, is now of opinion that they are later, and belong to the end of the first and beginning of the second centur}' after Christ. A specimen of the bronze tetradrachms of the Kamnaskires class was found together with Characenian coins of Attambelos III and IV and Theoneses III, which belong to the period a. D. 93-111; and this would seem to indicate that the Kamnaskires coinage came to an end in the second half of the first century. The period covered by the coinage from the reign of the Kamnaskires who married Anzaze, to the reign of Orodes I, seems to have lasted about a century and a half. Then follow the reigns of Orodes I, Phraates, Orodes II and their successors, bringing us down, perhaps, to the latter part of the second century. The identification of the Orodes and Phraates of Elymais with Parthian namesakes being now discarded by its proposer, there remains another suggested link between the two series, in the bronze coin attributed to Chosroes of Parthia, whom Allotte de la Fuye is inclined to regard as the successor of Phraates. This will be discussed in its place ; meanwhile, without accepting the inter- polation of the coin in the series of Elymais, we ma}' agree to the attribution of the coin to Chosroes. Adhering in the main to the principles established by Allotte de la Fuye for the distinction of the various groups of coins, but omitting the more precarious elements of his classification, we note the following groups. I. Kamnaskires I Nikephoros. M Attic tetradrachm (Paris) : Ohv. Portrait ^ in the style of the Seleucid coins of the first half of the second century; rev. BAZI- ' Sieveking's notion [Rev. Arch., 1903, i, p. 344 f.) that this is a portrait of ELYMAIS — SUSIANA clxXXvii AEflZ KA/^NIZKIP0YNIKH<|)0P0Y. Apollo seated on omphalos, holding two arrows. Rev. Num., 1902, PI. V. 1 ; here PI. LIII. 6. Another at Berlm {Z.f. N., 1898, p. 231). Drachms of the same type, without the epithet NIKH0P0Y, also exist. II. Ktnnnashires II and Anzaze. 231 and 232 a. s. = 82/1 and 81/0 b. c. M Tetradrachms and drachm, as nos. 1-4 in this Catalogue (PI. XXXVIII. 1-4 and LIII. 7). Cf. Rev. Num., I. c, p. 99, no. 2, p. 102, no. 5. III. KamTiashires III, son of (the Great 'i) King Kamnaskires II. 251 A. s. 0) = 62/1 B. c. (rt) M Tetradrachms {Rev. Num., I.e., p. 100, no. 3, PI. V. 3, here PI. LIII. 8) and drachms, as p. 247, nos. 1, 2, PI. XXXVIII. 5, 6. The portrait is that of a young man. The tetradrachm reads BacriXioos Ka/xuaaKipov TOYEP BaaiXeois Ka/xi/aaKipov. Allotte de la Fuye rejects the interpretations of the doubtful word or words as OYAEP (for Volagases) or TOY Efiyouov), in favour of TOY(M')Er(aAoi'), which is partly supported by the reading TOYAEr found in group (b). Even this, however, seems a very doubtful emendation. The drachms seem to have the same inscrip- tion as the tetradrachms in an even more decrepit form. (b) M Tetradrachms and smaller denominations {Rev. Num., I.e., p. 100 f ., no. 4, p. 103 f .,nos. 6-10) ; see p. 248 f ., nos. 3-11 (PI. XXXVIII. 7-14 ; LIII. 9). The head on the obverse would appear to represent Kamnaskires II, while that on the reverse, with short round beard, is not unlike the heads on the obverses of group (a), which may be taken for Kamnaskires III. The specimen of the drachm in Sir Charles Oman's Collection (3-86 gm., here PI. LIII. 10) seems to read Antiochus IV as suzerain of Kamnaskires, and Blum's {B.C.H., 1915, p. 24) that, if it is a Seleucid, it would more probably be Antiochus V, need only be mentioned here. clxXXViii INTRODUCTION iPAIIAMi above, il'NAI on r., OYMBAMAI on 1.; the exergue is obliterated. Among the less degenerate specimens of this group are two^ which appear to be dated : one of them either TO or TO (309 or 370 A. s. = 4/3 b. c. or a. d. 58/9) and the other - HZ, i. e. pre- sumably TZZ (368 A. s. = A. D. 56/7). As the two specimens are much alike, it is to be presumed that the date of the former is TO rather than TO. These coins appear to me to be mere imitations, struck hy later rulers, of the types and inscriptions of the earlier coins, the only attempted change being in the dates which they bear. It seems therefore hopeless to attempt to assign them to different kings of the name of Kamnaskires, as Allotte de la Fuye does,^ although, as there is no change in the types, we may assume that one dynasty kept the throne throughout the period of this coinage. (c) Modification of the previous obverse type, probably an attempt at portraying a definite king. The hair is treated in such a way as to suggest the brim of a hat. Above the anchor symbol on the tetradrachms is usually a four-pointed star in a crescent ; on the drachms the star is reduced to a pellet. See PI. XXXIX. 1-10, LIII. 11, and Rev. Num., 1902, PI. V. 11-13: 1919, PL I. 5-8. The metal is either very base silver (potin) or bronze. Col. Allotte de la Fuye calls the king represented by these coins Kamnaskires VI ; traces of the name may indeed be found on some specimens. A rosette which he finds in place of the crescent above the anchor on a drachm is compared by him to a similar symbol on coins of Characene attributed to Attambelos IV (412-16 a. s.).^ But, in the first place, it will be seen from our PI. XLIV. 6 that the symbol on the coin of Attambelos is not a rosette but a star; and, in the second, there appears in any case to be little difference between the rosette on the drachm in question and the symbol, 1 Eev. Num., 1919, pp. 59-60, PI. I. 1, 2. ^ See his latest views: Eev. Num., 1919, p. 61 and pp, 71-2. ^ Presumably the coiu published by Babelon, Melanges, iii, PL VII. 6. ELYMAIS — SUSIANA clxxxix half star, half rosette, above the anchor on a tetradrachm of an earlier type, such as that illustrated in PI. XXXVIII. 8 (where, it is true, the symbol, owing to the worn state of the coin, cannot be seen in the reproduction). This symbol therefore hardly helps us to a date. But an indication is furnished by the fact that one of the tetradrachms of the group at present under consideration (' Kamnaskires VI ') was found in the hoard of Characenian tetra- drachms discovered by de Sarzec at Tello in 1878. These tetradrachms range from 365 a. s. (a. D. 53) to 423 a. s. (a. D. 111). As the coin of ' Kamnaskires VI ' was poorly preserved, Allotte de la Fuye thinks it may belong to about 380 a. s. (a. d. 68). Since the head on the coins of this king is always that of an old man, M. de la Fuye supposes that he may be the Kamnaskires who is recorded to have reached the age of ninety-six years. (d) The tetradrachm no. 31, PI. XXXIX. 11 (presented by Sir Charles Oman, whose own specimen, weighing 13-10 gm., is figured in PL LIII. 12) appears to show a portrait distinct from that on the tetradrachms just discovered. In front of the bust on Sir Charles Oman's specimen is the trace of a second symbol (another anchor?). The reverse type appears to be a head to l, but of the inscription I can make nothing. The degeneration of the reverse type culminates in the field semd with dashes which is so characteristic of the later coinage of Elymais. Henceforward the coinage seems to make no pretence of being of any metal more precious than bronze ; though the distinction between two main denominations, corresponding to the original tetradrachms and drachms, seems to be preserved for some time. But no ' tetradrachms ' are known that can be attri- buted to any king later than Phraates ; and even in the weights of the ' drachms ' there is a distinct falling off as time goes on. The Greek inscriptions become progressively blundered, and the Aramaic, which appear first with Orodes I, become no easier to read. CXC INTRODUCTION Orodes I. With this king the character of the coinage changes considerably. The tetradrachm is very rare. The apparently unique Paris specimen, from de Morgan's find, is illustrated in PI, LIII. 13. It bears the king's name in Aramaic, Uriid Malka, and is the only known coin of this king with Aramaic inscription.^ To this king Allotte de la Fuye also attributes a small group of drachms with the facing head wearing a tiara (described as not ornamented with crescents) and on the reverse either an eagle holding a diadem in his beak, or a double diadem flanked by two crescents containing pellets.- There were no specimens of these coins in de Morgan's find. Further, the same or similar types occur under Phraates,^ a king subsequent to those represented in the find. The question therefore arises whether all coins of these types do not belong to the time of Phraates. The absence of the crescents from the tiara on the coins attributed to Orodes I may possibly be due to the worn state of the coins. In this Catalogue all the coins of these types are placed under Phraates. An alternative, still preferable to assigning them to Orodes I, would be to give them to Orodes II, w^ho uses the facing head wearing a tiara without crescents. I cannot see what reason there is for assigning these coins to Orodes I rather than to either of the other kings, with whose types they seem to accord better. Assuming, as seems probable, that the coins of Orodes I follow on the coins dated in a . s. 368 and 370, and that the coin of Chosroes which was represented by a solitary specimen in de Morgan's find was struck by the Parthian king of that name, who reigned approximately from a. ^. 406 to 441 (a. d. 94-129), Allotte ^ On the nature of the Aramaic script of the coins of Elymais, and the differences as between the tetradrachms and the smaller coins, perhaps pointing to local influence, see Rev. Num., 1919, p. 69. - Mission de Morgan, PI. XIV, nos. 142-4. ^ ibid., PI. XIV, nos. 150-2. The tiara of the king on these coins is described as adorned with two crescents containing pellets. ELYMAIS SUSIAXA CXCl de la Fuye dates between 370 and 440 all the kings represented in de Morgan's find, from and including Kamnaskires VI, viz. : Kamnaskires VI. Orodes I. Orodes II (Kamnaskires-Orodes, son of Orodes I). Phraates, son of Orodes I. Chosroes. Even if we do not accept the attribution to Elymais of the coin of Chosroes, its evidence for the dating of the hoard remains unimpaired, so that we may regard the kings Orodes I and his successors as having reigned approximately within the limits A. D. 58 and 128. Whether those successors were two or three depends on whether the identification of Orodes II with Kamna- sldres-Orodes is to be accepted or rejected. Orodes II. All the coins attributed to this king represent him facing; the inscription, where there is any, is in Aramaic. The only reverse type is the bust of Artemis facing; the coins which do not show this have merely scattered dashes on the reverse. The inscription Urud Malka} sometimes with the addition Bari Urud, identifies the king as Orodes son of Orodes. But there is a group of coins ^ on which the king's bust is shown with two large lateral tufts of hair. Some of these are inscribed Urud Malha Bari Urud (Mcdka). But some of the drachms read KUMaSKIR URUD MaLKA, and the tetradrachms KaBXaH(Z)KIR URUD MaLKa BaR URUD MaLKA.^ Allotte de la Fuye maintains that Orodes and Kamnaskires- (or Kumaskires-) Orodes are one and the same king. Certainly we may agree that all the coins with the bust having large lateral tufts of hair belong to one and the same ' Well seen on the Paris specimen, PI. LIII. 14. '^ Mission de Morgan, p. 52, nos. 70-116 and 145, here Fl. XL. 20 IF. and PI. IjIII. 15 (Paris specimen). ^ See especially the fine specimen from the Petrowicz Collection, Bev. Nian., 1919, p. 68, and PL 1. 10. CXCll INTRODUCTION person ; and, if this is so, it is clear that he did not always think it necessary to prefix the Kamnaskires or Kumaskires to his name Orodes. A further fact in favour of assigning both groups of coins to the same king is that the facing bust of Artemis is found on them and them alone. An unpublished variety of the coinage of Kamnaskires-Orodes is illustrated in PI. LIII. 16, by the permission of the owner, M. J. de Morgan. On the reverse is a curious bearded head 1., with an inscription which M. de Morgan reads iij7J2 Till ^Dl^ (Kumn. Urud Malka). Phraates. That this king was the son of Orodes is proved by the unique tetradrachm, p. 274, no. 23, PI. XLI. 16.^ This is the king's only coin with Aramaic inscription ; the lettering on his smaller coins, when there is any, is Greek. He introduces the type of Artemis huntress; the eagle and diadem types attributed to him have already been mentioned (p. cxc).^ After Phraates, Allotte de la Fuye proposes to interpolate a bronze coin^ with an uncertain Greek legend, possibly BACA€Y XOCPOI. The head-dress of the king on this coin is certainly in favour of the attribution to Chosroes, whose date may be taken approximately as A. D. 94-129. The type of the huntress Artemis on the reverse, combined with the fact that a specimen was 1 Discussed by Allotte de la Fuye, Bev. Num., 1919, p. 67 f. The lettering is somewhat peculiar, but there can be little doubt that the last two letters of the king's name (JlX) are legible in the first line of the inscription. The J^ approximates to the Mandaean form, as shown in Allotte de la Fuyes table on p. 43 of the Mission de Morgan, t. viii. ^ None of the coins with these types bears any inscription ; Allotte de la Fuye's attribution of them depends on the resemblance of the bust to that on inscribed coins. '■^ Line engravings of four specimens in Mission de Morgan, viii, p. 31 ; photographic reproductions, ibid., PI. Xlll. 138; Petrowicz, Taf. XXI. 12; B. M. C, Parthia, PI. XXXVII. 4 ; Rev. Num , 1919, PL II. 21. On p. 70 of the last-mentioned publication will be found Allotte de la Fuye's latest view of the question. ELYMAIS — SUSIANA CXCIU included in de Morgan's Susa find of coins of Elymais, has led to the inclusion of this coin in the series of Elymais.' There is, however, a most striking difference between the fabric of this coin, which is comparatively flat, and its style, which still retains traces of a good Greek model, especially in the treatment of the figure of Artemis, on the one hand, and, on the other, the thick fabric and rude style of the coins of Elymais. Inserted anywhere in the series, it looks thoroughly out of place. There is, however, a possibility that Chosroes may have conquered Elymais and struck this coin in his own mint as a record of his victory. This would reconcile the conflicting evidence of fabric and type. Later Kiags. Allotte de la Fuye distinguishes^ five kings, represented by coins of which there were no specimens in de Morgan's find. These are : Orodes III ^ (with his queen Ulfan). Unidentified (X). Orodes IV. Unidentified (Y). Unidentified (Z). He gives them to a period of ninety-eight years, making the series end with the rise of the Sassanian power under Ardashir (a.d. 226). Judging from style and fabric, the last coins of our series may well be contemporary with the small bronze coins of that ruler. As regards his King X, the single specimen ^ which he attri- ^ * Cette monnaie, unique dans la trouvaille de 1900, etait tres rare dans les trouvailles precedentes ' [Rev. Num., 1919, p. 70). It is not clear whether this means that some, though but few, specimens have been found in other hoards of coins of Elymais, or merely that the coin is rarely found at all. I assume the latter alternative, since no information confirming the former is given about the two specimens in the Petrowicz Collection or the one in the British Museum ; and no other specimens are known. ^ Rev. Num., 1919, p. 72. De Morgan's classification is given on p. 76. ^ Orodes IV according to de Morgan, who distinguishes Kamnaskires-Orodes (as Orodes III) from Orodes II. * Mission de Morgan, viii, p. 52, no. 153. 2 b CXCIV INTRODUCTION butes to that ruler differs only in the laek of lateral tufts of hair from others which are attributed to Orodes III (as no. 1, PI. XLII. 1, in this Catalogue, nos. 154-6 in his work). To Orodes IV are attributed coins of the types of PI. XLII. 7-12 ; certain specimens (like that from the Luynes Collection, PI. LIII. 17) bear the inscription Urud Malha. The Kings Y and Z are represented by types similar to those in PI. XLII. 13-18. Among them are the coins with the Athena type (PI. XLII. 19, 20), which Allotte de la Fuye formerly attributed, with a mark of interroga- tion, to the Parthian Volagases II, and which he now would regard as the only type of King Z. Finally, there is a type, represented by six coins (PI. XLII. 22-5), which evidently belongs to oui" series, although it has not come to the notice of previous writers on the subject. In the above description, it has been assumed that the era in use in Elymais was the Seleucid. Allotte de la Fuye has, however, raised the question ^ whether the era may possibly have been that of Alexander, beginning in .330 B. c. Although this hypothesis would perhaps remove one objection to his classification (which implies that coins of ' Kamnaskires V ', showing no marked differ- ence of age in the portrait, were struck some sixty years apart),- he leaves the question undecided, and we may follow his example. CHARACENE. Characene, a district at the head of the Persian Gulf, comprised the delta of the Tigris and Euphrates, from the junction of the two streams. It took its name from its chief city Xdpa^ 'Tairao- aivov (Spasinu Charax), which was founded by Hyspaosines (see below) on a site on which Alexander the Great had previousl}^ placed a city called Alexandreia, and Antiochos IV an Antiocheia. I Rev. Num., 1919, pp. 73 ff. - This objection does not apply if, as we have supposed above, the latei* coins are an instance of the immobilization of types. CHARACENE CXCV The site appears to be quite uncertain : ^ the most popular view is that it was at Mohammerah. The history of the coinacre, clown to the disappearance of the Greek inscriptions, has been revised by Babelon, in the Hoht of much new material (chiefly from de Sarzec's great hoard of 732 coins found at Tello in 1878).'^ The recent discovery of coins of an Attambelos earlier than the one hitherto supposed to have been the first has altered the numeration of the kings of that name. The British Museum acquired, in 1825, a large number of Characenian coins from the collection of Claudius James Rich, formerly H.E.I.C. Resident at Baghdad. This collection included at least 522 coins of the later series, with Aramaic inscriptions. Unfortunately no exact record has been preserved of the contents of the collection, and it is probable that all the choicer specimens were picked out and incorporated in the general series of Chara- cenian coins,^ the remainder being left together for future consideration. From this mass of coins those which are noted in this catalogue as ' from C. J. Rich ' have been selected for description. The remainder are too badly preserved to repay cataloguing. They undoubtedly, to judge by their appearance, came from a single hoard ; it is unfortunate that we cannot decide with certainty whether any of the earlier series, with Greek inscriptions, were in the same hoard. A point of interest to be ^ See the elaborate account of the place by Andreas in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-En ojcl., i, 1390-5. For Characene generally see also Weissbacli's articles in the same work, iii. 2116 and 2122. Babelon's article on the coinage was not available at the time when these articles wei-e written ; but the evidence of the coins is still, ignored in the Supplement i. 283. ^ Jonnml int. (Vhrch. niimism., i (1898), pp. 381-404 = Melan(/es Xuniism., iii, 221-50 ; with references to previous writings, of which the most important is Waddington's article in Rev. Num., 1866 = Melanges de Numism., ii, 77-107. ' In this general series there are 14 coins from Attambelos II down to the end of the series with Greek inscriptions, and 38 of the series with Aramaic inscriptions, of the provenance of which no record has been preserved. That means, in all probability, that they were acquired before about 1838, and they may well have come from Rich's collection. As regards the 38 Aramaic coins this probability of their common provenance is strongly supported by their general appearance. CXCVl INTRODUCTION noted is that, mingled with this collection, were three Kushan coins, of Vima Kadphises (as B. M. C., Greek mod Scythw Kings, PI. XXV. 12) of Kanishka^ and of Huvishka (as B. M. C, PI. XXIX. 3). From their appearance, these three coins would seem to have formed part of the hoard ; they successfully escaped notice until the coins were carefully examined for the purposes of the present work. Their presence is another indication, if any were needed, of intercourse between the head of the Persian Gulf and India in the first and second centuries of our era ; but the dates of the three Kushan kings themselves being greatly in dispute, we obtain no light from them as to the date of the Characenian coins. The following is the sequence of the coinage and of the kings who issued it, so far as we can establish it from the available evidence. GREEK SERIES. I. Hyspaosines, son of Sagdodonakos.- Silver tetradrachms, one of which, at Berlin, is dated a.s. HflP ^ = 1:25-4 B.C. Babelon, p. 225.* Here PI. LIV. 1 (the Paris specimen). The reverse type ' Apparently an unpublished variety : obr. king standing 1. at altar as usual, inscr. obscure; rev. goddess Ardocbsho (?) seated to front, nimbate, head r., holding in r. cornucopiae ; on 1. inscr. obscure, on r. monogram as Indian .]fus. Ceded., i. PI. VII. 154. ' Plin. JV. //., vi. 139. Detlefsen reads iSa^fZot^o^ac^s ; vv. 11. are Saggodanacus, Saggonadacus, [Sjaggodadacus. Though the analogy of Apodakos would point to one of the last two forms, that of AdndvaSivnxns, found on bricks at Tello, confirms Detlefsen's reading, even if the two persons are not the same man. See Drouin. Rev. Xiini., 1889, p. 377, and Babelon, p. 244, on this question. Hyspaosines is also mentioned by Pseudo-Lucian in a passage which it is convenient to give in full here : Meicrob. c. 16 'Ya-TTnaivris fie o XdpnKos koI twv Kar 'Epvdpav Tonaiv ^acriXeis Trtvre Koi oySof/KovTa ercov votTTjcras eTeK(VTT}(re. Tipaios 8e 6 p(6 YcnraaivTjv rpiros ^aai\fvcras 8vo koi (VfvtjKovra ^lovs erfXevra votro). 'Aprd/3a^os 8e 6 pera Tipaiov f'QBopos ^aaiXfiKTas tS, ku\ oyhorjKovrn (tu>v KaTa\6€\s awo Tlapdap e^acriXevae. ^ So far as I can ascertain, there is no absolutely certain evidence that the Seleucid era is that which is employed on the Characenian coins ; but its assumption, in itself extremely probable, does not lead to any contradiction oF such other evidence as we possess. * The references to Babelon's article are to the reprint in his Melanges. CHARACENE CXCVll of Herakles seated, with his club on his knee, seems to be borrowed from the coins of Euthydemus I of Bactria. II. Apodakos, only known from his coins, which are silver tetradrachms, dated 203 (110-9 B.C.) and 207 (106-5 B.C.). See PL XLIII. 1 ; LIV. 2.1 III. Tiraios I. Silver tetradrachm dated TKZ = 90-89 B.C. Babelon, p. 227, here PL LIV. 3 (the Paris specimen). This king- is only known from his coins. He bears the title Euergetes, and his reverse type breaks the monotony of the Herakles types with a figure of a City -goddess enthroned to 1., holding cornucopiae and Nike. The portrait of the aged king is remarkable. IV. Tiraios II. Tetradrachms, of which one is dated ZNB = 61-60 B.c.,2 another probably AXZ or AIZ, i.e. 52-51 or 49- 48 B.C. (here PL XLIII. 2). This king also issued bronze coins with the reverse type of Nike (p. 2S0, no. 2, PL XLIII. 3). He takes the titles Soter Euergetes," and his example is followed by his successors, with few if any exceptions, down to the end of the series with Greek inscriptions. This Tiraios is supposed to be the king mentioned by Pseudo-Lucian as the third in succession after Hyspaosines, although the portrait on the coins of Tiraios I would suggest that he also lived to a great age. It would be possible to make the statement apply to Tiraios I if we assumed that, in counting, the author of the Macrohii included the king from whom the counting began.* But, as we shall see when we come to Artabazos, he did not do so. On coins of this king and of many of his successors there appear beneath the arm of Herakles certain letters, some of which certainly are of the local Aramaic form. ^ The latter is a specimen, an electrotype oF which has long been in the British Museuna, and which has recently been acquired by Sir Charles Oman. In spite of the difference in the portraits on the two coins there can be no doubt of the genuineness of either this or the British Museum specimen. ■ Von Sallet, Z.f.N., iii, 1876, p. 249; viii, 1881, p. 213. 3 The inscription is probably ZHTHPOZ KAI EYEPfETOY, but of the conjunction small trace is left. * As in such a phrase as Tpirn rj^-ipa = the day after next. This is the view of Winckler {AltorlentaL Forschungen, ii, p. 79). INTRODUCTION V. Attambelos I. The existence of this king was unsuspected until five silver tetradrachms, acquired by a soldier in Mesopotamia during the war, were submitted to and bought by the British Museum in 1920 (pp. 291-2, PI. LV. 10-14). They bear portraits closely resembling that of Tiraios II. Of the dates, only one is absolutely complete (BOZ), but another, 0ZZ, may be regarded as nearly certain.^ The others are very obscure; on one of them the digit numeral may possibly be a T (made like a P) ; if so, this king's reign extended to 40-39 B.C. An Aramaic or Mandaean letter appears under the arm of Herakles on no. 5. VI. Theonesios (Thionesios) I. Base metal or bronze ' tetra- drachms' dated TOZ = 40-39 B.C., Babelon, p. 229 ; here PI. LIV. 4 (Paris specimen). The form of the name varies ; this king's coins show the reading 0|ONHZIOY; those of the second of the name have GCnNHZlOY; those of the third, 06ONHCOY or OCO NHIOY. The balance of evidence is in favour of the form Theonesios, rather than Theonneses, as Waddington and Babelon write it. VII. Attambelos II. Base tetradrachms^ dated from FTTZ (30-29 B.C.) or EITZ (28-27 B.C.) to ZIT (a.d. 5-6); see pp. 293-4, PI. XLIII. 4-6 and Babelon, p. 230. Also bronze of the same 1 AiX is possible, but the top of the first letter seems to have been round rather than angular. ^ I append an analysis which Dr. Alexander Scott has been good enough to miike of a specimen of the coinage of Attambelos II : per cent. original composition. Silver 2944 33-57 Copper 57-92 66-05 Iron 0-24 0-27 Lead and tin 0-09 0-11 Oxygen 6-84 Chlorine 1-46 Lime 1-84 Magnesia 0-20 Water 1-93 99-96 100-00 minute trace of go Id present, 1 iiiit no sili ica. , 1920. (Sd.) A. Scott, CHARACENE CXCIX type (Nike) as the coin of Tiraios 11.^ From this time onwards the coins are constantly differentiated by the Mandaean letter placed in the field under the arm of Herakles. This king, like most of the dynasty, is only known from his coins.^ VIII. Adinerglos or Adinergaos. Base tetradrachms dated AKT (= A.D. 9-10) or AKT (A.D. 12-13) and TAP (a.d. 21-22). Much has been written in the endeavour to distinguish these two coins as belonging to two different kings, the earlier named Abinnerglos, the later Adinnerglos. The two are illustrated on PI. XLIII. 7 and PL LIV. 5. The reading on the later coin (AAlNNPfAO) is certain.'^ The beginning of the name on the British Museum coin, on the other hand, is obliterated. Waddington professed to be able to see at the beginning the right leg of an A ; I regret that I can discover no sign of this. The second letter he read (with a confidence which, considering the condition of the coin, is somewhat surprising) as B, or rather the lower loop of a B, adding 'cette lettre ne pent en aucun cas etre un A, comme on aurait pu le supposer '. Babelon follows him, saying that the letter has the form b ' sans aucun doute possible'. After a close examination of the original I can see not the slightest foundation for these very positive statements, and feel that but for the natural desire to make the coins square with the form 'A^ei'prjpiyo^, given by Josephus,^ no one would have dreamed of reading the name on our coin as anything but A]AINHPrA[OY]. This is not to assert that the real reading cannot be ABINHPfAOY, which would be showing excessive confidence on the other side. The only sound conclusion, according ' V. Langloi^, Numismatique des Andes arant VIslamisme, PI. II. 4 (Paris Collection). '^ The Attambelos mentioned by Die (Ixviii. 28) is not, as Babelon supposes, this one, but the contemporary of Trajan. 2 A forgery exists with the reading AA INN I CAP, A A having been turned into M, and PPAO to I CAP. See E. Corsini, de Minnisari aliorumqiie Armeniae regum nummis, &c., Liburni, 1754. * Ant. XX. 2. 2. His form is confirmed by the name of the merchant M. Valerius Abinnericus, known from Pompeian inscriptions: C.I.L., iv. 5611-20 ; cp. A. W. van Buren in Class. Journal, xv (1920), p. 406. CC INTRODUCTION to the evidence available, seems to be that the probabilities are in favour of [A]AINHPrA[OYJ, but that [A]BINHPrA[OYJ is not excluded, in view of the form M^hich is taken by the second letter, with a triano-ular lower loop, on many coins of the period. The testimony of Josephus, indeed, goes to show that his 'A^ipvrjpiyo? was probably still reigning after a.d. 21-22, in which year the coin of Adinerglos was issued. It is all set forth by Waddington (pp. 92 ff.), who sums up by saying that it is not possible to reconcile it with the evidence of the coins. But that is only because he insists that ' Abinerglos ' had already ceased to reign by a.d, 21-22. Josephus says that Izates, son of Monobazos, king of Adiabene, was sent as a j^oung man to Abennerigos, who o-ave him his daughter Symacho in marriage, and established him as a ruler of a part of his dominions. It appears from other passages of Josephus that Izates died in a.d. 65, aged 55 years; he was therefore Iwrn in A. D. 11; he therefore cannot have been of marriageable age during the reign of Abennerigos, if that reign came to an end not later than a.d. 21-22. But if Abennerigos and Adinerglos are the same person, his reign may have continued even until A.s. 363 (= a.d. 51-2), the date of the only known coin of the next king, Theonesios II. We thus have, in the testimony of Josephus, a strong confirmation of the view that the attribution of the two coins in question to two different kings is incorrect. Two more arguments remain to be met. The first is that the portraits on the two coins are different, the nose of the king on the later coins being more aquiline than on the earlier. But the character of the nose on the later coin appears to have been affected by a flaw in the die, which has produced an excrescence on the bridge. The contour is certainly not pure, as in the even more aquiline nose of Attambelos II on the coin illustrated by Babelon immediately above (PI. VI. 7). If the excrescence be imagined away, we have a nose exactly like that on the other coin. In any case, we must make an allowance for increasing age. The other argument, adduced by Babelon (p. 233), is that Pseudo-Lucian {loc. cit.), speaking of a certain king 'Artabazos', CHARACENE CCl says that he was the seventh king of Characene after Tiraios, and that to obtain this number we must distinguish Abinerglos from Adinerglos. The discovery of the coins of an earlier Attambelos, successor of Tiraios II, disposes of this argument. A discussion of the native form represented by Adinerglos will be found in Waddington, pp. 96 ff. The A on the coins of this period is, as a rule, distinctly barred ; but this does not prove absolutely that we must read AAINHPFAOY instead of AAI- NHPrAOY.^ As regards the second letter, it may be suggested that the S of tlie coins and the ^ of other sources were both attempts to represent an indeterminate native sound. IX. Theonesios II. Bronze tetradrachm dated A. s. 363 (A. D. 51-2) ; Babelon, PI. VI. 10 ; here PI. LIV. 6. X. Attambelos III. Bronze tetradrachms dated from A.s. 365 (a.d. 53-4) to A.s. 383 (a.d. 71-2). The portraits show the king's growth from a beardless youth to a man of middle age (PL XLIII. 8-XLIV. 5).^ On one specimen of this king's coinage appears a sign or group of signs which M. de Morgan (Num. Chron., 1920, p. 123) interprets as TA, giving the initials of the king's name in Mandaean. XI. Artabazos and Attambelos IV. The passage of the Macrobii referring to king Artabazos, whose existence is not vouched for by any coins, has already been quoted. In that passage e(3a(riX(V(re is probably a slip for ireXiVTrjae, the writer's point throughout being the age to which these people lived." The interesting part of the statement is that the king was for some time an exile in * On which see Drouin in Rev. Num., 1889, p. 226. If. M. de Morgan is right in his reading 'IB'INGA'I on the later coins (Num. Chron., 1920, p. 126), the form Adinergaos is perhaps to be preferred. On the other hand, the name Nergal is a likely element in a proper name of this district. I have therefore kept the more usual form in -los. ^ A good specimen dated 372 is illustrated in Hirsch's Katalog xiii, Taf. LVII. 4544. ^ If i^aa-iKevcre is correct, we must emend (twv to err] (and a reign of 86 years would be something of a marvel) ; unless the age 86 is that at which he was restored, in which case the important point, the age at which he died, is omitted. 2 c ceil INTRODUCTION Parthia. This might be held to account for the lack of coins bearing his name. But as the writer says that he actually was restored to his throne, we may assume that he might possibly have issued coins. It is not impossible that Pseudo-Lucian's ' Artabazos ' (a common Persian name) is a mistake for Attambelos,^ and that the gap of some thirty years between the last coin of Attambelos III (383) and the first of Attambelos IV (41.2) represents not the reign of an Artabazos, but the exile of Attambelos IV. The first coin of the next king is dated a.s. 421 (a.d. 109-10). If Attambelos IV died at the age of 86 about a.s. 420, he was born about a.s. 334, and would have been 49 or 50 at the time of the death of Attam- belos III, and about 78 at the time of his first issue of coins on his return from exile. An objection, which cannot be ignored, to this theory is that the portrait on the coins of Attambelos IV does not show any signs of great age. But the art of the period is not such as to permit us to lay great stress on this fact; the only sign of age which the coins seem to make use of is the amount of beard which is shown. The coins of Attambelos IV bear dates from a.s. 412 (a.d. 100-1) to A.s. 416 (a.d. 104-5). A star appears before the face on the obverse. XII. Theonesios III. The coins of this king on which dates are legible belong to the years A.s. 421 (a.d. 109-10) to 423 (a.d. 111-12). The date on the specimen in the British Museum (no. 2, PI. XLIV. 8), which Waddington read YAA or YAA, is so much knocked about that it is impossible to be certain of, and futile to conjecture, its reading. The coins of this king show a palm-branch instead of a star in front of the head. XIII. Attambelos V. When Trajan descended the Tigris in A.D. 116, he received the submission of Attambelos, King of Mesene ^ This suggestion must not be regarded as subscribing to Hugo Winckler's notion {Altoriental. Fofschungen, ii, p. 79) that Artabazos is another real name for Attambelos. CHARACENE CCUl and Characene.^ This king does not seem to be represented by any coinage. Babelon, it is true, suggests that the date YKE (= A.D. 113-14) may perhaps be read on a coin with the portrait of a beardless king (Babelon, PI. VII. 9; here PL LIV. 7). It must, however, be observed that the differential sign in the field in front of the leg of Herakles ^ on the reverse of this coin is exactly the same as that on another coin with a youthful head which is clearly dated TZS", and which, therefore, belongs to Attambelos III.^ This peculiar sign does not, to my knowledge, occur on other coins ; its appearance, therefore, on two coins, both of which show a youthful portrait, indicates that both belong to the same king, as indeed the resemblance in the portraits, con- ventional though they be, would suggest. Babelon's attribution assumes a coincidence that is too remarkable to be accepted without further evidence. There is more to be said for his further suggestion that one of the countermarks which occur on a number of the earlier coins may indicate this fifth Attambelos. It is found on coins of Theonesios III (see p. 300, no. 2, PI. XLIV. 8) as well as on earlier pieces (e.g. p. 297, no. 4 of Attambelos III), and is easily to be resolved into ATTAAAB. The coins attributed to ' Orabzes ' or * Obadas ' are in fabric and style so much closer to the coins of Meredates, that, in spite of their Characenian types, they may fitly be dealt with in a later section on the sub-Characenian coins. ARAMAIC SERIES. The transition to the Aramaic^ series is given by two coins (p. 301, PI. XLIV. 9, 10) which are unfortunately in a wretched ^ Dio Cass. Ixxviii. 28. The texts have 'A6dfx(ii\os [add^rjXoi, dddliiXos, 6 ad^^rjXos). "^ The sign appears to consist of two circles supported on an upright placed on a horizontal base, and superficially resembles a Roman standard. It is this sign -which is read as J^Ji^ by M. de Morgan (see above, p. cci). ' Babelon, PI. VII. 2. * The script, as Drouin has shown, comes closest to the Mandaean form [Rev. Num., 1889, p. 225). CCIV INTRODUCTION state of preservation. The reverse type is the seated Herakles; one of them also shows the monogram above the god's right arm and a differential letter or letters below it ; but the remains of the (perhaps blundered) Greek inscriptions are quite indecipherable. The head-dress on the obverse shows a departure from the usual style of the Greek coins, and an approximation to that of the earliest of the Aramaic. These Aramaic coins fall into four groups (A-D), three of which are very small, while the fourth is represented by hundreds of specimens and numerous varieties. This difference is doubtless partly due to the fortune of finds. These coins have all been fully studied by E. Drouin.^ A. The group represented by the two coins, p. 302, PI. XLIV. 11, 12.- Drouin, p. 216 f., nos. 1-4, PL V. 1-4. These continue the type of the seated Herakles, with the monogram above, and the Aramaic letter or letters below his r, arm. The inscription on the right can be read without doubt as N^?^ {Malkd, king). Scott read the other half of the inscription as Ibllna or Yabilana ; Lenormant as lahina (in the various forms labina, Ihia'na, Idbina) or Yakiiia. Drouin rejects both these, regards the points ^ at the beginning and end of the inscription as points merely, and suggests Bagda or Biga'a or Banaga for the form which has no point after the first letter, and Binaga for the fuller spelling. Much the most plausible reading, however, is de Morgan's 'Ib'ingai, which he connects with the form Abinerglos (or Abinergaos) discussed above. * Monnaies aram^.ennes de la Characene, in Bev. Num., 1889, pp. 211-54, 360-84. He gives full references to earlier writers. Recently M. J. de Morgan has reopened the whole question (Num. Chron., 1920, pp. 122-40), ^ Drouin's statement (p. 200) that the coin (no. 2) in the British Museum is the identical piece seen by Saint-Martin in the collection of Tochon d'Annecy, and that it was bought after the latter's death in 1820 by Curt, who presented it to the British Museum, is based on information for which I have been unable to discover any foundation. The British Museum coin appears to me to be different from the illustrations of the Tochon piece. Scott's illustration in the Num. Chron. is made from our two specimens. •'' Of three specimens at Berlin, all are without the point at the beginning, and two without that after the first letter. CIIARACENE The name Binega is one of the readings that has been proposed, on the basis of a transliteration in Pehlvi letters, in correction of the form Bandu, given by Al-Tabari as the name of a king of Maisan (i. e. Characene) who was conquered by Ardashir I,^ about A. D. 224-7. This is more than a century later than the latest dated coinage of the Greek series. The coins supposed to read ' Binaga ' are clearly earlier than the other groups B, C, D, from which the Herakles type disappears. So that in an}- case the Binaga of the coins cannot be the last king of Maisan, who was defeated by Ardashir,^ but may be an earlier king of the same name. B. This group is represented by the three coins, p. 303, PI. XLV. 1, 2 (Drouin, p. 228, no. 5, PI. V. 5). The Herakles type has vanished, but the characteristic monogram remains, placed in front of the undiademed head which now appears as reverse type. There is also another sign, which recalls the Himyaritic type of monogram more than anything else.^ Behind the head appear letters ; on ' Tabari, transl. Zotenbeig, ii, p. 72 ; Justi, Iran. Nmnenhuch , p. 62, s.v. Bandu. "^ Weissbach's account (in Pauly-Wissowa, iii, p. 2119) of tbe evidence relating to the latest coinage is in some respects quite gratuitously sceptical and is probably affected by Lis imperfect acquaintance with numismatic method. Tbe reading Binaga is, it must be admitted, far from certain, and Drouin's division of our group D between various kings of the name Artabaz must certainly be rejected ; but the connexion of all these groups with Characene has every appearance, to an eye accustomed to numismatic evidence, of being established. Their fabric is slightly flatter than that of the last datable coins (of Theonesios III); but that is not surprising; it is not the kind of difference of fabric which is noticeable in the coins of 'Orabzes', and which indicates that the coins belong to some other district, but merely a natural development owing to degeneration of technique. On the provenance of the coins, which entirely favours the attribution to Characene, see Drouin, p. 363. ^ As we have seen above (p. liv) on the earlier Himyaritic coinage of the end of the second century B.C., an inscription appears which recalls the forms of the Characenian Aramaic. The curious sign on the coins of Attambelos III mentioned above (p. cci) might possibly have a Himyaritic origin (cp. the form J for f\). There must certainly have been intercourse at all periods between the inhabitants of the Tigris delta and the Southern Arabians, whose prosperity, as shown by their coinage, lasted down to the middle of the second century CCVl INTRODUCTION one, w)iat Drouin describes as a kind of reversed gamma ; on anotlier, a letter which may be a D with the bottom bar indistinct. C. This group is represented by the piece on p. 304, PI. XLV. 3 ; Drouin, p. 230, no. 6, PI. V. 6.^ The remains of the inscription 1 (or 1) 1 ? in front of the head on the obverse suggest J On the D n (or ^<) 5 reverse we have the two monograms in front of the head (which now closely resembles that which we shall find on group D), and an inscription which also in great part anticipates that which we shall find on that group. As regards this inscription it seems fairly certain that the four letters which come last, if we read continuously from right to left and outwardly, are upside down ; in other words, these four letters must be read inwardly, and against the clock.'^ The first, third, and fourth letters are, as Drouin has shown, tt, D, and X. The second letter, accordingly, ought, one would suppose, to be 7, making 5>{^7^. But there is no known instance of such a form for 7 in any other Aramaic script ; and it would only need the addition of a base line to make it into a Mandaean shin (aa), while without the addition of such a line it is an inverted Aramaic shin. But the word XD^J'^ is unexplained,'' whereas ^<57^ is what we should expect to find on the coin,^ although hardly separated in this way from the rest after Christ. W. K. Loftus discovered a Himyarite gravestone (Hanatasar, son of Esau) at Warka (see his Chaldaea and Siisiana, p. 223). Are these suggestions of South Arabian influence to be connected with the conquest of Irak and Anbar by Arabs from Bahrein and South Arabia in the second century of our era ? (Tabari, transl. Zotenberg, ii, p. 8). ^ Drouin has made some confusion here. There may exist another specimen ; see the note on p. 304. " Cp. Drouin, p. 236. These four letters are on many specimens of group D separated from the others by a space. 2 W. H. Scott read X^SJ'D {^"nm- Chron., xviii, p. 35). Allotte de la Fuye {Num. Chron., 1920, p. 133) inclines to MSBA, and thinks that it may be an invocation of some kind. This seems very unlikely, and there is more in the suggestion made by Mr. H. D. McEwen (in a private communication) that the word conceals a place-name. Mesabatene, which it recalls to him, is however hardly in the right geographical position, if these coins are Characenian. '' M. de Morgan {Num. Chron., 1920, p. 126) accordingly regards the doubtful letter as a specialized form of 7. CHARACENE of the inscription. As regards the remainder of the inscription, what is legible corresponds to the latter portion of the inscription which we shall deal with under group D ; we have, that is to say, TXlli^n (to adopt for the moment Drouin's transliteration). Drouin supplies at the beginning two letters (*1N) ^ which he supposes to complete the legend. But on examination it is clear that our coin is a restruck piece which probably bore the types of group B, and the two monograms in front of the head on the reverse possibly belong not to the new but to the old type. If that is so, the space now occupied by the monograms would be available for the beginning of the longer inscription which characterizes group D : and our coin is therefore merely a transitional piece of the king of group D, struck on a coin of his predecessor, and showing his portrait in the older-fashioned head-dress. D. In this group, represented by the great mass of the coins from the Rich collection, and by a certain number of others which have been described by Drouin, the king is represented on the obverse wearing a tiara or helmet, with one line of inscription behind and two in front ; the characteristic monogram, often reduced to a slight shadow of itself, is placed before the bust, low down. On the reverse we have the undiademed bearded head with the hair in six thick rolls, which we have already seen on group C, and the long inscription already mentioned. Outside this inscription, on the right, most well-preserved specimens show a letter or two letters. Apart from these differentiae, it is doubtful whether any distinction is to be drawn between the various coins ; Drouin's notion (p. 234) that the heads differ in physiognomy and, above all, in the disposition of the hair, which is to be taken into account in attributing the coins to a number of different rulers, has very properly met with no acceptance.^ ^ With the help of a Berlin coin of the types of Group D (his PI. V. 7), ■which he supposes to have only this shorter inscription, instead of the longer one characteristic of Group D. I doubt this very much. M. de Morgan {Nutn. Chron., 1920, p. 128) reads [MJADABAZ ; but the letter which he takes for D is, I think, merely a T reversed. - On p. 378f. he more or less gives up the coiffure as a criterion. CCVlll INTRODUCTION For tlie inscription on the reverse he suggests |y^{D (Ma'n) or (il: the point which sometimes follows the | is to be taken as a letter) *3y^{^. The name would then recall king Ma'nu of Edessa, and the Persian Mani (Manes). The remainder of the inscription (excluding the four last letters, which, as we have seen, probably form a separate word to be read against the clock) he interprets T«nNnn{< or [XnxnnK. He admits that' the form of n is un- paralleled, and that the letter rather suggests a qoph or samech ; but this would give such a ' barbarous ' name as Aqtabaz, Astahaz, or Astacaz, whereas Artahaz and Artaban are good Persian forms. The point which frequently occurs after the 1 he thinks may be due to an error of the engraver, or may be an ornament (which is highly improbable), rather than indicate such a form as Artahiaz or Artabiaa (which would be philologically possible). We may here observe that, since Astavadh is recorded by Tabari as the name of a king of a district on the Persian Gulf conquered by Ardashir,^ there is no reason why we should not read the doubtful letter as a samech. Much more attractive is M. de Morgan's reading.^ Taking the point, as in the other coins which he has discussed, to represent yod, and the upright stroke to be zayin, he reads MA'Ga ZT ATaMBIAZ MaLKA. This reading of the first two words is quite acceptable. The difficult}' about the third is in the letters which he reads TM. The M differs remarkably from the form which it assumes in the other words of the same inscription ; ^ and it is sometimes absent altogether, and an A appears in its place. I am inclined to take the two letters for ST. Drouin, as we have seen, has already pointed out that the first resembles a samech, and both he and Allotte de la Fuye (quoted by de Morgan) read the second as T. If, as de Morgan suggests, the name is to be connected with the Greek Attambelos, it is to be observed that the 1 Drouin, p. 370. 