MA T E m m s CAUFORNIA mmmmmi#iit AUBVRY 3TATK MB^RAWKaST m^ w^ m nm Ill wiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiuiiiiiimiiiiw »Kim>mffim THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS / ,Ewis I mm STATE MINEBALOGIS'. / '^ i .-.■* a K~. — A n In ursTRiEs - 195-202 Description OF Localities IN California - - - - - - - 202-230 LOW-GRADE CLAYS— Red Brick and Tile Indistry in California 231-259 PART IV. MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS. ANTniONY -------------- 260 ASBESTOS - 261-264 BARYTES -------------- 264 BAUXITE - - - . . - 265 CALCAREOUS TUFA ------------ 265 CHROMITE .--------.-... 266-272 CONCRETE ROCK. See Macadam. FULLER'S EARTH ------------- 273-275 GLASS INDUSTRY AND GLASS-MAKING MATERIALS IN CALIFORN lA 276-279 GRAPHITE 279-281 GYPSUM --------------- 281-288 INFUSORIAL OR DIATOMACEOUS EARTH 289-296 IRON ORE - - - 297-305 JASPER --------------- .305-306 LITHIA - - - - 306-310 MACADAM, RUBBLE, AND CONCRETE ROCK ----- 311-327 MAGNESITE - - - - 327-334 MANGANESE - - - - 335-337 MICA ---------- 337-338 MINERAL PAINT - - - - 338-342 ONYX ------ 111-114 PAVING-BLOCKS ----- 342-345 PLATINUM -------- 346-349 PYRITES - -------- 349 QUARTZ-CRYSTALS ----- 349-350 RUBBLE. See Macadam. SOAPSTONE— TALC - - - 350-353 SULPHUR 354 TUNGSTEN - - 354-355 ZINC - 355-356 SUPPLEMENT. LIST OF SPECIMENS OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES (ENUMERATED IN THIS BULLETIN) IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU - - 359-373 ADDITIONAL QUARRIES AND MINES 374-378 APPENDIX. CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU - 381-386 MINERAL STATISTICS OF CALIFORNIA-1904 ------ 386-388 MIXINC BUREAU PUBLICATIONS - 390-391 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, Relief Map of Calil'oriiia. Illustrations. Page. No. 1. Composite arch, built of California structural materials Frontispiece. 2. Showing use of quarry-bar 25 3. View of stone-planer - 25 4. Sketch map, showing granite areas in California 27 5. San Francisco's new Post Office - 2^ (i. Raymond Granite Quarry, Madera County 31 7. Fairmount Hotel, San Francisco 33 8. Mantyla's Granite Quarry, Rocklin, Placer County 35 9. Eureka Granite Quarry, Rocklin, Placer County 37 10. Rocklin Granite Company's Quarry, Placer County 3S> 11. Granite Quarry, Corona, Riverside County---- 41 12. Stone-sawing machine 42 13. Granite-surfacing machine 43- 14. Casa Blanca Granite Quarry, Riverside County -- 45 15. Casa Blanca Quarry, No. 2, Riverside County 45 16. H. W. Hellman Building, Los Angeles 46 17. Declez Granite Quarry, San Bernardino County 4& 18. Farmers and Merchants' National Bank Building, Los Angeles 49 19. Granite Quarry at Oro Grande, San Bernardino County. 50 20. Santee Granite Quarry, San Diego County 52 21. Rocky Point Granite Quarry, Tulare County 55 22. Boulder of orbicular gabbro 57 23. Section of orbicular gabbro 58 24. Orbicular Diorite mine, Dehesa, San Diego County. Near view of outcrop.- eO' 25. Limestone quarry of Henry Cowell's Lime and Cement Company, at Concord, Contra Costa County 67 26. Jameson Lime Company's kilns, Tehachapi, Kern County 69 27. Mountain Summit Lime Company's kilns, at Keene, Kern County 70 28. Quarry and kiln of the Union Lime Company, Tehachapi, Kern County-. 71 29. Rock-crusher at Colton Limestone Quarry, San Bernardino County 77 30. Limestone Quarry, Oro Grande, San Bernardino County 7& 31. Lompoc Limestone Quarry, Santa Barbara County : 81 32. H. Cowell & Co.'s Limestone Quarry, ^ miles northwest of Santa Cruz 84 33. I X L Limestone Quarry, Felton, Santa Cruz County 85 34. Santa Cruz Limestone Quarry, 18 miles northwest of Santa Cruz 86^ 35. Kilns and cooperage of the Santa Cruz Lime Company 87 .H(). McCloud Limestone Bluffs, from the U. S. Fisheries, Shasta County 8^ 37. Sketch " D," Shasta County--- 91 38. Oleta Marble (Quarry, Amador County 97 39. Marble mill and yard, Colton, San Bernardino County - 103. (9) ] ILLUSTRATIONS. Illustrations. I'agk. No. 40. Colton ]SLTrl)le Quarry, San Bernardino County... 104 41. Mojave Consolidated Development Company's Verde Antique Marble (Quarry, San lierjiardino County 105 4'_'. N'cnlc Aii(i<|U(' Marlilc (^uari-y, San Heriiardino County 10(J 43. East side of Marble Mountain, Si.skiyou County.. .. 109 44. West slope of Marble Mountain, Siskiyou County 109 45. Columbia Marble Company's (Quarry, Tuolumne County 110 40. Aragonite Quarry, San Luis Obispo County 113 47. Aragonite Quarry, San Luis Obispo County 113 48. Vein of arches of Quadrangle, Stanford University _. 115 49. lone Red Sandstone Quarry, Amador County 115 50. Kohl Building, San Francisco 118 51. Colusa Sandstone Quarry. View from south end of quarry... 120 52. St. Francis Hotel and Dewey Monument, San Francisco 121 53. James L. Flood Building, San Francisco 123 54. A portion of the face of the McGilvray Sandstone Quarry, Colusa County.. 125 55. Franklyn Sandstone Quarry, Contra Costa County 125 56. Green Sandstone Quarry of the Kern Development Syndicate, Kern County 127 57. Red Sandstone, Kern County 127 58. Public Library, Pasadena, Los Angeles County 129 59. Sandstone Quarry, Kern County 129 60. Chatsworth Park Sandstone Quarry, Los Angeles County 130 61. Sketch of Chatsworth Park Sandstone Quarry, Los Angeles County 130 62. Carnegie Library, Santa Cruz 1.34 63. Stanford Sandstone Quarry, Santa Clara County 135 64. Stanford Sandstone Quarry, Santa Clara County 135 65. Memorial arch and church, Stanford University 136 66. General view of buildings in the Quadrangle, Stanford University 137 67. Sketch "C," Shasta County 139 68. View in Sespe Canon, Ventura County, showing "Coldwater Anticline"... 143 69. Eureka Slate Quarry, Slatington, El Dorado County 151 70. View in yard near quarry of the Eureka Slate Company, El Dorado County 153 71. St. Helena Public School, Napa County 155 72. Newman's Trachyte Quarry, Napa County ._ ... 156 73. Wing's Trachyte Quarry, Napa County 157 74. Wylie's Rhyolite Quarry, San Luis Obispo County... 159 75. Volcanic Tuff (Quarry, Los Berros, San Luis Obispo County 160 76. Carnegie Library, Petaluma, Sonoma County... 163 77. Pacific Sandstone Brick Company's plant, Redondo, Los Angeles County.. 169 78. Santa Ana Viaduct, on the S. P., L. A. & S. L. R. R., crossing the Santa Ana River, near Riverside 173 79. Works of the Standard Portland Cement Conii)any, at Nai)a .Tunction 179 80. Limestone (Quarry of the Standard Portland Cement Company, at Napa .lunction, Najia County__. 181 81. Sketch of elevation of Limestone (Quarry at Colton Cement Works 183 82. Jjimestone (Quarry, Pacific Portland Ci'mcnt Company, Solano County . 186 H3. Plant of the Pacific Portland Cement Company, Solano County.... 187 84. Clay Pit of Pacific Portland Cement Company, Solano County 189 ILLUSTRATIONS. 11 Illustrations. Page. No. 85. Cars loaded witli limestone at Paeitie Portland Cement Company's plant, Solano County 189 86. High-grade clay product, hand-carved - --- 196 87. High-grade clay product, modeled by hand 197 88. High-grade clay products, " thrown" and hand-modeled 198 89. High-grade clay products, "thrown" and hand-modeled 199 90. Pottery and Limekiln at Carnegie, San Joaquin County 201 9L X. Clark it Sons' Pottery, Alameda 203 92. Plant of the Tesla Coal Company, Alameda County -- 205 93. Clay Pit of N. Clark* Sons, Amador County-.- 207 94. Clay Pit, Irish Hill, Amador County 209 95. Clay Pit of the Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Company, Amador County 209 96. E. M. Hamilton's Clay Deposit, Kern County 212 97. Los Angeles Stoneware and Sewer-pipe Company's plant 215 98. Silica Croppings, Tropico, Los Angeles County 216 99. Clay Pit of Gladding, McBean & Co. , Placer County 219 100. Pottery of Gladding, McBean & Co., Placer County 220 101. Harrington Clay Pit, Riverside County 222 102. Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Company's plant, San Mateo County 228 103. High relief terra cotta ware, by Steiger Terra Cotta Pottery Works 229 104. Adobe house, San Bernardino County 231 105. Pott's disintegrator 234 106. Auger stiff-mud brick machine 235 107. Rotary automatic wire-cutter 236 108. Pott's horizontal brick machine 237 109. Six-mold brick press 238 110. Field brickkiln, oil burner.... - 239 111. Interior of a continuous brick kiln 240 112. Berg & Oxby Clay Pit, Los Angeles 245 113. Works of Los Angeles Brick Company 245 114. Plant of the Los Angeles Brick Company 247 115. Wire cutting and pressed brick machine 247 116. Simons Brick Company, Los Angeles 248 117. Plan of kiln, Orange County Tile Works 251 118. Sketch "A," Shasta County 270 119. Detail of "c" and "d" of Sketch "A" --- 271 120. Quarry of Fuller's Earth, Kern County 275 121. Plant of Southwestern Glass Manufacturing Company, Los Angeles 277 122. Gypsum Quarry, Palmdale, Los Angeles County 285 123. Diatomaceous Earth from Lompoc; highly magnified 290 124. Photomicrograph of diatom 291 125. Quarry of Infusorial Earth at Lompoc, Santa Barbara County 294 126. Outcrop of Infusorial Earth, Santa Barbara County... 294 127. Balaam Bros.' quarry of Infusorial Earth, Santa Barbara County.. 295 128. Magne-Silica Quarry, near Lompoc, Santa Barbara County 295 129. Iron vein, San Luis Obispo County 300 130. Sketch "B," Shasta County .-. --• 302 13J.. Sketch — section on iiortli side of "GreyRocks" --- 303 12 ILLUSTRATIONS. Illustrations. Page. No. 132. View of Jasper Claim, Los Angeles County 305 183. Lei)i(lolite Mine, San Dicjjo County.. .307 134. Pala Mountain, view of T.itliia Mine .31)9 I.3."). r>lair (Quarry No. 1, Alameda County 31 L 136. Blake & IMlger Quarry, Oakland 312 137. Piedmont Paving Company's Quarry .314 138. Stege Quarry, Contra Costa County... , 316 13!t. Sketch— San Pedro breakwater 317 14(1. Piiotograph of San Pedro breakwater 318 141. Basalt (Quarry at Cordelia, Solano County 326 142. White Itoek Magnesite Mine, Napa County 329 143. Creon Magnesite Mine, Sonoma County 332 144. Lewis Voyle's Ochre Mine, Knight's Ferry, Stanislaus County 341 145. Ferry Building, San Francisco .380 14(>. ^iineral Museum, California State Mining Bureau 383 147. Lil)rary and Free Reading Room, State Mining Bureau 385 148. Laboratory, State Mining Bureau. 387 149. Draughtingand Map Department, State Mining Bureau... 389 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS or CAUfORNIA. PART I. BUILDING STONES. GENERAL ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE BUILDING STONES OF CALIFORNIA. INTRODUCTORY. California has now reached a period in her history when the building- stone resources of the State have greater economic importance than ever before. In the period of the first settlement in any country the demand is for cheap building material, and especially for one that can be handled rapidly and will facilitate the quick construction of buildings. After the first mushroom growth, industries and settlements begin to take on aii air of stability and permanence, due to the establishment of settled industries, such as agriculture, manufactures, and mining ; wealth begins to accumulate in cities, and in the hands of capitalists; then a desire arises for buildings, both private and public, which show stability, durability, architectural skill, and beauty. Each year finds additional inquiries for good building and ornamental stones of different kinds. That there is a great wealth of valuable stone in California has been known for many years. It is equally well known that much of it is still undeveloped, a very considerable portion of the building and orna- mental stones used in California being imported from other states and from European countries. It is the object of this Bulletin to give such particulars as could be obtained concerning this very important one of the resources of the State. (13) 14 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. USES OF STONE. Stone is used in substructures almost universally. Wood, l)rick. and iron are frequently used as a substitute in superstructures, but Avbat- ever may be tbe material used in tbe upper l)uilding, stone is almost always used for the foundation and basement. In superstructures where first cost can be subordinated to architectural effect, stone will in most cases be used. For monuments there is no satisfactory substitute for stone. For this purpose the stone is often shipped long distances, in order to get one that has an established reputation. Many of the monuments in this State are of stone from New England, Indiana, Georgia, or EurojDe, and often a large part of the cost of the monument is in railroad or steam- ship transportation charges. One of tlie objects of this Bulletin is to show where good stone for monuments, architectural, and other uses can be obtained in this State. Some of the other uses of stone are in the construction of breakwaters, bridge abutments, culverts, curbing, fences, flagstone, hitching posts, macadamizing, paving blocks, piers, retaining walls, reservoirs, sewers, sluiceways, etc. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING STONES. Rocks are commonly divided into two, sometimes three, great classes: the unstratified, or igneous; the stratified, or sedimentary. The first class may be subdivided into the granitic or crystalline rocks, and the volcanic or glassy and stony rocks. The granitic class includes granite, syenite, etc. ; the volcanic class includes basalt, trachyte, tuff, etc. The sedimentary rocks include those formed in water, such as sand- stone, limestone, etc. The third class includes the metamorphosed forms of tlie other two classes. They may be formed from the igneous rocks, as gneiss, some of the schists, serpentine, and talc; or from the sedimentary rocks, such as marble, which is metamorphosed limestone; ([uartzite, which is meta- morphosed sandstone; or slate, whicli is metamorphosed clay or shale. KINDS OF BUILDING STONES IN CALIFORNIA. Nearly all of these classes of building and ornamental stones occur in California, as will be seen in the following pages. Granite is (quarried in the following counties: Los Angeles, Madera, Nevada, Placer, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San l^iego, Tuolumne, and Tulare. Undeveloped masses of it occur in other counties. Limestone is (juari'ifd in Ainadoi-, Calaveras, Colusa. Na])a, Santa Barl)ara, Butte, El Dorado, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Kern. Mono, BUILDING STONES— ECONOMIC FEATURES. 15 Monterey, Placer, Riverside, San Bernardino, Inyo, Santa Criiz. Santa Clara. Shasta, Sonoma, and Tnolunine counties. Marble is quarried in Amador, Riverside, San Bernardino, Inyo, and Tuolumne counties. Sandstone quarries are in operation in Colusa, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Ventura, and Yolo counties. Slate is quarried in El Dorado County, but occurs in several other counties. Serpentine occurs in a great many counties in large quantities, but has been quarried only on a small scale in a few places. It is quarried on Santa Catalina Island, and as Verde Antique in San Bernardino County. Rubble and broken stone for macadam are quarried in a score or more counties. Porphyry is quarried for building stone at San Luis Obispo. Volcanic Tuff is quarried at several places in Calaveras, Napa, San Luis Obispo, and Sonoma counties. REFERENCES ON CALIFORNIA BUILDING STONES. 1. Tenth Census Report U. S., Vol. X, p. 279. 2. Mineral Resources U. S. 1893, p. 560. 3. Xeues Jahrbuch fiir Min. N. S. W., 1887, Bnd. V., pp. 451-578. 4. Sixth Report of State Mineralogist, Pt. I, p. 16. 5. Seventh Report of State Mineralogist, p. 205. 6. Eighth Report of State Mineralogist, p. 885. 7. Ninth Report of State Mineralogist, pp. 53, 209, 224. 8. Tenth Report of State Mineralogist, p. 955. 9. Eleventh Report of State Mineralogist, p. 602. 10. Twelfth Report of State Mineralogist, pp. 379-411. 11. Thirteenth Report of State Mineralogist, pp. 612 et seq. 12. U. S. Geological Survey, Geological Atlas, Folio V. 13. Geological and Industrial Resources of California. By Philip T. Tyson. Baltimore, 1851. 14. Special Report U. S. Census Office, Mines and Quarries, 1902, pp. 180 et seq. A short discussion of the general properties of building stones and some of their commercial features is here inserted before taking up the discussion of the different quarry regions of the State. POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN SELECTING A BUILDING STONE. In selecting a Ijuilding stone for any purpose, there are a number of different things to be considered, among the most important of which are (1) Adaptability, including the architectural effect; (2) Cost, and (3) Durability. 16 STRUCTIKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORXIA. Adaptability is the point that is freiiiu-ntly overlooked or receives but hasty consideration in selecting a building stone. A stone that may be very desiral:)le in certain places for certain uses is quite unsuit- able for other uses in other places. The selection of the stone is largely a matter of taste, and as the selective taste is good or bad, so in large measure is the resulting structure. The stone should harmonize with its surroundings in its use, color, grain, and structure, as well as in the shape and size of the building. Cost. — The principal items affecting the cost of a building stone are thickness of the bed, its i)Osition, the thickness and kind of material overlying the stone, the workability of the rock, remoteness of the quarry, and the transportation facilities. There are many other items, such as the price of labor, the cost of fuel, the equipment of the quarry, the skill in planning work, the climatic conditions, etc., that often materially affect the price of any given building stone. The thickness of the overburden, the material of which it consists, the contour of the surface, and other local conditions affect the cost of the stripping. It is just as expensive to remove the waste from a thin bed as from a thick one. While it might not pay to remove 20 feet of waste from a bed of stone 5 or 10 feet in thickness, it might pay to do so from a bed from 50 to 100 feet thick. It also makes a difference whether there is scattered through the bed much waste material that must be thrown out in quarrying. In some quarries lack of uniformity (due to the presence of foreign material), change in color, or defect in structure means a corresponding increase in cost of quarrying, because of the expense in handling the defective or waste stone. Having opened the quarry, the cost of removing the stone is often influenced greatly by the hardness, structure, grain, and rift of the stone, which properties are included under the general term " work- ability." In many cases the principal item of cost in a building stone is that of transportation. It must be a very desirable stone that could be quarried with profit remote from railway or water transportation. It is frequently necessary to ship stone a long distance in order to get the kind required for a particular use; l)ut tlie waste comes in when shipping from a distant country a stone of average quality, because it has been exploited and is w^ell known, instead of using a stone from near-by deposits which is equally as good, or perhaps better, l)ut which has not l)een developed. The durability of a l)uilding stone, or its ability to withstand the action of weather and other agencies, is one of the most important properties to l)e considered in selecting a stone. No difference how pleasing the color, how cheaply it may be (junrried, how small the BUILDING STONES — ECONOMIC FEATURES. 17 tvansportation charges, if the stone will not stand intact in the wall it is dear at any price. There are many different points to be considered in determining the durability of a certain stone. Too frequentlj^ the selection is made or not made on some point of minor importance, which, in some instances, leads to the selection of an inferior stone, and in other cases to the selection of a stone from a distant locality, which means an enormously high freight bill, when a good, or perhaps better, stone was near at hand and condemned on insufficient evidence. The factors influencing durability may be divided into two classes: internal and external. INTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF A STONE. The chemical composition, and more directly the mineral composition and texture, are important factors in the durability of a stone. Thus one with a high percentage of soluble substances, such as the alkalies, the haloids or sulphates, is not as promising as one wdthout these substances. It also makes a difference in wdiat mineral forms the elements are combined. Thus, soda, combined with silica and alumina, in the fresh feldspars is quite a different substance from soda carbonate or chloride. The texture is an important factor in the durability. Thus, a finely crystalline rock is likely to be more durable than one very coarsely crystalline. A finely porous stone will likely prove to be less durable than one which is not so porous, especially in a cold climate. A homo- geneous texture will generally prove to be more durable than one that is coarse in one place and fine in another. EXTERNAL CAUSES AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF BUILDING STONES. The external agencies affecting the durability are: (1) Temperature changes; (2) Chemical agencies; (3) Vegetation; (4) Abrasion; (5) Method of quarrying and dressing; (6) Seasoning; (7) Position in the wall. (1) Temperatupe Changes. — The climatic and weather changes are among the most important agents in disintegration. Probably the most important of these is the action of frost, or the freezing of water, in the pores and cavities of the rock. Each ice crystal formed in the rock acts as a little wedge to push apart the grains or burst it asunder. This is a consideration that becomes of great importance in the moun- tainous districts of this State and in the more rigorous climates of northern and northeastern United States. 2— BUL. 38 18 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. The expansive force of the heat of the sun is less conspicuous than the frost action, but it is a powerful agent of disintegration, everywhere active. The expansion caused by the lieat of the sun on the surface while the interior of the stone remains cool produces a great differential strain on the surface layers both in the expansion under the heat and in the contraction from the cold at night or by the sudden cooling from a shower of rain. Rocks deficient in elasticity suffer the most in this way. In some instances it produces checking, or incipient cracks, on the surface; sometimes it causes chips to split off from the surface, and sometimes even splits asunder large masses. The expansion under the bright sun is said to be sufficient to cause a perceptible motion of such structures as the Bunker Hill and Washington monuments. That frost is a more active agency of injury than sunshine is indi- cated by the obelisk known as Cleopatra's Needle, which was brought from Eg3'pt to New York City. The stone that stood uninjured for many centuries in the dry, equable climate of Egypt began to cruml)le in a few years in New York by the frost splitting off chips from the surface of the stone. (2) Chemical Agencies. — There are several more or less active chem- ical agencies in the atmosphere that are nearly as destructive as the frost and sunshine. They are more active in warm than in cold cli- mates. The presence of moisture increases their activity. Water itself is a solvent of the materials in the ordinary building stone to such a very slight degree that it could be ignored except as a carrier to bring the more destructive agents into contact with the stone. The acids of the atmosphere, such as sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric, and the less active l)ut more abundant carbonic and organic acids, are all agents of disintegration, serious in proportion to their quantity. They are more abundant and hence more active in cities and manufacturing centers than elsewhere, due to the combustion of greater quantities of fuel. They are less active in a dry climate. (3) Vegetation. — While vegetable growth may exercise a protective effect at times, it is likewise an active, though generally slow-acting agent of injury or destruction. The mosses and lichens that grow on the rock-surface gather dust and disfigure the wall. Both the living and decaying portions produce some vegetable acids, which act as cor- roding agents. The plants also catch and hold moisture, which acts as an agent of injury, as already described. It should be stated, however, that while the lichen growth may injure the stone on whicli it is grow- ing, it is at the same time an indication of a dnral)le stone, as the lichens and mosses do not ordinarily start to grow on an inferior or ra])idly weathering stone. BUILDING STONES— ECONOMIC FEATURES. 19 (4) Abrasion. — The greatest wear on a building stone from the fric- tion of feet and other agencies will be in walks, steps, and sills, and stones for such places should be selected with this in mind. A stone that might last indefinitely in the wall of a building might wear aAvay rapidly in the steps. Wind-blown sands and dust are very often important agencies of injury. These are generally most injurious in a dry, windy climate, such as the Basin region between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierras; but are often conspicuous elsewhere, as on the monuments and the fronts of many buildings in our large cities subject to the sweep of winds through the streets. (5) Methods of Quarpying and Dressing. — The durability of a build- ing stone may be very materially affected by the methods of quarrying and dressing. Thus, stone quarried l)y the careless use of powder in which it is subject to violent jars or explosions will be injured. Stone has a life which may be destroyed by the shock from heavy explosions, and the dead stone will crumble more rapidly than before. This in- herent life or texture of the stone may be destroyed by heavy sledging or hammering, which loosens the grains and forms incipient cracks, in which moisture, frost, and other agents of destruction gain a foothold and hasten the disintegration. Sometimes the stone is quarried at the top of a hill or mountain, and intentionally or accidentally sent tum- bling down the slope by force of gravity alone, in which operation the stone bounds from ledge to ledge, striking with terrific impact, and shattering it as badly as a powder explosion. Hence, the keynote to successful quarr3ang and dressing of stone is to avoid explosions, con- cussions, and jars that will injure the grain or life of the stone. (6) Time of Quarrying.— It is pretty generally recognized tliat build- ing stones, like lumber, should be seasoned before being placed in the wall. The necessity for seasoning is greater with some rocks than with others, and greater in some climates. In a rigorous climate no build- ing stone should be quarried in the winter or late fall. The reason for the need of greater care in cold climates is the liability to injury from frost. All freshly quarried (green) stone contains some water, known as quarry sap, or quarry water, similar in many ways to the sap in timber, which when once evaporated can never be replaced. The green stone is softer, weaker, and more susceptible to injury than the seasoned stone, hence the desirability of getting rid of the greater part of this quarry sap before the stone is subject to freezing or to heavy strains in the building. Many of the fragmental stones are so soft and friable in the green state that they lack the strength to support the overlying material in the wall, but after seasoning they are quite firm and strong. Such stones should be dressed ready for the wall when first quarried, 20 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL .MATERL\LS OF CALIFORNIA. wliilc thev are soft and easily cut, but should be well seasoned before being placed in the wall, unless it be a very mild climate, where the seasoning may be done in the wall. (7) Position in the Wall. — Stratilied rocks should be placed in the wall in their natural position, that is, with the lamination or bedding l)lanes horizontal. Stone in this position will withstand the action of the weather and crushing forces much better than the same stone on edge. The effect of this principle is shown in many sandstone build- ings, notably the brownstone fronts of our Eastern cities. METHODS OF ASCERTAINING THE DURABILITY. (1) Observation. — Careful study of a building stone on the outcrop, in the quarry, and in the buildings and monuments where it has been used, is probably the best means of ascertaining its durability. In a new country or with an undeveloped stone there would be no oppor- tunity to study the stone in buildings or monuments, and observations on the outcrop become all the more important. Some experience and good judgment, combined with some knowledge of minerals and the principles of geology, are necessary to interpret what may be seen on the outcrop. It involves so many and varied local conditions that no very specific directions can be given for the guidance of the inexperi- enced, and almost any general rules might lead to mistakes if inter- preted too literally. To the experienced eye a study of the outcrop often shows the uniformity, or lack of it, in the color, texture, and structure of the stone. It also indicates the possible changes of color which tlie stone is likely to undergo in the wall. The relative durability of the stone is indicated by its influence on the topographic relief. Cross-grain, lamination, unequal disintegration, and presence of clay or other deleterious substances are some of the other points shown by a study of the outcrop. In the observation of buildings and monuments care is necessary to avoid wrong conclusions about the strength and durability of a build- ing stone. If the stone has been injured in the quarrying or dressing, as indicated above, or wrongly placed in the wall, it may appear to have rapidly deteriorated from exposure, while the fault was in the handling. Likewise, care in selection may not have been used, and the stone may have been badly injured when first placed in the wall. If the stone has been (juarried, dressed, selected with care, and properly placed in the wall, then the effect of time on it after many years is one of the Ijest and most rigid tests that can l)e applied to any l>uilding stone. BUILDING STONES — ECONOMIC FEATURES. 21 (2) Labopatopy Tests.— Some of the laboratory tests which are more or less helpful in determining the durability and strength of a stone are the chemical analysis, microscopical examination, specific gravity, absorption, acid, freezing, and crushing tests. Chemical analysis indicates whether or not there are soluble constit- uents in the rock. The microscopical examination, which is much more useful, indicates not only the elements of the rock, but also the separate minerals which compose it. It also shows the condition of the miner- als, whether fresh or partly disintegrated, and the texture of the rock, whether the minerals are interlocked in a manner that is productive of strength. The microscopic examination, if properly interpreted, often proves more serviceable than any other laboratory test. The specific gravity and porosity tests, if properly made and inter- preted in the light of other tests, may prove very helpful. There are several ways in which the specific gravity may be determined, with different results in each case, which must be taken into account in making comparisons between the different stones. The porosity is a more important factor in cold climates, as the stone which absorbs and holds much water is more liable to injury from frost than a non-absorb- ent stone, or one that dries quickly. To ascertain the strength of a stone in resisting the action of frost, the attempt is made to subject a sample to repeated freezings and thawings in the presence of moisture. A modification of this test is sometimes made with a saturated solution of some salt, like sodium sulphate, which will crystallize in the pores of the rock and exercise an action similar to that of frost. (3) Crushing and Tpansvepse Tests. — One of the most common labora- tory tests is the crushing of a small cube, and measuring the force necessary to crush it. The result is generally given in the number of pounds pressure per square inch of surface necessary to destroy the stone. Nearly all the rocks are much stronger than required by any stress ordinarily placed upon them in any common building. It is only in such extraordinary structures as the Washington monument that actual danger from crushing is at all imminent; but if the result of the test is properly interpreted in the light of the chemical analysis and other examinations, it is helpful as indicating the strength of the rock and the uniformity of texture, or the lack of it. The transverse test gives a clew to the relative value of the stone for lintels, jambs, water tables, etc., where it will be subject to transverse strains. The modulus of elasticity, if properly determined, gives a clew to the strength of the stone in resisting the extremes of heat and cold. 2'2 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. ARTIFICIAL PRESERVATIVES. Where a stone is found to be giving way, various devices have been tried and substances used to protect the surface from further decay. The principle underlying most of these attempts is to waterproof the stone, or to put something on the surface which will prevent moisture from penetrating the pores. Paint has been used, but it is very objec- tionable from an artistic standpoint, as it destroys and mars the grain and natural beauty of the stone. Paraffine has been used with some success, as it does not entirely destroy the natural texture and luster of the stone, although it does mar it to some extent. Another process that has met with some success is the use of water glass, or an alkaline silicate in solution, followed by a solution of some salt like aluminium chloride, which forms an insoluble silicate in the pores of the stone. It gives the stone a glassy 'luster, which detracts from its value, and it is too expensive. In foundations and substructures the rock is often coated with asphalt or tar to protect it from moisture, but as yet no very satisfactory process has been found for protecting the stone in superstructures — a process that is not too expensive and does not disfigure nor mar the beautv of the stone. THE SELECTION OF A QUARRY SITE. In selecting a site for opening a cjuarry the following points should be considered: (1) The Overburden or Waste Material to be Removed.— In a rolling or hilly country the stone to be quarried will generally outcrop in many places under different thicknesses of overlying material. The removal of the waste is expensive, whether it be soil, disintegrated or fresh rock, and the aim should be to avoid as much expense of this kind as possi- ble; but in doing so care is necessary not to incur a still greater expense, since a layer of soil or clay overlying a quarry stone protects it in part from disintegrating agencies so that practically all of the bed, after the removal of the overburden, is availa])le for dimension stone, while the portion of the ledge not so protected may be so injured by the weather, either by discoloration or partial disintegration, that a large part of it must be discarded. Hence, where there is little or no overburden it is advisable to note carefully the condition of the rock before selecting it. (2) The Drainage.— Fre(inently the removal of water from a quarry is a great expense that might have been avoided with proper care in selecting the opening where there would be natural drainage. (3) The Disposition of the Waste and Ease of Quarrying.— Tlie outcrop on a cliff, for instance, already has one side free, and liciicc there will GRANITE — DESCRIPTION. ETC. 23 be much less expense in removing the stone than on a flat area, where the quarry must he sunk down through the soHd bed, and where the first blocks, inclosed on all sides, are difficult to remove. The waste material in the latter case must be carted far away, or it will have to be moved again on extending the quarrj^ while the quarry on the cliff may dispose of its waste by dumping it over the cliff, where it is dis- posed of cheaply and for all time. (4) Tpanspoptation.— The cost of transportation of stone, great enoueh at best, mav be greatlv increased bv a lack of discretion in selecting the quarry site. The site should not only be near the railway or Avater-way, but care should l)e taken to avoid up-grades wherever possible. GRANITE. The term "granite'' is used in the stone trade, ordinarily, to include all the massive crystalline igneous rocks, which the petrographer sub- divides into several different classes and sub-classes. Sometimes the term is used to include the volcanic and intrusive rocks as well. The other crystalline igneous rocks are syenite, diorite, diabase, gabbro, and peridotite. The true granite is a crystalline rock, containing more than 65 per cent of silica, and is composed of quartz and orthoclase feldspar, with generally some plagioclase and biotite, muscovite, horn- blende, or augite, one or more of them, and frequently smaller quanti- ties of one or more of the following: apatite, zircon, tourmaline, garnet, sphene, magnetite, and pyrite. The materials in the last list, except tourmaline and garnet, are generally present only in microscopic crystals, and ordinarily do not greatly affect the value or use of the stone. Pyrite is sometimes present in sufficient quantities to discolor the stone on exposure to the weather, and occasionally in sufficient quantities to be an element of weakness. The strength and durability of the granite are dependent upon the size and arrangement of the crystals, the relative amounts of the different minerals, and the state of their preservation. If the minerals have undergone incipient decay, they will not be as strong nor last as long as fresh minerals. Large crystals, or large quantities of biotite, in a rock will prove to be a factor of weakness. The close interlocking of medium-sized feldspar crystals which inclose the quartz in the inter- spaces gives the texture desirable for a good building granite. The orthoclase feldspar and the quartz alone form the graphic granite or pegmatite (sometimes called binary granite), which commonly occurs in vein-like bands, from a few inches to many feet in width, in the 24 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OF CALIFORNLV. midst of otlier rocks, and which may locally be much enriched with other minerals such as tourmaline, garnet, or mica. It is quite common in ISan Diego County. Most of the granites of California that are used for building stone are true granites. At Penryn, a gabbro is quarried in small quantities, and the stone at Rocklin has been classed as a granodiorite. METHOD OF QUARRYING AND DRESSING THE GRAT'JITE. In the smaller quarries the drilling is done by hand, but in most of the larger ones steam or electric drills are used. In many of the quarries the blocks are loosened from the bed by driving wedges, plugs, or feathers in the drill holes. In some of the quarries the Knox* blasting system is used, and in some the rocks are blasted without any system. The Raymond Granite Company uses a quarry bar to cut out the ends of the quarry. In many of the granite quarries in the Eastern States channeling machines are used for this purpose. In the smaller quarries the stone is dressed by hand, by means of hammer and chisels and the bush hammer. In the larger quarries this part of the work is facilitated by machinery. Rock planers, pol- ishing machines, surfacing machines, and pneumatic surfacing tools are in quite general use at the largest quarries. Lathes are used also for turning and polishing columns, pillars, and round monuments. PRODUCTION OF GRANITE IN CALIFORNIA IN 1904, USED FOR BUILDING AND MONUMENT STONE, Cubie Feet. Value. Maderu County - 113,627 !i)i«,083 Xevada County 2,335 5.395 Placer County 84,796 110,:571 Riverside County 250,055 195,364 Sacramento County 5,164 4,458 San Bernardino County 250 250 San Diego County 7,760 7,851 Tulare County -. 7,000 16,000 Tuolumne County 9,700 9,700 Total... 480,687 .$447,472 Besides this there was produced $1,388, 901 worth of rubble and paving blocks, which is nearly all of igneous rocks, mostly granite, witli some basalt, etc. *The Knox blasting system (patent) consists of drilling an oval-shaped liolo. elon- gated in the direction of tlie desired break, and putting in a small c|uaiitity of l)hu'k powder, leaving an air space between the powder and the covering. The expansion ot' the air on the exi)losi()n of the jiowder acts as a great force t(> sj)lit the rock. ILL. No. 2. RAYMOND GRANITE QUARRY, MADERA COUNTY. Showing use of quarry bar. ILL. No. :;. VIEW OF STUNK I'LANKU, 13LV IJIIUS.' STuNE LUMi'ANV, L( JS ANGELES. (25) 26 STRUCTIHAL AND IXDI'STRIAI, .MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. According to the mineral resources of the United States, })uhlished by the U. S Geological Survey for 1902, California stood sixth in the list of granite-producing states. GRANITE PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1902. Ni'w Jersey... !i;753,005 Massachusetts •. 427,035 Pennsylvania 386,774 New York.--. :. 318,003 Connecticut 295,063 California 266,103 Total for United States $3,211,780 THE GRANITE QUARRIES AND QUARRY DISTRICTS IN CALIFORNIA. Granite and the closely associated granitic rocks (granolites) form part of the Gavilan and Santa Lucia ranges of the coast south of San Francisco bay; farther south they form the principal part of the moun- tain ranges in the western part of southern California, connecting with the large exposure of granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada range, which runs from Tehaehapi northward to the recent volcanics, in Lassen County. Considerable exposures of granitic rocks are also found in northwestern California in the eastern portion of the Klamath moun- tain region. The accompanying sketch map gives the general outline of the granite formations in California. BUTTE COUNTY. Granitic rocks form the core of the Sierra Nevada range, and large bodies of those rocks are found in the eastern part of Butte County. As yet, lack of transportation facilities has prevented their commercial use. The principal and most approachable exposures are: Bald Roek.-:\Iiddle Fork of Feather River, Sec. 27, T. 21 N., R. 6 E. Big Bend.— North Fork of Feather River, Sec. 3, T. 21 N., and Sec. 33, T. 22 N., R. 5 E. Stirling.— Sec. 31, T. 24 N., R. 4 E. Diamond Match Company, owner. FRESNO COUNTY. Academy Granite Company.— Sec. 1:5, T. 12 S.; R. 22 E., ^l. D. M. J. S. Williams, M. F. Marshall, and Mr. Dubois, Fresno, owners. The rock is a dark, medium-grained granite, and is quarried from large boulders. Its dark color makes it a pretty trimming stone for struc- tures of other stones. ILL. No. 4. MAP OF CALIFORNIA, SHOWING AREA OF ^GRANITE OUTCROPPINGS. By Wm. Fokstner. «5X7A' BEHN^fiP'^p C-iT) 28 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. GLENN COUNTY. Talbott Granite.— In Sec. 8, T. 18 N., K. 4 W., 10 miles southwest of Willows. James Talbott, Willows, owner. S3'enitic granite is exposed in the form of a dike intruding through the sandstone formation, within 8 miles of the Southern Pacific Railroad. At the point of chief exposure, the granite stands from 10 to 15 feet high and is exposed along the sur- face of the western slope of the hill for a width of about 40 feet. The dike strikes north 14 degrees west, and follows the general trend of the sandstone. This granite is hard, fine-grained, and of even fracture, as has been shown by rifting large pieces from the main body. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. At Devil's Gate, near Pasadena, the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railway Company quarries granite boulders. This granite is crvished and used for liallast on its roadbed. E. M. Ross, Glendale. On the Glendale ranch, Verdugo Canon, 8 miles from Los Angeles, and three fourths of a mile from railroad, is a body of very dark hornblende biotite granite, somewhat banded (gneissic), taking a very high polish, and very well adapted for monu- ment work and for trimming of the light-colored granites and marbles. No development work. MADERA COUNTY. The granite quarries near Raymond are at present large producers. There are two quarries in operation (September, 1904), employing about 300 men, and at times it is said as high as from 400 to 500 men. The quarries are located about 2 miles southeast of the village of Raymond, on a spur of the Raymond branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The two (juarries are about half a mile apart, on the east side of the little valley in which they occur. There is an extensive granite area covering many square miles in the vicinity of Raymond. Near the town it is a hornblende biotite granite, but at the (quarries there is almost no hornblende except an occasional crystal. Li many places the granite is disintegrated to a depth of many feet, while over limited areas it outcrops firm and solid on the surface. It is on such areas that the quarries should be located. The weathering of the granite is mainly by slow disintegration over the surface and along the joint planes. There are very few of the round residual Ijoulders so conspicuous in many places. INIost of the surface boulders are angular. Among the many structures built of Raymond granite may be mentioned tiic new i»ostoflic(' in San l-'ramisco, which was furnished '■3 Q % O s o o H XI 'A I— I O H 03 O SI b o 03 t— 1 -_) z 03 z; -< ■n o hi (29) 30 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. $425,()00 worth, with only oiu' small stone mciliiig replacement; the Fail-mount Hotel was fui-nished ahout 20,000 euljic feet ; the Dewey Monument, in rnion Square; the Mercantile Trust Company, of San Francisco, on Califoi-nia street, and numerous others. The Hall Quappy, located ahout 2 miles nortli of the McClellan quariy, near the Raymond-Berenda Railway, was opened a ninnher of years ago, and furnished stone for a San Francisco contract, hut was then abandoned and has not been operated for ten years or more. The Knowles Quappy, operated by the Raymond Granite Company, S. E. Knowles, president, Tenth and Division streets, San Francisco, has been open for seventeen years, and is well equipped with modern machinery for taking out and handling large quantities of stone. The outcrop of the granite at this point is something like a portion of the surface of a huge globe, about 300 feet or more in diameter, partly buried in the earth. Where it })rojects above the surface it is almost entirely bare of any soil, vegetation, or other material. It is apparently barren of seams, except the curved exfoliation seams parallel with the surface, and -which are partly at least the result of weathering. In places there are remnants of these layers of exfoliation only a few inches in thickness, but the underlying layers, which are the ones worked in the quarry, vary from 1 or 2 feet to 25 feet in thickness. The quarry opening is on the northwest side of the sphere, and the quarry floor, which follows the foliation cleavage, is inclined from 20 to 30 degrees to the northwest. The three large cutting sheds are located below the quarry opening, and an inclined tramway is run up to the quarry floor, down which the blocks are carried into the cutting sheds. Hand and steam drills and the quarry bar are used in quarrying the stone. The quarry bar is used for cutting out the sides and ends of the quarry and also for drilling the large blocks in cutting dimension stone. The stone is easily split and has a straight, even grain. It is split from the thin layers by drilling shallow holes and driving in wedges or plugs and feathers. From large layers the l)locks are split off by drilling deeper holes and using the Knox blasting system, which leaves an even surface. The thickest layer exposed is about 25 feet thick, but most of that part quarried is much thinner, from 4 to 10 feet. As the quarry opening is carried deeper the succeeding layers will probably become thicker, that is, the joints will be farther and farther apart. Nearly all the stone is cut and dressed at the quarry for building stone, or for monunients and cemetery work. After loosening the blocks from the quarry face and si)litting them to the recjuired dimen- p T'Cr (31) 32 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. sions by plugs and feathers, they are taken to the cutting sheds, where they are handled by steam-power overhead traveling cranes, and the surfaces are finished, either tool-dressed, rock-faced, or polished, as is desired, by hand or machine. The company has two of the heavy Barre granite surfacing and polishing machines and about ten of the lighter Concord surfacing machines. There are also a dozxMi or more pneumatic and surfacing tools for surfacing and carving, besides a hundred or more stonecutters and finishers at work with hand tools. The finished stone is placed on the railway car in the cutting shed and run down the inclined track to the base of the hill, where it is taken to market over the Southern Pacific Railroad. The supply of stone at this quarry is almost inexhaustible ; it lies in admirable position for quarrying Avith a minimum amount of waste, and the facilities for handling the stone are excellent, all of which favor the large stone industry which has grown up at this place. The stone is a biotite-muscovite light-gray granite, with the Inotite mica in excess of the muscovite, and an occasional crystal of black hornblende. It has a medium-fine grain and is remarkably uniform in color and texture throughout the mass. Over the entire ({uarry area only one small dark blotch was observed. Some of the biotite crystals are idiomorphic, six-sided prisms. The MeClellan Quarry, owned and operated by the Wilson-Lyon Con- struction Company, office 220 Market street, San Francisco, lies on the same hillside, about one half mile south of the Raymond Granite Company's quarry. It has been in operation for nine years, and pro- duces a stone similar to that from the Raymond Granite Company's quarry, except the rock is to some extent more deeply weathered. The company has two quarry openings, with a large derrick in each, and a large circular cutting shed, with derrick in the center, at each quarry. The one quarry is about 50 feet square and works two layers, each 4 to o feet thick. The other quarry has a face about 100 feet long and from 25 to 40 feet high, with many vertical weather seams, but good granite between the seams. A branch railwa}^ si>ur connects this quarry with the same branch that leads to the other quarry. This stone, like that from the other quarry, is used largely for building and monument purposes. They are at present (September, 1904) prepar- ing the stone for the McKinley memorial monument in San Francisco. About one lialf mile southeast of the villngo of Raymond tlicre is a small (piarry with a face of about IS or 20 feet, of a spotted gray gran- ite, with large black crystals of hornblende and biotite. In places it approaches a syenite in character. A few feldspar veins occur and numerous dark blotches of segregated mica. There are a number of joint planes, yet blocks of large dimensions can be obtained. The I. 3— BUL. 38 (.«) 34 STRrrrrRAT, and ixni'STRiAT. matkriai,r of California. greatest drawback is the large dark l)lotclies, which mar the beauty of the stone; but where it can be obtained free from blotches, it is one of the prettiest granites in the State. NEVADA COUNTY. Granite production in Nevada County forms only a local industry and is confined chiefly to quarrying and working the massive l)oulders at Nevada City, Grass Valley, and Rough and Ready, and the heavier deposits at Graniteville. The character is somewhat marred l)y intru- sions of syenite, known to stonecutters as "black knot," especially in regard to the value of the stone for monument purposes. The granite at Rough and Ready contains fewer of these intrusions than that at Nevada City and Grass Valley. The principal employment of the granite of these sections is in the cutting of posts, copings, stoops, and bases for monuments. The chief color is blue. The weight varies from 165 to 198 pounds to the cubic foot. T. J. Ahearn, Grass Valley, obtains blue granite from boulder crop- pings and ledge formation southwest of Rough and Ready, in Sec. 26, T. 16 N., R. 7 E.; l)ut quarried none in 1904, it is reported, owing to his inability to secure competent labor. Charles Bouehapd & Son, yards one mile northwest from Grass Valley, obtain blue granite from the boulder quarries at Rough and Ready, and black granite from Sec. 20, T. 16 N., R. 7 E., south of Deer Creek. This black granite occurs only in boulders. It is of fine grain and pro- duces handsome monument work. E. D. Bridges, at Pine Grove Quarry, in Sec. 8, T. 16 N., R. 9 E., on the Masonic cemetery site in the eastern edge of Nevada City. D. C. Morrison, Rough and Ready, quarries and dresses for monu- ment and other uses fine-grained black and blue syenite granite at his quarry in Sec. 24, T. 16 N., R. 7 E. The granite occurs only in boulders, which have been his source of supply for the })ast twelve years. PLACER COUNTY. Emigrant Gap. T. 17 N., R. 12 E. There is a large exposure of granite in the extreme northwestern part of Placer County; reported to be of excellent building variety. This material was used in the construction of the dam that forms Lake S})aulding, which has an area of 240 acres and conserves 52 feet of water above the gate. GRANITE— PLACER COUNTY. 35 The Gpifflth Quappies and Polishing Works. Sec. 35, T. 11 N., K. 7 E., M. D. M. David Griffith, Penryn, owner. This is one of the pioneer granite quarries of the State. Mr. David Griffith formerly worked in the famous slate quarries in Penrhyn, Wales. He quarried granite at Folsom, but in 1864 he came to Penryn,* which he named after his Welsh home. Here he remained, and he and his descendants have quarried granite from that time until the present. David Griffith, a nephew of the first quarryman, now has charge of the business. The quarry was opened about the time the Central Pacific Railroad was being constructed in this region, and Penryn stone was used in the ILL. No. 8. MANTYLA'S GRANITE QUARRY, ROCKLIN. PLACER COUNTY. construction work on this line. Many Government contracts were filled in former years, and at times there have been 200 men or more employed in these quarries, although at present there is less than a score. The stone is a dark gray biotite granite, rather uniform in color, but varying somewhat in texture in the different quarry openings. The only variation in color is the occasional occurrence of a dark blotch where the biotite crystals have segregated into a small irregular mass in a partially glassy groundmass. Care in selecting the stone avoids *The h was dropped from the name of the California town by decree of court a few years ago. .'^(i STRUCTURAL AND IXDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. the occurrence of any of these ])lotches on the exposed faces of stone in use. The granite outoro})s in rounded knolls and prominences in many places along the rolling area immediately east and south of Penryii. The largest and oldest quarry opening lies about one quarter of a mile east of the town, and a few hundred feet east of the shoj) where the stone is cut and dressed. This opening has been, at least temporarily, abandoned and they are now quarrying stone from large residual l)oulders a half mile south of the town on each side of the wagon road. Some of these boulders are quite large and contain many tons of good stone. Some rest on solid granite in place and some on disinte- grated rock material and occur as residual boulders lying on and in the debris of the decayed rock, of which they formed part of the mass. Some of them are firm and solid on the surface, others are exfoliating and covered with partially disintegrated concentric shells of stone. This concentric weathering is shown both in the surface of the loose boulders and on the projecting knobs of the massive granite. Quarr}' openings and road and railway cuttings show the granite in some places to be disintegrated to a depth of 20 feet or more, where it consists of nothing but a loose granular mass of mica scales, quartz grains, and crumbling feldspar grains. It frequently retains its original joint planes and gross structure, but is so disintegrated that a blow with a hammer or the foot causes it to crumble to grains. There is a small quarry opening on the east side of the town of Penryn. This is said to have l)een opened by a San Francisco com- pany, but only a very small quantity of stone was removed when tlie quarry was abandoned. Besides the gray granite, Mr. (Jriffith quarries some very dark stone, known as " black granite," whieh is used for certain lines of work. It oecurs about one mile east of Penryn. The quantity produced is small compared with that of the gray granite. This rock is classed as a gabbro in the United States Geological Survey Atlas. It differs from a typical gabbro in having considerable orthoclase feldspar along with the plagioclase, and biotite and hornblende nearly as abundant as augite. The stone is used largely for monuments for cemeteries and for building purposes. Both the gray and the '" l)lack" granite dress nicely, and take a lu'illiant polish. The '' l)laek '' stone is a favorite for name blocks in front of ranches or fruit farms, as well as in cemetery monu- ments, as the letters cut in the dark polished faces are so distinct. At Loomis Station, .") miles south of Penryn, about midway between Penryn and Rocklin, is a granite ([uarry operated by the Rocklin Granite Company, S. L. Delano, president, Builders' Exchange, San Francisco. Tlie ([uarry is on a short spur of the Cential Pacific Rail- GRANITE— PLACER COUNTY. 37 road, about half a mile south of the town of Loomis, and on the east side of the railway and Avagon road. The quarry opening is on a nearly level area, and is about 100 feet long, 50 feet wide, and from 50 to 60 feet deep. The west end of the quarry is a massive block of granite, about 50 feet square, which forms the side wall of the quarry. There are no vertical seams, except those on each side of the mass, and no horizontal seams except a few cracks not continuous but indicating a cleavage in that direction. The east end of the quarry shows several vertical seams 10 to 12 feet apart. The Loomis stone is a biotite granite that has less biotite (black . i*v:^J asi- ** ILL. No. 9. EUREKA (iKAXITE QUARRY AT ROCKLIX, PLACER COIXTY. mica) than the Penryn stone, and hence a lighter color. In color and texture, as well as in geographic position, it stands between Rocklin and Penryn granite, being coarser and darker than the Rocklin, but not so coarse or dark as the Penryn stone. Like the others, it has a straight cleavage, and splits with an even, regular surface. In places in the Loomis region solid granite occurs on the surface, but in most places the solid rock is covered with a varying thickness of disintegrated material, which at the quarry opening is from 3 to 10 feet deep. The concentric weathering of the stone is indicated not only in the rounded residual boulders over the surface, but in places on the (juarry walls the concentric weather seams may be seen several feet 38 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. below the surface. The quarry at Loomis, it is said, is not in opera- tion continuously, but is worked at intervals to fill special orders. At j)resent the owners are shipping stone to San Francisco for the exten- sion which is being made to the Hibernia Bank Building. Rocklin is the principal granite-producing point in the Sacramento X'alley. The first quarry was opened in 1863, and the stone was used in construction work on the Southern (then Central) Pacific Railroad. Brigham tVr Hawes operated the same quarry later and took out stone for the State Capitol at Sacramento. This quarry, after changing hands several times, came into possession of Degan & Brady, who took out the stone for the Hibernia Bank and the Crocker Building, San Fran- cisco, since the completion of which this quarry has been idle.* The Rocklin ({uarries are comparatively close together. They occur on an area probably less than a mile square, on a gently rolling plain, which borders the railway and extends from 1 to 2 miles on each side to the bottom of a bluff 200 feet or more in height, which marks the border of the upland mesa. In most places over the quarry area the granite occurs at the surface. In some places there is a very light soil-covering, and in others the surface is covered with huge residual boulders. The stripping is very slight over the entire area. In going northward through Penryn and Newcastle, the Rocklin plain becomes narrower and gradually disappears in the low rounded granite hills, which become higher and more rugged as one follows the railwa}' north and east into the Sierras. The granite area is many miles in length and width, but the (quar- ries above mentioned are the only ones on the area in Placer County that have more than local importance. The Rocklin stone is a biotite granite, bordering on monzonite. It contains some plagioclase and a little augite, but the prevailing feld- spar is orthoclase, and biotite is in excess of muscovite. Some of the orthoclase shows a zonal structure and other portions show partial dis- integration, most marked in the central portions of the crystals. In places on the weathered surfaces the biotite is partially disintegrated. There are fifteen quarries in operation (August, 1904), and several others idle. Most of the ([uarries are small, employing from 3 to 10 men. The largest quarry is working 33 men, but at times employs as many as 50. Most of the smaller quarries are operated by Finns, Rus- sians, and Italians. The following is a list of the operators in August, 1904, as nearly correct as could be obtained. Some of the men speak very broken English, if any at all, and a few of the names may not be spelled correctly: (1) The Rocklin Granite Company, I. L. Delano, * Historical information furnislied by A. \V. (iriiidoll of Rocklin. GRANITE— PLACER COUNTY. 39 president, Builders' Exchange, 106 Jessie street, San Francisco; (2) Adolph Penrii; (3) August Martin & Co.; (4) Band Granite Company; (5) Nikolai Naj^kki; (6) John Pisili; (7) Holowen & Co.; (8) A. O. Wickman; (9) John Kannasta; (10) Henry Hebuck Granite Company: (11) Pete Johnson; (12) Matt Johnson; (13) Oskar Kesti; (14) John Mantyla; (15) Janhiala Company. Nos. 1 and 14 are the largest quarries. The Allen quarry, owned by Myers, now idle, had been quite productive in the past. The most northern and the largest quarry in the Rocklin area is owned by the BnrlJin Granite Company. Like all the other quarries in this ILL N(i. 10. Itoi'KLLX liKAXITE COMrANY'S qrAKKV, I'LACEK COUXTY locality, it is in a rectangular pit, sunk in the surface of the rolling plain. The opening is about 100 feet deep, 100 feet wide, and 250 feet long. The rock has a remarkably straight grain and regular cleavage. Curbing slabs, from 10 to 20 feet long, are split with surfaces almost as regular and even as those cut with saws. Numerous slabs up to 16 by 20 feet surface, and from 10 to 12 inches thick, have been removed from the quarry. These large slabs, like the smaller ones, are nearly all split from the ledge by use of plugs and feathers. The large slabs are used in construction of cemetery vaults. The quarry is well equipped with machinery for handling and dressing the stone. It is provided with large derricks and steam hoists, an overhead steam traveler in the 40 STKICTI KAI. AM) INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNLV. cutting sheds, and several polishing and surfacing machines. Com- pressed air is used in the cutting shed for drilling and surfacing. Steam and hand drills are used. The ([uarry was opened in 1877 by Mr. Marine. From 1878 to 1889 it was operated by Mr. G. Gritiith. Since 1880 it has been operated by the Rocklin Granite Company. It has fur- nished large (juantities of building and ornamental stone in that time. Compression tests made on the Rocklin granite at the Watertown Arsenal December 24, 1896, gave the following results: No. L ;i.!l(j" X 3.!l(i" X ;5.!)6". First crack, ;«2,UU0 lbs. ; ultimate strcii^nh, 312, OdU lbs. No. 2. 3.V»4" X .3.97" x .3.i)()". First crack, 329,000 lbs. ; ultimate strength, :340,900 lbs. No. 3. 3.!)(i" X 3.!Ki" x 3.97". First crack, 271, (KIO lbs. ; ultimate stren^'th, 311,400 lbs. No. 1. riiiiiialc strength JHT scjuare inch 21,817 lbs. No. 2. ritimatc strength i)cr square inch 21,08(i ll)s. No. 3. ritimate strength per scjuare inch. 19,809 lbs. Average for the three 21,104 lbs. About three hundred yards soutli of the Rocklin Granite Company's (juarry is tmother opening on similar granite, which l)elongs to AdolpJi Penrri. It is 50 feet deep and about 50 feet stjuare, and is sup- plied with a large derrick at the quarry and another at the cutting shed. Tlie work is done entirely by hand. Besides the (juarries ;d)ove mentioned which were in operation part or all of the time during the year 1904, there are several others Avhich were not operated. The largest one of the abandoned quarries is that known as the Allen 0 feet square, from whic li n huge block has been broken off by only a few ilrill holes, and the face is as regular as if it had been tool-dressed. There are very few seams, and almost no waste in quarry- ^av^ 'S ^«w''-^«'y o. . 4*--' ILL. Xo. W. CASA BLANCA GRANITE QUARRY, RIVKRSIDP: COUNTY. ,5 . •-•-Vf/ , ILL. No. 15. CASA BLANCA (^lAKltY No. 2 (fiRANITE), RIVEKSIDK COUNTY (45) 46 STRUCTURAL AXn IXDrSTKIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNL\. ing. Excellent bridge and building stone could be quarried advan- tageously at tins place. The rock shows concentric weathering on a large scale. The entire end of the hill on which the quarry is located is rounded off like the surface of a great boulder. The rock is a biotite-hornblende granite, bordering on a granodiorite, as it contains much plagioclase and runs low in quartz. : I 1 s ^fr r rL II 1 Si MM t \ if i ILL. No Ifi H. W. IIELLMAN HT 1 1,1)1.\( ,, LUS AN(iKLKS. FIRST TWO STORIES COXSTRrcTKD OF KIVKRSIDK (iRANITE. A spur from the Santa Fe Railroad extends into both of the Casa Blanca (juarries, and the stone is shipped by rail as rubble to the great San Pedro breakwater. Excellent granite for building purposes could be obtained at these quarries. Fairehild-Gilmore-Wilton Company, 516-517 Pacific Electric Build- ing, Los Angeles. The (juarry is located in Sees. 8 and 17, T. 3 S., Iv. 6 \V., S. B. >r. This is a contracting company, and uses large GRANITE — SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 47 quantities of building granite, as well as paving blocks, and broken stone for ballast and concrete. Besides the granite quarries at Hammer switch, this company operates a large quarry at Porphyry station. The stone is used for concrete, macadam, and railway ballast. F. L. Fernald, Temecula. See page 42. M. J. Mayer, Corona. The quarry is in the low foothills, close to the track of the Santa Fe Railroad, near Porphyry station, a couple of miles east of Corona. Mr. Mayer is working the outcropping granite boulders into paving stones in several places. Peepless Quappy, J. B. Lane, 910 South Main street, Los Angeles. The product of this quarry is shipped to the stone yard of Lane Bros, in Los Angeles, where it is made into monuments. Patpiek Quinn, Temecula. See page 42. Roek Mine, Stephen Connolly, Elsinore. Rubidoux Hill Quappy, very near and west of Riverside; OAvned by the Riverside Water Company. A small opening on the northwest side of the city, where the stone is a gray granite, partially disintegrated to a depth of several feet. It has apparently been used for building stone, probably for foundations. Sieppa Gpande Quappies, M. J. Mayer, Corona, Sec. 16, T. 3 S., R. 6 W., S. B. M., manufacture large numbers of Belgian blocks for Los Angeles streets, and also ship considerable granite to the monument dealers in different towns. SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Folsom State Ppison Gpanite Quappy; State of California, owner; Represa P. O.; Brainard F. Smith, clerk. In Sec. 25, T. 10 N , R. 7 E., on the east bank of the American River, one mile east of north from the town of Folsom. The quarry is operated with convict labor; the product is principally used in prison and other State construction. The mac- adam quarry, situate in the same <|uarter-section, and farther south, is described elsewhere. The exposure of granite on the prison lands is at the southeasterly end of the granite formation that extends in a northwest course from the northeast corner of Sacramento County to Rocklin, in Placer County. Paralleling the granite is a gray diorite, exposed in large masses in the prison macadam quarry. 48 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. The material produced in the })rison quarry is a hiotite granite of good buihling quality that has inij)roved with depth from 170 pounds to 178 pounds to the cul)ic foot. In December, 1904, the working face of the quarry had a north and south lengtli of 300 feet, 65 feet vertical depth, and a width of 100 feet from the edge of the river l^ed. The granite has a regular cleavage, the dimension stone quarried averaging 2 feet by 2 feet by 6 feet; the irregular shapes of smaller sizes are graded as rubble rock. Electric power, furnished by the Sacramento Electric, Gas, and Rail- way Company, is used for the compressed air drills, hoisting engines, and rock-crusher in the quarries. The production in 1904 was 5170 cubic feet of dimension stone and 7760 tons of rubble rock. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Granite occurs over considerable areas in San Bernardino County, but is quarried only at Declez, Oro Grande, and Vietorville. The Deelez Quarries, owned by the Southern Pacific Railroad Com- pany, and leased to the California Construction Company, 324 East Market street, Los Angeles, are in Sec. 35, T. 1 S., R. 6 W., S. B. M. At Declez, on a spur of the Southern Pacific Railroad, about 1 mile south of Declez station on the main line, and 9 miles west of Colton. The stone is a rather dark-colored l)iotite granite, which has a gneissoid .structure in places. There are a number of feldspar veins from 2 to 4 inches wide, which consist principally of orthoclase feldspar, but in a few places contain large biotite crystals. The rock is partially disinte- grated for a few feet from the top, but below this comparatively thin weathered portion it is bright and fresh, and below the few feet of weathered stone the rock could be quarried in blocks large enough for dimension stone, and good building and monument stone could be obtained. At present nearly the entire output is used for rubble in the Government breakwater at San Pedro. Dynamite is used to loosen the stone from the bed, and the large irregular blocks are loaded on the cars at the quarry and taken to the breakwater at San Pedro. The drilling is done with steam drills, and seven large steam-power derricks are used to handle the stone. The Oro Grande Quarries have furnished considerable granite in the past few years, but they were not in operation during the summer of 1904. About two miles south of Oro Grande the Mojave River cuts a narrow canon through the granite rock, which forms rocky hillsides on eacli side of the river. On the west side of the river the granite is deeply disintegrated, and except on the river bluff no solid rock appears on the ILL. No 17. DECLEZ (iRAXITE Ql'ARRY, DECLEZ, SAX BERNARDINO COUNTY. ILL. No. IS. FARMERS AXJi .Mi;it( H.VNTS XATIoX.VL KAXK BriLI)L\(i, LOS AXGELES. The I MM STI^l A I. .M Al'KHl AI,S OF CALIFORNIA. SJERRA COUNTY. Granite and granitic rocks occupy a prominent place in the geolog- ical structure of Sierra County, especially in the eastern and south-central portions. No exploitation with a view to determining its structural qualification has been undertaken. SISKIYOU COUNTY. There is a great amount of granite and granodiorite in Siski3'^ou County. The greater ]Kn-tion is, however, too much shattered to be used for monument or building purposes. On Craggy Mountain, about in Sees. 22 and 23, T. 41 N., R. 8 W., there is a large body of granite from which blocks of any desired size can be obtained. It is used for building purposes and coping. In Scott River caiion, between Fort Jones and Scott's Bar, is a grano- diorite, mostly dark colored, sometimes grayish, which is sufiicientl}^ massive to be used. It is of very good quality and very easily worked. Southeast of Etna, on Mill Creek, about in Sec. 1, T. 41 N., R. 9 W., there is a large body of very fine-grained granite, closely resembling Berry granite (Vermont), taking a fine polish and used for monument work. A similar grade of granite is found southwest of Callahan, in the southwest corner of T. 40 X., R. 8 W., and the southeast corner of T. 40 N., R. 9 W. At the head of Park's Creek, in T. 41 N., R. 6 W., another body of gray granite of good quality is found. TRINITY COUNTY. The granite in Trinity County is the same material and occurs in the same manner as in Shasta County. In Rush Creek, in Sec. 26, T. 84 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., the hard boulders found in the soft mass of weathered granite were formerly quarried by Masterson & Armstrong of Redding, but at present this quarry is abandoned. Better quarries could be opened in the county, provided transportation facilities to bring the material to market were at hand. TULARE COUNTY. Mp. Bartlett, of Porterville, is quarrying granite for building purposes in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, 3 miles northeast of Porterville. The stone that is quarried for building ])urposes is obtained in a gap of the ridge close to the north end of the granite out- crop. The mountain on the south side of the gap is all granite; on the GRANITE— TULARE COUNTY. 55 north side the granite extends probably a third of the distance up the hill, where it meets the magnesite-bearing serpentine. (See under Magnesite, page 333.) The granite is quarried on both sides of the gap from the surface boulders, most of which are rounded by concentric weathering. Some are partially disintegrated over the surface, while others are sound to the surface, but all are sound in the interior. The rock is a biotite granite of medium-coarse grain. It has a fairly straight cleavage and takes a nice polish. The rock mass is intersected by a great many joint planes, hence the stone does not occur in large dimensions, but blocks large enough for ordinary building purposes are ILL. No. 21. SHED AND YARD AT ROCKY POINT GRANITE QUARRY. TULARE COUNTY. obtained. The supply of granite here is practically unlimited. The stone is now being used in the construction of a bank building in Porterville. Reeky Point Granite Quarry, in Sec. 8, T. 19 S.. R. 27 E.; Griffith & Owens, of Exeter, owners. The granite is a gray syenitic rock, of very uniform texture and color, which splits readily in any direction and takes a fine polish. It occurs in large detached masses and flattened beds; the pitch of the latter is a little east of north, at an angle of about 30 degrees. These beds or layers vary from 2 to 25 feet in thickness, and are so situated that a back of any required height may be obtained to the quarry. The "rift" appears to be east and west. All drilling 56 STKL'CTL'KAL AND IXDISTKIAL MATERIALS OK CAMFOKXI A. is done by hand. Powder is used only to break the hirger pieces, while the dimension stone is split by plugs and feathers. Any desired size of building stone is obtainable. The company also operates a yard in Exeter for dressing and ])olishing the stone before ship})ing. (See Xllth Annual iicport of California State Mining Bureau. lSi)4, page 387.) TUOLUMNE COUNTY. Phoenix Lake Granite Quarpy, in Sec. 28, T. 2 X., R. 15 E.; J. M. Phillips, general manager, l)uildcrs' Exchange, 26 Jessie street, San Francisco. The quarry is located at the head of Phouiix Lake, about 7 miles northeast of Sonora. The granite is hauled by wagon to a siding of the Sierra Railway Company, about 2 miles above Sonora. The stone is a very fine-grained granite, a sprinkling of small crystals of biotite giving it a gray color. YUBA COUNTY. (iranite, of a quality suitable for structures, occurs in Yuba County on the east side of Willow Creek, in Sec. 9, T. 18 N., R. 8 E., 2 miles by wagon road southwest from Camptonville. Willow Creek, from this point southwest and west to its confluence with the North Yuba River, appears to mark the northern end of the granite belt which extends west to the North Yuba River. GRANITIC ROCKS. SAN DIEGO COUNTY. Dehesa Quarry, N. Kessler and Marion Powers, Dehesa, owners. On the north side of the Sweetwater River, a few miles east of El Cajon, is a large mass of gabbro, portions of which are orbicular and are highly ornamental on a polished surface. This rock is mentioned in the Xlth Annual Keport of the State Mining Bureau, page 95, by H. W. Fairbanks. The orbicular rock was first discovered by Marion Powers, of Dehesa Prof. A. C. Lawson, of the University of California, gave a short description of it in "Science" (Vol. XV, p. 415), and a more extended description of it in Bulletin No. 17, \'ol. Ill, Department of Geology, rniversity of California. See also Bulletin No. ?>7, "Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones," State Mining Bureau. W. H. Kessler and W. R. Hamilton, (»f Stanford University, made a study of this rock and published an excellent illustrated description of it in GRANITIC ROCKS — SAN DIEGO COUNTY. 57 the American Geologist for September, 1904. The Mining Bureau is indebted to these gentlemen and to the American Geologist for the Mts ILL No. 22, BOULUER OF ORBICULAR GABKRO. of the orbicular gabbro shown in this Bulletin. Free use of boll- of the above papers has been made in the following pages. The gabbro occurs apparently as an intrusive boss in the midst of 58 STRUCTLKAl, AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OP CALIFORNIA. the granites. It outcrops over ;m area of about a square mile on the hill at Dehesa, and is said by Fairl)anks to extend 4 or 5 miles south- east. The hill on which it occurs extends about 1200 feet above the river and ISOO feet above sea level. On the slopes in the central por- tion of the gabbro mass there are scattered boulders of the orbicular ILL. No. 2:^. SECTION OF ORBICULAR GABBRO, SHOWING GENERAL APPEARANCE. W\uU' minerals are feldspars. Dark minerals are olivines, hornblendes and hyper- sthenes. Thickness, about 'imm. Natural size. rock. The boulders vary in size, some of the larger ones being several feet in diameter. The orl)icular rock has not been found in place. There are several varieties of the orbicular rock, based on variations in texture. The most common variety is one in which there is a ring of feldspar around the outside, surrounding the nucleus composed of a crystalline aggregate, much like the groundmass of the rock. Another GRANITIC ROCKS— SAN DIEGO COUNTY, 59 variety consists of spheroidal bodies which do not show either concen- tric or radial structure. They appear to be harder and of firmer texture than the surrounding material, and on the disintegration of the rock by weathering, the rounded balls remain like pebbles in the residuum. A third variety has both radial and concentric structure. The rock is composed of plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, hypersthene, and iron oxide. It varies considerably in texture outside of the spheroidal masses, portions of the mass being a rather finely crystalline aggregate, with parts quite coarsely crystalline. Some of the hornblende crystals in place along joint planes are several inches in length. The basic character of the orbicular portions is shown by the analysis of the orbule, one of the round portions of the mass. Analysis* of Orbule of the Orbieular Gabbro. I. II. Silica (SiO,) 40.50 39.76 Aluminum (AI2O3) 23.01 22.71 Iron(FeO) 11.96 11.96 Magnesia (MgO) 12.24 12.56 Lime(CaO) 11.44 11.39 Soda (NaoO) 1.19 1.33 Potash (K2O) .40 .87 Analysist of the Feldspar of the Orbicular Gabbro. Silica (SiO.) 44.39 Aluminum (AUOs) 36.55 Lime (CaO)--. 18.67 Soda(Na20) . .83 Analysis indicates anorthite or nearly pure lime feldspar. The orbicular gabbro is adapted to interior decoration, because of its variegated texture and coloring. Without being gaudy or bizarre, it has a rich coloring and a unique configuration that will catch and please the eye. No very definite estimate could be made of the quantity of this stone available. It occurs on the surface only in boulders, and these form but a small percentage of the boulders on the hillside. The occur- rence of the boulders is such as to leave one in doubt as to whether they came from a single dike or vein-like portion of the mass, or from several separated portions of the whole mass. The number and size of the boulders scattered over the surface indi- cate that there is considerable stone here for commercial purposes, and exploitation may at any time reveal the rock in place. If it should be found in place in sufficient quantities to furnish a constant supply to the market, and to fill any orders in reasonable time, it ought to readily find a place among ornamental stones. It is almost unknown as a * University of California, Department of Geology, Bulletin No. 17, Volume III, p. 394. Analysis made by James W. Howson. tAnalvsis by W. T. Schaller. 60 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. commercial })roduct, so that architects would be slow to use it until assured that it is obtainable in quantity. Orbicular gabbro occurs elsewhere in California. There is a speci- men in the museum of the State Mining Bureau from Rattlesnake Bar, El Dorado County, which was sfent in by John Muir, and labeled "Orbicular Diorite (Napoleonite)." Orbicular gabbro from Sierra County and norite from Plumas County are described by Turner.* His description indicates that, while part of the stone is similar to that at Dehesa, there are some varieties which ^.'. ^^SiT" ,«!■:.'* •. .'*. ^,^^«i^^.T« 'hmmm ILL. No. 24. ORBICULAR DIORITE MINE, DEHESA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— NEAR VIEW OF OUTCROP. have not been observed at the latter point. He says that not many of the orbicules are strictly orbicular, but that one of the finest is kidney- shaped, A\ inches long and 1^ inches wide. (See i)hotograph in 17th Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, ])1. .')0.) There is nothing in Turner's description to indicate the quantity of the orbicular stone in the above localities, nor whether it occurs in boulders or ledges, nor the possible sizes obtainable. Orbicular granite is said to occur in Rhode Island and in Ontario, but so far as known, no commercial use has been made of it in either *14th Report IT. S. Goologicnl Suivcy, I'l. logical Survey, Pt. 1, p. «)42. II, i>. 171, and ITtli IleiKirt U. S. Geo- LIMESTONE AND LIME. 61 })lace. The same is true of the locality in Davie Count}^ North Carolina.* Persons desiring further information on orhicular gabbro, diorite and granite are referred to the papers by Kessler and Hamilton, by Lawson, l)y Adams, and by Wktson, each of which contains a bibliographical list of references to the papers on this subject. LIMESTONE AND LIME. LIMESTONE. Distpibution of Limestone in Califopnia,— Limestone is pretty well dis- tributed over the State of California; no very large area is entirely without it, yet the deposits are not continuous over large areas. The stone is in some places several hundred feet thick, but, as a rule, it extends only a short distance on the surface. Uses of Limestone and Lime.