. _; . uumriLCU r\nu rcivf iv K-I^ 01 f^ ? ! JASPER GOODYKOUNT2 Science and Ar-t are *wm sis-ters _?^ Sample Book NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THIS OFFICE . THE HICKS-JUDD GO, LIBRARY OF THK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. OF" Accession No. . Clots No. With Compliments of the Author. CALEINTD AFt. PSESESVE FOE FUTUBE REFEBENCE. r 3 ri L"7 ' ~ :; i -*. M oc M SS = gs; m COPYRIGHT, 187, BY FREDERICK WJL LITTGES, SEW YORK. J3P o CD oo id -7U.co>u Mar. Ju CO Oih*tCM|rfC&-~! April, tg ^ )hfc.OTCt -~T 1C ii 4^ | CH -T ^ J^ ' CO Cn Ci M ; h- ' C to! iSCJiOSMI I 'COrfxCn: O5I > bC CO >^osoint (0-year) the same :;t!:e decrees on the scale of a thermometer are reckoned above and [ elow O(O-degree). There have been two dc'cc'-s in IVrpetual Cal-| ndars that have heretofore rendered I hern mpracticable for 9enerul use; viz., The lia-l ility to find the incorrect date, aiid the tinw| required to point out ar.y given date. Should any one feel dispsed to discredit the i racy of this calendar, if he will furnish proof] jf such, he will be amply rewarded for his rouble. The calendar for any year may be four n the limit of six seconds. ERAS COMPARED. NOTES ON THE ERAS. MOVABLE FESTIVALS. FIXED FESTIVALS, HOLIDAYS. ^.^ UJ LU-g LLJ UJ s= The Christian era commenced To fi-nd the day of the month JANUARY 1, New Year's and Cir- 11 Si || end. Ij TIERS- NEW ST on Saturday (Old Style), January 1st of the year A.D. The first Julian Period commenced Jan- uary 1,4713 B.C., and ends Jan- uary 1,3268 A.D. , it consist- upon which any of the follow- no festivals occurs for any alv- ert yea-r, select the date of tas- ter for the required year from the table below, then select the cumcision; 6. Epiphany. FEBRUARY 2, Purification;|4,St. Valentine's Oay;M,WasH nototfs | Birthday; 24,St. Matthias' Day. MARCH 17, St. Patrick's Day; 25, m LLJ z. || SI s ing of 7980 years. It is used to av/oid anibiouities in chromloo- ical dates. The Mundane era commenced with October calendar for the ^iven year from the Perpetual Calendar. Septuaoesitna 9th 5 un.be fore Edtter. Seyaoesiwa 8th . Annunciation, or Lady Day. APRIL 23. St. George's Day; 25, S. Mark's Day. MAY I,S*. Philip's and St.James'l CO <=> CD ^3 ^ C3 CJ cj> 4-004 B.C. The Jewish era Day; 30, Memorial Day. 1524 1424 7061 6361 7304 7204 8013 7913 3300 3200 A D commenced with October 3761 B.C. The era of th a ShroveTues. 7th Toes. > n Ash Wed. 7th Wed. <> JUNE II. St. Barnabas' Dag; 24, St. John Baptist's Day; 29, St. | 1324 1224 6861 6761 7104 7004 7813 7713 3100 3000 i Declaration of Independence commenced July 4,1776 A.D. F TstSnn.iti lent 6tH Sun. i t< Second > 5th < Peter's Day. JULY 4,1-ndependence DaytfS, 1 124 1024 924 6661 6561 6461 6904 6804 6704 7613 7513 7413 2900 2800 2700 A D C The Moria-mttieda-H era commenced on Friday, July 16, 622 A.D. Its centuries can- Third ' 4th >. < Fourth . 3rd > t Fifth Snd < St. James' Day. AUGUST 24, St. Bartholomew's Day. SEPTEMBER, first Monday, La- 824 6361 6604 7313 2600 8 not be shown with those at Palm Sunday 1st > t> bor Day: 21, St. Matthew's Day; 724 624 524 6261 6161 6061 6504 6404 6304 7213 71 13 7013 2500 2400 2300 A D C the left, owiny to its differ- ent length. See Mohammedan Ca/e?*/arefsewbere in this book. C-ood Friday let Friday* > i > Maandu Thur. 1st Thur. n EASTER SUN DAY, see Table. R9, Michael-mas. OCTOBER 18, St. Luke's Day; 28, St. Simon's and St. Judes' 424 5961 6204 6913 Co |O 2200 B To find the year of the century Low Sunday 1st Sun. after Faster. Day; 31, Halloween. NOVEMBER 1 All Saints' Day ' 3 24 224 5861 5761 3 1 04 6004 DO lo 6713 2. 1 OC 2000 A spending to any 9 iven year of the Ascension Day 6th Thur. i t i first Tuesday after, /irst Mon- 1 24 5661 5904 6613 1900 c Christian era, add the year of Whit- Sun. or day, General Election Dau; last 24 5561 5804 6513 1800 B the century to the num ber Pentecost 7th Sun. > 11 Thursday, Thanksyivi-Hg Day; 5461 5704 6413 1700 A of the other century /ound Trinity Sun. 8th > * ' 30, Sf . A ndrew's Day. 5361 5604 6313 I60C D opposite to the Christian cen- Corpus Christ! 9th Thur. 11 DECEMBER 6, St. Nicholas' A'MERICA 5261 5161 5061 5504 5404 5304 6213 61 13 6013 1300 C B A tury. Thus, the gear of the Jewish era correspond in 9 to 1894 of the Christiancra First Sun.inAdv't 4-th Sun.bef.CKristtnas. Second > 3rd i n n Third > 2nd it i> Day; 21, Si. Thomas' Dau; 25, Christinas Dag ; U6, St.Stephen's Dag; 27, St. 4961 5204 5913 1200 D is 55 61 (the Jewish number Fourth 11 1st " " John Evanaelise 1 sDau;28,ln- 4861 El 04 1 00 C opposite to 1800) +94 =5655. CHRISTMAS, December 25.(Notovablc). nocents' Day. WH 4761 4661 4561 446! 5004 4904 4804 4704 57 13 5613 1000 900 iaoe A 700 B A C EASTER SUNDAY TABLE FOR 600 YEARS. Previous *o 1752 *he da*es arc cow pitted /row *he Old S*yle. As Easter 4361 4261 4604 4504 3313 5213 600 . 500 B A can occur only in March and April, March is indicated by M and April by A. t$j!( 4161 4061 4404 4304 51 13 5013 i!400 $300 D C 1500 A 19 1600 M 23 1700 M si 1800 A 13 1900 A is (2000 A 23 3961 4204 4913 B 1 A II 51 M 29 1 A 12, 51 M 3C 1 A 20 51 A 7 1 A 5 51 A 20 1 A 7 51 M 251 1 A 15 51 A a 3861 41 04 4813 3l 00 A 2 M27 52 A 17 2 A 4 52 A \i 2 A 5 52 M 29 2 A 18 52 A II 2 M 30 52 A 13 2 M 3 52 A 21 3761 4*13 CQ A o 3 A 1^ 53 A 1 1 3 M 2 53 A 7.3 3 A 1 ( 53 M %'t 3 A 13 53 A Si 3 A 20 53 A 6 CHRIST 3661 3904 4613 l 00 C 3 A 1 6 4 A 7 Do A A 54 M 25 A X^ 4 A 8 54 M 0.1 4 A 16 54 A 14 4 A 54 A If 4 A J 54 A 18 4 A 1 54 M 29 3561 3804 4513 r 200 B 5 M 23 55 A 14 5 M 31 55 A IJ 5 A 8 55 M 30 5 A 14 55 A 8 5 A 23 55 A 10 5 M 27 55 A 18 3461 3704 4413 gs oo A 6 A 12 56 A 5 6 A 20 5S A 6 6 M 24 56 A 18 6 A 6 56 M 23 6 A IS 56 A 1 6 A 16 56 A 2 SOMATB 3361 3604 4313 1400 D 7 A 4 57 A 18 7 A 5 57 M X 7 A 13 57 A 10 7 M 25 57 A 12 7 M 31 57 A 21 7 A i 57 A 22 t'. V . E ! 3261 3504 4213 Y500 C 8 A 23 58 A 10 8 M 27 58 A 1 8 A 4 58 M 26 8 A 17 58 A 4 8 A 19 58 A 6 8 M 2S 58 A 14 ... 3404 41 13 600 B 9 A 8 59 M 2ff 9 A 16 59 A 3 9 A 24 59 A 15 9 A 2 59 A 24 9 A II 59 M 29 9 A 12 59M30 ROME 3061 3304 4013 J/700 A 10 M 31 60 A 14 10 A 8 60 A 2' 10 A 9 60 A 6 10 A 22 60 A 8 10 M 27 60 A 17 10 A 4 60 A 18 FOUNDED 2961 3204 3913 T800 D 1 1 A 20 61 A 6 1 1 M 24 61 A )' 1 1 A 1 61 M 22 II A 14 61 M 31 II A 16 61 A 2 II A 24 61 A 10 ntt? 2861 31 04 3813 900 C HAM 62 M 29 12 A 12 62 M 3C !2 A 20 62 A II 12 M 29 62 A 20 12 A 7 62 A 22 12. A 8 62. M 26 m 2761 2661 3004 2904 3713 3613 1000 II 00 6 A 13 M 27 14 A 16 63 A II 64 A 1 13 A 4 14 A 24 63 A 19 64 A 1C 13 A 5 14 M ?8 63 A 3 64 A 22 13 A 18 14 A 10 63 A 5 64 M27 13 M 23 14 A 12 63 A 14 13 M 31 64 M 29 14 A 20 63 A 15 64 A 6 TROY 2561 2804 3513 1200 D 15 A 8 65 A 22 15 A 9 65 M 2 15 A 11 65 A 7 15 M 26 65 A 16 15 A 14 65 A 18 15 A' 5 65 M 29 2461 2704 34 13 1300 C 16 M 23 66 A 14 16 M 31 66 A 15 16 A 1 66 M 30 16 A 14 66 A 1 16 A 23 66 A 10 16 M 27 66 A II 2361 2604 3313 1400 B 17 A 12 67 M 30 17 A 20 37 A ' 17 A 21 67 A 19 17 A 6 67 A 21 17 A 8 67 M 26 17 A 16 37 A 3 BIRTH OF BH 2261 2161 2504 2404 3213 ISOO 1600 A D 18 A 4 19 A 24 68 A 18 69 A 10 18 A 5 19 M 28 68 M 22 69 A 1 18 A 13 19 M 29 68 A 3 69 M 26 8M22 19 A 1 1 68 A 12 69 M 28 18 M 31 19 A 20 68 A 14 18 A 1 69 A 619 A 21 68 A 22 69 A 14 JOSEPH 2061 2304 3013 1700 20 A 8 70 M 25 20 A 16 70 A 3 20 A 17 70 A 15 20 A 2 70 A 17 20 A 24 70 M 29 20 A 12 70 M 30 SOLO 1961 2204 2913 1800 B 21 M 31 71 A 15 21 A 1 71 A 23 21 A 9 71 M 31 21 A 22 71 A 9 21 M 27 71 A II 21 A 4 71 A 19 ABRAHAM 1861 21 04 2813 1900 A 22 A 20 72 A 6 22 A 21 72 A 1 22 M 25 72 A 19 22 A 7 72 M 31 22 A 16 72, A 2 2.2 A 17 72 A 10 BORN 1761 2004 2713 2000 D 23 A 5 73 M 22 23 A 13 73 M 3C 23 A 14 73 A 1 1 23 M 30 73 A 13 23 A 1 73 A 2Cq23 A 9 73 M 26 | 1904 1804 2613 2513 21 00 2200 B 24 M 27 25 A 16 74 A II 75 A 3 24 M 28 25 A 17 74 A 9 75 A 4 24 A 5 25 M 28 74 A 3 7u A 16 24 A 18 25 A 3 74 A 5 75 M 28 24 A 20 25 A 12 74 A 14124 M 31 75 M 30125 A 20 '4 A 15 75 A 7 NOAH'S 1461 1704 2413 9300 A 26 A 1 76 A 22 26 A 9 76 M 26 26 A 10 76 A 7 26 M 26 76 A 16 26 A 4 76 A 18 26 A 5 76 A 19 DELUGE 1361 604 2313 2400 D 27 A 21 77 A 7 27 M 25 77 A 5 27 A 2 77 M 30 27 A 15 77 A 1 27 A 17 77 A 10 27 M 2.8 77 A M 1261 1504 2213 2500 28 A 12 78 M 30 28 A 13 78 M 31 28 A 21 78 A 19 28 A 21 '8 A 21 28 A 8 78 M 26 28 A 16 78 A 3 * . 1 161 404 21 13 2600 B 29 M 28 79 A 19 29 A 5 79 A 20 29 A 6 79 A 4 29 A 19 79 A 13 29 M 31 79 A 15 29 A 1 79 A 23 ;;;; 1061 961 304 204 2013 1913 2700 2800 A D 30 A 17 31 A 9 80 A 3 81 M 26 30 M 28 31 A 10 80 A 1 1 81 A 3 30 M 29 31 A 18 80 M 26 81 A 15 30 A II 31 A 3 80 M 28 81 A 17 30 A 20 31 A 5 80 A 6|30 A 21 81 A 19 31 A 13 80 A 7 81 M 30 BIRTH OF 861 1 1 04 1813 3900 32 M 31 82 A 15 32 A 1 82 A 16 32 A 9 82 M 31 32 A 22 82 A 9 32M27 82 A 1 1 32 M 28 82 A 19 NOAH^ 761 1004 1713 3000 8 33 A 13 83 M 31 33 A 21 S3 A 8 33 M 25 83 A 2.0 13 A 7 83 M 25 33 A 16 83 A 3 33 A 17 !3 A 4 661 904 1613 3 1 00 A 34 A 5 84 A 19 34 A 6 84 M 30 34 A 14 84 A II 34 M 30 84 A 19 34 A 1 84 A 2.2 34 A 9 'A wag 561 804 3200 D 35 M 28 85 A II 35 M 23 85 A 19 35 A 6 85 M 27 35 A 19 85 A 5 35 A 21 85 A 7 35 M 25 15 A 15 OlOTUQC * 461 704 1413 3300 36 A 16 86 A 3 36 A 17 86 A 4 36 A 25 86 A 16 36 A 3 86 A 25 36 A IS, 86 M 30136 A 13 16 M 31 METHUSF 361 604 1313 3400 B 37 A 1 87 A 16 37 A 9 87 M 27 37 A 10 87 A 8 37 M 26 87 A 10 37 M 28 87 A 19 37 A 5 87 A 3.0 .w. 261 504 1213 3500 A 3.8 A 21 88 A 7 38 M 25 88 A 15 38 A 2 88 M 23 38 A 15 18 A 1 38 A 17 88 A 3 38 A 25 88 A II * 1 61 404 1 1 13 3600 D 39 A 6 89 M 30 39 A 14 89 M 31 39 A 22 19 A 12 39 M 31 19 A 21 39 A 9 83 M 2,6 39 A 1 89 A 3 .... 61 304 1 013 3700 3 40 M 28 90 A 19 40 A 5 90 A 20 40 A 6 90 A 4 40 A 19 90 A 6 40 M 04 30 A 15 40 A 1 90 A 16 A 8 EL 204 9 1 3 1800 B 41 A 17 91 A 4 41 A 25 91 A 12 41 M 23 1 A 24 41 A 1 1 1 M 29 41 A 13 1 M 31 41 A 21 1 A 8 MyrtDER^Ep. 104 8 1 3 3900 A 42 A 9 92 M 26 42 A 10 92 M 27 42 A 18 2 A 8 42 M 27 2 A 17 42 A 5 2 A 19 42 A 6 2 M 30 4 7 13 o 13 M 25 13 A 15 V3 A 2 3 A l ^3 A 3 3 M 31 >3 A 16 3 A 2 43 A 25 3 A 1 1 143 M 2>9 3 A 12 CREATION* 613 4 1 00 4 A 13 14 M 31 4 A 21 i4 A 8 14 M 25 4 A 20 14 A 7 4 M 25 44 A 9 4 A 3 144 A 17 4 A 4 513 4 13 4200 t3 00 B A Kiai 95 A 20 16 A 1 1 45 A 6 6 M 29 5 M24 6 A l^i [5 A 14 ^6 M 30 5 A 5 6 M 37 45 M 23 1-6 A 12 IA'S 46 A 21 5 A 16 45 A 9 6 A 7146 M 25 5 A 24 6 A 15 3 13 >4 00 7 A 10 17 M 27 7 A 18 7 A 4. ^7 A 19 7 A IS fr A 4 7 A 18 47 A 6 7 M 3o|47 A 14 7 M 3 1 2 13 L500 ^ 8 A 1 18 A IS 8 A 2 8 A 24 18 A (0 8 A 8 18 A 23 8 A 10 48 M 28 8 A li 48 A 5 8 A 10 i i 5 ^600 3 9 A 21 19 A 8 9 M 25 9 A 9 19 M 26 9 M 24- 19 A 8 9 A 2 49 A 17 9 A 4l49 A 25 9 A 12 JULIAN PERIOD BEGINS 13 4700 A 50 A 6 50 A 14 SO A 15 50 M 31 50 A 9 |50 A iO OHART SHOWIMO UOOAL TIME FOR ETACH OF THE a 4 HOURS. Perpetual Subset a?d Sunrise Sable. To fitid the time o< sunset or surprise fri-mate] where will be found the ti-me of su-nset and su/nrise. Bu ap- osrirnation the exact time may be fou.nd.To fi-nd the Ien9*h o/the a ay, ^ovWVa the ti-me of su.nst; thu-s, May 20, in latitu.de 37, is I4hours 16 min- utes long. To find the length of the nigh*. kovOoV. the ti-me o/su-nrlse; thu.s, on the above date, the night is 9 hoitrc 44 -minutes lonn.O-M the sa-me day, as shown by the colu.-mn"Sivri t'.iw c^Cast," the sitn is 4 minu-te: faster 10 The Solar System consists o/ the Sun, the ei?ht Iar9e planets,the J nawes of which are jiven at ' the left, one hundred am) forty small planets, vast _n umber o teo-ric bodies, an un- knowtt number of comets, and hc Asteroids or small plan- 40. In ets, there are about I ' dimensions, they are a great deal smaller than he others, the Iar9- est not bein? 230 miles in diatneter, while many are IcssthanSO- Their orbits arc more el- liptical than j those of the ets,and at many pla- ces cros each oth- er. They occupy a belt more than 200, 000,000^ in width, be- tween the orbits o/ Ju- piter and Mars, then-distance from the Suvri tiaina /rorn ; 200,000,000to 300,000,000 of wiles,. called ivowft s*\\X\Vw.The Earth ' has I satellite;Jupi ter,4; Satwrr^S; lira- > nus,6; Neptune,!. Sat- urn is also surrounded by a circular belt. The planets round the Sun from west to east Their orbits arc elliptical, so that they are nearer the Sun at cer- tain thrtes than at others. When nearest the Sun they are in \ww, when farthest, in MERCURY.! 3,962 VENUS... 7,510 EAHTH...I 7,928 MARS.. ..I A.920 JUPITER.. 81,770 SATURN.. 71,980 Sk-v 3^^^ i I STO j j) ;^YJ^ ; v_y *% AJ The mean distance of the Su /row the Earth is9l,000,000iniles. Its diameter is 852,584 -mi Its volume Is 1,200,000 times oreater than that o/theEekrth. \* ta-tes on its axis once in about 2 5 day s.On theSwi's disc are seen va- rious cavities Meteors are also called or >V\oo\- The number that tr erse the attnosp _____ , daily is u-pward of the number, 400, OOO.OOO.Th Zodiacal 1.19 kt is a lenticular- shaped blush of li^ht visible a/ter sun set in early spring, and be/o-re sunrise in early autumn. It is supposed >o be du-e to a in$ of meteorites revolving Around the Sun. There are many hu-ndreds o/ bod- ies called cotwe%,and reco9nia- ed as belon^in^ to the *o\% ,\vc*. They contain but little matter, and their orbits are 9reatly e- lon^ated. Only a par* o/ the com- ets have tails, and these are o/ten 150,000,000 o/niiles in length. Halley' comet revolves in "76 j/ears; flic- la's in 6 years, 9nionths;Enclr of the yeais th at ng to the number lined IT. the differ- months are dis- iths. The s!<]Tis + HESVAN KISLEV TEBAT SEBAT AOAR (VEAOAR) 29+ 30- 29 30 29 29+ 30- 29 30 30 (29) 30' i io, Feist of Tabernacles. ? ll,Urt Day of tfc e Festival. ? 2l,Feastofttie8tkOay. > 23. Rejoicing of the Uw. KISLEV 25, Dedication ofTemple. TEBETIO, Fast, Siege of Jemsilra IDA R 13' Fist of Esther i/ely intervene. Accord! thus found to be cont s, the days of the severa is in the table of moi clej if the remainder be 3, 6, 8,11, 14, 17, or 19(0), nd are respectively annexed to Hesvan 'and YIAR 19 29 y I4 Purim. the year is embolismic; if any other, the year is or- h slev to indicate that the former of these months SI VAN 30 30 NiSANl 5, Passover. diTiary. nay sometimes require to have one day more, TAMUZ 29 29 SiVAN 6, Pentecost. The calendar is constructed on the issu-mp- i ticn that the mean lunation is 29 days 12 hours c nd the latter, one day less, than the number of ays shown in the table, the result, in every AB ELUL 30 29 TAMUZ !7,Fast,Tikmof Jnu'lem. AB 9, Destruction of Temple. TABLE OF HEBREW YEARS. (FROM WOOLHOUSE'S WEI&HTS, MEASURES, ETC.) JEWISH NUM- COMMENCEMENT JEWISH MUM COMMENCEMENT JEWISH NUM- COMMENCEMENT JEWISH NUM- COMMENCEMENT YEAR. BEftOF DAYS (iSTOF TISRl). YEAR. BER OF DAYS. (1ST OF TISRl). YEAR. BER OF DAYS. (1ST OF TISRl) YEAR BER OF DAVS. (1ST OF TISRl). 5606 354- THUR. "2. OCT. 1845 5663 355 THUR. 2 OCT. 1902 5720 355 SAT. a OCT. 1 9 7:9 5 r 1 1 3 53 MON. 3 OCT. 2016 07 355 MCN. 21 SEPT. 1846 64 354 TUES. 22 SEPT. 1903 21 354. THUR. u SEPT. 19 60 78 3 54 THUR. 21 SEPT. 2017 08 383 SAT. 1 1 SEPT. 1847 65 385 SAT. 10 SEPT. 1904 22 383 MON. 1 1 SEPT. IS 61 78 ? 35 MON. SEPT. 2018 09 354 THUR. 28 SEPT. 1848 66 355 SAT. 30 SEPT. 1905 23 355 SAT. 29 SEPT. 19 62 BP 53 MON. 30 SEPT. 2019 10 355 MON. 67 354 THUR. 20 SEPT. 1906 24 354 THUR. 19 SEPT. 19 63 - 3 53 SAT. 19 SEPT. 2020 . 1 1 385 SAT. 7 SEPL 1850 , 68 383 MON. 9 SEPT. 1907 385 MON. 7 SEPT. IS 64 82 3 34. TUES. 7 SEPT. 2021 ^ 12 353 SAT. 27 SEPT. 1851 "69 355 SAT. 26 SEPT. 1908 ^26 353 MON. 27 SEPT. IS ^ r - LJ - 83 3 )5 MON. 26 SEPT. 2022 J 13 384 TUES. 14 SEPT. 1852 ; 70 383 THUR. 16 SEPT. 1909 385 THUR. IS SEPT. 19 66 ~~ 34 3 -3 SAT. 16 SEPT. 2023 " 14 355 MON. 3 OCT. 1853 . 7 1 354 TUES. 4 OCT. 1910 "28 354 THUR. 3 OCT. 1 o " 85 3 55 THUR. 3 OCT. 2024 r. 15 355 SAT. 23 SEPT. 1854 72 355 SAT. 23 SEPT. 1911 355 MON. 23 SEPT. IS 68 *~ 86 3 T 1 TUES. 23 SEPT. 2025 16 383 THUR. 13 SEPT. 1855 73 385 THUR. 12 SEPT. 1911 30 383 SAT. SEPT. l 69 u e? 3 35 SAT. 12 SEPT. 2026 17 354 TUES. 30 SEPT. 1856 354 THUR. 2 OST. 1913 -5 | 354 THUR. 1 OCT. 12 7C 15 f 55 SAT. 2 OCT. 2027 * 18 355 SAT. 19 SEPT. 1857 ^ 75 353 MON. 21 SEPT. 1914 o 32 355 MON. 20 SEPT. IS VI ' 89 3 34- THUR. 21 SEPT. 2028 ,2 19 385 THUR. 9 SEPT. 1858 -j 7 6 385 THUR. 9 SEPT. 1915 33 383 SAT. SEPT. IS -.-. ' 90 3 ^3 MON. 10 SEPT. 2029 20 354 THUR. 29 SEPT. 1859 354 THUR. 28 SEPT. 1916 34 355 THUR. 2.7 SEPT. 1 S 73 91 3 -i5 SAT. 28 SEPT. 2030 353 MON. 17 SEPT. I860 78 355 MON. 17 SEPT. 1917 35 354 TUES. 17 SEPT. IS 74 92 3 54 THUR. 18 SEPT. 2031 22 385 THUR. 5 SEPT. 1861 79 383 SAT. 1 SEPT. 1918 36 385 SAT. 6 SEPT. 1 9 75 93 3 33 MON. 6 SEPT. 2032 23 354 THUR. 25 SEPT. 1862 80 354 THUR. 25 SEPT. 1919 37 353 SAT. 25 SEPT. 19 7( 3 53 SAT. 24 SEPT. 2033 24 383 MON. 14 SEPT. 1863 81 385 MON. 13 SEPT. 1320 38 384 TUES. 13 SEPT. 1977 t 1 : : 385 THUR, 14 SEPT. 2034 26 355 354- SAT. THURo 1 OCT. 1 864 21 SEPT. 1865 5681 83 353 SAT.- 23 SEPT. 1922 40 355 SAT. 22 SEPT. 1979 97 353 THUR. MON. 4 OCT. 2035 22 SEPT. 2036 27 385 MON. 10 SEPT. 1866 64 384 TUES, 1 1 SEPT. 1923 41 383 THUR. i i SEPT. 19 30 3 33 THUR. 10 SEPT. 2037 28 353 MON. 30 SEPT. 1867 85 355 MON. 29 SEPT. !924 42 354 TUES. '^ SEPT. \9 81 QQ 3 ^4- THUR. 30 SEPT. 2038 29 354 THUR. 1 7 SEPT. 1 868 86 355 SAT. 19 SEPT. 1925 43 355 SAT. 18 SEPT. IS 32 5 300 3 33 MON. 19 SEPT. 2039 30 385 MON. 6 SEPT. 1869 383 THUR, 9 SEPT. 1926 44 383 THUR. 6 SEPT. 19 33 i J J3 SAT. 8 SEPT. 2040 ^ 31 355 MON. 26 SEPT. 1870 ^.88 354 TUES, 27 SEPT. 1927 _. 45 354 TH'J.R. 27 SEPT. IS 84 * 02 3 54 THUR. 26 SEPT. 2041 32 383 SAT. 16 S^PT. 1871 rt 83 385 SAT. 15 SEPT. 1928 > 46 383 MON. 16 SEPT. 13 85 '" 03 3 35 MON. 5 SEPT. 2042 "33 354 THUR. 3 OCT. 1872 > 80 353 SAT. 5 OCT. 1329 7^47 355 SAT. OCT. 1 S 36 U 04 3 53 MON. 5 OCT. 2043 :" 34 355 22 SEPT. 1873 ^ 9" 354 TUES. 23 SEPT. 1930 354 THUR. 24 SEPT. 19 -V7 >- 05 3 ;;3 THUR. 22 SEPT. 2044 35 3S3 SAT/ 12 SEPT. 1874 " 92 385 SAT. 12 SEPT. 1931 *""* '-IS 383 MON. 12 SEPT. Is 88 ""J 06 .? }4 TUES. 12 SEPT. 2045 355 THUR, 30 SEPT. 1875 355 SAT. 1 OCT. 1932 50 355 SAT. 3Q SEPT. 13 89 7 3 55 MON. 1 OCT. 2046 ^"" 3V 354 TUES. 19 SEPT. 1876 ^ 94 354 THUR. 21 SEPT. 1933 _ 51 354 THUR. V 1 SEPT. 12 :'>i ^ 06 3 13 SAT. 21 SEPT. 2047 ^ 38 385 SAT. 8 SEPT. 1877 Q 9 5 383 MON. 10 SEPT. 1934 52 385 MON. C) SEPT. 19 91 ^ C -! 3 J4 TUES. 8 SEPT. 2048 * 39 355 SAT. 28 SEPT. 1878 96 355 SAT. 28 SEPT, 1935 ~53 353 MON. 2fi SEPT. 19 j. 1 ' 10 3 -> MON. 27 SEPT. 2049 40 354 THUR. 18 SEPT. 1679 97 354 THUR. 17 SEPT. 1936 54 355 THUR. 16 SEPT. 19 .v 1 1 3 >5 SAT. 17 SEPT. 2050 41 383 MON. 6 SEPT. 1880 98 385 MON. 6 SEPT. 1937 55 384 TUES, 6 SEPT. IS -4 I 2 3 33 THUR. 7 SEPT. 2051 42 355 SAT. 24 SEPT. 1881 99 353 MON. 26 SEPT. 1933 56 355 MON. 25 SEPT. 19 .r, 13 f 14 TUES. 24 SEPT. 2052 43 383 THUR, 14 SEPT. 1882 5700 365 THUR, 14 SEPT, 19:-"} ?R3 SAT. 14 SFPT. 13 96 1 4 '.': J5 SAT. 3 SEPT. 2053 5644 354 TUES= 2 OCT. 1883 570 1 354 THUR. 3 OCT. 1940 5758 354- THUR. 2 OCT. 1 S <- s 5T5 3 :- SAT. 3 OCT. 2054 45 355 SAT. 20 SEPT. 1884 02 355 MON. 22 SEPL 1941 59 -^00 MON. 21 SEPT. 19 >8 i 6 3 34 THUR. 23 SEPT. 2055 46 385 THUR. 10 SEPT. 1385 03 383 SAT. 12 SEPT. 1942 60 385 SAT, 1 1 SEPT-. 19 ^ 1 7 3 33 MON, 1 SEPT. 2056 47 354 THUR. 30 SEPT. 1886 04. 354 THUR. 30 SEPT. 1943 61 353 SAT. 30 SEPT. 20 00 1 8 3 >3 SAT. 29 SEPT. 2057 48 MON. 19 SEPT. 1887 05 355 MON. 18 SEPT. 1944 62 354 TUES. 18 SEPT. 20 01 1 ' ) . 4 THUR. 9 SEPT. 2058 ^ 49 THUR. 6 SEPL 1888 06 383 SAT. 8 SEPT. 194.", J 63 S5 SAT. 7 SEPT. 20 >'' 20 3 J3 MON. 8 SEPT. 2059 , 50 THUR. 26 SEPT, 1889 " 07 354 THUR. 26 SEPT. I94G ^ 6 4 335 SAT. 27 SEPI; 20 ' J 21 3, 55 SAT. 25 SEPT. 2060 "t 51 MON. 15 SEPT. 1890 08 385 MON, 15 SEPT. 1947 , 65 383 THUR. 16 SEPT. 20 u J 22 3 Vj THUR. 15 SEPT. 2061 " 52 355 SAT. 3 OCT. 1891 > 09 355 MON. 4 OCT. 1948 " 66 354 TUES. 4 OCT. n .!.i - 23 i 1 THUR. 5 OCT. 2062 o53 354 THUR. 22 SEPT. 1892 I0 353 SAT. 24 SEPT. 1949 355 SAT. "r * SEPT. 20 06 **" 24 si ,'! MON. 24 SEPT. 2063 54 385 MON. 1 1 SEPT. 1893 1 1 384 TUES. 12 SEPT. 1950 68 383 THUR. 13 SEPT= 20 O/ '"^ 23 y <.-' THUR. II SEPT. 2064 55 353 MOM. 1 OCT. 1894 _ '2 355 MON. 1 OCT. 1951 6 9 354 TUES. JO SEPT, 20 ".S 26 :-! vJ THUR, 1 OCT. 2065 o> 56 355 THUR. 19 SEPT. 1895 355 SAT. 70 SEPT. 1952 355 SAT. SEP'i. 20 ;>.' '^ 27 ^ 53 MOM. 20 SEPT. 2066 364 TUES. 8 SEPT. 1896 o . \ 383 THUR. 10 SEPT. 1953 ^ 7? 385 THUR. g SEPT. 20 10 9 28 3 J3 SAT. 10 SEPT. 2067 58 355 MON. 27 SEPT. 1897 m 1 5 354 TUES. 28 SEPT. 1954 72 354 THUR. 29 SEPT. 20 i i ^ 29 .? vl THUR. 27 SEPT. 2068 59 353 SAT. 17 SEPT. 1899 16 355 SAT. 17 SEPT. 195? 73 353.. MON. 17 SEPT. 20 I no ,K X, MON. 6 SEPT. 2069 60 384 TUES. 5 SEPT. 1899 1 7 385 THUR. 6 SEPT. 1956 74 385 THUR. 5 SEPT. 20 3 31 3i 33 SAT. 6 'SEPT 2070 61 355 MON. 24 SEPT. 1900 1 8 354 THUR. 26 SEPT. 1957 75 354 THUR. 25 SEPT. 20 14 32 3. 55 THUR. 24 SEPT. 2070 62 383 SAT. 14 SEPT. 1901 1 9 383 MON. 15 SEPT. 1958 76 385 MON. 4 SEPT. 2015 33 384 TUES. 3 SEPT. 2071 ht Mohammedan eTa,orer\of the Hegira, is dated from the flight-of Moharmned Hotn Mec- ca to Medina, which wai in the night of Thursday the 15th of July 621 A.D., and it cornroene- on the day following. The years of the Hegira are (acre ly lunar, and ilwrj-s consist of a period of twelve lunar months, com- mencing with trie approximate new moon, without any intercalation to keep them to the same season with respect to the sun, so that they retro- grade through all the seasons in about 32^ years. They are also partitioned into cycles of 30 years, 19 of which are common years of 354 days each, and the other II are intercalary years having an additional day appended *.o the last month. length of the year is 354 days, 8 houTB, and 4-8 minutes, and that of the month is 29 days, 12 hours, and 44 minutes, which differe from thf mean astronomical lunar month by only 2.8 seconds, so that the error amounts :o only a day in about 24-00 years. To find if a year is intercalary or common, di- vide it by 30; the quotient will be the number of completed cycles, and the remainder will be the year of the current cycle; if this last be one of the numbers 2,5,7,10,13,16,18,21,24,26,29, the year is intercalary and consists of 355daysjif it be any other number, the year is common. The intercalary years of each cycle in the table of years is distinguished by an asterisk. The table of years given below shows the dates of the commencement of Mahomrnedin yews from 1845 up to 2047, or from the 4-3rd ta the 49th Cycle inclusive, which form tne whole of the seventh period of seven cycles. Throughoutthe next pe- riod of seven cycles, and all other like periods, the days of the week will occur in exactly the same ordei PRINCIPLES. OF THE MOHAMMEDAN RELIGION- The religion founded by Mohammed, is, accor- ding to him, the only orthodox creed existing from the beginning of the world, and preach- ed by all the prophets ever since Adam. It is also called \<=Nm\. The funda-me-ntal principles of the religion are contained in the two articles of belief.-'Thcre is no G-od but tod; and Mohammed is G-od's Apostle.' The MoharnmedaTi doctrine of God's being and attributes coincide with the Christian, so far as relates to him as the Creator^ heaven and earth who rules and preserves all things, and who is L without beginning, om-ni potent, (rnmiscient, om- nipresent, and fall of mercy. MOHAMMEDAN MONTHS. M-uharram 30 Siphar 29 Rabia L 30 RabiaH. 29 Jornada I. Jomjdall. . fl ijab . . . Shaaban. . Ramadan. ... .30 Shiwall . Q-ulkiada 30 Dulheggia 29 5 and in in- tercalary yea^. .30 PRINCIPAL DAYS OF THE MOHAMMEDAN tt&MM. Muharram I, New Year. Babiil. fl' Ashi II, Birth of Mohammed. nauiai. iijDtrin OT iviunammeu. Jornada I. 20} Taking of Constantinople. Rajab Shiaban 15, Day of Victory. 20, Exultation of Moharnr Jorik's Night. Shawall l2,3, G-rand BaiTatn. Oniheggia I, Kin-ban Bairam. TABLE OF MOHAMMEDAN YEARS.(FROM WOOLHOUSE'S WEIGHTS,MEASURES t ETC.) 'EAR OF COMMENCEMENT HEGIRA. (1ST OF MUHARRAM). YEAR OF HE&IRA COMMENCEMENT (1ST OF MUHARRAM). fEAROF HEGIRA COMMENCEMENT (1ST OF MUHARRAM). YEAR OF HEGIRA COMMENCEMENT (1ST OF MUHARRAM). YEAR OF COMMENCEMENT HE&IRA (1ST OF MUHARRAM). 43 CYCLE. 302 TUES. FRID. 261 262* 263 264 265* 266 267* WED. TUES. 30 DEC. 1845 SUN. THUR. 268 269 270* 271 272 FRID. TUES. SUN. 10 JAN. 1 845 303* SAT. 30.4 20 DEC. 1846 9 DEC. 1847 27 NOV. 305 306* 307 : RID. WED. 6 NOV. MON. 27 OCT. 15 OCT. 4 OCT. 24 SEPT. 3 SEPT. I SEPT. I&56 22 AU&. 1857 II AUG. 1858 308* SUN. FRID. 310 31 !' 312 313 314* TUES. SAT. THUR. MON. FRID. 273-" MON. 274 SAT. 273 !WEO. 276*iSUN. 131 JULY ">77 IFRIO. 20 JULY I860 21S i 279 280 28 1 1 1 282 283 28i H 2S5 28 6 H 267 263 289' 230 I29I 1 292' 1 293 1 294 I295 H 1 296 1 297' 1 298 I 299 I 300 rniu. uu JULI TUES. 9 JULY SUN. 29 JUNE 1 862 THUR.JI8 JUNE I863 MON. 5 JUNE I864 SAT. C7 MAY I865 WED- ""' '"'"'' SUN. FRIO. TUES. 3I5 (WED. 3I6*|SUN. 317 IFRIO. 318 iTUES. 319 'SAT. 320 ITHUR. 2 NOV. 1883 21 OCT. 1884 OCT. 1885 30 SEPT. 1886 19 SEPT. 1887 7 SEPT. 1888 28 AUG. 17 AUG-. 7AU&. 26 JULY 15 JULY 5 JULY 24 JUNE 12 JUNE 2 JUNE 22 MAY 2 MAY 1 MAY 120 APRIL 345 346* 347 348 349* 350 MON. FRID. WED. SUN. THUR. TUES. I2JULY 1 926 I 385 I JULY 1 927 1 386 20 JUNE 1 928 I 387 9 JUNE 1 929 1 388 29 MAY 9 MAY 1 930 1 93 1 1 892 1 893 1 894 I896 1 897 4-6 CYCLE. 35! lO APRIL I902 45 CYCLE. 1 6 MAY I866 5 MAY IBS' 24 APRIL I868 1 3 APRIL I869 SUN. i 3 APRIL I870 THUR. J23 MARCH I87I MON. II MARCH 1 872 lAT. I I MARCH 1873 44 CYCLE. WED. II8FE8. I874 SUN. 7 FEB. I875 321 IMON. 1 322* FRID. 323 |WEO. 324 JSUN. 325*!THUR. 1326 ITUES. 1327* SAT. 1328 THUR. 329 !MON. I 330* FRIO. I33I I 332 WED. SUN. I333*THUR. FRID. TUES. SAT. 28 JAN. 1 876 1 6 JAN. 1 877 .5 JAN. I87S THUR. |26 DEC. 1 878 IMON. |I5 DEC. I879 AT. 4 DEC. 0. 23 NOV. < Il2 NOV. I334 335 I336* 337 I338* I 339 I 340 I34P 1 342 ilil TUES- SAT. WED. MON. FRID. WED. THUR'. TUES. SAT. 30 MARCH 1 903 8 MARCH 1 904 8 MARCH 1 905 25 FEB. 1 906 4 FEB. 1 907 4 FEB. 23 JAN. 1 909 3 JAN. I9IO 2 JAN. I9II 2 DEC. ISII DEC. I9I2 30 NOV. 9 NOV. 9 NOV. 28 OCT. 7 OCT. 7 OCT. 26 SEPT. I9I9 5 SEPT. I920 4 SEPT. 1 92! 24 AUG. 1 922 4AUC-. I923 4 AUG. I924 1 389 I390* 1 39 1 1 392 1 393* 1 394 1 335 1934 1 336* 1 935 1 397 1 398* 1 399 I400 I40I* I940 I402 1 403 I404* 1 405 I406* I407 1 408 I409* I4IO ED. SUN. RIO. TUES. SUN. THUR. MON, SAT. WED. SUN. FRID. TUES. SAT. THUR. MON. AT. WEO. SUN. RIO. TUES. SAT. THUR. MON. SAT. WEO. SUN. RID. 13 MAY 1964 2 MAY 1985 21 APRIL 1966 APRIL 1967 31 MAR. 1968 20 MAR. 9 MAR. 27 FEB. 16 FEB. 4 FEB. 25 JAN. 14 JAN. 3 JAN. 23DE. 12 DEC. 2 DEC. 21 NOV. 9 NOV. 30 OCT. 19 OCT. 8 OCT. 27 SEPT. 16 SEPT. 6 SEPT. 1986 26 AUG. I 14 AU&. I 4AU&. 1989 1428* SAT. !20 JAN 1429 THUR. 430 MON. 431* FRIO. 432 WED. 1970 1433 SUN. I434*!THUR. 10 JAN. 2008 29 DEC. 2008 Ifi DEC. 2009 8 DEC. 2010 27 NOV. 2011 15 NOV. 2DI2 1435 flUES. 5 NOV. 2013 I436*|SAT. 25 OCT. 2014 197411-437 ITHUR. 15 OCl. 2015 1975 1433 :MGN. 3 OCT. 2016 1976 I439* 1 FRIO. J22 SEPT. 2017 1440 !WED. 112 SEPT. 2018 1977 1978 49 CYCLE 1979 T44I SUN. 1330 1 983 1984 1985 380 47 CYCLE. 1 38! .THUR. U JUNE I96I 1 382* MOM. U JUNE 1 962 1 383 SAT. B5 MAY 1 963 1411 1412* 1413 1414 1415* 1416 1417* 1418 1419 1420* 1421 1422 1423* 1424 1425 1426* 43 CYCLE. TUES. 124 JULY 1990 SAT. 13 JULY 199 THUR. D JULY 1992 1993 JUNE 1994 WED. 31 MAY SUN. 19 MAY l442*jTHUa. 1443 iTUES. 1444 ISAT. (445*iWED. 1446 MON. 1447*010. 1448 WEO. 1443 'SUN. I450*JTHUR. 1451 ITUES. 1452 ISAT. i453" WED. MON. ftl JUNE FRIO. 10 1454 1455 I456 1 1 457 1 458* MON. FRID. TUES. SUN. THUR. FRIO. TUES. SAT. THUR. MON. 9 MAY 28 APRIL 7 APRIL I 6 APRIL 2000 26 MAR. 2001 1459 ITUES. 1 460 JSAT. 1 45 1 wta 1 462 IMON. 1463 IFRID. |464*|TUES. FRID. 15 MAR. 2002 WEO. 5 MAR. 2003 SUN. 22 FEB. 2004 THUR. HO FEB. 2005 465 ! 1 468 1 469' SUN. THUR. SEPT. 20I9 20 AUG. 2020 10 AU&. 202 I 30 JULY 2022 1 9 JULY 2023 3 JULY 2024 27 JUNE 2025 I 7 JUNE 2016 6 JUNE 2027 25 MAY 2028 15 MAY 2029 4 MAY 2030 23 APRIL 2031 12 APRIL 2032 I APRIL 2033 21 MAR. 2034 1 1 MAR. 2035 28 FEB. 2036 1 7 FEB. 2037 5 FEB. 2038 26 JAN. 203 16 JAN. 2040 4 JAN. 2041 24 DEC. 2041 14 DEC. 2042 3 DEC. 2043 SAT. TUES. 22 NOV. 2044 NOV. 2045 31 OCT. 2046 1470 MON. 21 OCT. 2047 18 S howl -up I he. N umber o/ Days /Vow Bepmnltip and to -the End o/ -the Yea-r. 5ia96|291|298|299|30 922324252627 I91II98II99 2001201 3011203 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 168 161 166 165 16* I G 'M G 5 22 23 24- 29 26 27 28 10412051 206 1 1 01 I 3081209 II I 23242526272899 I 61 1 1 60 1 1 59 1 1 58 1 1 5711 5SU55 1415 16 17 IB 19 20 56178 9 10 109 laoa'aoTlaos los'io* 1631 1641 I 651 1661 16 1,1 bt II 13 1415 16 17 85 l 86 I 81 I SB I 89 |90 316 27 28 29 30 31 lao la 79 lais lan laTfilns ITOII 11 11721173 1141115 I9j2o|2lj2223|24 2611261 263 2641365 18 1 19 12021 22 116 111 II 18 1 1911 80(181 I 15 26 !27 128 29 30 3. -I/ one date fall within the yea p-recedi-np the current year, add the ber o/ days from the be9innin9 of the year to the nu.ni ber to the end of the year: thus, from May 4 to Scp*. 18 of the prccedi-no yearlrecko' ward) is 1124- + 1 04-) aa8 days Feb. at the top descerid to Sept., where is /ound 213, which is the nt^mber o/ days to the l**h o/ Sept.-, then to the 21st i^7 days -more, rtiakiri? 220 days Rf quired, the numiberor days from tie l,to Oct. I of the /ollowin9 yeat.- om JuTie at the top descend to June, where is found 365; thence descend to Oct., where is -found 122, which added to 365, equals 487. A.. A -no*e maturing Sep*. 