2 Num. Chron., 1920, p. 127 f. ' In some of M. de Morgan's drawings it assumes the ordinary form, but 1 have not noticed any such cases in the British Museum series. CHAEACENE CCIX literary forms 'AOu/jl^lXo^, 'Add(3r]Xo9, and ^dfi^r]Xo9 indicate a lisping sibilant. Possibly the combination of samecli with tan was intended to indicate this modification of the dental sound. The Greek form 'Add(3r]Xo9 is interesting in view of the absence of the M in the Semitic. The interpretation Ma'ga z'i A(s)tab'iaz Malka, ' Maga son of A^abiaos King ', is therefore provisionally adopted in this catalogue. It is obvious, however, that the reading must remain for the present very doubtful. In any case, if Drouin's reading Artabaz be accepted, this Artabaz cannot, as Justi ^ supposes, be the one mentioned by Pseudo-Lucian as seventh from Tiraios ; he is much too late. There remain the even more puzzling inscriptions on the obverse. That in front of the bust, in two lines, takes a perfectly definite form. Drouin is undoubtedly right, for various reasons, in rejecting Lenormant's reading onelek zi Mesan. He himself suggests for the fii'st line Vhrnn, for the second Vhtm (occasionally Vhtmn). This may mean either Vahaman- Vahtam, ' Bahman the excellent ', or VaJiaman-i-Vahatam, 'Bahman son of Vahatam'. The single line inscription behind the head he reads NJbTtD (sometimes ^X3TtO) Tazvia or Tazmi, which maj^ be some title equivalent to ' lord '. Lenormant read 25^^112 or SJ'^ytO, Thumash or Thomash. Drouin himself admits that the second letter may be a vav. It is to be noted that it is occasionally omitted altogether ; on one coin it is replaced by ^{ (p. 305, no. 2) : occasionally it takes a waved form which suggests 7. Such is the present position in regard to the reading of these puzzling coins. It seems undesirable, in the state of our know- ledge of the scripts of the neighbourhood, to speculate further. Drouin has singled out the coin, no. 39, PI. XL VI. 15, as differing in its legend from the others. He reads the name Dalizar or Walizar. I have little hesitation in regarding it as merely an inaccurately inscribed specimen of the ordinary series. * Iran. Namenh., p. 33, no. 6. 2 d CCX INTRODUCTION The limits of time between which the Aramaic series of Characene must be placed are, on the one hand, the date of Trajan's expedition in A.D. 116, when Attambelos V was on the throne, and, on the other, the conquest of the kingdom by Ardashir I in the reign of Binega, Bandu or Bevda, about A.D. 224-8. The association of the three Kushan coins of Vima Kadphises, Kanishka, and Huvishka, with a hoard of these Aramaic coins is accordingly quite possible. It is impossible to say who is represented by the undiademed head on these Aramaic coins.^ The tendency to see always in the various cases of coins with two heads, which we meet with in Arabia, Mesopotamia, and Persia, portraits of a ruler and his suzerain is probably fallacious, although, as at Edessa, it is impossible to deny that they are sometimes so to be interpreted. One of the two heads is more often, it would seem, an ancestor of the reigning sovereign. SUB-CHARACENIAN CLASS. For the lack of a better name I use this to describe two groups of coins. The 'first 2 (PI. XL VII. 1, 2) are those of a king whose name has been read Obadias, Obadas, Orabazes, or Oral)zes; to this name Longp^rier has added that of Prataphernes. The coins appear to be dated, but all that is probable is that the letter Y, representing presumably a. s. 400, is present. They do not belong to the ordinary Characenian series ; that is clear from the fabric, which is exactly similar to that of the coins of Meredates (see below). The way in which a small die is used for the obverse, leaving a wide margin outside the border, and the scattering of ' Cp. Drouin, p. 382, on this subject. * For previous publications see Kohne in Be)l. Mzhl., iii (1866), p. 262 ; Longperier, (Euvres, i, pp. 309-15; A. von Sallet, Z.f.N., iii (1876), p. 250 f. and viii (1881), 215-16; Drouin, Rev. Num., 1889, pp. 375-6; Justi. Iran. Namenbiich, p. 105 ; Babelon, 3Iel. Num., iii, pp. 242-3. SUB-CHAEACENIAN CLASS the inscription about the field of the reverse, are very characteristic of both these and the coins of Meredates. The types are, how- ever, borrowed from the ordinary Characenian coins witli Greek inscriptions.^ As to the reading of the inscription I can make no further suggestion. The form r which has been noticed, instead of P or b, is probably a mere blunder of the engraver.^ The second group of coins which may be called Sub-Characenian (PI. XLVII. 3-14, PI. LIV. 8, 9) bear the name of King Meredates and are, as already remarked, very similar in fabric to those of the group just described. They are usually attributed to the Omani, a tribe which Pliny ^ describes as once occupying territory between Petra and Cliarax, with large cities ; in his time, however, it was desert. The attribution, which is due to A. de Longp^rier,^ rests on very insufficient evidence, viz. on the reading 0/v\/\N04>IA (arranged OMAN^ on the reverse of the coins of Meredates. A study of the descriptions on pp. 311-13 of the present Catalogue and of the two reverses from the Paris Cabinet illustrated in PI. LIV. 8, 9, will ^ The two coins in the British Museum do not come from Rich's hoard. Babelon does not state the provenance of the eight in the Paris Collection. - The reading has been recently disfeussed (in J.R.A.S., 1912, 1913) by Kennedy and Thomas, the former reading the letter in question as sh, the latter as r. See also J. Kirste, Orabazes, in Sbr. Kais. Akad. Wiss. in Wren., Phil hist. Klasse, 182. 2 (1917). ^ N.H. vi. 28. 145 'A Petra incoluere Omani ad Characen usque oppidis quondam claris ab Samiramide conditis Abaesanaide et Soractia. Nunc sunt solitudines. Deinde est oppidum quod Characenorum regi paret in Pasitigris ripa, Forat nomine, in quod a Petra conveniunt, Characenque inde XII p, secundo aestu navigant'. These Omani can of course have had no connexion with the ancient ports of Omana in S. Arabia and in Carmania, or with the modern land of Oman. ■* (Eiivred, i, pp. 200-6. Longperier understands Pliny to mean that Forat was one of the cities of the Omani, whereas his words clearly imply the contrary. On Forat, which was the head of a caravan route to Palmyra as well as of that to Petra, see Le Bas-Waddington 2589 and /. G.R.R., iii, 1051 and 1052. These two inscriptions date from A. D. 210-11 and A. D. 142 respectively. It is a curious coincidence that the coins of Meredates belong 2 d 2 CCXll INTRODUCTION show tliat the reading is very obscure^; the letters Vl0 are clear, but of* the crucial part of the word only the M is certain ; the letter before it may be O^ that which follows may be A or A, and the next letter may be A or K or N.'^ Even granted that Longperier's reading of the letters is correct, it still seems doubtful whether his interpretation is sound. He supposes that the coins were issued not l>y a prince allied to the Omani, but by the Omani themselves in honour of their master, perhaps their conqueror. Pliny, who alone mentions these Omani, died, as Longperier remarks, sixty-three years before the coins of Meredates, which bear the date VNA = a. d. 142-3, were issued. Even in the writer's time the Omani had ceased to inhabit the country between Petra and Charax, and Pliny does not say what had become of them. What ground therefore is there for assuming that these coins were issued by them, or by a king who ruled over them ? Considering the great uncertainty of the reading, it is better to leave such conjectures alone, and confine ourselves to what the coins tell us. They come from the neighbourhood of Basrah,^ Some of them are restruck coins of the Characenian series (e.g. no. 11, PI. XLVII. 11). In fabric and style they are close to the other sub-Characenian class described above. We can therefore have no hesitation in placing them somewhere in the neighbourhood of Characene. They are all dated VNA, which, if it is reckoned by the same era as the Characenian coins, i. e. the Seleucid, gives A. D. 142-3. This dating is borne out by the style of the head-dress, which is of the fashion which was dominant about that time.'* The inscription is confused to a degree which is only surpassed on the coins of to the year a. d. 142-3. Forat is supposed to be the Ferath di Misan of the Syrian writers. Longperier may be referred to for all the earlier literature on the subject. > Cp. Drouin in Rev. Num., 1889, p. 376, note 1. 2 Cp. W. H. Scott in Num. Chron., xix (1858), p. 227. ^ Longperier, p. 202. ■* The helmet or tiara with hooked appendages first appears on the Parthian coins of Volagases II (a. d. 77/8-146/7). SUB-CHARACENIAN CLASS CCXIU 'Orabzes'. The words M€P€AAT BACIA€VC are certain. In the disposition adopted by Longp^rier the letters BABACIA, which begin in front of the forehead of the City-goddess and curve over her head, reading outwardly, are read separately from the letters V/l0 in front of her face. BABACIA is interpreted by Longperier BaaiXev^ BaaiXicov. This is in tautologous addition to the title BaaiXev?, which is read on the portion of the coin behind the head. The letters Vl0 were by earlier writers combined with BA, to make the name Viphoba, supposed to be a queen [BACIA(i(ro-a)], and to be represented by the turreted head. Longperier very properly dismisses this interpretation. For the boustrophedon arrangement involved by his own combination 0/v\ANOIA(oy) he gives no parallel. It is true that in the exergue of some Parthian tetradrachms ^ the date reads outwardly and part of the king's title inwardly, but these two elements are not consecutive. Still, if the interpretation were more plausible, the irregularity of the arrangement would not be a bar to acceptance. A fatal objection to Longp^rier's solution is the already mentioned fact that the title (SaaiXev^ is duplicated by the interpretation of (3a. as ^aa-iXev^. As the letters always seem to read continuously Vl4>0BABACIA, we are bound to seek an interpretation of them accordingly, and thus the reading vi\os\ ^ofia /3a(riA[ea)y] suggests itself.^ Whether Meredates was king of the Omani (who as we liave seen, according to the correct interpretation of Pliny, no longer inhabited their old territory) or of some other people, depends on the doubtful remainder of the inscription. Von Gutschmid, who misinterprets Pliny's past tense hicolnere in the same way as Longperier, says that these Omani can only be immigrants from Oman, and are probably identical with the race el-Azd which, according to Arab tradition, partly remained at home, partly moved 1 E. g. B. M. C, Parthla, PL XIX. 9. - It had occuiTed to me before I found it in von Gutschmid, Gesch. Irans, p. 161; Justi, Gesch. Irans, p. 509; Iran. Namenb., p. 213, no. 42. These writers both accept the reading OMAN and regard Meredates as king of the Omani. CCXIV INTRODUCTION with the great South Arabian migration northwards past Bahrein, and finally settled in Anbar and Hira. It is of course mere theory-spinning to base such an identification on apparent similarity in names, although there is nothing improbable in the theory itself, as we have seen other traces of South Arabian influence in the neighbourhood of Charax. LL e LTl tie ERRATA P. 69. For ' Yehuqbidh ' read ' Yehuqbid '. P. 72, no. 7. For ' PI. XI. 5 ' read ' PI. XI. 15 '. P. 158, no. 71. Add reference to PI. XXV. 20. P. 194, no. 2, obv. For ' (? y^l^) ' read ' (1 nV'Tl) '• P. 197, no. 1 . For ' - - - X^mS ' lead ' - - - ^im3 '• P. 198, nos. 1, 2. For 'X3X"inn£5' lead 'X:D"imS'. P. 225, heading. For ' Artakh ' read ' Artah '. P. 229, heading. For ' Vahiikh - -V read ' Vahuh - - T. P. 240, heading. For ' Artakhshat' read ' Artahshat'. P. 244, heading. For ' Artakhshatr ' read ' Artahshatr '. PI. XXIII. For ' 1-3 BABYLON. 4-22 SELEUCIA. 23 ATUSIA ' read ' 1-2 BABYLON. 3-21 SELEUCIA. 22 ATUSIA '. PI. XXXL For '1-11 AUTOPHRADATES IL 12-21' read '1-11 DARIUS. 1 2-2 1 AUTOPHRADATES II '. ADDENDUM Pp. cciv ff. M. Lidzbarski's article on the Mandaean inscriptions of the coins of Characene {Z.f.N. xxxiii, 1921, pp. 82-96) reaches me as these pages go to press. On group A he reads Ihignai malka. On group D, obvex'se, he reads behind the head Time, for Greek Tt/Aatos ; in front of h\)'^/ ... the head ' i. e. ' shekel ' and some name of a foreign coin equivalent to the shekel. On the reverse he and Andreas interpret ' ManI the appointed of Mithra ', the latter word having the form X'lHD (the four letters behind the head, reading against the clock). The British Museum specimens were not known to the writer except through Drouin's illustra- tions. KEY TO PLATES XLVIII-LV 1. Himyarite 2. )> 3. jj 4. 3J 5. » 6. J> 7. Edessa or Carrhae 8. Alex. Empire of the East 9. Persis 10. }} 11. }f 12. j> 13. )> 14. >» 15. j> 16. j> 17. PLATE XLVIII. Page 66 67 xcix, 138 184 209 210 213 216 217 219 237 230 clxxvi, 229 No. 21 23 27 33 34 37 16 bis 5 11 9 bis 2 bis 9 5 3 6 4 No. Class. 1. Aretas III. 2. Obodas II. 3. j» 4. Malichus I. 5. Obodas III. 6. >) 7. Aretas IV. PLATE XLIX. Collection. Paris Mr. E. T. Xewell British Museum Paris Berlin Paris 8- „ „ q 1 0. Rabbel II and Shaqilath. 1 1 . ^Malichus II and Shaqilath. Berlin 12. Adraa. Pai'is 1 3. Bostra. Princeton See Page xi xii xii, 314 xiv XV u. xvi n. xviii XXIV xxvi KEY TO PLATES XLVIII-LV CCXVH No. Class. 14. Bostra. 15. ,, 16. 17. Eboda. 18. Gerasa. 19. )> 20. Philadelphia 21. Petra. Collection Princeton Paris Berlin ? 1 Paris 1 See Page xxvii xxviii )> xxxii xxxiv xl xxxviii 1. Himyarite 2. )' 3. )) 4. Arabian. 5. Minaean, 6. Carrhae. 7. 8. Edessa. 9. )> 10. )> 11. )) 12. j> 13. ;> 14. •) 15. }j 16. >5 17. ,, 18. Pihesaena. PLATE L. Paris M. J. de Morgan Aberdeen Dr. Bernhard Paris Cambridge (Leake) Paris Glasgow (Hunter) li Ixii Ixii n. Ixxxvi Ixxxii xci xcviii c ci cm n. cvii PLATE LI. 1. 2. 3. Double dar ic. Paris . j> J) • • Mr. E. T. Newell . 4. >) Berlin (Imhoof) 5. „ ? . . . 6. Daric. Paris 7. 8. )7 Mr. E. T. Newell . New York (Ward) 9. Silver lion- coin. Major V. E. Mocatta cxlvii ccx^ I'Ul KE y TO PLATES XLVIII-LV No. Class. Collection. See Page 10. Silver lion-coin. Cambridge (McClean) . cxlvii 11. )) Mr. E. T. Newell . cxlviii 12. >> )i 13. >> Cambridge (McClean) . 14. »» Cambridge (Leake) 15. )) Mr. E. T. Newell . 16. )> )• 17. )» .» 18. )> ,, 1. Seleucia ad Tigrim. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Persian Satrap. Persian Empire. Persis. PLATE LIL Paris Berlin (Proke Paris Syracuse Paris Paris (Luynes) Paris . •ch Osten) cxv cxvi cxxix cxxii cxxxiii jj clxvii clxix n. clxx 1. Persis. 2. )) 3. )) 4. )> 5. }} 6. Elymais 7. ,, 8. '5 9. )) 10. )) 11. )J 12. !' 13. PLATE LIII. Col. Biddulph Paris Mr. H. Chick Paris . Col. Biddulph Sir C. Oman Paris clxxii n., clxxiv n. clxxiii clxxv clxxx clxxxvii clxxxviii clxxxix cxc KEY TO PLATES XLVIIILV CCXIX No. Class. 14, Elymais. 15. 16. 17. Collection. Paris M. J. de Morgan Paris (Luynes) See Page cxci n. cxcu cxciv 1. Characeue 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Meredates. PLATE LIV. Paris . Sir C. Oman Paris cxcvi cxcvii cxcviii cxcix cci cciii ccxi F LATE LV. 1. Himyarite Page 65 No. 16a 2. North Arabian Ixxxv 78 3 3. >) !) 78 4 4. M » 78 7 5. }} 78 8 6. » 79 10 7. ,, 79 19 8. >> 79 20 9. J> 80 24 10. Characene, Attambelos I cxcviii 291 1 11. ^5 ,, >5 291 2 12. ,, >> ,, 291 3 13. i> )) J) 292 4 14. j» )! 292 5 KINGS OF NABATAEA No. Wfc. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. ARETAS III. c. 87-62 B.C. Bronze. Male head r., beardless, with long hair, diademed [portrait of Aretas III or of Demetrius III Eukairos] ; border of dots. 126-0 JE -8 border off the flau. 8-16 f , 2 I 123-8 ! 8-0J2 JE .85 114-7 7.43 Nike as City-goddess standing 1., winged, turreted, holding in extended r. wreath, in 1. palm-branch ; inscr. in three lines, two on r., one on 1. ; in field 1. AP ; border of dots. BAZIAE£i[Z]| APETOVI IAE AAHN[OZ]; [A]P PI. I. 1. BAZIAEI2Z I APETOV \ [<|)]IA EAAHNOX: [AP] PI. I. 2. Similar type and (usually oft" the flan). border JR -8 City-goddess of Demetrias- Damascus, turreted, mantle about lower part of body, seated 1. on rock, at base of which is half-figure of swim- ming river-god ; she extends r. hand and holds in 1. cornu- copiae ; inscr. and letters in field 1. as above ; border of dots. PL I APETO[V] AE AAHNOZ; AP I. 3. ]l 1. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, J. ^s., 1904, p. 205, no. 1. 2. Dussaud, ibid., no. 2. De Sauley. ^>r/(. Soc./*-. de iYiOH., iv, p. 12. 3.1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, ibid., no. 3. KINGS OP NA]!ATAEA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 4 93-9 6- OS M -8 / 1 APETOV 1 [I]A EAAHN-; [A]P PI. I. 4. 6 86-8 5-6J M -8 [BIACIAE- 1 APETOV | <|)IA EAAHN ; [AP] 4. 1905. Spink. Same rev. die as two Paris specimens Dussaud, ihid.. no. 3). 5. 1839. Millingen. Ann. Soc. Jr. de Num., loc. cit., no. 2. Duss-aud, op. cit, p. 206^ no. 4. 6. 1908. Hamburger. Dussaud, iJAd. OBODAS II No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. OBODAS II. c. 62-60 B.C. No coins in British Museum. • MALICHUS I. c. 60-30 B. C. (Maliclius tlie king, king of Nabataea). Silver. 1 100-3 6-50 M .9 t Head r., beardless, mous- Eagle witli closed wings tached(?), with hair in long standing 1. ; on 1., downwards, curls, diademed: border of j-JJfi 1 3 J i) ; on r., downwards, dots. SfcjJ li^: ou 1. H (n), on 1 oC^D) 1 r. IKC ; border of dots. PI. I. 5. 1. 1881. Clermont Ganneau. De Saulcy, Ann. Soc. fr., iv, p. 32, PI. I. 1. Diissaud, loc. cif.. \K 210, no. 8, PI. I. 6. Formerly worn as a pendant by a woman of Kerak. KINGS OF NABATAEA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 101-2 6-56 67-3 4-36 67-3 4-36 M -75 t M -65 t M -65 Obverse. Keverse. OBODAS III. c. 30-9 B.C. (Obodas the king, king of Nabataea) Silver. Busts r., jugate, of Obodas, with long hair, draped and diademed, and of queen draped, wearing stei^hane and necklace : in front, n(n) Eagle with closed wings standing 1 ; on 1., down- wards, MjJO >tjj' ; on r., upwards, TOTn" *)JjSi ; across field, AiJ\ (rhr\ nJST) and above, O 11 (D''0 n); border of dots. Date. PI. I. 6. Similar busts r., jugate ; Bust of Obodas r., Avith behind, letter; border of i long hair in curls, dia- dots. denied; on r. inscr.. on 1. date ; bordei" of dots ; be- letter off the flan. t PI. n(n) hind head, H (H)- I on r., upwards, I on I., downwards, ■? mi (20 n:sr) I. 7. on r., upwards, date off the flan. PI. I. 8. 20 1. 1898. Presented by Mr. Barclay V. Head. Dussaud, op. cit., p. 21 ri, no. 9. PL I. 7. From Gaza. 2. 1899. W. T. Ready. Dnssaud, op. cit., p. 214, no. 14, PI. I. 11. 3. 1876. Lieut. Herbert Kitchener. Pierced. Dussaud, ibid., no. 15, PI. I. 12. OBODAS III — ARETAS IV PHILOPATRIS No. Wt. Metal . Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. ARETAS IV PHILOPATRIS. r\j2V Dnn )id^: -j^d nn-in (Aretas, king of Nabataea, lover of his people). 9 B.C. -40 A. D. I. In the name of Aretas and Huldu. (years I-IG?) iCD^j r\:t>j2 M'yn (Huhlii, queen of Nabataea). Silver. Bust of Aretas r. with long hair, laureate; inscr. on r. upwards, on 1. down- wards ; border of dots. Bust of Huidu r.. draped and veiled, wearing orna- ment on tof) of head; iuscr. on r. upwards, on 1. date downwards; boider of dots. 1 69-4 4-50 M -65 t on r. mnntXTTin on I. iTi^n-^, border off the tlan. on r. Tio>7,l jrn^,-. on 1. Ill hJr in field, on r. 0, on 1. H 3 PL I. 9. 2 64-6 4-19 M -65 t on r. l}>Jf\Atk on 1. ,/HT1&-* inscr. ou r. obliterated, on 1. Arnii.Tr/K 4 PI. I. 10. 3 62-5 4-05 Ai -65 t on r. ^)jhh1f\ ou r. r>^)ii<)^Jfi on 1. -rlbV^H^Tfo'^. on 1. ^hJMh H Cnn) on r., iu field. PI. I. 11. 16 4 7M 4-61 ill -7 t inscr. on r. oft the tl;m. on 1. obscure (? T]f2)J 0)1) PI. I on r. tJiri^JAllih inscr. on 1. off the tlan. . 12. ? 1. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussand, p. 217, no. 21. Apparently re-struck on another coin. 2. Dussaud, p. 217, no. 22. 3. 1839. Millingen. Dussaud, p. 225, no. 38. Re-struck? 4.1909. Barclay V. Head. KINGS OF NABATAEA No. Metal. Wt Size. I Axis. 173.8 11-2C, 159-0 10-30 M -95 M .9 t 65-4 4-24 Obverse. Reverse. t Bronze. Bust of Are t as r., with long hair, wearing laurel- wreath and ornament on top of head ; inscr. on r. upwards, ^7J3 HH"!!! n^y cnn itoi: ; on i. downwards ?|D^ T\'^'l2 (Aretiis.&coljol of silver). inscr. on r. olf the tlau. on 1. .a:2nuT3nb^ PI. Bust of liuldu r , laureate, draped, wearing veil; inscr. ou r. itDii r\:hj2 nSn upwards, on 1. 10 Jl^^ downwards (Huldu, &c., year 10) : border of dots. on r. IL^JUJIDJZjIiIm I inscr. on 1. off the flan. I. 13. our. /y/Mll^jJV-^Miir ion r., as on no. 5, first on 1., a> on no. 5, ends j five letters obliterated. ,0P^ 1 on 1. ^f^-^JiJjz. in countermark. |?i PL I. 14. II. lu the name of Aretas and Sliaqilath I. (Sliaqilath, queen of Nabataea) Base Silver. Bust of Aretas r., with long ' Busts draped, jugate r. of hair and moustache (?), j Aretas (with long hair, laureate, draped; inscr on : laureate) and Shaqilath r. u|)wards, on 1. down- 1 (wearing ornament on top wards ; border of dots i of head) ; inscr. on r. up- (usually off the flan). ! wards, on I. downwards ; border of dots (usually off the flan). on r. inscr. off' the flau. on r. inscr. off the tlan. ou 1. TlnVDHT Ion 1. ^nil:-)!^! PL I. 15. Date. 10 20 5. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud. p. 221, no. 33, second specimen. 6. 1908. L. Hamburger. Du.ssaud, p. 223. no. 34. 7. 1838. Matthew Young. Dussaud, p. 227, no. 43 (date read as 40 ; but there does not seem to be any sign to the left of the 20). ARETAS IV PHILOPATRIS No. 10 11 12 : Meta . Wt. i Size. I Axis. Obverse. 70-0 Al -6 on r. w/lh^H •54 ou I. fili'l^rir Reverse. on r. inscr. oft' tlie tlan. on I. .^'-/C7^~ PI. I. 16. 6u-4 A{ -6 on r. inscr. oft' the flan, 4-24 f on 1. ^S'Hh^^^ PI. I. 18 on r. iifyjfWifk on 1. inscr. oft' the tlan. 64-0 Al -G on r. ■'bj/^J/j./iM/t lonr. h/i/7AJ1/t 4-15 f on I. inscr. off the tlan. jon 1. inscr. off the tlan. PI. I. 19. Bust of Aretas IV r., Bust of Shaqilath r., laureate, draped ; inscr. I draped and veiled, wear- ou r. upwards, on 1. down- ! ing ornament on top of wards ; border of dots, ' head ; inscr. on r. up- wards, on 1. downwards ; border of dots. 80-1 JE -Go on r. ^'/"" 5-19 i f , on I. . r^ (short hair on )•. TJ};:^ on 1. %)Yn in field r. H the tlan. border off PI. I. 20. 13 G5-6 M -G I 4-25 \ on r. inscr. off the tlan. on 1. ^\^J.yiHl (long hair) PL on V. jiVj JJs]^fh , on 1. ,uj/i/>-ft=^-» I border off the tlan. I. 21. Date. 24 64-0 ^M -551 on r. ■i\)f-i]ni\t\rii> on r. inscr. off the tlan. 20 -F 4-15 if on 1. inscr. off the tlan. on 1. part of date remain- ing, «gi"* PL I. 17. 20 + 23(?) or 27(?) 8. 1839. Millingen. Dussaud, p. 227, no. 42 (date read as 30). 9. 190L W. T. Ready. Dussaud, p. 229, no. 48. 10.1906. Parkes Weber Gift. 11.1908, L. Hambuiger. Dussaud. p. 229, no. 47. 12. 1908. Hamburger. Dussaud, p. 225, no. 39 (wrongly described as silver). The fabric of the coin is that of tlie silver issues, and it may once have been silvered. 13. 1902. Noury Bey. Dussaud, p. 226, no. 40. KINGS OF NABATAEA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 14 74-2 4-81 JE -75 t 15 70-0 4-54 ^ .7 t 16 63-1 4-09 JE .7 t 17 62-1 4-0^ M -7 t 18 59-0 3-8J2 JE- 7 t 19 57-0 3-69 JE .7 20 55-1 3-57 M .75 t 21 49-1 3-18 JE -75 t 22 65-8 4-J26 iE -75 t Obverse. Reverse. Bronze. Busts of Aretas and Shaqilath Two cornuacopiae crossed r., jugate; the king is lau- 1 and filleted; between them, reate, with long hair (and aboA-e in two lines, and be- moustache?), the queen draped: low in one, inscr. both wear ornaments on top of ^f>T>i I . ^ , ^^^^,^. head ; in fiehl r., letter e (t^^) ; ''{^f *"" ' P^ ' nmn) 1., letter pl ' ; border of dots. border of dots. letters in field obliterated. PI. II. 1. PI. II. 2. [no rev. ; impi-ession incuse of previously struck coin] PI. II. 3. PI. II. 4. above heads, traces of Pl. II. 5. 1 So Dussand, p. 229, no. 4'J ; but on all the specimens here catalogued the letter is either off the flan or not visible on it. 14-19. See Dussaud, p. 229, no. 49. 14. 1908. L. Hamlnirger. 16. 1867. Presented by the Rev. Greville Chester. 17- 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest. iVwm. Fe<., p. 167(B), 7. 18,19.1908. L. Hamburger. 20.1905. Spink. 21.1913. W. S. Lincoln. Twice pierced. 22. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, loc. cit. ARETAS IV PHILOPATKIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. III. Struck in the name of Aretas IV alone. otoij ^hf2 nnnn) Bronze. Bust of Aretas IV r., with long hair, wearing laurel wreath and ornament on top of head ; on r. 0, on 1. n Female figure, wearing long dress, standing 1., r. hand raised holding un- certain object ; on r. H, on 1. ; inscr. on 1. down- wards, on r. upwards. 23 59-2 3-84 JE -75 t letter on 1. oft' the tlan ; border of dots. • on r. ^;tty bonier of dots. PI. II. 6. 4 24 99-2 (M3 JE .8 t plain border. on 1. |HiHf/H plain border. 5 PI. II. 8. 25 66-3 4-30 .E .7 t border of dots. on 1. tojnJ''3»*>' on r. nj f letter on r. obliterated ; border of dots. ■? PI. II. 7. 26 ()1-G 3-IJ!) ^ .7 t letter on 1. obliterated : on r. 0X1):^ border off tlie tlan. inscr. on 1. obliterated; border of dots. ? Bust of Aretas r., lau- reate, wearing ornament on top of head ; border of dots. Two cornuacopiae crossed and filleted ; between them, letters or mono- gram ; border of dots. 27 32-1 2-08 -E -So t PI. I I. 9. 23. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest, Num. Vd., p. 167(B), (>. Du:ssaud, p. 220, no. 30. Same rev. die as Dussaud, no. 2-3, PI. II. 6, therefore of year ■!. 24. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussauil, p. 219, no. 27. 25. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, p. 221, no. 81 (second specimen;. 27. 1908. L. Hamburger. See Dussaud, p. 230, no. .53. C 10 KINGS OF NABATAEA No. 28 Wt. 28-9 1-87 Metal. Size. Axis. M -5 t Obverse. Reverse. *LH ; below, uncertain letter? 29 19-5 1-2G M -55 t ,, ; below, uncertain letter? border ott' the flan. 30 32-8 2-12 t "H 31 29-2 1-80 JE -55 t )' 32 27-4 1-77 JE -5 t in front of head, H 1 1 n : ill field, on either side, H PI. II. 10. 33 24-9 1-61 JE -5 t ') )• n;*in field, on r. H. on 1. letter off the flan. , PI. II. 11. i 34 27-4 1-77 JE -55 t f ; in field, on 1. H, on r. letter obliterated. 1 35 30-1 1-95 JE -55 t 1 PI. II. 12. 28-35. 1908. L. Hamlnirger. Dusf>aad, p. 231. no. 54. 28-9. See Dussaud, p. 230. Jio. 53. 30, 31. See MALICHUS II AND SHAQILATH II 11 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. MALICHUS 11 aiid SHAQILATH 11. <;. A. u. 40-71. 1D33 1^^ wX^^» nSj2 (.Maliclius tlie kin;;-, king of Nabataea). iDn3 r\±>J2 nnnx" n^^ptr (SbaqilatJi, his sister, queen of Nabataea). Base Silver. Bust of Malichus r., with long bair, laureate ; inscr. on r. upwards, on 1. down- wards ; border of dots. Bust of Shaqilath r., draped, veiled ; inscr. on r. upwards, on 1. down- wards ; border of dots. 1 59-4 3-85 Ai -6 t on r. inscr. off the tlan. on 1. 45Amt>i on r. '»^'i' on I. inscr. off the thin. on 1. <\bJ)T\:)iO ? PL II. 14. 3 44-4 ^■88 Al '55 t on r. «///«•>#* f on r. inscr. off the tlan. on 1. "iij \ on I. 'f PI. II. 15. Bronze. ? Busts jugate r.of Malichiis (laureate) and .Shaqilath, draped ; details obscure : border of dots. Two cornuacopiae crossed and filleted ; between them, above in two lines and below in one, inscr. border of dots. 4 42-3 JE -6 t PL II. 16. 5 38-9 JE -65 t PL IL 17. 1. 1838. Matthew Young. Dussaud, p. 232, no. 58. 2. 1850. Major Henry Rawlinson. Dussaud, p. 233, no. 61. 3. 1850. Major Henry Rawlinson. Dussaud, p. 233, no. 62. 4. 1881. Clermont Ganneau. Dussaud, p. 234, no. 64 5. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, ibid. 12 KINGS OF KABATAEA No. Wt. Metal. Size. 1 Obverse. Axis. Reverse. Date. RABBEL 11. c. A. D. 71-lOG. )t22: l^^f2 i<:hf2 Sxnn (Rabbel the king, king of Nabataea). 1. With his mother Shaqilath II. No coins in British Museum. II. With his sister and queen Ganiilath ibij r\±!2 nnnx rh^^ (Garni lath, his sister, queen of Nabataea). Silver, Bust of Rabbel r., lau- reate, with long hair ; inscr. on r. and 1. Bust of Ganiilath r., veiled and draped ; inscr. on r. and I. 1 55-4 3-59 Al .55 t inscr. on r. oft' the flan ; on L. downwards, «o;xi^r~ inscr. on r., upwards, /JJ)i : on 1., downwards, V PI. II. 18. 2 53-9 3-49 M -5 {base) on r., upwards, ><^6))ti)6'>' on 1. inscr. and date oft" the flan ; border of dots. on r. oft' the flan ; on 1. ? PI. II. 19. 1. 1918. Glendining Sale 19, ix. 1918, lot 119. 2. 1832. H. P. Borrell. KABBEL II 13 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Bronze. 3 58-4 3-78 JE -75 t Busts r. jugate of Rabbel Two cornuacopiae crossed and (with long hair, laureate, i filleted ; between them, in wearing ornament on top of two lines, inscr. head) and Gamilatli ; [border \6j] /^L*., , L.»w*.\ of dots]. t^lb)> ^^"^^ ' ^^^^^ border of dots. PI. II. 20. 4 51-8 3-30 JE .6 f 1 PL II. 21. 5 46-8 3-03 JE -65 \ 1 PL II. 22. 6 39-0 2-53 ^ -6 t 1 PL II. 23. 7 34-3 M -65 t 3-6. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, p. 237, no. 73. 7. Dus.saiid, ibicL ARABIA' No. Wt. 125-9 8-16 2 I 111-3 ''•21 123-5 8-00 119-2 7-72 88-2 5-72 Metal. Size. Axis. Obvert-e. Reverse. Coins issued for the province witliout mint-name ; perhaps struck at Bostra. Hadrian. Bust of Hadrian r., laureate, j Bust of Arabia to front, head undraped ; around, beginning r., wearing turreted crown below, inscr. : — ' and mantle blown out by the wind ; in each arm she holds small seated figure of a child (?) ; below, inscr. : — M -9 AVLTIOKPATOJPKAICA \ jPTPAIANOCAALPIANO CC - - -J M -9 i AVT[OKPATaJiPKAICA \ PTPAIANOCAAPIANOC C -- APABIA Pi. III. 1. M -lb \ 79-0 M -8 5-12 \ M -9 \ M -85 AVTOKPATKAICA[PTP AIANOCAAPIANOCC --] [AVTOKPATKAICAPT] PAIANOCAAPIANOCC APTPAIAN[0CJA [APJIAN0CC6BAC -- AVT[OKPATjKAICAPT PAIANOCAA--- APAB[IA] PI. III. 2. [APABJIA Pi. III. 3. [AP]AB[IA * All coins, unless otherwise described, have a border of dots on both sides. 1. 1905. Spink. Same obv. die as Mionnet V, 577. 1. 2. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 1. 3. 1832. H. P. Boriell. De Saulcy, Terre Sainfe, p. .362, Hadr. no. 1. 4.1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 3? 5.1908. L. Hambiu-ger. 6. 1908. L. Hamburger. 15 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. j Reverse. Date. ADRAA. 1 Valekiax. I 1 245-7 13-9J2 JEMS t Bust of Valerian r.. lau- reate, wearing paluda- mentum and cuirass ; around, beginning below, in very barbarous and uncertain characters. AV KTiAIKINBAAePIAN 0CC£ BA(?) In a slu'ine supported on 151 = two columns, female (?) 256-7 figure, wearing chiton to a. d. knees, standing r., r. rest- ■ ing on sceptre or spear, I. extended holding un- certain object ; inscr. on I AAPA on r HNWNP and in ex. AM (i.e. PNA) PI. III. 4. Galliexus. 2 168-2 10-90 .El -05 t Bust of Gallienus r., radiate, wearing paluda- mentum and cuirass : inscr. on 1. AAI. on r. HNOCCE Hemispherical baetylou an altar slab with horns (?), supported by two columns on a base ; between the columns, horizontal lines indicating steps (?) ; around, beginning on r., AAPAHMOJI IPN PI. III. 5. 150 = 255-6 A, D. 1. 1872. Edward Wig:in. Catal. Eollin and Feuardent, 18G4, 7641. Sainte, p. 376. 2. 1877. Bank of England Gift. De Saulcv, Teire 16 ARABIA No. Wt. 17-5 1-13 15-8 1-02 Metal. Size. Axis. M -5 M -5 350-8 j^ M 0.7-1 1 Obvorse. Reverse. BOSTRA. (Nea Traiana Bostra). Quasi-aut<)uomous. Bust (undrapeil ?) of City- i Camel standing r. ; above, goddess r., wearing tnr- in arc, inscr. B^CT PA reted crown, long tresses on neck ; behind and in front, date (^'[tousJ os') o ^ PL III. 6. PI. III. 7. Coins with Emperors' portraits. IIadkian. See p. 14. Antoninus Pius. Bust of Pius r., laureate, undraped ; around, begin- ning below, inscr. :■ — [AVTJOKPKAICAN City-goddess standing to front, 1. foot resting on a crouching figure!?); she wears turreted crown, veil, chiton, and mantle : rests Avith r. on spear surmounted })y trophy, and holds in 1. cornu- copiae; around, beginning below, inscr. : — TVXHN€ACTPAI 1. AlNJHCBOCTPAC r. Date. 76 = 181-2 A.D. 1, 2. 1908. L. HamburgiT, Uev. Xum., 1911, p. SO, note o. Morey, Bostra, no. 2. 3. 1908. L. Hamburger. BOSTKA 17 1 Metal. No. Wt Size. Obverse. Keverse. Axis. 4 284-0 ^1-15 AVTOKPKAICANTGJ 1. PA 1. 18-40 1 NINCJC6B€VC6Bi i. IANHCBO--r. PI. III. 8. 5 161-6 ^1-0 Similar bust r. : inscr. aroimd. Within a temple, showing 10-47 1 beginning below, AVTORPK AICANT(jJN[l]l.. NOJCEB 6VC€B€ r.. 1 below pediment containing crescent, and two columns with high bases, Athena-Tyche, standing 1., wearing helmet and chiton ; she rests 1. on spear, at foot of which is her shield ; with r. she pours libation from phiale on horned altar ; above her r. hand, star; around, beginning below, inscr. TVX below, HN6ACTPA 1.. lANHC BOC r., TPAC below. PL III. 9. Diva Faustina I. Bust of Faustina I, r., veiled : City-goddess, wearing chiton around, beginning on 1. be- and mantle, standing to front, low, inscr. : — head 1., turreted, r. resting on spear, 1. on hip ; I. foot on uncertain object (crouching figure?) : around, inscr. : — 6 153-0 M -85 e[€jA<|)AVl.,CTciN[A]r. (begins below) - - N€ACTP 1 9-91 t Al 1., ANH -- r. PI. III. 10. 7 60-4 ^ -75 e€ALAVJl., CT€INAr. j (begins below) AC'I'PAI 3-91 \ jl., ANHC--V. I PI. III. 11. 8 57-1 M -6 [e]cA-4>[AV] L, CTGINA (begins below) TVXH - - - .5-rr> i r. |l.. ANHBOCT[Pjr. 1 1 PI. III. 12. 4. 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. 5. 5. 1877. Bank of England Gift. Morey, Bostra, no. 4, fig. 4. 6. 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. 8, fig 8. 7. 8. 1908. L. Hamburger. D No. 10 11 13 Wt. 68-8 4-46 36-9 2-39 .S3-0 2-14 77-9 r,-05 Metal. Size. Axis. M -7 \ rE M -65 \ A^u -65 t 102-9 M ■ G-6? t Obvei'se. Reverse. [e]€A-4>AV I., - - - r. I- XV'T on 1., downwards; - A I AH on v., downwards (barbarous style) PI. III. 13. Maecus Aueelius Caesak. Bust of Marcus r., bare- 1 Bust of City-goddess r., tur- headed, wearing paludamen- reted and flraped : around, turn and cuirass : around, be- ginning on 1., inscr. : — beginning on 1., inscr. : — AYPHAIOC I., KAICAPr. TYXN€A PI. III. 14. TPAlBOCr. AYPHAIorc [KjAICAP r. TYXN€A I., CoMMODUS Caesar. Bust of Comuiodus r., youthful, bareheaded, wearing paluda- mentum and cuirass ; around, beginning on 1., inscr. AAVP KO/vA[KA?]onl., ICAVTV I or. GB on r. Bust of Zeus Ammou r., draped, with ram's horn and disk on top of head ; around, beginning on 1., iuscr. B^C 1., TPWN r. PL III. 15. CoMMODus Augustus. Bust of Commodus r., bearded, laureate, undraped ; around, beginning on 1., inscr. : — AVKO/v\o/x 1. ANTOJNINO ,. Camel walking r. ; around, beginning on 1., inscr. : — N€T]PBOCT 1.. PA 1 PL III. 16. 9. 1908. L. Hamburger. 10. I'JOS. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. 11, fig. 10. 11. 1908. L Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 10. 12. 18.39. Millinovn. De Saulcy, p. 3G3, no. 4 [reads A'AYP-KOM M'AYP.YIOY'C€ ' A«AYP*KAlC IC. ifor K?) ANT'YIO.CEB]. 31nrey. Bo.fra. no. 13, fig. ]i> [reads AAYPKOMOA . . ICAYTYIOr€Y*(?)]- 13. 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey. Bosfra. n... l-'^. Same dies as Paris sjx.cimcn Mionnet V, .580. 12 ; Morey, fig. 13). BOSTRA 19 No. 14 15 Wt. 81-7 5-J2'J 21-4 1-3!) 16 273-1 17-70 17 210-0 13-Gl 192-2 12-4'o Metal. Size. Axis. M -7; \ M -5 Obverse. AVKOMMO 1. A N TUN IN ,. i ^1-05 t Reverse. ABOC 1 , TPA i€TPAio 1. ^1. ^1-05 t (details of bust and laser, obscure; perhaps Antoni- j $/'\'rA v. nus Pius) I Septimius Seveeus. Bust of Septimius Severus '< Temple siiowiug four r., laureate, wearing palu- columns, pediment, and damentum and cuirass; central arch ; within, City- around, beginning on 1.,, goddess standing r., tur- inscr. AVKAC - 1., C€ reted, with r. foot on OVHPOC r. crouching figure(':'); in I. cornucopiae, r. resting on spear surmounted by tro- phy : inscr. N€TP on 1. downwards, BOCTPA in ex., €TPA on r, upwards. PI. III. 17. Julia Domna. Bust of Domna r., draped, Temple showing four hair in parallel waves in columns, pediment, and front, taken up in chignon central arch, and contain- at back ; around, begin- | ing figure of City-goddess ning on 1., inscr. : — ' as on no. 16 : inscr. : — Date. |OYA|IA| I. AOMNAC€B |OYA|ljA 1. [AOMN]A[C€]B r. N€T[P] on 1. down- wards, BOCTP[Aj in ex., [€]TPA on r. up- wards. I- - on 1. downwards, BOCTPA in ex., €TP.A I on r. upwards Pi. IV. 1. 104 = 209-10 a. D 14. 1908. L. Hamburger. 15. 1918. Glendining Sale, 19, ix, 1918, lot. 119. 16. 1841. Sir R. Ahdy, Sale Catal, lot 369. Morey, Bostra, no. 17, fig. 14. 17. 1908. L. Hamburger. 18. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes ^Yebe^ Gift. Morey, Bostra, no 19, fig. 15. Same obv, die as no. 17. 20 ARABIA Metal. No.: wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Elagabalus. 19 139-3 .E 1-0 Bust of Elagabalus r., radiate. Bust of City-goddess r., tur- ! 9-03 i undraped ; around, beginning on I., inscr AVK€ - - 1., ANTWNINOCr. reted and draped, with cor- i nucopiae over r. shoulder (?); around, beginning on 1., inscr. - XH 1. BOCTPOJir. PI. IV. 2. 20" 73-9 JE -75 Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate, Teuiple showing two columns 4-70 t wearing paludamentum and cuirass ; around, beginning on I., inscr. AVTOKeCAPAN TUNINOC and pediment (but no archi- trave) ; within, Zeus-Ammon ? wearing short chiton, stand- ing 1., cruciform ornament on his head ; he rests 1. on scep- tre or spear and holds phial« in r. ; at his feet, ram(?) looking up ; inscr. B^C on 1. upwards, TPH on r. down- wards, NWN in ex. PI. IV. 3. COLONIA BOSTRA. Sevekus Alexander. '• 21 229-1 .e:i-25 Bust of Severus Alexander r.. Founder ploughing r. with 14-85 i laureate, clothed (?) : around. yoke of humped cattle, his r. ! beginning on 1., IMPCAES raised ; above, baetyl on a MAVRSEV 1, A[LE]XAN square aitar approached by DERAVG r. steps ; inscr. around, begin- ning on 1.. N;TR.A LEXA NDKIANAE. and in ex. COL.BOSTR PI. IV. 4. 1 19. De Saulcy, p. 367, no. S. Pierced. The cornucopiae is not certain : what appears to be its head may Ije the Y "f [T]YXH- Cp. Morey, Bostra, no. 20, under Caracalla (laur. l>nst). 20. 1872. Edward Wigan. De Saulcy, p. 366, no. 1. Morey, Bostra, no. 25, fig. 19. 21. H)00. Rcicliardt, S«/e Crt/aZ., 1899, lot 312. Morey, Bostra, no. 32. BOSTRA 21 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 1 Bust of Severus Alexander r., laureate, wearing paludamen- j turn and cuirass ; around, be- Bust of City-goddess 1., draped and turreted, w^ith cornu- copiae behind shoulder ; ginning on 1., inscr. : — around, beginning on 1., inscr. : — 22 169-7 II- 00 jt: q IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1 l' ALEXANDERAVC r. COLONIAB 1. OSTRA 1. ! 23 146-9 ^E .9 IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1. 1 AL[EXANDERJAVC i. Pi. IV. 5. 24 107-9 n-99 jE -9 IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1. ALEXA[N JDERAVC 1. Similar bust and inscr. : — PI. IV. 6. Bust of Zeus Amnion r., with ram's horn and disk on top of head, draped ; around, be- ginning on 1., inscr. : — 25 106-7 6-91 ^ -8 \ [IMPCA]ESMAVRSEV I. ALEXA[NDERAVC]r. CO[LONIA] 1. [B jOSTRA r. 26 73-1 4-74 JE -7 IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1. ALEXANDERAVC r. COLONIA 1. BOSTRA r. • PL IV. 7. 27 61-5 3-98 ^ -75 1 Similar bust and inscr. : — Silenus (• Marsyas ' of the Forum) r., with wine-skin over shoulder, and r. hand raised ; around, beginniug on )., inscr : — 28 78-6 5-0.9 tE -7 1 IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1. COLONIA i. B OSTRA 1. 22. De Saulcy, p. 367, no. 2. 23. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 22. 24.1908. L. Hamburger.' 25.1909. Rollin and Feuardent. 26.1908. L. Hamburger. Same dies as no. 25. ' 27.1908. L Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 25? 28.1908. L. Hamburger. 22 No. 29 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Keverse. (37-8 4-3<) JE -75 i [IMJPCAESMAVBSEV ALEXANDERAVG i. COLONIA 1. B OSTRA 1 PI. IV. 8. 30 53-5 jE -75 i IMPCAESMA V8SEV(./c) 1. ALEXANDERAVG r. COLONIAB 1. OSTRA r. Julia AIamaea. 31 209-9 13-00 JEl-2 i Bust of Mamaea r., hair waved and taken up at back of neck, wearing stephane, draped : around, beginning on 1., iuscr. IVLIAMAMAEA 1., AVGV STA r Similar bust and inscr. IVLI AMAMAEA 1. AVGVSTA r. Temple showing four columns, pediment, and central arch ; within, City-goddess standing to front, wearing turreted crown, tunic, and mantle ; r. resting on spear surmounted by trophy, 1. holding cornu- copiae ; 1. foot on small crouching figure (?) ; on either side of her small bull(?); around, beginning on I., inscr. N.TR.A [LEXAJ 1.. [ND RJI ANAE r., COL-BOST [R 1 in ex. PI. IV. 9. Bust of City-goddess 1., wear- ing turreted crown, with cornucopiae behind shoulder, as on no. 22 ; around, begin- ning on 1 . inscr. COLONIA BO 1., STRA r. 32 119-5 7-74 M -9 i 29.1919. Sir H. Weber Collection from W. T. Rend J', 1900. 30.1839. Millingen. De Saulcy. p. 368, no. 5. Same obv. die as no. 29. 31. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same dies as Mionnet V, 583. 29 (de Saulcy, p. 369, no. 5) on which the details are clearer. 32. 1908, L. Hamburgei-. Same obv. die as Mionnet V, 583. 27. 23 No. 33 Wt. 90-3 5-85 Mtital. Size. Axis. M -9 Obverse. Reverse. ■ 34 73-6 4-77 M -9 Similar bust and inscr. : — Bust of Zeus Ammon r., draped, with ram's horn, and disk on top of bead ; around, beginning on 1., inscr. C^LO NIA l,BOSTRAr. 35 86-8 .E .7 IVLIAMAMAEA 1. AVCVSTA r. 36 78-0 5-05 JE -8 1 IVLIAMAMArEA] 1. [AVCVS TA r. 37 G4-4 4-1? ^ -8 IVLIAMAMAEA 1. AVGVSTA r. 38 56-8 3-G8 .E -8 Philip Senior. 39 221-0 14-32 Bust of Pliilip Senior r., lau- Male bust r., diademed (or reate, wearing paludamentum laureate?), draped (Dusaresy); and cTiirass ; around, begin- around, beginning on 1., CO ning on 1., inscr. (very obscure) LMETKQROLISBOSTRA IMPCAESMIVL I. PH -- r. 1 33. 1831). Millingen. Same obv. die as no. 32. De Saulcy, p. 368, no. 2. 34. 1908. L. Hamliurger. Same dies as no. 33. Another specimen from the Hamburger collection (Invent. 1236) is too Iiadly preserved to be catalogued. 35-8. All tliese seem to be from the same dits, but they are too l>adly preserved to allow of certainty on this point. Besides these four, four others of the same types have been omitted owing to their bad preservation i^cj). de Saulcy, p. 36.S, no. 1) ; a specimen from the Devonshire collection (237 = Morey, Bostra, no. 36, fig. 26) is entirely altered by tooling. 35. 1908, L. Hamburger. 36. 1900. Reichardt, Sale CafaL, 1899, lot 312. 37. 1008. L. Hamburger. 38. 1841. T. Burgon. De Saulcy, p. 368, no. 1. 39.1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, i;os<>v(, no. 42, fig. 29. 24 ARABIA No I Wt. 40 271-3 17-58 41 I 230-0 14-90 42 191-3 12-40 43 158-8 ho- 29 Metal. Size. Axis. ^1-05 4 M\-Qo t Obverse. Eeverse. Philip .Tunioe. Bust of Philip .lunior r., radiate, wearioj; paludamen- tum and cuirass ; around, be- ginning on 1., inscr. : — MARCIVLPHILIPPOSCE SAR Agonistic wreath, tied below, with ornament at top and bottom : around, beginning on 1., and within the wreatli, inscr. : — COL.MCTROPOLISBOS TRA AKTI AAOV isic) CAPIA COL.METROpOLISBOS TRA AKTI AAOV CAPIA COLMETROPOLISBOST OA {sic) AKTI AAOV CAPIA PI. IV. 10. ^1-15 [MjARCIVLPHILlPPOSC t iE-- - METRopOLirSI AKTI AAOVC APIA 40. 1908. L. Hamburger. 41. 1903. Noury Bey. 42. 1863. Eastwootl Do Saulcy, p. 369, no. 2. Morey. Bostra, no. 44, fig. 31. 43. 1900. Reichardt. Sale Catal. 1899, lot 812. BOSTRA No. 1 Wt. Metal. Size. Obverse. Reverse. Axis. Trajan Decius. Bust of Decius v., radiate (?), wearing paludamentum and cuirass ; around, beginning on 1., inscr. : — Zeus Amnion and the City- goddess ; on 1., Zeus r., with disk and horns on head, wearing slicrt chiton or cuirass and mantle, gives r. hand to City-goddess, Avho stands 1., turreted, holding cornucopiae in 1. : around, beginning on !.. inscr. : — 44 202-1 13-10 yEl-05 t inscr. illegible ; portrait un- certain. CONCORDIABOSTR€NR VM {sic) 45 199-8 ^1-05 -- - VSDECIVS-- CONCORDIAB--- 12-95 t Pl. IV. 11. 46 192-8 12-49 ^1-0 t Bust of Decius r., laureate, drapery on 1. shoulder ; around, beginning on 1., IMPCMQT RAIANVSDECIVSAVC Zeus Ammon, standing 1., with disk and horns on head, ram's horn on temple, wearing cuirass and mantle ; 1. rests on spear surmounted by trophy (?), in r. ears of corn (?) ; at his feet, small animal (ram?): around, lie- ginning on 1.. COLM€TPO POL BOSTRON PI. IV. 13. 47 105-2 6-82 M -8 t Bust of Decius r., laureate, clothed (?) ; around, beginning onl., ----DECIVSAVC Bust of City-goddess r,, tur- reted and draped : around, be- ginning on 1., COLMETR[0] POLBOSTRA 44. 1908. L. Hamburger. 45. 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. 5<». fig. 37. 46. 1908. L. Hamljurger, Fxec. yum., 1911, p. 83, note 6. Morey, Bostra, no. 49, fig. 36. 47- 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. iS, fig. 35. E Metal. • No. Wt Size. Obverse. Reverse. Axis. Trajan Decius and Hhkennius Etruscus. Bust of Decius r., laureate, On a raised platform ap- and Herennius 1., radiate. proached by steps, a baetyl confronted, each wearing palii- (surmounted by seven flat damentum and cuirass: around, cake-like objects) between two beginning below, inscr. : — other baetyls, each surmounted by one similar object ; all in wreath ; around, beginning on 1., inscr. : — 48 250-8 tEI-O IMPfMDeCIVS€TCjVAL ACTIADVSAR[IACOLM 16-25 4 €N[SCVINTVSCAnSAR €S €TRB]OSTR€ NORVM PL IV. 12. 49 218-3 ^1-05 [IMPMDeCIVS€TCVAL€ ACTIADV OR li-irj i NSCVINTVSCAISAReS 1 VM 50 91-7 M -9 Similar busts, but both lau- City-goddess standing to 5-91 1 reate; around, beginning ou 1„ inscr. QVINTV SCAES front ; wears turreted crown, tunic, and mantle ; r. rests on spear surmounted by trophy, 1. holds cornucopiae ; 1. foot on small crouching figure (?) ; on r., at her feet, small figure of Marsyas of the Forum 1. ; around, beginning on 1., inscr, ---- 1., OLBOSTRAi r. 48. 1900. Reichardt, Sale Catal., 1899, lot 312. Morey, Bostra, no. 52. Same dies as Morey, fig. 38 and as the Vienna specimen, yum. Zuit., 1908, p. 130, Taf. VIII. 10; same obv. die as Rev. Num., 1911, PI. III. 10. 49. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. IS.. 50. 1838. Cureton. De Saulcy, p. 371, no. 3. Morey, Bostra. no. 53, fig. 39. CHAKACHMOBA 27 No. Wt. 147-5 Metal. Axis. Obverse. Revex'se. CHARACHMOBA. Elagabalus. Rust of Elagabalus r., laureate, [ City-goddess, wearing kala- draped ; around, beginning on thos, chiton and mantle, stand- 1., inscr. : — ing 1., r. resting on rudder, 1. 1 liolding coruucopiae ; around, ! inscr. : — .E -85 AVKAIMAVANTWN'INO XAPAX 1.. MWBA r, PL IV. 14. 2 1 90-7 yE -8 AVKMAVAN i 5-88 ! i XAPAX 96-1 ^E -8 ' Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate, On r., figure seated I., before ()-33 f undra])ed : around, beginning an altar (?) with steps leading onl., AKMAYANTWNINO up to it (?), on which is a tall column between two small baetyls (?) ; inscr., beginning above, XAP AKN - below, I. 1. 1908. L. Hamburger. Babelon, L. Hamburger. Babelon, loc cit, fig. 2. Eev. Xum., 1899. p. 275, fig. 1. 3. 1908. L. Hamburger. 2. 1908. 28 Metal. No. VJt. Size Obverse. Reverse. Date. Axis. DIUM. Get A. Bust of Geta r., bare- Cuitus-tigure of Hadad to headed, wearing paluda- front ; he wears kalathos, mentum and cuirass : with horns or a crescent around, beginning; on 1., on head ; long chiton with inscr. : — over - garment showing parallel horizontal bands : r. rests on sceptre sur- mounted by eagle, 1. holds Nike who stands 1. holding out wreath to him ; at his feet, recumbent bulls on either side ; inscr., begin- ning on 1. and reading downwards : — 1 196-5 JE -95 novncircTAOKr A€IH 1., NWN in ex.. 268 = 1^-73 t H2C r. (upwards) 205-6 PL IV. 15. A.D. 2 132-9 M -9 HZC 1, A€IHN in ex., 8-61 t CON r. (upwards) 3 181-4 .El-0 n.C€n. 1., reTAC r A€IH 1., NWN in ex., 270 = 11-75 t OC r. (upwards) PJ. IV. 16. 207-8 A.D. 4 158-9 JE -9 ■'J jj A€IH 1., NCJN in ex., 10-30 t OC r. (downwards) EBODA. No coins in tbe British Museum. See Introduction. 1. 18t4. Devonshire, Sale Catal., I, lot 236. De Saulcy, p. 383, no. 2. B. M. C, Galatia, dx., p. 303, no. 1. 2. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 1. 3. 1844. Devonshire, Sale Catal., I, lot 596. De Saulcy, p. 383, no. 3. B. M. C, loc. cit., no. 2. 4. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 3. DIUM-EBODA-ESBUS 29 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 1 ! 178-3 11-56 111-4 7-22 :./E ESBUS (Aurelia Esbus). Elagabalus. Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate, wearing paludameutum and cuirass : around, beginning on 1., inscr. : — Zeus, nude to waist, seated 1., 1. resting on sceptre, r. hold- iog phiale ; around, begin- ning on 1., inscr. : — •95 [AVjTCMAV[R|ANTONl! AV NVS 1., OVC r. PI. V. 1. M -85 AVTCMAVRANTONINV AVPrAAA€A€ r., (jJN 1. OYC PI. VI. 1. Bust of ]Jemeter r., draped Wicker basket, containing and veiled and crowned ' two ears of corn between with corn (?) ; around, two serpents ; around, on beginning on 1. below, j 1. upwards and r. down- inscr. : — I wards, date. M -65 4>IA»K0|. 1. f CYPIACr. €TOYlCJ ZKC r. PI. VI. 2. 47-3 M -Go •00 \ t 215-5 13-'.)G <1>IAAK0| 1. CYPIAC r. Demeter holds ears of corn in her hand ? €TOYC XKC r. .El-O Coins with Emperors' portraits. Titus and Domitian. Head of Titus r., laureate ; I Head of Domitian r., lau- around, beginning on 1. reate; on 1. upwards, LP below, inscr. [AY]TOK A\P ; on r downwards, PATI2P 1., TIT0CKA![]IAAA€A4>€£IN ICA[P] r. ; in circular I countermark, bearded bust r. (Antoninus Pius ?). | PI. VI. 3. 227 = 164/5 A. D. 143 = 80, 8 A.D. 1-4. 1908. L. Hamljurger. 38 ARABIA No. Wt. Metal. I Size. i Axis. Obverse. Reverse. I Habriax. 154-9 '\jE -85 Bust of Hadriau r., laureate, Bust of City-goddess r., wear- 10-04 f wearing paludamentum and ing turreted crown and I cuirass : around, beginning on draped : around, beginning 1. below, inscr. AYTOKPAA on 1. below, inscr. TYXHI PIANOCCeBACTOC AAA€A€CJNKO|AH CCYPIAC Pi. VI. 5. Antoninus Pius. Bust of Antoninus Pius r., laureate, wearing paludamen- tum and cuirass : in front, facing him, small beardless lielmeted bust 1.; inscr, around, beginning on 1 : — 105-6 \jE -85 AYTKAICAP 1 . ANTGJ N 6-8i I j r.. [^- jINOC beiuw. City-goddess, wearing turreted crown and short chiton and boots, standing r., 1. foot on prow (?) : r. resting on sceptre, I holding cox'nucopiae ; inscr. around, beginning on 1. : — TYXHl. A[C?ir .. AA€A€\ 97-5 6-3J2 JE -85 AYTKAIC AP| )., I I N v.. €IN6c l.elow. ANTO) TYXH4» IALC?J r I 1, AAAeA€ PI. VI. 6. 5. 6. 1908. L. Ilamljurser. L. Hamljurger. Same obv. die as m 7. 190S. L. llaniburser. Pierced. 8. 190S. PHILADELPHIA 39 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 9 132-8 8-01 10 132-4 i S-5S AxTONixus Pius and Marcus Aueelius Bust of Pius r , laureate, Bust of Marcus Aurelius wearing paliulamentum and Caesar r., bareheaded, beard- cuirass ; in front, facing him, i less, as Herakles, wearing small helmeted beardless bust | lion-skin over shoulders: 1.; inscr. around, beginning j inscr. around, beginning on on 1 : — ' 1. : — .E -8 AYjTKAICAP I.. ANTO)! eUNKO|A - r. PI. VI. 7. I:: i) AYTKAICAP 1., ANTOJ 4>IAAAeA 1 i [NEJ r., INOC below. ! 6C0NK0|A - r. Marcus Aurklius. 11 418-9 Ll£l-o [Just of Marcus r., bareheaded, Car with domed canopy sup- 27-14 1 I with slight beard, undraped ; ported by four pillars, drawn inscr. around. beIAA.d€Ai, on r. downwards. iK^CYPl 9. 1908. L. Hamlnirgei-. 10. 1908. L. Hamburger. 11. De Saulcy, p. 390. 1. B. M. C, Galatia, &c., p. 306, no. 1. Feuardent. B. M. C, /&<>?., no. 2 13. 1908. L. Hainburger. Same obv. die as no. 9. 12. 1888. Rollin and 40 AHABIA Wt. 123-8 8-0J2 123-6 8-01 133-9 8-68 140-8 9-W 18 108-5 7-03 39-3 Metal. Size. Axis. jE -8 t JE -75 ^ -85 t .^1.0 Obverse. Bust of Marcus r., bearded, laureate, "wearing palud;i men- turn and cuirass (?) ; inscr. around, AYT^KAIOM-AY I., P.ANTO) - - - r. Reverse. Beardless bust of Herakles r., laureate, wearing lion-skin knotted at neck ; inscr. around, beginning on 1., l AAAeAOeCJN KOIAHC CYPIAC Bust of Marcus r., bearded, BustofCity-goddes^r., draped, radiate, undraped ; inscr. wearing turreted crown : around, A«KAIC«M» 1., AY inscr.around,4>IAAA€A€ P.ANT.a: r. 1., CJNKOj.CYP. r. PL VI. 10. Lucus Verus. Bust of wearing cuirass : KAICA Verus r., laureate, paludamentum and inscr. around, AYT* , 1., .AVP . . poc r. Beardless bust of Herakles r. , laureate, wearing lion-skin knotted at neck ; inscr. around, beginning below on 1., [I]A AA€A€a)N KOIAHCC YPIAC COMMODUS CaESAK. Bust of Commodus r., bare- beaded, beardless, wearing paludamentum and cuirass ; inscr. around, KOM 1., MOAOCKAI r. Bust of goddess (Asteria) r., veiled and draped, with star on top of head -, inscr. around, IA.K.Ol., eGAACT€Pl r., A below. JE -7 ! Similar bust r. : inscr. around, ■ Bust of City-goddess r., wcar- A.AYP. I. KOMMOAOCK ing turreted crown and ilrapery leaving r. breast bare : inscr. around, IAAA€A4> r., €CJNKC I. PL VI. 11. ^ -551 Similar bust r.: inscr. arouncJ, Beardless bust r., wearing crested helmet; inscr. around, IAA - 1.. iCVP 1. IAKO 1., ICVP V. - AKO - - I., CVPlACr. -- AKOl 1.. CVPIA 1. veil indistinct. PI. VI. 13. <|)IAKO| 1.. CVPlACr. aO-3. 1008. L. Hamburger. • 24. De Saulcy, p. 392. 1. B. M. C, Galaiia, &c., J). 306, 110. 3. 25. 1908. L. Hamburger. 42 ARABIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 135-5 8-78 132-2 8-o7 102-2 279-9 18 -M PHILIPPOPOLIS (Philippopolis Colouia). Divus Makinus. (Coins struck by Philip Seuior). Bust of Marinus r., with close- cut beard, bareheaded, sup- ported by eagle ; inscr. around, beginning on 1., GeilMAPl Nil Roma standing 1., wearing helmeted and long chiton, resting I. on spear, at foot of which oval shield, holding phiale in extended r. ; inscr. around,