— Limestone is used for building and ornamental purposes, mostly, however, in the metamorphic form — marble. It is further used to burn lime. The lime burned at Suisun, Napa Junction, and Colton is principally used in the manufacture of cement, and in the near future much of that from other points will be so used, as the cement industry is increasing very rapidly. The numerous large beet-sugar factories in the State use large quantities of lime, several of the productive quarries being operated for the sugar factories alone. The manufacture of beet-sugar is an industry that is liable to increase greatly in the near future of California, and hence an increased demand for lime for this purpose. The remainder of the product is used for furnace flux, as a fertilizer, for mortar and plaster in building operations, in glass manufacture, and other minor industries. The California limestones belong in several different geological periods, were formed under different conditions, and hence differ considerably in structure, texture, and composition. The limestones of Santa Cruz, Kern, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties are all highly metamor- phosed and associated with granites Their geological age is indefinite, but is probably as old as the Paleozoic. The deposits at Suisun and Concord are travertine, and probably of recent age. *Orbicnlar gabbro, diorite from Davie County, N. C, by Thos. L. Watson, .Journal of Geol., Vol. XII, p. 294. 62 STKUCTIKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. PRODUCTION OF LIME AND LIMESTONE IN CALIFORNIA FOR 1904. CmNTIF.S. LIMK. LIMESTONE. Barrels. Value Tons. Value. Amador .. 1,700 $1,700 Calaveras _ .. . 3,500 $5,500 Contra Costa . . 12,187 12,8(i4 178,038 10,000 215 3,240 20,000 25.000 10,359 7,(175 172.000 10, (KK) 850 3,240 20,000 21,500 El Dorado Kern . , Los Angeles Mono -- . .- - Monterey Riverside. _ - _ . 4,550 21,500 San Bernardino . - 28.421 6,000 42,575 Santa Barbara 12,000 Santa Cruz 293,207 18,000 . 1,500 306,775 10,500 2,2.50 Shasta Sonoma - Unapi)ortioned 1,236 43,707 11,132 Totals -- 565,951 .$566,249 192,707 Total value of lime and limestone, .|658,956. From this it will be seen that the total value of the lime produced in one year is $566,249, and of the lime and limestone nearly $660,000. Lime is produced in twenty counties. The limestone is given as used for furnace flux, beet-sugar manufacture, and paving. The part that is used in the sugar factories is first made into (|uicklime, and that used for furnace flux is reduced to lime in the furnace; hence, all the lime- stone quarried in the State is used for lime except the little that is used for paving and concrete. The above table does not include the large quantities that are used in the manufacture of Portland cement, nor does it include that used for marble and onyx. LIME. Lime is the oxide of the metal calcium (CaO), and in some form is the basis of all the mortars and cements used in building operations. In a comparatively pure form it is common lime, caustic lime, or quicklime. When mixed with a considerable percentage of clay or silica it forms poor or meager limes, and with the increase of clay it forms hydraulic lime, and when mixed with clay in proper proportions it forms cement. Lime combined with sulphuric acid forms calcium sulphate, which forms the plaster of paris cements. Bupning-.— Lime is produced commercially by heating common lime- stone; in heaj)s or in specially constructed furnaces known as limekilns. Limestone consists of the carbonate of lime, which when heated at high LIMESTONE AND LIME. 63 temperature loses tlie carbonic acid, which passes off as a gas, and the oxide of lime for cjuicklime remains. CaCOg Heated = CaO + COg - Limestone Quicklime. Carbonic acid gas. Limestone begins to lose its carbonic gas at about 750° F., but requires a temperature of over 1800° F. before it is all driven off. In chemically pure lime carbonate, there are 56 per cent of lime and 44 per cent of carbonic acid, but there is nearly always present a considerable percentage of moisture and organic matter, which are driven off, and generally a varying percentage of clay, magnesia, iron oxide, etc., which are not driven off, in the burning. So the actual percentage of lime may vary from 55 per cent or more to 30 per cent or less of the stone. The moisture in the stone facilitates the burning, so that a freshly quarried moist stone is more readily reduced than a dry stone. Hence a dense, compact stone is reduced with greater difficulty than a porous one, but the quality of lime is better. It is desirable to have the lumps of stone of a nearly uniform size as they are put into the kiln. If there are a few large pieces, either they will not be calcined to the center and hence will not slake, or there will be a waste of fuel in heating the smaller pieces after they have been calcined. The burning may be done in open fire where a small quantity of lime is wanted for local use. Where any considerable quantity of lime is desired, kilns are constructed. Limekilns. — There are two classes of kilns in general use: the inter- mittent kiln, which is used only when a small quantity of lime is wanted, and the continuous kiln, which is the kind in general use. There are many different types of the continuous kiln, which resemble each other in that the burning process is a continuous one from the time the fire is started until it is extinguished for repairs, or for some other purpose. In the first class the fire is intermittent, as the name indicates. The kiln is filled or partially filled with stone, and what is estimated to be sufficient fuel to drive off the carbonic acid is put underneath and mixed with the stone and fired. The kiln is permitted to cool after the fuel is burned and the lime is drawn There are many different kinds of continuous limekilns, some of which are covered with patents. They may all be divided into two classes, in one of which the fuel and limestone are put in the kiln in alternate layers, and in the other, the fuel is burned in furnaces and only the fiames enter the kiln. The objection to the first class is that the ashes of the fuel are mixed with the lime and injure it more or less. So serious is this objection that kilns of this type are gradually being replaced by the shaft kiln. 64 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. Slaking Lime.— W'licii water is added to quicklime, it combines with it chemically and forms the hydrate, the hydroxide, or slaked lime; thus, CaO + H,0 = Ca2(0H). Quii'klinie. Wulvr. Slaku.l liun'. This process is accompanied by the evolution of heat, whirh is most prominent in the rich or fat limes and decreases with the increase of impurities. As the change from lime carbonate to the oxides causes a decrease in bulk ( usually about 6 per cent) and a decrease in weight (about 40 per cent), so the addition of water causes an increase in both weight and volume. Uses of Lime.— Probably more lime is used in mortar than for any other purpose. For this it is first slaked and then mixed with sand, when used for binding masonry together and for wall plaster. It is also used without the sand for whitewashing. Some of the other purposes for Avhich lime is used are: (1) dehydrat- ing alcohol; (2) disinfectant; (3) dyeing; (4) fertilizer for agricultural purposes; (5) flux and glaze in pottery manufacture; (6) furnace flux; (7) furnace hearths; (8) furnace linings where the basic steel process is used; (9) insecticide; (10) manufacture of aqua ammonia; (11) manu- facture of boneash; (12) manufacture of calcium carbide; (lo) manu- facture of gas; (14) manufacture of glass; (15) manufacture of paper; (16) manufacture of potassium dichromate; (17) manufacture of soap; (18) manufacture of soda; (19) molds and crucible; (20) oxy- hydrogen light; (21) polishing material; (22) refining beet-sugar; (2:!) tanning, in removing the hair from the hides. ALAMEDA COUNTY. J. D. Collins, Livermore, owner; in Sec. 80, T. 2 S., R. 8 E. A small outcrop of crystallized limestone occurs on summit of hill, 6 miles north- east of Livermore. Undeveloped. AMADOR COUNTY. Amador County Limekiln; J. H. Bonham, lone, proprietor; Theo. Gebhart, lone, manager. Situated about 4 miles by wagon road north of east of lone. The lime is burned in an intermittent stone kiln erected by Mr. Bonham in 18oi*, which has been in operation ever since that time. They first gathered up the limestone boulders over the surface, and later opened two quarries, one at the kiln and another some dis- tance southeast of the kiln. The stone at the kiln is a compact, blue-gray, stratified limestone, wiiich is (juarried by hand and lifted by a derrick to the toj) of the kiln. It is burned with wood obtained in the vicinity of the kiln. It appears LIMESTONE AND LIME — BUTTE, CALAVERAS. 65 to be a comparatively pure carbonate of lime, which gives good satis- faction for plaster and mortar. It is used almost exclusivelj' in the buildings in Amador County, and is delivered by wagons from the kilns. None of it is shipped out of the county. The production was 1700 barrels of lime in 1904. The deposit at the quarry shows a thickness of more than 100 feet, and as the contact on either side is not exposed, the total thickness of the bed is not shown, but from the scattered outcrops in the vicinity of the quarry it appears to be quite heavy and apparently inexhaustible. The numerous fissures and joints in the stone prohibit the quarrying of dimension stone for building purposes, but it is admirably adapted for use as quicklime. BUTTE COUNTY. The limestone deposits of Butte County are described under the headings "Cement'' and "Marble." CALAVERAS COUNTY, Genelli Ranch. — At the Genelli ranch, one mile north of Vallecito, some marble has been burned in a crude kiln for use as lime in that vicinity, but only at intervals and not for shipment. There is an un- limited suj^ply of limestone in this vicinity. Mepcep's Cave, in Sec. 31, T. 4 N., R. 14 E., M. D. M.; W. J. Mercer, of ^Nlurphys, owner. This wonderful work of nature lies just off the Sierra road, li miles northwest of Murphys, and was discovered in 1885 by the owner. It occurs in the limestone belt that passes through Murphys, and consists of several chambers, which are connected by stairways and lighted by electricity. The first room is 200 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 58 feet high, with thousands of stalactites hanging overhead and on the walls in the most fantastic shapes. The entire cave is 362 feet long and about 150 feet deep. Mapkwood Quappy, in Sec. 32, T. 5 N., R. 11 E.; George Markwood, 8r., Fosteria, owner. The rock is occasionally quarried for use as flux at the smelter at Campo Seco. MeNamapa Quappy, in Sec. 32, T. 5 N., R. 11 E. ; Charles McNamara, Fosteria, owner. The limestone occurs in highly tilted slates. It is operated intermittently to furnish stone for fluxing purposes at the smelter at Campo Seco. Plaza Limestone Quappy, in Sec. 32, T. 5 N., R. 11 E.; Penn Chemical Works, Campo Seco, owner. The entire output is used for flux at the company's smelter at Campo Seco. 5 — BUL. 38 66 STiUCTlHAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. Young's Quarry, in Sec. 4, T. 4 N., K. 11 Iv; A. iV: 1). Young, Fosteria, owners. This is the largest limestone quarry in the vicinity. Formerly the owners burned some lime, Ijut of l;ite years the (juurr}' has been idle except when rock was sold to the smelter at Cuinpo Seco for use as Hux. The limestone croppings extend for about three fourths of a niil(> in a general northwesterly and southeasterly direction. The limestone in the (juarries near Fosteria is a compact, fine-grained, dark blue rock, colored by carbon, whicli readil}- burns out, producing a good lime. t'^ COLUSA COUNTY. Lambert Ranch, in Sec. 20, T. 1(5 X., K. 5 W.; .J.T. IJatlil)un, College City, owner. A deposit of limestone, from wliich lime was burned about fifteen years ago. Manzanita, in Sec. 2U, T. 14 N., R. 5. \\\; (i. V. Xorthey, Sulphur Creek, owner. Lime is produced from coarse crystalline limestone deposits, for retorting and local use. Only a small quantity has been marketed. CONTRA COSTA COUNTY, CoL Coates, in Sec. 15, T. 1 X., R. 1 E., M. D. M. Limestone occurs on the pro})erty of Col. Coates, in Oil Caiion. The outcrop is similar and adjoins the deposit belonging to Mr. Harkinson. Henry Cowell Lime Company's lime (juarries lie 3 miles south of Con- cord, in the foothills on the northwest end of Mount Diablo. The rock is a travertine, which outcrops over a considerable area in the vicinity of the (juiirries. It varies in character, a large part of it being a very compact drab-colored stone, very faintly banded, hi i)laces it is bluish colored, and brecciated. Part of the stone is a snow white, porous, light tufa, which is irregularly mixed through the other rock. The compact rock, because of its high specific gravity, is thought to be aragonite. There are two (juarry openings. The one now in operation is an irregular, funnel-shaped opening, about 50 feet deep and covering prob- ably about half an acre at the toi>. The other (][uarry is on the point of the liill, about one eighth of a mile south of west from the first men- tioned and 50 feet or more al)ove it, and has a face of 50 feet of lime- stone. The only covering over this stone at either opening is a tliin layer of dark-brown adobe. The stone is cut by numerous seams and cracks, wliicli cause it to come from tlic ([uarry in sucli small dimen- sions that there is very little of it that needs furtlicr bicaking for the limekiln. LIMESTONE AND LliAIE — CONTKA COSTA, EL DORADO. 67 Tlie stone is hauled bv wagon from the (luarry to tlie kiln on the rail- road at Concord, where it is burned ready for shipment. At present (August, 1904) some unl)urn(Ml stone is being shipped. Hapkinson Lime Deposit, in Sec. 16, T. 1 N., R. 1 E., M. I). M.; H. Harkinson, Antioch, owner. The deposit, which is about 7 miles south- west of Antioch, in Oil Canon, has l)een developed by a tunnel. The ILL. No. li.'i. l.l.MKSroNK liUAlUlV OF IIKNUY COWELL LLMK AND CEMENT ('0:\n'ANV, CONCORD, CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. rock is an amorphous, compact, bluish-gray, fossiliferous limestone. Very little of the rock has ever been shipped. EL DORADO COUNTY. Alabaster Cave, W. T. Holmes Lime Company, 24 Sacramento street, San Francisco, owner, is about 7 miles east of Newcastle, on the east side of the American River, and about three fourths of a mile above the suspension bridge. It occurs in a crystalline, granular, white, and clouded white and blue limestone, which lies in a stratum about 50 feet thick, inclosed by mica-schists. The limestone layers are standing vertical and have a north and south strike parallel with the cleavage of the schist. It forms a bold outcrop on each side of a small canon that cuts through it. The Alabaster cave from wliich the place is named is 68 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL .^LVTERLVLS OF CALIFORNLV. on the roadside on tlie north side of the canon. A Hme quarry was opened on the hill immediately above it, and a stone kiln in which tlie lime was ))urn(Ml is on the roadside, hut they have not lieen used for several years. On the south side of the canon and a few hundred feet from the cave is a large stack kiln, in which is burned the lime from the stone quarried just above it. This quarry has been worked to a depth of 50 feet, about 800 feet long, and to the full width of the limestone. The lime rock is brought on tram-cars to the top of the kiln, which stands on the hill- side below the level of the quarry. The stone at the above quarry is a compact, heavy, medium-coarse, crystalline limestone, free from impurities, except a few parallel bands of schist which are inclosed in it. >Some of these schist bands are dis- integrated to the depth of the quarry opening, and the rotten schist is easily separated from the limestone; but some of the schist is not disin- tegrated and is not so easih^ separated from the limestone, and hence causes some waste in the quarrying. The stone is burned with wood in the kiln at the quarry and hauled in rawhide sacks by wagon 7 miles to Newcastle, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It is mostly shipped to Sacramento and handled liy the Sacramento Lime Company. At Cave Valley, east of Auburn, is another limestone quarry and lime- kilns. Henry Cowell Lime Company.— It is reported that about 2 miles north of Cothrin station, on the Placerville branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad, the Henry Cowell Company owns and operates a large lime quarry and kilns. The lime is shipped from Cothrin station. Limestone is said to occur in small, isolated, lenticular masses in a number of places in the county. The limestones are thought by Mr. Lindgrcn to be of Carl)onif(n-ous age.* FRESNO COUNTY. Limestone is found in large quantities in T. 12 S.. R. 2B K.; T. 12 S., R. 27 E.; T. 12 S.. R. 29 p]. It extends for several miles in length, with an average width of H miles. The limestone in this section is of good quality and years ago considerable of it was burned, l)ut nothing is l:)('ing done with it of late years, owing to its distance from a market. Dunlap. — An undeveloped vein of calcite, 30 feet wide, is found near Dnnlap. Sampson's Flat. — \ heavy ledge of blue limestone, suitable for the jiiodiKtioii of lime, is found at Sampson's Flat, on Kings River. ♦Sacranu'iitt), Folio No. 5, U. S. (icoloKical .\tlas. I I.l.MKSTONE AND LI.AIK — KKKX COl'NTY. r,9 KERN COUNTY. Tlio lime iiulu:^trv i.^ a large and important one ;it Tehaeliapi, Kern County, on the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railroads. The industry began a great many years ago l)y Uurning the lime for local use, and tlien for shipment to other })oints, until now the Tehachapi lime is known all over southern California. The first lime was burned in the rudely constructed "pot kilns." l)uilt of stone, some of them brick-lined. At present the lime is all burned in modern kilns. Sometimes oil and sometimes wood is used for fuel. The oil is the cheaper fuel, but it ILL. Xo. 26. JAMESON' LIME COMPANY'S KILN'S, TEHACHAPI, KKRN COl'NTY. is claimed that for certain purposes the lime made with oil is inferior to the wood-burned lime, hence part of it is burned with wood. The wood is obtained on the hills about the quarries, where it grows in con- siderable quantities. Limestone outcrops at many other points in this area, where it is possible to open quarries in the future. There have been a number of small quarries opened at different points, where the lime has been burned, mostly for local use, but from some of the (juarries it has been shipped to different points. None of these were in operation in 1U04. From one of these quarries in the vicinity of Tehachapi some marble is said to have been quarried and shipped a few years ago. 7(» sTurcTi-KAi, .wi> ixnrsTiv'i \i, .MA'ri:Hi ai.s ok califokxia. Jameson Quarry, .laiucson l.iiiic Coiiij)any, 'I'eliacliapi, owner. On the north side of the great Tehachapi \'allev is a l)road l)elt of lime- stone that forms tlie hordering hills of the valley. The quarry is locatc, are in o]H'ra- IJMKSTOXK AND UMIO — KKRN COITNTY. 71 tion. The lime is Ininifd mostly with oil, but some wood is used. It is put in barrels at the kilu and transported by wagon to the railway at Tehachapi. Mountain Summit Lime Company, ;)24 Requiena street, Los Angeles, owns a large lime quarry at Keene station, 8 miles northwest of Tehachapi. Large quantities of lime are burned and shipped to various points. Tlie limestone and the resulting lime are said to be similar to tliat at Tehachapi. Union Lime Company, 203 San Pedro street, Los Angeles; A. L. Foster, Tehachapi, superintendent. The quarries are on the south side of the val- •r%- .■* '^'^' m^i^' '"'W^ ILI.. No -is. (iUAKKV AND K IIA'S OK Til K I'.XIOX I.IMKCO., TKH A i ' II A I'l , Ki;i;X CdCXTY. ley. The limestone occurs in heavy beds, with more or less inclusions of schist. The biotite mica in the schist is frequently badly disintegrated and stains the adjoining limestone with iron rust. The rocks are sharply folded and much shattered, so that large dimension stone is not avail- al)le. The limestone is all crystallized; in some places coarse-grained and elsewhere fine-grained. It varies from white to light blue in color, the prevailing color being a bluish gray. In one place in the quarry of the Union Lime Company the stone is finely banded, blue and white, with a fine, compact, saccharoidal texture. It might be (juarried with profit to a limited extent, in slabs of several square feet, utilizing the fragments for the limekiln. These slabs could be used for interior decoration and for cabinet and panel work. 1'2 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAT- >IATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. The limestone lies apparently in a closely compressed syncline, which has a general trend or strike about N. 75° W. Both strike and dip vary in direction as well as in angle. There are several (juarry openings scattered along the hillside over a distance of half a mile or more. In one of the largest is a quarry face of about 300 feet which is worked at several levels. The stone is quar- ried by blasting and is run from the quarry to the kilns on tram-cars. It is needless to add that there is an unlimited amount of limestone available at this locality. There are at least two other ledges of limestone south of the I'nion Lime Company's quarry, one of which, about one mile south in a side canon to the west, was quarried some years ago and the lime Inirned in a pot-kiln at the quarry. The limestone at this point is only about 10 feet thick and dips 45° N. 40° W., which soon carried it so deep into tlie hill that it became expensive removing the overburden. Tlie associated rocks are granite, schist, and porphyry. The company has five kilns at the railway track one half mile below the station, and four more at the quarries 3 miles south of Tehachapi. Pomona Lime, Cement, and Stone Company, Pomona, has a quarry in a body of crystalline limestone at Spadra, on the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, about 4 miles west of Pomona. This lime- stone is burned in a kiln close to the quarry. MONTEREY COUNTY. A belt of limestone shows in several places on the west slope of the Santil Lucia range, not very far from the coast line. Its most northern outcrop is on Long Ridge, in Sec. 9, T. 18 S., R. 1 E. It runs in a southern direction to Sec. 86, T. 18 S., R. 1 E., and Sec. 31, T. 18 S., R. 2 E. Another conspicuous outcrop of limestone is found in Sec. 30, T. 19 S., R. 3 E. Farther down the coast, in tlie southern part of the county, the limestone forms very steep escarpments along the shore. Another ])elt of white, coarsely crystalline limestone is found at the foot of the west slope of tlie Gabilan range, especially east of Salinas. These limestone exposures are remnants of a thin bed overlj'ing the granite. Henry Cowell Lime and Cement Company, 211 Drumm street, San Francisco, owns the former Rockland Lime and Lumber Company's plant at Rockland Landing, in Sec. 22, T. 22 S., R. 4 E. Formerly four continuous limekilns were in o})eration, but the iilant has been idle for a nunil)er of years. (See also Vlllth Report of California State Mining Bureau, p. 480; Xllth \h\d., p. 392; and Xlllth Wnd., p. 629.) Monterey Lime Company, Mills Building, San Francisco, owns lime- stone (juanies and limekilns on Bixby Creek, al)out 3 miles from the IJMERTONE AND LIME — MONTEREY, NEVADA. ORANGE. 73 coast, in 8ec. 16, T. IS S., R. 1 E. Two quarries are opened on the north side of the creek. The limestone is nuich shattered and decom- posed to considerable depths along the fissures. Where fresh, the rock is a white crystalline limestone, witli grayish-blue streaks, closely ap- proaching to marble. The surrounding rock is granite. The property is e(|uipped with two patent continuous kilns of a daily capacity of 70 barrels, which were started in August, 1904; a similar kiln of 80 barrels capacity is under construction. The company produces two grades of lime, the Diamond !M and connnon lime. Spreekels Sugar Company, Salinas, owns several limestone quarrie& east and southeast of t^alinas, located principally along Alisal Creek in the Hancho El Alisal and Rancho Cienega del Gabilan, about 6 miles from Salinas, in the belt west of the Gabilan range above described. The limestone is used in the beet-sugar factory. The rock is a very white^ coarsely crystalline limestone, which makes an attractive white build- ing stone, of which some rubble masonry has been made in Salinas. An extensive deposit of limestone is reported in the Gabilan range^ at the head of Chalone Creek, in the southeast corner of T. 17 S., R. 7 E.^ about 6 miles (air line) east from Metz, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Los Vergeles Raneho.— In lots 1 and 3 of the Los Vergeles Rancho; Mrs. J. H. Wythe, corner of Minnesota and Lincoln avenues, San Jose^ owner; about 12 miles northeast of Salinas, on the San Juan road,, several deposits of limestone occur, two of which are quite extensive. The stone ranges from a coarsel}^ crystalline white and bluish-white calcite to a very compact, holocrystalline, fine-grained marble. It all averages very high in lime content and is suitable for cement and sugar purposes. Preparations are being made to open a quarry. NEVADA COUNTY. Formerly considerable lime was produced in Nevada County, but at present the supply is chiefly from outside sources. Limekiln Smith's Ppopepty, in Sec. 4, T. 14 N., R. 8 E., Hull .t Mitchell, Grass Valley, owners, was formerly a large producer of lime. In Sec. 2, T. 15 N., R. 9 E., lime was formerly burned from a lime- stone ledge near the east bank of Greenhorn River. ORANGE COUNTY. Capistrano.— Sec. 31, T. 7 S., R. 7 W., S. B. M.; R. Egan, Capistrano, owner. A deposit of fossiliferous limestone, used by the padres to burn lime for the mission buildings. 74 STlilCTrKAh AM) INDUSTRIAT. MATERIALS OF CAI.IFOHXI A. El Toro.— A similar liiiiestoiic was l)urii('(l aljout 1888, hut the kihi was ahandoued after a canipaitin not histing two j'ears. William Moulton. — Extensive beds of this fossiliferous limestone are found on Moulton's ranch, soutli of El Toro. (See Cement.) The following analysis of this limestone is reijorted: carbonate of lime, 96 per cent; silica, 2.5 per cent; alumina, 1 }»cr cent; iron oxide, 0.5 per cent. PLACER COUNTY. Holmes Limekilns, in Sec. 3:5, T. 1-3 N., K <) E.; The Holmes Lime Company, 24 Sacramento street, San Francisco, owner. The works are on the east bank of Bear River. 2 miles west of Colfax. The quarry was operated for eight months in 1904, burning lime in one of the two kilns. This limestone was first quarried in 1870 for marble. (See under " Marble."') The exposure in the quarry is 200 feet wide and 50 feet high. About 2000 feet north the ledge croi)s for a length of 100 feet over a width of 40 feet. The general dip is to the east. There are 4B acres in the holding, including quarry, kilns, tramway, Pelton wheelhouse, reservoir tank, and storage house. The kilns are iipdraft. of 6 tons daily capacity eacli, though they have not l»een operated beyond 5 tons. Wood is used foi- fuel. The tramway for carrying the lime from the kilns to the storage house is 1000 feet long, at an inclination of 40 degrees, and operated l)y a 24-inch Pelton wat el- wheel. Pacific Lime and Plaster Company, in C'lipper Gap district; lime- kilns at Benicia, Solano County; D. Edward Collins, Oakland, presi- dent; W. 0. Badgley, Oakland, general manager, with head othce in San Francisco. The company, wdiich began operations in January, 1905, at Clipper (lap, 5 miles northeast of Auburn, purchased looo acres within Sees. 1(5, 20, 21, 29, and 30, T. 13 N.. R. 9 E. The extensive limestone deposits lie on the west side of the North Fork of the American Rivei', following the southwesterly course of the river for a distance of 4 miles, extending in some occurrences to the bank of the river and in others a mile to the westward. Mr. Badgley states that the company decided ui)on the location of the kihis at lienieia because of economy in ti-ansportation of the rock, liaving both rail and water facili- ties for shijiment of the product, and the availability of oil for fuel. The same limestone ])elt is exposed near ^lurderers' I'ar. on the .Vmi'i'ican Uiver. .\ kiln was erected at tlic deposit a numlicf of years ago, l)Ul was never used. LIMESTONE AND MM E — PU 'MAS, RIVERSIDE. 75 PLUMAS COUNTY. liiniestonc of a i^ood lime-producing quality occurs in a great ledge extending half a mile nortli from the Last Chance mine, in 8ec. 35, T. 23 N.. K. ^» E., and south from the same point into Sec. 5, T. 22 N., R. 9 E., crossing Onion Valley Creek. Along this course the ledge varies in width from 100 to 300 feet. It extends also farther south through 8ecs. 17 and 20, but is not of ecjual body. RIVERSIDE COUNTY. Chine Quapry, in Sees. 2 and 8, T. 2 S., R. 5 \V., S. B. M.; American Beet-Sugar Company, Chino, owner. A white marble found in boul- ders, with a great amount of waste, partly clay, partly debris. Has not been operated for the past ten or twelve years. Sky Blue Marble and Onyx Company, E. W. Tucker, Eighth and Wal- nut streets. Riverside, general manager, operates a limestone quarry at West Riverside, about 5 miles northwest of the town of Riverside, in Sees. 2 and 3, T. 2 S., R. 5 W., S. B. M. The limestone occurs in one of the numerous buttes found in the northern part of Riverside and the southern part of San Bernardino counties, which are generally granite. This limestone butte at Riverside resembles in some respects the one at Colton. Both are mixtures of blue and white calcite, but the Riverside stone has a particularly deep and rich blue color. There are two beds of tlie limestone separated by granite and quartzite. The strata dip 25*^ X. 25° E., and at the north end of the mountain the limestone is underlaid 1)y granite, which is followed In' quartzite, and that in turn by another bed of limestone. The contact of the limestone with the granite and with the (juartzite is (juite sharp. Analysis of Riverside Blue Marble.* Lime (CaO) 55.85 Equivalent to lime carbonate 99.73 Magnesia 0.30 Iron trace. Tlie chemical analysis shows it to l>e a remarkably pure carbonate of lime, which verifies the appearance of the stone in the quarry. Some of the limestone has been used for building purposes in River- side and in Los Angeles, and some has been used for ornamental pur- poses in San Francdsco. There are two kilns at the quarry; the product is put on the market under the name of " Lily Wliite" lime. About 75,000 barrels of lime have been burned at this quarry. *.liilin A. \Vt'scner, analyst: copy nf analysis fnrnislicd by llic company. 76 STIU'CTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL iMATKRIAI>S OF CALIFORNIA. By utilizing the small diiiii'iisious ior ([uickliiiK', the (|uari-y can l>e profitably worked and a variety of marble obtained different from that in any other known (juarry in the Ihiited States. The durability of the Riverside limestone is indicated by its strong topographic relief, where it stands uj) in inominent knobs in the midst of granite and (luartzite. Ferdinand Snydep owns a productive lime quarry 7 miles north of San Jacinto, on a branch of the Santa Fe Railway. The stone is coarsely crystallized limestone, and is said to make an excellent lime fur the sugar refineries. There are two kilns in use, in which tlie lime is burned with wood, and shipped to different })oints in southern California. The quarry has lieen in operation for eight years. SAN BENITO COUNTY. A belt of white crystalline limestone runs along the east slope of the Gal)ilan range, in places forming the main ridge. (See Xlth Report. California State Mining Bureau, p. o70, and Monograph XIII, U. S. Geological Survey, p. LSI.) M. Barbe, San .luan. Several exposures of this limestone in Sees. 9 and 15, T. 13 S., R. 4 E., and in the northern })art of the Rancho Cienega de Gabilan. At i)resent under l)ond to J. C. Kinnp van Ee, San Francisco. Henry T. Cowell, and the Holmes Lime Company, No. 22 Sacramento street, San Francisco, own large limestone quarries, near Cienega, along Thompson Creek, and in its vi(dnity, in Sees. 28, 29, 30, and 32, T. 14 S., R. 6 E.; also Sees. 14 ajicl 24, T. 14 S., R. 5 E. This property was owned formerly by the Cienega Lime Company, which had several lime- kilns on Thompson Creek. Idle for the last six years. (See Vlllth Report, California State ^Mining Bureau, p. 4S8; Xlth ihid., p. 370; Xllth iJrId., p. 393; and Xllltli ihid., p. ()29.) U. G. Harlan, llollister, owns a limestone deposit in Sees. 23 and 24, T. 14 S., R. 5 E., on which he has a pot-kiln of 250 barrels capacity, and it is claimed burns a fair (][uality of lime for local use. S. Lavagnino, San .hum, owns the old Twitehell kilns in the ui)per jjart of the Rancho Cienega del Gabilan, which have been idle for several years. Los Vergeles Rancho, near San .Juan. See Monterey County. A. F. Underwood, San -luan, owns a limestone deposit in tlu' northern ])art of the Rancho Cienega del Gabilan, adjoining the i)roperty of ^L l^>arbe; under bond to ■) . C. Kemp van Le, San Francisco. LIMESTONE AND LIME — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. 77 SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Mrs. 0. Burns, San lieinaidino, and Rev. P. J. Stockman, Santa liav- bara, own a limestone deposit in Sec. 33, T. 1 S., R. 5 W., S. B. M., about 3^ miles southwest of Slover Mountain. The exposure of limestone is small — not over 80 feet high and covers only a few acres. The limestone is white, coarsely crystalline, thinly bedded, and dips 45 degrees north- easterly. It is quarried and burned in a small kiln on the Santa Ana River, close to the hillock, but in Riverside County. California Portland Cement Company, No. 401 Trust Building, Los Angeles, T. J. Fleming, general manager, owns Slover Mountain, in ILL. No. 29. JIOCK-CRUSIIER AT COLTON LIMESTONE QUARRY, SAN BERNARDINO CO. Sees. 19 and 30, T. 1 S., R. 4 W., S. B. M. This mountain is an isolated knoll of crystalline limestone, about 500 feet high. The limestone is generally very pure, especially the coarser crystalline variety, which runs 98^ to 99 per cent of calcium carbonate. The lime burned from this limestone slakes very quickly and flashy, but must be slaked with a great amount of water to prevent it from being burned. The burned coarse variety shows small black specks (locally called fly-bitten rock). The fine-grained limestone is not so pure, but makes a better plaster. (See Marble and Cement.) Oro Grande.— The limestones are interstratified, with reddish-brown quartzites and brown shale. In the quarries the limestone varies from 78 STRUCTURATi AND INDI^STRIATj MATF.IUAIjS OP CALIFORNIA. (50 to nearly 200 feet in thickness, but tlu' total tliickness or the total extent of the limestones in this region is not known. Jn the area surrounding the (juarries are isolated outcrops of smaller lenticular masses of limestone. About 8 miles east of Victorville is another outcro}) of massive, crystalline white and clouded limestone that would make a handsome marble. The limestone is a liard, coarsely crystalline rock, mostly of a dark ))lue color, with numerous iron stains; but in the large (juarry nearest the railway there is much white limestone stained witli dendrite along the surfaces in the joint and cleavage planes. in several places in the upper quarries there are great clusters of — *■ .,' V^T >:\I^ j«i«^ .^.A.*^- n,L. No. :;0. LIMKSTOM'; (ilAIMtV, oKo 1 1 ItA N Dh:, SAX l!i:i; \ A K DI N < > cotNIV calcite and aragonite crystals, whicli occur in long jM-isms, sometimes 4 or 5 inches long. The crystals have a brownish-yellow color from the iron stain. There is also considerable pyrite, in places some bornite, along the joint seams, the weathering of which gives rise to free sulphur in a numl^er of places, and ii\ i)laces stains of yellow-brown iron rust. The impurities are not in sufficient (juantity to materially injure the quicklime. l)ut they art^ sufficient to disfigure it for use as a building stone. The rock is so much fractured that no large dimension stone is availaljle; but this texture is an aid for lime (piarrving, where the stone LIMESTONK AMI IJME — SAN JOAQUIN, SAN H;iS OBISPO. 79 is used in small dimensions and must be broken up artificially if not (lone by nature. The ([uarrying is done by hand-drilling and blasting. The (|uarries are located well up on the hillside, east of tlie railway, and northeast of the town of Oro Grande, in T. 6 N., R. 4 W., near the middle of the townshi]>. It is down grade, part of it quite steep, to the railroad. Some of the limekilns are located on the railway, several north and one south of the town of Oro Grande, and two of the kilns are on the hillside half a mile east of the railway. The stone is hauled by wagons from the quarries to the kilns. The ({uarries opened up in the vicinity of Oro Grande are: Hoey Quarry; American Beet-Sugar Company, ()xnard, ^'entura County. Idle last year. Oro Grande Lime Company's Quarry; N. L. Morrow, 116 S. Avenue 20, Los Angeles. Idle for many years. Summit Quarry; Oro Grande Lime and Stone Company (formerly Stimson c^' Fleming), Third and San Pedro streets, Los Angeles. This company manufactures the Red Star brand of lime, and ships limestone to the beet-sugar factories. Superior Quarry; American Beet-Sugar Company, Chino, Los Angeles Count V. SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY. California Lime and Cement Company's Quarry, located about tliree fourths of a mile south of Carnegie. The company's offices are at 328 ^lontgomery street, San Francisco. The quarry was opened in 1900 and the lime was originally burned in an open kiln at the quarry, but at present the rock is hauled to the railroad siding at Carnegie and burned in a continuous oil-burning kiln, with a capacity of 200 barrels }ier day. The lime is only Ijurned as it is needed for luiilding purposes at Tesla and ('arnegie. Some lime rock is shipped to the glass works at Stockton. The rock occurs in a series of aragonite veins, varying in width from 3 inches to 3 feet and dipping to the northeast at an angle of about 65 degrees. It is overlaid with crushed shales stained with iron. The quarry was opened for al)out 7o yards, with a face averaging about 40 feet high. Four prospect tunnels further developed the deposit and exposed considerable serpentine inclusions, which cause much waste in (juarrying. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. A. Dubost, Adelaide. In Sees. 1-S and 19, T. 26 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M., on the old Tartalja })lace, is a large exposure of limestone. Formerly A. GouM burned lime here. Idle for the last few vears. 80 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. Dawson Lowe, San Luit^ Obispo. In the noitliwestern part of T. 32 S., n. IG E., and eastern part of T. 82 S., R. 15 E., M. D. M., 15 to 18 miles east of Arroyo Grande, in the Huasna country. An extensive deposit of bnff-oolored limestone. J. D. Morgan, Arroyo (irande. In Sec. 3U, T. 32 S., \\. 14 E.. M. 1). M., near the Loma Pelon, is a limestone cropping from 30 to 40 feet wide, which can l)e traced for a considerable distance in isolated patches along the highest points of the ridges. The rock is of a dark gray color. Several years ago some lime was burned in a kiln on Section 35 of same township. (See also Vlllth Report, California State Mining Bureau, p. 522.) Miss Julia Newsom, Newsom Springs, Rancho Santa Manuela, 2^ miles east of Arroyo Grande. The limestone crops out along the hill- side, from 35 to 50 feet above the caiion, in a flat bed 5 to 6 feet wide. "It is light colored, and mixed with clay. Some lime was burned here several years ago. Mrs. R. Porter, Santa Barbara. In the Huasna country. (See D. Lowe, above.) In the Huasna Country, on Government land, the same limestone is found. (See D. Lowe, above.) In Lopez Canon, in the northern part of T. 31 S., R. 14 E., M. D. M., about 18 miles from Arroyo Grande, are extensive limestone deposits. The rock is coarsely crystalline, white colored, containing in places some clay and inclusions of shale. Near Oak Flat, west of Paso Robles, an exposure of limestone is reported. (See Xth Report, California State Mining Bureau, p. 584.) SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. T. C. Lind, Lompoc, owns a limestone deposit on the south side of San Miguelito Canon, opposite that on the property of the Union Sugar Company (see below), but whether it is part of the same reef is doubt- ful. Undeveloped. Loma Blanco Lithographic Stone Company, .ludge E. M. Ross, presi- dent; A. M. Gates, 310 Currier Building, Los Angeles, secretary. A deposit of iine-grained limestone, claimed to be ai)i)ropriate for litho- graphic work. On the Moraga ranch, Sees. 4 and 5, R. 26 W., S. B. M., near the sunmiit of the Santa Ynez range, in a very unapproachable country. Th. W. Moore, Santa Barbara. On Las Positas ranch, on the Arroyo liurro, 3 miles from Santa Barbara. A slightly yellowish colored, LIMESTONE AND LIME — SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. 81 coarsely crystalline limestone. (See also Tlllth Report, California State Mining Bureau, p. 538.) Union Sugar Company, Betteravia, Santa Barbara County, owns a deposit on the north side of San Miguelito Canon, about 6 miles south- west of Lompoc, elevation 1150 feet, which has been leased for the last six years by W. 0. Badgeley, 236 Bacon Building, Oakland; G. E. Badgeley, Lompoc, superintendent. The stone is quarried and hauled by wagon 6 miles down grade to Lompoc, where it is shipped by rail to the large sugar factories at Santa Maria and Oxnard, being there calcined for use in refining the sugar. ILL. No. 3L LOMPOr LIMESTONE QUARRY, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. The limestone occurs in a heavy ledge which dips northeast. The quarries are on the projecting knobs on the north side of the valley. The rock is a soft, fossiliferous limestone, chalky in places. The upper part of the deposit is a coarse limestone conglomerate, with numerous siliceous pebbles. The stone has been badly shattered and broken in the uplift and contains many slickensides surfaces along the cracks and fissures. The limestone is of Tertiary age, as shown by the many fossil shells which it contains. There are three quarry openings. The most northern one shows from 30 to 35 feet of white limestone overlaid by 25 feet of siliceous limestone conglomerate. The south opening shows about the same 6-BUL. 38 82 S'l'KlCTrHAI- A.\n INDIS'I'IU \1. MATKKIAI.S of CALIFORNIA. thickness of limestone, which is stained ycUowisli brown in spots from the infiltrating iron-bearing waters. Tlie middle opening sliows from 10 to 15 feet of white limestone. There is no building stone available at this (|uarry, owing to the friability of the limestone. It is adapted to use for i|uicklime because of the ease with which it can l)e (juarried. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. El Dorado Sugar Company's Quarry, in Sec. 18, T. 7 S., R. 2 \V.; Granite Rock Company, owner; Mr. Wilson, Watsonville, manager. This quarry is located on Black Mountain, 9 miles by wagon road from Mountain \'iew, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The limestone is hauled by wagon to Mountain View, where it is shipped by rail, at the rate of oO to 60 tons per day during the dry season, to the sugar factory at Alviso, where it is burned into quick- lime and used in the factory. The quarry has been in operation for three years. The limestone is thinly bedded and much shattered, compact to finely crystalline, of a gray to nearlj^ black color, of the variety known as anthraconite; containing considerable organic matter and numerous small veins of white calcite. The strata are highly inclined, the dip being 55° N. 10° E. at the quarry. The limestone contains con- siderable dark gray to black chert, in seams 2 or 8 inches thick and in small irregular lenses. In places the limestone is shaly and contains much clay. In quarrying, the very thin layers break up into pieces too small for use. Hence the waste from the chert, the clay, and the small fragments causes considerable extra expense in the quarrying. The stone, however, when freed from the chert and the shale is said to make a most desirable lime for the use of the sugar-maker. The stone has been quarried in several places. Tlie jiresent work- ings on the east side of the canon near the base of the mountain have a face of about 85 or 36 feet, the upper 10 or 12 feet of which contain much black shale. The limestone extends to the top of the moinitain, several hundred feet above the quarry. The outlines of the limestone area, as that of otlier neighl)oring small ])atelies, are shown on the V . S. Geological Survey Atlas sheet of this region. The stone would make a good i-oad material, as it is already in sm-h small dimensions that there would l»e little expense for further crushing. Los Gates Lime Quarry; .T. W. Taylor, San Francisco, owner. Located on the mountain 2 miles southeast of Los Gatos. Tlierc^ is a good road, all down grade, to Los (Jatos, where tlie stone was hauled and burned LIMESTONE AND LIME — SAXTA CKl/, ('()^^•T^■. 83 in kilns locatt'il ou tlu' hank of the creek in tlic town. 'I'he (Hinrry has heen idle for a nnniher of years. There are tliree quarry openings, exijosing :i total thickness of more than 100 feet of limestone. The rock is in thin layers from a few inches to ;>() inches thick; the strata are more or less crumi)led. The stone occurs in fragments of such small dimensions that no huilding stone could be obtained, but which adapts it to use for macadam or lime burning. The limestone is very compact, fine-grained and quite brittle, with a flinty fracture, and locally contains many tine white calcite veins, also considerable inclusions of chert ('" Hint"), partly in continuous bands and parti}' in irregular lenses. SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. There are extensive beds of limestone northwest of the city of Santa Cruz. Four quarries are now operated in these deposits. The stone is a coarsely crystalline blue, and in places white limestone, much broken and shattered, and is overlaid by a dark brown and in places black adobe clay. In places the limestone appears on the surface through the adobe. The limestone is generally stained yellow and brown on the surface along the fissures by the clay and iron carried down by the percolating waters. With the exception of this surface stain, the stone appears to be a quite pure carbonate of lime. The texture is more variable than in many other localities; part of it is quite coarsely and part of it finely crystalline. The stone has been used to some extent for rubble work in retaining walls and foundations and for macadam in the streets of Santa Cruz, but more of it has been burned into quicklime and shipped to San Francisco and elsewhere, besides that used locally. Henry Cowell Lime and Cement Company, 211 Drumm street, San Francisco. The limekilns are located on the north side of the wagon road about one half mile west of Thurber's. There are three pot-kilns in use. in which the lime is burned with wood, and another stone kiln which is not in use. The lime is packed in barrels at the kilns and hauled by wagon to Santa Cruz, where it is shipped by rail or steamer. Limestone was formerly quarried at the kilns, but at present most of the stone is hauled from a large quarr}^ about half a mile up the caiioiL This (|uarry, covering an acre or more, has a face of about 150 feet. There is a tramway from the (juarry to the kilns, but for some reason this has been abandoned and the stone is hauled to the kilns by wagon. Besides the large (juarry, there are numerous smaller quarry openings along the sides of tiie canon, from which large (juantities of limestone 84 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. have been removed. The stone outcrops in the walls of the canon in many places for more than half a mile al)ove the quarries. It would appear from the outcrop in this canon and at the quarries southeast and west, that a large part of this great peneplain is underlaid by crys- talline limestone. As the adobe covers the surface everywhere except at the quarries and the outcrops along the caiion walls, the total extent of the limestone beds was not determined, but the quarries and outcrop clearly show several very heavy limestone beds, with a general dip to the northwest and separated by beds of schist and granite. The same compan}^ has other kilns and (]uarries in a canon about ILL. No. 32. H. COWELL it CO.'.'-i LLMESTOXK Ql'ARRY, 3i MILKS NORTHWEST OF SANTA CRUZ. 2 miles west of those above mentioned, and about 3^ miles from Santa Cruz. There are three large quarry openings, one of which has been abandoned, and several smaller openings. There are three large pot- kilns in use, in which the lime is burned with wood cut from the neighboring hills. The barrels are made in a cooper shop at the kilns^ and the lime is barreled and hauled by wagon to Santa Cruz for ship- ment. The large (quarry opening has a face of al)out 150 feet of cou)- paratively pure, coarsely crystalline, white and blue limestone, overlaid by a few feet of dark brown adobe, which has washed down the numer- ous cracks, staining the surface of the stone. The next opening imme- diately adjoining the above mentioned on the west has a face of about 50 feet, and contains several pockets of clay. The next large opening LIMESTONE AND LIME — SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. 85 west has been al)andoned and the lower level filled with water and waste material. In the canon walls in the vicinity of these quarries are large exposures of limestone that have not been worked. The ]:)eds are very extensive, and are admirably exposed for quarrying by the deep caiion that has been cut down into them. The strata have a dip west of north, and the underlying rocks are exposed down the canon. Felton, a station on the Narrow Gauge Railway, 6 miles north of Santa Cruz, is the center of an important lime industry. Two separate beds of limestone, having a northeasterly dip and northwesterly strike, ILL No. 33. I X L LLMESTONE QUARRY, FELTON, SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. form bold projecting ridges on the face of the mountainside west and northwest of Felton. Holmes Quarpy; The Holmes Lime Company, 24 Sacramento street, San Francisco, owner. Located on the mountain 2 miles northwest from Felton. The limestone is exposed from the base to the top of the mountain, a height of probably 1000 feet, along the strike, and a quarry face of this height could be obtained if desired. Mica schist occurs in considerable (quantities in the limestone, both as continuous bands from 6 to 10 feet thick and in irregular patches. It is readily separated in the quarrying, and the only serious drawback connected with its occur- rence is the expense in handling it. In some places there will be a 86 STKIC'I'IKAI, AND I N DIS'l'K'I Al , .M A'l'inUA I.S OF CA I.I FOUM A. tliiokness of from oO to (iO feet of limestone free from other rock, while elsewhere from 10 to 20 feet will be followed l)y a layer of schist of nearly equal thickness. The })rincipal workings are at two levels, one about half way u}» the mountain, the other near the to}) of the mountain. There is an incline railway extending from the kilns to the toj) of the mountain, and the stone is transferred from the »|uarries to the kilns on this track by gravity. At present, much of the stone is obtained at the head of the incline, where several openings are Iteing ma gulch. Tl.r. No. -.'A. SANTA Cia/. I.IMKSTONK (M'AUUV, IS MII.KS N. W. OF SANTA (KrZ, There are two (|uarry oj)enings on the mouiitainsiih' a (|U;irter to lialf a mile south of the large (juarry. Part of the stone is shipped in the rough Mocks as it comes from the (juarry, but the greater portion is burned to lime in t h(> ])ot-kilns at the foot of the incline, or in tlie kilns near the town of Felton, to which the stone is run on a tramway. The burning is done with wood ob- tained fi'oni the iieighhoring mountainside. The lime is barreled at the kilns in barrels maot. These (|uarries have been in o])eration fortv years or luore. I X L Quarry; Henry C'owell Lime and Cement Company, "ill Di-umm street. San I'b'ancisco, ownei-. Located about half a mile north of the Ll.MKSTON'K AND MME — SANTA CRUZ COrNTV. 87 Holmes (|uarrv al)ovc nuMitioned. There are three pot-kihis in uae, with a capacity of alxiut "ioO barrels per day. The lime is barreled at the kilns in the barrels made at the works and hauled by wagon to Felton station, al)out 2^ miles. The quarry is at the confluence of two deep canons, with one opening in the steep hill between the two cafions and another opening on the point immediately west. The limestone .stratum at the quarry is nearly vertical, and extends from the base to the top of the mountain, with no covering except a little vegetation in the irregularities of the surface. The present quarry face is about 200 feet, but may increase to 400 feet or more as the quarry is worked back, ILL. No. ?.:>. KILXS AND COOTERAGK OF THE SANTA VRVZ LIMK COMI'ANV. 18 miles NA\'. of Santa Cruz. before any stripping is necessary. The thickness of the stone exposed at the quarry is nearly 300 feet, but the entire bed is probably con- siderably thicker, as the contact with the granite is not shown on either side. The greater comparative durability of the limestone over the granite is shown by the projecting ridges of limestone in the midst of the granite mass, lioth here and at the Holmes quarry. The wood for burning the lime is ol)tained from the hills in the immediate vicinity of the kilns. Santa Cpuz Lime Company; Charles Moore, manager. The quarry of the Santa Cruz Lime Company is about 18 miles northwest of the city of Santa Cruz, and 4 miles inland of the beach. The landing place is 88 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. some distance north of the mouth of Sun Vicente Creek. The quarry is on the west side of a deep canon in the Coast mountains. A little rail- way track is cut into the steep rocky side of the canon, and the stone is carried on small tram-cars about a quarter of a mile north of the quarry to the limekilns. There are two large stack-kilns, which produce from V)0 to 100 barrels of lime each per day, and three pot-kilns in use. A cooper shop is located at the kilns, where the barrels are manufactured. The lime is barreled as it is drawn from the kilns and then hauled by wagon 44 miles to the beach, where it is loaded on boats and shipped by water to San Francisco and points along the coast. The quarry has been in operation about five years and produces about 800 barrels of lime per day. The stone is a coarsely crystalline blue limestone, similar to that at the other quarries in the Santa Cruz region. It is nuich l)roken and shattered and comes from the quarry in large, irregular blocks, which are broken up by blasting and by sledges into pieces small enough for the kiln. The present quarry face is nearly 100 feet high. The com- pany is now starting a new opening on the upper side of the road, much nearer to the kilns. The limestone occurs here in great abundance and outcrops in a num- ber of places in the canon. In the vicinity of the quarry there is a heavy growth of redwood and other trees, which are being cut to fur- nish wood to burn the lime and make barrels. Thurber Quappy; S. L. Thurber, 465 Pacific avenue, Santa Cruz, owner. The quarry is located 10 miles northwest of Santa Cruz, and is worked through a large, irregular, shallow cut. (See Macadam.) SHASTA COLnSTTY. In the western half of Shasta County limestone is found mainly in three almost parallel belts, having a general north and south direction. (See also on this subject: J. S. Diller, U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletins No. 196, p. 64, No. 213, p. 365, and No. 225, p. 176, and American Journal Science, 4th Series, Vol. 15, pp. 342 et secj.; J. S. Diller. Ch. Schuchert, American Journal of Science, 3d Series, \o\. 47, pp. 417 etseq.; H. W. Fairbanks, Xlth Annual Report, California State Min- ing Bureau, p. 48, and Xllth ibid., p. 395; American Geologist, Vol. 14, p. 26; Prof. James Perrin Smith, Journal of Geology, Vol. 2, p. 592.) The most eastern belt, Triassic limestone, is found on Cedar Creek, east of the Afterthought mine, in the southern portion of T. 34 N., R. 1 and 2 W. A su])ordinate exposure is found on the east slope of Bear Mountain, in the northeastern part of T. 33 N., R. 3 W., north of Pit River, the Triassic limestone forms Brock Mountain and may be traced LIMESTONE AND LIME — SHASTA COUNTY. 89 for several miles, crossing Squaw Creek. This limestone has been referred to as the Hosselkus limestone beds, belonging to the Upper Trias. It is an extensive exposure, and shows a great thickness of limestone, covering Sees. 7 and 8, T. 34 N., R. 2 W. The lower part has a dark gray color, is rather thinly bedded, and is cut by numerous seams of calcite; while the upper portion is more massive, contains less calcite seams, and has a lighter gray color. The limestone con- tains many fossils. Limestone is quarried from the lower or thin-bedded portion of this deposit for use as furnace flux at the Bully Hill copper smelter. The quarry is worked by hand-drilling. ILL No 3fi. McCLOUD LIMESTONE BLUFFS, FROM U. S. FISHERIES, SHASTA COUNTY. The analysis of this limestone as given by Mr. J. B. Keating, general superintendent of the Bully Hill mine, is: CaO, 52 per cent; SiOg, o.o per cent; organic, 1.5 per cent. Mr. Diller, in Bulletin No. 225, U. S. Geological Survey, page 187, remarks that the lower beds probably contain some clay. He suggests that this limestone might be suitable for the manufacture of hydraulic cement, mixed with the Tuscan tuffs found on Stillwater and east of Millville. Judging by its appearance, however, its value for the pro- duction of lime appears doubtful. About 6 or 7 miles west of this belt of Triassic limestone a prominent belt of Carboniferous limestone occurs, in places showing a thickness of 90 STRITCTIK'AI, AXD IXDrSTHFAl, MATIOKIAl.S OF rAT.IFdRNIA. 2000 feet. The most southern exposure of this l)elt is near Lilienthal, in Sec. 26. T. 88 N., \l. 4 \V. From there it ean 1)6 traced along Kanoheria Cicek to tlie (irey Rocks, soutli of I'it River, in tlie north- eastern pari of '\\ 83 N., R. 4 \V. North of IMt River and east of McCloud River it forms the MeCloud lihiffs ( photograjjh hy ('apt. Lambson and Sketch D, 111. No. 37), and can be traced north as far as Grizzdy Peak, on the divide between McC'loud River and Kosk Creek, in Siskivou County. Wherever stratitication can be observed in the linu'stone it shows a northwesterly dip. In places the limestone is highly metamorphosed. The limestone in this belt has as yet not been used foi- burning lime. Some was ([uarried near Potter's Creek, in Sec. 24, T. 34 N., R. 4 \V., and used for hux at the Bully Hill smelter. Its analysis as given by Mr. J. B. Keating is: lime, 54.5 per cent; insolul)le, 3 per cent. West of this belt, between the McCloud and Sacramento rivers, are sporadic limestone exposures, indicating a limestone belt intermediate between the Carboniferous McCloud limestone and the Devonian lime- stone west thereof. Where examined the limestone has a dark gray color. The most western belt of limestone in Shasta County is of Devonian age. It crops out in isolated patches along the eastern slope of the range dividing the Klamath and Sacramento river drainage. In the northern part of the county, in T. 37 N., R. 4 W., the same limestone belt crops out on Hazel Creek and Soda Creek, east of the Sacramento River. The limestone in this belt is more compact and has a more l)luish gray tint than the Carboniferous limestone; occasionally seams tilled with large calcite crystals are found. The limestone is of uneven quality; in places it is very good, showing on the fracture a very tine- grained, very light gray or whitish material, and when burned produces very nearly pure lime. In other places, it is somewhat impure, show- ing dark gray spots, burning to lime of a less pure grade. The lime- stone lies generally in contact with shales, although most of the country rock surrounding the deposits on Backbone Creek is of igneous charac- ter. In the new quarry of Holt ct (iregg on the south side of the divide between the two Backbone creeks, in Section 34, the relation of the limestone, the underlying shales, and intrusive diorite can be seen. (Section on Sketch D.) The limestone deposits in Sec. 22, T. 84 N., R. 5 W., are owned by the Alta Lime and lirick Company, Redding. This company started opera- tions about .January 1, 1904, and is building a road from its limekihi in Section 24, same townshij), near the railroad, to the mine. The lime- kiln is under construction, and will have a ca])acity of 8 tons ])cr twenty- four hours. Tlie limestone in Sec. .".I, T. 31 N., R. •') W., Dr. Th. R. lleintz, Red- LIMESTONE AND T.IME — SHASTA COUNTY. 91 ding, owntT, forms a i)roiiiinent Muff on tlie north side of C'lear ('reek, from 60 to 70 feet high and 300 feet long. The limestone can he traced farther \\\) the hill to about 110 feet above its lowest exposure, where it is overlaid by black shales. Mr. J. S. Diller (Bulletin U. 8. Geological Survey, No. 21o, page 865) classified this limestone as Devonian. There is a small outcrop of the same limestone just opposite on the south side of Clear Creek. The remnants of an old limekiln are found at the foot of the bluffs; formerly a great amount of lime was burned here and was shipped as far as Colusa. The deposit in Sees. 28 and 34, T. 34 N., R. 5 \V., Holt c^' Gregg, Red- ding, owners, was formerly quarried on the north side, on the Big Back- ILL. No. :17. SKKTCH D, SHASTA COUNTY. bone side (see Sketch D), and burned in kilns in Section 34, in Big Backbone Caiion. The new quarry is on the south slope toward Little Backbone and the kilns at Kennett. The quarry is worked by hand- drilling; the blocks are sledged down to pieces from 12 inches to 4 inches; pieces l)elow 4 inches are thrown over the dump. At the kiln the stone is further l)roken to pieces running from 6 inches to 3 inches. The kilns are modified patent shaft kilns, with iron sheeting, having a ca}>acity of 7i tons of lime per twentv-four hours, using wood as fuel. The lime is used all over northern California. The deposit in the S. E. i of Sec. 32, T. 34 X., R. 5 \V., Mountain Copper Company, Keswick, owner, was quarried some years ago, and used for flux in the smelter at Keswick. 92 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OP CALIFORNLY. SIERRA COUNTY. Three distinct ledges of limestone occur in the central part of the county, between Downieville and Sierra City. The first is encountered about 3 miles east and northeast of Downieville, extending from Sec. 18, T. 20 N., R. 10 K., in a southwestern course through Sees. 19, 30. 32, T. 20 N., R. 11 E.; the second, 2 miles farther east, has a north and south course through the W. i of Sec. 27, T. 20 N., R. 11 E.; the third is between Loganville and Sierra City, extending in a southeasterly course from the center of Sec. 30, through Sec. 29 and into Sec. 82, T. 20 N., R. 12 E. This last named is the most important of the three ledges in point of ijuality. In Noveml)er, 1904, lime was being burned from the limestone taken from this ledge for structural use in the con- struction of a cyanide plant for the Sierra Buttes mine. Thirty years ago lime was burned from the limestone taken from the ledge nearest Downieville. SISKIYOU COUNTY. Limestone is found in Siskiyou County in great abundance, not only in l)elts of large, disconnected exposures, some of which are very exten- sive, but also in small patches scattered between other formations, especially the schists. Sometimes it has the laminated structure of the schists to such a degree that a superficial examination of hand speci- mens does not disclose their mineral character. One belt of limestone runs from a little west of Etna in a general northwesterly direction, along the eastern slope of the Salmon Moun- tains, forming farther north part of the Marble Mountains, and of the Grider Mountains, showing north of the Klamath River on Thompson Creek and running farther north into Oregon. The limestone of this belt is nearlv all altered into marble, and is described under that head- ing. In the other limestone belts of this county the alteration has not l)een so complete, although marble is found in nearly all the limestone deposits. East of Scott River there are a number of separate exposures of lime- stone, some of which are here mentioned. As, so far as known, no positive data regarding the age of these limestones have been ascer- tained, it is not possible to state whether they all belong to one belt or not. Farmington Quarry, in Sec. 7, T. 40 N., R. 8 W.; S. Farmington, Callahan, owner. The limestone was burned in a rock kiln. The lime was used in the neighl)orhood and marketed as far as Yreka (over 40 miles distant) and in Trinity County. It is claimed to have been of very good quality. The kiln liasnot been used since the fall of 1908. LIMESTONE AND LIME — SISKIYOU, SONOMzV. 93 The limestone is of a \evy dark bluish-gray color, and is traversed l)y a great number of thin veins of calcite; it is very even and fine-grained. The general trend of the limestone belt is nearly north and south; it is about 200 feet wide, and cut by several dikes of basic igneous rock, not over 10 feet wide, having a similar strike, which, however, have not altered the limestone. Greenhopn Quarry, in the southwestern part of T. 45 N., R. 7 W. ; L. E. Gilbert, Yreka, owner. A ridge of limestone, on the north side of the Greenhorn, from which lime was burned occasionally, and used in Yreka. The last lime was burned in 1902. Ore Fine Quappy, in Sec. 19, T. 43 N., R. 9 W.; L. C. Wilson, Etna, owner. A small detached exposure of limestone, about 200 feet wide, having a length of about a quarter of a mile on its east and west strike. The limestone lies in the basic igneous rocks of which the Oro Fino Mountains consist, and is altered into a very fine and even-grained pure limerock of a very light gray color. It is rather thinl}'- bedded and dips nearly vertical. This rock is burned in a small rock kiln, producing a good quality of lime, used in Scott Valley and in Yreka. The kiln was used in the fall of 1904. Harris Brothers of Greenview liave a ten years' lease on the property. Quigley Quappy, in Sec. 2, T. 46 N., R. 9 W.; W. Quigley, Walker P. 0., owner. North of the Klamath River a bluff of limestone about 50 feet high rises above the surrounding serpentine, from which in former years some lime was burned. SONOMA COUNTY. Sonoma County Lime Company's Plant, in T. 11 N., R. 9 W., on L. S. Black's ranch; A. H. Ingham, 525 Seventh street, Santa Rosa, owner. The quarry is 6 miles northeast of Geyserville, on the Little Sulphur Creek. It was first opened in 1884, and reopened in April, 1901. The rock is a hard, compact, drab-colored limestone, with pure white streaks of micro-crystalline limestone through the mass An analysis of the rock shows the following: Carbonate of lime-. 95.20 Silica 1.27 Peroxide of iron and alumina 0.43 Oxide of manganese -. U.IX Magnesia and loss 1.32 Water l.«0 Total 100.00 The deposit occurs in the form of a boulder 150 feet long, 70 feet wide, and outcropping 30 feet above the inclosing rock, which is a chert. It is burned at the quarry in a continuous kiln, with a capacity of 50 !>4 STRUCTIWAl, AND IXDUSTRIAL MATKHIAl.S OF CALIFORNIA. barrels a tlay. Wood is ustnl as fuel. An abuiuhiiit sui>i)ly of live oak occurs in the ininiediate vicinity of the kiln. The ])lant is worked exten- sively during the summer, but is idle during the rainy season, because, with the present condition of the roads, it is too expensive to liaul the lime to (Tcyserville for shipment. TRINITY COUNTY. Limestone is found in man}- places in Trinity County. There are: (1) A belt of Devonian limestone, showing in separate lenses for over 100 miles, running about parallel with the South Fork of Trinity River from its source to Hoopa Valley, for the most part intimatel}" associated with igneous rocks; (2) A parallel belt of Devonian limestone running to the northeast of the preceding; and (3) A belt of Carboniferous limestone, entering Trinity County from the southeast near the Hall City mine, in the northeast corner of T. 29 N., R. 10 W'., M. D. M., running northwest along the Hayfork River, disappearing north of Hayfork and showing farther north on New River, near Patterson's. (See .1. S. Diller, Amer- ican Journal of Science, 4th Series, Vol. lo, pp. 342 et see}.) Northeast of these belts numerous limestone exposures are found. The great amount of metamorphism in Trinity County has altered much of the limestone into marble. On Brown Mountain, in Sec. 21, T. 33 N., R. 9 W., M. D. .M.. owned by the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, is a belt of limestone having a nearly north and south trend. It was quarried years ago, and burned in a limekiln of which the remnants are still visible. The lime was used in the piers of the bridge formerly crossing Trinity River at Low- den's and in the masonry of the courthouse at Weaverville. The lime- stone is coarsely crystalline. The quarry excavations are shallow and caved in, and it is impossible to determine the size, dip, or bedding of the limestone. At the head of Oregon Guleh, in Sec. 3, T. 33 N., K. 10 \V.. M. D. M., there is a body of limestone from which in ISoi; lime was liurned. wliieli was used in several buildings in Weaverville. In the vicinity of Hayfork, in T. 31 X., R. 11 W., M. D. M. (unsur- veyed), are found several detached exposures of limestone, which are typical of similar exposures through the county. TULARE COUNTY. Lemon Cove Lime Quarry, in Sec. 35, T. 17 S., IL 27 Iv This small (piarry lies lA miles north of Lemon Cove (formerly l>iniekiln ). The stone is a white, coarsely crystalline calcite, and occurs in an irreg- ular ))()cket formal ion. The limestone extends for about 40 feet across MARBLE. 95 the face, with perpendicuhir side walls of clay shale. A dike of slaty schistose material, 4 feet in width, extends diagonally across the present face of the quarry. The stone was trammed ahout 100 yards to the intermittent open tield kilns, two of which have double draws and one is a. single draw. Willow wood cut in a nearby creek furnished fuel- The })lant has been idle for the past two years. TUOLUMNE COUNTY. G. Engler Lime Company, in !?ec. 27, T. 2 N., R. 14 E.; G. Englcr, Sonora, owner. This plant is located about 2^ miles north of Sonora, near Shaw's Flat, and supplies a local demand for lime. The stone is quarried from the numerous outcrops, exposed l)y the early placer workings, which extend for several miles through this district. The rock is burned in two intermittent tield kilns, of about 400 Ijarrels capacity. Wood is used for fuel. MARBLE. jNIarble is a metamorphic, crystalline limestone, distinguished from other limestones principally by its adaptability to receive a polish. It is used as an ornamental building stone, also for decorative and monu- ment piu'poses. The production of marble in California, as indicated below, is not very large, but a study of the deposits in the State justifies the conclu- sion that more deposits could be opened, and the ones already opened could be operated more extensively. Large quantities of marble are shipped into California from Vermont, Georgia, Tennessee, and Italy, which indicates a demand greater than the supply, a demand that could and should be met, in a large measure, from the home (juarries. So far as observed, California produces no bright-colored marl)les that could replace the red Tennessee and red Vermont variegated mar- bles for interior decoration; but there is a sufficient sup})ly of white, clouded, and colored marbles and onyx marble to more than supply the home demand. Some of the limestone and marble deposits of California are shattered and have many cracks and seams, and in some cases poor judgment has been used in (juarrying and in selecting some of the marble that has been put on the market. Besides, the use of heavy charges of powder will cause seams and cracks in the marble, however sound the 96 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. stone may have been at first. All these reasons have to some extent been detrimental to the general impression regarding the marble resources of the State. The published reports for 1904 show that marble was produced in five different counties in California, but good marble is known to exist in several other localities where it is not quarried. MARBLE PRODUCTION IN CALIFORNIA IN 1904. Cubic Feet. Value. Amador County .__ i 4,785 $6,5.58 InyoCounty.- 3,U00 3,00U Riverside County 5,000 2,.500 San Bernardino County ..- 31,11H .53,400 Tuoluuine County 11,5(K) 28,750 Totals. _ 55,401 .$94,208 REFERENCES ON CALIFORNIA MARBLES. 1. Eleventh Census Report on Mineral Industries, p. 626, Wash- in ston, D. C. 2. Tenth Report of State Mineralogist, California, p. 584. 8. Eleventh Report of State Mineralogist, California, pp. 312, 363, 506. 4. Twelfth Report of State Mineralogist, California, pp. 391-96. 5. Thirteenth Report of State Mineralogist, California, pp. 627-633. 6. Mineral Industry, N. Y., Vol. VIII, 1899. 7. Annual l»ei)()rt of Arkansas Geological Survey, 1890, Vol. IV, p. 175. S. California Marlde, Stone, Vol. VIII, p. 254. 9. California Marble, Stone, Vol. XXI, 1903, p. 28. Onyx Marbles of Califopnia : 1. Tenth Report of State Mineralogist, California, p. 584. 2. Twelfth Report of State Mineralogist, California, p. 403. 3. Thirteenth Report of State Mineralogist, California, p. 641. 4. Bulletin No. 37, State Mining Bureau. 5. Twentieth Annual Report of U. S. Geological Survey, Pt. VI cont., p. 287. 6. Stone, N. Y., November, 1898. 7. The Tenth Census, Vol. X. AMADOR COUNTY. Amador Marble Quarry; 1). E. Collins, California Bank, Oakland, president. Idle for the last few years. The marble was used for mon- ument and building purposes. Carrara Marble Quarry; C. Dondero, room 617, 456 Montgomery street, San Francisco. The quarry is located in Sec. 29, T. 7 N., R. 12 E., MARBLE — A^rAnOR COUNTY. 91 M. D. M. The principal product is white marble with black streaks; also white and ash-colored marbles are available. Used in rotunda of City Hall, and entrance to Native Sons' Building, San Francisco; also in rotunda of Museum Building, Stanford University. Oleta Quappy, M. Zwischenbach, owner. Two and a half miles east of Plymouth, on the south side of the Oleta-Plymouth stage road, is a marble quarry, now idle, which some years ago was worked as the demand required. The marble occurs in a heavy ledge, about 100 feet thick, lying in the midst of blue schists. There is a small parallel bed ILL. No. 3S. OLETA MARBLE QTARRY, PLYMOUTH, AMADOR COUNTY. of marble, about 10 feet thick, 100 feet west of the quarry, and several heavier beds east of the quarry, probably 200 feet or more of marble in all. The quarry has been opened more than two thirds of the way down the steep slope on the north side of the canon about 200 feet below the Oleta road. The quarry face is a little over 100 feet in height and about 100 feet wide. The stone is a light gray and blue clouded marble. It has a medium-fine grain, and is comparatively pure and free from foreign material. Blocks 6, 8, and 10 feet long, and in one place nearly 30 feet long, and from 4 to 10 feet thick, are obtainable. If the smaller blocks could be worked into tiling, mosaic, marl)le dust, etc., the waste would not be excessive. 7— Buj.. 38 98 STRUCTURAL AND IXnUSTRIAL :MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. BUTTE COUNTY. Marble of blue, black, and white varieties occurs in Butte County. No commercial production has been essayed. Big Bend Marble Quarry, in Sec. 32, T. 22 N., R. 5 E., M. 1). M.; John A. Clark, Yankee Hill, owner. Two ledges of limestone marble occur in the Big Bend of the North Fork of Feather River. The main ledge is a blue limestone, striking northwest and crossing the river; it is exposed 1200 feet south of the river, and extends southeast about 2000 feet. It has been prospected by an open cut from 20 to 50 feet wide. Northeast of this exposure occurs a ledge of white marble of fair quality. More attention has been given to the development of the blue ledge, from which samples have been shown to sustain a high polish. Marble Creek. —In Sec. 10, T. 22 N., R. 6 E., M. D. M., a heavy crop- ping of white marble occurs on the west bank of Marble Creek, crossing the creek on its northwest and southeast strike. Some local use has been made of the marble in interior structural work. Mooretown Marble. -Sec. 24, T. 20 N., R. 6 E., M. D. M.; Golden West Mining Company; R. M. Green, Oroville. A ledge of white marble is exposed on the north side of Sucker Run Creek for about 40 feet above the surface of the stream and from 20 to 30 feet wide. The north extension of the ledge was traced for about 100 feet. Pentz Marble.— In N. W. i of Sec. 8, T. 21 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M.; J. G. Curtis, Pentz, owner. Several years ago ]\Ir. Curtis burned lime from this deposit. A handsome black mottled marble slab 4 feet long, 1 foot wide, and 4 inches thick, from this quarry has been exhibited in San Francisco and Oroville as a demonstration of the value of tlie limestone for marble, but no extensive quarrying for marble has been done. The ledge extends for a mile northwest and soutlieast through the center of Section 8, and is exposed for a width of 300 feet. CALAVERAS COUNTY. White, gray, and banded marble is found in many places in Cala- veras County, but is not quarried. The l)elt passes from Tuolumne County northward through Calaveras County, and is found near Valle- cito, Mur))hys, and Cave City. (See also Xllth Rei)ort of California State Mining Bureau, page 391.) Caldwell Marble Quarry, in Sec. 35, T. 4 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M.; Ed- ward .J. Caldwell, Valley Springs, owner. Located about 4 miles south- east of Valley Springs, on Bear Mountain. The specimen in the Mining Jkireau museum shows it to be a dark variegated limestone,. MARBLE - CALAVERAS, GLENN, INYO. 99 capable of receiving a high polish. No marble has been shipped, merely development work having been done. Heptzig Marble Quarry, in Sec. 29, T. 4 N., R. 12 E., M. D. M.; M. Hertzig, San iVndreas, owner. A compact, gray building marble. Treat Marble Quarry, in Sec. 16, T. 14 N., R. 12 E., M. D. M.; J. F. Treat, Sr., San Andreas, owner. Located l:r miles east of San Andreas. The quarry lies on the hillside, and the marble is very easily quarried. The stone was used in erecting the Hall of Records in San Andreas. It is a very compact, finely crystalline marble, and both white and variegated varieties are available. GLENN COUNTY. Alexander Brown, Oakland. In the northwest corner of T. 18 N., R. 6 W., a cropping of a ledge of serpentine is exposed. The material has the texture, solidity, and luster requisite to the production of a good quality of serpentine marble. No prospecting or development work. H. A. Daniels, Stonyford, Colusa County; Sec. 21, T. 18 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M. Several years ago a ledge of marble of the white or alabaster limestone variety was prospected by W. H. Wilton of San Francisco, to a distance of about 40 feet into the exposure. The ledge may be traced for about a mile north and south along the east side of Stony Creek. INYO COUNTY. Inyo Marble Company; M. J. McDonald, Mills Building, San Francisco, president. The quarries are situated at the base of the Inyo range, between Keeler and Lone Pine. They are scattered along the base of the range for several miles, but the point at which most of the work has been done is about 5 miles north of Keeler. The marble from these quarries is a dolomite, is generally fine-grained and quite hard, takes a good polish, and is a durable and handsome stone. A specimen of the pure white dolomite was analyzed, with the following results: carbonate of lime, 54.25 per cent; carbonate of magnesia, 44.45 per cent; iron and silica (clay), 0.60 per cent. A little south of the original quarry face a bed of fancy and variegated marble was opened. It is mottled (white, yellow, gray, and black), and is penetrated by beautiful dendritic markings of manganese. The white quarries furnish any desired size of blocks; pieces of from 15 to 18 tons weight have been obtained. There is a quarry of beautiful yellow marble about half a mile north of the main workings. A deposit of black marble is utilized for floor tilings. The company ships the rough-dressed marl)le to its 100 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OF CALIFORNIA. mills on the Truckee River, 18 miles west of Reno, where it is sawed and dressed ready for shipment. This company furnished the stone for the Mills Building, both inside and out, and many other buildings in San Francisco. KERN COUNTY. Antelope Valley Marble Quarry, in Sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 17 W., S. B. M.; Soutliern California Marble Company, J. T. Houx, Call Building, San Francisco, owner. Near Neenach, on the south slope of the Tehachapi range. A large body of fine-grained marble, consisting of a number of beds of various colors, dipping at an angle of about 35 degrees into the mountain. In the quarry is found white marble with reddish-brown veins, and with heavy blue veins. This marble has been used in the Stimson Block, Los Angeles, in the Spreckels band stand. Golden Gate Park, and Goldberg & Bowen's store, Sutter street, San Francisco, etc. (See also Xlllth Report of California State Mining Bureau, p. 629.) This quarry has been idle for the past two years. MARIPOSA COUNTY. A belt of crystalline limestone, some of which would make handsome structural and ornamental marble, occurs on the south side of the South Fork of Merced River, near Hite's Cove, where it is exposed on the grade road. No effort has ever been made to develop it. NEVADA COUNTY, Marble, though at present not productive, is a prospective industry in Nevada County. There are two distinct occurrences of marble in the county, which have been prospected in a small way. Bear River. — In Sec. 22, T. 15 N., R. 9 E., marble occurs near Bear River, the dividing line between Nevada and Placer counties. This exposure, which is prominent, is an apparent extension of the large bodies of marble in Section 35, same township and range, on the Placer County side of Bear River. These ledges extend north and south. South Yuba.— In Sees. 13 and 18, T. 17 N., R. 9 E., J. C. Martens, W. Calenberger, W. C. Harmon and A. L. Martens, of North Bloomfield, made locations in 1894. The marble ledge is exposed in the bed and on the banks of the South Yuba River at elevations of from 1000 to 2000 feet, with croppings at still higher points, having a northwest and southeast course. Lesser occurrences of limestone are found some 4 or 5 miles farther west and downstream, from which lime was burned five or six years ago, but from which no marble has been quarried. These marble deposits are situate about 15 miles northeast of Nevada City, by wagon road. MARBLE— PLACER, PLUMAS. 101 PLACER COUNTY. Marble occurs in Placer County in several localities. Auburn Quarry, in Sec. 14, T. 12 N., R. 8 E.; W. S. Davis, Auburn, owner. A .somewbat shattered white marble, although masses of con- siderable size have been t|uarried. It is exposed for a height of about 25 feet, over a distance of about 100 feet. Holmes Lime Company's Quappy, in Sec. 33, T. 15 X., R. 9 E.; Holmes Lime Company, San Francisco, owner. (See Limestone.) Thirty-five years ago marble was sawed and polished from this limestone ledge by a man named Pritchard, ^vho made the marble columns for the entrance way to the Xapa Insane Asylum and tiling for the floor of the San Francisco branch mint building. Hotallng Quappy, in Sec. 16, T. 13 N., R. 8 E. White marble occurs near Hotaling, 5 miles north from Clipper Gap. It has been used only as flux for the smelting of iron by the California Iron and Lime Com- pany. John MeAnineh. — A deposit of verde antique marble is reported near the Butcher Ranch, on land owned by John McAninch. Vepde Antique.— In Sec. 1, T. 13 X., R. 9 E.; Mr. Dunning, Oakland, owner; about 16 miles northeast from Auburn. The serpentine marble, or verde antique, is exposed for 100 feet or more in height and between 400 and 500 feet wide, on the northerly slope of the hill that looks down upon the American River. The deposit is not extensive east and w^est, and appears to be a series of ledges. Some prospecting has been done, and small pieces of ornamental design have been polished b}' Joseph Boleres of Forest Hill. It is a beautiful stone, green and blue in color, and if found compact in sufficiently large masses would prove a prof- itable property. PLUMAS COUNTY. There are large bodies of marble in the southwestern part of Plumas County. Marble Cone is a great mountain of marble situated in Sec. 8, T. 22 X., R. 8 E., on the south side of Middle Feather River. Marble ledges also occur on the north side of the river, in Sections 5, 6, and 7. This ground is unsurveyed. Locations were made some twelve years ago by Judge C. E. McLaughlin of Quincy, James Jones of La Porte, and others, and samples of the marble were polished, presenting a handsome face and evidence of fine quality; but the locations were abandoned, owing to failure of the extension westward of the Beckwith Pass Railwav. 