13, isdts- cou-nted June 24 previous; what is the time to run? From June 24 to Sept 24, by the table, is 92 days: the 13th be in 9 If days before, 9ives (92-11) 81 days OBSEf\V^TIO(/S \ND E\/\N\PlES. The table applies to common years only. For leap years, one day mus* be. added after passiny February 28. The bold-faced type represent the days of the month, and the small type above and below the bold-faced type re present the days from the b9innin9 and to the end of the year, as shown by the dfrec- tion of the arrows. Exa-H-iple*. ,- To find the difference between two dates within the year, take the difference between the days from the beyinniny and the days to the end of the year: thus,from March 5 to Oct. 27 is (300-64)236 days. X. If one date fall within the yearfol- owinp the current year, add the -number of days to the erid of the year to the vum- jerfrorn the beyinnir^: Hms-froni June 3rd to February 16 in the following year 's (2 1 1 + 47) 25 8 days. There being a table for each the cow- men and the leap years, select the table to suit the year. Select the month frotn which the date is reckoned, at the top of the table, then descend the column to the month to which the date is reckon- ed, where will be found the exact num- beY of days. THe small fi9u-res,ffom I to 12, show the 'number of months. Examples. I. What is the number of days from Ju- ly 4 to March 4 (common year) ? From July at -the top of the table, descend the column to March, where is /ou-nd 243,the| March J7 exact number of days. ft. Find theU\ow.-#l2( (the annuity) x 3*12.7833 (the present value of #1 annuity /or 25 years.at 6 %)=I534-.00. U the annuity be payable serni-arirmally and semi-annual interest is to be allowed, take the present value (or doable the nu-rnber of years, one-half the 9iven rate.^V\v%, an annuity of SSI every six -months, /or lOyrs.at 8%=l per annum (or 20 yrs. at 4-% =013.550 2% | I 5 ?S 8 95 I 7% 9% I 10% 1.9415 2.8839 3.8077 4.7134 5.6014 6.47 19 7.3255 8. 1622 8.9826, . J.5753 I 1.3484 12.1063 12.8493 13.5777' 14.2916 J4.992I 15.6784 i.3514 'l7.0 I 12 17.6581 18.2922 18.9138 19.5235 20.1 I50YI8.9296 20.7069 I 19.4435 21.2813 I 19.9448 21.8444 20.4333 22.3964 JjZO. 9 I 13 0.9756 1.9275 2.8560 3.7619 4. 6458 , . 508 6.3494 7. 1701 7.9708 ,8.T52 i . 5 1 41 10.2578 10.9831 1.6902 13.38 14 3.0550 13.7122 14.3534 14.9163 J 5. 589 I 5.4172 6.2303 7.0197 7.7861 8.5302 9.2526 9.9540 10.6349 I 1.2960 .9339 2.561 I 13. 1661 13.7535 14.3238 14.8774 P5.4I56' 15.9369 116.4436 5.9355 1,17.4131 17.8768 18.3270 18.7641 19. 1884 19.6004 0.9662 I . 8997 2.801 5 3.6731 4.5150 5.3285 6. I 145 6.8739 7.6077 8.3166, 2.0941 12.6513 13. 1897 13.7098 14.2124 .8903 17.2853 17.6670 18.0357 8.3920 0.9615 I .8861 2.7751 3.6299 4.451 5.242 6.6020 6.7327 7.4353 109 '8.7605' 9.3851 9.955 |I0.563I II . I 184 .6523 12.1656 2.6593 13. 1339 J3.5903. iToaFT 14.45 14. 8J [15.2469 15.6221 5.9827 16.3296 16.6630 16.9837 17.2920 5. >578 5.8926 6.5958 7.2687 7.9121 11.2339 .7072 12. 1600 12.5932 13.0079 5. 1461 15.4513 15.7429 16.0219 je.2889 0.9524 I .8594 2.7232 3.5459 4.3295 5.0757 5.7864 6.4632 7. 1078 7.73 17 '8.3064 8.8632 9.3936 9.898( I0.379( 10.8378 .2741 I 1.6896 12.0853 12.4622 H3.82I 13. 1630 13.4885 13.7986 J4.0939 4.2752 14.6430 14.8981 15.141 I 15.3724 0.9434 .8334 2.6730 3.4651 4.2123 4.9173 5.5824 6.2097 6.8017 ,7.3601 0.1059 10.4772 10.8276 II. 1581 .4694 .764 12.0416 12.3034 12.5503 12.7833 ) 1 13.0032 13.2105 13.4062 13.5907 3.7648 0.9346 1.8080 2.6243 3.3872 4.1002 4.7665 5.3893 5.9713 6.5152 7.0236 7.4987 7.3427 8.3576 8.7454 9. 1079 9.4466 9.1632 0.0591 0.3356 0.5840 11.0612 11.2722 11.4693 11.6536 11.8258 11.9867 12.1371 12.2777 12.40901 0.9259T0.9n4T 0.9091 1.7833 1.7591 1.7355 2.5771 2.5313 2.4869 3.3121 3.2397 3.1699 3.3927 l3. 889 6 \ 3.7908 4.6229 5.2064 5.7466 6.2469 6.7101 7. 1390 7.5361 7.9038 8.8514 9. 1216 9.3719 9.6036 9.8181 10.0168 I0.200T 10.3711 10.5288 10.6748 10.8100 0.9352 I. 0511 11.1584 1.2578 4.52I6J4.3553 5.0657 4.8684 5.5648 5.3349 6.0228 I 5.7590 6.4951 6.8137 7.1034 7.3667 7.6061 6.4429, .8284 ' 1888 ,5131 8101 ,0826 .3226 .5621 .7725 .9656 . 1428 3053 4543 5912 7167 8330 9.9375 10.0344 10. 1233 10.2048 10.2874 J T. 8237 8.0216 8.2014 8.3649 8.5136 8.6487 8.7715 8.8832 8.9847 9.0770 9.1609 9.2372 >.42 G-ivin^ the Amount of l Annuity per annum atCornpou-nd Interest. To u-se .the *able, -multiply *he annuity by he an-iou,nt of ^1 (or the required time at the required rate and intervals as 9iven in the table.^X*%vvv^*' At the birth of a son a father invests fo-r him !|00 at 5%, interest computed annually, and the same amount wi*h accrued interest on each birthday thereafter till the son is 21 years old; what su.m will the son have when he comes of age? So\\vV\o*v.-IOO( the annu,i*y) x 3*35.7 193 (the amount o/3$l annuity /or 21 yrs. at 5%)=*357I.93 -51 I 3% | 3 0.4229 55.4568 60.8933 66.7648 J3.I059, 1.0000 2.0900 3.2781 4.5731 5.9847 7.5833' 9.2604 I 1. 0884 13.0810 I5>2529 17.6203' 20.2207 23.0334 26.0992 29.4409 33.0834 37.0537 41.3813 46.0984 51.2401 16.8445" 52.9533 69.61 19 76.8698 ,84.7809 To /Hid the inter- est on any sutti /or any time, at any rate per cent. 9iven in the table, /ind the Interest (I) on the sum /or the years; (2) /or the -months; ($ /or the days, and then add the several results ' To /ind the interest at 7> "/c, n nJ it at 4-% by the table, and take half the arnou-tit; /or 3%, take hal f the. awou-nt /or 1 6%; /or 3t3i*,*akfthW of 5#; /or 3/^%, take half o/7?S; /or 8%, take *wice 4%; /or IO&, take *wicc 5^;/orlZ56, take twice 6,%. The (able is so constructed as to be tke -most possible convenient /or Gowpu-titig ititerest with rapidity, *he a-mount and the interest bein^ 9ive-n together iti the sa-me rectari9H,lar space, so that when the tf-me is known, si-mply descend the colimin to the reqw-ired a-moi*nt(the back-hand tmtnber) where will be /ou-nd the interest ju-st beneath it. The interest at atiy per cent. not 9iven in the table or -mentioned above, way be/ou,nd readily by proportion Table is especially valuable *o ei^raversjelectrbtypersjatid all others havi-n? frequ-etit occasioti to find the products o/titwibers, both in-fcepral and fractional, not exceeding 20. To itse the table, select either dimension at the top nia^in, theri descend the column to the other (shown by the small tiu.itiber above the Iar9e), where is ^iven the integral prod- ,5,5 7 7 8 8 9 9 o 10 12 Si] if 16 nil i 18 34 3J 5 10 6 * 7 14 8 16 9 524 26: 4 28 15 30 is 3* 2 u34 3 2 6 3 9 4 12' 6 18 824? 39 4 4* 15 45 a 8 3 12 4 16 20 e 24 8 32 9 36 to ia48 3 52 56 64 68*18 72 19 76 ao a 1C 5 3 IS 5 s 25 30 5 8 40 5 o 50 a 60 3 65 4 70 is 75 19 95aol 12 3 18 424 s 30 36 7 45 48 9 54 i 6612 72 2 78 s 90 Mil 1 02*<8 108 o 1 14 20 i 71 21 4 28 535 e 42 7 49 8 56 9 63 10 70 77 J ia 4 9V is 105 e 1 12 7 1 1 9f is 126 is I3la 2 16 3 24 32 s40 s48 7 561 s 64 8 9 72 o 80 a 96 13 104 112 5 120 e 128' 17 136 1 8 144 a 18 3 27 4 36 s 45 e 54 9 81 o 90 108 13 1 17 14)26 is 135 e 144 n 153 isl62 9|7I20| 10 a 20 440 s 50 e 60 7 70 380 9 90 10 100 i 110 12120 3 130 4 140 is ISO e 160 n 170.8 180 19190 10 10 j 90 aolO(V a 22 333 e 66 s 88 999 ollO 121 z 132 1 3 143 4 154 1 5 165 iel76 1 187 I I : 8198 9209 t 12 a 24 3 36 ia s 60 672 7 84 9 108 10 120! a 144 3156 4168 5 1 80 6192 n204 82161 a 26 3 39 52 s 65 e 78 7 91 13 8(04 13 sin 2156.3169 14(82 5 195 6208 n22l 13 i s234 l3 s i 14: 2 28 3 42 s 70 s 84 7981 8(12 9(26 .140 a 168 3(82 I96 5210 6214 s 238 18252 9266iio280) 15 a 30 3 45 4 6G' 15 5 75 e 90 15 8(20 15 9 135 15 olSO is .165 180*13 195 15 5225 15 e240f 15 7255 15 8270 16 i 16 32 348 64 5 80 7(12' 8(28 9144 10 160 16 176 a 192 3208 4224 ; 7272 930420320' i 17 a 34 351 68 s 85 6(02 7 1 19; 9(53 io!70 187 2204 3221 4238 15255 e272!iv289 83H I93XS1 g*MJ 7 36 3 54 18 5 90 e 108 7(26 8(44 9(62 >I80 198 12216 3234* 252 is270 18 X.288 18 7306 8324 .9342 Mttf 19 a 38 3 57 76 19 s 95 6114 7133 19 sl52 171 190 19 1 209 19 1 2228 i324t 266 ,s285 e304 n323 8342 9361 a 40 360 5(00 6(20 7140 s 160 9 180 1 0200 .220 i240 428Qfi5300 l? 320 7340 s360 19380 2o400 20 Showing the beginning and end of twilight for the /irst,eleventh,andtwenty-/irst days of every month, asseen on the parallels o/273033, 3639, 4;C45, and48 north latitude, and by estimation, will serve equally well /or adjacent points. Months, L A T I T U Be^itis A.M. Ends P.M. Begins A.M. Ends P.M. Begms A.M. Ends P.M. 36 C 3eeauty, given the flowers their bloom, and ent music to the n v$Xx\V\vg.We hive met with swh libeTalencouragement during the past season, and our efforts to meet the public demand have received such generous support, we feel doubly assured our present slock will prove equally inviting, and fully is desirable an exhibit as any we have heretofore made. Augusta,Me.,Dec.l5,l9 . BENJAMIN SivuTH,Esa. Concord, N.H. ^evt & Concord, N. MESSRS. ALDEN < Morton, AugustajMe. l->ex\\tTo,w.-We regret extremely our delay in meeting promptly the payment of May bills, and can only excuse ourselves on the ground of bu sitiess depression and subsequent difficulty in making. col lections. I herewith enclose, in part payment of account named, bank drift on N.Y. . State of Oregon, . n ovive 01 Uicuuii) 200 bbls. nouTdJnfted Snow), 1 5 bbls. Sweet Potatoes, 12 bbls. Apples, (All marked P.J.^C.) Trusting thit these w'dl prove as satisfactory s those heretofore sent, and bring as good a ~\ct, we are, Yours respectfully, G-REENE,TOBIN 4 Co. St.Louis,Mo^ June 19, 19. MESSRS.MILLER75 due me. Trusting that you will give the matter im- mediate attention, 1 am, Yours truly, AMBROSE Cooke- A.B.CuDE,Esq., Teey, Agent AmeTicnBookCo.,N.Y. ^ew <5-.- At the last meeting of the Board of Ed- ucation of this city/'Harvey's English &Tarrrmar7 was adopted for use in our Public Schools. "Eclectic History of the U.S." adopted a uerr ao, is givirig the best of satisfaction. YOUTS respectfully, Byron Sinclair, NewYork, Oct. 15,19. iX MARSH, WELSH 4Co.,Vn^:o\xvAX,. CMAS.FOX, Jeffersonville,lnd. IOObblsApples,e*2.75,... PAID Freight N.Y.C.R.R Driyiae and labor Commission, 5 per cent..... Net proceeds to your credit 106.75 *l 68.25 Jef fwsonvl 1 1, hid, Oc t.25 J9-. M ESSRS. MarsH, WELSH 4 Do., New York. Qm\X\r\c Brit. Brit. mer. Brit. Amer. Brit. Brit. Amet Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Brit. Brit. Brit. Brit. Brit. Neither Amer. I4W/? OF / ff/2. WH ERE FOUGHT. Detroit.... GUeenstown. . Dqdensbarq. . Trerichtown . York (Toronto) . Ft. Meigb. . . c t. George, C Ft. Mimms. . Sackett s Harbor Btony Creek . : t.Stephenson. Thames, Can. WHEN FOUGHT. Oct.13, "2i, Jan.M,- Apr.27, " 27, 29 Je. 8, AitCj. !, Oct. 5, COMMANDERS. Van Horn Tecum Miller Hull seh TecuTnseh Brock /anltasselw Brock Forsyth ,22,-'3 Winchester ike lay 3 ear born Browr, Winder Droghan Harrison Proctor * Sheaffe Proctor Vincent Tecumseh Prevost Vincent Proctor Proctor SUCCESS. ARM Br'it. Amer. Brit. Brit. Brit. Biit. Amer. Arner. Amer. Brit. Amer. Brit. Amer. Amer. FOUGHT, FOUGHT Chrysler's Fie LaCaell Mill.. Wash hiq tori . Chippewa. . Lundu'sLane. Ft. Erie Bladensbtirg. Plattsburg . . North Point . Ft.McMenry . Ft.Bowyer. . Ft. Erie. , . .. Ft.NiagaVSi. . 9-milfsfromN.a New Orleans kLNov.11,-13 Mch.30,-1 Apr.25, ^1,;: %; Sep. 1 1, 12, 13, Boyd 14 Wilkinson Ha 3rown Brown Jaines Winder Macomb Strieker Oec.19, 23, Jati. 8,-IS J Armistead Cochrane awrence Nicholls 3rown .eonard Jackson ackson WHERE FOUGHT. _S* Off Newfoundland Aug. I3,-I2 Off Massachusetts Off NorthCaroliTia NenCnmyblnfcOeiA Off San Salvador Oec.29, Off Oemerra. . MassachasetbBay June- 1, Biitish Channel Off Maine.. Lake Erie. . . Lake Ontario Off Florida. BiitishCharmel Je Near Africa. . Lake Champiain Mobile Bay. . LakeBorque. Off New Jersey. Off Madeira Island Off Brazil. . . WHEN FOUGHT GOMWNOERS-VESSELSlSUCCESS Aug.I Oct. 18, Auj.IV' Sep. 5," Sep.10," Oct. 5, Harbor ofWpiraiso Mch.28,-14 Porter Warring Apr.29, .28," be p. ep.ll," Me Sep. 15, Dec. 9, Jnul.5,-1 eb.20, Mch.23, ncock Ross Riall )Turmno Mmmono Ross Prevost Brooke PackeTiriJTfi Amer. orter Jones Lawrence ^ rence s Alle Blakely .awrence fV.SiO^ Jones tewart w^RS, Biddle k^^ATneT Amer Wh'inyaUs Amer. Amer Amer. .ambert WMV.UMI Peake V$! Broke w^S?- Maples ^^ 3lythe Hillar ioto. Wales ^U Manners %Vw^& Arbuthnot Lockyer 4^to(\t5 Hayes ' ATtier. Brit. Bri t. Amer. Amet. Amer. Brit. Amen Brit. Amer. Atner. Bri-t. Brit. Neither ARMY. Amer. Brit. Brit. Amer. Airier. v\M\ Brit. Amer. Amer. Amet. Arner. Amer. Brit, Brifc Artmv The War of '1812 was really a continu ance of the War of the Revolution, caused bythe impressment of American seamen,and harassing of American commerce. It is noted for the large number of naval engagements. 3 a UNIVERSITY Fff/#C/PALAtAVALffArnfSOFmec/V/L WAff. !862,Feb,6, Ft. Hennjjerm., captured by Foot*; Feb. 8,Roanoke Island captured by Goldsborough andBinn side; Feb. 16, Ft. OoTOlson,Tenn., forces of Grant and Foote; Mar.8, Confed. Ram Menimac'sinks" U.S. Frigates Cumberland and Congress, Hamp- ton Roads,Va.; Mar. 9, Federal Monitor disables Merrimac; Apr. 6, Ptttsburg Landing; Apr.8, Cap- ture of Island No.10; Apr.ll, Ft.Pulaski Ga.cap tared by land and naval forces; Apr.24,Fts. Jackson, St.Phillip, and New Orleans; May l3,Nat chez,Miss.,captured by FarTa OH coH*tqtT.>o Baton *ouge,La. CedarMoihi,VL Gallatin,Tenn. Kettle Run.Va. }rovelon,Va. Ball RuTi,Va. Richmond. Ku. Chantilly,Va. South VowtXMd ^TpfrsFeTTU 4ntietani,Md. uka,Miss. orinth, Miss, 'enyville,Kij. V cksburats, and 362 actions, sieges and lesser affairs. The number of battles, fights and actions wag- ed against Indians have been upward of 1000 COST or r//f ww$. The cost of the War of the Revolution w $135,193,703; of the War of 18 1 2, fc 1 07, 1 59,003; of the Mexican WaT,^66 3 000,000; of the Civil War,* 6,500, 000,000. In the Civil War the Provost Marshal Gener- l's report shows that there were killed in at- ion or died of their wounds while in service tomrnissioned officm. 5,221; enlisted men, 90,868. Died from disease or accident: Com- missioned officers.2,321; en listed men, 182,329 making i total loss of 280,739. VH SOW*. OT "*V^. *V^\.t%. &Toveton,V.,Fed., 6,000-Confed., 12,000: Chan- llorville, Fed., 15,000-Confed., 18,000; (Tettys- bura, Fed.. 28,138-Confed., 37,000; l/icksburj, Fed., 3,933-Confed., 9,000; Chickanuuw, Fed. 0,906-Confed. t 17,000; Chaltanooaa/ed.,4000 Confed., 16,000; Nashville, Fed., 6,500-Confederal, 23,000; Cold Harbor, Fed^9,5oO-CVvY\^\e., when it in- volves but one element:Gi\v\\\c.. If 10 men in 5 days of 7 hourseach, dig a trench 25 feet I on9, 8 feet wide and 7 feet deep, in how -many days of 12 hours each will 4 -men dig a trench 12. feet long, lOfeetdeep and 8 feet wide? to about %o of a grain. ENTI LITRE. THe hundredth part ot the Prench litre, equal to about ^s of a Cubic inch. CENTIMETRE. -The hundredth part of the French metre, equal to about 3^ of an inch. lENTURY . - A period of time the length of which is 100 years. 'MAIN. -An instrument used in surveying, and is 66 feet in length, containing I 00 links,cach link being 7.92 inches long. I* is usually called Cunter^ chain. >HORD .- A strait line joinirig the two extremities of ar> arc of a CIPHER. -The character 0. It signifies rvo -Y\U.-VY\\JC,-V when stand- ing by itself, but in combination, it occupies a place in the arithmet ical scale, and indicates that there are no units of fchat order i n the number. CIRCLE. -A portion of a plane A E B F, bounded by a curved line, every point 12 :: 0.5 4 8 x7 Ope ratio lOx8*IO*5 10 CENTIGRAMME. -The hundredth part of a French gramme, equal of vyhich :s equally distant from a point within called the cc-'Yvwe The bounding line is called the cw CAV\n^ e K e wee- -The i'vawefce-r is a stra'^ht line drawn through the centre and^errni- nated by the circutn- fcrence, as AS. The *&&W4 is a straight line from the centre to the clrcu-rn ference^as CD. An atvc is any portion of the c Ircumference, as AE.A^ec- Vo- is the space included between two radii and the intercepted arc, as BCD. A cV\o-v& is a straight line joining the extremities of an arc, as AO. A ^eq-ywewV is bounded by an arc and its chord, as AOE.A plane figure is Vvvic.V\\oeA in a cir- cle when the vertices of its angles are in the circumfe-rence t of the circle, as LMNO is inscribed in the circle whose radius Is PM. A c\-vt\v\ait V\-v\<) is the space enclosed between the^ircumferences of two concentric circles.Corvce\\vV\c C\T- c\e"i have the same centre but dif- ferent radii, as the circles whose radii arc PK and PT To find the. cx>c>vw\iiftY,Yvcft of a circle Multiply the diameter by 3.14)6 To fi>id the ^'\avne.x,ay of a cir cle, Divide the circumference by 3. 1416. To /id the -S-YS^L of a circle, Multiply the square of the radius by 3. 1416; or Divide the square of half thecircum fere nee by 3.1415; or Multiply fche circumference b^ one-fourth of the diameter. To /ind the d i a-meVe.'v or c\\c\WY\4a/VQ.-Y\c,o. of a circle, Divide the area by 3.1416, the square root of the quotient will be half the diameter, and the diameter multiplied by2VJ4|6 will be the circumference. To /-nd the area of a <=>ac.v/o^ of a circle, Multiply half the letiq*h of the arc by the radius ;orTaJ< the same part of the area o-f the circle as the nu-w ber of de yre.es in the arc are of 360. To find the area of a sao/we.vvVjFrom the area of the sector, subtract the area of the trianole formed with the chord and radii, for a segment less than a semi-circle; but add these areas for a segment greater than a semi-circle. To find the area of a T.ow,,STUV, From the area of the circle, subtract the areas of the segments not included in the 7one To /Jtid the area of a ctvt\w Vvw), Find the difference between the areas of the two circles. To /ind the side of an \-v\sc/v\\>eA t^VA\tft' e/va\ W\AA\o,\e, Multiply the diam- eter by .866025. To (\-nA the side of an \-v\scV\\oei '^a.-ve, Multiply the diameter by .707l06.To /otid the side of a %<\u.aire VVva.v e,A Uqvvre. The circle ABC is circum- scribed about the triangle ABC. CISTERN. -To /ind thenumber of gallons in a quadrilateral cis- tern, Multiply the length, width, and depth, in inches, together^and divide the product by 23 1 .To /i-nd the number of gallons in a. circu- lar cistern of uniform diameter, Multiply the square of the diam- eter (in inches) by .7854, which product -multiply by the depth(in inches); then divide by 231. To find the number of gallons in a circular cistern whose lower and upper diameters dif/er,To the sum of the squares of t h e lower and upper diameters, add the product of the lower and up- per diameters; then multiply by .7854 , which product -multiply by the depth (all in inches);then divide by 693. (See Cisterns, un- der Weights and Measures). CLOTH Measure. -Seetable un- der Weights and Measures. COIN. -Pieces of metal, as gold, silver, copper, etc., converted into money by stamping upon them certain characters. (See Co in, under Weights atid Measures). COMMON DIVISOR. -Any quan- tity which wijl divide two or wore other quantifies without a 're- mainder; as, 4 is a cominon di- visor of 20, 40, and 60. The qveaite\x*\ie\)- o-r* s co-w\^a.20 men. Sfaiettie-nl. 40ft. .80A. 4daus :3daus 40x4*6 COMPUTE. -To reckon by the aid of figures or characters; to prac- tically apply the rules of a sc I - ence to individual examples. CONCAVE. -A term applied to^hc inner surface of hollow bodies, and by analogy extended to lines. CONCENTRIC. -A term ap- plied to circles or spheres having the same centre but different radii, and some- thnes, by analogy, to other sur- faces and lines. CONCRETE. -A term signifying that a quantity carries with \< the idea of matter, as 10 boxes, 7 men, 5 stones, as opposed to abstract quantities, 10,7,5. CONE. -A solid which rnay be generated by aright-angled triangle CAD, revolving about one of its sides. CD, ad- jacent to the ripht an- gle.Thc side CD,iscall- ed the flLXN 1 ;, and I ts length measures the fc the cone. The side AD, 9enerates a circle called the Nj'a.'ie, and the hypothenusc CA, generates a curved surface, which Is called the \-a.V.eY4\ or co-v\vex c,\virxa.c,o\\k \Y\e.aA- \vx&. For table see under Weights and Measures. CUBIC UNITS. -Standard meas- ures of volume. The primary cu- bic units are_ ; cubic yard, cubic foot, and cubic inch. CURVE. -A line which changes its direction at every point; f.e. no three consecutive points of which lie in the same straight line. YLINOER.-Asolid which may be gener ated by revolv- ing a rectangle about one. of its sides. This side js its a.x\=> . The .opposite side gen- erates a single carved sur- face, called the to>vj,* or Y&ve,-va\ wvVacc, of the cy I- inder, and the two adjacent s ides or ends generate circles called NsAse?, of the cylinder. The dis- tance between the bases is call- ed the a\V\vw.&e. To ( itid the con- vex surface of a cylinder, Multi- pit; the diameter by 3.1416, and this product by the length. To find the solid contents of a cyl- inder,Multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, and this product by the length. )AY.-The natural period of time which elapses between two con- secutive transits of one of the heavenly bodies over the merid- ian. (See Day under Business Forms and Terms). DECAGON. -A polygon of ten sides and ten angles. If the sides are all equal and the angles equal it is a regular decagon, and rr^ay be inscribed in a circle. To find the area of a regular decagori, Multiply the square of one of its sides bm 7.6942. DECAGRAMME. -A French wei9ht often grammes, each gramme being equivalent to about 15.438 grains Troy. DECALITRE. -A French meas.ure containing ten litres, eq uiva lent to 6 10. 28 cubic inches. DECAMETRE. -A French -meas ure containing ten metres, or 393.71 English inches. DECIMAL. -Any number express cd in the scale of tens; but a dec irnal fraction is generally under Stood. A kacAYwaX V*AC.X\orv is a fraction whose denominator is some power of ten ; as, Jfq, ^100 >Tooo,etc. I-H writing decimals it is common to not express the denominators , th us t he above fractions would be written, .7 .07, .007. The number of place 1 of figures which follows thedec imal point ind icates the number of O's in the denominator. TH I &e.c\a\ ^oVv\v is a period used to separate integers from deci mals, and when no integers ar expressed, the decimal point is placed at the left of tenths' or der. To write decimals , Write the decimal as a whole riuwbe and place the decimal point so that the right-hand figure shal be of the lowest decimal order tc be expressed, prefixing ciphers i necessary. To read decirnals,Rea the figures as in whole numbers and add the name of tMe low decimal order expressed. To adc or subtract decimals, Write the numbers sothat^the decimal points shajl fall in column, the proceed as in whole numbers. T< -multiply decimals, Multiply as in whole numbers, and in the product point off as many decimal places as are in both factors. To divide decimals. Divide as in whole num- bers, and point off in the quotient as many decimal places as the dividend has -more than the divisor. IECIMAL Currency.- A curren- cy having decimal relations, as the various denominations of the money of the United States, call- ed Vate*a\ \Acme\>. IEDUCE.- To infer, or draw a conclusion from given premises The method of reasoning is call- ed o,e6,wcv\ve, and the conclusion is called a &e&\vcv'\o-*\. )EGREE.-The 360th parto/the circumference of a circle. A oe- q've-e o4 \ax\Yw&a. is, the length of a portion of a meridian between two points, whose latitudes dif- fer from each other by one degree Owing to the spheroidal -form of the earth, the length of a de- gree of latitude is different at different distances from the equator. At 20 cither north c south latitude, the length of a degree of latitude is 68.779 stat ute miles; at 2.5, 58.821 tnlles at 30, 68. 87 1; at 35, 68.925 ; at 40", 68. 984; at 4-5, 69.044; at 50, 69. 1 04i A fceq^ee oe.>\* vaAwe, and the difference between the amount specified and the present; value, is^ the &'\COYUY\V. Batik dis- count is discount on the entire principal. The v^oceeAs are the principal less the. bank discount. True, discount is discount on such a sum of money as would ;a/mcm,-va to the -face of the note, if put at interest at the given rate and -for -fche.given time. The ^YC.=,- e\Mc> \NO\VV\ is the principal a-mou.ru; less the true discount. Mercan- tile discount is any allowance or per cent off. To compute bank discount, Multiply the amount by /- the number of days, includ in9 the day of discount and ^he three days o/ grace, and in the product point of^ three decimals. This will 9'ive the interest at 6^. For any other rate, add or subtract in pro- portion as the given rate is greater or less than 6%.To/i-nd t-rue discount, Divide the amount by 1.00 plus the product of the -rate and time; the quotient will be the present worth ; subtract this from the amount, and the remainder will be tha true discount. (See Compound Interest Tables). DIVIDEND. -A quantity which is to be divided by another, called the ft\MVSOY. DIVISION. -The operation of find- mg.from two quantities a third, which multiplied by the first shall produce the second. The -first is called the &W\79_ Excess om in rem. =2 Excess 'mdivtsor=4 * quot. = 5 *, prod.(5,r4) =_2 Saw o( excesses = 4 Excess i-ndivideTxl=4 the excess of 9's in the divide by 10, 100, IOOO,etc.,Cut off from the right-hand of the dividend as many -f^ures as there are.c'ohers in the divisor, or re- move the decimal point as many places toward the le-ft^as there are^ciphers in the divisor. To divide by a composite number, as 36(9x4), 360(9x4xlO),etc.,Di- vide first by one of the ( actors, and the resulting quotient by an- other -fac-tor, and proceed thus till all the factors have been used.]G.x- ?>L-v*\v\e.- Divide 21073 by 96% using factors 8,4, and 3 e . Operation. 812(073 412634 Rem.l= I unit of 1st dividend, 3 , 658 Rem.2(2x8)lS " ' r~2'l9 Rew.l (1x4x8)= 31 .. ,1 Hence true Rew.=49 DIVISOR.- That factor in division by which the dividend is to be di- vided. Any number is divisible by 2 or 5 if the last figure is divisible by 2, or 5 ; i* is divisible by 4 or 25 \( the last two figures are divisi- ble by 4 or 25 ; i* is divisible by 8 or 125 if the las.-t three fiau-res are divisible by 8 or 125 ; i* is di- visible by 3 or by 9 if the smrt of isibic by i or by 3 poison . . r twelve f !\ -ibe a ( ) m iti a X / its figures is divisible by 3 or bu 9 DODECAGON . - A polygon of twelve sides or twel angles. To inscr" regular dodecagon circle, apply the radius six times to the circumference as a chord ; bisect the arcs subtended by the chords, and join each of the points of bisection with the ver- tices of the consecutive angles formed by the chords. DOLLAR. -A silver coin of the U- nited States whose vaJue is iOO cents or 10 dimes. The original form of the sign ^ vyas t proba- bly a barred 8,^ signify ino8.V>e ate, the divisions of the Spanish Dollar, adopted as the basis of the United States coinage. Some re- gard the sign as a -monogram of the letters U.S. DRY MEASURE. -Used for meas- uring articles no*- liquid, as salt, fruit, grain, etc. For table see under Weights and Measures. DUODECIMAL. -A system of nurrt- bers whose scale is 12, the unit of each order being equal *o twelve times a unit of the next lower order. The system is used by artificers in estimating the su- perficial and solid contents of their work. The following -table gives the names of the units: 12 foimhs("") . .make I third.marked "' 12 thirds I second, " 12 seconds ..... I inch (prime) . ' 12 inches (primes) I foot >> ft. Duodecimals may be added, sub- tracted, multiplied, or divided, like corn pound numbers, but are chiefly use^d in multiplica- tion. To -multiply duodecimals, Write the multiplier under the multiplicand, placing units of the- same order in column. Multiply, first by the feet, nexfc by the inch- es, and so on, recollecting that the product will be of that de- nomination denoted by the sum of their indices. Add the several partial products together , and their sum will be the required product. Exa-mple.-How many sq. ft. in a board 9ft. 5 in. Jong, and 2ft. Sin. wide? 5'x2ft.=IOin.4j*2; 9ft.x2ft.=l8 sq.ft. CCENTRIC. Two spheres, sp^e- roids, circles, or ellipses, are said to be ecce-nX'-vAc, when one lies within the other, but has not the same centre. The teVw is opposed to coY\cC''v\^^xc > TDGE. The line in which two fa- ces of a polyedral angle meet each other. The edge of a polyhedron, is the line in which two adjacent faces meet each other. ELLIPSE. -A curved line having two centres, cal led its a.Ya-nc. o* a.rv a.cco\w\* can be paid without loss to either debt or or creditor. ( It is also called "Averaging of Accounts" and "Compound Equation of Pay- ments "). To Si-nd the equated *Ime, Assume the earliest date upon which any item of the ac- count becomes due to be the time of maturity for all of the items. Multiply each item.by*he number of days intervening be tween this assumed date and the date upon which it becomes due, and find the sum of these prod- ucts on each side of the account. Then divide the &'\Ue-'VA\ce. be- tween the sums of the debit and credit products by the balance of the account; the quotient will be the time for consideration or average term of credit. When the difference of products and the balance of,the account fall on the c a now denominator. To divide a whole number by a fraction, or a fraction by a whole number, Write I under the whole num- ber fora, denominator, and pro ceed, as in last rule.To reduce a complex fraction to a simple fraction, see Complex Fraction. FRUSTRUM.