IArinj IAinrr ^lAinTTOnOAIITHNl 1 16-Jo t 0CC6B [KOAHNIAJCr. 2390 Leii5 AY[TJ0[KKMII0YAI4>IAI IAinTTOnOAITnNKOA HNIAC Otacilia Seveea. .EM t Bust of Otacilia r., draped, Roma seated 1., holding eagle with crescent behind shoulders; wears stephane ; hair waved and taken up in long plait at back of head ; inscr. around, I TIlN beginning on 1., MAPHTAK I in field IAIC€OYHPANC€B | PL VI. 17. with two figures, as on nos. 4 f. ; inscr. around, begin- ning on 1., iAinrroTTOAi KOAHNIAC r.; and r , S C Philip Juniok. .EM Bust of Philip Junior r., lau- reate, beardless, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass ; inscr. around, beginning on 1., AY Roma seated 1., holding eagle with two figures, as on nos. 4 f. : inscr. around, begin- ning on 1., 4>IAITTTT0TT0AI TOKKMIOYAKMAinnoCTHNKOAflNIAC: in field C€B 1. and r, S C 5. 190.S. L. Hamburger. Same dies as no. 4; the reverse has been re-struck upside down. 6. 1805. Townley. Same rev. die as no. 4. De Saulcy, ji. 396. 1. 7. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same ol)v. die as no. 6. 8. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. Same obv. die as no. 0. 9. 1839. Millingen. De Saulcy, j). 397. 10. 1885. F. Boocke. 44 ARABIA No. Wt. 1 253-0 M 1-2 16-39 I 243-2 15-76 .EM t 9-86 i 4 212-1 ^1-1 13-74 t Obverse. Reverse. EABBATHMOBA. Sept. Severus. Bust of Sept. Severus r., On a square basis deco- laureate, Avearing palu- rated with four pilasters damentum and cuirass ; and placed on broad inscr. around, beginning plinth, figure of war-god on 1. : — Ariel facing ; he wears helmet, cuirass, and boots ; in r, sword erect ; in 1. spear and round shield ; on either side an altar ; inscr. around : — 3 152-2 M 1-05 140-3 9-09 ^M -95 t AC€nC€OYHPOC C€B - r. AVTKAC 1 C€OVHPO C60 [PJABAeMCOBr., - -1. altar horned, as on Petra, no. 14. PABAe 1., MGJ - - r. altar torch-like, llaming. PI. VII. 1. in countermark, head of Elagabalus (?) r., laureate. PABAeMCJ 1, - - - r. altar obliterated. Julia Domna. Bust of Domna r., draped, | Similar type to no. 2 ; hair in chignon ; inscr. , inscr. around, PAB - - 1., around, lOVAIA 1., AO MNAC r. : in field 1. §• PI. VII. 2. r. € Cakacalla. BustofCaracallar., beard- j Poseidon, nude, standing less, laureate, wearing pa- 1., r. foot on rock ; rests ludamentum and cuirass ; with 1. on trident, holds inscr. around, C€BAVT in r. dolphin: inscr. KAICl.,ANTnNINOC around, PABAOMOV 1., BHNGJN r. : in field 1. Dat( 1. 1908. L. Haml)urger. 2. 1872. Edward Wigan. De Saulcy, p. 355. 1. 3. 1908. L. Haml)urger. 4. 1908. L. Hamburger. 5. 1900. Reichardt, Sale Catal, 1899. lot nn. ARABIA FELIX 1 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse Reverse. I. SABAEANS and HIMYARITES. Third — second cent. b. c. Imitations of the Older Attic types (4th cent. B.C.). (a) Withovt sif/ns on reverse. Units. 1 83-1 5-38 M -6 Head of Athena r., wearing crested helmet, adorned with olive-leaves and scroll, and circular ear-ring ; on her cheek, H PI. V Owl standing r., head facing ; in upper 1. corner, olive- spray : above its back, cres- cent with horns down ; on r., downwards, AGE (usually somewhat barbarous letter- ing) : traces of incuse sciuare on some specimens. II. 3. 2 83-1 5-38 M -65 3 82-6 5-35 M -65 1 4 82-6 5-35 itl -65 1 5 82-4 5-34 /R -7 1. 1881. N. Mavrocordato. from the same dies. 2-5. 1901. Ihrahini Salunjie (Aden" 4 and 5 are 10 ARABIA FELIX wt. Metal. Size Axis. 81-7 M -65 80-5 5-22 .11 -6 80-3 5-20 M -6 77-2 5-00 M -6 base ^ 76-4 4-95 M -6 base *- 62-0 4-02 jH '65 base ^^ Obverse. Revei'se. PI. VII. 4. 38-7 2-ol 35-8 •'>-H2 34-8 31-8 2-OG .R -5 \ M -5 \ Halves.^ Head of Athena r., as on units, Owl, with olive-spray, cres- but on the cheek f cent, and A0E as on units ; . no trace of incuse square. PL VII. 5. no type yisible ; struck from worn die ? ^ The silver in the majority ^A tliese halves and smaller denominations seems to be haser than in the units. 6. 1850. Rollin. Found at Marilj, iV«/«. Cliron., 1S78, p. 275, PI. XIII. 1 ; 1880, Ph XV. 1. 7.1871. Presented by Capt. W. F. Prideaux. From Aden. 8-15.1901. Ibrahim Salunjie (Aden) SABAEANS AND HIMVARTTES Metal. No. Wt. Size. diverse. Reverse. Axis. Quarters. Head of Athena r., as on units, Owl, with olive-spray, cres- but on cheek X cent, and A0E as on units ; 1 occasional traces of incuse square. 16 20-0 M -4 1 1-30 <— PL VII. 6. 17 19-5 1-26 M -4 18 19-1 1-24 M -45 1 19 17-1 M -4 1-11 ^~ PL VII. 7. 20 16-6 1-08 .il -4 21 15-9 1-03 M -4 Eighths. Head of Athena r., as on units, OwJ, with olive-spray, cres- but on cheek ^ cent, and AGE as ou units ; traces of incuse square. 22 8-0 0-52 .fl -35 letter on cheek worn away. 23 7-0 .fl -35 0-45 ^ PL V II. 8. 16. 1919. Spink. Sir Hermann Weber Collection. (Aden,^. 17-23. 1901. Ihrahim Saliinjie 48 ARABIA FELIX No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. (/3) ll'vi/i letters or mono(jrams on reverse. Units. Similar head of Athena preceding, with (^ on cheek to Similar owl, with olive-spray, crescent, and AGE as on preceding ; in field r., letter or monogram ; no trace of incuse square. 24 82-9 0-37 M -7 1 PI VII. 9. 25 81-2 5-26 M -7 )) 26 82-3 5-33 -R -7 I K 27 79-2 .11 -7 )• 5-13 I PL VII. 10. 28 83-2 5-39 Al -7 1 I 29 82-3 5-33 Al -7 )) 30 83-1 5 -38 Ai -65 1 )> 31 82-2 5-33 11 -7 1 PI. VII. 11. ') 32 83-0 Al -65 jj rj-38 t PL VII. 12. 33 82-3 5-33 .11 -05 " 34 82-2 5-33 IR -7 " 24-34. 1901. Il.rahiin Salunjie (AdenV 28,29. From same dies? 30,31. From same dies. 32. From same rev. die as ;iO, 31. SABAEANS AND IIIMVA RITES 49 No. Wt Metal. Size Axis. A\ -7 1 Obverse. Reverse. 35 80-5 5-22 I 36 83-7 5-42 M -65 1 PL VII. 13. 37 83-0 M -65 " 38 8^2 5-40 ^t -7 i f 39 81-8 5-30 A\ -65 " 40 82-3 5 'So /ii -7 1 r PL VII. 14. 41 82-8 5-37 .Pv .7 1 {^ PL VII. 15. 42 82-1 5-32 M '7 1 " 43 78-6 5 -OH ^ -65 i >) 44 83-3 5-40 M -65 1 ,^ 45 78-3 5-07 A{ -7 )' 46 83-0 5 -3^1 Til -65 1 47 82-9 Al -7 ,, ! 5-37 1 PI VII. 16. 35-47. 1901. Ibrahim Salunjie (Aden). 38, 39. From same rev. die. 42. Same dies as Philipsen specimen (Hirsch, Ratal., xxv, Taf. 33, no. 3072). 44, 45. From same dies. 46, 47. From same dies 50 ARABIA FELIX No. 48 49 50 51 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. 83-4 M -7 5-40 I 82-2 M -65 5-33 j I 82-0 M -65 5-31 j I 83-9 M -7 5-44 I 52 8 3-2 5 -30 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 83-1 5-3S 83-5 5-41 83-2 5-39 83-0 5-58 82-1 74-8 4-85 00-3 Al -05 I ^ iR -7 i 'A1 -65 iR -7 ^ -65 M -65 i j/R -65 j base I ^ iH -7 base I Reverse. n PI. VII. 17. PL VII. 18. ft: on 1. 'TV; ^0 crescent or olive-spray. hY PI. VII. 19. PI. VII. 20. PL VII. 21. monogram obscure. 48-50. 190L Ibrahim Salunjie (Aden). 49, 50. From same dies 51-9.1901. Ibrahim Snkuijie Adon\ 51-3. From same dies. 54-6. From same dies. SABAEANS AND HIMYAKITES No. 60 Wt. 57-6 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. M -6 formerly plafed ? all obscure. all obscure. 61 41-0 2-fiO M -6 ba.ve reverse plain. Halves. Head of Athena r., but on cheek P as on units. Owl, -with olive-spray, cres- cent, and AGE, as on units ; in field r. monogram. 62 40-3 2-Gl Al .5 1 r obscure. •-|p olive- spray and crescent •■•••• invisible. 63 34-8 2-25 M -5 1 1vl PI. VII. 22. Quarters. Head of Athena r., but on cheek X as on units, Owl, with olive-spray, cres- cent, and AGE (the former two rarely visible), as on units ; in field r., monogram. 64 19-7 1-28 m -4 monogram obscure. 65 19-4 1-2G JR -45 I „ 66 18-6 1-21 Al .5 4l PI. VII. 23. 67 17-8 1-15 M -45 X obscure. monogram obscure. 60-7. 1901. Ibrahim Saliinjie (Aden). monograms. 60. This may belong to the series without 52 ARABIA FELIX No. GH 70 71 72 Metal. Wt. Size. ; Axis. 15-8 U)2 15-6 1-01 /R -45 / M -45 70-2 LR -7 4- 5 5 ] j Obverse. Reverse. monogram obscure. (y) IlV^/i ?na?e head on obverse, owl on reverse. (Katabanian ?) Unit. 27-5 1-78 26-1 M -5 t Beardless male bead r., witb sbort curly bair, mucb oblite- rated. Owl standing r., head to front (more erect than on series a and yS) ; on r. on 1. traces of another monogram. PI. VII. 24. (8) Willi two heads. (Katabanian ?) Second cent. b. c. Thirds (?). Without mint-name. Beardless male head r., with Bearded male head r. (head- short curly hair. | dress oft' the flan) ; below, ; concave lield. PI. VII. 25. Mint of Harb (mPl) Similar to preceding. Similar bearded head r., hair taken up behind : on 1. ^,%, on r. £^3 : below, n)4^ PI. VII. 26. 68-70. 1901. Ibrahim Salunjio AdenV 71. 1910. Major Wyndhani Wood. From Arabia, Marib side of frontier 72.1919. Spink. (Sir Hermann Weber Collection.) SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES 53 No. '■ Metal. Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. (e) With inscrijdion ppT)\/J)S\ ami Yanaf 7nonO(jram. Units. Head of Athena r., as on series , Owl standing r. ; on I., mono- a and B ; ou the cheek, M ^""^^ ""^ ^^""^^ ^ above inscr. ; on r. remains of AOJc ana Himyaritic signs. 1 73 83-5 5-41 M -65 1 y rr*^Vf^\ ; on r.remains of AOEandHY^ PL VII. 27. 74 79-3 5-14 M -6 1 9 ff[^VO\^ . ou r. /I and hY PI. VII. 28. 75 72-0 4-67 Ai -65 1 9 Pr\*^^^\\\ oil r.remains of AGE and H^' Quarter. 7{i 22-8 ^ -45 Beardless male(?) bead r., with Similar to preceding ; J -46' 1 short hair. p ^p^\/0//// . on r. HV PL VII. 29. 73. 188L N. Mavrocnrdato. 74.1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Num. Chron., 1878, PI. XIII. 2 Two file marks on face. 75. 1901. Ibrahim Sahiujie Aden). 76. 1872. Presented by Capt. W. F. Prideaux. Procured at Aden. Num. Chron., 1878, p. 275, PI. XIII. 3; 1880, PI. XV. 2. Behind the neck on the obv. are visible dots which may indicate the crest of a hehnet ; but the head appears to be bare. .54 ARABIA FELIX No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. II. Imitations of later Attic type. The majority, if not ail, of tlie silver coins of tliis class coine from tlie San'a lioard. vr,s. .1 Hy( 8 83-8 5-43 M -95 (head rather smaller than usual) PI. V 1,1 /'/JT^vhv Te Hyi [II. 5. 83-4 '^M 5-40 : -^ \lppT>vhs, r^ Hyj PL VIII. 3.1881. N. Mavrocordato. 4.1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 5. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Double-struck. 6. 1881. N. Mavrocordato. 7. 1878. Presented by Mr. W. F. Douglas. 8. 1915. Cul. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Slightly doul)le-struck. 9. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 56 ARABIA lELIX Metal. No \Vt. Size. ' Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 10 81-5 5-28 11 84-4 6-47 84-4 5-47 84-2 5-46 39-3 2-55 M\-\ AX 1-1 head small. M 1-05 /' (details confused by re- striking) PI. VIII. 7. lppr>\^r,Ss Te Hyi PL VIII. 8. Hippnvhy Te Hy( PL VIII. 9. Half. •75 Witliin a wreatb, beardless Witliin a border made of male head r., laureate ; hair handleless amphorae, owl in long ringlets (double-struck standing r, [on prostrate so as to give the appearance amphora] : above inscr. of two heads jugate) : f on ppQjy followed by 9 : on rOEandHV/ PL VIII. 10. For groups y-?; see Introduction. i M 1 -05 bead to cheek. 10. 188L N. Mavroccirdato. 11. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 12. 1915. Col. AV. F. Prideaux Collection. Double-struck on rev. 12 his. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 13. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Double-struck on both sides, which mav account for the abbreviated appearance of the inscriptions. SABAKANS AND HIMYARITES 57 No Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 14 15 16 17 85-1 5-51 84-7 85-0 5-51 76-0 4-02 M 1-05 /El-05 Obverse. Reverse. (6') Monograms FT and Til Unit. Within a wreath, beardless male head 1., laureate ; hair in long ringlets. M -9 M\-IB I Within a border made of handleless amphorae, owl standing r. on prostrate am- phora with handles ; on 1. fjT' below which small han- dleless amphora prostrate ; on r. I y ; below the large / amphora, |J PL VIII. 11. PI. VIII. 12. (t) ^lonograms P and TH Unit. Within a wreath, beardless male head r., wearing laurel- wreath with medallion (pellet- in-crescent) in front ; hair in long ringlets. Within a border made of small handleless amphorae, owl standing r. on prostrate h S amphora; on 1. P, on r. PL IX. 1. 14. 1895. Rollin and Feuardent. 15. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. JV)«« C/j)-on., 1878, PI. XIIL 11. Samerev.dieasno.il. 16.1881. N. Mavrocordato. Reverse partly double-struuk. 17. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Partly 00 1.^, on r. R 10 45-3 2-04 JR -7 :' ^' " I 11 45.1 3-92 M .7 i „ " •f 12 44-5 3-88 M -7 t ., ,j I 13 44-0 ^■85 JR .7 ,' ■\ ■i 14 39-0 2-53 JR -7 below head, 1)^ \ /V single plume 15 24-9 1-61 JR .55 t on 1. f , on r. ^^ ■l • > )) 16 19-5 1-J26 JR -6 ., J ; surface on r. broken away ; below head, OO ■■\ '■ \ I6a 45-2 ^•f)3 JR -7 \ on 1. \ ; no symbol on r. ; degraded wreath border. PI. L^ J. 1. ■ i 9-12.1920. A. A. Hasanaly, Aden. From a find at Marib ? 13„ 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaiix Collection. 14. 1871. Presented by Capt. W. F. Prideaux. Found at Aden. 15. 1872. Presented by Capt. W. F. Prideaux. 16. 1919. Presented by Capt. A. W. T. Webb. 16 a. 1920. A.H.Baldwin. \ , on V. /j' V--|l 17. 1910. Major Wyndham Wood. From Arabia. Marib bide of frontier. 18-20.1920. A. A. Hasanaly, Aden. From a find at Marib ? 21. 1920. Presented by Mr. W. H. Lee-Warner. 22,23.1920. A. A. Hasanaly, Aden. From a find at Marib ? 24. 191,5. Presented by Dr. Alex. MacRae of Aden. 25, 26. 1920. As nos. 22, 23. SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES 67 Metal. No. Wt. Size. Obverse. Reverse. 27 Axis. 48-1 M -7 OD 1. Y on r. '' on 1. NN . on r. 51, PL XLVIII. 3. 28 46-6 3-02 Al -7 J- „ 29 44-3 A\ .7 i' J>-87 t 30 39-5 2-56 M. -65 t on 1. (, on r. i .. 31 38-7 M -7 1 l'-51 -* 32 36-9 2-3^ W -7 1 )• 1- 32o 49-5 321 iR -7 on 1. Y on r. ^ .. 33 43-6 yR -7 !! ■, » 2-H3 \ PI. XLVIII. 4. 34 49-1 3-18 -it -7 1 " i "^ "1 PI. XLVIII. 5. 35 38-6 .R -7 " " 2-M) / 36 49-9 3-23 M .7 1 on 1. S, on r. ) : (Ik jad r.) on 1. |. on r. ^ 37 47-4 .R .7 - " onl. §, unr. 3, 3-07 PI. XLVIII. 6. 27-9. 1920- As nos. 22. 23. 30. 1920. Major M. S. Irani, I. M.S., of Aden. 31,32.1915. Col. W.F. Prideaux Collection. 32 «. 1920. A.H.Baldwin. 33.1920. As nos. 22. 23. 34. 1920. A. A. Hasanaly, Aden. From a find at Marib? 35,36.1920. Major M. S. Irani, I. M.S., of Aden. 37.1920. Presented by Mr. W. H. Lee-Warner. G8 AUAUIA FELIX No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 1 Obverse. Reverse. IV. Series with two heads. (Fabric usually scypbate) Silver. circa a.d. 50-150. Karib'il Yeluiu'im Wattar nm Dyjn^ Sxnn^ Mint of Raidan (p^^). Male head r., beardless, hair bound with taenia or wreath, ringlets on neck ; behind, monogi-am (ini), all in dotted border interrupted by the monogram : convex field. Male head r., as on obverse ; above, in arc, inscr. ; on 1. and r. monograms ; in ex., mint-name : concave held. 1 24-8 161 M -6 1 on r. 4» : in ex. '"•♦jf) PI. XI. 1. 2 traces of a third monogram. iSV?l1fhn)h n 1 fa. on r. ff ; in ex. ^♦jf ) PL XI. 2. 1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prifleaux Collection. .Town. As. Soc. Bengal, 18S1, p. 98. no. 2, PI. X. 2. 2. 1915. Ibid., no. 1, PI. X. 1. .SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES (59 No. 1 Wt. Metal. Size. AxIp. Obverse. Reverse. 'Auidan Yeliuqbidh y:ipr\' pay Mint of Raidan (p**|) Male head r., beardless, hair in ringlets on neck ; behind, monogram ; all in dotted bor- der interrupted by monogram ; convex tield. Male head r. as on obverse ; above, in arc, inscr. ; on 1. and r. monograms ; in ex., mint-name ; concave field. 1 23-6 1-53 \ f (ppnc^) on r. o : in ex. ^♦jt) PI. XI. 3. 2 21-7 1-41 1 (?) ; above, oxc. (?) emvti'iHio; .0 1 fa, on r. <> : in ex. ^^jf ) PL XI. 4. 3 23-3 1-51 M -6 Similar to preceding, but monogram on 1. omitted. PI. XI. 5. 1-3. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaiix Collection. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, PI. X, no.s. 3, 5 and 1. 70 AKAIilA FELIX No. ' Wt. Metal. Size, Axis. 1 : 24-7 i 1-60 2 j 22-7 1-47 /R -6 Obverse. Reverse. 'Amflan Bayyin Yanaf Miut of Raidan (p^"!) Beardless male head v., hair | Small beardless male head r., in ringlets ; surrounded by a penannular tore with knob at one end. hair in ringlets ; on 1. A, on r. cb : above, in arc, inscr. nanie T*jf ) : concave field. above head, S|/ (ornament ?). PI. XI. 6. M -6 head smaller than usual. 3 20-4 M -6 1-32 I t 17-0 Ixil -551 1-10 5 I 16-9 1-10 i M -55! PI. XI. 7. I PL XI. 8. i PI. XI. 10. on r. $ instead of PI. XI. 9. ♦ instead of «p 1-3. 1919. Mr. Oswald Bakewell. 4. 1824. R. Payne-Knight Bequest. Num. Vet., p. 163 (E . 1 ; Trans. S.B.A., II, p. 22; Kum. CJiron., 1880, p. 310, PI. XV. 10; Num. Zeit., 1880, p. 310. 5. 5. 1895. Dr. K. Burescli. From the Hermois plain near Sardes. SABAEANS AND HI>IYARITES 71 No. Metal. Wt. I Size. I Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 'Amdan Bayyin Mint of Raidaa (p^^) Beardless male liead r., hair Small beardless male head r., in ringlets ; on 1. and r. mono- hair in ringlets ; above, in grams, by which border is arc, inscr. ; on r., monogram ; interrupted. in ex., mint-name. 27-1 1-76 1} -6 t % on 1., nothing on r. : bor- der of dots terminating in arrow-head under the mono- gram ; convex Held. above, field. I'lTnlhHlo concave 2 25-8 Ai -55, similar to preceding. 1-07 3 22-3 Al •(; 1-45 f similar to preceding PL XI. 11. similar to preceding, but no | similar to preceding, but arrow-head to border. 4 i 19-5 -tl -55' small head : on 1., Ijranch '■%'■] similar; above, iTnllHj^ ^w : plain ' '^Q i".

: in ex. T*JYl)] (fabric flat) Pi. XI. 13. 1. 1919. Presented by Capt. A. W. T. Webb. 2. 1919, Presented by Mr. Oswald Bakewell. 3. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 4. 1901. Ibraliini Salunjie (Aden). The monogram is fully legible on tlie Vienna specimen, M. u. K.. ]>. 73, no. 11. 5. 1872. Presented by Capt. W. V. Prideaux. Niun. Chron., 1S80, p. 310, PJ. XV. 11. 72 AKABIA FELIX No. Wt. 9-8 ()■(■> I 9-7 0-63 Metal. Size. Axis. Obvc'i-sp. tB -451 small head: above, crescent; / on 1. 4w : on r. traces of a monogram: plain border, tied at bottom like a wreath. (fabric flat) PI. XI. 14 Keverse. similar ; above. *1 jni r. off the flan : in ex. \^\) A\ -45 Within a plain border, inter- , Similar type to preceding aljove, rupted by the neck, small I . T ^ -^ i coins ; on r. «l> janiform beardless head : on the neck, j^ j Ij^jij jjli^ jJO : in ex. \^^) (fabric flat) PL XI. 5. 6, 7. 1901. Ibrahim Salunjie (Aden SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES 73 No. Wt. 27-2 1-76 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Tha'ran Ya'ub y^" pxn Mint of Raidan (p^l) 25-5 1-65 23-8 1-54 M -65 t LR -55 ItR -55 t Beardless male head r., hair in ringlets ; behind, mono- gram, which interrupts dotted border YK ' 0" cheek. X Male head r. as on obverse, but smaller ; above, in arc, inscr. ; on 1. and r. mono- grams ; in ex., mint-name SHT) \ : head smaller. f PI. XI. 16. n?lH)h^ ; on 1. ^, on PI. XI. 17. no monogram; border oft' the I'lOiihyflA- *^^ ^' *^ ^^ tlan. A ; in ex. 4nT/ LU V. • ; m ex PI. XI. 18 1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Chisel-cut on head, cordato. 3. I91i). Spink (Sir Heimann Weber Collection). 2. 1881. N. Mavro- 74 ARABIA FELIX No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Oliverse. Reverse. Shamnar Yehun'im Dy::n^ ni^Dsr :\Iint of Raidau (p^-)) 1 28-1 M -6 Small male head r., beardless : Small male head r., as on I 1-82 t hair in ringlets ; on the cheek, O (y) ; behind, monogram jT , which interrupts border of dots. obverse ; above, in arc, JO^ Yl1)hl3 ; on 1. i, on r. ^ in ex. IjHf ) PL XI. 19. Without king's name. Mint of Raidan (pH) 1 5-4 M -4 Head r., details obscure : bor- Small beardless head r. : be- 0-35 t der of dots. In countermark, op L Jo\ «.^ hmd. «» : lu ex. T^l/ PI. XI. 21. 1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 1. 1919. Presentfcl by Capt. A. W. T. Webli. SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES 75 No Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 1 KATABANIA [For earlier coins i)erhaps attributable to Katabania, see p. 52.] Yeda'ab Yanaf ?,r nx>n* First — second century after Christ. Mint of Harb [yT\) 1 1 24-4 1-58 .R -55 Male head r., hair in ringlets : border of dots? ; convex field. Male head r., as on obverse, but smaller: above, in arc, OhTlnhoHfonl^J,, on i". ^L ; in ex. n)'|' • concave field. PI. XI. 20. ^Vithout king's name. Mint of Harb (1"))!) 1 4.4 M -4 Traces of small beardless bust : Small beardless head r. ; hair 0-29 / convex field. in ringlets ; on r. ji., mono- gram on 1. ; iuscr., if any, obliterated ; in ex. H^f • concave field. PI. XI, 22. 1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Joum. As. Soc. Benrjal. 1881, PI. X. ♦>, p. 99. 1. 1901. Ibraliim Salunjie (Aden). 76 ARABIA FELIX No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Minaean (?) Third — second century b. c. Imitation of Alexandrine types. Bronze. 1 48-9 3-17 M -7 Head of young Heracles r. in lion-skin ; plain border. Zeus seated 1. on resting on sceptre, eagle. chair, 1. r. holding PI. XI. 23. 1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideanx Collection. This coin is of silver fabric, and traces of silver seem to be still perceptible. MINAEANS — NOKTHEEN ARABIA FELIX No. Wt. 231-4 14-99 218-0 14-13 167-8 10-87 Metal. Size. Axis. JR -95 base M 1-05 base M -9 Obverse, Reverse. Northern Arabia Felix. Third century b. c. (?) Imitation of early Athenian coinage. Base silver tetradrachms. Head of Athena r. [wearing Owl standing r., head to helmet and] circular ear-ring ; front ; in field r., downwards, eye shown full ; curved line ' inscr. ; behind, spray of olive extending from corner of eye : with two leaves and one to ear. berry, and small crescent ; traces of incuse square. PI. XI. 25. PI. XI. 24. Degraded head of Athena r. ; eye shown full ; curved line on cheek as on preceding. PI. Owl standing r., head to front ; in field r., downwards, 0E ; behind, ornament de- rived from olive-spray. XI. 26. 1. 1848. Pembroke, Mmi. Ant., P. 2, T. 6 ; Sale Catal, 1848, lot 282. 2. 1919. Spink & Son. Procured from a Syrian dealer. 3. 1917. Presented by J. Mavrogordato, Esq. From the Babington and Philipsen Collections. Nvm. Chron., 1878, p. 283, PI. XIII. 17; Philipsen Sale (Hirsch, Ratal, xxv, lot 3075). ' 78 ARABIA FELIX No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Eeverse. Second century b.c. JJegraded imitations of Attic types, of Jewish fabric. First century B.C. — First century after Christ. Bronze. The following 29 coins, found hy Sir Richard Burton at Macna in the land of Midian, are the property of the Camherwell Public Libraries, hvt are dep)osited at the British Museum on indefinite loan. Remains of head of Athena (of wliich as a rule only the eye is recognizable). Remains of owl standing to front and A0E 1 41-4 2-68 jE ■7 2 40-9 J2-65 M •65 3 39-6 3-57 jE •6 PI. LV. 2. 4 39-3 J2-55 JE •6 1 PI. LV. 3. 5 35-0 ^•J27 ^ •6 6 31-0 3-01 JE •65 7 30-6 1-98 JE •65 PL L V. 4. 8 30-0 1-94 JE •55 PI. LV. 5. 7. Num. Chron., 1S78, PI. XIII. 20. 8. IbUl, PI. XIII. 21. NORTHERN ARABIA FELIX 79 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse, - Reverse. 9 261 1-G9 iE -6 10 25-7 1-67 M -55 PI. LV. 6. 11 25-6 1-60 ^ -6 12 25-6 1-GG ^ -65 13 25-0 1-6J? M -6 14 24-7 i-60 tE -5 15 1 22-3 1-45 M -55 16 21-5 ^ -55 17 21-0 .E .6 ■ 18 20-9 1-35 M -55 19 20-8 1-35 .E .55 PL L V. 7. 20 20-4 1-32 M .6 PI. LV . 8. 21 19-3 1-25 ^ -65 22 18-7 M -55 19. Num. Chron., 1878, PI. XIII. 22. 80 ARABIA FELIX No. 23 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obvei'se. Reverse. 17-4 IVJ iE -5 24 15-0 .E -55 PI. LV. 9. 25 14-3 0-.95 .E -5 26 13-0 0-81 .E -45 27 12-0 ()-7S .E -5 28 11-2 0-73 ^ -55 29 7-6 ^ • 5 5 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wfc. Metal, Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. ANTHEMUSIAi Caracalla. Bust of Caracalla r., laureate, with slight heard (?); around, inscr. ; horder of dots. Bust of City-goddess r., wear- ing turreted crown and veil, shoulders draped ; around, inscr. ; border of dots. 1 53-1 3-U M -7 ANTONINOQ--- (heginniug on r., ahove) bust undraped. ANe€MOvCIAi PL XII. 1. 2 52-3 3-30 M -75 t AVKM[ii]€ANTnN€IN OC; wears paludamentum and cuirass. ANeG/v\OV CICJN (beginning on r., above) PL XII. 2. 1 When not otherwise described, the circular inscriptions on coins of tliis and succeedinj Mesopotamian mints begin on the left and read with the clock. 1. 1919. H. Marcopoli. 2. 1872. Edward Wisan. 82 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. 174-2 11-29 33-8 3-W 24-4 1-53 104-5 6-77 Metal. Size. Axis. JEl-0 t ^ -5 \ JE -5 ^ -9 t Obverse. Reverse. CARRHAE.i Makcus Aukelius. Bust of Marcus r., bearded, laureate, undraiied : iuscr. AYTOKP.KAICMAP AY PHAI.OYHPOC Crescent, horns upwards, with fillets depending from it, placed on a globe; between horns, star of six ravs : inscr. inarcbelo\v, KAPHN(jJNl AOPWAA*::Ci)i; plain linear border. PL XII. 3. COMMODUS. Bust of Conimodus r., bearded, laureate, uudraped ; inscr. : — Crescent, horns upwards, placed on a globe, -which is on a basis ; between horns, star of six rays ; inscr. : — KOMO;^ - - : border off r., A!HSVA 1., beginning the flan. on 1. above ; fillets depending from crescent. inscr. and border off the flan. r., iHNfl 1.; triangu- lar ansae on either side of globe. PL XII. 5. Septimius Sevekus. Bust of Severus r., bearded, laureate, uudraped : inscr. Temple showing four columns ; pediment contains wreath or crescent : in central inter- colunmiation. conical baetyl, surmounted by crescent, on base ; in wings, two legionary sigua, each in a tlistyle shrine surmounted by a crescent ; inscr. - - A^N (outwardly) in ex., AIA^:') (inwardly) r,. A >i above. PL XII. 4. ^ All the coins have borders of dots on both sides unless otherwise described. 1. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal.. i. lot 235. Same obv. die as Col. L. A. D. Montague's specimen. 2. 1911. H. Marcopoli of Aleppo. CARRHAE 83 No. ; Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 188-1 ^1-0 12-10 64-4 1-17 57-2 3-71 63-2 4-10 I M -lb \ M -7 M -8 Bust of Severus r., bearded, Dionysos, beardless, seated 1 laureate, iiudraped : inscr. C€nTI/^JOCC €OYHPO Bust of Seyerus r., bearded, laureate, undraped : inscr. : — C€nT I/VM[-- 'OJVHPO [C€nT IMI -- ];:{OVHP on chair without back, nude to waist, himation OA'er 1. shoulder; holds in r. ears of corn and grapes, rests 1. on thyrsos ; in field r. crescent on globe with pendent fillets ; inscr. KOAOJNIAC -- M HKAPCJN PL XII. 6. Bust of City-goddess 1., tiir- reted ; before it, crescent with horns upwards, j)laced on globe, with triangular ansae ; inscr. (around, reading out- wardly) A on r., (jJH - - on 1. PL XII. 7- Caracalla. (a) ^y[th Greek inscriptions Bust of Caracalla r,, beardless ; j Bust of Moon-god r., hair inscr. : — ! bound with taenia, draped, with crescent at shoulders ; ! inscr. :— AKMA ; bust laureate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass. KAPK^^H [ jnoAi PI: XII. 8. 5. lyi'J. H. Marcopoli. Same dies as Paris specimen ('Zaiitha' : see Journ. Rom. Stud., vi, I'Jlti, p. IGS, PI. XII. 27) ; same obv. die as Macdonald, Hioit. Catal., iii, p. 301, no. 2, PI. LXXVIII. 24. 6. 191(3. Presented by Capt. Edw. Shepherd. Cp. Vaillant, JV«»k. Col., ii, p. 6. 7. 1912. Presented by Mr. H. P. Hall. Same dies as no. 6. 8. 1897. Presented by Mr. H. F. Amedroz. 84 MESOPOTAMIA No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wt. 3-79 50-0 3-M 43-0 2-79 44-3 2-87 37-0 J2-40 68-1 Metal. Size. Axis. 58-5 JE -7 46-7 3-03 JE -Go 1 40-3 2-01 ^ -65 1 I diverse. AVKANT ONGINOC (be- ginning on r. above) ; bust radiate, undraped. Keverse. KAPK/^[ jnoAIC Bust of Caracalla r., beardless, ' Crescent, horns upwards, with laureate, wearing paludamen- tum and cuirass ; inscr. [--KMAA] NTaJNGIN[ ]KMAA NlTCJNGIN] Bust of Caracalla r., beardless, radiate, undraped ; inscr. : — JE -6 \ M -65 JE -6 \ M -65 JE -lb I [ ]Ne[ A[ ; upper part of head off the flan. Avr [ ]AN[T]WNl- -] pendent fillets, placed upon base ; between horns, star of eight points : inscr. : — [KA ]0/v\HTPono KA[ OMHTPJono PL XII. 9. Crescent, horns upw^ards, with pendent fillets and small globe below it ; inscr. : — KAPK[ PI. XII. 10. KAPKO/v\H PL XII. IL KAPK [ : between horns, rosette of six pellets sur- rounding central pellet, above which, uncertain object. PL XII. 12. KAPiOMH Similar type to preceding, but Avithout object above rosette. Bust of Caracalla r., with short beard, laureate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass ; inscr. AVTOKP.AHTCJ--- NCON (beginning on r. above). i Crescent, horns upwards, with star of many points between them ; inscr. KOA»M 9. 1872. Edward Wigaii. 10. 1913. Lincoln. 11. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. Same obv. die as no. 10. 12. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. 13. 1911. Carchemish Excavations Grant. 14. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. 14 his. 1920. Presented by Mr. T. Skinner. 15. 1918. Glendiuing Sale, 19, ix, 1918, lot 119. CARRHAE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. IG 17 18 20 21 90 24 26 95-1 6-16 84-9 5-50 63-1 4-09 78-3 5-07 78-2 5-07 75-8 4-91 69-6 68-1 68-0 4-41 64-1 62-6 4-06 M -85 ^ -75 ^ -75 M -8 I ^ -85 I tR .8 ^ -8 ^ -8 M -85 I yE -7 I ^ -8 t Inverse. Eevei'se. {h) With Lathi inscriptions. Bust of Caracalla r., with short beard, laureate, unclothed ; inscr. (beginning on r. above) : — /^[ JRANTONIN VSP l-AV C Bust of City-goddess r., tur- reted, veiled, and draped ; inscr. (beginning on r. above) : — COL/^eTANTO NI[N]I ANAAVR AL€X [/^A]VRANTON IN vS COLM€TANTO NiNIA ri AVG iN[ J AlcX PI. XII, 13. •\AVRANTON [IN VS COL/v\€TANTONINIAN PFJAVG MAIANiONI NVSPFAV C /v\AVRANTON INvSI" AVC MAVRANTO NIN V 2P FA[ PL XII. 14 AAVk[ COL/n€TANTONINIAN AAVRAI[ COLM€[ JNTON INIA NAAVRAiq CO|M€TANTON[ ] lA NAAVR Al €X /^AVR[ JVRANTON NIN[ JVRANTON INVSPF AVG MAVRANT[ ] NVS[ ] VG MAV[ ] INIAFAi- C0IM6IANT ONI NIA NAA [ CO|M€TANTO r INA AN €X jeTANTONINIAN AAVRA [ CO|/n€TAN TOiN[ COIMETANTO NINIAN AA [ 16. 1845. Presented by the Secondary of the City of London. 17. 1913. Lincoln. 18. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. Same obv. die as no. 17, 21, 22. 1913. Lincoln, 24. 1S05. Charles Townlev. 25. 1S3S. Cureton. 26. 1913. Lincoln. 86 MESOPOTAMIA No. 27 , 1 Wt. 1 1 60-3 3-91 Metal. Size. Axis. M -lb 1 28 57-4 3-72 M -75 1 29 56-8 3-08 .E -8 30 53.1 3-44 iE -8 31 7G-9 4-98 M -75 1 32 65-6 4-25 ^ -8 1 33 64-7 4-19 ^ -75 1 34 34-0 3-20 ^ -6 1 35 37-4 2-42 yE -6 36 28-8 i-6'7 M -6 1 37 25-4 1.65 1 .E -6 38 65-6 4-25 .E -8 Obverse. AAAVRFAT [ [ ]0 MIMVS-- ]NTO NINIANAAVFA- MAVRANT [ ] urn AC Reverse. CO|M€T[ CO|/v\e.ANT ONINIAN AA € X PL XII. 15. C0I/VA6TANT ONINIAN AA CO|^^GTANTO N IN IAN AAVI PL XIL 16. [ ]NT0HIMV [ N]TONINVSPl"A[ [ ]NTONINVSPFA[ [ JVRMETRopoLIAH •|-0[ [ jLiTRopoLIANTONI NIAN[ [ ]0 POLIANTONIN[ ]N TONINVS[ (in front (jf bust, wreath) PI. XIL 17 COLAA€TAN \ lANI C X [ ] MAANTONINVS COLAVR/^IF. TROROLI PFAVC ANTONI IMPCAES [ [ JNINVSPFAVG C0[ JRopoLIANTONI NIAN COLAVR/^lT RO poL IANTONIN[ PL XII. 18. [- - AANTOJ NIN V2PF COimeTANTO [ ] A[ cornucopiae in front of bust. PL XIL 19. 30. 1913. Lincoln. 31. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. 33. 1913 Lincoln. Same obv. die as no. 32. 34. 1908. Lincoln. 35. 18-14 Devonshire. Sale CataL, lot 1140. 36. 19C9. Rollin and Feuardent. 37. 1913. Lincoln. 38. 1908. Lincoln. CAERHAE 87 No. 39 Wt. 64-3 Metal. Size. Axis- JE -75 Obverse Reverse. [ ] NINIANiA [ JAANTO NIN V2PFA[ d-17 i cornucopiae in front of bust. 40 58-3 M -75 [ ]NV2PF[ CO|/v\ETAN TONINI[ 3-78 I cornucopiae in front of bust. PL XII. 20. 41 56-9 JE -7 [ ]NI Nva[ [ ] ONINIAN 3-G'J i cornucopiae in front of bust. 42 53-8 JE -8 MAAN[ [ ]ANTO NINIANAA[ 43 3-V.f 47-2 1 JE .7 cornucopiae in front of bust. inscr. obliterated. JAN TONINIA[ 3-OG 1 serpent in front of bust. PI. XII. 21. 44 46-5 ^E -8 ]RAN T nINl CCL/v\€T ANTONI[ 3-01 1 serpent in front of bust. PI. XII. 22. Caracalla aud Geta. Busts, confronted, of Caracalla Crescent, with horns upward, (r. laureate, Avearing paluda- with star of eight points mentuni and cuirass) and Geta between horns; ioscr. begin- (1 , bareheaded, draped) ; ning on r., above : — inscr. : — 45 82-3 ^ -85 jWN i-INC r€TACC€ KA(jJN€IA/v\H[ 5-33 1 PI. XII. 23. 46 75-2 4-87 ^•E -75 i CJN] cINC r6TACC€ KAaJN[ JPonOKAPP i 47 77-2 5-00 JE -75 1 AVTOKA[ J6TA ]MHTPono[ ]KAP 48 67-3 4-30 M -75 1 inscr. obliterated. ]HTPonoMe[ 39. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. Same obv. die as no. 38. 40. 1854. Presented by Mr. .John Evans. 41-4. 1900. Lincoln. 45. 1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale Catal., lot 369. 46. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. Same obv. die as no. 45. 47. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection 48. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., lot 428. MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. Metal Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Seveeus Alexandek, Bust of Severus Alexander, City-goddess, wearing turreted wearing paludamentum and crown and veil, seated 1. on cuirass ; inscr. : — rock on Avhich her 1. hand rests ; before her, lighted altar; below her feet, half- figure of river-god swimming 1. ; inscr. : — 49 150-9 0-78 JE -9 AVTKrMACA AEIIAN APOC bust 1., laureate, lidding shield. MHTKOK [ PI. XII. 24. 50 144-0 M -9 AVT[K]MACA A€IAN /V\HTKOK [ .9-5.3 i A[POC] bust l, laureate, holding shield. 51 127-6 JE -95 AVTK[ ]NAPOC [ ]K APPHNOaN 8-27 1 bust 1.. laureate, holding shield and spear. river-god off the tlan. 52 123-7 M -9 [ JA eiANAPOC MHTKO[ J APPHNCJN 8-0;2 1 bust r , radiate. 53 36-6 .E -75 Bust of Severus Alexander r.. Bust of City-goddess r., wear- 3-37 I laureate, unclothed ; inscr. l/^APAV AAO'ANAPO •— ing turreted crown and veil ; inscr. KAKOA/^AH fA£CO n PL XII. 25. 49. 1909. Rollin and Feuardent. Same dies as no. 49. 53. 1913. Lincoln. 50. 1841. Sir E. Abdy. Slightly double struck. Sale Cata\, lot 369. CARRHAE 89 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse, Keverse. 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 GOEDIAN III. 276-7 17-93 239-3 15-51 196-5 13-73 238-9 15-48 207-9 13-47 152-9 9-91 124-7 8-08 ^1-15 ^1-1 \ ^1-2 I ^1-2 \ ^1-05 t JE -9 \ /E -9 Bust of Gordian Til r., wearing paludamentum and cuirass ; iuscr. : — AVTOKK/VAANTTOPAIA NOCC€B bust radiate. AVTOKKMANTroPAIA NOCCeB bust laureate. Bust of City-goddess I., wear- ing turreted crown (witli crescent, horns upward, above it) and veil, draped ; before it, on pedestal, small figure r. holding wine- or water-skin over shoulder ; inscr. : — MHTPKOAK APPHNCJ N between bust and pedestal, small altar. M HTPr IKAPPHN CJN crescent obliterated. PI. XIII. 1. AVTOKK[ ]IANOCC€B bust laureate. AVTOKKMANr CC€B bust radiate. ]AN< MH TPKOAKAPPHNO) N MH TPKO[ JPHNOJN Pi. XIII. 2. [ ]AIANOCC€B bust radiate. Bust of Gordian III r., laureate, wearing i^aludamentum and cuirass ; iuscr. : — AVTOKK/nANTr ]AI ANOCC€B MH TPKOA[ crescent obliterated. Bust of City-goddess r., wear- ing turreted crown and veil, drafied, between two stars of eight rays ; inscr. : — /VAHTKOA[ JHNOJN PL XIII. 3. ]TOKK/^ANTr 0PA[ /nHT[ ]HNa 54. 1918. Glendining Sale, 19, ix. 1918, lot 119. 56. 180-5. Charles Townley. 57. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Caial., lot 7G.5. 59. 1913. Lincoln. 90 MESOPOTAMIA Metal.. No. Wt. Size. Axis. 61 231-2 ^1-1 14-08 t 62 189-5 ^1-05 12-28 t 63 102-7 M -9 6-65 i Obverse. Bust of Gordiau III r., radiate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass; inscr. : — AVTOKK/^ANTroPAIA N0CC6B AVTOKKr^AN[ C€B INOC AVTOKKMAMTfoPAIA NOCC€ Reverse. Crescent with horns upwards ; between horns, star of six rays ; inscr. : — MHTPKOAKAPPHNOJN PL .XIII. 4. MHTP[ JKAPPHNGJN /v\HTPKOA[ ]PHNWN (two stars of eight rays). PL XIII. 5. 61. 1844. Thomas, Sale Catul., II, lot 2.520. 63. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. EDESSA 91 N... Wt. Metal. Size. Axis, Obverse. Reverse. EDESSA. For bronze coins struck under Antiochus IV of Syria at Edessa with the inscription ANTIOXEHN THN EDI KAAAIPOH, see B. M.C. Seleucid Kings of Syria, p. 41. For bronze coins struck by Volagases III of Parthia at Edessa, see B. M. C. Farthia, p. 236. Regal Coinage under Parthian suzerainty.^ Wael, son of Sahru {^:hl2 b^\ Wael king) A.D. 163-165. Bronze. 1 133-4 8-64 JE -85 t Bust of Volagases III 1., with long beard ; wears diademed helmet with back-flaj) and crest of hooked appendages ; behind, B Bust of Wael 1., bearded, wearing necklace, bust clothed ; inscr. on r. down- wards, J(^n (S^<1), on 1. dow-nwards, />* )^ ) {i^^hf2) ; wreath border. PI. XIII. 6. Bust of Wael 1., bearded, bust clothed ; inscr. on r. and 1. downwards ; Avreath-border. Temple with pediment, seen in three-quarters perspective ; two columns in front, and steps leading up to it ; within, a cubic cult-object on a base supported by two curved legs ; in pediment, a star ; inscr. on r. and I. downwards ; wreath- border. 2 141-9 9-19 JE -75 J^r\ 1 'SJXTDi the star has three points. PI. XIII. 7. 1 All the coins of Edessa have border of dots on both sides, and the inscription reading as usual with the clock, unless otherwise described. 1. Kum. Chron., 18-56, p. 3. 2. 1866. Woodhouse. Same rev. die as Hunter specimen, Macdonald iii, PI. 78. 30. 92 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wfc. Metal. Size. Axis. Obveise. Reverse. 3 102-3 6-63 JE -8 t j,^!^. ^- ' ,!AOPCJ/v^A 8 44-5 3-88 A\ -7 / PL XIII. 12. 9 42-8 ^■77 .Pt -65 1 Similar type and iuscr. Ceres, wearing veil, long tunic, and mantle, seated 1. on throne without back, 1. resting on sceptre, r. holding ears of corn : inscr. BACI A€ YC/nANN0C<|)IA0PaJ/vA Al PL XIII. 13. Abgar VIII, son of Ma'uu YIII. A.D. 179-214. Bronze coinage with portraits of Abgar and Emperors. CoMMODUS and Abgak. Bust of Comuiodus r., bearded, laureate, uudraped ; inscr. : — Bust of Abgar r., bearded, wearing diademed tiara and mantle fastened on r.shoulder ; inscr. begin ning on r. above : — 10 32-9 ,2- 13 M -6 ■i [ ] KO/v\OAOYC(:-') ABIApOVtiA CIAOCVC cross on tiara. 11 27-7 1-70 ^ -6 ... KOMOAOC ABFAPOC ACIA6 7. 1853. Sabatier, Sale Ca'.al. (from the Eeichel Collection, St. Petersburg). 8. 1841. T. Burgon. Same obv. die as no. 7. 9. 1909. E F. Weber Collection, Hirsch KaUd., xxi, 4335. Same obv. die as no. 7. 10. 1841. T. Burgon. Same dies as Mr. Edw. Shepherd's specimen. 11. 1918. Glendining Sale, 19, ix, 1918, lot 119. 94 MESOPOTAMIA No. 12 13 Metal. Wt. Size. Axis. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 27-3 \JE -6 1-77 : j 25-9 JE -65 1-68 -^ Obverse. [ ]CAP KO/v\OAOC Reverse. ABfAPOC BACIA6VC 118-2 ^1-0 7'6G I I 78-4 jE -85 5-08 I 111-6 JE -9 7-2B \ 104-2 M -85 6'-7J ' j 79-8 ,M -85 110-3 1.^ .85 7-^5 ' \ 109-8 '^ -85 7-12 I j AVKAICAP KO/v\OAOC jABfAPOC BACIA€VC I cross on tiara. PL XIII. 14. Sept. Seveeus and Abgak VIII. Bust of SeA'erus r., bearded, laureate, undraped ; inscr. be- ginning on r., above: — C€0VPI0AV [TOjKPA Bust of Abgar r., bearded, wearing diademed tiara with crest of liook-shaped orna- ments, decorated witli crescent and three (or two) stars ; mantle fastened on i-. shoulder; before the face, sceptre ; inscr. beginning on r. above: — ABfAPOCB r TOKPA AB TAPOCBAC [ PL XIII. 15. C€OVHP 0CA[TJ lABfAPOCBA CIA€ PL XIII. 16. [0]CAT OCAT ieoviiAO CTOkAii C€0VHP0C [ ]TOAV(:) ABfA OOCB ACIA€ ABrAPOCBA [ ABfAP OCB ACIA: ]APOCA CIAi[ PL XIV. 1. 13. 1840. Millingeii. 14. 1805. Charles Towniey. 15. 1840. Millingen. Same obv. die as no. 14. 16. 1901. W. T. Ready. 17, 18. 1900. W. S. Lincoln. Same obv. die as no. IG. 19. 1918. C+lendining Sale. 19, ix. 1918, lot 119. 20. 1824. R. Payne Knight ))equest. t^mn. Vet., p. 195. 1 (^wrongly read KO/*AAAO AOC)- 95 No. Wt. Motal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 21 93-8 6-08 ^ -85 ] AOTOKPA[ ABrAPOCB[ ] ClAAi €C 22 91-4 jE -85 CV TO]AvO ABfAP OCBA [ 23 89-6 5-81 M -9 1 C€OAHPOC AVTOK AB*^ POCB ACIA€A 24 81.5 5-;28 .E -85 1 C€OVHP[0] [ JVA ABr POCA [CIJAEAC 25 63-0 4-08 ^ -8 1 C€OVHPO [ ]OVA ABr [POCA] CIA€AC PI. XIV. 2. 26 69-2 4-48 .'E -8 1 C€OVHPOC ATOKAO ] ABrA[ ] BACIAC PL XIV. 3. 27 80-9 5-24 ^ -8 t ceo[ ABfAPOC [ jlA€ beliind Inist, a PI. XIV. 4. 28 29 64-6 4- 19 94-7 (M4 M -8 t yE -9 C[60 ABrAPOC BACi[ behind liead, X ]POC AVK€TPAI[ BAC A €0g 30 87-4 5-66 .E .9 C€AHPO CA irAS PI. X BACI A€ osiC IV. 5. Similar to preceding series ; inscr. beginning" on r. above: — Similar to preceding series, but without sceptre ; inscr. begin- ning on r. aboA'e : — 30 bis 74-5 4-83 JE -75 [A]VKC6n C€0--- (inscr. beginning on 1. below). iABFAPOC BACAAIA€ i 21. 1840. Millingen. 22. 18CG. Woodhoiise. Same obv. die as Leake specimen CM. Aurelius,' 7v(H(/s, p. 39). 23.1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., 592. 24. See T. Combe, op. ciL, p. 230, no. 2. 25. See T. Combe, ibid., no. 1. Same dies as no. 24. 26. 1824. R. Payne Knight bequest, Num Vet., p. 195, no. 2. 27. 1844. T. Thomas, Sale Catal, 2520. 28. 1840. .J. R. Steuart, Sale Catal, lot 443. Same obv. die as no. 27. 30. 1913. Lincoln. 30 bis. 1920. Presented by Mr. T. Skinner. 9G MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. 31 32 33 34 35 3G 69-7 4-5^ 49-1 8-18 35-4 2-0Cv PI. XIV. 17. AVTKMAANT NN€INO /v\APAVPAK 0€A€CCA CC€B object in hand uncertain, bust r., laureate, wearing palu damentum and cuirass. AVTK/^AVANT k^N€IN AAAPAVANTJ OCC j €CCA bust r., laureate, wearing palu- holds fruits, damentum and cuirass. KOA€A AVTK/^AA - - llll€INO CC bust r., radiate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. JPAPANT bust 1., laureate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass ; on 1. shoulder, round shield charged with [gorgoneion on] aegis ; in oval countermark, bust r. AVTKMA ANTnN€l[ bust 1., laureate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. AVTKAAA ANTr c cm JNO bust r., laureate, unclothed. AVTK/^[ ] ANTNNINO C (beginning on r. above) bust 1., laureate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass ; on 1. shoulder, round shield charged with [gorgoneion on] aegis. /^APAVANK OA€A€C CA holds fruits. PI. XIV. 18. inscr. illegible ; holds fruits ; in field behind her, cornu- copiae. ] K€A€CCA holds fruits ; in field behind her, cornucopiae. PI. XV. 1. KOA'ANT AVP.€A6CC. holds fruits ; in field before her, cornucopiae. KOAANT [ J€A€C holds fruits ; in field before her, cornucopiae. 56. 1905. J. Hirsch. 57. 1840. M. Young. 58. 1838. R. Stewart, Sale Catal, Sotheby, March 7, 1838, lot 263. 59. 1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale Catal., lot 369. 62. 1846. H. 0. Cureton. EDESSA 101 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 64 66 67 68 166-7 10-80 65 I 192.3 13-46 151-9 9-84 128-3 8-31 113-6 7-36 69 114-8 7-44 JE -95 t ^ -95 t M 1-0 i ^1-0 \ '.•El-0 JE -9 i Obvt Reve^^ AVTKMAA [ J NTKOA€Av-[ bust r., radiate, \vearing palu- r. liaud olf the tlan ; before claineatiim and cuirass. her. small Nike flying r. to crown her. ] PL XV. 2. INOCC€ JAPAVPAN [ ]K0[ bust r., radiate, uearing palu- holds fruits : before her, damentum and cuirass. pent rearing. PI. XV. 3. AVKMA[ ]NINOCC ]ANTKO€A€C CH[ ] bust I., laureate, wearing palu- N damentum and cuirass; on 1. drops incense (?) on flaming shoulder^ round shield charged incense-altar before her. with gorgoneion on aegis. AVTK.M.A ANTHN€INO j 0€A€CC ■:', holds branch ; before bust r., radiate, wearing palu- altar flaming, damentum and cuirass. her. AV[ i r£lNeiNC€ bust r., laureate, unclothed. MAKAVPK 0€A -- holds fruits ; before her, altar flaming. Bust of Emperor 1., beardless, Two busts of City-goddess laureate, wearing paluda- confronted, each Avearing tur- mentum and cuirass ; on 1. reted crown and veil and shoulder, round shield charged draped ; below, square baetyl with gorgoneion on aegis; r. within small temple with hand holding over r. shoulder pediment ; inscr. : — sci'])tre topped by eagle ; , inscr. :— ' A]NTGN€INOC KOAM€ A€ CCA PI. XV. 4. 64.1909. Lincoln. 65,66.1913. Lincoln. 67.1919. Trebented by Mr. J. Copland. 68. IS J 2. Chevalier d'Horta. Cast (?). 69. Same ohv. die as Hunterian si^ecinien (Maedonald, PI. LXXIX. 4), and as three specimens at Paris, 102 MESOPOTAMIA No. 70 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. M -85 t Obvei-i-e. Reverse. 109-3 7-06' ] ANTI2N€IN0C K[0]AM€ A€ CCA 71 96-9 .'E -85 ANJTQNeiNOC Bust of r^mperor. beardless; iiiscr. : — KOA (jJ/^A P€ A€CC A Bust of City- goddess 1., wear- iug turreted crown aud veil, draped ; ioscr. : — 72 60-0 M -7 AVTOKAIC/v\^P^VPAN T bust 1.. radiate, uuciothed (?). K-ACJMAP €A€CC bust 1. PL XV. 5. 73 58'5 M -7 \ AVTOKi bust 1., laureate, uuciothed. KCACJM [ bust 1. 74 56-7 M -7 AVTOKAICMXPXVPAN TWN bust r., laureate, uuciothed. KOAGJj ] P6V€CCA bust 1. 75 45-7 M -7 \ AVTOKAICMXPXVANT (ON bust r., laureate, uuciothed. KOAWMAP €A€CCA bust I. 76 55-G .E -7 t AVTK[ ]I2N€IN0C bust 1., laureate, Avearing palu- TVXHCSACCKO[ bust r. dameutum and cuirass. 70. 190L W. T. Rtady. Same dies as no. 69. 71. 184(». Millingen. Same obv. die as no. 09. 72. 1897. Presented by Mr. H. F. Amedroz. 74, 1840. Matthew Younci. 75. 1913. Lincoln. 76. 1909. Lincoln. EDESSA 103 No, 77 78 79 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 12M 7-85 M .8; t Obverse. Reverse. With title Metropolis. Bust of Emperor, beardless, | City-goddess wearing turreted laureate ; inscr. : — crown, veil, mantle, and chi- ton, seated 1. on rock, 1. hand on seat, r. extended ; before I her, small flaming altar ; at her feet, half-tigure of river- 1 god swimming ; inscr. : — - AVT. K./^.A. C€P.ANT MHTKOAcZic CCHNCJ WNi"[ N bust ].. r. hau'l raised: on 1. goddess drops incense on shoulder, round shield charged altar? with Nike carrying wreath and , palm. I PI. XV. 6. 