102 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. RIVERSIDE COUNTY. Sky Blue Marble and Onyx Company's Quarry, in Sees. 2 and 3, T. 2 S., R. o W.,S. B. M.; E. \V. Tucker, Eightli and Walnut streets, Riverside, manager. (For description of quarry, sec Tjimestone, page 75.) This limestone takes an admirable polish, with a dark blue color, making a very desirable material for ornamental purposes, and for trimming with lighter colored marbles. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Nearly all the limestone found in San Bernardino County may be classified as marble. In many quarries the material is used both for burning lime and for building and monument purposes. J. D. Aekerman, 602 Commercial street, San Francisco, and J. Seheerep, San Bernardino, have located a deposit of white crystalline limestone in Sees. 23, 24, 25, 26 and 35, T. 6 N., 11. 4 W., S. B. M., about ?A miles northeast of Victor ville. Barstow Lime Quarry, C. M. LeStrange, Barstow, owner, 3 miles north- west of Barstow. The material is stated to be a fairly good marble. Not in operation. Black Hawk Mountains, 30 miles east of Victorville, contain white marble of excellent quality. Not worked. (See Xlllth Report of California State Mining Bureavi, p. 630.) Bonanza King Quarry, in T. 10 N., R. 3 W'., S. B. M., 1 mile north of Hinkley, on the Santa Fe Railway. Claimed to be very pure limestone. Cadiz.— On the north side of the Santa Fe Railway, extending from near Cadiz to Bengal, is a range of limestone hills, in which large deposits of marble are said to occur. Specimens said to have come from near Cadiz show a handsome variegated, dark-colored, nearly black marble, not often found on the American market. Lighter- colored marbles are said to occur in the same region. A brief descrip- tion of this marble area is given in the Mining Review, Los Angeles, •Inly, 1904. California Portland Cement Company, 401 Trust Building, Los Angeles, owns several quarries on Slover Mountain, near Colton, as follows: (1) Colton Cement Works Quarry. (See Lime and Limestone, and chapter on Cement.) (2) Crusher Plant Quarry, on the northwest corner of the mountain, about 200 yards from the cement works. The limestone is similar to that in the (quarry of the Colton Cement Works, only the inclusions of MARBLE — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. 103 hornblendic rock are larger. The rock is crushed in a spindle crusher to a size about 2 inches in dianieter, and is used for concrete. (3) Marble Dust Quarry and Plant, on the west side of the mountain. The limestone is purer, without inclusions of the hornblendic material. The rock is broken down by hand in the quarry, then crushed in a Potts crusher to ^ inch in size, from which it passes through a 30-inch Sturtevant mill, and then through four screens. The grit is used for coating tar roofing paper; the finer material passes through a 36-inch ILL. No. 311. MARBLE MILL AND YARD, COLTON, SAN BERNARDINO COTNTY. Sturtevant mill, where it is ground to an impalpable dust. This mate- rial is used as mixture with asphalt for street paving. (4) Colton Marble Works are leased by the California Portland Cement Company to the Colton Marble Company, W. A. Berrin, Colton. They are located on the south side of Slover Mountain, and use marble from two quarries. The lower quarry, al)out 30 feet above the Avorks, is the larger. The dark bluish-gray limestone dips at a slight angle, not over 10 degrees, northwesterly. In the upper quarry, 160 feet above the works, the limestone has a very light color. The beds are from 5 to 7 feet thick. The rock is broken down by hand-drilling, the holes having the depth of the beds, with about 5 feet face, blasting being done with black powder. The marble is principally used for ornamental 104 STRUCTURAL AND INDITSTKIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNLV. building purposes, but some monument work is turned out. It has been used in the Academy of Seiences, Crossley, and Uialto buildings, San Francisco, in the latter being trimmed witli the verde antique marble (see Mojave Consolidated Development Company); also in the Lankershim Hotel, Los Angeles, and will be used in the new Bishop Building, San Francisco. It is mostly cut to 1-inch stock. The ]»lant is equipped with six gang-saws, one 14-foot ribbing bed, two jiolishing machines, one counter sinking machine, one tile machine, and one machine for cutting plumber's slabs, etc. Power is furnished by a ILL No. 40. COLTON MAKBLK CiUAKKY, COLTOX, SAX HKRXAKDIXO (orNTY. 100-horsepower 1)oiler using oil as fuel, one 50-horsepower steam engine, and one 50-horsepower electric engine. J, B. Cook, 209 Laughlin Building, and L. A. Porter, Figueroa and Twenty-tirst streets, Los Angeles, own a deposit of white marble in Sec. 33, T. 10 N., U. 2 W., S. B. M., west of and near Barstow, having a northwesterly course, dipping steei)ly northeast, and stated to have an outcrop over 100 feet wide and to be three fourths of a mile long. Little develojjment work has been done on tiiis deposit. M. L. Cook, San Bernardino, and J. B. Devore, i'uilninn Building, Chicago, own a small l)ody of crystalline, llinty limestone in T. 2 N., R. 5 W., S. ]i. M., west of Cable Canon, (i. Wilson of Cohon had a limekiln on this deposit, which is now abandoned. Tliis deposit belongs MARBLE — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. lOf to a series of detached bodies of limestone found along the foothills on the south slope of the San Bernardino range. M. L. Cook, San Bernardino, in Sees. 15, 16, 21, and 22, T. 2 N., R. 5 W., S. B. M., on the north side of Cajon Canon, about 2 miles from the Santa Fo Railroad. A body of limestone similar to that above mentioned. J. Hansom e formerly burned lime on this ground. In Holeomb Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, near Metzger's gold mines, it is stated that a wide reef of white marble is found. ILL. No. 4L MO.IAVE CONSOLIDATED DEVELOPMENT COMPANY'S VERDE ANTIQUE MARBLE QUARRY, VICTORVILLE, SAN BERNARDINO COLNTY. In Lone Pine Canon, Sec. 15, T. 3 N., R. 7 W., S. B. M., near Swartout Valley, is an old limestone quarry and kiln. Unappropriated Govern- ment land. Mojave Consolidated Development Company; J. P. O'Brien, 175 Crocker Building, San Francisco. This company has been organized to operate the marl)le quarries formerly known as the "Gem Quarries" (Alamo Consolidated Marble Company) and the "Verde Antique," in Sec. 28, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., S. B. M. (See IXth Report of State Mining Bureau, p. 363, and Xlllth Report, iJiid., p. 630.) See chapter on Serpentine. Museapabia Land and Water Company, M. S. Severance, San Bernar- dino; Sec. 6, T. 1 N., R. 4 W., S. B. M., in Devil's Canon. A deposit of l(»(i STRITCTUKAL AND INDL'STKIAI. .MATKKIA1>S OF CALIFORNIA. limestone, similar in character to that described above in Cable Canon and Cajon Canon. Lime was also burned here in former years. G. E. Otis, Farmers' Exchange Building, San Bernardino, owns a deposit of rather fine-grained marble, white, blue-veined, and bluish- mottled, in Sec. 12, T. 1 N., R. 6 W., S. B. M. This deposit has an east and west course, is about one eighth of a mile wide, and can be traced for a considerable distance, occasionally interrupted by outcrops of presumably eruptive rocks. W. E. Van Slyke, 716 Fifth street, San Bernardino. In the north- ILL No. 42. MO.IAVK COXSOLIDATEJ) DKVKLOl'MKNT COM I'ANY'S VERDK ANTKJl'K MARBLK (U'ARRY. SAN RERNAKDINO COrNTV. (FROM U MILES DISTANT.) eastern part of T. 1 S., K. 1 E., S. B. .M., at the head of .Mill Creek, is an exposure of marble of various colors, red and mottled blue and white. Stevens Deposit; 1*. H. Greer, 469 Belmont avenue, and J. M. Day, .■U()2 Hobart avenue, Los Angeles; 2^ miles northeast of Barstow. The deposit is claimed to be of considerable extent, of while and ])ure marble, in a schistose country rock. The material is, however, stated to be somewhat shattered. Very little development work. Northwest of N'ictorville, 22 miles west of Northcarap, is stated to be a large reef of white marble about 150 feet wide and 1000 feet long. Unappropriated Government land. A similar reef is stated to exist in the northern i)art of T. 6 N., U. 2 \V., S. B. M., 3 miles south of the Verde Antique marble mines. MARBLE — SAN DIEGO, SHASTA. SISKIYOU. 107 SAN DIEGO COUNTY. San Diego Desert Marble Company owns several claims in T. 16 S., K. 9 E., S. B. M., on the most eastern extremity of the Coyote Mountains, Colorado Desert. Many blocks measuring from 10 to 20 feet in diameter have been taken out, ready for transportation, from two quarries. The marble is fine-grained and exceptionally hard, usually of a gray or black and white color, with strata of pink, yellowish, and reddish marble. Nothing but assessment work has been done. SHASTA COUNTY. In Sec. 3, T. 33 N., R. 4 \V., M. D. M., H. H. Rosemann, Bayha P. 0., has opened up a marble body by an open cut 35 feet long, with a height of 20 feet at breast. The marble is still broken up, but promises to produce a good material in depth. Through it are boulders of arngonite (onyx marble) of various colors. SISKIYOU COUNTY. A belt of marble runs from a little w^est of Etna in a general north- westerly direction along the eastern slope of the Salmon Mountains, forming farther north part of the Marble Mountains, and in the Grider Mountains showing north of the Klamath River on Thompson Creek, and running farther north into Oregon. Marble Mountain, in Sees. 16, 19, 20, and 21, T. 43 N., R. 12 E., H. M.; a very large body of marble is in this belt. It is very circumstantially described by Mr. T. A. Reynolds in his history of Siskiyou County, pages 36 and following. The limestone is metamorphosed, producing all varieties and colors of marble, but principally pure white marble. R. MeDaniels, Etna, owner. In Sec. 6, T. 41 X., R. 9 W., M. D. M., on the road from Etna to Sawyer's Bar, is exposed marble similar to that described in Sec. 32, T. 42 N., R. 9 W., hereinbelow, except that there are more numerous seams of diabase through the marble, and the pure white marble does not occur in such large bodies. Alex. Parker, Jr., Etna, owner. In Sec. 32, T. 42 N., R. 9 W. This marble quarry was formerly worked. The elevation is 4025 feet. The belt is from 100 to 150 feet wide. The marble is heavily bedded; in places it is perfectly white and fine-grained; in other places it carries dark gray veins, with seams of diabase. Some of the marble is pink- colored, carries some iron pyrite, has inclusions of diabase, and is very coarsely crystalline. The workings are not very extensive, but if 108 STRUCTLRAL AND INDUSTRIAL .MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. pushed away from the diabase intrusions will probably, owing to the heavy bedding, show fine bodies of workable marble. Very close to and southeast of Oak Bar, in Sees. 7 and 18, T. 46 N., R. 9 W., on the ridge to the south of the Klamath River, is a small exposure of limestone. The marble is fine-grained, with dark gray seams. No work has been done on this deposit. J. C. Woods, Woods P. O., owner. In the northern part of T. 17 N., R. 8 E., on the east side of Thompson Creek, about 900 feet above the creek, and opposite the head of the Minetta ditch, is a cropping of rather fine-grained marble, having apparently formed the rim of a water- course. No Avork has been done on this deposit to determine the extent of the limestone. SOLANO COUNTY. Pacific Portland Cement Company. — In Sec. 17, T. 5 N., R. 1 W., M. D. M., at Cement (see chapter on Cement, page 185), is a deposit of travertine, through which occur vein-like and pocket-like deposits of a dark brow^n, banded stone — the so-called Suisun marble. Has been used for decorative purposes in San Francisco. TULARE COUNTY. Robert James, Porterville, owner. A deposit of dark gray marble^ claimed to be suitable for building purposes; located 8 miles southeast of Porterville, on the road to the South Tule Indian Reservation. At Three Rivers, 25 miles east of Visalia. is a deposit of a blue-black marble, suitable for burning lime and for building purposes. TUOLUMNE COUNTY. Columbia Marble Company's Quarry, in Sec. 34, T. 3 N., R. 14 E.; Columbia Marble Company, D. Hearfield, manager, Rialto Building, San Francisco. The (juarry and works are located about 2^ miles north of Columbia, about 800 feet above the Stanislaus River. The Stanislaus River has uncovered the marble ledge, showing it to extend for a depth of 800 feet below the present quarry level. This marble strip is 150 feet wide. The (juarry face has been sufficiently opened to allow large (juantities of any desired size of stone to be readily taken out. The pure white and variegated varieties have been developed more especially. The marble is a compact, fine-grained, holocrystalline dolomite, free from iron and Hint, and weighs 182 pounds to the cu])ic foot. It is quarried l)y channeling three sides of a block, and breaking the bottom by the plug-and-feather method. Tlie channeling 5 5 -J. 2; ?3 < X 2; .1 7y -!^ tr" ?% o o o Ph o CO o 1-4 (109) 110 STRUCTUKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIA1>S OF CALIFORNIA. machines and drills are driven by compressed air. The stone is loaded by derrick on to car trucks, which convey it to tlie mill, where six gang- saws (with automatic screw feed) cut it into slabs and panels ready for shipment. The plant includes a 50-horsepower Ingersoll-Sergeant air- compressor. Electric power is used, but a steam boiler and engine are ready for emergencies. The marble is hauled 7^ miles to Sonora by traction engine when the road permits, otherwise by wagon. A 60- horsepower traction engine hauls four cars, each of 10 tons capacity. About a carload is shipped every week the year round. About 800 tons of this stone was used in the Merchants' Exchange Building, on Cali- ILL. No. 45. COLrMBEA MARBLE COMPAXY'S (H'ARRV, TUOLUMNE COUNTY. fornia street, Pan Francisco. The pavements and stairways of the Palace Hotel are also of this marble. YUBA COUNTY. A large marVtle exposure is reported in Sec. 15, T. 19 N., R. 8 E., 8 miles west of north of Camptonville, on the south side of North Yuba River. Another marble exposure is reported in Sec. 9, T 19 N., R. 8 E., on the north side of the North Yuba River. Marlde is reported to occur on Oregon Creek, in Sec. 11, T. 18 N., R. 8 E. ONYX IMARBT.E — SAN LUIS OBISPO COl^NTV. Ill ONYX MARBLE. The term "onyx" signifies a banded variety of quartz, highly prized as an ornamental stone. "Onyx marble" is a commercial and not a scientific term; it covers such calcareous deposits as have the texture and beauty fitting to serve as ornamental stone. The requisite qual- ities are: perfect homogeneity of texture, microcrystalline structure, translucency< and beauty of color. (See Twentieth Annual Report of U. S. Geological Survey, Part VI eont., page 286.) Much of the finest and best onyx marble is composed of aragonite,and some writers limit the term onyx marble to such varieties, but considerable quantities of the onyx marble of commerce are ealcite. Some of the onyx marbles are deposited by hot springs, some by cold springs, and some are cave deposits. The spring deposits are thought by some to furnish a finer grade of onyx than the cave deposits. The finer grades of this stone command fancy prices in the market, and are among the most costly stones used in architectural work. Onyx marble occurs in a number of places in California. Proljably the largest and finest deposit is the Kesseler, described below, which consists of aragonite. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. KesselBP Onyx Deposit, in Sees. 9 and 16, T. 31 S., R. 15 E., M. D. M.; F. A. Kesseler, administrator, 325 Fair Oaks street, San Francisco; 5 miles north of Musick P. 0., and 17 miles northeast of Arroyo Grande, the nearest railwa}' station. A deposit of beautiful onyx marble, dis- covered more than twenty years ago. About 1890, Mr. Kesseler built a wagon road at considerable expense from Musick, and during the 90's it is said that more than 1000 tons were shipped from this quarry. None has been shipped during the past five years, as the estate has been in the probate court. Onyx marble has been quarried at two different points. The main opening lies on the east side of the hill near the head of a small canon, about one mile east of the county road. The opening is about 50 feet long and 20 feet high, and the total thickness exposed is about 15 feet. The onyx marble occurs in somewhat irregular layers, from 1 inch to 8 or 10 inches, and in one place 30 inches in thickness. In places it is banded or variegated, and in some layers it is a white, massive, compact stone. It is true aragonite, and hence has a higher specific gravity than ordinary limestone. The stone is translucent and takes a brilliant polish. On the outcrop it has a yellowish-brown surface stain. In a few places the seams are filled with red hematite, which occasionally impregnates the stone, making bright red blotches or bands. Portions of the stone are banded with a dark green color. In parts of the deposit 112 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OP CALIFORNLV. the stone contains small cavities up to an inch in diameter, which dis- figure the marble, l)ut most of it is solid between the seams. It has been broken out in blocks from 3 to 6 feet square, but blocks with a much larger surface could be obtained by careful quarrying. There are a great many tons of good, sound onyx marble exposed at this point, and the supply beneath the surface is probably considerable, but there is nothing to indicate the depth to which these layers extend. There is a smaller opening on the west side of the hill, about half a mile west of the main opening. At this point the stone is white, with a very faint banding, and occurs in two layers varying from 1 to 6 inches thick, averaging about 3 inches. Onyx marble in irregular masses is also exposed at the mineral spring on the hill between the tw'o quarry openings. In several places aragonite is in process of formation in cavities in the shales and sand- stones through which the mineral water trickles. In several places in the shales there are incrustations of flos ferri, a delicate, coral-like form of aragonite. The onyx marble in this locality" has been formed by the mineralized water that seeps out near the top of the hill and trickles down over the shales and sandstones. The water is now highly charged with sodium chloride and other salts, and during the dry season forms an extensive deposit along the several watercourses that radiate from the high land on w^hich the springs are located. There are several small springs or seeps in this area, from all of which comes a mineral water strong with different salts in solution. The water has been shipped in barrels to some of the hospitals in the State, because of its great curative properties. Many polished specimens of the Kesseler onyx marble are on exhibi- tion in the museum of the California State Mining Bureau and in the Golden Gate Park museum. A chemical analj'^sis of the stone shows it to be fairl}^ pure carbonate of lime. ^ Chemical Analysis of San Luis Obispo County Onyx Marble. Lime carbonate (CaCOa) 93.8H Magnesia carbonate (MgCOj) 1.43 Iron carbonate (FcCOs) 3.93 Manganese carbonate (MnCOj) .06 Lime pbospbate (CajPjOg) 25 This onyx is considered by experts to be superior to any other onyx mined in the world. SISKIYOU COUNTY. Some onyx is occasionally found in the vicinity of Dunsmuir, but only as relatively small boulders; also boulders of aragonite, or onyx marble, generally of a light greenish color, associated with hot springs, which are depositing onyx marble and porous travertine. (See U. S. Geological Survey, Twentieth Annual Report, Pt. VI cont., page 288.) ILL. No. 4ti. AKAGOXITE QUARRY (KESSELER'S OXYX MARBLKj, SAX LUl.S OBISPO CO. ILL. Xo. 47. ARACiOXlTE (.ilAKUV (KESSELER'S OXYX .NLVUliLE), SAX LUIS OHISI'O CO. 8— BUL. 38 (113) 114 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. SONOMA COUNTY. Healdsburg Marble Company's Quarry, in Sec. 31, T. 9 N., R. 11 W.; George Madeira et al., Healdsburg, owners (formerly the (Jray-Madeira onyx claim). Located 1(> miles west of Healdsburg, at the head of (lillam Creek, a tributary of Austin Creek. The aragonite found here is green, and lias tilled a number of parallel lissures in a belt of serpen- tine, which courses northwest and dips 70 degrees. Some specimens show cavities lined with milky chalcedony; others have seams of chalcedony between the crystals of aragonite, so as to give it a banded structure. The inclosing silicified serpentine is most beautifully veined with yellow and brown opal, chalcedony, and jasper. It is very hard and can be had in large blocks, making it a valuable material for table tops and mantels. This claim has never been developed, owing to the distance from a railroad. Besides the above-described localities, onyx marble occurs at the following- points: Gravelly Valley, Mendocino County. Near Bridgeport, Mono County; California Travertine and Onyx Com- pany, San Francisco, owners. Some onyx marl^le has been quarried near Tolenas and Suisun, Solano County. The verde anti(|ue marbles of California are described under Serpen- tine, page 147, which see. SANDSTONE* Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed of sand grains cemented together. The bulk of the rock consists of the grains, which vary con- siderably in size and composition. When the quartz grains are very minute and the cementing material is prominent and of a claj^ey nature, sandstone gradates into shale, and when the size of the grains increases to that of pebbles the rock becomes a conglomerate. (See A. Geikie. Text-book of (ieology, pages 161 and 164.) The l)ulk of the grains in nearly all sandstones consists of quartz. However, a small l)ut variable percentage is composed of other minerals, among the most common of which are feldspar, muscovite, l)iotite, iron oxides, and hornblendes. The revhentiwj substance of sandstone forms a much smaller percent- age of the rock mass than the grains, but it is a much more important part in governing its value as a building stone, since both the color and the strengtii of the sandstone are dependent on the cementing sub- stance. The most connnon cements in sandstones are iron oxide, clay, ILL. No. 4S. VIEW OF ARCHES OP INNER QUADRANGLE, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, BUILT OF SANDSTONE FROM GOODRICH QUARRIES, SANTA CLARA COUNTY. ILL. No. 49. lONE RED SANDSTONE QUARRY, NEAR lONE, AMADOR COUNTY. (115) 116 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ^LVTERL^.LS OP CALIFORNIA. quartz, and calcite; sometimes one only, but frequently two or more of these cements are present. Crystalline quartz cement alone or in excess forms a quartzite metamorphic sandstone, an extremely hard rock and one difficult to work. Calcite cement alone makes a hard rock and one difficult to work. An excess of clay cement forms a stone that crumbles easily in a cold climate. Most of the sandstones that are strong enough for a good building stone and at the same time soft enough to be eco- nomically quarried and dressed, have as cementing substances either iron oxide — the yellow, red, and l^rown sandstones — or clay with a little calcite or silica in addition — -the gray, blue, and buff sandstones. Certain sandstones more nearh^ approach a true fireproof stone than any other class of l)uilding stones. The ease with which sandstones can be worked, together with the variety of pleasing colors, and the fact that in grain and texture they harmonize so well with l)rieks and other stones, makes them one of the most desirable of the l)uilding stones. That California is well supplied with good sandstones for l)uilding purposes is shown on the following pages. SANDSTONE PRODUCTION IN CALIFORNIA FOR 1904. Colusa County i|!290,lK3U Los Angeles County l.S,14.'> Orange County 200 San Bernardino County 2,000 San Luis Obispo County 45,000 Santa Barbara County ._. 3,600 Ventura County 3,500 ■ Yolo County 720 Unapportioned 209,106 Total .$567,181 SANDSTONE PRODUCTION IN CALIFORNIA SINCE 1887. Years. Value. Years. Value. 1887 $175,(X)0 1806 ^2S,37i» 1888 150,000 1897 24,086 1889 175,5!)S 1898 46,3S4 1890 -.. 1(10,000 1899 103,384 1891 100,000 1900 254,140 1892 50,00(1 1901 --- 192,132 1893 26,314 1902_,. 142,50{i 18M... 113,592 liK)3 585,309 1895 .3.5.373 1904 .567,181 Total since 1887 $2,869,.378 ALAMEDA COUNTY. At present all of the sandstone produced in Alameda is used as macadam, rubl)lc, or concrete. Years ago two quarries produced build- ing stone, but they have been abandoned. Altamont Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 28, T. 2 S., R. 3 E.; H. T. Knowles, 80 California street, San Francisco, owner; one quarter of a mile SANDSTONE— ALAMEDA, AMADOR, CALA\^RAS. ] 17 southeast of Altamont station. It was operated until 1888, the princi- pal shipments being to San Francisco, where it was used in the Odd Fellows' cemetery. The stone is a massive, buff-colored sandstone, with occasional hard nodules in face. Fapwell Sandstone Quarry; W'm. Farwell, Berkeley, owner. In liocky Brook Canon, a tributary of Niles Canon. Idle since 1898. The rock is shattered and broken, and much waste resulted in quarrying. Last used in foundation of ^Masonic Home, between Niles and Decoto. AMADOR COUNTY. O'Neal Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 27, T. 5 N., R. 10 E.; Thomas Barnett, Ritchey P. O., owner; about 8 miles south of lone. This red sandstone quarry was opened by David O'Neal about twenty years ago and was worked for a number of years. It has not been quarried for ten years or more. Stone from this quarry was used for the entrance and trimmings of the beautiful Preston School buildings at lone, in the California Bank Building at Sacramento, and in the Chronicle Building at San Francisco. The stone was hauled by wagon to lone, the nearest railway point, from which it was shipped by rail. It has a warm, rich, bright red color, and even, rather fine grain, and works nicely under the hammer. When first quarried it is soft, but hardens on seasoning. The quarry face shows a maximum thickness of from 18 to 20 feet of red sandstone in one massive bed, which lies with a slight dip to the north, and will probably show a greater thickness back from the present quarry face. The sandstone at the north end of the quarry opening is of a quality inferior to that farther south along the face, as it contains many spots and blemishes of the yellow iron oxide. About 100 yards north of the red sandstone quarry, and from 30 to 40 feet higher on the hill, a small opening has been made into a massive snoiv-ichite sandstone. The thickness of this stone exposed in the open- ing is about 10 feet, but the total thickness of the bed is probably much greater. The white sandstone is a beautiful building stone and it is pure and free from iron, so that the waste from the building-stone quarry could all be used in glass or pottery works. CALAVERAS COUNTY. j ' Late Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 23, T. 4 N., R. 10 E.; Miss E. E. Late, Valley Springs, owner. A small quarry has been opened on a bold outcrop, which is plainly visible from the road. The stone is a medium- grained, white sandstone, occurring in thick beds, which have a slight dip to the north and into the hill. The stone in place is fractured and cross-seamed, so that no large dimension stone is visible, but this might ILL Nu .-.0. KOIILHriLDIMJ.roKNKKOFCALIFdRNIA AND MONT(i«)MKRY STREETS, SAN FRANCISCO. RUILT OF COLUSA SANDSTONE. SANDSTONE — COLUSA COUNTY. 119 have resulted fronr careless blasting. The quarry has been idle for many years. The stone was used, rough-hewn, in building the resi- dence of the owner in 1870, and some has been shipped to Stockton and used as a decorative stone in brick buildings. Wildermuth Quarry; Isaac Wildermuth, Valley Springs, owner; about 3 miles northeast of Valley Springs, and about one quarter of a mile east of Campo Seco reservoir. The stone is a soft, coarse-grained, dark- gray sandstone, and is not very compact. It has been used in construct- ing the residences and buildings on the place, but is hardly suitable for large buildings. A quarry was opened years ago on the bold outcrop which occurs near the home, and extends for about 150 feet along the face with a 20-foot elevation. COLUSA COUNTY. A great belt of sandstone and shale extends from the northern boundary of the count}^ for 20 miles to the south; in this belt occur massive ledges of the building stone character for a distance of 8 miles north and south, from Sec. 17, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., to Sec. 8, T. 17 N., R. 4 W., with a width of three fourths of a mile. The first extensive use of this sandstone for the construction of large buildings was in the Union Depot and Ferry Building at the foot of Market street, San Francisco. The most recent is the James Flood Building, at Market and Powell streets, San Francisco. These ledges of sandstone have an average dip of about 50 degrees to the northeast. The beds vary from 18 inches to 18 feet, and average 4 to 6 feet in thickness. In the Colusa Sandstone Company's quarry, one bed measures 35 feet in thickness, which in its southern extension in the McGilvray quarry is 45 feet thick. It is difficult to ascertain the precise length of these ledges, but they have been exposed by the quarrying operations for an unbroken length of 230 feet in each of the two quarries. As to their thickness, they vary from 125 to 225 feet, measuring from the apex to the Hoor of the narrow valley that skirts the westerly side of the series. The quarries are being operated from the easterly side of the series of ledges, driving westerly and northerly. Measured by observations taken through Stone Corral ravine, the opera- tions may extend from one fourth to one half mile westward on the valley floor level, and still be within the series of massive ledges. The stone is blue-gray and buff in color, weathering to light brown; com- pact, and measures 12 cubic feet to the ton, and has an even rift. The blocks are quarried to any desired length and width. Holes are drilled by hand or machine, from 2 to 3 feet apart, 1^ inches in diameter, with a V-shaped half-inch ream on two sides. They are shot by battery. Wadding is placed in each hole 2 or 3 feet below the collar and the ILL. \(). .".1. COLUSA SANDSTONK (il'AKKV. XIICW KKoMSOiril KM > OF QUARRY. (120) y. y. Z o y. Q — i a y. o (121) 122 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. space above tamped with soil. The air in the chamber between the wadding and the bottom of the hole when compressed by the explosion of the powder serves as a force in splitting the rock. Both quarries are operated with steam-power hoists and derricks, and masses measuring 20 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 6 feet thick are handled with ease and quickness. The stone is shipped over the Colusa and Lake Railroad, a narrow-gauge system that connects with the Southern Pacific at Colusa Junction, and extends from the tow^n of Sites to Colusa. At Colusa Junction the stone must be transferred to the standard-gauge cars of the Southern Pacific. The market has been so far confined to the Cali- fornia coast and the Hawaiian Islands. Colusa Sandstone Company, F. E. Knowles, president; Thomas Brad- bury, secretary. Offices and works, corner Potrero avenue and Tenth street, San Francisco. Quarries are located three fourths of a mile east of Sites, Colusa County, in the S. i of the S. E. i of Sec. 20, T. 17 N., R. 4 W. J. D. Martin, superintendent. The ledges within this company's holdings extend north and south one quarter of a mile along their trend, and nearly half a mile east and west across the series. The present quarrying is being prosecuted at about the center of the holdings on the north side of Stone Corral Creek. Two quarry faces are exposed east and south. The east face is 225 feet long by 100 feet high. The south face is about 100 feet long, across twelve beds, and to a height equal to that of the east face. The stone is of the same quality and character as the stone in the McGil- vray quarry. The stone for the San Francisco Ferry Building was obtained from this quarry. The following shows the analysis and tests of this stone: Board of State Harbor Commissioners, 10 California Street, San Franci.to, May 6, 1897. R. W. GoRRiLL, President Colusa Stvne Co., San Franci.ico, Cnl. Dear Sir: With regard to ydiir iiKjuiry as to whetlit-r we have made any tests of your sandstone, I will state that 1 have had both i>hysical and analytical tests made, which are as follows: May 11, IsOC). Analy.sis of sample of Colusa sandstone, from Sites (Juarry, received from the Board of State Harbor Commissioners: Per Cent. Silicon dioxide 85.99 Aluminum oxide 4.82 Iron oxide -4.49 Calcium carbonate 1-87 Magnesium oxide and alkalies 0.7ti Moisture 0.09 Water of cf)m hi nation, organic matter, and loss 1.38 100.00 Specific gravity, 2.558. Water absorbed in twenty-four hours, 3.025 per cent. X O X /^ X. o Z (123) 124 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIA!^ OP CALIFORNIA. When lu'iitccl to a red heat ami plunged into water, the stone neither si)linters nor cracks. It resists, without fusion, tlie temperature of a full white lieat, not even the sharp edges of the stone being blunted. Plunged into water, after being subjected to a full white heat, the stone assumes a light brown color. We regard this as a very sui)erior building stone. The grains are small and uniform in size, thus forming a very compact rock, and one excep- tionally well adapted for general use as a building material. (Signed) Tii<>m.\s Prick ct Son, Analytical Chemists. San Francisco, Cai,., May 8, 1896. Mil. llnwAiii) C. Ifoi.MKS, Cliief Engineer, Hoard of State Harbor ComwissionerK. San Francisco, Cat. Dkau Sik: We have tested the three one-inch cubes of ('olusasandstone brought to us by Mr. S. G. Hin\ F1;a.\KLYN SANDSTONE QU.VUKY, Cd.NTl; A ((iSTA coINTY. Wilson-Lyon Construction Company. (l'2.=i) 126 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. Franklyn Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 24, T. 2 N., R. 3 W.; Wilson- Lyon Construction Company, 220 Market street, San Francisco, owner; William Haley, superintendent. It is 34 miles southwest of Martinez, in Franklyn Canon, just east of Franklyn station, on the "Santa Fe Railway. The stone is fine-grained, light hlue in color, and is very soft when green, l)ut upon exposure it seasons well and makes a very firm huilding stone. It occurs in beds about 26 feet thick and dipping in a general northerly direction at an angle of 45 degrees. At present the (juarry face is nearly 100 feet from crest to l)ottom. The Santa Fe Railroad Company has run a switch to the quarry and the cars are loaded by means of an electric hoist and derrick. The waste rock is used for l)allast and rul)ble. Any sized dimension stone is obtainable, but considerable waste is entailed in taking out large pieces. This stone was used in two new buildings in Martinez, and in the new schoolhouse in Redwood City. Twelve men are employed in the (}uarry. Martinez Quarry; Mrs. S. E. Rankin, Martinez, owner. About three fourths of a mile south of west of Martinez, in a small ravine in the rear of the residence. The cjuarry was last worked about fifteen years ago, when some stone was taken out for use in the buildings of the Napa Asylum. The stone is rather fine-grained and buff-colored. It is soft when green, liut hardens upon seasoning, and occurs in beds which dip at a high angle in a general southwest direction. These beds range from 1 to 8 feet in thickness, and are somewhat broken up, probably from careless blasting. Only a small quarry face was opened and not enough development work has been done to prove the quantity of stone available, but the outcrop which extends across the canon would indi- cate a considerable body. GLENN COUNTY. Sandstone beds extend in a west of north course from the southern to the northern boundary of the county. In T. 18 N., R. 4 W.,the beds maintain an average thickness of from 2 to 4 feet, and though broken on the surface by numerous small valleys and ravines are of sufficient con- tinuity of length to insure the quarrying of masses equal to any but an extraordinary demand. In the central portion of the county greater thickness and continuity of the beds were observed in the exposures in T. 20 X., R. B W., where Stony Creek cuts through the sandstone for a width of about 1000 feet. In T. 20 N., R. 4 W., are exposures of mas- sive beds lying close to the surface; and in the northern part of the county the sandstone series are clearly marked by exposures along the southern slope of the foothills east of Newville. r"^ M * ^^ y / IV. 4. A 9 0. o > is X. z2 - CO o Z 03 o z (127) 128 STKICTLKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATEKIAI.S OF CALIFORNIA. KERN COUNTY. Kern Development Syndicate Quarries, in Sec. 14, T. 32 S., II. 34 E., M. 1). yi.; Kern Development Syndicate, 202 Wilcox Building, Los Angeles, owner; Kobert Lewis, manager. These quarries are 6 miles south of Tehachapi and 3 miles from Erie station, on the Southern Paeitic and Santa Fe railroads, and 112 miles from Los Angeles. The sandstone is of many colors — green, blue, red, tan, and drab. The for- mation lies at an angle of al)Out 10 degrees, and varies in thickness from 3 to 30 feet. It is in unlimited quantity, covering several sections of land, all owned i)y this company. The Pasadena library building, and the Date and Fish blocks of Los Angeles, were constructed of stone from these quarries. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Chatsworth Park Quarry, 200 acres in Sec. 13, T. 2 N., R. 17 W. S. B. M.; California Construction Company, 324 East Market street Los Angeles, owner. About 1^ miles west of Chatsworth, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The quarry is connected by a branch line with the main road. The stone is rather heavily bedded arkose sandstone. Xear the surface it has a tawny color, but when fresh is of a bluish-gray color. This weathering takes place to irregular depth, but the line of demarca- tion between the weathered and fresh stone is very distinct. The stone is moderately fine-grained. When quarried for dimension stone it can be split regularly along the run, but when quarried for large blocks, as is done in this quarry for the substructure of the San Pedro breakwater, it breaks along uneven surfaces. It resists exposure to the atmosphere satisfactorily. Near Garvanza is a church (Holy Angels), built in 1887, of the tawny-colored stone, showing no signs of deterioration. The Courthouse in San Bernardino, the Public Library in Santa Ana, and the California Club in Los Angeles are all built of the tawny variety of this sandstone, taken from near the surface. At the land end of the Southern Pacific Railroad i)ier at Santa jNlonica some of this sandstone has been used for rip-rap. Below the level of high tide, where moistened by seawater, it is quite hard, but above high-water line the exposed stone is rather soft and somewhat disintegrated. It may be mentioned here that extensive comparative tests made by the U. S. Engineer Corps, at Humboldt Bay, California, have proven that sandstone under seawater, or regularly moistened by sea tide water, Avill hiirdon and not disintegrate by any chemical action of the salt water, but that the same sandstone exposed to the atmosphere on the shore will disintegrate. If slightly moved by the wave action, the stone will suffer some abrasion. ILL. Xo. 58. PUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDLNK, PASADENA, LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Construfted of Xile-.^reen sandstone, and trimmed with red sandstone from Kern County. ILL. No. 59. SANDSTONE QUARRY, KERN COUNTY. KERN DEVELOPMENT SYNDICATE. 9-BUL. 38 (^-^> 130 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATKHLM.S OF CALIFORNIA. The blocks thiit form the San Pedro breakwater are broken down by churn-drilling (three men to the drill) rows of holes, having an average depth of 25 feet, with 20 feet face, and blasting with black powder, tamp- ing solid without an air chamber above the charge. It is estimated that of the rock thus broken down: 20 per cent is debris, under 100 pounds, thrown over the dump; 1-5 per cent is small blocks, from 100 to 1000 ILL. No. 00. cn.VTSWOUTII I'.^RK SAN DSTON K (jrAKHV, LOS .\N(;KLES COl'NTY. pounds; 20 per cent is lilocks from 1000 to 1000 pounds; and 45 per cent large blocks over 4000 pounds. (See sketch of front elevation of quarry.) The quarry is equipped with four steam derricks, using oil as fuel. '^ondsfone vered mfh dehns. zoo FRONT ELEVRTION SECr/ON ILL. No. (U. CIIATSWOKTII PARK SANDSTONE QUARRY, LOS ANGKLES COUNTY. Capacity, from 500 to 700 tons per day of random stone of large size for San Pedro breakwater. About fifty men are employed. 0. A. Charlton, in Sec. 7, T. 2 N., R. K) W., S. B. ]\r., on Sugar Loaf Hill, has quarried some l)Oulders of sandstone similar in character to that in the other (jnarries near Chatsworth. H. Clement & Co., 2124 Bay street, Los Angeles, lease part of the fjuarry of the California (Construction Company in Sec. 13, T. 2 N., \\. 17 W., S. B. M., west of the main quarry. They produce dimension SANDSTONE — MERCED, MONTEREY, NAPA. 181 Stone. The stone is similar in character to that in the (|uarry of the Cali- fornia Construction Company. The bed worked at present is from 20 to 25 feet thick, dipping about 20 degrees northwesterly. The rock is worked with plugs and feathers. The gray rock has not as yet been reached in this quarry. Southern Paeifle Railroad Quarry, in Sec. 12, T. 2 N., R. 17 W., S. B. M., near the eastern end of the middle tunnel; leased to C. Bertelson, 1307 West Ninth street, Los Angeles; produces dimension stone similar in character to the Chatsworth sandstone. The stone is broken down by hand-drilling and blasting with black powder and split with wedges. It is rather coarse-grained, heavily bedded. The gray stone has not been reached in this quarry. The quarry is equipped with a derrick, moved by horse-power. Capacity, 25 tons (one carload) per day. Nine men are employed. MERCED COUNTY. Dickenson Quarry, in T. 9 S., R. 16 E.; S. W. Dickenson, owner. A small quarry of a medium-grained, gray sandstone, which has been developed only in a small way. MONTEREY COUNTY. A belt of sandstone runs along the east slope of the Santa Lucia range, from Reliz Canon, T. 21 S., R. 7 E., in a northwesterly direction past Tassajara Springs into T. 19 S., R. 3 E. Near these springs, in Sec. 36, T. 19 S., R. 4 E., this sandstone, which is a gray and olive in color, has been quarried and used for building the hotel. (See Xlllth Report, California State Mining Bureau, p. 636.) It is, however, too far from a railroad to be, as yet, of commercial importance. NAPA COUNTY. Gardner Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 22, T. 6 N., R. 3 W.; Mrs. Sara T. Gardner, Napa, owner. Located 12 miles northeast of Napa, in Wooden Valley. The stone is a light buff, fine-grained sandstone. It occurs in beds dipping slightly to the north, and ranging from 2 to 4 feet in thickness, as is shown in exposures in the creek bottom. About 600 tons of this sandstone has been used in building bridges in the vicinity; it was taken from small outcroppings only, and no regular quarry face has been opened. Maxwell Canon. — About 15 miles from Rutherford, on the Maxwell ranch, and also on the Hardin ranch, in Maxwell Canon, in Pope Valley, there is an abundance of sandstone which can be readily taken out in any desired dimensions. It is a fine, even-grained, com- 132 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. pact, light gray sandstone, and works well. It has heen used in the cemeteries at Napa and St. Helena. No regular ([uarry face has been opened as yet, owing to the long wagon haul to railroad or water. Napa Sandstone Quarry, 5^ miles west of Napa, in Park Canon, on the Brown \''alley road; D. L. Beard, Napa, owner. It was lirst opened in 1901, and the stone was used in the construction of the Behlow Block in Napa. No large dimension stone is obtainable, as the beds are extensively fractured. Pheland Quarry, about 4 miles south of Monticello, on the west side of Berryessa Valley. The stone is a bluish-gray sandstone, and was used in the construction of the bridge across Putah Creek, 2 miles south of Monticello. This bridge has three 75-foot spans and cost $20,000. ORANGE COUNTY. Santiago Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 17, T. 5 S., K. 7 W., S. B. M.; Rev. C. Gruen, 814 Rose street, Santa Ana, owner. This quarry is situated in a side canon of Santiago Canon. This side caiion runs along a fault, dividing the sandstone from the shale. The sandstone is quite hard, of a light gray color, rather coarse- grained, with inclusions of igneous material rounded and waterworn. The large blocks are broken down with powder, hand-drilling, and are split to the required dimensions by driving a few wedges. The stone is used for building purposes in Santa Ana. SAN BENITO COUNTY. Paielnes Sandstone Quarry, in Sec. 1, T. 14 S., R. 6 E., M. D. M.; Martin Miller, Paicines, owner. Idle for years. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. There is a deposit of sandstone suitable for building purposes in the east end of the San Bernardino Valley, on Mill Creek, in Sec. 7, T. 1 S., R. 1 W., S. B. M. In former years two companies were formed to quarry this material, both of which are now out of existence. Mentone Sandstone Company operated in the S. \\'. I of the section. The stone was used in the Hall of Records in San Jk»rnardino; it is a tawny-colored, medium-grained sandstone, very similar tt) the Chats- worth sandstone. It is claimed that the best material was found near the surface, mid that in depth the shale increased. I'he company has (|uit operations for the last three years. Southern California Sandstone Company operated in the same section. (See also IXth Report of Californin State Mining Bureau, page 225.) SANDSTONE — SANTA BARBARA, SANTA CLARA. 133 SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. The Santa Ynez Mountains consist of Miocene strata, which embrace a heavy body of sandstones, conglomerates, and shales at the base. (H. \V. Fairbanks. Bulletin Geological Society of America, Vol. VI, p. 39, and Journal of Geology, Vol. VI, pp. 561 and 574.) Partly, as near Refugio Canon, the shales form the main body of the range, with a sandstone capping, dipping southeasterly; while in other places, as for instance near Santa Barbara, the range consists apparently of massive sandstones, dipping northward, the underlying shales being found in the foothills. As near as can be judged from the broken boulders, the stone is a light buff-colored, rather coarse-grained and not very compact arkose. It is used for Iniilding purposes. As yet only the large boulders have been quarried. F. R. Angulo, Santa Ynez (844 E. Garillo street, Santa Barbara). A quarry of boulders in Sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 31 W., S. B. ^l., on the sum- mit of the Santa Ynez Mountains, at the head of Refugio Canon, 8 miles by wagon road from Orella, a station on the Southern Pacific Rail- road. The abutments of the railroad bridge over the Refugio, and the church at Naples were built of this stone. Some is shipped to Los Angeles. Epiekson Quappy, in T. 9 N., \l. 34 \V., S. B. M.; J. B. Arrellanes, Santa Maria, owner. A sandstone (juarry, about 5 miles south of Santa Maria, from which some good building stone has been quarried. (See Xlllth Report, California State Mining Bureau, p. 637.) Neap Gaviota Pass there is a blue stone of very fine grain that has been used in limited quantities for monuments by the Santa Barbara Marble Works. Mission Canon, near Santa Barbara; principal owner, the Roman Catholic Church. A number of Iniildings in Santa Barbara are built of this stone. James Waring, Santa Barbara, owns a quarry in Sec. 6, T. 4 X., R. 26 W., S. B. M.; between Cold Stream and Hot Springs creeks, near Santa Barbara. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. Casseli Quappy, on the Bear Creek road, 10 miles from Los Gatos; John Casseli, Los Gatos, owner. A buff-colored sandstone, similar to that in the Goodrich quarries (see below). The Carnegie Library in Santa Cruz is built of this stone. Goodpieh Quarpies, Jos. Maddox, owner; operated by tlie McGilvray Stone Company, Second and King streets, San Francisco. At Gray- 134 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. stone station, 9 miles south of Han Jose, on a spur of the Narrow Gauge Kaih'oad running from San Jose to Santa Cruz. An extensive body of buff-colored sandstone, which has been quarried in this locality for many years by several different parties. The sandstone occurs in beds from a few inches to 10 feet or more in thickness. The present (August, 1904) quarry face shows beds 10 feet, 3 to 4 feet, 10 feet, 6 feet, 6^ feet, and 4 to 6 feet thick, respectively. About 50 feet of sandstone are exposed below the l>ottom of the present ([uarry, and about 100 feet on the outcrop above the quarry, while a still greater thickness is exposed on the hills innnediately adjoining on the northeast and northwest. The strata dip 25"^ N., 75^ W., in the quarry opening, but this varies somewhat over other portions of the outcrop. Like many sandstones, it is quite soft when first i|uai-ricd. but indu- ILL. Xo. tV2. CAKNK(;iE LIBRARY, SANTA CUrZ. Constructed of SandstoiR' from Joliii CassoU's (Juarry, near I^os (latos, Smita Clara County. rates on exposure until it has a ([uite lirm, hard surface. In grain, color, and texture the stone is fairly uniform. In a few places some of the iron has been leached out by the surface waters, leaving the stone a mottled yellow and gra}'; however, only a comparatively small part of the stone is thus affected. In some of the abandoned quarry open- ings the stone contains iron oxide concretions, whicli disfigure the stone, but none of these are visible in the present working. The freestone character of the rock adapts it to carved work, as is so well shown in the elaborate and intricate carving on and in the costly chapel at Stanford University, Palo Alto. The stone is quarried ))y hand, loadiMl with steam-power (U-rriek on small tram-cars, and sent (htwii an inelint'd track about ' /e Minor 3/ N. R. /6 6.W. M.D.M. 5t> 1 1 LarM,n .^ zo W^i- Price Zl ^ V ,: Sandstone Crefac Sands a Sha ejjs rA=_v Limestone ? v,v ■ ; Granod/onte >• - - v; 1 / Sha/e 3?/ 35 .^'^ ^^Dr^ dge 0^^ -;v^ -y ILL. No. 67. SKKTCH C. SHASTA COUNTY SISKIYOU COUNTY. A very extensive bed of sandstone runs along the east side of the Kildall hills, Black Mountain range, and Cottonwood Mountains, into Oregon. Its southern extremity is about in Sec. 4, T. 44 N., R. 6 W. It is found east of Yreka in two large exposures. The most southern runs from the southern extremity of the belt to Sees. 25 and 26, T.45 N., R. 7 W., along the eastern rim of the Kildall hills. It forms a narrow ridge, with steep slopes on both sides. North of this ridge the sandstone crops out again in Sec. 13, T. 45 N., R. 7 W., where it forms another ridge having a northeasterly direction, also forming the rim of the Shasta River Valley. The same sandstone crops out a few miles south of Ager, along the east side of Black Mountain range, where a coal mine has been worked in the sandstone at the Herr ranch. The same belt shows in the vicinity of Hornbrook in the ridges sur- rounding the valleys of the Klamath River and the lower part of Cottonwood Creek. 140 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. West of nt>rnl)r()(ik and Henley, along the rim of the Cottonwood Mountains, runs a. belt of tine-grained gray sandstone, not over a quarter of a niilr wide. It fornix a landmark, as its surface sloping east forms for a, greater })ortion the bare lower slope of the mountains, its gray color being distinguishable from a long distance. The sandstone is very tine-grained, compact and hard. It consists of small granules of quartz, witli some small ones of hornblende, and is known as the llenlen xamhtonc. The relation of this sandstone to that east of the valley is not clear. Whether it underlies the latter or does not persist farther than exposed at the surface has not been deter- mined as 3'et. D. C. Earhart, Ilornbrook, owns a (juarry in Sec. 20, T. 47 N., H. 6 W., near Henley, on tlie Henley sandstone. Fioch Brothers, Yreka, own a quarry in Sec. 13, T. 45 N., U. 7 W., near Yreka, where considerable stone has been taken out. The face of the quarry shows massive sandstone, nearly horizontal, dipping slightly east. The upper bed is at least 8 feet thick, and coarse-grained. Only very few niggerheads occur and the sandstone is very uniform in texture, of a tawny color. Underlying this, but without any parting, is a bed of dark gray sandstone, under which shows again tawny sand- stone, which forms the present floor of the quarry. G. B. Russell, Yreka, owns a (juarry in Sec. 7, T. 45 N., R. G W. The stone is a fine-grained, bluish-gray sandstone. It is used for building and monument work and for flagstones; it resists weathering very well, sliowing no deterioration after an exposure of over forty years. Mr. Russell has two (luarries in Sec. 30, T. 45 N., R. 6 W. In the quarry on the west side of the ridge the coarser-grained tawny sand- stone is cleared off to reach the underlying fine-grained gray sandstone, which is similar to the Henley sandstone. The overlying sandstone €uts in blocks up to 8 feet long, and from 12 to 18 inches wide. In the quarry on the east side of the ridge the sandstone is very hard. It is worked by plugs and feathers, and breaks in blocks and rifts witli tlic grain almost equal to lumber. Southern Pacific Railroad Company has several quarry oj)cnings on the Henley sandstone in Sec. 21), T. 17 N., R. B \V., near Henley. It uses the stone j)rinci])ally for bridge abutments. The quarries are worked by i)lug-and-feather work. The sandstone breaks in large square blocks, some weighing over •") tons. In a (juarry on llock Creek, a parting of shale about 1 foot thick is found in the sandstone. The sandstone was u^rd in the ibtm and .loncs buildings, Ilornbrook, built in ISSS, ;ind sliows no signs of weal h<'ring. SANDSTONK— SOLANO, SONOMA, STANISLAUS. 141 SOLANO COUNTY. The northwest portion of Sohmo County is closely related in topog- raphy and geology to the southwest portion of Yolo. The sandstone croppings can be followed from Putah Creek for a distance of 12 miles to Vaca Valley. The only practical e.xposurt'S of sandstone beyond the surface of the croppings in Solano County ha\'e been made by two small quarries or open cuts necessitated by the opening of public roads and to supply a small local demand. F. Frietas, ^'acaville, in Sec. 11, T. 6 N., R. 2 \\ ., toward the southern extremity of the belt. F. B. King-ton, Vacaville, in Sec. 35, T. 7 N., R. 2 \V., 2 miles north of the first named. The sandstone is gray of color, fine of texture, and said to weigh 185 pounds to the cubic foot; it has been used principally in culvert con- struction. SONOMA COUNTY. Coast BlufTs. — Along the coast from Fort Ross to Stewart's Point sandstone has been quarried and proved to be a good building material. The bluffs can be approached by schooners. (See Xllth Report State Mineralogist, p. 400.) In the hills just east of Freestone, along the county road to Sebas- toi)ol, there are many places where freestone can be quarried. It is easily cut with a saw when green, but seasons fairly well. It is not suitable for large buildings. A small quarry face has been opened on the property of Mary E. Roberts, on the south side of Jonive Creek, in the Jonive Grant, one mile northeast of Freestone. • STANISLAUS COUNTY. Wright Ranch, in Sec. 21, T. 1 S., R. 12 E.; G. W. Wright, Knight's Ferry, owner. Stone has been quarried from this locality at different times for the last fifty years, furnishing material for all the principal buildings in the vicinity of Knight's Ferry. The entire hill is com- posed of bedded sandstone, the beds ranging in thickness from a few inches to several feet, and dip slightly to the southwest. The stone is a light buff-colored sandstone, and contains some mica flakes. No regular quarry has been developed, l)ut stone has been taken out at intervals along the roadside. Much waste rock covers the small faces and only a small amount of dimension stone is exposed at present, the result of very careless (juarrying by divers persons. 142 STKlCTrKAL AND INDUSTKIAI, MATKUIAI.S OF CALIFORNIA. VENTURA COUNTY. Sandstone lias been quarried at different points in Sespe Canon by various parties for a great many years, but nearly all the stone (except a little in Kazzle Dazzle Canon) has been quarried by hand from sur- face boulders. Scores of immense boulders, some of them hundreds of tons in weight, offer inducement for inexpensive quarrying. A further inducement is found in the position of these boulders at the base of the hill, while the ledges are generally high up on the mountainside, where considerable expense would be involved in l>ringing the quarried ])locks to the roadway in the bottom of the valley. The Los Angeles Brownstone Company quarried rock in this canon for several months, in 1888, and then left the work. Several other parties have quarried stone here, some for a few months, some for a few years, but only one party is quarrying stone at present. In the Xlllth Report of the State Mineralogist, in 1896, two com- panies are mentioned as then in operation: The Mentone Sandstone Works, at Brownstone spur, employing 18 men; the Razzle Dazzle Sandstone Quarry, 3^ miles north of the works, and owned by the same company; and the Henley Brothers, operating the Phrenix Sandstone Quarry. Sespe Canon Brownstone Quarry, in Sec. 35, T. 5 N., K. 20 W., and Sees. 1 and 2, T. 4 N., K. 20 W., S. B. M.; George J. Henley, Sespe, owner. This is the only quarry at present in operation; it is located from 5 to 6 miles from Brownstone, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. INIost of the stone is loaded for shipment at Brownstone. It was used in the State Insane Hospital at Patton. Four men are employed. In this locality the Sespe River cuts across the "Coldwater Anticline,'' with its axis nearly east and west, dipping toward the east. The brown sandstone is exposed on the crown and on both sides of the axis on both sides of the river. It is also exposed in the several small tributary canons, such as Coldwater Caiion, east of the river. In places, as at the "Devil's (Jate," and below, the shearing planes developed by the folding are more prominent than the bedding planes and in places cut the stone into small dimensions. On the north side of the axis the stone does not api)ear to be at all shattered, and occurs in iieavy mas- sive beds, with two sets of nearly rectangular joint planes, so that it lies in huge cubical blocks which have a gentle dip to the north and east. The brownstone l)eds are underlaid by a series of oil-bearing gray sandstones and gray and red variegated shales. Overlying the brown- stone is another ()il-l)earing series of gray sandstones and shales. SANDSTONE— VENTl'RA COUNTY. 143 The brownstune series consist of sandstones, shales, and conglom- erates, with a total thickness of 800 feet or more. The lower portion of the series is prevailingly conglomerate, quite coarse in places, with some sandstone and shale intermingled. The upper part of the series consists of brown slialc's with alternating beds of sandstone. The middle portion of the series, several hundred feet in thickness in places, is almost entirely brown sandstone. While this is the general relation of the beds, there are local variations. The most favorable location for a quarry opening would l)e where the greater part of the overlying shales has been eroded, exposing the sand- ILL. No. GS. VIKW IN SKSl'K CVNON, VENTURA COUNTY, SHOWING ANTICLINE." C'OLDW.\TER stone of the middle portion of the series over an area sufficiently large for quarry operations. On the west side of the river, just north of the axis, the shales have been eroded, exposing the top of the sandstones over a large area, prob- ably 100 acres or more. Several small perennial w^atercourses have cut deep tributary canons into this hill, exposing the edges of the sand- stone layers from 15 to 20 feet thick, and in places forming perpen- dicular cliffs from 30 to 50 feet in height, and in one place more than half a mile long. Good quarries of excellent brownstone could be opened at many places in this hill. The stone has such a straight fracture and even grain that it could be most economically quarried by wedging or with the Knox blasting 144 (STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. system. The evenness of the fracture and the regularity of the joint planes ure indicated by the huge talus blocks, which are, in places, as rectanguhir and as sciuare-cornered as though they had just come from the hands of the stonecutter. No stone has yet l)een quarried on this hill, because of the difficulty in getting it to raih'oad. There probably are good quarry sites in the l)ro\vnstone area, other tliaii the one described. The stone is a typical brownstone; the coarser-grained varieties have a rich purplish-brown color, and the finer-grained stone has a light reddisli-brown color. The stone is free from the "iron balls,'' "iron bhsters," or " liver spots,'' too common in many of the Eastern brown- stones; in fact, it is remarkably free from defects of any kind. In many places, most prominent in the finer-grained varieties, there is a faint banding parallel with the bedding, which is perceptible on a rock- or sand-rubbed surface. It works readily under the stonecutter's tools, and is adapted to carved and dressed surfaces as well as rock- faced work. Blocks several feet in diameter are split straight and even by plug-and-feather in 3-inch hand-drilled holes. The durability of the stone is indicated by the steep mountain slopes on which it occurs, and by the bold outcropping ledges and the sharp corners and fresh surfaces of the talus blocks. It is rarely discolored, even on the long-exposed outcrop. The conglomerate beds are likewise for the most part quite durable and might be safely used for bridge abutments, foundations, retaining walls, and similar uses. The shaly layers and the very fine-grained stone should be avoided where great durability is important. Laboratory Tests on Sespe Brownstone.*— The specific gravity of the stone is 2.65, hence the weight of one cubic foot is 165.6 pounds. The absorption of moisture is 0.76 per cent; absorption of water ec^uals 1.53 per cent; loss in carbonic acid gas solution, 0.24 per cent. Exposure to strong acid fumes changed the shade to a lighter tone, corroded the stone somewhat, leaving it slightly crumbly on the surface, resulting in a loss by disintegration of 2.87 per cent, 2.05 per cent of which was lost quietly in the exi)Osure chamber. This test works unfairly against this stone, as compared with one containing no visible carbonate of lime in the cement, such as, for instance, the Angel Ishmd sandstone, because while fairly indicating relative tendencies to rJicmiral disinte- gration, it gives no measure of the meci\l(J.. p. B39.) SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Mojave Consolidated Development Company, .J. P. O'Brien, 175 Crocker Building, San Francisco, organized to operate the ]^erde Antique Marble quarry, formerly known as the Gem quarry (Alamo Consolidated Marble Company), or the Kimball mine, in Sec. 28, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., S. B. M., on the Mojave Desert, about 16 miles X. 25° E. from Victorville, a station on the Southern California Railway. It was opened a number of years ago by Frank Kimball of Xational City, San Diego County, and has been worked at several different times. It is idle this year (1904). More than 400 tons of marble have been hauled from this quarry to Victorville, and shipped by rail to Colton, where it was sawed, polished, and prepared for use. It has been used for interior decoration in a numl)er of buildings in Los Angeles and San Francisco. Some very handsome stone has been obtained from this quarry, probably as fine as any in the United States, and it seems unfortunate that more of it is not put on the market. * Twelfth Report of State Mineralogist, 18fW, i>. 402. 148 STRUCTURAL AM) INDlSTKIAh .MATKKIAI.S OF CAI.IFUKNl A. While the long distance from the railway makes the mai-keting expen- sive, the beauty of the stone is suffieient to connnand a [mcc tliat would pay for the transportation. The quarry opening is from 60 to 100 feet long, with a faec of about 75 feet. It is in what appears to be a large dike or intrusive mass of serpentine and calcite, in the midst of a granitic porphyry. The meta- morphism is now so complete that it would require a more detailed study of the rock and the locality to determine the nature of the original rock from which the serpentine and caleiti' were dei-ivcd. 'I'lie rock is ({uite heterogeneous in structure. In some })laces the pure serpentine is from 5 to 10 feet thick; elsewhere the serpentine occurs in patches and bands of limestone, which alternates in white and blue. In places the limestone is from 10 to 20 feet thiek, without any serpentine. The serpentine varies in color from a light yellow-green to a dark green. The handsomest stone is that in whicli tlie bright yellow-green occurs banded with dark green and white limestone. Both the limestone and serpentine contain many cracks and weather seams, so that there is a large quantity of waste material to be handled. The method of quarrying by blasting has caused additional waste. There are two derricks in the quarry and another one at the base of the hill. The stone is dragged from the quarry to the base of the steep part of the mountainside, where it is loaded on wagons to be hauled to the railway. It is to be hoped that this (quarry may soon be again in operation, and that it may be worked more systematically and on a laiger scale. The serpentine outcrops again about half a mile S. 70° K. from the quarry, but it is not certain that this mass is connected with that at the ({uarry. SISKIYOU COUNTY. Most of the serpentine found in Siskiyou County lias a eonehoidal fracture. A belt of it runs along a part of the main ridge of the Cottonwood Mountains, forming there "Shafts Hock,'' a prominent landmark at the head of Bogus and Dutch creeks. Samples show that it takes a tine polish, and l)reaks so as to form blocks which can be used as structural material. M.AI'K rKoDUCTlnN, KTC. 149 SLATE, Kunning through VA Dorado and Amador counties is a great belt of black slate that has been exploited in a small way in a score or more places. Many of the openings, however, are not deep enough to show whether a good material is present or not. The belt forms part of the Mariposa slate belt, Avhich is of Jurassic or early Cretaceous age. It Avill be strange, indeed, if other first-class slate does not occur in this extensive range, and other quarries will no doubt be opened in the future when better railwav facilities are afforded. PRODUCTION OF ROOFING SLATE IN CALIFORNIA, 1889-1904. Year. Squares. 1889 4,500 1890 -- 4,lX)0 1891 4.(XH1 1892 8,o(X> 1893 H,000 1894 1.80(.i 1895 ].3.^i0 1896 500 1897 4(X) Value. ^18,089 24,000 24,000 21.000 21,000 11.700 9,4.50 2,500 2,800 Year. Squares 1898 400 18f)9 810 19W 3,500 1901 5,100 1902 4,000 1903 10,(M)0 1904 6,000 Value. |;2,800 5,900 26,250 .38,2.50 .30,000 70,000 .50,000 Total-. - 52,860 .1.357,739 The figures show a marked increase in production during the past five years. The fact that California is at present the only slate-pro- ducing State on the Pacific Coast gives additional interest. It has recently shipped slate to the insular territories of Hawaii and Guam. REFERENCES ON CALIFORNIA SLATE. 1. Eighth Report. State Mineralogist of California, p. 199. 2. Ninth Report, State Mineralogist of California, p. 283. ;•). Twelfth Report, State Mineralogist of California, p. 400. 4. Thirteenth Report, State Mineralogist of California, p. 639. 5. Eleventh Census, volume on Mineral Industries, p. 662. 6. Bulletin No. 225, U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 417-421. 7. E. C. Eckel, Journal of Geology, Vol. 12, February, 1904, pp. 15-29. 8. Proceedings of the California Miners' Association for 1903, p. 134. AMADOR COUNTY. On Lane Ranch, Mr. Yager, owner. 1^ miles east of lone, some pre- liminary work was done a few years ago in opening a slate quarry. Two openings have been made; the south one shows only little promise of good slate in large dimensions. The north opening, about 250 yards 150 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIPORNLV, down tlic gulch, appears to l)e free from quartz veins, and promises a good ([uality of slate, but the opening is not yet deep enough. The thick belt of Mariposa slate, the same that has been quarried in El Dorado County, crosses the county and is promising at sufficient depth in a number of places, but the above are the only openings as yet made in Amador County. EL DORADO COUNTY. California Slate Quarry, in Sees. 28 and 25, T. 1 1 N., K. 10 E., M. D. M.; F. IS. Chadbourne, 121 Xew Montgomery street, San Francisco, owner. It is located on the north side of the American River. The material contains much iron pyrites. The trimmed slabs left in the yard are nearl}'^ all iron-stained, and some of them crumbling by the disintegration of the pyrite since their exposure to the air. The pyrite appears to be much worse on the west side of the quarry opening than on the east side. It is probably confined largely to certain layers of the slate, and the quarry opening unfortunately struck one of these bad streaks. The quarry has not been operated in the last few years. Chili Bar Slate Quarry, in Sec. 36, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M.; J. G. Mothersole, Placerville, owner. On the south side of the American River. It is said to be the oldest (juarry in the district, but has been idle since 1897. Eureka Slate Company, \Vm. J. Dingee, president, Crocker Building, San Francisco, is operating the only quarry that is producing any slate at present in California. It is located at Slatington, one mile south of Kelsey, and between 7 and 8 miles north from Placerville, the nearest railway station and the shipping point of the slate. The quarry has been in operation for fifteen or twenty years. The present company has operated it only about two years and a half, and has put in large improvements, among others an extended wire cable-way Smiles long^ of the Rleichert system, for transporting the slate across the American River, with a clear span across the river-valley of 2400 feet, at an elevation of 600 feet above the river, and operated by water-power. From the south end the slate is hauled l)y wagon to the railway at Placerville. The Eureka slate has a blue-black color, which weathers brown in some places, and greenish-gray in other places. It is for the most part free from impurities in the deeper portion of the quarry, but in a few places there is iron pyrite along the seams and a few small quartz and calcite veins, which add to the waste that is always an important part of every slate quarry. The (luarry is locateuil(linu- at St. Helena. Newman Quarry; operated by J. H. Newman, Napa; about H miles southeast of Xai>a, t)n the Soscolor Vallejo road. The stone is a light- gray tracdiyte and grades into a bluish, close-grained basaltic trachyte, showing flow structure. It occurs in a bedded deposit, and the rock varies within a few feet. It is used as a building stone for bridges and foundation work. In the field adjoining the State Hospital grounds on the south side, there are numerous low outcrops of a wine-colored trachytic tuff which are being dug from the earth and sj)lit into small building stones^ -v^SSjii^ ILL. X(i. 7:'.. WIN(;'S TRACHYTE QUARRY, NAPA. principally used as a decorating material in buildings constructed mainly of lighter colored tuffs. Pickett Quarry; C. X. Pickett, Calistoga, owner; about 1^ miles east of Calistoga. The rock is a light-yellowish trachyte and has been used as a building stone in Calistoga. Rose Quarry; Dave Willis, Calistoga, owner; 2 miles east of Calistoga. The stone is a trachytic tuff and has been used in bridge construction, but is rather too soft, tending to flake when exposed to the action of frost. It is suitable for foundation construction where protected from the weather. Salmina Quarry, in Sees. 9 and 10, T. H X., R. 4 \\'.; 7 miles north of Xapa. The stone is a soft, light-yellow tuff, and is easily sawed or cut and readily dressed. It makes a very pretty stone for interior decora- tions, especially for fireplaces, and is used very successfully as firebacks in stoves, being very refractory when dry. 158 STRUCTUKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. Taplin Quarry; W. II. iV •!• < ^- Ta])!!!!, St. Ih^lena. owiut!^; al)out *2-^ miles southeast of St. Helena, on tlie east side of the road. This quarrj' formerly furnished eonsiderabl*' rook for building purposes in St. Helena, but has not produced mucli of late. The stone is a trachytic tuff. Wing's Quarry, in See. lU, T. (; N., U. :'. W.; U. W. Wing, Napa, owner; 4 miles northeast of Napa, on the l)erryessa road. The rock is a hard, light gray to a yellowisli trachyte, with a close, even texture. It is used for bridge and foundation Avork. Mr. Wing used it in the construction of the bridge on Brown street, for the city of Napa. The rock is rather seamy and very much waste is entailed in securing large dimension stone. Zollner Quarry; J. F. Zollner, Napa, owner. This ([uarry is located 2f miles south of Napa. The rock is a smooth, even-grained basalt, and is dark blue to black in color. On the west side of the quarry a very hard gray trachyte is quarried for building purposes by H. \V. Wing of Napa. PLACER COUNTY. iihyolite of good building quality is rejjorted to occur in Klue Canon, in Sec. 14, T. IB N., R. 11 E. Tuffs of good building quality are abundant in the Forest Hill dis- trict, T. 14 N., K. 10 K. Some occur at Dutch Flat. The old hydraulic mine workings have exposed large (quantities of this material of varying quality. A local building erected in Forest Hill about forty years ago still stands as evidence of the imperviousness of this material to the elements. It is light of weight and color, and of finer grain than that at Dutch Flat. Similar occurrences are noted at Chalk Bluff, between Sugar Pine Mill and Damascus, in T. 15 N., R. 11 E. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. A line of buttes of igneous rock runs in a northern direction west of the Santa Lucia range from San Luis ()bis])o to Morro. These rocks are of a grayish color, and have been classified by Mr. H. W. Fairbanks, Journal of Geology, Vol. \'I, page 567, as dacite granophyre and ande- site granophyre. These buttes afford very good quarry sites. Another belt of igneous rock (tuff) is found in the southwestern part of the county, running from near Arroyo Grande in a southeastern direction past Los Berros Creek. The belt is over a mile wide, and the tuff has been quarried in several places. Bishop's Peak (Cerro Obispo) Quarry, in Sec. 21, T. 80 S., R. 12 E., M. D. M.; Dr. G. 15. Nichols, San Luis ()bisi»o. owner; .T. W. NN'yley, VOLCANIC AND INTRUSIVE ROCKS — SAN I.IIIS OBISPO. 151) superintendent. Tliere are two quarries on tliis property. From the old quarry at the southwest eorner of the butte large blocks were taken by A. A. Polhenius and the Oity Improvement Company of San Fran- cisco for tlic (lovernnicnt hri'akwater at Port Harford, but lately this (juarrv has not been used. The present quarry is in the southeast corner of the butte, elevation 1000 feet. As yet only boulders have been <|uarried. the face having just reached the solid rock, which has a })orphyritit' character, and l)reaks easily, requiring very little ])owder. The rift is not appreciable, the fracture occurring generally on a, curved ])lane, wlii^'li, however, is very smooth. The rock can be casilv dressed and takes a good polisli. It is used for rubble masonry, n.L. No. 74. WVLIK'S KIlVoLlTE (.QUARRY, SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. coping stone, curl:» stone, etc. It was used in the Presbyterian Church, and the luasement of the Free Library, San Luis Obispo. In 1896 ]\Ir. William Irelan made an analysis of the rock from the old quarry, giving it silica, B4.15 per cent, and a specific gravit}' of 2.58, equal to 161 pounds ])er cubic foot. Caen Quarry, in Sec. 86, T. 82 S., R. 18 K., M. D. M., and Sec. 26, T. 12 N.. R. 8.5 \V., S. H. M.; Los Berros Stone Company, Los Angeles, owner. It is also known as the Houghton quarry, and is about 8 miles south of Arroyo Grande. The tuff is uneven in character, containing in places considerable iron. It lias generally a high yellow color, but with white patches and scams containing some lime. ]«K) STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. Lee Quapry, in Sec. 17, T. :\0 S.. U. 12 E., M. D. M.; Elena Hansan, San l.uis ()l»isjK), owner. At the nortli foot of the Cerro Onialdo, near Chorro Creek; elevation, (i'i') feet. The rock is of a character similar to that in tlie lUshop's Peak quarry, only the j;roun(lniass has a much lighter and duller gray color. The quarry is in the solid rock, in l)eds from H to 3 feet thick, di|)))ing easterly 45 degrees, which have very smooth planes, in places showing slickensides. This rock was used in the construction of the Southern Pacific railroad, near San Luis Ohispo. Has been idle since IS'.ll. (See also Xlllth Report, California State Mining Bureau, )). i\2').) ILL. N( \()l,cA.\ii' I'li-'i' iiiAi;i;\, I. Its i',Ki;i;t»s, san i.iis oiiisi'o coi-n-i^- Moore Quarry, in Sec. 31, T. 12 X., P. 35 W., S. P.. .M.; P. Moore, Arroyo (irande, owner; leased to tlie Los Berros Stone Company, Los Angeles. It is on the south side of Los Berros Creek. In the (juarry two distinct iiows of tuff arc readily distinguished. The ujjper How. from 10 to 12 feet thick, thins out toward the W(>st. Ft lies without any l)arting on the smooth surface ut an older How, clipping slightly east- ward. The upper tuff is of more regular character and harder than that at the Caen (piarry. It ))reaks in large hut irregular l)locks. The lower tuff is much lianler than the ui)pcr, has a metallic ring, and breaks in small Mticks with eui'Ncd faces like glass. In Los Berros 'i'lic tuff is sawed here and Creek a stuall gang-saw lias heen erected VOLCANIC ROCKS — SHASTA, SIERRA, SISKI!^OU. 161 used for building purposes in Arroyo Grande and San lAiis Oljispo, and some carloads have been shipped via Port Harford to Los Angeles. Morpo Rock Quarry, in Sec. 26, T. 29 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M.; Morro Bay, United States Government Reservation. The most northern of the line of buttes above described. Used by A. A. Polhemus for the breakwater at Port Harford. (See also Xlllth Report, California State Mining Bureau, p. 623.) SHASTA COUNTY. A belt of tuff extends from Clover Creek to Bear Creek, a distance of 5 miles. In Sec. 18, T. 31 N., R. 2 W., in the forks of Old Cow Creek and South Cow Creek, east of Millville, a bluff of Tuscan tuff rises with steep sides from 30 to 50 feet high. In the road the underlying Chico sandstone is found, nearly horizontal; dip S. 50° W., at an angle of about 10°. The tuff has a light gray color, and contains a great number of inclusions of various sizes and hardness, some even of a soft, talcose material. The rock is rather soft and easily cut to any desired form, but hardens on exposure. Being light, it makes a good building material for a temperate climate. SIERRA COUNTY. Basaltic lava occurs in Sec. 29, T. 21 N., R. 10 E., 2 miles east of Mor- ristown; also in Sec. 34, T. 22 N., R. 10 E., at Mount Filmore, in the northwestern part of the county; also in Sec. 27, T. 19 N., R. 14 E., at Weber Lake, in the central part of the county. This stone is adapted for building purposes, resisting exposure to the weather, and may be secured in massive sizes. It can be worked with the ordinary stone- cutter's tools, takes a fine polish, and has been employed in local con- struction and for monument work in local cemeteries. SISKIYOU COUNTY. In Sec. 10, T. 44 N., R. 5 W.; E. C. Hart, Roselawn P. 0., owner. A prominent bluff of tuff, rising from 30 to 40 feet above the surrounding country, has been quarried and used in Yreka for building pur- poses. The rock is light yellowish, Avith narrow bands of light brown and white colors, rather coarse-grained. When fresh it is not very hard and can be easily dressed, l)ut on long exposure to the air the outer coating becomes very hard. This quarry is from 7 to 8 miles by wagon road from Montague, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. In Sec. 17, T. 45 N., R. 4 W.; S. F. Terwilligen, Little Shasta P. 0., owner. On the north bank of Little Shasta River there is a consider- 11— Bl'L. 38 162 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OF CALIPORNLV. able area of similar rock, only somewhat finer grained. It can be trimmed easily and takes a fine polish. This same belt runs north to the Klamath River near the mouth of Bogus Creek, where it has been used by the Klamath Lake Railroad in its bridge abutments. In Sec. K). T. 45 N., R. 4 W.; S. F. Terwilligen, Little Shasta P. 0., owner. On the north bank of Little Shasta River, for a distance of about a hundred yards, a brick-red rhyolite rock is exposed; in places it is light bluish gray. The rock has been quarried and used in Yreka for building i)urposes. This quarry is about 12 miles from Montague, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. About half a mile up the river there is a large bluff of the same material, of a grayish-green color. Vesuvianite.— In Sec. 12, T. 18 N., R. 6 E., H. M., on the north side of the South Fork of Indian Creek; A. E. Heighway, 52 Nassau street, New York, owner. Some work has been done on large boulders of a hard stone, varying from olive to almost grass-green. This rock was at first supposed to be jade, but proved upon analysis to be a form of vesuvian- ite, called by Mr. G. F. Kunz californite. It takes a fine polish, and can be used for ornamental work. (See American Journal of Science, 4th Series, Vol. XIV, 1908. Bulletin No. 37, California State Mining Bureau.) These boulders lie in serpentine, dipping northwesterly into the mountain. Whether the vesuvianite occurs as a bed in the ser- pentine, or only as boulders, is as yet undetermined. Large l)Oulders are found in the creek bed. SOLANO COUNTY. Tuff deposits occur in the northwest corner of Solano County. The belt has a northwest and southeast trend, crossing Putah Creek into Volo County. The tuff is white, light of weight, and hardens on exposure to the atmosphere. It has been used for building purposes, and as firebacks. Sees. 81 and 82, T. 8 N., R. 1 \V., M. 1). M.; Sackett Bros., Winters, Yolo County, owner. Sec. 86, T. 8 N., R. 2 \V., and Sec. 1, T. 7 N., R. 2 W.; D. L. Tucker and Sarah L. Taylor, \\'inters, Yolo County, owners. SONOMA COUNTY. Aguillon Quarry; C. Aguillon, Sonoma, owner. Located one half mile north of Sonoma, adjoining the Vallejo estate. The rock is a light- colored trachyte, and is suitable for a building stone. Idle. Lounibos Quarry (formerly the Cady Quarry); Mr. Lounibos, El Verano, owner. A series of small (juarry faces along the road between TK.U'IIVTIC TUFF — SONOMA COUNTY. 