- A piece or part of a solid separated from the rest,as the frustrum of a pyramid or cone. To find the solidity of a frustrum, see Oone. product. FURLONG. -A linear unit of length To subtract fractions, Re- GEOMETRICAL common multiple of the denom- inators of the given fractions, and multiply both terms of each frac- tion by the quotient of the least common multiple, divided. by the denominator of the fraction. To add fractions, Reduce them to a common denominator; then add their numerators, and place f he sum over the common denom inator. To sub^rac* fractions, Re- duce them *o a common denom- inator, find the difference be- tween, their numerators, and place it over the common de- nominator. To multiply afrac- tion by a fraction, Multiply topeth- er vhe numerators for a.new nu- merator, and the denominators for a new denominator. To -mul- tiply a fraction by a whole num- ber, or a.whole number by a frac- tion, Write I under the whole number for a denominator, and proceed. as in last rule.To divide a fraction by a fraction, Invert the divisor; multiply thenumer- ators together for a new numera- aqual to 660 feet or 54 ofa-mile &AUGIN&.-The operation of find- ing the consents of casks and vessels of any formAJ\\ / a.o,e/ is the difference between he.act ual contents of a vessel and its capacity, or that part which is empty. To fitid the contents of a cylindrical vessel, Find the contents in cubic inchest see Cylinder), and divide by 2150.42 for the measurement in bushels; by 282 for beer gallons, and by 231 /or wine gallons.Tofi-wd the contents of a cask, sec Cask. To /bid the contents of ul lage casks, when .the cask is standing Find one-third the sum of the head, mean, and bung diameters, and square the result; multiply by the heigh* of the fluid in inch- es, and that product by .0034 for wine gallons, and by .00518 for beer gallons. GENERAL AVERAG-E.-FOT defi nition, see under Bu-sinessTerms. To make a claim for G-eneral Av- erage valid, three considerations are necessary :(l) An imminent common peril and a necessity for some sacrifice;(ft) A volunta ry sacrifice of a part *o save the rest; (3) The success of the effort to save a part, as aresult of the sacrifice made. To -fi-nd General Average, Divide the to- tal loss subject to average by the sum of the values of the contrib- utory, interests, and multiply each interest by the per cent, thus found. GEODESY. -That branch of Sur- veying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into account. PROGRESSION.- See Progression. GEOMETRY. -That branch of Math ematics which treats of the re- lation, properties, and measure- ment of solids, surfaces, I ines, and angles. GOLDEN NUMBER. -The number denoting the year of the cycle. of 19 years, in which the year In question falls. To find the gold- en number for any year, Add I to its number in the Christian year, and divide the sum by 19, the remainder is the golden num- ber of the year, unless the remain- der is 0, in wh ich case the golden number is 19; thus 18544-1=1855; 42 dividing 1855 by 19, the remain- der is 12; hence, 12 is thegolden number required. GOLDEN RULE. -A name some- times given to the Rule of Three, on account of its great practical value and universal use. (See Rule of Three). GRAIN, MEASURE..- TO /jtid the quantity of grain in a bin, wag- on-bed, etc., Multiply the heig.hr, length, and breadth together, in inches, and divide by 2 150.42; the quotient will.be the number of bushels. To find the quantity of grain when heaped on the floor in the form of a cone Square the d.epth and square the slant height, in inches', take their difference and multiply by the depth, and this product by .0005, the -result will be t he number cf bushels. To -f ind the quantity of grain when heaped against a straight wall, Square one-half the depth, and proceed as jn last rule. (See Apples, Bushel, and Corn). GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. - See Common Divisor. GUNTER'S CHAIN.- A chain us- ed for the purposes of land sur- veying. It is 4- rods or 66 feet In length, divided into 100 links, each link 7.92 Inches in length, every tenth one being marked, for convenience, in counting.The advantage o/ this mode of divis- ion is, tha.t a s.quarc chain or a square link is a decimal frac- tion of an acre, and if the area of a piece of ground be found in square chains and links, it way at once be converted into acres by pointing off a suitable timber of decimal places. HAY.-To/i-Md the amount of hay Jn a mow or stack, Find the.nu-mbcr of cubic feet, and dlvid.e by the number of cubic feet in a ton, as given under Hay, under Weights and Measures. HECTO-GRAMME.- A French weight of 100 grammes, equal to 3 02. 8 drams 11.9848 grains Avoirdupois. HECTO-LITRE.-A French meas- ure containing [00 litres,equai co 26 gallons 3 pints. HECTOMETRE.-A Prench rneas- ure containing 100 metres, equal to 19 rods 4 yards 2 feet 7.019 in- ches. HEIGHT. Any distance estima- ted or measured upwards- HEMISPHERE. -One of the two equa.l parts of a sphere, made by passing a plane through its cen- tre. HEPTAGON. -A polygon of seven angles, or seven sides.To /^. construct a regular hep- \ \ tagon, Divide the circum- I / Terence of a circle into > seven equal pa.rts,and draw the chord subtending each arc. HEXAGONAL. -Having six angJes. HEXAGON. -A polygon of / v six .angles or sides. To in- / \ scribe a regular hexagon \ / in a circle, Apply the ra- dius six times as a chord, * he resulting figure will be aregu- lar hexagon. HEXAHEDRON. -A polyhedron of six faces, the same as a cube. HOGSHEAD. -A rneasu-re of ca- pacity, equivalent to 63 gallons of wine, or 54 gallons of beer. When used for tobacco, it varies Jn the different States from 750 to 1200 pounds. HORIZONTAL. -Parallel to the horizon. A V\oYvio-*\*&\ \V*\e, is one parallel to the horizon, orto the surface of still water. HOUR. A period of time equal to one-twenty-^ourth part of a^ day, or 60 minutes. HYPOTHENUSE.-Theside A of a right-angled trian- / gle opposite the r \q ht Z. I B angle, as AC. In a plane triangle the square described up- on the hy pothenusa is equivalent to the sum of the squares describ- ed upon the other two sides. IMPROPER FR ACTION. -A frac tion whose denominator is less than Us numerator, as ^^ (See Fraction). INCH. -A measure of length equal to the twelfth part of a foot.The length of a simple pendulum, which beats seconds rji the Tow- er of London, is taken as * he unit, and an inch Js 39.13905 of this. This is, in the City Hall o( New York, equal to 39 ,| Oiao of a simple seconds pendulum. The length of the seconds pendulum serves as the basis of a system of weights and measures. INCLINED PLANE. A rigid surface, sloping at an angle be- tween the horizontal and vertical. To /jnd the weight which can be raised on the inclined plane, Multiply the power by the length of the inclined plane,and divide the product by its perpendicular height. INCOMMENSURABLE. -With re spect to each other, two quantities of the same kind are incommen- surable when they do not have a common uni-fc; i.e., when there is no quantity so small that it will be contained in both anerac* number of times. Thus,the diago- nal and -the side of a square are incommensurable. NDEFINITE.- Unlimited or un- bounded. A line is indefinite if it is not limited by points, and space is indefinite in all direc- tions, unless limited by asiw/ace. When the number of terms in a series is unjirmted^as 4,7,10, etc., ad /Tif/Tti-tuin, it is called an \Yv&e.4Yw\xe. %e,V\e%. INDEX.-A -number written 3 ove-r the radical sign to de- v 125 note the degree of the root to be extracted. Thus, 3 in the above denotes that the cube root of 125 is to be extracted. INFINITY. -A term used to ex- press a quantity greater *han any assignable quantity of the same kind. It is also the limit or last term of the scries of nat- ural numbers in an arithmeti- cal progression. I* is designated by the cymbol co. INSCRIB E.-To draw within, as one figure within anothe A straight line is in- scribed in a circle w_hen its two exjrertv it.'es lie in the c i r- cutn Terence, as A 8 in the circle AGCOO. An angle is inscribed when itsverto lies in the circumference, and when its sides form chords of the circle, as ABC, BCD,etc. A pol- ygon is inscribed jn a circle when all the vertices of its an9les lie in the circumference, as A BCD, ABC, BCD, etc. All regular polygons may E be inscribed in a circle. A A quadrilateral niay be inscribed wnen the sum of any two opposite angles is e- ed in any triangle, and in any quadrilateral, when the sum of two opposite sides isequal to the sum of the other two opposite sides The square and rhombus are the only para lie log rarns in which acircle can be i rsscribed. A polyhedron may be inscribed in a sphere, when the sur/ace of the sphere passes through all its vertices. A sphere may be inscrib- ed in any regular polyhedron, and also in any triangular pyramid. To -find the side of an inscribed equilateral frr'art^/e,. Multiply the diameter by .866025, or the circurn/erence by .275664. To 43 the side of an inscribed square, Multiply the diameter by. 701106, or the circumference by. 225079. INSURANCE. 7 For definitions, see under Business Terms. The arnoumk- of insurance corresponds to the iase(in Percentage), the rate of premium to the per cent., and the premium to the percen- tage. To -find the /ace value of a policy that shall insure both the property and the premiums, Di- vide the amount of insurance re- quired on the property by the difference per cent, of the rate of insurance. Most of the or- dinary problems re/erring to insurance are simple problems iri percentage, and require -no further explanation. INTEGER.- A whole number, as 3,7, 20, etc., as distinguished from a fraction. INTEREST.-Compensation for the use of money or value. The sum /or the use of which inter- est is paid, is the Princi'pa/.The number of hundredths of the principal that is paid for its use, is the ffa4e\ as 6% is % .The cum o/ the principal and inter- est, is the t A -mount, interest on the principal only, is Simple In- terest. Interest on the principal and t on interest (of a previous period, is Compound Interest. - Interest computed by the rate established by law, is Legal In- terest. Interest greater f t-han Ie9a! .interest, and prohibited by law, is Usury. When no ra*e t is mentioned, the legal rate is always understood. (For -the le- 9^1 rate in the < different States, see under Statistical Bureau, of the United Stages). To /itid the time between two dates, om it the day of the date and include the day of maturity. (See Busi- ness Time Tables; see also Time, under Business Terms). For a quick and easy method of com- puting simple interest, without the use of /ractions, see Instanta neous Method of Computing In- terest. From this method, the interest on any sum, /or any time and rate, may be /ound by simply adding the results ob- tained mentally from thetables. To /ind the interest at any rate per cent, per annum for any giv- en time* Multiply the principal by the rate, expressed as a decimal; the product will be the interest /or I year. Multiply this inter- est by the time expressed in years and fractions o/ayear; the re- sult will be the interest required, Or, Find the interest /or the years as above, and take aliquot parts /or the months and days. The following brie/ rules may be preferred by some parsons: At per cent., M ultiply the prin- cipal by -the number o/ days, cut of the right-hand /igure anddivide by 9. At O per cent., Multiply by the rumber of days and divide by 72. At ff percent., Multiply by by the num ber of days ', cut off the right-hand /igure and divide by 6. At 8 per cent., M ultiply by the number of days and divide by 45. At 9 per cent.. Multiply by the number of days; cut off the right-hand figure and divide by 4. At JO per cent., Multiply by the tiuniber of days and divide bjj36.Por time at which tnoney dou-blcs at different rates of in- terest, see Time at which Money Doubles, etc., under Weights and Measures. To (\t\A the Principal, when the time, rate per cent., and interest arc given, Divide the given interest by the interest on ONE DOLLAR for the given rate and time. To -find the ftate^per cent., when -the principal, time, and interest are given, i y 5 de the given interest by the inter- est on the principal at ONE percent To /itid the Tirne, when the prin- cipal, rate, arid interest are given, Divide the given interest by the interest on the principal /or ONE DAY; the quotient will be the requir- ed time, in days. To /itid the Prin- cipal, when the time^rate, and arnount are given, Divide the given amount by the a/inounj of ONE DOLLAR for the given rate and time. INTERIOR. -Lying on the inner side. An interior angle of a poly- gon is an angle included .between two adjacent sides and lying with- in the polygon. INTERMEDIATE TERMS.-l-n a progression, all the terms except the first and last, which are call- ed extremes. iNTERSECT.-To pass through or cut each other. Two lines inter sect when they cross each oth- er, and have one point in cow mon. Two sur/aces intersect when thr.y cut each other, and have a line, or lines, in common. NVERSE. Two processes or oper- ations are said to be inverse, when one is exactly contrary to the other, or when being performed in suc- cession upon a given quantity, the result will be that quantity ;_ as Ad- dition and Subtraction are inverse operations. For Inverse Propor- tion, see Proportion. N VERSION .-The act or opera- tion o/changing the order of the terms. Thus, in the propor- tion, 3 : 9 : : 5 : 15 , by inversion it is 9 : 3 : : 15:5. For Inversion of Series, see Series. INVERT. -To turn or place in a con trary position. Thus the fraction 24- becomes % when inverted. INVESTMENTS AND. DIVIDENDS. To -find what rate of income wit) be derived from any given invest- ment, Multiply the income by 100, and divide the product^ y the amount invested. To /i-wd the rate of dividend, Multiply the dividend by 100, and divide bw the par value of the stock. To /itid what rate must be obtain- ed, that a given sum invested may bring a given income, Multiply the given income by 100, and divide the product by the sum in vested. To /ind the dividend on any given num ber of shares of stock, Multiply the par val- ue of the stock by the rate of dividend, and divide the product by 100. To /ind what must be paid /or stock purchased through a broker, Multiply the bonds or shares by the rate, and add the brokerage. I/ purchased on acred- it of more thari 3 days, add in- terest for the whole time. To /ind what sum must be invest- ed that a given income may be obtained, Divide the required in- come by *he rate of income per share, or per* 1 00, for the num- ber of shares or bonds required, arid multiply the quotient by the given price. To /itid the par value, when the premium ordis- count is given, Divide the 91 vert value of the stock by I increased by the rate per cent, of premium, or diminished by the rate percent, of d iscourit.The followin9 table shows the raw of inter- est received on Stocks pu.rchasedfrow25 9i discount to 25 9 premium: Purchase Price. tth 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 97.5 100. 105. no. 115. 120. 125. 6.250 5.882 5.555 5.263 5.128 5. 000 4.751 4.545 4.347 4.166 4.000 4.800 CEIVEO ON STOCK 8EARIN& INT. 8.000 7.500 7.143 6.666 6.316 6.156 6.000 5.714 5.454 5.130 5.000 L333 8.750 8.235 7.777 7.263 7.179 7.000 6.666 6. 363 6.086 5.833 5.600 10.666 10.000 9.411 8.888 8.421 8.205 8.000 7.619 7.272 6.956 6.666 6.400 13.333 12.500 11.764 11.111 10.526 I0.a56 10.000 9.523 9.090 8.695 8.333 8.000 INVOLUTION. -Operation of find- ing any power of a Divert quan- tity. I* is Hie reverse, of evolu- tion, and is perforrned bu con- tinued multiplication. A /Bovv- er is the product obtained by in- volution. The r0, or first pow- er, is the number rnu.lt! plied. The different powers derive their name from the number of times the root is taken as a /actor. The number denoting the power to which the root is to be rais- ed, is the index or exponent of the power. It is placed on the right a little NtfHrr *hftn *h root. Thus, 2' = 2, the Is* power o/2; 2*= 2 x2=4,the 2d pow- er, or square, of 2 ; 2 3 = 2x2*2 = 8, the 3d power, or cute, of 2; 2^ = 2x2x2x2 = 16, the 4th pow- er of 2; etc. To /irtd any given power of a number, Multiply the number by itself, till it is used as a factor as many times as there are units in the index of *hc power. A ISOSCELES. -A term ap- plied to a triable, when two of its sides are equal. Thus, in the triable ABC, a AB and AC being equal, the trian- gle is isosceles. In an isosceles tri- anglz, the angles opposite the e- qual sides arc equal, and a line drawn from the vertex of the equal sides, to *he middle point of the base, is perpendicular to the base, it bisecting the base, and also the angle at the vertex. KILO-GRAMME. -A French weight of 1000 grammes, equal to 2> pounds avoirdupois. KILO-LITRE. -A French measure of 1000 litres, equal to 264gal- lons I pint 1.9638 gills. KILO- METRE. -A French measure of 1000 metres, eaual to about HJ of a mile. LATERAL. -Relating to the side. The lateral faces of a prism are those which have a side lying in the perimeter of each base: the lateral faces of a pyramid are those which meet at the vertex. LATITUDE. -The angular dis- tance of a place, on the surface of the earth, from the equator, measured on the meridian of the place. (See Degree}. LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE.- The /eas common multiple of two or more n um bers, is the /eas number that can be divid- ed by each without a remainder Thus 35 is the /east common mul tiple of 5 and 7. To /itid the least common multiple of two or more numbers, Write ,-> 2)4 10 12 14 the numbers in tp2|2~ a line, and divide V I by any prime divis- ^.aift.i P M or of two or more of '* 4 -*0-L.C.N. them,_writinq the quotients and undivided numbers undern*a*h. Divide these resulting numbers by any prime divisor of two or more of them, and so continue until no two of the resulting nu.m- bers have a common prime divis- or. The product of the divisors and the last resulting numbers will be the least qonrmon -multiple re- quired. To fetid the least common multiple of several fractions, Re- duce them to their lowest terms; then write *he L.C.M. of *tieir numerators over the &.C. 0. of their denominators. .ENGTH.-One of the three at- tributes of extension, generally the greatest horizontal dimen- sion of a body. .EVEL.-A surface issaid.to be level when it is concentric with, or parallel to, the surface of the sea. .EVER. -A solid bar turning up- on a pivot, which is called its fulcrum. To /bid *he weight which can be moved by a lever, no 4 ac- count b-alng *aken of the weight of the lever, M ulti ply the pow- er by its distance from the ful- crum, and divide by tHe distance of the weight from the fulcrum. LIFE. -Of 100 lives.equajlu good, any one may expect to live til I 50 are deceased. This period is called the probable life. The mean duration of life is found from the tables of mortality, which give out of a certain number born, the number living at each successive birthday. (See Carlisle Table of Mor- tality, under Weights and Measures). LIFE ANNUITY.- See Annuity. To -find the final value of an annu- jty at simple interest, Multiply the interest on the annuity for I year by the number of years less I, and this product by one-half the num- ber of years. Then add the product of the annuity multiplied by the number of years. T.xnw^\a.-What will be the amount or final value of an annuity of IOO for 8 yars at 6X? So/ut/'orr.-\-ntvr- CStonOlOO for lyear=*6; 6x7 =.42 ; 42x4 = 168; 100x8=800; 1 68 + 800 0968 Arts. the present value of an annuity at simple in-tercs*, Find the final value of the annui*y, and then find the present value of that amount. To /J-Md the final value of an annuity at compound In terest, Multiply the amount of *l, as given in Table 4 (of the Compound Interest Tables), by the annuity; the product will be the final value. To /tad the present value of an annu-ity at compounc interest, Multiply the present worth of *5l, as given in Table 3 (of the Compound Interest Ta- bles), by the given annuity. To /i'Md the present value of an an nuity in reversion, Pind t Me present worth of the final val- ue of the annuity from the pres- ent time to the time it termi- nates.^.*'&.'Mv\^\e..-A father leaves an income of *500 per year to his son, to commence in 5 years and to continue for 10 years. What is the present worth of the lepacy, at 6 per cent. ? So/ut/orr.-fty'Ta. ble 3. present worth of * I for 15 yrs. ,* 9.7 1 2 2 ,, ,, *l ., 5 .. 4-.2I23 $5.4999 x500 f 462749.94, Ans. LINE. -A magnitude which has the attribute of extension, call- ed length, but neither breadth nor thickness. A straight line. is one which does not charge its direction between any two- of its points, as A curved line is one which changes its direction at every one of its points, as s^ -^ . A broken fine in one -made up of lini- ited straight lines lying indif- ferent directions, as _ ^/^S~- . LINEAR. -Relating to aline. A If near unit is a standard meas- ure of length, as an Inch, foot, yard, etc. .INK. -A unit of measure equal to the hundredth part of (runter*! chain (which see), which is 7.92 inches. LIQUID MEASURE. -Used for the measurement of liquids, such as liguors, molasses, water, etc. For Table, see underweights and Measures. LIQUIDS, PRESSURE OF.-TH* area (a) of the base of a regular vessel, the heigh* (K) of the flu- id in feet, and the weight fw) of a cubic foot of the fluid being giv- en; required the pressure (p) in pounds on the bottom of the ves- sel: Formula. -aX/zXtv=/>.The height (h) of a column of fluid, in feet, and the yve.ight of a cu- bic foot of the fluid being given; required the press ure(/>) in pounds of the column per square inch: Fo-r-mutiL.-h V **-*- 144 *p. The diameter in fet of the base (A) of* cylindrical reservoir, and the depth in feet (J) of fresh water contained * Here in btma iv*tt; required *he pressure (/>) in powtids upon the slaves: Formu.1* b X 3. 14-16 X d X ( d+1) X 62.5 =;> . ITBE.-A French measure of ca- pacity, whose volume is equal -to a cube whose edge is Xo of a me- tre, and whose capacity is >fooo of a cubic trot-ip . I* is equal to 6 1. 027+ cubic inches. LOG, and LOG-LINE. ~A-n in- strument, of the -nature of a float, having a line of about ISO fathoms attached, /or determin- ing the velocity of a. ship when passing -through the wa*er. Lq&ARITHMS,(log.).<~Are in- dices empowers. Every number "may be regarded as some pow- er of 10, which.is called the base, and logarithms are *he indices of these powers of 10, most of them being proper or improper fractions. Thus the index or logarithm of 1000 is 3, that is, 1000 is the 3d power o/IO; the log. of 251.19 is about 2.4 or ft, that is, 251. 19 is the I0*h root of the 24-th power of 10; 251. 19 = 10?? =IO a>4 -. LONGITUDE The arc of the equator intercepted between the meridian of a place, and the meridian of some other place from which longitude is reckoned. Longituda is general- ly -reckoned from the meridian of Greenwich (near London), but sometimes from the meridian of Washington. For the length of a degree of longitude for each degree of latitude, and for eo in- verting longitude info titridi and i//ce versa, sea Longitude, wt\ . der Weights and Measures, LUMBER MEASURE. -see Board MAGNITUDE. - Anything, t hat can be increased or d ini in i sh- ed, as a Una, surf ace, number, angle, time, space, e*c. MARKING PRICES. -Tor -meth- od of marking goods, see Mark ing Goods, lender Business Terms, To change the price of goods, marking them higher or lower, at a certain per ce.nl; on the o Id price, Find the d if/ereticc between the old and new per cent, of gain or loss. Divide this by the Id amount or difference percent, the quotient will be the percent advance or discount from the old price. IvIultiplLj^the old price by the Amount or difference per cent, just found, and the p.rod- uct will be the required price. ^LX3i-W7\fe,-What adva-nce or discount -rnust be made on the price of cloth marked @/*2.60 to secure a profit of 26 5>o or 14- ? What is the *Mh price? ^.)-:-.=.;*.x .=*.. MARINER'S MEASURE. -Used in measuring distances at sea. For Table, see. under Weights and Measures. MATHEMATICS. -That science which treats of the relations and measurement of quantities, and of the operations and pro- cesses, by means of which these relations are ascertained. VlEAN. -Lying between, as *he mean of *wo quantities. An A- rith-metical -mea-M^ or average of several quantities of the same kind, is their sum divided by their number. Thus the mean of 10,12,17. and 25 is ^ or 16. A yeo-metrica./ -mean o f t w o quantities, is the square root of their product: thus the geomet- rical mean of 2 and^ isVT6">4-. The greateY of the given quan- tities is as many times greater than the -weaw, as he mean \ s x l.05*2.73. and the screw,\ See each in proper order. MENSURATION.- That branchof applied geometry which relates to the computing of the length of lines, the area of surfaces, and the volume of solids. For inf or- ma.*ion concerning any particu- lar subject under Mensuration , refer to it under its appropriate title. The following list of titles will aid in reference: greater t.han the less quantity. Bn an arithmetical progression, each >--er-m is an arithmetical wean between the preceding and suc- cecdi-fig terms. In a gee-metrical progress ion, each ter-w is a geo- metrical mean between the pre- ceding and succeeding terms. MEASURE. T The extvn* orval ue of a quantity, in terms of an- other quantity o/thesatne kind, taken as a unit^of measure. The measure of a line is thetiuitiber MILL of Ijnear units, as feet,yards,etc., which i* contains. The -measure of a surface is the number of square units of surface, as square feet, square yards, etc., which it contains. The measure of a.vol- ume is the number of cubic u- nits, as cubic feet, etc., which it contains. .(See any particula-r measure in its alphabetic order, or under Weights and Measures'). MECHANICAL POWERS.-The mechanical powers are the lever, the wheel and ax/e, the pu,lley the tttclhted p/a-ne, the Acute Altitude Angle Apples.e*c. Arc Area ' Board Mcas're Chord Circle Circular Rmo Cistern Cone Concetitric Convex Co-cave Corn Cube Cylinder Decagon Diameter Dodecaaon Ellipse Frustruitt tran Hay Hsiqht Hexagon Inscribe Lateral Length Line Lumber Mechanical Obtuse Octagon Parallel Parallelopr'-m Utideca9on Patallelopip'n Pyramid Potatoes Prism adius Rectili-neal Rhomboid Rhombus Sector Seoment Solid Sphere Square Surface Trapeiiutn Trape7.oid Triangle Vertex Volu-nie Weiohts.etc. Width Zone Peri-itieter Point Polygon MERIDIAN. -The meridian of a place, is the intersection of the surface of the earth, with a plane passing throuph the axis of the earth and the place. It isthesame asanorth and south line. WlETRE. -A.French measu-na of {ength, equivalent to the ten -mill- ionth part of the distance from the equator to the north pole, or about 39.37 inches. METRIC SYSTEMo-The French system of denominate numbers, having /or its fundamental unit the Af0lrv,and havi'ng 10 as the constant ratio in its scale of no- tation .(See Metric System, un- der Weights and Measures}. MlDDLEc- In a straight line, the,middle point isthe point which is the same distance from the two extremities; in general, it implies equi-distant from the extremes. /IILL.-ln the money of the United States, the unit of the lowest denomination, and is equal to the tenth par-t of a cent, or the thousandth part of a dollar. MILLION .-A number written thu.s 1,000,000. It is a thousand thousand. MINUEND. -In Subtraction,the quantity from which another is to be taken. MINUS. -The sign of subtrac- tion. It is a horizontal, war k^ thus - . The number at its riflht is taken from the otic at its left. by 10, 100, JOOO, etc., Annex to the multiplicand as many ciphers as there are ciphers in the -multi plier. To multiply by a conveni- ent part of 10, 100, 1 000, etc., as 3x I2>L 16/3,33/1, etc., Multiply bi 10,100, 1000, etc., and divide the product by the number of times *he multiplier has been increase* Thus, to multiply 459 by33/$,an nex two ciphers, and divide by 3.. To tti Multiply when the multipli- er is 3 figures, 2 of which can be evenly divided by the third, then only two partial mn-l*i plications need be used. Thus, to multiply 47 123 by 328 and by 832 .' 47123 47123 832 MINUTE. -In time measare, *he 60*h part of an hour, or 1440th part of a day. In angular meas- ure, the 60th part of a degree, or 5 ( 3tt 3 w ~ " ** ~ 000000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 w M v5g ^7 ^-2-5 |. X5 0|J o?) |?2 FSl * l!= P!'^ To read ann tiu.mbcr,0etcrtnme the order and name of each sig- nif icant figure in the tiuttiber to be read; then begin at the left Hand *d nan-ie the significant fioure* in each period .together with their relative unit va^lua, f the prri od . Mrtn of a icate* the with hcir relative u. Ua4^*Mra^ 1 fraetion which indict OBTUSE. -Not point- ed, sharp, or acute. Ati obtuse Angle ' ftti angle, as ABD. OCTAGON. -A polygon of eight sides or tidies. A f fl?u/r octagon is one whose sides and angles are ryctively 000.000 000 000 direction, tained in the same cannot touch or ' :^ : s P~ t 3 * v ~ I-IH - I id tdd it to the principal. //. Find the interest on each pyn-int from the rime it was -mad* > *h time of settlement, and add the sum of the interest thus found to the sum of the payments.