120-0 \M • 7-78 \ I AVKMA[ >nN€INOC bust r., uudraped. MHK6A€ CCHNWN goddess holds branch. PI. XV. 7. Elagabalus aud Sevkkus Alexander. 172-2 11-10 .El -25 Bust of Elagabalus (on 1., \ laureate) and Severus Alex- ander (on r., bareheaded), con- fronted, each wearing i:)alu- damentiim and cuirass ; be- tween them, below, small temple with ]iedimeut : inscr. AVTK/^AANTNINOCO M AAA€ INAP City-goddess, wearing turreted crown, veil, mantle, and chi- ton, seated 1. on rock ; holds brnnch in r., 1. rests on seat; before her, small llaming altar; below, half figure of river-god swimming: in field !.. two pellets ; iuscr. AAAK^ P€A€CC PI. XV. 8. 77. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal , lot 592. 79.1799. C. M. Cracherode Gift. Holed (by decay?). 78. 1874. Rollin and Feuardent. 104 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Seveeus Alexander Caesae. Bust of Severus Alexander r., wearing paliulamentuin ami cuirass ; inscr. : — City-goddess, wearing turreted crown, veil, mantle, and chi- ton, seated 1. on reck, 1. resting on seat ; below, half-figure of river-god swimming; inscr. : — 80 141-3 9 16 ^1-0 1 MAP.AVP.AA€ZANAP OOKAICAP bust bareheaded. MAPAVPANT €CAeC CA holds fruits in r. PI. XV. 9. 81 132-1 8-56 M -95 \ M.A.AeiA[ ]iC bust bareheaded. MAKAV P€A€CC holds branch over small flam- ing altar. 82 166-8 10-81 M -95 \ MAAAeiA NAPOCKA bust laureate. MAKAV P€AeCC holds branch over small flam- ing altar. 83 165-5 10-72 ^1-0 \ JAAAIN A€POCKA bust laureate. MAKAVP eA€CC holds branch over small flam- ing altar. 84 154-2 9-99 M -95 MAAAe ---A bust laureate. similar to preceding. 85 140-8 9-12 .El-0 ]A6H NAPOCKAC bust laureate. Severus Alexa Coins without titles . Bust of Severus Alexander r., wearing paludaraentura and cuirass ; inscr. : — MAKAV PeA€CC holds branch over small flam- ing altar. i NDER Augustus. Metropolis or Golonia. City-goddess as on preceding coins, holding branch over small flaming altar : inscr. : — 86 163-5 10-59 JEl-0 \ AVTmAC €YAA€XA NAi'-CC bust laureate. ^AAKAV P€A€CC 80, 81. 1805. Charles Townley. 82. 1840. Millingen. 83. 180.°, Charles Townley. 84. 1918. Gleiidining Sale, 19. ix. 1918, lot 119. 85. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. 86. 1900. Lincoln. EDESSA 105 No. 87 88 89 90 91 92 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 377-0 34-iS 278-0 18-01 260-6 l(i-89 228-0 14-77 291-7 18-00 286-7 18-58 Obverse. Reverse. With title Metropolis. First Denomination. Bust of Severus Alexander ; inscr. : — /El-3 iEl-2o ^1-2 ^1-2 j .El-25 ^1-2 t AVTK/^ACA AGXANA POC C bust r., laureate, unclothed. City-goddess, wearing turreted crown, Yeil, mantle, and chi- ton, seated 1. on rock, 1. resting on seat ; at her feet, half- tigure of river-god swimming ; before her, small flaming altar ; in field 1. and r., stars ; inscr. : — MHTKO€A€ CCHNOJN holds branch or corn-ears. PI. XV. 10. ITK/v^ACAAe ZANAP 0CC€ bust r., laureate, unclothed. AVTK[ ]I/^AVC€AA€2 A[ ]APOC bust r., laureate, unclothed. 1/^AVC€AAGZAN APO C bust r., laureate, unclothed. AVf ]APAVPCeAA€2 ANAPOC bust r., radiate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. AVTK/VAACAA6XANAP o C C bust 1., radiate, wearing cuirass, round shield charged with gorgoneiou on 1. shoulder, r. hand holding eagle-topped sceptre over r. shoulder. MHTKO[ JNWN similar. /^HT[ ]€A €CCHNa)N siuiilai'. /^HKOeA €CCHN(ON similar. MHKO€A GCCHNOJN similar. MHTKOeA 6CCHNWN similar. 88. 1859. F. Buocke. 89. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. Two incisions in edge for mounting. 90. ISO.j. Cliarles Townley. 91. 1900. Lincohi. 92. 1840. Matthew Y'ning. P 106 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Second Denomination Bust of Severus Alexander ; inscr. : — Similar type to preceding series, with stars ; inscr. : — 93 145-8 9-45 ^1.0 AVTOKAICAAAPAVP C €AA€XANAPCC bust r., laureate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. MHK06A €CCHN(JN object in r. hand obscure. 93 bis 142-3 9-22 AVTOKAIC/^ APAVPC €AA€XANAPO bust I., radiate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. /^HKO€A 6CCHNWN object in r. obscure. 94 137-2 8-89 M\-0 1 ]A€ ZANAPOCC€B lower i)art of bust (r.) off the flan. [ ]C CHNOJN holds fruits. PL XV. 11. 95 130-8 8-48 M -9 \ lAICMAPAVP CCA A€5:ANAPl bust r., laureate, wearing" palu- damentum and cuirass. ]K0 €A€CC HNWN holds fruits. 96 123-2 7-98 M -95 1 APAVPC€AA62A N[ bust 1., laureate, drapery over r. shoulder. Bust of Severus Alexander ; inscr. : — /^HKO€A €C CHNOJN object in r. baud obscure. Similar type to preceding series, but no stars in field. 97 156-0 10-11 M -95 t AVTK/^ACA AESANA POC C bust r.. laureate, drapery over 1. shoulder. .-\HTK06A eCCHNUJN holds branch or ears of corn. 93. 180.5. Charles Town ley. 93 bis. 1920. Presented by Mr. C. L. Woolley. Acquired near Carchemish. 94.1805. Charles Townley. 95.1900. Lincoln. 96.1902. Presented bv Mr. ^Y. C. Bovd. EDESSA 107 No. 98 99 100 101 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 148-0 .El.O 0-59 i Obverse. Reve:se. 102 103 14 7-9 JE -9; 9-58 t 152-9 1^1-0 9-91 I 187-1 .El-O i 215-7 JEM 13-98 t 178-1 11-54 JE -95 AVTKMACA A6ZAN[AiMHTK0eA €CCHNCJN PJOC C similar bust r., laureate, drapery over 1 shoulder; in couotermark, bust of City-goddess r.,turreted. PI. XV. 12. 1KM.A[ ] eZANAPO /v\HTKO€A CCCHNWN C C ] similar, as preceding, with similar countermark. AVTKAAACAA eXANAJ ]KO€A eCCHNCON PO (JC I similar, bust r., radiate, drapery over I shoulder. AVTKMACA A€XANA ] ZieCCHNOJN P^-.-C similar, bust 1., laureate, wearing cuirass; on 1. shoulder, round shield, in r. eagle-topped scep- tre over r. shoulder. 104 146-6 .^1-0 9-50 1 t Bust of Severus Alexander, slightly bearded; inscr. : — AVTKMAC€VAA€I[ bust r., laureate, drapery over 1. shoulder. AVTKMAC€VAAeXAN APOC C bust r., laureate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. ] AA€XANAPOC[ bust r., laureate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. Similar type to preceding series, but seat of goddess regu- lar in form ; two stars in field. /VAHTK0A€ [ goddess holds fruits (?) in r. MHTKOL ] AG CCHN OJN object in r. obscure. MHTKOAGA [ holds fruits. 98. 180.5. Charles Townley. 99. 1913. Lincoln. 100. 1861. Eastwood. 101.1908. Lincoln. 104.1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale CataL, lot 369. 108 MESOPOTAMIA 1 No. Wt. ilOo 128-8 8-35 106 113-8 7-37 107 96-4 6-35 108 109 110 111 179-6. 11-64 136-3 8-83 123-6 8-01 173-8 11-J26 112 146-1 9-47 Metal. Size. Axis. i .E -9 t JE -95 t ^1-05 i JE -95 JE -9 ^1-0 \ ^1-0 \ Obveise. ]C6VAA€X AN APOCC€B bust r., laureate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. AVTK^^ACeVAAc[ ] bust r., laureate, wearing palu- damentum aud cuirass. Reverse. ] A€ C CHNOJN holds fruits. ]TKOA€A€CCHN(jJN object in r. obscure. PL XV. 13. AVTK/n[ ]€ AA€IAN A[ ]€ B. bust r., radiate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. ]MAC€V AA€XA[ bust 1., laureate, round shield on 1. shoulder, v. holding eagle- topped sceptre over r. shoulder. [ ] CAA€IANAP o CC€B similar to preceding. AVTKMAC €AAeXAN similar to preceding (but bust beardless?). ]€AA[ JXANAPOCC €B similar to preceding (bust bearded ?). AVTKMAC€AA€XANA POCCc B Lust r., lavireate, drapery over I. shoulder. AAHTKl object in r. obscure. JCHNOJN MHT[ holds fruits. ]NGJN MHTKOAe AEC CHN CON object id r. obscure. ] AECCHNOJN holds fruits (?). MHTKOA[ JN holds fruits ; a second altar behind her. ]KOA€AeC C-HNCJN similar to preceding. PL XV. 14. 105. 1900. Lincoln. 108. 1840. Mattiu-w Young. Cliarles Townley. 111. 112. 1913. Lincoln. 109. 110. 1805. EDESSA 109 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obv( Reverse. Third Denomination. 113 77-6 M. -8£|Bust of Severus Alexander r., O-03 \ 'sligbtly bearded, laureate, wearing paludamentiun and cuirass ; ii:scr. AVTKAAAC €AA€IAN^PO CCee 114 81-2 JE 5-26 Impression incuse of reverse of anotlier coin left between the dies. PI. XV. 15 Similar type to preceding series, without stars ; object in r obscure : inscr. I'Y'KOA GAeCCHNaj[ Similar tvpe to preceding ; inscr .MHTKOA€ A€CC HNWN Seyeeus Alexandke and Julia Mamaea. Busts of Severus Alexander (on 1.) and Julia Mamaea (on r.), confronted ; Alexander laureate, wearing paludamen- tum and cuirass ; Mamaea drapeil, Avearing inscr : — City-goddess, wearing turreted crown, veil, mantle, and chi- ton, seated I. on square seat or rock, I. resting on seat, r. holding small temple Avith stephane ; ! pediment ; above her head, small figure of Aquarius (?) with water-skin overshoulder ; below, half-figure of river- god swimming ; in front, small flamiug altar ; in field, four stars ; inscr. : — 115 302-2 lD-58 JEl-2 116 219-6 14-23 i 117[ 199-8 1 12-95 i AVTKMACAA€ZANAP OCC€BIOVAMA/^€AC [AV]TKMACAA€ZANA P0CCGiBI0VA/^AM€A C] [AVJTKMACAAeZANA P0CC€BI0[VA]/^A[M6A CI /^H[ ]€A €CCHNa)N |HTKOA€A € /Mn i rx" JWN 113. 1877. Bank of England Gift. 114. 1909. Millingen. 116. Same ohv. die as no. 115. Pierced. Same oljv. die as no. 11.5. Lincoln. 117- 1805. 115. 1840. Charles Townley. I no MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt Metal. Size. Axis. .El.15 \ Obverse. Reverse. 118 274-2 17-77 AVTKMACeVAACZAN APOCC€BIOVAIAMAM€ AC /^HTKOA €A€CCHNa.5[ 1 PI. XVI. 1. 119 236-8 lo-34- ^1-1 t AVTK/^A[ ]|OVAIA MAM€AC /^HTKOA €AeCCHNW i N ' 120 222-4 ^M ]€ZANAPOC[ ]A JHNOJN U-41 \ MAM€AC 1 Julia Mamaea. Bust of Mamaea r., draped, City-goddess, wearing turreted wearing stepbane, hair in crown, veil, mantle, and chi- horizoutal waves and coiled ton, seated 1. on square seat on nape of neck; inscr. : — or rock, 1. resting on seat; before her, small flaming altar ; below, half-ligure of river-god swimming; inscr.: — 121 224-3 M M €IOVAIA[ ]AC€B[ /^HTi<[ JCJN U-53 \ small figure of Aquarius (?) above head ; holds in r. small temple with pediment : in field, four stars. PI. XVI. 2. 122 135-1 J£. 1-u SOVA/^A/^AeA CcBACT ^AHTKOAC:A€Cr 8-75 i ri liolds fruits; two stars in tield ; second altar on r. PI. XVI. 3. 123 127-5 .E -95 |OVAIA/^A^\ cA[ ] eAGCCHNCJN 8-26 t object in r. hand obscure ; two stars in held. 118. 1900. Lincoln. Lincoln. 120. 1844. T. Thomas. Sale Catal, II, lot 2520. 121. 1909. EDESSA 111 No. 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reveise. 263-0 iE M 17-04 \ 213-7 13-85 249-8 16-19 241-5 15 -65 250-2 16-21 227-0 14-71 223-4 14-48 M\-l \ /El-15 \ M\-2 \ \ \ ^1-15 \ GORDIAN III. Bust of Gordian III r., wearing ^ Bust of City-goddess 1., wear- paliidamentum and cuirass ; '\ iug turreted crown and veil, inscr. : — shouMers draped ; in front, small flaming altar and, on a pedestal, figure of Aquarius (?) r., holding water-skin over shoulder ; inscr. : — AVT0KKMANTr0PZi[IA MHT KOA€A€CC[ ] NOCC€B] bust radiate A[VTOKKMANT]roPAI ANOCCGB bust radiate. JTOKK/^ANTropAIA Noq bust radiate. N PI. XVI. 4. ]eA€CCHNaJN MHTKOA€A[ JOJN AVTOKKAAANTTOPAIA /^ HTKr [ ]€B bust radiate. AVTOKK/^ANTfoPAIA MHTKOAeAECCHNCJN NOCC€B bust laureate. AVTOKK/^ANTroPAIA NOCC€B bust laureate. AV[ €B bust laureate. JOPAIANOCC MHT KOA€A€CCHNCJ[ />AHTKOA€A€CCHN(0N 125. 1805. Charles Townley. Same obv. die as no. 124. 126, 127. 1805. Charles Townley, 128.1841. T. Burgon. 129.1805. Charles Townley. 130.1844. Devonshire. Sale Cafal., lot 48. 112 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. Metal. Size Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 1 Bust of Gonlian III r,, radiate, Bust of City-goddess r., Avear- drapery showing over 1. ing turreted crown and veil, shoulder; inscr. :— shoulders draped; in front, star ; inscr. : — 131 87-9 5-70 M .75 \ AVTOKK/>AANTropAIA /vAHTKOAeAeCCHNCJ NOCC€B i PI. XVI. 5. 132 76-9 4-08 M -7 t AVTOKf JOPAIAN AAHTKOA€AeCCHNCJN 0CC€B Tranquillina. Bust of Trauquillina r., wear- ing Stephana, hair waved and coiled on nape ; shoulders draped ; inscr. : — Bust of City-goddess 1., with small altar and figure of Aquarius (r), as on nos. 124 f. ; inscr. : — 133 257-1 16-66 .EM \ L<|)10[VPJCABINATPAN KC€B MHTKOA€A€CCHNaJN 134 244-7 15-86 /EM5 ^HTKOA6AGCCHN0}[ 135 226-3 14-66 • M\-\o \ 0VPCABINATPANKC€ I MHTKOAGz^€CCHNaJN B ! PI. XVI. 6. 131. 184.3. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. 132. 1900. Liueoln, 133.1799. C M. Craeherode Gift. 134. 1844. Devonshire. SaJe Cakd., lot .594. Same obv. die as no. 133. 135. 1805. Charles Townley. Same obv. die as no. 1-33. EDESSA 113 No Wt. 136i 372-() 24-11 137 138 139 300-2 19-45 346-7 22-47 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Revei-se. Regal Coinage Restored. GoRDiAN III and Abgar X Pheahates. First Denoviinaiiov . Bust of Gordian III r, inscr. : — j Gordian receiving Abgar ; on 1., Gordian, laureate, wearing toga, seated r. on sella curuh's on suggestus, holding sceptre in 1. ; on r., Abgar, bearded, wearing diademed tiara, kandys and trousers, r. hold- ing figure of Nike, 1. on hilt of short sword ; inscr. : — ^1.3 AVTOKKMANTropAlAi AVTOKroPAIANOCA- \ InocC€B !APOCBACIA€VC bust laureate, wearing paluda- nientum and cuirass. ^1-25 \ ^1-35 288-9 ^1-25 18-72 I ^ similar. AVTOK[ JABPAPO CBACIA€VC AVTOKKMANXroPAIA AVTOKfoPAIANOCABr NOCC€B iAPOCBACIA€VC bust laureate, drapery showing I over 1. shoulder. I PL XVI. 7. AVTOKK/^ANTfoPAIA NOCC eB bust radiate, wearing paluda- mentum and cuirass. AVTOK[ JABfAPO CBACIA€ VC 137. Same obv. die as no. 136. 138„ 1841. T. Burgon. Yorke. 139. 1895. Vincent W. Q 114 MESOPOTAMIA No. 140 Wt. 317-9 20-60 141 142 143 144 Metal. Size. Axis. Ml-2, \ Obverse. Reverse. Bust of Gordian Illr., laureate drapery showing over 1. shoulder ; inscr. AVTOKK /^ANTroPAIANOCC6B Bust of Gordian III r., radiate, wearing paludanrentum and cuirass ; inscr. : — 3321 1^1-3 AVTOKKMANTrO[P]AI 31-62 ' \ ANOCCCB PI. XVI. 8 3091 \m\-Z AVTOKK/^ANTroPAIAl 20-03 t NOCCeB ! 30o-7 .^1-25 AVTOKKMAN[TropAIA 10-81 \ t 'NOC]C€B 1 Gordian receiving Abgar ; on [., Gordian, laureate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass, holding globe in 1., mappa in r. ; on r., Abgar, bearded, dressed as on preceding series, in raised r. a wreath (?) ; inscr. ICABPAPOCBACIA €VC Abgar, bearded, wearing dia- demed tiara, kandys and trousers, riding r. on pacing horse ; inscr. : — ABfAPOC BACIA6VC J BACIA€VC 180-5 11-70 Secaiul Denomination. Bust of Gordian III, r. front, star ; inscr. : — in Bust of Abgar r., bearded, wearing diademed tiara with crest of hook-shaped orna- ments, necklace, and robe over garment with buttons down the front ; behind, star ; inscr. : — M 95 AVTOKK/^ANTTOpAIA, ABPAPOC BACIAEVC I NOCC€B rosette of pellets on tiara, bust laureate, wearing palu- damentum and cuirass. , PI. XVI. 9. 140. 1832. H. P. Borrell. Same obv. die as no. 138. 141. 1874. Rollin and Feuardent. Same obv. die as Babelon, Melanges, ii, PI. VIII. 6. Double-struck rev. 142. 1844. Devonshire. Same obv. die as no. 141. 143. Same obv. die as no. 141. 144. 1900. Lincoln. EDESSA 115 No. Wt. , Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 145 142-6 9-24 JE -95 i AVTOKK/^ANTro PAI ANOCC€B bust similar. ABArPOC BACIA€VC similar. 146 139-2 U-02 JE -95 : \ i JOKKMANXroPAIA NOCC€B bust similar. ABPAPOC BACIAevC similar. 147 117-0 7-58 'JE -95 \ AVTOKKAAANTropAIA NOCC€B bust similar. ABFAPOC BACA€VC similar. PI. XVI. 10. 148 147-1 9-53 JE -95 \ J^-^iANTro PAIA NOCC€B bust laureate, unclothed. ABfAPOC BACIA€VC decoration of tiara obscure. 149 166-2 10-77 JE -95 t AV[TOKKMANTrop]z^| ANOCC€B bust radiate, wearing paluda- mentum and cuirass. AB[ ] BACIA€VC decoration of tiara obscure. 150 166-2 10-77 ^1-0 t AVTOKKMANXroPAIA NOCC€B bust similar. ABfAPO CBACIA€VC decoration of tiara obscure. PI. XVI. 11. 151 123-4 8-00 JE -95 [A]VTOKKMAN[TjroPA IAN0CC6B bust similar. JBrAPOC BACIA[ decoration of tiara obsciire. 152 163-3 10-58 JE -9 t ]VT OKKMANTr OPA IAN[ bust similar ; .*. on front of crown. ABrAPOC BACIA€VC tiara covered with network. PI. XVII. 1. 153 163-2 ^ 10-58 JE -9 AjVTOKKMANTroPAl [ANOCC€B bust similar. ABfAPOC BACIA€VC rosette of pellets on tiara. PI. XVII. 2. 147. 1900. Lincoln. 149. 1900. Lincoln, same rev. die as Col. L. A. D. Montague's specimen. 153. lOia. Lincoln. 150. Same obv. die as no 149 ; 151. Same obv. die as no. 149. 116 MESOPOTAMIA No. 154 155 156 157 158 159 Wt. 132-4 8-58 Metal. Size. Axis. JE -9 \ 160-6 LE -95 10-41 f 150-7 IJE -95 9-7G I 120-7 7-82 130-7 8-47 Obverse. Reverse. AVT0KK/vAA[NTr]0PAI ABfAPOC [ ]IA€VC ANOCC€B decoration of tiara obscure, bust similar. AVTOKK/^ANr NOCCGB bust similar. ]IAiABrAPO[ ]A€VC I tiara covered with network. AVTOKKMANTfopAIA ABfAPOC BACIAGVC NOCC€B decoration of tiara obscure, bust similar. M 9 |[AVTOKKMANTroPA]l i ANOCC€B lUst similar. ]0C BACIA€VC rosette of pellets on tiara. JE -95 t 94-1 6-10 JE -75 AVTOKKMA[ ]0 PAI ABfAPOC [ ]CIA€VC ANOCC€B rosette of pellets on tiara. bust 1., laureate, wearing cuirass ; shield on 1. shoulder ; j r. hand holding eagle-topped I sceptre, of which head is seen | between O and P of inscr. PI. XVII. 3. Third Denomination. Bust of Gordian III r., lau- Bust of Abgar r., bearded, dressed as on preceding series , decoration of tiara, when visible, consists of pellets ; inscr. : — reate, drapery showing over 1. shoulder ; inscr. : — [AVT OKK^^ANT^ OPA ABfArOC BACIA6V C IAN0CC6B PL XVII. 4. 154. See T. Combe, Vet. Pop. ct Beg. Num., p. 231, no. 1, 155. Ibid., no. 2. 156. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. 157. Same obv. die as no. 156. 159. 1900. Lincoln. EDESSA 11 No. 160 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. M -75 \ Obverse. Reverse. 78-2 5-07 AVTOKKAAAlNTn OPA IAN0CC6B ABfAPOC BAC[ 161 80-8 5-24 M -75 \ AVTOKKr jANTroPAl ANOCC€ ABfAPOC BACIA€VC 1 162 79-6 5-16 ^ -8 AVTOKK/v\ANTropAIA NO[CC€B] >> >> 163 75-6 i-'JO M -8 AVTOKKAAANTroPAIA NOCCeB 1 'J }7 164 66-1 4-28 M -8 t AVTOKAAANTfoPAIAN OCC bust radiate, wearing paluda- mentum and cuirass. jfAPOC BACIA€VC Fo v.rth Den o« lination . 165 43-4 2-81 iE -6 t Bust of Gordian III, r., laii- reate, drapery showing oyer 1. shoulder: inscr. AVTOK fO PAIANOC Bust of Abgar r., diademed, without tiara : inscr. ABFA POC BACIAeVC Colonial Coinage Restored. Tkajan Decius. Bust of Trajan Decius r. : inscr, : — Bust of City-goddess I., wear- ing turreted crown and veil, shoulders draped ; in front, small flaming altar ; inscr. : — 166 73-3 4-75 M -7 [AVriA€KICC€B bust laureate, drapery showing oyer 1. shoulder. KOA€AeCCA 160. See T. Combe, Vet. Pop. et Reg. Num., p. 231, no. 3. Same obv. die as no. 159. 161. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. 162. See Combe, loc. cit 163. Same obv. die as no. 162. 164. 1877.- Bank of England Gift. 165. 1824. K. Payne Knight Bequest. Nwn. Vet, p. 195, no. 3. 118 MESOPOTA^MIA No. 167 Wt. 63-9 4-14 Metal. Size. Axi>i. JE .7 \ Obverse. Reverse. AVrzl€tKI]CC€B bust similar. ]0[ ]eA€CCA 168 83-2 5-30 ^ -8 AVr.A€KICC€B \ bust radiate, wearing mentum and cuirass. paluda- KOACAeCCA Pl. XVII. 5. 169 56-2 3-64 JE '75 \ similar. [KO]A€AGCCA 170 76-2 4-94 JE -To AVrA€KICCGB bust similar. KOAGA€CCA PL XVII. 6. 171 67-5 4-3? JE -75 AVr[A€K]ICC€B similar. KOAGA€C[ 172 53-2 3-45 JE .7 A]VrA€KICC€B \ ! similar. ]OAGA€CCA 167. 1900. Lincoln. Same obv. die as no, 166, and same dies as Col. L. A. D. Montague's specimen. 168. 1844. Devonshire. 169. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. Same dies as no. 168. 170. 1913 Lincoln. 171. 1900. Lincoln. Same obv. die as no. 170. 172. Same obv. die as no. 1 70. NESIBI 119 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. NESIBI ' For bronze coins of Antiochus IV of Syria struck at Nesibi with inscription ANTIOXEHN THN EN MYfAONIAI, see B.M.C. Seleucid Kings, p. 42, nos. 86-8. Macrinus. Bust of Macrinus r., laureate ; inscr. : — Bust of City-goddess r., tur- reted, veiled, and draped ; in front, cornucopiae (?) ; inscr. : — 1 55-7 3-61 M -6 inscr. illegible. KOAN [ ]BI 2 50-8 3-29 M -6 AVT.KAICr«AAAKP€IN]0 ROAN €Cri Bll NC€B ^ ^ PI. XVII. 7. 3 49-8 3-23 M -6 1 [AVT.KAIC.JMAKPeiNO NC[eB] [K]OAN €CI Bl Seveeus Alexander. Bust of Sever us Alexander r.. laureate ; inscr. : — Bust of City-goddess r., tur- reted, veiled, and draped ; above, sign of Aries r., with head reverted ; in front, star ; inscr. : — 4 180-9 11-72 .EM >KAIMAPAvC AAGI ANAPOCC € drapery showing on 1. shoulder; slight beard. CGHKOAO N6CIBIAA H 1 PI. XVII. 8. 1 1 All the coins have borders of dots and inscr. arranged as usual unless otherwise described. 1. 1908. L. Hamburger. 2. 1913. Lincoln. Same dies as Macdonald, Hunter Catal., Ill, p. 315, no. 2, PI. LXXIX. 1.5. 3. 1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale Catal, lot 869. Same dies as preceding. 4. 1840. J. R. Steuart. Sale Catal., lot 332. 120 MESOPOTAMIA No. wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 169-7 .J51-05 11-00 \ 179-7 11-04 178-1 11-54 219-3 14-21 208-9 13-54 10 210-7 13-65 JEl-05 ^1-05 I ^1-05 ^1-1 t t Obverse. Reverse. inscr. obliterated; bust as on [ ] N€CIBIAAH preceding. star l)ehind as well as in front. AVTOKAMAPAVC€BAA C€n[ ] N€CIBIMHTP €IA[ OTTOA bust clothed (paludamentum Aries off the flan, and cuirass ?). iKAir ]/^Avpc AA€i ccni ANAPO^ bust clothed. JHT Seveeus Alexander with Julia Mamaea. Busts confronted of Alexander > Bust of City-goddess r., as on {Y., wearing paludamentum nos. 4 f., with Aries above, and cuirass) and Mamaea (1., draped, wearing stepliane in hair) ; inscr. : — 1NAP0CI0V/*«AAM €A[ Alexander radiate, Mamaea with crescent at shoulders. star behind inscr. : — and in front ; JN€CIBI/^H AV[ ]€XANAPOCIOV C€l J N6CIBIMH TP fA.\_ ear of corn in field r. Alexander laureate. PI. XVII. 9. Julia Mamaea. Bust of Mamaea r., draped, on large crescent, wearing stepliane in hair, which is waved horizontally and taken up on nape of neck : inscr. |OVMAM€A C€BA[ Bust of City-goddess, as on nos. 4 f., with Aries above and star in front ; inscr. C€ HKOAO [ ]IBI/^HT 5. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. 8. 1S60. Count de Salis Gift. 6. 1909. Lincoln. 9. 1S77. Bank of England Gift. 7. 182.5. C. J. Rich. 10. 1900. Lincohi. NESIBI 121 No. 11 12 13 14 16 Wt. 170-5 11-05 136-8 8-86 130.8 8-48 366-3 23-74 15 284-3 1 18-42 Metal. Size. Axis. .El-0 .El-1 t .El-Oi t Obverse Keverse. GOKDIAN III. Bust of Gordian III ; inscr. : — AVTOKkMANTropA_.. bust I., laureate, drapery over r. shoulder. A IVTOKKMANTfopAIA NOC C€ bust r., laureate, drapery over shoulder. AVTOKKMANTfOPAIA N0[ bust r., radiate, drapery over 1. shoidder(?). Bust of City-goddess, as on DOS. 4 f., with Aries above ; no stars; inscr. : — cenKOA [ ]MHT CCnKOA NeCIBI[ CenKOA ON€CI[ Gordian III and Teakquillina. Busts confronted of Gordian j City-goddess, wearing turreted (r., laureate, wearing paluda- I crown, veil, chiton, and man- mentum and cuirass) and tie, seated 1. on rock, 1. resting Tranqiiillina (1., draped, wear- on rock, r. holding ears of ing stephane in hair); inscr. : — corn; above her head, sign of Aries 1. ; at her feet, half- figure of river-god swimming 1. ; inscr. : — • ^1-35 AVTOKK/^ANroPA[IAN t jON jNKVAAINANCe B ^1-3 JAVTOKKAAANTroPAIA \ .NONCABTP AN[ C€n[ TPO ]0N €CIBINH ]€CIBIAAHT PO 164-0 10-63 Tranquillina. ^ I'OSi Bust of Tranquillina r., draped, \ I wearing stephane, hair waved horizontally ; inscr. CAB IN A TPAN[ Bust of City-goddess r., as ou nos. 4f., with Aries abov(! r. ; inscr. C€nKOA ON€CIB IMHTPO 12. 1901. W. T. Ready. 13. 1914. J. H. Daniels. 14. 18iO. Millingen. Same obv. die as Mionnet V. C26, 174. 15. 1805. Charles Townley. 122 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Philip Senior.^ Bust of Philip ; iiiscr. : — Temple with four twisted columns, pediment, and cen- tral arch ; within, City- goddess, wearing veil, chiton, and mantle, seated to front ; above her head, sign of Aries i r. ; at her feet half-figure of river-god swimming r. ; inscr. : — 17 188-2 12-20 .El-0 t AVTOKKMIOVAKMAin nocc€B bust r., laureate, in paluda- mentum and cuirass. |OVC€nKOAnN€CIBIM HT 18 175-9 11-40 .El-05 1 similar. similar. 19 169-0 10-05 .El-0 t lOAcenKOAHNeciBiM HT , 20 150-5 9-75 ^1-0 t iovcenKOA[ 21 167-6 10-8G ^1-0 t similar inscr. ; bust 1.. laureate, in paludamentum and cuirass, shield charged with gorgo- neion(?) on 1. shoulder. lOVCenKOAHNeCIBIM HT PI. XVII. 10. 22 178-0 11-53 tEI-O t similar inscr. ; bust I., radiate, in paludamentum and cuirass. u 23 144-6 .9-57 M\-05 \ similar to preceding. PI. XVII. 11. ^ Some of these coins may be of Philip Junior, especially nos. 21-4, on which the face appears to be beardless. 17. 1853. Rev. Bryan Faussett. Sale Catal., lot 10. 18. 180.5. Charles Townley. 19. 1840. Millingen. 20 1825. C. J. Rich. 21. 1S47. Same dies as Col. L. A. D. Montague's specimen. 23. 1840. Millingen. On rev., B t>i''ginally omitted, then engraved over AA before inscr. was completed. 123 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 24 : 140-5 Mh05 j 9-10 I I 25 26 164-3 .El-Oo 10-65 t 94-3 6-11 27 171-9 I 11-14 28 158-8 ^ -8 t JEl-0 t ^1-0 t Obverse. Reverse. similar to preceding. Bust of Philip I., radiate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass, armed with spear and shield (on which quadriga?): inscr. AVTOKKAA|OVAI IAinn0CC€B Bust of Philip 1., radiate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass; inscr. AVTOKKMI 0VAl4>IAinn0CC€B |OAC€nKOAnN€CIBI /AT Temple with two twisted columns, pediment, and steps in front ; within shrine, of which panelled doors stand open, City-goddess seated to front, with Aries and river- god as on preceding coins ; in pediment, uncertain object (altar?); inscr. |OVC€TTKO AflN€CIBIAAHT PI. XVII. 12. Within a wreath, with medal- lion at top, sign of Aries r., head reverted ; inscr. |OAC €nKOAnN€CIBIMHT PI. XVII. 13. Otacilia Seveea. Bust of Otacilia r., draped, wearing stephane, hair taken up in plait fastened on top of head ; crescent at shoulders : inscr. : — MAPnTAKIAC€OVHPA NCeB Temple with four twisted columns containing figure of City-goddess seated, with Aries and river-god, all as on nos. 17 f. ; inscr. : — |0VC€nK0AnN6CIBI/^ HT PI. XVII. 14. 24. 1832. H. P. Bonell. 25. 26. 1832. H. P. Eorrell. 27. 1908. Dean of Exeter. Same dies as no. 27. 1844. T. Thomas. L. Hamburger. Sale Catal., II, lot 2520. 28.1843. Dr. Mi lies, 124 MESOPOTAMIA No. 29 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. |OVC€nKOAnN€CIBIM HT 146-2 9-47 ^1-05 t MAPnTAKIACC^OvHPA NC€B 30 163-0 10-56 J^l-0 t MAPnTAKIAC€OVHPA NC€B V 31 145-5 9-43 JE -95 t ,> n >> 32 153-9 9-97 JE -95 t ,. )> >) 29. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. Same rev, and same obv. (?) die as no. 27. 30. 1900. Lincoln. 31. 1919, Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. 32. 1805. Charles Townley. KHESAENA 125 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Beverse. 95-1 6-16 32-G 2-11 128-7 8-34 159-0 10-30 M -8 t RHESAEXA. Caeacalla. Bust of Caracalla r., radiate ; , Nude female figure seated 1., clothing of bust obscure ] ANTnNI[ r. holding uncertain object 'reed?), 1. resting on rock(?); in field 1., S (?) ; inscr. IHC AINHC[ PI. XVIII. 1. M -65 Bust of Caracalla or Elagabalus i Vexillum ; at foot of shaft, \ jr., laureate, undraped, sup- I female figure reclining 1. (?) ; I ported on back of eagle r., | in field 1., Ill, r. D(?). I whose spread Avings take the ! ■ form of a crescent : inscr. [ 1 PI. XVIII. 2. JEi -75 Bust of Caracalla v., slightly Vexillum ; on 1. I j bearded, laureate, undraped, j supported on back of eagle r., I I with wings spread ; inscr. - - !ANT[ ]N0NC€B I PL XVIII. 3. Ill CO Elagabalus. M -9 Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate ; clothing of bust obscure ; inscr. ]A ANTaj[ inscr. ^ Centaur Sagittarius charging bow ; AINHq PI. XVIII. 4. dis- HC ' All the coins have borders of dots on both sides and inscription arranged as usual. 1. 1889. Eug. Chaix., Caial., no. 968. 2. 1840. J. E. Steuart. Sale Catal., lot 332. Holed owing to decay (?). 3. 1916. Presented by Mr. Edw. Shepherd. 4. 1909. Lincoln. 126 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Severus Alexander. Bust of Alexander I., laureate, with shield on 1. shoulder ; inscr. : — City-goddess, wearing turreted crown, veil, chiton, and man- tle, seated 1. on rock ; 1. hand on seat, r. holding eagle, which turns its head towards her ; at her feet, half-figure of river-god swimming 1. ; inscr. : — 5 234-4 15-19 ^1-1 t AVTK/v\A CAA€XAHA POC shield decorated with double volute. inscr. confused; ends LEG II IP PL XVIII. 5. 6 142-2 9-21 ^1-0 ]APOCAV[ JINNCI CJHLeClllPS river-god off the llan. 7 141-6 9-18 ^El-0 t inscr. illegible ; shield not visible ; traces of earlier type restruck. TllOAIIII!CI(J [ river-god not visible ; traces of earlier inscr. restruck M;/\ AACr. 8 122-0 7-91 ^1-0 inscr. illegible ; struck from fractured die. -NHCI WIIIECI- ; river-god oft' the flan. 9 46-4 3-01 jE .75 t Bust of Alexander r., laureate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass; inscr. ]AA€X AHAPO Centaur Sagittarius standing r. ; before him, banner of vexillum inscribed T7 ■" ; below him, A PI. XVIII. 6. 5. 1908. Lincoln. 6. 1909. Lincoln. 7. 1889. Eug. Chaix., Catal., no. 969. Apparently struck (obv. on rev.) over a coin of Sev. Alexander, part of whose name is legible on rev. The rev. inscription is apparently a blunder for PHCAINHCItO. 8.1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. 9.1849. J. Doubleday. RHESAENA 127 No. 10 11 12 14 Wt. 192-2 12-45 holed 189-7 12-29 188-1 12-19 184-9 11-98 75-2 11-35 186-1 12-OG Metal. Size. Axis. .El-0 \ ^1-05 \ M I -Oi ^1-0 \ .El-05 t JE 1-05 t Obverse. Reverse. Teajan Decius. Bust of Decius r., radiate, wearing pal ud amentum and cuirass ; inscr. : — Founder ploughing r. with yoke of cattle ; he holds sceptre in 1. ; in field above eagle with spread wings standing on palm-branch, head I., hold- ing wreath in beak ; in ex., half-figure of river-god swim- ming r. : inscr. : — fAVTKrM€KV|A€KIOC TPAIANOCC€B AVTKr/^€KVA€K|OCT PAIANOCC€B C€[ NLlllr JPHCAINHCIW CenKOAPHCAINHCIOJ NlillP C€nK[ JICJNllllP rAVTKrM€KVA€KIJOC [C€]nKOAPHCAINHCI(J TPAIANOCC€B |NLIIIP PI. XVIII. 7. Bust of Decius 1., radiate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass ; inscr. AVT[KAJir AI/^€CKVTPAA€KIOCC €B ; in countermark, head of Emperor (?) r. Founder ploughing r. with yoke of cattle ; in field above, eagle 1. with closed wings holding wreath in beak ; in ex., wreath between two palm- branches ; inscr. C€TTKOAP HCAINHCICJNlillP 10.1853. Rev. Bryan Faussett. Sale CataL, ]oi 10. Holed by decay (?). SirR. Abdy. Sale Caial. , lot S&9 (?) . 13.1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. die as no. 12(?). 15. 1844. Devonshire. Sale CataL, lot 22'\ 14. 11. 1841. Same obv. 128 MESOPOTAMIA No. 16 17 19 wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 216-1 U-00 Bust of Decius, wearing [)alu- 1 Temple seen in perspective damentum and (mirass : \ three-quarters 1., with two inscr. : — [ columns in front, live at side ; I pediment, but no roof indi- I cated ; witliin, eagle standing 1. with wreath in beak ; in ex., half-figure of river-god swimming between two palm- branches ; inscr. : — t 174-0 ^1-05 11-27 I \ AVTKAirAIM€CKVTPA A€KIOCC€B bust r., radiate. same inscription and bust. C€nPHCAINHCIWNLMI P 18! 188-8 1^1-05 AVTKAliiAI/^€CKVT 12-23 \ PAAGKIOCC€B j I bust 1., laureate. 20 21 175-5 JE105 AVTKAirAI/VA€CKVTPA 11-37 I \ A€KIOCC€B liust I., I'adiate. PL XVIII. 8. 167-8 UE 1-1 same inscription and bust. 10-87 \ 201-2 13-04 C€nPHCAIN[ J(jJNl.l[ ^1-05 Bust of Decius r., laureate, Temple with eagle as on pre- I drapery on shoulder ; inscr. ceding coins, but roof also AVTK[ ]AlM€CKV'r[ indicated ; river-god and ]|OCCGB palm-branches in ex.: inscr. C€nPHCAINHCiaJNLni PI. XVIII. 9. 16. 1841. T. Burgoii. as no. 16. 18. 1841. Same obv. die as no. 15. as no. 15. 17. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., lot 229. Same obv. die T. Burgon. 19. 1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale Catal, lot 369. 20. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., h,t 229. Siime obv. die RHESAENA 129 Metal. No. Wt. Size. Obverse. Keverse. Axis. Bust of Decius r., radiate, City-goddess, wearing turreted weaving paludameutum and crown, chiton, and mantle, cuirass ; inscr. : — standing 1., holding cornuco- piae in 1. ; with r. she pours libation on lighted altar ; in field 1., above, eagle with spread wings standing r. on palm-branch, holding wreath in beak ; in field on either side, palm-branch ; inscr. : — 22 234-2 .El-05 AvTKrM6KVAeKI0CT JHCAINHCIWNlillP irj-18 \ PAIANOCC€B eagle stands on short sceptre (?). 23 188-7 yE1-05 AVTK^^^€KVA€KIOCT J1 >3 12-23 \ PA[IANOCC€B] 24 159-5 ^1-0 AVTKrMeKVA€KIOCT CenKOAPHCAINHCIOJ 10-34 \ PAIANOCC€B NLIIIP PI. XVIII. 10. 25 174-2 M\-0 AVTKfAAeKVTr ]ANO CEnoAPHCAINr ICJN 11-29 \ CA€KIOCC€B LillP 26 162-6 ^1-05 AVTKr/^€KVA€KIOCT C€nKOAPHCAINHCia) 10-5i \ PAIA - - NLIIP no palm-branch in field r. 27 176-3 ^1-05 Bust of Decius r., radiate. City-goddess, wearing turreted 11-42 t wearing paludamentum and cuirass; inscr. AN/TKAITAI MeCKVTPAA€KIOCC€B crown, veil, chiton, and man- tle, seated I. : 1. hand on seat, r. extended (over altar ?) ; at her feet, half-figure of river- god swimming ; above her head, uncertain object (eagle 1.?); inscr. CEHPHCAI N HCICJNiJIlP 22. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. Same obv. die as no. 10 (?). 23. 1805. Cliarles Townley. Same obv. die as no. 13. 24. 1844. T. Thomas. Sale Catal, II, lot 2520. Same obv. die as no. 18. 25. 1909. Lincoln. Pierced. 26. Pierced, 27. Same obv. die as no. 16. 130 MESOPOTAMIA No. 28 29 30 31 Wt. 237-4 15-38 163.1 10-57 177-6 11-51 176-7 11-45 Metal. Size. Axis. JEl-05 \ ^1-05 \ JE -95 iEl.05 t Obverse. Bust of Decius, radiate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass : inscr. : — AVTKrAAeKV[A€KIOCT PAIANOCC€B] bust r. inscr. obliterated ; bust r. AVTKAirAIM€CKVTPA A€KI0CC€B bust 1. AVTKAirAI/^GCKVTPA A6KI0CC€B bust I. Reverse. Two City-goddesses standing, joining r. liands, each wearing turreted bead-dress, chiton, and mantle ; between them, altar; on 1., figure of Aquarius (?) r. on column ; on r., figure of Centaur Sagittarius r. ; in ex., half-figixre of river-god swim- ming ; above, eagle with spread wings holding wreath in beak ; inscr. : — C€nKOAPHCAI[NHCI(jJ NLillP] altar in shape of caryatid figure supporting slab; eagle's head to r. CenKOAPHCAiNHCIOJ NlillP details as in preceding. PI. XVIII. 11. CenKOAPHCAINHCIOJ NLIIIP altar of ordinary circular shape ; eagle's head 1. PL XVIII. 12. CenKOAPHCAINHCICO NlillP details as on preceding. 28.1805. Charles Townley. Same oh v. die as no. 11 (?). 29. Rev. Mr. Badger. Same dies as no. 28. 30. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. Same obv. die as no. 15. 31. Some obv. die as no. 15. EHESAENA 131 No. 32 Metal. Wt. Size. ' Axis. 34 35 36 224-3 14-53 92-5 5-99 31-8 2-06 M\-Ob 97-2 UE .8 G-30 \ \ M -85 52-7 .E -65 3-41 M -7 Obverse. Reverse. AVT| 0CC€B bust r. JAIANOCA€KI '• C€nKOAPHCAINHCI(jJ NLIIIP • letails as on preceding. PI. XVIII. 18. Bust of Decius r., radiate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass ; inscr. : — AVTKrMKVTPAA[eKIO CC€1B AVTKr/^KVTPAA€[KI ojcceB Bust of Decius r., laureate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass ; inscr. :— [AV]TKrMKTPA€KIOCC [68] AVTKrMKTPA€KIOCC€ 8 Two busts of City-goddess, confronted, wearing turreted crown and veil, draped ; be- tween them, above, eagle with wings spread, head r., holding wreath in beak ; below, altar ; inscr. : — [-- APHCAJINHCICJNIII IP PI. XVIII. 13. JAPHCAINHCIWNLIIIP Vexillum, with pendants from ends of cross-bar, surmounted by eagle with spread wings, head 1., holding wreath in beak ; inscr. around ; on the banner, name of legion : — C€nKOAPHCA INHCIOJ NLMIP on banner L€C | NIP PI. XVIII. 14. JPHCAI NHCia)N[ inscr. on banner obliterated. 32. (•?)1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. 34.184-1. Devonshire. Sale Catal., ]>>t iQ. Same dies as no. 33. 35. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. 36. Same obv. die as no. 35. 132 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverae. Reverse. 1 Tkajan Decius and Hekennia Etruscilla. 37 206-6 13-39 ^1-05 \ Busts confronted of Decius (on 1.) and Herennia (on r.) ; Decius r., radiate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass : Herennia, 1., wearing stepliane, with crescent at shoulders; inscr. AVTKrA/>A€KTPA /3^GKI0CC€B€P[€TP0VC KI]AAAC€B Founder ploughing r. with yoke of cattle ; above, eagle ; in ex., river-god (all as on no. 10): inscr. C€TTKOAPH CAINHCIWNlillP Teajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus. 38 117-7 7-03 ^1-05 Busts confronted of Decius (on 1.) and Herennius (on r.), each wearing i^aludamentum and cuirass: Decius, r., radiate; Herennius, 1., bareheaded ; inscr. AVTKrMKTPAeKI OCC€BrKV€P€TP]/vAA[€ KIOCKAICAP] Founder ploughing r. with yoke of cattle : above, eagle ; in ex., river-god (all as on no. 10); inscr. C€TTKOAP HCAINHCICJNlillP PL XVIII. 15. 39 17M 11-09 ^1-0 Same type as preceding: inscr. AVTKrMKTPA[€KIOC] C€BKV€P€TP/>AAeKIOC KAICAP City-goddess, with cornuco- piae, standing 1., sacrificing ; in field above on 1. eagle on palm-branch, on I. and r., palm-branches (all as on no. 24); inscr. CCnKOAPHC Al[ PI. XVIII. 16. 37. 1905. J. Hirsch. Same ohv. die as Mionnet V, 633. 203. 38. 1901. A\'. T. Ready. Pierced. 39. 1860. J. F. W. Count de Salis. Same obv. die as no. 38. KHESAENA 133 No. Metal. Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Herennia Etruscilla. Bust of Etruscilla r., weariog stephane, hair waved horizon- tally, draped ; inscr. : — Temple seen in perspective, three-quarters 1., two columns in front, six at side ; pedi- ment, but no roof indicated ; within, eagle standing 1., holding wreath in beak ; in ex., half-ligure of river-god SAvimming 1., and palm- branch : inscr. :— 40 211-2 13-69 .^1-05 t ePENNIANCOTPACKAA AA[ CenPHCAINHCICJNU-H- p PL XVIII. 17. 41 206-8 13-40 ^1-05 t jNIANAITPCJ[ J) )) tiled roof indicated : palm- branch not visible. 40. 1905. J. Hirseh. 41. 1805. Charles Tuwnley. 134 MESOPOTAMIA No wt. ! Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. SINGARA.i GORDIAN III. Bust of Gordian ; inscr. : — Bust of City-goddess r., wear- ing turreted crown and veil, draped; above, Centaur Sagit- tarius r., discharging bow ; inscr. : — 1 262-4 17-00 .El -05 t AVTOKKMANTroPAIA NocceB bust r., radiate, drapery on 1. shoulder. AvPCen KOACINfAPA PI. XIX. 1. 2 218-2 14-U ^El-05 same as preceding. >' )> 3 197-1 12-77 ^1-15 t similar inscr. ; bust r., lau- reate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass. AVPC€n 4 185-0 11-99 ^1-0 1 similar inscr. ; bust 1 , radiate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass. AVP[ 5 171-8 11-13 M 1-15 t same as preceding. AVPCen KOACINPAiA G 170-6 11-05 similar inscr. ; bust 1., lau- reate, wearing paludamentum and cuirass. AVPC€n KOACINFAPA PI. XIX. 2. 1 All coins have a border of dots on both sides and inscription arranged as usual. 1. 1900. Lincoln. 2. 1874. Lincoln. Same obv. die as no. 1. 3. 1877. Bank of England Gift. 4. 18.53. Rev. Bryan Faussett. Sale CcUal ., lot M). 5.1847. Mustard. Same obv. die as no. 4. ' 6. 1874. Lincoln. SINGARA 13; No. Wt. 10 11 12 13 Metal. Size. Axis. 369-5 JEl-3 352-0 22-81 \ 345-8 LEI-3 22-41 t 345-0 22-36 344-4 22-32 316-1 20-48 300-9 19-50 M\-2 t yEl.3 t M 1-2 t ^1-2 Obverse. Reverse. GoEDiAN III and Teanquillina. Busts of Gordian r. (on 1.) and Tranquillina 1. (on r.) con- fronted ; Gordian wears palix- damentum and cuirass, Tran- quillina wears stephane. hair horizontally waved, and dra- pery about shoulders : inscr. : — JKMANTroPAIANOCC ABTPANKVAAINAC! Gordian radiate. AVTOKK/vAANTropAIA NONCABTPANKVAAIN AC€B Gordian laureate. similar inscr. and type. City-goddess, wearing turreted crown, veil, mantle, and chi- ton, seated 1. on rock, 1. resting on seat, r. extended holding small branch ; at her feet, half-figure of river-god swim- ming 1. ; above her liead. Centaur Sagittarius 1., dis- charging- bow ; inscr. : — AVPC€nKOA CINPAPA AVPC€nK OACINPAPA PI. XIX. 3. AVTOKKMANTroPAIA NONCABTPANIKVAIAI NAC€B similar type. AVTOKK/^ANTfOPAIA NONCABTPANKVAAIN AC€B same type. AVPC€nKOA CINfAPA 7, 8. 1805. Charles Townley. No. 8 is from same obv. die as Col. L. A. D. Montague's specimen. 9. 1856. Lynch. 10. Graves, 11. 1844. T. Thomas. Sale Catal., Ill, lot 2520. 12. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., lot 229. 13. Same obv. die as no. 12. 136 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Tranquillina. Bust of Tranquillina r., draped, wearing stepliane, hair waved liorizontally ; inscr. CABTP ANK VAAINAC€B Bust of City-goddess r. wear- ing turreted crown and veil, draped ; above, Centaur Sagit- tarius r., discharging bow ; inscr. : — 14 200-7 J^'1-05 AVPC€n iOACiNrAPA 13-00 t PL XIX. 4. 15 165-2 10-70 t AV[ IKOACINfAPA 14. 1860. as no. 14. J. F. W. Count de Salis. 15. 1825 C. J. Rich. Same obv. die UNCERTAIN MINT 137 No, Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. UNCERTAIN MINT.^ CARRHAE or EDESSA (see Introduction). M. AURELIUS. Silver denarii. 1 57.1 3-70 M -7 t Bust of M. Aurelius r., bearded, laureate, drapery on 1. shoulder ; inscr. ]K/^AVP iNTHNI NOC. Nike, carrying long palm- branch in 1.. circlet with pendent fillets in r., standing r. on globe; inscr. HN6IKH Pn MAIHN PI. XIX. 5. 2 51-2 3-3^ M -65 Bust of M. Aurelius r., bearded, bareheaded, drapery over shoulders; inscr. AVTKMA VP[HA] NTHNIN: border off the flan. Female figure (Armenia) wearing tall head-dress and long garment, seated 1. on ground ; beside her a shield and a vexillum-like standard ; inscr. VnePNIKHCPHM AinN, and in ex. [A]P/V\[ PI. XIX. 6. 3 41-6 2-70 M -65 t Same as preceding ; inscr. [AVJTKMAVPHA AN[T HNIN] ; border off the flan. Female figure, wearing tunic and mantle, standing to front, head 1., holding in r. globe or apple, in 1. cornucopiae ; inscr. [Vn]-c[P]NIKHC P HMAiriN PI. XIX. 7. 4 47-9 3-10 M -7 t Bust of M. Aurelius r., bearded, undraped ; inscr. .AV'TKAl MAVPHAIOC ANTHNI NOCCG Female figure, wearing tunic and mantle, standing to front, head 1., resting with r. on sceptre, holding in 1. cornu- copiae ; inscr. vnePNiKH C PnMAIHN PI. XIX. 8. 1 All the coins have borders of dots on both sides and inscription arranged as usual. 2. 1860. Eastwood. 3. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. From Noury Bey, 1906. 4. 1799. C. M. Cracherode. T 138 MESOPOTAMIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Faustina Junior. Silver denarii. 5 49-2 3-19 M -7 t Bust of Faustina r., draped, wearing stephaiie, hair waved and tied in knot ; inscr. AVCTINA C€BACTH \'enus, wearing tunic and mantle, standing to front, head 1., holding apple in r., resting with 1. on sceptre ; inscr. Vn€PNIKHCTnN KVPIHN PI. XIX. 11. Lucius Verus. Silver denarius. 8 50-5 3-37 M -7 t Bust of Verus r., bearded, uu- draped; inscr. AVTKAAVP OVHPOCC€B Female tigure, wearing tunic and mantle, standing 1., 1. resting on sceptre, r. holding ears of corn over small port- able altar: inscr. VTT6PNI Ki-iCPn /^AinN PL XLVIII. 7. 1 6. 1860. Eastwood. 7. 1899. W. T. Eoady. 8. 1920. Sotheby's Sale, 4. xii. 1919, lot 77. Same dies as Philipsen Catal. (Hirsch, xxv), lot 307r). UNCERTAIN MINT 139 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. LUCILLA. Silver denarius. 9 54-3 3-52 M -7 1 Bust of Lucilla r., draped, Venus, as on no. 7 ; inscr. hair plaited and in cliignon ]NIKHC Pn/^AlflN at back : inscr. AOVKIAAA C6BACTH PI. XIX. 12. COMMODUS. Bronze. 10 30-0 1-94: M -6 Bust of Commodus r., bearded, laureate, undraped ; inscr. AVKAICAP KOMOAOC Bust of City-goddess r., draped, wearing turreted crown and veil; inscr. inCPNIKHC PGJ/^AIWN PI. XIX. 13. 10. 1860. Eastwood. BABYLONIA For series attributed to Babylon under Alexander and his successors, see below, Alexandrine Empire of the East. No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM.^ Undated bronze. (Second — First cent, b.c.) With bevelled edge. Bust of City-goddess r., wearing turreted crown. Tripod-lebes ; inscr. on r. and 1., downwards; border of dots. 1 60-0 3-89 M -7 f clothing of bust uncertain. iiAEYKEHN iNHPOZTni iirPEI PL XXIII. 3. 2 57-4 3-72 M -65 t bust unclothed. ZEAEIkEHN inNnPOITHI irPEi PI. XXIII. 4. 3 15-7 1-02 M -5 t Bust of City-goddess r., wear- ing turreted crown, undraped ; behind, uncertain monogram ; border of dots. Cornucopiae ; on r. down- wards. ^nNHPOS:' ^° '• downwards, iHlTirPEi PL XXIII. 5. ^ All the coins should probably have a border of dots, but it is frequently invisible. 1. 1908. Lincoln. 2, 3. 1900. Lincoln. SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM 141 No. 4 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Revei-se. Date. 73-6 4-77 M -7 t Bust of City- goddess r., wearing turreted crown, draped (?). City-goddess. wearing kalathos, chiton, and mantle, seated 1., holding in 1. cornucopiae, in r. Nike r., placing wreath on her head : behind, thymiaterion (?) ; inscr., on r. downwards, ^EAE YKE, on 1. downwards, rnNnpozTi, in ex. Tirpi;-.i PL XXIII. 6. 5 74-6 4-83 M -8 Similar bust r., draped (?) : border of dots. Nude(?) figure, wearing kalathos, seated 1. on cir- cular altar-shaped seat, holding uncertain object (palm-branch ?) in r. ; be- hind, lyre ; in field r. fl or T, 1. ; inscr. (begin- ning on 1.) Jj:;.AE YKE nNTT[ ; ex. off the flan ; border of dots. PI. XXIII. 7. Dated by the Seleucid era. 6 32-3 2-09 M -7 Head of City-goddess r., wearing turreted crown ; two long curls on neck ; bust off the flan ; border of dots. City-goddess, wearing tur- reted crown and tunic, seated r. on circular seat, holding in r. palm-branch, her feet on half-figure of 270 A. S. = 43-2 B.C. river-god swimming r. ; i in field r. DZ ; inscr. (beginning on r. above) :i:EAEYK -niTirPEi PI. XXIII. 8. 4. 1841. Matthew Young. Monii. Gr. p. 451, no. 66. 5. 1825. C. J. Rich. 6. See Imhoof-Blumer, 142 BABYLONIA No. Wt. 10 11 12 13 14 39-8 3-58 29-3 1-90 29-2 1-89 27-8 1-80 25-7 1-66 23-2 1-50 21-0 1-36 20-2 20-1 1-30 Metal. Size. Axis. JE .5 ; t JE -6 t t .E -45 t JE -45 t ^ -5 t jE -5 t t Obverse. Reverse. Coins without inint-iiame, attributed to Seleucia ad Tigriiii. Undated bronze. End of First cent. b. c. Head of City-goddess r., wear- ing turreted crown, witli two long curls on neck ; border, if any, usually oft the tlau. border of dots City-goddess, wearing turreted crown and tunic, seated 1. on rock, r. holding Nike r. placing wreath on her head, I. resting on seat ; beneath her feet, river-god, horned and bearded, swimming I. ; in field r., A ; I , upwards, inscr. : — noAii: ITOAir. ; horns like antlers. noAii PL XXIII. 9. noAii PL XXIII. 10. YiOAii iOAii noAic rvoAii inscr. off the flan. 7, 8. 1878. Subhy Pacha Sale, lots 3939, 3940. 9. B. M. C. Parthia, PI. XXXVII. 10. 10. Gardner, Parthian Coinage, PI. VII. 22 ; B.M.C. Parihia, PI. XXXVII. 11. 11, 12. 1898. Benlian. With other Parthian bronze. 13. Same obv. die as no. 10. 14. 1878. Snbhy Pacha Sale, lot 3941. SELEUCIA AD TIGKIM 143 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Second century after Christ. 16 21-2 137 M -6 t Bust of City-goddess r., wear- ing turreted crown, draped. 1 King(?) seated 1. on throne, holding in r. Nike who flies r. to place wreath on his liead. PL XXIII. 11. King seated 1. on throne, receiving wreath from City- goddess, who stands r. City-goddess seated 1., wearing chiton and mantle, holding wreath in r. 17 28-0 1-81 M -75 t border of dots. PL XXIII. 12. 18 21-3 1-38 M -55 t I PL XXIII. 13. Dated by the Seleucid era. Year 224 A.s. = 89-88 B.C. Head of City-goddess r., wear- ing turreted crown : border, when visible, usually linear, but sometimes dotted. AKZ AIOY A 19 31-4 2-03 t A (?) for A 20 30-7 1-99 JE -5 t 21 30-4 1-07 JE -55 t A for A 22 30-3 1-96 M -5 t A for A, A for A 1 17.1887. Presented by Mr. J. M. C. Johnston, 18.1898. Benlian. With other Parthian bronze. 19. 1898. Benlian. 20. 1878. Subhy Pacha Sale, lot 3934. 21, 22. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham Collection. 144 EABYLOXIA No. 23 Wt. Metal. Size Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 30-1 1-U5 M -5 t PI. XXIII. 14. 24 29-6 1-D2 jE .5 t 25 29-4 1-HO JE -5 t 26 28-7 1-86 JE -6 t A for A 27 20-8 1-74 jE .4 A for A 28 26-4 1-71 M -55 t 5> 29 26-2 1-70 ^ -55 t >) 30 25-2 I-CIS M .45 t " 31 24-9 1-61 M -55 t A for A 32 23-5 1-5J2 ^ -6 t )) 33 22-2 1-44 M -4 Z oft" the flau. 34 21-6 1-40 ^ .45 t A for A 35 20-3 1-31 M -55 t 23. 1908. L. Hamburger Collection. 24. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham Collection. 25. 1898. Benlian. 26. 1878. Subhy Pacha Sale, lot -3935. 27. 1898. Benliau. 28, 29. 1878. Sul)hy Pacha Sale, lots 393C-7. 30. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham Collection. 31. Gardner, Parthian Coinage. PI. VII. 23 ; B. M. C. Parfhia, PI. XXXVII. 12. 32, 33. 1898. Benlian. 34. 1908. L. Hamburger Collection. 35. 1878. Subhy Pacha Sale, lot 3938. SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM 145 No., i Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Eeverse. Date. 36 20-0 1-30 M -5 t A for A PI. XXIII. 15. 37 19-8 1-28 M -4 t A for A 38 19-4 1-26 M .4 t A off the flan. 39 18-3 1-19 M -45 t j» 40 16-5 1-07 M -45 t L for Z 41 85-3 5-53 M .85 Bust of City-goddess r., draped, wearing turreted crown ; border of dots. Female head r., wearing small kalathos and veil ; inscr. (beginning on 1. above) CKTropniAlO Y ; behind head, XI A. S. 326 = 14-15 A.D. PI. XXIII. 16. 42 9-4 0-61 M -45 Similar type ; border of dots. Elephant's head (?) r. ; be- low, ..!.,VV ; border of dots. A, S. 334 = 22-3 PI. XXIII. 