163 El Verano and Agua Caliente, near the latter place. It has been operated for building stone, paving blocks, and curbings. Idle. McDonald Quarry. (See Paving Blocks, page 344.) Santa Rosa Bank Quarry; operated by P. Maroni; located 2 miles north of Santa Rosa, on the Sonoma road. The stone ranges from a light to a dark gray trachyte, and is used for building stone and paving blocks. Stony Point Quarry; Petaluma and Santa Rosa Interurban (electric) Railroad, owner; P. J. Evans, superintendent; located on the rail- ILL. No. 70. CARNEGIE LIBRARY, PETALUMA. Constructed of Trachytic Tuff from Stony Point Quarry. road, about 9 miles south of Sebastopol. The rock is a trachytic lava, showing occasional flow structure, with small pebble inclusions, and occurs as a capping on a low hilltop. The drainage on either side of the hill has eroded down through it. When green, the stone breaks with a fairly even face and is easily dressed, resembling the San Jose sandstone so much that it is erroneoush' called sandstone by the people of Sonoma County. When seasoned, it becomes nearly white in color, very hard and refractory. The stone stands well, as is shown by the Phoenix Building, in Petaluma, which was erected about 1862. It has been used in other buildings in Petaluma, and recently in the Carnegie Library, which is now nearing completion (November, 1904). 164 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. At present the quarry face is being opened with a view of later taking out building stone for shipment to bay points by rail and water. Both electric and steam power are available. About 85 men are employed, and the quarry is operated day and night, the rock being used prin- cipally for ballast on the railroad bed. On the north side of the same hill P. Maroni has been endeavoring to take out some suitable stone for the erection of the new bank building in Sebastopol. The stone occurs in pentagonal columns averaging about 5 feet in thickness, dipping N. 30° E. at an angle of about 70°. On account of cross fractures or seams, it is verj'' difficult to obtain dimension stone more than 5 or 6 feet in length. Another small opening near the crest of the hill shows similar columns. Vallejo Estate Quappies, in the foothills one half mile north of Sonoma, on the old Vallejo rancho. One quarry furnishes a dark red rhyolitic tuff, which has been used considerably in the buildings of Sonoma, especially for trimming buildings constructed of the dark blue basaltic rock of this locality. Paving blocks are obtained from a quarry face on same property. SUTTER COUNTY. In Sec. 32, T. 16 N., R. 2 E., 3 miles west of Sutter City, is a quarry of rhyolite, used locally for building stone. TEHAMA COUNTY. About 20 miles west of Red Bluff, between Thomes and Elder Creek^ there is a considerable exposure of a light reddish tuff, Avhich Mr. Diller in Bulletin 196, U. S. Geological Survey, page 39, refers to the Tuscan tuffs. The tuff is very soft, can be cut with a saw, and resists exposure and heat very well; it is used all through the vicinity for building pur- poses, especially chimneys, etc. Rice Quappy, in Sec. 12, T. 24 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M.; H. W. Rice, Paskenta, owner; a small quarry on Headquarters Creek. YOLO COUNTY. Tuffs suitable for building purposes occur in the eastern margin of the fooi,hills of western Yolo County; and along the northern bank of Putah Creek, in T. 7 and 8 N., R. 1 and 2 W., on lands owned by Sackett Brothers Company, and by W. H. Gregory, Winters P. O. The forma- tion extends into Solano County. No development work has been done, and only small local use is made of the material. ARTIFICIAL STONE ( CEMENT PRODUCTS) . 165 ARTIFIQAL STONE (CEMENT PRODUCTS). Artiticial stone is now made in several different ways. The sand- lime bricks form a very good artificial stone. Another artificial stone that is meeting with much favor both in California and elsewhere in the United States is made by mixing sand with Portland cement, using cement in place of lime as a bond for the sand grains. It is a special form of concrete, in which sand is used in place of broken stone. Instead of being made in the wall or structure in which it is to be used, it is made in a factory into desired forms, such as bricks, building stone blocks, arches, columns, etc. There are several different methods of its manufacture, some portions of which are said to be covered with patents. In one method the sand and cement are mixed into a liquid mortar, which is poured into specially designed molds and permitted to harden. Another process consists in mixing the sand and concrete in a moist condition and packing it into molds and then drying. A great many factories in different parts of the United States are now engaged in making arti- ficial stone or concrete blocks, and several manufacturers are engaged in making machinery for molding the bricks. By means of pigments the color of any sandstone can be duplicated, and any stone in rock face or tool-dressed face can be duplicated by making with metallic lead a cast of the face of a block of the stone it is desired to imitate, and using this as a mold for the concrete block. By a little experiment- ing with pigments the color is duplicated, and having the mixture and mold, any desired number of blocks can be made. In a similar manner, large columns, arches, and carved blocks are reproduced. Doorways and gateways of the finest brownstone or red sandstone are made in this way, and so closely do they resemble the natural stone that it is not easy to distinguish one from the other. One can easily see the great possibilities in this line. There can be little question that the artificial stone when carefully made is superior in some ways to the natural product. In the natural stone, nature cements the sand grains by iron oxide, clay, carbonate of lime, or silica, aided to some extent in places by pressure. In the artificial stone, man adds the Portland cement to hold the grains together, and it is stronger and more durable than some of the natural cements. The same process might also be used in making conglomerate, espe- cially where a supply of bright-colored pebbles is available. A strong point in favor of the artificial sandstone over the natural in carved and ornamental work is that the projecting and weaker parts 166 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL .MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. can be strengthened internally by wires and steel rods, also the large arch blocks and columns can be made with a sunken iron loop to aid in handling them, and thus avoid disfiguring the face of the stone. CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. There are two companies manufacturing sand-lime bricks at Antioch. Each of the plants has a short spur connecting with the A. T. & S. F. Railway, and a tunnel underneath the sand dune to the river bank, where they have a dock with deep water, so that they can ship either by water or by rail. Both companies get their sand from the sand dune at the works and lime from kilns at Concord. Holland Sandstone Brick Company, office 18 Fremont street, San Francisco; F. W. Moller, superintendent; has a plant one mile east of Antioch, on the north side of the Santa Fe Railroad. It uses the un- slaked process, in which the lime is ground as quicklime and mixed wdth the screened sand and slaked in the mixing process. The lime and sand are first thoroughly mixed in a pugmill, with sufficient water to slake the lime, and the mixed material runs into large bins, holding enough for several thousand bricks, where the slaking process is com- pleted. The sand is well screened, the coarse and the very fine mate- rials being separated and thrown out before it is mixed wdth the lime in the pugmill. The mixed materials while still warm are run into another pugmill, in which more water is added, and after another thorough mixing, they pass still warm into a Kommick brick machine having a capacity of from 10,000 to 12,000 brick per day, where the bricks are molded under high pressure, loaded on the cars, and run into the steam boilers still warm. There are three boilers, each about 30 feet long, and each holding 7,000 bricks, where the bricks are kept under steam pressure of 120 pounds for al)out ten hours, when they are removed on cars and run into the yard, where they are stored and per- mitted to further season liefoi'e shipping. The In-icks are made of a standard size, weigh 5 pounds each, and have a l»right, light gray color when finished. The Holland Company began working in .June, 1903, but its plant was not in operation the first four months of 1904, so that it had not put many bricks on the market at that time. Golden Gate Sandstone Brick Company. — This company manufac- tures by a little different process, in which the lime is slaked before mixing with the sand. The slaking is done in iron pots with steam, in the same boilers in which the bricks are afterwards steamed. As this plant was started about the same time as the other, both are too new as yet to tell which process will give the better results. The Golden ARTIFICIAL STONE — CONTRA COSTA, KERN. 1G7 Gate Company uses an American-made machine, which molds six bricks at a time, instead of one, as in the German machine. The com- pany has one large steam boiler, about 60 feet long, and is now (August, 1904) putting in a second smaller boiler about 30 feet long, which, when complete, will give them practically the same boiler capacity as the Holland Company. Paeifle Stone Company, office 208 Crossley Building, San Francisco, is putting up an extensive plant at Black Diamond, Contra Costa County, to manufacture "litholite" by the Stevens process. This pro- cess is somewhat different from the one described above, and the com- pany objects to calling it an artificial stone, but uses the more classic name, litholite. The company will use crushed granite, basalt, quartz, and other rocks, which, after being crushed into fine fragments, are mixed with cement into a thin mortar or slip, and poured into sand molds. The sand absorbs the excess of moisture, part of which it gives back when the stone begins to set. In an above mentioned process the semi-dry materials are tamped in the mold and then removed and air-dried. In this process there is no pressure, and the cement sets in the presence of excess moisture. It takes about thirty days from the time the mate- rials are mixed until the stone is ready for use in the building. The granite used by this company is a light gray and the stone produced is normally a light gray concrete, but by using pigments any desired color may be made. A letter from this company dated October 24, 1904, says: "We expect to start the wheels turning to-morrow." The present capacity of its plant is 300 cubic feet of building stone per day, and it has been constructed with a view to future enlargement. It is located on deep water on the San Joaquin River, and has a siding from both the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific railroads, so that shipping facilities are of the best. The plant is equipped with crushers, rolls, conveyors, elevators, screens, mixers, and overhead carriers, which are operated by electric motor with power from the wires of the Bay Counties Power Company. At the beginning of 1904 there were in the United States and Canada twenty different factories making stone by this process, most of them in the East, five of them being in New York State. The Pacific Stone Company claims to be the only one on the Pacific Coast. KERN COUNTY. - Bakersfield Sandstone Bpiek Company, John Curran, superintendent, began operations in August, 1903. This company uses the Kommick system of manufacture, the same as the Holland Sandstone Brick Com- 168 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. pany at Antioch. It uses river-sand from the bed of Kern River, and lime from Telincliaj)]. This sand is obtained up the river from Bakers- field and is brought to the plant on railway cars. The works have been in operation almost continuously since they started in 1908, except when delayed by waiting for supplies. Several large business blocks and some private residences have been constructed of this light-colored brick in Bakersfield, which has a larger percentage of houses of this material than any other town in the State. The greater part of the product is used in Bakersfield, where it is apparently growing in favor. Since they are sold about as cheap as red l)ricks, they will probably be used even more extensivelv in the future. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. California Concpete Building- Block Company; H. C. Turner, general manager, 510 Douglas Building; works, 2522 East Ninth street, Los Angeles. Various building materials are made from gravel, sand, and cement. The forms are pressed in Palmer hollow-block machines and pressed-brick machines. The plant is equipped with an 8-horsepower gasoline engine. Employs 8 men. Califopnia Ornamental Brick Company, lOoO East First street, oftice 215 Mason Opera House Building, Los Angeles, uses the second method described (on page 165), by mixing sand or gravel with the cement in a moist condition, and turns out quite a variety of products. The company manufactures many bricks of standard size, also many different kinds of sandstone in form, dimensions, and color to suit the customer. The factory stands on the river bank below First street, and an endless wire cable, with sand buckets attached, elevates the sand and gravel of the river-bed to the top of the building, where they are automatically dumped into screens, wdiich separate, first, the coarse gravel used for concrete; second, the finer gravel used in mixing with tar in roofing buildings; and third, the sand used in making the brick and sandstone as described above. Some of the buildings in Los Angeles in which the artificial stone and brick made by the Pacific Stone Company have been used are: Evening Express Building, Home Telephone Building, Bryson Block, Congrega- tional Church, Pruess Block, McBurney Building, Emergency Hospital. St. Joseph's Church. Synagogue, \\^'inshank Building, and Bacon Block. Ornamental Stone and Brick Company; F. A. Parker, president, Fourth and Alamitos streets, Long Beach; J. H. Dovey, superintendent. ISIaii- ufactures hollow concrete blocks of various forms and dimensions for building purposes, and intends to manufacture pressed building bricks. ARTIFICIAL STONE — LOS ANGELES, MONTEREY. 169 Gravel is used, the pebbles being crushed and mixed with cement. The mixture is pressed moist in forms, then slowly dried in the air, beinj^ moistened every day. Started operations September, 1904. Employs 7 men. Pacific Sandstone Brick Company has a sand-lime brick plant one mile north of Redondo, on the coast, near Los Angeles. During the summer of 1904 the company remodeled its plant and put in new machinery. The works are close to one of the great oil fields of the State, and are i ^ •- fi ,JM if ^B mL "i ■ ^ ILL. No. 77. PACIFIC SANDSTONE BRICK COMPANY'S PLANT, KEDONDO, LOS ANGELES COUNTY. favorably located for fuel and raw material. The rapidly growing city of Los Angeles, and other neighboring towns should offer a good market. MONTEREY COUNTY. Monterey Brick and Stone Company, 320 Crossley Building, San Francisco; Wm. Quinton, Alvarado street, Monterey. It contemplates erecting a plant to make sand-lime brick by the Schwartz system from the Monterey beach sand. The T. A. Work Company, Pacific Grove, makes at Monterey and Pacific Grove, hollow building blocks out of the beach sand and Cali- fornia Portland cement, in the ratio of 5 to 1 ; for the facing blocks the ratio is 2 to 1. Tlie material is mixed dry, and tamped dry into a 170 STRUCTI'KA1> AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. Hayden automatic block machine. The blocks are moistened twice a day for four or five days, then left to dry in the air, and within ten or twelve days are ready for use. The works were started in October, 1904. SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. Leslie Conklin, Santa Barbara, is now (July, 1904) erecting a small factory on Castillo street, Santa Barbara, for the purpose of making artificial stone. He has been experimenting for some time and reports that his experiments have been very successful. He expects to use sand from nearby deposits and cement in the proportion of about 8 to 1. He has ordered machinery for molding the blocks, and estimates that he can manufacture bricks in this way cheaper than ordinary red bricks can be sold. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. San Jose Cement Block Company is operating a plant at the corner of Fourth and Virginia streets, San Jose. J. H. Kircher is superin- tendent, with offices in Room 40, Auzerais Building. Stone copings, hollow concrete building blocks, chimneys, gravestones, and other cement products are manufactured. SONOMA COUNTY. Sonoma Stone and Construction Company has a plant at 121 Fifth street, Santa Rosa, and manufactures various products, including cement sewer pipe, pressed sand bricks, artificial stone, cemetery orna- ments, copings, curbings, cement shingles and tiling, etc., using Cali- fornia Portland cement as a binder. Ten men are employed. VENTURA COUNTY. H. Roberts, Ventura, manufactures hollow building blocks from l)each sand and California Portland cement. ARTinCIAL MARBLE. A number of handsome marbles now on the market are partly artificial; that is, other rocks, such as gypsum and slate, are put through a process in which they are made to resemble marble. PART II. PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA. Cement, as used in building operations, signifies a compound of lime and other substances that hardens under water or in contact with water. It is a mixture of lime, or lime and magnesia, with clay or silica, or both. It differs from common quicklime in that it does not slake, expand, crumble, nor give off heat when wet, but chemically combines with part of the water into a firm, solid rock. There are two principal classes of cement: the natural rock, or Rosendale cement; and the artificial prod- uct, or Portland cement; to which may be added a third, the Pozzolana, or slag cement. NATURAL ROCK CEMENT. A limestone which in nature contains sufficient clay or other sub- stance, mixed with the carbonate of lime, that it only requires proper burning and grinding to form a cement, is called a waterlime or natu- ral cement rock, and the product is natural or Rosendale cement, some- times called Roman cement. Natural cement rock was discovered accidentally in the United States in 1818, near Chittenango, N. Y. Later it was found in large quantities in Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kentucky, and elscAvhere. Ulster County, New York, and Louis- ville, Kentucky, have always been the centers of this important industry. The natural cement is generally inferior to the Portland cement, and in some places, especially in a few localities in New York State, its market is being gradually taken by the artificial product. The only natural cement rock known in this State comes from Orange County, where a body of it, claimed to be of good quality, is found. PORTLAND CEMENT. Portland cement may be defined as a compound consisting chiefiy of silicates and aluminates of lime, produced by the calcination to incipient vitrification of a mechanical mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials, the clinker thus produced being subsequently ground to a more or less impalpable powder. The exact chemical composition of Portland cement varies considerably; its principal constituents are lime, silica, alumina, and oxide of iron, which are found, roughly, in (171) 172 STRUCTUKAIi AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. the following i)roi)ortions: lime, 60 to 64 per cent; silica, 20 to 24 per cent; alumina, 6 to 10 per cent; iron oxide, o to 5 per cent. These four constituents, as a rule, amount to about !)6 per cent, the remainder con- sisting of small quantities of sulphuric anhydride, magnesia, alkalies, etc. (See Portland Cement, D. B. Butler, page 10. Geological Survey of Ohio (4th series). Bulletin No. 3, The Manufacture of Hydraulic Cements, by A. V. Bleininger. A paper by same writer in the Transactions of the American Ceramic Society, 1903. Chemical and Engineering News, 1898, Vol. IV, page 5, etc.) The use of Portland cement is principally based on its characteristic quality to harden rapidly under water or in a moist atmosphere. Portland cement was first manufactured and so named in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin,* Avho took out a patent for it as "an improvement in the modes of producing an artificial stone." The growth of the industry was very slow at first. It was not until 1851 that it was first brought prominently before the world, and soon after its manufacture began in Germany, France, and elsewhere on the continent. The increase in the output was rapid from this time, especially in Germany and England, both of which countries exported large quantities to the United States. In the United States the first Portland cement was manufactured in 1875, by Mr. Saylor, at Siegfried, in eastern Pennsylvania. A second factory was soon afterwards established in western Pennsylvania. For nearly twenty years the growth of the industry was very slow indeed, but during the last decade of the nineteenth century there was a phenome- nal increase in the product. This was brought about by the grea.ly increased use of cement, which without any marked decrease in impor- tation raised the home production in one decade more than 1200 per cent. The following figures indicate the great increase in the domestic pro- duction and the growing commercial importance of the industry: Domestic Production, Imports and Exports of Portland Cement, 1890 1903. ISUO I'JOl). 1902. Production of Portland cement in the United States, in barrels 335,500 8,482,000 17,230,644 Number of works in the United States 16 50 65 Imports of Portland cement into the United States 1,940,18(! 2,386,683 1,961,013 Production of natural rock cement in the United States 7,082,204 8,383,519 8,044,305 The enormous increase in the domestic production of Portland cement is a matter of surprise, and yet when one looks at the varied us-es to which it is put and the many other places where it might be used, it will be a matter of great surprise if the increased rate of production does not continue for many years. * While Aspdin is usually ci'cditcd w itii inventing the Porthiud cciiunt, it is thought that he originated the naiur only, as tiii' ('ciiiciit which he made was a Rosi'udalc or Roman cement, and not a I'ortlaiul cement. PORTT>AND CEMENT INDUSTRY. 173 Uses of Portland Cement. — Because of the ease Avith which it can be molded or put into desired shapes, its hardness and durability when placed, and its resistance to the action of moisture and vermin, Port- land cement will continue to increase in importance in structural and engineering work. It is not only replacing the ordinary lime mortar in masonry, especially in foundations, but is even replacing stone and brick, and for many uses wood and iron, in the structures. Cement is used both in the manufacture of artificial stone, and in concrete, which material is much used for monolithic structures, in walls (e. g. the Museum of Fine Arts at the Stanford University), foun- ILL. Xo. 7S. SAXTA ANA VIADUCT, OX THK S. P., L.-A. it S.?;L. R. K., CROSSING SANTA ANA RIVER, NEAR RIVERSIDE. dations, bridge construction (e. g. the bridge of the Salt Lake Railway at Riverside), reservoir dams, etc. The following list, arranged alphabetically, indicates the more important present uses of Portland cement: abutments, arched culverts, artistic tile, artificial stone, bank vaults, breakwaters, concrete in many places, curbs and gutters, dams and wheel-pits, dry docks, engine beds, fence posts, fireproof floors, etc., fortifications, foundations and walls, foundations for brick and asphalt pavements, irrigation flumes, linings of war vessels, locks of canals, pavements, piers, piling, pipe mains, railway ties, reservoirs, retaining walls and embankments, sea walls, sewers, shingles, stucco, telephone conduits, terra cotta blocks, tomb- stones, tunnel linings, and burial tombs. The list is capable of indefi- nite extension, as possibly no other modern product commends itself so readily to so many different uses. 174 STRUCTURAL AND IXOT-STRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNLV. The (luantity of Portland cement used in California is far in excess of that manufactured in the State. With large deposits of limestone and clay quite widely scattered over the State, and a large fuel supply, it would seem as though the cement industry ought to increase quite rapidly. The State should be exporting rather than importing cement. For many years the development of the cement industry, like many other manufacturing industries in California, was hindered by the high price of fuel, but with the opening of the great oil fields this difficulty has been overcome. Tests of Portland Cement.— The tests recommended by the American Society of Civil Engineers for Portland cement are: (1) For fineness — Cement shall be ground to such fineness that 95 per cent by weight will pass through a standard sieve of 50 meshes per inch (2500 meshes per square inch), and 90 per cent will pass through a standard sieve of 100 meshes. (2) For sound ne.^s — The cement shall endure the hot- water test at 25" F. for twenty-four hours without cracking or blowing. (3) For initial set — Neat cement shall not set to support i pound on l-inch wire in less than fifteen minutes for natural cement, and twenty- five minutes for Portland cement. (4) For tensile strength — Portland cement briquettes of neat cement mixed three minutes, put in molds with thumbs and trowel, and kept at a temperature of 65° to 70° for one day in moist air and six days in water, shall show a least average tensile strength of 400 pounds per square inch. Briquettes of three parts by weight of standard crushed quartz and one part by weight of Portland cement, mixed in same manner and kept seven days under same conditions, shall show a least average tensile strength of 125 pounds per square inch. Briquettes like the last, kept twenty-eight days under the same conditions, shall show a least average tensile strength of 220 pounds per square inch. (5) For tensile strength, American natural cement — Briquettes of neat natural cement, mixed three minutes, put in molds with thumbs and trowel, and kept at a temperature of 65° to 70^ for two hours in moist air and twenty-two hours under water, shall show a least average tensile strength of 60 pounds per square incii. Briquettes of natural cement and standard crushed quartz in equal parts by weight, mixed and handled in the same manner and kept at same temperature for one day in moist air and six days in water, shall show a least average tensile strength of 65 pounds per square inch. Briquettes similar to last, and kept twenty- eight days under same conditions, shall show a least average tensile strength of 150 pounds per square inch. The standard crushed quartz used in the tests shall pass a sieve of 20 meshes per inch, and shall stop on one of 30 meshes. Portland cement is to a great extent bought on the reputation of tho PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY. 175 brand, hence the importance to the mannfactnrer of keeping up the reguhirity of quality of his product. The Composition of Portland Cement is already given above. The varying amounts of the different constituents influence the character of the cement to a certain extent. Cements rich in lime set more slowly, but harden better than those poor in lime. Cements rich in silica set more slowly than those rich in alumina, but they are better for use under salt water. An addition of 0.33 to 0.75 per cent of fluorspar is helpful in making the materials clinker more easily. Gypsum or sulphate of lime in small quantities delays the setting of the cement somewhat, and adds to its final strength. More than 4 or 5 per cent is injurious, and many specifications require that less than 2 per cent be added. In this country limestone, marl, chalk, and travertine are used in making Portland cement. ANALYSES OF RAW MATERIALS AND THE CEMENT, COLTON, CALIFORNIA.* Limestone. Clay. riav. Cement. Lime(CaO) 55.216 2.900 2.300 60.648 Magnesiii(MsO) .(lOO 1.016 1.873 .378 Silica (SiOo) ' .550 49.300 50.100 22.250 Alumina (AUOj) and Ferric oxide (FeaOj)--- .850 20.100 29.700 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 43.384 Undet. 3.854 Sulphate of lime (Cay04) 2.000 Alkalies; 1.524 Moisture and organic matter 12.300 MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT. The successive steps in the process of manufacture are the prepara- tion of the raw materials, the mixing, burning, grinding and bolting. Mixing. — There are two general methods of preparing and mixing the raw materials. One is known as the wet process, and the other as the dry or semi-wet process. In the wet process, the mixing is done in w^ater. Sometimes it is necessary to grind the materials first, but as this method is commonly used with chalk or marl, the preliminary grinding is often unnecessary. The mixing is done in large tanks resembling the plungers used in clay- washing plants. In the center of the tank is a vertical rotating shaft, carrying a framework with scrapers, that keeps the materials constantly agitated. Water is let in continually during the mixing, and as it flows out it carries the materials as sediment to the settling tanks, where after the settling of the solids the clear water is drawn off. One of the objections to this process is that clay and chalk, having different specific gravities, tend to separate in the settling tank. Another objec- *Annual Report of State Geologist of New Jersey, 1900, p. 24. 1(() STRrCTl'HAL AM) 1XDUSTRIA1> MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. tion is the length of time required to dry the materials or get rid of the excess water. In the dry or semi-wet method, tlie raw materials are ground dry separately and mixed with only enough water to form a paste or slurry, which is then molded into bricks to facilitate the charging into the kilns. Where the rotary kiln is used, the forming into bricks is unnecessary. Sometimes the dry-press is used in forming the bricks, thus saving the expense of evaporating the excess water. In all the California cement works the rotary kiln is used, and hence the briquet- ting is unnecessary. Burning-. — After the materials are mixed in the proper proportions, the next step is the burning in kilns, of which there are different types in use in this country. The rotary kiln is the only one in use in California, and is now almost universally used throughout the United States, while rapidly growing in favor abroad. It consists of a steel cylinder lined with firebricks. The first rotary kilns were 40 feet long, but this was soon changed to 60 feet, which has been the standard length for several years. Recently Edison constructed a kiln 150 feet long, which shows a considerable saving in fuel and an increased output. This result has already induced several manufacturers to lengthen their kilns, but the 60-foot kilns are still in use in California. The cylinders are slightly inclined and revolve upon two, sometimes three tires, resting on idlers, and are turned by steam power. The upper end of the kiln projects into a brick tlue, which is generally surmounted by an iron stack. The lower end of the kiln is closed by a firel)rick hood. The raw mate- rial is fed into the upper end and the fuel burned at the lower end. The material works slowly down the'interior of the kiln into gradually higher temperatures. First the moisture is driven off, next the car- bonic acid, and next there is a partial fusion into yellow balls, which finally change to a greenish-black slag or clinker; Avhen the burning is complete the clinker drops through the opening in the hood into the clinker pit. Each of these processes takes place at a different tempera- ture, but the last one requires the greatest care, as either overburning or underburning injures the value of tiie cement. The first work done with the rotary kilns was with oil for fuel, but in eastern Pennsylvania, coal, which is cheaper there than oil, replaced the oil and is used by first crushing it to a powder and then blowing it into the kiln. In California, however, oil, being much cheaper, is used exclusively, and aside from cheapness is preferable to coal. The clinker is cooled in several ways. Some use rotary coolers, some vertical coolers, and some cool in the pits or on the floor. Water is generally sprinkled on the clinker, which helps cool it and also aids in seasoning it. PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY. 177 Grinding-.— After cooling, the clinker is ground to a fine powder either in tlie Cirittin mill or in the ball and tube mills, such as are used for grinding the raw materials. The cement is ground until a large per- centage of it (90 per cent or more) will pass through a 100-mesh screen, and a smaller but still large percentage would pass through a 200-mesh sieve. Many contracts call for a specified degree of fineness. The cement should be stored for several weeks, or better, several months, before using. This is usually done in large bins in the storage warehouse. When sent to market, it is shipped in either bags or bar- rels. Nearly all the California product is shipped in bags holding 95 })ounds each. The Grifl&n mill, which is the kind used at Colton, is an American invention, and is used extensively in the cement works in the eastern United States. It consists of a revolving pendulum, with a ball at the lower end, which in its rotation strikes the inner side of a steel ring, the grinding being produced partly by the blow and partly by the peculiar rubbing motion. The ball and tube mills are used at Suisun and Napa Junction. The hall mill is a short cylinder, having heavy perforated steel plates inside of screens near the outside cylinder. It is charged with quite hard steel balls from 3 to 5 inches in diameter, and when the c^dinder is rotated the balls drop with considerable force on the rock material l)elow. The ball mill is quite effective in crushing the material to about 20-mesh size. The tube mill is used to continue this process until extreme fineness is produced. It consists of a tube usually about 22 feet long and 52 inches in diameter, although the size is not always uniform. It is charged with well-rounded pebbles, usually imported from Norway or Sweden. The Suisun factory uses some pebbles from the American River. After the cement to be ground is placed in the mill, rotation is started and the rolling and running action of the peV>bles reduces the cement to extreme fineness. The expense of keeping these mills in repair is said to be very great, not infrequently the annual cost of repairs being equal to one third the original cost of the mill. ANALYSES OF PORTLAND CEMENT. German— SiO, Al.,0, Fe^Oa CaO ,MgO SO3 Dyckerhoff 20.64 T.lo 3.69 H;H.M6 2.33 1.39 Genuania 22.08 6.84 3.36 63.72 1.32 1.82 French — Boulofrne 22.30 7.W 2..30 64.62 1.04 .75 CarKleiot 22.30 8.50 3.10 62.80 .45 .70 Ameriraii — Savior's 22.68 6.71 2..35 62..30 3.14 1.88 Giant 19.92 9.83 2.63 6U.32 3.12 1.13 Alplia 22.62 8.76 2.6H 61.46 2.92 1.53 Atlas 21.96 8.29 2.67 60.56 3.43 1.43 California — Colton.. 22.25 12.70 60.65 .38 1.18 "Standard." Xapa. Junction 21.42 7.40 3.20 63.08 1.02 1.07 Golden Gate, Suisun 22..">5 7.25 x,.,-)(i 62.60 1.20 1.30 12— HII.. 88 178 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ^MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. PORTLAND CEMENT FACTORIES IN CALIFORNIA. At present (1904) there are three cement factories in operation in California, located at Napa Junction, Napa County; at Colton, San Bernardino County; and at Cement, near Suisun, Solano County. At other places cement works are projected in tlie near future. The oldest factory is that at Colton. The one at Suisun began in 1902, and the one at Napa Junction in 1903. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE ON LIME AND CEMENT. 1. Lime and Cement Industries of New York. Bulletin No. 44, New York State Museum, November, 1901. 2. Report on Portland Cement Industry. Geological Survey of New Jersey, Annual Report of the State Geologist for the year 1900, pp. 9-101. 3. American Cements, by U. Cummings. Boston, 1898. 4. Limes, Hydraulic Cement, and Mortars, by Q. A. Gillmore. N. Y., 1872. 5. Manual of Lime and Cement. N. Y., 1893. 6. Eighth Annual Report of State Mineralogist of California, 1888, p. 865. 7. Report on Portland Cement in Indiana. Twenty-fifth Annual Report, Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 1900, pp. 1-331. 8. Concrete — A monthly publication, began in 1904. Detroit, Michigan. 9. Geological Survey of Ohio, 4th Series, Bulletin No. 3. The Manu- facture of Hydraulic Cements, by A. V. Bleininger. BUTTE COUNTY. There is a i)ossibility that cement may be manufactured in the near future at the limestone quarries in Sees. 7, 17, 18, and 20, T. 21 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M. L. M. Hancock, Fortuna, Humboldt County. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Los Angeles Fireproof Cement Company, J. p]. Brown, 318 Grant Building, Los Angeles, manufactures a cement out of sawdust, sand, and Portland cement. The works are located in Garvanza. The material is mixed by hand. Capacity, about 20 tons per day. NAPA COUNTY. Standard Portland Cement Company. — The works of this company are at Napa Junction, Napa County; olKce, Crocker Building, San Fran- cisco. Tlu; company began operations in February, 1903, with eight rotary kilns, which were soon increased to ten, eacli liaving a capacity X. x: < X X O 71 (179) 180 STKlCTIKAl, AM) IXDUSTRIAL .MATKKIALS OF C.UJFORNIA. of 200 barrels per day, or a total capacity at present of 2000 barrels of cement per day. The plant is close to the Honthern Pacific Railroad, at the junction of the roads to Vallejo and Benicia. Two spurs from the railway extend into the works, and a tramway runs to deep water on Napa Creek, al)out a mill' distant, so that cement may be shipped either by rail or by water. Tlie cement is manufactured in large fireproof buildings. The build- ing for holding the stock is over 200 feet long and has a capacity of 200,000 barrels. The cement is usually shipped in sacks of 95 pounds each; when so desired, it is shipped in barrels. The company has its own cooper shop. The works are well equipped with modern machinery. The company has its own machine shop. Electrical power is used throughout the plant, and the material is all handled by machiner}'^ from the time it is ])ut on the car in the quarry until it is placed in sacks for shipment. The only manual labor required is in quarrying and loading the raw materials, and in loading the cement on the cars. The raw materials, both the limestone and the claj^ are quarried close by the n)ill and loaded on small dump-cars, ^vhich are pulled into the works by a wire cable. Each car is weighed as it comes in, and the materials are properly proportioned, so that the limestone and clay when dropped into the rock-crusher are in the right proportion for cement. From the crusher the material passes to two large rotary dr\' kilns heated by oil flame. From the dry kilns part of the product goes to storage bins, where a supply is kept to meet demands. The other portion from the dry kilns passes to the ball and tube mills; there are six of each for grinding the raw materials, and the same number for grinding the clinker. The fine material is then conveyed to ten large rotary kilns, where it is burned with oil fuel to a clinker, which as it comes from the kilns is caught in iron buckets on a vertical belt and carried to the top of the cooling chamber, where it is cooled by air- currents. The cooled clinker is next passed to the ball and tube mills, where it is thoroughly pulverized ready for use. and then taken by an overhead tube to the stock room, and stored in large l)ins awaiting shipment. The raw materials consist of crystalline limestone and a calcareous clay, both of which are obtained from the same pit. The limestone occurs in regular beds from 1 to 4 feet thick, which dip to the north at an angle of 40 degrees. It is partly crystallized and very fossiliferous, being composed largely of a mass of broken shells, not many of which are preserved entire. It is probably of Lower C'retaceous age. The limestone is overlaid by a yellow calcareous clay. The quarry face shows a thickness of about 100 feet of limestone and 50 feet of clay. Drill records, it is reported, indicate a thickness of at least 200 feet of y. A Y, y. y o o Z (ISl) Low-Grade Material. Cement 20.23 21.42 8.68 7.40 3.11 3.20 65.23 63.08 1.72 1.02 .25 1.07 1.46 182 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. limestone at the qiiarr3\ Steam drills and dynamite are used in quarry- ing the limestone, and a steam shovel for loading the clay is soon to be added. A fault-plane runs through the quarr}' and shows quite prominently on the south wall, where a crumpled, blue-black, pyritiferous shale has been thrust up over the limestone. The clay at the east end of the quarry is very calcareous, and merges into limestone, but at the extreme west end it is more argillaceous. Overlying all is a bed of dark brown adobe. Analyses of Cement Materials and Cement of the Standard Portland Cement Company, Napa Junction.* High-Grade Material. Silica (SiO.).. 6.63 Alumina (AI0O3) 3.61 Iron oxide (FcaOs) 1.26 Lime carbonate (CaCOs) 85.17 Lime(CaO) Magnesia carbonate (MgCO^) -_- 1.83 ^lagnesia (MgO) Sulphuric anhydride(S03) .91 Ignition Physical Tests of the Standard Portland Cement Company, Napa Junction. Fineness — 100-mesh 'J4.8 per cent. 200-mesh 75.0 per cent. Initial set 2 liours. Final set 6 hours. , 7 days. — n . 28 days. > Tensile strength — Neat. Sand. Neat. Sand. Xo. 1---- 647 265 840 387 No. 2 653 294 798 396 No. 3 628 273 8M 412 No. 4 643 277 824 398 This plant is admirably located for the production of cement in large quantities. Good rail and water transportation, and an abundant supply of raw material at the works, are certainly strong points in favor of a stable industry, (rypsum and fuel are the only substances not obtained close at hand. The gypsum is shipped from Nevada, as is nearly all that substance used in central California. The fuel is oil, but much of the power is electric, brought by wire from the American River. ORANGE COUNTY. Some years ago tests in tlie manufacture of cement were made by using clay and the fossiliferous limestone found on the ranch of \Mlliam L. Moulton, near El Toro. The product was of satisfactory quality, but the high cost of fuel at that time prevented the manufacture from a commercial standpoint. With the present supply of oil as fuel, cement could probably be produced commercially with the limestone and clay found on this property. ♦Analyses and tests made by the company in their laboratories. PORTLAND CEMENT — SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. 183 SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Colton Cement Works, in Sees. 19 and 30, T. 1 S., II. 4 W., S. B. M.; at Colton; California Portland Cement Company, 401 Trust Building, Los Angeles, owner; T. J. Fleming, general manager. Preliminary work was begun about 1892, and in 1894 the works were producing about 50 barrels per day and employing 25 men.* In 1896, the capa- city of the plant was 200 barrels per day and 75 men were employed. f Since that time the capacity of the plant has been increased nearly threefold. The works are located about li miles west of Colton, on the south side of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and at the north end of Slover Mountain. This mountain, which is nearly all pure limestone, is about a mile in length, more than a half mile wide, and 500 feet high. (See Limestone and Marble, pages 77 and 102.) Near the summit of the mountain, on the northeast side, is the quarry from which the cement Y-ao. ILL. No. .sL ELEVATION OF LIMESTONE QUARRY OF COLTON CEMENT WORKS, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY'. rock is obtained. The limestone is here very coarsely crystallized, some of the calcite rhombs being more than an inch in diameter. Analyses of this stone show it to be a remarkably pure carbonate of lime. One analysis gave: lime, 55.216 per cent; carbonic acid, 43.384 per cent; silica, 0.55 per cent; alumina and iron oxide, 0.85 per cent. The com- position of the stone in the quarry is said to be remarkably uniform, as its appearance Avould indicate. A tunnel has been cut through the mountain from the level of the quarry floor to a point directly above the cement works. The broken stone from the quarry is run through the tunnel on small tram-cars and dumped into a rock-crusher. After crushing it is sent by gravity doAvn a long chute to the cement mill, where it is finely pulverized in a Griffin mill, and then thoroughly mixed with the clay in a mixer. The mixed product is fed into three rotary kilns, where it is burned to a clinker with an oil fire. The superintendent has patented an appliance for spraying the oil into the kilns, which is said to be a great aid in burning. The clinker is removed *Twelftli Annual Report of State Mineralogist, 1894, p. 380. t Thirteenth Annual Report of State Mineralogist, IBitfi, p. H12. 184 STRUCTIKAI. AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. 1)y wheelbarrow from the kihis to the drying floor, where it is spread out and sprinkh^d with water for the donbh- ])nriiose of coolini;- and seasoning it. It is tlien ground in tlw (iriflin mill and sacked ready for shipment. The clay is obtained from Alberhill, Riverside County, and is shipped in by rail. The gypsum is ol)tained from Arizona. Besides cement, this company produces crushed stone, marl^le, plaster of paris, lime, and marble dust for making carbonic aeid gas for soda fountains. SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. Several years ago a Santa Cruz company was organized to manufac- ture Portland cement from material obtained in a little gulch at a place known as Wagner's Park, one mile north of Santa Cruz. A reverl^er- atory furnace, a kiln, and the necessary grinding machinery were installed, and some cement was produced, which, reports say, was good; but as the price of imported cement had been reduced to a figure below the cost of local production, a cessation of operations resulted. The material used in the manufacture of this cement was taken from a bed of calcareous travertine (a deposit from springs), and was ground with some clayey material found in a neighboring bluff. SAN BENITO COUNTY. Chittenden Cement Plant; Mr. Bauman of New York and Mr. Kemp Van Ee of San Francisco, owners until the company is regularly organ- ized. The company has completed plans for the erection of a large cement plant near Chittenden, a small station on the coast line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, in the southeast corner of Santa Cruz County. The company claims to have about 700 acres of limestone from l^ to 2^ miles west of San Juan, and an immense hill of shale at Chittenden. The plans call for a plant with a daily capacity of 3200 barrels, with facilities for enlarging. Buildings are to be of steel and reinforced con- crete. The plans also include a broad-gauge electric railroad to tide water at Watsonville Landing. Oil from the nearby wells will be used as fuel. SAN DIEGO COUNTY. At Jamul, 18 miles southeasterly from San Diego, hydraulic cement was manufactured on a small scale a number of years ago. The reason commonly assigned for abandoning the industry at this point is that it is too far from the railway. The plant was designed, it is said,* to produce 200 barrels per day. *Nin(li Annual Tlcport of Stale :\rinoralogist, 18S9. pp. 130 and "0!1. Twflftli ih;. 380. 186 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. It was from this travertine deposit that the so-called Suisim marble has been taken in limited quantities at different times. The extent of the deposit is not less than one (juarter of a mile wide and a mile in length, and it may be even larger. The present quarry face shows from 30 to 60 feet of stone, and it is said to persist 60 feet below the bottom of the quarry. How nuich deeper it goes is not known. The deposit resembles in many ways the large deposit at Tivoli, near Rome, from which the stone was named. Hand samples of the two rocks look very much alike. The clay used by the Pacific Portland Cement Company is a laminated «r^. :-^"J#; " ■^.■; 'Oii■>r;>"- •:>?: -^^:^ i ii W |l»i . ■ j ^ ''^!^ .:*<^; ILL. No. 82. SECTION OF FACE OF LIMESTONE QUARRY OF PACIFIC PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY, CONS., AT CEMENT, SOLANO COUNTY. gray to buff clay, shaly in places, and containing some interstratified shaly sandstone. The deposit is probably late Tertiary in age. The clay is free from fossils, but some of the sandstone layers contain many fossil fragments. Tlie clay beds have been elevated and crumpled somewhat. At the clay pit where they are working the strata stand vertically. The clay crumbles and slakes rapidly on exposure to the air, so it is customary to plow it up and leave it exposed to the air and sun a week or more, after which it is moved by scrapers down grade to the loading platform, where it is loaded through a hopper into small cars which run by gravity into the mill and dump it at the mixing machine. & o u o o M z; w M a H ■ji z; o Qui o Q 2; ;^ 'A a Q ?; P3 O Ph o < a it o z o o 'A (187) 188 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OK CALIFORNIA. Analysis of Clay Used by the Pacific Portland Cement Company. I'LT Cent. Silica (SiO^) 58.t)5 Aluniiiia ( AljOj) 1«.25 liO; Alkalies 2.05 Suliiiiuric anliyilriile (SO3) .5<.> Total 1(1(1.10 AsMe from the thin sandstone layers, which are thrown out in tlie quarrying, the clay is remarkably free from (juartz and contains no perceptible grit. It is a smooth, plastic clay that would fuse at a moderately low temperature. Analysis of Golden Gate Cement made by the Pacific Portland Cement Company. Linie(Ca()) 62.60 Silica (SiOj) - 22.55 Alumina (AI2O3) 7.25 Iron oxide (FeoOj) 3.50 Magnesia (MgO) 1.20 Sulphuric anhydride (SO,) 1.30 Loss on ignition J .75 Alkalies by difference .85 Total 100.00 The al)ove is the analysis of the cement made at the works in August, 1904. For comparison with the other cements, the table on page 177 should be consulted. Physical Tests* of the Golden Gate Cement, July 10, 1904. Fineness— 100-niesh 90.5 per cent. 200-mesh 70.0 per cent. Set— Initial 2 hours, 40 minutes. Final 6 hours. Tensile strength — Neat: No. l. No. 2. No. .S. No. 4. No. 5. Iday 320 310 305 310 320 3 days -. 520 545 490 580 545 Tdays 710 (i50 665 600 650 28da"ys 820 800 800 750 800 Tensile strength— Saiid: 3 days 120 140 125 100 140 Tdays 210 200 205 200 225 28days 370 340 340 370 395 *Tests for tensile strength were made in a Fairbanks standard machine. ILL. No. 84. STEAM SHOVEL AT WORK IN CLAY PIT. PACIFIC PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY, CONS., SOLANO COUNTY'. ILL, No. 85. CARS LOADED WITH LIMESTONE TO SUPPLY THE CRUSHER AT PLANT OF THE PACIFIC PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY, CONS.. AT CEMENT, SOLANO CO. (189) PART III. CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRIES IN CALIfORNIA. 1. I)i:fimtio.n of Clay. '2. Origin of Clays. M. Chemical Composition of Clay.s. 4. Phy.sical Properties of Clay'.s. .5. Uses of Clays. H. High-Grade Clays: China Clay. Potter's Ciay. Fire Clay. High-Grade Clay Industries in California. 7. Liiw-Gkade Clays: General Features. Red Brick an>, or those which have been deposited by water which has transported them from their original position. The glncial clays (boulder clay or till) is a special class of trans- ported clay in which the agent has been ice. Besides the clay of disintegration that has been picked up by the glacier, the glacial clay consists in part of finely-ground, fresh-rock material, which was formed by the rock-shod mass of ice pulverizing the rock over which it passed. litL* STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Technically, pure clay or kaolinite, which is the basis of all clay, is a hydrated silicate of aluminum (AlgOg, 2 SiOa, 2 HgO). All clay in its natural state contains more or less impurities, the kind and quantity of which determine its character; from purest varieties, called kaolin, clays range through all stages of impurity down to a point where the material contains so little kaolinite that it can not be classi- fied as clay at all. (Mines and Quarries, above mentioned, page 861.) The foreign material of the clay is frecjuently divided into the flux- ing and non-fluxing constituents, depending upon whether or not they increase the fusibility of the clay. The most common fluxing constitu- ents are lime, magnesia, potash, soda, lithia, iron, and manganese. The fusibility of the clay is as well affected by the physical condition of these fluxing constituents as by their quantity. For instance, a small percentage of iron oxide very finely divided and intimately diffused through the clay mass will prove to be a more active flux than twice the amount scattered through it in coarse grains. The common non-fluxing constituents are silica, titanic acid, water, and organic matter. This classification is not wholly free from criti- cism, as silica may slightly increase the fusibility. These constituents may be present in quite a variety of njineral forms. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAYS. Some of the properties which make clay so valuable to mankind are: (1) Plasticity and mobility when wet; (2) Retention of the molded form when dry; and (3) The hardness and great duraliility when burned. Plasticity when wet is a property common to all clays but the flint fire clay. * The plasticity is a result of the microscopical texture of the clays. (See IXth Pveport, California State Mining Bureau, page 287.) The kaolinite, which is formed in situ, and composed of crystalline scales, is only slightly, if at all, plastic, while kaolin, which has been transported, and composed of infinitesimal globular particles, makes a highly plastic clay. Flint clay becomes plastic when finely ground, but quartz does not, because the resulting particles are so hard that they will not flatten, however small. In dryimi, the clay loses part of the interstitial water, and in Inirning it loses the remainder and part of the water of crystallization. The hardening of the clay from high temi)erature is a permanent one, the nature of the material is changed, and it will no longer become plastic on the addition of water. ♦Possibly some persons would aild tuUcr's earth to tlio exceptions, Imt it \\vvi\ not be classed with the clays at all. . . CLAY INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA, 193 Shrinkage.— All clays that are molded wet, shrink on drying — air shrinkaijr — and undergo a further shrinkage when burned — fire shrink- age. The shrinkage is probably due, in great part at least, to loss of water. The water exists in the clay as water of crystallization, as a tihn around the particles, and inclosed between them. The air shrinkage is due largely to the loss of the second part as indicated by the fact that the shrinkage is from 2 to 10 per cent, while it takes from 14 to 35 per cent to make the clay plastic. The difference indicates in a general way the volume of the interstices. Clays differ greatly in the amount of shrinkage. In general, the more plastic and purely argillaceous clays shrink more than the sandy, siliceous ones. Hence, if the brickmaker has a clay that is too ''fat," he adds sand to it. Clay that has been burned once undergoes no further shrinkage on subsequent burning, hence burned clay is frequently used as a "grog"' to lessen shrinkage, especially in refractory products, where sand might lower the fusing point. The fire shrinkage is probabl}- caused, in part at least, by the loss of the water of crystallization along with the remaining interstitial water. It is also affected by the amount of organic or other volatile matter present. Moreover, some substances expand on heating, and if present in the clay may more than counterbalance the shrinkage of the argillaceous part. It is important to know the shrinkage of any given clay that is to be used for products of definite dimensions, so that the molds may be made the proper size. Laboratory tests made on a large number of different kinds of clay gave the following results, each being the average of several specimens of that kind: Laboratory Tests on Shrinkage. Air Shrinkage. Fire Shrinkage. Average. Average. Flint tireclay 3.5% 9.9% Kaolin ' 5.0 8.8 Potter's clay . 7.0 5.4 Brick 5.5 4.5 Shales . 6.0 4.6 Gumbo 9.0 1.5 Fusibility of Clays. — The clay manufacturer must necessarily know the fusing temperature of the clay he is using, in order that he may not injure or destroy his ware by overburning or underburning. The term fusilnlity" as applied to clays has a significance a little different from that as applied to metals. When clay is heated beyond red heat, it shrinks and becomes close-grained and harder. It finally reaches a point where shrinkage ceases and it becomes very hard and strong, and the individual grains are no longer recognized. This is called incipient vitrification. On further heating, the density and hardness are still further increased. This is called complete vitrification, although the clay still retains its form and shape. If the temperature is further 18— BUL. 38 a 11)4 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. increased, the clay begins to warp and sag, and ])lister, and becomes scoriaceous, which stage may be called scoriaceous vitrification. A fur- ther increase in temperature may produce a complete vitrification to a molten stage, from which it eools to a hard, glassy, rock-hke slag. The temperatures at which the various stages of vitrification are pro- duced are different in the different clays, and are functions largely of the chemical and physical composition of the clay. The clays which resist vitrification at high temperatures are called fire clays or refractory clays. The line of separation between refrac- tory and non-refractory clays is an arbitrary one. (See Fire Clay.) Color. — Clays may be white, black, red, yellow, brown, blue, or variegated. The white clays are free from metallic oxides and frequently among the purest forms of kaolin. The black clays are generally colored by the carbonaceous material diffused through them, and are frequently made white by burning. The yellow, brown, red, and frequently the blue colors are due to iron in some form; in the yellow clay the iron is in the form of the hydrous oxide, the common bog ore; in the red, the color is due to anhydrous iron oxide, or hema- tite; the blue color may be caused in part by iron carbonate, silicate, or sulphide, and sometimes wholly or in part by organic matter. The color of a clay after burning is frequently quite different from that before burning. They may be divided into three classes: Those which burn (1) white, (2) buff, (3) red. The color of the burned clay is influenced not only by the amount of iron in the clay, but also l>y the physical and chemical condition of the iron, the other elements asso- ciated with the iron, the temperature and length of time in burning, and the character of the gases in the kiln. The color of the burned product is thus very largely influenced by the skill of the Inirner. In the finer grades of ware, the desired color or colors are obtained by mixing the proper pigments. Almost any desired color or shade of color, except white, can be ol)tained in this way. For white wares, clay free from metallic oxides is necessary. (See " The Role Played by Iron in the Burning of Clays," by Professor Orton, in the " Clayworker," for April, 1904.) USES OF CLAY. The uses of clay are so many and varied that it is impossible to enumerate them all, especially in view of the fact that almost every day new uses are found for it. VARIETIES OF CLAY. The varieties of clay are almost endless, and the methods of classifica- tion are almost as many. The commercial clays are conveniently divided into high-grade and low-grade, although the line of separation is not a sharp one. HIGH-GRADE CLAYS. 195 HIGH-GRADE CLAYS. CHINA CLAY, PORCELAIN CLAY OR KAOLIN EARTH. This is the purest known form of clay; a white-burning, non-plastic, highly refractory, residual clay, used in the manufacture of china and other white wnres. It must be practically free from iron. The kaolins are friable in the hand and meagre to the touch. In the natural condi- tion they always contains more or less impurities, which are removed bv washing. 'f China Clay (.1. H. Collins, " Engineering and Mining .Journal," June 8, 1905) is a commercial term for the purest and whitest variety of kaolin. It is ol>tained by washing a variety of decomposed and often disintegrated granite, called "earclazite." In this the feldspar crystals have been more or less completely converted into kaolin. When the kaolinization is complete, or nearly so, the rock is called "clay"; when less complete, if there is an absence of objectionable elements in the- other components of the rock, the mass is called "chinastone" or ''petunzite." The kaolinization is closely associated with veins of Cjuartz and black tourmaline or schorl. Sometimes china clay can l)e traced for long distances, with a breadth of only a few feet, or even a few inches, in the direction of those veins; occasionall}'- the width may reach several yards. These wide masses of china clay are found asso- ciated with a number of more or less parallel veins of the kind men- tioned. The breadth of the decomposition is apparently independent of the size of the veins, but the direction of the decomposed land is dis- tinctly governed by that of the vein. The limit of the persistence in depth of the china clay is as yet unknown; at one place it was found at a depth of 900 feet below the surface. From a chemical standpoint the china clays are more valuable the nearer they approach kaolinite in composition, namely, 46.3 per cent of silica, 39.8 per cent of alumina, and 13.9 per cent of water. The physi- cal properties are often as important as the chemical ones, and are not always governed by the chemical composition. The following table, compiled from many analyses, indicates the wide range in chemical composition of china clays: Range in Composition of Chinaware Clays. Per Cent. Silica 45 to 85 Alumina ri to 40 Water 2 to 14 Iron oxide to 2 Lime to 2 Magnesia to 2 Alkalies to 3 Titanic acid to 3 196 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. Ball Clay is a wliite-burning, plastic, refractory clay, free from metallic oxides or other coloring material. It is used with kaolin in the manu- facture of white ware, and often incorrectly called kaolin; its dis- tinguishing characteristic is its plasticity. ILL. No. SC. ni(.lI-(iKAr)K CALIFORNIA CLAY PRODUCT. HAND-CARVED. (Covirtesy of Mrs. I>. V. Iri'lan.) POTTER'S CLAY. Potter's clay is a term rather loosely used. The most general idea conveyed by the term, probably, is that of smooth, plastic clays, too fusible for highly refractory purposes and containing less iron than the HIGH-GRADE CLAYS. 197 ordinary brick clay. Adapted to the manufacture of stoneware, earth- enware, terra cotta, and sewer pipe. Wares manufactured from potter's clay are usually light buff in color, and when burned to incipient vitri- fication are strong and slightly porous, requiring a glaze to render them ILL. Xo. 87. HIGH-GRADE CALIFORNIA CLAY PRODUCT. MUSHROOMS MODELED BY HAND. (Courtesy of Mrs. L. V. Irelan.) impervious to liquids. The stoneware glazes are commonly either a salt glaze or one formed by slip clay. Much stoneware is made with a brown slip glaze on the inside, and a blue-gray salt glaze on the outside. The requisites of a good stoneware clay are: (1) It should be emi- 198 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. nently plastic, so that it may easily be molded and turned into the thin walls of the vessels rec^uired, and yet retain its shape without injury. To mold readily, it should be high in clay base, that is, a "fat" clay. (2) It should be low in iron, as a light-colored ware is more desirable. (3) It should be free from coarse sand or other coarse material. It is frequently necessary to remove such material l)y a process of washing, in which the coarse materials are separated by gravity. The washing process will also remove the iron if it should l)e present in crystals or lumps, the condition in which it causes the greatest injury. (4) It ILL. No. SM. HKill-ciKAliE CALIFORNIA (LAV I'KdDrCTS. ■•THltdWN" ANH HAXD-MUDKLEl). (Courtesy of Mrs. L. V. Irelaii.) should be fusible enough to vitrify at a moderate temperature, less than 2000° F. If the vitrifying point should be too high, the burning would be too expensive. (5) The clay should have a range of at least 200°, and better 300°, between incipient and complete vitrification, as it is not easy to control the temperature of the furnace within narrower limits, and all the ware in the kiln should pass the stage of incipient vitrification, but should stop short of complete vitrification. If it has not reached the first stage it will be soft, porous, and lacking in strength; and if completely vitrified it would be glassy and brittle, and likely be out of shape. {('■>) It should be capable of drying at moderate speed without checking or cracking, otherwise there will be increased storage and drying room reciuired, increased stock, hence more capital and (199) 200 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. greater expense. (7) It should be free from salts that are liable to cause blisters in burning. Yellow or Rockingham Ware is a class of pottery that differs from stoneware in the manner in which it is burned. In stoneware, the burning is complete in one operation, while yellow ware is first burned in the biscuit kiln to form the body, and then burned again to develop the glaze. A less refractory clay may be used in the yellow ware, but since the glazes fuse at lower temperatures the same clay may be used for either stoneware or yellow ware. Eapthenware is tlie lowest form of i)ottery, and can be made with proper precautions from almost any common yellow clay. It is softer and more porous than stoneware or yellow ware. SLIP CLAY. Slip clay is a variety that runs very low in fusibility, and is used in forming the glaze in stoneware and earthenware. The following copy of an analysis of a slip clay shows the composition of one of the best known and most widely used clays of this class in the United States: Analysis of Albany Slip Clay. Per Cent. Silica (SiOa) 56.75 Alumina (AUO3) --- 15.47 iron (Fe.,03)"... 5.73 Lime (CaO) 5.78 Magnesia (MgO) 8.32 Alkalies 3.25 Water 8.87 Much of the slip clay used in California is obtained from Albany, New York. FIRE CLAY. Fire clay is, as the name signifies, one that resists high temperatures, and hence is more refractory than the common clays. It has a lower percentage of the fluxing substances, such as alkalies, iron, and man- ganese. It is most (commonly associated with coal-beds or other vege- table deposits, and it is thought, in some instances at least, to owe its existence to the vegetable matter which has extracted the fluxing con- stituents, such as the alkalies and alkaline earths, from the clay. There are two classes of fire clays: the soft or plastic, and the hard or flint. The latter occurs in hard rock masses, which do not slake in water, and are not plastic in their natural condition. They are fre- quently more refractory than the plastic clays. Fire clays are used for making firebricks, stove and furnace linings, gas retorts, glass i>ots, and for other refractory purposes. They are also used for making high-grade building Ijricks, and some low-grade fire clays are used for making paving bricks. < o z Z z (201) 202 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. HIGH-GRADE CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRIES IN CALIFORNIA. ALAMEDA COUNTY. California Pottery and Terra Cotta Company. — S. W. Winsor is pro- prietor of these works, wliich are at the corner of East Twelfth street and Park avenue, at Twenty-third street station, Oakland. The pottery was opened about 1876. Sewer and chimney pipes, flue linings, flower-pots, bean-])ots, and fancy vases are manufactured. The equipment includes one 12-foot and three 20-foot kilns, one wet pan, and one new 7-foot dry pan. The clay is obtained from Carbondale, Amador County, and loam is secured locally. The market -is mostly local and central California points. The annual output averages about $30,000. Oil fuel is used throughout in boilers and kilns. About 10 men are employed. Carnegie Brick and Pottery Company's Sewer-pipe Factory. — It is 1^ miles down Corral Hollow, east of Tesla, in S. -k of Sec. 30, T. 3 S., R. 4 W. The office is at 328 Montgomery street, and the city yard is at Tenth and Channel streets, San Francisco. It is a modern and com- plete plant for manufactviring sewer pipe. The equipment includes two wet pans and two sewer-pipe presses, one capable of making 36-inch pipe. Eight 30-foot kilns are in operation, and the stack is built to accommodate eight more kilns. Each kiln is turned over once every fourteen days. The clay is obtained from the mines at Tesla. N. Clark & Sons' Pottery; Albert V. Clark, president, 17-19 Spear street, San Francisco; George D. Clark, secretary and treasurer, and superintendent at pottery, Alameda. The works are located in the city of Alameda, at the corner of Fourth and Pacific streets. It is a very extensive plant, manufacturing large quantities of vitrified sewer and water pipes, chimney pipes and tops, fire-proofing flues, architec- tural terra cotta work, faced brick, etc. The equipment includes eight 20-foot, one 14-foot, and two 16-foot kilns, and one 22-foot "brick" kiln. The main building is 300 by 130 feet, four stories, of brick. The terra cotta building is a two-story brick structure, 100 feet square. The clay is obtained from their own pits at Carbondale, Amador County. (See })age 207.) Oil fuel is used throughout for kilns and boilers. From 80 to 90 men are employed. East Ninth Street Pottery, C. Anderson, proprietor, at 1333 East -Ninth street, Oakland, manufactures stoneware, flower-pots, fancy pots, (208) 204 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. and crocks. There is one 12-foot kiln, nsing oil fuel. The clay is from Amador County. About twelve kilns are ])urned a year. Novelty Pottery Company; N. 8. Clark, manager. The works are on Clay street, between Second and Third, Oakland. The pottery was started in INIay, 1904. At present the company manufactures a patent bread-toaster, with a fire-clay body, the rest being a secret formula. It is expected to make other clay novelties. One 9-foot kiln is in use, using oil fuel. Oakland Art Pottery, James Miller, 1125 East Twelfth street, pro- prietor; on East Twelfth street, between Twenty-second and Twenty- third avenues, Oakland. Manufactures various sorts of ornamental vases, flower-pots, sewer pipes, chimney pipes and tops, tiling, water- coolers, and general terra cotta wares. One 1 2-foot and two 20-foot kilns are operated, using oil fuel. The clay is obtained from Carbon- dale, Amador County. Rose FirebPiek Company, ofltice, 604 Merchants' Exchange, San Fran- cisco. The American Magnesite Company plans to deliver the crude magnesite to the above company's i)lant in Oakland, on the old Session Tract, in Oakland Creek. The ore is to be calcined in three large rotary calciners (each 100 feet long and 8 feet in diameter). The magnesia will be used by the Rose Firebrick Company in the manufacture of firebrick, and the carbonic acid gas will be delivered to the adjoining plant of the Pacific Carbonic Gas Company, where it will be liquefied and prepared for shipment for use by refrigerating plants, soda-water manufactories, ice factories, breweries, etc. San Francisco and San Joaquin Coal Company, 828 Montgomery street, San Francisco. The land holdings of this company average 2 miles in width and extend for about 7 miles east and west along Corral Hollow, partly in Alameda County and partly in San Joaquin County. Its plants are connected with Stockton by its own broad-gauge railroad (Alameda and San Joaquin Railroad). The hills on either side of Corral Hollow, in the vicinity of Tesla, are studded with prospect tunnels, ranging from 50 to 800 feet in length. Some of them were put in as early as 1863 in quest of coal. Most of them are caved at present. The only producing mine is at Tesla, in S. E. i of Sec. 26, T. 3 S., R. 3 E., where, in opening up the coal deposits, immense beds of clay have been developed, whi(^h will furnish an unlimited supply of high- (205) 206 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. grade pottery and fire clays. The accompanying sketch roughly shows a cross-section of the beds, whicli dip N. 70*^ \V. at an angle of about 60°. These clays are of various grades, from nearly pure kaolin to ordi- nary sewer-pipe clay, and are mined from the different tunnels and stored in bins above the railroad siding at mine. They are shipped down the oaiion 2 miles to the Carnegie Brick and Pottery Company's sewer pipe factory (see page 202), and 4 miles to brick and terra cotta plant (see page 227), as is needed. At the Tesla Mine, in Corral Hollow, in the same series as the clav beds, there occurs a ledge of soft, sandy material, which is used as a refractory mortar in the construction of the many kilns at the potteries at Carnegie. The ledge is from 12 to 15 feet thick, and furnishes an inexhaustible supply. It is developed by a 500-foot shaft. By wash- ing this material and freeing it from the sand, a very high-grade kaolin is secured. AMADOR COUNTY. Carbondale, — In the area about Carbondale, and between Carbondale and lone, are extensive deposits of high-grade clays. Fine plastic potter's clay and fire clays occur in unlimited quantities. There is also a highly sandy clay, and associated with these are plastic variegated clays adapted to terra cotta, sewer pipe, drain tile, and similar uses. A large part of the extensive clay area around Carbondale occurs in an old Spanish grant of 34,000 acres, which is now controlled by the Pacific Improvement Company, from whom the clay lands are leased. The following analyses of Carbondale clays were made in the labora- tory of the State Mining Bureau a number of years ago. No. 1 is from the pit of N. Clark tt^ Sons. No. 2 was made in 1889, and is marked HIGH-GRADE CLAYS— AMADOR COUNTY. 207 Carbondale, but the pit is not designated. No. 3 is marked from Car- bondale, and said to contain quartz grains: Chemical Analyses of Carbondale Clays. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Silica (SiOj) --- 60.00 57.02 48.90 Alumina (AUG.,) 30.29 31.06 38.18 Iron (Fe203)"--. 2.27 0.53 2.40 Lime (CaO) .28 trace .50 Magnesia (MgO) trace trace .09 Alkalies 1.02 2.32 1.85 Water 8.05 8.95 8.65 ILL. No. 93. CLAY PIT OF N. CLARK i SONS, NEAR lONE, AMADOR COUNTY. N. Clapk & Sons, 17 Spear street, San Francisco, obtain clay for their factory in Alameda from the large pit on the lone-Sacramento road, '2i miles north of lone; AV. R. Bacon is their superintendent at lone. The clay is soft, smooth, plastic, and free from grit. It has a light blue color in the interior of the bed, but changes to snow-white when dried. It occurs in a massive bed, from 18 to 20 feet thick, on the back wall of the pit. and is overlaid by from 3 to 10 feet of variegated yellowish, red and white sandy clay that is stripped off and thrown on the waste. Around the greater part of the pit there is a thin layer, one or two inches thick, of red hematite, which has been carried down the joint-planes by the percolating waters and forms red blotches on the clay along the joints. The white clay can be quarried here in large 208 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. quantities at very little expense. During the summer a sufficient quantity is stored in the large shed at the railroad to keep up the ship- ments during the months when the roads are impassable. N. Clark c*ir iSons also obtain a gray clay from a pit a mile north of east of the siding, which contains eonsideral)le sand and is stained with iron oxide. It lies near the surface, with from 2 to 10 inches of reddish-brown gravel and sand overlying it. The vegetation growing over the surface has sent many fine roots down into the clay, some extending to the bottom of the clay deposit. These decaying roots, along with the iron that has been carried in from the overlying red gravel, have changed in places the original white color to gray and brown, and where the roots are abundant to even a black color. This clay, because of its burden of sand, is used in mixing with other clays for certain classes of work. N. Clark & Sons also obtain a "fire sand," a white clay with a large percentage of sand, from a pit about 1 mile north of Carbondale. Mr. Fred Hammer operates a small pottery at May P. 0., a half mile north of Carbondale, which has been in operation since 1877. From clay obtained about a half mile east of the pottery, Mr. Hammer makes sewer pipe, drain tile, chimney tops, jugs, and jars. The ware is turned by hand, and burned in the single kiln with wood. King & Enos, Carbondale, work one clay pit about 200 yards west of Carbondale. A side track from the railroad extends alongside the storage shed at the clay pit. An inclined track runs from the pit to the shed, and the loaded cars are hauled into the shed and dumped by a steam-hoist. They have a large storage shed, which at the end of the dry season contains about 5000 tons of clay ready for shipment during the wet season. The shipments from this pit average about 15 car- loads per month during the year. The pit furnishes a soft, plastic, refractory clay, free from grit, having a light blue color wdien first dug, which changes to white when dried. It occurs in a bed from 6 to 14 feet thick, underlaid by quicksand and overlaid uncomformably by from 1 to 6 feet of yellow, sandy clay, con- taining a few scattered boulders. This overburden is stripped off and thrown in the waste. Only the white clay is shipped. King- & Enos, for Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Works, room 45, Mills Building, San Francisco, work a large clay pit on Irish Hill, about 3 miles east of the railroad. The clay is hauled by wagon to the large storage shed located at the coal mine at the Yarn switch, about a mile south of Carl)ondale. The clay on Irish Hill is white plastic, similar to that in the pit at Carbondale. It occurs in a massive bed from 15 to 25 feet thick, and ILL. No. 94. CLAY PIT, IRISH HILL, NEAR lOXE, AMADOR COUNTY. ILL. No. 9.i. CLAY PIT OF THE STEIGER TERRA COTTA AND POTTKKY COMP.VXY, AT CARBOXDALE, AMADOR COUNTY. 14— BUL. 38 (209) 210 STKUCTIKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. is or was overlaid by a heavy bed of auriferous red gravel, which, over a large area along the l)row of the hill, was removed by hydraulic mining some years ago. Clay is quarried from this area exposed by the hydraulic washing and which contains thousands of tons, as the gravel-l)ed liack is from 20 to 40 feet thick — too great a thickness to remove to obtain the clay. The greatest expense in handling the clay is the 3-mile haul by wagon to the railroad. ,The purity of this clay, together with the great thickness of the bed and the slight stripping required, are points which make the deposit a valuable one. King & Enos, for Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Works, room 45, Mills Building, San Francisco, also operate a clay bank about half a mile east of the Yarn switch, to which the clay is hauled by wagon. This clay is quite gritty, and contains a great many quartz grains scat- tered through it. It is used for mixing with other clays, and is said to be very refractor}'. It occurs in a bed from o to 10 feet thick, and has been dug over an area about a quarter of an acre in extent. It is overlaid by a layer of reddish gravel from 6 inches to 2 feet in thick- ness, which is stripped off as the clay is quarried. Lambert & Seams operate a small pottery similar to Hammer's, located about 2 miles north of Carbondale. They make similar wares for the local trade. J. W. Opp, as early as 1859, put up the Michigan Bar pottery at Michigan Bar. In 18B2 it was moved out 3 miles on the lone road. In 1865 A. M. Addington, now postmaster at May P. 0., purchased this pottery and operated it until 1884, when he sold it to Mr. Williams, who owned it until it was abandoned in 1896. Stoneware and sewer pipe were the principal products. A. E. Smith, Carbondale, quarries, about 3 miles north of Carbondale, white, refractory, plastic clay, similar to that described, which he hauls by wagon to Carbondale, and ships to Sacramento, where it is made into firebricks by tlie Southern Pacific Company. Steiger Tsppa Cotta and Pottepy Wopks, at South San Francisco, office 45 Mills Building, San Francisco, obtain clay from three pits in the vicinity of Carbondale, all of which are operated by King ct Enos, who also run the coal mine near Carbondale. There were other small potteries scattered over the area years ago, but like most of the small potteries of the United States they could not compete with the large ones where the ware was made by machinery, and as a result were closed, except a few scattered ones more or less remote from the railroad, which still supply the local trade. HIGH-GRADE CLAYS— BUTTE, CALAVERAS. 211 BUTTE COUNTY. In Butte County are many clay deposits of varied character. The principal ones are in T. 21 N., R. 3 and 4 E.; T. 20 and 19 N., R. 4 E.; T. 18 N., R. 2 and 3 E. Bohannon Ranch, in Sec. 4, T. 21 N., R. 5 E.; T. Bohannon, Yankee Hill, owner. A considerable body of a plastic yellow clay was observed. It is tenacious, plastic and refractory. No effort has been made to develop it, or to demonstrate its value. In Sees. 19 and 30, T. 18 N., R. 3 E., about 2 miles southeast of Biggs, is a light brown or white brittle clay-bed, about one-half mile wide. Max Brooks of San Francisco and Mr. Reed of Biggs, owners. Coal Canon.— In Sec. 12, T. 20 N., R. 3 E.; Charles F. Lott, Oroville, owner. A stratum of clay occurs in the coal mine. Dupbin Ranch.— In the S. W. i of Sec. 13, T. 21 N., R. 3 E., on the Durbin rancli (A. M. Smith, Oroville, owner), there is a large deposit of clay of a refractory character and of low plasticity, overlying or making into a more plastic material. Both contain fine grit, and taken together were traced to a depth of about 100 feet. Clay shale occurs in vertical ledge form about half a mile northeast from the lower clay exposure just mentioned. It is of low plasticity, refractory, and may be employed for firebacks, and when reduced to liquid form applied as a whitewash. In the N. E. i of Sec. 13, T. 21 N., R. 3 E., there is another exposure of clay west of a heavy slate formation, trending north and south. It is of a lighter color than that in the southwest quarter of the section, and of higher plasticity. Oroville. — In Sec. 22, T. 19 N., R. 4 E., about 3 miles southeast of Oroville, clay occurs on lands owned by John M. Ward and James McPherson, the latter known as the Garden ranch, and extends into the Richardson ranch in Section 15. There has been no effort at develop- ment, and the material is exposed only by cuts made in road building. Snow Ranch.— In the S. W. i of Sec. 31, T. 24 N., R. 4 E.; A. Snow, Lovelocks P. 0., owner. Occasional occurrences of light-colored clays of medium plasticity in Section 31. CALAVERAS COUNTY. Penn Chemical Works. — This company mines about 100 tons of high- grade fire clay each year for its own use at the smelter at Campo Seco. The pit is in the clay beds which overlie croppings of copper ore. 212 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. Valley Springs Clay Pit. — It is located about one fourth of a mile northeast of N'allcy Springs, on the Mokelumne Hill road, and has been idle for nine years. The clay was formerly used by a Stockton pottery. It is a plastic yellow clay, somewhat stained by iron in the open pit, and is capped by a gravel deposit. CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. Mount Diablo Pottery and Paving Brick Company; Hon. C. M. Bel- shaw, Antioch, owner. This large })ottery is located one mile south of Antioch, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The plant was opened about 1896 and operated only about one 5^ear, and has been practically aban- i V ■ i \ -- , s. i - ILL. No. 9i;. E. M. HAMILTON'S CLAY DEPOSIT, NEAR ROS.