///. De- duct the sum of the payments and the interest thereon front the amount of principal and interest, and the difference will be t h e balance due. The Vcrttto-Ml: Ru-le is the same as the Merchants' Rule, except in the latter,settlement is made not later than a year after the date of the note, while in the former, settlement is not made until the final adjustment of the account, which may be less than a year, or many years. The difference between any two of the three rules may be seen from the fol- lowing Exattiplc:-A -note of SIOOO runs 4 years at S^ inter- est, on which were made quar- terly payments of *50. What was the amount due at settlement? &440.82 432.23 400.00 It will be seen by the above exam- ple that, for periods longer than one year, the United States Rule is most favorable to the credit- or, then the Merchants' Rule, after which the Vermont Rule; while they favor the debtor in the opposite order. PARTNERSHIP. -For definitions and forms, see under Business Forms and Terms. To /itideacH partner's share of the gains or losses, when the shares are in proportion to the investments, Place the amount invested by each partner as a numerator, and the whole capital of the firm AS a denominator: the several its were 95600, to be divided in proportion to their capital. What was each partner's share? Operation. *6000+*5000+*300 14000, Firmij capital. J400=? A's share. 5600xf -SUMfl.A's^ain. jJjJg^'C's . 5500x|=*iaOO,C's i. Another method is To multiply each partner's capital by the per- centage which the gains or loss- es may be of the capital of the firm. Thus &6000 X40 ?< =#2400, A'soain. 5000x40%=S2000,B's To fitiA each partner's interest at closing: I. Find the firm's net capital or net insolvency, at commencing and at closing. //. Find the firm's net gains or net losses, and each part- ner's share. Trien,///- To each partner's original investment add any additional investments or sums to which he may been- titjed, and his share of the net pains, if any, also deduct the amounts withdrawn by him, and obligations assumed by the firm for him, and his share of the net losses, if any. If the original agreement entitles him to any other sum, or makes him responsible to the firm for any sum, add or subtract, as the case may be PENTAGON. T A pol- ygon of five sides or five angles. A regu- lar pentagon is one whose sides and an- gles are all equal each to each, and may be inscribed in acircle. PENNY-WEIGHT. -A unit in Troy weight, equivalent to 'Ao of an OM.nce. PERCENTAGE.- A general desig- nation for all processes involving the method of reckoning by the hundred. The result obtained by taking a certain per cent, of ft number is called the Percent*?*. The number on which the per- centage is reckoned is called the Base. The sum of the base and the percentage is the Amount. The excess of the base overtha percentage is the 0/SSerertce . The number used as a rnultipli fractions will express each part- , T ; obtaining any required per nr't share. Then, multipjy the c^,. of a given number, is tha gain or loss by the fraction ex- Rt t *. To find the percentage, pressing each . pttHirrVs hmv the btse and rfte+ei-ng glvm, and the product w.ll be .h . MuUiply the base by the rt vprcssed decimally , or remove *H decimal point two pi acts to lharc of the on or loft.^xm . - * , B, and C /oritted a part nrrchip. A invested J'.^ v-s&e, and difference bt-r^g^jiven , Divide the arnoL^r.i; fcy I increased by the rate- per CC-K-?. (expressed decimal- ly). Divide i-iie difference by I diminished b^ the -rate percent; ( e x pressed dec i-r^a I ly )^,X'a.'\n7\e5.- SOO is dO ^o n-iore than what number? c 7 ^ -r /.^^f ^* 7r " What nu.rbcT dl-minished by 10 % of ?*se!V equals 400?^^^ + .80^500 A-no. line is perpendicular to another straight I n e when they meet so as to make the two angles formed equal. Thus A B and DC are perpendic- ular to each other. Straight lines and curved, s-traight lines and planes, planes and planes, etc., may be. perpendicular to each o^he-^. PERPETUITY. -The sum of -money which will buy an annuity to last forever. To find any perpetuity, Multiply the annual payment by the reciprocal of the rate per cent. at which the perpetuity is compu- ted . ^.x-aw-ra*e percer. ' = l Difference -K I -tase per cent.}. PERCH. -A unit of -/Measure for surfaces. It is a square rod, and is equivalent to 30^4 square yards 3 or 272/4- squars fee*. !t istt-sad chiefly in lar;d tre^surmo. PERIMETERc-Ths line thai; bounds a plane {igu-re. In a pol ygon its lengi!-? is cqu,?J Po fche sum of a!! the c-ldes of the polygon. PERIOD. -in Mu-wieratton, a. group of three orders, as Peri- od of Units, Period of Thousands, etc. In Extraction of Roots, a number of figures considered together. PERMUTATION. r The resui*s obtained by writing any num ber of factors in every possib-'e. order, so that each shaN ente-x eve-ry result and en*er ft but once. Thus, the -two letters a and 3 can be placed i-n o^ly two positions, 3 and bo.. The three letters a, 3, and c can be placed, in 6 different positions. The first four letters of the al- phabet can be placed in 24 dif- ferent positions, and the 1X5 letters of the alphabet admit of 403.29 146 1,I26,605,S35,584,OOQOOO d if fer- ent positions. To find arty _ re- sult in permutation, Multiply together *he numbers, 1,2,3,4, e*c., from \ *o the given, num- ber 1 , the Ifvst product will be the t-equired resu.1*. PERPENDICULAR. -One straight face of pile, 21, one-third of which is 7; 6+6+1 = 13; l3xl=9Mw. INT,-A unit of mcasw-re, equiv- alent to 'A of a. gallon, o-r 28 /& cubic inches. PLANE.- A surface, of such nat- ure that, if any two points, be taken and joined by a straight line, that line will lie wholly in the surface. PLUMB-LINE. -A line.or string, having a weight attached, and used for the purpose of ascertain- ing a vertical direction. POINT. -Position, without ex- tension, it having -neither length, breadth, nor thickness. POLE. -A unit of measure, equiv- alent to 16/i feet-,or 5'A yards. POLYGON.- A plane figure bound- ed by straight lines. These lines are called the sides of the poly- gon, and the points iti which they meet are called vertices of the polygon, Polygons are class- ified according to the number of their sides or angles. The follow- ing table exhibits the angles and areas of all the polygons, upto the dodecagon, viz., the angle at the centre, the angle of the polygon, and the area o* the polygon when each side is I :- No. of INI awe of Anpie Ati9.of A-,,,, Sides. Polygon, acc ' the surface re-vnoved- Pi LING SHOT.- Shot, shells, etc., arc gen- erally piled ! n reg u I a -r piles of a pyramidal or wedged-shaped form. The piles are named from the form o( their bases, square, rectangular, and triangular. To find the n um- ber of balls in any pile, Add to the number of balls in the longest side of the base t he _n umber in the parallel side opposite, and also the number i-n t he paTal Ie I top row; multiply this sum by one- third of the number of balls in the triangular face of the pile, and the result wiN be the num- ber of balls in the pile.^LX'&w^XQ..- HOW many balls in the above pile? So/utt'on. -The number in | We longest side of the base.is 6; in opposite parallel side, 6; In par- allel top row, I ; in triangular iangle Square Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Nonagon Decagon Undecagon 32-fr- I4? 150 0.4330127 1.0000000 1.7204774 2.5980762 3.6339124 4.8284271 6.1818242 7.6942088 9.365S399 11.1961524 12 Dodecagon - To /itid the area of any regular polygon, Square the side, and rnul- tiply that square by the area in that part of the fifth column of preceding table correspond!} with the number of sides. To/ifid the area of an irregular />o/y- gor< of four or more sides, Divide the figure into triangles by diago- nals connecting some one angular point with each of the ot hers; then compute the area of each triangle, and find their sum. POLYHEDRON . - A solid, whose sides or faces are polygons. The lines in which the faces meet are called edyes, and the vertices of the polyhedral angles are call- ed vertices of the polyhedron. A regular polyhedron is one whose faces are regular polygons. POSITIVE. -A term applied to a quantity affected with the sign + . (See Negative). POUND. -A unit of weigh*, as pound Troy, abound Avoirdypois, etc. A Tro ( y pound con*aitlS 5760 grains,,and an Avoirdupois pound, 7000 grains. A cubic incH 50 TABLE OF PRIME NUMBERS TO 6000. To use the table, look for the re- quired thousand over one of the sub- tables, then under it look for the requir- ed hundred, -following down the coluttin, if the remaining figures of the number occur, it is prime;other- wise,'not.^.xttwvq\9..-339l is prime; 3397, not. of distilled water, a* 62 Fahr., the barometer being 30 inchas, weighs 252.458 Troy grains, which is taken as the unvary- ing standard of comparison. A Pound is aJso a unit of curren- cy in the British, and several other foreign systems; -the Brit- ish pound sterlin9 being equiv- alent to about 3S4-.86. 'OWER.-See Involution. > RACTICE.-A concise and easy method of apply ing arithmet- ical -rules to questions which oc- cur in trade and business. It is a particular case in *he use of aliquot parts and of t he Rule of Three, in which the first term is 1. To solve any problem according to this method, Take the sum o/such aliquot parts of the given num- ber of things, as thepiven price is of the unit of currency of the next higher order,and the result will be the price of the thing in terms of that u,ni*. ^.* < 9i'w\\i\a.- Required the cost to 6000. The Prime Factors of a number, are the prime num- bers that will exactly di.vide it. To resolve a number into its prime factors, see Factor. PRINCIPAL.-Thename given to a sum of money put out at in- terest. See Interest. PRINCIPLE. -A self-evident *ruth, or one which has been proved. PRISM. -A solid whose sides A or faces are parallelograms, '' and whose ends or bases I are equal and paral 1 el polygons. A prism is tri- angular, quadrangular, \M\ pentagonal, etc., accord- * J ing as its bases are trian q 1 c s , squares, pentagons, etc.To fitid the entire surface of any right prism, Multiply the perimeter, or circumference of the base, by the height, and to the product add the area of the two bases. To find the solidity of a prism, Mul- tiply the area of the base by the perpendicular height. PROBABILITY. -In the doctrine of chances, the likelihood of the occurrence of an event. If a small cube be thrown into the | air, it will necessarily fall upon one of its six faces, and the prob- ability of its falling upon atiy one face is said to be V* , and the prob ability that a given face will not turn up is ?/6 . The following are different phases of probability : I. Probability of the occurrence of one event out of any g i v en number. II. Probability of the simultaneous occurrence of two or more events. III. Probabili- ty of successive events occu.rr!fig in any given order. Ilf. Proba- bility derived from experience. (9ee Expect at fort). To /itid the probability, Divide the nw-mber of favorable chances by the whole number of chances, both favor- able and unfavorable, and the quotient (which is always in the form of a fraction) will be the probability. PROBLEM. -A question propos- ed for solution. To solve a prob- lem, is to find such a val ue or values as will satisfy the given conditions of the problem. To sta*c a problem, is to translate the conditions of the problem in- to -mathematical language. PROCESS. -Course of proceed- ings or operations. PRODUCT.-The amount or result obtained by taking one number or quantity as many times as there are units in another.The confiTtu.ee/ product of any num- ber of factors is the resuft .ob- tained by multiplying the -first factor by the second, that result by the, third, that by the fourth, e*c., until all the factors have been used. o 1000 -- js 2 3 S 7 I) 13 17 19 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 G7 71 73 79 83 89 97 1 3 1 9 13 27 31 31 39 49 51 57 S3 67 73 79 81 91 93 91 99 1 3 21 .9 3 S 51 51 i; >9 '1 81 83 93 1 1 II 9 1319 1121 3I|3I 31133 41|39 49J43 53)49 59151 61161 1363 8319 8981 9191 3 1 9 1 2113 23111 4JM9 47J3I 51141 5343 7153 77i59 87!ei 9373 9977 ..83 . . 91 19 1921 27:23 33i27 39j29 43J39 553 57'57 61159 6963 73i77 81:81 9l'83 ..81 1 1 1 19 29 31 41 47 53 61 71 71 83 91 91 3 13 9 21 31 33 11 51 61 63 69 81 91 93 97 31 9113 mi 23,23 29 5131 5331 6349 7159 8117 8119 9383 | 7 19 I, 61 61 73 81 99 i % 33 29 51 53 59 11 81 83 87 89 93 S I 59 67 71 79 83 31 1 1 9 3 19 21 21 31 51 S3 61 1! 91 99 i 53 59 77 83 i! IS 23' 31 SI S7 11 13 77 79 89 1 3 21 33 4-9 51 13 19 81 92 31 99 P "^^" ^<^--- : ~{ ~-~~-^^Hfe. vv -3 - .. Si > 3000 i ^ I i f^s i <_> . g 2 II n 27 29 39 53 S3 69 81 83 81 89 99 n 29 31 31 49 43 53 61 19 3 1 3 21 21 39 4? 51 67 69 13 81 87 93 97 9 II 33 39 4-1 47 51 57 11 77 81 82 89 93 99 II 11 2? 1 59 61 13 71 21 31 39 42 43 51 57 79 91 93 9 17 21 33 47 57 59 63 71 77 82 37 39 93 99 ,:i; I3'I9 I9 ! 33 2S31 3143 4151 4951 53'SI SI 19 17'87 8997 91.. n 21 39 53 1 71 99 1 1 19 23 31 41 49 S\ 67 19 82 83 9] 3 I9 J 9 2111 37 '2 6229 6751 S953 8157 8159 9111 -.99 ,i 19 43 47 59 61 11 73 ffi 91 7 13 1 62 SS 91 99 II 17 S 23 39 41 47 51 59 11 81 83 92 7 13 11 23 31 31 42 59 11 13 11 91 91 S 1 23 SI 67 63 79 93 91 2I'I 2317 3319 4123 5129 533 6343 1141 8151 of 24 yards of muslin at 12/4 cts. per i)ard.S'o/ut/ort.-l l (t& 1 a yard it is worth .$24.00. At 12 Yi cts. a yard it is worth on ly l /* of 3*24.00, which is&3.00 PRESENT WORTH. -The Pres- ent Worth of a debt payable at a future time without inter- est, is *hat sum which, at a 4000 50 ) | specified rate percent, for <=> c= i o|| the same time, would awou-nt to the debt. To -ritid the pres- \ 2 1 13 19 21 21 49 51 51 73 79 91 93 99 M 21 29 32 33 53 57 59 71 11 |!27 1131 1139 1949 2957 3163 41,13 4391 53:37 ifc 83!.. 391.. 9 2 23 41 4' 51 57 63 81 9 ? .. 13313 1321 21 13 9 I13T23I1I9 19139 293l'3l 22 43 3S fi 12? 3 1,9 9 721 M 1331 211 19133 234121 i S 81 87 92 99 7 13 n 19 31 31 41 43 ! n 19 82 1 3 7 19 31 51 63 G9 S 3 ! 23 39 41 41 51 53 51 59 69 83 89 " 1 II 11 21 41 43 49 79 83 9, i 132? 2139 2153 32:8 43,87 49'. 5l!. 59'. 61. I; 811. SI. ent worth, D ivide *he given debt by the amount of Sfcl.OO for the given time, atthegiv en -rate per cent.^c.x-Kvw^Xc,.- What is the Present Worth of 3*22.4, due two years hence., without Interest, money be- ing worth 6^0 per annum? So/ut/orr.-'The amount of $ 1 for 2 years, at 69* , is 3$ 1.12 : 35224 -fi 1.12 = 3*200 Ans. PRIME.- A number is prime when it cannot be exactly di- vided by any other number ex cept 1. See the table At the left (or all the prime num bers up 41 49 8 S 91 ;; 435171 31 5I597W3 5l83i895l S3I81..J51 73189.. |S7 us SI ..|..|..|.. 39 51 59 11 81 81 99 5361 6112 Il!l9 19:81 89J91 91.. 51 PROFIT AND LOS5.-/V0//V Is any pain realized from an i-ncrcase or appreciation of value in com- modities, or any other property Los? is jte awou.n which the selling price of any commodity, or other property, is less^than its cost; also any depreciation in value. To /irtd the 93111 or loss, when the cost arid rate per cent, are given, Multiply the cos) by the rate per cent., ex-pressed decimally. tiX-ai'm^Xa*. Clot H costing &250, was sold at \5% advance. What was the gain? Solution. -3S250 X.I5=*37.50 >fw. A bale of cotton cos-ting ^80, was sold at S^o loss. What was the loss? .SW^/V -.-$ 8 OX.C8 = 3S6. 40 /JTW. To /i-wd the -rate percent, when the cost and 9ain or loss are given, Divide the gain or loss by the cost, and hequo- *ien-t, expressed in hundredths, will be the rate per cent.l.X'a-m ^\e.- Cloth costing &4 a yard, was sold /or ^5 a yard. What was the gain per cent. ? So/u-t/'ort. - 5 1 (the gain) + &4 (the cost) = .25 or 25 % Ans. To/Jtid the cost when -the gain or loss and the rate pe.r cent, are given, Di- vide the gain or loss by the rate per cent., expressed decimal I y.- ^LxfetnvXtt..- Cloth sold at a gain of & I per yard, pays a profit of 25 % . Wha* was the cos* per yard? Solution. -& 1. 00-?-. 25 = 364.00 A-ns. To find the cost when the selling price and the rate per cent, of gain or loss are given, Divide the selling price, by I plus or minus the rate per cent. ^LxTfm^Xo,.- Cloth sold at S5.00 a.yard, pays 25% prof- it : required the cost price per yard. Solution. -S65.00-f 1.25 = s$4.oo x???*. Formulas. Gam or Joss = cost X rate % . Rate per ceti*.=9ain or loss -cost. Cos* = gain or loss -f- rate % . Cost = selling price -f/ 1 + rate%. PROGRESSION. -A series m which the terms increase or decrease according to a uniform law. An Arith-metio&l Progression is a series which increase or decrease by a COY\VI\OY\ &\ H eve, \\c.. Thus, 1,4,7, 10,13, etc., is an \K\cwa.*- \v\q <58.Y\e9, while 20, 17, 14, I 1,8, 5, etc., is a &acfea,Vv\9 sa/ve-sThe numbers forming the series are called terms; the first and last terms are the extremes, and the other terms, the means. To find the sum of all the terms of a scries, when the extremes and number of terms are given,Mul- tiply the sum of the extremes by the number of terms: half the product will bethe sum of the series. \LxiAW7\t..- How many strokes does the hammer of a clock strike in 12 hours? Solu t/'on.- I 4- 12 (theextremes)=l3 13 X 12 (number of terms) = 156 1 56 -r 2 =78 /to*. To find the common difference, when the extremes and the nu/mberofterw are given , D ivfde the d ifference of the extremes by the number o terms less one; the quotient wil be the common difference.^.xaw ?\e.-The first term of a series is , the last 300, and he -number of terms 10: what the com.dif." Solution. - 300-3 = 297-; 297 ~ 9 = 33 /4?75. To /ind the lastter-m when the first term-j the com- mon difference, and the number of terms are given, Multiply the common di//erencs by tHenu/tti ber of terms less one; if an in- creasing series, add the product to the first term; if a decreasing scries, subtract the produ-ct /row the first ter-m . ^ttm^ta. - T h e f ir9t term of an increasing ser- ies is 2, the common difference 3, and the number of terms 50; what is the last term? Solution. -3 X 49= 147; 147 + 2 = 149 Ans. A Geometrical Proyresf/ott is a series increasinp by a constant multiplier, or decreasing by a con stant divisor. Thus, 2,4, 8, Iff, 32, 64. Cl^C.) is 311 \'V\C'V&2L*&\'Y\tt QC.OYVMiX'- V\c*\\,s, while 64,32, 16, 8, 4, etc. constant multiplier or divisor is called the ratio. To -find the sum of all the terms of a geometric se- ries, Multiply the greatest term by the ratio; from the product sub tract the least term, and djv i de the remainder by the ratio less l.txiL-m^Vi..- John Jones gave to his daughter on New Year's day #1; he doubled it on the first day of every tnon-th t for a year: what sum did she receive? Solution. -f\m ratio is 2; the least term I: the greatest ter-m 2048 (found by rais- ing the common ratio to a power whose degree is one less than the number of terms, and / multiply- ing the 1st term by it. (2"XI -- 2048 X2 = 409S;4096-I=4095 4 09 5 -H = 409 5; /Ivs.&AOSS. PROOF . -Verification of a rule,o of the accu-racy of an operation In many operations a converse rule will verify the accuracy of the work. For proofs of Addition Subtraction, Multiplication, anc Division, see each of these subject PROPORTION .-The relation whic quantities of fche safne kind bears to another, with respect to mag nitude or numerical value. An equality o/ ratios (see Ratio) is a Proportion. Thus, 3 : 6 I ' 9 : 18 expresses that the ratio between 3 and 6 is he same as between 9 and 18, and is read, 3 is to 6 as 9 is ol8.Tha first and fourth terms are called the extremes; the second and third, the -means. The product of the means always equals the product of the extremes Sit*iplePropori third ' 18: 1200:: 6: 400 fourth" . PULLEY. -A small wheel fixed in a block and turning on an ax- is by means of a cord which runs in a groove formed on *he edge of the wheel. A system of pulleys is a number of pulleys so arrang- ed that great weight way be rais- ed by a small expenditure of pow- er . To -f i nd the weig h t which may be raised by a system of pulleys, Multiply the power by twice the number of movable pulleys, or, when the end of the rope is at- tached to the movable block, by twice the number of movable blocks, plus one. PYRAMID. -A solid, or polyhedron, of which the base is a platie rec- tilinear figure, and the sides are triangles, converging to a point a* the top or 'apex.' Pyramids take their names from the na- ture of their bases, and may be triangu- lar, quadrangular, etc., according as their bases are triangles, guad- r//atera/r,etc.A right pyramid is one whose base is a regular pol- ygon, and in which a perpendic- ular let fall from x he vertex up- on the base, passes through its centre. A -regular pyramid is one bounded by four equal e- quilateral triangles. For the rules to find the area of the sur- face of a pyramid, or its solid! ty, see Cone. etUADRANGLE.-A figure having four angles and sides. QUADRATIC. -De-noting a square or pertaining to it. of QUADRILATERAL. -A poiygonof four sides, or four angles. Sec. each of the following: Trapezi- um, Trapezoid, Parallelogram, Rec tangle, Rhomboid, Square, Rhom bus. the quadruple of a given area is an area four times as "much. (QUANTITY. -Any fchin\,.-2ft. 6 in. is what part of 6 ft. S'in.?-So- /uf'on.-^ft. 6 in. = 30 !n.;6ft.8in. = 80 in. ; % = ^a Arts. To reduce foreign money to U.S. -money, Mul- tiply the amount expressed in units of the foreign money by the value of one of these units expressed in U.S. money. (See Coins under REVERSION. -A payment not due till the occurrence of some con- tingent event, as the death of a person now living. See Artnu RHOMBOID. -A parallelogram all of the sides of which are no* e- qual. The rhombus is but a par ticular forrn of th& rhomboid,in which the sides are all equal. RHOMBUS. -A parallel- D^ c ogram the sides of which V -.. /'A are equal. If its angles become each equal to 90 , it becomes a square. Its diagonals bisect each other right angles, and its area is e- qual to Half the product of its diagonals. Rl&HT AN&LE.-An an gjeof 90. If one straijh* line,AB, -meet another A straight line, DE, so as to make the adjacent angles, ACD, and BCD, equal, both angles are right an- gles, and the two lines are perpen dicular to each o-fcher. RIGHT ANG-LEO.-Con-taining a right ,an g I _. A right zingled -tri- a.rr$/& is a triangle containing one right angle. ?OO.-A measure of length e- qual to IG'/T. -feet , or 5/4 yards I* is used chiefly in land IOMAJM NOTATION.-! IOOD.-A unit of sur used in land surveying. I* cs equa *o 40 perches, or % acre. ROOT. -The root of any rtu.-mbe is a number which, being -taken certain number of times asafai tor, will produce the given num. be-r. See Cube Root, Square Roo and Radical, also l-nvo'/u.-t/fln. ROUND. -A term applied indiscnw inately to the shape of coriieaf,cif indrfcal, spherical, spheroidal, an annular bodies. RULE. -The prescribed mode ^o^ direction given for perfortnin the operations necessary to ob tain a certain result. lULF; OFTHfiEE.- A method of so!vir;9 practical questions by a ratio or proportion. I-? is so call ed becau-cs the answer fs obtaine by finJi-.ig one term cf a proper tion whose other /-/7/-ef> ter-ms arc known. \f is also called 5/77; />/<2 Proportion. Dcu.t?c Rule o/ Three is *he same as Compound Pri pc-rtion. See Proportion. ALIEWT.-Projecrrng outwarc as an angle. Opposed to -re-enter ing. SCALE. -The various 'radices which determine -the form ant digits of the number expressing ani numerical quantity. The decimal scale is the only M/tti&ttH scale that is of ituporta'dce, all others possessing inlsfcst o-^ly^s mat terc of curiosity. !n v^ryitig scales the base is soma u*:?v of meisure arbitrarily aosumed, C3 in com- pound nu.ni bers. SCALE? (Balances). -To /i-?id the true, weight with fraudulent bal ances, when the weights arc ac- curate, Find what weights will balance ths substance to be weigh nd du.cc multiply to gether tha two "weights thus found, and extract the squ-are root of the prodtict. SCALENE TRIAW&LE.-A triangle whose sides are all unequal. SECAN7. 7 A straight line cut-ping a curve in -two or more poiri-is. CREW. -A cylinder worked by a lever, and having upon ita thread, which is a. wind ing inclined planei Ta esi-wa*e the advantage of a screw, Multiply the power by ths circumference of the Circle which it describes, and divide the product by the distance the wei9ht is raised by one revolution. SECOND.- A unit- o^f measure em- ployed, in estimating: time, and is equivalent to the 60th part of a minute. It is also a unit in cir- cular measura, equivalent to the 3600 part of a degree. ECTION.-A tract.of land one mile square, containing 640 acres See Land Measure under Weights and Measures. -The part of a cjrcle in- cluded between two radii and an arc.ro ^itid the area of a sector, aance s susnce o e we cd; ths-M trarispose *5-;e-Ki, a find the weigh* that will prod an equilibriu-i-n; thsn multiply at SCREW. 1 ' Multiply the arc of the sector bM SOUNDING. -A measured dep*h of riaht angles. The rm applied to f.> ^^ N ^'1%^ 27 5.099 5.196 00 84 85 .110 9.165 9.219 |4 1 142 143 IL9K 11.958 1 99 200 201 14. 1 UD 14.142 14.177 ures standing for numbers, as op- N ! ^&^&^&$ V^ */& &/^^b*. i 28 5.291 86 9.273 144 12 202 14.212 posed to 0. \ 3s5^ \L^^^&^^&r j(ff/ j^^T .'! 29 5 -.385 87 9.327 145 12.041 203 14.247 SIMILAR. -A term applied to f^ures V^S^i '-^m ssraoi ^*fa> ^fm^ / 2', 5.472 S8 9.380 146 12.083 204 (4.282 composed of the same number of %_ Sli^ktf^^ BT^^^B ^^^tt&Sw^jf 5.567 8S 9.434 147 12.124 205 14.317 parts, which are arranged In trhe ' ,->*!r ^V'. f 31 5.656 90 9.486 148 12.165 206 14.352 same manner., being of *he same "^^s, Jbfc3'~'>jlJ| V^^ 1 3? 5.744 91 9.539 149 12.206 207 14.387 form, but differ 'ng in magnitude. &. ^^~ *^|B3^ /T If!!! K 5.830 92 9.591 150 12.247 208 14.422 SIMPLE. -Not combined, compli- cated or compounded A Sitnp/Q 9kb ~^^^^^^^^ ^ 35 5.316 93 9.643 151 I2.28J 209 14.456 Number Is a number expressed In a uniform scale. A Simple Quanti- SPHEROID. -A solid resembling a sphere in form, having a major 3E n 6.082 6. 164 94 S5 96 9.695 9.746 9.798 1 5-2 153 154 1 2. . 32$ 12.369 12.409 '2 1 G 211 14- . 4$ 1 14.525 14.560 ty is one containing only a single term. A Si-mple Equation is one of the first degree. For Simple Propor- and a minor avis , and which tnai; be generated by revolving an ellipse about one of its axes. An oblate 8 4-3 6.244 6.324 6.403 97 98 9S 9.848 9.899 9.949 155 I5S !57 12.449 12.489 12.529 ao 214 215 14.594 (4.628 14.662 tion, see Proportion. SOLID. -A magnitude having the at- spheroid is one generated by re- volving an ellipse about its conju- - 6.480 6.557 00 01 10 10.049 158 159 12.569 12.609 216 217 14.696 14.731 tributes of length, breadth and thick- gate ax-is. A prolate t spheroid\so'ne. *4 6.633 c: 10.099 160 12.649 218 14.764 ness. Same as volume. SOUDITY.-The number of times generated by revolving an ellipse about Its transverse axis. To find j 6.708 6.782 03 04 10,148 10 198 161 162 12.688 12.728 219 210 14.798 14. 832. that a solid or volume contains the solidity of an oblate spheroid, Mu.| 4T 6.855 05 10.246 163 12.767 221 14.866 another solid or volume, taken as tiply the square of the greater d i - 4S 6.928 05 10.295 164 12.806 222 14.899 a unit of measure. SOLUTION. -The operation of find- ing such value or values for the a.me-ter, bu the less, and thisprod- uct by .5236. To -find the solidity of a prolate sphere Jd,Multiply the : i 51 7 7.071 7.141 07 08 99 10,344 10.392 10.440 165 i66 161 12.845 12.884 12.922 223 034 2J!5 14.933 14.366 15 unknown parts of a problem, as will satisfy its conditions. SOUND, VELOCITY OF. -The velocity I of sound in still air a-t 31 Fahr., is 1090 feet per second. As the tem- square of the less diameter, by the greater, and this product by .5236. SPHEROlDAL.-Rclafcing to a sphe- roid, as a spheroidal triangle. >PIRAL.-A curve gener- ---^X 52 si 4 7.211 7.280 7.348 7.416 7.4.83 10 II 12 13 14 10.488 10.535 10.583 10.630 10.677 !68 3 no 17! 172 12.961 13 13.038 13.076 J3. IF4 we 227 228 029 230 15.033 15.066 J5.099 15.132 15.165 perature rises, the velocity increas- es at the rate of 1. 12 feet for every degree Fahrenheit. The following a ted by moving a po In* /*T) ' ) along a straight J ine, V..T. '/ in the same direction, ac- ^ -^ 58|7'.6I5 15 16 10.723 10.770 173 174 13.152 13.190 231 232 15.198 15.231 table gives the velocity in feet per second in some other substances: Oxygen. ... 1040 Silver 5717 cording to any law, while the straight line revolves uniformly about a fixed point, always continuing in To^itfd the &qttarc rooJo/artu.-ni- ber, J'. Scpztrate theoiven -num- ber into periods of two figures Hydrogen 4 1 64 Steel and G-lass . 1 6600 FreshWatcr ... 4700 Pi-ne. 10900 the same plane.. SQUARE. -A quadrilateral whose sides are equal, arid it; angles each, beginning at the place of uni*s. //. Find *he,9reates* square >n the left-hand period, and place Lead 4030 Ash 15314 55 its root /or the ^irst /igw/re o( the- required root Q\c\<&&\cm Subtract the 50964.(ia5.75-t- s<]uare of this 4 figure from the 42.JT09 le ft- hand period, 94 and to the re- 4-45)2564 mainder anriex 2225 the next period 4507) 33900 (01 a div idcnd. 3 154.9 /// Double the 4.5 14-5 ]~T35TOO root a I read u 225725 found, *ov a trial divisor , ftvid how often it is contained I-M th5-> o two sides parallel. To fi-wd the area of a trapezium, 01 other irregular polygon. Divide the figure into triangles by di- agonals connecting some one an gular point with each of the oth ers; then compute the area of each triangle, and ( ind their sum. TRAPEZOID.-Aquad rilateral having only two of it*; sides paral lei. To find the area of a t Zoid, or any other quadrilateral having two sides parallel, Multi- ply half the sum of the two par- allel sides by the altitude, or per pendicular distance between the two parallel sides, TRIANfrLE.