17. A.D. Similar type, of different style and thick fabric ; border of dots. Nike advancing 1., 1. hand hanging at her side, in r. a palm-branch ; in field 1. downwards, date; bor- der of dots. 43 63-2 4-10 M -6 t PL XX ANT III. 18. A. S. 351 = 39-40 A.D. 36, 37. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham Collection. 38. 1841. L. Strange. 39. 1895. Lincoln. 40. 1898. Benlian. 41. 1909. Lincoln. 42. See Introduction. 43. 1900. Rollin and Feuaident. B. M. C. Parthia, PI. XXXVII. 13. U 14f) BABYLONIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. 44 52-1 o-o/ ^E -55 t BNT PI. XXIII. 19, A. S. 352 = 40-1 A.D. 45 48-3 3-13 M -6 t (flatter fabric) BNT " 46 48-1 3-12 M -6 t BNT »> 47 41-7 2-70 JS -55 t PI. XXIII. 20. A. S. 353 = 41-2 A. D. 48 51-4 3-33 t behind bust, A Pi. XXIII. 21. V 44. Gardner, Parthian Coinage, PI. VII. 24 ; B. M. C. Parihia, PI. XXXVII. 14. 46. 1908. Lincoln. The B in the date has a curved back, which at first sight makes it look like €. ASSYRIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. ATUSIA(?) AD CAPRUM. Bronze. First century b, c. 1 29-8 1-93 M -55 t Bust of City-goddess 1., wear- ing turreted crown. Paim-brancli and arrow up- wards ; legend in square, beginning on 1. above, NAT OY/v PEHNTrnPOCTV KAnpo PL XXIII. 22. 1. 1839. Millingen. Weston, Archaelogla, XVI (1806), pp. 9 and 89 ; Sestini, Lettere, VI (1819), p. 80; Millingen, Sylloge, pp. 82 ft'., PI. II. 64; Mionnet, Supp., VIII, 390. 8. PERSIAN EMPIRE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 129.3 .V 8-38 129-0 8-36 Obverse. Reverse. SERIES I. Kim carrying spear. Oblong incuse with irregular ground. N -65 The Great King in kneeling- running attitude r. ; be is bearded ; wears kidaris with dentated top, kandys, and quiver at shoulder ; holds in outstretched 1. strung bow, in r. apple-butted spear over r. shoulder with point down- wards ; exergual line, when visible, is plain. Earlier groups (A-E) c. 521-400 B.C. The silver of groups A-C bis is frequently punch-marked. Gkoup a. ' Darius I ' Babelon. The distinction between groups A and B, especially in worn coins, is almost imperceptible. King's figure slight, head a I little inclined forward. | Darics. PL XXIV. 1. 1. 1918. J. Gorman Ford Bequest. 2. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 14; Coins of fhe Ancients, I A. 17. Hunkin, Tmwi. Chron., 1916, p. 258. Apparently same rev. die as Babelon, Perses Ach., PI. I. 16. Sp. G. 18-91. PERSIAN EMPIRE 149 No. 3 Wt. 127-7 Metal. Size. Axis. N -6 Obverse. Rererse. 8-J27 PI. XXIV. 2. Sigloi. 3 bis 86-6 5-61 M -6 & X a 4 86-7 0-6J2 M -75 u PI. XXIV. 3. 5 85-7 5-55 M -6 s © two punch-marks, obscure. 6 85-6 0-55 Al -65 a PL XXIV. 4. 7 85-3 5-53 Al -7 iO §) PI. XXIV. 5. 8 85-3 .5-5.3 M -55 C II 9 84-3 5-i6 M -6 A ^ • 10 85-3 5-53 M -65 © <» cr PI. XXIV. 6. 11 84-1 5-45 M -6 + 1 PL XXIV. 7. 3. 1866. Woodhonse Gift. Sp. G. 18-92. .Y»h(. Chron., 1916, p. 258. 3 his. 1920. F. W. Hasluck Bequest. 4.? 1841. T. Biugon. 5.1917. Presented by Mr. E. S. G. Robinson. From Mr. F. W. Hasluck's hoard. 6, 7- 189-5. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). 8,9. 1916. Presented by Mr. .J. G. Milne. From same rev. die. Xmn. Chron., 1916, p. 2, nos. 2, 3. 10. 1916. Presented by Mr. .T. G. Milne. Ibid, 1916, p. 2, no. 14. 11. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 150 PERSIAN EMPIRE No. 12 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 84-0 5-44 ^ 65 n Q O li and another, obscure. ^M and a cbisel-cut. 13 85-0 5-51 JR -6 PI. XXIV. 8. 14 84-7 5-49 iK -6 st^b. 1 1, and two others, obscure. Two obscure punchmarks on edge. PI. XXIV. 9. 15 84.5 5-48 M -65 Q and a stab. s 16 84-0 5-44 ^ -6 T ^ W() X PI. XXIV. 10. 17 83-0 5-56' ^ ■65 18 80-1 5-19 M -6 If ^ r ^^^^ ^ ^^^^- C f^ ^"^^ ^ third, obscure a CO- PI. XXIV. 11. Group B, ' Xerxes ' Babelon. Kidaris usually low ; beard more flowing. Darics. 19 129-6 8-40 .¥ -6 PI. XXIV. 12. 12. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Ckron., 1914, p. 2o, no. 105. Same rev. die as no. 10. 13. 1840. M. J. Bonell. 14. 1916. Presented by Mr. J. G. Milne. Num. Chron., 1916, p. 2, no. (>. 15. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Chron., 1914, p. 23, no. 100 (?). 16.1895. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). 17.1866. Woodhouse Gift. 18. 1841. T. Burgon. Same rev. die as no. 14. 19. 1866. W<.odhouse Gift. Sp. G. 18-79. Hunkin, Nwn. Chron., 1916, p. 258. PERSIAN EMPIRE 151 No. 20 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 128-8 A^ -65 8-35 PI. XXIV. 13. 21 128-0 8-^9 N -6 1 PI. XXIV. 14. Sigloi. 22 86-1 5-59 M -7 R :: # 1 PI. XXIV. 15. 23 86-0 5-57 M -6 1 PI. XXIV. 16. 23 bis 85-9 5-57 M -65 countermark obscure. 24 85-5 5-54 M -6 4k » 25 85-6 JR -7 r J two chisel-cuts, one large, one 5-5o small. PI. XXIV. 17. 26 85-4 5:53 iR -65 O ° © Q Q stab and two chisel- cuts. 27 85-1 5-51 M 'G 2 stab and three chisel-cuts. 28 85-0 5-51 JR -6 stab. three chisel-cuts. 20. 1906. Parkes Weber Gift. Same rev. die as no. 19. 21. 1853. Sabatier Sale, lot 77.5. 22.1846. M. J. Borrell. 23.1841. T. Burgon, 23 bis. 1920. F. W. Hasluck Bequest. 24. 1917. Presented by Mr. E. S. G. Robinson. From Mr. F. W. Hasluck's hoard. 25-8. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Chron., 1914, pp. 23 f., nos. 106, 129, 123, 121. All from closely similar rev. dies. Cp. rev. of Babelon, Traiie, PI. LXXVI. 5. 152 PEKSIAK E5IPIRE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 29 84-9 5-50 ^ Pi. XXIV. 18. 30 84-5 5-48 M -65 nine chisel-cuts. Pi. XXIV. 19. 31 85-0 5-51 & -G ^ c CD n PL XXIV. 20. 31 84-6 M -65 bis 5-48 32 84-2 5-46 M -65 !? preceding. PERSIAN EMPIRE 155 No. Metal. Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 51 8.3-4 O-40 .li -65 © PI. XXV. 5. 52 84-5 5-48 M -60 y and another, obscure. ^ on edge, obscure punch-mark. PI. XXV. 6. 53 83-7 0-43 ^ -6 PI. XXV. 7. 54 82-3 5-33 M -7 i^ [S and two stabs. ^ @ and another, obscure. PI. XXV. 8. 55 81-5 .11 -6 «:< 1 5-^S PI. XXV. 9. Group B. 'Darius II' Babelon. Slim figure, Avith straight nose, Sigloi. 56 80-8 -j-24 .E .8 PI. XXV. 10. 57 78-2 M -7 1 5-07 PI. XXV. 11. 51. 1844. E. T. Daniell's Executors, From Lyt-ia. Spratt and Forbes, Travels, II, p. 305. Same rev. die as preceding. 52. 1895. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). Same obv. (?) and rev. dies as preceding. 53. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 54. 1900. Presented by Mr. W. W. Simpson. 55.1841. T. Burgon. 56.1909. S. Louisides of Makri 57. 1824. R. Payne Knight. Num. Vet, p. 167. C 1. 156 PERSIAN EMPIRE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Group E. ' Artaxerxes II ' Babelon. Eye in profile, nose short, cheek full, beard long, V- shaped fold in front of kandys. Darics. 58 128-7 N -65 1 8-34 PI. XXV. 12. 59 128-4 N -65 1 8-33 PI. XXV. 13. 60 126-3 8-18 R -65 Group F. Cyrus the Younger (?). Beardless ; kidaris without points (?) ; kandys of rough material. Daric. 61 126-6 8-20 N -65 At side of incuse, mask of bearded and horned Pan 1., incuse. PL XXV. 14 and 14 «. 58. 1915. Gol. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Same rev. die(?) as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVI. 21, 22. 59. About 1845. Capt. Thomas Graves, R.N. Same rev. die as preceding. 60. 1911). Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. From Macridi, 1896. 61. 1874. Rollin and Feuardeiit. Sp. G. 19-07. Head, Lijdia and Persia, PI. I. 17 ; Coins oj the Ancients, III A2; Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVI. 17. Num. Chron., 1916, p. 258. Same dies as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVI. 16. Tlie adjunct on the rev. appears to be an official addition, and not a subsequent punch-mark, since on both the known specimens it is in exactly the same position. Head rightly describes the type of this punch-mark as above, pace Babelon, who turns it on its side, describing it as a boar's head. PERSIAN EMPIRE 157 No. G2 63 04 Wt. Metal. Size. 85-1 M -05 5-51 83-8 M -65 5-4. 84-1 5-45 Obverse Reverse. Group G. Short figure ; large lieiid, square beard, straight nose. /R -65 65 83-G M -65 I 5-42 GO 83-0 M -6 67 83-0 /R -65 5-3S Sigloi. PI. XXV. 15. PL XXV. 16. Groups (H-K) c. 400-333 B.C. Group H. ' Darius II ' Babelon. Short, squat figure ; curls at side of beard ; nose usually aquiline ; V-shaped fold in front of kandys ; fabric ol coin usually small and cir- cular. Sigloi. PI. XXV. 17. Pi. XXV. 18. 62. 1825. Collection of King George III. 63. 1841. T. Burgon. Rev. die similar to no. 62. 64.1825. R. Payne Knight, xVttw. Fe^., p. 167 C 2. 65-7.1845. M. J. Borrell. All from same pair of dies as no. 64. The same dies were used for specimens in Leake (83-7 grs.) and Sir H. Weber (82-7 grs.) Collections; and Delbeke Sale (1907), lot 229, and Jameson, no. 1783, are from same rev. die. t 158 PERSIAN EMPIRE No. 68 Wt. Metal. Size. Obverse. Reverse. 83-8 5-43 M -6 69 82-7 /R -6 5-36 70 83-7 .B -6 PI. XXV. 19. 71 83-5 A{ -G 72 83-2 ifl -55 5-39 73 83-1 .i{ .6 5-3S 74 82-9 /U .65 5-57 .75 82-8 5-37 A^x .65 76 83-0 5-38 M -65 68. 1852. Presented by Baron Behr. 69. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Same dies as no. 68. 70. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. Head, Ltjdia and Persia, PI. I. 25 ; Corns of the Ancients, II A 2. 71, 72. 1845. M. J, Borrell ; 72 is probably from same dies as Ward, no. 822. 72. See Taylor Combe, Vei. P. et R. Num., p. 237, no. 1. 74. 1845. M. J Borrell. Same rev. die as no. 73(?). 75. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Same rev. die as no. 73. 76. 1845. M. J. Borrell. PERSIAN EMPIRE 159 Metal. No. Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Group K. ' Darius III ' Babelon. Darics. High relief ; straight nose ; Pattern of wavy lines in in- long beard. cuse, approximating to that found on later double-darics. 78 129-5 8-39 A^ -7 79 129-2 N -6 1 8-37 PI. XXV. 21. 80 128-9 8-35 N -65 81 128-6 N .65 8-33 PI. XXV. 22. 82 128-5 8-33 N -65 83 128-4 N .65 8-32 PI. XXV. 23. 84 128-4 A^ .65 1 8-32 PI. XXV. 24. 85 128-7 8-34 N .05 78. 1880. Soonder Dass. Same rev. die as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVII. 22, 79. 1816. Earl of Elgin. Same rev. die as no. 78. 80-3. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. All from same rev. die as no. 78. Sp. G. of no. 81 is 19-02 ; of no. 83 is 18-98. 84. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI, I, 1.5 ; Coins of the Ancients, II, A l.Sp. G. 19-04 {Kiim. Chron., 1916, p. 258, note 19), 85. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. 160 PERSIAN KMPIRE No. 86 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. N -6 Obverse. Reverse. 128-4 8-33 PI. XXV. 25. 87 128-6 8-33 N -7 Sigloi. Similar to darics. but relief usually less pronounced. Irregular markings as usual in incuse. 88 85-7 o-5o M -6 89 81-6 o-2f) M -6 90 79-7 M -7 0-16 PI. XXV. 26. 91 79-9 0-18 M -65 Of previous j^roups, too much worn or defaced for classiiication. Sigloi. Nos. 92-100, from Mr. Newell's Find, must be earlier than c. 380 b. c. ; probably all the others, with the exception of no. 101, are also early. 92 84-9 M -65 stab. 1 chisel-cut. 5-50 PI. XXVI. 1. 93 84-6 0-4S M -65 86. 1S41. T. Burgoii. Same rev. die as no. 8.5. 87. 1918. .J. Gorman Ford Bequest, 88.1866. Woodhouse Gift. 89.1841. T. Biirgon. 90. About 184-5. Capt. Thomas Graves, R.N. 91. 1841. T. Burgon. 92-3. 191.5. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Ckron., 1914, pp. 2.S-4, nos. 124 (?), 109. PERSIAN EMPIRE 161 No. 94 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 84-3 5-4(! M •65 four chisel-cuts ; punch-mark obliterated. chisel-cut on edge. 95 83-8 5-43 M •6 P chisel-cut. 96 83-5 5-41 JR •65 ^ three chisel-cuts. 97 83-5 5-41 M •65i( O ^ another obscure, and a cliisel- six chisel-cuts. cut. PI. XXVI. 2. 98 83-2 5-39 M •7 punch-mark obscure. two punch-marks partly ob- literated, and four chisel-cuts. obscure punch-mark on edge. 99 83-2 0-39 M •65 two chisel-cuts. 100 83-0 5-38 Al •65 C © another obscure, and a stab. two punch-marks obliterated, a stab and five chisel-cuts. 101 85-1 u-51 M •G S 102 84-5 5-48 M •6 C ^ o another obscure, and a stab. PL XXVI. 3. 103 83-7 -J -4:2 M • 55 ® another obscure, and a stab. another obscure, and a stab. PL XXVI. 4. 94-100. 191.5. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Chron., 19U, pp. 23-4, nos. 95, 119, 108, 127(?). 126(?), 117, 128. No. 95 is pierced. 101. 1841. T. Burgon 101-3. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 162 PERSIAN EMPIKE No. 104 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Al -65 Obverse. Reverse. 82-5 5-35 © ^ 6 and another, obscure. PL XXVI. 5. 105 82-0 5-31 Ai -75 four cliisel-cuts. e 106 79-8 5-17 M '7 ^ (engraved) two obscure punch-marks. PL XXVI. 6. Lead. 107 105-6 6-84 E -7 Type as on darics or sigloi. Oblong incuse divided into two squares. PL XXVI. 7 108 82-4 5-34 E -75 Similar. Oblong incuse coarsely granu- lated. PL XXVI. 8. 104. 1840. M. J. Borrell. 106-8. 1906. Parkes Weber Gift. Ko. 108 (which is Ijierced) is the piece published by Garrucci in Eev. Num., 1862, p. 408, PI. XV. 4. PERSIAN EMPIRE 163 No. I Wt. 100 no 111 127-7 8-27 Metal. Size. Axis. AI -65 87-9 5-70 85-5 3'o4 Obverse. Reverse. SERIES II. King holding dagger. M -65 t M -65 t Oblong incnse with irregular ground. The Great King in kneeling- running attitude r. ; he is bearded, wears kidaris with dentated top, kaudys, and quiver at shoulder ; holds in outstretched 1. strung bow, and in r. di'awn back a short dagger (akinakes) with arrow- shaped blade ; exergual line (usually oft' the tlan). h^arlier groups (A-D) to about 400 b.c, (The silver usually punch-marked.) Group A. Body without indication of waist. Daric. I PL XXVI. 9. Sigloi. («) With symbols on reverse. Symbol : lion's head PI. XXVI. 10. 109. 1897. Montagu Sale, II, 403. Regling, Sawml. Warren, p. 20-5, must be in error in giving Montagu Sale, II, 403 as the source of his no. 1308. 110. 191(5. Presented by Mr. J. G. Milne. .\u7n. Chron., 1916, p. 3, no. 22. 111. 184-5. M. .J. Borrell. Same rev. die as no. 110. 64 PERSIAN EMPIRE No. 112 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 87-4 5-66 ifl -55 t ^It e PL Symbol: lion's head 1.; punch- marks \^ X and a stab. XXVI. 11. 113 86-0 5-57 M -6 t Symbol : lion's head 1. : punch- marks \^ "^ PI. XXVI. 12. 114 85-8 5-56 /R -55 t Symbol : lion's head 1. 115 84-9 5-rjO M -65 obscure punch-mark and stab. PL XX Symbol : lion's head 1. ; punch- marks ^lJ W and another, obscure. VI. 13. 116 84-7 5-49 JR -6 t PL 1 Symbol : lion's head 1. XXVI. 14. 117 83-4 5-40 M -6 t ■ ■ ■ ■ O and another obscure. J) )) 118 84-5 5-48 M -7 1 PL XX Symbol : lion's head incuse r. ; punch-mark ^^ VI. 15. 119 83-9 5-44 M -55 ^ PL 1 Simiktr symbol. XXVI. 16. 120 85-7 5-55 iR -6 + Symbol : lion's scalp forma- lized ^ ; punch-marks ff\ % Q VI. 17. PL XX 112. 1895. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). 113-14. 1916. Presented by Mr. J. G. Milne. Num. Citron., 1916, p. 3, nos. 32 and 26. 115. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 116. 1916. Presented by Mr. .T. G. Milne. Num. Chron., 1916, p. 3, no. 25. 117. 1845. M. J. Borrell. 118-20. 1916. Presented by Mr. J. G. Blilne. Nwn. Chron., 1916, p. 3, nos. 38, 37, 33. PERSIAN EMPIRE 165 Metal. No. Wt. Size. Obverse. Reverse. 121 Axis. 85-0 M .6 Symbol : lion's scalp ^^, as 5-51 on preceding. PI. XXVI. 18. 122 86-5 5 -GO Ax -6 < § ® » Symbol : lion's scalp more formalized, ^^ PI. XXVI. 19. 123 84-4 5-47 M -6 C Symbol : lion's scalp ^ , as on preceding ; punch-marks O t PI. XXVI. 20. 124 84-9 M -65 s:^ Symbol, ^ 5-50 i PI. XXVI. 21. {b) Without symbols. 125 87-9 5-70 M -6 126 87-1 5-04 Al -6 + fl ^1 and another, obscure. PI. XXVI. 22. 127 86-7 5-6JJ M -65 obscure puncli-mark ; dotted exergual line. n 128 85-3 5 -do A[ -6 g> ©('-««>) ffl s* and another, obscure. on edge, m and another, obscure. 121-3. 1910. Presented by Mr. J. G. Milne. Nnm. Chron., 1916, p. 3, nos. 34. 35, 41. 124. 1895. Gen Houtum Schindler ;from Persia). 125. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 126.1895. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia . 128.1840. M. J. Borrell. 166 PERSIAN EMPIRE No. wt. Metal. 1 Size Obverse. Axis. Reverse. 129 85-0 5-51 Al -65 ^^ and another, obsc ure. W W ^ ® PI. XXVI. 23. 130 85-0 o-ol JR -6 t^ © OSS PI. XXVI. 24. 131 84-9 5-50 M -65 / 132 84-6 M -55 ■^ and stab. chisel-cut. 5-48 on et ge : chisel-cut. 133 84-6 5-48 M -6 ® on edge PI. j obscure puncli-mark. and another, obscure. XXVI. 25. 134 84-4 5-4y Al -6 135 84-4 5-47 M -65 obscure punch-mark. < ^(tvvice) two others, obscure, and a stab. PI. XXVI. 26. 136 84-4 5-47 AX -^b ^ Q ^ and • ^(y) and a stab. 137 84-0 5-44 M -55 r W ^ and another, obscure. 138 ! 83-4 5-40 -H -5 obscure punch- mark. ^ 129. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 130. 1895. Gen. Hontum .Schimller (from Persia). 131, 191(3, Presented by Mr. .J. G. Milne. Num. Chron., 1916, p. 3, no. 20. 132. 1915. Presented by Mr. E, T. Newell, Num. Chron., 19U, p. 25, no. 139(?). 133. 1895- Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). 134. 1916. Presented by Mr. .J. G. Milne. Num. Chron., 1916, p. i, no. 49. 135. 1846. M. -J. Borrell. 136, 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, 137, 138. 1846. M, .J. Borrell, PERSIAN EMPIRE 167 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. A\ .6 Obverse. Reverse. 139 82-7 5-36 small stab. 140 82-7 5-oO Al -65 o • vi/ on edge, Q ^ @ 141 81-9 5-31 M -6 Q and • P^ and another, obscure, and three stabs. 142 81-5 5-J28 Ai -6 Quarter Siglos ? 143 17-0 1-10 M .35 Generally simi ornament 1 PI. XXVI. 27. Group B. lar to Groui3 A (6), but pellets indicating on under sides of sleeves of kandys. Sigloi. 144 86-4 5-60 Al -6 • 145 86-4 5-60 M -65 1 stab and two chisel-cuts ; two punch-marks obliterated. 146 85-4 M -7 5-53 PI. XXVII. 1. 146 85-3 M -6 bis 5-53 1 ! 139. 1894. .Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham Bequest. 140. 184G. M. J. Borrell. 141. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. From Van Lennep, 1898. 142. 1850. Major Henrj' Rawlinson. 143. 1909. S. Louisides of Makri. 144. 184G. M. J. Borrell. 145. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell, mini. Chron., 1914, p. 25, no. lo3(V). 146.1913. C. L. Wooiley (from Syria, probably). 146 bis. 1920. F. W. Hasluck Bequest. 168 PERSIAN EMPIRE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 147 8.-)-2 5-50 Al •G 147 bis 85-0 5-51 M •6 t 147 ter 84-8 0-49 .11 •6 © 148 84-5 5-48 M and two others, obsc ure. < ^ ©(t^vice) ® 149 84-3 5-46 Al •G W P and another, obscure. «9 9 © 150 82-9 M •65 M. ; another, obscure, and two 5-48 stabs. PI. XXVII. 10. 161 83-7 .R -7 1 1 1 5-42 PI. XXVII. 11. 155. 1841. T. Burgon. 156. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 157. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. 158. 1860. Sotheby's Sale, April 3, 1860, lot 178. Capt. Graves's coin. Fellows, Coins of Ancient Lycia, PI. VIII. 2 ; obtained in Lycia (Spratt and Forbes, Travels, II, p. 304). 159. 1845. M. J. Borrell. 160. 1841. T. Burgon. 161. 1832. H. P. Borrell. z 170 PERSIAN EMPIRE No. 162 163 Wt. 83-0 5-38 82-2 5-33 164 81-7 5-39 165 8M 5-J25 166 79-6 0-16 Metal. Size. Axis. M -7 M -65 Al -65 M -6 M -6 167 79-3 5-14 168 78-7 5-10 169 77-4 5-02 R -65 J^ -65 stab Obverse. C3 &i and another, obscure, and two stabs. Reverse. PL XXVII. 12. g PI. XXVII. 13. stab. \^^ and another, obscure. PI. XXVII. 14. stab. ^ PI. XXVII. 15. M .65 2)lated(?) # and two stabs. 162. 1847. Edwards. 163. 1905. J. Hirsch. 164. 1840. Millingen. Pierced. 165. 1860. Sotheby's Sale, April 3, 1860, lot 178. Capt. Graves's coin, Fellows, Coins of Ancient Lycia, PI. VIII. 1 ; obtained in Lycia (Spratt and Forbes, Travels, II, p. 304). 167. 1840. Millingen. 168. 1848. Claude Stewart. 169. 1841. T. Burgon. PERSIAN EMPIRE 171 No. Wt. 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 132-2 8-57 128-0 8-J29 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. A^ -7 84-8 M -6 5-50 84-3 M -65 5-46 83-7 M •6 5-43 83-1 M •6 5-38 82-6 M -6 o'3o Later group : 4th century. Group E. (The silver sometimes punch-marked.) ' Arses ' and ' Darius III ' Babelon. Neat style ; three (sometimes four) annulets on breast of kandys : exergual line plain ; fabric of silver resembling that of Series I, Group H, or Series III. Darics. I PI. XXVII. 16. I PI. XXVII. 17. Sigloi. PI. XXVII. 18. chisel-cut. and stab: annulets ob- scure. PL XXVII. 19. 170. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham Bequest. Attic weight ; therefore later (?). 171. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 16 ; Coins of the Ancients, III, A 1. Same rev. die as Babelon, Traifii, PI. LXXXVII. 20. 172. 1860. G. Christoforo. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 26. 173. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 27. Same dies as Babelon, Traiti, PI. LXXXVII. 19. 174. 1841. T. Burgon. 175. 1848. Claude Stewart. 176. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. From Van Lennep, 1891. 172 PERSIAN EMPIRE No. 177 178 178 bis 179 180 181 182 183 Wt. 82-4 5-34 70-8 4-59 63-7 4-13 Metal. Size. Axis. M -6 M .6 plated Obverse. Reverse. PL XXVII. 20. M -55 only two annulets. plated (?) Of previous groups, too much defaced or worn for classifica- tion ; probably of Group A or A (h). 86-2 M -6 5-69 85-7 5-55 85-5 0-54 82-3 5-33 81-3 5:27 M -6 ^ Sigloi. six chisel-cuts. PI. XXVII. 21. /R 5 M -65 stab. M -7 stab and three chisel-cuts. two chisel-cuts. 177. 1848. Claude Stewart. 178. 1919. Presented by Mr. A. T. Monck-Mason. Stab on rev. 178 bis. 1920. F. W. Hasluck Bequest. 179. 191-5. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Xum Chron., 1914, p. 25, no. 134. 180. 181. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 182. 183. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Xum. Chron., 1914, pp. 24 f., nos. 130(?), 140. PERSIAN EMPIRE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse, Reverse. SERIES III. In fabric nearest to Group H of Series I. Fourth Cent. b.c. King drawing bow. ' Artaxerxes III Ochus ' Babelon, The Great King in kneeling- running attitude r. ; he is bearded, wears kidaris with dentated top, and kandys, and quiver at shoulder, and draws bow ; exergual line plain when visible. Oblong incuse with irre ground. gular One-twelfth Daric. 184 10-7 0-6.9 N .25 ' (incuse nearly square) PI. XXVII. 22. Sigloi. 185 83-4 5-40 M -6 i PI. XXVII. 23. 186 83-3 5-40 M -6 187 82-7 5 •31) M -65 188 82-8 5-37 M. -6 184. 1897. Montagu Sale, II, 403. 2^wn. Chron., 1892, p. 38, PI. III. 12. Hist. Niim.^, p. 827. Probably same rev. die as Berlin specimen, Z. /. y., XXIV, Taf. IV, 5. 185. 1852. Presented by Baron Behr. Head, Ltjdla and Persia, PI. I. 28. 186. 1845. M. J. Borrell. 187. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Same rev. die as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVII. 4. 188. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. 174 PERSIAN EMPIRE Metal. No. Wt. Size. Obvei'se. Reverse, 189 Axis. 82-8 M -55 5-37 190 82-0 Al -6 5-31 PI. XXVII. 24. 191 82-0 5-31 Al -6 obscure punch-mark. 1 on edge, ^ g 192 81-7 5-29 Ai -6 193 82-6 5-35 M -6 194 82-2 5-33 ^ -6 195 79-2 M -6 5-13 189. 1906. Parkes Weber Gift. 190. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Same rev. die as no. 189. 191. 1848. Claude Stewart. Same obv. die as no. 190. 192. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Same dies as no. 191. 193. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham Bequest. Same rev. die as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXYIT. 1. 194. 1845. M. J. Borrell. 195. 1832. H. P. Borrell. PERSIAN EMPIRE 175 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. SERIES IV. Fourth cent b.c. ' Artaxerxes III Oclius ' Babelon. Half-figure of the Great King r., with long jDointed beard, wearing kidaris and kandys ; holds in 1. strung bow, in r. two arrows ; no quiver at shoulder. Oblong incuse of usual form. Sigloi. 196 83-1 0-38 M -6 197 82-2 5-33 M -65 on edge, y PI. XXVII. 25. 198 82-4 5-34 JR -6 i PL XXVII. 26. 199 79-4 5-15 .K .6 chisel-cut. 196. 18.52. Presented by Baron Behr. 197. 1852, H. P. Borrell Sale, lot 437. Same rev. die as no. 196. 198. 1848. Claude Stewart. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 29 ; Coins of the Ancients, III, A .3. Same ,?) rev. die as Babelon, Tral''', PI. LXXXVII. 6. ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST Coins struck by Alexander's governors and successors, but not bearing bis name. Usually attributed to the mint of Babylon. No. ; Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Revei-se. Circa 331-300 B.C. Gold double darics. 1 2541 16-47 N -75 Persian king, bearded, in kneeling-running attitude r. ; wears kidaris with four points and gii'dled kandys ; liolds in 1. strung bow, in r. dagger. Oblong incuse impression filled with irregular markings. PL XX. 1. Persian king, bearded, in kneeling-running attitude r. ; wears kidaris and kandys, and quiver over shoulder ; holds in r. strung bow, in 1. apple - butted spear over shoulder. Incuse impression, more or less elliptical in outline, filled with wavy horizontal mark- ings. 2 257-3 16-67 S -7 four points to kidaris ; tassel to quiver ; under r. elbow, wreath ; in field r. M PL XX. 2. 1. 188S. Sir Alex. Cunningham. J. A. S.B.. 1881, PI. XII. 3 and XVII. 1 (from the Oxus Find). 2. 1877. Bank of England Gift. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 18 ; Coins of the Ancients, IV, A. 1 ; Num. Chron., 1904, PI. I. U. Same obv. die as Babelon, Perses Ach.. PI. IL 17. ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST 177 No. Wt. 258-8 16-77 257-3 16-67 257-8 16-71 257-1 16-66 256-4 16-61 Metal, Size. Axis. M -7; N -8 N -7 ^^. 7 N -75 Obverse. five points to kidaris ; in field five points to kidaris I. l Reverse. depression down middle of incuse, markings straighter tlian usual. PI. XX. 3. in field depression down middle of incuse ; markings similar to preceding. PI. XX. 4. five points to kidaris : butt of depression down middle of spear not apple-shaped ; in incuse, field 1. ^ and satrapal tiara. i hammered edge. PI. XX. 5. three point> field 1. p(^ to kidaris ; in markings assume form of two trapezoids, each with two parallel sides, divided up the one by two the other by three bars. PI. XX. 6. four points to kidaris ; in field markings assume form of two 1 ii 1 1 li. - 1 i. 1 ^ horns proiecting inwards at 1. thunderbolt upright and * . \ ^ \^ i - ^\^^ ^ ^ A top and bottom, and m middle ! two square enclosures filled with irregular markings. hammered edge. PI. XX. 7. 3. 1897. H. Montagu. Sale CataL, II, lot 402, Num. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 8. 4. 1919. Spink. (Sir H. Weber Collection.) Purchased bj- Sir H. Weber from Eollin and Feuardent in 189.5. Apparently identical with the specimen previously stated (it would seem erroneously) to be in the Hague Collection {Z.f. K., Ill, Taf. IX. 14 ; Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 22). 5. 1890. Lambros. Kwn. Chron., 1891, p. 133, PI. IV. 19 ; 1904, PI. III. 11 ; 1906, PI. I. 1. 6. 1879. Chanda Mall of Kawal Pindi. Xuni. Chron., 1904, PL III. 18 : 1906, PI. I. 2. Same(?) obv. die as Babelon, Perses Acli., PI. 11. 18. 7. 1881. Chanda Mall of Eawal Pindi. Kinn. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 10. A a 178 ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST No. wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. The following are for the most part of ruder workmanship, and were perhaps made farther East than Babylon. 8 254-7 16-50 N -8 , form of kidaris UDcertain ; in design in incuse as on nos. ' field r. uncertain signs. 3-5. edge rounded. PI. XX. 8. 9 ! 253-3 16-41 N -7 kidaris off the flan ; in field 1. club downw^ards. similar to preceding, but de-- sign tends to take form of horns above and below with enclosures containing mark- ings in middle, as on no. 7. hammeied edge. PL XX. 9. 10 257-4 N -7 kidaris off the flan; in field I. Similar to preceding. 16-68 ^ and, below r. elbow, wreath. hammered edge. PI. XX. 10. 11 254-5 16-49 N -8 six points to kidaris, no quiver; Design with horns and rounded . ^ , 1 , T , 1 enclosures containing irregular m field I. ^: work less bar- ^^^^^j^.^^^^ barous. I edge rounded. PI. XX. 11. 8. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 9. 1880. Soonder Dass of Rawal Pindi. 2\um. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 15. 10. ISSl. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. Num. Chron., 1901, PI. III. 9. 11. 1881. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pmdi. Xum. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 12. Authenticity extremely doubtful. ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST 179 Ino. 12 1 \vt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obvex'se. Reverse. 2G2-5 17-01 PJ .8 four points to kidaris ; no quiver : in tield 1., downwards. <$TA ; below, MNA ; on r. 4> A Similar to preceding. hammered edge. PI. XX. 12. 13 254-6 10-30 .V -7 six points to kidaris ; in field 1 ^ Similar to preceding. hammered edge. PL XX. 13. 12. 1881. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. Head, Hist. Nnm.\ p. 700. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. II. 5 ; 1906, p. 5. Same dies ;is the W. Rome spedmen 'Sale Catal., 1904, no. 75), which shows the first letters to be $$TA- 13. 1881. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. Num. Chron, 1904, PI. III. 12 ; 1906, PL L 3. 180 ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 265-2 17-18 M -95 264-2 17-12 M 1-0 / Obverse, Reverse. Mazaeus, Governor for Alexander the Great, 331-328 B.C. Silver of Euboic Attic-Standard. Tetradrachms. Ba'al-Tars seated 1. on seat without back and with dotted rung ; he is bearded (?), and wears himation over 1. shoulder and from waist down- wards ; his legs are represented parallel ; r. rests on dotted sceptre, 1. on his hip ; inscr. on r., above, \Hvk^^ (nnSy^) ; border of dots, border off the tlan. Lion walking 1., tail curling behind ; above, inscr. (^*lTlb) j plain border. ; beside r. hind foot I ; on r. hand portion of exergual line, club, handle to r. ; border off the flan. chisel-cut. PI. XX. 14. PL XX. 15. in ex., wreath. 1. 1897. H. Montagu {Sale Catal, II, lot 306). Num Chron., 1904, PI. I. 2. 2. 1838. Warmington. Head, Coins of ike Ancients, IV A 34. Num. Chron., 1884, PI. VI. 6 ; 1904, PI. I. 4. Same obv. die as Babelon, Perses Ach., PI. VI. 21. ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OP THE EAST 181 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 255-6 16-56 254-7 16-50 252-8 16-38 M -85 M -9 vJll-0 Obverse. Reverse. Successors of Mazaeus. 328/7-323 : Stamenes 323-321 : Archon 321-317: Seleucus. 317-311 : Peithon (for Antigonus) 31 1-306 : Seleucus (before assumption of regal title). For silver in the name of Alexander III and Philip III probably struck at Babylon during this period, see Imhoof- Blumer, Num. Zeit, 1895, Pi. I. 3-5, 13-16 ; II. 15. Silver of Euboic-Attic Standard. Tetradraehms. Ba al seated 1. on seat without back; he is beardless (?) and wears himation over 1. shoulder and from waist downwards ; his legs are represented parallel; r. rests on dotted sceptre, 1. on his hip ; border of dots. Lion walking, tail behind. curlinf type r. PI. XX. 16. no symbol visible. I type 1. ; above, spear-head 1. PI. XX. 17. Ba'al as on preceding coins, but himation covers 1. fore- arm, not shoulder, and 1. hand rests on seat, without rung ; border of dots. Lion walking 1., tail curling behind ; above, spear-head 1. ; in ex., I ; border of dots. PL XXI. 1. 3. 1904. Presented by Sir H. Howorth. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 10. 4. 1904. Presented by Sir H. Howorth. 5. 1840. R. Steuart. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 9, II. 8. The rougli surface of this coin, which at first sight suggests casting, may be due to the use of acid in cleaning. 182 ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Hemiobol. 6 10-6 0-69 Ai -35 Baal as on iDrecediug tetra- draclim ; border of dots. Lion walking r., tail curling behind ; above, spear-head r. PI. XXI. 4. Later style. («) Without letters or symbols. Tetradrachm. 7 259-3 IG-SO AihO Ba'al-Tars seated 1. on seat without back, with one rung ; he is bearded, and nude to waist ; r. leg is drawn back, r. hand resets on sceptre, 1. on seat ; inscr. on r., above, iyilwS (nnSy!l); traces of border of dots. Lion walking 1., tail curling behind ; plain linear border. Pi. XXI. 2. Drachm. 8 58-5 5-7.9 /H -65 Similar type ; no inscr. ; bor- der of dots. Lion walking 1., tail between legs ; border of dots. PI. XXI. 3. Hemiobols or smaller denominations. Baal seated r. on seat without back or rung, nude to waist, r. resting on sceptre, in ex- tended 1. eagle 1. ; 1. leg drawn back ; border of dots. Lion walking 1. ; border of dots. 9 11-4 0-74 /K -35 position of tail obscure. 6. 1840. R. Steuart. 'Num. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 11. 7. 1904. Rollin and Feuardent. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. II. 6. 8. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest. Num. Vet., p. 135(D) 5. The upper part of the design on the reverse is off the flan ; it is possible that there may have been a symbol above the limi. 9. 1866. Hooper & Co. (with Parthian, Persian and other Oriental coins). ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST 183 No. 10 12 13 14 15 16 Wt. 8-4 0-54 11 I 7-7 0-50 6-8 0-44 5-4 0-35 10-4 0-67 6-3 10-3 Metal. Size Axis. Al -35 / M -35 ^ -3 Obverse. Reverse. tail between legs. tail betAveen legs (?) PI. XXI. 5. PI. XXI. 6. M. -3 eagle off the flan ; r. hand on I type r., tail waving behind, seat instead of holding scep- tre (?). I PI. XXI. 7. (6) Symbol ; Spear-head. Hemiobols. Si -35 f M -35 M -35 Ba'al seated I. as on no. 5, but with legs crossed ; border of dots. Lion walking 1., tail waving behind: above, spear-head 1.; border of dots. PI. XXI. 8. Ba'al seated 1. as on nos. 7, 8 ; Lion walking I., tail not visi- sceptre not visible, seat with- > ble ; above, spear-head 1. out rung ; border of dots. \ PI. XXI. 9. 10, 11. 1850. Major Rawlinson (with Parthian and Sassanian coins, and the Alexander decadrachm which was found at Babylon). 12. 1919. Spink, Sir H. Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1893. 13. 1894. Dr. C. Macridi. 14. 1913. M. ^Plver (from Persia). Pierced and broken. 15. 1895. Lincoln. 16. 1890. Presented by- Col. Miles. 184 ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST No. Wt. 261-3 16-93 17 261-7 16-96 259-3 16-80 19 20 Metal. Size. Axis. iRl-05 118-4 7-67 .11 -9 ■f Jll-05 ,il -55 260-3 16-87 Obverse. Reverse. {h bis) Letters (^ and A. Tetradrachm. Ba'al seated 1. as on no. 7. Lion walking nude to waist, r. leg drawn behind ; in ex. back, 1. hand on seat which dots, has no rung ; below seat [^ ; border of dots. PI. XLVIII. 8. (c) Letter A. Tetradraehms. ., tail waving A ; border of Ba'al seated 1. as on no. 7, nude to waist, r. leg drawn back, 1. hand on seat, which has no rung ; border of dots Lion walking 1., tail waving behind : above, A ; border of dots. PL XXI. 10. obv. almost obliterated. Didrachm. M -85 Ba'al seated 1. as on tetra- draehms ; seat has dotted rung ; border, if any, off the flan. Lion walking 1., tail showing between legs ; above, A ; bor- der, if any, off the flan. PI. XXI. 11. (d) Symbol: Bee. Tetradrachm. Ba'al seated 1. as on no. 17 border, if any, off the flan. Lion walking 1., tip of tail showing between legs ; above, bee ; border of dots. PL XXI. 12. 16 bis. 1920. Presented by Messrs. Spink & Son. Re-struck on another coin. 17. 1850. Max. Borrell. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 17. 18. 1850. Major Henry Rawlinson. 19.1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1894. 20.1904. Presented by Sir H. Howorth. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 15. ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OP THE EAST 185 No. Metal. Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. {e) Symbol : Rose in wreath. Tetradraehm. 21 262-7 17-02 M -85 \ Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ; sceptre and rung of seat dotted ; border of dots. Lion -walking 1., tip of tail showing between legs ; above, rose in wreath ; below, off the flan, 1/^ ; border of dots. PI. XXI. 13. (/) Letters:' M, AY, ^ Tetradrachms. Ba'al seated 1. as on iDreceding ; border of dots. Lion walking 1., tail between legs ; border of dots. 22 261-4 16-94 M -9 PI. x:j aboA'e, AY a. 14. 23 252-4 16-36 M -9 above, AY 24 248-5 16-10 ^Pt -9 in field 1., AA above, AY PL XXI. 15. 25 255-6 16-56 M -9 in field 1., ^ PL x: above, y ; in ex. M (?) ^1. 16. Drachms. Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ; in field 1., M ; border of dots. Lion walking 1., head reverted, tail waving above his back ; border of dots. 26 64-6 4-19 iR -65 PL x: in ex /^ il. 17. 21. 1904. Presented by Sir H. Howorth. Same rev. die as Mr. E. T. Newell's specimen. 22. 1896. H. Montagu. Sale Catal., I, lot 669; Xum. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 3. 23. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest. Num. Vet., p. 134 (B)l. 24. 1914. E. Chachati of Aleppo. 25. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1900. 26. See T. Combe, Vet. Po2). et Reg. Num., p. 243, no. 17; yum. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 5. B b 186 ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 27 64-4 4-17 M -05 \ in ex. /^ 28 59-6 3-86 Ai -6 >> 29 62-7 4-06 M -65 PL XXI. 18. {g) Letters: ffl, Ml, &c. Tetradraehms. Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ; border of dots. Lion walking 1., tail between legs ; border of dots. 30 229-0 14-84 M -8 uncertain letter behind seat ? above, fff PI. XXI. 19. 31 252-5 16-36 M -9 above, traces of monogram f^{?) ; in ex. Ml PL XXI. 20. Drachm. 32 59-4 3-85 M -6 Similar to preceding. Lion walking 1., tail between legs ; above, Avreath ; in ex. Ml and uncertain object. PI. XXI. 21. 27. 1832. H. P. Borrell. Same obv. die as no. 26. 28. 1901. Van Lennep. Same(?) dies as Babelon, Perses Ach., PI. VII. 10. 29. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from Spink, 1890. 30.1914. E. Chachati of Aleppo. 32.1824. R.Payne Knight Bequest. Num. Vet., p. 135(D) 6. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 6. ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST 187 No. 33 34 35 36 37 38 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 39 247-1 16-01 244-1 15-82 261-2 16-93 252-4 16-36 248-4 16-10 243-1 15-75 Ai -95 M -85 / Obverse. Reverse. {h) Letter: T Tetradraehm. Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ; border of dots. in field 1., bee upwards. Lion walking 1., tail between legs ; above, V ; border of dots. in field 1., hammer. 255-9 16-58 M .9 in field 1., T) (fork?). iRl-05 \ M -85 ^^ A\ 1-0 M -9 PI. XXI. 22. PI. XXII. 1. PL XXII. 2. PL XXII. 3. {i) Symbol : Pentalpha. Struck by Seleucus I, 321-316 B.C. (?). Tetradrachms. Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ; border of dots. Lion walking 1., tail between legs ; above, pentalpha -^ ; border of dots. 33.1914. E. Chachati of Aleppo. 34.1918. Glendining Sale, 19. ix. 1918, lot 121. 35. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1893. The same symbol occurs on Alexandrines of ' Babylonian ' style. 36. 1866. Woodhouse Bequest. 37. 1840. R. Steuart. mim. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 14. 38. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest. Num. Vet., p. 134 (B) 2. 39. Bank of England Gift. ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THi: EAST No. 40 Wt Metal. Size, Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 252-8 16-38 M -8 \ border off tlie tian. 41 213-1 13-81 M .85 plated \?) 1 PL XXII. 4. {j) Letters: P Tetradraehms of Oiuental workmanship. Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding coins, but of rude style ; be- neath seat, W ; in field 1., letters ; border of dots. Lion walking 1., tail between legs ; border of dots. 42 249-3 16-15 M -9 P PL XXII. 5. 42 bis 249-3 16-15 M -85 t p {k) Symbols : Anchor, horned horse's head r. Struck by Seleucus I, 312-306 B.C. Tetradraehms. Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding coins ; border of dots. Lion walking 1., tail between legs : above, anchor with curved stock ; border of dots. 43 259-7 16-S3 M -95 t two rungs to seat. PL X3 tll. 6. 44 254-5 16-49 \ )) >> anchor erased. 40.1866. Woodhouse Request. 41. 1904. PresentedbySir H. Howorth. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 20. 42. 1881. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. IIL 13. 42 bis. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. This coin, the metal of which is base, has split ill half owing to lamination. A similar tendency to lamination is perceptible in other coins of this series- 43. 1866. Woodhouse Bequest. Same rev. die as M'^Clean specimen of 246-3 grs. 44. 1841. L. Strange (with Parthian, &c.. coins). Nmn. Chron., 1904, PI. II. 7. ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST 189 No. 45 46 47 47 bis 48 49 50 51 Wt. 242-8 15-73 241-5 15-65 236-7 15-34 217-7 57-9 3-75 30-5 27-2 1-70 255-9 Metal. Size. Axis. ^R -85 / \ iIll-0 JR\-0 I .11 -6 l^ .5 M Obverse. two ruDO's to seat. M -95 Reverse. Drachm, Similar to preceding tetra drachms. Similar to preceding. Lion Avalkingl.jhead reverted, tail between legs ; above, anchor as on preceding ; be- neath exergual line, •• ••; border, if any, off the flan. PI. XXII. 7. Hemidraehms. I Similar type and symbol to I preceding ; border of dots. PI. XXII. 8. one rung to seat. Similar to preceding, but only] Lion walking r., head reverted, tail between legs ; above, anchor as on preceding ; bor- der of dots. Pi. XXII. 9. Tetradrachm. Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding tetradrachms, but only one rung to seat ; in field I., head of horned horse r,; border of dots. Lion walking 1., tail between legs ; above, anchor with straight stock; in ex. Al; border of dots. PI. XXII. 10. 45. 1914. E. Chacliati of Aleppo. Same obv. die as M'^Clean specimen of 241-4 grs. 46. Perhaps a cast. 47. Broken. 47 fe^s. 1920. Presented by G. P. Churchill, Esq. In spite of its low Aveight, there is no doubt of the genuineness of this coin. 48. 1832. H, P, Borrell, 51. 1888, Sir Alex. Cunningham. 190 ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST No. 52 63 54 55 56 57 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 97-2 6-30 •65 96-4 Lii -7 6-25 I t 30-9 3-00 M -5 250-7 M -95 258-2 M -95 255-6 16-56 M -95 / Obverse. Reverse. Didrachms (?) Similar type and symbol to preceding ; border of dots. PL XXII. 12. border obliterated. Lion walking L, tail between legs ; above, anchor as on preceding ; in ex., monogram ; border of dots. monogram off the flan. monogram ^ PL XXII. 13. Hemidrachm. Similar type, symbol, and bor- 1 Similar to preceding ; in ex., der to preceding. A' ; border, if any, off the flan PL XXII. 11. Tetradraehms. Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding Lion walking I., tail between tetradrachm ; border of dots. ' legs ; above, anchor with ring at both ends and curved stock, and P : in ex., monogram ^ ; border of dots. crescent to r. of mon. in ex. PL XXII. 14. >|c to r. of mon. in ex. PI. XXII. 15. test-hole. ivy-leaf to 1. of mon. in ex. 52. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from the Montagu Sale, II, lot 307. 53. 189-5. Lincoln. 54, 55. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 56. Same obv. die as no. 55. Perhaps a cast. 57. From Sir Henry Eawlinson. Obtained at Khiva. Same rev. and obv. (?) dies as M'^Clean specimen. ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST 191 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. M, -95 Obverse. Reverse. 58 252-5 16-36 pointed leaf to r. of mon. in ex. PI. XXII. 16. 59 233-9 15-16 M -9 t 60 235-8 15-38 M -95 Similar to preceding. Similar type to preceding ; anchor has no ring at bottom end ; n ; in ex. /\ and ivy- leaf; border of dots. PI. XXII. 17. Decadraehm . 61 651-3 42-20 .ill-55 Horseman, wearing cuiras?, charging r. with lance couched an enemy who is mounted on an elephant ; the enemy is nude to the waist, bearded, and wears a tall head-dress ; on the elephant's neck is seated thedriver (bearded?), who turns back, raising his r. hand (to throw a missile ?) ; border of dots. Alexander the Great, standing to front, head 1. ; he wears Persian head-dress, cuirass, cloak hanging from shoulders, and sword at waist ; in ex- tended r. thunderbolt ; 1. rests on spear; in field 1., /^^ ; concave field. PL XXII. 18. Seleucus I. New types, shortly before 306 B.C. Gold. Weight of double daric. 62 255-8 16-58 K -95 Head of Alexander r., wear- ing elephant-scalp head-dress; border of dots. Nike standing 1., holding in I. naval standard, in out- stretched r. wreath ; in field 1., head of horned horse r. and Al PI. XXIII. 1. 58.1919. Spink. Sir H.Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1892. 59.1881. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. 60. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1897. 61. 1887. Presented by Sir A. W. Franks, found at KliuUum. Bokhara. Num. Chion., 1887, p. 177, PI. VII. 1 ; 1906, p. 9, PI. I. S. 62. 1879. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. 192 ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OP THE EAST No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Euboic-Attic didraclim. 63 132-8 8-61 M -65 t Similar head r. and border. Nike standing 1., holding in 1. shaft of naval standard (?), in outstretched r. wreath ; in | field 1., head of horned liorse r. and ,:.\l Silver. Euboic-Attic tetradrachm. 64 257-2 16-67 M -85 / Head of Zeu?. r., laureate, bearded ; border of dots. Elephant walking r. with trunk raised ; above, spear- head r. ; in ex. A, to 1. of whicli uncertain object or letter ; border of dots. PI. XXIII. 3. For bronze coins contemporary with the above, but inscribed AAEZANAPOY {ohv. Head of Alexander in elephant-skin r., rev. Nike 1. or anchor), see Babelon, Perses Achem., p. v, and Introduction to this Catcdoyue. 1 63. 1884. Col. R. S. Simonds (with Indo-Seleucid coins). Same dies as Jameson, 1781 (a distater). Authenticity extremely doubtful. Published by Svoronos, No/u. IItoA.., PI. I. 31 as bronze. 64. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest. Nimi. Vet, p. 175 (A). 10. NORTH-EASTERN PERSIA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. ANDRAGORAS. Late Fourth — Third century b.c. Gold Stater. Bust r. of a Zeus-like deity, with long hair, waved, and beard ; wears plain taenia and robe ; behind, i^ In a chariot drawn r. by four prancing horned horses, male figure in armour, accompanied by Nike, who drives the horses, holding goad in r. ; inscr. inex. 1 131-9 N .7 ANAPAroproY] 8-55 1 PI. XXVIII. 1. 2 131-5 8-52 M -75 [ANJAP.Aropoy in field r. ,•, Silver tetradi'achms. Bust of goddess r., wearing turreted crown, with stepped battlements; hair rolled; ear- ring and necklace ; behind, same monogram as on no. 1 ; border of dots. ANAPAropOY on r. down- wards. Athena, wearins: crested helmet, long chiton, and mantle, standing 1. ; holds in outstretched r. an owl, rests 1. on shield with gorgo- neion device ; behind her, her spear point dow^nwards, slant- ing ; border of dots. 3 255-6 16-56 A\ 115 1 PI. XX^ (slightly concave field) l^III. 2. 4 252-4 16-36 ^ -95 1 1 (border off the flan) PI. XXVIII. 3. 1. 1879. Chanda Mall. From the Oxus Find. Num. Chron., 1879, p. 1, PI. I. ]. B. M. C. Greek and Sctjthic Kings, p. 1, no. 1, PI. I. 1. For other references, see IntroductioE . 2. 1888. Sir A. Cunningham. Num. Chron., 1879, p. 1. Atii e Mem. delV Istituto Ital. di Num., Ill, 1919, Tav. X. 5 (obv.) and 3 (rev.). 3. 1881. Presented by (Sir) A. W. Franks;. From the Oxus Find and Chanda Mall. Num. Chron., 1881, p. 8. B. M. C. loc. dt., p. 1, no. 2, PI. I. 2. For other references, see Introduction. 4. 1888. Sir A. Cunningham. From the Oxus Find. See Introduction. C C 194 NORTH-EASTERN PERSIA Metal. No. Wt. Size. Obverse. Reverse. Axis. 1 VAHSUVAR (?). Late Fourth or Early Third Century. Gold Staters. 1 132-5 N -8 Head of Atheca r., wearing Nike standing 1., holding 8-59 t crested Athenian helmet ; hair in ringlets on neck ; below neck, oar; field slightly con- cave. wreath in r., wand with trifid head in 1. ; in field 1. ^, r. ni-^m (niiK'm); fiew slightly concave. PL XXVIII. 4. 2 135-6 A^ -8 Male bust r., with moustache, Male figure, wearing same 8-79 \ wearing kyrbasia, tied with diadem (ends of which not shown) and with flap brought forward to cover chin ; dress with raised seam marking shoulder and under-garment with pleated front ; behind, upwards, ^lA^-| (? nini*i). head-dress as on obv. (but ends of diadem shown) and arm-guards ; he drives four- horse chariot r., holding goad in r. ; Avheel of chariot is studded round the tyre ; in ex. ivoi (?1tJ^m); fieldslightly concave. PL XXVIII. 6. 1. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest. Num. Vet, p. 83 A 5. Num. Chron., 1879, p. 4. 2 ; PI. L 3. J.A.S.B., 1881, PI. XVII. 8. Serrure's Bull, de Num., 1900, p. 95. Cor. Num., p. 77. 2. 1879. Chanda Mall. Nimu Chron., 1879, p. 4. 