\M()N I), KKKN CorXTV. doned. The clay was obtained from the various tunnels at the coal mines at Stewartsville, which were connected with Antioch by a narrow- gauge railroad. The company has torn up the rails and stopped all work at the mines. KERN COUNTY. Los Angeles Pottery Company, 625 (iriffin avenue, Los Angeles, owns a large deposit of pottery clay in Sec. 11, T. 9 N., R. 18 W., S. R. INI., alx)ut 4 miles northwest of Rosamond station. Some clay, it is stated, has been shipped during the past fifteen years to the factory in Los Angeles. HIGH-GRADE CLAYS — LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 213 The clay pit lies near the northeast end of one of the many felsite porphyry buttes on the south side of Antelope Valley, in the midst of the felsite porphyry, and appears to be a local decomposition product of the same. It is plastic, has a smooth, even texture, and shows no evi- dence of stratification. It contains numerous small and some large boulders of partially disintegrated felsite of the same color and appear- ance as the inclosing clay, except their hardness, and apparently are residual boulders of disintegration. At one point there is a disinte- grated granite mass with many quartz grains. For the most part the clay is quite free from quartz and very plastic. There is a slight red coloring near the surface, probably from the overlying surface frag- ments of red porphyry, but otherwise the clay has a uniform pale blue- green color. Most of the clay is taken from an open pit on the hillside, in the face of which a tunnel has been run about 200 feet back into the hill. The tunnel shows the greenish clay to continue about 25 feet in from the face of the pit, where it is followed by a light gray, more or less sandy clay, with many rock fragments, and stained yellow-brown along the many seams wnth iron oxide. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Anderson & Sandquist East Main Street Pottery Company, 2009 East Main street, Los Angeles. Use local clay from Boyle Heights; manu- facture flower-pots and ollas. California Clay Manufacturing Company, 235 South Los Angeles street; works, Central avenue, Los Angeles. Use plastic clay from Alberhill, and fire clay from Elsinore, Riverside County. Manufacture firebrick and vitrified pipe. The works are equipped with a Brewer wet-mud brick machine, and a Berg press for dry-pressed brick, each with a daily capacity of about 20,000 bricks; a Barber pipe press; and 8 downdraft kilns, varying from 30 to 16 feet in diameter, using oil as a fuel. Employ about 30 men. J. Dodson, San Pedro. In Lot M, Los Palos Verdes ranch, Avest of San Pedro, are a series of surface exposures running northwesterly in the terrace southeast of the San Pedro Mountains, noticeable by lack of vegetation. In a shallow canon the formation is exposed over a thick- ness of about 25 feet, showing beds of a light gray clay, with narrow streaks of brown, probably due to iron, dipping southeasterly. The matei'ial is very light, and has the appearance of diatomaceous earth. It is, however, unctuous to the touch and plastic, hardening in the fire with a gray color. Conformable with these beds are seams, not over 3 inches wide, of a disintegrated volcanic ash. 21-1 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF aVLIFORNIA. Los Angeles Pottery Company, J. M. Matthews, Los Angeles, uses prin- cipally local clays from Boyle Heights at 625 Griffin avenue and Alhambra street, Los Angeles. Principal product, tiower-pots. Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company, 105 South Broadway, w^orks at Alhambra avenue and Date street, and at Colorado avenue, Los Angeles, has a large and well-equipped factory for making fine pressed building brick, firebrick, and refractory linings of different kinds. The plant has been in operation for several years, and the business has been con- stantly increasing from the start, as there is a very active demand for high-grade brick. The company is also trying to meet the demand for refractory furnace linings, which is caused by the increase in manufac- turing industries and the increased use of oil fuel. For the refractory ware this company uses a black flint fire clay from Gypsum sta- tion, near Corona, which is similar to that at McKnight's clay pit (see page 224). The bricks and tiles made from this clay are said to give satisfaction. The building bricks are made of w'hite clays from their pits near Alberhill, Riverside County. This company has also a large plant for the manufacture of red l)rick at Colorado avenue and Twenty- fifth street. The combined capacity of its two plants is 20,000,000 bricks per year. Los Angeles Stoneware and Sewer Pipe Company, Arch. Douglas, president; 423-527 North Avenue 26, Los Angeles. Manufactures all kinds of stoneware, earthenware, firebrick; vitrified, salt-glazed sewer and water pipe, from 3 to 36 inches in diameter; conduits of under- ground electric wires, terra cotta chinmey pipes, flue linings, etc. It uses the following materials: For stoneware: clay from Alberhill Coal and Clay Company, Elsinore, Riverside Count}'; Rosamond, Antelope Valley, Kern County (kaolin). For sewer pipe: clay from Alberhill Coal and Clay Company, Elsinore, Riverside County; local clay, in northeastern part of Los Angeles city. For firebrick: fire clay from Alberhill Coal and Clay Company, Elsinore, Riverside County. For flower-pots: local clay. For glazing purposes: clays from Albany, N. Y., and from Michigan; imported feldspar, flint, china clay, and English ball clay. The clay, duly mixed, according to the product to be manufactured, is passed through a dry-pan crusher, then washed, blunged and passed through a press filter. The firebrick material passes through a pug- mill, a (iiant auger, 12-brick wire-cutter, and an E^agle represser. The sewer-i)ipe material passes througli a wet-pan crusher, and two presses, according to the dimension of the pipes, one making those from 3 to 16 inches in diameter, the otiier those from 18 to 36 inches in diameter. The pottery material goes to a pottery pugmill, where it is brought to the required plasticity. The green products are dried in large 'A < lue sand, overcapped by some 10 feet of soil and coarse brown sand. These chocolate clays extend southwesterly to the railroad cut. HIGH-GRADE CLAYS— PLACER COUNTY. 219 Cedar Creek Mine; A. Roger, Towles, manager; in the eastern edge of Sec. 32 and the western edge of 8ec. 33, T. 16 N., R. 11 E., a white fire clay, plastic and containing an ahiiost imperceptible grit, is exposed in the mine workings. The clay lies under a capping of red surface soil containing white quartz gravel; it occurs in the east side of the channel, coursing north and south 3500 feet. On the west side of the channel the clay is yellow and coarser, but possesses similar (qualities, being locally employed for firebricks. No effort has been made up to the present time to work the fire clay to commercial advantage. f ILL. No. m. (LAY PIT OF GLADDING, McBEAN & CO., AT LINCOLN, PLACER COUNTY. Gladding-, MeBean & Company's Pottery; located at Lincoln; main offices, in the Rialto Building, San Francisco; Gladding, McBean & Co., owners. This large plant covers about 27 acres, and includes about 25 kilns of various types and ranging from 18 to 30 feet in diameter. Everything in the line of clay products is manufactured, including architectural terra cotta, sewer pipe, water and drain pipes, tiles, crocks, brick (fire and enameled), etc. The plant uses electricity, steam, and air for power, and oil for fuel. The clay is obtained from the beds about 1 mile north of Lincoln, where there is an abundance of very fine clay occurring in the lone formation and overlying a vein of lignite. The clay has been excavated by a series of benches for about 50 feet in depth. In the Xllth Report of the State Mining Bureau, 1896, page 220 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERLVLS OF CALIFORNLi. 616, mention is made of a hole being bored 60 feet deep in the bottom of the pit without going through the ehiy bed. (See State Mining Bureau Reports for 1889, 1892, 1894, and 1896.) Rich Flat.— In Soc. 15, T. 12 N., li. M M, one mile south of Auburn, on Kicli Fhit, in an open cut at the l)reast of an old drift, there is exposed a variety of clays in small occurrences. The colors are white HIGH-GRADE CLAYS — RIVERSIDE COimTY. 221 and light brown, some containing fine, grit-like volcanic ash; others, pure clay or kaolin. These clays occur in a low hill extending south and rising from 150 to 200 feet, cropped with scattering boulders of lava. RIVERSIDE COUNTY. Extending in a general west of north and east of south direction from Elsinore on the south to Corona on the north is a great belt of clays of superior quality. In many places these clay deposits resemble the famous white, gray, black, red, and parti-colored clays of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. Like the Eastern deposits, these California clays are subject to great local variations in color, thickness, and other properties. A score or more of openings have been made at different points in these beds, from which clay has been taken for the factories at Elsinore and Corona, and for shipment to the factories at Los Angeles. In the region about Alberhill and Elsinore different parts of the clay area are overlaid by a layer of disintegrated granite, which varies from a few inches to many feet in thickness. South of Corona the exposures indicate that the clays lie along a great anticline, the top of which has been removed by erosion, exposing the kaolin on each side of the axis. Along the greater part of this area the clays are concealed by a layer of granitic sand and boulders similar to that occurring at Alberhill. In places this sand-covering is absent, leaving the clays exposed over limited areas. The Corona clay beds are quite variable in character, at different points containing white plastic clay, red and mottled plastic clay, and gray and black flint fire clay. The extent of these Corona-Elsinore clay beds, together with the great thickness and great plasticity of some and high refractory prop- erties of others, will tend to increase the output in the future. The deposits will have an additional importance as the population increases in southern California. Albephill Coal and Clay Company, Elsinore, is (1904) shipping clay from three different openings at Alberhill, the terminus of the railway spur from Elsinore Junction. At the coal tipple of the coal mine is a clay pit covering an area of about 100 feet long by 50 feet wide, with a face of about 30 feet. The upper portion of this deposit consists of 10 feet of red and gray variegated clay, underlaid by from 6 to 8 feet of a mixed fire clay and granitic sand, underlaid in turn by a gray to black clay with thin streaks of coal, and at the base, underlying the coal streaks, is a bed of blue plastic fire clay, 3 to 4 feet exposed. About half a mile east of south of the above pit and about 200 feet higher on the hill, another pit has been opened, from which the clay is 909 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. hauled by wagon to the railway. In this opening a high-grade plastic fire clay is obtained. The deposit is from 4 to 5 feet thick, and is over- laid by from 5 to 10 feet of a greenish-colored plastic clay that is not used, but whicii must be removed in order to get the fire clay. Overlying the green clay in most places is a layer of sand containing polished granite boulders. Despite the considerable expense of quarrying the clay at this pit, it has been removed in large quantities. The present openings cover an area of probably four or five acres. A quarter of a mile south of the above pit is another one from which red and white mottled plastic clay is obtained. The bed varies from 25 ^p:*^4^f^^, ILL. No. Kil. ILVIUilXCiTOX (LAY PIT, 10 MILKS SOUTH OF COKOXA, Kl VKItSI DK CorXTV. to 40 feet in thickness in different portions of the pit, which extends over an area of about half an acre. This clay is at present (June, 1904) being shipped in larger quantities than from any of the other pits. Califopnia Fire-Proof Construction Company has a factory 8 miles north of Elsinore, where it manufactures sewer pipe, earthenware, and hollow ))ricks, sewer pipe being the chief product. At present the com- pany is getting its clay from Alberhill (described above). On the hillside at the factory are two cla}^ pits from which the clay was formerly mined. Ch. P. Carter, Elsinore, owns a deposit of kaolin about 2 miles east of W'ildomar, said to be of considerable extent and to contain some material of very good grade. HIGH-GRADE CLAYS— RIVERSIDE COUNTY. 223 Copona Pressed Brick and Terra Cotta Company operates a factory one half mile west of Corona, on the south side of the Santa Fe Railway. The company manufactures white, buff, and spotted pressed brick. Both hand and steam-power repressing machines are used, and a beau- tiful high-grade building brick is produced. Los Angeles is the chief market. Harrington Clay Pit, leased for ten years to M. W. Finley, Corona, is about 10 miles east of south from Corona. It lies on the mountainside^ about 300 feet above the valley floor, on the east side of the valley. A section of the face of the pit shows several grades and varieties of clay^ as follows: from 2 to 6 feet of sand and boulders at the top, underlaid by from 10 to 20 feet of red and white mottled plastic clay, then by from 4 to 10 feet of white plastic refractory clay, and then at one end of the quarry by a red clay with a pisolitic structure and resembling a ferruginous bauxite in appearance. The clay from this pit is hauled in wagons to Corona, for shipment to Los Angeles. George W. Lord, Corona. In Sec. 14, T. 4 S., R. 7 W., S. B. M., is a body of light grayish, fine-grained fire clay, in which a ledge of ochre is found. Los Angeles Pressed Briek Company, 105 South Broadway, Los Angeles, operates a large clay pit about one mile north of west from Alberhill, and hauls the clay in w^agons to the railway at Alberhill, whence it is shipped to Los Angeles. The claj^ deposit at this point is quite exten- sive, probably not less than 60 feet in thickness, but varies somewhat in character. The beds are stratified and show a dip of 30° S., 10° W. The bulk of the deposit exposed in the pit consists of white and gray plastic fire clay. There is some red and variegated clay at the top of the deposit, and in several places the clay contains some coarse sand, resembling disintegrated granite. The clay pit is about 200 feet long, 60 feet wide, and from 25 to 35 feet deep. A shaft sunk in the floor of the pit is said to be 40 feet deep in clays, differing somewhat in kind, but all high grade. These clays are used in Los Angeles in the manu- facture of terra cotta and light-colored building bricks. MeViear Pit; W. G. McVicar, Corona, owner; in Sec. 4, T. 4 S., R. 7 W., S. B. M. An extensive deposit of clay, covering about 100 acres. The clay is of various colors — light brown, dark and light gray. It was formerly shipped to the California Clay Manufacturing Company,. Los Angeles. Not operated in 1904. Pacifle Clay Manufacturing Company, 235 South Los Angeles street,. Los Angeles, owns and operates a large clay pit in the valley about a mile southwest of the Harrington pit. The clays are somewhat similar 224 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. to those in the Harrington pit, but are arranged in a little different order. There is a thickness of from 5 to 25 feet of sand and l)oul(lers overlying the clays. On one side of the pit the sand is underlaid by white plastic clay from 15 to 25 feet thick, wliich is underlaid by red mottled clay; on the opposite side of the pit the sand rests on red mottled clay, a portion of which has a pisolitic texture. Both tlie red and white clays are very smooth and plastic, but in places contain diffused sand or quartz grains, which are sufficient to prohibit their use in fine ware, unless carefully selected in quarrying, or the coarse particles removed by some system of washing. This company also owns the quarry 8 miles southwest of Corona, formerly owned and operated by Mr. McKnight. It produces a black flint tire clay in large quantities, besides some of the blue refractory clay. This clay lies on the top and south side of the low hill in a bed which dips 35 degrees south. The clay has been removed by tunneling at the base of the hill. The black flint clay shows a thickness of about 20 feet, and is overlaid by 10 feet of blue clay and about 20 feet of reddish- colored plastic clay, which is followed by a coarse, granitic quartzose sandstone. Large quantities of highly refractory clay are obtained here for use in the works at Corona. This company also owns the clay pit formerly owned by \V. G. McVicar, near Elsinore. The works of this company are situate one mile west of Corona, on the north side of the Santa Fe Railway. They manufacture sewer pipe, water pipe, both salt-glazed and unglazed tiles, flue linings, chimney pipes, firebrick, conduits for electric wires, and terra cotta. The fire- brick is made from the refractory clay of the McKnight quarry, previously described. The different kinds of pipe, etc., are made from the clay obtained 10 miles south of Corona. The factory is well equipped with machinery. There are eight round, downdraft kilns in use, in which the products are burned with oil fuel. Thomas Parks, Corona, has a clay deposit in Temescal Canon. Near Perris, 14 miles southeast, is a large deposit of clay along the San Jacinto River, traversed by the Santa Fe Railway. It was for- merly used by the Colton Cement Works. Its analysis as given by the chemist of those works is: silica, 15.10 per cent; alumina and ferric oxide, 29.70 per cent; carbonate of lime, 4.14 per cent; carbonate of magnesia, 8.02 per cent; water and organic matter, 12.30 per cent. Pipe and Tile Works, near P^lsinore; Dolbeer estate, San Francisco, owner; (I. Ross, superintendent. Manufacture principally sewer pipe. Use clay from tbc neighborhood of Alberhill. HIGH-GRADE CLAYS — SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 225 SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Bundoek Stoneware Works, Oak Park postoffice station, Sacramento; G. F. Bundoek, owner. The works are located in the eastern suburb of Sacramento. The products are butter-jars, churns, bean-pots, jugs, milk-crocks, poultry-fonts, Avater-jars, and flower-pots. Two varieties of pottery clay are employed: "fat" clay of light brown color, "lean" clav of white or cream tint. From 85 to 90 tons of the clav are con- sumed in a year. The clay banks (4 acres in area) are owned by the proprietor of the works, and are situate in the N. E. i of the S. E. ^ of Sec. 2, T. 7 N., R. 8 E., on the north side of the Cosumnes River, 2 miles east of Bridge House. The clay when first removed from the banks weighs 170 pounds to the cubic foot and shrinks to 87 pounds when dried by exposure to the atmosphere. The ware is liurned in an updraft kiln, having a capacity of 2000 gallons. Capital Sewep Pipe Works, at Thirtieth and L streets, Sacramento; Muddox Brothers, owners. The works have been established and in operation for a number of years. Formerly the products included stoneware and firebricks, but for the past five years the output has been restricted to sewer pipe and terra cotta chimneyware. The material used is pottery clay obtained in Amador County near lone, and loam. The plant consists of a Vaughn sewer-pipe press of an average daily capacity of 1200 pieces, and two downdraft kilns 18 to 20 feet in diameter. Ten to fifteen men are employed. Southepn Paeifle FipebPiek Wopks, a department of the Southern Pacific shops system at Sacramento; H. S. Becker, manager. This company makes no commercial bricks, the product being restricted to its own requirements. The product is chiefly of three classes of fire- bricks: keyed bricks, employed in the construction of coal-burning locomotive fireboxes; small plain bricks for stationary coal-burning furnaces; and special sizes and shapes for rolling-mill arches. The clav used is of two varieties, white and blue, obtained from the Al Smith clay banks near lone, in Amador County. The blue clay is considered the better material, owing to its greater plasticity. The process adopted is the burning in a kiln of a quantity of the clay and grinding it to a powder. This is mixed with an equal quantity of fresh clay and allowed to weather in the open during the winter months. Then the mixture is ground in the pugmill, and molded by hand in pattern molds of the required shapes and sizes; then the bricks are burned in open updraft kilns. The better bricks are made by substitution of ground "grog" for the ground clay. The ground substance serves the purpose of quartz sand; the oftener it is used the stronger it becomes. The ground clay and the ground grog — two parts grog and one part 15 — BUL. 38 226 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATEKL\.LS OF CALIPORNL\. clay — arc iiiixrd and used as a mortar for setting the firebrick in the oil-burning fireboxes and rolling-mill arches. Tlic i)lant consists of a pugmill and two u])draft open kilns, using wood fuel. The time required for burning the bricks is 1G8 hours. The aggregate animal cajiacity of the two kilns is 150,000 bricks. SAN BENITO COUNTY. The large valleys of the San Benito and its tributaries in the northern part of San Benito County, and their surrounding foothills, undoubt- edly contain extensive deposits of clays, of which some might prove valuable upon investigation. Deposits of very plastic clay are found in one section of the San Juan hills, and probably over a much larger area in those hills than as yet ascertained. R. W. Chappell, Hollister, owns, in the southern part of the San Justo ranch, in the eastern part of the San Juan hills, o miles south of Hollister, 160 acres of tableland, upon which is a bed of clay, exposed to a considerable depth in the several gulches. A well was sunk 80 feet without reaching the underlying rock. The clay is light gray in color, very plastic, without any grit, burns to a cherry red, and tests have proven it suitable for potter's ware. In some places near the top of the deposit a horizontal bed of clay, about one foot thick, of a light yellow color, due to iron oxide, more indurated, somewhat gritty and only slightly plastic, crops out in the slopes of the gulches, but is apparently not continuous over the entire deposit. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. R. H. Atwood, Oro Grande, owns a clay deposit in T. 6 N., K. 4 W., S. B. M., aljout 4 miles east of Oro Grande. It consists of disconnected bodies of kaolin, lying in a decomposed material. Through the kaolin are found narrow seams of selenite. A drift of about 100 feet long has been run in this de|)Osit, known as the Excello mine. About 15 miles north of Barstow large clay deposits are reported; the beds are said to contain several different varieties of clays. Have not been utilized as yet. C. F. Blackburn, Victorville, has located a clay deposit of a character similar to that of the Atwood deposit, and about 2 miles E. N. E. there- from, one mile west of the Snider wells, covering about five acres, and claimed to be from 80 to 40 feet thick. California Portland Cement Company, 401 Trust Building, Los Angeles, owns an extensive clay deposit in Heebie Canon, southeast of Colton, in Sec. 35, T. 1 N., R. 4 W., and Sec. 2, T. 1 S., R. 4 W., S. B. M. This HIGH-GR^VDE CLAYS — SAN DIEGO, SAN JOAQUIN. 227 clay bed has a strike about N. 20° W., and dips about 30° northeasterly; is exposed along the canon for a height of about 50 feet, and has a width of about 100 feet. It is a rich clay, with few small pebbles; color light gray, showing on the exposures in places efflorescence of alkalies, and on the fracture planes a thin brownish coating of iron oxide, prob- ably due to percolation from the surface soil. Intercalated in the clay are some beds of a sandy material not over a couple of feet wide. The clay was formerly used by the California Portland Cement Company in the manufacture of cement at the Colton Cement Works, but is now replaced by clay from Alberhill, Riverside County. Neap Dag-gett a clay deposit is mentioned in the IXth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, page 303. The material is described as a soft, white, very plastic clay, containing a large percentage of alumina, and claimed to be a pure kaolin, combined with aluminum hydroxide. J. B. Friend, Victorville, has covered by location a cla}^ deposit of 180 acres in T. 6 X., R. 3 W., S. B. M., 10 miles easterly of Victorville. The clay is from 1 to 5 feet thick, partly of a bluish tint, partly white. When burned it has a brownish tint. This clay is stated to have been tested for the manufacture of firebrick, pressed brick, and tiles. Some was shipped to Tropico, Los Angeles County, in former years. None was shipped in 1904. Near The Needles clay deposits are reported, but as yet have not been developed. SAN DIEGO COUNTY. Very near the summit of El Cajon Mountains, about 25 miles east of San Diego, there is a deposit of kaolin, claimed to be about 75 feet wide. A shaft has been sunk through apparently pure kaolin. Three miles northeast of Otay there is a deposit of montmorillonite (mineral soap), a massive, clay-like variety of kaolin, containing a great amount of combined water. (See IXth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 139.) East of Warner there is a deposit of ochre, which as 3"et has only been slightly prospected. F. L. Hahn, 1650 North Main street, Los Angeles, owner. SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY. Carnegie Brick and Terra Cotta Pottery; Carnegie Brick and Pottery Company, 328 Montgomer}' street, San Francisco, owner. This plant is situated at Carnegie, in Corral Hollow, 4 miles below Tesla. In Novem- ber, 1904, twelve 32-foot kilns were already completed in the brick department, each kiln with a capacity of 110,000 bricks. The output of 228 STRICTLKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. the plant is 100,000 bricks jxr day. Inside drying tunnels use the waste heat fi'oiu burned kilns, and season 100,000 bricks in ten hours. At present the i»hint makes everything in tlie line of Itrieks exee])t common brick, inchulin*:- faced, fire, paving, glazed, etc.; also lire blocks for locoiuotives, etc. The terra cotta works are in course of construction. Carnegie Shale Pit; Caruegii' Hrick and Pottery ('onii)any, 328 Mont- gomer}' street, San Francisco, owner. Shale (juarried one half mile from Carnegie, in a small canon on the east side of Corral Hollow, is mixed with clay from the Tesla mine, and used in the manufacture of the Carnegie paving brick. These hard clay shales are ])ermeated witli ILL. No. 102. STKIi;E1{ TKUKA COTT.V AM) rolTKIiV COMI'A.XY'S I'LA.NT AT SOITU SAN KKAXCISCO, SAX >L\Ti:o CorNTV. manganese stains, and extend for over 200 yards into the hill, as is shown by a development tunnel. It is claimed that these "pavers" were subjected to a rattling test of 2000 revolutions with a loss of only 6.7 per cent, and a ci-ushing test of 8000 pounds per square inch. They are to Ije used in paving San Pablo avenue, in front of the City Hall, in Oakland. SAN MATEO COUNTY. Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Works; ofhees, 45 Mills Building, San Francisco. Works are at South San Francisco, San Mateo County, located on the bay sho)-e, so that shipments may l)e made l)y water as well as by rail. This extensive plant, including yardage, covers eight acres of gromid, and includes thi-ec l()-foot luullle kilns and seven brick and sewer-))ipe kilns, ranging fi-oni '2') to •">() fec^t (inside diameters): liKili-CiKAOE CLAYS — SAN :MATK0, SANTA CLARA. 229 three dry jiaiis; tliree wet pans; two sewer-})ipe presses (capable of making oO-ineh l)il)e) ; two brick presses ; and all the necessary machinery for a complete plant. Steam is used for power and oil for fuel. The clay is mined in their own pits in Amador County (see page 210). The comp any m a n u f a c t n r e s everything in the line of pottery and terra cotta wares. Illustration No. 103 repre- sents a two-thirds life size terra cotta figure, entitled "The California Poppy," now in the National Mu- seum at Washington, D. C. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. Garden City Pottepy; T. C. Barnett, South First street, San Jose. At present (De- cember, 1904) it is located at the corner of Park avenue and East streets, San Jose, Init new Imildings and ma- chinery are being erected at the corner of Sixth and Jackson streets. The pres- ent small experimental plant was installed merely to prove up the clays to war- rant further Imildings. The clavs, from the l)anks of Coyote Creek, have proven suitable for the work desired, and the larger ]>lant has been started. Flower-pots, sewer pipe, water-jars, etc., are manufactured. ILL. No. l(i;i. TKKKA COTTA W.\UK, BY STKKiKR TKKKA COTTA AND I'OTTKKY WORKS, OK SAN FRANCISCO. 230 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTUM Al ; .M ATKIU Al .S OF CALIFORNIA. SHASTA COUNTY. Holt & Gregg, Redding, have, in ISec. 34, T. 34 N., R. 5 W., INI. D. :\r.. on the road from the old limestone quarry to the old kilns on Backbone Creek, a bank of clay used for fire-clay lining in the limekilns. It is claimed to be equal to fire clay shipped in from other points. SISKIYOU COUNTY. A. H. Denny, Etna, owns the coal mine in Sec. 26, T. 46 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M. Fire clay is found in the roof and on the floor. The clay in the roof is generally about 5 feet thick. The thickness of that on the floor is not known. This clay has been used in the boiler furnace at the mine and has given good satisfaction. In the coal are two partings of clay, from 1 to 4 inches thick. This clay has been used and found to be good fire clay. The mine is at present idle, and the workings are inaccessible. Melvin Hovey, Gazelle, owner, in Sec. 8, T. 43 N., R. 6 W., has found a body of yellowish clay about 16 feet wide, and traced for over half a mile, which has been used as refractory material. Molded forms, baked in fire, make very compact and consistent articles. YUBA COUNTY. Dupst Ranch Loam Deposit; D. P. Durst and R. H. Durst, Wheatland, Yuba County, owners; in Sees. 10, 12, and 18, T. 14 X., R. 5 E., on Bear River, half mile east of Wheatland. There are 400 acres of land in the holding, 75 acres of which contain loam. Four acres have been worked off since the beginning of the present production in 1896. The material is a black clay loam, occupying a depth of 6 feet, overlaid by 18 inches of soil. The product shipped is the subsoil, which has a depth of 3^ feet. The output is 375 tons annually, disposed of at $2 per ton, and used for tempering various pottery clays at the Gladding-lNIcBean pottery works, Lincoln, Placer County, a distance of 10 miles by rail. BRICK AND TILE CLAYS. ETC. 231 LOW-GRADE CLAYS. The low-grade clays include the adobe clays and the common red brick and tile clays and shales. ADOBE CLAYS. Adobe clays of California are similar in many respects to the gumbo clays of the Mississippi Valley. They are extremely strong, plastic clays ILL. Xo. 104. ADOBE HOUSE, SHOWING USE OF ADOBE BRICKS. SAX BKRXARDIXO COUXTY. that slake readily when wet, to a very sticky, pasty mass and become very hard on drying. They are used in the manufacture of sun-dried bricks which were, in former times, generally used in the construction of the pioneer homes. The bricks are made from 18 to 24 inches wide and from 5 to 6 inches thick, but shrink on drying. Then, after the walls are constructed, they are plastered over with clay.* Adobe bricks form cool and comfortable l)uildings in warm climates, but can not resist heavy rainfall or constant moisture. *Geology and Industrial Resources of California, by Phil T. Tyson, Baltimore, 1851, p. 41. 232 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTKIAU MATKKIALS OP CALIFORNIA. RED BRICK AND TILE CLAYS AND INDUSTRY. Tlie low-grade clays used in the manufacture of red brick and red tile are .so abundant, and hence so cheap, that they can not profitably be transported far, so that the brick and tile factories are located at the clay deposits, and the two are considered together. in the value per ton the l)rick clays rank among the lowest; in the total or aggregate value they probably stand at the head of all the clay industries. The statistics for the United States, as given by the U. S. Geological Survey for the year 1902, show that of the $122,169,531, the value of all the clay products, $24,127,453 represents the value of the varied pottery industries, and $98,042,078 the value of the brick and tile industries, of which $48,885,869, or 40 per cent of the total, rep- resents the red brick and tile. In the list of states California ranks eleventh in the value of its clay products, with 89 firms operating and $2,253,096 the value oi the prod- uct for 1902; and sixteenth in the value of the common brick and tile, valued at $1,291,941. Thus the red-brick product in California has a greater aggregate value than that of all the other clay products. It is likewise more widely distributed over the State. The pottery industry is limited to a very few counties, while the common-brick industry is represented in nearly every county of the State. The clays or materials used in making common red bricks consist of a clay base, with a mixture of sand and other materials. There are so many and such varied mixtures used for the manufacture of brick that the impression is often gained that "anything will do to make brick." But such is not the case. There is a wide range in the composition of the materials from which good bricks may be manufactured, but there is a limit beyond which the quality of the bricks rapidly deteriorates. The following analyses show the average and the maximum and mini- mum of the ingredients connnonly occurring in brick clays. A clay in which the percentage of any one or more of the ingredients mentioned is mu(!h above the maximum given or below the minimum will prove an inferior, if not worthless, clay for even common brick. Chemical Analyses of Common-Brick Clays. Average. .Miiiiinuin. Miixiininii. Silica (Si02),coml)ined--. 15.0% V2A>/„ 30.Uy„ Silica sand 5.5.0 20.0 (iO.O AluiniiuMAUO;,) 14.11 11. ti 2.">.0 Water (If oO), coiiibined. .- 4.0 .'^.n it.O Water nioi.st lire 2.0 d.n (i.d Iron o.xide (Fc2*>;)) --- 4.0 2.5 s.o Linu'(CaO) 1.5 0.r> 7.(i Magnesia (MgO) 1.5 ti.;5 7.0 Alkalies (KoO, NaaO) :5.5 L'.d 7.0 Increase of sand decreases the shrinkage and facilitates the drying. MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. 233 Decrease of sand, with increase of alumina and water, increases the shrinkage and generally increases the plasticity of the clay. The iron gives the red color to the brick. The original clay before burning may be blue, black, yellow, or gray, but in the burning the iron is turned to the red or anhydrous oxide, one of the most durable forms of iron to resist the action of the atmosphere. Lime and magnesia, in large amounts, tend to form buff and cream colors with the iron. As might be expected from the great range in composition, there is a. wide range in plasticity and other properties. Those with a high per- centage of coarse sand are very lean and difHcult to mold. Those with less sand, or very fine sand, are generally highly plastic. The hydrous- silicate of alumina is assumed to be the base in all cases. The brick clays of California are the residual, alluvial, lacustrine, and marine clays, with the second class greatly in excess. An abundant supply of fairly good clay for red brick is found in all parts of the State where it is needed. The two chief centers of the industry are San Francisco and Los Angeles. Several varieties of clay and shale are used at both places, as described later. THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING BRICK. Weathering the Clay. — When, as is often the case, the clay coming directl}' from the bank slakes ver}- slowly upon being immersed in water^ time is saved and better bricks are manufactured if the clay is allowed to weather before being used. Often, however, this is neglected, and the clay is removed directly from the bank to the pugmill. Soaking" and Mixing the Clay. — Tlie proportions of clay and water required in the manufacture of brick vary with the different clays and processes used. Clay soaked from twelve to forty-eight hours in a vat should absorb sufficient water ^-o that no additions will l)e necessary during pugging. This soaking before mixing is very beneficial and fre- quently necessary, as there are very few clays that can absorb water with such rapidity that it will be equally distributed throughout the clay in the time that it passes from one end of the pugmill to the other. Cla}-- is mixed by using a tempering wheel. After the clay has soaked over night, a Avrought-iron wheel, consisting of one or two rims, turning on a horizontal shaft, is revolved througli the mud, changing its position every revolution. This mixing continues for al)i)at six hours, the time re(iuired depending on the character of the clay. Sometimes the tem- pering is done in upright pugmills. Grinding the Clay. Shales are sometimes so hard that tliey have to- be reduced in a reducer, crusher, disintegrator, pulverizer, dry pan or wet pan, before they can Ije suitably tempered or soaked with water. 234 STRUCTIKAL AND 1XL)L'«TKIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. In some instances clay contains gravel or other nodular substances that nuist !»(> rciuoviMl or ])ulverized before the clay is in condition for manufacturing purposes. Hand-made Brick is a liand-iuolded ))rick, generally sun-dried and burned in open kilns. This primitive metliod of manufacture is now only used in ])hices where a very limited and intermittent output can ]u' marketed. Machine-molded Brick. — Nearly all tlie l)ricks now made in California are machine-molded; the common red brick either by the soft-mud or ILL. No. 105. POTTS I)ISIXTK( ; i;.\T( )i:. 1)V the stiff-mud ])rocess; and the hiuh-^rade front l)rick bv the drv- process or the semi-dry process. The soft-mud process is adapted to tiie highly siliceous clays that can not be worked satisfactorily by the other methods, as well as to any plastic clays that can be dried without cracking. The machines which are commonly used in the soft-mud process have a capacity of from 15,000 to 40,000 bricks per d.iy. Tlie clay is ground and tempered in a vertical pugmill, from which it is forced by a plunger into the molds. The molds are taken away, emptied, and returned to the machine. Tlic drying is usually started on a sand lloor in the ojicn air, when, after partial drying, they aic removed to drying racks under cover, and further dried by the aii-, or they are sometimes dried in artificially heated drying-eliambers before being put in the kiln. Bricks made by the soft-mud process, unless repressed, are a})t to be imperfect in shape and irregular in size. Sometimes when drying in the yard they are exposed to the action of a rainstorm and tlu' edges and corners washed off and tlie bricks destroyed. If, liowever, the corners are uninjured •A < o o -5 236 STRUCTL KAL AND IXDUttTKlAL MATERIALS UF CAl.lKOKMA, and tlie surface merely si)otted with the rain, they lind a ready market in some localities as "washed" or ''rain-marked" hrick, wiiich were so iM)i)ular at times that they were prodneefl artificially liy sjjrinkling the green 1> ricks with water from a ^ hose. ^ If stock or face p hriek is desired, the > molded hrieks ai'e r; alio w e d to par- = tiallv drv out and < then thev are i-e- '- pressed in a hand 2 press, which I'l- % moves the inecjual- ^ ities and produces J a smooth surface ^ and sharj) corners. ^j The xii^'-riiiiil jira- g cesfi requires a plas- 5 tic clay and one '£ capable of drying ^ in a reasonable ~ time without crack- S ing. In this process £ the cla}' is tem- Z pered with less r water to a Stiff nnul rj in a pugmill. and ^ is then fed into an auger mac hine- or L plunger machine. ■J. In the auger ma- < chine the clav is 2 forced through the ,,. die to the cutting ^ ta])le in a contin- c ^' uous bar (see 111. £ !()()). which is cut into brick size by wires operated either l)y hand or automatically. The wires are so arranged as to cut any numl>ei' of bricks from two to twenty-four or more at once. By using different dies the same machines can be so set as to eut the bricks W o c5 'A O ISl t— ) C W CO H O >^ {2:-!7) 238 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. at the end, the side, or tlie edge. By ehanging the die, hollow bricks may be made on the stift-miid machine. Sometimes two or more bars of clay are delivered from the machine at the same time, and the capacity thus doubled. In one type of the machine the bricks are delivered on a board after cutting. In another, the bricks are delivered on a moving belt, which carries the bricks from the machine. From the belt they are removed by hand and then transferred to the driers, either in the open air or in drying tunnels. The plunger machine differs from the auger machine in forcing the clay through the die l)y a plunger or piston, and hence the stream or bar of clay is not continuous. This ILL. No. 109. SIX-MOLD BRICK PRESS. M.VDK HY THK CHISHOLM. BOYD c^- WHITE CO. type of machine is passing out of use and giving way to the auger machine. Bricks made by the stiff-mud process are liable to more or less injury in the handling, so that when a better grade of brick is desired they are repressed, as in the other processes. The dry-press method can be used for quite a variety of clays, from very fat, aluminous clays to very siliceous ones, if they are not too coarsely sandy. In this method the clay, instead of being mixed into a plastic mass with water, is molded dry, or with only suilicient moisture to permit it to cohere when pressed together. The clay should be stored several weeks or months before using. When ready for use it is pulver- ized in a disintegrator, and screened to secure uniformity. It is tlien pressed into molds and put in the kilns and burned witliout tlie prelim- MANUFACTURE OP BUILDING BRICK. 239 inar}' drying necessary in the otlier method. It must be water-smoked or heated at a low temperature for several days before burning at high temperature. A special and valuable variety of the dry-press brick is the hydraulic pressed brick, in which the pressure is applied by a pair of hydraulic rams, which first give a pressure of 240 pounds to the square inch, followed directly by a pressure of 3700 pounds, or about forty tons to the brick. The enormous pressure greatly increases the hard- ness and density. The hydraulic pressed brick is a patented product, and the output in the United States is controlled by a single great corpora- tion, with plants in different cities. The ordinary dry -press brick is ILL. No. 110. FIELD BRICK KILN, SHOWING METHOD OF BURNING WITH OIL. made in many localities. The advantages claimed for the dry-press brick are smooth face, sharp edges, and freedom from defects. They generally command a nuich better price than the common brick. Drying. — The bricks molded by hand and by the soft-mud process are commonly dried in the sun in open yards or in the pallet-driers, which consist of covered frames for holding pallets or boards on which the bricks are carried from the machine. Both these methods are common in California. The bricks from the stiff-mud machine are commonly dried in the drying tunnel with artificial heat. The bricks are piled on iron or steel cars, which are pushed slowly through the drying tunnel and emerge at the opposite end. The tunnels are heated sometimes by l'4() STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERL\LS OF CALIFORNL\. steam and sometimes by hot-air flues. The cars from the drying tun- nels are run into the kilns, where the liricks are staeked for ])nrning. Burning. — There are several types of kilns in which bricks are burned. Updraft Kilns. — The bricks at the small yards are almost invariably burned in \ipdraft kilns of the stove tyi)e, connnonly called the open kiln or field kiln. The bricks are set in rectangular masses, from 36 to o4 bricks high, and l)uilt with a series of arches running through the mass. After the bricks are set, they are surrounded l)y a wall of old l)ricks, which is daubed with mud on the outside. After the burning ILL. .\o. 111. INTKUIOK oK A ((iXTINnHS HKKK KILN (HOFIOLVX TVl'K). tlie walls are torn down and the bricks removed from any part of the kiln. The permanent updraft kiln, or Dutch kiln, differs from the above in having permanent side and l)ack walls; it is far more preferable and l)roduces a better and more uniformly burned brick. Doiondraft kilns. — In the downdraft kilns the heat enters through openings in the walls near the top, and is carried down through the bricks stacked in the kiln and out through one or more Hues at the bottom, which arc connected with a chimney or chimneys on the ex- terior. A much more uniform heat can be maintained in a downdraft kiln than in an updraft kiln. There arc two common types of down- draft kilns: the round and the square. In California the former type is more generally in use. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICK. 241 Cnntiiiiiniis /vV/z/n. — There are several kinds of continuous kilns, of -which the most common is the Hoffman kiln (see 111. Ill), which con- sists of an oval ring, surrounding a central space, the chimney. The oval ring is divided into a series of chambers, with either permanent or temporary walls. The bricks are stacked in some of these chambers and the heat is led through several ahead before it reaches the chimney; the fuel is fed through small apertures at the top, and the fire pro- gresses from one part of the kiln to the other, creeping gradually ahead as the fuel is fed farther and farther in front. The fire is never allowed to go out, and there are sufficient chambers so that tlie brick may lie ])urning in one, drying in another, and being taken out of a third at the same time. There are a large number of these kilns in California. The face-l)rick and all the other high-grade bricks are Inirned in either a downdraft kiln or in a muffie kiln. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICK. In the market the bricks are commonly classified as follows: (1) Common In-icks are those used for all building purposes, except fine fronts or facings. They are graded, mainly on the basis of the hardness of V)urning, into salmon l)rick, which are the underlmrned ones from the. top of an updraft or the bottom of a downdraft kiln, and are the lowest grade of brick, being used for liacking or inside work, where not exposed to the weather. Light red, medium red, dark red, hard red, straight hard, and rough hard are the other grades. (2) Stock hricki< are those more carefully made, having perfect shapes and edges, and selected. They command a price two or three times that of common bricks. (8) Pressed hrirls, or face hricks, are a finer grade and command higher prices. (4) Roman hrich is the name of a special size now used extensively all over the United States for front and face brick; 12 by 4 by 1\\ inches is a standard size for the roman brick. They are most com- monly buff, gray, or spotted; rarely are they made of red color. (o) Ornamental hrich is the name given to many shapes, colors, and sizes that are used for decorative purposes. (6) Enameled or glazed hricks are used largely in hallways, bath- rooms, and subways, where a light-reflecting or sanitary lining is needed. (7) Huff and spotted hrirh:-i are used in large quantities. A clay that will burn to a light color is used for the buff and light-colored bricks. The colored and spotted bricks are produced by the use of pigment, 16-BUL. 38. 242 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERL^LS OF CALIFORNLV. such as iron ore and manganese oxide. These bricks are made by at least eight firms in California almost entirely by the dry-press process. (8) Fire hricls. See chapter on high-grade clays. (1>) ]'ifrifi('(J hrirks. See chapter on high-grade clays. ALAMEDA COUNTY. Remillard Brick Company; E. U. Sinard, Pleasanton, vice-president and superintendent; J. P. (lelinas, Second and Clay streets, Oakland, secretary. The plant of this company is located in Livermore Valley, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 1^ miles northeast of Pleasanton; it includes two 16-compartment Hoffman kilns of 20,000 daily capacity each. Coal is used as fuel. Only common bricks are made. They are manufactured from a superficial deposit of sandy loam, 25 feet thick, which is near the kilns. The company employs 100 men during the summer, and 50 in winter. BUTTE COUNTY. T. Bordenheim, Doons. In Sec. 32, T. 24 N., K. 4 E. Burned 170,000 bricks in 1904. Ophir Hardware Company, Oroville. Burned 500,000 bricks in 1904. William Walker, Biggs. In Sec. 30, T. 18 N., R. 3 E. Idle since 1903. COLUSA COUNTY. George Smith, Colusa. The yards have been in operation since 1892, producing 1,800,000 bricks, the most of which were used by the maker in construction work. The clay employed at present is from a tract of thirteen lots containing a sandy soil about 4 feet in deptli. The Quaker brick machine and the common kilns are used. CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. Richmond Brick Company, olfice 126 Davis street, San Francisco. The i)hint is located one mile west of the town of Riclimond. The company has a patent kiln of its own design, with a capacity of 800,000 bricks. It averages about 30,000 bricks a day. Shipments are made by rail. FRESNO COUNTY. C. J. Crayeroft & Son Brick Company. One plant is located al)out one mile south of Fresno, where bricks were formerly burned in a 16- compartment Hoffman kiln, but this yard was not worked during 1904. A second plant is located one quarter mile south, where the In'icks are made in soft-mud machines, sun-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. The j)lant is operated during the summer months. lioth connnon and pressed In'icks are made. BRICK CLAYS — GLENN, KINGS, LOS ANGELES. 243 Fresno Brick and Tile Company, Fred Prescott, manager, corner of H and Mono streets, Fresno. This^ plant is located about 3 miles north of the city. Both common and pressed bricks are manufactured and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. GLENN COUNTY. Brick clays are abundant in Glenn County in T. 19 and 22, N., R. 3 W. These clays are chiefly sandy loam. No bricks have been made in the county in the past nine years. Previous to that time the local demand required the operation of several yards. HUMBOLDT COUNTY. (See Supplement.) KERN COUNTY. (See Supplement.) KINGS COUNTY. W. D. Trewhitt Brickyard, S. P. Brownlee, manager, Hanford. This plant is located one half mile west of Hanford, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The bricks are made in a stiff-mud machine, sun-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. The clay deposits within the limits of Los Angeles consist principally of loam (clay in which there is a considerable proportion of sand) which contains numerous inclusions of pebbles. In Chavez Cafion, in the northern part of the city, a bank of shale over 100 feet high is used. These shales occur in narrow beds dipping into the hill, some of which are highly plastic, separated by narrow beds of sand, and make a very workable material. In the northeastern part of the city the clays are underlaid by sand. In the eastern part, on Boyle Heights, the clay forms the upper stratum, from 5 to 10 feet thick, containing, however, numerous inelosures of sandy material. It is underlaid by sand and gravel. In the southeastern part, a bank of clay from 25 to 50 feet high, running a little north of west, and inclosed on both sides by arkose beds, is worked by the Southern California Brick Company. Near Inglewood, southwest of the city, the clay is intermingled with lenses of sand and some fine gravel, and is underlaid by coarse gravel. West of Los Angeles, near Santa Monica, is found the best clay in this vicinity. It is presumably underlaid by gravel. Berg- & Oxby, 615 Lankershim Building, Los Angeles. Clay bank covering 6 acres, at College and New Depot streets, Los Angeles. The bricks are made in a stiff-mud, wire-cutting l)rick machine, dried in 244 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. steaiii-licntrd driers, imd Imi'iicd in (tjx'ii kilns, usiiii;- oil as fiud. The yard is e(|uip}»(Ml with a GO-horsepowci' Ijoiler, a 40-liorsepo\ver engine, and a hlowci'. JMiiploys .''O men. Hubbard & Chamberlain, I!. M. Iluhhard, West Pico street, Los Ange- les. Chiy liaid< cdveriiig 7 acres on Pico Heights, Los Angeles. The clay is ground l>y a disintegrator. The hricks are made in a Potts soft- mud brick machine, air-dried, and hurncil in open kilns, using oil as fuel. The yard is equipi)ed with a 50-horsepower boiler and a30-horse- ]Miwor (Migin(\ ("a])acity, 40,000 l)ricks ])er day. Em]>loys ')0 men. Independent Brick Company, "SI. Flint, })resident, 607^ South Broad- way, Los Angeles. Clay bank at Inglewood, 12 miles southwest of Los Angeles, on the Santa Fe Railway. The clay is from 10 to ID feet deej), intermingled with bodies of sandy and sometimes gravelly mate- rial. The clay is ground in a Raymond roller-crusher, and the bricks are made in a Freese stiff-mud, wire-cutting l)rick machine, having a capacity of 50,000 bricks per day. They are dried in a steam-heated tunnel drier, with a capacity of 250,000 l)ricks, and are l)urned partly in open kilns and })artly in dowmdraft kilns, having a diameter of 25 feet, with ten lieating Hues, using oil as fuel, and two sets, of two flues each, under the floor, running to two outside stacks. The cai)acity of each kiln is al)out 60,000 bricks. Employs about 30 men. J. Jenson, Los Angeles. Clay l)ank covering 8 acres on Pico street, Pico Heights, Los Angeles. The clay is ground in a disintegrator. The bricks are made in a Potts soft-mud brick machine, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. The yard is equipped with a 15-horsepower gasoline engine. Capacity, 40,000 bricks per daj'. Em- ploj'S 20 men. K. & K. Company — Keller <.*c Kubach, 409 Stimson Rlock, Los Angeles. Clay bank covering 38 acres on Bishop street, Boyle Heights, Los Angeles. Tlie l)ricks are made in a Raymond l)rick machine and Tate W'ire-cutter, dried in a steam-heated drier, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. The yard is equipped with a 250-horse})ower boiler and 200-horsepower engine. Capacity, 75,000 l)ricks per day. Em- })loys .'M men. Lordsburg Brick and Construction Company, .L D. McCoy, Lordsburg. Los Angeles Brick Company, W. F. Botst\)rd, president, 301 Trust Building, Los Angeles. This company lias five brickyards. One brick- yard is on Mission avenue, near the County Hospital. The clay bank is from 25 to 30 feet thick, underlaid by 5 or 6 feet of sand. The clay is ground in a i)n:j,inill, and then passes through a roller-crusher. The < m O a o o ■A 'SI O o O y< x; y. y X O Pi O x; (2-15) 246 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. bricks are made in a Potts soft-mud brick machine, driven liy electric power; air-dried, and ])urned in a continnoiiH kiln — an ellipse, 175 feet lonsf and 52 feet wide; the outside ring, 12 feet wide, and the chambers (distance between the flues near the bottom to the smoke-room) 12 feet long; the firing flues, 4 by 4 inches, are placed in rows 8^ feet interdis- tant, five in a row. The fuel used is fine coal. The bricks can be burned in from fifteen to seventeen days. Capacity, 25,000 to 30,000 bricks per day. Three brickyards are in Chavez Canon. The clay used is the shale forming the southwest bank of the canon, as above described (see page 243). This material is ground in a dry-pan grinder of special construc- tion. The ground clay falls on a belt, which passes under the center of the grinder and delivers it to another belt, which conveys it to the brick machines. In this way the scrapers ordinarily used under the grinder are omitted, reducing the amount of power required and the cost of repairs in handling this rather stiff material. In one yard the ])ricks are made in a combined stiff-mud brick machine, having a 12- foot pug and a 22-brick wire-cutter. In the other two yards the bricks are made in Potts soft-mud brick machines. The bricks are dried in steam-heated driers, and burned in three continuous kilns and in open kilns. The motive power is furnished by steam. The coml)ined capa- city of the three yards is 147,000 bricks per day. Tliey employ about 90 men. The fifth yard is on Seventh street, near Boyle avenue. The clay is obtained from the upper part of the Boyle Heights terrace formation. (See general description, page 243.) Tlie bricks are made in a Potts soft-mud In'ick machine, air-dried, and burned partly in a 150 by 50 feet continuous kiln and partly in open kilns, using oil as fuel. Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company, C. Frost, 105 South Broadway, Los Angeles. The works at the brickyard at Santa JNIonica have been recently erected, and are yet in course of completion. The territory covers about 60 acres, of which about one acre has been excavated. The clay bank is from 10 to 85 feet thick, dipping northwest, and increasing in dc]ith in that direction, presumably underlaid by gravel. The clay is of l)etter quality than most of the deposits in the vicinity of Los Angeles; it makes a good, hard brick, being mixed in dry-pan crusliers and a ll-foot pugmill. The bricks are made in a special (liant, stiff-mud, 18-brick, wire-cutting brick machine. They are dried in tunnel driers, heated by tlie exhaust heat from the downdraft kilns. The blower is so located that in case this source be insullicient. steam heat can l)e provided. The I)rifks are ))ui'iic(l in eight downdraft kilns, of 30 feet diameter, with I'ight oi- ten liring flues, using oil as fuel; also in open kilns. The downdraft kibis will burn eonimon bricks in ILL. Xo. lU. PLANT OF THE LOS ANGELES PRESSED BRICK COMPANY AT SANTA MONICA, LOS ANGELES COUNTY. ILL. No. 11."). WIRK-Cl'TTINti AND PRESSED BRICK .MACinNl<:, LOS ANGELES PRESSED BRICK COMPANY. (247) 248 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATKRL\LS OF CALIFORNIA. six (lays, liard ln-id^s in seven to ei works manufacture building l)rick. Iiard hriek ( viti'ilied), repressed l)rick, })aving bricks, and ])aving l)locks. The yard is c(|uipped with oO()-horsc]»o\vcr boiler and a •2oU-liorscpo\ver engine. Its (hiily capacity is 90,000 biieks. R. Loynes, Long Beach. Clay bank east of the Anaheim road, north- east (if the city limits, covering 10 acres. The l)rieks are Imi'iieil in open kilns, using oil as fu(d. Pomona Brick Company, McMullin it Gamble, West Ninth street, Pomona. n>L. No. llfi. SIMON'S liKK'K ( ( iM I'A .\ Y. I.os A N( . Kl.l'.S. Simons Brick Company, K. ^^imons, 123 West Third street. Los Angeles. This company jnannfactnres common building brick and jiressed brick, and is operating three brickyai'ds, tlie combined eai)aeity of wliieh is 145,000 bricks jiei' day. l''i-om 175 to 200 men are emplDyed. One yard is located at 28 South Boyle avenue, Los Angeles. The clay bank forms the upper portion of the Boyle Heights terrace forma- tion. (8ee general desciiption, page 24)>.) It is excavate(l by a steam shovel. The bricks are made in stiff-mud and soft-mud Iti-iek machines, air-dried, and burned in ojjcn kilns, using oil as fuel. Another yard is on South Franklin avenue. Pasadena. 'I'he clay bjiidc covers an area of 22 acri'S, of wliicb 12 ai'e \\tii'lut none have been made in the past four vi'ars. BRICK CIAYS — ORANGE COUNTY. 251 An ap})ar(.'iitly good ({uality of cltiy is uncovered by the Cement Hill ditch, in Sec. 6, T. 16 N., R. 9 E., near the Reddik and Odin mines, long ago al)andoned. It is yellowish white, plastic, and contains fine grit. The locations and sections here named, and those under the heading of "Kaolin," are worthy of the attention of prospectors for clays. ORANGE COUNTY. Near Capistrano brick was burned in former years. On the ridge west of the Santa Ana River, south of Wintersburg, is found a deposit of good clay, which is used for the manu- facture of tiles, etc.; this ridge is about 30 feet above the lowlands, to the east thereof, \vhich are partly peat land, partly a clay soil, but principally a sandy loam soil. The clay in this ridge has been opened up in Sec. 35, T. 5 S., R. 11 W., S. B. M., on both sides of the branch line of the Southern Pacific Railroad from New- port to Smeltzer. The clay is very compact, of a dark gray color, in places tinted slightly red l)y iron oxide. While good for tiles, it re- quires an admixture of more sandy material to make l^rick. Two plants are working on this material. La Bolsa Tile Company, II. S. Hazeltine, president; E. R. Bradbury, general manager, Santa Ana. The plant is in Sec. 35, T. 5 S., R. 11 W., west of the above-mentioned l)rancli line of the Southern Pacific Railroad to Smeltzer. This coni])aiiy iiiauufactures tiles from 3 to 16 inches in ^£ach s^ack proy/ded tvifh a damper to regulate fhe heat €/?0(//VO PLAN S/VOW/NG rii/£S DO\A^/VD/?AFr KILN ORANGE COUNTY TILE ^VORffS ^l^£l TZ£R, Of^mO£ CO. ILL. No. 117. 252 STRUCTlKAl, AM) IXDISTKIAL .MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. (liaiiictcr, liollow biiildinti' l)I(>cks, and Itricks. The capacity of its })]ant is al»out 2"), ()()() linear fci't of tiles \)vr niDntli. Kini)loys S men. The jtlant is (M[uiiii)<'(l with a (lO-horscpowi'i' cniiinc and a TOdinvse- power l)oiler. The ehiy is ground in a di'3--i)an crusher; it is then eon- veved by a vertical (devator into a liopper, which discharues it into a sluni ]iua;nnlh froui winch it jiasscs into a lower pnuinill ])rovided with an auu'er wldeli forces the (day 1 hroui^h tlic die upt)n the wire-cuttin inches; those of larger diainetei' to tliat of '27] inches. The drying sheds are heated l)y hot air forced l)y a l)lower through Hues under the floor. This hot air is obtained eitliei' from tlie exhaust of the kilns or by forcing air through a coil stove heate(| by the exlnmst steam from the boiler. These works are located a short distance from tlie ocean, where drying without heat would re(|nire too long a time and s})oi! the paste, while sun-drying would in sunnnei' l)e too sudden and crack the tile. Till' smaller-sized tiles are dried in twenty-four hours or more: the larger tiles require sixty hours. The ])lant is ef|ui})})ed witli two downdraft kilns of 24 feet diameter, with six tires, using oil as fuel, luiving one main Hut' and one stack. Orange County Tile Works, J. B. Rain and A. Bailey, Post Route No. 5, Santa Ana. in Sec. 35, T. 5 S., W. 11 W., 8. B. M., to the east of the branch road of the Southern Pacific^ Railroad from Xewi)ort to Smeltzer. The clay has l)een described above. These works make tiles, hollow building Idocks, and bricks from this elay, and firebricks from the clay ol)tained from tlie Tralnico hills, in Orange County. Tlie clay- working machinery is very small and okl, but the installation of larger and better machinery is under way. Theri' are two downdraft kilns, one of which, of a new design, is under construction. (See 111. No. 117, page 251.) Santa Ana Brickyard, on Hickey street; V. (irouard, 6P2 Olive street, Santa Ana, owner. The clay deposit covers about 11 acres, of which 3 to 4 acres are worked out. The clay is from 8 to 10 feet deep, and is underlaid l)y gravel. It is used as excavated. The bricks are made in a Quaker l)rick machine moved l)y horsepower, sun-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. The yard is working about six months of the year. RIVERSIDE COUNTY. Hancock Brickyard, ('. P. Hancock. North Market street, Iviversidc. owner. The clay deposit covers an area of (1 acres; thickness, about 5 feet. The ehi}' may be (dassed as loam. The l)ricks are made in a Potts soft-nnid liricl< machine, air-dried, and burned in oi)en kilns, using oil as fuel, 'idle yard is eiiuipped with an .SO-horsei)ower boiler and a 35-h()rsei>ower engine. Capacity, 36,500 l)rieks per day. Employs ."H) men. BRICK CliAYS — SACRAMENTO. SAN BERNARDINO. 253 Lewis Bpiekyapd, E. X. Lewis, Corona, owner. The elay deposit lies in tlie northwestern part of Corona, and covers an area of 5 acres; tliiekncss, about 8 feet. The niati'rial is a ricli clay, wliicli is mixed in a Qnaker pugniill. The liricks ai-e hand-made, air-dried, and Inirned in open kilns, using wood as fuel. Capacity, about 15,000 l)ricks per day. SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Sacramento Transpoptation Company, h^acramento County; princi])al place of business, »^acramento; James O'Neil, superintendent of the brickmaking department. This company is the sole maker of build- ing bricks in the county and has been making bricks for twenty-two years, other makers having abandoned the production a few years ago. The present operations of this company are confined to one yard 6 miles south of Sacramento, on the east side of the Sacramento River. In ordinary years the production of bricks by this company averages 16,000,000 per amium. In 1904 the output was reduced to 5,000,000, owing to the Hooding of the yards by the heavy rains and overtlo^v of the river in the early part of the year. The yard, including material and i)lant, has an area of 182 acres; material from 10 acres has been consumed in the manufacture of bricks. It is composed of three strata: a dark soil overlying a strong giant clay, beneath which is a deep bed of sharp river sand. The plant consists of a steam shovel for cutting out the material; a railway train and locomotive for conveying the material one fourth of a mile to the operating yards at the edge of the river; pugmills; five soft-mud ^lonarch brickmaking machines; and two continuous downdraft kilns. The material is cut out in the winter and used in the following spring. The capacity of the plant is equal to 18.000,000 bricks per annum. In the making season the machines turn out 70,000 bricks per day, each kiln discharging and receiving 35,000 each day. The finished bricks are wheeled from the kilns to the company's barges on the river, ready for direct transportation to the principal market at San Francisco. Sacramento and other valley towns also offer a market for bricks made 1)y this company. An average of lOO men are employed. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Taylor Brothers Brick Company, J. Taylor, president, Room 12, National Bank Kuilding, Redhmds. Owns two clay deposits. One is in Redlands, on West Olive avenue, about one mile Avest of the center of the town, and covers al)out 5 acres, of which about one acre is worked out. Tiie clay has a depth of from 3 to 5 feet and is under- laid by sand. Tlie material is a sandy loam. The bricks are made in a Potts soft-mud brick machine, air-dried, and l)urned in open kilns, 254 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. using oil as fiu'l. The yard is eqiui)])i'(l with an 80-horsepower boiler and a 35-horsepower engine. The capacity of the yard is 42,000 bricks per day, employing 23 men. The other deposit is in San Bernardino, (in (J street, south of the Highlands branch of the Santa Fe Railway, and covers al)Out 30 acres. The material is a sandy loam. The method of manufacturing the brick, the equipment, and the capacity of the yard are similar to those of the Redlands brickyard. SAN DIEGO COUNTY. Hapbour & Peterson operate a brickyard at Imperial. Hubbard Brickyard, B. M. Hubbard, 1048 Fourth street, San Diego, manufactures common red brick. The plant is equipped with a gaso- line engine; crude oil is used as fuel for burning the bricks. Capacity, 20,000 bricks per day. Rose Canon Brick Company, J. S. Ackerman, 1311 E street, San Diego. SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY. Bay City Briek Company owns a yard on the Corbett road, opposite the end of Tw^enty-fourth street. The clay is obtained at side of its 12-compartment kiln. Oil was used as fuel. The bricks were seasoned in a 5-compartment drier. The plant is idle. San Francisco Brick Company, Wells-Fargo Building, San Francisco. This large plant is on State street, near Douglass. The bricks are made in a stiff-mud machine, seasoned in steam-heated driers, and burned in a 28-compartment Hoffman kiln. Simons-Fout Briek Company, ])ox 153 Builders' Exchange, San Fran- cisco. This i)lant is on the Corbett road, opposite the end of Twentieth street. The bricks are made in a stiff-mud machine, which averages 30,000 per day. They are dried by live steam and burned in a 20-com- partment Hoffman kiln, using coal as fuel. Only comnion l>ricks are made. SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY. Roberts Island Brick Company, A. Kunz, manager, Stockton. The plant is l)eing erected about (> miles southwest of Stockton, on Roberts Island, one fourth of a mile inhiiid from the Stockton iirick Company's kiln. The clay will l»e haiidl.Ml by a steam shovel. The bricks will be made in a soft-mud machine, sun-dried, and liurned in a 16-compartment Hoffman kiln. BRICK CLAYS — SAN JOAQUIN, SAN LUIS OBISPO. 255 San Joaquin Brick Company, I. F. Stein, secretary, corner of Chan- nel street and Weber Point, Stoclvton. The plant is located about 5^ miles west of south of Stockton, on the San Joaquin River, on the east side of Roberts Island. The clay, is dug by means of a steam shovel, and the bricks are made in a soft-mud machine with a capacity of 40,000 per day. They are sun-dried and burned in a 16- compartnuMit Hoffman kiln. The plant is operated five months during the year, and the bricks are shipped on barges, which are loaded at side of kiln. Stockton Brick Company, E. Lanzoni, Stockton. The plant is located about 6 miles west of south of Stockton, on the San Joaquin River, on the east side of Roberts Island. The clay is a sort of sandy loam, a bottom land deposit, and is kept dry enough to work by taking it from the pits in a series of benches, and draining the water from the lowest bench. A cable tramway takes the clay from the pits to the plant, which includes one stiff-mud machine (a continuous cutter), with a capacity of 40,000 bricks per day; two driers, with a capacity of 90,000 bricks per day each, using both live and exhaust steam; and one 16- compartment Hoffman kiln. The plant is operated the year round, and employs 26 men. The bricks are shipped on barges, which load at side of plant. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. Ah Louis, San Luis Obispo, northwest of the city, on the road to Bishop's Peak quarry. The clay is of good quality. The bricks are hand-made, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, with wood as fuel. P. Olohan, Arroyo Grande. Clay bank 6 to 7 feet thick, one mile east of the town, underlaid by gravel. The bricks were hand-made, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, with wood as fuel. Idle for the last four years. P. S. Pickering, Paso Robles. A clay bank in Wells Addition, north- ern part of Paso Robles, in the Salinas River bottom; about 6 feet of fairly good clay, underlaid by sand and gravel. The bricks were hand- made, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, with wood as fuel. Idle since 1900. SAN MATEO COUNTY. Baden Brick Company, Mr. Weaver, superintendent ; ofhces, 106 Jessie street and 927 Market street, San Francisco. The plant is located about 1^ miles east of South San Francisco, on the bay shore, in a little inlet known as "Snug Harl>or." The l)ricks are made from a light yellow clay whicli has consideral)le grit. It is elevated Ijv a tramway from the clay pit to the bins. The bricks are made in a stiff-nnid machine (continuous cutter), with a capacity of 75,000 bricks per day. W^aste 256 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ALXTKKIALS OF CALIFORNIA. and live steam ar<' usc(l in tlic driers, wliidi average al)out 25,000 In-icks per day. lioth connnon and repressed l)rieks are made, and oeeasion- ally some liollow 1)riek. At present one ir)-e(impartnient Hoffman kiln is used, and another is being erected. Tlie bricks are shi})i)ed on schooners, which load almost at side of kiln. SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. The valley of the lower })art of the Santa Ynez River, in the neigli- borhood of Lompoc, is covered with a bed of clay about 12 feet tlnck, underlaid by (|uieksand. This clay is used, where needed, for l)urning brick, produeing a very fair quality, it is claimed tliat ]»otter's clay has been found here. T. Connor, Santa Maria, is making i>rt'parations to again start up the brick kilns at Santa Maria. Grant Brothers, Santa Barbara, operate a brickyard on land belong- ing to J. C. Mahon, at the west end of Montecito street. The (day is excavated to a depth of 5 feet, over an area of about one acre. It is of fairly good quality. The bricks are hand-made, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. Martin Kelseh, Santa Barbara, has a briekyard at Haley and Miljjitas streets, in the eastern part of the town. The clay bank varies from 4 to 10 feet in thickness, in places containing considerable gravel, under- laid by sand. The bricks are made in a horse-power Damon macliine, air-dried, and burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. (See Supplement.) SHASTA COUNTY. The Sacramento River Valley bottom l)elo\v the mountains contains extensive clay banks, and on the higher tablelands debris accumulation has in places formed clay deposits. In the southern ])art of the county, in the Sacramento \'alley, a niunber of deposits of siliceous white clay are found; apparently a pottery clay, but nnxed with too much silica to allow its use in the manufacturi' of pottery. (See IXth Annual Report of California State Mining Bureau, pp. 287 et seq.) Alta Lime and Brick Company, Redding, owns the elay bank in Uloek 29, Redding (Jrant, about U miles south of Redding, in the Sacramento River bottom, formerly known as the (\>lcmaii i^' Hill Brickyard. The clay is tawny-colored, and from a to 6 feet thick. The ui)per 4 feet is a plastic clay, which grades into and rests \\\h)\) a \)cd of sand, underlaid in tin-n by gravel. In former years a great many l)ricks of fairly good quality were l>urned in this yard. BRICK CLAYS — SHASTA, SISKIYOU. 257 In Sec. 24. T. 34 N., R. 5 W., the same company has superficially opened a clay l>ank just al)ove its limekiln, but has not performed enough work to prove its extent. This clay is of a bright red color, and most probably is a remnant of an old deposit in the Sacramento River Canon. Holt & Gregg", Redding, own a brickyard about a mile south of Red- ding, on both sides of the railroad, containing similar clay to that in the old Coleman i.^' Hill pit. Several years ago they abandoned this vard, and concentrated all their brick kilns near Anderson. The same company owns an extensive clay bank 2 miles north of Anderson, very near the railroad, also in the Sacramento River bottom, on which two pits are worked in proximity to each other. The clay bed in the northern pit is from 12 to 15 feet thick, and of slightly different quality from that of the southern pit, where the bank is 8 feet high and contains a little more sand. The clay is brought in carts from the pit to the dump, and thence conveyed on a belt to the crusher, which feeds the Potts soft-mud brick machine. The bricks are sun- dried in about four days, and burned in open kilns. The plant employs about 40 men, and has a capacity of 36,400 bricks per twenty-four hours. In Sec. 19, T. 32 N., R. 4 W., owned by the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, is a bed of clay outcropping on both sides of a low hill topped with gravel. This clay bed probably underlies the entire knoll, covering a surface of about 40 acres. In the Reading Homestead, owned by R. L. Reading, directly east of Cottonwood, on the Sacramento River, is an extensive clay deposit, about one mile long and one-quarter mile wide. The clay is about 30 feet thick, and is capped l.)y from 5 to 15 feet of gravel. It has not been developed. SISKIYOU COUNTY. T. T. Gapvey, Yreka. In Sec. 27, T. 45 N., R. 7 W., M. D. M., are large banks of clay of a reddish color, containing some minute quartz pebbles. A good quality of brick, used in Yreka, is manufactured. T. Hamilton, Fort Jones. In Sec. 2, T. 43 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M. Formerly brick was burned here from the surface clay. T. A. Reynolds, Fort Jones. In Sec. 11, T. 43 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M. An old liriek kiln, wliich used surface clay. Peter Smith, Etna. In Sec. 21, T. 42 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., is a bank of clay of good quality, apparently 4 feet thick, from which bricks were burned and used in buildings at Etna. 17— BUL. 38 258 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. J. Walker, Greenview. In Sec. 32, T. 43 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., is a deposit of grayish-colored clay of good quality, from which formerly a good grade of brick was burned. SOLANO COUNTY. Clav shales occur in Solano County along the San Pablo Bay shore at Vallejo and Benicia, and between those points. This material was seyeral years ago employed in the manufacture of bricks; it was also used, in connection with other purer clays, in the manufacture of terra cotta ware and pottery. No bricks or other clay goods have been made at Vallejo or Benicia for several years, owing to the competition of large operators in other counties. SONOMA COUNTY. Callfopnia Pottepy and Brick Company; T. T. Mangle, manager, Glen Ellen. The plant is located in the northern portion of Glen Ellen, on Sonoma Creek. A soft, white, plastic clay occurs in a bed about 8 feet thick and overlies a bed of sandy clay, with which it is mixed by load- ing onto a belt conveyor in proper proportions. A 200-foot belt con- veyor takes the clay from the pit direct to the bins. The bricks are made in a four-cut, stiff-mud machine and seasoned in a drier, with a capacity of 20,000 bricks per day. They are bvirned in field kilns, using oil as fuel. At present only common bricks are manufactured for the trade. Healdsbupg Bpiek Company; W. Burgett, Healdsburg, owner. This plant is situated in the northern portion of Healdsburg. The bricks are made in hand molds and burned in a Stewart kiln, with wood as fuel. The kiln capacity is 30,000 bricks. The output of the plant is about 175,000 bricks a year. The clay is obtained from an 8 to 9 foot bank of sandy loam and clay mixture. Hilton Bpiekyapd; T. P. Brown, Hilton, owner. This yard is located at Hilton station, 19 miles northwest from Santa Rosa. Mr. Brown manufactures both common and pressed brick, and burns them in a kiln of liis own design. Sonoma Bpiek Company.— This company's plant is located on the east bank of the Sonoma Creek, at Glen Ellen. The bricks are molded in a Martin soft-mud machine, and burned in field kilns, using wood as fuel. TEHAMA COUNTY. There are undoubtedly several clay deposits in the Sacramento River bottom lands of Tehama County, l)ut very few have been used for the manufacture of brick. BRICK CLAYS — TULARE, VENTURA, YOLO, YUBA. 259 O'Connor Bpotheps, Red Bluff, own a clay deposit in the Reed tract in See. 29, T. 27 N., R. 3 W. The deposit covers an area of over 19 acres. About a couple of acres have been worked by pits, showing a good quality of brick clay for a depth of from 8 to 11 feet, underlaid by gravel. The bricks are made in a soft-mud machine worked bv horse- power. They are sun-dried, and burned in open kilns. When running full capacity the brickyard can produce about 16,000 bricks per day, employing 14 men. The bricks are mostly used locally. TULARE COUNTY. Pioneep Brick Company; B. Heberling, secretary, Heberling Planing Mill, Visalia. The plant is located on Center street, Visalia, near the eastern city limits. The bricks are made in a soft-mud machine, sea- soned in racks, and burned in field kilns, using oil as fuel. Most of the output consists of the common red brick, but a few pressed bricks are made each year. VENTURA COUNTY. Bpunson & Carter, Santa Paula. Hand-made bricks, burned in open kilns. F. Joehueh, Montalvo. Hand-made bricks, burned in open kilns. People's Lumbep Company; D. T. Perkins, president, Ventura. Hand- made bricks, burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. Ventupa Mill and Lumbep Company; H. A. Giddings, president, Ven- tura. Bricks are made in a Damon soft-mud brick machine moved by horse-power, and are burned in open kilns, using oil as fuel. YOLO COUNTY. Bricks have been made in Yolo County, chiefly at Woodland and Winters (as recorded in Xth Report of California State Mining Bureau, 1890, p. 791), of good quality of clay and clayey loam, principally by hand methods and open kilns; but the demand was limited. YUBA COUNTY. Bricks are made in Yuba County only at Marysville. The supply of brick clays is not limited nor confined to the Marysville district, but the small demand does not justify their exploitation. Until a few years ago the manufacture of bricks had been a thriving industry at Marys- ville for nearly fifty years, being conducted by J. B. McDonald, a pioneer brickmaker. Since the introduction of wooden houses and concrete sidewalk paving, the industry has declined from an output of from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 per year \o a demand for about 400,000 bricks annuallv. PART IV. MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. Antimony. Macadam, Rihhle, i:t< . A.sBESTOS. Magnesitk. Bakytes. Manganese. Bai'xite. Mica. Calcareot's Tufa. Minerai, Paint. Chromite. Onyx. Concrete Rock (see ^racaduiu). Paving 15i,ni ks. Fuller's Earth. Platinum. Glass-Making Materials. Pyrites. Graphite. Rubble (see Macadam). Gypsum. Quartz-Crystals. Infusorial or Diatomaceois Earth. Soapstone — Talc. Iron Ore. Sulphur. Jasper. Tungsten. LiTHiA. Zinc ANTIMONY. Inyo, Kern, and Ivivorside comities, see Supplement. SAN BENITO COUNTY. The antimony deposits are situated on the main ridge of the Mount Dial)Io range, in the extreme northeastern corner of tlie county, slightly extending into Merced County. The mineral-bearing zone is about 8 miles long north and south, and from 2 to 3 miles wide, containing princi- pally antimony and quicksilver. Tlie developed deposits of antimony cover, however, an area not over 3 miles long and 1 mile wide. Tlie dei)Osits are in altered slate, and they have a quartzose gangue. (Jn the west slope stibnite (sulphide of antimony) prevails, while on the east slope cinnabar is the predominant mineral, with stibnite as an accessory. In former years these antimony mines were worked, and a furnace was erected in Sec. 8, T. 12 8., R. 7 E., M. 1). M. This furnace is now abandoned, and the Avorkings are all caved in. The ])rineii)al mines were the Ambrose and the A]>peal,in Sec. 30, T. 11 S., R. 7 E., M. 1). M.; tlie Gleason, in Sec. (i, T. 12 S., R. 7 E.; the Schriver, in Sec. 31, T. 11 S., R. 7 E.; and the Eureka and the Star, one fourth mile from the Schriver. The territory covered })y these mines is now owned by T. H. French, in Sec. ;U, T 11 S., 1{. 7 E.; J. C41eason, in See. (1, T. 12 S.. R. 7 E.; and the Stayton Mining Conii)aiiy, all of Lone Tree 1*. (). {f>vr also\'lIIth Rei)ort of California State Mining Bureau, ]». 48-"); Xth ihid., p. .")1."): and Xlth ihhl., p. 371.) (JCd) ASBESTOS— AMADOR, BUTTE. 