-A poi ygon having three sides and three art gles. No. I isan/ras celes triangle, and has two sides equal. No. 2 is a right an gled triangle, and has one right angle. No. 3 is an obtuse angled triangle, and Hasone obtuse angle. No. 4 >s an equilateral tri- angle, and has all its sides equal. No. S is a scalene triangle , arid has no two sides equal. No. 6 is an acute angled triangle, and has all its angles acute. To find the area of a triangle, /. Multiply the base by half the altitude; or,Il. From half tlie sum of the three sides subtract each side separately; then multiply together the half sum and the three remainders, and ex- tract the square root of the prod- uct : the squ-are root will be the required area. TRI ANGLED, or Triangular. -Having three angles. TRIGON.-A polygon having three sides. Same as triangle. TROY WEIGHT. -Used for weigh- ing precious metals, gems,etc.For table, sec under Weights and Meas- ures, The Troy pound is the stan ard_ of all other weights ; it '? th weight o* 22,794-4 cu. !n. of pur water at its greatest density (39,2 Fahr.). The grain? mentioned in Avoirdupois Weight ar? Troy grains. TRUE DISCOUNT, -Sec Discount, TRUNCATED CONE, or .Pyramid. That portion of a cone or pyra- mid included between the b a?e and a plane oblique to the base passed between it and the vertex. Sec Cone. UNDECAGONt-A polygon having eleven sides or angles. UNEVEN NUMBER. -A number not exactly divisible by 2, as 1,3, 5,7, etCj Same as odd 'nu.rnber.An unevenly uneven number is one which, being divided by 4, leaves a remainder of I, as I, 5,9,l3,etc. UNIT.,- A single thing of any kind regarded as a whole. An abstract u- nit i< the same as I. A unit ofcur- renct/ is a monetary unit, as*l : I dime, I cent, etc. A denominate wr concrete unit is one in which the kind of thing is named, as I foot., I hour, I pound, etc.A , xi,%o,etc.An inteoral unit is the unit l,t he unit of whole numbers. A unit of measure is a quantity of the same kind, with which the quantity is compared, as I inch, I yard, I foot, etc. The following is the 'Things stract. . Ones JlMITY.-An entire collection re- garded as a single thing. Thus, 100 yards.considered as a single distance, is unity. VALUE. -That which has procur- ing, or purchasing power, or pos- sesses exchangeabi I ity. The numer- ical value of an expression is the result obtained by making each Class, Species. Kind fMbids.... Names. [Animals ]/..__ .Material ^ Vegetables \^ lMinerals/ /Mawcs - [Distance.. Ft., yds.,ek Extent iArea ..... Sq.iti.,ctc. .Volume . . Cu.m.,etc Number Weight ...Gravity... (rains, etc, Value Currency. . Dollars,etc. 'nte-nsity . Forces . . . Dc9rees,etc. /Things. .]Words IGluantity Letters qu,*ntiri entering the expression equafto some number, and then performing the operations indicated VELOCITY. -See Fa///'? JWA,also ra/ of Velocities elsewhere in this book. VERIFICATION. -The act of test- ing or proving computations, op ^rations, etc., to be correct. See the fcests g-iven in con-nection with the different operations, as Addition, Subtract! on. etc. VERTEX. -Apoint ./c at which the sides ^^ o^ an angle meet. Thus A is the vertex of the angle CAB. VERTICAL. -Perpendicular to the plane o/*he horizon. A vertical angle is. an angle, the pi ar7 o/ whose sides is vertical. A verti- cal line is the direction assumed by a plumb-line, with a weight at-t ached to one extremity,when it is /reely suspended -from the oth- er extremity. VOLUME. -Dimensions; space occupied; the number o/ cubic units contained in a body. See So- lidity. VULGAR. -Common. A vulaar frac- tion is one whose denominator does not confornOo the scale of tens, in contradistinction to decimal fraction. WARPED SURFACE.-A surface conforming to that generated by a straight jine moving.so t h at no two of its consecutive p o s i- tions shall be in -the same plane. WEDGE. A solid bounded by five plane figures, and represents two in- clined planes. The advantage 93 cd by its use may be approximately reached bm the rule given for the Inclined Plane. The parallelogram, AB&H, is called the back. The two trape^oids, OCG-H andABCO, are called faces. The two triangles ADG- and BCH, are called ends of the wedge, and CO is the edge. VAfEIG-HT.-The resultant of the forces exerted by gravity upon all the different particles of a body. The standard unit of weight is the pound. (Sec Troy We/j?/7/).The standard avoirdupois pound of the United States, as.dete mimed bu Mn Hassler. is the vyeiobk of 27.7015 cu- bic inches of disH'l.'ed watcr.weigh- ed in air,at the temperature of maximum density (39.2 Fahr.), the barometer being 30 inches. For net and gross weight, see under ffus/rtess Ter-ms and Forms. For the various tables relating to weights and measures, sec Weights end Measures elsewhere in this book. The French system of wci9hts is one of the most perfect, as we 1 1 as the most simple, of all systems that have ever been adopted. See Me trie System under Weights and Measures. WELL or Cistern. -To ascertain the capacity of a well orcfstern, Multiply the square of thediam- eter in inches by .7854, and this product by the depth in inches; divide this product by 231, and the quotient will be the contents in gallons. I/ the actual quanti- ty of water be required, multiply by the depth of the water, and not by that of the well or cistern. Sec C/'sfem; WHEEL AND AXLE, -A kind of lev- er, in which the radius of thewheel and the radius of the axle ate parts o/the lever, and the center of the axle is the fulcrum. To find the weight which can be raised by the wheel and axle, Multiply the pow- er by the radius of the wheel, and divide the product by the radius of the cylinder or axle. WIDTH, or Breadth. -One of the three attributes of extension, the other two being length and height or thick-ness. Width is usually ap- plied to the intermediate dimen- sion of a body, length to thepreat- est, and thickness to the least. WINE MEASURE. -Used in meas- uring nearly all liquids, such as Iiquors 5 rnolasses, water, etc. For table, see under Weights and Measures. YARD. -A measure of length equal to 3 feet, or ?.6 inches. In C/oth Measure, the yard is now divid- ed into binary parts, tHe old di- vision into quatenary parts of quarters and nails(na.=2/4i'".)be- ing now seldom used. YEAR. -A unit of time, determin- ed by the revolution of the earth in its orpi. The year is either as- tronomi'cal or civil. The length of the solar year is 365 days, 5 hours, 4-8 minutes, and 49.7 seconds. The civil year is the year of the calendar. ZENITH. -The poln^ in the heav- ens in a line with the spectator s position and the center of the earth. The nadir is the point d i- rectly under the spectator's feet. ZERO. -The character 0,. which signifies no number. See Cipher. ZONE.-The area of aione is equal to the circurmference of the circle of the sphere.ntultiplied by the zone's altitude. 57 STANDARD-WEIGHTS-^ MEASURES. :: ix. -t; oiarei, u.j: wuracoa, xi.u; tioer, 3.3; Gooseberry, 11.8; Hock, 11.6; Lisbon, 18.5; Moselfe, 9.6; Malaga, H.3; Malmsey,(9.1; MarsaJi, 20.2; Madeira, 2 1.0; Maraschino, 34. Oj Orange, IJ.2; Porter, 4.5; Port, 23.i Perry, 8.8; Rhine, ll.O; Sherry, )9.0;Scotcfi, 54.3; Tokay, 11.2; Vermont, o.o;Whiskey V.o\4,\A\vts^, 53.9; WniskeyV\VvbV\\53.9: Whis- key^coXc.\\\54.3. ---* - Scruple; 3 Scruples 13 ) = I Dram; 8 Drams (3)- I Ounce; I20unces(5)=l Pound (tl).). V\so, 60 MitirmsCM)- I Fluidram; 8 Flui- drarnslf 3U I Fluidounce; 16 Flu-tdomioesffS] = 1 Pint; 8 Pints(0)= I &allon(Cong.) V\so, I Common teaspoonful = 45 drops; I com. tea.spoonfu.U-fc com. tablespoonfui= I Hit- id ram: I com. tablespoonful = % com. teacup = about ^ tluidounce; I com. teacup* about 4 fluidounces; I Pint of water= about I pound \SAKXtAV V4t\o,VX.- I Carat= 10 Pwt.Trou; I Carat grain= 2 pwt. I2gr. o\60gr.Troy; 24 Catats=l Pound Troy. (cSce Volume of Air. CTVIVOSVV^XC NN^-VSVW.-ln whole now bers the atmospheric presurc par square inch is 15 pounds. KViMK^\\c\\t Kvt.- A column, I inch square, full height = 14.73 pounds. WvCWCv^.-A colunm, I inch square, and 30 inches high= 14.73 pounds.NNtkXex.- A col- umn, I inch square, and 33.95 feet high = 14.73 pounds. >Nfc\fcto\>?OY&NNv&Vrt.- 16 urams= I Ounce; 16 Ounces= I Pound; 25 Pounds= I Quarter; 4Quarters = l Cwt.; 20Cwt.= ITon. = I Bw*,. ^ ^ * ' - P U71 . i\>o\/.V\\t .v\e\i.\. IOOOH.,29.i)l inch- es; 2000ft., X7. 86 in.; 3000H., 26.85 in.; 4000 ft., 25.87 in.; 5000ft., 14.93 i-n.: I mile, 24. 67 In.; 2miles,20.29iru: 3rniles, IG.esin.; 4-miles, I3.72in.; 5 miles, II. 28 in.; 10 miles, 4.24in.; l5Tniies. 1. 60 inches. > KWVBw%K%V&.VtC>.-15 Pourkls=l Keq o^ powder; 56 lbs.= I Firkin o* butter; 100 Ibs. = 1 Cental of arain; 100 Ibs.. I Cask of rai- sins; I00lbs.= l auintal of dried -fish; 196 Ibs.- 1 bbl. of -Flour: 200 lbs.= I bbl. ol beef, pOTk,orfish; 256 lbs.= l bbl. o< soap; 280lbs.= I bbl. of salt. - . , OfrttVteAc,\we..-See Lumber Measurs on another paqfc '.,-- - eWA^W&^-xtWvrftX?, ts\ < ->yis c^.-The prin- cipal sizes o< books are four, namelij: Vo\\o, * lonq book; Q^u\-\X,o(4to), nearly squaref Is similir to -this Manual),' OcXaNO(8vo), lh(jen- tral si7e; and t)uo4i(!.t\^c\p(amo),asrnaJ! book. Other smaller forms ire, S\xXm\ r<\s(l6mo1, "^NNe.^\\.^-Xo\ic>( WvoW^rno^^VNN^MfXxNo \t\o (32wo}, and Vw\\^ t.\o^)v wo 1.4 8 mo). VOUO.-The standaid s'ne of book paper is 25 x 38 inches: one half -of the sheet being 19 v25 inches, which folded in two leaves, with four pages, makes size caJled a Xo\\o. Ot\iKVC^O.-When the half sheet is folded in four leases, with eight pa- ges, it forms a (\a\-xXo >\TC. OC^NM9. When the half sheet is folded in eight leaves, with sixteen paqes, it forms an otXa.NO',and So ori for &\u>&.VriNa,\>T-r'c\o TL'Vwa. etc. S.\ OctavoiSvo) Duodecimo Sixteen mo Octavo(Svo) Duodecimo Sixteen 'mo Octavo(Svo) Duodecimo Sixkwn TOO ThiTtuj-twomo VvQXNM- Quarto Octavo Duodecimo Sixteen mo Thirtu-twc mo PACE OF PAPEBIN 6} 4i)r6j 3^x5^ 3|x4i 7ixlO 5r7i 3jx6l 31x5 Sim A SI7F AND T Pi.4i4;S.K.58"';L.PT.667. L.Pt.306;BouT.399;B7ev.450. L. Pr.114; Bour.MO; BIEV. 3 1 5. Pi.49Z;S.Pi.696;L.Pr.782. S.Pi.377;LPT.42l;BouT544. L.Pra76;BouT.357;BTev.405. Enq.510;Pi.666;S.Pi.944. Pi.330;S.Pi.457;L.PT.5m S.Pi.326;LJ > r.398;BouT.476 Bour.357;Brev.405;Min.484 Brev.l89;Min.Xll;Nori.2.97. Eng.640;Pi.827;S.Pi.H52. Pi.4i6;S.P:.6oa;L.Pr.68l. S.Pi.414; L.Pr.467; Boux604. L.Pr.3l4;Bout.399;BTCT.45a BouT.22l;Brev.q6l;MiTi309 PER ion; Non.=rNonpaTeil. Vox " The following meisurements may be useful as giving an idea of the sizes of books as fix- ed bij the librarians who hive abolished the time-honored expressions, ''imperial*' "crownj' "foolscap',' "dem LJ " etc., and ^adopted the almost equally vague terms "large" and "small instead V*w. So\\o(la.lol.), over 18 inches; VOXXblfd below 18 inches; %NvKVX ( itfC\oUrnvfoL), below 13 inches; VKV\^^ ocXa.\io(la.8vo), belovx- 1 1 inch es; OtXKMdfSvo), below _9 inches; 4>^KW ot- X^Mo(sm.8vo), below 8 inches; ^MOWK,\\t,o (I2rno), below 8 inches; \i^.C,\x*.0 oc,X2LNo(l8m is 6 inches; VJv\\\\\M> tmo), below 6 inches-, VKVvtt <\a\-\Xo(la.4to),belowl5 inches;^-"" ^0(4to), below II inches ~" below 8 inches. **-- . , . . . xv m o&& iu.t. b.-A box 16 by 164 inches square and 8 inches deep, will contain a bushel, or 2150.4 cubic inches, and each Inch in dqwi.con taining one gallon. .* /- . A box 24 by 11.2 inches square, and 8 inch- es deep, will also contain a bushel. If 12 by ll.l inches eqiUTe.and 8 inches dep, it will contain half a bushel. If 8 bi)8.4 square an 8 deep, it contains half i peck. If 4 by 4 sq'e, and 4.2 deep, it contains one quart. wcj \Ne\o\\\ oV.-See Man andWo ' ' idex). find the number of bricks requlnedfor any building, multiply the dimensions, length,height,and thickness, in feet and fractions of a foot, of the several brick walls, and the product by 22i, and the result will be the number of bricks re- quired. Allowance must be made-for doors, windows, chimneys, etc. The subjoined table is reckoned on a ba- sis of 7 bricks to the. superficial square foot. For 17 superficial feet, add the numbers for 10 and!; for 75, add 70 and 5; for 500 su- perficial feet, take 5 times 100; etc. SS OF IKK I . 4! 5. 100 . N. 8 IN. 12 750 6751350 90 I 13 135 203 225 675 900 I 125 1350 1050 1575 1200 1800 15002250 6 IN. 180 210 240 270 300 600 900 I I 25 I 200 I 500 I 1800 2100 2400 700 000 4050 7504500 k. Coliseum a Rome, 87,000; Cathedral at'Milan,37,000;St Paul's, Rome, 32,000 j SU Paul's,London,3l,BOO St. Peter's, Rome, 54,000; St. Petronia,Boloqni 24,400; Cathedral, Florence, 24,300; Cathe- dral, Antwerp, 24,000; St.John Laterin,Rome 23,000; St. Sophia, Constantinople,23.000 Notre Dame, Paris, 21,000; Theater of Mar eel l us, Rome, 20, 000; Cathedral, Pi sa, 13,000- St. Stephen's, Vienna, 12,400; St.Dommic's Bologna, 12,000; St.Pcters, Bologna,! 1,400 Cathedral, Vienna, 11,000; G-ilmores Garden New York, 8,443; Mormon Tern ple,SaltLaLke, 8,000} St.Mark's, Venice, 7,500; Spurgeon's Tabernacle, London, 6,000; Bolshoi Theater, St.Petersburq,5,000; Music Hall,Cincinnat i, 4,824; Chicago Auditorium,8,000; Acad emy of Music, Philadelphia, 2,865. -Set Monuments anil Towers. 47,Oa.,Ky.,Pa.); Beans, 60(64,Me.); Bran. ,20; But wheat, 51l40,Cal., 48,Corm.,Me., Mlss.,Mich.,N.t, 50, Wis.,Tenn., 0., N.C., N.J., Ka-n.,Ind., 55,Ky,,56 S.C.); CASTOR BEANS, 46: CLOVER SEEO,60 (64.N.H., N.Y., 61,Pa.); COAL-Anthraoit,80, l76,Ky.) ; CORN-Cob,TOl68l-n4.):COSN- Shelled, 56 1 52,Cal.,Vl.,55,KM.); CORN-MEAL 50(48 Ga.,III.,46,N.C.)i DRIED APPLES,24 (25 Ind., 26,S.C.,Tenn.,22,MicK,0.,28,Va Wis.,Minn., 25.N.JO; DRIED PEACHES,33 FLAX SEED,56lb4,Kin.,55,N.J.,N.Y.,44,R.I.)-, GRASS -Blue, l4;'GRASS-RedTop,l4; HAIR-Plas tering, 8-; HEMP SEED, 44; HUNGARIAN GRASS, 50; LIME-Unslaked,30; MILLET SEED, 50 fv1ALT,38; OATS,32l30,Me.,Ma.,N.J.); ON- ions, 57K8,lnd., 52,Mass., 50, EU); PEAS.60 (46, Ark.]; POTATOES, 60 l56,Pa.); POTATOES Sweet, 36(50, Ark..Kan.,0.,S.C.,Tenn.,55,Gonn. Ca.,K 4 .); RYE, 56(54, III.,30,La..50, Me.); RYE MEAL.56; SALT, 50 (56,IM.Y.); TIMOTHY SEED, 45(44,N.X, 46,WiS.); Tl)RNlPS,55(42,WiS., 60,Vt.,Ku.,58,lVtich.,50,lv1e.,ConnO;WHEAT, -0(56,Conn.). Cjvoajc; Fi6ur,./...:s Eggs..l30to 160 barrels UBE ggs..lto ime ....... 70 barrels Salt ......... 70 bar re Is Whisky ..... 60 barrels Flour Wood Hogs Cattle. Sheep. 200sacks ..I8to20head Wheil. ber... 6,000 feet Bcrfcu .. 300 bushels . .400 bushels 780 bushels . 300 bushels how nia annually AGE. S v u ns DFTHSAKE. Rax..... 360 bushels Potatoes. .430 bushels Apples.... 370 bushels Bra-n . . . 1,000 bushels Butter. 20,000pounds die persons out of 10,000 til all are deceased. The subjoined Uble is based upon Uie slal'stics of morlality tpenence o< tMnl 4 American life In number of years any one may ffect to 49.99 48.0" 49.324721 48. 64 46.4(1 47. 95 45.64 47.2644.91 46.57 44.19 45.8843.48 45. 18 42.79 44.48 42.12 43.7841.46 43.07 40.8: XPECTATlON OF LIFE. 26.28 26.45 25.55 25.74 24.82 25.02 J4.09 24.30 23.38 23.57 27.66 22.83 2135 22.08 21.2421.33 20.54 20.59 19.84 19.87 9.15 19.1 5 18.47 18.44 7.80 17.73 7.13 I1D3 16.47 16.35 15.83 15.67 15.19 15.02 14.56 14.37 1334 13.73 ujlEXPECTATIONluJ OF LIFE. ci> PEIVV 1.0410.98 85 0.50 10.47 69 9.46 9.48 70 8.97 3.00 8.02 8.13 75 6.72 6.94 6.32 6.53 77 5.93 6.25 78 5.57 79 5.21 80 4.87 5.29 XPECTATION OF LIFE. 4.55 1.85 4.45 3.98 3.76 3.36 2.55 2.46 2.29 2.17 1 .95 2.06 1.95 oX.-The following table shows the transverse strength of timber and cast iron one foot long and one inch square: BREAKING WEIGHT BORNE WEI&HT-lbs.wiTHSAFTY-lbs. MATERIALS. Ash, seasoned Chestnut, seasoned . . . MickoTLj, seasoned . . . , White Oa.k White Pine, seasoned. . Yellow Pine,seatoned . Iron (cast) 5,781 ...90. ...45. ...50. .1,927, the girth in inches, just back of the shoulders, by the number of inches from the square of the bullock to the point of the shoulder-blade, and divide the product by I44-, which will give the number of superficial feet, l-f the girth is from 3 to 5 feet, multiply the number of super- ficial feet by 16, which will give the weight of the animal. If the animal has a girth of from 5 to 7 leet, multiply bui23; if from 7to9,mul tiply bs 31; if less than 3 feet, multiply by II. Mans circumstances, as mode of fattening, con dition,breed,et<:., Influence the weight, but th. foregoing will be found approximately correct. .- The best quality of charcoal is made ftom beech, chestnut, maple, oak, and pine. Wood will furnish, when properly burned, about 23 per cent, of coal. Oak charcoal absorbs aboui 4.28 and pine 8.3 per cent of water. One bush- el of charcoal contains 2,747.7 cubic Inches and if made from red or white pine, will weigh 43 IDS.; if from oak, ortrituTaied, abeu.t I351bs. NS^^SMxvxvYw^ oX.- The allowance for the shrinkage in castings should be for each foot in length, as follows: Cist iron pipes, t inch; Cast iron beams and girders, io inch; Cast non Ci)lindcTS(iaiqf), ^; (small) is ; Brass. i$; Ld,tfe; Zinc,}; Copper, * Si2E OF CHIMNEY SrzE OF FLUE I6xl6 ........ 20x20 ........ 20x24 8*8.. I2i2. 8.I6-. 2>i6. NUMBER BRICKS lOEA.FOO'lNHflGUT Light Brahmas and Paitiidqe Pochins,-Egus, 7 to the pound, lay 130 per annum Dark Brahmas -Eggs, 8 to the pound; lag 130 per annum. Black, White, and 8 tift Cochins -gqs,7 to the pound: lay 115 per annum. Plymouth Rocks-Ei^s, 8 to tht pound, Ian 150 per annum, Houdans Egqs, 8 to the pound; lai) 150 per annum La rierht- 995,7 to the pound; lay 130 per annum. Creve Cceurs-Eggs 8 to the pound-, 144 140 per innum. Black Spanish- Egg, 1 tp the pound; lay 14 per annum. Leghorns- Eqijs, 8 to the pound; 114 16 per annum. Ham burgs -Eqgs, 9 to the pouud^ lay ISO per arm inn. Polish-Eqijs, 9 to the pound-, lau 125 per annum. Dominique Eqgs, 9 to the pound; lay 135 per annuTn. G-ames-Eqqs,9 to the pou-tid; lauj 130 per annum. Bantams- Eggs,l6 per pound; la>j 90 per annum feYMMVtR VNtKW?^.- 60 seconds = I minute GO minutes= I degree ; 30 decrees = \ sign-, 1 2. suins-l circle; 90= a Quidrant: 60 = a Sex tint; 360'= a Circie,large or small. KCKN!W^oVta4 yx\Xet\X.%.- See Cistern ui der MensuratioTillTidex). The annexed Uble qives the number of onions contained hi the clear between the bricn work for eaeh ten inch es oJ depth. G-ais. 2 ft. equals 19 1!:: 4 4i 5 " 55 6k 30 44 7 60 7i 78 8 97 8i' 148 9i : Oiam. Gus. 6 H. equals 176 Diam. I Oft. equals II Oils. 207 240 I 275 I 14" 15" 705 827 959 110 a nches=l nail j 4na.ils I quarter; 4 quarters= I yard. oX Xoxi\of(v.- The value of f-orei Coins is at different times, subject to slight va riations, but the following may be titte-n as about the average valu NAME. COUNTY. VALUE. NAME. COUNTRY. VALUE. Bolivar,VeneiueH#0.i4 MiiTeis,Braiil. . 0.55 Boliviano, Bolivia... Crown, Sweden .. ' Denmark . ' ' Norway . Dollar, Mexico... " Liberia . . , " Canada.., DTachma^reece. , 0.70 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.76 1. 00 1. 00 O.I9 Plorin,Netherlands 0.40 Austria.. 0.35 Piastre, Turkey. franc, Belgium. O.I9 " France... O.I9 Switierland O.I9 G-Ourde,Hayti... 0.96 Lira, Italy 0.19 Mahbub,Tripoli . 0.63 Mar^G-ermanij. 0.24 " Portugal Peseta. Spiin... Peso, Nicaragua. " Honduras, " OuiteTnala. " Argentine, " chTii " Colombia. , Cu-b .08 0.19 0.70 0.70 0.7C 0.96 0.91 0.70 0.93 0.04 4.94 4 Pound, Egypt Pound, England Rouble, Russia. Rupee, India.. 0.33 Sol, Peru 0.70 Sucre, Ecuador. 0.70 Yen, Japan 0.99 iS^Ok \}.^.,V'vw!\>> oV.-The gold coin" are nine-tenths fine; -the silver coins, nine tenths fine; the copper-nickel coms,such a: the 5-cent and the 3-cent pieces, are onefoml nickel and three-fourths copper; the. brorrze coins are 95 per cent copper and Sper cent tin and zinc. The alloy in the gold coins is silver and copper; i-n the silver coins,copper. LBS. PER AoRd NAME Les.PtR ACRE Apples 8,000 Mangel Wutzel. 22,000 Batle 4 1,600 Peaches ..5,000 Beans. 2,000 Oats 2,000 Cabbage 10,900 Onions 2,800 Carrots 6,800 Parsnips 1 1,200 Cherries 2,000 Pears 5,000 Clingite foil grass. . 9,600 Peas 1,900 Clover-Seed. 200 Plums 2,000 Com,lndian 3,000 Potatoes " ass 7,~" On Hay He Vetches,green . . 10,000 Wheat 1,200 LW=.- Fine Solder alloy of two parts of Block Tin to one of Lead. Glaring Solder, equal parts of Block Tin and Lead. PI umbinq Solder, one part BlockTIn.two parts Lead. 59 Babbitt's Metal. . . .1hr89,CFPer31ATithnffl7.3. Church Bells ...... Cjpper80,ZiTrc5.6,TiJiiai,Lead4.3. FineYellow Brass. . . . Copper 66, Zinc 34. GermnSilver ..... CopVr33.3,Zmc33.4,Niefcel33.3. Gongs ........... Copper0l.6, Tin 1 8.4. Gun Metal.Vahffi5,elc. Co PP eT90 i Ti " n I0 - Lathe Bushes ..... CopperSO, Tin 20. Machinery Bearings.. Copper 87.5,TiTt 12.5. Muntz Metal ..... Copper 60, Zinc 4-0. Sheathmq Metil... Copper 56, Zinc 44- White Brass ..... CopperlO,Zinc80,TiTi 10. One Ib. broken loaf sugar= 1 quart; I lb.and 1 02. powdered white sugar=l quart; I Ib. and 2oz. best brown sugar = l quart; I Ib. soft butter = I quart; I lb.and 2oi. Indian meal = I quart; I I b. wheat flour = I quart; 4 Inge tablspoonfuls=igillj a common sized turn bler=i pint; i-common sized wine-glass = iqill; a large wine-qla?s = 2oz.; ateacup = i qill : a tablespoonfuJ =i 01. (See Aoothecaries 1 Weight). Mensuration (index). !Wa\NOWi^t\v\\Me,V\le\o^\=> ck.-A cord of hickory weighs about 4,500 Ibs.; a co of beech, 3,215 Ibs.; hard ma. pie, 2,850; Ash, 3,450; pitch pine, 1,900; red oak, 3,250; Lombardy poplar, 1,800. I.- A body weighing 140 Ibs., in burning 55 Tninutps. will produce 3 Ibs of ashes. ivxiXVWHvr^ \wr\t Y lo^v^ea Xo-\.-/\ssu.minc that a person can count at the rate of 200 per minute, for lihours a day, to count, 1,000,000, would Teqwire 6 days II hr.20mh, 1,000,000,000, I9yr.4 " 18 "20 " 1,000,000,000,000, "19,012 "311 " 5 "20 " 1,000,000,000,000,000 would T quire more, than 19,000,000 years & \H ^NM^Vft^At ok Wt River mud, liquid earth, etc., 3 inches per sec ond; brown pottery clay, 4 in. per sec.; coiled. " boiled- TOlsted. Oijsters,raw... stewed. Beaum't " 'arsnips,boiled. 5 ork,salt,boiled. Saqo,boiled..< Salmon,sait,b(iil. Sau-sage, broiled. ' chicken.. Suet.-Seef, boiled Tapioca ,boiied.. Turkejj,roasl: Turnips, boiled. Veal,fTesh,frie(l. Venison.broiled. VA^ASWt.- Nothing is more falla cious than measurinq fluids b4 dropping since the drops from the lip of a vial vary chiefly according to the different force o f-he attraction of cohesion in different liq- uids. Thus 60 drops of water fill the same measure as 100 drops of laudanum from a lip of the same size. The graduated glass measure used bij apothecaries is the only certainty. ttSr5>,^as.ld may be beaten to iei'tfbo of an inch in thickness, and an ounce drawn to a (eriqUi o 50 miles. Platinum is more ductile than anij other metal. The same metal does not al ways manifest the same relative degree of the above properlies,as is seen bn the table. TENAC.TY. DUCT.LITY. 1. Iron 2. Copper 3. Platinum Iron 4. Silver 5. Zinc 6. &old 7. Lead 8. Tin Plat in ur Silver Bar Zinc Tin Lead Lead Tin &old Zinc Silver Copper Platinum iron frold Silver Copper Tin Lead Zinc . Platinur Iron have been made bij drrvinq sticks, made. of different woods, each two feet long and one and one half inches square^ into the ground, only one half inch projecting ^t&\i\N outward. After the lapse of five years, all those made of oak, elm, ash, fir, soft ma- hogany, and nearly every variety of pine, were totally rottenj larch, hard pine and teak were decayed onln on the outside; aca- cia was only slightly attacked on the exteri- or 1 , hard mahoqantj and cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably good condition, and Vir- ginia cedar was as sound as when put into the qround. N\\KWX^.,crjWoTk Power of 1 am pere current pass- ing throuqh resis- ol 1 ohrn mp- 10 Work done b M l at dec.po.vf T pc "i- i iwjiM Equivalent true. ohtn= 1.0 1 Q British Association ohms. Deposits 1.1 18 miHiqianis of silver per sec o-nd. .926 of a standard Daniel Cell. Deposits 1. 1 18 2. 5 knots of D.U.S. cable. .00 13405 lor power. .238 units of HeattTherms). . (d foot To ed =2747.7 lca.ft.'puTEwat.=IOOOoz.A\ lowinq table exhibits the lineal-dilation of bodies from 3 Z to 21 2. Flintqldss nVa Brass, cast Glass(rjarom.tu.be). . noo Solder, tin I, solid rod.., sir Bismuth .' " cast, prism of. sir Speculum metal... Platinum ni? Iron Palladium fooo Steel Gold etnr Tin Silver sU Lead. CopperSparts.tml. fio Copper Copper2,zincl... Brass 16, t Ct... 456" I .... 504 Zinc. ssi Mercury, in volume Water. 13 Alcohol 4 All the oases iH See Carlisle Table. explosives derive their energy from nitri glijccrine.^vsvwiYi'vVte, is nitroglycerine com- pounded with rotten-stone, or silicious, or in fusorial earth, tripoli,etc. ^VA\'VC\ is a com- pound of nitro-glucerine and saw-dust. ^eV c\\\V(\t^ONN^ex is a mixture of plaster of Paris and nitre-glycerine. The subjoined ta ble is b 4 M. Berthelot. (See D Nitro-glycerine Picrate Picric Acid.withCht Potash Gun Cotton " Picrate Potash Picric Acid Gun Cotton Powder, base Chi. Potash'.. Powder, base Nitrate Soda. Powder, sporting Powder, artillery Powder blasting 5900. 97ZO. 1 320 0.7 10 liter 1422 0.337 1424 0.408 " 14X0 0.484 578 0.585 " 6870.780" 0? 7640.248 0.216 608 0.225 50910.173 elephant, and horse seldom produce more than one at a birth; the lion I, oftener2 or 3, sometimes 5 or more. The fecundity of the rabbit is marvelous, it beginning to breed at the age of six months, having from 6 to 7 litters a year, each from 4 to 12, or upwards. A codfish has been found to produce 3,686,760 eggs or spawn, and a ling up- ward of 19,000,000. Herrinqs from 21,185 to 36,960. Mackerel, 454,06i.Soal,38,772; flounder, 1,357,403. Lobster,2l,699: prawn, 3,800; shrimp, 6,800. M. Von Cleichen, a German naturalist, has made the annexed calcuJation for th com- mon house fly. A fly lays four times during the suTrnner, eachlime eightu P9^s 320 Half of these are supposed to be females, so that each of the four broods produc I. First 'eiqhy>Tthe. fortu fe-males oftha first brood, Ia 4 four times U.800 The first eiqhth of these,or 16,000 feTnales,liH time times 384,000 The second eiqhth, twice 256,000 The thiid and fourth eighth, once... 256,000 JLThe second eighth, or the forty females of the second brood, lay three times 9,60i One sixth of these, three times 384, W The second sixth, twice 256,000 The third sixth, otice I28,OOC 3. The third eiqhth, or the forty fe- males of the third broodjtwice.... One fourth of these lay twice. ...2 4. The fourth eighth, or forty fe- males of the fourth brood, once,. 3,700 Half of these lay once I28,OOC Total for one fly in om summer, 2,080,321 \S>w. j-Vw VNw\ KX\A VJ trtMnsCvn&c&X - It ii ofteti asked how stout a woman ought to be in proportion to her height. The fol lowing table gives a fair mdicat'on of th proper proportions: Five feet.... about 100 Five ft. one in. Five ft. two in. " 1 13 " 119 F l06Fiveft Fiveft.fowr in. " 130 Five ft. five in." 138 Five ft. six in. " 144 Five ft. seven htab't 150 Five ft. eight in Five ft. nine in. Five ft. ten in. Five ft. eleven iu Six ft. Six ft. one In. Work ing horses. 3.08 1 bs.1 Dry cows.... 2.41 Ibs. " oxen . . 2.40 Younq cattle . . 3.08 " Fatting oxen .... 5.00 Steers 2.84 " when fat. 4.00 "Pigs 3.00" Milch cows 2.35"ISheep 3.00" A horse will consume as much food, aside from com, as 8 sheep; a cow, as 12 sheep; a fat ting ox, as 10 sheep; a two-year-old Helkt, as 6 sheep; a three-year-old heifer, as 8 sheep ; a one year-old heifer, as 4 sheep; a calf, as 2 sheep. ~b.- See Coins. A bushel of good wheat,60 lbs.,shouM yield aboufc-48 Ibs. of flour, 8 lbs._ of short s,_and 4 Ibs. of bran. The following is afafrav erage, which gives 38.45 Ibs. ot flour to the bushel: Weight of wheat 1,486 IDS. >' "flour. 952 Ibs. " " bran 240 " " " screenings 32 " " " middlings...:... 88 " ' " toll 148 " " " waste..... X6 "-I486 Ibs. ted to pressure transmit it undiminished fn every direction. 2. The pressure sustained by any surface is proportional to its a-rea. 3'. The direction of the pressure at any point is perpendicular to the surface at -that point. 4. The pressure on the bottom of a vessel is independent of the form of the vessel. 5. The pressure is proportion- ed to the density of t-he ligu-id. fi.The- pressure exerted by a/lu.)d is proportion- al to its depth. 7. A flu-id is IT? equilib- rium, OT at Test, only when its particles zte -restrained by some vessel or its equivalent. Cl UNIVERSITY PER CENT. ARTICLE. PER CENT. Apples Barley, boiled ....... 91 Beans.boiled ....... 87 Beef, -raw ........... 26 Beets .............. 14 Bread, rye Bnad, barley ....... 88 Bread, wheat ....... 90 Bread, corn ........ 91 Butter ............ 92 Cabbage ........... 7? Codfish, boiled ..... 21 Rice,boiled , oe ..... , ...... 88 Cu.cu.nibers,raw... 1 Twmips,boiled.... 5 " -------- L - ln Veal,fried ......... 24 2Z Currants .......... 10 whipped ..... 13 .27 Melons, raw 3 lrrapes,raw , Milk.... VI utton, broiled.. )atmeal Porridi Peaches >eas, boiled... lums,raw.. idge., Potatoes..... , roast Venison, boiled See Digestion. Eggs Albuminoids, Milk.. Butter. Cheese. Beef... Mutton. Pork... Oat Meal.. Albuminoids. Wheat Flour Rye Flour Indian Corn Buckwheat Rice Beans.... Potatoes . Sweet Potatoes l4Pr.Cenfr. Oil II f i!o " 'W" 29.2 " 29.6" 8.0 * 30.0" 5.0 " 40.0" 4.5 50.0" i.l..Statch..610..0il.lOJ 10.5 Ji 74.0 " tit 71.0 1.6 64.5 "5.0 tO.5 ' 9.0 15.0 * 7.5 63.3 "3.4 K " 15.4 "0.3 " 15.0 . . .... .... .lundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to: 28 Oats Apples 123 Oat-straw Beans Beets Clover, red, green.. Carrots... 311 Corn . 62 Clover, red, dry Lucet 311 59 43 ru 38 Potatoes. 350 Rue-straw 429 Rue 53 669 Oil-cake,linseed 373 Peas,d Mangolds 369 Wheat 45 fcCTVV&VN&.