1, PI. I. 2. J. A. S. B., 1881, PI. XVII. 7. Head, Coins of the Ancients, IV, A 15. Serrure's Bull, de Num., 1900, p. 95. Cor. Num., p. 77. PERSIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 255-9 16-58 M M t Obverse. Reverse. FIRST SERIES. Third cent, b, c. Bagadat. Silver.' Tetradraehms. Head r. of Bagadat, with moustache and close-cropped beard ; taenia showing on forehead ; wears satrapal head- dress (kyrbasia) with double tie behind, and flaps fastened over top ; ear-ring in ear ; border of dots. Bagadat seated 1. on throne with back ; wears head-dress as on obv. ; long over- garment with false sleeves and arm-guards ; holds in r. a long sceptre, in 1. a flower (?) ; planted before him, standard with ^ decoration and hang- ing tassels ; inscr. on r. down- wards and on 1. upwards, ^> r. border of dots ; concave field. PI. XXVIII. 7. ^ All the coins of Persis being of silver, the metal is not mentioned hereafter except in the metal column. 1. 1854. Capt. Jones, H.E.I.C.S. (from Baghdadi. Num. Chron., 1856, p. 145, fig. 7. Z. D.M. G., 1867, p. 425, Taf. I. 2. Z.f. N., IV, p. 157, no. 3. Cor. Num., p. 79, PI. III. 2. 196 PERSIS No. 2 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 260-7 iRM5 Similar to preceding. Fire-temple, with double 16-89 panelled doors, podium, pilas- ters, and architrave; above, three battlements, each with two horns ; on 1., Bagadat, in head-dress and long garment as on preceding, standing r., r. raised in adoration ; on r., standard as on preceding ; inscr., on r. downwards and in ex, '{!.^'^i>^^'{'l ex. ;-)l^^ r. (- - n xnnns nnv:i) inscr on 1., if any, off the flan ; border of dots ; concave field. PI. XXVIII. 8. Hemidrachm. 3 25-9 1-68 M -55 / Similar to preceding ; border. plain (?) Similar type to preceding ; inscr., on r. between standard and temple, ^^~ ; outside, obliterated ; in ex. njk'^ ornament. PL XXIX. 6. 1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection ; slightly double-struck on rev. 2. 1856. Presented by J. G. Lumsden, Bombay Civil Service. Thomas, Num. Chron., 1866, p. 246. Levy, Z.D.M.G., 1867, pp. 426, 435, Taf. I. 9b; Mordtmann, Z.f.N., IV, p. 163, no. 22; Cor. Num., p. 89, no. 28. Struck over a tetradracbm of Alexandrine types. This, not Z. D.M. G., I. 1, is the re-struck coin mentioned by Thomas, Athenaeum, 1866, p. 4037. PEBSIS 201 Metal. No. Wt. Size. Obverse. Reverse, Axis. 411.25 3 259-7 Similar to preceding; border, Fire-temple surmounted by 16-83 \ if any, oft" the flan. stepped battlements ; above it, half-figure of Ahuramazda 1., hovering ; on 1., Autophra- dates with bow as on pre- ceding coins ; behind him a Nike r., placing wreath on his head ; on r. standard with tassels and ornament of eight- pointed star ; inscr. ^v^S!S>^1 in ex., vnnM onr. (-nSfl") ^"lirnS)) ; border, if any, oft' the flan. PI. XXIX. 7. Drachm. 4 64.3 JR .9 Similar to no. 1. Fire-temple with Ahuramazda, 4-17 t Autophradates, and standard all as on no. 1 (detail of standard blurred) ; inscr. -tsu'?^-. on 1., upwards *t.*^Tf^'7'^ in ex. eTlhl °" ^■•> downwards (x^n^x n K^nnns -ins^ni) border of dots. ^^ PI. XXIX. 8. Hemidrachm. 5 28-6 H -55 Similar to no. 1 ; border, if Similar to preceding : standard 1-85 \ any, off the flan. adorned with ^ ; inscr. on 1. off the flan; i -ylfi^^n.' in ex.; •=t^ ^1. °"^-- [connrins (?)i-i: con:)] border of dots. PL XXIX. 9. 3. 1874. Rollin and Feuardent. Same rev. die as C(yr. Num., p. 86, no. 18. The other specimen of this coin in the British Museum published by Levy, Z. D. M. G,, 1867, Taf. I. 10 is a cast. 4. 1854. Jones. Nutn. Chron., 1856, p. 145, fig. 8. Levy, Z. D.M. G., 1867, Taf. L 3. Mordtmann, Z./. A'., IV, p. 160. 12. Fuye, Co/. .A'zon., p. 86, no. 15. Re-struck on another coin. 5. 1890. Presented by Col. Miles. Dd 202 PERSIS No. Wt. 250-2 16-21 Metal. Size. Axis. ■65-0 JR .7 4-21 \ Obverse. Reverse. UNCERTAIN RULERS OF THE FIRST SERIES. Tetradrachm. Head r. as on coins of Auto- phradates ; ear-ring not visi- ble ; on neck, three pellets ; border of dots nearly obliter- ated. Fire-temple surmounted by altars and figure of Ahura- mazda ; on 1. figure of Auto- phradates (?) with bow, on r. standard with tassels (orna- ment obliterated) ; border not struck up ; inscr. entirely ob- literated or not struck up. PI XXIX. 10. Drachms. Head on drachms of j Fire-temple surmounted by Oborzos or Artaxerxes I ; bor- der of dots. altars ; on 1. figure of ruler r., hand raised in adoration ; on r., standard with ^ orna- ment ; inscr. on r., down- wards, n) t^ ; in ex. off the flan ; on 1., upwards, ^ o iy^^ ; bor- der of dots. PL XXIX. 11. 63-0 4-08 M -75 Similar to preceding ; before head, graffito ^ 'f>:5 (m^l) Similar fire- temple surmounted by altars ; above, figure of Ahuramazda ; on 1. figure of ruler r., as on preceding ; on r. similar standard ; inscrip- tions very obscure, except ^ _y between ruler and temple. PL XXIX. 12. 1. 1867. Gen. Cunningham. 2, 3. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. Both piiljlished by Allotte de la Fuye, op. cit., p. 87, no. 21, and p. 89, no. 25. No. 3 re-struck on Seleucid (?) drachm. PERSIS 203 No. 4 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 59-9 3-88 M .64 t Similar head r. ; border dots. of Similar fire-temple surmounted by altars ; on 1. figure of ruler r., hand raised in adoration ; on r. standard obliterated ; inscr. and border oft" the flan. 5 ■55-.3 3-58 M -7 Similar to preceding. Similar fire-temple ; on 1. similar figure of ruler ; on r. standard with ^ ornament ; inscr. on 1. off the flan ; in ex. ft);?i!;:;A; on r. down- wards, D^ ^ ; border of dots. PI. XXIX. 13. 6 53-9 3-49 M .7 Similar to preceding. Similar type to preceding, but standard off the flan ; inscr., on I. downwards, .;v:fsivsx-. , in ex. a^-^*^^?, on r. downwards, isi<^'j(»'(| ([^]TN*::nntsj) ' border of dots. PI. XXIX. 14. 4. 1874. RoUin and Feuardent. by Sir E. Grant Duff, K.C.M.G. 5. 1852. Merewether. 6. 1917. Presented 204 PERSIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. SECOND SERIES. about 150-100 B.C. Dakius (?). Group A. With eagle on head-dress. Uninscribed. Tetradrachm. 1 254-1 16-47 .11 1-0 Head of ruler r., with close- cropped beard, wearing circu- lar ear-ring, and kyrbasia with neck-piece but without side lappets, bound with diadem tied at back ; on top of head- dress eagle to front, wings spread ; border of dots. Fire-temple, with double panelled doors, podium, pilasters, and architrave, sur- mounted by stepped battle- ments ; above it, Ahuramazda hovering 1. ; on 1. ruler with head-dress as on obverse, stands r., r. raised in adora- tion ; on r. bird perched 1. on standard with ^ ornament and tassels. V PL XXX. 1. Drachms. Head of ruler r., all as on pre- ceding ; usually border of dots. Fire-temple with Ahuramaz- da,i ruler, bird on standard, all as on preceding. 2 63-8 4-13 M -65 t neat style. (horizontal lines of panels omitted ; Ahuramazda to r.) PI. XXX. 2. 3 63-3 4-10 M -7 neat style. (horizontal lines of panels omitted ; Ahuramazda to r.) / PI. XXX. 3. ^ On some specimens the position of the god, whether r. or 1., is not to be made out. 1.1872. Wigan Collection. 2.1882. Presented by Dr. H. Weber. 3.1850. M. E. Treeve. Same rev. die as no. 2. PERSIS 205 No. Wt. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 63-7 4-13 63-7 4-13 63-3 4-10 63-0 4-08 62-8 4-07 62-5 4-05 62-3 4-04 62-2 4-03 61-9 4-M 61-9 4-01 61-9 4-W 61-0 58-1 0-/0 Metal. Size. Axis. -U -65 >^ M -7 t iR .7 M -7 -^ .11 -65 i /R '05 \. iK .6; \ M -65 \ M -6 \ iR -65 \ M -05 / iR .75 t M -6 t Obverse. Reverse. (Ahuramazda to r. ?) PL XXX. 4. (horizontal lines of panels omitted ; Ahuramazda to 1. ?) (Ahuramazda to r.) (Ahuramazda to I.) PI. XXX. 5. careful style ; eagle larger than usual. PL XXX. 6. peculiar style ; eye-shaped mark on cheek ; no border. PL XXX. 7 (Ahuramazda to 1.; bad work) 4. 1908. Presented by Major Mackenzie Elliot. 5, 6. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 7. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 8. 1866, Woodhouse Bequest. 9. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 10. 1900. Eollin and Feuardent. 11. 1853. Col. Claude Steuart Sotheby's Sale, 5. iv. 1853, lot 64). Pierced. 12, 13. 1894. Gen. Cunningham. 14. 1851. Sternschuss (from Hamadan). 15. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 16. 1864. Eastwood. In style and fabric this is closer to Group B. 206 PERSIS Metal. No. Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Hemidraehms. Similar to drachms. Similar to drachms. 17 31.8 2-06 M -65 t 18 29-3 M -55 1-90 ^ V PI. XXX. 8. Obols. Similar to drachms. Similar to drachms ; details 19 10-6 /R -35 summary. 0-60 \ V PI. XXX. 9. 20 9-7 0-62 M -4 21 9-6 M -45 (Ahuramazda absent) 0-62 \ v PI. XXX. 10. 17. 1913. M, M^Iver (from Persia). Pierced. 18. 1872. Canon Eaton. 19. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart (?). 20, 21. 1851. Sternschuss (from Shiraz). PERSIS 207 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Group B. With eagle on top and crescent at back of head-dress. Uninscribed. Drachms. Similar to Group A, but cres- cent at back of head-dress, relief comparatively higher ; no border. Similar to Group A, but all details more summary, and workmanship ruder ; Ahura- mazda, where distinguishable, to 1. 1 63-8 4-13 M -65 1 PI. X3i :x. 11. 2 62-8 4-07 M -6 >7 3 62-8 4-07 M -65 4 62-7 4-OG M -7 5 62-4 4-04 & .7 PL X> LX. 12. 6 60-0 3-89 M -6 \ 7 59-8 3-88 iR -7 t PL X3 :x. 13. 8 54-1 3-50 iR -65 1. 184L T. Burgon. 2. 1844. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Sotheby's Sale, 5. v. 1844, lot 312. 3. 1841. T. Burgon. 5. 1891. Dr. Lubicz. 6. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 7. 1900. Lincoln. 8. 1864. Eastwood. 208 PERSIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Hemidrachms. Similar to drachms. Similar to drachms. 9 32-2 2-09 M -5 t temple front shows plain square in middle. PL XXX. 14. 10 32-0 2-07 M .5 11 24-0 M -5 no divisions to temple front. 1-55 t V'' PI. XXX. 15. 9. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber. 10. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 11. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber. PEESIS 209 No. Wt. Metal. Size. 1 Axis. Obverae. Reverse. Group C. Crescent on top of head-dress. Inscribed. (5i.) PI. XL VIII. 12. 3 62-8 4-07 ^l .7 j(=t.*/'>pp)f^j '5=^ •(fun'J^j 4 61-8 4-00 ^ -75 / PI. XX XII. 7. 5 60-4 iR -8 t (large bust; triskeles behind) | lo«^r'Mrhhr=«»«»*a='i!''# PI. XXXII. 8. ^ The four sections of the inscription are divided, in the facsimiles, by small upright dashes. 1. 1891. Dr. Lubicz. 2. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 2bis. 1920. Spink (from the Froehner Collection). 3. 1856. Presented by J. G. Lumsden, Bombay Civil Service. 4. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Num. Chron., 1850, p. 68, no. 5 ; p. 107. Z. D.M. G., 1867, Taf. II. 2. Z.f. K., IV, p. 169, no. 50. 5. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill. Pierced. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. PERSIS 217 No. Wt. 59-3 3-84 7 59-3 3-84 8 57.2 3-71 9 56-6 3-67 10 56-2 3-64 11 55-5 3-60 12 55-0 I 5-56' 13 54-8 3-55 14 52-0 3-37 15 50-3 3-J36 Metal. Size. Axis. M -65 M -65 iR -7 M -8 t iR -75 M -7 M .8 Ai -65 M. -7 t Ai .65 t Obverse. (large bust) Reverse. ^"jf^'r-^y-x" '.^I'pn^^ V t Sf > I «»^ f ; • F^-AJ- ■ 'T'*!-*' i ■-r'i>j'l)'*iS-jar PI. XXXII. 9. (large bust) (large bust) PI. XL VIII. 13. inscr. much battered. PI. XXXII. 10. PI. XXXII. 11. PI. XXXII. 12. )l|y' HMh>" ^^/^^\\ PI. XXXII. 13. 6.1918. Presented by Eev. E. Rogers. 7. J 853. Col. Claude Steuart. Sotheby's, April 4, 1853, lot 6i. 8. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 9. 1919. Miss V. D. Galton. 10, 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 11. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 12. 1882. India Office Collection (from Sir H. Willock's Collection). H. H. Wilson, Ariana Ant, p. 395. 1, PI. XV. 2. Z. D. M. G., 1867, Taf. II. 5. Z.f. N., IV, p. 170, no. 53. 13. 1900. Lincoln. 14. 1918. Presented by Rev. E. Rogers. 15. Thomas (?\ iVM»M. Chron., 1850, p. 68, no. 7 ; p. 110. Z B.M. G., 1867, Taf. II. 4. Z.f. N., IV, p. 170, no. 52. Ff 218 No. 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 Wt. 29-3 1-90 25-7 1-66 29-0 1-88 10-3 0-67 9-8 0-63 8-7 8-3 8-2 0-53 7-2 0-i7 Metal. Size. Axis. \ /i; -55 t M .6 t /R -35 t M A AX -45 M -4 Al -4 \ A\ -4 Olivcrse. Reverse. Similar to drachms. Hemidrachms. Similar to drachms. (only two rows of dots on •oK'plU'^'W-c^J^ Y'**"?'^ "^ helmet) ' PI. XXXII. 14. ,, ,, I inscr. much broken down. PI. XXXII. 15. (large bust) PI. XXXII. 16. Obols. Similar to drachms, but only one row of dots on helmet. Similar to drachms. (rest off the flan) PI. XXXII. 17. I (rest oft' the flan) PI. XXXII. 18. PI. XXXII. 19. inscr. very obscure. PI. XXXII. 20. 16.1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 17.1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 18.1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. Pierced. 19. 1913. M. IVPIver (from Persia). 20. 1900. rollin and Feuardent. Pierced. 21. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber. 22. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. 23. 1851. M. Sternschxiss (from Shiraz). 24. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. PERSIS 219 No. Wt. 62-5 i-05 60-8 3-94 59-1 3-83 55-9 3-63 56-8 3-68 Metal. Size. Axis. M -8 ^ -85 M '75 t ^^i -75 Obverse. Reverse. OXATHBES son of Darius II. Drachms. Bust of kino- i. in Par- 1 The king on 1, standing r., with sceptre in raised hand, before a lighted altar ; inscr. in square be- ginning above on r. : — thian style, bearded, diademed, with thick wavy hair ; wears torque ; l)ehind the bust, a monogram ; border of dots some- times off the llan. monogram, if any, off (\ k) (r^ jr ' Ji. M -ti ' \.5 %5) (^ ' <^ ^^ M the tlan. i PI. XXXII. 21. PI. XXXII. 22. monogram obliterated. I (king on r. standing 1.) PI. XXXIII. 1. / M -75 \ j(kii]g on r.. standing 1.) PI. XXXIII. 2. monogram, if any, off (king on r., standing 1.) the tlan ; much worn. inscr. very much broken down. PI. XLVIII. 14. 1. 1894. Sir .\lex. Cunningham. 2. Double-struck on rev. Claude Steuart. 4. c 1861. Presented by Count de Salis. (found at Susa). 3. 1848. Lt.-Col. 5. 1919. H. D. Gill 220 PERSIS Metal. No. wt. Size. Axis. 6 30-5 Al .6 1-98 t 7 29-3 M -6 1-90 ^~ 8 29-1 M -5 1-89 1 9 27-0 M -55 1-75 t 10 26-0 Ai -55 1-68 i 11 5-4 M .45 0-35 Obver.se. Reverse. Heraidraehms. Similar to drachms. S Similar to drachms (king on I., standing r.). PI. XXXIII. 3. monogram off the flan. | odfi o k''^"^' """''DSlK^'ir^ OH P PI. XXXIII. 4. inscr, obliterated (struck from worn die). (inscr. begins on 1. above) Ja'T^.=^ "a i)P%« '/^j D (N) 1/ PL XXXIII. 5. remains of monogram. | WOlb' IT €'-?8t)y liO'J^i 'Ull} PI. XXXIII. 6. Hemiobol (?). Similar to drachms ; border and monogram, if any, off the flan. Similar to drachms (king on r., standing 1.) ; traces of inscr. PI. XXXIII. 7. 6. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 7. 1848, Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 8.1917. Presented by Sir E. Grant Duff, K.C.M.C4. 9.1864. Eastwood. 10.1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 11. 1842. Presented by Rev. J. D. Money. PBR8IS 221 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. UNCERTAIN RULER. Drachm. 1 47-4 3-07 M .75 Bust 1., resembling that on a tj surrounded by radiating preceding drachms. i^ dashes, PI. XXXIII. 8. 1. 1900. Rollin and Peuardent. PERSIS 1 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Artaxeexes II son of Darius II. ^'iit^ vn«n nnn xnS^: nn^nnnx Draehms- Biist of king 1., bearded, with thick waved hair, wearing Persepolitan crown witli stepjied battlements, diadem, torque, and cloak ; behind, The king, on r., standing 1., with raised sceptre, before a lighted altar ; inscr. in square, beginning above on r. : — monogram aL or A ; border of dots. 1 64-2 4-16 Ai .85 PI. XXXIII. 9. 2 63-0 4-06' .11 -9 edge bevelled by hammering : border obliterated. u dwKi'iiC.y tt -ip-^^'iy c !^ D 'trieiHi }=9» (y PI. XXXIII. 10. 3 58-2 3-77 & .9 PI. XXXIII. 11. 4 53-8 3-49 & -95 crescent as well as monogram behind bust. (king on 1., standing r. ; legend tends to circular) 5 53-8 3-49 M -95 star as well as monogram behind bust. (king on 1., standing r. ; inscr. obscure) PI. XXXIII. 12. 1. lVtl5. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 2. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. T^um. Chron., 1850, p. 68, no. 8. Z. D. M. G., 1867, Taf. II. 9. Z. f. X., IV, p. 174, no. 84. 3. 1866. Rollin and Feuardent. 4. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 5. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. Broken. PER8IS 223 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 10 11 12 13 31-3 2-03 31-2 20-2 31-0 2-01 30-0 1-94 29-5 1-91 29-0 1-88 28-9 27-9 M .6 LR .65 i I 1^ -6 Al .7 t iR .6 M .6 zil .i; -6 Obverse. Reverse. Similar to drachms. Heraidrachms. Similar to draclims (king on r, standing 1.) inscr. obscure. 1-81 \ (no monogram ; edge bevelled by hammeri ug) PI. XXXIII. 13. PI. XXXIII. 14. (iuscr. begins on r. below) PI. XXXIII. 15. (inscr. begins on r. below) PI. XXXIII. 16. I similar to preceding. PI. XXXIII. 17. (no monogram?) ] l%!."!^-i> '^^ ^ • -jj^-j f^ '^ 1,=^ (Hm PI. XXXIII. 18. Pi. XXXIII. 19. //////•//,' =3 y^^'ii'?-;?%ir'^ . UfH ITi ,edge bevelled by ham- mering) PI. XXXIII. 20. 6.1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 7. 191T. Presented by Sir E. Grant Duff , K.C.M.G. 8. 1855. Presented by Col. Rawlinson. 9. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 10. c.1861. Presented by Count de Salis. Same rev. die as no. i». 11. 1882. India Office Collection (from Sir H. Willock's (. ollection). H. H. Wilson, Ariana Ant., p. 395. 2, PI. XV. 3. Z.D.M.G., 1867, Taf. II 10. Z.f. A\, IV, p. 174, no. 85. 12. 1917. Presented by Sir E. Grant Duff, K.C.M.G. Pierced. 13. c. 1861. Presented by Count de Salis. 224 PERSIS Metal. No. Wt. Size. I Axis. 14 27-6 1-79 15 27-4 1-77 M .65 Obverse. Reverse. (king on 1., standing r.) PL XXXIII. 21. 15 27-4 his \ 1-77 16 17 18 19 20 21 M, '55! (edge bevelled by hammering) | a^\^\'ixvi'j"z^' •c^4 N b. PL XXXIV, 2. I ..JV^,^- PL XXXIV. 3. inscr. badly struck. PL XXXIV. 4. PL XXXIV. 5. (king on 1., standing r.) ; inscr. mostly effaced. 14.1915. Col. W, F. Prideaux Collection. Re-struck. 15.1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 15 his. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. The inscription appears to repeat the same word four times. 16. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber. 17, 18. 1864. Eastwood. 19. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 20. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 21. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. PERSIS 225 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. FOURTH SERIES. First cent, after Christ to about a.d. 224, Namopat, son of Artaxerxes. « (- - - nnnX nnn N^jSd DSIDI Namopat the king, son of Artakh ) Drachms. Bust of king 1., bearded, with thick waved back hair, wear- ing Persepolitan crown with stepped battlements, diadem, torque, and robe ; border of dots interrupted by bust. The king, crowned as on obverse, standing r., r. hand extended ; before him, star in crescent ; circular inscr. : — 1 58-7 3-80 M .75 t before face, annulet. (begins on r.) PI. XXXIV. 6. 2 56-7 3-68 M -85 TO//, / / ////// /////^ u 1 1 K r 9 ^ f.t (begins on r.) PI. XXXIV. 7. 3 47-6 3-08 M -75 portion of inscr. : m//^ ^ f J (begins on r. above) PI. XXXIV. 8. Hemidrachms. Similar to drachms. Similar to drachms. 4 26-5 M .6 type reversed (king on r., standing 1.) ; traces of inscr. PI. XXXIV. 9. 1. 1893. Dr. C. Macridi. Slightly double-struck on rev. 2. 1908. Presented by Miss Newton. Re-struck (?). 3. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 4. 1864. Eastwood. 226 PERSIS No. bh 10 Wt. 23-7 1-54 21-0 1-36 20-1 1-30 19-4 1-26 16-8 1-09 5-9 0-3S 25-6 Metal. Size. Axis. M -6 M -65 iR -55 M -55 J^ .6 Obverse. before face, annulet (?) ; border off the flan. Reverse. portion of inscr. : '"'"/y .^ fi .==^ jo» (begins below) PL XXXIV. 10. \ M -4 M I inscr. much battered. PI. XXXIV. 11. type reversed (king on r., standing 1.) (begins on I. above) PI. XXXIV. 12. type reversed (king on r., standing 1.) ; portion of inscr. PL XXXIV. 13. type reversed (king on r., standing 1.) ; inscr. fragmen- tary. Obol (?). Similar to drachms (but only two battlements on crown). Similar to drachms ; inscr. (begins above) PL XXXIV. 14. Heraidrachni. Bust as on drachms of pre- ceding group, but without tie to diadem ; border, if any, off the flan. Star in recumbent crescent ; circular inscr., beginning on r, : — Hnii^ - - - r\^)f2:) PL XXXIV. 15. 5. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 6. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Pierced. 7. 1882. India Office Collection (from Sir H. Willock's Collection). H. H. Wilson, Ariana Ant, p. 396. 3, PI. XV. 4. 8. 1851. M. Sternschuss (from Hillah\ 8 his. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. Chipped. 9. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber. 10. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. PERSIS 227 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Diobols. Bust as on drachms of pre- ceding group, but beard shorter ; no border. Formal representation of dia- dem and tie (?) ; inscr, if any, oft' tlie flan. 11 19-9 M -5 l-:^9 base PL XXXIV. 16. 12 10-3 0-67 /R .45 base PI. XXXIV. 17 11. 190G. Presented by Dr. Parkes Weber. 12.1848. Lt.Cul. Claude Steuart. 228 PERSIS No. Wt. 47-3 3-06 26-4 1-71 25-0 1-63 10-8 0-70 Metal. Size. Axis. M -8 i M -55 21-5 'iR -6 1-39 t M •4( Obverse. Reverse. Uncertain. Drachm. Bust 1., bearded, wearing tiara (bearing pellet in crescent and row of dots defining its crown) and diadem ; bushy hair ; torque and robe ; behind, un- certain inscr. ; in front, uncer- tain letter or symbol ; border of dots. PL XXXIV. 18 Hemidrachms . Bust of king 1., as on obverse, facing star in crescent; inscr., beginning on r. in field 1., dagger (?) Similar bust 1. (details vary- ing) ; border of dots. details of tiara and dress ob- literated. Bust of king 1.. facing star in crescent ; around, inscr. : — (type reversed, bust of king r.): inscr. below, fragmentary PL XXXIV. 19. on tiara, pellet in crescent \oi>=,H5'^'«y (begins on 1.) and two rows of dots ; in field (t< ? j^T) ? S ? ?) 1. ^ (? flaw in die). PI. XXXIV. 20. on tiara, pellet in crescent, (type reversed, bust of king and single row of dots. [ r.) ; inscr. fragmentary. Obol. Bust 1., bearded, wearing tiara (bearing crescent, zigzag orna- ment, and row of dots), dia- dem, torque, and robe ; border of dots. Bust of king 1., facing star in crescent ; around, inscr. (be- gins on r.) a^-\-/--'i J — <: ^ PL XXXIV. 21. 1. 1865. RoUin and Feuardent. 2. 1890. Pres^ented by Col. Miles. 3. 1882. India Office Collection (from Sir H. Willock's Collection). H. H. Wilson, Ariana Ant., p. 396. 4, PI. XV. 5. 4.1906. Presented by Dr. Parkes Weber. 5.1917. Presented by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. PERSIS 229 No. Wt. 58-2 3-77 45-3 2-93 0-56 Metal. Size. Axis. 61-6 3-99 55-0 3-56 M -i M -8 M -45 Obverse. Reverse. Pakue. son of Oxathres(?). (PSJTllnl nnin NoS^ ni:]3, Pakur the king, son of Vahnkh - -?). Drachms. Bust of king 1., bearded, dia- demed, with thick back hair waved, wearing torque and robe ; border of dots. Triskeles ; around, inscr., be- ginning on 1. above : — Ml-0 M -7 t iM'fiJfit±>j^ lib 11 19 PI. XXXV. 1. border almost rectangular. | o ^ 5 ^ .^ 5 ^ M PI. XXXV. 2. Similar to drachms. Obol. Triskeles ; around, remains of inbcr. PI. XXXV. 3. Drachms. Bust of king 1., bearded, with thick back hair waved, wear- ing diadem, torque, and robe; bust interrupts border ; be- hind head, inscr. : — end. of torque in large spiral in front of face ; inscr. PI. XL VIII. 17. UC» Similar bust to obverse. no spiral end to torque. inscr. broken doAvn ; ends in ^^ traces of inscr. before and behind bust ; border of dots. PI. XXXV. 4. 1. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 2. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 3. 1913. M. M'^Iver (from Persia). 4. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 5. 1902. Noury Bey. 230 PERSIS No. 10 11 Wt. 40-1 2-60 28-1 1-82 27-5 1-78 23-1 1-50 10-3 0-67 9-7 0-63 Metal. Size Axis. M -7 f M -55 t M -6 M -55 M -45 t iK -5 I Obverse. similar to preceding ; remains of inscr : no trace of border. Reverse. Similar bust to that on drachm, 1. border and inscr., if any, off the flan. similar to preceding ; behind, inscr. ending X^723 ; in front, traces of inscr. ; no border visible. PL XL VIII. 16. Hemidrachms . Similar bust to obverse, 1. inscr. behind bust PI. XXXV. border and inscr., if any, off the flan. inscr. behind bust i-'' concave field. inscr. behind bust traces of inscr. behind bust ; concave field. border interrupted by bust. PI. XXXV. 5. Obols. Similar to hemidrachms. Similar to hemidrachms ; no border. traces of inscr. behind bust ; inscr. behind bust thi'v border of dots. no border or inscr. PI. XXXV. 7. I no inscr. PI. XXXV. 8. 6. 1919. Presented by Mr. L. A. Lawrence. 7. 1900. RoUin and Feuardent. 8. 1864. Eastwood. 9. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 10. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 11. 1906. Presented by Dr. Parkes Weber^ PERSIS 231 Metal. No. Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Uncertain. Drachm. 1 53-8 M -8 Bust of king 1., bearded, -with Bird (eagle?) flying 1., holding 3-49 t thick back hair waved, wear- wreath in beak ; around, ing diadem, torque, and robe ; inscr. (beginning below) before bust, star ; no border. w^.i ^j^'^Tl >vh(-*Aj^\J^ hiurr%f 11. details of tiara obliterated ; border of dots interrupted by bust. thick back hair, waved. PI. XXXV. 12. PL XXXV. 13. ■u-yi M r "i^hVU^ PL XXXV. 14. PL XXXV. 15. 1.1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 2.1894. Sir Alex. Ciinningliam. 3. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Num. Chron., 18Z0, y>. 6S. i and p. 106. Z.D. 3/. G., 1867, Taf. II, 8. Z.f.N., IV, p. 179, no. 119. 4, 5. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 6. 1872. Canon Eaton. PER SIS 233 No. 7 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. 1 Reverse. 51.9 M .7 A«J-rtl ^ -;=« .<»« J J li I. a -C « 5.56' ~^ PI. XXXV. 16. 8 51-6 3:34 M .7 1" inscr. fragmentary. PI. XXXV. 17. 9 48-4 .R -65 j «\V->-— -vr^-MdUH UL 3-14 ~^ PL XXXV. 18. 10 47.5 /il -65 1 |.?-ii^d_HJ)n» bis i-57 t PL XXXV. 21. 13 ter 24-0 .fl .5 <&^niLi_»f-M'i-'IMu- 14 23-6 M. .55 - ^\7=4 r 'V---- 1-53 ~^ Pl. XXXV. 22. 7. 1865. Presented by I. G. Taylor, Consul at Diarbekr. 8. 1844. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Sotheby's Sale, May 1844. lot 312 (?). 9-11.1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 12. 1872. Canon Eaton. 13. 1855. Presented by Col. Rawlinson. 13 bis and ter. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 14. 1917. Presented by Sir E. Grant Duff, K.C.M.G. H h 234 PERSIS No, Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obvei'se. Reverse. 15 23-5 1-52 M -55 \ srf^•i^^^ ■^- jtiTV''-'- 16 22-1 1-43 Ai. -5 PL XXXV. 23. 17 22-0 M -5 1 inscr. fragmentary. 1-43 / PL XXXV. 24. 18 21-6 M .5 1 ^ ' (;» 5 1 V w- H 1-40 / PL XXXV. 25. 19 20-8 M -55 1 if-r «=- ( i= J fr-fi'iu 1-35 *~ PI. XXXVI. 1. 20 20-6 iR -5 tuft of liair at back ; inscr. 1-33 \ very fragmentary. PL XXXVI. 2. Hemiobol. 21 5-0 ^ -4 Similar to drachms, but two Bust 1., bearded, diademed ; 0-32 ~^ rows of dots and jiellet with- out crescent on tiara. traces of inscr. in front. PL XXXVI. 3. B. With thick back hair, and no neck-piece to tiara. Drachms. Bust 1., bearded, with thick Bust 1., bearded, diademed. back hair wa-ved, wearing with thick back hair waved, tiara (adorned with three rows as on drachms nos. 1-3 ; inscr. of dots), torc^ue. and robe ; border of dots interrupted by bust. arranged in square. 22 54-7 ^ -7 on tiara, ♦ (?). y^t^v^sw.^-^^im^ll 3-54 / PL XXXVI. 4. 15. 1855. Presented hy Col. Rawlinson. 16. 1866. Hooper. 17. 185-5. Presented by Col. Rawlinson, 18. 1908. Presented by Miss Newton. 19. 1855. Presented by Col. Rawlinson. 20. 1851. M. Sternscliuss (from Hillah). 21. 1902. Noury Bey, 22, 1900. RoUin and Feuardent. PERSIS 235 No, 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Wt. 54-6 3-54 52-2 3-38 50-0 3-24 28-4 27-8 1-80 25-9 24-1 23-9 1-55 Metal. Size. Axis. M -7 M -7 M -7 t M -55 M -6 t M -65 M -55 Obverse. on tiara, crescent ; in field 1. star in crescent, r. O Reverse. FH Ls.1 WU4 Fl-t^ HL^ h-iJ f^ 1 PI. XXXVI. 5. on tiara, crescent. tiara covered with pellets « 1 K 5) » H «.< »"-» -B \l^^t ^"^1 Similar to drachms. PI. XXXVI. 6. Hemidraehms. Similar to drachms. three rov^s of pellets on tiara. snv-tTa^' ju. ly p TjW- r PI. XXXVI. 7. two rows of pellets and cres- cent on tiara. . 1 t. ^H-< "^ii-^ •) J 1 I PI. XXXVI. 8. border off the flan ; on tiara, two rows of dots and ^ ? «A«i PI. XXXVI. 26, Hemidrachms. 4 19-5 1-26 M -55 Similar to no. 2, but in front star in crescent and triskeles turning 1. ; behind, inscr. : — Similar type to drachms ; no inscr. visible. PI. XXXVII. 1. 5 18-4 1-19 & -55 Similar to no. 2. Similar type to drachms ; inscr. on r. upwards, -^rut^/:;, on 1. downwards, )*Uh PI. XXXVII. 2. 1. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 3. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 5. 1864. Eastwood. 4. 2. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. PERSIS 241 No. Wt. 47-7 3-09 47-0 3-05 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse, Reverse. Manucithe II, son of Manucithr I. {ii^hb ^nnjitt :\IaDUcithr the king) Drachms. Rust 1., bearded, wearing tiara Beardless bust 1., diademed, (decorated with two rows of hair dressed high (or fur pellets and pellet in crescent) head-dress) on crown of head ; diadem, torque, and robe ; hair in thick mass behind, behind, upwards, inscr. : — j M M -7 f 23-3 1-51 20-7 1-34 18-4 1-19 18-2 1-18 17-0 1-10 M -55 \ M -5 M -55 / t (- - Dnn: - -) Similar to drachms. ,vrt.. on 1., upwards, 'vT)s>]t'n>, PL XXXVII. 3. I hair low on crown of head. PI. XXXVII. 4. Hemidrachms. Similar to drachms ; inscr. around, beginning on 1. be- low : — PI. XXXVII. 5. ^^-m.vi^- A^Ct tJ^Xfv PI. XXXVII. 6. PL XXXVII. 7. i oiii- ^T^n^ PL XXXVII. 8. PL XXXVII. 9. 1. 1882. India Office Collection. 2. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Num. Chron., 1850, p. 68, no. 3, and p. 104. Z.D.M.G., 1867, Taf. II. 1. Z.f.N., IV, p. 181, no. 129. 3. 1864. Eastwood. 4. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 5. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 6. 1908. Presented by Miss Newton. 7. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 242 PERSIS Metal. No, Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Unceetaix. Hemidrachms or diobols (?). Bust 1., bearded, wearing tiara Nude male figure standing 1., (adorned with rows of pellets wearing helmet (?), r. extend- and inverted crescent), dia- ed, holding short sword, I. on dem, torque, and robe; thick hip ; inscr. on r. upwards, and back hair. on 1. downwards. 1 16-3 m, -6 TTir 5(13 1-06 i PI. XXXVII. 10. 2 15-9 /R -5 1 -SiJJ* *l}\lv 1-03 / PL XXXVII. 11. 1. 1918. Presented by Rev. E. Rogers. 2. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux CoUectLon. PERSIS 243 No. Wt. 47-8 3-10 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. M -85 47-2 3-06 24-0 1-55 M -85 M .65 -AEanucithr III, son of Manucithr II. ■ n*:d':'/!: '"in::a nnn x^Sd nn:j2: Manucithr the king, son of Manucithr tlie king). Drachms. Bust 1., bearded, diademed, Bust 1., bearded, wearing high hair in top-knot and in thick diademed tiara adorned with waved mass behind : torque pellets and a crescent ; thick and robe; behind, upwards, waved back hair; torque and inscr. : — robe ; behind, upwards, and •oU-fr^VtcU in front, downwards, inscr. (partly double-struck) : — {i<:hj2 nn3i[Ji:]) {i^^}?b] nn^:D [n^n]) PI. XXXVII. 12. Bust 1., bearded, wearing high diademed tiara, adorned with rows of pellets and a pellet in crescent ; torque and robe ; behind, upwards, inscr. : — (ND^a nn^^D) Bust 1., bearded, wearing dia- demed head-dress, with top bent forward, and adorned with row of pellets ; torque and robe ; in front, down- wards, and behind, upwards, inscr. : — (x:3S^ nn^iJD mn) PI. XXXVII. 13. Hemidrachm. Similar to the drachm no. 2, but no pellet in the crescent ; behind head, triskeles. Similar to obverse of the drachm no. 1 ; inscr. .^fi ^. (1. downwards), i)0-(, (r. up- wards) (xiSz2 [njnjjD) PI. XXXVII. 14. 1, 2. 1866. Hooper & Co. 3. 1918. Anonymous donation. 244 PERSIS No. Wt. 35-0 2-27 31-3 2-03 29-3 ISO Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. ^ -75 & -75 / M. -55 24-6 1-59 16-7 1-08 Reverse. Artaxerxes IV, son of Manucitlir. («:dSx: nn:iX2 in ^±>t2 ^nnsrnn^ix Artakhshatr the king, son of Manucitlir the king) Drachms. Bust i., bearded, diademed, hair in top-knot and thick waved mass behind ; torque and robe. trace of a symbol or monogram behind. PI. XXXVII. 15 Bust 1., bearded, wearing dia- demed mural crown with stepped battlements, above which rays ; hair in thick waved mass behind ; robe ; on 1. downwards, and on r. upwards, inscr. : — PI. XXXVII. 16. & .6 \ M -6 t in front, pellet in crescent ; behind, upwards, inscr. : — (x^dVd nnsj'n - -) Pi. XXXVII. 17 back hair in bunch (n:]^^ nn5:i^ -) in front pellet in crescent and behind, upwards, inscr,: — eoct-^t* (- - ^ T\T\^T\ - -) PI. XXXVII. 18 back hair in bunch ; ^J4fe mirf», (XD/D - -) Hemidrachm. Similar to drachms nos. 1 and 2 ; trace of a symbol or mono- gram behind. Similar to drachms nos. 1 and 2 ; inscr. yfw ^uH^ii* Pi. XXXVII. 19. 1. 1866. Hooper & Co. 2. 1902. Major-Gen. M, G. Clerk. 3. 1855. Presented by Col. Rawlinson. 4. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 'Num. Chron., 1872, PI. II, no. 3 ; p. 42. no. 1. Z.f. N., IV, p. 184, no. 150. Pierced. 5. 1866. Hooper & Co. ELYMAIS' 1 ; Metal. [No. Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. KaMNASKIEES I (NiKEPHOBOS). circa 150 A. s. = 163-2 B.C. No coins in Britisli Museum. See Introduction, and PL LIII. 6. Kamnaskires 11 and Anzaze. 231 A.s. = 82-1 B.C. Silver Tetradrachms. Busts ]., jugate,, of Kamna- Zeus, seated 1. on throne with skires and Auzaze ; he is dia- back nude to waist, with demed ; his beard is long and himation over lower limbs ; pointed ; wears ear-rings and 1. rests on spear, r. holds Nike torque ; dress decorated with who extends wreath towards ' stars (four-pointed on breast, him. six-pointed on sleeve) ; she wears stephane, diadem, neck- lace, and jewelled dress ; bor- der of dots. 1 242-1 7R1.05 behind, anchor-shaped symbol. inscr. above lACIAEii^, on 15-69 t lower part of which forms monogram ^. r. downwards iALKIlOY, on 1. downwards ^.AIIACIA ICCHI, in ex. ANZAZHI aa:^ (baciaehc kam NACKIPOY KAI BACI AICCHC ANZAZHCA AZ) ; on 1., below hand of Zeus, downwards, in small letters, traces of uncertain inscr. PI. XXXVIII. 1. ^ For an Alexandrine, coin struck by Aspeisas, governor of Siisiana under Antigonus, see Introduction. 1. 1858. James Whittall Sale, lot 833. Gardner, Parthian Coinage, PL VII. 26. R&:. Num., 1902, p. 99. Same obv. die as Bev. Num., 1902, p. 99, no. 2, PI. V. 2. 246 ELYMAIS No. Wt. 229-1 U'85 60-4 3-91 Metal. Size, Axis. 230-3 ^1-1 U'92 \ \Al 1-15 ! t M -7 ■ t Obverse, Reverse. details of dress worn away ; monogram at bottom of symbol off the flan ; above, mono- 2:ram PI. BACIAEnC/KAMNACKI Poi KAIBACIAICQHC/A NZAZHC ; date, if any, ob- j literated ; traces of inscr. in ' small letters very faint. XXXVIII. 2. as preceding ; border oblite- rated. BACIAEHI KAHNACKIP Oi/iAIIAIIAli/ ex. ob- literated ; no traces of inscr. in small letters. PL XXXVIII. 3. Silvex' Drachm. Busts as on preceding : details partly obliterated ; anchor and monogram behind, and border, if any, obliterated. Zeus with spear and Nike seated 1. as on preceding ; inscr. above IICIIEXC, on r. downwards KAIIIKll, on 1. K^ ; the rest off the flan. PL XXXVIII. 4. 2. 1853. Jos. Olgiiin (found near.Hamadan). Longpiirier, Rois Parthes, p. 34, PI. VI. 66. Leake, Num. Hell., Kings and Dynasts, p. 66. Num. Chron., 1856, p. 140, PI. at p. 139, fig. 4. 3. 1853. Jos. Olguin (found near Hamadan). Longperier, loc. cit., PI. VI. 65. Leake, loc. cit. Num. Chron., 1856, p. 139. Same obv. die as no. 2. 4. 1858. J. Whittall Sale, lot 834. Rev. Num., 1902, p. 102. 247 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 1 Kamnaskiees III, son of Kamnaskires II, and successors. First cent. b. c. to first cent. a.d. GROUP A (with Zeus on reverse). Silver Tetradrachms. None in British Museum. See Introduction. Drachms. Head of Kamnaskires III 1., Zeus with spear and Nike bearded, diademed ; wears ear- seated 1. as on preceding; ring, and dress like that of inscr. on four sides ; in field Kamnaskires II (details ob- 1., letter or monogram, scure) ; border of dots. 1 60-6 3-93 JR -7 t beardless. inscr. above off the flan ; on r. downwards illNACKII, on 1. downwards ^VBACI ACIZ, in ex. KAI,UI>I ; in field, K PI. XXXVIII. 5. 2 55-0 3-56 M -65 t with short beard. iACIAEIlL/KAIINACKlP i/irriAi/iAMNAiii; in field, J< PI. XXXVIII. 6. 1, 2. 1903. Noury Bey. 248 ELYMAIS No. Wt. 242-3 15-70 229-9 14-90 53-6 3-47 51-3 3-33 Metal. Size. Axis. M 1-0 base t .ill-OS base t ^ -75 t M -7 t Obverse. Reverse. GROUP B (with portrait on reverse). Silver degenerating to bronze. Tetradrachms. Bust of Kamnaskires II(?) 1., Malebust(Kamnaskires III?) as on nos. 1 ff., p. 245 ; be- 1., diademed, with short hind, symbol ; border of dots, round beard ; drapery on shoulders ; inscr. on four sides. inscr. above ^AIIAlFir, on r. downwards KAIINAIKli, on 1. downwards OYIIAIIA ^ in ex. obliterated. symbol and border obliterated. PI. XXXVIII symbol, star above anchor. inscr. very barbarous I^AT Hi/iVKVHri/i\ACIA/ ^>IA (double-struck). PI. XXXVIII. 8. Drachms. Bust as on preceding ; behind, symbol : star above anchor ; border of dots. double- struck 11 an. border off the Male bust 1. as on preceding; inscr. on four sides. on 1. upwards iK|OH(?); the rest obliterated. PI. XXXVIII. 9. on 1. upwards iMSNHi ; the rest obliterated ; double- struck. PL XXXVIII. 10. 3. 1878. Subhi Sale. Rev. Num., 1902, p. 103, no. 6, PI. V. 6. 4. Longperier, Rois Parthes, p. 35, PI. VI. 67. Num. Chron., 1873, p. 185, PI. VII. 6. Z.f. N., 1881, p. 211, no. 11. Rev. Num., 1902, p. 103, no. 7, PI. V. 7. 5. 1903. Noury Bey. 6. 1906. Presented by Miss H. L. Loiimer. 249 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 7 47-7 3-09 M -7 base t svmbol and border off the flan. above NiM ; on 1. KAi ; the rest illegible. Hemidrachms. Similar bust to preceding ; no symbol behind. Similar bust to preceding ; inscr. on four sides. 8 30-3 1-96 M -5 t border oft" the flan. above lAKIAI ; the rest illegible or oft' the flan. PL XXXVIII. 11. 9 28-1 1-83 M '5 t plain border. above AOQII^, ou r. down- wards HAIP, the rest illeg- ible. PI. XXXVIII. 12. Obols. Similar bust to preceding ; border obscure. Similar bust to preceding ; oa r., remains of inscr. mostly off the flan. 10 9-3 0-60 JR .35 t PI. XXXVIII. 13. 11 9-0 M -35 1 0-56' t PI. XXXVIII. 14. 7. 1913. H, Conway Elliot. 8. 1878. Subhi Sale. Rev. Num., 1902, p. 104, no. 8, PI. V. 8. 9. 1903. Noury Bey. 10. 1850. Major Henry Rawlinson. Rev. Num., loc. ci'., no. 10, PI. V. 10. 11. Rev. Num., loc. cit , no. 9, PI. V. 9. Same rev. die as no. 10. Kk 250 ELYMAIS No. 12 13 14 15 16 17 Wt. 216-9 14-05 209-4 13-57 225-6 U-62 209-4 13-57 213-0 162-0 10-50 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. GROUP C. Tetradrachms. Very degraded copy of bust and inscr. as on previous series ; the whole type gradu- ally becomiog a collection of Bust 1., diademed, Avith long beard ; wide fringe of hair below diadem ; dress as be- fore ; behind, symbol : anchor haying double cross-bar at j dashes top, usually with pellet above j or beside it, and with star in crescent above ; border of dots. JEi\-Qb small bust; upper part of inscr. illegible. \ I symbol obscure ; oval border, i pj XXXIX 1 M 1-05 similar to preceding, t PI. XXXIX. 2. inscr. illegible. ^1-15 t ^1-2 ! no pellet. M\-\ no pellet. t , 231-7 M\.2 15-01 tEMS above, AIAI ; on 1., upwards and inwards, ^IfiriAri; the rest disfigured l)y bad striking. PL XXXIX. 3. I bust just discernible; inscr. I wholly disfigured. PI XXXIX. 4. I bust in rude outline ; inscr. I wholly disfigured. PI. XXXIX. 5. I bust and inscr. wholly dis- ! figured. PI. XXXIX. 6. no pellet beside symbol ; pellet instead of star. type obliterated ; inscr. illeg- ible. 12. 1918. Glendining Sale, 19. ix. 1918, lot 121. 13. 1844. Devonshire Sale, I, lot 4. 14. 1909. Presented by Capt. D. L. Loriiner. 15. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 16. 1918. Presented by Prof. C. Oman. 17. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Num. Chron., 18-56, p. 141, fig. 5 (according to Vaux, from J. R. Steuart). Longperier, Rois Parthes, p. 35, PI. VI. 72. 18. 1918. Presented by Prof. C. Oman. 251 No. Wt. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 59-7 59-2 3-84 58-8 58-6 3-80 57-4 ao*b 55-6 3-60 54-3 51-4 3-33 Metal. Size. Obverse. 58-3 1^ .7 5-76' ^ -65 M -65 ^ -65 JE -65 M -65 ^ -65 M -65 ^ -65 ^ -6 Reverse. Drachms. Bust, symbol (with single bar, and no pellet) and border as on preceding. Type and inscr. wholly de- graded into collection of dashes, or smoothed away. PI. XXXIX. 8. PL XXXIX. 7. PI. XXXIX. 9. 19. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 20-6. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 27. 1862. Count de Salis (from Richard Collection . 28. 1856. W. K. Loftus. 252 ELYMAIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Obverse. Reverse. 29 48-1 3-12 M -7 30 46-8 3-03 JE .6 PI. XXXIX. 10. GROUP D • (parallel to Group C). Tetradrachm. 31 232-3 M M5 Bust 1., diademed, with long Remains of type (bust (?)) and 15-05 pointed beard and bushy back- hair ; wears torque ; behind, anchor-symbol with double cross-bar, and four-pointed star in crescent. inscription indecipherable. PI. XXXIX. 11. 29. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham. Presented by Prof. C. Oman. 30. 1856. W. K, Loftus. 31. 1918. ELYMAIS 253 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Oeodes I. Second half of first cent. a. d. Type Aa (bust 1. with tiara adorned with anchor). 1. With Greek inscription. Drachms. Bust I., bearded, wearing dia- demed tiara adorned with anchor ; behind, anchor and crescent with pellet ; border of dots. Turreted and radiate female bustr.(Artemis-Tyche); wears necklace ; around, broken- down Greek inscription, in- tended for VPCJAHC BAC IA€VC : border of dots. 1 60-2 3-90 jE -6 t king's name on 1. upwards, title on r. upwards, thus : PL XXXIX. 12. 2 59-3 3-84 ^ .65 t PI. XXXIX. 13. 3 59-2 3-84 JE .6 t >> j> *i 58-7 3-80 JE .65 t 9} » 5 57-1 3-70 .E -6 t >> » 6 56-5 3-66 JE S t it J> 1-4. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa;. 6. 1920. As nos. 1-4. 5. 1909. 254 ELYHAIS No. 7 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. M -6 t Obverse. Reverse. 56-1 3-64 As on preceding. 8 55-9 3-G2 M -65 t )j jt 9 54-4 3-52 M -6 t " ■■> 10 49-9 3-23 M -6 t PL XXXIX. 14. 11 59-5 3-86 ^ -6 t king's name on r. upwards, title retrograde on 1. up- wards, thus : t 3 12 58-6 3-80 M .55 t PI. XXXIX. 15. 13 48-9 3-17 M -55 t >> >> 14 54-6 3-54 .E -6 t )» )> 15 51-6 3-34 M -55 t )i V 16 55-2 3-58 ^ -55 t king's name on r. upwards retrograde, title on 1. up- wards retrograde, thus : 7. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 8. 1908. Lincoln. 9, 10. 1920. As nos. 1-4, 11. 1900. Lincoln. 12. 1920. As nos. 1-4. 13. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 14. 1920. As nos. 1-4. 15. 1909. As no. IS. 16. 1920. As nos. 1-4. ELYMAIS 25; Metal. No. Wt. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 17 55-2 3-58 JE -55 t As on preceding. 18 55-0 JE .(5 3-56 t PI. XXXIX. 16. 19 54-2 ^ .6 .3-5i t }> }} 20 52-2 JE -oo 5-58 \ f9 >) 21 51-9 3-36 JE .6 t J> >) 22 51-3 5-55 JE -6 t 5J » 23 51-2 5-5-2 JE -6 t >» J> 24 50-7 3-30 ^ -6 t 3> }) 25 44-5 ,2.6'S JE -6 t J> )) 26 59-8 JE -6 king's name on 1. upwards 3-88 t retrograde, title on r. up- wards, thus : 27 50-3 3-26 ^ .6 t » >» 28 56-5 5-e6' JE -6 t »J » 17. 1920. As nos. 1-4. 28. 1909. As no. 13. 18. 1909. As no. 13. 19-27. 1920. As nos. 1-4. 256 ELYMAIS No. 29 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. JE -55 t Obverse. Reverse. 54-5 3-53 As on preceding. .30 50-3 3-26 ^ -7 t >> >> 31 50-2 3-35 ^ -6 t >' >j 32 48-5 3-14 JE -55 t )» » 33 43-0 2-79 JE -6 t »> >5 34 42-9 J2'78 JE .5 t 5» >> 2. With Aramaic legend. Tetradrachm. None in British Museum. For the only known specimen see Allotte de la Fuye, p. 56. 17 ^here PI. LIII. 13). 3. Uninscribed. Drachms. 35 59-7 3-87 JE -55 t Bust 1., bearded ; anchor with crescent and pellet ; border of dots ; all as on group 1. PI. xx: Bust of Artemis-Tyche 1., draped, wearing modius ; be- hind, cornucupiae ; border of dots. SIX. 17. 29. 1920. As nos. 1-4. 30. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham. As nos. 1-4. 32, 33. 1909. As no. 13. 34, 35. 1920. As nos. 14. 31. 1920. 257 No. 36 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. M- 6 Obverse. Reverse. 53-3 3-45 t 37 520 3-37 M -6 38 50-7 3-2'J M -6 39 44-1 2-86 ^ .6 t PI. XXXIX. 18. 40 58-6 3-80 M .6 t 41 54.2 3-51 M .6 42 52-2 3-38 ^ .55 t PI. XXXIX. 19. 43 50-5 3-27 M -65 t 44 46-6 3-02 .E .6 t 45 39-7 2-57 M -6 1 PI. XXXIX. 20. 46 37-2 2-41 M -55 t (bust r.) 47 31-4 2-03 xE -55 (bust r.) 48 o2-5 M .6 small star between anchor and 3-40 t head. 36-9. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 40-4, 46, 47. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson. 40, 41, 43, 44 and 47. Found at Susa ; also probablj' nos. 42 and 46. 45. 1900. Rollin. 48. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from Telieran\ L-l 258 ELYMAIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 49 61-5 3-98 .E -55 t 50 58-6 3-80 t 51 55-7 3-61 JE -65 t 52 55-3 3-58 M -6 t 53 55-0 3-56 jE -6 54 52-5 3-40 iE -6 55 49-6 3-21 ^ .6 t 56 48-5 3-14 JE .65 t 57 48-4 3-14 M -55 t 58 46-1 J2-99 .E -6 t 59 40-6 ^■03 JE -6 t 60 59-0 3-82 ^ -6 t 61 52-0 337 ^ -65 t Obverse. Bust 1. bearded ; anchor with crescent and pellet ; border of dots : all as on group 1. Reverse. Anchor, on a field covered with vertical dashes. PI. XL. 1. PI. XL. 2. PI. XL. 3. PI. XL. 4. 49-59. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson. All found at Susa, except perhaps no. 53. 60. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 61. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. ELYMAIS 259 No. 62 Wt. 45-3 2-93 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. M .6 t 63 50-6 3-38 M .55 t 64 48-3 3-13 M .6 t 65 47-6 3-08 ^ .6 t 66 52-8 3-43 M -6 t small star between anchor and head. PL XL. 5. 67 43-9 3-84 M -6 t •.. 68 5o-3 3-58 M -65 Similar to preceding (but without star). Field filled with dashes ar- ranged so as to suggest three ears of corn. 69 46-2 3-99 M -6 PL X L. 6. 70 58-1 3-76 ^ 6 71 56-2 3-64 M -6 72 47-4 3-07 iE -55 73 48-5 3-14 M -6 PL XL. 7. 62. 1908. Lincoln. 63-5. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful;. 66-72. 1909. As nos. 49-59. 73. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 260 El.YMAIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Obverse. Reverse. Orodks II (Kamxaskiees Oeodes). Late lirst cent. a.d. Type Ae. Bust facing in tiara with crest. With Aramaic inscription (URUD :\rALKA). Tetradrachms. Bust facing, bearded, wearing Field filled with dashes. tiara, with line of dots down front, and transYerse crest : in field r., anchor with double cross-bar at top, and crescent containing star ; on 1., down- wards, inscr. ; border of dots. 1 228-8 U-83 M 1-05 PI. XL. 8. 2 222-2 M\\ jf^j^Vli U-40 PI. XL. 9. 3 217-3 14-08 M\-\ v5 ^J7»f Pi/ 1. 185C. W. K. Loftus. 2. 1020. Pre-ented hy M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 3. ia56. W. K. Loftus. ELYMAIS 261 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Type Ae or Ad. Bust facing in tiara. 1. With Aramaic inscription (URUD MALE A BAR! URUD). Drachms. Bust facing, bearded, wearing tiara, -vvitli line of dots down front ; in field r., anchor and crescent containing jiellet aboYB ; border of dots. Bust of deity (Artemis?) facing, with two large lateral tufts of hair, from which and from top of head project rays ; around, inscr., usually beginning on 1. above, nnvnn x:]'?^ nnv, border of dots. 4 55-4 3-59 JE -6 tiara with transverse crest ; double cross-bar at top of anchor. 5 54-9 3-56 jE -6 similar to preceding. inscr. begins on r., below. 6 55-8 3-62 ^ -55 no crest, but double cross-bar. PI. X L. 10. 7 62-6 4-06 JE -6 1 8 60-8 3-94 JE -6 inscr. begins on 1., middle. 9 60-8 3-94 jE -65 10 57-7 3-74 jE -55 t inscr. begins on r., middle. 4. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 7-10. 1909. As no. 4. 5, 6. 1920. As no. 2. 262 No. 11 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 55-5 3-GO JE .6 1 inscr. begins on r. PI. XL. 12. , below. 12 55-4 3-59 JE -6 t 13 58-3 .5.76' M -6 14 54-1 3-50 JE .6 PI. XL. 11. 15 49-6 3-M jE .6 inscr. begins on 1. middle. 16 48-9 3-17 JE -6 inscr. begins on r., below. 1^ 59-9 3-88 JE -65 1 18 56-4 3-66 ^ -6 t 2. Uuinscribed. Drachms. Bust facing, bearded, wearing tiara, with line of dots down front (usually without sign of crest) ; in field r., anchor (usually with single cross-bar) and crescent containing pellet above ; border of dots. Field filled with dashes. 19 61-7 4-00 JE -6 tiara has transverse crest ; double cross-bar to anchor. PL XL. 13. 11, 12. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 13-16. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful. 17.1909. Rollin. 