261 ^1 "' ASBESTOS Two distinct niinerals are known in the markets as asbestos. One is a variety of aetintilite. or treniolite, which are varieties of liornl>lende. It is a silicate oi linie, magnesia, and iron [Ca(MgFe)3, (Si04)3],and has fine, soft, flexiljle libers like cotton. Most of the commercial asl:)estos, liowever, is a variety of serpentine, called chrysotile or amianthus, a hydrous silicate of magnesia (3 MgO, 2 SiOg, 2 HgO), and contains about 14 per cent of water. Although in many respects the two varieties are similar in physical properties, the chrysotile variety is superior in l)oth strength and elasticity to any amphibole asbestos, while the heat-resisting properties of both varieties are about equal. Consequently, for all pur- poses in which non-conductivity of heat and not strength of fiber is the important factor, as in fireproof paint, wall plaster, boiler covering, fire- proof packing of safes, etc., both varieties can be used. Infusorial earth, talc, and mica are, however, strong competitors of asbestos in these lines of manufacture. Where strength of fiber is essential, as well as non-conductivity, as in the manufacture of cloth, rope, felt boards, tubes, washers, and blocks of various shapes, only the chrysotile variety can be used. The fibers of chrysotile are seldom over 2^ inches long, and usually from ^ to H inches in length. The mill fiber, a paper stock, is the minute tillers of asbestos which have become broken and are not capable of being used for weaving. Asbestic is the final waste material, which contains a small amount of minute fibers and a considerable amount of the crushed serpentine rock. (See Bureau of Census, Mines and Quarries, 1902, p. 973.) Nearly all the high-grade asbestos used in the United States is imported, most of it from Canada. AMADOR COUNTY. F. Mace, 2^ miles east of lone, on Sutter Creek. Some veins and stringers of the chrysotile asbestos in a dark green serpentine along the contact with l)lack slates. Formerly several small openings were made on this asbestos, ])ut tliey are all caved in. BUTTE COUNTY. A wide belt of serpentine runs from the southwestern corner of Sier^-a County, through Yuba, into Butte. A number of surface expo- sures of asbestos are found in this belt, but no asbestos of commercial 262 ■ STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. value has, as yet, been developed in this region. The most prominent surface indications are located in: .Sec. 14, T. 19 N., R. 5 E. Mrs. L. M. Power, Oroville. Sec. 7, T. 21 N., R. 6 E. Edw. Martin, Brush Creek. Sec. 3, T. 21 N., R. 5 E. John A. Clark, Berry Creek. Sec. 34, T. 21 N., R. 4 E. United Gold and Copper Company, Cherokee. Sec. 7, T. 21 N., R. 4 E. The south half of T. 23 N., R. 4 E. In the Mining Bureau Museum are specimens of asbestos from Forbestown, Oroville, and Red Hill. EL DORADO COUNTY. El Dopado Coppep Mining Company; W. E. Everson, manager, F. W. Blodgett, secretary, 204 Bacon Block, Oakland. Mine near Georgetown. Shipped 10 tons of asbestos in 1904. FRESNO COUNTY. Hogue & Phillips Claim, R. L. Hogue of Fresno and Mr. Phillips of Letcher, owners. This deposit lies about 12 miles north of Sanger, in T. 13 S., R. 23 E. They are sinking on a small ledge, and find that the asbestos becomes less siliceous and of longer fiber as they get farther down. It is merely a prospect. In the Mining Bureau Museum is a specimen of asbestos from near Coalinga. In the Mining Bureau Museum are specimens of asbestos from Inyo County; Madera County, from Fine Gold Gulch and from near Fresno Flats; and Mariposa County, from two localities near Bear Valley. PLACER COUNTY. Washington Consolidated Mine, S. M. Sprague & Co., Newcastle, own- ers; in Sec. 33, T. 15 N., R. 10 E., Iowa Hill district. Ten carloads of asbestos were shipped to San Francisco from this mine, at $35 per ton, delivered at the railway at Colfax, 9 miles west. The mine has been idle for three years, but the company contemplates resuming operations. The asl)estos was quarried out with soapstone, which lies east of a quartz ledge that has serpentine for the west wall. Surface indications are found in: . Sec. 36, T. 14 N., R. 10 E., near Forest Hill. Sec. 29, T. 14 N., \{. 11 K., in Lady's Canon. Sec. 13, T. 13 N., II. 9 Iv, in Gas Canon. ASBESTOS— RIVERSIDE, SAN BERNARDINO, ETC. " 263 RIVERSIDE COUNTY.. Asbestos is reported from: East of Indio. (See Xlth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 383.) Near Palm Springs, in the San Jacinto Mountains. (See Xlth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 383.) F. A. Stephens, 3 miles south of Winchester. (See Xlllth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 642.) Up to the present time none of these deposits have, however, pro- duced a material of commercial value. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Fire-Proof Mine, J. B. Friend, Victorville, locator. This mine is situ- ated about 4 miles west of Cottonwood, a station on the Santa Fe Rail- way, probably in the southern part of T. 9 N., R. 4 W., S. B. M. The asbestos is stated to occur in a seam in a shale country rock, from 5 to 6 feet wide. A small portion of the asbestos is claimed to be of rather good quality. None has been shipped. This is probably the same mine as mentioned under the name of Scorpion in the IXth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 236. In the Mining Bureau Museum is a specimen of asbestos from near Barstow. SAN DIEGO COUNTY. Within 3 miles of the Hot Sulphur Springs, in the northeastern part of Warner's Valley, some asbestos has been found. (See IXth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 148.) In the Mining Bureau Museum are specimens of asbestos from near Elsinore and from the San .Jacinto Mountains. In the Mining Bureau Museum is a specimen of asbestos from Hazel Creek, Shasta County. SIERRA COUNTY. Casserly Mine, Lee Craft, Forest City, owner; in Sec. 32, T. 20 N., R. 10 E., on west bank of Goodyear Creek, 1^ miles north of Goodyear Bar. Asbestos, in serpentine, from 6 to 10 inches wide, was encoun- tered by a mine tunnel 128 feet long, about 25 feet below the surface. The asbestos follows the course of the serpentine north and south, near its contact with slate. America Excelsior Cons. Mine, Goodyear Bar. In the Mining Bureau Museum is a specimen from the above mine, donated by Mr. Robert Stuart. The vein is said to be 2 feet wide at a depth of 20 feet, where the sample was taken. 264 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. SISKIYOU COUNTY. While many prospects of asl)estos are reported, none of commercial quality has as yet been found. In the Mining Bureau Museum is a sample from near Sisson. TRINITY COUNTY. It is claimed that near the head of the Blythe ditch, in Sec. 28, T. 88 N., R. () W., M. D. M., when it was excavated over twenty years ago, a promising deposit of asbestos was uncovered, but at pres- ent only very insigniticant indications of it can l)e found. Tlie ditch has lieen largely filled up with de1)ris. YOLO COUNTY. In the Mining Bureau Museum are specimens of asbestos from tlie Keys tunnel in the California mine. YUBA COUNTY. There are some surface exposures of asbestos in the belt of serpentine, already mentioned (see Asbestos, Butte County, page 261). but no asbestos of commercial value has, as yet, been developed in this region. The most prominent surface indications are located in: Sec. 35, T. 19 N., R. 8 E. W. S. Godfrey, Camptonville. Sec. 32, T. 19 N., R. 7 E. Sec. 8, T. 19 N., R. 7 E. Mount Hope mine; Mrs. Blake, Woodleaf. Sec. 29, T. 20 N., R. 8 E. BARYTES. Barytes are used in the paint industry; in the manufacture of paper and rope; as barium hydroxide in the sugar industry, and in tanneries. The vahie of crude barytes at the mines vai'ies from .$."> to -$•") per ton. BUTTE COUNTY. Pinkston Mine, William Pinkston of Yankee Hill, and J. Eiclu-r of Oroville, owners; in Sec. 8, T. 21 N., R. 4 E. Heavy spar was found in ])unches and boulders, accompanied by (lays and sonu' talc, of the mineral paint varieties, and small bunches of fuller's earth, in this mine, when it was worked for its gold values. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Barytes occur, in conjunction with co})per and lead ore, on the prop- erty of George Shephard, 8 miles northwest of Barstow. BAUXITE; CALCAREOUS TUFA. 265 BAUXITE. Four principal substances are prepared from bauxite, viz: (1) Alumi- num sulphate, oominonly known as ''concentrated alum," extensively used in dyeing, paper industry, etc.; (2) Alum, also used in dyeing,. paper-making, etc.; (3) Artificial emery; (4) Aluminum hydroxide^ from which the metal aluminum is manufactured. Value of bauxite, alunit $;> })er ton. YUBA COUNTY. Dempsey Ranch Mine, .J. M. Dempsey, Mooney Flat, owner; in Sec. 3, T. 15 X.. R. 6 E., M. D. M., 2 miles southeast' of Smartsville. Three occurrences of white bauxite, indicating a considerable quantity, were encountered at respective distances of 120, 180, and 210 feet by a mine tunnel driven 200 feet below the surface. The bauxite occurs within a casing of clay gouge overhanging the ledge matter carrying copper. Neither the ledge matter nor the bauxite has been further developed. Red bauxite occurs in association with ochre about 1000 feet distant from the above described workings. CALCAREOUS TUFA. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. Mrs. O'Leapy, Creston. In Sec. 20, T. 28 S., R. 14 E., M. D. M., east of south of Creston, a considerable area of calcareous tufa, having a great thickness, has been exposed by several gulches cutting through the tableland. In the w'estern part the beds lie nearly horizontal with vertical joint planes, so the material can be excavated in nearly square blocks. The tufa is massive, white and light. The deposit can be traced for a considerable distance in a north and south direction. About 200 yards east of its prominent western rim a dike of silicitied shales, al)out 10 feet wide, crops out, running in a northwesterly direc- tion, dipping northeasterly about 30 degrees, which can be readily traced for over a mile. East of this dike comes again the tufa; but a& its surface has not been carved out by gulches, as is the case on the western rim, little can be said regarding its extension. This calcareous- tufa is very refractory. It has been used in fireplaces, etc.; also in dental furnaces, where it withstands perfectly a heat of over 2000° F. It is also a very strong non-conductor of heat. 266 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. CHROMITE. Chroinite is a bhu'k ore with a subnietallic luster, and in a}»pearaiice resembles some of the iron ores. It occurs in small octahedral crystals and granular masses in serpentine rock, and consists, when pure, of 68 per cent of chromium oxide (CraOg) and 32 per cent of iron oxide (Fe-iOs) ; frequently ferric oxide or alumina replaces part of the chromium. Tlie ■commercial ores commonly run about 50 per cent of chromium oxide, and are generally so\d on a 50 per cent basis. Chromite is the source of the chromium salts of commerce, Avhich are used extensively in several different industries. It likewise enters into the manufacture of chrome steel, now used largely in making armor plate and heavy projectiles. Another important use of chromium is in the basic bricks for lining furnace-hearths, in steel-making, and in copper-smelting. Both of the last two uses require large quantities of ore, and probably will require still larger quantities in the future, thus giving interest to the California deposits, wdiich are the most extensive in the United States. Chromite occurs in several of the Eastern States, and was formerly mined in Pennsylvania and Maryland, but in later years, according to the Government statistics, the total domestic production comes from California. The greater part of the ore used in the eastern United States since 1895 is imported, as by the removal of the tariff chromite ■can be imported from Europe cheaper than it can be shipped from Cali- fornia. Hence the chromite industry in this State has been materially lessened during the last ten years, but it only awaits favorable trade conditions to be revived, as the ore deposits have not been exhausted. Chromite occurs in California in several counties, which have nearly all been producers of ore in the past. The following figures, taken from the rt'cords of the California State Mining Bureau, show the fluctuations of the industry: Year. Tons. Value. 1887 ....3,00(J .i;4(),(HHl 1888 ...1,500 120,000 1889 2,000 30,000 1890 3,599 53,985 1891 1,372 20,580 1892 1,500 22,500' 1893 3,319 49,785 1894 3,680 39,980 1895 1,740 16,795 ALAMEDA COUNTY. Douglas Mine, Douglas Mendenhall, Livermore, owner; in N. E. i of Sec. 26, T. 4 S., R. '.] E., ll miles southeast of Livermore. About fifty tons of chromic iron ore arc on tlic (lunij). Have only done assessment work since 1903. Year. Tans. Value. 1896 78G .$7,775 1897-9.. None. 1900 140 1.400 1901 130 1,950 1902.... 315 4,725 1903.... .1.50 2,2.50 1904 123 since 1887... 1,845 Total, 1313,570 CHROMITE — BUTTE, CAIAV'ERAS, DEL NORTE. 267 The Jones Chrome Outcrop, in Sec. 6, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., 20 miles south- east of Livernioro, on the Arroyo Mocho road. Three and one-half foot outcrop of chroniite in serpentine. About twenty tons of ore have been taken from a 10-foot development shaft. No shipments have been made, and no development work has been done, since 1900. Mendenhall Mine, A. Mendenhall, Livermore, owner; in Sec. 26, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., 15 miles southeast of Livermore. There are several tons of ore on the dump which averages about 55 per cent without con- centrating other than sledging and hand-picking. Nothing more than assessment work has been done of late years. The ore deposits are variable in thickness and dip, and occur apparently in crushed and broken portions of the serpentine. Previous to 1894, about $20,000 Avorth of ore was shipped to Philadelphia, where it was used for color- ing pigments in woolen mills. BUTTE COUNTY. M. E. Strauss, Forbestown, in Sec. 7, T. 19 N., R. 7 E., owns a deposit of chromic iron, occurring in the form of a large kidney, from 10 to 100 feet wide, in serpentine. The claim has been prospected, but no ship- ments were made, owing to the distance (26 miles) from the railway at Oroville. CALAVERAS COUNTY. Chromic iron occurs 10 miles northeast of Milton, on the ranch of Capt. John Wright, in Salt Spring Valley, in the serpentine belt which skirts the western base of Bear Mountains. A similar deposit is found on the Tower ranch, near the Angels stage road, 9 miles east of Milton. Very little work has been done on either of these deposits. (Xlllth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 48.) Big Pine Chrome Mine, Penn Chemical Works of Campo Seco, owner; in Sec. 20, T. 4 N., R. 11 E. The entire output of this mine is used by the owners in lining the reverberatory furnaces at their smelter at Campo Seco. Big Trees Mining Company, Murphy. In Sec. 2, T. 3 N., R. 14 E. A block of hematite and chromic iron. Idle. DEL NORTE COUNTY. Large deposits of chromite are found in Rattlesnake Mountains, from Bald Hill to the Klamath River, embedded in the serpentine country rock. They are not located, as the cost of transportation is too gi-eat to make their working profitable at present. 2(38 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. French Hill (Tyson) Mines, Tyson Mining Company, Baltimore, owner; in Sees. 5 and (1, T. 16 N., R. 1 K., II. >[., 3 miles south of Gasquet. Kidneys of ohromite embedded in serpentine. Idle. Low Divide (Tyson) Mine, same owner; in Sees. 33, 34, and 35, T. IS N., R. 2 Iv, II. M., 8 miles east of Smith River P. 0. Idle. FRESNO COUNTY, Toll House. — Chromite oceurs in a ser})entine belt 6 miles southwest of Toll House, near Sentinel, in T. 11 S.. R. 23 E. Some prospecting and developing were done, but the ore })roved to be low grade. Con- siderable ore was shipped from this vicinity by the Copper King Mines Company for its own use. GLENN COUNTY. Black Diamond Mine, in Sec. 25, T. 22 N., R. 7 W.; Guy M. and .John Luce, Newville P. 0., owners. Chrome ore has been prolitably mined. Up to 1893, there were 3319 tons nuned and shipped 20 miles l)y wagon road to the railroad station at Fruto. The property has been idle for several years. At the time of the active work on this property, a nund)er of other deposits Avere discovered in the vicinity. These deposits of chrome ore occur in the serpentine belt following the eastern slope of the Coast Range. The Black Diamond mine was worked by an open cut and tunnel. The workings have the form of an irregular-sha})ed quarry, exposing a face from 25 to 35 feet high, from 30 to 40 feet wide. and a tloor depth of about 70 feet. The highest line of the ore exposure is about 10 feet l^elow the apex of the serpentine. MENDOCINO COUNTY. Chromite of good (juality is foun E., M. 1). M. Some detached surface dejmsits are found near Cape Horn, in Sees. 35 and .".C, T. 15 X., i{. 10 Iv. M. D. M.. and near Weimar, in S.'c. 21. T. 14 X., i;. 9 E., M. I). M. CIIROMITE — SAN BENITO, SAN LUIS OBISPO. 269 SAN BENITO COUNTY. Tom Ingalls, Eniniett P. O., about fifteen yeai's ago perfonned some development work on a dcjjosit of chromite, in Bee. 36, T. 14 S., R. 7 E., and it is claimed found a (^[uantity of good ore. Since that time no further work has been done. Near New Idria, on the divide between San Carlos Creek and Clear Creek, surface boulders of chromite were found in the early fifties, and in fact were the cause of prospecting which resulted in the discovery of the New Idria quicksilver mines. The chromite contains narrow green seams of rodochrome. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. Years ago large quantities of chromite were shipped from San Luis Obispo to Baltimore and Philadelphia. The Goldtree Brothers were the principal shippers, and most of the ore passed through their hands. The shipments were greatest, it is said, from twenty to twenty-five years' ago, and continued up to about seven years ago, when they ceased, owing to removal of the tariff. A concentrating mill was erected in San Luis Obispo about the time the industry ceased, which now stands idle. The ore occurs in irregular pockets and stringers in serpentine, which is deeply disintegrated in most places. Much of the ore was obtained from the disintegrated material. Owing to the mode of occurrence of the ore, the mining w^as mostly surface work, and there were a great number of pits scattered over the area. The principal mines are about 8 or 9 miles north of the town of San Luis Obispo, in the serpentine hills of the Santa Lucia Mountains, but there are other mines west and southwest of the city in the Los Osos Mountains. In the northwestern part of the county, on the west slope of Pine Mountain, chromite occurs under similar conditions. The ore being found in relatively small pockets disseminated through the serpentine, the cost of mining was rather high — about $5.50 per ton, laid down at San Luis. In 1890, Myron Angel, field assistant of the California State Mining Bureau, estimated that over 11,000 tons of chromite had been shipped from San Luis Obispo. (See Xth Report of the California State Min- ing Bureau, p. 582.) J. A. Chanslop, San Luis Obispo. The Castor mine, in Sec. 29, T. 29 S., R. 12 E.. M. I). :\[. Charles Goetz, 735 Ellis street, San Francisco. The El Devisadero, El Salto, Priniera, and La Trinidad mines, in Sec. 33, T. 29 S., R. 12 E., M. I). M. 270 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. Goldtree Brothers, 124 Sansonie street, San Francisco. The London, and Pick and Shovel mines, in Sec. 33, T. 29 S., K. 12 E., M. D. M. C. T. Greenfield, San Luis Obispo. A mine in Sec. 3, T. 31 S., R. 12 E., M. D. M., very near the city limits. T. Steele, Arroyo Grande. On the Rancho Santa Manuela, about 6 miles up the Arroyo Grande Creek from Arroyo Grande, some work has been done, showing some chromite ore of a good quality. A small amount was shipped from this point about fifteen years ago. G. Urben, San Luis Obispo. The Jasper mine, in the southwestern part of the Rancho Laguna, in the Los Osos Mountains, about 3 miles southwest of San Luis Obispo. Several small outcrops have been found in the Los Osos Mountains on lands belonging to several parties. On the west side of Pine Mountain lies a wide belt of serpentine, wherein are found boulders of chromite, which were mined in former years and shipped via San Simeon. These mines are located in Sees. 3 and 10, T. 26 S., R. 8 E., M. D. M. ^ Fork 14: Chromite Mine Pnmd Dougherty 23 7:3Z/V./^.6l^. ILL. No. US. SKETCH A, SHASTA COUNTY. SHASTA COUNTY. F. P. Prim, Redding, and C. Dougherty, Hazel Creek, own three chromite claims in Sees. 13 and 24, T. 37 N., R. 5 W., near Sims. A belt of chromite of very good quality has been opened up over a length of about 1000 feet. Tiie country rock is serpentine. The ore is lustrous black, carries higli in chromic oxide and relatively low in iron oxide. Seams of a talcose serpentine cut through the ore bodies. At the sur- face the ore has the tawny, earthy appearance of the streak of chromite. The ore generally lies against more or less polished surfaces of the serpentine. No gangue or clay seam occurs on the contact. So far as CHROMITE — SHASTA, SIERRA. 271 developed, the chroniite occurs in lenses, connected by narrow seams, with dips reversing occasionally within a fcAV feet. All the present workings are very near the surface. The chromite is shipped as far as Arizona, Colorado, and Montana, and is used for furnace bottoms at the Bully Hill and Keswick copper furnaces. The workings as indicated in Sketch A are: (a) Lens about 25 feet diameter and 15 feet deep, out of which 600 tons were taken. Ore has been left in the bottom, to be reached by tunnel c. Shaft 30^ J^ {})) A similar, but smaller lens, out of which 300 tons were taken. Here the dip of the ore body is northwest, while in r, not 50 feet distant, the dip is southeast. (c) The original discovery— a large "^-^^i^ ^\^fhm ore S^cfn lens on the north side of the creek, out of which 1500 tons were taken, con- ..1 -.i ,1 ILL. No. 119. Detail of e and r/, Sketch nectmg by a narrow seam with another ^_ gj^^^^^^ county. but smaller body lying to the southeast and lower. (See section over XY in sketch A.) The latter body dips under tunnel d. [d) A tunnel run to cut the ore below c, h, and a. About 50 feet from the entrance, a vertical shaft about 30 feet deep was sunk, cutting the ore coming from c. It is claimed that there are 8 feet of ore in the bottom of the shaft. The tunnel has not yet reached either c or a. {e) To the south of Shotgun Creek, a short tunnel has developed a small body of ore, having the form of a half-moon, out of which were taken 200 tons of very good ore. This opening lies apparently a little west of the belt in which the preceding works are located. (/) An ore body in the line of this belt, higher up the hillside than e, from which 200 tons of ore were taken. Messrs. Prim and Doug-herty own another claim, in Sec. 22, T. 37 N., R. 5 \V., on which very little develojiinent work has been done and from which no ore has been shipped. E. Holden, J. Gibson, and others, of Lamoine, own eight claims in Sec. 22, T. 37 X., R. 5 W., l)ut sufticient Avork has not been done to judge about their prospective value. SIERRA COUNTY. Brandy City.— Sec. 1, T. 19 N., R. 8 E. A deposit of chromic iron. Luse & Co.'s Mine, in Sec. 1, T. 19 N., R. 8 E.; D. E. Luse & Co., Camptonville, Yuba County, owners. A deposit of magno chromite (a magnesia variety of chromite), from which a considerable tonnage has 272 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. been shipped by wugoii to tlic raih'oacl at Nevada City. This material is used more especially for furnace lining. There is a large body of ore in siy;ht. '!r' SISKIYOU COUNTY. Considerable float of chromite is found near the top of the Forest Mountains, in the eastern part of Sec. 13, T. 44 N., R. 8 W., Southern Pacific Railroad Company, owner; and in the western part of Sec. 18, T. 44 N., R. 7 W., Wm." Ramus and Carl Hill, Yreka, owners. The country rock is serpentine; the chromite is found in relatively small pieces. No development work has been done. Float of chromite is reported in the vicinity of the Dewey mine, about 10 miles southwest of Gazelle. TEHAMA COUNTY. A belt of serpentine having a general nortii and south trend runs through the southwestern part of Tehama County and the northwestern part of Glenn County. This belt is on the lower eastern slope of the Coast Range, called the Yallo Balloo Mountains. In this serpentine float of chromite is found in a great number of places. In Tehama County mining operations have, however, only been conducted on the north fork of Elder Creek. J. A. Heslewood, 469 East Eleventh street, Oakland, and P. C. Cpumbo, Red Bluff, own deposits of chromite in Sec. 16, T. 24 N., R. 7 W. Tliey were formerly w^orked by the Tehama Consolidated Chrome Company of Red Bluff. (See Xth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 692 ; Xllth ibid., p. 88; Xlllth ibid., p. 50.) This company mined the deposit in three places. Its last shipment was made about 1898. The ore was shipped on a basis of 47 per cent of chromium oxide (Cr-iOj) as a minimum. It is claimed that much of the ore went considerably higher. The ore was paid for at the rate of $9 per ton delivered at Red Bluff. The last shipments were made to .lohn Rosenfeld's Sons, of San Fran- cisco. The cost of hauling to Red Bluff may l)e placed at $5.50 i)er ton. All the ore taken out was practically from the surface. No work was done to determine whether the ore persisted in depth. TRINITY COUNTY. It is claimed that fair chromite is found on the north fork of the east fork of Trinity River, a few miles al)ove the point where the road from Trinity Center to Cinnabar crosses the creek, whicdi would locate it in thf northwest part of T. 38 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M. It is also claimed that a large deposit has been developed near Hayfork. pulijEr's earth— analyses, production, etc. 273 FULLER^S EARTH. Fuller's earth is a soft, friable rock that is used in fulling wool and deodorizing and clarifying oils, fats, greases, and other fluids. It differs from other earths in its texture, which makes it so valuable in the industries. The essential properties of fuller's earth are that it falls to pov^'der easily in water, and removes with avidity grease from cloth and coloring matter from oils. The latter appears to be the essential and characteristic quality that distinguishes fuller's earth from all others. As yet, no distinguishing definite mineralogical composition has been recognized, and just what gives it the unique filtering and absorbent properties is not clearly known. The following analyses show the composition of several of the best known of the fuller's earths on the market: CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FULLER'S EARTH. SiO, AI2O3 Fe^Os CaO MgO Alka- lies. Loss on Ignition. English y! v., fuller's earth. (Min. Ind. Vol. X, p. 273) 5-4.20 English fuller's earth. ^Jour. Frank. Inst.. Vol. CL, p. 220) 59.37 Gadsden Co., Florida. (Jour. Frank. Inst.. Vol. CL, p. 220) 62.83 Ocala. Florida. (Jour. Frank. Inst., Vol CL.p. 220) 36.73 Fairburn. South Dakota. (Jour. Frank. Inst., Vol. CL, p. 220) 60.16 Decatur County, Georgia. (Jour. Frank. Inst.. V'ol. CL, p. 220) 67.46 Bakerstield. Kern County. California. (^rin. Ind. X. Y., Vol.'X, p. 273)..- 54.32 England. (Geikie, 1893, p. 133) 44.00 14.30 6.30 i 1.25 11.82 6.27 6.17 10.35 2.45 2.43 27.78 3.21 .81 10.38 14.87 4.96 10.08 2.49 3.14 18.88 11.00 6.50 10.00 1.00 5; (.10 1 72 ,09 12 64 72 09 22 00 3.79 .98 .94 .42 4.21 5.00 17.44 13.19 7.72 12.14 7.20 5.61 11.86 One of the most striking features concerning the analyses is the varia- tion in the composition. The value of a fuller's earth is a function of the physical texture, not of the chemical composition. Ppoduction of Fuller's Eapth in the United States.— During the past four years the production has been as follows: Tons. Value. 1901 14,112 $96,835 1902 14,100 109,980 1903 20,693 190,277 1904 29,480 168,500 The imports of fuller's eartii for 1902 were lo,51o tons, valued at $102, .580. The production of fuller's earth in the United States began in the year 1893 by accidental discovery at Quincy, Florida. Other deposits 18— iu-l". 38 274 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. were found later in other parts of Florida, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Soutli Dakota, New York, and California. The market supply in the East continues to come from Florida, and in the West from California. The American fuller's earth, it is said,* is used for filtering mineral oils, while the Englisli earths are preferred for cottonseed and lard oils. Ppeparation. — In America the earth is ground fine enough to go through a 60-mesh sieve, when it is ready for use. With the mineral oils the earth is })ut in long cylinders, through wliich the crude oil is allowed to slowly percolate. The first oil tliat comes through is clear, thinner and lighter than that which follows. With the vegetable oils, the oil is heated above the boiling point of water and the earth added, and tlie mixture stirred vigorously for some time, and then filtered through bag filters, when the coloring matter remains with the earth. Refepences. — 1. Occurrence of fuller's earth in the United States; characteristics, uses, distribution, etc., by David T. Day. Journal of Franklin Institute, Vol. CL (Sept., 1900), p. 214. 2. Fuller's earth of Florida and Georgia, by T. W. Vaughan. U. ,S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 213, p. 392. 3. Fuller's earth of South Dakota. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXVII (1898), p. 333. 4. Mineral Industry, Vol. VII, p. 271. BUTTE COUNTY. Fuller's earth is found in three distinct and separate sections of the county, l)ut in each case observed it appears to be an intrusion into the clays and of inferior quality: In Sec. 8, T. 24 N., R. 4 E.; Diamond Match Company, owner. In Sec. 8, T. 21 N., R. 4 E.; the barytes mine, J. C. Eicher, Oroville, OAvner. In Sec. 13, T. 21 N., R. 3 E.; A. M. Smith, Oroville. KERN COUNTY. California Fuller's Eaptli Company; H. L. Packard, Bakersfield, man- ager. In Sec. 14, T. 27 S., R. 28 E., 18 miles nortli of Bakersfield, is a large deposit of fuller's earth, said to vary from lo to 50 feet in di ptli, and many acres in extent. The fuller's earth is overlaid by a tliin layer of soil, which is first removed, and then tlie earth is taken out in open i)its. It is hauled in wagons 18 miles to Bakersfield, where it is ground and shi])ped ])rinci])ally to Kansas City and other Eastern i)oints for refining animal antl vegetable oils. This tleposit was first opened in 1898, and it has produced since then. »Davifl T. Day, .Tournal Franklin Inst., Vol. CL. p. 214. (September, 1900.) fuller's earth— kern, san Bernardino. 275 The analysis of tlir earth shows: Per Cent. Silica (8iO.) 54.32 Alumina (AUO3) --- 18.88 Iron oxi(lo(Fe,03) 6-50 Liine(CaO)...^ 1-*^ >[agnesia(MgO) 3-2^ Loss on ignition 11.86 Alkalies (by difference) 4.21 A t'oiuparative test of this earth with the English fuller's earth showed that 10 pounds of it equaled 9.75 pounds of the English earth. The ILL. No. 120. QUARRY OP FULLER'S EARTH, KERX COUNTY. tests were made on cottonseed oil, with 5 and 10 per cent quantities of earth at 100° C. for forty-five minutes. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTYo J. Reed, 428 Court street, San Bernardino, owns a deposit containing fuller's earth and claimed to be of considerable extent, about 12 miles north of Barstow. The fuller's earth occurs in sandstone and con- glomerate. It has gray, red, and brown colors. W. E. VanSlyke, 716 Fifth street, Sau Bernardino, has located a dejjosit of fuller's earth, claimed to be of considerable extent, in the northern part of T. 9 N., R. 22 E., S. B. M., on the north side of the Sacramento Wash, opposite Java, a station on the Santa Fe Railway. About four years ago some work was done on this deposit, showing a face over a length of about SO feet. 276 STRUCTLUAL AND INDUSTKIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. THE GLASS INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. The glass industry is almost in its infancy in California. A few factories arc in operation, making the lower grades of glass, l)ut not enough is manufactured to supi)ly the local demand, and very little is shipped from the State. The Materials. — The chief materials used in l»ulkin glass-making are lime, silica, and soda, with snniller quantities of other materials, such as potash, lead, and ahnnina. Glass consists of an acid like silicic acid or horacic acid, combined with an alkaline earth, as lime, barium, or strontium, and an alkaline metal, as soda or potash. Of these mate- rials, silica and lime are cheaper than any of the others, hence are commonly used in ordinary glass, and soda more connnonly than potash. Lime occurs pretty widely distributed over the State, and there is little diflUculty in ol)taining it in sufficient quantities at a moderate price. Silica occurs in large quantities in the form of sand, sandstone, iind (juartz veins. Many sand deposits contain, besides the (juartz granules, grains of other minerals, such as feldspar, mica, tourmaline, etc., which hold in combination too many impurities for good glass-sand. INIost of the sand deposits in California are of this nature. There is a large sand deposit at Monterey of sufficient purity to make good glass, and it is used for that purpose to the extent of about 5000 tons per year. At Tesla, in Alameda County, is another large deposit of sand that is used for glass-making. So far as could be ascertained there is no sandstone used in this State for the manufacture of glass. ALAMEDA COUNTY. At Tesla, Corral Hollow, in Sec. 32, T. 3 S., 11. 1 E.; San Francisco and San .Joacpiin Coal Company, Safe Deposit Building, 328 Montgomery street, San Francisco, owner. The sand occurs in a 20-foot l)ed above the coal vein and between a bed of gray clay (used for building brick) on the hanging wall and a bed of fire (day on the foot wall. The bed dips N. 70" W., at an angle of 60°. The outcroi)pings are })lainly visil)le across the hills in a general east and west direction. Sand was first shipped to Stockton in 1901. The sand was originally taken from out- croppings, but is now worked from a 500-foot tunntd. It is a fine quartz sand, and is washed by long sluice-boxes onto tables to free it from particles of light clay. It is then sacked at a siding and shi})ped to the glass factories. About 600 tons are shipped in a season. GLASS INDUSTRY — LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 277 LOS ANGELES COUNTY. (^lartz vi'iiis of sufficient size and purity for glass material are worked in nortlu'vn Los Angeles (bounty, and no doul)t could be opened elsewhere. C. E. Joslin, 900 Braly Building, Los Angeles, owns a quartz vein 6 miles northwest of Acton which has been opened during the present year. The vein is reported to be 30 feet thick. Analyses of two speci- mens gave for one 98.0 per cent of silica and L3 per cent of iron and ahnnina. and for the other 99.43 per cent of silica.* ILL. Xo. Vn. PLANT OF SOUTHWESTERN GLASS MANUFACTURING CO., LOS ANGELES. Several miles out from Lancaster, Los Angeles County, is a deposit from which quartz is obtained for the glass works at Los Angeles. The quartz is hauled by wagon from the quarry to Lancaster, from which it is shipped by rail to the glass works. It is a white, milky quartz, c^uite free from impurities. Southwestern Glass Manufacturing Company, G. E. J^ittinger, j)resi- dent, 301 North Avenue 19, Los Angeles, successor to the Los Angeles Glass Company; began operations in February, 1904. The company obtains its lime from Colton and its quartz from Lancaster. Bottles, Mason jars, and packing jars are manufactured. The Mason jars are * Analyses furnished the Bureau by Mr. Joslin. 278 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. made by macliinc. but tlic bottles and small jars arc l)lown in molds. The Ljlass is free from iron color, but has a smoky tint that slightly mars its beauty. Located as it is in the midst of one of the greatest fruit districts in the Avorld, this factory should have an extensive local trade in fruit jars and bottles. MONTEREY COUNTY. Carmel Development Company, Mr. Devendorf, secretary. Carmel- on-the-8ea has a dei)Osit of sand claimed to be similar to that of Lake IMajella and to run 95 per cent silica. Pacific Improvement Company, Henry Cowell Lime and Cement Com- pany, agent. Deposit at Lake Majella, near Pacific Grove, in south- eastern part of T. 15 S., R. 1 W. The sand is arkose. The grains of quartz and feldspar are mostly angular, but mixed with rounded quartz granules. The biotite and hornblende granules occur in limited quantity. The sand is shipped in bulk to the glass factories in San Francisco and Stockton. About one fourth of the output is shipped in sacks — about 50,000, weighing from 80 to 100 pounds each. ORANGE COUNTY. Glass sand is found in Sec. 31, T. 7 S., R. 7 W., S. B. U.; R. Egan, Capistrano, owner; about one mile northeast of town, in a canon entering the Trabuco at Capistrano. On the west side of the creek a bed of sand is exposed over 50 to 60 feet, from 8 to 10 feet high, over- laid by recent clays. Close by, on the east side of the canon, a similar deposit is exposed over a couple of hundred feet, having a thickness of 25 to 30 feet. This material consists of very minute, angular quartz granules and very fine scales of biotite, sometimes muscovite. PLACER COUNTY. Roseville Deposits, in Sec. 8, T. 11 N., R. 7 E.; Thomas Thomas, Rose- ville, owner. This deposit of glass sand was prospected by G. M. Hanisch, who made borings in this material to a depth of 90 feet. The sand is overlaid by 15 feet of gold-bearing gravel, and lies in a basin formed by lava on the north, black slate on the south, and granite on the east. Lincoln Deposits, in Sees. 9 and 10, T. 12 N., R. 6 E.; Tallant Bank- ing Coni})any, owner. This deposit was also prospected by Mr. Hanisch ; the glass sand was found at an average depth of 25 feet. (See Xth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, i)p. 20, 413.) More recent borings were made on a town lot in Lincoln, owned by Frank Elder. Several tons were extracted at a depth of 30 feet. GLASS INDUSTRY; GRAPHITE. 279 SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY, Pacific Window Glass Company; C. J. Hurrle, manager. It is located about one mile south of Stockton, was started in 1902, and manufac- tures only window glass, using the cylinder window-glass process. The equipment includes one continuous melting tank, with a capacity of eighteen pots (thus accommodating eighteen blowers); two flattening ovens, and a cutting, sizing, and shipping department. The crew of skilled labor includes 18 blowers, 18 tender boys, 4 flatteners, and 4 cutters, and the balance is common labor. Ninety men are employed in the factory. Oil is used as fuel. The glass sand is shipped from Monterey County. The management claims that the glass is as good as any Eastern product, and can be furnished in any sizes ranging from 7 by 9 inches up to 50 by 80 inches. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. Glass sand is reported in large quantities and of a very good quality in the mountains about 40 miles east of Arroyo Grande, by J. F. Beckett, Arroyo Grande. Glass sand is also claimed to be found in the northern part of T. 32 S., R. 13 E., M. D. M., near the Southern Pacific Railroad, 3 to 4 miles south of Edna, in the bituminous rock formation on the Rancho Corral de Piedra. (See also Xth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 573.) GRAPHITE, Graphite is sometimes called " plumbago" or " black lead." It is a form of carbon, and occurs in two varieties, crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline graphite is usually found in a compact foliated or granular mass. Graphite is infusible and resists the corrosive action of many chemicals and molten metals, which properties render the crystalline variety with its flake-like form of great value in the manufacture of graphite crucibles. Crystalline graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity, which renders it of special value in the manufacture of electrical appliances. Graphite is also used for stove polish, foundry facings, paint, and lead pencils; as a lubricant, and in poAvder glazing, electrotyping, steam packing, etc. (See Bureau of Census, Mines and Quarries, 1902, p. 1017.) 280 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. FRESNO COUNTY. A largr body oi gi-a})liite is found in Drum N'allcy, 6 inilcs north of Auckland, Tulare County, on the land of William Kincaid, of Dunlap, and another l)ody on tlie Reeves ranch, oi miles west of Dunlap. (8ee Xlllth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 642.) These deposits have not been operated on a commercial scale as yet. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. D. 0. Helman, 2029 New Jersey street, Los Angeles, owns a deposit of crystalline graphite in T. 7 N., R. 15 W., S. B. M., near Elizabeth Lake. It has, however, not been sufficiently developed to prove its conniiercial value. In Sec. 4, T. 1 N., R. 13 W., S. B. .M., in Verdugo Canon, 12 miles northeast of Los Angeles, an extensive deposit of graphite is found in a granite country rock. It is amorphous and soft, which renders its separation more difficult and expensive. The soft graphite can only l)e used for ])aint. (See IXth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 207.) Graphite Mine; George A. Skinner and Charles Woodin, both of Kern County, owners. It is located in the northern portion of Los Angeles County, near Savigus. The property is at present undeveloped. It is reported that there are two veins, 4 and 6 feet wide. It has been held by the present owners for about two years. MENDOCINO COUNTY. Western Graphite Company, Crossley Building, San Francisco, owns a deposit of gra})hite in Sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 15 W., about 15 miles east of Point Arena. The graphite occurs in a blanket formation; it is mined l)y quarrying, then washed and puddled to free it from (juartz inclusions, and later refined in San Francisco. It is marketed as a paint, a lubricant, and for foundry facings. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. W. E. Van Slyke, 716 Fifth street, San Bernardino. A deposit of graphite, stated to he near the head of the Santa Ana River, in the San Bernardino Mountains, about 15 miles from East Highlands, a station on the Santa Fe Railway. The material is claimed to carry about 50 per cent of graphite, which is ap})arently of the soft, amorphous variety. SISKIYOU COUNTY. A ledge of grapliite is reported in the Siskiyou Mountains, very near the top of the ridge on the north slope, op})Osite the head of the eastern branch of Seiad Creek, about in Sees. 4 and 9, T. 47 N., R. 11 \V. GRAPHITE: GYPSUM. 281 SONOMA COUNTY. Healdsbupg Paint Company. In cxcavatiiiii for tlie foundation of a mill at the Healdsburg Paint Company's mine, 10 miles south of Healds- Inirg, a deposit of graphite was exposed. It was overlooked and cov- ered hy a waste dump. The material is apparently very similar to that at the Skinner graphite mine, and to samples from Mendocino County. Small particles of (piartz occur throughout the graphite. Skinner Graphite Mine, E. Leach (care of F. A. Leach, U. S. Mint, San Francisco), owner; in Sec. 14, T. 4 X., R. 7 W., 4 miles south of Petahnna. on the San Rafael road. It was opened about 1894, and has produced $9000 worth of mineral paint. The development works are at present inaccessible, and there is no outcropping of graphite. Mr. Skinner states ''that the graphite occurs as a 40-foot bed, dipping to the north at an angle of about 45 degrees, and that 8 feet of the best material — the upper portion of the bed — averages 90 per cent." Stringers of (juartz are distributed throughout the deposit. The ore was merelj'' screened at the mine to remove the quartz, and shipped to San Fran- cisco to be milled and bolted for paint. TUOLUMNE COUNTY. Morgan Graphite Mine; R. H. Morgan, Columbia, owner; in Sec. 9^ T. 2 X.. R. 14 E., about 3 miles west of Columbia. The graphite is said to contain some silica. A few years ago a shipment was made to Eng- land, but nothing could be learned of the returns. The works are closed and inaccessible. GYPSUM. Gypsum is a hydrous calcium sulphate (CaS04, 2 HgO), which, pro- portioned by weight, contains 20.9 per cent of water, 32.5 per cent of lime, and 46.6 per cent of sulphur trioxide. The color is usually' white when pure, l:>ut sometimes it is gray, yellow, red, brown, or black. It occurs massive, granular, fil)rous, and crystallized, in large solid crys- tals, or in lamellar or seal}' crystal masses and sheets. The fine fibrous forms are called sdfiu spar, from its satin-like luster, and the trans- parent crystal forms are called selenite. A compact, granular, translu- cent variety of gypsum is called alabaster, and is used for ornamental purposes. Calcium sul})hate occurs in nature without the water of crystalliza- tion in the mineral anhydrite (CaS04). It occurs associated with lime- 282 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. stone and other rocks, sometimes witli Ix'ds of rock salt, but is not so common or abundant as gypsum. Calcium sulphate occurs in large quantities in solution in many springs and streams, and in still larger quantities in sea-water. Uses of Gypsum. — Gypsum has a large nundjer of varied uses in the industries. It is used in the form of plaster of paris. It replaces (piick- lime in wall plaster, and is frequently used for the hard finish on lime plaster. It is used for making plaster boards and for the smooth finish jnit on the surface. Large quantities enter into the manufacture of fertilizers, although less than formerly. It is used as a retarding ingre- dient in Portland cement. It is further used in the paper, the glass, the dyeing, and in many other industries; also as an adulterant for food products. The researches of Professor Hilgard of the University of California have shown that gypsum is one of the most valuable materials for reclaiming the black alkali lands of central California. There are a number of small gypsum quarries where the product is used locally for this purpose. The increased demand for gypsum along the different lines is in excess of the supply in California, and a considerable portion of that used is shipped in from other states. The large cement works, pot- teries, and plaster works in the vicinity of San Francisco obtain gypsum from Nevada. Methods of Manufacture of Plaster or Plaster of Paris. — In the manufacture of plaster, the gypsum is heated or cooked in large kettles up to a temperature of 177'\ when it is withdrawn from the fire. If all the water is driven off, the plaster becomes " dead burned " and refuses to set. If the gypsum is properly burned and ground, when water is added to it a hard, compact material is formed. With the pure gypsum this process takes place quite rapidly — in six to eight minutes. In its use as wall plaster and for some other purposes it is desirable to have the plaster set slowly. This object is commonly attained by mixing with it some substance which has the property of delaying the final set. Such substances are called retarders and are of different materials, such as sawdust, pulp, fiber, lime, slag, sugar, alkalies, acids, glue, and glycerine. Sometimes it is desirable to hasten the time and have the plaster set as quickly as possible, which is accomplished by adding what is called an accelerator. Alum or borax is frequently used for this purpose. It is possible, by adding certain chemicals to the plaster, to make a harder product. Even the natural gypsum rock may be hardened artificially. GYPSUM— BUTTE, COLUSA, FRESNO. 283 DistFibution. — Gypsum occurs Avidely distributed in nearly all locali- ties where the Tertiary rocks occur; that is, in the Coast Ranges, in the Great Valley, and in southern California; but only in few locali- ties does it occur in beds of suthcient size or purity and convenient to transportation to be worked profitably. The only counties reporting to the Mining Bureau in 190.'> were: Kern, 1000 tons, and Los Angeles, 5914 tons, all valued at $46,441. There was probably a considerable production from small quarries for local use which was not reported. References on Gypsum Deposits. — 1. The Vlllth, Xth, and Xllth Reports of the State Mineralogist of California. 2. Bulletin Xo. 223, U. S. Geological Survey. Gypsum deposits in the United States. 3. Bulletin Xo. 11, Vol. Ill, 1893, X. Y. State Museum. 4. Iowa Geological Survey, Vol. XII, 1901. 5. University Geological Survey of Kansas, Vol. V. 6. Geological Survey of Michigan, Vol. V, Pt. II, 1893. BUTTE COUNTY. Gypsum occurs in Butte County in the St. Clair hydraulic mine (long ago abandoned), in Sec. 19, T. 21 X., R. 4 E. It is exposed in the face of the workings in small horizontal ledges or layers, from 3 to 5 feet apart, and extending for about 100 feet across the face. COLUSA COUNTY. Gypsum occurs in various sections in the western side of Colusa County, but none has been developed in commercial quantity. It is reported in the Sulphur Creek district, in Sec. 31, T. 17 X., R. 7 W., and in the Ruby King copper mines. FRESNO COUNTY. About 9 miles north of Coalinga, in Fresno County, is a gypsum deposit, which occurs in two beds interstratified with clays and shales which dip 20 degrees to the southeast. The product was used for fer- tilizer in Tulare and Fresno counties. Paoli Mine. — Professor Hilgard gives a description of this deposit in the Xllth Report of the State Mineralogist, 1894, p. 323. It is located in the ridge bordering the Avest side of the Great Valley, about 18 miles southwest from Mendota. The gypsum crops out along the crest of several ridges, with a gentle dip toward the valley. The deposit on the crest of the main ridge, where most work has been done, 284 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. shows a thickness of at hwst 30 feet, 1>ut its lower liniil lias not heen exposed. The deposit is a very hirge one, sutticient to supi)ly tlif needs of the San .Ton(|uin Valley for a lonu' tiin(> to come. tSani])les eoUeeted fi'oin ero]>i)inus hy Professor lliliiard show the material to he very nearly uniform from top to hottom; a yellowish- white chalky mass, easily crumbled, and therefore readily put in shai)e for farmers' use. Eight samples were selected to represent the outcro})s in several places. The analyses of four gave the following results: Sand, Moisture, and Carbonate <;ypsum. Clay, of Lime, etc. N.I. J, froiu suinmit of main ridge !>r).24% 1.98% 2.78% No. ."), from second spur, middle of crest 94.74 1.52 .3.74 No. 6, from third sjiur, in canon 1)2.90 2.60 4.50 No. 7, from fourtli spur, near road 82.2U 8.21 9.59 KERN COUNTY, California Gypsum and Mineral Company; J. M. Anderson, Tulare. The deposit is located near McKittrick. Cottonwood Creek, 5 miles north of Pampa, and 8 miles from Wade, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Tlie gypsum is stated to occur l»oth as surface crust and in interstratified beds. The material is shipped fi-om Wade, and used for fertilizing purposes. (See Bulletin No. 220, V. S. Geological Survey, p. 121.) Western Petroleum Company; Mclvittrick. Sec. 20, T. 30 S., H. 22 E., M. D. M. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Alpine Plaster Company; main office, 720 East Colorado street, Pasa- dena; branch office, 302 Douglas Building, Los Angeles; David Lang, manager at the works at Palmdale. The gypsum occurs in large quan- tities in the low foothills about half a mile to the south, and is manu- factured into plaster at the factory, which is located near Palmdale, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. At ]n-esent tlu' material is transported in wagons from the quarries to the mill. The gypsum outcrops for several miles east and west in the low foot- hills along the south side of the great Antelojie Valley, interstratified with conglomerate, sandstone, and shales. The general dip of the strata is to the south. So far as known, the total thickness of the gyp- sum beds has not yet been ascertained, but there is sufficient showing on the outcrop to furnish a supply for many years to come. Part of the gvjjsum occurs in fibrous layers one eightii toon(> half of an inch or more thick, alternating with thin layers of clay and shale. The 1)anded layers are in places rather sharply folded, and in places faulted. (See GYPSUM— LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 285 111. 122.) In other places along the outcrop the gypsum is more massive, shows little crystallization, and contains more or less white and yellow €lay diffused through the mass. The l)etter grades of the gypsum now being (juarried, it is stated, run over 80 per cent in calcium sulphate. The workable beds vary in thick- ness from 2 to 30 feet or more. The present quarry (July, 1904) con- tains from 4 to 5 feet of commercial product, with almost no stripping. All of the quarrying so far has been on the outcrop along the brow of the low hill. A dozen or more small quarry openings have been made. The mill has been in operation three years, manufacturing two grades II. I.. -No. 122. (.VPSUM IJUARRY OF THE ALPLXE PLASTER COMPANY AT P.VLMHALE, LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Light bands are gypsum. of ])laster — No. 1, white for finishing; and No. 2, wall plaster. The I)roduct is principally used in Los Angeles and Pasadena, and the demand is stated to be steadily increasing. There are two pots in operation, witli a capacity of 40 tons of plaster per day, using oil as fuel. (8ee Xlth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 248; Xllth ihifl, p. 324; Xlllth ibid, p. 504.) Fire Pulp Plastic Company, 750 South Alameda street, Los Angeles, owns a gyi)sum deposit at the head of San Francis([uito Creek, about 13 miles from Castaic. The gypsum is of good quality; it occurs, how- ever, in relatively small pockets and layers within the inclosing country rock. 286 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CiVl,IFORNlA. About tAvo miles north of Lang, a station on the Southern Pacific Raih-oad, in 8cc. 30, T. 5 N., K. 14 W., S. B. M., there is a deposit of gypsum, nearly 8 feet wide, almost iK'rpondicular. (See IXtli Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 195.) ORANGE COUNTY. In Gj'psum Canon, Orange County, on the west sloi)e of the Santa Ana range, is a deposit of white crystalline gypsum, said to be from 8 to 10 feet in thickness. It occurs in sandstone strata, thought to be of Cretaceous age. (See Bulletin No. 223, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 121.) RJVERSDDE COUNTY. Adams-Blakely Deposit; H. R. Adams and T. A. Blakely, Braly Building, Los Angeles, owners; in T. 3 S., R. 18 E., S. B. M., in the Old Ironwood Mining District, a deposit dipping at an angle of 45 degrees, reported as about 2 miles long and 1 mile wide. The greater part is granulated gypsum, and runs from 96 to 99 per cent pure. Stone gyp- sum or alabaster occurs intermediary in dikes. At present the deposit is too distant from the railroad to be worked commercially, but the new Santa Fe cutoff from Parker to Bengal will make it accessible. Banning- Station, near the Southern Pacific Railroad. (See Bulletin No. 223, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 120.) George W. Lord, Corona. In Sees. 14 and 15, T. 4 S., R. 7 W., S. B. ^I. The gypsum occurs in a brown ferruginous shale, partly as crystals, partly as fibrous gypsum, and partly as thin flakes crystal- lized in the seams of the rock. It has been worked by the Standard Fertilizing Company, which took out 250 tons of gypsum in 1901, and about 150 tons before that date; but has not been worked since then. SAN BENITO COUNTY. In Bitterwater Creek Cahou a number of (k'tached gy])sum dci^osits are found, running from Lewis Creek, in Sec. 5, T. 19 S., R. 10 E.,M. D. M., to Sec. 17 or 18, T. 18 S., R. 9 E. The quality of the gypsum differs materially in the various exposures. (See also Bulletin No. 223, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 120.) F. Q. Alvarez, Bitterwater P. O. In Sec. 5, T. 19 S., R. 10 E., and Sec. 32, T. 18 S., R. 10 E., on the east side of the Lower Bitterwater. The gypsum lies in, or in close contact with, a belt of serpentine whicli runs along the east rim of liitterwater Valley. It is mixed with clay and often of a grayish color; some bouMcrs of white gypsum are, however, GYPSUM — SAN BENITO, SAN BERNARDINO. 287 found on the surface. Sevtn-al years ago some was excavated and liauled to San Francisco, l)ut in later years the deposit has been idle. Mrs. S. Chambers, Bitterwater P. O. In Sec. 15, T. 18 S., U. 9 E., on the west side of Bitterwater Valley, some gypsum boulders were exca- vated some years ago. In a well dug near the house a bed of gypsum al>out 3 feet thick was passed through. Three hundred yards northeast of the house some open cuts have exposed two beds of a fair quality of gypsum. The country rock is shale, but the gypsum is accompanied by a light gray sandstone con- taining inclusions of gypsum. J. F. Dunn, Hollister. On the Topo ranch, in Sec. 17 or 18, T. 18 S., R. 9 E., on the divide Avest of Bitterwater Valley, a deposit of gypsum lying in a horizontal bed, 3 to 4 feet thick, has been opened for about 100 feet. It has only a soil overburden of 2^ to 3 feet, and is underlaid by shale. The gypsum is of fairly good quality. . The deposit is 12 miles from railroad. (See Xlllth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 504.) J. C. Tully, Bitterwater P. O. In Sec. 32, T. 18 S., R. 10 E. (See Alvarez deposit, of which it forms part.) R. R. Tully, Bitterwater P. 0. In Sec. 11, T. 18 S., R. 10 E. Some detached l)odies of grayish-colored gypsum, somewhat mixed with clay. Estate of T. Williams (deceased), 1003 First street, San Jose. In the southwestern part of T. 19 S., R. 12 E., and the northwestern part of T. 17 S., R. 12 E., M. D. M., on Silver Creek, indications of gypsum have been found. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. San Bernardino County contains gypsum beds of promise in many places on the desert, especially in the eastern part, in Amboy sink. They are associated with salt beds and overlaid by a thin layer of clay. They have not been developed. Near Camp Cady, a gypsum deposit has been located by Willam Hale^ 310 D street, San Bernardino, and F. Deming and J. Ackerman, Daggett, one mile from the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, in the northern part of T. 10 N., R. 5 E., S. B. M. The deposit is stated to be uncovered along a low ridge about 300 feet long, and 100 feet high at the highest point. Very little work has been done on the de})Osit. Beds of Selenite (gypsum) also occur associated with salt beds at Danby dry lake, 32 miles southeast of Danby, on the Santa Fe Railway. 2S8 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. White and .tiray gypsum occur in in-c.milar, huiicliy veins on Alamo Creek. 1() miles fi-om Santa Maria, l»ut very little of it lias been used. SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. Charles D. Fox, Room 21, Curtaz lUiilding, Sau Francisco. An extensive deposit in Santa Barbara Canon, in T. 8 and 9 N., R. 25 W., S. B. ]\I., aliout 5 or 6 miles south of Quartel P. O., in the Cuyama Valley. It is claimed to contain a very fair grade of gypsum, also alabaster. (See Bulletin No. 228, U. S. Geological Survey, y>. 123.) This deposit can be reached l)y wagon from Santa Maria and from Bakersfield. Stevenson & Marshall, Casmalia P. 0., own a gypsum deposit near Point Sal, on the coast of Santa Barbara County. It has produced considerable gypsum in the past, but has l)een idle for a numl)er of years, with no prospect of producing again. The gypsum was hauled to Point Sal landing for shipment by water. There are said to be two beds of gypsum occurring in black clay, all dipping down at a high angle. Six different openings were made, and the most accessible part of the deposit has apparently been exhausted. (See also Vlllth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 58o; Xth iJtid., p. 601; Bulletin No. 223, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 122.) Selenite is found among the surface debris near Santa Barl»ara, but no regular de})Osit has as yet l)een discovered. TULARE COUNTY. California Gypsum and Mineral Company; .]. M. Anderson, Tulare; works at McKittrick. In Sec. 21, T. 30 S.. R. 22 E., M. D. M. Specially for fertilizer, etc. Dudley Mine; M. Dickson, McKittrick, Kern County, owner. Idle for several years. VENTURA COUNTY. J. F. Dennison, Nordhoff. On the Dennison ranch, about 3 miles east of Nordhoff, a little to the south of the main road to Santa Paula, a gypsum deposit was worked to a small extent more than ten years ago. Imt not since. (See Bulletin No. 223, U. S. (ieological Survey, p. 122.) INFUSORIAL EARTH— ANALYSES, ETC. 289 INFUSORIAL EARTH, Infusorial earth or diatomaceous earth, sometimes known as tripoli or tripolite, the German kieselguhr, consists of siliceous material secreted by microscopic plants called diatoms. When pure it is generally white or nearly white in color, and consists essentially of opal or colloidal silica and water, but frequently contains as impurity a small percentage of other constituents such as alumina, iron oxide, lime, and magnesia, as shown by the following analyses: ANALYSES OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH. n Water.... Iron Oxide > B 5' so 3 so TO 3 cn Alkalies White Lake, New York Richmoiul, Virginia Morri>; Coiintv \e\v York 86.52 75.85 80.66 81.53 81.08 80.49 1.20 79.00 95.34 84.15 91.43 86.90 12.12 8.37 14.01 3.47 18.44 13.33 10.00 12.00 .03 10.40 3.80 5.99 .37 2.92 "3.33' .45 9.88 3.84 3.43 .12 .29 .58 2.61 "iVes 99.58 98.95 99.09 Pope's Creek, Maryland Storev C'oiintv. Nevada 5.63 -- 100.00 99.52 Pollet Lake, Canada - .95 ""s'.oo" 3. .70 .66 1.26 3.15 2.00 5.00 65 1.40 2.89 4.09 .34 .28 -- 98.54 Auversne 99.20 Tuscany - - 99.00 Aberdeen 99.02 Hanover - 1.75 .36 .14 1.10 .25 .51 ""95' 1.18 99.50 Little Truckee River, Xevada.. Fossil Hill. Xevada.- .-. .. .. 100.34 100.07 The diatom plants are exceedingly minute; there are a great many kinds and varieties, some of which inhabit fresh water and some salt water. The marine forms are very widely distributed; in places they make up the bulk of the ooze of the deep sea, where it is called diatom- ooze. The diatoms are very abundant in many fresh waters; they accumulate in great quantities in some of the fresh-water lakes. (See further. Mineral Resources, 1901, p. 798.) Probably the largest deposits in the Avorld occur in California. The Eleventh Census Report, Mineral Industry, page 707, states that the first development of infusorial earth in California was made in 1889, near Calistoga, Napa County. Infusorial earth is not soluble in acids, but is soluble in alkalies and has great absorptive powers. Its specific gravity is about 0.25; when saturated it has a density of 1.24. After calcining, the specific gravity is increased about 50 per cent. This excessive porosity, together with the hardness of the constituent particles, gives the earth its economic value. It is used as an absorbent for nitro-glycerine in the manu- facture of dynamite. It is one of the best non-conductors, and is used 19— HiL. 38 290 STiU.CTLKA). AXI) INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. extensively for packing boilers and steanipipes; also in llic luanufat'ture of fire-proofing and l)uildingand refractory brick, wiiich are used where lightness is important. It is further used extensively as a polishing powder, and in the manufacture of scouring soaps. It is a superior filtering material for many purposes, ])ecause of its porosit}'. A new % K ^ W0 ILL. No. 123. DIATOMACEOrS EARTH FROM LOMPOC. HIGHLY MA(;Nn-MKD. THE MICROSCOPE SHOWS ITS REMARKABLE PIRITV .\XI) POROSITY. use introduced in Germany is for cleaning and scouring wool by forcing it through the wool by air blast. The })roduction of diatouLaccous earth in the United States is as follows: Tons. Value 1H98 1.392 111,002* 1899 3,000 30,400* 1900 3,«15 24.207t 1901 4,020 52,950t li)02 5,655 59,808 1903 9,219 76,273 *Min. IikL. Vol. VI L ).. (iOT. + Min. Res., p. 799. INFUSORIAL EARTH — l.OS ANGELES COUNTY, 291 The product in California in 1902 was 422 tons, valued $2,532; in 1903, 2703 tons, valued at $16,010 ; in 1904, 6950 tons, valued at $112,282. The Eleventh Census Report, Mineral Industry, page 707, gives the value of the diatomaceous earth in the United States for 1889 as $23,372, distributed as follows: California, $8,000; Connecticut, $422; Maryland, $10,700; New Hampshire, $2,750; and New Jersey, $1,500. References. — 1. Mineral Industry, N. Y., Vol. VII, p. 606. 2. American Jour, of Sci., 1854, Vol. XVII, p. 179. J. W. Bailey. 3. American Jour, of Sci., 1891, Vol. XLII, p. 369. A. M. Edwards. ILL. No. 124. PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF DIATOM FROM THE LOMPOC DIATOMACEOUS EARTH. ENLARGED 235 DIAMETERS. 4. Eighth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 532. 5. Tenth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 583. 6. Thirteenth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 643. 7. Bulletin No. 28, California State Mining Bureau. 8. Bulletin Santa Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 1, 1887, pp. 8-11. W. W. Finch. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Banning Company, 593 Pacific P]lectric Building, Los Angeles, owns a deposit of infusorial earth on Santa Catalina Island, from which con- siderable amounts have been shipped. (See Xllth Report of the Cali- fornia State Mining Bureau, p. 406; Xlllth ibid., p. 643.) J. Bixby, Currier Building, Los Angeles. On the Los Palos Verdes ranch, San Pedro Mountains, are several exposures of infusorial earth 292 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. of a very chalky character. None, however, has been developed to any extent. At Point Duma, northwest of Santa Monica, there is a large deposit of infusorial earth. (See IXth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 208. MONTEREY COUNTY. A belt of infusorial earth runs along the eastern foothills of the Santa Lucia range, from the southern boundary of the county, in T. 24 S., R. 10 E., in a northwesterly direction to the Arroyo Seco, in T. 19 S., R. 6 E., and then shows again, in the same general direction, in Sees. 36 and 26, T. 15 S., R. 2 E. West of Bradley, in the northern portion of T. 24 S., R. 10 E., some work has been done on this belt. B. J. Riewepts, Bradley. Sec. 4, T. 24 S., R. 10 E. The infusorial earth shows along the slope of the cailon, running in an east and west direction; it has been opened over a length of 300 feet, showing a thickness of from 10 to 15 feet, but is probably thicker. The infusorial earth is very light, white or very light gray, and is cut by seams of silicified clays. It forms a very refractory material. Three carloads were shipped in 1904 — one to the Yeso Manufacturing Company, San Francisco. This deposit continues in Section 9, same township, on land belong- ing Mr. Leprosy, San Francisco; and in Section 10, on land belonging to 0. P. Spencer, Bradley. ORANGE COUNTY. Around Alisos Creek, south of El Toro, a great amount of infusorial earth is found scattered among the surface debris and clays. As far as could be observed, it is not very pure. No efforts have been made to open up any of these deposits. SAN BENITO COUNTY. A. Leonard, San Benito. In Sees. 20 and 28, T. 16 S., R. 8 E., between Bear Valley and the San Benito, deposits of infusorial earth are claimed to l)e found. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. A small deposit of infusorial earth is claimed to occur in tlie northern part of T. 2 N., R. 9 E., S. B. M., about 12 miles from Twenty-nine Palms, and 40 miles from Palm Station. It is stated to be about 2 feet thick. Unappropriated Government land. INFUSORIAL EARTH — SAN LUIS OBISPO, SANTA BARBARA. 293 SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. The belt of infusorial earth running through the southern part of Monterey County continues into San Luis Obispo County, showing in detached exposures along a general southeastern direction from T. 25 S., R. 10 E., to T. 28 S., R. 14 E., M. D. M. Some deposits of infusorial earth are also found in the belt of bituminous rock south of San Luis. J. F. Beckett, Arroyo Grande. North of the town, close to the Pacific Coast Railroad, is an undeveloped deposit of infusorial earth. Frank Silva, Verde. In Verde Canon, about 3 miles north of Arroyo Grande, is an exposure of very white infusorial earth. J. Tognizi, Edna. West and close to the Southern Pacific Railroad, opposite Edna, infusorial earth shows for a couple of hundred feet in a slide on the hillside, about 35 feet above the railroad track. In Sec. 23, T. 26 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M., in the Rancho Corral delosMulos, an exposure of infusorial earth is found in a gulch, near the road from Oak Flat to Adelaide. (See also Xth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 583, where its analysis is given as follows: SiOa, 70.23 per cent; Al.Os, 16.55 per cent; CaO, 1.06 per cent; MgO, 0.59 per cent; KjO, 11.32 per cent.) In Sec. 11, T. 25 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M., another small exposure of infusorial earth is found. SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. The Lompoc infusorial earth is undoubtedly the best quality found as yet in the State. Balaam Mine; Balaam Brothers, Lompoc, owners; H. F. Kidwell, Lompoc, superintendent. In an eastern side caiion of the San Miguel- ito, about 2 miles south of Lompoc; elevation, 575 feet. A very light (26 pounds per cubic foot), flaky and white infusorial earth. The strata dip south about 30 degrees, conformable with the underlying shales, and show on both sides of the caiion to a thickness of about a couple of hundred feet. The deposit consists of very thin, regularly bedded layers of the material, with occasional narrow, conformable seams, from 1 to 2 inches wide, of a dark brown siliceous shale. The face of the quarry is about 30 feet high. This material is used as a boiler and pipe covering; as furnace lining, by adding some gypsum as a hardening ingredient; in the beet-sugar factories, replacing limestone; and more especially in the manufacture of fireproof plaster at the Fireproof Plaster Works at Emeryville, Umthard Brothers, 514 Twelfth street, Oakland. ]LL. Nu. V2r>. (^lAltliV OF INFfSORIAL EARTH .VV LOM P()( , SANTA RAKHAKA (OIXTY. ILL. No. 121-.. orTCKol' (IK INFISORIAL KARTII ori'OSlTK 1!.\I,A.\.M IlKos.' gl WKKV l.d.MI'OC, SANTA BAKHARA COUNTY. (•Jill) INFUSORIAL EARTH— SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. 295 Bank of Lompoe. — On tlie Santa Rita ranch, on the north bank of the Santa Ynez Kiver, about 5 miles in an air line east of Lompoe, is an undeveloped deposit of infusorial earth of considerable size. This ILL. No. 127. BALAAM BROS.' QIARRY OF INFLSORL\L EARTH. LOMPOC. SAXTA BARBARA COUNTY. ILL. No. 12.S. "MAGNE SILICA IHARRY," INFISORIAL EARTH. NEAR LOMl'OC, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. deposit is cut l)y the Santa Ynez River; the portion south of the river lies in the Salsipuedes Ranch (see below). It lies evidently in the trough of the underlying shales. 296 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ^LVTERLVLS OF CALIFORNIA. Dimock Mine, ^Tagne Silica Company (TTarriman & Haniniore), Los Angeles, owner. It is at the head of an eastern side canon of the San Miguelito, about three fourths of a mile south of Lompoc; elevation, 1)00 feet. A very large body of infusorial earth, in very thin layers, but somewhat more compact than in the Balaam mine; and in })laces light gray. The beds are nearly horizontal. A tunnel about 150 feet is run into the hill; near its breast a raise over 100 feet high runs through the material to the surface. The earth is sacked for ship- ment and used by the company in its works at Los Angeles. The same company also owns part of the Moody property, adjoining the Balaam mine to the south, on which it is claimed an extensive de])osit of infusorial earth is found, as yet undeveloped. Salsipuedes Ranch, Hollister Estate, Santa Barbara, owner. (See Bank nf L()in[)()C, above.) Sunnyside Mine, M. M. Telford; owner. In a side cation of the San Miguelito, betw^een the Dimock and Balaam mines. Idle for the last few years. Along the south slope of the Santa Ynez Mountains, in the vicinity of Santa Barl)ara, are a number of patches of more or less impure infu- sorial earth. SHASTA COUNTY. In the northeastern part oi the county, but more especially along both banks of Pit River, near the mouth of Hat Creek, and up that creek for about 5 miles, several exposures of infusorial earth, locally called chalk, are found in beds of varying thickness. Only a relatively small part of these beds is pure, the greater portion being mixed witli sand. The pure beds are seldom over 10 feet thick, and are interbedded with tuffs and basaltic debris. T. W. Brown and Mrs. E. Ray, Carbon, owners. In Sees. 7 and 18, T. 36 X., R. 4 E., M. 1). M., along Hat Creek. Mrs. E. Ray and W. Tyrrel, Carbon, owners. In Sec. 7, T. 36 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M., along the north bank of Pit River. Above the Farmers' bridge a ridge of infusorial earth shows, both north and south of Pit River, in Section 17. Another ridge shows also on l)oth sides of the river in Section 16. The exposure south of the river is the largest in this region — the so- called chalk-slide, on the Winters road. It is at least 100 feet high, but the infusorial earth is not of as good a quality as that in Hat Creek, and is interljedded with sandstone. TEHAMA COUNTY. Near Lassen Butte, in the northeastern paii of the county, consider- able deposits of infusorial earth are said to be found. IRON— BUTTE, CALAVERAS, Eli DORADO, LOS ANGELES. 297 IRON. BUTTE COUNTY. Diamond Match Company, Chico, owner. Sec. 5, T. 25 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M. The iron occurs chiefly in the form of float, on a plateau, at an altitude of about 6000 feet. An open cut 12 feet deep was made several years ago, cross-cutting the supposed ledge. Heavy iron float is also found in Sees. 7 and 27, T. 23 N., R. 4 E., belonging to the same company. John MoFPison, Sec. 30, T. 25 N., R. 5 E., M. D. M. Heavy iron float. J. F. Nash, Stirling, and J. C. Bupden. Sees. 5 and 8, T. 25 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M. Locations. J. H. Rempel. Sees. 5 and 8, T. 25 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M. Locations. CALAVERAS COUNTY. Big- Trees Iron Mine, Willard Sperry, Gridley, Butte County, owner. In Sec. 32, T. 4 N., R. 14 E., M. D. M., about U miles north of Murphys. It has been idle for several years, but considerable work was done years ago in the nature of open cuts, drifts, and some shafts. The iron (limonite) forms a capping of the entire hill. Detert Iron Mine, Mr. Detert, Jackson, Amador County, owner. In Sec. 11, T. 4 X., R. 10 E., M. D. M., U miles north of Valley Springs, at the head of Skunk Hollow. Only assessment work has been under- taken. EL DORADO COUNTY. Reliance Mines, Reliance Mining and Smelting Company, owner; L. W. Simmons, president, 2695 Howard street, San Francisco. In Sec. 18, T. 10 X., R. 9 E., M. D. M., 8 miles northeast of Folsom. The ore is stated to be a magnetite, occurring in two 4|-foot veins, cropping out over a considerable distance, with a decomposed hanging and a granite foot wall. Developed by three shafts, 50, 218, and 312 feet deep, respectively. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. John Carroll, Fourth and Junipero streets. Long Beach, and J. D. Rivard, 2915 Downey avenue, Los Angeles. A deposit of magnetite within 200 yards of the Southern Pacific Railroad, at Russ Station (Soledad Canon). Only a little development work has been done. Some years ago a small furnace, using oil as fuel, was erected at the deposit, but proved a failure. 298 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. The Iron Mack, H. Reblick, Acton, and E. L. Baker, 713 West First street, Lof< Angeles, owners. In Sec. 36, T. 6 N., R. 14 W., S. B. "Si., at the head of Mint Canon, about 10 miles northwest of Acton. A deposit of low-grade material, containing some small pockets of magnetite, accompanied by some manganese ore. From a pit less than 10 feet deep, some ore was shipped a few years ago. MADERA COUNTY. Minaret Iron Mines. — In the eastern jjortion of Madera County, near the Mono County line, on the south slope of the Minaret Mountains, about twenty-nine locations were made on the belt of iron ore, which extends for about 2 miles in a general northwest and southeast course, with an exposure of ore averaging 300 feet in width. Some prospecting Avas carried on during 1891-92, but since then they have l)een idle. The ores are hematite and magnetite. Mount Raymond Ipon Mines, T. ii. Hart, 1924 Tulare street, Fresno, in charge. In Sees. 9, 10, 14, 15, 22, and 23, T. 5 S., R. 22 E., on the west slope of Mount Raymond and about 33 miles east of Raymond Station, a little development work has been done on some large bodies of mag- netite and hematite ore. Large quantities of limestone are close at hand, but, as in other California iron mines, the question of fuel is the hindrance to development. NEVADA COUNTY. There are two distinct exposures of iron croppings in this county, indicating an iron belt extending from T. 15 N., R. 7 E., to T. 14 N., R. 8 E. No ])ersistent prospecting of Nevada County iron has been done. Indian Springs Deposit, M. C. Taylor, San Francisco, owner. In Sec. I, T. 15 N., R. 7 E. A tunnel has been driven on this ])roperty about half a mile east of the heavy croppings, which stand 300 feet high by 150 feet long and 100 feet wide. The outer or upper cropping is a heavy gossan. The main body is hemetite. Niekerson Ranch Deposits, J. li. Nickerson, Wolf P. ()., owner. In Sees. 33 and 34, T. 15 N., R. 7 E., and in Sec. 7, T. 14 N., II. 8 E., are indications of iron ore. PLACER COUNTY. Hotaling Iron Mines. — Iron in eommereial (quantity and quality was mined and smelted in I'lacer County several years ago, in Sec. 15, T. 13 N., \\. 8 E., at Hotaling, by the PhoMiix Iron and Lime Company. Several thousand tons of hematite iron are still on the dump, and the remains of the smelting fui'naee and hnildings are on the ground. IRON— PLUMAS, SAN BENITO, SAN BERNxVRDINO. 299 Weimep Deposits. — In Sec. 21, T. 14 X.. R. 9 E., near New England jNIills (or ^^'einlel■), iron cropping^ are visible and are traceal)le in a northwest course to Bear River. Very little prospecting has l)een done, and these iron deposits have only been operated in former years by the Phoenix Iron and Lime Company. PLUMAS COUNTY. Iron (magnetite), said to be of fair quality, occurs in T. 22 X., R. 9 E.; undeveloped. SAN BENITO COUNTY. Quilty Iron Mine, -J. S. Hawkins, Hollister, owner. In Sec. 6, T. 1.5 S., R. 6 E., M. D. M. Has been idle for many years. (See also Ylllth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 490.) Estate of T. Williams (deceased), 1003 First street, San .Jose. In T. 17 S.. R. 12 E., M. D. M., on Silver Creek. Indications of iron ore are found on this property. (See Vlllth Report of the California State Mining Bureau, p. 490.) Numerous surface indications of iron ore are found on the Mount Hamilton range of mountains, in the northwestern part of the county, between Stayton and the Panoche Pass, but no iron ore in place has as yet been discovered. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Alarm Iron Mine, The California Industrial Company, owner; S. T. Merrill, secretary, East Fourth street, Los Angeles. In Sec, 1, T. 5 N., R. 4 E., S. B. M., 16 to 20 miles from railroad. A deposit of Bessemer ore. This mine forms a part of two groups, known as the San Bernar- dino iron mines. Cave Canon Group, owned by Eastern parties. In Sees. 12 and 13, T. 11 N.. R. 7 E., S. B. M.; patented. Located very near the Salt Lake Railroad. Reported to be an extensive deposit of Bessemer iron ore. Iron Age Mine, A. R. Rhea et al., owners, 545 East Third street, Los Angeles. Three patented claims in Sec. 29, T. 1 S., R. 13 E., S. B. M., near Dale. The ore is claimed to average 67 per cent of iron, carrjdng gome phosphorus, but no sulphur. Iron Mountain Group, Colorado Ful4 and Iron Company, Denver, Colo., owner. In Sees. 11, 12, 13, and 14, T. 15 N., R. 6 E., S. B. M. Reported to be a large deposit of Bessemer iron ore. Iron Mountain, in Sees. 27 and 28, T. 6 N., R. 4 E., S. B. M.; Mrs. Phoebe Owens, 1225 San Bruno avenue, San Francisco, and E. S. Lake, Los Angeles, owners. Contains two well-defined parallel veins of iron 300 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. ore, course about N. 20*^ E., and (li})ping 30*^ northwesterly. Tlic Tip Ttip is the most northerly vein, from 30 to 150 feet wide. The ore is botli hematite and magnetite. The hanging wall is a dolomite, l>()unded on the north by granitic rocks. The foot wall is a body of syenite, about 150 feet wide, wliich forms the hanging wall of the Dick Turpin vein, containing very pure magnetite ore. In the same vicinity is the Bessemer vein, course north and south, reported free from phosphorus and suli)luir. Four miles southeasterly is another body of magnetite ore, varying in width from 20 to 100 feet, course north and south. ILL. No. I'i'.i. IRON' VELN, SAX U'lS OHISI'O COUN'TV. Kingston Mountain and Resting Spring's are also reported to contain magnetic iron ore. (See J. H. Crosman, IXtli Re]iort of the California State Mining Bureau, jip. 2.)5 and 236; also Xlth ihid., p. 349.) SAN DIEGO COUNTY. • A littl.' nortli of tlie Gold King mine, a))()ut in Sec. 10, T. 13 S.. \l. 4 E., S. B. M.. a bch of iron-ore boulders is fonnd. (See IXtli Report of the California State Mining Bureau, ]). 144.) In Eagle Peak ("anon, near the south corner of Sees. 34 and 35, T. 13 S., K. 2 E., S. H. M., a vein of liematite iron ore is found. A. Juch, .Julian. (See IXtli Kej^ort of the Califoinia State Mining Ihireau, pp. 144 and 154.) IRON — SAN LUIS OBISPO^ SHASTA. 301 SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. H. B. Pepfumo, 8a u Jaus Obispo, owns an extensive deposit of iron ore in Sec. 1, T. 31 S., U. 11 E., and Sec. 6, T. 31 S., R. 10 E., M. D. M. The vein has been traced by its outcrop about li miles, in a direction S. 73° E. The creek crosses the vein at nearly right angles, and the ore is exposed on the creek bank and on the hills on each side. In many places the vein stands out prominently 2 or 3 feet above the sur- face. The ore consists of limonite and hematite, and the surfaces of the numerous cracks are frequently covered with a blue-black coating suggestive of manganese. The ore is banded and intersected by many cleavage planes, so that a large block is shattered by a heavy blow with a hammer into many fragments, which generally have either a rhombohedral or hexagonal outline. SHASTA COUNTY. The most prominent deposits of iron ore in Shasta County are found in close proximity to the McCloud Carboniferous limestones on both sides of the Pit River. North of Pit River and east of the McCloud River there are extensive surface indications of iron ore bodies, and in Sec. 26, T. 34 N., R. 4 W., M. D. M., a great number of openings, distributed over a considerable area, have been made on the surface croppings, but in no place has enough work been done to furnish sufficient data regarding the importance and continuity in depth of these deposits. (See also J. S. Diller, Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey, No. 213, pp. 130 and 219.) A great many claims have been located on this section, the ownership of which is indicated on the detail sketch. (See Sketch B, page 302.) In places d, Sketch B, inclusions of the iron ore in the limestone are found. A tunnel running under the iron ore exposure at d has proven that it did not persist in depth. A little southwest of d a tunnel has been driven in hypersthene and diorite country rock. Evidently the hypersthene was mistaken for iron ore by the parties running this tunnel. South of c, on the south side of Potter Creek, in the northeast corner of Section 26, there is a large lump of iron ore (a), mostly limonite. The country rock is here very much altered. Along the west side of the limestone knoll, in the northwest quarter of Section 26, a number of shallow openings between a and h show similar iron ore. A continuous ore cropping, having a northeasterly direction and running on the south side of the same knoll, can be traced for a con- siderable distance. On this deposit is the largest opening on this section (6), which is about 40 feet wide and 15 feet deep. The opening is entirely in ore, principally magnetite. To the northwest lies the limestone 302 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. knoll; to the southeast the altered igneous rocks (nietarhyolite) of the Bully Hill copper belt. The beds lie dome-like, and apparently the iron ore is a replacement product. At / the magnetite is to a certain extent in a state of magnetic .T^rr.-7-.r po^'^i'ity, forming loadstone. Thedis- '■'')-/■•• -I tance from / to b is M about 250 feet, and /is about 140 feet ■^^J:vi:;:-0M above />. Thecrop- m'^^-^U^WM P^"g^ between these ''li two points are con- :J^: 5?;- u7j tinuous, but noth- ■ I ing as yet devel- oped would justify ! the assumption that at / the ore body would have a , Sec.