-hl order to estimate the efficiency of any work or force, an arbitra ry unit of work has been adopted called a VwV^owftk. The foot-pound is^themedim ical value of a force capable of raising- one pound through a vertical space- of one foot. The work of Hie power is equal to the prod- uct of an equivalent wei9W in pounds mul- tiplied by the vertical height in feet through which it passes. The work of the. load is found in a similar manner. ^&\\\2l days. ~ Bear, 6 months} lion', 108 days; puma.79 e\4t.ows ttxwwtfa'. Greenland whale, about IQ -months .VAOV>WMV.~ The most common duration for the varieties of monkeys is 7 months. QxiXsvcowb vwwVft: "Hie goose sits 30 days; swan, 42 days; hens; 21 days; ducks, 30 days; pea-hens and turkeys, 28 days; canaries and pigeons, 14 days; par- rots, 40 days. OXV&vb'.-Httrnan being, 280 days; hippopottamus, 234- days; cat, about 56 days; bat, 40 days; marmoset, 120 days; tapir, 10 to 1 1 months. NAME. I PLACE. | TIME. iHEIDHT-a OgtOmt.3,1) G-oliath Maximin.. G-abaia JohnMiddleton... Patrick Cotter Frederick's Swede.. Giliy Charles Byrne..., Q'\g Sam... M. Brice... Robert Hales CHang-Woo-&ov Martin VatiBuTCn Bates Ke Miss Anna Swar Bash an Palestine Rome Rome England Ireland Sweden Tyrol Ireland England England China ntucky Nova Scotia . 235A.Di8R6 1063 235 269?B.O|9 1578 1761 1783 1863 1863 1865 1871 1871 I578A.H|9"3 8"7" 8" 4 8 "4 7" 6 7" 6" 7" 8" 70 iv- Purified sind, 1 00 parts; lime stone, or chalk, 35 to 40 parts; sulphate of sc da, 40 to 45 parts; cullet, 50 tolSO parts, Vw\cVvV\3.V.-.- White quartzose sand lOO-Oparts; sodic carbonate, 33.3 parts; lime(slaked),l4J parts; manganese peroxide, 0.15 parts; cullet,IOO.Oparts, =. white sand, 100 parts; winiumlred lea/l),63 parts; refined potash,33 parts; nitre, 10 parts; cullet, 60 to 100 parts. The following are other proportions for op- tical and Hint glass: Sand, 51 parts; pearl ash- es(prepa-npdlJ6 parts; litharge, 28 parts (or red lead,29p,=rts); nfte-r, 4i parts; while arsenic, s part; peroxide of manganese, & part; cut let of f'bit glass in proportion as the manu- facturer tHinks proper. ^oXNXtQrXasv.- This is the coarsest q lass in common use, and is made from varied pro- portions of the following: Soap- makers' wast* (containing a quantity o* soda-salts), fresh wa- ter, rrver sand, brick-dust, calcined lime, and marl. ^io\o\tA ^)\&sv. - The colors usually employed consist of metallic oxides. Gold yields the most beautiful ruby, crimson, rose, and purple col- ors. Copper yields ruby red, and emerald green. Cobalt, rich deep blues. Iron, dull green; with alumina, ffesh color; cornbined with chloride of silver, orange yellow. Silver with alumina, beautiful yellow. Uranium, chrysoprase greet and canary yellow, " Nt>SAWr I stone-Slbs.-, 24 stone I seam. 6 by8--!50 7 9|I5 8 "10=90 8 8 "12-75 "ll = 73 "12=67 55 13 '14=57 15=53 '16=50 '18=45 '12=60 '13 10" 14=52 IO"I5=48 IO"I6=45 10" 17=43 IO"I8=40 10 "20 =36 10 "22=33 10 "24=30 10 "26=28 I0"28=26 I0"30=24 1 1 "12-55 II"I3=5I 1 1 " 14=47 1 1" 15=44 II "16=41 1 1 "17 =39 1 1 "18=37 1 1 "20=33 1 1 "22=30 1 1 "24-27 12 "14=43 12 "1 5=40 I2"I6=38 12 12 "18=34 I2"20=30 15 2bu2M7 >2 "24=25 12 "26=23 12 "28-22 12 "30=20 12" 32=19 12" 34=18 I236=I7 IfciT 1 13" 16 13" 18=31 3 "20 22=25 3 "24 (3 "26=2 1 13 "28=20 13" 30=19 13 "32=11 14" 15 14" 16 4" 17=31 14" 18=29 14" 20=26 14" 22^ 14" 24 14 "26- 30=17 32= 34 36=14 38-14 40=13 14" 42= 12 14" 44=12 14 "46 5" 16 5"I8 15" 20=24 22=22 5 by 24= 20 1 8 bu 42= 9 " 26=I9 I8"46=9 30= 8 5 "30= I 6 5"32=I5 5 "34=14 5 "36= 13 5 "38= 13 5 "40=12 6 "16=28 20 "28- 1 3 2416 2216 20 I6 16 "20- 22-21 I6"24=I9 26=17 6 "28= 16 6 "30=15 16 "32 =14 I6"34=I3 '36-13 38=12 16"40=H 1 6 "42= 1 1 '44-10 46=10 '48= "52= 2816 2516 2316 3416 3216- 23 20 6"54=822 I6-|8 15 I8 6"60=8 20=20 3018 2718 18 I8"30=I4 I8"32 '34 = 12 36-H '38=M 40 '42 SIZE. 20 "2^ = 16 20 "24 -I? 2-H 20"34=H 20 "36 = 10 20"38=IO 20 "40 20"42= 9 20 "44 -8 20 "46 =8 20 "48= 8 20 "50= 7 20 "54- 7 20 "58= 6 20 "64= 6 22"24-l4 26-13 "28-12 30=H 22"32 = IO 22 "34 -10 9 122 92a 18 "24= 17 22 "40- 8 l3r22 10 24 22 "44- 48' 50-= 22"52 = "56-6 60-5 '24=13 10 24 An inclination of I ft. in 10 is 528 ft. per mile, I 15 "352 '264 20 I " 25"2II An inclination of I ft. in 30 is [76 ft. pet ni le. 35 H5' j; 50"I06" " 1 00 "53" *> 125 "42" 150 "35" " 200 " 26 " " i.-F-rom the time wheat is threshed, it will' shrink two quarts to the- bushel, or six per cent, in six months. Co-rri shrinks much more than wheat. One hundred bushels as gathered from the field, will be reduced to eighty bushels af- ter shrinkage, or twenty per cent in six months. Potatoes, taking into account those that rot, shrink still more. From October till the Succeeding June, the loss is tfjirty-tliw ox 8,000 miles 7,000 miles 6,000 miles 5,000 miles 4,000 All objects weigh most at the surface ot the earth. Ascend- ing from the sur- face, their weight diminishes as the square of their dis- tance from the cen- ter increases. De- SCfiridinc) towards the center, t heii weight diminishes astHeit distance fro- the surface increases. The operation of thi? law in the case of an object weighing 1,000 pounds at the earth's surface, is show Owing to the centrifugal force, being ex- cessive at the equator, and the polar diame ter shorter than the equatorial, an object will weigh ltss_it_tjh.e_e^uator than at the poles 1,000 pounds at the poles weighing ' 995 pounds at the equator. ,.- See Cooks. i.-Thp following a all breech-loader rifles, and cofivey agener al idea of the powcr.etc, of guns. There arc large numbers of naval gw-ns whose range is ten -miles ortnore. Weight. DO 108 "(") 100 "( 100 "(It. 139-7 71 71 "(Fr. 63 "(r,g.) 34.7 52 "(FrJ " 48 "(Qer. 20 LFNCTH 46.8 ) 30.7 (Get) 3 1. 4 ) 34.8 32.7 32-0 WEI&HT WE16HT 197 926 1,003 403 ion 2,020 30 2,037 " 1,632 1,800 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,715 1,455 21034 1,250 2,050 28 " 1,968 23 1,857 320 2,179 1,900 ass 29 in. _ 28" 1,703 24 " - 24" ^.-The relative hardness of' woods is calculated by the hickory whic is the toughest. Estimating this at I00,othets rank as follows: -Pignut,96; white oak, 84 white ash, 77; dog wood, 75; scrub oak,73: white hazel, 72; apple tree,70; red oak, 69, white bcech,65; black walniU,65; black birch 62; yellowed black oak,60; Hardmaple,56; white ehn,58; red cedar,56; cherti/,55; yellow prne,54;chest nut,52;popkr,5l; biierniit,43; white pine,35. G;J NIVV^JV*^"^ vr YiVkVl^rvj^w^ ^va.\t y>. In the following list, any substance will scratch the one immediately following it: Diamond, sapphire, topaz, quarh, feldspar, scapolite, apatite, fluor spar, caic spar,rni- (ja, gypsum, talc. Timothy, a year in -mow or stack, 500 Cu.ft. Timothy, from bottom of stack. . 400 " Timothy, newly stacked 700 " Timothy and clover, old stacked .... 600 " Timothy and clover, new 800 '* Clover, stacked,oid 700 " Clover, new 900 " Cornmon meadow hay, old 800 " Common Meadow hay, new 1 000 " to which air way grow normally, especially in wo- rneri, is very considerable, 74 inches hav- ing been evhibited m-the "Hair Court" of the International Exhibltion(!862). Adam Kirpen,of Chicago, is reported to have sold a crcp of whiskers i n 1861, the length of which was 5 feet, and that subsequently they grew to the length of 12 feet. Hair which is I'^htest in color is also lightest ir\ weight. Light or blonde hair is generally the most luvurient, and it has been calculated that the" average number of hairs of this color oh an average person's head is 140.000: while the number of brown hairs ;sliO,000 T and black, 1 03,000. ty^ ^ Vt^fcN >N.Y3^K .- 36 Ibs. straw = 1 truss; 56 Ibs. old hay- = I 4Tu.ssj60lbs.new hay = l tru?s; 36 trusses=i load. &Nft%.-Mo6t of great men havt had great heads. Webster's head measured over 24 inches; Clay's, over 23; Napoleon's, rearly 24; Hamilton's, 23?. Burks, Jefferson's, and Franklin's heads were very large. Small and avenge heads may astonish ws by their brilliancy and learning, but fail in that commanding ^reat ness which impresses and sways. (Sec Brain, weight of). The general rule for the head- -measure- ments of adults is as follows: -Smallest size compatible with fair ialents, 20i; mod- erate,20| to2li; average, 2.1* to22; full, 22 to 22J; large, 22| t023|, very large, above 23|. Temperatures. iVa. Heat is comTnuTii- cated in three ways: va., Conduction, Con- vection, and Radiation. The relative conducting power of metals is as follows: Silver, 100; copper,74;gold, 53; brass,24; tin, 15; iron, 12; lead,9;plat inurn,8; G-erman silver,6; bismuth, i. Of articles of clothing, linen, cotton, silk, wool, (UTS. Liquids and gases are poor conductors, but good convectors of heat. (See Radiation). StWC.^JtWfo.-See Specific Heat. WLW MKVXVL 0V *\K.\S>- Pounds of wale evaporated by I ID. of fuel are as follows: Straw, 1.9: wood, 3.1; peat,3.8; coke or charcoal, 6.4; coal, 7.9; petroleum, I4-.6. .-See Man and Wotna-n (index). following are the average relative heights \\VMvKH ^&^X, and weights of persons in health, as ob gained by Dr. Hutch In son from over five, thousand "-individuals: 5" 4 5 "-5 5" 6 ....120 Ibs. "!J33 " ....139 " ....142 " ....145 " ...148 Ibs. ...155 " ...162 " .-See Barometer, also Water. CISCUMFE'BENCE. WEIGHT 1 inch... li " ... !}"::: 2 " ... 2i " .. an ....200 Ibs ....312 " ....450 " ....612 " ....800 " ....1012 " ....1250 " ....1512 " CIRCUMFEREMCC. WEI&HT. 3 inches 3* " . i " : A. ' 44 '. 3 "'. 1800 Ibs. ....2112 " ...2450 " ....2812 " ....3200 ....4000 " ....5000 " ...7200 " -ces o.~ . Lowest Grade of Savage ru. 2. Middle &rade of Savagery. 3. Upper G-radc of Savaqeru. 4. Lowest G-raw- of Barbaris 5. Middle 0-rade of Barbarism. 6. Upper G-mde of Bafbaiisrti. 1. Civilization. 40 feet apart, 27 hills 193 302 435 8 feet apat 1.110 l, 3 732 3,556 4,840 6,969 nty pigs -were well fed. and fattened with results as follows: No. LIVE. OflESSFD.|No. LIVE. PRESSED. I .128 126 107 117 135 109 118 128 130 II 121 Ibs, 102 Ibs. 175 149 150 167 150 131 170 130 170 144 M9 125 )4l \2H 113 141 112 97 1 72 l bs. 143 Ibs. 151 ' 150' 130' 136 ' 162' 135' 136' 153' 160' Total Live W't, 2,942 Dressed WH,2,452 iWSt VOMMI.VV.- To estimate the work of any force, acting through a lirnit-ed period of time, a unit of work has been adopted, called the \wtw-ija\NeUSee Foot- pound). A horse-power is the mechanic- al value of a force capable of raising thir- ty-three thousand pounds one foo< in one minute. Its work is equa! to thirty-three thousand foot-pounds in a minute. iW&V\}VvKNN\H CrXVNJA'VK. On metal rails a horse can draw. -One and two- . thirds times more than on. asphalt pavement Trrree and one-third time more than on good Belgian blocks; Five times tnofc than oti otdirinuBelgiir blocks; Seven times more than on good cob ble-stone; Thirteen limes more than on ordinari cobble-stone; Twenty times more than on an ordi- nary earth road; c orty times more than on sand. A horse can drag, as compared with what he can carry o n his back, in the fol- lowing proportions: -On earfh road,three times more; macadamized road, nine; pla twenty; on stone trackway, thirty-three; on a good railway, fifty-four times as much istru of the B'odwl index). .-Ste Cooks. oV.-See Chern- average length of human life is placed at thirtu-lhree years. (See Life,50 Years at). W\AW>X ^vV=V \VvN\\OH- At each inspi- ration of a man, about 17 cubic inches of air pas? into the lungs,and this is re peated 20 times a minute, making * cu. oic foot in 5i minutes; 274 cubic feet in 24 hours. The capacity of the lungs is about 340 cubic inches. Ice two inches thick will sustain a wan. Four iwHes thick, a ma" rn horseback. Five inches, an 80- pounder gun. Si* inches, a learn with small load. Eight inches, a team with heavy load. Ten inches, a" innumerable multitude. W* 0V VvK\X\.~ An " I iich of Rain" means a aalion of water spread over a surface of near iy two square feet, 01 3.630 cubic feetHOO ton; upon an acrt. Brown = red and black mixed together. Bufr= yellow, white.and a little Venetian red. Chesttmt= white and brown. Chocolate = black and Venetian rd. Claret = red. umber, black. Coppet= red, yellow, black. Cream = white, yellow, Venetian red. Dove = white, vermillion, blue, yellow. Drab= umber, white, Venetian red. Fawn= white, yellow, red. Flesh Colot= white, lake, vermiiiion. Freestone = red, Wick, yellow ochrt,veTrnilli) oS.- At birth the inspirations are from 70 to 23; from the ages of from 15 to 20 years, from 24 to 16: from the ages of from 30 to 50, 23 toll. *rWK\CKl\a\\, ox.- A bar of iron worth &5, worked into horseshoes, advan- ces in value to*IO; rnade into needles, is worth *350; made into penknife-blades, is worth ^3285; -made into ba of watches, is worth #250,000. W>H,NNe*X ^o\w 7i 50 50 166 14 Pounds = ISto-rie; 2K Stone = I Pig 8 Pigs = I Pother. eracje life of an iron rail is 15,000,000 o tons, or equal to 100,000 trains of ISOtor each. The average time in years is abou 5; but this depends upon the amount o traffic over the road. Steel rails are on ly half worn out with 95,600,000 ton of traffic, making the time in years upward of 18. The &erah(a Shekel) = Olbs.0oz. Opwt.Ug The Bekahti Shekel) = 0"0 5 The Shekel = 0" 0" 10" 0' The Maneh (60 Sheketf= 2 "6" 0" 0' The Talent (3000 ")=I25"0" 0" The circunference of the earth is divided into 360 dejrees, each degree into60 knots or nautical miles, consequently the circum- ference of the eaith vi7. 131,385,456 feet divided by (3 60x60=) 2 1,600 gives the length of a knot, viz. 6,082.66 feet, which is gen- erally considered the standard, except by the Admiralty. The Admiralty knot is 6,080 feet; the statu-te mile being = 5,280 feet. One knot equals 1. 1515 miles, conse- quently to find the equivalents of knots in miles, multiply the number-of knots bu 1. 1 515. estimates the valwof an agricul- tural laborer to the commonwealth as fol- lows: A&E. \MLUElA6E. VALUE.IAOE. VAL ,$690 , 485 . 230 , ->25 5 .* 28030. ...*I20555... 10 58535.... 114060... 15 96040.... 106065... 20 117045.... 96570... 25 123050.... 840R5... The minus sign shows a loss to the com- monwealth. Intellectual workers are often of much value after the age of 70. N& V!t>8MR. A Township is 36 sec tions,each a mile squtre.and contain!) 640 acres. A quarter section is one half wile squirt and contains 160 acres. An eighth section Is half a mile long north and south, a.< 69 " 10 yards by4&3 yards. The side of a squire- to contai n I acre=208.7l ft,or P-.*>3rods,oi 64 paces. 4 " = 147.58 8.94 45 " i ' = 120.50 7,30 ' 37 " i 1' = IO<3JS 6.32 " 32 >= 7JJ79 " 4.47 ' 22i " .MW OV 'sQCOK'^. VV^-WS\y?>^_. 1 44 sq. iTt= I sq. ft. ; 9 sq.f t.= I sq. y d. , 30i sq.yds. = lsq.Tt>d; 40sq.rds.= lrood; 4roods=jacre, AJso for Surveyors' measure, 7.92 inch- es= I link; 25 links=lrod; 4rods=lchain; 1 square chains, or I60 square rods=l acre 640 acres=l square mile. .KTO VCtK\.-A pound of water at. 212 mixed with a pound of water at 32* gfves two pounds at the rnean temperatim of 122; but a pound of water at2U rni ed with a pound of ice at 32, gives two pounds of water having a temperature of onlu 51. In this case the water has lost I6I 6 , while the ice has gained only I9,so that 142 have disappeared inchanginq the ice to water. This 142, which isno't sensible to the thermometer, is cal I ed The latent heat of water is of the j-reat- est value in nature, and were it not for this provision, the inhabitants of northern valleys would be exposed to terrific mundatins at every approach of spring. Every solid has its own latent hea.t, which is called the heat of fusion, or the latent heat of liquids. In the subjoined ta- ble the second column of figures shows the number of pounds of water that would beraised one degree by the solidifying of one pound of the substance named. The first column is the heat of fusion. |nFalrr. Water=l. Water. 142.65 i.OOO KT: :::::::: &i : Sulphur 16.85 .118 Lead 9.65 .067 Mercuru 5.11 .035 ^.-A true level coincides with the sphericity of the earth, while an apparent level consists of a continuation of Me level plain drawn through the point at which the observation is made.(See also Distance One can See). QlST. DlFF.JJF OlST. "|^ E L ^ "1ST. YOS. VOS. 100... .0.026 900.. ..2.081 1700.. ..7 .425 200. ...0.103 300.... 0.231 400... .0.41 1 500. ...0.643 600.. ..0.955 1400.... 5.038 700.... I. 800. ...f. YOS. 000.... 2. 570 1 800.... 6 .324 200.. ..3.701 , 300.... 4.344% "...4.500 I "...8.000 500.. ..5.784 2 "..32,000 600,. ..6. 5803 "..72.000 K^HVWvT.CSee al- so Sunset and Sunrise Table rndex). The inequality of day andrii^ht rrrcreases slow/y hi the tropical regions, biU more and more rapidly toward the pofar circles. Beyond these circles the Sun, in the- hermis- phere in which it is verticz.1, -makes the entire circuit of the heavens, without sink ing below the horizon, for a period vary- ing from twenty-four hours to sixmowh! while in the opposite hemisphere there is a corresponding period of contmuaus wigHt The TABLE on the next page gives the 'eri^h of the longest day and shortest ni?frt,rn differ- ent latitudes, with the difference in ength. 65 LATITUOE. Equator .. 10 20 Tropics . .. 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 PolarCircles 67V 69V 73.3 78.3 84 Poles 8to\,.- QNCEST DAY.ISHOflTEST NlSHT.jDiFFEflENCE 2.0 hours. 12.7 iaa 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.6 16.3 17.3 iai 24.0 I m onth. 1 months. 3 " 4 " 5 " 6 2.0 hours, 1.3 " 10.7 " 10.5 " 0.0 " 9.0 " 8.4 i 7.7 " 6.7 " 5.3 " 0.0 " 00.0 hours. I.4 ' 2.6 ' 3.0 ' 4.0 ' 5.0 ' 6.0 ' 7.2 ' 8.6 . 1 0.6 ' 1 3.4 ' 24.0 ' The following table ex- hibits the average length of life as ascertain ed in the State of Massachusetts: OCCUPATION. YEERS. OCCUPATION. YEWS. CCUPATION. VEARi Unemployed men 68 Ju-djes.... 65 Facets ... 64 Bank Officers 64 Coopers... 58 Public Of fleets 57 Cle-%mwn..56 Shipwrights. 55 Hatters. . . . 54 Tailors. ... 44 blacksmiths . 5 1 Merchants. 51 Calico Printers. 5 1 'husiciarts. . 51 Mechanics.. 43 Butchers . . 50 iakers .... 43 ... 43 Shoemakers. 43 ditors ... 40 iarpenters . 49 Musicians. . 39 Masons 48 Printers .. 38 Traders.. .. 46 Machinists. 36 Teachers . . 34 Clerks.... 34 Law yers . . . 54 Jewelers ... 44 Rope Makers. . 54 Manufacturers. 43 Operatives . 32 Wi^XVCy X^fVPvS QV .- According to a French statistician, taking the- mean ofrnanu accounts, a man of 50 years of aue has slept 6,000 days; worked 6,500 dans; walked 800 days; was eating 1,500 days; and was sick 500 days. He has eaten 17,000 pounds o) bread; 16,000 pounds of meat; 4,600 pounds of veg etables, eggs, and fish; arid drunk in all, wa- ter, coffee, wine, etc., 7,000 gallons of liquids. i.-Al 16 fathoms a living creature would have to sustain a- bout six-ty pounds to the souare inch; at 60 fathoms, as much as ISO pounds per square inch: at 100 fathoms, 285 pounds; at 700 fathoms, 1830 pounds; at 1 000 fath- oms, the pressure per square inch consid- erably exceeds a ton. Whales are known to descend perpendic- ularly 4,800 feet, and consequently a large whale would have to sustain the pressure of about 2li,000 tons, or about 140 tons on every square foot of its body. The direct light of the sun has been esti- mated to be equal to that of 5,570 wax can- dles of moderate size supposed to be placed at the distance of one foot frorn the ob- ject. Tha light of the moon is only e- qual to one candle at a distance of 12. feet. The sun^s liaht is more than 300,000 times greater than that of I he moon. The sun's light, in comparison with that of all the stars taken collectively is many million times greater, and that of Si ius alone, twenty thousand millions greater. .- 49;ils = l pint; 2 pints = 1 quart; 4 quarts-^alionj 31-a ^a-llons-* I barrel; 2 batrels= I ho9shead. The9alion contains 231 cubic inches. NCWNfo*,t^K\Vo\^ W.-See Expansion *id Contraction. Water, distil led . .1 0.0 IDS. Nitric acid. . , , 12 .7 Ibs. Water, salt ..... 10.3 Vinegar ...... I O.I " Alcohollcommerce). 8.2 AlcohoKproof spirit) 9.2 Naphtha ...... 8.5 Sulphuric acid .18.5 Muriatic acid... U.o Linseed oil.... 9.4 " Whale oil 9.2 ' Oil of turpentine. 8.7 v Petroleum.... 8.8 '' Tar 10. 1 ' .-See Fluids. 5 I0 20 60 ttrement index. ^ wtv & ^\v->Y\ o^ Na."i\ou^ fyxiwft. Corn af- fords 40 pounds of spirits of the specific grav- ity of 0.9427, containing 45 per cent, of abso- lute alcohol for each 100 pounds of grain. Wheat, 40 to 45 per cent, of spirits; barley, 40; oats,36; rye,36to42; buckwheat,40. From the above figures it is found that each bushel of corn and rye yields l.96oilUms of proof spirits; wheat, 2. 1 gallons; barley,l.68 M^TOftSi 1 gallons; oats, 1. 12 gallons; buckwheat,l.8Zgils. .Q^W^VJ^VONN^ O^rA standard locomotive, 32-ifctons weight, cylinders 16 inches diameter, 24-inch stroke, 60-inch dri- vers, will haul over a level grade and shaijht line, 1,000 tons, or about 50 loaded cars. The same locomotive would work follows: 20- foot grade 460 tons or23 loaded cars. 40-footgrade x90 " 14 ' 60-footgrade 205 " 10 80-foot grade 150 " 8 i 004 oo t grade 120 " 6 I2inches=l foot; 3feet=l yard; 5 ! i yards, orl6'afeet=l rod; 40 rods = I f i^rl on?; 8 furlongs = I mile; 3miles = l league. Also,4 inches = l hand; 3 inch es=l palm; 9inches= I span; 18 inches=l cu-l inches=l sacred cubit; 36 inches, o = 1 pa.ce; 28 i nches, or 2% feet= I military pace; 33.38676 inches= I vara. Also, 48 hair's breadths = I inch; I digit =4 inch; 4 ba.rley-coms-breadthways = liof an inch, or 3 barley-corns lengthways^ I inch; 12 lines= I inch. (See Cloth Measure). LM MILES LAT. MILES. LAT. MILES. LAI MILES. LA! MILES. 1 =59.99 I9=56.73 37 47.92 55=34.4I 73-|7.54 I =59.9620=56.3838=47.2856=33.55 74-16.54 3 =59.92 21 -56.01 39-46.63 57=32.68 75=15.53 4 --59.8522=55.6340=45.9658=31.80 76-14.52 5 =59.77 23=55.23 41 -45.28 59-30.90 77=13.50 6 =59.67 24-54.81 42--44.S9 60=30.00 " 7 =59.5525=54.3843=43.8861-29.09 79=11.45 8 =59.42 26=53.93 44=43.16 62-28.17 80-10.42 9 - 59.26 27 =53.46 45^42.43 63-27.24 81= 9.39 10=59.0928-52.9846-41.6864-26.30 82= 8.35 I 1 =58.90 29=52.48 47 =40.32 65-25.36 83= 7.31 12-58.69 30*51.96 48--40.I5 66-24.40 84- 6.27 13=58.46 31 = 51.43 43 -33.36 67=23.44 85- 5.23 14-58.27 32=50.38 50^38.57 68-22.48 86= 4.19 15=57.96 33-50J2 Si -37.16 692l.50 87-- 3.14 16-57.68 34=49.74 52=36.94 70=20 52 88- 2.09 17=57.3835=49.1553=36.11 71-19.5399* 1.05 18=57.06 36=48.5454-35.27 72-18.54 90- 0.00 .WfcVmt K\\& 'V.WL.- To -reduce longi- tude to time, divide the degrees, minutes, and seconds by 15; thus, IW X4'53"-H5 -8hrs. 3min. 39.5 sec. To find the difference of time between two places, divide the difference in longitwie by 15; thus, the longitude of San Francisco is 122 24' 53"; that of New York is 74' 00' 03"; the difference in longitude between the two places is 48" 24' 50", which, divid ed by I5,gives, 3hours,l3minutes,39 ) lseconds, for the difference in time. To determine Ion9itude from time. mul- tiply the time in hours, minutes, and sec- onds, bu 15; thus.lhr. 5lmin.45sec.X 15 = 27" 56' 15". . 313 working days in a 10 hours per day; inutes lost in each dat)=& dos; I y ear, >ii dose; for babes ; un- der I year, the dose should go down bjmnUi a.t the SLTM- rate a.s by years,for those over a year. Atsenic, Fowler's Solution of. 2 to 10 drops. Aconite. Extract of. ..-% to A gram Aconite, Tincture of I to Sdrops Aloes, Purified I to 5 grains Aloes, Pills of I to 4 pills. Asafoetida, Mixture of .-'i to 2 tablespoonfuls Asafoetida, Tincture of . . .^ to 2 teaspoonfuls Belladonna, Extract of 4 to I grain Belladonna, Fluid Extract of .... I to 5 drops. Belladonna., Tincture of 5 to 30 drops Bromide of Ammonia 5to209rains. Bromide of Potassium 5 to 20grains. Bromide of Sodium 5to20grain& Cal i bar Bean, Extract of ^itol Grain Calomel % to 10 qrai ns. Camphor, Spirits of 5 to 15 drops Camphor Water I to 4 teaspoonfuls Capsicum,Tincture of 10 to 20 drops. Castor Oil fc to 2 tablespoonful Chloral, Hudrate of 5 to 30 grains. Cinchona, Sulphate of 5 to30grains. Cinchona, Compound Tincture of. I to4 teaspoonfals Cod Liver Oil ^tol tablespoonful Copperr, Sulphate of ^eto^a arain Ccrrrosive Sublimate %o to /o grain Cream of Tartar 5 to 60 grai ns uroton Oil f to 2 drops DigitaJis, Extract of H to2 grains Digital is, Tincture of 5 to 60 drops Dover's Powder ..5 to 10 grains Epsom Salts % to 2 tablespoonfuls G-entian, Extract of I to 5 grains. Hydrochloric Acid, dilute I to 5 drops Iodine, Compound Tincture of. . . 2 to 5 drops Iodide of Potassium 5 to 30 grains Ipicacuanha, Fluid Extract of ..2 to 30 drops Ipicacuati ha, Syrup of. .1 to 4 teaspoonfuls Iron, Pyrophosphate of 2 to 5 grains Iron, Tincture of the Chloride of. 2 to 30 drops Lactic Acid , 1 5 to 30 dro ps La.udan um 1 5 to 40 drops Lead, Sugar of ^ to 5 grains May Apple, Extract of 3 -to 8 grains Muriatic Acid, dilute 5 to 10 drops Morphine % to % grai ns Magnesia,Sulphate of.*l to 2 tablespoonfuls Mustard,Ground I to 2 teaspoonfuls Nitre, Sweet Spirit? o/ H to I teaspoonful Nux Vomica, Tincture of 10 to 25 drops Opium, Extract of ...-H to 2 grains Opium, Tincture of 15 to 40 drops Paregoric -i to 2 tablespoonfuls Potassium, Bicarbonate of. . ..5 to 20 grams Potassium, Bromide of. 5 to 20 brains Potassium.; Chlorate of. ..5 to 20 grains Potassium, Iodide oi. . . . ,..5 to 30 prains Pe psin 5 to 1 g ra i ns Quinine 2. to 1 grains Senna, Fluid Extract of.... I tablespoonful Soda, Bicarbonate of 5 to 20 grains Squill,Syrup of.. to1 teaspoonfuf- Strychnia,Su)phateof. .. 4itik In welodu of s'mging birds is as follows: The nightingale, linnet titlark, skularMnd woodlark. The mockingbird - eels in imitative powers, and in variety o 1 tones, the robin and goldfinch. *Efc Ksifii VSWJN&^&Wrt W.-The aver age weight of 20,000 men and women, weigh- ed at Boston,Mass.,was-meti,l4Mlbs.; wo- men, H4^ilbs. A crowd of people closely packed exerts a pressure of about 85 Ibs. per square foot. THe average weight of a man is I40^lbs. The average weight of a strong cart horse is l4 cwt., and of a cavalry horse, 1 1 cwt.; a cow, 6'5 toScwt.-, an ox,l to9cwt.-,a pig, I to 2 cwt.; and a sheep, % to \% cwt. K^K\S,K\.VOH=> W.-(See also Composi- tions, Proportions of, and Coins,FinenessofJ Bath Metal is composed of copper and tin. Bronze- tin and copper. Cannon Metal=tin and copper. Dutch Gold= copper and zinc. Mosaic Oold= copper and zinc. Old standard G-old=gold,co.j>peT, silver. Pewter=tin and lead. Sheet Metal= lead and a little arsenic. Solder=tin and lead. Standard G-old=9old and copper. Standard Silver= silver and copper. Tupe Metal=lead and antimony. White Copper= copper and arsenic. fvrW<\>,SVtVK\\M^ XNV^Wb OV.-I/ Bar Iron betaken as 1 00, then Cast Iron is 95; Steel, I02; Copper,! 16; Brass, 1 09; Lead, I48. If Cast Iron be lOO.then Bar Iron is 101; Steel, 1 08; Brass,! 16; Copper, 1 21; Lead, 1 5 6. If Brass be I00,then Bar Iron is 92; Cast Iron 86; Steel, 93; Copper,l05; Lead", 135. If Copper be 100, then Bar Iron is 87; Cast Iron, 82; Steel, 88; Brass,93; Lead", 128. If Lead be IOQ,then Bar Iron is 68; Cast I- iu ron, 64; Steel, 69; Brass 14; Copper, 7 8. ops. N.-\K\S,WLVK\\VL VONNWb 0V T&WI* v _v <- t l -v .- _ v , r Heat conductors). Silver is the best conductor of electricity, then copper, gold, zinc, iron, tin, lead,stn ti7nony,atid bismuth, in the order as Kim^WLVKVvNi'L MKVNi^S.- While, the value of any one metal cannot be -re girded as constant, it has an average val- ue; and many of the more rare metals do not exist in large quantities, yet, in order to compare the valu*s,they are considered as existinp-in at feast one pwnd (.Avoirdu- pois) quantities. In the subjoined list the- prices are the average per pound. METAL. PRICE. METAL. PR.ICE. METAL. PRICE. Galliumf48,000.00 Niobine*2,300.00 lver*l6.00 Cobalt 16.00 3,070.00 Pilkdiuml,400.00 Sodium 8-00 7,200.00 Osmium 1,300.00 Nickel 5.00 , 4.00 5,400.00 Uraiiiuni 900.00 AlummiuniS.OO 4,500.00 Titanium 689.00 Bismuth 2.50 Vanadiaw.l 0,000.00 Ba Rubidium Zirconium. IHhiun.. 7,000.00 GluciiiW. Calcium.. Strontium. 4,20 0.00 Chnmiiifln 500.00 Me Terbiu Vitrium Erbium.. 3,400.00 Ceriurn.. 3,400.00 Platinum 150.00 Ant Diduwiiwi3,200.00 Indium . .3,200.00 Ruthenium2,400.00 Maanes RHodium.. 2,300.00 Potassi 4,080.00 G-old... 330.00 A hallium 215.00 Coppe urostem 1 15.00 ium 64.00 ium 64.00 rturu .95 rsenic .50 n ... .25 .25 imonu .16 Zinc. . . .11 Lead. . . .08 Iron . . .Oli Diamond.*50 to*!50 E-merald Sapphire.. 100 150 Opal RubQricnlal , ... ! 00 15 " 40 Chrvsoberyf 15 " '50 metric system is so called as beina based on the measiuetnen of the eaith. The metre, its fundamental weasuis is the ten-millionth part of a. meridian I itie drawn from the pole to the equator, and is 39.37079 English inches. The 100th ofametr is the ^vwXxwtXxe,. The centimetre of distilled water at the tempe ature of ttmiTrtum density (39.2 Fj, being I5.43S English grains, or .00^2054 fb. av pirdupois. All the multiples and subdivis ions of Wie current coins, as well as of ev cry measure and weight, a-re decimal. This system was fitsf adopted bu France in I799. LINEAR MEASURE,. Metre 3. 2808992 fW DecamelT&UO metres)... = 32.808992. fee HectometredOOmeteT?) . = 323.08992 feet Ki I onietreU.OOOmttres) . = 1 093.633 yards. MyriametreliOjOOO metres) Oecimetre(.lmetre)... Centimetrel.Olwetre). . Millimetre(.OOImetre) 6.2138 mites 3.937079 inches 0.39371 inch 0.03937 incl SUPERFICIAL MEASURE, ArellOOsq. metres).... = 119.60113 sq. gd. Hectare(IO,OOOsq.metTe5)= X.47II43 acres Centiare( I sq. metre) ... = 1. 196033 sq. ijd MEASURE OF CAPAfjTY. Litre( I cubic decimetre) = 1 .760773 pints Oe'calitrel 10 litres). .:...= 2.200966P gals HectolitrellOO litres).... = 22.009668 gals Kilolitie(l,000 litres)... = 210.09668 ^als De'cilitrel.l litre) = 0.11601 pint Centilitrel.OI litre) - 0.017607 pint SOLID MEASURE. Stere ( I cubic metre) . . = 1.31 cubic yard Oe'casterel 1 sttres)= 13 cu.uds.,5, feet, 21 inches. D&istereU stere)= 3 cu.ft.,918.7 cubic, inches. WEIG-HTS. G-ramme =1-5.432.349 grs. troy OecagrameUOgra-msr.. = 5.6438 drm. avoir. HectogrammeUOOgramines)3.521 oz. avoir Kilogramme(l,000gr.)