18.1898. Benlian. 19. As. nos. 11, 12. ELYMAIS 26J No. Wt. Metal. Size. Obvei-se. Reverse. 20 59-2 3-84 JEj -55 tiava has transverse crest ; double cross-bar to anchor. 21 58-1 3-?6 M -6 . 1 22 5G-2 3-64 .E -6 >' 5> 23 55-1 3-57' JE -6 tiara has no crest (?) ; double cross-bar to anchor. PI. XL. 14. 24 61-0 3-95 ^ -65 tiara has transverse crest. 25 60-4 3-91 M -6 )5 J) PI. X L. 15. 26 GO-1 3-89 ^ -65 )• yi 27 5G-1 3-64 ^ -6 J' I) 28 54-2 3-51 M .6 >> )> 29 G5-7 4-26 JE -G 30 58-6 3-80 M -65 31 58-5 3-79 ^ -65 PI. X L. 16. 32 58-5 3-79 .E -65 20, 21. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 22. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?). 23. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from Teheran). 24. 1920. Presented by M. -J. de Morgan (from a tind at Dizful). 25.1900. Lincoln. 26, 27. As nos. 20, 21. 28.1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 29-32. As nos. 20, 21. 264 ELYMAIS I No.i Wt. 33 34 35 36 37 58-4 3-78 58-1 3-76 57-6 3-73 57-2 3-71 Metal. Size. Obverse. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 55'6 3-60 55-3 3-58 JE -6 JE -55 M .6 M -6 JE -6 ^ -6 55-0 JE •65 3-56 54-3 JE •6 5-5^ 53-9 JE •65 3-49 j 53-0 JE •65 5-45 51-5 JE •6 ' 51-0 3-30 50-2 3-35 49-7 3-J23 JE -6 JE -Q JE -6 Reverse. PI. XL. 17. PI. XL. 18. 33-43. As nos. 20, 21. 44. 45. As. no. 22. 46. As nos. 20, 21. ELYMAIS 265 No. 47 48 49 50 Wt. 53 54 55 56 57 58 49-1 3-18 47-3 3-06 54-4 3-52 52-3 3-39 51 I 60-7 3-93 52 60-3 3-91 55-4 3-59 53-2 .5-45 52-8 51-7 3-35 50-9 3-30 50-6 3-38 Metal. Size. M -6 JEi -Go .E -6 ^ -65 M -65 .^ -65 M -6 ^ -65 .E -6 M -6 ^ -6 M -55 Obverse. Reverse. PI. XL. 19. double cross-bar to anchor. 47, 48. As nos. 20, 21. 49, 50. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful), 51. 1853. W. K. Loftus (found at Susa). 52, 53. 1856. W. K. Loftiis. Presented by Major Mackenzie Elliot. 55. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson. 57. 1856. W. K. Loftus. 58. 1898. 54. 1908. 56. 1911. Benlian. M m 266 ELYMAIS No. Wt. 60 61 62 63 Metal. Size. 231-6 .EM5 15-01 i 209-7 ,.El-l 13-59 Obverse. Reverse. Type Bb. Bust facing, with tut'ts of hair at sides 1. With Aramaic inscription (KABNAH(Z)KIR URUD MALKA BAR URUD MALKA). i Tetradraehms. Bust facing, bearded, with Field filled with dashes, large lateral tufts of hair ; diadem and low head-dress ; on r., anchor with double cross-bar, and above it cres- cent containing star ; on 1., downwards, inscr. ; border of dots. .-^JdOT^f^S (--^rinn:)) PI. XL. 20. Similar to preceding. PI. XL. 23. 225-9 JE 1 -2 i'Ji ^/^fJi^n J'^^ u-64 (- - - -n-i*i n^^n^i::) PI. XL. 21. 219-8 U-24 _M\-\ (iiiscr. begins above on r.) 213-8 ^1-2 13-85 PI, XL. 22. Similar inscr., many letters obscure ; lateral tufts smaller. PI. XL. 24. 59. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 60. 1856. W. K. Loftus. Same obv. die as no. 59. 61. 1856. W. K. Loftus. 62. 1919. H. D. Gill (found at Susa). 63. 1856. W. K. Loftus. 267 No. 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Wt. 57-4 3-72 55-0 3-56 57-4 3-72 62-8 4-07 55-0 3-56 51-4 5-55 47-4 3-07 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. M -65 t M .6 t M -65 t M -65 t M -6 t M -6 \ M -6 Drachms (KAMNaSkIR URUD MALKA or URUD MALKA BARI URUD). Similar bust and symbols (pellet instead of star), but no inscription ; border of dots. double cross-bar to anchor. (X57/b Till 1* PI. XLI. 1. Bust of deity (Artemis ?) facing, with two large lateral tufts of hair, from which and from top of head project rays ; around, inscr. beginning usually on 1. above ; border of dots. -) inscr. begins on r. below (--Sto-inu':') n---) inscr. obliterated. (--DConinv--) inscr. begins on r. below (nm n!i N^Sib nni) PL XLI. 2. double cross-bar to anchor. j Similar to no 69, but inscr. I begins on 1. PI. XLI. 3. 64-6. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 67. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 68. 1824. R. Payne-Knight Bequest. 69. 1900. Lincoln. 70. As no. 67. 268 ELYMAIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Obverse. Reverse. 2. Uninscribed. Drachms. Similar bust and symbols to Field filled with irregular preceding ; double cross-bar dashes. to anchor : border of dots. 71 65-1 4-22 JE -G 72 61-3 3-97 M -6 73 60-4 3-91 ^ .65 74 60-0 3-89 ^ -65 PI. XLI. 4. 75 59-9 3-88 JE -65 76 58-2 3-77 ^ -6 PI. XLI. 5. 76 58-2 JE S bis 3-77 • 77 58-1 3-76 JE -65 78 58-0 3-76 ^ -6 79 57-6 3-73 JE -6 PI. X LI. 6. 80 57-6 5-75 ^ -65 81 57-2 3-71 JE -6 71-81. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa\ ELYMAIS 269 No. Wt. Metal. Size. M -6 Obverse. Reverse. 82 ■ 570 3-69 83 56-8 3-68 M -6 84 56-6 3-67 M -6 85 56-7 3- 68 M .65 PI. XLI. 7. 86 54-4 M -6 ■ 3-53 87 54-2 3-51 M -6 . 88 48-9 3-17 M -6 89 48-6 3-15 M .65 - 90 62-0 4-02 M .6 PI. XLI. 8. 91 50-8 3-29 M .6 92 46-2 2-99 M .6 93 58-8 3-81 M -6 94 58-4 3-78 ^ .6 95 56-2 3-64 M -65 82-5. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson ;found at Susa). 83 and 84 are from same obv. die. 86, 87. 1909. Presented hy Lt. A. T. Wilson found at Susa?). 88. 89. As nos. 82-5. 90-2. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 93. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 94. 1900. Lincoln. 95. 1856. W. K. Loftus. 270 ELYMAIS 3Ietal. No. Wt. Size. Obverse. Reverse. 96 520 Axis. JE -65 .5-57 97 53-3 S-4o ^ -6 Similar to preceding, but an- chor has single cross-bar. Field tilled with irregular dashes. 98 63-7 4-13 iE -65 99 62-9 4-08 .E -65 100 62'8 4-07 JE -7 101 GO-9 .E -65 102 60-5 3-93 ^ .6 103 59-9 3-88 ^ -65 PL XLI. 9. 104 59-3 3-84 ^ .6 105 59-2 3-84 JS -65 106 54-3 3-53 JE -6 107 52-0 3-37 ^ -6 108 50-4 M .55 i 3-J27 96.1856. W. K. Loftus. 97.1902. Presented by Mr. A. P. Ready. 98-108.1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). ELYMAIS 271 No. 109 Wt. Metal. Size. Obverse. Reverse. 48-2 M .6 3-12 110 53-7 3-48 M -G 111 52-8 3-42 M -6 112 49-3 3-m M -7 113 52-9 3-43 M -6 109. 1909. Presented bj- Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa\ W. K. Loftus. 113. 1908. Lincoln. 110-12. 1856. 272 ELYMAIS Metal. No. vvt. Size. Axis. Obvei-se. Reverse, Pheaates son of Orodes. Early second cent. a.d. Type Ab. Bust 1. in tiara adorned with crescent containino- pellet. 1. With Greek inscription. Bust 1., bearded, wearing dia- Artemis, wearing short chit- demed tiara adorned with on, standing r., holding bow crescent containing pellet ; on in 1., plucking arrow with r. 1., when not off the flan, TTPA from quiver at her back ; upwards ; behind, anchor and on r. upwards, retrograde, crescent containing pellet ; 3HTAASTT; on 1., retro- border of dots. grade, DV9AO>6a: border of dots. 1 70-3 4-56 .E -6 t PL XLI. 10. 2 63-(5 .E .6 t 3 63- 1 4-00 M .6 t PI. XLI. 11. 4 60-3 .E -6 3-01 t 5 56-9 ^E -6 3-69 f G 56-1 ^ -65 3-64 f 7 53-5 M -6 5-47 t PI. XI il. 12. 1-7. 1920. Presented by M. .J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 273 No. 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 19 20 Wt. 52-9 3-43 64-3 4-17 60-5 3-92 59-2 58-5 3-7!) 53-2 5-4.5 53-0 3-43 5M 5-5i Metal. Size. Axis. ^ -65 t t JE -6 t jE -6 t ^ -6 t .E -6 t ^ -65 t ^ -6 t Obverse. 51-6 1^ .55 'i-34 \ JE .6 t .E -55 t JE -55 t JE -6 t 61-5 5-5S 59-5 3-86 59-3 58-3 3-78 Reverse. PL XLI. 13. PI. XLI. 14. 8. 1920. Presented by M. J. do Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 9. 1911. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson. 10-15. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson cfound at Susa\ 16. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?). 17. 1900. Lincoln. 18, 19. 1900. Rollin. 20. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. N n 274 ELYMAIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. JE -6 t Obverse. Reverse. 21 52-5 3-40 PI. XLI. 15. 22 54-9 3-56 M -65 t 2. With Aramaic Inscription Tetradrachm. (PRAHAT(?) MALKA BAR URUD MALKA). 23 226-0 14-64 iEM5 Bust I., bearded, wearing dia- demed tiara adoi'ned witli crescent containing pellet ; garment fastened witli brooch on breast ; behind, anchor and crescent containing pellet ; on 1., in two lines downwards, inscr. : — m±>f2 n^<[^ns(:^)] border of dots. PI. XI Field filled with dashes. jI. 16. 3. Uninscribed. Drachms. 24 59-6 JE -G Bust 1., bearded, with symbol, all as on drachms nos. 1 tt'. Field filled with dashes ar- ranged so as to suggest three ears of corn. PL XLI. 17. 21. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 22. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from Teheran). 23. 1911. G. H. Judd. Bev. Num., 1919, p. 67, and PI. I. 9. 24. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). ELYMAIS 275 No. 25 Metal. ^*- i Size. Obverse, Reverse. 57-9 M -6 3-75 26 45-0 \JE -6 2-92 Similar to preceding. Field filled with usually parallel. dashes, 27 63-4 4-11 ^ -6 28 61-8 1^ .6 4-00 1 PI. XLI. 18. 29 61-6 Le -65 5-9^ 30 58-6 .3-80 JE .6 31 56-9 '^ -7 3-69 32 56-0 1^ -6 • 33 55-9 JE -6 34 53-7 \JE -7 3-48 35 52-1 \JE .55 1) iTy 36 50-8 ^ -6 3-29 25-36. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 276 No. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Wt. Metal. Size. 49-1 M •55 3-18 46-3 M •6 3-00 54-4 M •6 3-52 53-7 M •6 3-48 53-0 M •6 3-43 56-9 M •65 3-69 54-5 M •55 5-55 49-6 M •6 5-^i 48-3 M •65 3-13 56-7 M •6 5-68 63-6 M •6 412 Obverse. Reverse. dashes crescent-shaped. PL XLI. 19. PI. XLI. 20. double cross-bar to anchor. dashes irregular. PL XLI. 21. 37, 38. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa;. 39-41, 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa ?). 42.1900. Rollin. 43.1900. Lincoln. 44.1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizfui;. 45.1894. Gen. .Sir Alex. Cunningham. 46. 1908. Lincoln. 47. 1919. H. D. Gill (found at Susa). ELYMAIS 277 No. 48 49 50 51 52 53 Wt. 50-3 3-26 48-8 316 56-5 3-66 53-4 3-46 50-4 3-27 Metal. Size. Axis. M -65 t M -65 t ^ .6 t M -65 t M -6 t 52-7 ^ -6 3-4:1 f Obverse. Eeverse. Type Ac. Bust i'acin|j;- in tiara adorned with two crescents. Drachms. 1. With Greek inscription. Bust facing, left shoulder pro- minent, bearded, wearing dia- demed tiara, adorned witli two crescents containing pellets ; on 1., TTPA ; on r., anchor and crescent containing pellet ; border of dots. Artemis standing, and inscrip- tion, as on series Ab. 1, usually beginning on r. above. iPAATHCB ACIA€VC ♦ PA PL XLI. 22. ACIA€V double cross-bar to anchor (?). - - - CB ACIA€ - - " ' OX)8 on 1., outwards ; on r., - - AASTT inwards. PI. Xlil. 23. " ■ 0/)8 on 1., outwards : inscr. on r. obliterated. 2. Without inscription. Bust facing, &c., as on pre- ceding (decoration of tiara obscure) ; border of dots. Eagle standing 1. ; wings dis- played ; border of dots. PI. XLI. 24. 48, 49. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 50. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 52. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?). 53. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. 278 ELYMAIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 54 49-9 3-28 M -6 t 55 40-9 2-65 M -55 t 56 35-1 2-27 .E -6 t 57 47-6 3-08 M -55 t border o^al. Eagle has wings closed and holds in beak diadem, ends of which fly behind ; border oval. PI. XLI. 25. 58 41-8 2-71 .E -55 Similar to preceding. Double diadem ; on either side a crescent, horns upward, containing a pellet ; border of dots. 59 41-2 2-67 .E -6 crescents visible in decoration of tiara. 60 40-4 2-62 .E -55 t PI. Xl LI. 26. 61 33-4 2-16 M -55 7 crescent in field, if any flan. off the 62 37-8 M -55 no crescent in field. no crescents. 2-45 "^ PI. XLI. 27. 63 33-0 214 ja -55 no crescent in field. crescents with horns out- ward. 54. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from Teheran). 55, 56. 1909. Presented by Lt. A.T. Wilson found at Susa?). 57. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. 58, 59. 1909. As nos. 55, 56. 60. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. 61-3. 1909. As nos. 55, 56. 279 No Wt. Metal. Size. Obverse. Reverse. 64 36-2 2-35 M •6 Similar bust, &c.,to preceding ; border of dots. PI. XLI. 28. Field filled with parallel crescents (?). 65 36-1 2-34 M •55 Similar to preceding ; tiara adorned with vertical row of pellets ; border of dots. Pattern of crescents : centre of three crescents back to back, surrounded by a border of six crescents with horns outward (?). 64, 65. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?j. In spite of the decoration of the tiara on no. 65, usually associated, according to Allotte de la Fuye's classification, with Orodes II. the style and weight of these coins connect them with those attributed to Phraates. 280 ELYMAIS No. Metal. Wt. 1 Size. i Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Oeodes III. (URUD MALKA) Second cent. A. d. Drachms. Type Be. Bust facing. 1 38-9 jE .55 3-53 • t Bust facing (1. shoulder pro- minent), with long moustache and pointed beard ; hair dressed high on head ; double diadem ; small lateral tufts : border of dots. In a formal wreath, anchor, flanked at top by crescents containing pellets. PI. XLII. 1. Bust facing, all as on preceding, but with larger lateral tufts ; border of dots. Female bust (Artemis?) 1., wearing a head-dress with a crest of rays terminating in pellets, and ties falling to shoulders ; necklace and pearled dress ; behind head, anchor ; border of dots. 2 54-8 .E .6 o-oo t PL XLII. 2. 3 •15-0 J2-9J2 .E -55 / 4 44-2 J2-86 t in field 1., crescent surmounted by a star. 5 40-3 2-Gl M -6 t 6 39-0 M -6 7 33-2 M -6 t 1. 1900, at Susa ?). Rollin and Feuardent. 2-7. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found ELYMAIS 281 No. 10 11 12 13 Wt. 47-0 3-05 9 i 45-9 2-97 42-9 3-78 37-4 2-4:2 43-9 2-84: 29-3 1-90 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. M .6 ^ -6 t M -6 / M .6 tE -55 t M -55 t PI. XLII. 3. PI. XLII. 4. Type B i'. Bust 1. ; Aramaic inscr. Bust 1., -with pointed beard, large tufts of hair on top of bead and nape of neck ; double diadem ; in front, traces of Aramaic inscr. (URUD MAL- KA) ; border of dots. Female bust (Queen Ulfan?) I., draped ; wears diadem with long ties, and necklace ; [in front, inscr.]. PI. XLII. 5. Similar anchor ; bust I. ; in front, border off the flan. Similar bust 1. ; details of head-dress oif the flan : on 1., PI. inscr. J^Q (? tNS['?1], ULFAN) ; border of dots. XLII. 6. 8, 9. 1900. RoUin and Feuardent. 11. 1877. Feuardent. 12. 1900. by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 10. 1894. Gen, Rollin and Feuardent. Sir Alex. Cunningbam. 13. 1909. Presented o o 282 ELYMAIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. • Orodes IV. (URITD MALKA) Second century a.d. Drachms. Type B g. Bust 1. Bust 1., ^vith small beard in two points ; large tuft of hair on top of head ; double diadem ; on 1. downwards. sometimes inscr. J07^ 1111 ; border of dots. Female bust 1. (Artemis ?) ; wears head-dress with crest of rays terminating in pellets, and ties ; necklace and pearled dress ; border of dots. 1 47-5 ■ 3-08 JE .7 f ^li^py-' [k]:dS^"iiii behind head, anchor. 2 47-4 3-07 JE -5 inscr. (if any) off the flan ; in front of head, anchor. 3 46-0 ^■98 JE .6 tyi^e mis-struck ; inscr. (if any) off the flan. behind head, anchor. PI. XLII. 7. 4 38-6 ;2-50 JE .55 / inscr. (if any) off the tlan. „ „ PI. XLII. 8. 5 45-0 ^•93 M -65 )) )j 6 40-0 3-59 JE -G no inscr. 7 40-0 3-59 ^ -6 traces of inscr. behind head, anchor. 8 34-9 M -65 no inscr. 1, 2. 1920. Presented by Mr. G. P. Churchill (from Persia). 3-6. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?). 7. 1920. Presented by Mr. G. P. Churchill (from Persia). 8. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from Teheran). 283 No. Wt. 9 33-9 2-20 10 45-0 2-U2 11 37-0 3-40 12 35-0 2-27 13 37-4 2-42 14 32-6 2-11 15 32-2 2-OV 16 30-0 1-94 17 28-1 1-82 Metal, Size. Axis. M -6 t M -55 / M -55 t JE -55 t Obverse. inscr. (if any) off the flan. Reverse. no. inscr. inscr. (if any) off the flan. behind head, trace of an- chor (?). behind head, crescent (?). behind head, crescent. PI. XLII. 9. M .55 Similar type, &c., in lower ' Similar type, in lower relief. t M .5 \ M .55 t M .5 t M .5 t relief ; behind head, anchor ; no. inscr. PI. XLII. 10. in front of head, crescent (?). PI. XLII. 11. PI. XLII. 12. 9-11. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 13-16. 1909. Asnos. 9-11. 17. 1909. As nos. 3-6. 12. 1909. As nos. 3-6. 284 ELYMAIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Uncertain Kings. Late second century to 226 a.d. Drachms. Type B h. Bust 1. ; rev. Artemis. 1 27-8 1-80 JE -5 t Bust 1., with beard in two points ; small tuft on top of head ; double diadem ; no an- chor behind (?) ; borderof dots. Artemis, wearing short chiton, standing r. ; in extended 1., bow, r. draws arrow from quiver at her shoulder; bor- der of dots. PI. XLII. 13. 1. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (from Susa?). ELYMAIS 285 No. Wt. Metal. Siz Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Type B i. Bust 1. ; rev. Artemis. 1 ' Bust I., with beard in two Artemis, wearing short chiton, points ; small tuft at back of standing r. ; in extended 1. 1 head and sometimes also on bow, r. draws arrow from top ; diadem (usually double) ; sometimes,^ behind head, an- quiver at her shoulder ; bor- der of dots. chor, and above it a crescent and star, separated ; border of dots. 1 47-3 .E .55 3-06 t 2 41-2 M 55 3 34-0 M -5 2-20 t PI. XLII. 14. 4 35-1 M -5 t 5 31-5 3-04 M .5 t 6 28-5 1-85 M .5 t 7 26-8 1-71 .E -55 t 8 26-7 1-73 .E -45 t 9 22-5 1-M .E -45 t ^ Some of those coins on which the anchor, &c., are not described may be only faulty specimens. 1. 1900, Lincoln. 2. 1920. Presented by Mr. G. P. Churchill i,from Persia). 3. 1900. Lincoln. 4-9. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 286 ELVMAIS No. 10 Wt. Metal Size. Axis. 22-2 1-44 JE -5 t 11 21-3 1-38 M -45 t 12 20-0 1-30 M -55 t 13 31-5 2-04 JE .5 t 14 31-2 2-02 JE -45 t 15 25-1 1-63 JE -4 t 16 31-0 2-01 ^ -55 t 17 27-8 1-80 JE .5 t 18 31-5 2-04 ^ -5 t 19 40-4 2-62 ^ -5 t 20 38-8 2-51 JE -55 t 21 38-.-) 2-4'J ^ -55 t 22 28-7 1-86 JE .45 t Obverse. Reverse. PI. XLII. 15. PL XLII. 17. behind head, traces of anchor, crescent, and star. behind head, anchor [also crescent and star?]. behind head, anchor, crescent, and star. PI. XLII. 16. in field 1., crescent (horns up- ward). in front of head, anchor. PI. XLII. 18. 10-12. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 13-15. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (from Susa ?). 16. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from Teheran). 17. 1905. Presented by Mr. F. A. Harrison. 18. 1909. As nos. 13-15. 19. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 20, 21. 1909. As nos. 13-15. 22. 1909. As no. 19. ELYMAIS 287 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Keverse. Type Bj. Bust 1. ; rev. Athena. Bust 1., with pointed beard ; large tufts of hair on head and nape of neck ; double diadem ; behind, anchor and crescent containing pellet ; border of dots. Athena, wearing helmet and long chiton, r. resting on spear, 1. on shield which is on the ground ; border of dots. 1 50-7 3-^9 t PI. XL Athena stands r. II. 19. 2 40-3 2-61 M .5 t anchor off the flan. | „ „ PL XLII. 20. 3 36-1 2-34 M .5 t 4 46-4 3-01 M .55 t J) '> ,, stands 1. 5 46-3 3-00 M -55 t >j '» 6 44-0 2-85 M -55 t •1 >) 1, 2. 1900. Kollin and Feuardent. 3. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?). 4. 1916. Presented by Eev. Edgar Rogers (from Teheran). 5. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa), 6. 1909. As no. 3. 288 ELYMAIS No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Type C. Bust r. ; rev. crescent in wreath. Bust r., bearded, diademed, with small tuft of hair at back. Within a formal wreath, tied at bottom, crescent with horns upward containing pellet. 1 38-0 2-46 M -5 t PI. XLII. 22. 2 26-5 1-72 M .45 t no pellet in crescent, but two below. PI. XLII. 23. 3 30-3 1-96 .E .45 t details obscure (no crescent or pellet?). 4 28-4 1-84 M .45 t PI. XL no crescent or pellet ? IL 24. 5 28-4 1-84 M .45 t 1 no crescent or pellet. PI. XLII. 25. 6 24-4 1-58 M .45 t bust I. no pellet in orescent. 1, 2. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (from Susa?). by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 3-6. 1909. Presented CHARACENE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 241-6 15-66 Al 1-2 t Obveise. Reverse. T. GREEK SERIES. Hyspaosines. reigning 188 A.s. = 125/4 B.C. No coins in tlie British Museum. See Introduction. Apodakos reigning 203-207 A.s. = 110/9-106/5 B.C. Silver tetradraehm. Head of Apodakos r., dia- demed ; traces of fillet border. Herakles, nude, seated 1. on anvil-shaped seat, 1. resting on seat, r. holding clul) which rests on r. knee ; on r. downwards, BAZIAEflZ, on 1. down- wards, ATTOAAKOY; in /\J , in ex. rZ Date. field PL XLIII. 1. TiRAios I Euergetes reigning 223 a.s. = 90/89 B.C. No coins in the British Museum. See Introduction. 203 A. S. = 110/9 B.C. 1. 1853. Jos. Olgiiin (found near Hamadan). Arch. Zeitung, 1853, 383. Nam. Chron., 1856, p. 139. Waddington, lie!. II, p. 85, PL VI. 3 ; Babelon, Mel. Ill, PI. VI. 3. Pp 290 C'HARACENE No. Wt. 210-2 13-62 57-0 3-69 Metal, Size. Axis. t M '7 Obverse. Reverse. TiRAios II Soter Euergetes reigning 252-261 or 264 A.s. = 61/0-52/1 or 49/8 B.C. Silver tetradraehm. Head r.. diademed, beard- ed, hair in curls ; border of dots. Herakles seated 1. with club as on previous coin ; on r. downwards, BAZI AEfi:^ I TIPAIDY. on I.downwards.JinTHPD Xlill-lVEPri; infiehl, above r. arm ■l^'^'^ PL XLIII. 2. Bronze. Similar head r. ; border, 1 Nike walking 1., r. ex- if any, off the flan ;! tended holding wreath (?) ; bevelled edge. ; on r^ downwards, [B]AC lAE^, on 1. downwards, JTIPA PI. XLIII. 3. Date. 261 A.s. (52/1 B.C.) or 264 A. S. (49/8 B.C.) 1. 1824. R. Payne-Knight. Num. Vet., p. 193. 1. Visconti, Icon. Ch\ III, PL IX. 9. Lauglois, PL II. 2. Waddington, p. 87, PL VL 4. Babelon, PL VI. 5. 2. 1897. Presented by Mr. H. F. Amedroz. Num. Chron., 1899, p. 107, no. 34, PL IX. 13. CHARACENE 291 No Wt. 1B2-2 10-51 209-6 13-58 211-5 13-70 Metal. Size. Axis. M 1-2 t Jil-15 t Obverse. Reverse. Attambelos I Soter Euergetes reigning 269 (or earlier)-273 (?) A. s. = 44/3 to 40/39 B.C. Silver tetradraehms. Head r., diademed, beard- ed, hair in curls ; border of dots. Herakles seated 1. with club, as on preceding tetra- draehms ; on r. down- wards and on 1. down- wards, inscr. ; above r. arm, monogram ; in ex., date. BAZIAEn[Z] I ATTA MBHAa[Y] on r., ZH THPD[ZJ I [KAIJEYE - - - on 1. ; monogram ^ ; in ex. B1:X PI. LV. 10. [B]AZIAE[nZ I A]TT AMBHAD[Y]onr., [Z] nTHPDZ I [KAIJEYE Pr -- on 1., ^ ; in ex. OSi monogram PI. LV. 11. [B]AZIAE[nZ] I ATT AMBHAD[Y] on r., Z nTHPD[Z I KjAIEYE Pr - - on 1. ; monogram y ; in ex. BDZ PI. LV. 12. Date. 269 A. S. == 44/3 B.C. ?270 A. S. = 43/2 B.C. 272 A.S.= 41/0 B.C. 1-3. 1920. D. B. Davies (from Mesopotamia). 292 CHARACENE No. 4 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. 187-7 13-16 Ail-1 t [BAZJIAE[nZ ATJT AMBHAa[Y] on r., Z HTHPaZ 1 [KAJIEYE PrET - on 1. ; monogram y ; in ex. PDZ PI. LV. 13. 273 (?) A.S.= 40/39 B.C. 5 165.7 10-74 yRl-7 t [B]AZIA[EnZ] ATT AMBH[AaY] on r., Z nTHPD[Z 1 KJAIEYE P - - on 1. ; monogram 5»J ; under arm of Hera- cles, letter ^; ex. oft' the flan. PL LV. 14. ? Theonesios I reigniDg 273 A.s. = 40/39 b.c. No coins in the British Museum. See Introduction. 4, 5. 1920. D. B. Davies (from Mesopotamia). CHARACENE 293 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. Attambelos II Soter Euergetes reigning 283-317 A.s. = 30/29 b.c,-5/6 a.d. Base tetradrachms. Head r., diademed, beard- Herakles with club seated ed, hair of dots. in curls ; border 1. as on preceding tetra- drachms ; on r. down- wards and on 1. down- wards, inscr. ; above r. arm, monogram u)J ; be- low arm, a letter: in ex., date. 1 211-5 13-70 base 1-05 t BAClAi 1 ATTAMB on r., cnxHP 1 iii on 1. ; underarm, ^j (i'O' in ex. n T" 313(?) A.S. = 1/2 A.D. 2 225-1 U-59 base 1-0 t iiZli 1 iTTAMBon r., iriTHPDjiAIEYE on 1. ; under arm, jT ; in ex. c;iT 316 A.S.= 4/5 A.D. PI. XLIII. 4. 3 214-9 13-93 base 1-05 t BAir.i 1 ATTAMB on r.; iiTi 1 iii on 1 ; under arm, ^ Q) ; in ex. .TIT PL XLIII. 5. 317 A. S.= 5/6 A.D. 2. 1840. R. Steuart. Waddington, p. 89. 4, PI. VI. 9. 3. Waddington, p. 89. 5. 294 CHARACENE No. 4 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. 219-3 14-21 base 1-05 BACli 1 ATTAMi on r., CnTHi 1 ¥m. on ? t 1. ; under arm, J (^ ?) : date off the flan. PI. XLIII. 6. 5 211-7 13-72 base 1-05 t 3AZIAEni 1 iTTA MB HA on r. ; inscr. on 1. obliterated ; monogram f^^, no letter under arm ; date off' the flan. ? CHARACENE 295 wt. Metal. Size. Axis. 221-2 14-33 base 1-05 t Obverse. Reverse. Date. Adinekglos Soter reigning 321 or 324-333 A.s. (9/10 or 12/13-21 '22 A.D.) Base tetradraehm. Bust r., diademed, bearded, liair in curls ; traces of border. Herakles seated 1. with club as on preceding coins: on r. downwards, :^ACIA Ei I i.4INHPrAO, on 1 downwards, ^.Q.THP M (rest, if any, off the flan) ; above arm, remains of monogram ; in ex. PL XLIII. 7. Theonesios II Soter reigning 363 a.s. = 51/2 A.D. No coins in British Museum. See Introduction. 321 A.S,(=: 9/10 A. D.) or 324 A.S.( = 12/13 A.D.) 1. Waddiugton, p. 91, PI. VII. 10. Babelon, p. 231, PI. VI. 8. 296 CHABACENE No. vvt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. Attambelos III Soter Euergetes reigning 365-383 A.s. (53/4-71/2 a.d). Bronze tetradrachms. Head r., diademed ; hair Herakles seated 1. with in curls; border (when club, as on preceding visible) of dots. coins ; inscr. on r. and 1. downwards ; above arm of Herakles, monogram ; below it, a letter ; in ex., date. 1 200-4 ^1-05 no beard. m'$, 1 iTAMBi onr., 365 12-99 t Cu)THP 1 MM on 1. ; monogram and letter il- legible ; date Tlif; A.S.= 53/4 A.D. PI. XLIII. 8. 2 231-4 ^1-05 no beard ; on neck, coun- i.-VCIAiiiiTAMBH 369 1 14-99 t termark, obscure. onr., CCOTHPlKAIon 1. ; monogram hj , letter illegible ; in ex., date Tze A.s. = 57/8 A.D. 3 236-' ^1-0 no beard ; on neck, coun- MMM 1 ATTAMBonr., V 15-30 t termark, HH CWTHP 1 GY€ oa 1.; monogram rrj, letter \/ (i) ; date off the flan. PI. XLIII. 9. 1. Waddington, p. 100, no. 2. 2. 1920. Spink (from Hermann WeVjer Collection). 3. 1854. Cnpt. .Tones, H.RI.C.S. Waddington, p. 100, no. 1, PI. VII. 12. CHARACENE 297 No. Wt. 238-1 15-43 228-8 14-83 231-3 14-99 228-4 14-80 223-5 14-48 191-4 12-40 Metal. Size. Axis. ^1-05 t Obverse. ^1-05 \ I t ^1-05 t M 1-0 t ^1-0 t no beard ; on neck, coun- termark J\jfL Reverse. slight beard. iiCIAffli I ATTAM B on r., COJTHi I iK A on 1. ; monogram ob- scure, letter ^ ; date PL XLIII. 10. ^^3. I ATT A MB on r., CWTHP i iAi on 1.; monogram obscure, letter X ; date TO A PL XLIV. 1. slight beard; in front of neck, countermark Itji if I ATTAMB on r, CWTHP I iAi on L; monogram ^|5j , letter O (^<) : date TOB PL XLIV. 2. slight beard ; behind head, D ; on neck, countermark 'm. I ATTAMB CWTHP I 't% on r., on 1. ; BH (upside down). \ monogram ^ (?), letter obscure ; date TO?- (?) PL XLIV. 3. slight beard ; in front of face, countermark IXJ slight beard. BACi I ATTAMB on r., CCJTi I ii on 1.; monogram and letter ob- scure ; date i"^i %% I ATTAMi on r., COJTi I ii on 1.; mo- nogram and letter ob- scure : date off the flan. Date. 371 A. S.= 59/60 A. D. 372 A. S.= 60/1 A. D. 375 A. S.= 63/4 A.D. 5. 1850. Major Ravrlinson. This is not the Woodhouse specimen mentioned by Waddington, p. 101, no. 5 ; the Woodhouse Collection, when acquired by the British Museum, contained no such coin. 6. 1908. Lincoln. 8. 1900. Lincoln. 9. 1852. Merewether. Q q 298 CHARACENE No. 10 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. 176-0 11-41 ^1-0 fuller beard ; on neck, countermark HH ii 1 ATTAMi on r., iOJTHi 1 '^3, on 1.; monogram and letter ob- literated ; date T^ ::=::(?) 377 A. S.= 65/6 A D. PI. XLIV. 4. 11 229-2 U-85 ^1-0 t fuller beard ; on neck, countermark j^ri '$M I ATTAi on r., COJTHi 1 iKA on 1.; monogram J4J, letter ^ ; ? date off the flan. PI. XLIV. 5. 10. 1874. Rollin and Fenardent. CHARACENE 299 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. Aetabazos. No coins known. Attambelos IV Soter Euergetes reigning 412-416 A.s. (100/1-104/5 a.d.). Bronze tetradrachm. 1 221-3 14-34 JEl-0 t Head r., diademed, beard- ed, hair iu curls ; in front, six-pointed star; traces of border of dots. Herakles seated 1. with club as on preceding coins ; on r. downwards, iACi 1 iTTAMBli, on 1. downwards, CCJT HP 1 KAI€Y; no mono- gram or letter ; in ex., date YIG 415 A. 8.= 103/4 A.D. PI. XLIV. 6. 1. 1840. R. Steuart. Longperier, I, p. 310, PI. V. 1. (where the date is misread as YIB)- Waddington, p. 101, PI. VII. 14 300 CHABACENE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. ■ Obverse. Reverse. Date. Theones(i)os III Soter Euergetes reigning 421-423 A. s. {= 109/10-111/12 a.d.). Bronze tetradraehms. Bust r., with sliort beard, diademed, hair in curls ; in front, a palm -branch ; border (?). Herakles with club, seated 1. as on i^receding coins ; on r. and 1. downwards, inscr. ; above arm, mono- gram ; below, a letter ; in ex., date. 1 228-0 14-77 ^1-0 t ii 1 icONHIO on r., iCJTHPO j ii on 1.; monogram obscure, letter yy {t2) ; date VKr 423 A. S.= 111 2 A.D. PI. XLIV. 7. 2 227-7 14-75 ^1-0 t on neck, countermark M BACli 1 e€ONHCi on r., iojTHP 1 'rm on 1. ; monogram ? jMt, letter uncertain ; date il- legible. ? PL XLIV. 8. Attambelos V reigning a.d. 116. No coins known 1. 1874. Rollin and Feuardent. 2. 1882. India Office Collection. Waddington, p. 103. 3, PI. VII. 16 Babelon, p. 238 f. The date, which Waddington read as YAA or YA At and Babelon thinks may bo YKA- is quite indecipherable. CHARACENE 301 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Uncertain Kings. (2nd cent, after Christ). Bronze tetradrachms. 1 216-9 14-05 JEl-05 t Bust r., bearded, diademed; liair dressed in two rows of curls on top and tuft behind ; bust draped ; border of dots. Herakles seated 1. with club, as on preceding coins ; remains of inscr. (Greek?) on r. and 1. ; above r. arm, monogram 1^' ; below arm, a letter (?) : ex. obscure. PI. XLIV. 9. 2 179-9 11-66 ^1-0 t Bust r., bearded, diadomed ; hair dressed in three rows of curls, flat-topped, on top of head, and tuft behind ; bust draped ; border of dots. Similar type ; remains of inscr. (Greek ?) ; all very much worn. PI. XLIV. 10. 1. Perhaps from C. J. Rich. 2. 1858. Whittall of Smyrna. 302 CHARACENE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. II. ARAMAIC SERIES. A. Banaga or Binaga (?). (2nd cent, after Christ). Bronze tetradraehms. Bust r., diademed, with pointed beard ; hair dressed in two rows of curls, flat- topped, on top of head, and tuft behind ; bust draped ; traces of letters in field (?) and of border of dots. Herakles seated 1., with club, as on preceding coins ; on 1. and r. downwards, inscr. ; above r. arm, monogram ; be- low arm letter or letters ; border of dots. 1 290-9 18-85 ^1-05 t Oj_f^y <^ii ^'i inscr. on 1. ob- literated ; monogram J/r (?) : letters obscure. PL XLIV. 11. 2 234-6 15-20 iEl-05 t on r. ; monogram /n ; letters ;?!0 PI. XLIV. 12. 1. From C. J. Rich(?). Num. Chron., 1856, no. 7 (obv.) on Plate at p. 1. 2. From C. J. Rich(?). Num. Chron., 1856, no. 8 (rev.) on Plate at p. 1. Lenormant, Prop, de I'Alph. Phen., II, PI. XII. 2. Rev. Num., 1889, p. 216, no. 1, PI. V. 1. This is not the Tochon d'Annecy-Gurt coin as Drouin, loc. cit,, supposes. CHARACENE 303 No. Wt. 259-4 16-81 255-0 10-52 237-1 15-36 Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. B. Nameless King. {2nd cent, after Christ). Bronze tetradrachms. Bust r., diademed, beardless, hair dressed in two rows of curls, flat-topped, on top of head, and in tuft behind ; bust draped ; border of dots. ^1-1 ^1-1 t ^1-05 t Bust r,, not diademed, with short pointed beard (hardly indicated), hair in curls ; bust draped ; on r. and 1. monograms and letter ; border of dots. P^ and ^ n or J Ion 1. PI. XLV. 1. traces of s-ame monograms letter on I. obliterated. traces of same monograms ; A or' "Xi on 1. PI. XLV. 2. 1. From C. J. Rich(?). Num. Chron., 1856, Plate at p. 1, no. 9. Lenormant, op. cit., PI. XII. 3. Eev.Num.,lSS9,Pl.Y.o. 2.1844, R. Stenart. 3. From C. J. Rich (?). 304 CHARACENE No Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. C. Maga son of Athabiaos(?) (2nd cent, after Christ). Bronze tetradrachm. 1 256-7 16-63 t Bust r. , diademed, with pointed beard, hair in two rows of curls, flat-topped, on tojD of head, and tuft behind ; bust draped ; in front, in two lines downwards, inscr. ' ' #—■ and, lower, remains of mono- gram l/^ ; border of dots. Head r., undiademed, with pointed beard, hair in six large rolls and a long plait on top ; in front, monograms y^i and A| ; inscr. begin- ning below on r. PL XLV. 3. 1. From C. J. Rich (?). Num. Chron., 1856, Plate at p„ 1, no. 10. Drouin, Rev. Num., 1889, PI. V. 6. This is not, as Drouin supposes, the coin engraved by Lenormant, Prop, de VAlph. Phen., II, PI. XII. 6 ; nor is Drouin's facsimile of the inscr., op. cit., PI. VII. 6, made from this coin. This coin is re-struck ; on the reverse, in the hair, are visible the pellets rei^resenting the curls of the hair of the previous type, which was probably like the head on the rev. of group B. Perhaps the two monograms in the field also belong to the earlier type. CHARACENE 305 No. Wt. 254-7 16-50 252-8 16-38 247-4 246-5 15-97 245-7 15-92 Metal. Size. Axis. ^1-05 t t ^1-1 16-03 I t iEl-1 ^1-05 t Obverse. Reverse. D. Maga son of Athabiaos (?) (2nd cent, after Christ.) Bronze tetradrachms.^ Bust r., witli pointed beard, wearing round- topped tiara diademed ; bust draped ; in front, monogram lA and, downwards, inscr. in two lines ^.\ behind. downwards, /T^^ ' b^ 5 border of dots. Head r. as on rev. of preceding coins, undiademed, with pointed beard, hair in six large rolls with long plait on top of head ; around, beginning above on r., and outside this inscr., on r., differential letters ; border of dots. Differentia. : T^Q PI. XLV. 4. (M^^ behind) PI. XLV. 5. ,^-/Z> coy . f . . ^. r\ o Wo/^) PI. XLVI. 6. 27 256-2 ^1-1 1 16-60 t PL XLVI. 7. 17-27. All probably, and nos. 18, 19, 22, 25, 27 certainlj-, from C. J. Rich, 1825. 17. Rev. Nian., 1889, p. 233, PI. V. 15 (the reverse ; the illustration of the obverse is from some other specimen). 308 CHARACENE No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. 28 257-6 I 16-69 I 29 I 254-8 16-51 30 31 32 33 34 35 252-7 16-37 252-7 16-37 251-7 16-31 249-2 16-15 238-3 15-44 243-8 15-80 .El-0 t JEl-0 t .El-0 (7-^/^ beLin.l) t ' Keverse. (//////////////©/.€? e cAO OVM o-^') PL XLVI. 8. PI. XLVI. 9. iEl-0 t Ml-Oo t .El-1 t ir\/A behind) ^1-1 (n /A behind) t i PI. XLVI. 11. .^1-05 t 36 240-9 !^M ; (//^TIO^ ^^^^^^^'^) 37 15-61 231-8 15-0J2 t M\-0 t PI. XLVI. 12. 38 : 249-2 .El-0 39 16-15 239-6 15-53 PI. XLVI. 10. PI. XLVI. 13. t M 1-0 ('>'-^ \^ behind) \ PI. XLVI. 15. PI. XLVI. 14. 28-39. All probably, and nos. 28, 36 certainly, from C. .J. Rich, 1825. from same obv. die. 39. Rev. Num., 1889, p. 253, PI. VI. 35. 33 and 34 are CHARACENE 309 No. 40 Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. 237-1 15-36 ^1-05 t (^^g behind) 41 236-6 15-33 ^1-05 t 42 230-0 U-90 .El-05 t PI. XLVI. 16. 43 161-0 10-43 .■El-0 t ("YNV^ behind) 40-3. All probably, and no, 40 certainly, from C. J. Rich, 1S25. SUB-CHARACENIAN No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Unceetain King (2nd cent, after Christ). Bronze tetradrachms. Head r., diademed and bearded ; border of dots, out- side which, broad margin, as on coins of Meredates. Herakles seated 1. with club, as on preceding coins ; above and on either side, inscr. ; in ex., date(?). 1 236-8 15-34 ^1-2 t traces of overstruck type. above, traces of letters ; on r. downwards, ^^ o^^CT^t^; on 1. downwards, ^^ ^ ^ ; \ in ex., traces of letters ; be- fore his face, ^ ; under his r. arm, ><^ PI. XLVII. 1. 2 182-7 11-84 tEMS t traces of overstruck type. above, traces of letters ; on r. downwards, -_ ^_r ^i__, on 1. down- wards, f ^ ; ^^ 6^> traces of letters. 1 PI. XLVII. 2. ! 1. 1891. Lubicz. 2. 1901. W. T. Ready. SUB-CHARACENIAN 311 No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Meeedates, son of Phobas(?) reigning A. s. 454 {= A. D. 142-3) (M€P€AATHC BACIAeYC YIOC OBA BACIAenC). Bronze tetradrachms. Bust of king r., bearded ; he wears diademed tiara deco- rated -with crest of hooked ornaments and three upright bands, of which the outer con- tain star in crescent, the inner star and ? ; decorated robe ; border of dots, with broad outer margin. Bust of City-goddess r.. wear- ing turreted crown, hair tied with fillet ; inscr. (a) behind bust, in two lines down- wards ; {h) beginning in front of face and curving over head ; (c) date below bust ; {d) in second line in front of face. 1 227-5 14-74 .^1-2 t (a) iP€AAT|iACI.A AC (6) obliterated, (c) VM.4 {d) obliterated. 2 225-7 14-62 ^M5 t {a) MGP€Ai 1 off the flan. (6) IKPOBABAC (c, d) off the flan. PL XLVII. 3. 3 217-3 14-08 ^1-05 t {a) M€P€AAT 1 BAClAi (//) VIOBAii (c) YNA ((?) remains of tops of letters. PL XLVII. 8. («) AA I i (6) VKPOii (c) YN.A (rf) off the flan (all confuseil by re-striking) PI. XLVII. 9. (a) M€P6AAT BACIAe VC (6) illegible. (c) YNz:. {d) illegible. PI. XLVII. 10. 6, 9. Presented by Aug. Huttley. SUB-CHARACENIAN 313 No. 11 12 Wt. 192-0 12-44 186-9 12-11 13 14 15 Metal. Size. Axis. ^1-2 t ^1-1 t 177-3 .El-1 11-49 t 170-0 11-02 153-9 9-97 t M\-Qb t Obverse. PI. XLVII. 15. Reverse. (a) M€P€AA I ilA€VG Vl<|) iNi (?) illegible. restruck on a coin of Attam- belos; seated Herakles and parts of inscr. ATT &c., visible. PL XLVII 11. (a) i€P€AAi 1 m VI<1>0---- VNA id) illegible. behind head, ^ PI. XLVII 12 [a) N€P€Ai 1 M [b) Vl4)0BAii {c) YNA Pi. XLVII. 13. (a) illegible. (b) VIOBA - - (c) KNA (cZ) OIIAK PL XLVII. 14. a) W^, I BAIlAi ,6) iiiCIA '^c) illegible. (fZ) off the flau (all confused by re-striking i). 11. 1909. Asia Minor. Lincoln. 13. 1829. 12. 184:7 (?). James Priusep. Procured by Dr. Martin in Youns 314 ADDENDA No. Wt. Metal. Size. Axis. Obverse. Reverse. Date. ObODAS II OF Nabataea Silver didraehm. 1 102-9 6-67 M -8 t Bust X-. diademed, draped ; border of dots. Eagle with closed wings standing 1. ; inscr. around, on 1. downwards fniS? [Xl^b^; on r. upwards "IDli "]*722; across field, nSn nj^; border of dots. PL XLIX. 3. 3 1. 1921. VambtTv (from the Windischgratz Collection). See Dussaud, p. 210, no. 7. INDEXES I. Geographical. II. Types. III. Symbols and Adjuncts. IV. Countermarks. V. Kings and Rulers (other than Roman) VI. Eoman Emperors and their Relatives. VII. Inscriptions. VIII. Eras. IX. General. 317 INDEX 1 GEOGRAPHICAI. el-'Abda, xxxii. Abyssinia, Ixxii u., Ixxxi. Acanthus, cxlix. Aden, Ixiv, Ixxx, 46 n., 53 n., 65 u. Adraa, xxiii f., xxviii, xxx f., 15. Adri' at, xxiii. Aegiua. cxxxvi. Aelia Capitolina, xcii n. Alejjpo, xci n. Alexandria = Charax, q.v. 'Amman, xxxix. Auemurium, Ixxxvii n. Anthemusias (Anthemusia, Anthe- mus), Ixxxvii, 81. AntioL'hia = Charax, q. v. Antiochia ad Calliirhoen, xciv, 91. Autiochia ad Chrytorrhoam, xxxiv. Antiochia in Mvgdouia, cviii, 1 1 9. Antiochia Syr., xlii, xciii, xcviii. Ar, xlii f. Arabia, xxii-lxxxvi, ccv n., ccxiii, 14-80. Aradus, cxxiv. Areopolis, xlii f. Ariel, xlii. Armenia, xcix, civil, clxvi n. Ascalon, xxxviii. Assyria, cxviii f., 147. Astarte, xxxix. Asteria, xxxix. Athens, cxlix. Athos, Mt., Canal of, cxxix. Atumia (?), cxviii. Atusia (?) ad Caprum, cxviii, 147. Auranitis, xxiv n. Avola (Sicily), exxxi. Axum, liii, Ixvii n. Azara in Elymais, clxxxiii. B clvi f. Babylon, Ixxvii. cxiii, cxli ff , 140, 176 ff., 181 ff Babylonia, cxiii ff., 140-6. Baghdad, 195 n. Baihan el Qasab,^W., Ixxiv. Basrah, ccxii. Batnai, Ixxxvii. Beraqish, Ixxxiv. Birket Ibrahim, xcv. Bokhara, 191 n. Bosra, xxiv. Bostra, xx, xxiii u., xxiv-xxxi, 14, 16-26. Byzantium, cxlix. C [see also K) Caesarea Samariae, xxxviii. Canatha, xxii, xli. Carchemish, 106 n. Caripeta, Ixxv. Carrhae, xxv, Ivii, Ixxxvii-xciv, xcviif., cxf., cxiii, 82-90, 137. Celenderis, cxxxvi. 318 INDEX I Chababa, xli u. Chabatanon, xliv. Chaboias, R., cviii, ex f. Characene, cxciv-ccxiv, 289-313. Cliarachmoba, xxx f., 27. Charax Spasinu, cxciv-ccxiv. Chatramotites, xliv, Ixxxiii. Choaspes, R., clxxxiii. Chrysorrhoas, River, of Damascus, xxxiv u. Chrysorrhoas, River, of Gerasa (W. Jerash), xxxiv. Coele-Syria, xxxix. Ctesipboii, cxiv, cxv n., cxvii. Cyprus, cxxxviii. Cyrene, li ii. Cyzicus, cxxxi f. D Daisaii, xcv. Damascus, xi, xii, xix, xxxiv n. Decapolis, xxii, xxxi, xxxix. Denietrias-Damascus, xi. Demetrias ad Tigrini, cxix. Dium, xxii, xxxi f., 28. Dizful, clxxxv 11., 253-76 passim. Dora xxxvii n. E Eboda, xxii f., 28. Edessa, xci, xciv-cvii, cix, cxi f., 91- 118, 137. Edre'i, xxiii. Edun, xxxi. Elusa, xxxii. Elymais, clxxxii-cxciv, 244-88. Emesa, xl n., Ixxxix. Esbus, xxxiii, 29 f. Eski-Seruj, Ixxxvii. Eucarpeia, Ixxxviii ii. Eulaeus, JR., clxxxiii. Fons Cavoiae, cxi. Forat, ccxi n. G Gaba, xxxiii, xxxv. Gaza, xxxii. Gerasa, xxii, xxxiii-xxxv, 31 f. H Hadramaut, liv, Ix n., Ixxiv, Ixxvii, Hadur, xlix, Ixi f. Hamadan, 199 u., 205 n., 210 n., 246 11., 289 n. Harb (Harib), lii, Ixiv-lxix, 52, 75. Hauran, xxiii, xxx. Heraclea Pontica, cliii. Hermocapelia, xxxvii. Hermos plain, Ixx n., 70 n. Hesban, xxxiii. Heshbon, xxxiii. Hieropolis Ciliciae, xcviii Hieropolis Phrygiae, Ixxxviii n. Hieropolis Syriae, xcii, xciii u. Hillab, 226 n., 234 a. Himyarites, xliv— Ixxxiv, 45—74. Homeritae. See Himyarites. Hyrcania, clviii f. India, cxxxix f., cxcvi. Istakhar, clx. Jauf, Ixxxiv. Jerash, xxxiii. Jerash, W.. xxxiv n. K (ire also C and Q) Kabadian, clx. Kallirrhoe. xciv f. GEOGRAPHICAL 310 Kapi'os, E., cxviii. Kama, Karnaua, xliv, Ixxxiv. Karrha, E., Ixxxvii, xciii. Katabaniaus, xliv, lii, Ixv, Ixviii n. Ixxiv-lxxvii, 52, 75. Kaukebau, xlix, Ixi. Kefr-Abil, xxxi. el-Kerak, xxx, 3 n. Kerioth, xlii. Khamir, xlix. Kharibat Sa'ud, Ixxiv f. Kharibat Sirwah, Ixxv n. Khiva, 190 11. Kliulluni, Bokhara, 191 n. Laodicea ad Mare, Ixxxix. Leucas Syr., xxxiv n. Locri Epizephyrii, cl. Lycia, cxxxvi, cxxxviii f., 155 n., 169 n., 170 n. M Macna, Ixxxv, 78. Madaba, xxxv f. Madar, lix. Ma'in, xliv n., Ixxxiii. Maiozomalcha, cviii. Maisan (Characene), ccv. Mallus, cviii. Mammanelli (Sicily), cxxxii. Mariaba, xliv f., Ixv, Ixxv. See also Marib. Marib (Ma'rib), xlv, Iviii, Ixii, Ixiv. Ixvi, Ixviii n., Ixxii n., Ixxiv f.. 46 n., 52 11., 64 n., 65 n., 66 u., 67 11. See also Mariaba. Marsyabae, Ixv, Ixxv n. Massyra, liv. Medaba, xxxv f., 33. Medr, Ixix. Mesabatene, ccvi. Mesene (Characene), ccii. Mesopotamia, Ixxvi-cxiii, 81-139. Metapontuni, cl. Midian, Ixxxv, 78. Miletopolis, cxxxiii. Minaeaiis, xliv, Ixxiii, Ixxxii-lxxxiv, 76. Moca, xxxsi f. Mohammerah, cxcv. Mopsus, xxxvii. Muqna', Ixxxv. Muscat, Ixxxvi. Mygdoiiia, cviii. Mygdonius, R., cviii f. N Na'am, Ixxvii f. Nabataea, xi-xxiv, xxxvii, Ivi. Ixvii, Ixix, Ixxxv, 1-13, 314. Nahr el Qut, xcv ii. Natumia (?), cxviii. Negrana, xlvii. Nejran, xlvii. Nesibi, cv, cviii-cx, 119-24. Nesibin, c\iii n. Nicej)horium, cix. Ninirud Dagh, xcv. Niiiica Claudiopolis, cxx. Niniva cxx. Nisab, Ixxv. Nisibis, cviii. O Oboda, xxxii. Omani, ccxi-ccxiv, Opis, cxiv. Orrhoe, xciv. Orthosia Phoeii., xxviii. Osrhoene, xciv, cii, cvi. Oxus, E., cxxii, cxlviii fF., 158 u., 193 11. 320 INDEX I Paphos, xxviii. Parsistan, clx. Parthia, clvii f. Pasargadae, clx. Pella Decap., xxxviii u. Peltae, Ixxxviii n. Perinthus, civ n. Persepolis, clx. Persia, cxx-clx, 148-75, 193 f. Persis, clx-clxxxii, 195-244. Petra, xii, xxiii n., xxix, xxx u., xxxvii-xxxix, 34-6. Philadelphia Arabiae, xxii, xxxix- xli, 37-41. Philadelphia Ciliciae, xli. Philadelphia Lydiae, xl n., xli. Philippopolis, xxii, xli-xlii, 42 f. Q Qal'at el-Husn, xxxi. Qara Qoyun, xcv n. Qania'u, xliv, Ixxxiv. Qeriyyoth, xlii. Qir-M6ab, xxx. K er-Eabba, xlii. Eabbali, xxxix. Eabbath-bene-'AmmoD, xxxix. Eabbathmoba, xxxv, xlii-xliv, 44. Eabbathmoma, xliv. Eaidau, liii n., Ix f., Ixiv f., Ixviii, Ixx f., Ixxiii-lxxv, Ixxvii f., 68- 74. Eaphanea, xxxii. Eaqqa, cix. Eas el 'Ain, ex. Ehesaena, cvi, cx-cxii, 125. Ehosus, xxxii. S Saba, liii, Ix f., Ixiv f., Ixviii, Ixxviii. Sabaeans, xliv-lv, Ixxxiv, 45-73. Sabata, xliv. Safar, xlv. Salt, Ixxi. Salamis Cypii, cliii. Salhin, Ixii, Ixxi. Sana (San'a), xlvi-lxiii, Ixv, Ixix, Ixxv, Ixxix f., 54. Sapphar regia, xlv, liii, Ixiv n., Ixviii, Ixxv. Sarapidis insula, liv. Sardes, cxxxv. Sebaste Samariae, xxxiii. Seleucia ad Tigrim, xxxi n., Ixvii, cxiv-cxvii, cxix, 140-6. Shabwat, Ixxiv. Shehba, xli. Shiraz, 206 n., 218 u. Shuhba, xli. Side, cliii. Sidon, cxxiv, cxlii, cl, civ. Singara, cix, cxi f., 134-6. Singaras, ^I., cxii. Sinjar, cxii. Skirtos, E., ixxxvii, xciii f.. cvii. Spasinu Charax. See Charax. Stectorium, Ixxxviii. Stratonicea Lj'diae, cxiii n. es-Sud, Ixxxiv. Susa, cxlvi, clxxxiii, clxxxiv n., 219 n., 253-88 passim. Susiana. See Elymais. Syracuse, cxxxii. Syi'ia, 167 n. T Tamna (Tamna'), Ixviii n., Ixxiv f. Tartar, W., cxii. Teheran, 257n., 263u., 274n., 278u., 282 u., 286 n., 287 n. GEOGRAPHICAL 321 Tell-el-Ash'ari, xxxi. Tello, clxxxix, cxcv, cxcvi n. Theodosioupolis, ex. Thessalonica, xxv n. Thomna (Thnmna), Ixxiv. Tigris, E., cxiv, cxviii f. Tiwgis, Ixxxviii. Tyre, xxxix u,, cxlii. IT Urfa, xciv. Y Yarim, Ixxiii. Yathil, Ixxxiv n. Ya'ub, Ixxvii f. Yemen. See Arabia. Yerim, xlv, Ixxiii. Yuhabir, Ixxvii f. Z Zaaba, Ixiv. Zaiitha. cxiii, 83 ii. Zeidi, W., xxiv. Zeitha, cxiii. T t INDEX II TYPES A Agonistic wreath. See Wreath. Ahuramazdaover fire-temple — Persis 200-15. Alexander the Great : witli thunder- bolt and spear — Alex. Enij). of the Hast 191 ; head of, in elephant-scalp — cxlv, clvi f., 191 f. ; Cassander cxlix n. Altar: baetyl on — Adraa 15; king before— Persis 216-20, 222-4. See also Fire-temple. Amnion. See Zeus Ammon. Anchor : on field covered with dashes — Elymais 258 f.; and crescents in wreatli — Elymais 280. Aphrodite. See Venus. Apollo seated on omphalos, holding arrows — Elymais clxxxvii. Arabia, bust of, holding two chil- dren — Arabia 14. Ares. See Mnrs. Ariel. See War-god. Aries, sign of, in wreath — Xesihi cix, 123. Armenia seated on ground, with shield and standard — Mesopo- tamia xcix, 137. Arrow and palm branch — Atusia{X) cxviii, 147. Artemis Braurouia — Laodicea ad At are Ixxxix. Artemis huntress — Gerasa xxxiv n. ; Chosroes of Parthia cxcii f. ; holding bow and drawing arrow — Elymais 272-4, 277, 284-6. Artemis, bust of: radiate — Elymais 280, 282-3 ; radiate, facing — Elymais 261 f., 267. Artemis-Tyche, bust of: with bow — Gerasa xxxv, 31 f . ; turreted and radiate — Elymais 253-6 ; wearing modius, cornucopiae behind — Elymais 256 f. Asteria, bust of, veiled, star above — Philadeljihia xl, 39-41. Athena standing : with spear and shield — Elymais cxciv, 287 ; with spear, shield, and owl — Andragoras 193. Athena, head of, helmeted : imitated from Alexander — X. E. Persia 194 ; imitated from Athens — Arabia xlvi, Ixxxv f., 45-53, 77-80. Athena-Tyche, with spear and shield, 323 pouring libation, in temple — Bostra xxx, 17. Atliena. See also Minerva. B Ba'al (Ba'al-Tars) seated, with sceptre — Alex. Emjp. of the East cxli, 181-91 ; with sceptre and eagle— 182 f. Baetyl : on altar — Adraa 15; coni- cal, flanked by signa in temple — Carrhae xcii, 82 ; decorated with eagle, on basis — Laodicea ad Mare Ixxxviii ; of Dusares, on basis — Adraa xxiii. Baetyls, two columns between, figure seated before — Charachmoba xxxi. three, on platform — Bostra xxiii n., xxvii, 26 ; Charach- moba 27. Basket containing ears of corn be- tween serpents — Pliiladeljihia 37. Bird flying — Persis clxxvii, 231. Sec also Eagle. Bucranium : surmounted by two stars and crescent — Stectorium Ixxxviii ; with antelope-like horns and plume — Arabia Ixiii, 64-7. Bust. See Head. C Camel — Bostra xxviii, 16, 18. Camels, two, with one rider — Bostra xxviii. Camel-rider — Bostra xxviii. Car with domed canopy, drawn by four horses — Philadelphia 39, 41. Centaur Sagittarius —Rhesaena cxi, 125; with banner of vexillum before him — Rheso,ena, cxi, 126; with vexillum in backgi'ound — Carrhae {V) cxi n. Ceres seated with sceptre and ears of corn — Edessa 93. Chariot, four-horse ; driven by Nike — Seleucus I cliii ; driven by Nike, containing armed figure — Andragoras c\, 193; driven by male figure — N.E. Persia 194. City-goddess, figure of, seated : hold- ing cornucopiae and Nike — Characene cxcvii ; Seleucia ad Tigrim 141 ; holding wreath — Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvi, 143; liolding trophy — Petra xxxvii f., 34-6 ; holding trophy and stele, within temple — Petra xxxviii, 36. figure of, seated, river-god at feet : Dium xxxii ; altar before her — Carrhae 88 ; Edessa 101, 1 03-10 ; holding branch, fruits, S:c.