^S] depth of 140 feet. Northeast of /, be- tween/ and e, and southwest of h, for about 800 feet iron ore croppings are found, but they do not follow the lime- stone exposures. At g, not far from the center of the south line of Sec- tion 26, near Pit River, on the road to Copper City, iron ore is exposed over a distance of about 100 feet. Several hundred tons of this ore were used as a Hux in the Bully Hill copper furnaces. This deposit is entirely in the igneous rock, and no lime- stone exposure is found in its vicinity. There are strong indications of sulphur in the water flowing out of the excavation, which is the more noteworthy as not over 600 feet west, and at a lower elevation Lime. Igneous, Metarhyollte Baison Radcliff. Shasta Iron Co. Calif. Cons. Iron Mine. T. L. Bass, Baird. Copper. Iron. ILL. No. 130. SKETCH B, IRON DEPOSIT NEAR BAIKD, SHASTA COUNTY. IRON — SHASTA COUNTY. 303 GREY ROCKS near the river, Mr. T. L. Bass has run a tunnel wherein he found iron ore carrying considerable sulphide of iron. This would lead to the supposi- tion that the deposits of iron oxides, uncovered, are only superficial and will in depth change into sulphides. At /) are a number of shallow cuts on another iron ore body, which lies in line with the j-b deposit, and may be its continuation. While the ores so far uncovered are principally oxides, limonite, hematite, and magnetite, the association of sulphur with the deposit gf, the occasional presence of sulphides, as also the character of the deposits in the vicinity of the Grey Rocks, would tend to lead to the supposition that the original ores were sulphides. Mr. J. S. Diller is of the opinion that the ore bodies are a contact phenomenon of the McCloud limestone with dioritic and diabasic masses which cut the limestone. (Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey, No. 225, p. 178.) While this is possible, even probable, the occurrences as above described do not absolutely establish the fact. To the south of Pit River, on the north and west side of Grey Rocks, in the N. i of Sec. 8, T. 83 N., R. 4 W., R. H. Roseman, Bayha P. 0., has opened up iron ore bodies on the contact of the limestone. On the north side of the Grey Rocks the iron ore dips nearly vertical. It is from 10 to 15 feet wide. The ore is a magnetite and contains bunches of copper ore, carbonates and sulphides. Adjoining the iron ore are also bodies of copper ore. The west wall of these ore deposits is nearly everyAvhere eroded, or covered by debris, but in one place a remnant shows it to be the metarhyolite, almost vertically bedded. The east wall is limestone. On the west side of the Grey Rocks, in the same north half of Section 8, the same owner has opened up a body of iron ore by a small cut and tunnel. The iron ore is partly solid iron sulphide, partly iron oxide. It lies nearly horizontal and rests on metarhyolite, approximately hori- zontally bedded. Strong sulphur efflorescence occurs in the opening, which is in the neighborhood of basic igneous dikes, mentioned in the description of the limestone at this point. (See Shasta County lime- stone, page 88.) It must be noted that while on the north side copper sulphides are found with the iron oxide ores, on the west side no copper ore has as yet been found, but iron sulphide is found with the iron oxide. *ut for wagon roads the hrokeii ledge material is i)referahle; it weighs 166 pounds to the cuhic foot, and crushes with uneven fracture adapted to road huilding. The MeGilvpay Stone Company produces similar material. ILL. No. 138. STEGE QUAKKV, CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. HUTCHINSON ^t CO , OF OAKLAND, OWNER. CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. Antioeh Quarry. — A small quarry is located ahout one mile south of the .Southern Pacific Railroad depot at Antioeh, in a bank of loosely cemented gravel, which is easily quarried and furnishes a very good macadauL It is worked intermittently as macadam is needed for the roads. Christen Quarry (formerly the Avery Ranch); Joseph M. Christen, owner. This small quarry lies one quarter of a mile west of Pacheco. The rock is a soft, friable sandstone, formerly used for macadamizing MACADAM, ETC. — CONTRA COSTA, LOS ANGELES. 317 the roads about Paeheco. The quarry has been practically idle of late years, because the rock is too soft to make a good road material. Fitzgerald Quarry, on Haven street, Martinez. The rock is a soft, fri- able sandstone and sandy shale, and is sold by the load for macadam purposes. Port Costa Cut. — The Southern Pacific Railroad Company is oper- ating a steam shovel at the foot of the steep hillside at the side of its tracks at Port Costa. The material is used for ballast. It is a friable clay shale and shaly sandstone. Slater Quarry; A. E. Slater, owner. This quarry lies about one quarter of a mile south of Paeheco. The rock is a very soft, friable sandstone, used for macadam. Stege Quarry; Hutchinson & Co., corner of Fourteenth and Franklin streets, Oakland, owner. It is 8 miles north of Oakland. A gravity tram, 5290 feet long, brings the rock from the quarry face to the crusher. The rock is a metamorphosed sandstone, and is used for macadam and concrete purposes. Ss^ ■5ro£ ILL. Xo. 139. SAN PEDRO BREAKWATER. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Home Teaming and Transfer Company, Arroyo Seco, foot of Avenue 22. Los Angeles. Crushes stone used for concrete work. The plant is equipped with a rock-crusher, using steam power, and oil as fuel. Capacity of crusher, 100 tons per day. Parson Macadam Plant, Arroyo Seco, foot of Avenue 20, Los Angeles. A 20-horsepower gasoline engine is in use. The San Pedro Breakwater is being constructed by the California Con- struction Company, 842 East Market street, Los Angeles, for the Federal Government, under supervision of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. The breakwater is to be 9000 feet long; the greatest depth l)elow mean lower low water is 52 feet. The top of the breakwater, 20 feet wide, is 14 feet 318 STRUCTL'KAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. above mean lower low water. The accompanying sketch gives a cross- section of till' structure. The sandstone for the substructure is obtained from the Chats worth Park quarry, Los Angeles County. The granite for the substructui-c and the superstructure is obtained from the Deelez quarry, San Bernardino County, and the Casa Blanca quarry, River- side County. It is estimated that about 2,370,000 tons of rock will be refjuired to make the breakwater. Under the terms of the contract 25,000 tons per month must be deposited in December, January, and February, and 35,000 tons a month during the rest of the year. The work will probably be completed in 1907. The end of the superstructure is to be of concrete blocks 40 feet square and 20 feet high, founded 3 feet ILL No. HO. VIEW OF HARBOR SIDE OF SAN' PEDRO BREAKWATKR. Granite l)lock.s (over 600U yjouiids each) from Casd Bliinca ijiuirries. RivorsitU' Comity. below mean lower low water. (See 111. No. 139.) (By courtesy of C. H. McKinstry, Captain, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A.) MARIN COUNTY. Bull Quarry; F>ull & Gossard, Parrott Building, San Francisco, owners. Situated on the bay shore, on San Pedro Point, 4 miles east of San Rafael. The quarry was opened in August, 1904. The rock is a metamorphosed, dark-gray sandstone, extensively fractured and broken. It is loaded into three-ton skips, which are placed on barges by a 50- foot derrick. At present (October, 1904) they are shipping about 450 tons per day, to .Tersf^v Island, in tlie Sacramento River, where it is used as rul)ble in Iniilding levees. Twenty-tive men were at work in the quarry. Forbes Quarry; E. Schwiesan, San Rafael, owner. On the hillside, in the nortiiwest portion of San Rafael. The rock is a hard, red chert, and was used for concrete and macadam purposes. A small jaw crusher MACADAM, ETC. — LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 319 was used. The quarry has been extensively worked, hut is idle at present. Hoffman Quarry; B. H. Hoffman, owner. A small quarry 3 miles north of San Rafael, on the Petaluma road. The rock is a siliceous shale, and is used for nuicadam. Hotaling- Quarry; A. P. Hotaling, San Rafael, owner. Situated at the end of Clark street, San Rafael. The rock is a hard, compact, blue sandstone, and is used for macadam and concrete. It is not worked regularly. Marin Quarry; Gray Brothers, Mills Building, San Francisco, owners. Located on McNear's Point. The rock is a highly metamorphosed blue sandstone. It is used for rubble in seaw^all construction; at present being used by the State in the construction of the new mail dock, and large quantities were also used in the Santa Fe fill in China Basin. The rock is handled in skips, holding about 2^ yards each, which are passed by four 60-foot derricks onto barges and towed to various points on the bay. Two Burleigh drills are used in the quarry. Sixty men are at work. Mount Tamalpais Cemetery Quarry, in the upper end of the cemetery, l-g miles northeast of San Rafael. The rock is a hard, blue-colored, metamorphosed sandstone, comparatively free from fractures. It is used, rough dressed, in building fronts and curbings in the cemetery; it is also crushed for macadam and concrete. At the present time it is only worked as the rock is needed in the cemetery. San Franeiseo Bay Improvement Company's Quarry (formerly the Jor- dan Quarry). This large quarr}' is on the bay shore at Point San Pedro, 5 miles east of San Rafael. It was opened in 1884. The rock is a grayish-blue, metamorphosed sandstone, and is used for rubble. Large quantities were used in the Santa Fe fill in China Basin. It is loaded at the quarry face into skips, which are placed on small cars and drawn out onto the wharf to be loaded on barges. The company owns five barges, each of 5000 tons capacity. The output averages 700 tons daily. Sixty-five men are employed. Steffini-Bartini Company's Quarry, in the southwest portion of San Rafael, on Greenwood street, just above the brewery. It is a small quarry of hard, blue, metamorphosed sandstone, containing considerable lime in fractures. The rock is used, rough dressed, for foundation walls in San Rafael, and also crushed for macadam and concrete. Tiburon Point Quarry. — The California Northwestern Railway Com- pany operates a quarry in rear of the ferry sli]) at Tiburon, as it needs the rock for ballast. 320 STRL'CTrRAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. NAPA COUNTY. Herrington Quarry, one-half iiiik' t'ust of Napa, on tlie property adjoining the eenietery. The rock is a brecciated tuff, and for many j'ears has been used for macadamizing the streets of Napa. J. F. ZoUner Quarry. (See Paving Blocks, page 842.) Mr. Errington, of Napa, hauls this stone to Napa and crushes it for macadam. RIVERSIDE COUNTY. Fairmount Hill Quarry and City Crusher Plant; Superintendent of Streets of the City of Riverside, in charge. In Sec. 14, T. 2 S., R. 5 W., S. B. M. The rock mass is quite varied in character, and consists of a dark-gray biotite granite, associated with gneiss, mica schist, and lime- stone. The rocks are all too deeply weathered to be valuable for build- ing stone, and are used as crushed stone for macadam and concrete. SACRAMENTO COUNTY. Folsom State Prison Quarry; State of California, owner. In Sec. 25, T. 10 N., R. 7 E. (See also Granite, page 47.) Besides the rubble quarried with the dimension stone, there is a quarry in diorite. In 1904 the production was (>>,021 tons, a small ])art of which was used by the prison. SAN BENITO COUNTY. Granite Rock Company; A. R. Wilson, Watsonville, manager. The quarry is in the northwest corner of tlic Rancho Las Aromitas y Agua Caliente, on the Pajaro River, at Logan, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The granite is rather disintegrated, and lies in narrow beds. It is used for macadam, etc. SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY. Blue Rock Quarry, at coriuT of Twenty-sixth and Douglass streets. The stone is a hard, ])lue-grained, metamorphic sandstone, with a flinty fracture. All machinery has been removed, and the (piarry is idle. It was formerly worked by Gray Brothers. County Jail Quarry, on Ocean aveiuie, l)et\veen the jail and Ingleside Park. The rock is a hard, gray sandstone, and is used for macadam. It is \voikc(l intci'inittcntly by the pi-isonei's. Gray Brothers Quarry, at Tliirtictli and Castro streets. Admission to <|Uarrv was refused. MACADAM, ETC.— SAN FRANCISCO COL'NTV. 321 Lately Street Quarry. — A small quarry face at the corner of Castro and Lately streets. The rock is a hard, siliceous red and yellow chert. Idle when visited. Lewis & Biggio Quarry; R. Biggio and Mr. Lewis, of Colma, owners. On San Jose avenue, just north of Ocean View. The rock, a blue meta- morphosed sandstone, is crushed by a jaw crusher at the quarry and is used for concrete purposes. The quarry is worked intermittently. Maloney Quarry. — Mr. Ed. Maloney, Builders' Exchange, operates a small quarry on Twin Peaks, at the corner of Seventeenth and Ashbury streets. The rock is a red jasper, and is used for macadam purposes. Ocean View Quarry, Ocean View, one block west of San Jose avenue. It is operated intermittently by the city for street repairing. The rock is a slaty shale, occurring in contorted beds. Quimby & Harrelson Quarry; Quimby & Harrelson, 206 Kearny street, San Francisco, owners. On Amazon street, one block off the Mission road. The rock is a gray, metamorphosed sandstone. Quimby & Harrelson have not taken out any rock for some time, but the prisoners of the county jail have quarried some for macadam. San Francisco Construction Company, 26 Montgomery street, operates a small quarry on Twin Peaks, on Carmel street. The rock is a red chert, is crushed in a small jaw crusher, and used for macadam. Simons-Fout Company, Box 153, Builders' Exchange, operates a quarry in connection with its brickyard on the Corbett road. Several faces have been opened in clearing the land for real estate purposes. Blue rock, red chert, and loose sand rock are quarried. The latter is used in making fills on the property, and the former is crushed for macadam, concrete, and rubble purposes. The crusher averages about 150 yards per day. Telegraph Hill Quarry; Gray Brothers, 1122 Hay wards Building, owners. At the corner of Green and Sansome streets. The rock is a highly metamorphosed blue sandstone, and stands with a nearly per- pendicular face about 180 feet high. This quarry has been idle for about a year, but the crushing plant is being operated w'ith stone brought in carts from their smaller quarry, of similar rock, at the corner of Chestnut and Montgomery streets. The face of this smaller quarry is nearly 100 feet high. For three quarters of a mile around the foot of Telegraph Hill rock has been quarried for many years, first, to fill in the bay, and at present for seawall and other concrete construction about San Francisco. 21— BUL. 38 '■i'2'2 STlUX'TrivAl. AM) l.NDl STKIAl, M ATKKIAI-S OF CA1,1K()1{.\1A. Twin Peaks Quarries Tin re are numerous smiill quarries on. the slopes of Twin Peaks, which are worked intermittently, as rock is needed in small quantities. Vulcan Quarry, at the base of Telegraph Hill, on Francisco street, between Kearny and l)u})out, in the rear of the Vulcan Iron Works. George P. \\'etmore & Co. quarry the rock and haul it in carts to their crushing plant on Lomliard street, near Sansonie. The stone is the typical blue rock, a metamorphosed sandstone, and is extensively fractured by numerous slips. It is used for rubble, macadam, and concrete purposes. George P. Wetmore Quarry. — This large quarry is at tlie corner of Lombard and Montgomery streets. The office is at this quarry. C. A. Wetmore is superintendent. They quarry a blue and gray metamorphosed sandstone, and some altered slaty rock occurs in the slips. The face is about 100 feet high. No blasting is done. The rock is barred down, and large slips often cover the quarry floor with much broken rock. This is sledged and loaded onto small skips, which arc taken to the crusher by means of an aerial tramway. Rubble, macadam, and concrete rock are produced. A No. 5 Gates crusher averages about 150 yards a day. This firm also operates a small crushing plant at Tenth and Division streets, by using the waste rock from the stone yards of the Colusa Sandstone Company and the McGilvray Sandstone Company. SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY. Corral Hollow Gravel Pit; San Francisco and San Joaquin Coal Com- pany, 828 Montgomery street, San Francisco, owner. About 2 miles ]jelow Carnegie. The gravel deposit extends for a distance of nearly 4 juiles down the hollow, and averages 25 feet in depth and nearly half a mile in width. The gravel is loaded on the cars direct from the l);ink l)y ]iu'ans of a steam shovel, and has been used extensively on tlie streets of Stockton. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. City of San Luis Obispo's Plant, on Higuero street, crushing chert rock. SAN MATEO COUNTY. Casey Quarry (formerly the J^aurel Creek Quarry); W. "W. and .1. 1'^. Casey, San Mateo, owners. Located al)out one eightb of a mile soutli of Beresford Station, on l^aurel Creek. There are two faces; one is a quartz formation, with the cjuartz consideral>ly fractured and colored in the seams with manganese stains; tlie other furnishes a red and MACADAM, ETC.— SAN MATEO. SANTA CLARA. 323 yellow chert and also a soft, buff-colored sandstone, Avhich has been extensively fractured and crushed. In January, 1905, the count}'- was operating the quarry for macadam for the roadways, using a portable crushing plant consisting of a 15-horsepower gasoline engine on trucks, and a jaw crusher and screen on another pair of trucks. This plant is taken from quarry to quarry as the roads are macadamized in different localities. Daly's Quarry; operated by the United Railroads of San Francisco. On Daly's Hill, San Jose avenue. The rock is a close-grained metamor- phosed sandstone, light gray in color, and extensively fractured and seamed. It is crushed by a jaw-crusher at the quarry and loaded directly from bins to electric ballast cars. The entire product is used by the railroad company as crushed rock. About twenty men are employed, and the output averages 80 yards per day. Gardner Quarry ; Dr. A. M. Gardner, Belmont, owner. One half mile west of Belmont. The rock is a folded and crushed chert. The quarry has been worked in three different faces, and is operated intermittently. Johnson-Splivalo Quarry, half a mile northwest of Belmont. The rock is a red and white chert, and is highly stained with manganese. It occurs in folded and crumbled beds. The quarry is worked intermit- tently. Jones Quarry; Fair Estate, San Francisco, owner. On the bay shore, 1^ miles east of South San Francisco. The quarry was operated to fur- nish rubble for the Santa Fe Railroad Company. The rock is handled by three derricks in the face of the quarry and two on the small wharf for loading onto barges. It varies from a soft, buff-colored sandstone, associated with shale, on the north end of the quarry, to a hard, compact, light gray, metamorphic sandstone on the south end. San Bruno Quarry, in Visitacion Valley, about 8 miles south of San Francisco, off the San Bruno road. Warren Improvement Company, owners, offices at 230 Montgomery street, San Francisco. There are two adjoining faces. The rock is loaded into boxes on car trucks and hauled 2 miles to the wharf, where the boxes are loaded onto barges and shipped to various points about the bay. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. Alum Rock Quarry, in Alum Rock Canon, at end of railway track, about 100 yards above the baths. It is operated by the City of San Jose, for grading the roads within Alum Rock Park and the city streets. The rock is a siliceous shale, interbedded with a slaty material. It is broken down into a talus slope, and fed through a 60-foot steel-lined chute into bins which load directly to the cars. 324 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL .ALVTLKLVLS OF CALIFORNIA. Gay Quarry; Jatiirs W. Rea & Co., corner Market and Santa Clara streets, San Jose, owners. On the Monterey road, one quarter of a mile south of Oak Hill Cemetery. The stone is a close-grained, igneous rock, suital)le for macadam and concrete. It is a large, circular quarry, and has furnished rock for the streets of San Jose for many years. Idle during 1904. SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. De Dero Quarry, L. de Dero, Santa Cruz P. O., owner. This (quarry lies about 10 miles northwest of Santa Cruz and consists of two open- ings, one covering a half acre or more and another closely adjoining on the north less than half as large. The stone has been quarried to a depth ranging from 8 to 20 feet on the front to 40 or 50 feet on the back face. It is overlaid by from 2 to 6 feet of brown adobe. The limestone is much shattered, and occurs in small dimensions only. There are numerous cavities, some filled with clay and some lined with calcite. The lower part of the quarry face shows an irregular bed of impure sericite schist, interlaminated with the limestone in places, and at the south end of the quarry changing into a hard blue quartzite. There is a rock-crusher at the (juarry, and the stone is used for macadam and concrete, Thurber's Quarry, the nearest one to Santa Cruz, is on the roadside about half a mile northwest of the reservoir. The stone lias been quarried at three different levels. The lowest one, now abandoned, covers an area of several acres, and was quarried from 8 to 20 feet deep. The stone in the quarry face is much weathered. The second level has been worked over an area of about 500 square feet, and contains blue and gray coarsely crystalline limestone, banded in places and containing a pocket of white, yellow-stained clay. The upper level, now in opera- tion, has been quarried from 8 to 20 feet deep over an area of a quarter of an acre. The stone in this opening occurs in larger dimensions than in any of the others. With the exception of the black adobe clay that has worked down in the fissures, it is quite pure limestone, and small pieces of good marble could be obtained. Tlie stone is used for rubble and crushed stone. A crusher is located at the quarry. SHASTA COUNTY. Macadam is used for the streets of Redding. The rock quarry and crushing plant are located in the northwestern part of town. The rock is an altered, siliceous, igneous rock, quarried by hand drilling. It is crushed in a jaw crusher, and then passed over a 2-inch screen. The larger pieces are used as a foundation in the streets, the finer for top covering and for sidewalks. The crusher is driven by electric power. MACADAM, ETC. — SOLANO COUNTY. 325 SOLANO COUNTY. The county macadam tiuarry is one mile north of Vacaville. The stone is a bhick basalt, which crushes with an uneven fracture excel- lently suited to the purpose of road material. Several thousand yards have been used in county road construction. The quarrying has exposed a ledge for a length and depth of about 75 feet. Other deposits and boulders of black basalt occur on Putnam PeaK and in Butte and Putah creeks. Shale of a grade suitable for road work occurs along the eastern line of the sandstone belt within 3 or 4 miies of Vacaville, and is in con- siderable demand for improvement of the county roads. The Benicia Crushed Stone Company owns a quarry and rock-crusher at Hoyt's siding, above Benicia, which have been operated for crushed stone, but are now (August, 1904) idle. Cordelia Quarry; E. B. & A. L. Stone Company, 900 Broadway, Oak- land, owner. In Sees. 5 and 6, T. 4 N., R. 4 W., M. D. M., in the foothills on the west side of the Suisun Valley. This company has purchased the Lord lands lying directly north, making the total holdings 400 acres. Two Gates and five Austin crushers (Nos. 8, 5, 4, and 2) were added to the plant in the early part of 1905. There are three large quarry openings and a score or more of smaller ones extending for nearly a mile around the top of a hill about 300 feet in height. The larger openings have inclined raihvays to the large rock-crusher at the base of the hill, and which connects by a spur with the Southern Pacific Railroad, at the south end of the tunnel about a mile from Cordelia. The stone is a compact, olivine basalt. Around the south end of the hill are large quantities of tuff, which is much softer than the compact basalt. The rock outcrops over a large area, the outcrop consisting of more or less rounded boulders, varying in size from a few inches to many feet in diameter. In fact, much of the stone that has been quarried has been from boulders. Part of the stone is made into paving blocks, and part of it is crushed for use as macadam, rock l)allast, and concrete, for all of which uses it is well adapted. It has a straight, smooth cleavage, which enables it to 1)6 readily made into regular paving blocks. The large opening in which most of the work is being done at present (August, 1904) is an acre or more in extent, with a face of about 50 feet at the back. The back wall of the quarry is in solid basalt, cut up by irregular seams, along wliicli the stone is discolored yellow and gray from weathering. It shows concentric weathering in many places. The rounded boulders, weathering off in concentric shells, are promi- nent in all tlie quarries. 326 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. Ill tlic opening east of the one aliovc niciitionccl, the stone shows tlie lioxagonal jointintr coniinon in luisalt bodies. .Many of tlie eolunms arc 8 to 4 feet in dinineter; in a few ])la('es, smaller coiunins of from (i to 10 inches in diameter oeeur. The stone has an especially easy, sliaiiiht cleavage i»arallel to the base of these columns. in several places the stone has a vesicular structure. In one of tlie (|Uai-ry openings is a considerable quantity of dark-red stone, similar in grain and texture to the dark-colored basalt. Tlie sujiply of stone available liei'e is unlimited, and the jiosition is favorabk' foi' (piarrying, loading, and shipping at low cost. In excavating for the new ci'ushei' foundations, the company extracted and secured tests of three varieties of volcanic tuff — lavender, red, and ilvAv — that underlie the basalt in th(^ order nanie(l. The lavender- ll.L. No. Ml. I'.ASALT (ilAUUV .\.T COHDKLIA, SOLANO COUNTY. K. H. cV; A. 1,. SToNK CO. colored rock showed a crushing strength of 8630 pounds to tlu' square iiieh. weighing 143 })ounds per cubic foot; red rock, 4020 pounds crush- ing strength, weight 158 pounds; gray rock, 1630 pounds crushing strength, weight 89 ])ounds. Like various other eruptive tuffs in Solano and other counties, this material may be easily and economically cut into d(>siral)le shapes for use as building material. P. Siebe, Cordelia, owns a (|uarry-()])ening lialf an acre in extent at the station in the town of Corchdia. It is from 1") to 30 feet deep, in a weathered, light-colored volcanic tuff and breccia. It is said to have lieeii use(l for road material on the streets in and ar(^niid Cordelia. SONOMA COUNTY. J. P. Classen Quarry, 1 j miles south of I'etalunia. and is used as rul)blc. Worked intermittently. The rock is basalt, McNear's Quarry, half a ]iiile noitl: of Petalunia, on the Santa Rosa roatl, just north of Mi-Ncar's cemetery. It was ojiened about 18'.)0. MAGNESITE — ALAMEDA COUNTY. 327 The rock is red and gray trachyte, extensively fractured and altered, and is used for macadam and rubble. The quarry is worked intermittently. Meachem Quarry, 5 miles northwest of Petaluma, on the Frank Meachem ranch, on the Sebastopol road. The bulk of the rock is of a basaltic nature, and is overlaid with a soft, red, disintegrated chert, which occurs in quarry face as a talus. It is used on the county roads. The quarry is worked intermittently. Purrington Quarry, I4 miles southeast of Petaluma, at the end of Mountain View avenue. It is owned by the Petaluma Real Estate Association, and operated under lease by A. W. Nash. The rock is a red chert, and is extensively used in macadamizing the streets of Petaluma. VENTURA COUNTY. Camarillo Quarry; Southern Pacific Railroad Company, owner. In Sec. 5, T. 1 X., R. 20 W., S. B. M. A light pinkish-gray igneous rock, used for ballast on the roadbed from Burbank to north of Santa Barbara. Santa Susanna Quarry; Southern Pacific Railroad Company, owner. In Sec. 16, T. 2 X., R. 17 W., S. B. M. The material is similar to that of the Chatsworth Park quarry, Los Angeles County. It is used by the railroad company in several places along its roadbed as rip-rap, and it is also mixed with oil for pavements. MAGNESITE, In the crude condition magnesite is used largely for making carbon dioxide gas; also in the manufacture of Epsom salts, of which, in 1902, at least 9000 tons were produced in the United States. Calcined mag- nesite (magnesia, oxide of magnesium) is used in the form of refractory bricks or concrete as furnace lining, and as non-conducting covering for boilers, steam-pipes, etc.; it is also used in the manufacture of paper stock. (See Bureau of Census, Mines and Quarries, 1902, p. 1071.) ALAMEDA COUNTY. American Magnesite Company. See American Magnesite Company, Santa Clara County, on page 330. King Magnesite Claim, in Sec. 8, T. 5 S., R. 4 E. Small outcrops of magnesite are exposed by a small cut. No shipments have been made and the claim is idle. In Sec. 16, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., are small outcroppings of magnesite. 328 STRUCTl KAI. AND INDUSTRIAL AIATKRIALS OF CALIFORNIA. FRESNO COUNTY. Magnesite occurs in Sec. 5^ T. 13 S., R. 24 E., about 15 miles north- east of Sanger, tlie nearest railroad station. Tliere is a large deposit outcropping for several hundred feet in a course N. 10° E., and averaging 10 feet in width. MENDOCINO COUNTY. Vassar Magnesite Claim, 12 miles north of Cloverdale. It occurs in a serpentine formation at the crest of a steep hill 1^ miles from the Cali- fornia Northwestern Railway. No development work. NAPA COUNTY. Chiles Valley Magnesite Kiln; .1. D. Phelan, San Francisco; Sec. 29, T. 8 N., R. 5 W. An old open field kiln, built of .stone. The magne- site was fed in at the top and drawn at intervals from below. Heat was supplied by four separate wood-burning fireboxes, one on each side of the furnace, arranged so that only the hot gases reached the magnesite. It was operated for about eight years, and the calcined magnesite sent to San Francisco. "&' Fairweather Claim, owned by Mr. Duval. It adjoins the White Rock claim. (See below.) Matthai Magnesite Mines; Frank Matthai, Chiles P. 0., owner. Xorth Mine (formerly the Cleveland) is in Sec. 36, T. 8 N., R. 4 W., in Soda Creek Canon, just above the road. It was worked by Bartlett & Stanley in 1895, but has been idle since. The magnesite occurs in serpentine in irregular ledges outcropi)ing on the hillside, and Avas mined by means of open cuts. Merely tlie larger boulders and pockets near the surface were extracted without regard to development work, so that much rock remains. South, Mine, about one quarter of a mile southeast of the Xorth Mine, just over a low ridge on the north bank of Greasy Cam}) Creek. Here a 5-foot ledge of very pure white magnesite outcrops along the creek for al)out 30 feet, and dips to the north into the hill at a low angle. Two cuts have Ijcen opened on the croppings, and a short tunnel was driven in on the ledge. There are about 100 tons of magnesite on the dump. Priest Mine; D. C. Priest, Chiles P. O., owner. In Sec. 23, T. 8 N., R. 4 W., about 13 miles east of Rutherford, in Chiles Valley. The deposit has been opened up at four places upon the steep hillside; the lower two (large open cuts) have been idle for about five years, and are covered MAGNESITE — NAPA COUNTY. 329 up by debris. About 500 yards farther up the hill a 2-foot ledge is exposed by a 30-foot open cut, and above this, in a oO-foot tunnel, an 18-inch ledge dipping nearly perpendicular is exposed. Russel Mine; E. T. Russel, Chiles P. 0., owner. In Sec. 24, T. 8 X., R. 4 \\'., 15 miles from Rutherford, the nearest railroad station. The tunnel is caved and inaccessible. There are numerous surface crop- pings, on which several small open cuts have been run in on the south- ILL. No. 142. MAIN CUT OF "WHITE KOCK " MAGNESITE MINE, POPE VALLEY, NAPA COUNTY. west slope of the hill. The magnesite deposit is in serpentine. Only about 25 tons were shipped. Snowflake and Blanco Mines; H. G. Staab, James Flood Building, San Francisco, owner. In Sec. 29, T. 7 X., R. 4 W., 11 miles east of Ruther- ford. The mines were formerly worked l)y the Stanley i^c Bartlctt Com])any, but they have been idle for the past three years. There are eight or ten different openings from which ore was taken to the kiln, where it was calcined with wood, ami shipped as magnesia from Rutherford, a station on the Southern Pacitic Railroad. The magnesite forms an irregular vein from 3 to 6 feet wide, in a dark-green, weathered serpentine. The much-shattered magnesite has been recemented in many places, forming a breccia, part magnesite and part country rock, with considerable clay and other foreign mate- 330 STRUCTIHAL AND INDISTIUAI, MATKRIALS OF CAMFOUNIA. rials included. Below the more weathered i)ortioii, the magnesito forms an irregular, hard vein of snow-white color. Many of the old tunnels have caved and but few are at present accessible, and in the latter very little magnesite can be seen in place. The outcrops have all been worked out. Similar conditions prevail in the small ravine northwest of the main workings. White Rock Magnesite Mine; J. B. Duval, of Lidell, Pope Valley, owns a two-thirds interest and the Western Carbonic Acid Gas Company the remaining one third. In Sec. 11, T. 9 N., R. 5 W., in Pope Valley. The deposit was first developed about 1894, and about 250 tons a year were shipped for five years to the Western Carbonic Acid Gas Company. The outcroppings on the hillside, about 400 feet above the floor of the valley, dip at a steep angle to the east. The larger cut runs in on the croppings and exposes a very large face of magnesite, which has been nearly covered by talus since the works have been idle. The country rock is serpentine, which is filled with small stringers of magnesite. The formation is shown to a limited extent by a tunnel w^hich has been driven in diagonally across several ledges, ranging from 2 to 4 feet in thickness, and numerous smaller stringers. They struck a large mass when in al^out 120 feet, and proceeded to drift alongside of it for some 30 feet.. Most of tlie rock is pure white, but in the large cut considerable cream-colored magnesite makes its appearance. PLACER COUNTY. Snowball Mine; S. M. Sprague & Co., Newcastle, owners. In See. IS, T. 15 N., K. 11 E., M. D. M. It is claimed that small deposits of magne- ^'iite are found on this property. Magnesite is reported to occur on the American Kiver, near Bentley. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. American Magnesite Company. —This company holds twenty-seven •claims, nineteen of which are on Red Mountain, fourteen on the Santa Clara County side, and live in Stanislaus County. The remaining uight claims are on Cedar Mountain, in Alameda County. The oflices Are at 604 Merchants' Exchange Building, San Francisco. H. C. Stillwell, general manager. The extensive magnesite deposit on Red Mountain lies about 32 miles southeast of Livermore, at the head of tlie San Antone Valley, at ar. elevation of about 3350 feet. The magnesite occurs in bold outcrop- pings extending in a general north and south course for a distance of H miles, and ranging from 15 to 150 feet in widtli. The company owns (500 acres in addition and adjoining to the mineral claims for road and camp j)urposes. MAGNESITE — SANTA CLARA, SONOMA. 331 The present workings are limited to the ALameda, mine, which is being opened by a tunnel and upraise into an open quarry. The rock will be broken down through this chute into tram cars in the tunnel. These cars will convey the rock by a 2500-foot aerial tramway to the bunkers, 590 feet lower than the tunnel. It will be hauled by traction engine trains over a grade not exceeding three per cent loaded haul, to Livermore, where automatic bunkers are being erected to load Southern Pacific cars for shipment to their plant in Oakland. The aerial cable tram will use 1000-pound skips, with a capacity of 10 tons per hour. The traction engine will haul three steel wagons (capacity of 20 tons each), and will make a round trip every twenty-four hours. The com- pany expects to begin shipping on September 15, 1905. Cochrane Quarry; Mrs. A. F. Cochrane, Morgan Hill, owner. Four miles east of Madrone, on the headwaters of Coyote Creek. The rock outcrops at intervals on the hillside south of the creek, extending up the hill in a southerly direction, and has been opened up by small cuts in several places. No extensive body is discernible, as the adobe soil covers most of the outcrops. Much limonite and hematite float are found around the magnesite croppings. It was last worked about 1897, when Mr. Cummings of San Francisco shipped several carloads to the city. Weber Ranch Deposit; The Bay Cities Water Company, Mutual Sav- ings Bank Building, San Francisco, owner. On west side of San Felipe Creek Valley, near its junction with Coyote Creek. The magnesite outcrops in a bold ledge, plainly visible from the road. It has been developed to some extent, and much good stone now occurs as float rock below the workings, but at present little good rock is visible in place. The country rock is serpentine, and much of the magnesite has serpen- tine inclusions. A small sheet-iron furnace lined with firebrick lies dismantled below the main cut, but no evidence remains of any magnesite having been calcined there, and it is a complete wreck now. SONOMA COUNTY. F. W. Brush, Cloverdale, reports that magnesite deposits are found on the Brush & Son ranch, 3 miles east of Cloverdale, but are not developed. Creon Magnesite Deposits; Mr. J. Rolling, 2527 Bryant street, San Francisco, owner. In Sec. 32, T. 12 N., K. 10 W. The magnesite has been mined in three places. In the upper small cut a 12-inch vein, dipping north into the hill at an angle of 40 degrees, is exposed in an altered and faulted serpentine. At the lower deposits the magnesite •.V.V2 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. veins range fi'oni 1 to 18 iiiehes in width, and cut t lifough tlie li.ulit- green sor])entine roeks at vai'ving angles. The lowei' cuts are eaeh about 80 feet long, and one is followed hy a tunnel, whieli is eaved at the entranee. The ser})entine rock is impregnated with numerous little stringers of magnesite, extending in almost every direction. About ooO tons of roek remain on the dnm]). ill. no. .11;;. cukon m a( ; n ksitk mink. tukkk mh.ks n. e. of (■lovi;ki).\li;. sonoma coiniv. Cummings Deposit; Pat ("uinniiniis. ow ner; 0])erate(l by the Sotoyome Magnesite Coniiiany of Ilealdsburg, 'i\»ni .Merchant, manager. In Sec. 28, T. 11 N.. K. 11 W. The roek is a very pure-white, eompaet magne- site. and outcrops at intervals in a gt-neral east and west direction on the north slo}>e, near tiie summit of the hill. The hill is mostly serpen- tine, i)Ut the magn(>site outcrops in a blue adol)e soil. Devidopment work was begun in the fall of I'.Xll. It will be necessary to build about half a mile of road to comiect with the count v I'oad. MAGNESITE — SONOMA, STANISLAL'S, TEHAMA, TULARE. 333 Eckert Ranch Deposit, about 2 miles southeast of Cloverdale, on tlie Eckert ranch, formerly the Warren Green ranch. The magnesite out- crops just above the county road, and the croppings can be followed across the ranch in a general northeast and southwest direction. Three open cuts expose a considerable body of magnesite. Madeira Magnesite Deposit; George Madeira, Healdsburg, owner. In Sec. 31, T. 9 X., K. 10 W. Numerous croppings extend in a general northwest and southeast direction for a considerable distance up the hill and about 150 feet in width, partially covered with loose soil and low brush. The magnesite contains considerable silica. In order to develop the property it will be necessary to build about 2 miles of road to connect with the county road. Mr. Madeira owns another deposit of magnesite, about 6 miles northeast of Cazadero, and within 2 miles of the county road. The rock is similar and occurs in larger outcrops. No development work has been done. Sotoyome Magnesite Company ; T. Merchant, Healdsburg, manager. The deposit is 10 miles northwest of Healdsburg, on the Ed. Norton ranch, on Dry Creek. The magnesite occurs in an irregular deposit, seemingly a series of loose boulders overlying a serpentine formation, and is over- laid by a clay formation, which is in turn overlaid by 2 feet of black soil. The cut exposes a boulder face of magnesite, about 16 feet wide. The magnesite at present on the dump has a considerable silica content. There is no outcrop, and it is necessary to remove considerable soil to expose the deposit. STANISLAUS COUNTY. American Magnesite Company. (See page 330.) TEHAMA COUNTY. To the east of the chromite belt (see page 272) lies one of magnesite, but this deposit has never been sufficiently investigated to determine its commercial value. TULARE COUNTY. Large magnesite deposits occur on the top of the first range of foot- hills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 3 miles northeast of Porter- ville, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, the nearest railway point. Magnesite has been quarried and shipped from here for a number of years. Part of the magnesite is conveyed by tramway and chute to the kiln, where it is calcined and shipped as magnesia. Part of it is hauled by wagon to Porterville and shipped as magnesite. At present all the product is shipped by \V. P. Bartlett, Porterville, Tulare County. A '.V.i4 STinCTlRAl, AND IXmSTKIM. MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. considerable portion of it is sent to the Western Carbonic Acid Gas Conii)aiiy, GOB Merchant street, San Francisco. The magnesite occurs in a schistose serpentine mass, which is impreg- nated with magnesite veins, and contains some basalt and (lial)ase intrusions. Some magnesite has been quarried from veins having a north and south trend on the hillside just above the magnesia kiln, but at present all the product is obtained from the hill one fourth to one half mile northeast of the kiln, where the serpentine is tilled with a network of veins which in places form nearly half of the rock mass. The first workings along the tramway, less than one half mile north- east of the kiln, are two tunnels on two prominent veins. The first tunnel has been run in about 300 feet north on a vein trending north and south, and another about 50 feet north of the first has been run in about 50 feet on a vein trending N. 60° W., which intersects the first vein less than 100 feet beyond the end of the tunnel. In each tunnel the white magnesite forms irregular veins from 2 to 4 feet thick in places, inclosing masses of serpentine. The wall rock on each side of the vein contains many small veins, some of which are 2 or 3 inches thick. On the hill, from 90 to 100 feet above the level of the tunnels, an open cut has been made through the crest of the ridge on these same veins after they have united. The vein here is from 3 to 8 feet thick, inclosing some country rock in place. For a distance of about 300 feet east from the vein above mentioned the rock contains but little magnesite in workable deposits. From a point about 300 feet east of the vein to the east end of the hill, several hundred feet farther, the rock mass is very rich in magne- site. A large blanket vein, varying in structure at different points, underlies the whole east end of the liill, and has been quarried at a n'undjer of places; short tunnels, from 10 to 20 feet in length, have also been run into the hill. On the north side it is from 5 to 6 feet thick, inclosing a mass of dark green serpentine from 2 to 3 feet thick, which in places contains so many veins of pure magnesite that it can all be profitably quarried and hand picked. The magnesite, being more durable than the inclosing serpentine, stands out as prominent white streaks over the surface, projecting in some places a foot or more above the surface, like quartz veins. The magnesite industry will be a profitable one here apparently for many years to come. MANGANESE— ALAMEDA, COLUSA, MERCED. IVS'^ MANGANESE, ALAMEDA COUNTY. Bartlett Mine, in See. 6, T. 4 S., R. 4 E.; is in a small canon branching- west from jMitchell's Canon, which is in itself a tributary of Corral Hollow. Idle for many years. Blackjack Mine; H. J. Overacker, owner; 12 miles southeast of Liv- ermore, on the Arroyo Mocho road, in N. E. ^ of Sec. 14, T. 4 S., R. 8 E. It was opened in 1885, and has been worked intermittently, about 50 tons having been shipped. The ore occurs as irregular kidneys in siliceous shales, and is exposed by three short cuts and tunnels. Fratis Mine (Estacia Mine) is 8 miles southeast of Livermore, on the Cedar Mountain road. The ore body is 8 feet wide, and is exposed by a small cut. Eight or ten tons of low-grade ore have been taken out. Merchant Mine; Merchant Estate, Livermore, owner; operated by A. J. and J. W. Merchant. It is located 9 miles southeast of Livermore on the west side of the Arroyo Mocho road, in Sec. 9, T. 4 S., R. 3 E. It was opened in 1888, and has been worked intermittently since. About 25 tons were taken out in September, 1904. The ore is soft and of high grade, and occurs in contorted beds of chert, dipping about 45 degrees west, with a general north and south strike. It is developed by two short tunnels, which expose a 4-foot ledge. At the surface only a 6-inch cropping is discernible. The ore has been stoped down about 25 feet. Merchant Brothers' Mill. — A. J. and J. W. Merchant own a small mill in Livermore for grinding and concentrating manganese ore. The capacity is about 8 tons a day, and steam power is used. COLUSA COUNTY. Manganese was prospected about fifteen years ago by J. P. Rathbun (now resident of College City) in Sec. 4, T. 17 N., R. 7 W., M. D. M. The deposit was afterwards abandoned. MERCED COUNTY. Briggs Mine; N. C. Briggs, Hollister, San Benito County, owner. In Sec. 16, T. lo S., R. 9 E., on the east slope of the Mount Diablo range. A deposit of manganese ore is claimed to show on the suface over a wudth of from 100 to 200 feet. Only very little development work lias been done. 336 STKrCTrKAL and IXDISTKIAL materials of CALIFORNIA. PLACER COUNTY. Daniel Russell, Colfax. In Sec. 85, T. 15 N., R. 9 E., under Cape Horn. The indications of a deposit are sufficient to induce prospecting and development, but no effort has been made to expose the mineral in deposit. RIVERSIDE COUNTY. Charles P. Carter, Elsinore. A deposit claimed to contain high-grade manganese ore, in granite and schist country rock, about 6 miles north- east of Elsinore, near the Santa Fe Railway. To some extent developed by shafts, tunnels, and open cuts. SAN BENITO COUNTY. Hendricks Mine; N. C. Briggs et al., HoUister, owners. In Sec. 24, T. 13 S., R. 8 E., about 17 miles east of Tres Pinos, in the Movmt Diablo range. A deposit of manganese ore, claimed to be of extensive surface area, and stated to be of fair grade, but sufficient development work has not been done to justify an opinion regarding the extent and permanency of the deposit. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. Antonio Staneusuch, in Sees. 6 and 7, T. 31 S., R. 12 E., M. D. M., in the Los Osos Mountains. Some deposits of manganese ore have been uncovered in the metamorphic Franciscan sandstone. Sufficient work has not been done, however, to justify an opinion regarding the extent of the deposits, but considering the small amount of work done, a satis- factory amount of a rather good grade of manganese ore has been excavated. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. Ala Mountain Mine; Merchant Estate, Livermore, owner. In Sec. 28, T. 5 S., R. 4 E. The vein of manganese ore is afeout 4 feet wide at the outcrop and dips slightly to the west, with a general northwest and southeast strike. The walls are a siliceous shale. The vein has been exposed by an open cut and a short tunnel. About 32 tons were shipped to Livermore. Black Bear Mine; 1). P. Doak, San Francisco, owner. In Sec. 34, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., near the summit of the west slope of the Arroyo Mocho Valley. Considerable development work has been done in the last few years. A small cut near the sunnnit exposes a 3-foot vein of good ore, which has a north and south strike and dips slightly to the west. About 200 yards belowthese workings, another small cut exposes a 30-inch vein of ore, with an east ancUvest strike and an almost perpendicular dip. This MICA — BUTTE, VENTURA. 337 vt'in is crossed by a vein with a north and south strike and dipping to the east. Still lower on the hillside a tunnel exposes another 30-inch vein, with an cast and west strike and dipping about 60 degrees north. There are about 20 tons of ore upon the dump. Doak Mine No. 2; same owner. On the section line between Sees. 22 and 27, T. 5 S., R. 4 E. About 25 tons were taken out by open cuts and hauled to Livermore. Fable Mine, about 26 miles southeast of Livermore, in a small canon tributary to the Arroyo Mocho, at Camp Jessie. The mine lies about 100 yards up this canon from the mill, which is located on the Arroyo Mocho road. The ore occurs as a blanket vein, varying in thickness from 1 to 6 feet, and following the general contour of the hill. It occurs in contorted siliceous shales, w^hich are extensively stained by the manganese. The blanket has been worked away for about 30 feet along the vein, by removing the overburden. Further mining was carried on by means of a tunnel, which was closed by a locked door. The ore was hauled in mine cars about 100 yards to the mill, where it was crushed before being shipped. The mill was also locked, so that the field assistant was unable to enter. The entire plant had been idle for some time. SONOMA COUNTY. Shaw Mine; J. E. Shaw, Cloverdale, owner; about 7 miles northwest of Cloverdale. A high-grade manganese ore (pyrolusite) outcrops about 10 feet in width, in a general northwest course. About 60 tons of ore have been extracted by means of open cuts, and it still lies on the dump. Only assessment work has been done the last few years. MICA. BUTTE COUNTY. J. M. Douglass, of Merrimac, reports that mica occurs in Butte County in Sees. 16 and 17, T. 22 N., R. 6^E. VENTURA COUNTY. Mount Alamo Mica Company; AW Borrowe, president, 36 Geary street, San Francisco. In Sees. 12, 13, and 24, T. 17 N., R. 20 W., S. B. M. The country rock is granite, gneiss, and mica schist. The mica lies in a feldspar gangue, between a granite hanging and a mica schist foot wall. It is a muscovite. An analysis by L. Falkenau gives: SiOj, 22— BUL. 38 338 STKUCTUUAL AXD IXDISTKIAL MATKKIALS UF CALIFORNIA. 43 per cent; FeO, trace; Al.Os, 40 per cent; CaCO«, 1 per cent; MgO, .73 per cent: K,0, 9.3 per cent; H,0, 5.4 per cent. As yet no lai-c sheets liave \)vvn fotmd; some 3 by 4 inches have been mined, l)ut the jiroduct is hirgely scrap mica. The material is used as follows: ground, ioY lubricating; in the manufacture of rooting and wall paper, rul:)l)er, etc.; also in small sheets for the manufacture of flexible mica plates, boards, washers, electrical insulation material, etc., for which purpose these small sheets of irregular form are pressed together under very high pressure. MINERAL PAINT. BUTTE COUNTY. Chico Ochre and Metallic Company; Park Henshaw, secretary, Chico. In Sees. 5 and 6, T. 23 N., R. 4 E. The company has mined no ochre nor produced mineral paint for two years. Mr. Henshaw stated that the operations conducted had proven the value of the material, and also demonstrated the necessity for the practice of greater economy in production, and that it is the purpose of the company to resume opera- tions on a more economic and extensive scale. The product brought the same price as the French ochre, and no complaint as to the quality was ever received by the producers. The market included San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, and Seattle. The company owns 400 acres of ground, in which the mine is situated. The mine was worked by a tunnel 200 feet in and 400 feet below the surface, and by an open cut of 60 feet. CALAVERAS COUNTY. Late Ochre Mine; Miss E. E. Late, Valley Springs, owner. One half mile west of Valley Springs. The pits are on the croppings of a l)rlt of clay ochre, occurring in upturned shales and extending in a general northwest and southeast direction across the foothills. The ochre varies in color from a liglit yellow to a dark reddish hue. Several car- loads were shipped to San Francisco during the two seasons in which the pits were operated. The workings have been idle for about ten years. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Two or three miles north of Kedondo, on tlie coast, there are some bluffs of very fine, pure clays, of yellow, brown, and ochre tints, very suitable for mineral paints, for wliich they have been successfully tested liy practical ])aintcrs. (See IXth Report of tlie California State Mining Bureau, p. 20S.) MINERAL PAINT — NAPA, NEVADA, RIVERSIDE. 1539 NAPA COUNTY. Carl Brown Paint Mine; Carl Brown, Calistoga, owner. Located about 2 miles south of Calistoga, on Benali Mountain. Mr. Brown has mined raw sienna, red oxide of iron, and kaolin on his place. Paint Mine and Milling Company; Charles Hoover, Calistoga, owner. The mine is located near the sunnnit of a pinnacle peak, 1^ miles east of Calistoga. Formerly the paint was shipped to San Francisco to be nulled. Two small pits have been opened in the light yellow ochre, • which, when exposed to the atmosphere, slakes and covers the sides of the pits with loose talus. Closed since 1902. NEVADA COUNTY. Spence Mineral Company; Karl Howard, president, 330 Pine street, San Francisco. The mine and plant are situated at Spenceville, in Sec. 25, T. 15 N., R. 6 E. The plant has recently been idle, but resumption is contemplated. The paint material is a brownish red oxide of iron pro- duced from the residue of iron pyrite ores mined for their copper values. In the mine dump are several thousand tons of this residue, from which the copper values have been extracted. While the mine was worked by shaft and incline, the bulk of the ore now awaiting treatment for paint values was extracted from a pit 150 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 1 50 feet deep. The paint produced was disposed of to the San Francisco trade, and commanded a ready market. The first price obtained was $18 per ton, ])ut the price of the last shipment was raised to $20. (See Bulletin No. 23, California State Mining Bureau.) RIVERSIDE COUNTY. George W. Lord, Corona. In Sec. 14, T. 4 S., R. 7 W., about 500 yards southeast of the Paint Mine, is a ledge of yellow ochre, stated to be 8 feet wide, in a deposit of fire clay. The ochre is light-colored, fine- grained, but contains minute inclusions. Paint Mine; Corona Pressed Brick and Terra Cotta Company, owner; formerly owned by George W. Lord. In Sees. 10, 11, 14, and 15, T. 4 S., R. 7 W., S. B. M. National Paint and Color Company; William Dyer, manager, Ramona and Olive streets, Corona. Manufactures about twenty various colors — ochre, red oxide, vermilion red, grays, etc. The works are equipped with all required machinery, a 15-horsepower engine and 35-horsepower boiler, using oil as fuel. The company owns extensive clay deposits near Corona, among which is a tract of about 20 acres containing about 5 feet of ochre, stated to be of a very choice quality. 340 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ALVTERLVLS OF CALIFORNIA, SISKIYOU COUNTY. In Sees. V.) and 20, T. 4aving blocks a year, and also some building stone and gutter rocks. PAVING BLOCKS — SONOMA COUNTY. 84,") Roberts Quarry; Frank Roberts, owner. It is about 3 miles north of Penngrove. Idle for the past seven years. Roy Bert Quarry; N. Bacigalupi, Santa Rosa, lessee. It is 4 miles northeast of Santa Rosa, in Rincon Valley. Four men are employed. They produce about 75,000 blocks a year. Santa Rosa Basalt Rock Quarry; Captain McDonald, of Santa Rosa, owner. Leased out and operated on a royalty basis, Schocken Quarry; S. Schocken, Sonoma, owner. This is the largest quarr}' being operated in the vicinity of Sonoma, and is located 1^ miles north of the town. The rock occurs in boulders of various sizes and shapes, ranging from 1 to 20 feet in cross-section. About ten men are at work getting out gutter rock and paving blocks, and they average about 10,000 blocks a month. This and nearby quarries have been worked for many years, and great dumps of chips cover the steep hillsides. This apparent waste rock would, with very little crushing, make a very good material for macadam or concrete purposes. Stacey Quarry; S. Stacey, Kenwood, owner. This quarry is one half mile south of Lawndale, a station on the Southern Pacific railroad, northwest of Kenwood. Twelve men are at work in quarry, and they produce about 200,000 blocks a year. Swank Quarry (formerly the Clute Quarry); J. W. SAvank, Santa Rosa, owner. In Sec. 13, T. 7 N., R. 8 W. Formerly paving blocks were quarried, but stone is now used for foundations and bulkheads. Union Construction Company, 207 Montgomery street, San Francisco. The quarry is in Sec. 3, T. 4 N., R. 7 W. The rock is a basalt, and is used for macadam, concrete, and paving blocks. The crusher is located at foot of hill by roadside, and the rock is brought from the quarry at the summit by a tram. The crushed rock is shipped by both rail and schooner. Twenty men are at work. H. Weyl Quarry, operated by H. Stagnassa. About 2 miles north of Sonoma. Only paving blocks are produced, and these are shipped from the toAvn. The rock in the hills north of the town of Sonoma is mostly a dark bluish, close-grained basalt, but it weathers rapidly to a dark reddish color. Wilkinson Quarry, on the McNiel ranch, 4 miles north of Penngrove. It has been idle for a number of years. Wymore Quarry, one mile south of Melitta, on Mr. Wymore's property, but it is operated l)y Louis Laurent, of JNIelitta. Sixteen men are employed in the quarry. Tli 'v pro luce 500,000 blocks a year. 3-H') STRUCTIRAL AND IXDISTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. PLATINUM, Pure platinum is a silvery white metal, with a specific gravity of 21.5. It is the heaviest metal occurring in nature, with the exception of iridosmium. It is almost as hard as iron, and very malleable. Platinum does not amalgamate with quicksilver; is not dissolved by potassium cyanide when cold; is not attacked by acids, except the mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids known as aqua regia; and is more difficult to melt than gold. Platinum is most readily distin- guished as follows: (1) By its great weight — in panning it remains even behind the gold in the pan; (2) by its white color— it is whiter than lead and is distinguished from amalgam by its smooth surface, whereas the surface of amalgam, as seen under a good glass, is rough; {3) by its resistance to nitric acid as compared with native silver or lead. Native platinum has been found most frequently in gold-bearing sands. On account of its weight it remains in the sluices with gold und other heavy material. The native platinum is usually very impure. Occasionally it contains so much iron, chromite, and other impurities as to be dark in color and not easily distinguished from grains of chromite with which it is very frequently associated. It often contains iridosmine, which occurs as flat angular scales, while platinum grains are usually rounded like gold dust. Generally, platinum grains are smaller than gold grains. Large nuggets are very rare. More platinum is obtained from California than from any other State in the Union; and it occurs in this State in more localities than elsewhere in either North or South America. The product of this State for 1904 was as follows: Value. Butto County.-- |1,CX)0 00 Del Norte County 1« 00 Humboldt County 140 00 PlacerCounty 375 00 Siskiyou County.-. 21 IX) Stanislaus County.- -.- -- '20 00 Trinity County 275 00 Total -- -- -.--$1,849 00 It will be noted that whereas formerly Trinity County made the largest annual output of tliis metal, Butte County now makes the largest output, wliich is principally owing to the fact that in tlie dredging operations account is kept of the amount of platinum saved, and some attempt is made to save it. PLATIXIM— OCCURRENCE IN CALIFORNIA. :U7 Platinum has been reported in California from the following places, and doubtless occurs in other localities where little or no attention has been paid to saving it. This shows a distribution of thirty-eight localities in fifteen different counties of the State: Locality. County. Value of Platinum per Ton of Concen- trated Sands. Value of Platinum contained for Each Dollar in Gold. Remarks Chico -. Butte Magalia Butte Onn-ille Butte MokelumneHill < Calaveras . Crescent City ■ Del Norte- Smith River Del Norte. South Fork, Smith River Del Norte. Wilson Creek Humboldt Stone Lagoon (beach) Humboldt China Flat Humboldt Orleans. Humboldt Oold Bluff beach north of Areata Humboldt Little River beach Mendocino Michigan Bluff Genesee Beach Santa Barbara beach Lompoc beach Santa Cruz beach .__ Beegum district Sawver's Bar OakBar Fort Jones Klamath River Rock Ranch Callahan Hornbrook Ha])pv Camp Cecilvilie Beegum Trinity Center Burnt Ranch Big Bar Junction City North Fork.'. Hawkins Bar . Havfork district Camptonville. Placer Plumas San Luis Obispo - Santa Barbara ._. Santa Barbara .-. Santa Cruz Shasta Siskiyou Siskiyou Siskiyou Siskiyou Siskiyou Siskiyou Siskiyou ... Siskiyou Siskiyou Tehama Trinity Trinity Trinity Trinity Trinity Trinity Trinitv Yuba $5 46 30 02 04 54 618 31 02 177 08 6 87 34 06 2 30 54 07 2 40 51 7 02 18 50 97 2 01 28 13 09 3 75 1,934 18 4 05 32 $0 08 01 002 17 07 02 08 38 50 01 Trace. 31 12 001 51 26 34 06 48 14 79 04 11 34 04 Found frequently in dredging opera- tions. Has yielded plati- num in commer- cially appreciable quantity. Platinum is very line grained. Has yielded plati- num. Promising localitv. Do. Do. Very fine grains. Promising district. Promising district. Plentiful. Platinum contains much iridosmium. During the last session of Congress an appropriation was made to enable the United States Geological Survey to investigate the black sands of placer mines in this country, especially with a view of finding the amount of platinum contained. This investigation was placed in the hands of Dr. David T. Day, Chief of the Division of Mineral Resources of the Survey. In connection with the mining exhibit at the 348 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland, Or., concentration experiments were carried on all smnnier under the direction of Dr. Day. Of the many samples of black sand received several hundred specimens were tested to ascertain their contents of gold and platinum. In a prelim- inary report Dr. Day gives the following results obtained from the assays of the black sands from various localities in California: Amount of Gold and Platinum contained in Black Sand Concentrates from various Placer Mining Districts in California. [Ounces per ton. J Locality. County. Oroville - Alvarado placer mine, Butte Creek Buchanan Hill Pcuvine Creek Empire-.- Wild Goose mine --- Orleans Sec. 7, T. 16N.. R. 12 W ---- Rough and Ready township .-- Taylor mine, North Fork American River, Coltax... Soiithwest of Auburn Gold Run Gold Blossom mine, Butcher Ranch mining district - American River -.. Nelson Creek - Boulder Nest mine on Grizzly Creek, Genesee district Rock Island Hill mine Little Grizzly mine La Porte .. ' .- \'an Duzen Canon, Holcomb . Gem mine, Sacramento River, north of Redding Gypsy mine, Shasta district Fox Creek Grouse Creek.. Happv Camp district Junction City mining district South Fork and Trinity River T. 5N., R. 7E : Gold. Butte Butte Butte Butte Butte Calaveras Humboldt JNIendocino .-- Nevada Placer Placer Placer Placer ._ Placer Plumas ... ... Plumas Plumas Plumas Plumas --- San Bernardino Shasta Shasta ..- Siskiyou Siskiyou Siskiyou Trinity Trinity Trinity . 19.94 6.22 1.09 7.03 .08 39.08 19.00 Trace 5.60 29.2H 24.14 37.61 191.60 126.90 1.45 1.44 10.80 Trace 2.98 .12 .64 8.29 .72 10.31 None 28.43 9.02 4.1)0 Plati- num. 27.45 .17 .08 .83 Trace .35 4.0O Trace .52 L27 1.48 8.78 3.36 9.67 .12 .66 .16 Trace .21 .06 .28 .25 Trace .18 .82 25.80 1.28 4.(11 As before stated, previous to 1904 most of the platinum obtained in this State was derived from Trinity County. TRINITY COUNTY. Platinum is found in a great number of placer mines in Trinity County, but more especially in a belt from 10 to 12 miles wide, from Junction ('ity westward down Trinity River; from there the platinum l>elt runs in about a southerly direction, covering the east side of Hay- fork Valley up to the east fork of the Hayfork. The gold of the placer mines of this vicinity carries invarial)ly some platinuiiL The ))i'lt then turns a little to the soutlnVest, including Salt, Post and Rattle- snake creeks. All the placer mines in the south fork below Rattlesnake Creek carry more or less platinum. Ill the south folk near nv:i:in)o, ;mliiir Creek District. Elgin Quicksilver Mines, owner; C. F. Hiun})hrey, president, 137 Montgomery street, San Francisco. Attempts have been made to distill suljihur from the rocks in this mine. (See "Quicksilver Resources of California,'' Bulletin No. 27, California State Mining Bureau, p. 43.) TEHAMA COUNTY. In the northeastern part of the county, on the south slope of Lawson Butte, at Bompus Hell, and Supan's sulphur works, are very strong hot springs, the waters of wliich contain a great amount of sulphur, which is deposited in cones, covering an area about one mile long east and west, and about half a mile wide. This sulphur occurs partly in large crystals. VENTURA COUNTY. Dr. W. L. Watts reports sulphur in the Sulphur Mountains, 3 miles east of Fillmore. (See Bulletin No. 19, California State Mining Bureau, p. 86.) TUNGSTEN, Tungsten is used prin<'ii)ally in the manufacture of tool steel. It is added to the steel in the form of ferro-tungsten. Generally tungsten steel contains from 2 to 5 per cent of tungsten, but Mushet's steel con- tains 7.8 per cent of tungsten. Also, for hardening a copper-aluminum alloy. It is used for small-caliber projectiles. Tungsten bronze is used for coating metals. Sodium tungstates are used for dyeing and as a tir('-])rotecting ingredient in wearing apparel. Metallic tungsten varies mueli in ))rice. Quotations July. 1905, were: ferro-tungsten (37 i)er cent), 45 cents per i)ound; tungsten, .1^1.25 per ])ound. Tungsten or<'s are sold per unit of tungstic trioxide; to be marketable it must contain at least 45 per cent WO3; the price per unit increases with the percentage. Tungsten ores are mined in the Cnited States in Arizona, California, ( 'dlnrado. and bhalio. TUNGSTEN; ZINC. 355 KERN COUNTY. Selu'cliti' is reportc'tl to liavf Ik'cu found at a depth of 250 feet in the k'dge of a gold nune 2 miles west of the Biickl)oard mine. Churchill. .Tohanneshnvg. Kern County. R. E. Graham, Kandsl)nrg. Four claims. Papoose Claim, F\ands])urg District; Thomas McCarthy and C. S. Taylor, owners; C. S. Taylor, Johannesburg, manager. The claim was located April 13, 1900, and since that time the owners have opened a surface cut for about 400 feet along the ledge and sunk two shafts, one 50 feet and the other 20 feet, both on the ledge, which is nearly perpen- dicular. The ore is scheelite and is claimed to assay between 60 and 70 per cent of tungstic acid. The vein varies in width from 6 to 20 inches. A carload of this ore was recently shipped to Germany. J. N. Thompson, Tehachapi. A deposit of scheelite near St. Elmo. SAN BERNAPODINO COUNTY. South of Johannesburg, running west to the Kern County line, over an area about one mile long and half a mile wdde, occurrences of tungsten are found. In the gulches chunks of scheelite are found in the granitic wash, and separated by dry washing. The scheelite is distributed apparently through the country rock, a white decomposed granite, in numerous narrow seams, without any regular orientation. Boulders or fragments, some Aveighing 150 pounds, are found on the surface. Where sunk on the ledges, inclusions of scheelite are found in both walls. Guadalupe Tungsten Mine, about 4 miles from the town of Manvel. The owners claim that the ore shows 60 per cent of tungstic oxide and that 14000 has been expended upon development work. ZINC. SHASTA COUNTY. Kentuck Mine, Herbert Bass and I). Brandstetter, Montgomery Creek P. U.. owners. In Sec. 21, T. 34 X., I{. 1 \V.; elevation, 1925 feet. A body of ore carrying zinc l>lende and galena has been developed to a slight extent. A tunnel 70 feet long has been run in an easterly direc- tion on a ledge al)out 4 feet wide, dipping north. The hanging wall is too decomposed to give its precise character. The foot wall is aj)]»ar- 356 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. ently a shale. About 20 feet from the entrance of th(> tunnel a shaft 40 feet deep has been sunk. The shaft and the tunnel past the shaft were inaceessilile. The ore on the dump from the shaft shows oalena and zinc blende. About 30 feet west of the tunnel entrance, on the opposite side of a sliallow ravine, an open cut aljout 20 feet long has been run westward, from which ore similar to that found in tlie entrance to the tunnel has been taken. It is reported that this ore has been traced for a considerable distance east of this deposit, and kidneys of similar ore have been found on uroun*! belonging to the Afterthought mine, 5 to 6 miles west. G. H. Lambson, L. Bass et al., Baird P. O., owners. In Sec. 21, T. 34 N., R. 4 W. A shallow cut about 15 feet long, course N. 30^^ E., shows a well-defined vein of ([uartz, strike X. 45° \V., dipping northeast^ carrying some zinc l)lende and galena. Specimens of zinc ore are found in the Museum of the California State Mining Bureau labeled as coming from the following places: Inyo County — Smithsonite and Cerrussite from the Modoc mine. A\'illemite from the Ygnacio mine, Cerro Gordo. Mariposa County' — Zinc blende. San Bernardino County — Calamite from the (')ificiirn mine, neai' Daggett. SUPPLEMENT. (357) LIST OF SPECIMENS IN THE MUSEUM OF THE STATE MINING BUREAU OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES ENUMERATED IN THIS BULLETIN* ANTIMONY. Location. Donor. Calaveras County — -Mokeluinne Hill ...Frank Cuiiiniiiigs;. Inyo County — Cerro Gordo. Death Valley, north end Dr. Chase. Lottie ^line Jos. Davidson et al. Panamint ]\Iine George K. Phillips. Kern County — Buffalo Mine Charles E. Sherman. Caliente Smith & Brown. Havilah A. Blanc. Havilah William Menzel. Kernville .Dr. D. G. George. LittleCalienteSpgs. A. Blanc. Moiave H. E. Cunningham. RuW Mine Hickey, Cunningham & McVicar. San Emidio Mine..S. Boushey. Los Angeles County — Lancaster James P. Ward. Los Angeles (7 miles from) ..Thomas G. Hunter. Mono County — Comanche ^Mine ...Joseph Wasson. Comet Mine. Diana .Mine. Kenick Mine H. ;M. Levy. Napa County — Manhattan ^line ..R. B. Knox. Riverside County — South Riverside John N. Anderson. San Benito County — Alta Mine (Sec. lid, T. 11 S., R. 7 E., M. D. M.) Daniel Ambrose. Ambrose Mine W. L. Watts. HoUister Chas. Bronson. Hollister L. Lanzweert. HoUister Mr. Collins. Hollister C. C. Jones. McLeoci. Sam Mine. Shriver Mine. ANTIMONY— Continued. Location. Donor. San Luis Obispo County- Angel and Baker Mine' Myron Angel. Cambria. San Simeon (Sec. 38, T. 27 S., R. 9 E., M. D. M.). Santa Clara County— Gilroy. Sierra County — Downieville Richard Sparling Tulare County — Mammoth Mine ...S. H. George. Mineral King Dis- trict... G. W. Brown. ARTIFICIAL STONE. Contra Costa County — Antioch (pressed brick) Golden Gate Co. Los Angeles County — ChatsworthPark ..H. Clements Co. Los Angeles L. A. Pres'd Brick Co. Los Angeles Western Art Tile Wks. Tropico Pacific Art Tile Co. Placer County — Lincoln (firebrick). John Landis. San Francisco- San Francisco Ransome Artificial Stone Co. Santa Clara County- San Jos6 (pressed brick) Peterson tV: Karts- choke. Santa Cruz County — Santa Cruz (1)rick) W. T. Hatch. (;;.7.i) 360 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. ASBESTOS. LiH'iitioii. Donor. Amador County— Sutter Creek E. C. Voorhie^. Butte County — Forbestown Norton A: Eckmanii. Oroville R. J. Perrin. Red Hill. El Dorado County — Kt-lsey District S. E. Holcomb. Fresno County — Coalinga .Geo. H. Battenfeld. Inyo County- .F. B. S. Keeler. Madera County — Fine Gold Gulch... Mrs. A. M. Ulyard. Fresno Flat. Mariposa County- Bear Valley Edward M. Price. Mount Bullion Mark Brumagini. Placer County — Iowa Hill Mr. Tlielfal. Morning Star Mine. J. H. Neff. Pritchai-d Mine H. G. Staab. San Benito County — Hollister George Vaughn . San Bernardino County— Barstow. San Diego County — Elsinore J. D. Hoff. San Jacinto ^Its. ..Chalmers Scott. Shasta County — L. Wellendorf. Hazel Creek B. F. Miller. Sierra County — Gonsolitlatod Mine. Robert Stuart. Siskiyou County — Sisson Trinity County — Minersville. Tulare County — White River ... Yolo County — California Mine W. H. Sheblev. ...S. G. George. ...R. G. Hart. BARYTES. Calaveras County — Satellite Copper Mine -II. 1>. Raiileli. Contra Costa County — Mt. Diablo I. W. Xellis. BARYTES—Continued. Location. Donor. El Dorado County — Georgetown (10 mi. above) A. L. Burbridge. Inyo County — Bishop Creek W. B. McSwiney. Detiance Mine. Lake County — Glenbrook H. B. Aldrich. Los Angeles County— Azusa \V. H. Adams. Mono County- Mammoth Mine (Mineral Hill). Orange County- San .Toaquin Ranch -J. Irvine. San Bernardino County — Calico R. Gribben. Daggett. Needles... P. J. Mclntyre. Santa Barbara County — Santa Maria F. Fugler. Shasta County — Copper City. Copper City . F. McMillan. Lost Horse Mine. Siskiyou County^ Callahan's Ranch...!. P. O'Gorinan. Trinity County — Hay Fork P. 0. (15 miles below). BASALT. Fresno County — King's Creek R. Reynolds. Mono County- Green Creek. San Bernardino County — Calico J. R. Scupham. Santa Barbara County — San Miguel Island. Santa Cruz Island. Siskiyou County — Diinsiiiuir. Sonoma County— Mt. Pisgah (Quarry (Petalunia). Yolo County— Pulali Canon James T. Isli. SPECIMENS IN MITSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU. 361 BAUXITE. Loiiiiion. Donor. Riverside County — Riverside J. H. McKnight. Yuba County — Smarts ville I. H. Dempsey. CEMENT. Alameda County — Niles H. T. Holmes it Co. Sunol Valley Pedro de Saisset. Washingt'n'Corn's C. R. Merrill. Contra Costa County — Byron Spring?;. Stewartsville (^ mi. east of). Humboldt County — Yager Thomas Dickinson. CLAYS- Continued. Lopiition. Donor. Butte County^ Chico B. A. Harrison. Oroville(pipeclay)_Norton it Eokmann. Calaveras County — Big Trees A. Jaquith. Mokelumne Hill., .George Muthe. Contra Costa County — Byron Springs Mt. Diablo. ....H. T. Holmes & Co. Kern County- J. A. Lytle. Lake County - Glenbrook H. A. Aldrich. Los Angeles County— Lo:< Angeles George W. Hazzard. Riverside County — South Riverside (6 miles S. W. of)---Frazer Bros. San Bernardino County— Colton California Portland Cement Co. Santa Barbara County- Moore's Ranch. Santa Clara County — Madrone (7 miles east of ) William Clark. Santa Cruz County — Santa Cruz California Portland Cement Co. Solano County— Benicia H. T. Holmes it Co. El Dorado County — Georgetown W. F. Flick. Newton. Placerville W. F. Flick. Fresno County — Oil Creek Caiion. Humboldt County — Eureka James B. Brown. Inyo County — Independence .. .J. D. Hudigin. Kern County- Rosamond Tod Robinson. Lake County — Glenbrook H. A. Aldrich. Kelsevville C. C. Reynolds. Soda Bay Charles Goodwin. Sulphur Banks. Los Angeles County- Los Angeles E. W. Doss. Marin County — Duncan's Mills R. H. Sinton. Mendocino County — Point Arena C. I. Ross. Modoc County — Adin. CLAYS. Alameda County- Li vermore R. Wegner. Oakland Alameda Potterv. Mono County— Bodie A. Saderling. Bodie .-- ---J. P. Morrow. Bodie W. H. C. Matthews. Bodie S. D. Connell. Amador County — Carbondale (pot- ter's clay) A. E. Smith. Carbondaie (stone- ware and sewer- pipe clay) Mrs. W. Irelan. Carbondale (kaolin and tire clay) X. Clark & Sons. lone. [feldt. lone Valley .Tudge S. Heyden- .Fackson...' Isaac Blu.xome. Plvmouth ..E. F. Montgomery. Monterey County- Indian Creek. Jolon. Napa County — ('alistoga .G. F. Boynton. Calistoga H. Steven. Nevada County — Grass Valley J. W. DeGolia. ;... Mcllin Ford. 362 STRUCTUKAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. CLAYS— Continued. I.iiciiiioii. Donor. Placer County — Liiu'oln John Lainlis. Lincoln _Cook A Spiiiks. Woiniar I!. J. Dunn. Yankee .Tims i '. Tiafion. Sacramento County- Michigan Bar.. _. (jrhidiling, INFcBcan \- Co. San Bernardino County — Daggett Hon. .Tohii Daggett. Fisli Ponds. Halleck II. L. ^lorrow. San Bernardino... S. S. Simon. San Diego County — Kl Cajon .Mis. Eisinore Doihccr \- Hoff. San Diego (brick clay). Terra Cotta. San Luis Obispo County- Arroyo (irande. Las Tablas Creek. San Miguel T. P. Clark. Santa Barbara County- T. L. Perrv. Shasta County — Castella _..L. :\r. Cirard. Sierra County — F. E. Birge. Siskiyou County — Yreka loliii \Vlieeler. Sonoma County — Agua Caliente L. W. Mayer. Guerneville. Healdsburg P. H. Siiclfurd. Mark West Springs. Santa Bosa ..- A. W. Dana. Sonoma D. \V. Curtis. Stanislaus County^ Crow's Landing ...D. l'\iir( bilds. Sutter County- Slitter Citv . W. C. Smith. Trinity County — Carrville . J. A. Little. Tuolumne County- Alpha Mine John Collins. Sonora Louis Blanding. Ventura County — Spregel. Canon S. V. (iuibiisun. CHROMITE. Alameda County— I i\i nglon Mi'ndeniiall M i nr CHROMITE— Continued. Liiciitioii. Donor. Amador County — .lackson Isaac Bluxome. .Mountain Spring House J. P. Lambing. Butte County — I'eiitz Norton & EckiiKum. Calaveras County — l^'rench Gulch .John Soltuari. .^[urphys K. H. Shaeffle. Colusa County — NewviUe I. R. Whitlock. T. 17 N., K. (i W I. P. Ratlilan-n. Del Norte County — French Hill Mine. .Tyson Mining Co. El Dorado County — Cobima I. N. Thorn. Ijatrobe Michael Grogan. Shingle Springs \V. Bryant. Stigman's Hill. Fresno County— T. U S., R. 2:5 E. Lake County — Middletown. Marin County — Maillard liaiudi. Mendocino County — Willits E. Pi. Shimmin. Ukiah. Napa County — Chiles Valley ..D. K. Doble. E. .1. llieks. Placer County — 15urnt Flat I. C. Rhodes. Sec. 21. T. 14 N., R. it E. R. L. Dunn. Plumas County — Meadow Valley J. A. Ednian. San Benito County — Hollister Wm. .lohnson. ..JjOiiis Oldham. San Luis Obispo County — Capajoro Creek. San Luis Obispo Luther Wagoner. Santa Clara County— Greystone. Ijcxington. Ivos Gatos... -A. Barstow". San .lose W. H. Sini]ison. Shasta County — Chiomite K ruse it Euler. Hazel Creek Mt. Shasta Chrome Mfg. Co. Simins Station. SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU CHROMITE— Continued, I 363 Lociitioii Donor. Siskiyou County— Yrekii(l.\nii.from). Solano County — Fairtiekl Win. Xeeley Johnson. Sonoma County — Clovenlale C. Bowman. Geysers W. Flick. Tehama County- Trinity County- .J. A. Heslewood. .Arch. B. McCaw. INFUSORIAL EARTH. Calaveras County — Near Comanche C. G. Yale. Contra Costa County — Pinole Station. Inyo County— Lonr Pine J. M. Cook. Kern County — ..W. H. Whorff. Lake County- Lost Spring Ranch. H. B. Callahan. Los Angeles County — Santa Monica A. M. Chase. S'ta Catalinalsl'd-.C. W. Jarboc. Monterey County — Napa County — St. Helena... .A. Gonzales. _R. E. Wood. San Benito County — Bittcrwater Ranch .J. H. Matthews. San Diego County- .H. Hanks. San Joaquin County — Staples Ranch. San Luis Obispo County — Port Harford Geo. McNear. San Mateo County — San Gregorio J. Ralston. Santa Barbara County - W. W. Finch. Santa Clara County — Cayetano Ranch. __J. E. Bowman. Siskiyou County— Yrcka H. A. Morse. Sonoma County — Doolan Mine H. T. Holmes. Petaluma. I FULLER'S EARTH. Location. Donor, 1 San Bernardino County — S. S. Simon. GLASS SAND. Alameda County— Liverniore. Los Angeles County— ..L. A. Glass Co. Riverside County- Corona. San Bernardino County— C. L. Metzger. Trinity County — Poison Camp. GRANODIORITE. Amador County — Amador City. Calaveras County — Indian Creek. El Dorado County — Greenwood. Rattlesnake Bar Frank Rodrick. Lake County- Lower Lake P. Christiansen. Mono County — Mineral Hill A. J. Jaquith. Placer County- Sec. 15, T. 18 N., R. 13 E. California Iron Co- Sec. 24, T. 18 N., R. 13 E. Sacramento County— Folsom. Santa Clara County — San Jose Gay Quarry. Tuolumne County — Carters. Soulsbyvilie. GRAPHITE. Fresno County — C. D. Coats. Humboldt County— Eureka W. Hutchins. Los Angeles County— Newhall. Verdiigo Canon. 364 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. GRAPHITE— Continued. l.ocjilion. Donor. Mendocino County — roim Arena G. B. Dolman. Riverside County — Penis J. Cliipnian. San Bernardino County — W. H. Anderson. Sonoma County— Cazadero. Guerneville. Santa Rosa J. S. Titus. Pine Fiat Wni. Raynor. Tehama County- Manton L. V. Looniis. Tulare County — .T. H. Redmond. Druinm Vallev M. Braverman. GRANITE. Calaveras County — West Point. Humboldt County — Eureka. Mad River. Inyo County — Argus Range. Los Angeles County — Little Tejunga Canon. Madera County — Itayiiiond ___Kno\vles A' Hosmer. Raymond Pacific Stone Co. Mariposa County — Yosemite Valley. Marin County — Porter's Point. Nevada County — Cry.stal Lake. Placer County — <_'isco. Lincoln l^uai-rv. Penrvn ." J. 11. X.IT. Roeklin..-- F. Williams. Yid)a Pass. Sacramento County- Near Sacramento. San Bernardino County^ N'ietor St. .loim's (jnai'ry. X'ictnr Sliearer's (Quarry. San Diego County— Fosti-r W'aln-iiiaii (Quarry. Temecula Cafion. Mesa Grande. GRANITE— Continued. Location. l)oiior. San Mateo County — Ifalfuioon 15ay .Joseph Presho. Tulare County — K.xeter Griffiths, Owens & Tuolumne County Hyde Ranch. Plueiux Lake _- Iluglies. lite Co. .Plxenix Lake Gran- GYPSUM. I Contra Costa County- Antioch. Inyo County- Clark's Fork. Lassen County- Susan ville .J. H. Merrill. Los Angeles County — San Pedro A. K. i5uck. Riverside County — i Adams Blakely De- posit. ' L. K. Anbury. San Bernardino County — F. E. Monteverde. San Diego County— Winton. Santa Barbara County- Santa Rosa Island. Tulare County — White River. Ventura County- Ventura A. (i. Maus. IRON ORE. Amador County — Irislitown Chapman Miiu'. lone Valley .TudgeS. Heydenfeldt .Jackson 1. l^luxonie. Sutter Creek. Butte County — liangor S. A. Sawtelle. Oroville S. W. Collins. Pentz Norton it Eckniann Calaveras County — Campo Seco.- l^. Ort'iigo. CaniJjO Seco (Iron ; .Monarch) C. Berger. Campo Seco ..Detert's Mine. :Mini.hys... ...K. H. SliaefTle. .Murpiivs F. Culling. Sec. :< T. 4 N., R. 10 E. A. M. riirift. Colusa County — I Smith ville . 11. W, WilL.n SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU. 365 IRON ORE- Continued. Lota t ion. Donor. Del Norte County — Chas. F. Goodrii'h. El Dorado County — Ooloma F. C. Lravitt. Colonia -- Geo. AV. Kimble. Diamond Springs ..N. D. Buckingham. Iron King M. it S. Go. Latrobf. Shingle Springs \\'. Bryant. Fresno County — N. E. corner R. Reynolds. Humboldt County — Centerville. Little River C. E. Beach. Rainbow Ridge ._..Dr. R. D. Chase. Inyo County — Alvord Station J. S. Graham. Big Pine. Darwin. Old Goso District. Shepherd's Canon. Kern County — San Emidio (Sec. 17, T. 19 X., R.21W.) C. R. Merriam. Two-to-One Mine. Lake County — Glenbrook H. A. Aldrich. Lassen County — Susanville L. L. Frost. Los Angeles County — Xewhall. Ravenna Station. Rancho San Fran- cisco H. G. Newhall. Madera County - Mt. Raymond. King's Creek C. J. Beck. King's Creek R. Rej'nolds. Mariposa County — Hornitos John Mnller. Mt. Hoffman J. S. Shilling. Napa County — St. Helena Dr. J. W. Hood. St. Helena E. W. Woodward. Nevada County — Grass Valley. Holden Ledge (T. iriX., R. 7 E., .M. D. M.) G. A. Holden. Placer County — Clipper Gap Mine (Sec. 24, T. 18 X., R.8E.,M. D. M.)_California Iron Co. Red Hill Mine (Sec. 15, T. l.S X., R. 8 E.,M.D.M.). California Iron Co. IRON ORE— Continued. Loration. Donor. Plumas County- Moonlight Valley. Riverside County — Riverside R. P. Chandler. San Benito County — San Benito Iron Mine (Sees. 31 and 6,T. 16S.,R. 6E.) Chas. Sellers. Tres Pinos Thomas Wallace. San Bernardino County — Banning C. 0. Barker. Daggett (3U miles S. E. of) H. W. Lake. Halleck P. W. Campbell. Needles John Denair. Oro Grande (Stoddart's Mills). Ivawatt ]\Its. San Luis Obispo County — Arroyo de Choro_-_F. Adams. San Luis Obispo (Harrington Iron Co.) Ezra Carpenter. Shasta County — Iron Mountain F. McMillan. Junction McCloud and Pit Rivers ...Wni. P. Miller. Potter's Iron Mine -E. P. Figg. Redding D. G. Reid. Sierra County — Mohawk Vallev- - Sierra Iron Co. Sonoma County— Cazadero F. W. Reynegom. Mark West Coal Mine J. L. Gordon. X^. W. corner L. L. Bullock. Tehama County- Corning Aitken INIaggard. T. 28 and 31 N., R. 8 to 10 W J. A. Heslewood. Tulare County — Visalia ...Wn). Lavelle. Yolo County — Capay .. B. Orenga. Yuba County- - -C. Baird. Wheatland John Landis. JASPER. Calaveras County — Murphys E. Cutting. Fresno County — Jacilitos Creek. Inyo County — Coso District. 