= 2.204621 Ib. avoir. Quintal -metriqut(lOOkiliK.)=220.461l lb,avoit Millier, w tonneau{IIIOOkilos.)r2204.62 1 I b. avpit De'cigra-wmel.l gramme) = 1.5432 (jrair Centigramme(.OIgTanrme)= 0.15432 gra'i: Milligrarrrme(.OOIgTamme)= 0.015432 grain A eas ures. To convert grammes into avoirdupois oun ces, multiply by .0352; kilogramTnes into avoirdupois IDS,, multiply by 2.2046; litres into gallons, multiply by /W02 ; litres into pints, multiply by I.162 ; millinietresirifs inches, multiplu by 25.4; metres into yante, multiply by 10 and divide by 64. tvCW o^. An Enalish mile = 5180 feet: ati admiralty kriot=608flfeet a kilometr=328l feet. An English mile is, there fore = 0.87 knot = 1.609 kilometre. Or I knoi = U5mile=l.85kilemetre. Or I kilo metre=0.54 knot =0.621 English mile. I me tre = 39.37 inches; I square mile=259 hec tares; I square metre = l550 square Inch- es= 10.76 square feet; 10 square feet=0.929 squire metre; Icubic metre = l.308 cubic uards=35.3 cubic feet; Icubic yard=165 litre?; Icubic foot = 28.3 litres; I litre=6l cubic inches; lOcubic inches = 0.l639 li- tres; I Hectolitre = 2. 84 bushels = 35.2 II tnes; 1 tonneau. -c millier=. 984 English t on (of 22.40 il bs.); I English ton = I.OI6 ton- nea.u w mi I Her. NV\-^.,^W?KV\\ < bCj\^ 0V .-English statute mile Fsll60 yards; Roman,l628;Tuscan,l808;&er- mar, short, 6859- long,IO 116; h-isn,2240:Dan- ish,8214; Swiss, 9153; Swedish, 11,100. 67 WEIGHTS < .MEASURES Cow. Ass.. Goal. Ewe . Watpr 89.3 . 86.0 .90.9 86.8 85.6 . Gaseine, 2.5 34 4.0 7.2 1.1 1.9 3.3 4.0 4.7 4 !* Supar Total 48 100 2.8 100 6.1 100 5.9 100 5-7 00 The time required for thr iu,ll amount of cream to rise to the surface o' new' mill at different temperatures may bf see" from the followina table. 10 to 12 hours with'tertiperaiurf o' a." 77 F I8to20 ' ' 68 r " 24 " " " 55" 36 " ' 50" I 9alio" of milk weighs 10 Ibs. 4 ozs.-, beiny hgavifr than water in the propo tion ol 103 to 100. The best temperate at which to churn tmw is />orn5bto produce scarcely any cream, even in the space o> a month, if it is kept at33tp38. Milk turns sour by the fermentation of the supar, and its transformation indle; vinear or rennet will produce the same effect. B-ood cream will produce a bout '<4 of its weipht of butter^ cheese made from 9ood milk contains nearly 33 per cerit. o' water; that from skim-milk 60 percent. at close of this list. See Hardness of Minerals. FATHER. WhifJT White White White White Nea.ro White Mulatto MOTHER. MALE-OFFSPRINB-FEM. Ne^ro Mulatto Mulatta MulaUa Cuarteron Cu-ltterona Cu-a.TtetonaQu.mkTO Quintera White Indian Mest'i20 Zambo Indian Chinese Chinese Chinese White Mestiza, Zambu Chino-blarico Zarnbo-chmo Chino \\i\cCvN\ o\ \\\ VwX.- Asinelli Tower, Italy , 311 feet. Babel,Tower of 680 " Balbec 500 " Balus of Notre Dame, Paris 2l6 " Barlholdi Statue, New York 329 " Belfry Tower,BTiu)s,Bel9ium.... 290 " Bunker Hill Monument 221 " Capitol, Washin9ton 287 " Cathedral, St. Petersbut9 363 " Cathedral, Escurial 200 " Cathedral, St.PalricVs,Nfw York .. 328 " Cathedral, Norwich, En9 land. ... 315 " Cathedra I, Florence 384 " Cathedral,Salisbury, England ...404 " Cathedral, Cronoma 392 " Cathedral, Bremen, &er. 324 i Cached ral, Slraeburo 468 " Cat hf d r-a I, Arnie TIB, Fr.. . . , 422 ' > Cathed-ral' An* we rp '.'/.I,,',','.'.'.', 4?6 " Caihedral, Rouen 482 ^ Cathedral, Mi Ian . . . ..... . CaHiedtaJ, Mexico ..... Chlciqo Board of Trade Chicago Water Tower. ____ Chimne^Musprafs, Liverpool . City Han, Philadelphia, ....... Cleopatra's Needle, NewVork. Eiffel Tower, Paris C-iraida Tower,Spain Grace Church, NevA, York ..... High Brid9e, New York ..... ,. Hotel des Invalides, Paris ...,, Hotel de Ville, Brussels ..... , Leanin9 Tower, Pisa ........ , Lincoln Cathedral, England Masonic Temple, Philadelphia M on utnent, London ....... , Notre Oame Church, Antwerp. Pantheon, Paris Powpey's Pi I lar, [gupt Porcelain Tower, CH'ma Purarnid o( Cheops, E 9 ypl, s,, . Pyramid ol kiri^ Shafra ...>. yram oakara , .,, St. John's, New Y rk ..... ..... St. Mark's, Venice ......... ... St.MarHri ; s, La-ndshut,G-er. . - St.Maty's.Lubec St.Paul's,NewYork St. Paul's, Ion don ...... , St.Peber's, Rome St. Steven's, Vienna Tora720 Tower, Italy Trinity Church, New York Wat km 5 Jo wet, London ...... Wasninqton Monument - 438leet 280 ' 1 303 '> H5 ' . 455 " . 406 " -535 " . 68 " 984 " 350 ' .216 " .H6 " 344 " -364 " ,188 " 300 " - 230 " .240 " . 442 ' 258 '> ! 14 " 200 " . 520 '* . 447 " 356 " 210 " .328 " 463 " 404 " 200 " 366 >* 457 " 465 " 396 " 286 ' 1 1 34- " 555 There must be at least 32 vibrations or waves in one second of time, to produce a musical tone. It is the lowest musical sound recopnia-ed, and is denoted by the letter C; the length o\ the atmospheric wave of this letter is 35 feet, and is the Ien9th of an or^an pipe prpducin9 this sound. Nine octaves above thisl highest sound on any musical instru- ment) is accomplished through a pipe U of an inch in kngth. |r, the 1st or lowest octave. C vibral?s32 times per second-, D 36, E 40, F 42* ,048, ' .-C64,D72,E80, F 85, G- 10. I. -C 128,0 144, E 160, F A 2iO,B240. ^A~420, B480. _ ,A 840, B 960. ye.- C 1024, D 1152, EI280, F ,A 1680,61920. -C2048, D 2304, E 2560, 12, A 3360,8 3840. _.-C4096, D4608, E5I20 6144, A 6720, B7680. D92l6,ElO,24a ^vr, u^ a .-, , F 10,880, G 12,288, A 13,440, B 15,360. To case and han? one door, I Ib. To case and hang one window,^ Ib. Base, 100 lineal feet, I Ib. To put onrafters,,ioisls,etc.,3lh. to I ODD ft. To put H-p studdiiia,3 Ib.to 1000 feet. TO lau a 6-inch pine floor, 15 Ib. tolOOOfeet. NftllS. Siie. No.perlb.|T<\CK5. 6pfnni,,ffrice.2inch.80 8 10 12 3 ' 3 l>," 300 2'" 160 2*" 128 .g RO 44 32 24 18 14 12 10 3 3^i" 3V' 4 ,. 4V' 5 5V' 6 . No.pytl I OZ. 3 IICl l>4 " H ' nch. 16,00 I0,66e 8,00 6,40 5,33 4,00 2,66 2,00 l,60( 1,33 1,14 1,00 88{ 80( 72 66 The term ^evwx^as applied to nails is 9enera.lly su-pposed to have been de rived from <^OW(\&. It or^inally mean so -many pounds to the thousand, i.e. 6 penriy nieant six pounds of nails k the thou-sand. The thousand was ai wa^is understood, and si* pound, er^ht pound, etc., were 9radually shortened until the present term penny has tirely taken the place of pound. ~ Sa.nd,dru,38 wei, 22: Earth, table, 28; Earth, compart, 50 -, R 45; Clau,d-ried,4-5-wet, 16. GTavel,avera9e,40 Earth, veae Rubble ..-20 leagues de9ree ; 360= Earth's circumference 51 feet = I knot for half-minute 9lass es; 45feet = l knot for 28-second alass es. I See also Mariners' 1 , and Circular Meas ure). ^"x^\\\ V\\Y\O^> o*> \o\>A.w\i. Havana, 2 %; Fi-ench, 6%^ Virqinia,l%j 9 ian, upward of 77 . Glowworm 74 Snail ..... 76 Shark.. ..77 Ouster... 82 Serpent ..88 Man ..... 98 Horse....9S? Elephant. 99i Monkey.. Porpose .100 Sheep... Cat Ox Elk Hog I05 Jackdaw. 1 07 ,102 Sparrow. 1 08 .102 Pi9eon..lO& ,103 Chicken.lll i^v 7 00^.- Ac- cording to Frankland an ayeraoe mar confining himself to one article of food would require, to barely maintain life from day to day, 5.068 Ibs. of potatoes; 1.156 Ibs. of Cheshire cheese; 1.335 lbs.of pea-meal; 1.541 Ibs. of arourd rice-, 2.345 Ibs. of bread; 3.532 Ibs. of lean beef 5 4.3 1bs. of lean veal-, 6.369 Ibs. of whitin<)-,8.75 Ibs. of white of 699$ 9.865 Ibs. of carrots; 12.02 Ibs. of cabba9e; 6| bottler, of stout. It has been ascertained by experi- ment, that an ordinary diet should contain one part of nitrogenous mat- ter ( proteids= composed of carbon, hydm 0en, ovy^en,and nitrogen), to abou* 4 parts o( non-nitro. As an avera9e \ pound or paint should be allowed per square yard for the first coat, and about % Ib. for each additional coat. One pound of stopping should be allowed for every 20 square yards. Prlminc; consists of while l^ad and linseed oil. Knotting consists of ted lead and size. Putty consists of Spanish whit- ing and linseed o'l. KV%.% ^0\i\\TS.- 24 sheets = I q u i re; H3 ; iquires = l token} 20 quires = I Team " reams = I bund le; 5bundles=l bale. PRINTING PAPER. Flat Letter.. ..10x16 ExtraSize Folio. .19*23 Law Blank.. ..13*16 Medium -Wt.litl a vessel we\ali\na 3,000 tons over greased slides on a mar railway; when in motion, 150 tons on is required. 30 in. mercury I in. mercury lfootair...3f 70.73 0.0807 0.49U 0.0006. I pound to the sq.in.=X.3H.wateT-2in.meT.O.O 'VAWWa" ^.^A.-An em is tha.t po tion of a line of print which wilKon i square; so named formerly when was a square type. It is used as a un to measure printed matter, compositi being measured by the number of tho and ems APE. Beate per minntEJAe-E. Beats per mirm At birth. . ..130 to 140 4 to7years. ..85 to 9 One month. .120 "125 7 "14 :::80"9 One uear.. .115 "120 14^21 " ...75 "8 Two years. .100 "11521 "60 . ..70 "7 Three years. 95 "IQOlOld age ....60"6 While the above are the averave^heTB are many instances of very low pulse rangina from 25 beats per minute ( 40 and 59. In certain diseases, such as acu/te drop sy of the brain, there may be from I5( to 200 beats per minute. In women the pulse beats arc mw rtiore rapid than in nren. K^\W\OH.-Larnp black has the highes emissive or radiating power known; the surfaces of paper, and other sirnilar loos material are next in order. Polished -metate are the poorest radiators. m\.^0fc& W^XWXS.-vVhen it "S not conve nient to weigh the articles piven in the S joined table, they are billed at the weights t Ale.Beet. ,320lb.petbbt " " . 170 " i" ' ' ..100 " ^ Apples,dtie^. $% MEASURES OF LENGTH. FEET. INCHES. FEET. INCHES NAMES OF FISH. * " 2 ! 1 i Char P 1 PI A Digit = -0 . A Palm =03 A Span =010 A Cubit = 1 9 LONG SCRlF A Cubit. . 912 A Fathom = 7 3.552 648 Ezekiel'sReed= 10 11.328 944 Iflrabian Pole = 14 7.104 888lMeas'gLine=l45 11.04 TURE MEASURES. MILES. PACES. FEET. - ft n i soa. Chub DO PPPOO q -s| Coal fishoiSiitne. P P P 1 ( .... Cockel P P P P .... Cod P P P P .... Conger OOPPPP Crab OOOOPPP 1 P P P 1 PPO.. P .. P p p p p p The following table s heeling powers o* pol metals named, the an 45. Silver 0.97 Gold 95 iows the relative re- shed surfaces of the jlc of incidence beincj Steel 0.82 Zinc 0.8I -con 0-7T Cast Iron 0.74 H varies with the me- f-rom air into water, is $$; from air into eciprocals of these he indices of refrac- =s in the oppisite di- ater into IIT it 15 ^, Lir 2 /i. The tiblegives n when lijht passes any of the substances refraction for any two und by dividiri9 the, i by that of the other. Crown glass ...1 .534 Quark crystal. 1.548 Oil of cassia. ..1.641 Bisulphide of carbonl. 768 Flint 9lass 1.830 Diamond 2 439 Crayfish, sea ... P P 1 Dab P P P P .. .. Dace P P Dory OPPPPPP Eel P P P P P A Stadium i\\- The amount the oceans is estima- ,051,342 cubic geooraph- ite of soda, is equal to >s; the chloride of mag- ubic miles; the lime miles. These estimates >osition that the mean ice estimates the mean would make the a- cubstances correspond W?^ ^WOWxCms,.- '|6'l4 ' lV| 8 | '|*0' 9 ' A Seah ~) A. Salmon &. Sea Trout .. P P P P P P Shad P P A Bath,phah, oiFrkin .... 7 4.5 A : KOT, Chores, 0"< Homer ....= 75 5.25 DRY MEASURE. Bu. Pk. Qi. Pints. A Gachal.. = (T ft n n IAI Shrimp PPPPPPP jra9e nutn ost common ds 'n a 15,400 20,000 23,000 25,000 155,000 230,000 133,000 128,000 110,000 i Skate P P P P Smelt o\Sparlirt9 P P P P .. .. A Cab . - 1 0.833 An Omer or fromer A Seah An Ephah :..= o o 2 u ... = 101. . = 3 1 I. Stitf^eon PPP....OO Tench .. P P Thorrtback 0000 Torsk tnTusk.. PPO Trou-t OOOPPPP A Letech . . = 4 0. A Homer seed per acre. The let ter's signifies the months when the seeds way be sown: ^ ^ ^ ^ QuANTlTY SEED. liflfjyfSS Red Clover Timothy .... Red- top Ky. Blue Grass. Hung. Grass .. . Millet Sorghum Seed. Flax Seed Corn, hills.... Rye.. Wheat Oats Buckwheat!-... Potatoes S. Potatoes. . . . Beets Carrots. ..... Turnips Parsnips Onions White Beans.. Peas Pumpkins.... Barley Corn, broadcast Corn, drilled.. Broom Corn... Cotton Hemp Tobacco.. . . ,M \AKV\AX ACRE. . SfcolO Ibs. .pito^bush. A "I J&; IU.J...A- si.. ..!.... |2 quarts. ....|..ilto3bush. ..J..j4to6quirts. ..|S|silto2bush. S s..il"2 " ..U"3 " sis ..iTransplant. ..|4tolOlbs :|j :: "jv ij>u.sh, 3 02. fttol bush. 3 "4 " 2-3 " !>"! '' 2 1 3 1 oz. slsi Q^. -Recent experiments have shown that out of 338 species, repre senting 74 natural orders, only 94 grow after 3 years; only 57 after 4 to 8 years; 16, from 8 to 21 years; 5, from 25to27 years; and 3, to 43years."ln ordinary ca- ses," says Asa&ray, "leguminous seeds have longest retained their germinating power; in some very well authenticat and either dryncss or burial beyond at mospheric influence, most favor the pro longation of vitality." IHKft^ftVfffc&KVVft. X\\}US>1.Vv fa f\ ^b\V\,V.-The celebrated Hufeland.of Berlin, observes that the number of males born to that of females, seems to be 21 to 20 Over the whole earth, and before they reach the age of puberty, the proportion of the sexes is reduced to perfect equal- ity, wore boys than girls_dyin.- White light from the sun in passing through a pri sm is decomposed into seven d if ferent col- ors, viz., red, orange, yellow,green, blue, indigo, and violet, in the order as giv- en, the red being refracted least, and violet, most. According to the Undulatory Theory, the color of light depends on the site of the minute waves tMat produce it. The undulations that excite in thu ,jye the sensation of red light are each 3e ' oo of an inch in breadth; those that pro- duce violet 4 -gi5Tioo~5 while the interme- diate, colors ire produced by undulations varying between these limits. iWAVXC V^_K\.-The quantity of heatterm- ed ^c\X\c.Vvai, required to raise the km perat^re of a pound of water one decree 19 taken as unit. Substances rgqu/mrt? -more or less heat Wian water, are said to be of high er cr lower specific heat. Mercury requires thirty times the quantity, and its specif- ic heat is one thirtieth. Hydrogen -requires three and a half times less heat, and its specific heat is expressed by thre* and a i?^OW\G ^WNW^NfcV^S V?. Specif- ic 8-ravity is the ratio of the weight of a body to that of an equal volume of some other substance adopted as a standard of reference. For solids and liquids the standard is distilled water at 62 F.,the barometer being at 30 inches. Aeroform bodies are referred to the air, at 31 F., and under one atmospheric pressure. A cubic foot of rain water weighs 1000 ounces (.Avoir.), and the following are tables of the relative wei9hts of the- principal substances. In all the tables,ex cept that of Oases and Vapors; by remov- ing the decimal point three places to- ward the right, that is, multiplying by 1000, the result will indicate the num ber of ounces I Avoir.1 in a cubic foot or the substance named. To find_theTm.m ber of pounds in a cubic foot, divide th ow-nces by 16. Name. &RAVITY. Jumper;, Kauri 01 Cowdie .530 Willow... Laburnum... . .920 Yew , Acacia 800 Larch,light... .500 Alder 510 Larch, heavy... .560 Apple tree.... .793 Lignum vitae/^ht .650 Ash.light.*.... .700 Lignumvitae.heav!) 1-330 Ash, heavy... .840 Locust "710 Bamboo 400 Logwood 900 Bay Tree 800 Lemon 703 Beech,! id ht... .690 Mahogany . ... 1.063 Beech.heavy.. .850 Mahopan^Cuban .710 Birch 711 Maple 755 Bluegum... .843 Mora .920 Box.. 960 Oak,EnglishJ.r. .730 Brazil wood,red 1.031 Oak,PrenchJ.l .900 Bui let tree... 1.046 Oak/iti^lijM . -.720 Cabacalli 900 Oak,Arn.,heavy. .860 Cane 400 Oak, Baltic 740 Cedar of Lebanon .560 Oak,1tal.,light. .960 Cedar, Awer. . . .480 OaJ<, I ta.l.,heavy 1 . 040 Charcoal, birch. .540 Orange 105 Charcoal, fir. . . .450 Pear .661 Charcoal, oak.. .330 Pine, pitch ... .660 Charcoal. pine. .290 Pine, red 640 Cherry 715 Pine,uellow.. .520 Chestnut 640 PI ^m 870 Cork 240 POOTV 579 Cowrie 579 Poplar,white. .510 Cypress 598 Poplar,ltalian .420 Ebony, Indian 1 .1 00 Poplar,yellow .383 Ebony,Amer. 1 .180 Saul 960 Elder 670 Spruce ...... .480 Elm.light ... .530 Sycamore... .600 Eltn, heavy... .720 Teak, Indian. .780 Fir.Dantzic... .580 Teak, African. .960 Fir,Riga..... .540 Tonka 990 Hawthorn 910 Wainscot, Riga .600 Mazel .640 Wahi ut,Awet '560 Holly 760 Wain ut.Span. .670 Hornbeam.. .770 Wain u*,whH. .375 .556 Watergu* 1.000 .480 .907 * The specific gravities of woods differ according as they are from hi Us w plains, dry OT green. Those given above are for woods having dried in the air for ten to twelve months, arid lost from one- third to one-fourth of their weight. 71 Alabaster.... 1, 874 Alum ....... 1.124 Amber....... 1.078 Amberpris... .780 Amethyst.... 2,750 Asbestos ..... 2.996 Asphalted* ..2.500 Basalt....... 2. 864 Bathstone....l.,970 Bertnudastone2.6;iO ' soft 1.470 Berul, Oriental. 3.549 Bitumen .... 1,000 Bone, ox ....1.054 BricLcotrnnoti 2.000 BTicMite.... 2.400 Brick-wall .... 1.800 Butter ........ 942 Caen stone ..2.000 Cement.PortlaTid . 1 .200 Cement.Roman. .900 Chalk.solid 2.800-1.800 Clay, potters*.. 1.900 Clay,ordmary . 1 .900 Coal,aritlnacite 1.602 Coal, bituminous 1. 250 Coke ......... 700 Concrete ---- 1.900 Concrete, I i-me. 1. 800 Coral ........ 2.680 Crystal, -rock. 2 .653 Diamond..,, 3. 536 Dolomite ....2.540 Earth, vegetable. 1 .400 Earth, loamy.. 1.600 Earth,seniifliud.l.700 Emerald ...... 2.678 Emery ....... 4.000 FatjOfbeef ..... 924 Feldspa-r ...... 2,600 Flint ...... ,.2.594 Freestone,.... 2. 200 G-lass,bot*le...2.733 G-lass,areen.. .2.642 Glass jlint... 2.760 G-las9,piate...2.940 GiasSjCrown.2.530 Granite ...... 2.625 Graphite ..... 1.987 Gwm Arabic. ,f f432 Gunpowder., .900 O-upsu-rri ..... 2.280 GASES NAME, Vapor of bromine 5.5400 Chloroform... 53000 Vapor of tutpente 4.6918 Acetic ether,, 3.0400 Vapor of benzine 26943 siilphuT.ether2.5860 Chlorine...- 2.4400 Sulphurous acid. 22470 Alcohol 1.6130 Carbonic icid . 1.5290, 1.630 1.900 2.114 1.337 2.510 Hernetite ore. ,.4,507 Ivory 1.917 Jaraort,Cylon. 4.4 U> Kentish rap.. 2. 660 Lard .947 Lmie,chalk,jrr'd. .830 Limestone, " .2.500 ' ' -mapnesian 2 .300 Malachite.... 3. 700 Ma.rble,averape2.700 Marl 1 .900 Mcuonru, rubble 2. 200 ' 5 ashlar, Port 'd 2. 200 " " araTiite2.500 Mica 2,750 Millstone.. .,2 .500 Mortar, old ..I .400 Mortar, -new . I ."700 Mud...... Nitre. Opal Opium. .. .. Pearl Peat, hard.... 1. 300 Pitch I.IOO PI aster of Paris 1 .200 Porcelain,Chinese2.385 Porphyru,9reen. 2.900 Pumice stone. .910 Pwr beck stone.2. 600 Pi2olana...2700 Quartz 2:640 Rosin....... I.IOO Rotten stone* 2,000 Salt .2,130 Sand,riyer.. Ic900 Sandstone.. 2.300 Shale........ 2.600 Shinale 1,500 Slate.. 2.900 Slates,Comish2..500 Spar. 2.594 Stone, average. 2. 500 Supar 1.600 Sulphur,fused.2.000 Tallow 941 Tar 1.015 Tiles, avera9e. 1.800 Topaz, 3.800 Trap 2.700 Wax 837 White lead 3.160 .891 AND VAPORS. Ovt^er, UQM Ai-r., 1.0000 Nitrogen 0.9736 Carbonic oxide. 0.9674 Olef iant gas , . 0.8847 Gaseous steam 0.6220 Amoniacal 9*5. 0.5894 tta-T'd Hyd'tiO.5527 CoaJ^as 0.4391 Hydrogen... 0.0692 LIQUIDS, "SPECIFIC ... t SPECIFIC NAME. G.RAVITY. NM>JE. GRAVITY. Mercury Arsenic acid.. 3.391 Bromme. 2.966 Su.lphu.ric acid Nitric acid... 13.596 Muriatic acid.. 1.200 ir 1.010 Tar..'.. 1.840 1.271 Chloroform.. 1.530 Honey 1.456 Water,distilled 1.000 Water, sea... 1.026 Acetic acid ... 1,008 Milk........ 1.032 Wme,Bordeaux .994 Wine, Bur? undy .991 Linseed oil 940 Castor oil 970 Poppu oil.... .930 Rape seed oil. .920 ... 1.0(0 Whale oil. .. .920 Olive oil 915 Nitrousacid.. 1.550 Turpentine oil .870 ' "~ H Potato oil .. .820 Petroleum .. .880 Water, Dead Sea 1 .240 Naphtha 850 Ether,nitric.. I.I 1C sulphurous I.08C nitrous.. .89C acetic . . . .890 hydrochloric .870 sulphuric .720 AlcohoLproofspir. .920 -e.. .790 Benzine 850 Wood spirit.. .800 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. >fr (vteXex=\ .000 r\JA . QvMon, ATOMIC (SPECIFIC NAME. bYMBflq WEIGHT.* &RAVITY. Alumifiiurn. . . Bar! urn ........ Cadmium ...... Caesi um ...... Calcium... ..... Ceri un-i ........ Chromium ..... Cobalt ......... Copper.. ....... Davy urn ........ Diduwium ..... Erbium ........ Gallium ....... G-lu-cinum ..... G-old ........... Indium,.,..... Iron ........... Lanthanum ... Lead. .......... Lithiurn ....... Magnesium . . . Manganese ..... MercuTu ....... Nickel..! ....... Osmium ...... Palladium ..... Platinum ...... Potassium ..... Rhodium ....... Rubidium ...... Ruthenium .... Silver. ......... Sod Turn , ...... Strontium ..... Thallium ...... Thorium ...... Yttriunft ....... Zinc... 27.5 137. 112. 133. 40. 92. 52.4 59. 63.5 150.? 96. 112.6 69.9 9.4 197. 113.4 198. 56. 92.8 207. 7. 24. 55. 200. 59. 199.2 106.6 197.4 39.1 104.4 85.4 104.4 108. 23. 87.5 203.6 231. 61.7 65. 2.560 4.000 8.600 I '.580 7.700 8.960 5.900 2.100 12.000 7.400 21.150 7.790 .590 1.750 6.850 13.560 8.600 21.400 I 1.600 21.500 .805 11.000 1.520 I 1.400 10.500 .972 2.540 II. 7.800 V.b'oo' *The weight o/the atorn of an ment as compared with the wetyht of the atom of Hydrogen, taken asastan- dard. RULE. -Multiply together the equivalent and the exponent of each element of the compound ; the product will be the proportion by weight of that element in he substance. %' The. \v\e,Va.Vb a-re 9pod conductors heat and o^ electricity, and are charac terized by a peculiar metallic luster,al so are electro-positive. The Tvo\vrc\Xa\o> are -non-conductors of heat and of electricity, and are elec- tro-neaativc. The % i r-'^IiiKc^> 4*&4**I&sj+ ^^^^y.O V - t rahrenHe^ ^^XHTO^ 1 S-WEI&HTSSclVlEASURES^r; Albutnencoagulates 145 Alcohol boils 173.1 Monkey, nat.tem. 1 04.5 Mutton tallow mertsl 06. Placet * " g, Mean Height, Temperature. ^t^JK^t'^ I ~~.r " > > in vacu-utti 36. ' does not freeze -1 20. Naphtha boiis . 1 86. Oil,tkTpent'me,Doils305. OonkklHimalaya) 17337 Mont 8lanc. . (5650 15.442' i7"9~9 16 SS6 185.8 S"^.MA,\_K\W\ WLK\ W .- Take two Animals hibernate 38. Olive oil freezes. 50. QLuito 9541 20.750 194.2 small vessels connected at the top by a Anise oil freezes. . 50. 0^, nat.tem. , i02. Mt. Washington 6290 22.905 200.4 tube. Let one contain 1 Ib. of water at Antimony melts 960. Oyster,naUem. 82. Madrid I995 27.720 208. 32 Fah-r., the othet 5%. Ibs. at the same Baking tempera Phosphorus melts 1 1 1.5 London 29.922 212. temperature. Apply a spirit lamp below lute of uven320-400. " inflames I20. Dead SeaAbeiow) - 1 3 1 6 31.496 214.4 the vessel containing the 1 Ib. of water Bat.naUem. .< 100. Pigeon, nat.tem. 1 09.5 ^^^p^oh^^cic p^ CA\VJ"\ r_ ^v?\WCtK^ \fcV\V&, until it is all boiled away, and its vapor Beel ullow melts > 100. Platinum melts3080. At68H v 47.9F ; at 299 ft., 48.8 ; a* condensed by passing through the tube Bismuth melts. 520. Porpoise,nal.tein. 100. 62lft.,50.7; at 939ft.,?7.S; atJ290ft and mingling with the 5^ Ibs.of water Blood henes ... 30. Potassium melts 1 36. 58.3; atl4i4ft.,: 59.4 ; at I662a,6l.2 in the other vessel. At th s point the heat Boat in upper Egypt 138. Protofide of ni- at igooft.,61.4 absorbed by the 5^ Ibs. of water will Brass melts 1900. trogen bo i Is -1 57. \rX?*.- The tempera- raise the temperature to 2l2 Fah-r., or Brinetsatu'yfreeiEs - 4. PutrefactiOTibejins 50. tu-re on the Moon during the night, boiling heat, and the combined weight Bromine melts. 9.5 " rapid 93. which is a month long, is estimated will be 6^ Ibs. instead of 5^ Ibs., as piac " freezes. , -7.6 Rat, nat.tem. . . i02 to be 300 below zero (Fanr.), and du- ed in the vessel at f -rst. The whole ol this boils., 145.4 Rooms, best trm- ring the day,whi :h is also a month heat has been transferred from the 1 Ib. Butter melts.. . 135. peralurefoT.65to68. long, at 400 abo ye zero. of water held over the spirit lamp, al- Cadmium melts. 600. Rose oil freezes. 60. though at no time has its heat exceed Carbonic acid freezes-148. Scalding heat. 150. ^x\(Y\. The inc rease in temperature ed 2(2. Inasmuch as this heat cannot " boils. -108-4 Serpent, nal.tfm. 88.5 is about |F. for e very 45 feet of de- be measured by any known instrument, Cast iron melts . .3500. Shark, " 77. scent. At this rat< , the temperature at it is called VaXtvX V\,*\.(.See Laterrt Heat) Cat.nat.tem. ..102. Sheep, " 104.5 various depths is a s follows: The 1 Ib. of water made the 5^ Ibs. boil, Chicken,nat.tem. 1 1 1. Silkworm hatches 77. WateT will boil at a depth of 2,430 uds. and from this experiment we know by Coffee and tea as Silver melts.. i850. Lead melts at a de pth of 8,400yds. calculation that the combined sensible and latent heat of steam is I200?-%>w usually dran k . 135. Cold, lowest artificial-l 87. Snail, nat.tem. 76. Sodium melts . 204. There is red heat at a depth of '7miles. Gold melts al a depth of 2 1 miles. C*\C t^KX W^LS^N^v^- OS ^^ ^\V ^ ^.V\^.\V\ Cold-blooded animals die 1 06. Sparrow, nat.tem. 108. Cast iron melts it a depth of 74miles. ^tqwt* oX V^\ cA XV\t^o\\^. T At 2 12 Common fire. .1000. Spermaceti melts 1 12. Soft iron at 97 r niles.-^A.NNeXVs. of heat the water begins to boil, arid Copper melts. .2160. Starch,converteilttsuji.l 60. l&fWtftjfTOfcVN i^C QCj W^. SW\\\\^^ at 868 the iron becomes of a red heat. Egg sin hatching 104. Steamboat's en- Lebanon Sprin9s,ColumbiaTiaCo.,N.Y. 75 2l2=a pressure of 15 pounds per sq. in. Elephant.nat.tern. 99.5 gine Toom.W.l. 1 55. Warm Springs, Batr- Co.,Va 98 251= 30 El k, nat.tem. . 103. Stearine melts .III. Sweet Springs, Monr oeCo.,W.Va. .. 79 294- 60 342= 120 ' ' Ether boils 94.8 " freezes... 47. Steel melts. . 2462. Sulphur melts. 226. Warm Springs, Mer wether Co.,G-a. 90 Hot Springs,&aTlandCo.,A-rk.... 157 398= 240 ' Furnace of boilers II 00. ". ignites. 560. Palmyra Springs, Je FfersonCo.jWis. 72 464= 480 ' Glass me Its... 2400. Sulphuncacid boils 17.6 Blankenships Springs, Texas Co., Mo. . 75 868= 7,680 ' ' Glowworrn.flaUem. 74. Tepid bath begins 86. St. Michael Springs, Azores Islands. 212 C'Tc'cx EV^VV ^.^v tv.S& WK\^L^> ^l^-X^rV^ CA^- Gold melts.... 1983. " ends. 95. Hot Sprinos Icelan A.. ..2RI ?erv >;<\.\\.\>\) Kw^xXwcx Qr'ivwo.s,.- C-utta percha melts 150. Tin melts... 45 1. IMo. OF STEEL i BRASS No.OF, STEEL i BRASS Hog, nat.tem. .. 105. T,rperttiTiefreeze5^pii) 1 5. ^ve.- Bengal and Saha-ra Desert-.. 150 CAU&t POUNDS. | POUNDS. OAUGE-I POUNDS. | POUNDS. Horse,nat.tem.. 99.5 Vapor bath begins 99. Senegal and &&U-L 1 10.993 12.38218 1.531 1.725 Ice melts 32. ends. 130. PeTsia,Calcu.tta, Central America ..125 2 9.789 11.02719 1.363 1.536 Iodine me Its... 224.6 " Finland 170. Afganistan and AT abian Desert- 110 3 8.718 9.8|9 20 1.214 1.367 u boils... 347. Warm bath begins 95. Capt of &oodHope Utah Greece- 105 4 7J63 8.74421 1.081 1.218 lron,briaht red . . 752. ends 99. Afabia Montreal Ne M, Yn^-L 5 6.913 7.78722 .963 1.084 white hot ..2900. Water,sea, boils 2 13.2 Spain, India China, Jamaica 100 6 6.156 6.93423 .857 .966 Jackdaw,nat.tem. 107. " fresti " 212. France, Denmark, St. Petersburg... 90 7 5.482 6.17514 .763 .860 Lard melts 96. " "freezes 32. Bu-enos Ay-res, San dwich Islands.. 90 8 4 882 5.499 25 .680 .766 Lead melts 620. " sea " 27.4 Great Britain. Siarr Peru 85 9 4.348 4.89726 .605 .682 Linseed oil boils.. 600. " boilslin vacimm; 72. Siberia, Australia, Scotland 75 10 3.871 4.36027 .539 .607 Mercury melts -37.9 " " Dead Sea. 223. Moscow, 65: Palagoi lia, 55; Iceland. . 45 II 3448 3.88328 .480 .541 Mercury freezes -40. Wax melts.... 155. 12 3.070 3 45829 427 .481 " boils.. 662. W ine freezes. . 20. Boston, Mass..!" -13 Moscow, Russia -48 13 2.734 3.07930 .380 .429 " volatilizes 680. Wrought iron merts39 12. Chicago,!!!. ,,-23 New York City.- 6 14 2.435 2.74231 .339 382 Milk boils ... 199. Zinc melts..-. 680. Denver, Col -29 PoplarRiver,Mon^.-63 15 2.168 2.44232 302 .340 '^^.NWe.'WftW^t. ^0\V\\^r VQNHAS ^V Indianapolis, lnd.-25 Prescott,Ariz... 18 16 1.931 2.17533 .269 .303 W'iXfcX ?0t &VA$AV<\\ VxtVaWtW. V^0^0"^\. Jakoutsk,Siberia-73 St.Petersbur^lWs. 51 17 1.719 1.93734 239 .269 Boil ing Point Barometer, Boil'ma Point. Pressure in LaCrosse,Wis. .-43 St.Vincent,Minn.-54 SSWN^-XWS' N^\Ai- ther over a fire, o* on a piece ot heated metal, till o< the color corresponding to the purpose for which H is required, as per table below, when it is again plumed into water. A very pale straw. 430 F l Lances, Straw 450 J Razor's. Darker straw .... 470 1 Penknives, Scissors* Yellow 490 (Wood Tools. Brown yellow . . 500 1 Hatchets,Saws,Chip Slightly tinged purple 520 [ping Chisels,and an Purple . ...,,.., 530 J kinds of Percu-ssive Tools, Dark blue : 600 Soft tor saws. !^\VKW\H - A wir-e made ot various met als, and 0.84 ot a line in diatnetet, wi 1 1 sustain weights as, follows. Lead 28 lbs.| Silver. ,,,,, 181 ibs Tin v 35 " Platinum,, .274 " Zinc iJO " Copper 302 " Cold 150 " I Iron . ...... 549 > WATER ...... Health, Wealth Milk and Wain Serenit; of Mind. Hunger; Vacancy; Hospital; Ovn the 1 1 to the Po(n-house; Arrest; Jail; T- Whippm'p; The Hulks; Botany Bay; State Prison GALLOWS. RATE PER CEN1. SIMPLE I NT. COMPOUND INT. 10 lOyears. 7years lOOday 9 II 40days.8 ? 16 8 12 " 180 " 9 . . 14 104 " 10 ,. 16 "24fl II .20 " 15 .22 " 81 " 15 89 327 75 273 4. . ...25 " 17 " 246 3% 28 "208 " 20 " 54 3 ^.33 ' 120 "23 164 2>i 40 " ' 28 26 2 .'.50 " 35 I 60 seconds = I rnmn-te. 60 minutes = I hout. 24 hours = I day. 7 d a y s = l week. 29d.l2h.44m. 3 S. = I lunar month. 28,29.30 or3ldays = I calendar month. 30days - I intetest month. 365days = I comrnori uear. 365^ida^s = I Julian year-. 366daijs = I Leap wear. 365d.5h.48m. 49S. = I. solar w tropical year, 365 d. 6 h. 9m. 1 2s. = I sidereal year. 365d.6h. 13 m. 49s. = I anomalistic year. 88 days = I revolution of Mercury. 224days = " ' Venu-s. 365 day s = 'Earth. 687 days = ' Mars. 4,332 day s= " Jupiter. 1 0,759 day s = 'Saturn. 30, 686 day s = "Uranus. 60,126 days = " "Neptune, 2 weeks = fortmgh*. 