— Edessa cvii, 99 f., 103-9; holding branch, fruits, &c., crowned by Nike — Edessa cvii, 101 ; holding corn-ears — Gerasa xxxiv ; holding corn-ears, Aries above her — Nesibi 121 ; holding cornucopiae — Nabataea 1 ; eagle above her — Rhesaena 129; holding eagle — Rhesaena, 126; holding fruits, seipeiit before her — Edessa cvii, 101 ; holding- Nike — Seleucia ad Tigrim cxv, 142; holding palm-branch — Seleucia ad Tigrim 141; Sagit- tarius above her — Singara cxii, 1 35 ; holding temple — Edessa cvii ; holding temple, Aquarius al)Ove her — Edessa cvii, 109 f. 324 INDEX II City-goddess, figure of, seated to front, river-god at feet, iu temple — Nesihi cix, 122-4. figure of, standiug : hold- ing eornucopiae and rudder — Charachmoba 27 ; foot on animal or crouching figure, holding eornucopiae and trophy — Bostra xxix, 16; do. holding spear — Bostra 1 7 ; do. in temple — Bostra 1 9 ; do. holding spear or standard and hust, in temple — Eshus xxxiii, 29; do. with ' Marsyas ' at her feet — Bostra 26 ; do., flanked h\ bulls, in temple — Bostra 22 ; foot on prow, holding eornucopiae and hust — Medaba xxxvi, 33 ; foot on prow, holding eornucopiae and sceptre — FJdladeljyhia 38; foot on river-god, holding spear and hust — Rabbathmoba xliii; holding palm-hranch, r. raised — Nabataea xviii ; hold- ing spear and eornucopiae, in temple — Moca(i) xxxvii; hold- ing spear or sceptre and hust — Adraa xxiii ; sacrificing, eagle before her — Rhesaena 129, 132; sacrificing at altar, holding troph}' — Petra xxxviii, 36. two figures of, standing : grasping hands over tripod — Seleucia ad Tiyrim cxv ; altar between them, Aquaiius and \ Sagittarius at sides — Rhesaena cxi, 130. figure of, standing : and Emperor — Gerasa xxxiv ; and seated king — Seleucia ad Ti- grim cxvi, 143; Persis clxxiii ; and seated Eonia — Edcssa Mac. cvii ; and Zous Amnion — Bostra xxix, 25. City- goddess : Athena as — .seeAthena- Tyche ; Nike as — see Nike, Imst or head of, tun-eted Adraa xxiii ; Bostra 1 6, 1 8, 25 Petra 35 ; Philadelphia 38, 40 Anthemusio. Ixxxvii, 81 ; Car- rhae 85-9; Edessa 97-9, 102, 112 ; Mesopotamia xcviii, 139 ; Seleucia ad Tigrrirn^xy^., 140- 6 ; Demetrias ad Tigrrni (?) cxix; Atusia{V) 147; Sub- Characenian ccxiii, 311-13; altar in front — Edessa 117 f.; Aquarius (?) in front — Carrhae xciii, 89; Edessa cvi, 111 f. ; Aries above — Nesibi cix, 119- 21 ; eornucopiae in front — Carrhae xciii, 86 f.; Nesibi 119 ; eornucopiae over shoulder — Bostra 20-2 ; crescent on globe in front — Carrhae 83 ; Sagit- tarius above — Singaraciai, 134, 136 ; serpent in front — Carrhae 8 7 ; two stars flanking — Carrhae 89. See also Artemis-Tyche ; Goddess, bust of. two busts of, confronted : temple between — Edessa cvii, 101 f . : eagle and altar between — Rhesaena 131. Column between two baetyls, figure seatf d before — Charachmoba xxxi. Corn, ears of: three — Tingis Ixxxviii ; five — Philadelphia xl n. Cornuacopiae, two — Xabataea xix, 8f., 11, 13 ; and pahu-branch — Nabataea xviii. Cornucopiae — Seleucia ad 2'igrim 140. TYPES 325 Crab — Carrhae Ixxxix. Crescent : on base, star betweeu horns — Carrhae 84 ; on globe — (.'arrhae 84 ; on globe, rosette or star between horns — Carrhae Ixxxix, xcii, 82, 84 ; king before — see King ; and pellet, in -wreath — Elymais 288 ; star between horns — Carrhae Ixxxix, xcii, 82, 84, 87, 90; Persis clxxv, 226 ; two stars between horns — Carrhae xcii, 90. Crescents, pattern of — Elymais 276, 279. Cubic cult-object in temple seen in perspective — Edessa xcvi, 91 f. D Dashes, field covered with — Elymais 250 f., 259 f., 262-6, 268-71, 274-6. Demeter, bust of, veiled — Phila- delphia xl n., 37. See also Ceres. Diadem, formal rejDresentatiou of — Persis 227, 237 f.; between crescents — Elymais 278. Dionysos seated, with ears of corn, grapes and thyrsos — Carrhae 83. Dionysos (' Bacchus '), head of — Philadelph ia x 1. Dioscuri, standing, resting on spears — Philadelphia xl, 39. Dolphin — Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvii. Dusares, baetyl of, on basis — Adraa xxiii ; bust of — Bostra xxvi, 23. E Eagle: flying — Persis clxxvi, 231; standing, wings closed — Naha- taea xviii, 3 f., 314; Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvii ; Elymais cxc, 278 ; standing, wings closed, in temple — Rhesaena cxi, 128, 133; standing, wings spread — Elymais 277 f . ; on vexillum — Rhesaena 131 ; supporting bust — Philippopolis xli, 42 ; Car- rhae (V) cxi n. ; Nesibi cviii ; Rhesaena 125. Elephant, walking — Alex. Emp. of the East 192. head of — Seleucia ad Tigrim 145. Elephant-rider attacked by horse- man — Alex. Emp. of the East 191. Empei'or : seated, receiving king — Edessa cvi, 113; standing, re- ceiving king — Edessa cvi, 114; standing with Tyche — Gerasa xxxiv. bust of, supported by eagle — Carrhae {1) cxi n. ; Nesibi cviii. Emperor. See also Index YI. Eshmun — xxxiii n. F Fecunditas, with four children — Mesopotamia xcix. Figure, female, seated : on ground, with shield and standard — 2Iesopotamia xcix, 137; on rock(1) — Rhesaena cxi, 125 ; at foot of vexillum — ibid. female, standing : r. raised — Xabataea xx, 9 ; holding globe or apple and cornucojiiae — Mesopotamia yicix, 137 f. ; hold- ing phiale and cornucopiae — yicephoritim(V) cix ; restiiig on sceptre, r. extended — Nabataea 326 INDEX II i ; resting on sceptre or spear, in temple — Adraa 15; with sceptre and cornucopiae — Mesopotamia xcix, 137; with sceptre and ears of corn over altar — Mesopotamia xcix, 138 ; with sceptie and patera — ibid. Figure, male, seated: holding corn- ear or palm — Seleucia adTigrini cxv ; on altar-seat, lyre behind — Seleucia ad Tigrim 141 ; be- fore altar-platform supporting baetyls — Charachmoba 27. male, riding in four-horse chariot — aV. E. Persia 194. male, standing, nude, holdins" sword — Persis clxxxii, 242. Fire-temple — Persis clxvii, clxix, 196-215. Fortuna standing, with rudder and cornucopiae — Meso2)otamiaxcix. See also City-goddess. Founder ploughing with oxen — Bostra xxvi n., 20 ; Uncertain xxxviii ; Rliesaena cxi, 127, 132. Fountain nymph (?) — Rliesaena cxi. G Gazelle-bucranium. See Bvicrauium. God : in Phrygian cap, foot on bull's head (?), holding serpent-en- twined spear and cone (?) — Esbus xxxiii, 30 ; with sword, &c., on basis — see War-god. Goddess : armed, on basis, with round shield and axe — Laodicea ad Mare Ixxxviii ; to front in temple of four columns — Edessa Goddess, bust of, in turreted crown — Andragoras cliii f., 193 — see also City-goddess. Veiled, star aliove — see Asteria. H Hadad, cultus-figure between bulls, holding Nike and sceptre — Dium xxxii, 28. Head (or bust), female : diademed — Elymais 281 ; radiate, profile or facing — see Artemis; tur- reted — see Arabia ; City- goddess; veiled — Xabataea 5-7, 11 f . ; veiled, wearing kalathos — Seleucia ad Tigrim 145 ; veiled, star above — see Asteria. janiform, beardless — Arabia 72. male, bearded : Arabia lii, 52; :7^m(/?s Ixxxviii; Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvi ; Elymais cxcii ; Characene ccvii, 303-9 ; wear- ing kyrbasia — X.E. Persia cliv, 194. See also King, head of male, beardless : Nabataea xviii f., 1-7, 9-12; Arabia li-liii, 52 f . ; diademed or fil- leted (laureate V) — Bostra xxvi, 23 ; helmeted — Philadelj^hia xl, 37, 40; resembling Augus- tus, in wreath — Arabia 60-3 ; ringleted and laureate — Arabia Iv, Ixvii, 54-60, 64-75 ; wear- ing lion-skin round neck — Arabia Ixxxiv. See also King, head of. Heads (or busts) of king and queen, jugate — Nabataea xvi, xx n., 4, 6, 8, 11, 13. TYPES 327 Helios: arms extended, in distyle temjile — Philadelphia xl n. ; in quadriga to front — Medaha xxxvi; head of, with torch — Stectorium Ixxxviii. Hera. See Juno. Herakles: seated, with chib : Adraa xxiv ; Characene cxcvii, cciv, 289,291-302; Sub-Characenian 310; standing, resting on club, holding lion-skin — PJiiladelphia xxxix n. head (or bust) of: beard- less, wearing lion-skin — Arabia Ixxxii, 76 ; lion-skin round neck — Philadelphia 38-40 ; bearded, with likeness of Emperor — Philadel2)hia 38 f. ; facing, club over shoulder — Philadelphia xl. car of — Philadelphia xl, 39, 41. Horseman — Cassander xlix n. ; fight- ing enemy on elephant — Alex. Emp. of the East 191. Inscription: in Estranghelo — Edessa c, 92; in Greek — Edessa -s.c\'ni; Seleucia ad Tigritn 143-5; in Himyarite — ^raSmlxxix. Sur- rounded by wreatli — see Wreath. Juno standing, with sceptre and peacock — Edessa 92 f. Jupiter seated, holding Victory — Meso2)otamia xcix. See also Zeus. K King, the Great, kneeling-running : with bow and dagger — Persia cxxii n., cxxvi, 163-72; Alex. Emp. of the East 176; with bow and spear — Persia cxxvi, 148-62; Alex. Emp. of the East 176-9; shooting with bow — Persia cxxvi, 173 f. the Great, half-figure of, with bow and arrows — Persia cxxvi, 175. ridino- on horseltack — Edessa 114. seated : holdinff Nike- Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvi, 143; holding sceptre, standard before him — Persis 195 ; receiving palm from City — Persis clxxiii ; receiving wreath from City — Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvi, 143. standing : before altar, hold- ing sceptre — Persis 216-20, 222-4 ; before crescent — Persis 225 f. ; before Emperor — Edessa cvi, 113 f. — - head (or bust) of: Nabataea 1-13, 314; Arabia 54-60, 64- 75; ^Jma 91, 93-6, 114-17; Persia cxxi n. ; Persis 219-21, 229-36, 239, 241, 243; El>/. mais 247-59, 281-8; Characene 289-95,297-309; Sub-Chara- cenian 310-13; wearing battle- mented crown — Per.sis clxxxi. 222-7, 240, 244; with crescent on top — Persis 213-15 ; facing, with large side-tufts of hair — Elymais 266-71, 280; facing, wearing tiara — Elymais 260— 5, 277-9 ; in kyrbasia— iV^. E. Persia cliv, 194 ; Persis clxx. 328 INDEX II 195-203 ; in kyrbasia sur- mounted Ly crescent — Persis 209-12 ; in kyi-basia sur- mounted by eagle — Persis 204- 8 ; radiate — Persis 240 ; star in crescent before — Persis c\\-s.y, 228 ; in tall head-dress — Persis 240 ; in tiara or helmet — Persis clxxi, 216-18, 228, 232-9, 241-3; Eli/mai.^ 253-6, 272- 6; Sub-Characenian 311-13; wearing top-kiiot— Pe?"m" 243, 244. King, See also Index V. King and queen, busts of, jugate — Nabataea xvi, xxn., 4, 6, 8, 11, 13. ' Lectisternium — Mesopotamia xcix. Legionary standards. See Standard. Letter surrounded by radiating dashes — Persis 221. Lion — Alex. Emp. of the East cxli— cxliv, 180-91. M Mars resting, with spear and shield — Edessa xcvii, 92. Marsyas of the Forum. See Silenus. Men. See God in Phrygian cap. Minerva standing, with javelin and shield — Mesopotamia xcix. Monogram : Iliiayarite Ixxix ; Se- leucia ad Tigrim cxvi. Moon-god, bust of, crescent at shoulders — Carrhae 83. Moon-goddess, bust of, on crescent — Carrhae xciii. N Nike : driving four-horse chariot — Seleucus I cliii ; Andragoras 193 ; on globe, holding circlet — Mesopjotamia xcix, 137 ; hold- ing palm-branch — Seleucia ad IHgrim 145 f . ; holding wreath — Characene cxcvii, cxcix, 290 ; holding wreath and naval stan- dard — Alex. Emp. of the East 191 f. ; holding wreath and palm-branch — Stratonicea Lyd. cxiii ; Alex. Emp. of the East clvii ; holding wreath and wand — N.E. Persia 194; tur- reted, holding wreath and palm-bi'anch — Nahataea 1 ; wingless, holding wreath and palm-branch — Ehoda xxxii. O Owl : imitated from Attic coins — Arabia xlvi, Ixxxv i'., 45-63, 77-80. Palm-branch and arrow — Atusia {>.) cxviii, 147. Platform supporting three baetyls — Bostra 26 ; Charachmoba 27. Ploughing scene. See Founder. Poseidon, foot on rock, with trident and dolphin — Pcabbathnoba xliii, 44. bust of — Seleucus I cliii. Prow of ship — Persia cxxviii Quadriga. Q See Chariot. 329 R River-god reclining andTyche seated — Adraa xxiv. Roma seated, holding eagle support- ing two figures — PhilippopoUs xli, 42 f. ; standing, with spear and shield, holding phiale — PhilippopoUs 42 ; seated, crowned by City-goddess — Edessa Mac. cvii. Sagittarius. See Centaur. Satrap's head — Persia cxxii n., 194. Shrine. See Temple. Signa. See Standard. Silenus with wine-skin (' Marsyas') — Bostra 21. Standard, legionary, in temple — Hierofolis Syr. xcii ; Garrliae xcii, 82. See also Vexillum. Star: and crescent— Persis clxxv; in crescent — Persis 226 ; king's bust before — Persis clxxv, 228. Symbol O — Edessa xcvi. T Temple of two columns, containing : City-goddess holding bust — Adraa xiii ; City-goddess seated, holding trophy — Petra 36 shrine of City-goddess — Nesihi 123 ; female figure resting oi sceptre or spear — Adraa 15 Athena-Tyche — Bostra 1 7 ; Zeus- Amnion — Bostra20; figure with extended arms — Phila- delphia xl n. ; hexastyle shrine in antis — Edessa cvii. Temple of four columns, containing : City-goddess, with trophy and cornucopiae — Bostra 19, 22 ; City-goddess with spear or standard and bust — ^sftwsxxxiii, 29 ; City-goddess — Nesihi cv, cix, 122-4; baetyl and signa — Carrhae — xcii, 82 ; goddess standing to front — Edessa cvii. of six columns 'in antis-, within a larger building — Edessa cvii. — ' seen in perspective, con- taining : cubic cult object — Edessa xcvi, 91 f . ; eagle — Rhesaena cxi, 128, 133. • small, between two busts of City-goddess — Edessa 101 f. Temple. See also Fire-temple. Tripod — Demetr'ias ad Tigrim (1) cxix; Seleucia ad Tigrim 140. Triskeles— Persw clxxv, 229. Tyche seated and river-god reclining — Adraa xxiv. Tyche. See also Artemis-Tyche, Athena-Tyche, City-goddess, Fortuna. . V Venus with apple and sceptre — Mesopotamia xcix, 138 f. Vexillum — Rhesaena cxi, 125; fe- male figure seated at foot of — ihid. ; surmounted by eagle — Rhesaena 131. Victory. See Nike. W War-god on basis, with sword, spear, and shield, between altars — Rahhathmoha xliii, 44. T.T u 330 INDEX II Wreath containing : anchor — Ely- mais 280; crescent and pellet — Elymais 2 SS ; head — Arabia 54-63; inscription (agonistic, etc.)— ^os^ra 24 ; Fetra 35 ; Philadelphia 37 ; sign of Aries — JVesibi 123. Zeus seated : holding eagle — Arabia Ixxxii, 76; Alex. Emp. of the East cxliii ; holding flower — Arabia Ixxxii ; holding Nike — Nicephorium (?) cix ; Elymais 245-7 ; holding phiale — Esbus xxxiii, 29. Zeus, head or bust of — Alex. Emp. of the East 192; Andragoras cl, 193. Zeus-Ammon — Bostra xxix, 25 ; in temple — Bostra 20; with City- goddess — Bostra xxix. 25 ; bust oi— Bostra 18, 21, 23. Zeus. See also Jupiter. 331 INDEX III SYMBOLS AND ADJUNCTS Altai- — Rhesaena 131. See also Index II, under City-goddess. Amulet — Persis 225, 235. Anchor — Alex. Emp. of the East cxiiii, cxlviii, 188-91 ; Elymais clxxxiii, 245 f., 248, 250-79, 281-3, 285-7. Aquarius ('?) — Carrhae xciii, 89 ; Edessa cvii, 109-12 ; Rhesaena 130. Aries — Nesibi cix, 119-24. Arrow — Atusiai^) cxviii f., 147. B Bee — Alex. Emp. of the East, 184, 187. Bird : on rectangle — Persis 209-1 5 ; on standard — Persis 204-8. Bust, helmeted, beardless — Phila- delphia xl, 38 f. C Club — Alex. Emp. of the East cxlviii, 178, 180. Corn-ear — Arabia Ixxi. Cornucopiae — Carrhae, xciii, 86 f. ; Edessa 100; Nesibi 119. Crescent — Arabia 45-51 ; Persis 222 ; Elymais 283, 286. Crescent on Globe — Carrhae 83. Crescent, pellet in — Persis 244. Crescent, pellet in, above anchor — Elymais c\-s.yixv\n, 253 fF., 256- 9, 261-5, 267-79, 287. Crescent and star — Elymais 280. Crescent and star above anchor — Elymais 285 f. Crescent, star in — Persis 235. Crescent, star in, above anchor — Elymais clxxxviii, 250, 252, 260, 266. Crux ansata — Persia cxxviii n. D Diadem — Persis 233. E Eagle — Rhesaena ex, 127, 129-32. Figure on pedestal, holding skin. See Aquarius. Fork C?) — Alex. Emp. of the East 187. G Grapes — Alex. Emp. of the East cxlvii. 332 INDEX III H Hammer — Ahx. Emp. of the East 187. Head of animal (?) — Persian Empire 152. Horse's head — Alex. Emp. of the East cxliii, cxlvi, cxlviii, 189- 92. Lion's head — Persian Emjnre cxxxv, 163 f. Lion's scalp — Persian Empire cxxxv, 164 f. Lyre — Selencia ad Tigrim 141. O Olive-spray — Arabia Ixxxvi, 45-51, 77. Palm-branch — Characene 300 ; and river-god — Rhesaena 133. Palm-branches, two — Rhesaena 129, 132; and rivei'-god — Rhesaena 128 ; and wreath — Rhesaena 127. Pan, mask of — Persian Empire cxxx, 156. Pellet beside anchor — Elymais 250. Pellet increscent — Persis 244 ; above anchor — Elymais clxxxviii, 253-79, 287. Pentalpha — Alex. Emp. of the East cxliii, 187. R Piiver-god— ^/iesama 127 f., 132 f. See also Index II, under City- goddess. Rose in wreath — Alex. Emp. of the East cxlviii, 185. Rosette above anchor — Elymais clxxxviii. Sagittarius — Rhesaena cxi, 130; Singara cxii, 134-6. Scorpion — Alex. Em-p. of the East cxliii. Serpent — Carrhae xciii, 87 ; Edessa 101. Shell — Alex. Emp. of the East, cxlvii. Spear-head — Alex. Emj). of the East 181-3, 192. Standard— Persis clxxi, 193-208 ; bird on, clxxi, 204-8. Star — Bostra 1 7 ; Philadel2)hia xl, 39-41; Edessa 112, 114-16; Nesibi 119 f. ; Persis 222, 231 ; Elymais 257, 259 ; Characene clxxxviii, ccii, 299 ; above an- chor — Elymais 248 ; above crescent — Elymais 280; and crescent aboveauchor — Elymais 285 f. ; in crescent — Persis 235 ; in crescent above anchor — Elymais clxxxviii, 250, 252, 260, 266. Stars, two — Carrhae 89 ; Edessa 105-8, 110; Nesibi 120. Stars, four — Edessa 109 f. T Temple containing cult-object — Edessa xcvi, cvii, 101. Thunderbolt — Alex. Emp. of the East 177. Thymiaterion — Seleucia ad Tigrim 141. SYMBOLS AND ADJUNCTS 333 Tiara, satrapal — Alex. Emf. of the East cxlvii, 177. Torch — Alex. Emp. of the East cxlviii. Triskeles — Persis clxxviii f., 216, 237-40, 243. W Wreath — Alex. Emp. of tlie East cxlvii, 178, 180; between palm- branches — Rhesaena 127. T (various forms) — Arabia 1, Ixxix, 50, 53-6. ^ a/ (various forms) — Arabia, li, Ivii f., 62, 64-7. 7 "t (various forms) — Arabia Ivii f., 54-64. X (various forms) — Arabia Ixiii, 64-7. CO — Arabia 'ob. (p — Arabia Ixx, 70. d> (various iovra^)— Arabia Ixviii f., Ixxvii ff., 68-74. i — Arabia Ixxi, 71. X — Edessa 95. '^— Persian Empire 165. -n (fork?) — Alex. Emp. of the East 187. -^ — Alex. Emp. of the East cxliii, 187. 334 INDEX lY COUNTERMARKS For punch-marks on Persian coins, see Introduction, pp. exxxvi f. Bust (or head) : Edessa 100 ; bearded, laureate (Ant. Pius 1) — Philadelphia 37 ; of Elagabalus (?) — Rahhathmoha 44 ; of City-goddess — Edessa 107. Uncertain — Characene 296. A — Petra xxxviii n. € — Petra xxxviii n. "fiR— Characene cciii, 297, 300. jXJ — Characene 296-8. ^ — Arabia 74. 335 INDEX V KINGS AND RULERS (Other than Roman) Abennerigos, cxcix f. Abgar (VIII), son of Wael [1), xcvi. Abgar VIII (IX) the Great, son of Manu VIII, xcvi, c-cii, 93-6. Abgar IX (X), Severns, xcvi, ci-ciii, cvi, 96. Abgar, son of Abgar IX (X), ciii. Abgar X (XI), Phrahates, xcvi, ciii, cv f., 113-17. Abinnerglos (Abinerglos) cxcix &., cciv. Adinerglos (Adinergaos?), cxcix ff., 295. Alexander the Great, cxiii, cxlv f., clvi f., cxciv, 176, 181. Alexander Jannaeus, xxxiv. Am dan. Ixviii. 'Amdan Bajjan Juhakbidb (T), Ixix n, Amdan Bayyin (Yanaf ), liii n., Ixi, Ixx-lxxii, Ixxviii, 70-2. Amdan Yehuqbid, Ixix f., 69. Andragoras, cxlviii-clx, 193. Antigonus I, cxliii, clxxxiv, 181, 245 n. Antiochufc III of Syria, clxxxiii. Antiochus IV of Syria, xxxiv, xciv, cviii, clxxxiii, clxxxvii n., cxciv, 91, 119. Antiochus V of Syria, clxxxvii n. Antoninus, son of Abgar, cii. Anzaze, clxxxv-clxxxvii, 245. Apodakos, cxcvii, 289. Ardashir I, Sassanian, cxvii n., clxxiv, cxciii, ccv. Aretas III, Philhellen, xi f., xiv, Ixxxv, 1, 2. Aretas IV, Philopatris, xiii f., xvii- xix, xxi, 5-10. Arsaces of Parthia, clix. Arsakas, cxx. Arses, cxx, cxxviii, 169, 171. Artabanus II of Parthia, clxxii. Artabazos of Characene, cc ff., ccix. Artaxerxes I of Persia, cxx, cxxvii, cxxxi f., 153. Artaxerxes II of Persia, cxx, cxxvii, cxxxi f., 156. Artaxerxes III of Persia, cxx, cxxviii, 173, 175. Artaxerxes I of Persis, clxviii, 198 f., 202. Artaxerxes II, son of Darius II, of Persis, clxxii f., clxxv, clxxxii, 222-4. Artaxerxes III, son of Mithri, of Persis, clxxx, 240. Artaxerxes IV, son of Manucithr, of Persis, clxxxi, 244. Aryandes, cxxiii. Aryu, xcv. 336 Aspeisas, cxlvi, clxxxiv, 245 n. Astab'iaz(?), ccix, 304 ff. Atambiaz, ccviii. Athabelos, ccix. Athambilos, ccix. Attambelos I, cxcviii, 291-2. Attambelos II, cxcviii &., 293-4. Attambelos III, clxxxvi, cci, cciii, ccv n., 296-8. Attambelos IV, clxxxvi, clxxxviii, cci f., 299. Attambelos V, ccii f. Autophradates I of Persis, clxviii f., 200-2. Autopbradates II of Pei'sis, clxxi, 212-15. Autopbradates III of Persis, clxxix, 239. B Baga'a (?), cciv. Bagadates, clxiv-clxvi, 195-6, 202 (no. 3). Bagakert, clxiv, clxvi n. Bagarat, clxv. Bagaraz, clxiv. Bagawarat, clxv f. Babman, ccix. Bauaga('?), cciv, 302. Bandu, ccv, ccx. Biga'a(?), cciv. Binaga(?), cciv f., 303. Blnega (?), ccv, ccx. Biurat, clxv f. C (see also K) Charibael, Ixiv. See Karib'il. Chosroes of Partbia, clxxxvi, cxc- cxciii. Cyrus the Younger, cxx, cxxv,cxxvii, cxxix f., cxxxiii, 156. D Darius I of Persia, cxx f., cxxv, cxxvii, cxxix, cxxxi, 1 48. Darius II of Persia, cxx, cxxvii, cxxxii; 155, 157. Darius III of Persia, cxx, cxxviii, cxxx, 159, 171. Darius I of Persis, clxxi, 204-11. Darius II, son of Autopbradates, of Persis, clxxii fF., 216-18. Demetrius III of Syria, xi f., 1, 2. Dhamar'ali Bayyin, Ixiv n., Ixviii. Dhamar'ali Yubabir, Ixxii, Ixxviii. E Euagoras II, cliii. Euthydemus I of Bactria, cxcvii. F Fara' Yaubub, Ixv. G Gamilatb, xx, 12 f. Gositbres of Persis, clxxii. Gotarzes of Partbia, clxxiv. H Hagiru, xvii u. Hodda, wife of Abgar, cvi. Huldu, xvii, 5 f. Huvisbka, cxcvi. Hyspaosines, cxciv, cxcvi f. Iabina(?), cciv. Ibia'na (?), cciv. Ibignai, ccxv. IbilnaC?), cciv. 'Ib'inga'i (?), cciv. Ilasaros, Ixv. Ilsbarh Yahdib, Ixv. Ilsbarh Yabm . . ., Ixvi n. KINGS AND RULERS 337 J (see also Y) Jahmal, Ixvi n. K (see also C) Karanaskires dj'iiasty, clxxxiv fF. Kamnaskires I Nikephoros, olxxxvi, 245. Kamnaskires II, clxxxvii, 245. Kamnaskires III, clxxxvii, 247 ff. Kamnaskires V, cxciv. Kamnaskires VI, clxxxix, cxci. Kamnaskires-Orodes, cxci f., 260- 71. Kanishka, cxcvi. Kapat, sou of Namopat, clxxvii- clxxix, 232. Karib'il Yehun'im Wattar, Ixiv-lxvi, Ixviii f., Ixxviii f., 68. Kodomannos, cxx. Kumaskires. See Kamnaskires- Orodes. M Ma'ga, son of Athabiaos(l), ccviii f., 304 ff. Malichus I, xii-xv, 3. Malichus II, xix-xxi, 11. Ma'n, ccviii. Mani, ccxv. Mannos. See Ma'nu. Ma'nu VIII Philoromaios, xcvi f., xcix f., 92. Ma'nu IX, son of Abgar VIII (IX), xcvi, ci-ciii, 96. Ma'nu Antoninus, son of Abgar IX (X), ciii. Manucithr I, clxxx, Manucithr II, son of Manucithr I, clxxix f., 241. Manucithr III, son of Manucithr 11, clxxx f., 243. Manusci^ra. See Manucithr. Mazaeus, cxli f., 180 f. Meredates, son of Phobas, ccxi if., 311 ff. Minutscheher. See INIanucithr. Mithradates the Great of Pontus, clxxxiii. Mithradates I of Parthia, cxiv, clxxi f. Mithradates II of Parthia, cxvi, clxxi f. Mithradates (1) of Pei'sis, clxxix n., clxxx. Mithri, clxxx. Monobazos of Adiabene, cc. N Namopat, son of Artaxerxes, clxxivf., clxxviif., 225. Namopat, father of Kapat, clxxvii f. Napat ('?), son of Namopat, clxxvii. Narseh, clxx. Nemopat. See NamOpat. Nicocreon of Salamis, cliii. ObadasC?), cciii, ccx. Obadias (?), ccx. Obodas II, xiif., xv, 3, 314. Obodas III, xii, xiv-xvii, xxi, Ivi, 4. Oborzos, clxvii, 197, 202. Ochos, Artaxerxes, cxx. Ochos, Darius, cxx. Orab(a)zes (1), cciii, ccv n., ccx. Orodes I of Parthia, clxxii f., clxxxiii, clxxxvi. Orodes I of Elymais, clxxxix-cxci, 253 fi; Orodes II of Elymais, cxc-cxcii, 260-71, 279 n. X X ;38 Orodes III of Elymais, cxciii f., 280 f. Orodes IV of Elymais, cxciii f., 282 f. Oxathres, son of Darius II, of Persis, clxxii flp., clxxvi, 219 f. Oxyares, clix. Pakur, son of Oxatlives, clxxv f., 229. Peithon, cxliii, 181. Philip III, cxliii, 181. Phobas, ccxiii, 311 ff. Phraates, son of Orodes, of Elymais, cxc-cxciii, 272-9. Phraates III of Parthia, clxxxiii. Phraates IV of Partliia, cxvi f. Phrataphernes, clviii, clx. Piruz {1) of Persis, clxxvi. Pnytagoras, cliii. Ptolemy II Philadelphus, xxxix. K Rabbel II, xix-xxi, 12 f. S Samah'ali, liii. Seleucus I, xciv, cxliii, cxliv n., clii, 181, 187-92. Severus Abgar, xcvi, cii f. Shahar (Shahir) Hilal Yuhargib, Ixxvi. Shamdar Yehun'im. See Shamnar Yehun'im. Shammar Yuhar'ish, Ix. Shamnar Yehun'im, Ixxiii, Ixxviii. 74. Shaqilath I, xviii, 6-8. Shaqilath II, xix f., 1 1 f. Stamenes, cxliv n., 181. Stasanor, satrap of Bactria, cxliv n. T Tha'ran Ya'ub, Ixxii f., Ixxviii, 73. Theonesios I, cxcviii. Theonesios II, cc f. Theonesios III, clxxxvi, cci, cciii, ccv n., 300. Theouneses. See Theonesios. Thionesios. See Theonesios. Tiraios I, cxcvii. Tiraios II, cxcvii, 290. Tiridates (?) of Persis, clxxxi. U Ulfan, cxciii, 281. 'Umdan. See 'Amdan. Y Vahaman, ccix. Vahshuvar, clix, 194. Vahuberz, clxvii, 197. Vardanes of Parthia, cxvii. Vatafradat. See Autophradates. Vima Kadphises, cxcvi. Volagases II of Parthia, cxciv. Volagases III of Parthia, xcvi, cxvi, 91. W Wael, son of Sahru, xcvi, 91 f. Waraw'il Ghailan, Ixxvi. Wattar, Ixviii, Ixxix. Xerxes I of Persia, exx, cxxv, cxxvii, cxxix, cxxxi, 150. Xerxes II of Persia, cxx. KINGS AND KULEES 339 Y (see also J) Yabilaua(l), cciv. Yada'il, Ix. Yakina(i), cciv. Yarim Aiman, Ixxiii. Yasar Yuhasdiq, Ixxii. Yatha''amar "Wattar, Ixxix n. Ya'ub, Ixxviii. Yeda'ab Bayyin, Ixxiv. Yeda'ab Dbubayyin, Ixxiv. Yeda'ab Ghailan, Ixxiv. Yeda'ab Yanaf, Ixxiv f., Ixxviii f., 75. Yehun'im, Ixxviii. Yehuqbid, Ixxviii. Yerim Aimau, Ixxiii. Yuhamin, Ixxix n. Zaturdat, clxvii. 340 INDEX YI ROMAN EMPERORS and their relatives. Augustus : iv f. ; Arabia 60-3. Agrippina Junior : Philadelphia Lyd. xli. Nero : Ehoda xxxii. Titus : Philadelphia 37. Domitiau : Anemuriutn Ixxxvii n. : Philadelphia 37. Trajan : ccii ; Bostra xxiv, xxvi ; Edessa ci ; Nesibi cviii ; Strato- nicea Lyd. cxiii. Hadrian: Arabia -Ksiv, 14; Gerasa xxxiv f., 31 ; Petra xxxvii, 34 f. ; Philadelphia xl, 38 ; Edessa ci. Antoninus Pius: Bostra xxiv, 16 f.; J/oca(?) xxxvif.; Petra xxxviii, 35 f. ; Philadelphia xl, 37-9 ; liahhathmoba xliii ; Carrhae Ixxxviii n. Faustina I : Bostra 1 7 f. Marcus Aurelius: Adraaxxiii; Bostra 18 ; Gerasa xxxiv ; Phila- delphia xl, 39 f. ; Carrhae Ixxxviii-xc, xciii, 82 ; Edessa xcv, xcvii— xcix, civ n., 92 ; Singara cxii ; Mesopotamia 137. Faustina II : Edessa xcvii f., 92 ; 3Iesop)otamia 138. Lucius Verus : Gerasa xxxiv ; Phila- delphia xl, 40; Edessa xcvii f.. c f. ; Singara cxii ; Mesopo- tamia 138. Lucilla : Adraayixui; Edessa xcxuL, 93; Mesopotamia 139. Commodus : Adraa xxiii f. ; Bostra xxv-xxvii, 18 f. ; Gerasa xxxiv, 32 ; Philadelphia 40 f. ; Car- r/iae Ixxxixf., 82; ^fZessaxcviii, ci, 93 f. ; Mesopjotamia 139. Crispina : Gerasa 32. Septimius Severus : Bostra xxv, xxvi n., 19 ; Dium xxxi ; Medaba xxxvi ; Moca (1) xxxvi ; Petra xxxviii n., xxxix, 36; Pabbathnoba xliii, 44 ; Car- rhae Ixxxix-xcii, 82 f. ; Edessa xcvii n., c-cii, 94-6 ; Xesibi cviii ; Rhesaena ex ; Singara cxii. Julia Domna : Bostra xxv, 19 ; Petra 36 ; Rabbathmoba 44. Caracalla : Bostra xxv, xxviii ; Dium xxxi ; Medaba xxxv f., 33 ; Philadelphia xxxix n. ; Rabbath- moba xliii, 44 ; Antliemusia Ixxxvii, 81 ; Carrhae xc f., xciii, 83-7; Edessa ci-cv, 96-9 ; Nesibi cviii ; Rhesaena ex, cxi n. Plautilla : Carrhae xci. Geta : Z)i»?>i xxxi, 28; PeIAOPCJMAIOC Edessa 92 i. BAClAEnC AAlNHPfAO CflTHPOC Characene 295. INSCRIPTIONS 343 BAZIAEHZ ATTOAAKOY Characene 289. BAZIAEHZ ATTAMBHAOY ZHTHPOZ KAI EYEPfETOY f'haracene 291-4, 296-9. BACIAenC eCONHClOY CWTHPOC Characene 300. BACIAEHC KAMNACKIPOY KAI BACIAICCHC ANZAZHC Elymais 245 f. BAZIAEHZ KAMNAZKIPOY TOYEF (TOYAEP) BAZIAEflZ KA/^NAZKIPOY Ehjmais clxxxvii. BAZIAEnZ KA/^NIZKIPOY NIKH0P0Y ^Z^mcws clxxxvii. BAZlAEnZ TIPAIOY ZHTHPOZ Characene 2^0. BAC A AIA Cerr ABFAPOC Edessaci. BACA€Y XOCPOI cxcii BO YAH Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvii. BOYAHC Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvii. r = C Bostra xxvi \^. roPTTIAlOY Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvi, 145. AH^\HTP[l]EnN THN HPOC TH TIPPEI Demetrius ad Tigrim cxix. AKZ AIOY A Seleucia ad Tigrim cx\i, 143-5. AOYCAPHC ylf^rrtaxxiv; Bostra xxxl ^OYCAPHC e€OC Adraa xxiii f . ; Bostra xxiii n. (?), xxvii n. AOYCAPIA(.0 .4(/maxxiv. ^ = erovs Bostra. xxv, 16. €A€CC KOA Edessa civ. eP€NNIAN CJTPACKAAA Bhesaena cxil 133. €CAeCCA (MAP AYP ANT) Edessa 104. S"KT fOPTTIAlOY Seleucia ad Tigrim cx\i, 145. ZAY0HC NIAC (false reading) cxiii. HAI Medaha xxxvi. H N€IKH PflMAIflN Mesopotamia xc\x, \Z7 . HPAKA€ION APr«AA Philadelphia x\, Z^. H P A K A H C Philadelphia xl . HPAKAION [APMA] Philadelphia 41. 96 A ACT€PIA Philadelphia Zd I eCA <|)AYCT€INA Bostra 17 f. 9€0KANI (?) ^os^ra xxviii. 0€H ^^APIN^ PhmppopoHs xu, 4^2. e€CJ C€OYHPW TTATTTTCO Carrhae xci. IANAA Je^/«op?a liii. lEP. ACYA. AYTO J/oca(?) xxxvi f. 344 INDEX VII IKC Xahutuea xiii f., 3. |0A Cen KOA N€CIBI MHT Xesihi c\yi, 123. |0Y cen KOAH N€CIBI /^HT Nesibi c\^, 122-4. |0Y CGTT KOAHN CINPAPA Singara cyiVi n. KAIKOAaJN€IAC Loodkm ad Mare Ixxxviii. KA KOA /^H AA€CO Carrhae xc, 88. KAP KO MHTPOTTOAIC (various forms) Carrhae 83 f. KAPCJN Carrhae Ixxxix. KAa)N€IA MHTPOTTO KAPP Carrhae 87. KOIAHC CYPIAC (<|)|AAA€A€CJN) Philadelphia xxxix, 38-40. KOA ANT AYP €A€CCA Edessa civ, 100. KOA eAGCCA Edessa 117 f. KOA M eA€CCA ^\Zessa 101 f. KOA N€CIBI Xesibicvin, 119. KOAGl) /**AAP €A€CCA ^Je*sa civ, 99 f., 102. KOAWNIAC . . . /^H KAPCJN Carrhae xc, 83. KOAflNIAC (IAITTTTOTTOAITnN) Philippojwlis xlii, 42 f. KOM/V\OAIANaJN(0 ^-IfZraa xxiv. AOYKIA Carrhae xc. M A ANTCJ GA€CCA Fdessa 98. /^AAABflN J/e(^a6« xxxvi. MAK AYP €A€CC(A) ^rf^.^sa civ f., 103 f. tAAK AYP KO €A€CCA Edessa civ, 101. /^^ A N N O C 2W«.*sr( ci, 9 6 . /VAANNOC TTAIC Edessa d MAP AYP ANT GA6CCA Edessa cv, 104. MAP AYP ANTOJ KOA 6A6CCA, &c. Edessa civ, 100. M6P€AATHC BACIAGYC YI0C <1>0BA BACIA€nC Sub- Characenian 3 1 1 f. MHT KO AY C CG CINFAPA Simjaracxnu. MHT KOA €A€CCHNaJN Edessa ci^ U 103, 105-12. MHTP KOA KAPPHNCJN (various forms) (7arr/iae xc, 88-90. MHTPOnOAIC (nCTPA) Pei!m 34 f. MYfAONIAI, ANTIoXEflN THN EN TH! Xesibi cy\n. N€ TP BOCTPA Bostra 18 f. NIKH4>0PinN {]) yicephorlum cix. OGOKANI(0 L'os^ra xxviii. OMANO<|)|A Sub-Gharaceniaa ccxi. O M 6A€CCA Edessa civ, 98 f. INSCRIPTIONS 345 T70AIZ! Seleucia ad Tiyrim cxv i'., 142. TTPA Elijmais 272-4. TTPAATHC BACIA€YC Elymais 272 f., 277. ZEAEYKEHN THN nPOZ TH TlfPEI Seleucia cxiv f., 140 f. CEAEYKIA[C] THE [HPOE Tfll TlfPEIJ Seleucia cxv. C€OYH ABrAPOC Edessa ciii n. C€TT KOA NeCIBI t^HT ?., &c. Nesibi cix, 119-21. C€n KOA PHCAINHCICJN L III P /?Aesama 127, 129-32. C€TT PHCAINHCICON L III P Ehesaena \2St, Ud. ZZTA AANA Alex. Emp. of the East cxliv n., 179. ZHTHPOZ KAI EYEPfETOY CAaracme cxcvii n. THE TTPOQ Tni TirPEI Seleucia cxv. TYXH Adraa xxiii f. TYXH BOCTPCJN Bostra 20. TYXH (/VAHAABUN) Medaha xxxvi, 33. TYXH N€AC TPAIANHC BOCTPAC Bostra 16 f. TYXHC €A€CC KO . . Edessa cvi, 102. TYXH IAAA€A€nN K C Philadelphia 38. TYX N€ TPAI BOC Bostra 18. THN EN THI MYfAONIAI, ANTIOXEHN Nesibi c^■ui. TUN Eni KAAAIPOH, ANTIOXEHN Edessadl. THN nPOZ THI TirPEI, ... AHMHTPIEHN, ZEAEYKEflN. Tn TTP xp ra np re, an Gerasa xxxiv. YAPIANH nCTPA /v\HTPOnonOAIC Petra 36. YIOBA BACIA Sub-Characenian ccxi. YTT€PB€P€TAIOY ,SeZe^fc^•rt «(/ 7Y^W?Jt cxvi. YTT€P NIKHC PHMAIHN Mesopotamia xcwni f., 137-9. Yn€P NIKHC THN KYPIHN (CeB) 3fesopotaviia xcix, 138 YTT€P NIKHC THN C€BAC JI esopotamia xcix. YPCJAHC BACIA6YC Elymais, 253 ft'. IA KOI CYPIAC Philadel2>hia 37, 39, 41. 4>IA K C Philadelphia 40 f. IAOPa)/vA€WN, KAPHNGJN 6Wr/i«e Ixxxix, 82. <|)PAATHC BACIA€YC ^Zymaf*, 277. XOCPOj, BACA€Y cxcii. CJTPACKAAAA Ehesaenu cxii. 346 INDEX VII (B) SEMITIC Eclessa c . «::':'» "i:nx A rahia Ixxxii . ,. . i^fi^px Edessa xcvi, 91 f. Si^.^ n\s* Persis 198 (^T) nSx Persis clxv, 195, 200 f. . OT) K^nSx Edessa xcvi, 91 f. hh^ Characene ccviii Txnxnnx Characene ccviii ti 4 /E 5 /R 6 /R "•V- ,-_iA ..^if^ 7 /R 10 /R ^^^ \^ b /K r/ 11 /R 12 /R 15 /r"^-^ 16 /R^ 17 /R \:: ^ IS /R ?. "V I ^.™ V^ 20 /€ """^^ ^^'^ 21/R 1-4 ARETAS 111. 5 MALICHUS I. 6 8 OBODAS III. 9 21 ARETAS IV. KINGS OF NABATAEA. PI. II. • • \7» 1 /€ 2 >E 3 i€ 4 ^^^ 5 "^^T^/E ^^€ 21 >E 22 /E 23 /E .-^i^, 1-12 ARETAS IV. 13-17 MALICHUS II. 18-23 RABBEL II. ARABIA. PI. ill. • ^ / \ BR0NZE:-1-3 ARABIA. 4, 5 ADRAA. 6 17 BOSTRA ARABIA. PI. IV. \ Wsr^y- l^4^•^-'^^^v^ f^ BR0NZE:-1-13 BOSTRA. 14 CHARACMOBA. 15, 16DIUM. ARABIA. PI. V. rr^V ♦5k 11 12 14 15 13 BR0NZE:-1-3 ESBUS. 4-6 GERASA. 7-9 MEDABA. 10 15PETRA. ARABIA. PI VI. \ 17 BR0NZE:-1-13 PHILADELPHIA. 1417 PHILIPPOPOLIS. ARABIA. PI. VII. 1 /E 2 /E 7 /R 8 /R m 4 fft 5 /R 6/R 7/R 8/R 24 /R 1-3 RABBATHMOBA. 4-29 SABAEAN & HIMYARITE. ARABIA. PI. VIII. .^f^^^^ HIMYARITE. ARABIA. PI. IX. i v—^x^ 10 i?"^^- ^^h '^^^^M HIMYARITE, SILVER. ARABIA. PI. X. ;S^^^im^ ^.jC^^<^^^^ \ ^-1 HIMYARITE, SILVER. 1 /R ARABIA. 2 n^ PI. XI. tei^] 3 /R J ^^X 4 /R /R /^ •-CbVU^ 5 /R S /R 6 /K O /k^ 20 /R ^*— ' 21 ^ ^ /R 22^—^ m 26 /E 1-19 HIMYARITE. 20, 22 KATABAN IAN. 23 MINAEAN. 24-26 N. ARABIAN. MESOPOTAMIA. PI. XII. BR0NZE;-1, 2 ANTHEMUSIA. 3-25, CARRHAE. MESOPOTAMIA. PI. XIII. 1-5CARRHAE. 6 16EDESSA. MESOPOTAMIA. PI. XIV. 17 18 EDESSA, BRONZE. MESOPOTAMIA. PI. XV. EDESSA, BRONZE. #t.. MESOPOTAMIA. PI. XVI. EDESSA, BRONZE. MESOPOTAMIA. PI. XVII. BR0NZE:-1-6 EDESSA. 7-14 NESIBI. MESOPOTAMIA. PI. XVIII. RHESAENA, BRONZE. MESOPOTAMIA. PI. XIX. 11 /u ^%. .-■■-', ^i»j 14 SINGARA. 5-13 UNCERTAIN MINT. BABYLONIA. PI. XX. BABYLON. BABYLONIA. PI. XXI. k'^A; 6 7 8 ^ 9 BABYLON, SILVER BABYLONIA. PI. XXII. BABYLON, SILVER. BABYLONIA. PI. XXIII. 1 N 4 /E 3 /E 2 /R 5 /E 17 /E ^^^8 /E^^^^ 19 /t 20 /E >l^ '.52 /E 1-3 BABYLON. 4 21 SELEUCIA. 22 ATUSIA. iE^ PERSIA N 1 N PI. XXIV. ^J^, 3 /R 4 /R 5 /H G ^/R ^.^ ■%•»£ n:^ /R 8 /R !^ /R ^ \^^ 10 /R 11 /R LDVi^ i5; 13 .'V 14 A/ 15 /R 1 ^|^#^ /R 17 "^T'/R A 18 Z*^ fel^^^^il 20 -=r- /R 21 18 m l\\ 22 /R 23 ^^l\< 'if' «^" ^ A; X^^ •\ 24 N 25 jr N .20 A/ 27 /R 28 PERSIA, SERIES I —GROUPS A-C. L^' PERSIA PI. XXV. A:V 1 /R 2 /R 3 /R 4 /R 5^^^ /R 6 (1 /R % 7 AR ;^^ 4?^ If-^^ 8 / 9 m fc 1^ 10 /R 11 PR 12 A/ 13 A/ 14 A/ /i ^ 14a A/ ^ l^' Vi^ /R 18 /R 19 /R 20 /R ^'^ 21 A/ 22 A/ 23^^ A/ 24 A/ 25 Ay 26 /R PERSIA —SERIES I. GROUPS C BIS— K. PERSIA. ^^^ PI. XXVI. 1/R 2/R 3/R A /R 5/R 6/R ^^ 7 e & e i:/ ^ 9 ^ fij 10^^ /R 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R 14 /R 9^% -/ 15 /R 16 /R 17 >R 18 /R 19 /R f '. wg —S' ^ 5^ « ft 22 A? 23 /R 24 ^^^/R 25^^^ /R 26 ■• /R 27 /R 23 /R 24^^^ 2^^^R f||i (^ i^ 1^"^ ^ # PERSIA;- SERIES I. UNCERTAIN; II. GROUP A. PERSIA. P(. XXVII. 1 /R 2 /R /R 4 /^ S^^/R ^:^\^ ■^v 7 /R S /R 9 -T? ^Jf V^ S,^ v^ :^W c 13 /R 14 /R • "^.J/ & 15 /R 16 A/ 17 A/ 18 ifR 19 /R 20 /R 21 /R A* \o^ '-'3^' 1/ %'*.':^^ii 9 22 A/ 23 /R 24 /R 25 rR 26 /R «^ PERSIA—SERIES II. B IV. N. PERSIA, PERSIS. PI. XXVIII. 12 /R ^ _^ 11 /R 11 /R NORTHERN PERSIA. PERSIS (BAGADAT I. OBORZOS). PERSIS. ^g/ v PI. XXIX. # i-TWUFT -:%s>- PERSIS, SILVER;-1-4 ARTAXERXES I. 5-9 AUTOPHRADATES I. 10-14 UNCERTAIN OF SERIES I. PERSIS. PI. XXX. ^5 # te ^^^^ ^^7 ^^^/ W0 9 ^9 ^^r 10 ^^7 11 12 13 14 15 %Mm >i&- # 16 17 18 19 20 \ PERSIS, SILVER, SECOND SERIES :"A, B, C (DARIUS?) PERSIS. PI. XXXI. PERSIS, SILVER, SECOND SERIES:-1-11,C. 12-21 AUTOPHRADATES II. PERSIS. PI. XXXII. PERSIS, SILVER, SECOND SERIES:-1-4 AUTOPHRADATES 11. THIRD SERIES ;-5-20 DARIUS 11. 21, 22 OXATHRES. PERSIS. PI. XXXIII. PERSIS, SILVER, THIRD SERIES —1-7 OXATHRES. 8 UNCERTAIN. 9-21 ARTAXERXES II. PERSIS. PI. XXXIV. 16 14 17 m 18 PERSIS, SILVER, THIRD SERIES :-1-5 ARTAXERXES 11. FOURTH SERIES:-6-17 NAMOPAT. 18 21 UNCERTAIN. PERSIS. PI. XXXV. 7^ y^^ v.^ .^^ PERSIS, FOURTH SERIE3:-l-3 PAKUR. 9 UNCERTAIN. 10 25KAPAT. PERSIS. PI. XXXVI. PERSIS, FOURTH SERIES: 1-11 KAPAT. 12-20 UNCERTAIN. 21 23 AUTOPHRADATES III ? 24-26 ARTAXERXES III. Son of MITHRI. PERSIS. PI. XXXVII. PERSIS, SILVER, FOURTH SERIES :-1, 2 ARTAXERXES III. 3-9 MANUCITHR II. 10, 1 1 UNCERTAIN. 1 2-14 MANUCITHR III. 15-19 ARTAXERXES IV. ELYMAIS. PI. XXXVIII. ^'^^ li 13 14 ELYMAIS. ELYMAIS. PI. XXXIX. ELYMAIS, BRONZE. ELYMAIS. PI. XL. yi«y;^icjL X ^•## ' .^. ¥L^ Sa -' ■•^ '^^vi '■'^'^" -' p^r 10 11 12 13 14 18 19 \ ELYMAIS, BRONZE. ELYMAIS. PI. XLI. 1 2 y V -<•* ELYMAIS. BRONZE. ELYMAIS. # Pi. XLII. # #f^ .^^ 10 (l^ r.W' m 11 14 16 17^^ ^^^ 18 ^^^ # # W # #..# # 22 23 24 25 ELYMAIS, BRONZE. CHARACENE. PI. XLIII. CHARACENE. CHARACENE. PI. XLIV. .^'tei^"*'>^ ^*A?r^ CHARACENE, BRONZE. PI. XLV. CHARACENE, BRONZE. CHARACENE. PI. XLVI. CHARACENE, BRONZE. SUB-CHARACENIAN. PI. XLVII. 13 -^ 14 SUB-CHARACENIAN, BRONZE. ADDENDA. PI. XLVIII. 11 12 16 13 14 i-V ^^ 15 ^^ "N t- 17 ADDENDA, SILVER. SUPPLEMENTARY. PI. XLIX. 19 >E 20 ^^-. --" /E NABATAEA. ARABIA. SUPPLEMENTARY. PI. L. 6 /Fa' V. ^' 8 ^--^ /R /t / 10 /E 11 /€ 12 .€ 13 /E 11 /t lb /t 18 ^- — :_:.-.-^ /E ARABIA. MESOPOTAMIA. SUPPLEMENTARY. PI. LI. 6 A/ o^*^ 7 N \^J 8 N 16 /R SUPPLEMENTARY. f*»^: 2/E PI. Lll. A^> \s^ 3 /€ / 5 A/ 6 /R N'^'^. /' 7 A/ X 10 /R 11 /R 10 /R BABYLONIA. PERSIA. PERSIS. SUPPLEMENTARY. PI. Llll. 15 /E SUPPLEMENTARY :-PERSlS. ELYMAIS. 17 /€ SUPPLEMENTARY. PI. LIV. 8 /E CHARACENE, Etc. ADDENDA ,■?■; ":^-^ 13 /R k i\'::3- V\ ^ 14 /R 1 HIMYARITE. 2-9 N, ARABIA. 10-14 CHARACENE. PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COINS AND MEDALS CATALOGUES OP COINS AND MEDALS Catalogue op Greek Coins in the British Museum : Italy, b}' R. S. Poole. 1873, 8vo. Numerous woodcuts. Out of Print. Sicily, by R. S. Poole, B. V. Head, and P. Gardner. 1876, 8vo. Numerous woodcuts. Out of Print. Thrace, by B. V. Head and P. Gardner. 1877, 8vo. Numerous woodcuts. Out of Print. Seleucid Kings of Syria, by P. Gardner. 1878, 8vo. 28 Collo- type Plates. Out of Print. Macedonia, by B. V. Head. 1879, 8vo. Numerous woodcuts and a Map. Out of Print. Thessaly to Aetolia, by P. Gardner. 1883, 8vo. 11. 82 Collo- type Plates. Ptolemaic Kings of Egypt, by R. S. Poole. 1883, 8vo. 32 Coll o- type Plates. Out of Print. Central Greece, by B. V. Head. 1884, 8vo. 24 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. Crete and the Aegean Islands, by W. W. Wroth. 1886, 8vo. 29 Collotype Pktes. Out of IMnt. Peloponnesus, by P. Gardner. 1887. 8vo. 11. Is. 37 Collo- type Plates. Attica, Megaris, Aegina, by B. V. Head. 1888, 8vo. 26 Collo- type Plates. Out of Print. Corinth, &c., by B. V. Head. 1889, 8vo. 1?. 39 Collotype Plates. Pontus, Paphlagonia, &e., by W. W. Wroth. 1889, 8vo. 1?. Is. 39 Collotype Plates. Mysia, by W. W. Wroth. 1892, 8vo. 11. 35 Collotype Plates. Alexandria, &c., by R. S. Poole. 1892, 8vo. IZ. 55. 32 Collo- type Plates. Ionia, by B. V. Head. 1892, 8vo. 11. 8s. With Map and 39 Collotype Plates. Troas, ApoHs and Lesbos, by W. W. Wroth. 1894, 8yo. 11. 5s. With Map and 43 Collotype Plates. Caria and the Islands, by B. V. Head. 1897, 8vo. IL 8s. With Map and 45 Collotyj^e Plates. Lycia, Pamphylia and Pisidia, by G. F. Hill. 1897, 8vo. 11. 10s. With Map and 44 Collotype Plates. Galatia, Cappadocia and Syria, by W. W. Wroth. 1899, 8vo. 11. 8s. With Map and 38 Collotype Plates. Lycaonia, Isauria and Cilicia, by G. F. Hill. 1900, 8vo. IZ. 8s. With Map and 40 Collotype Plates. Catalogue of Arabia. 2 Catalogues of Coins and Medals Lydia, by B. V. Head. 1902, 8vo. II. 15s. With Map and 45 Collotype Plates. Parthia, by W. W. Wroth. 1903, 8vo. II. 5s. With Map and 36 Collotype Plates. Cyprus, by G. F. Hill. 1904, 8vo. 15s. With Map and 26 Collotype Plates. Phrygia, by B. V. Head. 190B, 8vo. 2L With Map and 53 Collotype Plates. Phoenicia, by G. F. Hill. 1910, 8vo. II. 15s. With Map and 45 Collotype Plates. Palestine, by G. F. Hill. 1914, 8vo. 11. 10s. With Map and 42 Collotype Plates. Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia, &c., by G. F. Hill. 1922, 8vo. With Map and 55 Collotype Plates. Catalogue of Koman Coins in the British Museum : Coins of the Eoman Republic^ by H. A. Grueber. 3 vols. 1910, 8vo. 11 10s. With 123 Collotype Plates. Roman Medallions, by H. A. Grueber. 1874, 8vo. 66 Collo- type Plates. Out of Print. Imperial Byzantine Coins, by W. W. Wroth. 2 vols. 1908. 8vo. 21. 15s. With 79 Collotype Plates. Coins of the Vandals, Ostrogoths, &c., by W. W. Wroth. 1911, 8vo. II. 2s. 6d. With 43 Collotype Plates. Catalogue of English Coins and Medals in the British Museum : Catalogue of the Anglo-Gallic Coins, by E. Hawkins. 1826, 4to. 3 Engraved Plates. Out of Print. Catalogue of English Coins. Anglo-Saxon Series, by C. F. Keary, Vol. I. 1887, 8vo. 11. 10s. 30 Collotype Plates. Vol. II, by H. A. Grueber and C. F. Keary. 1893, 8vo. 21. 2s. With Map and 32 Collotype Plates. The Norman Kings, by G. C. Brooke. 1916, 8vo, 2 vols. 2Z. 62 Collotype Plates. Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great Britain and Ire- land to the Death of George II, by E. Hawkins, edited by Sir A. W. Franks, K.C.B., and H. A. Grueber. 1885, 8vo. 2 vols. Numerous woodcuts. Out of Print. Illustrated Edition, by H. A. Grueber. In XIX Portfolios. 183 Collotype Plates. 1904-1911, fol. 61. Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum : Vol. I. The Coins of the Eastern Khaleefehs, by S. Lane-Poole. 1875, 8vo. 8 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. Vol. II. The Coins of the Muhammadan Dynasties, Classes III-X, by S. Lane-Poole. 1876, 8vo. 8 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. Catalogues of Coins and Medals 3 Vol. III. The Coins of the Turkuman Houses of Seljook, Urtuk, Zengee, &c., Classes X-XIV, by S. Lane-Poole. 1877, 8vo. 12 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. Vol. IV. The Coinage of Egypt, by S. Lane-Poole. 1879, Svo. 8 Collotype Plates. Out of Frlnt. Vol. V. The Coins of the Moors, by S. Lane-Poole. 1880, Svo. 7 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. Vol. VI. The Coins of the Mongols, by S. Lane-Poole. 1881, Svo. 9 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. Vol. VII. The Coinage of Bukhara, by S. Lane-Poole. 1882, Svo. 5 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. Vol. VIII. The Coins of the Turks, by S. Lane-Poole. 1883, Svo. 12 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. Vol. IX. (Additions to Vols. I-IV), by S. Lane-Poole. 1889, Svo. II. Is. 20 Collotype Plates. Vol. X. (Additions to Vols. V-VIII), by S. Lane-Poole. 1891, Svo. II. 5s. 33 Collotype Plates. Catalogue of Arabic Glass Weights, by S. Lane-Poole. 1891, Svo. 12s. 9 Collotype Plates. Catalogue of Persian Coins in the British Museum : Shahs of Persia, by K. S. Poole. 1887, Svo. 11. 5s. 24 Collo- type Plates. Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum : The Coins of the Sultans of Delhi, by S. Lane-Poole. 1884, Svo. With Map and 9 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. The Coins of the Muhammadan States of India, by S. Lane- Poole. 12 Collotype Plates. Out o/ Print. The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India, by P. Gardner. 1886, Svo. 32 Collotype Plates. Out of Print. The Coins of the Moghul Emperors, by S. Lane-Poole. 1892, Svo. II. 16s. 38 Collotype Plates. The Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka Dynasty, and the ' Bodhi ' Dynasty, by E. J. Rapson. 1908, Svo. II. 5s. With Map and 21 Collotype Plates. The Coins of the Gupta Dynasties, and of Sasahka, King of Gauda, by J. Allan. 1914, Svo. 11. 5s. With 24 Collo- type Plates. Catalogue of Chinese Coins in the British Museum: Catalogue of Chinese Coins from the Seventh Century b.c. to A. D. 621, including the Series in the British Museum, by Terrien de Lacouperie. 1892, Svo. 21. With numerous illustrations. 4 Catalogues of Coins and Medals Italian Medals in the British Museum : Select Italian Medals of the Renaissance in the British Museum. Illustrated on 50 Collotype Plates. 1915, portfolio. 85. Qd. Grains and Grammes. A Table of Equivalents for the use of Numismatists. 1920, 8vo. 85. GUIDES AND HANDBOOKS TO THE COINS AND MEDALS EXHIBITED IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM Coins of the Ancients;^ . Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, bv B. V. Head, with 70 Collotype Plates. 4th edition, 1895, 8vo. \l. 5.s. (cloth). Also with 7 Collotype Plates. 5th edition, 1909, 8vo. 25. 6d. (boards). Also 4th edition, 1895. 8vo. Is. Italian Medals : - Guide to the Exhibition of Italian Medals, by C. F. Keary. 1881, 8vo. 6d. Also Illustrated (7 Collotype Plates). 2nd edition, 1893, 8vo. 2s. Qd. English Historical Medals:^ Guide to the Exhibition of English Medals, by H. A. Grueber. 1881, 8vo. 6d Also illustrated (7 Collotype Plates). 2nd edition, 1891, 8vo. 2s. M. Coins of Great Britain and Ireland : Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland, by H. A. Grueber. 1899, 8vo. IZ, Is. With 64 Collotype Plates. Guide to the Department of Coins and Medals. 3rd edition, 1922, 8vo. Is. Qd. With 8 Collotype Plates. ' The section of the Exhibition to which this Guide refers has been slightly modified by the omission of some of the later coins and the addition of a supplement containing select bronze Greek coins and recent acquisitions of importance. "^ The section of the Exhibition to which this Guide refers has been considex*- ably modified. PICTORIAL POSTCARDS Price Id. each. No. 121. Early Greek coins, 700-480 b. c. 122. Greek Coins, Fine Period, 480-400 b. c. 123. Historical Greek Coins. 124. Roman Republican Coins. 125. Coins of the twelve Caesars. 126. Anglo-Saxon Coins. 127. English Silver Coins. 128. English Gold Coins. 129. Medals of Queen Elizabeth and of Mary, Queen of Scots. 130. Royalist Badges. 187. Gold naval reward medal, 1652. by Thomas Simon. 188. Gold sovereign of Henry VII (1495). 189. ' Petition crown ' of Charles II (1663), by Thomas Simon. 190. Silver medal of Marie de Medicis (1578-1642), wife of Henry IV of France. By Guillaume Dupre. 191. Silver coin of Sybrita in Crete. 192. Silver coin of Syracuse, by Kimon. 193. Bronze medallion of Marcus Aurelius, struck in a.d. 159. 194. Lead medal of Sigismondo Malatesta, by Pisanello. 195. Bronze Medal of Giovanna Tornabuoni, by Niccolo Spinelli of Florence. 196. Bronze Medal of Giulia Astallia. 197. Coins of Ludovico il Moro and Giangaleazzo Maria Sforza. 198. Bronze Medal of Cardinal Bemljo, by Benvenuto Cellini. 199. Lead Medal of Erasmus. 200. The ' Juxon Medal ' of Charles I. Price Is, the Set. Set XXIII. MEDALLIC WORKS OF ABRAHAM AND THOMAS SIMON. 1. Wax model for portrait of Abraham Simon by himself. 2. (a) Sir John Hotham, Governor of Hull, (b) John de Reede, Ambassador of the States-General of Holland, 1645, 3. [a] James Campbell, Earl of Loudoun, 1645. {h) Murrough O'Brien, Lord Inchiquin, 1646. 6 Pictorial Postcards No. 4. (a) William Pope, 1645. {b) Charles, second Earl of Dunfermline, 1646. 5. (a) Albert Joachim (1646), Ambassador of the United Provinces. {}j) Sir Sidenham Pointz, 1646. 6. (a) M. de Martinay. (&) Unknown. 7. (a) John Cleypole ('?). (&) Elizabeth Cleypole, his wife, daughter of Oliver Cromwell. 8. (a) Colonel Fleetwood (?), Lieutenant-General of the Forces under Cromwell, {b) Unknown. 9. Oliver Cromwell, Protector, 1653. 10. (a) George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 1660. [h) Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, 1662. 11. (a) John Thurloe, Secretary of State to Cromw^ell. (?>) Dorcas Brabazon, Lady Lane, 1662. 12. Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, 1664 (2 portraits). 13. ' Petition Crown ' of Charles II (1663) by Thomas Simon. 14. The Assertion of the Dominion of the Sea by Charles II, 1665. 15. Great Seal of Richard Cromwell as Protector (1659-60). Set XXIV. COINS OF SYRACUSE. 1. Four silver coins, about 485-478 b. c. 2. Silver ' Medallion ", struck to commemoi'ate the defeat of the Carthaginians by Gelo in 480 b. c. 3. Silver coins with heads of Arethusa, about 478-450 b.c. 4. Silver coins with heads of Arethusa, about 466-430 b. c. 5. Silver coins with head of Arethusa and victorious chariot, about 430-413 b.c. 6. Silver coins with heads of Nymphs, 5th and 4th cent. b. c. 7. Silver 'Medallion' by Kimon, issued after the defeat of the Athenians, 413 b.c. 8. Silver coins by Kimon, end of 5th cent. b. c. 9. Silver ' Medallion ' by Euaenetus, issued after the defeat of the Athenians, 413 b.c. 10. Silver coin with four-horse chariot and head of Athena, end of 5th cent. b.c. 11. Electrum and gold coins of period of Dion and Timoleon, 357-317 B.C. 12.. Silver coin of Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, 317-289 B.C., and gold coin struck by Pyrrhus in Sicily, 278-275 b. c. 13. Silver coin of Hiero II, King of Syracuse, 274-216 b.c. 14. Silver coin of Philistis, wife of Hiero II. 15. Silver coin of Hieronymus, King of Syracuse, 216—215 b.c. Pictorial Postcards Set XXV. MEDALS ILLUSTEATING ENGLISH HISTORY. No. 1. Gold medal of Henry VIII, struck in 1545. 2. Bronze medal of Pope Julius III, commemorating the return of England to Roman obedience under Mary, 1553. 3. Engraved silver map of the voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1580. 4. Silver medal commemorating Leicester's return from the Low Countries, 1587. 5. Gold naval reward for the defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588. 6. Silver medal commemorating the defeat of tlie Spanish Armada, 1588. 7. Silver medal of the Declaration of Parliament, 1642. 8. Silver medal commemorating the death of Charles I, 1648. 9. Silver medal of the Battle of Dunbar, 1650. 10. Gold naval reward medal for victories over th*.^ Dutch, 1658. 11. Gold coronation medal of Charles II, 1661. 12. Silver medal of the Battle of Lowestoft, 1665. 13. Silver medal of the Peace of Breda, 1667. 14. Silver medal commemorating the execution of the Duke of Monmouth, 1685. 15. Silver medal of the Trial of the Seven Bishops, 1688. Set XXVL MEDALS BY PISANELLO AND PASTL 1-12. By Pisanello. 1. John VIII Palaeologus, Emperor of Byzantium. 2. Gianfrancesco Gonzaga, first Marquis of Mantua. 3. Niccolo Piccinino, condottiere. 4. Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara. 5. The same, reverses of two medals. 6. The same, reverse of Marriage medal. 7. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini. 8. Ludovico III Gonzaga, second Marquis of Mantua. 9. Pier Candid o Decembrio, secretary of the Milanese Republic. 10- Alfonso V, King of Naples [reverse, boar hunt). 11. The same [reverse, eagle). 12. Don Inigo d'Avalos. 13-15. By Matteo de' Pasti. 13. Guarino of Verona, humanist. 14. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini. 15. Isotta degli Atti, wife of Sigismondo Malatesta. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. SRLF QUARTER LOAN REC'D LD-UW DEC 111996 'NOV (\ 1 7m m 1 6 200? NOV 1 2008 Form L9-Sei-ics 49j UNIV. OF CALIF. LIBRARY. LOS ANGELES llll l|ll||ll|!ll I llllllll|l IP 58 01132 0016 IIJli«r?MnrMM,'i."^°'°^*L LIBRARV FACILITY A 000 237 056 7 STACK i