366 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. JASPER— Continued. Location. Ddiior. Lassen County — ..., L. L. Frost. Marin County— Lagunitas Creek. Mariposa County- Bear Yalk'V. Monterey County- San Miguel Canon. Nevada County- Nevada City C. X. Cantiold. Placer County — F.al(l Prairie C. Furdy. Plumas County- Diadem Mine . San Benito County— .T. A. Ednian. ...T. B. Smith. San Francisco County- Pot rero. San Luis Obispo County- Oceanic Quicksilver Mine. Shasta County — Mt. Shasta H. E. Josselyn. Siskiyou County- Montague. LIMESTONE. Alpine County — Woodfords ...R. Barnes. Butte County — Pentz. Calaveras County — San Andreas. Humboldt County— Jacoby Creek. Kern County — Grizzly Canon, Te- haehapi . Hendrickson'st^u'ry. Grizzly Canon, Te- hac-liaj)! Poirer (Quarry. Suniniit Lime Co.-.Mrs. I). B. Rogers. San Etniilio •'. B. liarstow. Poso Creek E. Donnelly, M.D. Madera County — Mt. Raymond. Mono County — Hut Creek. Mono I.iake. Monterey County- Mill Creek Uocklanil l,iiiie t^'ry. Soledar. Siskiyou County — Etna. Tulare County — Pt)rterville A. L. Seager. Tule River Dr. George. Tuolumne County— Abby's Ferry J. it F. Kesseler. Columbia ..*. Columbia Marl)le Co. Columbia (Grant's Quarry) A. L. Seager. .1. H. Redmond. MICA. El Dorado County — .M. Bovnton. Inyo County - Saratoga District. Los Angeles County — J. R. Wolverton. Riverside County — Walters. San Diego County — Temecula Canon. Siskiyou County — Oro Fino .7. 'SI. Conner. Ventura County— Mt. Alamo iMin. Co. MAGNESITE. Lake County- Napa County — F. McMillan. .1. Z. Davis. San Diego County — -A. Blanc. San Luis Obispo County — Port Harford. Santa Barbara County — ._ T. G. Moraga. Santa Clara County - -C. C. Derbv. MANGANESE. Alameda County — Corral Hollow. Livermore (Arroyo Mocho Mine).-.'-. Ad. Sommers. Livermore (Sec. 3(t, T. 4 S., R. 4 E., M. D. M.) .7. W. Hearst. Livermore (Railroad Mine). 368 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. MANGANESE— Continued. Lofiitioii. Donor. Calaveras County — Angels Camii . - L. M. Cogswell. Millon. Riiilroiul Flat M. II. PeoU. Milton (Toughnut Mine). San Andreas- \V. I>. .\llen. Del Norte County— Crescent City L. F. Cooper. El Dorado County- Greenwood.-- A J ex. Keller. Glenn County- Elk Creek. - Winchester Pviffe. Lake County — Climax (.lohn Keed Mine) .-- --. W. C. Hart. Glenbrook H. A. Aldricli. Los Angeles County- Banning J. -M. (iilnian. Madera County — Fresno Flat, Marin County- San Geroninio Maillard Ranch. Tomales Peter Morrissey. Sausalito R. H. Sinton. Mariposa County— Hnnter Valley J. W. Wilcox. Mendocino County — Elk A. L. Field. Westport R. H. Sinton. Monterey County - Soledad (Chalone District) Soledad. H. F. Melville. Napa County — Mount St. Helena.. F. H. Hausniann. Moore Creek R. A. Coleman. St. Helena John Graham. St. Helena F. W. Keeney. Nevada County— Swcetland Creek Mine. Placer County- Auburn .- -.Alexander Keller. Yankee .Tim's Charles Trafton. Plumas County- Mumfonl's Hill I. A. Ivlman. Riverside County — I'.lsinore (<> miles X. \].). San Benito County- Cleveland .Mine (2(t mi. K. of'Tres Pinos). Hendricks ^line ..S. Hendricks. MANGANESE-Continued. Locntioii. I)iHi(ir. San Bernardino County— Harstow .1. M. Itedfern. Colton Mcintosh A' Co. E. C. Seymour. San Diego County — Julian (80 miles south of) Joseph Marks. Winchester H. H. Raggencann> San Francisco County - Hunter's Point H. Burncll. Potrero George Smith. St. Mary's College. -P. .T. Healy. San Joaquin County - ('aire Mine. Tracy (9 miles west of) Jenkin Richards. San Mateo County — Baden W\ E. Iber. San Luis Obispo County- Ranch of P. B. Prefumo. Santa Barbara County - San Rafael Mountains. Santa Clara County — Faville Mine. Holm's Ranch . ...E. C. Ilohn. Penetencia Creek. .lames Enright. Siskiyou County- Sawyer's Bar E. V. Burke. Sonoma County — Cloverdale S. A. Raymond. Freestone W. J. Wooley. Gucrneville G. Watson. Mark West Springs. J. L. Jordan. Santa Rosa. C. W. Frost. Santa Rosa Alfred W. Dana. Stanislaus County— Radovich Mine L. Radovich. Tuolumne County- Columbia Kiuipp's Ranch. Sonora H. S. Macomber. Summervillc (Sec. U/r. 1N.,R.1()E., M. I). M.) W. A. Lewis. Tulare County — Lemon (irove ..- Traver .J. S. Eastwood. .W. R. Corrington. MINERAL PAINT. Alameda County — Laundry Farm A. Bardet. Mission" San Josi"' ..W. U. Hughes. Alpine County- Monitor Lewis Chahners. SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU. 369 MINERAL PAINT— Continued. Loratioii. Donor. Calaveras County — Valley Springs Vulcanized Fiber Co. El Dorado County— Sliinglt' Springs William Troop. Humboldt County — Ferndale. Placer County- Rio Hill. Santa Barbara County — Samuel Staddon. San Bernardino County— W. Stockton. Santa Clara County — Gilroy O. X. Xelf-on. Siskiyou County — Bailey Ranch. Sonoma County — Heaklsburg. Santa Rosa A. W. Dana. Stanislaus County — Knight's Ferrj'. Ventura County — D. S. Bowers. ONYX. Colusa County — Sulphur Creek Frank Green. Kern County- Mineral Springs .-S. G. George, M.D. Mojave F. Braasch. Lake County- Eel River E. Wilson. Los Angeles County — Santa Catalina Island. Little Castaca Cailon. Mendocino County — Fort Bragg. Mono County — Bridgejiurt. Napa County — Zem Zein A. G. Gilbert. Orange County — Santa Ana Range. -George F. Hoyt. Sugar Loaf Mt. George F. Hoyt. Placer County — Gold Run Mrs. E. Miller. Riverside County — Riverside Skv Blue ^tarble and Onyx Co. 24— BUL. 38 ONYX- Continued. Location. Donor. San Bernardino County — Colton California Marble and Building Stone Co. Ore Grande Hill & Brady. San Diego County — Los Penasquitos Creek W. H. Martin. San Luis Obispo County — Sec. 9, T. 32 S., R. 15 E., M. D. M Ezra Carpenter. San Luis Obispo . ..Kesseler A: Co. J. Z. Davis. Santa Clara County — San Josd A. J. Col. Siskiyou County — Berry ville M. E. Hammond Dunsmuir. Yreka F. G. Hearn. Solano County — Suisun Dickie Ranch. Suisun . Henry G. Hanks. Suisun J. it F. Kesseler. Suisun F. M. Swan. Vacaville D. P. Belknap. Sonoma County — Healdsburg George Madeira. Geyserville A. H. Ingham. Tehama County — Tuscan ^Mineral Springs. Tulare County — Three Rivers M. Braverman. J. A. Lvtle. PLATINUM. Butte County — Cherokee (Spring Valley Mine) Louis Glass. Del Norte County— Happv Camp) H. A. Bowen. Klamath River R. W. Miller. Humboldt County — Upper Gold Bluff __Dr. J. W. Wood. Siskiyou County — Happy Camp O. C. Pope. Trinity County — Chapman iV' Fisher Mine George Chapman. .Tunction City (French Mine)--_E. Saladin. Taylor Flat (Highland Bar Mine). Ventura County — .Tames A. Never. 370 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. PYRITES. Location. lidiior. Amador County — Amador City (May- HowHT Mine) '..A. B. Swan. Calaveras County — Angels Angels ^line. Knox it Osborn Mine Knox it Osborn. Kreling Mine Edwin Davidson. Napa County — Pope Valley Etna ^line. Nevada County- Grass Valley Betsy Mine. Placer County— Aulnirn MissF. Von Lindner. San Luis Obispo County — Sunderland Quick- silver ]Mine Luther Wagoner. Shasta County — Delta, Tom Xeal Mt. [per iSIine. Black Diamond Cop- Siskiyou County— Dunsmuir John Gorman. Sonoma County — Healdsburg ...George Madeira. Tuolumne County — Tiittletown Patterson Mine (Al- fred Wright). Trinity County — Oregon Gitlch William M. [.owe. QUARTZ CRYSTALS. Amador County — Oleta Tyler's Ranch. Volcano W. Q. Mason. Butte County — Gold Bank Mine._-H. P. Stow. J. Z. Davis. Calaveras County — Chili Gulch F. McSorley. Mokelumne HilL..Sam Sonnelfeld. El Dorado County— -K. W. Jlulfon Placerville (20 mi. north of) J. Z. Davis. Inyo County— Modoc ^line. Union District S. D. Woodland. Mariposa County- Mount Bullion T. W. Brumagim. Mount i'.ullion Mrs. M. K. Potthast. Mono County — Bodic. Bodie Noondav Mine. QUARTZ CRYSTALS— Continued. Liic-ition. DoiKir. Napa County— Calistoga B. Tucker. Plumas County— H. Engels. Sacramento County — Folsom 1. X. Chovinski. Sierra County — Bald Mountain Mine. Tuolumne County — Jamestown G. A. Leland. Sonora Golden Gate Mine. Tulare County — BullPiun Meadows. H. Hughes. Visalia M. Braverman. Yokohl Valley Thomas Osborn. RHYOLITE. Calaveras County — Valley Spring Peak. San Bernardino County — Calico. Vanderbilt. SANDSTONE. Alameda County— Altamont. Niles J. D. Farwell. San Leandro F. Bavheller. Amador County — lone A. Abbott. lone H. O'Neil. Colusa County — Sites. Contra Costa County — Martinez. Port Costa G. W. McNear, Jr. Fresno County — Sec. 21, T. 21 S., K. 14 E. Humboldt County— Euri'ka George C. Sarvis. Kern County — San Emidio Cailon. George 11. Schmidt. Tehacliaiii Tehachapi Building ehacliapi Stone Co. Los Angeles County — Chatswortli Park ..Cal. Construction Co. East Los Angeles ..Soutirrn LedgeStone San Fernando. ICo. Marin County — San Rafael . J. W. C. Maxwell. SPECliMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU. 371 SANDSTONE— Continued. I.oratinii. Donor. Napa County — Napa J. J. Nowsonie. San Francisco County — San Francisco Gray Brothers. San Mateo County — Pcj^cadero Creek .-.Judge Hastie. Redwood Citv W. G. Brittoii. San Miguel .1 O. E. Brady. San Luis Obispo County — Arroyo Grande. Santa Barbara County — Santa Barbara. Santa Clara County — Goodricli Quarry, Stanford Quarry. Santa Cruz County — Santa Cruz J. L. Thurber. Shasta County — Clear Creek California Sandstone and Construct'n Co. Redding. Siskiyou County — Henley. Yreka'. Solano County— Suisun. C. P. Reeves. Ventura County — miniore. George J. Henley. Sespe Los Angeles Granite and Construct'n Co. Yolo County — Putah Cafion. SOAPSTONE. Amador County- -L. H. Brown. Calaveras County — Murphys E. H. Schaeffle. Sheep Ranch. El Dorado County^ Kelsey District. Inyo County — Death Valley. Los Angeles County — Santa t'atalina I'd .T. I'. Lukens. Mariposa County — Coulterville W. J. McCarthy. Lewis R. :M. Collins. " Napa County — Chiles John Johnson. SOAPSTONE— Continued, Lorntion. Donor. Placer County— Colfax Stockbridge Soaps'ne Works. H. T. Holmes & Co. San Diego County- Escondido .A. W. Prav, Santa Clara County — Ml. Hamilton. Shasta County — Delta. Siskiyou County — Hamburgh Daniel Caldwell. Tehama County— Manton L. Y. Loomis. Trinity County — Weaverville. Tuolumne County — Robinson's Ferry ..F. F. McArdle. Sonora J. F. Faxon. J. H. Redmond. Tulare County — Tule River S. G. George, M.D. Ventura County — Talc Mine S. S. Simon. Ventura Rock Soap Co. Yuba County — .C. Baird. SLATE, El Dorado County- Chili Bar California Slate Co. Eureka Slate Quarry. Fair Play Jas. A. Scott. Kelsey Strable Slate Co. Mariposa County- Pacific Slate Co. ...S. S. Burge. SERPENTINE. Amador County — Cora Belle Mine ...Richard A. Weiss. Calaveras County — Valley Springs J. D. Cook. Lake County— Kelseyville. Mendocino County- Eel River. Monterey County — Black Diamond Mine. 372 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. SERPENTINE— Continued. Location. i)ont)r. Placer County- Forest Hill Divide. G. F. Stone. E. W. Haslow. San Francisco County — Loni' Mountain. Fort Toint. San Luis Obispo County- San Simeon ( 14 mi. X. W. of). Santa Barbara County — Goleta. Sierra County — I>o\\ nit'ville Ti'legraph Drift Min- ing Co. Sonoma County — Healdsburg. Tulare County — F razor Vallcv. SULPHUR. Calaveras County — Copperopolis. Colusa County — Sulpliur Creek (Bromley's Mine) W. L. Bromley Sulphur Creek (^fanzanita Mine). Inyo County- - Defiance ^line. Little Lake. Kern County - W. H. Green. Bakerslield (40 mi. west of) Sunset Co., lessee. Sec. 28, T. 11 N., R. 2:nv. John Hambleton. Lake County- Sulphur Bank Henry S. Durden. Lassen County — Lassen Butte .T. A. Heslewood. Sonoma County — Geysers. Ventura County — Santa Paula (Suli)lnir Mt.). Sespe ...\V. W. Young. Kern County- Kcrnvilie - Mariposa County— Wanl's Kanch .. San Mateo County- Point !ll. Calaveras County — West Point. Marin County — San Rafael T. Donor. Klliutt. Napa County — St. Helena . .Mrs. \\'. H. (irattan. San Bernardino County- Da ggett. Vanderhilt. San Luis Obispo County- Arroyo Grande. Lee's' Ranch Charles Lee. Morro. Sonoma County — Sonoma J. H. Cutter. TUFF. Calaveras County — Angels. Campo Seco. Mokelumne Hill. El Dorado County- Diamond Springs. -Dr. W. C. Morgan. Mono County- .D. A. Bender. Napa County — Napa John R. Roe. J. H. Francis. Santa Barbara County — Moore's llanch. Tehama County — Red Bluff. TUNGSTEN. '^ Humboldt County— I'hireka F. McGowan. Kern County- Kandsburg, Baltic MiningCo. C. H. Wynn. Los Angeles County — Sierra Madre Mr. t^iiitzow. Madera County — Kaymond (!i miles from). Mariposa County — lUiciianan .._ R. B. Thomas. San Bernardino County — Manvel T. Le Cvr. San Diego County — .1 ulian . _ .. ..A. .1. liiirnett. Siskiyou County — Scott Bar .Martin Andrews. SPECIMENS IN MUSEUM OF STATE MINING BUREAU. 373 ZINC. Location. DoiKir. Fresno County — Comstock ^liiif. Inyo County — Cerro Gordo Ygnacio Mine. Los Angeles County — Santa Catalina I'd .Silver Canon. Santa Catalina I'd. Small Hill :\Iine. Madera County — Advance Mine Thomas Agnew. Honiestake INIine ..H. Clercde Landrcss. ZINC— Continued. LdcutidH. Donor. Mono County — Bunker Hill Mine .A. McNabl). Orange County- Santiago Canon Blue Light Mine. San Bernardino County — Daggett Cuticura !Mine. San Mateo County — Martin's Ranch G. Rich. Shasta County— Furnaceville Afterthought Mine. North Cow Creek ..S. S. Sweet. QUARRIES AND MINES IN ADDITION TO THOSE MENTIONED IN THE BODY OF THIS BULLETIN. ANTIMONY. Name ni Quarry, Mine, Etc. Town. Ullicial Owner. Inyo County — A. W. Eibeiichutz Ballavat A. W. Eibeschutz, Independence. Kern County— Mojave Antimony Co A. Blanc, care of B. Pasquale, 12:; Geary street, San Francisco. San Eniidio Bakerstiekl.. Kern County Land Co., Bakcrstield ; H. A. Jastro, superintendent. ASBESTOS. Calaveras County— Mapiiesia Asbestos Supply Co 119 Spear street, San Francisco. El Dorado County- French Hill Greenwood A. J. Johnston and E. S. Hadley, oOO Montgomery street, San Francisco. F. B. Norton Georgetown Mr. Norton, Auburn, Cal. BRICK. Alameda County — N. Clark i^: Sons Alameda 17 Spear street, San Francisco. Butte County — ,T. A. Walker Nimshew. Contra Costa County- Demur it Coleman Point Biclimond. Humboldt County— Areata I'.rickyard Areata P. M. Tracy, owner. Crowe Bros. '__ Eureka. Eureka Brickyard Eureka ...Jolin Porter, superintendent. Lentill Eureka Leased by .1. Porter. Fortuna Brickyard Eureka. ...lames Thompson iV: Sons. Kern County — .Tohn K oar it Son Kern City. Kern County Brick and Con- tract Co. ."- Bakcrstield M. C. Fariium. Kings County — Ilanfurd P.rick Co. - Han ford. I. IL .lolmson, manager. Los Angeles County — G. Alexander San Pedro .S42 San Pedro avenue, Santa Cruz. California Ornamental Brick Co - San Pedro H. ('. Ward, Los Angeles. Los Angeles Stoneware and Sewer Pipe Co. Los Angeles :5'20 X. Avenue 2(5, Los Angeles. St. Louis Firebrick and Clay Co.... Los Angeles . .. Tlios. Milclull, Third st., Los Angeles. Soutbern California Potteryl x ^= 4„„^i,.. (.1. F. Tomaseck .V Son, 4S McKinlev and Fireclay Works f 1-os Angeks ■ avenue, Los Angeles. Wbiilicr r>rick Co Wliitticr. lolin Cala. owner. (:171) ADDITIONAL QUARRIES AND MINES. 375 BRICK— Continued. Xiinio of (J\iarry. Mine, Ktc. 'I'dwii. Official Owner. Mendocino County — 1. .V: F. H. Betz Fort Bragg Postoffice Box 55. John Standacher ...Mendocino. John Brower Porno. W. N. Briggs Ukiah. Riverside County — Corona Pressed Brick and Terra Cotta Co Corona 4.34 Stinison Block, Los Angeles. California Clay M'fg Co. San Diego County — X'nioii P>rick Co San Diego J. R. Wade, superintendent. Santa Clara County — H. Dreischmeyer, Jr San Jose. Garden City Brick Co. San Jose H. M. Stammer, Box 768. Wheeland Brick Co Mountain View. .309 Merchants' Exc'ge, San Francisco. D. J. Bryon San Jose. Remillaid Brick Co San Jos^ J. P. Gelinas, secretary, Oakland. San Jos^ Brick Co. San Jose J. M. O'Keefe, sec'y, 8 N. First st., San Jos^. San Francisco office: 802 Mu- tual Bank Building. Solano County — Port Costa Brick Co. Port Costa. Yuba County — Swain i^: Hudson Marysville. CHROME. Tehama County — Frank Henderson Paskenta. Byron W. Hatch Paskenta. Jesse Walcott --_ Paskenta. Trinity County— J. T. Hailstone et al Hayfork. CLAY. Riverside County — Standard Pottery Works Soutli Riverside .411 N. Ave. 20, Los Angeles: W. H. Brown, manager and secretary. Southern California Pottery f ^„„ti, r;,.o,. .;^.. iJ- F. Tomaseck & Son, 878 E. Fortv- and Fire Clay AVorks ___"-* ^^°^"'^ Kuersiae . -^ ^^g^^^^i street, Los Angeles. Santa Cruz County — C. B. Hodge Santa Cruz ._ ...L. C. Hodge, supt., 24 Otis street. Tulare County — ^lurphy it Bailey Mile. Hy. Murphy, superintendent. FULLER'S EARTH. Kings County— C. A. Buyd Coalinga (Fresno County). GLASS SAND. Amador County — X. Clark .V; Sons Carbondale Office, 17 Spear street, San Francisco. Riverside County- Corona Pressed Brick Co. Corona. 376 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. GRANITE. •- Niiiuo uf Quitriy, Mine, Ktc. Town. official Owner. Madera County — Day (iraiiilc (Juarry Raymond ,_ J. G. i^- I. N. Day. Placer County— D. A. Kdlterts (Quarry and Stone Co '. Penryn D. A. Roberts, Colnia, San Mateo Co. S. Casperi Lincoln Box 91. R. H. Copp Rocklin. liyrnc Bros. Lincoln M. Byrne. San Diego County— American Marble and Gran-) a.,,^ n;^^r. (Office, San Pedro and Seventli sts. ite Works ( *'"i ^i^go j Covas .t Escalli, proprietors. Santa Clara County— T. O'Xeil iV: Vo San Jose 37(i First street. Sonoma County — .Mary T. Hayes Agua Caliente. GYPSUM. Orange County — The Irvine Co. Tuslin City I. Irvine, Standard Fertilizer Co. of Corona, lessee. INFUSORIAL EARTH. Tulare County — Thomas Mine Exeter. LIME. Butte County- West Brancli Pentz A. Parrisli. Kern County — Hy. Seeger Tehachapi. Snider & Co. — Tehachapi. Central Lime Co ...303 Henne Building, Los Angeles. Los Angeles County — L. C. Tilghnian Llano. Mono County — Muiio Lime Co Bodie II. C. Blaneliard. San Bernardino County— R. H. Atwood Halleck. .Tos. L. Sherer iV: Co Vietorville Oflice, Stevenson, off Fourteenth street, San Francisco. Santa Cruz County— De Dero t^uarry Santa Cruz R. De Dero. LITHIA MICA AND LEPIDOLITE. San Diego County- N. G; Douglas and R. O. liul- .terlield 1523 .Tames Building. New York. F. F. Griffith and C. Stubon- rauch.. !*34 N. Alameda street, Los Angeles. Gav.'c Blakelv Pala ...Gav A- Blakeiy, Rcdlands. Gem... '. Pala C.'M. Stevens it Co., 203 Tajo Build- ing, lios Angeles. ADDITIONAL QUARRIES AND MINES. 377 MACADAM. Xaiue of Qu.Hry, Mine, Etc. Town. Official Owner, Alameda County — Red Rock Oakland W. H. Maxwell. Los Angeles County — Faivcliild-Gilmore-Wilton Co. Los Angeles 204 Bryson Block, Los Angeles. F. D. Laiitevman. Madera County — Raymond Granite Co. Tenth and Division streets; Avel Hos- mer, secretary, San Francisco. Placer County — Adolph Penru Rocklin. Riverside County — Barber Asphalt Co - Carl F. Adams, 321 Henne Bnilding, Los Angeles. San Francisco County — City Street Improvement Co. .San Francisco-.. J. W. McDonald, secretary, Mills Build- ing, San Francisco. Santa Cruz County — Holmes Lime Co Felton 24 Sacramento street, San Francisco. W. E. Miller Santa Cruz 28 Church street, Santa Cruz. Solano County — Pacific Portland Cement Co... Suisun M. Kidd, Rialto Bldg., San Francisco. Union Construction Co Petaluma 702 F street. Petaluma. MANGANESE. San Joaquin County — Lorraine M. Co. Tesla 515 Safe Deposit Bldg., San Francisco. Plumas County — Penrose ^leadow Valley.. .J. A. p]dman. MARBLE. San Bernardino County — .Tos. Sherer tt Co. MINERAL PAINT. Butte County — Monitor and El Dorado Chico H. Epperson. Calaveras County — Happy Jack and Ochre Valley Springs ..S. E. Unger, 825 Battery street, San Francisco. Penn Chemical Works Campo Seco A. C. Harmon, supt. of works. Napa County — C. R. Look Napa. PAVING BLOCKS. Riverside County — Sierra Granite Co. Corona ... .T. .T. Clark. Oro Grande P. O. Barber Asphalt Paving Co Corona .515 Pacific Electric Building. Fairchild-Gilmorc-WiltonCo. Riverside (also San Bernardino)-E. W. Gilmore, superintendent. Victor Quarry Victorville .1. H. Hargraves. Joseph Sherer it Co. .. Victorville Tenth and Bryant sts., San Francisco. Sonoma County — A. Pinelli Sonoma. 378 STRUCTIKAI. AM) i NDISI'KI A l> MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. PYRITES. Niiiiu' iif WiiiuTy. Miuf, I'Ar. Town. Ullicial Owuur. Alameda County — George D. McKiiiiion _. 1 10;C(). Sliadv Run Tohn .lackson, 42 E. Main st., Stockton. SANDSTONE. Los Angeles County — Chatsworth Park 324 E. Market street, Los Angeles; H. Clement &: Co., 214 Bay st., L. A. Santa Barbara County — .John Gaggis Santa Barbara. Fred Henderson Santa Barbara. T. M. Hogan Santa Barbara. San Luis Obispo County — Los Berros Stone tiuarry San Luis Obispo -Los Berros Stone Co., 221 Collins st., Los Angeles; Dave O'Xeil, sunt. P. Moore Arroyo Grande. .Leased to the Los Berros Stone Co. SOAPSTONE AND TALC. Butte County— E. Taylor Clear Creek. Shasta County — \V. P. ('(inaut Castella. TUNGSTEN. Kern County — Baltic Mining Co Ilandsburg C. H. Wynn. APPENDIX. {:i79) O CO Q CL, o o X O) c fa c o -S O OS o ^ ^ o ^ . H g < ° K 5i S'. c a (:iwi) CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. This institution aims to be the chief source of reliable information about the mineral resources and mining industries of California. It is encouraged in its work by the fact that its publications have been in such demand that large editions are soon exhausted. In fact, copies of them now command high prices in the market. The publications, as soon as issued, find their way to the scientific, public, and private libraries of all countries. STATE MINERALOGIST. The California State jNIining Bureau is under the supervision of Hon. Lewis E. Aubury, State Mineralogist. It is supported by legislative appropriations, and in some degree performs work similar to that of the geological surveys of other States ; but its purposes and functions are mainly practical, the scientific work being clearly subordinate to the economic phases of the mineral field, as shown by the organic law governing the Bureau, which is as follows : Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said State Mineralogist to make, facilitate, and encourage special studies of the mineral resources and mineral industries of the State. It shall be his duty : To collect statistics concerning the occurrence of the economically important minerals and the methods pursued in making their valu- able constituents available for commercial use ; to make a collection of typical geological and miueralogical specimens, especially those of economic or commercial importance, such collection constituting the Museum of the State Mining Bureau ; to provide a library of books, reports, drawings, bearing upon the mineral industries, the sciences of mineralogy and geology and the arts of mining and metallurgy, such library constituting the Library of the State Mining Bureau ; to make a collection of models, di-a\vings, and descriptions of the mechanical appliances used in mining and metallurgical processes ; to preserve and so maintain such collections and library as to make them available for reference and examination, and open to public inspec- tion at reasonable hours ; to maintain, in effect, a bureau of information concern- ing the mineral industries of this State, to consist of such collections and library, and to arrange, classify, catalogue, and index the data therein contained, in a manner to make the information available to those desiring it, and to provide a custodian specially qualified to promote this purpose; to make a biennial report to the Board of Trustees of the Mining Bureau, setting forth the important results of his work, and to issue from time to time such bulletins as he may deem advisable concerning the statistics and technology of the mineral industries of this State. THE BULLETINS. The field covered by the books issued under this title is shown in the list of publications. Each bulletin deals with only one phase of mining. Many of them are elaborately illastrated with engravings and maps. Only a nominal price is asked, in order that those who need them most may obtain a copy. mi) 382 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. THE REGISTERS OF MINES. The Registers of IMines form practically both a State and a County directory of the mines of California, each county being represented in a separate pamphlet. Those who wish to learn the essential facts about any particular mine are referred to them. The facts and figures are given in tabular form, and are accompanied by a topogi'aphical map of the county on a large scale, showing location of each mineral deposit, towns, railroads, roads, power lines, ditches, etc. HOME OF THE BUREAU The Mining Bureau occupies the north half of the third floor of the Ferry Building, in San Francisco. All visitors and residents are invited to inspect the Museum, Library, and other rooms of the Bureau and gain a personal knowledge of its operations. THE MUSEUM. The Museum now contains over 16,000 specimens, carefully labeled and attractively arranged in showcases in a great, well-lighted hall, where they can be easily studied. The collection of ores from Cali- fornia mines is of course very extensive, and is supplemented by many cases of characteristic ores from the principal mining districts of the world. The educational value of the exhibit is constantly increased by substituting the best specimens obtainable for those of less value. These mineral collections are not only interesting, beautiful, and in every way attractive to the sightseers of all classes, but are also educa- tional. They show to manufacturers, miners, capitalists, and others the character and quality of the economic minerals of the State, and where they are found. Plans have been formulated to extend the usefulness of the exhibit by special collections, such as one showing the chemical composition of minerals ; another showing the mineralogical composition of the sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks of the State ; the petroleum-bearing formations, ore bodies, and their country rocks, etc. Besides the mineral specimens, there are many models, maps, photo- graphs, and diagrams illustrating the modei'n practice of mining, milling, and concentrating, and the technology of the mineral indus- tries. An educational series of specimens for high schools has been inaugurated, and new plans are being formulated that will make the Museum even more useful in the future than in the past. Its popu- larity is shown by the fact that over 100,000 visitors registered last year, while many failed to leave any record of their visit. t3 O o o CO -5 o (:^3) 384 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OP CALIFORNIA. THE LIBRARY. This is the mining reference library of the State, constantly con- sulted by mining men, and contains between 4000 and 5000 volumes of selected works, in addition to the numerous publications of the Bureau itself. On its shelves will be found reports on geology, min- eralogy, mining, etc., published by states, governments, and indi- viduals ; the reports of scientific societies at home and abroad ; encyclopaedias, scientific papers, and magazines; mining publications; and the current literature of mining ever needed in a reference library. Manufacturers' catalogues of mining and milling machinery bj-" California firms are kept on file. The Registers of Mines form an up-to-date directory for investor and manufacturer. The librarian's desk is the general bureau of information, where visitors from all parts of the world are ever seeking information about all parts of California. READING-ROOM. This is a part of the Library Department and is supplied with over one hundred current publications. Visitors will find here various California papers and leading mining journals from all over the world. The library and Reading-Room are open to the public from 9 a. m. to 5 p. M. daily, except Sundays and holidays, and from 9 a. ir. to 12 m. on Saturdays. THE LABORATORY, Tliis clei)artiuent identifies for the prospector the minerals hi' finds. and tells him the nature of the wall rocks or dikes he may encounter in his workings; but this department does not do assaying nor compete with private assayers. The prasence of minerals is determined, but not the percentage present. No charges for this service are made to any r&sident of the State. Many of the inquiries made of this depart- ment have brought capital to the development of new districts. IMany technical questions have been asked and answered as to the best chemical and mechanical processes of handling ores and raw material. The laboratory is well equipped. THE DRAUGHTING-ROOM. In this room are prepared scores of maps, from the small ones filling only a part of a page, to the largest County and State maps; and the numerous illustrations, other than photographs, that are constantly being required for the Bulletins and Registers of Mines. In this room, also, will be found a very complete collection of maps of all kinds relating to the industries of the State, and one of the important duties of the department is to make such additions and corrections as will keep the maps up to date. The .seeker after information inciuires here if he wishes to know about the geology or topography of any district; about the locations of the new camps, or positions of old or abandoned Si o o Pi o K fc. Q PS P9 o 25— BUI.. 38 (385) 386 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. ones; about railroads, stage roads, and trails; or about the working drawings of anything connected with mining. MINERAL STATISTICS. One of the features of this institution is its mineral statistics. Their annual compilation by the State Mining Bureau began in 1893. No other State in the Union attempts so elaborate a record, expends so much labor and money on its compilation, or secures so accurate a one. The State Mining Bureau keeps a careful, up-to-date, and reliable but confidential register of every producing mine, mine-owner, and mineral industry in the State. From them are secured, under pledge of secrecy, reports of output, etc., and all other available sources of information are u.sed in checking, verifying, and supplementing the information so gained. This information is published m an annual tabulated, statistical, single-sheet bulletin, showing the mineral pro- duction by both substances and counties. TOTAL GOLD PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA-1848-1904^ 1848 $245,301 1849 10,151,360 1850 41,273,106 1851 75,938,232 1852 81,294,700 1853 67,613,487 1854 69,433,931 1855 55,485,395 1856 57,509,411 1857 43,628,172 1858 46,591,140 1859 45,846,599 1860 44,095,163 1861- 41,884,995 1862 38,854,668 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876- - 1877 $23 24 17 17 18 17 18 17 17 15 15 17 . 16 15 . 16 501,736 ;071,423 ,930,858 ,123,867 ,265,452 ,555,867 ,229,044 ,458,133 ,477,885 1,482,194 019,210 264,836 ,876,009 1,610,723 ,501,268 1878 $18,839,141 1879 19,626,6;54 1880 20,030,761 1881 19,223,155 1882 17,146,416 1883- .-. 24,316,873 1884 ... 13,600,000 1885 12,661,044 1886 14,716,506 1887 .- 13,588,614 1888 12,750,000 1889. ... 11,212,913 1890 12,309,793 1891 12,728.869 1892 12,571,900 1893 $12,422,811 1894 13,923,281 1895 15,334,317 1896 17,181,562 1897 1898 1899. 19(Xt 1901. 1902 . 1903 1904. 15,871,401 15,906,478 15,336,031 15,863,355 16,989,044 16,910,320 16,471,264 19,109,000 Total --$1,414,856,268 COUNTY RANK IN GOLD PRODUCT IN 1904. While -old is still the leading mining product, its yield no longer puts the greatest gold-producing county in the first place. The petro- leum of Kern County and the copper of Shasta give them precedence. Gold is more widely distributed than any other substance thus tar mined in California; 34 counties out of the 57 in the State showing a ...old viold in 190-t, and it is known to exist in several others. 1 he order in rank of the counties of the State, in the production of gold alone, is at present as follows : 1. Nevada.. 2. Amador 3. Butte 4. Calaveras 5. Tuoluinnc 6. Kern 7. Shasta 8. Siskivou 9. Placer 10. S. Bernardino U. Trinity . .-- 12. Kl Dorado. ... i:i. Mariposa ..$3 9 ,130 ,(K)0 ,932 ,789 ,r)63 ,42(i ,031 892 778 595 574 474 429 304 ,573 5.52 184 ,907 523 429 ,685 ,355 ,828 814 994 771 14. Sacramento - 1.5. Sierra 16. San Diego--- 17. riiimas 18. ISIono 19. Invo 20. Yxiba 21. Lassen 22. Madera 23. Hiiml)oldt .- 24. Stanislaus 25. Los Angeles . 26. Fresno $419,287 374,763 334,697 270,439 2(i8,93(t 1.50,474 139,528 ll(i,993 75,303 (12, 061 50,000 12,402 7,809 Riverside $7,488 28. Del Norte 7,3«) 29. Monterey (>.941 .30. Alpine 4,827 31. Ventura . 2,700 32. Tulare. 1,U10 33. San Luis Obispo 630 34 Mendocino . . .- 75 Unapportioned 114,835 Total .. $19,109,600 ID 2; o -»! p O 03 o (:>7) 388 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIFORNIA. TOTAL MINERAL PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA FOR 1904. The following table shows the yield and value of mineral substances of California for 1904, as per returns received at the State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, in answer to inquiries sent to producers : Quantity. Value. Asbestos -- 10 tons $162 Asphalt - 5(5,187 " 672,910 Bisnnitli 20 " 2,400 Bimminotis Rock 45,280 " 175,680 Borax (Crude) ... 45,647 " 698,810 Cement 969,538 bbls. 1,539,807 Chrome 123 tons 1,845 Chiys (Brick) 281,750 M 1,994,740 Clays (Pottery)... 84,149 tons 81,952 Coal 79,(«32 '■ 376,4it4 Copper ---.29,974,154 lbs. 3,969,995 Fuller's Earth 500 tons 9,500 GlassSand 10,004 " 12,276 Gold 19,109,600 Granite ... 520,687 cu. ft. 467,472 Infusorial Earth 6,950 tons 112,282 Gypsum - 8,350 " 56,592 Lead 124,000 lbs. 5,270 Lithia Mica 641 tons 25,000 Lime. 579,451 bbls. 571,749 Limestone 40,207 tons 87,207 Macadam .-i32,690 " 414,668 Manganese 60 " 900 Magnesite (Crude) 2,850 " 9,298 Marble r>5,401 cu. f t. 94,208 Mica 50tons 3,000 Mineral Paint -.. 270 " 1,985 Mineral Water 2,430,320 gals. 496,946 Natural Gas 144,4.37 M cu. ft. 91,085 Paving Blocks ..-. 3,977 :\r 161,752 Petroleum 29,736,003 bbls. 8,317,809 Platinum 1,849 Pyrites 15,043 tons 62,!)92 Quicksilver 28,876 flasks 1,086,323 Rubble 1,764,208 tons 1,227,209 Salt 95,968 " 187,3a) Sandstone 363,487 cu. ft. 567,181 Serpentine 200 tons 2,310 Soda - - 12,000 " 18,000 Silver (Cmn. value) 873,525 Slate 6,000squares 50,000 Soapstone 228 tons 2,,S15 Tourmaline. 65, (XX) OtherGcms 71,000 Total vahu- .^3,778.348 ■A 2; >— ( S ■A 2; o z 'A < 'A o (389) 390 STRUCTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS OF CALIP^ORNLV. MINING BUREAU PUBLICATIONS. Publications of this Bureau will be sent on receipt of the requisite amount and postage. Only stamps, coin or money orders will be accepted in payment. (All iiuhlications not mentioned are exhausted.) Attention is respectfully called to that portion of Section 8, amend- ment to the INIining Bureau Act, approved March 10, 1903, which states: "The Board (Board of Trustees) is hereby empowered to fix a price upon, and to dispose of to the public, at such price, any and all pub- lications of the Bureau, including- reports, bulletins, maps, registers, etc. The sum derived from such disposition must be accounted for and used a.s a revolving printing and publishing fund for other reports, bulletins, maps, registers, etc. The prices fixed must approximate the actual cost of printing and issuing the respective reports, bulletins, maps, registers, etc., without reference to the cost of obtaining and preparing the information embraced therein." Price. Postage. Report XI— 18!t2, First Biennial |1 00 |0 15 Report XIII— 18SI6, Third Biennial 100 20 Bulletin No. 0— "Gold Mill Practices in California" (3d edition) 511 04 Bulletin No. 9— "Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc.," bound 60 08 Bulletin Xo. 15— "Map of Oil City Oil Fields, Fresno County, Cal." 05 02 Bulletin Xo. 16 — "Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California," (3d edition) -. 30 03 Bulletin Xo. 23— "Copper Resources of California" 50 12 Bulletin Xo. 24— "Saline Deposits of California" 50 10 Bulletin Xo. 27— "Quicksilver Resources of California" 75 08 Bulletin Xo. 30 — "Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Pahieontology and Mineral Resources of California, including List of Maps" 50 10 Bulletin Xo. 31 — "Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum" 02 Bulletin Xo. 32— "Production and Use of California Petroleum".. 75 08 Bulletin Xo. 36— "Gold Dredging in California" 50 06 Bulletin Xo. 37— "Gems and .Jewelers' Materials of California" 50 06 Bulletin Xo. 39— "Mineral Production of California"— li(04 ... 02 Bulletin Xo. 40— "Mineral Production of California for 18 Years" ... 02 Bulletin Xo. 41— "Mines and Minerals of California" ... t»4 Reconnaissance of tlie Colorado Desert Mining District 15 02 Map of Desert Portion Southern California 10 02 Map of Mother Lode 05 02 Gold Proditction in California from 1848 to 1905... ... 02 Register of Mines, with Map, Siskiyou County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Trinitj' County 25 08 Register of Mines, witli Map, Lake County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Xevada County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Placer County. 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, El Dorado County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Inyo County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Shasta County _ 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, San Bernardino County 25 08 Register of Mines, witli Map, San Diego County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Sierra County 25 08 STATE MINING BUREAU PUBLICATIONS. 391 Price. Postage. Register of Mines, with Map, Amador County. ?0 25 i^O 08 Register of Minos, with >rap, Tnolumne County .- 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Butte County.. 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Mariposa County — 25 08 Register of ^[ines, with ^fap. Kern County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Yuba County 25 08 Register of Oil Wells, with Map, Los Angeles City 35 02 Mineral and Relief Map of California... 25 05 Mapof Plumas County 25 08 Map of Calaveras County 25 08 Map Showing Location of Copper Deposit> in California 05 02 Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert ^Mining District 15 04 In Preparation : ^lap and Register of Santa Barl)ara County. Samples (limited to three at one time) of any mineral found in the State may be sent to the Bureau for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge. It must be imderstood, however, that no assays, or quantitative determinations will 1)6 made. Samples should be in lump form if possible, and marked plainly on outside of package with name of sender, postoffice address, etc. A letter should accom- pany sample, and a stamp should be inclosed for reply. INDEX. Page. Ackerman marble deposit 102 Atlams-Blakely gypsum deposit 28G Aguillon trachyte quarry 162 Aheani granite quarry 34 Ah Louis' brickyard 255 Ala Mountain manganese 336 Alabaster Cave lime 67, 68 Alameda County — Brick 242, 374 [ Cement 361 I Chrome 266, 267, 362 Glass Sand 276, 363 ^lacadam 311, 315. 377 Magnesite 327 Manganese 335, 367 Mineral Paint 368 Pyrites 349,378 , Sandstone 116, 117, 370 | Soapstone 350 Alarm iron mine 299 Alexander brickyard 374 Allen granite quarry 40 Alma pyrites mine 347 Alpine County — Lime 366 Mineral Paint 368 Alpine Plaster Co 284, 285 Altamont sandstone quarry 116. 117 Alta Lime and Brick Co 256 Alum Rock macadam quarry 323 Alvarez gypsum deposit 286 Amador County— Asbestos 261, 360 Chrome 362 Clays 206-210, 361 Glass Sand 375 Granodiorite 363 Iron 364 Lime 64,65 Marble 96,97,366 Pyrites 370 Quartz Crystals 370 Sandstone 117, 370 Serpentine 147, 371 Slate 149,150 Soapstone 371 Amblygonite. (See Lithia.) America Excelsior Co.'s asbestos de- posit 263 American Lithia Co 308, 309, 310 American Magnesite Co 327, 330, 331 Page. American Marble and Granite Co. . . . 376 Anderson & Sandquist Pottery Co. . . 21.3 Angulo's sandstone quarry 133 Antelope Valley marble quarry lOO Antioch macadam quarry 316 Antimony 260 Calaveras County 359, 374 Inyo County 359, 374 Kern County 359, .374 Los Angeles County 359 Mono County 3.59 Napa County 359 Riverside County 359 San Luis Obispo County 359 Santa Clara County 359 Sierra County 359 Tulare County 359 San Benito County 260, 359 Arch, Composite Frontispiece Areata brickyard 374 Artificial Stone. {See Cement Products) Asbestos, Amador County 261, 360 Butte County 261, 262, 360 El Dorado County 262, 360, 374 Fresno County 262, 360 Inyo County 360 Madera County 360 Mariposa County 360 Placer County 262, 360^ Riverside County 263 San Benito County 360 San Bernardino County 263, 360 San Diego County 263, 360 Shasta County 360 Sierra County 263, 360 Siskiyou County 264, 360 Trinity County 264, 360 Tulare County 360 Yolo County 264, 360 Yuba County 264 Asphalt. {See Letter of Transmit- TAX, 5.) .Vtwood lime quarry 376 Attwood's clay deposit 226 Auburn marble quarry 101 Babcock granite quarry 52 Bacigalupi paving-blocks quarry.... 343 Baden Brick Co 255. 256 (393) 394 INDEX. Page, i "Rnird iron deposit 301 I'.aivei-stiold Sandstone Brick Co, 1G7, 108 Balaam infusorial earth mine. . .298, 294 I'mIiIc 'Pimirsteii Minini; Co .".IS I'.nnk of [..ompoc infusorial earth de- posit 295 Banning Co.'s infusorial earth d(^- posit •_".»! Serpentine quarry 147 Soapstone quarry .Mai P>arbe"s lime quarry 70 Barber Asphalt Co.'s macadam .".77 Barber Asphalt Co.'s pavinj;- blocks. .".77 Barstow lime and marble quarry... 102 Bartlett manganese mine 337 Bary tes 204, 300 Calaveras County 300 Contra Costa County 300 El Dorado County 300 Inyo County 300 Lake County 300 Los Angeles County 300 Mono County 300 Orange County .300 San Bernardino County 300 Santa Barbara County 300 Shasta County 300 Siskiyou County 300 Trinity County 300 liasalt— Napa County 158, 300 Fresno County 300 Mono County 300 Santa Barbara County 300 San Bernardino County 300 Siskiyou County 300 Sonoma County 300 Yolo County 300 Bauxite 205, 301 Kivei'side County 301 Yuba County 301 Bay City Brick Co 254 Bear River marble 100 Beckett's infusorial earth deposit... 293 Benicia crushed stone quarry 325 Berg & O.xby Brick Co 243, 244 Berkeley Kock Co 311 Best paving-block quarry 345 Betts brickyard .".75 Big liend marble quarry 98 Big Trees iron mine 297 T'.ishoi)"s I'eak tulT ((uarry 158, 159 I'.ixiiy's infusorial earth deposit.... 291 Black Bear manganese mine 330 TUack .Tack manganese mine 337 I'.hick Diamond iron mine .304 Blackburn clay deposit 22(i Blackhawk Mt. marble 102 Page. Black's talc claim 351 Blair macadam quarries 311 Blake & Bilger macadam quarries. . . 312 Blasting system, Knox 24 Blue Rock quarry 320 Bly Bros, granite ([uarry 43, 44 Boca paving-block iiuarry 343 Bohannon Ranch clay 211 Bonanza King marble (juarry 102 Borax. (See Letter of Transmit- tal, 5.) liordenheim brickyard 242 Bowerman paint mine 343 Bouchard & Son granite quarry.... 34 Boyd fuller's earth deposit 375 Brick. Burning 240 Classification of 241 Drying 239 Hand-made 234 Kilns 240,241 INIachine-molded 234-239 Manufacture 233 Brick Clay, Analyses 232 Industry 232-259 Mixing 233 Weathering 233 Alameda County 242. 374 Butte County 242, .374 Colusa County 242 Contra Costa County 242. 359. 374 Fresno County 242, 243 Glenn County 243 Humboldt County 374 Kern County 374 Kings County 243, 374 Los Angeles County 243-249. 374 Madera County 249 Marin County 249. 2.50 iNIendocino County .".7.5 Merced County 250 ^Monterey County 250 Nevada County 250. 251 Orange County 251, 252 Placer County 359 Kivorsido County 252, 253, 375 Sacramento County 253 San Bernardino County 2.53, 254 San Diego County 254. 375 San Francisco County 254 San Joaquin County 2.54. 255 San Luis Obispo County 250 Santa Clara County 359, 375 Santa Cruz County 3.59 Shasta County 250, 257 Solano County 258, .375 Sonoma County 258 Tehama County 2.58 INDEX. 895 Page. P.rick Clay, Tnlaro County 2a9 Yolo County 259 Yuba County 25U, o75 I'.riok — Sandstone and Lime. ... 106, IGT Contra Costa County I»i6. 107 Kern County 107, 108 Los Angeles County 168 Monterey County 109 Sonoma County 170 Briggs's brickyard 875 Briggs's manganese mine 335 Broadway rook quarry 312 Bridge's granite quarry 34 Brower's brickyard 375 Brown marble quarry 99 Brown ocher mine 340 Brown talc claim 351 Brown trachyte quarry 155 Brown.stone quarry 50, 51 Branson & Carter brickyard 259 Brush magnesite deposit 331 Bryon's brickyard 375 Building Blocks. {See Cement Products.) Building Stone. (See Stone.) Bull quarry 318 Bundock stoneware works 225 Burns 4& Stockman's lime deposit. . 77 Butte County— Asbestos 201, 360 Barytes 264 Brick Clays 242, 374 Chrome 207, 362 Clays 211,361 Fuller's Earth 273 Granite 26 (xypsum 283 Iron 297,364 Lime • 65. 366, 376 Marble 98,360 Mica 337 Mineral Paint .338, 377 Platinum 346, 347, 348, 369 Portland Cement 178 Quartz Crystals 370 Soapstone .350, 351. 378 Tufif 154 Byrne Bros, granite 376 Cadiz marble deposit 102 Caen tuff quarry 159 Calaveras County — Antimony 359 Barytes 360 Chrome 207, 302 Clay 211,212,301 Grauodiorite 303 Granite .364 Infusorial Earth .363 Iron 297,304 Page. Calaveras County — .Tasi)er 365 Lime 05, 00, 366 Manganese 368 INIarble 98, 99, 367 Mineral Paint 338, 309, 377 Platinum 347, 348 Pyrites 370 Quartz Crystals 349, 370 Rhyolite 370 Sandstone 117 Serpentine 371 Soapstone ,351, 371 Sulphur 372 Trachyte 372 Tuff 154, 372 Calcareous Tufa 265 Caldwell marble quarry 98, 99 California Clay Mfg. Co 213.375 California Construction Co 318 California Concrete Rock Co 168 California Fireproof Construction Co. 230 California Fuller's Earth Co 274 California Gypsum and Mineral Com- pany 284,288 California Lime and Cement Co. ... 79 California Ornamental Brick Co.. 108, 374 California Pottery and Brick Co. . . . 2.58 California Pottery and Terra Cotta Co 202 California Portland Cement Co. 77, 102, 103, 104. 183, 184, 220. 227 California Slate Co 130 Camarillo quarry 327 Camp Cady gypsum deposit 287 Capistrano lime deposit 73 Capital Sewer-Pipe Works 225 Carbondale clay 200. 207 Carl Brown paint mine 339 Carmel Development Co. glass sand. 278 Carnegie Brick and Pottery Co 202 Carnegie Brick and Terra Cotta Co. 227 Carnegie shale pit 227 Carrara marble quarry 90, 97 Carter clay deposit 222 Carter manganese mine 330 Casa Blanca quarries 44, 45, 46 Carroll's iron mine 297 Casperi granite quarry 370 Cassel's sandstone quarry 1.33, 134 Casserly asbestos mine 263 Caterina lithia mine .".10 Cave Canon iron deposit 299 Cave Valley lime deposit OS Cedar Creek clay deposit 219 Cement. Analyses 177, 182, 185, 188 Burning 176 Composition 171, 175 396 INDEX. Page. I Cemcut, Factories in California 178 ! Grinding 177 Industry in California 171-189 Kilns 176 Literatiiro on 178 Manufacture 175 Mixing 175, 176 Products 165, 170 Production 172 Portland 171-189 Tests of 174, 175, 188 Uses of 173,174 Alameda County 361 Butte County 178 Contra Costa County 361 Humboldt County 861 Kern County 361 Lake County 361 Los Angeles County 178, 361 Napa County 178-182 Orange County 182 Riverside County 3<>1 San Benito County 184 San Bernardino County 183,184 San Diego County 184 Santa Barbara County .361 Santa Clara County 361 Santa Cruz County 184, 361 Solano County 185-189, 361 Central Lime Co 376 Chambers' gypsum deposit 287 Chappell clay deposit 22<» Charlton sandstone quarry 130 Chatsworth Park quarry. . .128, 318. 378 Chico Ocher and Metallic Co 338,351 Chili Bar Slate Co 1.50 Chiles Valley magnesite 328 China clay 195, 199 Chino lime quarry 75 Chittenden cement plant 184 Christen macadam quarry 316,317 Chromite, Alameda County 2(i6, 362 Amador County 362 Butte County 267. 362 Calaveras County 267, 362 Colusa County 362 Del Norte County 267, 268, 362 El Dorado County 362 Fresno County 268, 362 Glenn County 268 Lake County 362 Marin County 362 Mendocino County 268, 362 Napa County 362 Placer County 268, 362 Plumas County 362 \ San Benito County 260. 362 I'.ua:. Clii'dinitc, San Luis Obispo County, 269, 270, Santa Clara County Shasta County 270. 271, Sierra County 271, Siskiyou County Solano County Tehama County 272, 363, Triaity County 272, 363, Cluirchill's tungsten deposit City Improvement Co. paving-blocks quarry City Street Improvement Co., Ma- cadam Classen's quarry Clark & Sons brick Clark & Sons glass sand Clark & Sons pottery 202. 207. Cjlark soapstone deposit Clay, in California 190 Analyses 200, Brick. (See Brick Clay.) Chemical composition China Color Definition of Fire 200, Fusibility of High-grade Origin of Physical properties of Shrinkage of Slip Uses of A'arieties of -Vlameda County 206. 210. -Vmador County 206-210, Butte County 211, Calaveras County 212, Contra Costa County 212, El Dorado County Fresno County Humboldt County Inyo County Kern County 212, 213, Lake County Los Angeles County 213-217, Marin County Mendocino County Merced County Modoc County Mono County Monterey County Xapa County Nevada County 217, 218, Orange County Placer County 218-221. 362 362 362 272 363 363 375 375 355 343 .377 326 374 375 208 351 -259 207 192 195 194 190 201 193 202 191 192 193 200 194 194 361 361 361 361 361 361 361 361 361 361 361 361 :!<>•"> Iron 297 Lime 67, 68 Manganese 368 j Marble 367 , Mica 367 j Mineral Paint .369 Quartz Crystals 3.50, 370 Slate 150-153, 371 Soapstone 371 Tuff 372 El Dorado Sugar Co's lime quarry. . 82 Eliot gravel pit 313 Elliott paving-block quarry 343 El Toro lime deposit 74 Emigrant Gap quarries 34 Eugler Lime Co 75 Erickson sandstone cpiarry 133 I'^studillo macadam quarrj' 31.3 Eureka brickyard •">74 Eureka macadam quarry 313 Evireka green slate 152 Eureka granite quarry 37 Eureka Slate Co 1.50, lol, 1.52 Eable magnesite mine 337 Fairchild - Gilmore - Wilton granite (liiarry 475 Garden City pottery 229 Gardner macadam quarry .'123 Gardner sandstone quarry 131 Garvey's brickyard 257 Gay quarry ."'.24 Gay & Blakely lithia mine 37(> (Jems. (See Letter of Transmit- tal, 5.) Gem lithia niiuc .">76 (ienelli Ranch lime. 65 (iladding-McBean Co 219. 220 (ilass industry of California 276-279 Glass Sand, Alameda County. . . .276. 363 Amador County .">7.5 Los Angeles County 277, .■>6.3 Monterey County 278 Orange County 27S Placer County 278 Riverside County :'.63. 375 San Bernardino County ■UT.', San .Joaquin County 279 San Luis Obispo County 279 Tcliania County .36;! INDEX. 399 rA(.K. Glemr County— Brick Clay 248 Chrome 2(iS, 3G2 Granite 28 IMansanese 3(5.8 Marble 99 Sandstone 126 Slate 152 Soapstone 351 Godfrey talc deposit 353 Golden Gate Sandstone Brick Co. 1G(>, 107 Goldman clay deposit 217 Goodrich sandstone quarry. .133, 134, 135 Graham tungsten mine 855 Granite Rock Co 320 Granite. Description of 23 Dressing 24 Outcrops, map of 27 Production in California 24 Production in United States 26 Quarries in California 14, 24, 26 Butte County 26 Calaveras County 364 Fresno County 26 Glenn County 28 Humboldt County 364 Inyo County 364 Los Angeles County 28, 364 ISIadera County .... .28, 29-32, 364, 376 Marin County 364 Mariposa County 364 Nevada County 34, .364 Placer County 34-40, 364, 376 Riverside County 40-47 Sacramento County 47, 48, 364 San Bernardino County . . . .48-53,364 San Diego County . .52. 53, 56, 364, 376 San Mateo County 364 Santa Clara County 376 Shasta County 53 Sierra County 54 Siskiyou County 54 Sonoma County 376 Trinity County 54 Tulare County .•")4, 55, 56, 364 Tuolumne County 56, 364 Yuba County 56 Granodiorite 363 Grant Bros, brickyard 256 Graphite. Fresno County 2S0, 363 Ihuuboldt County 363 Los Angeles County 280. 363 ^ladera County 280 Mendocino County 364 Riverside County 364 San Bernardino County 2S(). .•!64 Siskiyou County 280 Sonoma County 281, 364 P.\GE. (Jraphite, Tehama County 364 Tulare County 364 Tuolumne County 281 Gray Bros.' quarry :',20, 321 Gray Eagle talc claims 350 Graystone sandstone quarry. .133. 134. 135, 138 Graystone sandstone tests 138 Greenhorn lime quarry 93 Green Mt. quartz crystals 349 Griffith granite quarries 35, 36 Griffith & Stubenrauch lithia deposit 376 Guadalupe tungsten mine 355 Gypsum 281-288 Distribution of 283 Plaster from 282 Uses of 282 Butte County 283 Contra Costa County ."iJM Fresno County 284 Inyo County 364 Kern County 284 Lassen. County 364 Los Angeles County. .284, 285. 286, 364 Orange County 286, 370 Riverside County 280, 364 San Benito County 286, 287 San Bernardino County 287,364 San Diego County 364 San Luis Obispo County 288 Santa Barbara County 288, 364 Tulare County 288. 364 Ventura County 288, 364 Hailstone chrome mine 375 Hall granite quarry 30 Hammer clay pits 209 Hamilton brickyard 257 Hancock brickyard 252 Hanford Brick Co 374 Harbour & Peterson brickyard 254 Happy Jack and Ocher mineral paint 377 Harkinson lime deposit 67 Harlan lime deposit 70 Harrington clay pits 222, 223 Hatch chrome mine 375 Hayes granite quarry .'>70 Healdsburg Brick Co 258 Ilealdsburg Marble Co 258 Healdsburg Paint Co 28L 340 Helman graphite deposit 280 Henderson chrome mine 375 Henderson sandstone quarry 375 Hendricks manganese mine 336 Heriart lithia mine 310 ITerlcwood ii'on deposit 304 Ilerringtou (luarry Hertzig marble quarry 320 9n 400 INDEX. Page. Hilton biickyard 258 Hodge clay pits 375 Hooy lime qnarry 79 Hoffman quarry 318 Hogan sandstone quarry 378 Hogue & Phillips asbestos claim... 2G2 Holcomb Valley marble 105 Holland Sandstone Brick Co 166 Holmes Lime Co 67, 68, 7i, 85, 89, 101, 377 Holt & Gregg brickyard 230, 257 Home Teaming Co. quarry 317 Hotaling iron mines 298 Hovey clay deposit 230 Howell Mountain tuff quarry 156 Hubbard brickyard 250 Hubbard & Chamberlain brickyard. 244 Hugent paving-block quarry 344 Humboldt County— Brick Clays 374 Cement 361 Clay 361 Granite 364 Graphite 363 Iron 365 Lime 366 Marble 367 Mineral Paint 369 Platinum 346, 347, 348, 369 Sandstone 370 Tungsten 372 Hunt soapstone claim 352 Hutchinson paving-block quarry.... 344 Illustrations, List of 9-12 Independent Brick Co 244 Infusorial Earth, Analyses of 289 Production of 290 Calaveras County 363 Contra Costa County 363 Inyo County 363 Kern County 363 Lake County 363 Los Angeles County 291, 363 Monterey County 292, 363 Napa County 363 Orange County 292 San Benito County 292, 363 ', San Bernardino County 293 San Diego County 363 San Mateo County 363 San Joaquin County 363 San Luis Obispo County 293, 363 Santa Barbara County 293-296, 3(>3 Santa Clara County 36;! Shasta County 296 Siskiyou County 363 | Sonoma County 3(!:? Tehama County 296 Tulare County 376 Pace. Indian Springs iron 298 Introductory 13 Inyo County — Asbestos 360 Antimony 359 Barytes 360 Clay 361 Infusorial Earth 363 Granite 364 Gypsum 364 Iron 365 Jasper 365 Marble 99, 100, 367 Mica 367 Quartz Crystals 370 Soapstone 371 Sulphur 372 Tuff 154 Zinc 373 Iron, Amador County 364 Butte County 297, 364 Calaveras County 297, 364 Colusa County 364 Del Norte County 365 El Dorado County 297, 365 Fresno County 365 Humboldt County 365 Inyo County 365 Kern County 365 Lake County 365 Lassen County 365 Los Angeles County 297, 298, 365 Madera County 298, 365 Mariposa County 365 Napa County 365 Nevada County 298, 365 Placer County 298, 299, 365 Plumas County 299 San Benito County 299, 365 San Bernardino County . .299, 300, 365 San Diego County 300 San Luis Obispo County 301, 365 Shasta County. .301. 302, 303, 304, 365 Sierra County 304. 365 Siskiyou County 304 Sonoma County 304, 365 Tehama County 3(t4. 365 Trinity County 305 Tulare County 365 Yolo County 365 Yuba County 365 Iron Age mine 299 Iron Mark iron mine 298 Iron Mountain iron mine 299 Irvine gypsum deposit 376 I X L lime quarry 86, 87 .lames marble deposit 108 Jameson lime q»mrry 70-71 INDEX. -101 I'ACK. Jasper — Calaveras County 305 Fresno County 305 i Inyo County 305 Lassen County 300 Los Angeles County 305 Marin County :\C,(] Mariposa County ;:00 Monterey County 300 Nevada County 300 ' Placer County 300 | Plumas County 300 | San Benito County 300 ' San Francisco County 300 San Luis Obispo County 300 Shasta County ."JtUi Siskiyou County 3(j0 Trinity County 300 Jayue's soapstone deposit 353 Jensen's brickyard 244 Jochuch brickyard 259 Johuson-Splivalo macadam quarry. . 323 Johnston-Hadley asbestos mine .374 Jones macadam quarry 323 Joslin's glass sand deposit 277 Jursch tufif quarry 150 Kaolin. (See Clays.) Kelch's brickyard 250 Ken tuck zinc mine 35.5, 350 Kern County — Antimony 3.50 Brick Clay 374 Cement 301 Clay 212.213,301 Fuller's Earth 273, 274 Gypsum 284 Infusorial Earth ::03 Iron 305 Lime 00. 70, 71. 72. 3(>0. 370 Marble 00,307 Onyx ^09 Sandstone 128, 370 Sulphur 372 Syenite 372 Tunssten 3.55. ."i72. .■)78 Kern County Land Co., antimony. . . 374 Kern County Brick Co 374 Kern Development Syndicate, sand- stone 127, 128 Kesseler ony.x deposit Ill, 112 King magnesite claims 327 King & Enos clay pit 210 Kings Count.v — Brick Clay 24:'., .••.74 Fuller's Earth :!75 Kingston Mt. iron 3,00 Kingston sandstone deposit 141 Koar's brickyard 374 K. & K. Brick Co 244 La Bolsa Tile Co 251 . 2.52 26— BUL. 38 Pai.k. Lake County — Barytes 3(50 Cement 301 ( "lay 301 Chrome 302 Granodiorite .303 Infusorial Earth .••,03 Iron 305 Magnesite 307 ^lauganeso 308 Onyx .300 Serpentine 371 Sulphur .372 Lambert & Seam's pottery 210 Lambert limestone deposit 00 Lambson & IIa.ss's zinc mine ."..50 Lane Ranch slate 149 Lassen County — Gypsum .304 Iron 305 Jasper 300 Sulphur ."'.72 Last Chance clay mint' 218 Late ocher mine 338 Late sandstone quarry 117, 118 Lately Street quarry 321 Lauterman macadam quarry .377 Lavariguo lime quarry 70 Leahy & Turner's granite quarry... 51 Lemon Cove lime quni-ry 94, 95 Leutill brickyard 374 Leona Heights macadam quarry .... 313 Pyrites ;!49 Leonard infusorial earth deposit... 292 Lepidolite. (See LixniA.) Letter of Transmittal 5, Lewis brickyard 2.53 Lewis & Riggio's quan\ .■)21 Lichau paving-block quarry 344 Lime and Limestone 01. 02, iui Limestone, where quarried 14 Lime, Burning •!2 Kilns, classes O.". Uses of i'«4 Alameda County '. 04 Alpine County MOf! Amador County 04. 0.5 Butte County <'>5, 300. .■570, Calaveras County t;.", 0-S Humboldt County 306 Kern County. . . .00. 7<>. 71. 72. .".00. 370 Los .Vngeles Count.\ 370 Madera County •",(•>(; Mono County .".70 Monterey County 72, 73, .".<'.<; 402 INDEX. Taoe. Lime, Nevada County 78 Orange County 73, 74 Placer County 74, 3GG riumas County 75 Riverside County 75, 76 San Benito County 70, 3UG San Bernardino Co. .77, 78, 79, 3G6, 376 San Diego County 300 San Joaquin County 79 i San Luis Obispo County. . .79, 80,366 Santa Barbara County. .80, 81, 82, 306 Santa Clara County 82,83,300 Santa Cruz County 83-88, 300, 370 Shasta County 88-91, 300 ] Sierra County 92 Siskiyou County 92, 93, 306 Sonoma County 93, 94, 300 Trinity County 94 Tulare County 95, 90, 300 Tuolumne County 95 Linscott tuff quarry 150 i Lincoln glass sand deposit 278 Lina lime deposit 80 Lithia 300-311 Analyses of 308 Minerals 300, 307 San Diego County 308, 300, 370 Louia Blanca lime deposit 80 Lompoc lime deposit 81 Lone Pine Cafion marble 105 Loomis granite 37 Lord's clay pit 223 T.,ord's gypsum deposit 286 Lord's paint mine 339 Lordsburg Brick and Construct'u Co. 244 Ijorraine Manganese Co 377 Los Angeles Brick Co 244, 245, 246 Los Angeles County — Antimony .... 359 Barytes 300 j P.rick Clay 213-248. 374 Cement 178, 301 Clay 213,301 ' (Jlass Sand 277, 278, 303 Cranite 28,304 Graphite 280, 303 Oyijsum 284, 285, 280, 304 Infusorial Larlh 291. 292, 303 Iron 297, 298. 305 .Tasp.M- 305 Lime 370 Macadam 317, .".18, 377 .Mangani'sc 308 Marble 307 Mica 307 Mineral Paint 338 Onyx .'!()9 Sand and T^ime Brick 108 Pac;e. Los Angeles County — Serpentine... 147 Sandstone 128, 130. 131, 370, :!78 Soapstone 351, 371 Trachyte 154, 155 Tungsten 372 Zinc 373 Los Angeles County Pressed P.rick Company . . 214, 223, 240, 247, 248, 359 j Los Angeles County Stoneware and I Sewer Pipe Co 214, 215. 374 Los Angeles Fire-Proof Cement Co. 178 Los Angeles Pottery Co 212, 213, 214 Los Berros Stone Co 159, .".78 Los Gatos lime quarry 82, 83 Los Vergeles lime deposit 73, 70 Lounibos trachyte quarry 102, 103 Loyne's brickyard 248 Lynch paving-block quarry 344 Macadam, Concrete and Rubble. .311-327 Alameda County 311-315, 377 Colusa County 310 Contra Costa County 310, 317 Los Angeles County 317, 318, 377 Madera County 377 Marin County 318, 319 Napa County 320 Placer County 377 Riverside County 320. 377 Sacramento County 320 San Benito County 320 San Francisco Co 320. 321. .322. 377 San Joaquin County 322 San Luis Obispo County 322 San Mateo County .322, 323 Santa Clara County 323, 324 Santa Cruz County .324, .377 Shasta County 324 Solano County .325. 320. 377 Sonoma County 320, 327 Ventura County 327 Madera County — Asbestos 300 Brick Clay 297 Grnnilc 28, 30, 31, 32. 304, ,370 Iron 298.305 Lime '. . 306 Macadam 377 Manganese 368 Tungsten 372 Zinc 37.". Madera maguesile deposit 333 Magne-Silica Infusorial Earth Co... 296 Magnesia Asbestos Sui)i)ly Co .374 Magnesite, Alameda County .327 Fresno County 328 Mendocino County 328 Lake County 307 Napa County .328, 329, 330, 367 INDEX. 403 Page. Masuesito, Placer County 330 San Diego County 3G7 San Luis Obispo Count.v ■>G~ Santa Barbara County ;!07 Santa Clara County 330, 331. :!(i7 Sonoma County 331. 332, 333 Stanislaus County 333 Tehama County 333 Tulare County 333, 334 Malonej- quarry 321 Manganese, Alameda County. . . .335, .367 Calaveras County 368 Colusa County 335 Dei Norte County 3()8 El Dorado County 368 Glenn County 368 Lake County 368 Los Angeles County 368 Madera County 368 Marin County 368 ^lariposa County 368 Mendocino County 368 Merced County 335 Monterey County 368 Napa County 368 Nevada County 368 Placer County 336, 368 Plumas County 368, 377 Riverside County 336, 368 San Benito County 336, 368 San Bernardino County 3.36. 368 San Diego County 368 San Francisco County 368 San .Joaquin County 368, 377 San Mateo County 368 San Luis Obispo County .336. .368 Santa Barbara County 368 Santa Clara County 336, 337, 368 Siskiyou County 368 Sonoma County 337, 368 Stanislaus County 368 Tulare County 368 Tuolumne County 368 Manzanita limestone deposit 66 Marble 95-110 Artificial 107 Durst quarry 103 Product of California 96 References to California 96 Where quarried 15 Amador County 96, 97. 366 Butte County 08. 366 Calaveras County 98. 99. .367 Colusa County .367 El Dorado County 367 Glenn County 99 Humboldt County 367 Page. Marble, Inyo County UU. 100, .367 Kern County 100, 3.67 Los Angeles County 367 Mariposa County 367 Mono County 367 Nevada County 100, 367 Placer County 101, 367 Plumas County 101 P.iverside County 102, 367 San Bernardino Co. . .102-106, 367. 377 San Diego County 107 Santa Clara County -■'67 Shasta County 107 Siskiyou County 107. lOS. 367 Solano County 108 Tulare County 108, 367 Tuolumne County 108, 109, 110, 367 Yuba County 110 Marble Creek marble quarry 98 Marble Mountain 107-109 Marin County— Brick Clay 249, 250 Chrome 362 Clay 361 Granite 364 Jasper 366 :\Iacadam 318, 319 Manganese 368 Sandstone 370 Trachyte 372 Marin County Quarry 319 Mariposa County — Asbestos 360 Granite 364 Iron 365 •Jasper 366 Manganese 368 Marble 100,367 Quartz Crystals 370 Slate 152,153,371 Soapstone 371 Syenite 372 Tungsten 372 Markwood lime quarry 65 Martin soapstone claim 351 Martinez sandstone quarry 1 26 Masterson Bros.' granite quarry. ... 53 Maxwell Canon sandstone 131 McAninch marble quarry 32 McCloud River iron deposit 301.302 McDaniels's marble deposit 107 McDonald's brickyard ., 259 McDonald's paving-block quarry... 344 McGilvray Stone Co 124,125. 133-136, 316 McKinnon pyrites mine 378 McKnight clay pit 224 •McXaniara lime quarry 65 McNear brickyard 249 404 INDEX. 1»A(;k. McXcai- quarry 326, 327 McVicker clay pits 223 Meachaiu quarry 327 Mondocino County--r?ri«k 37") Chrome 208,362 Clay 361 Graphite 280, 304 Masnosite 328 Manganese •>C8 Onyx ] 14. 300 riatinum 347,348 Serpentine 371 Montono Sandstone Co 132 !Metonc i)aving-bloik quarry 344 Merced County — Brick Clay 250 Clay 217 Manganese 335 Sandstone 131 Mercer's Cave lime 65 ^Merchant manganese mine 335 Meyer's granite quarry 42, 47 Mica, Butte County 337 El Dorado County 307 Inyo County 367 Los Angeles County 367 Kiverside County 367 San Diego County 367 Siskiyou County 367 Ventura County :'.37, .".38. 367 Milani paving-block quarry 344 ]\Iills College macadam quarry. . .313,314 Miller lime quarry 377 ^Minaret iron mines 298 Mineral Paint — Alameda County... ;!08 Alpine County .308 Butte County .338, 377 Calaveras County 338. 309, 377 El Dorado County 309 Humboldt County 309 Los Angeles County 338 Napa County 339, 377 Nevada County 339 Placer County 309 Riverside County 339 San Bernardino County .".09 Santa . Barbara County 309 Santa Clara County 300 Siskiyou County :\40. .'iOO Sonoma County 340. .">09 Stanislaus County 841, 342, 369 Trinity County 342 Ventura County 3(50 Yuba County 342 Mission Canon sandstone 133 Afission District macadam quarry. . 314 Modoc County — Clay .".Ol >Foffitt tuff qimrry 150 Page. Mojave Antimony Co 374 .Mojave ("ons. Dev. Co., marble 105 S.Mpenline 147, 148 .Mono County — Barytes ;;00 Basalt .300 Clay 361 Granodiorite .">03 Lime .",70 Marble 367 Onyx 114, 367 Quartz Crj'stals 370 Tuff .372 Zinc 373 Mono lime quarry .■>70 ^lonterey Brick and Stone Co 169 Monterey County — Antimony .359 Brick Clay 2.50 Clay 3(;i Glass Sand 278 Infusorial Earth 202, 303 .Jasper 366 Lime }. 366 Manganese 368 Sandstone 131 Sand and Lime Brick 160. 170 Serpentine ."',71 INIonterey Lime Co 72. 73 Moore lime deposit 80 Moore tuff quarry 100 Moore sandstone quarry .■'.78 Mooretown marble 98 ^Morgan graphite mine 281 Morgan lime deposit 80 Morrison granite quarry 84 IMorrison ii'on deposit 297 Morro Rock quarry 161 ^Nloulton's Ranch lime 74 Mount Diablo Pottery Co. clay 212 Mount Raymond iron mines 298 ^Mountain Copper Co.'s ityriles ."'.77 Mountain Summit Lime Co 70,71 Murphy &; Bailey clay ])its .".7.5 .Muscapabia L. & W. Co. marble.... 105 Napa County — Antimony .359 Basalt 158 Cement 178-182 Chrome 302 Clay .301 Infusorial Earth 303 Iron ."65 Macadam 320 .Magnesite 328, .329, 330. .367 Manganese 368 Mineral Paint 339. .377 ( )nyx 369 Paving Blocks 342 Pyrites 370 INDEX. 405 Page. | Napa County — Quartz Crystals. . . . .'570 Sandstone i:U. 132, 'Ml Soapstoue oTl Trachyte 155. 15(;. 157, H72 Tuff 155. 1.5(k 1.58. :i72 Nash's iron deposit 297 National Paint and Color Co 337 Nevada County— Basalt 3G0 Brick Clay 250, 251 Clay 217.218,361 Granite 34,364 I Iron 208, 365 | Jasper 366 Lime 73 ' :\Iarble 100.367 ^langanese 3(!8 Mineral Paint 339 Platinum :!48 | Pyrites 370. 378 j Newark Road macadam quarry 314 Newman Trachyte Co. quarry 157 Newsom lime deposit 80 ! Nickerson Ranch iron 298 Niter. (See Letter of Transmit- I TAL, 5. 1 I Noble iron deposit 304 Norris paving-block quarry 344 ! Northern California luv. Co. iron. . 304 ' Norton's asbestos mine 374 Novelty Pottery Co 204 Oakland Art Pottery 204 Occidental paint mine 340 Ocean View quarry 321 O'Connor Bros, brickyard 259 Olahan's brickyard 255 Oleta marble quarry 97 O'Leary tuff deposit 265 O'Neall .sandstone quarry 117 O'Neil Granite Works 37r> Onyx Marble. Colusa County 360 Kern County 360 Lake County 369 Los Angeles County 360 Mendocino County 114, 360 Mono County 114, 369 Napa County 369 ! Orange County 369 Placer County 369 Riverside County 369 San Bernardino County 369 San Diego County 369 San Luis Obispo County. .111. 112. 369 Santa Clara County :!69 Siskiyou County 112, 113, 369 Solano County 114. :!69 Sonoma County 114, 3(>9 Tehama County 369 Page. Onyx Marble, Tulare County 369 Opiiir Hardware Brick Co 251,252 Orange County — Barytes 3(50 Clay 218 Cement 182 Glass Sand 278 Gypsum 286.376 Infusorial Earth 202 Lime 73, 74 Onyx 3<)0 Sandstone 132 nic >< • > Orange County Tile Works 2.52 Ornamental Stone and Brick Co. 168, 169 Ornamental Stones, (.s'ce Lettkr of Transmittal, 5.) Oro Fino lime quarry 93 Oro Grande granite quarries 48, 49 Lime quarries 77. 78. 79 Oroville clay 211 Otis marble deposit 106 Pacific Clay Mfg. Co 223, 224 Pacific Improvement Co. glass sand. .278 Pacific Land and Inv. Co. macadam 314 Pacific Lime and Plaster Co 74 Pacific Portland Cement Co 107, 185-189, 377 Pacific Sandstone Brick Co 169 Pacific Stone Co 167 Pacific Window Glass Co 279 Paicines sandstone quarry 132 Paint Mine and :Milling Co 339 Pala lepidolite 309 Papoose tungsten deposit 355 Parker's marble deposit 107 Park's clay deposit 224 Parson macadam plant 317 Patent Brick Co 250 Paving Blocks. (See Granite and.") Xapa County 342 Riverside County 342. 377 San Bernardino County 342 Solano County 342 Sonoma County 343. 344, 345. 377 Peerless granite quarry 47 Penn Chemical Works — Clay 211 Mineral Paint 377 Penrose manganese mine 377 Penru granite quarries 40, 377 IVntz marble quarry 98 People's Lumber Co. bricks 259 Perfunio's iron deposit 301 I'erris clay deposit 224 Petroleum. (See Letter of Trans- mittal, 5.) Phelan sandstone quarry 132 Phoenix Lake granite 56 40(5 INDEX. Page. I'irkt'H U-iU'liyto quarry 157 Pu'keriiig's brickyard 250 PicM-co'ti brickyard 250 Piedmont Paving Co. macadaiii. .."JM. .">15 Pinelli i)avins-block qnarry . '.>~7 Pinkston barytes mine 2G4 Pipe and Tile AVorks clay 224 Pioneer Brick Co 259 Placer County, Asbestos 202, 300 Brick 359 Chrome 208, 362 Clay 218, 219, 220, 362 Glass Sand 278 Granite 34-40. 3(;4, 376 Granodiorite 363 Iron 298,365 Jasper 366 Lime 74,366 Macadam .377 Magnesite 330 Manganese 336, 368 ^larble 101,367 Mineral Paint 369 Onyx 369 Platinum 346, 347, 348 Pyrites 370 Quartz Crystals 'M>> Khyolite 158 Rubble .■!77 Slate 154 Soapstone ."I.'il. 371 Tuff 1.58 Platinum — In black sand concen- trates 347,348 Butte County 346, 347, 348, 369 Calaveras County 347, 348 Del Norte County 346, 347, 369 Humboldt County . . .346, 347, 348, 369 :Mendocino County 347, 348 Nevada County 340 Placer County 346, 347, 348 Plumas County 347. 348 San Bernardino County 348 San Luis Obispo County 347 Santa Barbara County 347 Santa Cruz County 347 Shasta County .■'.47 Siskiyou County 346, 347, :'.4S. :!69 Stanislaus County .346 Tehama County 347 Trinity Couky . .346, 347, 348, 349, 369 Ventura County 369 Yuba County .•'.47 I'lnza lime quarry 65 Plumas County — Chrome .■'>(>2 Iron 299 .iMspcr 366 Page. I'liimas County — I^ime 75 Marble 101 Manganese 368, 377 Platinum 347,348 (Juartz Crystals 350. 370 Plumbago. (See Graphitk. i Pomona Brick Co 248 I'omona Lime Co 72 Porcelain Clay. (See Clays.) Poi'])liyry. Where quarried 15 I'ort Costa bricks 375 Port Costa macadam 317 Porter brickyards .374 Porter lime deposit 80 Portland Cement. (See Cement.) Portland ocher mine 341 Priest magnesite claim 328 Purrington quarry 327 Putah sandstone quarry 145 I'yrites— Alameda County 349, 378 Amador County 370 Calaveras County 370 Napa County 370 Nevada County 370, 378 Placer County .•'.70 San Luis Obispo County 370 Shasta County 370, 378 Siskiyou County 370 Sonoma County 370 Trinity County 370 Tuolumne County 370 (.Quarry drainage 22 (Quarry site, selecting 22 (Quarry waste 22 Quartz Crystals — Amador County. . .''.70 P.utte County 370 Calaveras County 349, 370 El Dorado County 850, 370 Inyo County 370 Mariposa County 370 Mono County 370 Napa County 370 Placer County 378 Plumas County 350, 370 Sacramento County 370 Sierra County 370 Tuolumne County 370 Tulare County 370 Quartz for glass sand. (See Glass Sand.) Quicksilver. (See Letter of Trans- mittal, 5.) (iuigley lime quarry 93 (}uilly iron mine 2'.>9 (^)uiml)y 7 Pace. San Joaqnin County — Macadam.. "ili^. 377 Manganese 3t;s. .•!77 San JcsL' Brick Co :!7."i San Jose Cement P.lock Co 170 Oiivx 3(1!) San Leandro macadam quarry 315 St>ai)sii)ii(' 371 Tungsten '•''- San Diego Desert Marble Co 107 Sand Flat sandstone quarry 138 Sandstone 114-146 Product of California 116 Alameda County IKL 117. :'.70 Amador County 117. 370 Calaveras County 117, 119 Colusa County 118-124, 370 Contra Costa County 126. 370 Fresno County 370 Glenn County 1-7 Humboldt County 370 Kern County 12S. 370 Los Angeles County 128,370.378 Marin County 370 IMerced County 131 Monterey County 131 Napa County 131. 132, 371 Orange County 132 San Benito County 132 San Bernardino County 132 San Francisco County 371 San jMateo County 371 San Luis Obispo County 371. 3,78 Santa Barbara Co.. .183, 134. 371. 3.78 Santa Clara County 133-138,371 Santa Cruz County 371 Shasta County 138. 130, 371 Siskiyou County 130. 140. 371 Solano County 141, 371 Sonoma County 141 Stanislaus County 141 Ventura County. 142. 143. 144. 145. 371 Yolo County 145. 146. 371 San Francisco County — Brick Clay. . 254 Jasper 36() Macadam 320, 321 Manganese 368 Sandstone 371 Serpentine 372 San Franci.sco Bay Improvcuicnt Co.'s quarry 310 San Francisco Construction Co 321 San Franci.sco and San Joaquin Coal Co 204, 205. 276 San Joaquin County — Brick Clay 254, 255 Clay 22V, 228 Class Sand 270 Infusorial Fartli 363 Lime 70 San Luis Obispo County — Antiniony 359 Brick Clay 255 Calcareous Tufa 158 Chrome 260. 270. 362 Clay 362 Glass Sand 279 Gypsum 288 Infusorial Earth 293. 363 Iron .301,365 .Jasper 366 Lime 70,80,366 Macadam 322 Magnesite 367 Manganese 336. 368 Onyx in. 112.360 Platinum •">47 Pyrites •'>7<* Uhyolite 158 Sandstone ^mI, 378 Serpentine 3,72 Trachyte 372 Tuff 158, 159. 160, 161 ►San Mateo County — Brick Clay. .255, 256 Clay 227, 228, 229 Granite 3()4 Infusorial Earth 3ti3, Macadam 323 ^langanese 3(58 Sandstone 3,71 Syenite 372 Zinc 373 San Pedi'O breakwater 317 San I'edro lithia mine .■'■lO Santa Ana brickyard 252 Santa Barbara County — Barytes... .36(1 Basalt 360 Brick Clay 2.5(; liuihliug Blocks 170 Cement 361 Clay 362 Infu.sorial Earth 293, 294, 295 Gypsum 288,364 Lime 80. 81. 82. :566 Magnesite •"•<>7 Manganese 368 :Minera! Paint 360 Platinum 3,47 Sandstone 133, 391. 3,78 Serpentine •'72 Santa ('lara County — Antimony.... .3.5'.> Brick (May 350. 375 Building Blocks HO' INDEX. 409 Page. Sauta Clara County — Cement 361 Chrome 362 Granite 376 Granodiorite 363 Infusorial Earth 363 Lime 82, 88, 366, 376 Macadam 323 :SIagnesite 330, 331, 367 Manganese 336, 368 Marble 367 Mineral Paint 369 Onyx 369 Sandstone 123, 137, 371 Soapstone 371 Santa Clara County Lime Co 88 Santa Cruz County — Cement .... 184, 361 Clay 375 Lime 88.366 Macadam 324; 377 Platinum 347 Sandstone 371 "Santa Rosa basalt quarry 345 Santa Rosa Bank trachyte deposit. . 163 Santa Susana quarry .327 Santee granite quarry 52 Santiago sandstone quarry 132 Scherer granite quarry 51, 377 Sclierer lime quarry 376 Scherer marble quarry 377 Schocken paving-block quarry 345 Seeger lime quarry 376 Serpentine, Amador County 147, 371 Calaveras County .".71 Lake County .'.71 Los Angeles County 147 Mendociuo County 371 Monterey County 371 Placer County 372 f>an Bernardino County 147.148 San Francisco County 372 San Luis Obispo County ."'.72 Santa Barbara County 372 Sierra County 372 Siskiyou County 148 Sonoma County :i72 Tulare County 372 Sespe Cauon brownstone sand- stone 142-145 Shady Run quartz crystals 378 1 Shasta County — Asbestos 360 Barytps 360 [ Brick Clay 256. 257 Chrome 270. 271, 362 Clay 230. .362 Granite 53 Infusorial Earth 206, 363 Iron .301-304. 365 27— BUL 38 Page. Shasta County — Jasper 366 Lime 88-91,366 Macadam 324 Marble 107 Platinum 347, 348 Pyrites 370,378 Sandstone 138, 139, 371 Soapstone 371, 378 Tuff 161 Vesuvianite 162 Zinc 355. 373 Shaw manganese mine 337 Siebe's Cordelia quarry 326 Sierra County— Asbestos 263. 360 Clay 362 Chrome 271, 272 Granite 54 Iron 304. 365 Lime . . 92 v^uartz crystals 370 Serpentine .'572 Soapstone 352 Sierra Grande granite quarry 47 Sierra Granite Co 377 Sierra Iron Co 304 Silva infusorial earth deposit 293 Simons Brick Co 248 Simons-Fout Brick Co 254 Simons-Fout Macadam Co 321 Siskiyou County— Asbestos 264, 360 Barytes 360 Basalt 360 Brick Clay 257, 258 Chrome 272, 363 Clay 2.30.362 Granite 54 Graphite 280 Infusorial Earth 363 Iron 304 .Tasper 366 Limestone 139, 140, 366 Manganese 368 Marble 106. 107, 367 Mica 367 Mineral Paint 340, 369 Onyx 112.113,369 Platinum 346. 347. 348, 369 Pyrites 370 Sandstone 139, 140. 371 Serpentine 148 Soapstone 352-354. 371 Tungsten 372 Skinner graphite mine 281 Skinner «& Wordin's graphite mine. . 280 Sky Blue Marble and Onyx Co.. .75, 102 Slater macadam quarry 317 410 INDEX. Pacje. Slato 149-154 rrodiut of California 149 References to California 149 Where iiuarried 15 Auiador County 149 El Dorado County. . .150, 151, 152, 371 (ilenn County 152 Mariposa County .... 152, 15:?, 154, 371 Placer County 154 Saiith's JM-irkyard 242, 257 Smith's clay jilts 210 Smith's lime kiln 73 Snow Ranch clay 211 Snowball raagnesito mine 330 Snowflake and Blanco magnesite mine 329 .'^nider lime quarry 376 Snyder lime quarry 76 Soapstone, Alameda County 350 Amador County 371 Butte County 350, 351, 378 Calaveras County 351, 371 El Dorado County 371 Glenn County 351 Inyo County 371 Los Angeles County 351, 371 Mariposa County 371 Napa County 371 Placer County 352, 371 Riverside County 352 San Diego County 371 Santa Clara County 371 Shasta County 371, 37S Sierra County 352 Siskiyou County 352, 353, 371 Tehama Count.v 371 Trinity County 353, 371 Tulare County 371 Tuolumne County 353, 371 Ventura County 371 Yuba County 353, 371 Soda. ((Sec Lettek of Transmittal, 5.) Solano County — Brick Clay 258, 375 Cement 185-189, 3G1 Chrome 363 lnfn.sorial Earth 363 Macadam 325. 326. 377 Marble 108 Ony.x ' 114,369 Paving Blocks 342 Sandstone 141, .■!71 Tuff 162 Sonoma Brick Co 2.58 Sonoma lime quarry 93 Sonoma Stone and Construction Co. 170 Sonoma County^ Basalt 360 Brick Clay 25S Page. Sonoma County — Clay 362 Cement Blocks 170 Granite 376 Graphite 280,281 Infusorial Earth 363 Iron 304, 365 Lime 93 Macadam 326, 327 Magnesite 332, 333 Manganese 337, 368 Mineral P.iint 340, 369 Onyx 114, 369 Paving Blocks 343, 344, 345, 377 Pyrites 370 Sandstone 141 Serpentine 372 Sulphur 372 Trachyte 162, 372 Tfifif 162,163,164 Sotoyome magnesite deposit 333 Southern California Brick Co 249' Southern California Pottery Works. 216.374,375 Southern California Sandstone Co. . . 132 Southern Pacific Firebrick Works. . 225- Southern Pacific paint deposit 342 Southern Pacilic sandstone quarry, 131, 140' Southwestern Glass Mfg. Co 277,278 South Yuba Marble Co 100' Spence Mineral Co. — Paint 339 Pyrites 378 Spreckels Sugar Co. lime 73- Spring Construction Co. macadam. . 315 Stacey paving-block quarry 345 Standard Brick Co 249' Standard Portland Cement Co.. .178-182. Standard Pottery Co 214, 215, 375 Staneusch manganese mine 336: Stanford Sandstone. ( ^Sec McGilvray Stone Co.) Stanislaus Coimty— Clay 362' Magnesite 330-:J33 Manganese 368 Mineral I'aint 341. 342, :369 Platinum 346. Sandstone 141 State's Prison granite quarry. .47, 4S, 320' StauliVr Chemical Co. pyrites 349' Stetfini-Bartini quarry 319 Stege macadam quarry 317 Steiger Terra Cotta and Pottery Co 210.228,229' Steven.s marble deposit 10(! Stevens talc deposit 352 Stevenson-Marshall gypsum deposit 288- Stillwater sandstone ((uarry 1.38: I INDEX. 411 Page. Stockton Brick Co 255 Stone, Building-, Adaptability of. . . . 10 Classification of 14 California, bibliography of 15 Cost of IG Durability of 10-21 Economic features of 13-22 Kinds in California 14-15 Preservatives 22 Quarrying and dressing 10 Selecting 15, 10 Transportation 23 Uses of 14 Stony Point trachyte quarry. .. .103, 164 St. John granite quarry 51 St. Louis Firebrick and Clay Co.. 210, 374 Sulphur, Calaveras County 372 Colusa County 354, 372 Inyo County 372 Kern County 372 Lake County 372 Lassen County 372 Sonoma County 372 Tehama County 354 Ventura County 354, 372 Summit lime quarry 77 Sunnyside infusorial earth deposit. .290 Sunol Road macadam quarry 315 Superior lime quarry 79 Sutter County, Clay 302 Rhyolite 104 Swain & Hudson's brickyard 375 Swank paving-block quarry 345 Sweetwater Dam granite quarry .... 53 Syenite, Kern County 372 Mariposa County 372 San Mateo County 372 Syndicate macadam quarry 315 T. A. Work Building Block Co 169 Tafton tuff quarry 158 Talc. {Sec Soapstone.) Taylor Bros. Brick Co 2.")3, 254 Taylor soapstone deposit 378 Tohama County— Brick Clay 258 Chrome 272, 363, 375 Glass Sand 363 (iraphite 304 Infusorial Earth 290, 30:{ Iron 304, :]0."'> Magnesite 333 Onyx 309 Platinum 247 Soapstone 371 Sulphur 354 Tuff 1(14 Tehachapi lime 70, 71 Telegraph Hill quarry 321 Temecula granite 41 Pj Tesla mine 204, 205, 200, Tesla glass sand Texas Spring sandstone 138, Thomas infusorial earth mine Thompson tungsten deposit Thurber's quarry 87, Tiburon paint quarry Tilghman lime quarry Tognizi's infusorial earth deposit. . . Trachyte, Calaveras County Los Angeles County 154, Marin County Napa County 155, 150, San Bernardino County San Luis Obispo County Sonoma County 102. 103, Trachytic tuff. {See Tuff.) Treat marble quarry Trewhitt brickyard Trinity County — Asbestos 204, Barytes Chrome 272, 303, Clay Granite Iron Jasper Lime Mineral Paint Platinum 340, 347, 348, 349, Pyrites Soapstone 353, Tropico Tile Works Tuff, Butte County Calaveras County 154, El Dorado County 372 Glenn County 154 Inyo County 154 Mono County 372 Napa County . . . 155, 156, 157, 158. .372 Placer County 158 San Luis Obispo County 158-101 Santa Barbara County 372 Shasta County 101 Siskiyou County 161, 102 Solano County 102 Sonoma County I(i2. 103. 104 Tehama County 1<)4. 372 Yolo County 104 Tulare County — ^ Asbestos 300 Brick Clay 2.59 Clay 375 Granite 54, 55. 50, S04 Graphite 304 Gyi>sum 288,364 Infusorial Earth 376 Iron 305 Lime 94,95,360 Magnesite 334 \c;e. 276 270 139 370 355 324 319 370 293 372 155 372 372 372 99 243 360 360 375 302 54 305 300 94 342 309 370 371 216 154 372 412 INDEX. Page. Tulare County — Manganese 368 Marble 108,307 Onyx •. 3G9 Quartz Crystals 370 Soapstonc 371 Serpentine 372 | Tally's gypsum deposit 287 Tungsten 354, 355 i Humboldt County 372 , Kern County 355, 372, 378 j Los Angeles County 372 | Madera County 372 Mariposa County 372 i San Bernardino County 355, 372 San Diego County 372 Siskiyou County 372 Tuolumne County — Clay 3G2 Granite 56,364 Grauodiorite 363 Graphite 280,281 Gypsum 288 Lime 95 Manganese 368 Marble 108, 109, 110, 367 Pyrites 370 ! Quartz Crystals 370 Soapstone 353, 371 Twin Peaks quarries 322 Underwood's lime quarry 76 Union Prick Co 375 Union Construction Co.'s paving- blocks 345,377 Union Lime Co 71, 72 Union Sugar Co.'s lime 81 Vallecito talc claim 351 A'allejo tufE quarry 164 A'alley Springs clay pit 212 Van Slyke's fuller's earth deposit... 275 Van Slyke's graphite mine 280 A'an Slyke's graphite deposit 106 Ventura County— Prirk Clay 259 Clay :^62 Gypsum 288.364 Macadam 327 Mica 3:',7. 367 Mineral Paint 369 Platinum 369 Sandstone 142, 143. 144, 145, 371 Soapstone 371 Sulphur .3.54. .372 Ventura M. & L. Co.'s brickyard 259 Verdo Antique inarblo quarry 101 Verde Anti(|ue serpentine quarry 147. 148 Vesuvianite, Shasta County 162 A''ictor granite quarry 51. 377 Victorville granite quarries. 50. Volcanic and Intrusive Rocks. . .154-164 Volcanic Tuff. (See Tuff.) Page. Voyle mineral paint mine 341, 342 Vulcan macadam quarry 322 Walcott chrome mine 375 Walker's brickyard 242, 258, 374 Washington Cons, asbestos mine.... 262 Waterman granite quarry 53 Weber Ranch magnesite 331 Weimer iron deposit 299 West Branch lime quarry 376 Western Art Tile Works 217, 359 Western Graphite Co . 280 Western Petroleum Co.'s gypsum... 284 Wetmore macadam quarry 322 Weyl paving-block quarry 345 W heeland Brick Co 375 White granite quarry " 51 White Rock magnesite claim 330 Whittier Brick Co 374 Wildermuth sandstone quarry 119 Wilkinson paving-block quarry 345 Williams Estate iron mine 299 Williams gypsum deposit 287 W"'lson-Lyon Construction Co 32 Wing's trachyte quarry 158 Wood's marble deposit 108 Wright Ranch sandstone 141 Wymore paving-block quarry 345 Yolo County — Asbestos 264, 360 Basalt 360 Brick Clay 259 Iron 365 Sandstone 145, 146, 371 Tuff 164 Young's limestone quarry 66 Yuba County — Asbestos 264 Bauxite 265,361 Brick Clay 259. 375 Clay 230 Granite 56 Iron 365 Marble 110 Mineral Paint 342 Platinum 347 Sandstone 145 . Soapstone 3.'>3. 371 Zelma basalt quarry 158 Zinc 355,356 Fresno County 373 Inyo County 373 Los Angeles Covmty 373 Madera County 373 Mono County 373 Orange County 373 San Bernardino County 373 San Mateo County 373 Shasta County 355, 356. 373 Zollnor's macadam quarry 320 Zollner's p;iviug-i)l(>ck quarry 342 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW n» 5 '82 BOOKS REQUESTED BY ANOTHER BORROWER ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL RECEIVED PHYSICAL SCS.UBR/WY NOV 2 C 1994 NOV 1 4 19S4 IfCti RECEIVED ! OV 1 b p^i^ PHV5ICALSCS.LlBSAftY DEC 2 9 1994. PHYSlCALSt;- ./ 17 LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS D4613{7/92)M 3 1175 00646 3015 I6)i902 CaU Nntnl TK2U California. Dept, of natural resources. Di- vision of mines. G3 A3 no. 38 Cd^liTorv^ia pmicM ^OlEHCES no, 38 LITERARY CfjrrvERSiTv .IF CAJ jpnTffnm 164902 pii!;a;;i Mm imm mmm mmmmmm