4 weeks = scd elastic month 52 Weeks = year, nearly. 12 months = yeat. 13 nioTit-hs = scKolast'ic year. (2 lunar months = I Mohammedan year 4 years = I olympiad. 10 years = I decade. 15 years - I Roman indiction. 19 years = I Lunar cycle. 28 years = I Solar cuclclOld Style). 100 years = I Century. 400 years - I Solar cyclelNewStyle). 532 uea-rs = I Dionysian perwdlO.S.) 1000 years =. I Millennium. 7600 years = I Dionysian period(N.S-). 7980 ueats = I Julian period. :\X^^. QU < b\\\V^e J K l ?v^.-V.NN\\a\3X.-x) -For the purpose of discipline, and tofahly divide the watch,the crew is mustered in two divisions the StarboaTd,and the PoTt-. The day commence at rioon,and is divided thusi-AfternoonWatch, noon to 4 P.M.; First Dop Watch, 4 P.M. to 6 P.M.; Second Dog Watch, 6 P.M. to 8 P.M.; First Watch 8 P.M. to midnight; MiddleWatch,l2A.M.to4 A.M.jMoni in9Wakh4A.M.to8A.M.;FoTeTioonWatch,8A.M.towiii Time is kept by I Bell - 6.30 I Bel I -12.30 2 Bells- 7.00 7.30 2 Bells- 1.003 " - 7.30 - 1.308 " - 8.003 t- 1.304 - 8.00 4 "- 2.00 5 - 2.30 Bell- 8.306 "- 3.00 - 1 1.30 Bell - 8.30 - 3.30 2 Bells- 9.00 7 > - 3.30 2 Bells- 9.00 - 9.308 " - 4.003 " - 9.30 -IO.QOYmO?.U. 4 "-IO.OC -10.30 I Bell- 4.30 5 '> -10.30 1 1. 00 2 Bel Is- 5.00 6 " -11.00 -. - 5.30 7 6.008 Muscles 2.0 Bones 2.5 Cartilages 2.8 Milk 1.0 Saliva .......... 1 .5 Bile ........... 3.5 Blood .......... 4.5 Mu,cus ..... ...0.6 Lead 1.0 Cast Iron 9.0 Tin 1.4 Swedish Iron. . 9.5 Copper 4.3 English Iron... 10. 1 Yellow Brass ...4.6 Blistered Steel. ..16.6 Gun Metal 5.0 Shear Steel 17.0 NUM&VtttSMSK 0V AVS. WLNH.-Exper. iments made by Capt.Wilkes indicate that li^ht penetrates the ocean to the depth of 80fathoms(480ft.) ; The depth at which ob- jects cease to be visible to the eye is much less. A pot painted white was let down in- to the water, and the point of invisibili- ty marked; upon taking it out the point of visibility was marked, and the two were found to vary but a fathom or two. In water at 36 F., the pot disappeared at six fathoms; in water at 76 F., at thirty fathoms; in the Gulf Stream, at twenty- seven fathoms; just outside of it,at twen- ty-three fathoms.-" " nyweight; 20 pennywei$hts= I ounce; 12 ounces= I pound. X^-^XTtS OV.-AII founders cast.their type one uniform height and depth, bat the letters vary much in their breadth. The following are the sizes mostly used in books: ^Y\\\V&v\X .- A column 6-^ inches long, and 2inch.es wide, if set in Brilliant,it would contain 124 lines, and about 7,500 lette-rs. , . ___ is the next size; the column, as above described, would contain 101 lines, and about 6,000 letters PtiTUitij It the art of producing i-mpresstottb fro-m chataciei ^e*A, 95 lines, 4,310 letters. Printing is IVie art of producing impress'iowlr M&Xe,, 81 lines, 3,140 lette-rs. Printiri9 is the art of produ-cing imptessio Ucnr\ow^o\s, 53 lines, 1,590 letters. Printing is the art of prod \_cmo,Wv\Yvrc, 47 lines, 1,360 letters. Printing is the art of p't 'v(\'j\\V\c2L, 43 lines, 1,120 letters. Printing is the art of V\C?L, 31 lines, 890 letters. Printing is the art 34 lines, 680 letters. Printing is the a ^o\\v\v\\>\vc\,30 lines, 550 letters. isihe NtVfc The Standard of Comparison is the vol- ume of air at 32 F., under an atmospher- ic pressure of 29.22 inches in the barometer ' , 22 lines, 280 Ietter5.| Print i n 9 s W.- The rapid- ity with which type can be set depends upon the size of the type, and the char- acter of the composition. An expert can set upward of 2000 ems, solid minion,23 ems to the line, one break to each stick- ful, in an hour; or upward of 5000ems : nonpareil, newspaper measure.in 3 hours. ;XVt>NW\\^&,^K\NL W.- The rapidity ol this depends upon the chaiacter of the matter, and the familiarity of the wri- ter with it. An expert can write, on or- dinary correspondence, 100 words in a rn.inu.te. Upward of 900^ words from dictation has been written in I hour 30 minutes. XV Win\\Xr VAe/aA\vxe.- 20 units = I score, .* nits= I dozen ; 12 dozen = I gross; I2aross = I great gross. IHTO&^KWs VNOX\V\.- lOmills = I cent; 10 cents = I dime; 10 dimes = I dol- lar; 10 dollars = I eagle. ^.H\\VWT\OH.- Each person requires a : least from 3 to 4 cubic feet of air per minute. Sleeping apartments require 1000 cubic feet of space to each occu.pan An ordinary jien; 1 1. IU hydrogen By measure part = oxygenj X=hydrogen l-n changing to -the gaseous state, water in creases in volume 1696 times. About 53 part of the weight of sea wa- ter is salt KN&S,V5\^Yft W.- FEET. Cerosola Cascade, Alps, Switzerland. 2,400 Falls of Arvs, Savoy 1 ,600 Lanterbaum, Lake Theen,Switzerl'd . 900 Natckikin Falls, Kamschatka 300 Falls of Terni, near Rome 300 Mont Morency Falls,Q.u-ebec,Canada 250 Fryer's,nea-T Lochness, Scotland... 200 Niagara Falls, North America .... 164 Lidford Cascade, Devonshire,England . 1 00 Sentinel, Yosernite Valley, California. 3,270 Yosemite, " " 2,634 Royal Arch, " " ? 2,000 Genesee Falls, Rochester,N.Y 96 Missouri Falls, Montana 94 Waterfall Mountain Cascade, S.Affica . 85 Passaic Falls, New Jersey 71 Mohawk Falls, N.Y 68 Fails of St. Anthony, UpperMississippi 60 Nile Cataracts, Upper Egypt 40 Tivoli Cascade, near Rome 40 Teeth 100 Bones 130 Cartilage . Muscles 150 Ly Ligament" 768 tain 783 Biood 795 Sile 880 MI! 1 * 887 550 Tdncreatlcjuice. 900 ph....... 960 Gastric Juice.. 975 Perspiration... 986 Saliva 995 Sea water is seldom below 40; springs, about 45; pools and srofl rivers are as the atmosphere; fermentation, 57to 77 ;dry- in? herbs, etc., 77 to. 1 22 75 Niagara Falls ha-; ?. capacity Q'I -n:cre than ten millions of cubic fed- pr:-miti ute, equal to three niilliort horse p nominal, or nine million real. To calculate the power, in foot-pounds, or horse-power, of any water-fall, V\v>=> \>y Vc\. \Vx\\xV oX \\\. \a.\V, a?\ W\e Y\ W.~ Or. Lindley estimates as a low average the following number of seeds from each of these four plants: I plant o* Groundsel produces .... 2,080 I " Dandelion ' I " Sow Thistle ' I " Spurge The above estimates, t 2.,7 11,040 540 ae of which is 4,100, may also be applied to pig-weed, burdock, fox-ta.il, chick-weeded purslane. The seed from the first four pla.nts will cover th-ree and a half acres of I arid at ihTee feet apart. End of 1st year is the, Cotton Wedding. 2nd 3rd 5th 7th 10th 12th 15th 20th 25tH 30th 40th 50th 75th Pa . Leather Wooden Woolen Tin (> S M EM Crystal China Silver Pearl Ruby G-olde-n Diamond The earliest units of lineal -measure i the finger, the thumb, the di* 4 57* Colo-u Extral White! Dark. 60 Ibs. Dark. Light. Dark. Dark. Clean. Clean. Clean. Clean. Mixed. Clean. Clean, Mixed, Clean. Clean. Mixed. .-Wheat varies considerably is to the. proportion of starch, glufen, etc., which it contains. One hundred parts of the grain of wheat contain on an average water, 14.83; gluten, 15.64; albu-merT,0.95; starch, 45. S3; 9um, 1.52; suga-r, 1.50; oil, 0.81 ; vegetable fiber, <2.34j ash,2.36 ; total, 100.00. The ash is5 gal Ions = I barrel ; 42ga!lons = I tierce; 63 gal Ions = I hogshead ; 2 hogs- heads = I pipe ox butt; 2pipes = lton. The wine gallon contains 23lcu.in. X.OA Vt\\c.s.- The table is based upon each poun " single 0,*n5 to 350 " Ousters, bushel = 100 Ibs. Pace =3 feet. Palm=3 inches. Pork, barrel = 200 Ibs.; hogshead = ",000 ibs. Port Wine, pipe=l 15 gallons. Resin, barrel = 300 Ibs. Rum, puncheon = 100 to HO gallons. Powder, keg = 25 Ibs. Raisins, cask= >00 ibs. Sairna of Oil = 4j.i6o,allons. Salmon, bo = i20 to 130 ibs. Salt, hogshead=30 bushels; barTei=3'i bushels; bushel = ~>Q ibs. Sand, Gravel, etc., cubic foot = >50 Ibs. Sherry, butt = 108 gallons. Skippond,&ottenburg, = 300 Ib3. Soap, barrcU256 ibs.; bo*=75 Ibs. Span =9 inches. Stcne, dressed, cubic foot = l80 Ibs. Straw or Hay, load=36 tru,ss. Sugar, barrel= 200 to250 Ibs.; bo* = 4floto 500 Ibs. Tallow, barrel = 333 I bs. Tar, barrel = 300 I bs. Tea, chest, Congou.,=75 Ibs.; Hyson,chest = 60 fco 84 Ibs. Teneriffe, pipe=IOO gallons. Ton of Wood= 2 stones. Truss of Hau=56 to 60 Ibs. " Straw = 40 IbS. Turpentine, barrel = 300 IbS. Vara, Spanish, = 8 feet. " of Baracoa= 20 feet. Whale Oil, bar-rel= 3\>'i gallons. Whiskey, Scotch, puncheon HO to 130 pals. Wood, hickory, cord = 4,500 Ibs. oak " =3,500 Ibs. Wool,pack = 240 Ibs. ' sack=308 Ibs. Yard =0.9 143 835 metre. Yam,skein = 80 turns around a54-in.wheel. >fHAT? "VrHEREP JORN OCCUPAT NAME OCCUPATION BORN JOHN AOAMS.I AOAM$,$AM'L-REVOLU'Y PATRIOT- --112' ADAMS. WM.T.-MA&HlNiwmTROFO.S.-l82 ADMlSOK,Mlim-FR.NATUR.AUSl- - 112 AODISON.JOSEPH-EW.AUTHOR- --- -161 ADELAIDE, ST.- Q.UEEN OF ITAUT--". : 93 AOELUN6,JOHM-KR.PHILOLO&IST- - - US GET, PIERRE A.-FR. POLITICIAN 116 DELCREI)T7..KARL-SWE8.SLDlEII 115 8LER$PARRE.&EO.-$WED.$TATESMAN-ll OOLPHUS,JOHN-EN&.WSTORIA,N- -IT. OOLPHUS,FREO'K-HIN& OF SWEDEN- 1 1 AOOIPHUSOFNASSAU-GER.EMPEROR-I ADRIAN I.- ROMAN PON1IFF--D1EO, ADRIAN n.- OlfD, ADMAN [It.- 'i --OIEO, VORIAN tV. i -t *.tOlD,l .OR1ANV.- OIE,I2 PHILIP AUGUSTUS. ALEXANDER EV.-ROMA.N PONTIFF o., 26 ABASCAUjJ.f 1 -SPAN. - n* .B8AS t..- SHAH OF PERSIA 155' BBA5,MiflIA-Pf R5. PRINCE- 118 8BA5 PASHA-VICEROY OF EGYPT 181 A8BATUCCi.CHAS.-FR.GENER.AL Ill AB6ATUCCI.J.P.-FR. GENERAL 112 ABBATUCCI,J.P.-FR.OIPLOM'S1--- 1191 ABBOT, 8ENJ.-AMER.EOUCATOR----I162 ABBOT.SAM'L-AMER.MERCH'T 1132 A880TUACOB-AMER. AUTHOR- ---UK ABBOTT, J.S.C.- AMER. AUTHOR 185 ABBT, THOS.-GER. AUTHOR BO-EL-KAOER-ARAB CHIEF 1801 ABDUL-AZIZ- TURK. SULTAN 1830 BOUL-MEOJID- ' ' 182: n'BECKET,6lLB'1-Na.AUTHOR 18 10 ABE6G.J.FH.-GER. JURIST- i?96 ABEKEN.B.R.-GER. WRITER 1180 A8ELARD.PIERRE-FR.PHILOS.----I013 A6ERCROMBlt,JAS.- BRlT.GEMERAL- 1106 ,6ERCROM8IE,JNO.-SCOT.PHY5'N---n, 8ERCROMBT,SIR R.-BRll. GENERAL- -II A6ERCROM6Y,Sl R ROOT. -11 AESCHINES-GRECIAM ORATOR- BX. SCHUUS , POET B.C.' :SOP . > fABuLi$T--e.c AETIUS-ROMAN6ENERAU ALOC&.NDER THt GREAT-PROM A COIN 192 JOHN QLUINCr ADftMS. AeEROEEN,a.H.G.-5COT. STATESMAN- ABERNETHY, JHO.- E NG. SURGEON- A6INGER,JAS.- ENG.UAWYER- - A80UT,.F.V.-FR. WRITER.- 6ArmS,ANDOCHE,FR. SOLDIER- - - ,eitANTES,OUCHtS5-FR.AUTHORES5-- AST FRANZ-MUSICAL COMPOSER- BU-9EKER-AKAB. CALIPH ABU-FEMAN-f-RABlC POET- ACCUM.FHiEORlCH-GER.CHEMlST- CHARB,FAN2-GER. PHILOSOPHER- - ACHN8ACH,A.-GER. PAINTER UEMANN,)NRAtl-GER.COMEO'N- ACOSTA,JOSE OE-SPAN.WRlTtR AOAIR',SIR n'oer.- BRIT.OIPLOMATIST- AOAM,A.C.-FR.MUS.COMPOSER 40AM, ALSHECHT-flER. ARTIST- -- ADAM,ROBT.-BRll.ARCHinci AOAMS,CHAS.B.-AMER.CHEMIST- - ADAMS, CHAS.F.-AMFR.REPRESEN'VE- ADAMS,DANll.-AMER. AUTHOR ADAMS,nANNAH-ftlVIFMvanER AOAMS,JOHN-?MO PRES.OF U-S.- -- AOAMS,J.a.-6TH PSfS OFu.4.- AFAM6IEFF. ALEX.- RUSSIAN AUTHOR-1 82 AFF8..0ENIS-ARCH6I5HOFOF PARIS- I AFZEUU5,ARVIDAUt.-SWED.AIITHOR- 'I A.GA5Sll.LOUIS-AMER.NATunALIST- -I A6A1HO- ROMAN PONTIFF- -DIED, A&ATHON-&RECIAN TRAGIC POET-BJ;. A6NESl.MARIA-lTALmN$CHO).KR---l &RlCOL1,CNEIUS-ROM.&NERA.L " ASRlCOLAjSEORfr.-SAX.MINERALOClST-l A6RlCOlA,RUWLf-eER.SCHOLAR 1 At RlPPA.HENRl-KR.PHILOSOPHER -I AG-MPPA,MAR.VIP.-ROMAN 6ENERAL-BX. 6 A6UESSEAu,HE^Rl-F^ENCH JURIST AtUlLAR.GRACE-ENG. AUTHORESS AGUSTINA-SPANISHPATRlOT-OlED,l85 AHLEFELO.CHARLOTTE-fER.NOVEl.lST ' AHN,JOH/(NN-6-ER.&RAMMARlAN- ,1&UILLON,A.V.D.R.-FR.ST7ESMAN ,IKIN,JOriN-ENG.AUTHOR AIKIN.LUCY-EN6. AUTHORESS- - AINMULLER.MAX.-6-ER. ARTIST I 80 AINSWORTH,WM.-ENfr.6EOL06lST- - I 80 AINSWORTH,V.H.-EN6.NOVELIST- I 80 AIRY.&EO.B.-HN&.ASTRONOMER---I80 AlTZEMA.LlEUWE-DUTCH HISTORlAN-i 6 KBAR- SULTAN OF THE MOGULS--! 54- AKENSIDE,MARK-EN&.POET 112 AKERMAN.A.X- AMER.ATT'Y 6EN.-I 82 AKERS,BEN.P.-AMER. SCULPTOR-IS A\LAR|[ 1.-KIN60F yiSl&QTHS 3 ALEXANOERVl.- .. >f -0. ALEXANDER ni: ' -0, ALEXANDER VIII, .. -0. ALEXANOEa I.-ftUS.EMPEROR - - ALEXANDER II. > .. ALEXANOER.WM.-AMER.REV.GE.N. ALEXI5,MIKHA.-CZAR OF RUSSIA ALFIERA,\/lTTORlO- ITAL.POET- ALFONSOI.-KINC-OF PORTUGAL- ALFONSO II.- " " a- ALFONSO III- -. ii ALFONSO W- >i ii ALFONSO V." ' it ALFONSO VI." > I It ALFONSO XII. klNfr OF SPAIN - ALFRED THE GREAT-MN& OF ENS. ALGAROi,Ai.ESANDRO-nAL.SCULP'R- AL&ER,W.R.-AMER.AUTHOR ALlBERT.JEAN-FR.PHYSlCIAN'-- ALISOIM,SIR ARCH.-EN&.HISTORIAN- ALLAN, DAVID- 5COT.PAINTER- I ALLAN, JOHN- REVOLU'RY PATRIOT ALLE&RI.5REGORIO-ITAL.MUSICIAN- ALLEN,CHAS.-AMER.CH'F JUSTICE ALLENjETHAN-REVOLUTlON'TOFFlCfR ANACREON-6REEKPOET-B.C. 560 ANASTASIUS 1.-ROMAN PONTIFF-OA02 ANASTASIUS II: 1 1 -0. *98 ANASTASIUS UL- t ft -0. 903 ANASTASIUS IV.- .1 ii -D. II 5* AN AXA60RAS-&REEK PHIL05.-8.C. 500 ANAXIMANDER-.) t> -8.C.6IO ANCELOT,JAC.-FR.POE1 1194- ANCILLON.JOHANN-6-ER.HIST1H1 66 ANDERSONjHANS-DAN.WRlTER ANDER50N,MARY.-AMER.AaHESS--l 8 59 RSON,ROBT.-AMER.SOLOIER--I 805 lASSr,JULIAN-HUNfr.STSMAN-l 8 23 Af:DRE,JOHN-BRlTISHOFFICER- --I1 5 ANOBANA.ANDREA-lTAL.PAINTER- -I 540 ,NOREW,J.A.-AMER.STATESMAN ANDROS.SIREDMUND-COLON'LfrOVlR-l 6 J1 AN&ELl FILLIPPO-ITAL.PAIMTER-I 6 JULIUS CAESAR. 00 ARNOLOJN RNOLD, rnOS.-EN6.HISTORlAN WILLIAM CULIEN BRYAN AN6-EUtO,FM-lTAL.PAlNlER-U81 ARTAXERXES R.- " > ARTAXERXEsm.-.. t, ARTEMISIA-FL.-480 8.C.-8UEENOF ARTEMISIA- FL. 350 B.C.- CONSORT Of MiUSOLUS. ARTHUR,CHESTiRA.-2lSl PRES.U.S.- -183 ARTHUR.TIMOTHT S.- AMER. AUTHOR- -1809 ASCHAM.RO&ER-EN&.SCH ASHBURTON,ALEX.8.-EN6. ASPASIA-MISTRESSOF PERICLES- O.B.C.43J ASTOR,JOHNJAC08-AMER.MERCHANT-I163 ATHANASIUS-&R.FATHER Of CHURCH- ATHELSTAN-KIN6 OF ENGLAND ATTER8URr,FRANCIS-ENfr.PRELATE--l662 ATTlLLA-lilNGOF 1H HUNS-'OIEO- 4-53 AUBCR, DANIEL F..-fR.MU5.GOMPOS.-n84 AUOuBONjNO.L.-ftMER.ORNITHOLO&lST-nSO AUERBACH,BERTHOLO-frER. AUTHOR- 1812 U&EREAU,P.F.C.-fR.6ENERAl US' H LORD 3ACON. ALLEN.HENRY W.-AMER.GFNERAL- ALLEN, JOH N-AMER. REV.OFClCER ALLEN JOS.W.-ENG. PAINTER : ALLN,PAUL-AMR.WRlTER-- : - ALLEN. WM.-ENG. CHEMIST ALLEN, W.H.-AMER.NAV.OFFlClCER- ALLIBONE.S.A.-AMER.AUTHOR- ALLISON,W.R.-AMEIUSTATESMAI1- ALLOR|,ALESANDRO-ITAL.PAINTER- ALISTON,WASH'N-AMR.PAINTER- ALM VTADEMA,L-BELAN PAINTER- ALMY,JOHN-AMER.COMMODORE- AMAOEUS-KIM& OF SPAIN AMALlE,MARlE-GER. DRAMATIST- AMBROSE. ST.-FATHER OF LAT.CH.- AME5,FIUfH)STlN,ST.-LAT.FATH.OFTHKH. 35* E OF AUSTRIA-QUEEN OF FR'NO:! 60 AIMNE-OUEEN OF ENGLAND- 166* ANNE OFCLEVES-4THWIF.HEN.VIIL-I5I5 ANNE BOLEYIM-2NO i i i-i501 ANS>ON,GEO.-ENG.AOMlRAi. ---1697 ANTHON,CHAS.-AMER. SCHOLAR - - - II 91 ANTHONY.ST.-E&YP.FOUN'R MONAS.- 251 ANTHONT,HEN.8.-U.S.SENATOR--l8l5 ANTIGONUS-GEN.OFALEX.THE &R.-BXJ82 ANTIPATER-MACEDON &ENERAL-B.C. 390 ANTI PHON -GRECIAN ORATOR - - B.C. 480 ANTlSTHENES-GRECIAN PHILOS.-B.C. ANTOINETT,MARIE-FR.QUEN 1 155 ANTONELLI,WACOMO-ITAL.STAT>W'N-I806 ANTONY, MARK-ROWAN &ENERAL-B.C. 83 ANVILl!,JEAN-FR.6fOGRAPHER -1697 APPJ.E&ARTH,ROBT.-LEAD.EN6-.VV'KM>N-I83 APPLETON,JOHN-AMEfl.STATfSMAN- 1 8 APPL T ON,JKO.j.-AMER.DlP).OM'ST-l192 AUGUSTUS CAESAR-iST ROM.EMP.-B.t>. 63 APUJJ1B,UUCIUS-PLATONIC PHILOS.- I 30 JAMES BUCHANAN. CHESTER A. ARTHUR UlNAS,S1. T HOS.-lTAU A8I PASHA-E6YP.REV .-lTAUPHIL05.- 1227 ALBA, FERO.OURE OF -SPAN. frEN'L ' SC ALBANI,FRANCESCO-lTAl..PAlNTER-i SI ALBERONI,&IULIO-SPAN.STATES'N-i 6t ALBERT I.-6ER.EMPEROR ALBERT II. ALBERT-PRINCE CON. IN ENG ALBERT EDWARD-PRINCE OF WALES - ALBERTuS MAfrNUS-BAV PHILOS'R- 4LBINUS,B.S.-GER.ANATOMiST- -i 69 LSONI,MARlETTA-nAL.SiNGER- 192 USAn.jEANNE-QUEENOFNAVAr- ' H/HOS.B.-AMER. POET BAILLIE, JOANNA- SCOT.POETESS _. BAILllE,MATT.-SCOT.PHYSlClAN- ARA&0,DOIWINQUE-FR.STATESMAN- HS6 BAILLY, JEAN S.-FR.ftSlRONOMER ARBUTHNOT,JOHN-SC07. PHYSICIAN- 1675 " .HCHlMEDES-OREfK rnATHEMMK'N-M.287 RETlNO,&ulDO-lTftL-INVENTOR-- 990 BAlRO,OAVlD-SCOT. &ENERAL | JAMES G. BLAI N. ARIUS- PATRIARCH OF ALEXANDRIA- 255 ARKWRI6Hl,SlRRICH.-EN&.INVENTOR--n32 ARMINiuS-GER.HERO ....... B.C. 18 ARMINIUS,JACOBUS-Ol)TCH THtOL. 156" ARMITAGEjEOW.-E^.HlST.PAINTER ARMSTRONfrjJOHN-SCOT.POET- 1109 /TRMSTRON&.WM &.-ENG.iNvENTOR-ieio APNAUOjHENRl-WALOENSE LEADER- 1641 AftNOT, C.M.-&ER. POET ........ 1169 CHARLEMA&ME. IUWSTUSI.-KINGOFPOLAMO- AUREUANUS-ROM.EMPEROR AURELIUS.MARCUS-ROM.EMPEROR AUSONIUS- LATIN POET AUSTEN,JAN-ENfrLlSH AUTHOR- AYTOUN,WM,E.-SCOTHSH POET- BACK, 6FORGE-ENC-. ARCTIC NAVlfrAT. BACON.FRANCI5CLORB-EN&. PHILOS." BACON, NATHAN.-yiRtiNiA PATRIOT - BACON,RO&ER-EN&.PHILOSOPHEK- FIN,WM.-IMC-.NAVl6ftTOR- BAILEVjJ/ ARGaE,A.C.- SCOT. COVENANTER-- 1598 BAIR.D,SPENCER-AMER.NATUHALIS1- 823 ARGYLE,&.O.C.-ENG.STATESMAN--- 1823 ARiOSTO,LUDOVICO-iTAL.POET 1474 ARlSTi DES- C-REEK STATES'N-DlE 0,Bt468 ARlSTOPHANES-iREEKPOET- 8.11.444 ... .. ARISTOTLE-SBEEK PHILOSOPHER- -6.C.J84BALF,MICHAflW.-iRiSHCOMPOSER-i8&8 BAJAZET-SULTON OF OnOMANS BAKER.SAM'L W.-EN6.AF.EXPLOR; BALBOA/ASCO-SPAN. B/\LFO[|R,A.J.-EN&. STATESMAN - 6ALLOU,HOSEA-AMER.THEOlOfr'N AMIIW. ARNOLO' , C..-. ........ 1 EIM.J.&.VON-&ER. OlPlOMAT.-l Sal N\,H-C-f--PRUS.OlPLuMMlST-lSH LO,BFMEIllCI-AMFI(.TRAI10P- 1140 WHO -refers *o the na-tne of -the mdividaal;as,Napoleoti Bonaparte. WHAT refers lo tha* /of which he is chiefly teine-mbered; as,BlaJne was astates'ti WHERE refers to the country iti which he !ived;as,8ell lived in Scotland. WHEN fetors bo *he date of his birth; as, Bismarck was born in 1815 NAME. OCCUPATION. BORNJIWME. OCCUPATION. BORN ALMES, JAIME- SPAN. PHILOSOPHER- 3ALZAC.HONORE-FR.NOVEUST - - - 1799 NCRO'F7,GEO.-AMER.HISTOR r lCLLO,MATTEO-nAL.NOVEUST--l480 L.LK.JOHAN-SWEOISH C-ENERAL- -1 595 8ANIM,JOHN-IR1SH NOVELIST- - - 1798 /> NKS.NATHAN.P.-AMER.G-ENERAL- 1816 ANKS,SIR JOS.-EN6.TRAVELER - - 1143 ANKS.THOS.-EN6. SCULPTOR - - IT 35 BANNEKER.BENJ.-AMER.NE6.MATH.-n 31 BARBOUR.JOHN- SCOTTISH POET- "1320 [T.-SCOT.QUAK.AUTH.OR- ICHABD H.-EN6.HOMORIST GOO-EN6.FANATIC-D.,I680 AMER. PATRIOT 1755 8ARNES,ALBERT-AMER.THEOL06IAN-n98 '.T.-AMER.S AUL-FR.STAT pnn-> t ..LAWRENCE-AMER. ACTOR- BARRY.JAMES-iRiSH PAINTER ARRVCORNWAU-EN6.POFT ARTOLINI ? LORENZO-rTAL SCULPTOR -ITT7 SALMON P. CHASE. BARTOLOMMEO,FRArlTAL.PAINTER BARTON.BERNRAO-EN&.QUAK.POET- _. BARTRAM, JOHN-AMER. BOTANIST-HOI BARTSCH, JOHf.NN-6-ER. EN&RAVf R-n S" BASSANO,HU&UES-FR.STATESMAIH16 BAUME.ANTOINE-FH.CHEMIST-172 TER,RlCHARO-ENG-.N"NISTER---l6l5 AAD,PIERRE-FR. WARRIOR BEACONSFiELD,BENJ.-EN&.NOELI5T-i804 BEATON,DAVlD-SCOT.CARDmAU--l4-34 BEATTIE.JAS.- SCOT. POET 1735 BEAUHAftNAIS } EU6.-FR.WNERAL-n BEAUMARCHAIS.P.-FR.DRAMATIST-I7 BEAU MONT, FRANCIS-FS&.DRANI>T-i5i BEAURE&ARD.P.G.-AMER.CON.GEN.-I8 BFCKfT,THOS.A,-EN&.ARCHBISHOP-l 1 1 ' BEDE,THfVENERABLE-FNfr.MONK-- 673 BECHFR.E NAME. OCCUPATION. RIOT 118 BONAPA'RTEjCHAS.-FR. EMPEROR ---I80i BONAPARTE-JEROMEHMMfWESTNAUJHT* BONAPAHTE.JOS.-KIN&OFSPAIN 176? lONMWlTEJ.WIS-KllttOF HOLLAND- -1118 BONAPARTf,LUCIEN-WNCE OF CAHINO- -HIS 80NAPARTE.NAH>lE(m-FR.EMPEROR- 17 6 BONHEUR, MMUE-nUMUDEI 1 822 HENRY CLAY. BENTON,THQS.H.-AMER.STATESMAN-n82 BERANR,PIERRE-FR.1TRIC POET- n 80 LCIAN VIOLINIST- -IQ02 ERKE'LE\SEO.-:RISH PHILOSOPHER- 168< IERLIOZ.LOUISH.-FR. COMPOSER-- 180! !ERNARD,ST.-FR. ECCLESIASTIC ---109 IERNARO.SIMON-FR.&ENERAL,--- 779 ARC' BONIFACE 11: " BONIFACE III.- ' BONIFACE IV.- > BCNIFACEV.- > BONIFACE Ml- ONI FACE V1L- ONI FACE V11L- > ONIFACE K.- BONN EV I LLE.BENJ.- AM.TRAVELER- IIS BOONE,OANIEl-AM. PIONEER II: 800TH,BARTON-ENft.TRAttOIAN- BOOTH.EDW.-AMEK.TRA5EDIAN -; ; '. DT,$ARA-FR.TRA&EOIAN oERT.PAUL-FR.PHVSICIAN ..... BERTHOUFI.CLAUDf-FR. CHEMIST- BERWICK .JAS.-FR.MAR5HAL- - BE55EL,FR1ED(1ICH-PRUS.ASTRON'I(- EUST.FRlEORICH-&ER.5TATESMAN- iOOLE,JOHN-EN6.tHfOLO&IAN- BIERSTADT,ALBERT-AMER.PAINTER- 8INNEY,( BIRO,P.O( BISMARCK, PRINCE VON-tER.STATS'N- BLACK HAWK-AMERJMDIM CHIEF-- 850 COPERNICUS. BOOTH-JUNIUS B.-EN&.TRAC-EOIAN-n9 BORDEN,SIMEON-kM.EN&lNEER-l79f BORSIA.CESARE-ITAL.CARDINAL-I4-" BORROMEO.CARLO-ITAL.CARDINAL-15 BORROW. 6-EO.-EN6.AUTHOR. ISO; BOSCAWEN.EDW.-EN6. ADMIRAL-- 1 7 1 BOSSOET,JACQUES-FR.PRELATE- 162 B05WELL,JAS.-5COT. LAWYER 17* BOTHWELL. JAS.K.-SCOT.CON5PIRATOR - 1 521 BOTTA,CARLO- ITAL. HISTORIAN - 1761 BOTTCHER,JOHANN-&ER.INVENTOR-I"~ BOUClCAUCTjOlON-lRISH DRAMATIST -I BOUOINOT,ELIAS-AM.PHILANTHMPIST-r BOUC-UER,PIERRE-FR.PHYS1CIST---I6 BOUiaON.X)DFREY-LEADFI BOUITON,MATT.-ENS.INVENTOR- I72( BOURBAKI,CHAS.- FR. G-ENERAl I8lf BOURBON.CHAS.-FR.CENERAL 149 BOURDON.SEBASTIEN-FR.PAINTER -16 ' HHMuwH-auiMa BSI3B |BtCL M CM,L"VlAn(-ftWtK.UH'lnlt D tSLHLKilUNt.Om WM.-tnlb. OUIMi' BFTHOVEN,LUDWI&-R.MUS.COMPOSri770 BLACKWOOD,WM.-SCOT.PU6LISHE ,BEHRIN&,VITUS-DANI$H NAVif ATOR-1680 BLAINE.JAS.G -AM.S^A^ESMA^ ELISSARIUS-BYZANTINE 6fNERAL NEtfNE PHYSIOL OL06ISTH774- JEAN-FR.JOURNAL1ST-- BLANCHARD,THOS.-AM.INVEN10R BLE5SI N6TON. MAR&.- 1 BISH COUNTESSHl 89 BlOOMflElLwr.- ENS. POET eLUCHER,E.EBHARD-PRUS.F-LDMAP.- 742 BLUMENT>IAL.LEONABD-PRUS.e-EM.-l8IO BOCCACCIO, tlllVANNI-ITAL.NflVELISI-13 1 3 DE-JOHANN- &ER. ASTRONOMER - 1 747 BOERHAAVE,HERMAN-DUTCH PHIIOS.-I6 ~ ' 1 BOETHIUS,ANICIUS-ROM. PHI IDS. ALCOMPOSFR-IS02 BO&ARDUS,JAS.- AM.INVEN10R C E RO ELVEDERE,ANDREA-1TAL.PWNTER-I646 BOHN.H.f.-ENt. PUBLISHER BEMDEMANN.EOW.-tER.PAINTEF eN[DEK,LUOlC--HUMC-RlAN 6EN.- 180- :ENEDIC7,ST.-FCUNO.MONACHISM - 48 BENEDICT 1.- ROM AN PONTiFF-OiSO, 518 ENEDICI n. - BENEDICT III. NEOlCT W BENEDICT VII.-' BENEDICT Vin.-' BENEDICT IX.- BENEDICT X.- > BENEDICT Yl. ) BENEDICT XIV.- HS8 BENEDlCT,SIRJUUU5-feER.MUSICIAN-l804- 8ENJAMIN,PARK-AMERJOURNAUSTH809 ENNm,JAS.&ORD.-AME(l.JCURNA!'S1-n35 EN1HAM,JER[MY-EN5.JURIST- - 1748 BLACKBURM,JOS.-AM.STATESMAN-I838 -.ACKS(ONE,5IRWM.-EN6. JURIST - 1723 776 U&H-SCOT.RHFIORICIAN- ' BLAKf,ROBT.-BRlTTiSH ADMIRAL NAME. OCCUPtTION. BON JEFFERSON DAVIS. BHI6HT,JOHN-ENB. STATESMAN- >8 I BRISSOT,JEAN P.-FR.PIRONOIST --175 BROf LIE,CHAS.-FR.STATESMAN- 1 82 8RONTE,CHARLOTTE-EN6.NOVELI5T-r8l( BROOKS,JAS.-AM.JOURNALIST"I8IO BROU&HM,HENYlLOMHaAUTHOR- -1 7 79 BROWN,CHAS.-AM. NOVELIST- m I BRO*N,JOHN-AM.ABOLITIONIS1-I800 BnoWM,THOS.- SCOIMETAPHYS1CIAN BROWNE,CHAS.F.-AM.HUARIST- 1835 THOS.-EN6.PHYSICIAN-I605 Lll.B.-N6.POnESS--l809 HROVYNlNf.R08T.-EN6.POET- 1812 BRUCE,JAS.-SCOT.TRAVEIER-- 1130 BRUCE.ROBT.-KINfr OF SCOTLAND- 1274 BRUTLIS.LUCIUS-ROM.PAT(1IOT-FUU.50 BRUTUS.MARCUS-ROM.&ENERAl-B.C. 8 8RYANT.WM.CUL.-AM.POET -- 179 BUCHANAN,CEO.-SCOT.HISTORIAN-IS06 JAS.-I5TH PRES. U.S.- 1 OUKE OF-EN&.STS'MN-I T.-ENf.WRITER- 1822 lUMMOite BULWERjHENRY-ENf. AUTHOR- THOMAS OE; QUINCY. BOLEYN,ANNE-2NDW.HENR>r CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. BBfrBFYyitffMPfrfflFFnCT BOZZARIS,MARCO-&R.EEK PATRIOT 17 BRAODOCK,EUW.-BRlT.&ENERAL 17,^ E.-EN&. NOVELIST 1837 WM.-GOV. PLYMOUTH COL- 1590 - EN&.ASTRONOMER 1692 AM.-LAWYER ,-CONFED.GENERAl-- CHO-MWSHKTMMDMEI ,T.-E ERECHENRlDC-E,J.C.-CDNFE0.9fHERAL BREMER,FREDIKA-SWEO.NOYEUS1 - 8RENTANO,CLEMENS-e-ER.POET BSENe-HEL,JAN.-FlEMlSH PAINTER- BREWSTER.DAIVID-EN&.PHYSICIST- BRIAN,BORU-KIN6 OF IRELAND- BUR&OVNE,JOHN-fN6.6ENERAtn30 8URKE^OMUN1)-EN6 STATESMAIH730 8URUlGH,WNLC.-fN&.STAT5MAN-l520 URNET,eiLBERT-BR|T.HISTORIAN-l64.3 :URNS.ROBT.-SCOT.LrRIC POET--I759 8URNSIOE.AMBROSE-AM.&ENERAL-I824 8URR,AAROI*-AM.STATESMAM - - 17 56 BURRin,EUHU-AM. JOURNALlSVl 8 1 BURTON,RICHARO-lBISHTRAVELER-l82l BURTON,ROBT.-EN5. AUTHOR 1 575 BUTLER,BENJ.F.-AM. LAWYER --I8I8 BUTLER.SAM'L-ENCr.POEl - BYRON, LORD- eN&.POET 1788 CABOT,JOHN-EN6. NAVI&ATOR-0. 14.9 ;ABOT.SEBASTlAN-EN6.NAVI&ATOI-l477 AtOlvfON-ANaO-SAXON POH-0. 6^ ' ULIUS-ROM.&ENERAL-B.C. I CA&LI Mil, PAOLO- ITAL. PAINTER CAILIE.NICHOIAS-FR.ASTROMOMERH7 I 3 DERON,BARCO-5PAN.ORAMATIST- CALHOUN.JOHN c.-AM.STATESMAN-n83 CALIC-ULA.CAIUS-ROM. EMPEROR-- 12 CALVERT,CEC1L-!ST PROP8IETOR OF IYID.-B.I676 CALVERT,SEO.-FOUNBER OF MARYLAND- iS8! LEOfiARII-ISTGOV'R OF MD. CHARLES DICKENS. NAME. OCCUPATION. BORN. CW.VIN,JOHH-FR.THFOL06IAN - - -1509 GAMBAOTtS,JEAII-FB.STATESMAII- ITS'" CAMBYSES-KINO OF PERSIA-DIED ic. 522 CAMEROn.RlCHARD-Sa)tCIWEIIAITEII-Tl6 80 CAMERON.SIMON-AM. POLITICIAN -- n 99 CAMILLUS,KIARCUS-ROM.&EMAl-ILU. S64 CAMOEHS,LUIS-PORTlJ6l)tSE POET---lSn CAMP8ELl,ALEX.-mwUS RERWum- 1 7 88 CAMPBEtl,SlCOUK-Wa6-ENEAL - I T92 CAMPBEUjTMOS.- SCOT. POET 1177 CANBY.EDWAM-AM.&ENERAL --I8I9 CANISIUS,PETRUS-DUTCHTHtOU)6IAN--i 521 CANNINfr,eEO.-EHt STATESMAN- - - 1770 CANOVA.ANTONIO-nAL.SCUirTOft- --I 757 CANROBERT,FRANCOlS-FR.MASHAl--l809 CANU7E U.-KINB OF DENMARK 990 CAPET.HUtH-KlNt OF FRANCE 94.0 CAREIl HENRY C.- AM. POUT. ECONOMlSH 7 9 3 CALETON,m-lRlSH NOVELIST--- H98 CARLISLE,W0.5.-AM. STATESMAN -1829 ARLOS, DON-DUKE OF MADRID- 1848 ARLYLE.THOS.-SCOT.AUTHOR 1195 CARNOT,tAR-FR.STATESMAN--- 17 S3 CHAS.- AM.PATRIOT - \T_ 'JOHN DRYOEM. CARTlER JAQ JES-FR.NAVI6ATOR- - 14.94 CARTWRf&HT,EDMUNI)-ENt.lNVEKTO-n4 3 CARY,ALICE-AM.POET$SS- - - 1820 CARYjPHOEBE-AM.POETCSS---- 1824 CASIMIRL-HN6 OF POlANO-pitO, 1058 CASS,LEWIS-AM. STATESMAN- 1782 CATHERINE,^- ITALIAN NUN - -I 347 CATHERINE I.-EMPRESS OF RUSSIA--I682 CATHERINE OfaM60H-WF! JFKEH.VIII- 14-86 CATHERINEOEMEI)ICl-.HEN.n.OFa-l5lO CATHERINE OF MLOIS-Q.HEItV. OF ENfc- - - CAT 0,OIORYSIUS- LATIN POT-a.3dd CATO,MARCUSP.-ROM.STATESVIAN-g.C. CArULLUS.CAIUSV.-LATINPOn-B.C. 77 CAVAI&NAC.LOUIS-FR.&ENERAI 1802 CAVENDISH HENRY-ENG-.PHILOSOPHER-I73 I CAVflUR,CAMIUO-ITAL.STATESWAN-l8i8 CAXTON,VYM.-EN6. PRINTER 14-12 CECIUA,ST.-ROM. PATRONESS OF WSC-R.2D C. - '- ENUTO-ITALARTIST-I500 E-FAMOUSWM.LAIIt--i583 WEORA-SPAN.NOVtLST-1547 CHALMERS.THOS.-SCOT. DIVINE - nso CHAMBERLAIN. JOS.- EN6.STATE5MAN-1 836 CHAMBERS,WM.-SCOT. PUBLISHER CHAMPLAIN,SAM1-Fli.NAVifrATOR 1 570 ELIZABETH. lER,N.A.t-FR.SENERAl ^, n ,.,,M,,WNi.E.-AM.OlVINf--- CHANTREY/SlR FRANCIi-ENJ.SCULffH782 CHAPIN.EOW.H.-AM.DIVINE- 181* CHARLEMA&NE-&ER.EMPEROR-- 74-2 CHARLES IL- > -823 CHARLES Ul- .. -832 CHARlESrV.- > .. 1316 ,, ,, - ,500 CHARLESVU- t . -- 1685 CHARLES VII.- . ) 1697 CHARLES D.- KIN&Of FRANCE CHARLFSIV.- t> 1294 CHARLESV.- . ,, - 13 J7 CHARLES VL- 1368 CHARLESVU.- ---14.03 CHAKLESIX." -"1550 CHARLES X.- , --1757 CHARLES I.- HIN&OFEN6LMIM600 CHARLES n.- )) 11 1630 CHARLESl.- KINC-OF SPAIN-1500 CHARLES II: 11 -1661 79 \IAME OCCUPATION BORN AME OCCUPATION BORN] OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORE \IAME OCCUPATION HARLES K.-KINfr OF SPAIN--- IT 16 HARLES IV.- >> ---1148 HARLES 1X.-KIN& OF SWEDEN I SSO HARLES X.- > i J "-I622 HARLES *]!.- HARLES Xm.- IARLE5 XIV.- f > ---1164. ARLES XV.- > sj ---1826 HARLES EOW.STUAJT-EN&.PRlNCE-nSO HAHIES THl BCiO-DUHE OF BURGUNDY - 1 4 33 HAHLES MMUEL-KMSOFTItt FRANKS-- 694 HARRON,PIES-FR.MORAUST--I53 HARTIER,ALAIN-FR.POET -1385 :,SALMON P.-. HATEAUBRIANDjF.A.-FR. AUTHOR -- 1768 .FITT-E - BASE. :rW.STATESMAN--!108 HATTERTON.THOS.- ENG.POET 1752 HAUCER,MOFFREKN(J. POET-- -1328 HEEVER.&EO.E.-AM.DIVINE 1807 HENIER,ANDE M.-FR.POET 1162 HERUBINI,MARIA-ITAUOMPOSER--n60 HESTERFIELO.EARLOF-ENG. ORATOR- 1 694 HEVALIER. \f!CHEL-FR. POllT.EtflHW-1806 HIIUYDIA M.-AM.PHILM4TW8PBH80a HOATEjRUFUS- AM. LAWYER. 11 99 HOISEUL.ETIENNE-FR.STATESMAN-n I 9 HRISTIAN l.-KWt Of DEMMARK-14-25 HRISTIANll.-l) -14-8 HRISTIANI!].-!) -1502 HRISTIAN IV.- >t > > -1517 HRISTIAN V.- ' > -164-6 MIILARD FILMORE. LEMENT Vni-ROMAN PONTIFF - 15 36 LEMENT XI.- -"164-9 LEMENT XIV.- > '-nOW LEMENTl.MUllCHTAL.PIANIST-- 1 1 52] LEON -ATHENIAN GENERAL-D..B.C. 422 LEOPATRA-QUEEN OF EGYPT- -B.C. 69 LEVELAND,6ROVER-PRCS.U.S.---l837 LINTON,DE Win-AM.STHESMAN --116 = LIN70N.S1R HENRY-EKtGWERAL 1136 IVE.ROBT.-EN&.&ENERAL 11 2 5 1 OOT2.JEAN-PRUS.7RAVELER-- 1153 .OUGft-ARlHUH H.-EN6. POET - - - 1 820 LOVI5- KINS OF THE FRANKS 46S OBBnT,WM.-IJWlV|T|R- 1762 OBDEN.RICHARO-EW.51ATESMAN-I804 OKE.SlREDW.-EN&.JURIST 1552 OLBER1.JEAN B.-FR.STATESMAN - - 1 6 1 9 OLBURrJ,WARREN-AM.MHHEM/fl'N- 11 9 3 1 9 1 OlE.THO'S.- AM. PAINTER 1801 -AM.SWESMAN-1808 WILLIAM E.GLftDSTONE. (DAVENPORT, EOW.L.- AM. ACTOR 1 816 -KINfr OF ISRAEL B.C. IQ90 AVID.ST.-PATRON OF WALES 490 AVID,JACfiUES L.-FR.PAINTER 1748 AVID.PIERRE J.-FR.SCULPTOR---I789 AVIESS.CHAS.-AM.MATHEMATICIAN- 1 798 IDAVIESS.J05.H.- AM. STATESMAN 1187 DAVIS.JEFFERSON-AM.5TMESMAN 1808 DAYOUST,LOUIS N.-FR.MAHSHAL 1110 Y.SIR HUMPHREY-EN6.CHEMIST - 1 118 ..I 'RN,HNRY-AM.GENERAL----I15I DECATUR,STEPHEN-AM.NAVI6ATOR--m9 |DEFOE,DANIEL-EN&.NOVELIST 1661 E KALB.JOHN-GER.GENER.AL 1732 ELACROIX.F.V.E.-FR. PAI NT E R H99 IDELAROCHE.PAUI-FR.PAINTER 1797 ARE.LOKO-eoY.oF VA.-DIED, 1618 HO.ANOREA-FR.PAINTER-1488 (DEMETRI US,PHftL.-&R.PHIlOSOPHEIl-B.C. 345 |DEMETan)S.POL.-MACEDON'N GEN.- B.C. 335 IKMOCftlTUS-MEEK PHIIOSOPHER-8.C.460 I DEMOSTHENES-ATHENIAN ORATOR- B.C.385 IDE QUINCEY.THOS.-EN&.AUTHOR--- OERBY,EDW.-EN5.STATESMAN-- ALEXANDER HftMllTON lUNOONALD,THOS.-BRlT.AOMlRAl.-m5 UN6LISON.KOB.-AM. PHYSICIAN -1198 UNQIS, JEAN-FR. HERO 1402 1199 ROBERT FULTON. COX.S.S.-AM. STATESMAN - 1 824 COZ7E,FREIWl-AM.POET 1818 CRABB.GEO.-ENG.FMLOLOSIST --1779 CRABB'E,GEO.-EN&.POET 1154 CRANMER,THOS.-EN&.REFORWER-I489 CRASSUS,MARCUS-R(WI.Tr,IUMVill-B.t.l 8 CREASY.SIR EDVf.-ENt.HISTOHlAh -1812 CRICHTON.SCOT. PRODIC-Y 1560 CRISPIN.ST.- CHRISTIAN MARTYR-B.287 CRITTENOEN,J.J.-AM.ETATESMAN-I186 CROCKETT.OAVIB-AM.BACKWOODSMAN- 1796 CROESUS-KING OF LYDIA-- -B.C.590 -1599 CROMWELL-OLlVER-ENfr^ENERAL- :OLENSO,J.W.-EN&.THEOLO&IAN-I8I4 CRUDEN,Allx.-SCOT. AUTHOR- - OLERIDfrE.SAM'LT.-EN&.POET- --I112 CRUIKSHANK.&EO.-ENe.CAHICATIIRIST OLFAX.stHUYLER-AM.POLITICIAN-1823 CURRANJOHN P.-IRISH ORATOR- OLI&NY,SPARD-FR.AOMIRAL--|5n CURTIS, BENJ.R.-AM. JURIST - OLUER,JEREMY-ENG.THEOLOeiAN '" ;OLLIN6WOOD,C.-EN&. AOMI RAL - 'I CUSTER,'?bA~AM.frE'NERAL"- I.W.-EN&.NOVELIST-I824 CUVIER.SEO.-FR.NATURALIST ULYSSES S.&R/VNT. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. CHRISTIAN V1.-K1N& OF DENMAHM699 CHRISTIAN VII.- ! -174 CHRISTIAN VI1L-" " -I7B STIAIM IX.- -1818 CHRISTINA-QUEEN OF SWEDEM--I62' CHRY5IPPUS-&R.STOICPHILOS.8.C.28 CHRYSOSTOM.ST.-6B.FATH.OF CH.-- i4' CHURCH.FREO.E.-AM.ARTIST--- 1826 CHURCHILL, CHAS.-ENS. POET - - - II 3 CHURCHILL,RANDOLPH-EW.STS'WN-I84S CIBBER,COLLEY-EN&.3RAMATIST-I67 CICE^O,MARCUST.-ROM.ORATOR-6.C.I06 CIMABUE,G10VANNI-|TAL.PAmTER-n4i CINCINNATUS,LUCIUS9.-ROM.PAIRIOT-B.C.52 CINQ-MARS,HENRI-FR.NOELE-I62 CLARENDON,EDVV.H.-ENe.ST5'MAN-l608 CLARKE. ADAM-IRISH THEOLOGIAN- I7fi CLAUDE LORRAINE-FR. PAINTER-I 60 CLAUOIUS-ROM.EMPFBOR--B.C. II CLAUDIUS,MACUS-ROM.FMP'R--2 I- CLAY.HENRY-AM. STATESMAN -ITT CLEMENiSAM'LL.-AM.HUMBIST-l83 CLEMENT L-ROM. PONTIFF 31 CLEMFNTV.-M > -12 64 CLEMENT VII.- 1 " > > BE.GEO.-ENG.PHRENOLOGIST- 1188 OM MO DUS,ANTON.-ROM.EMPEIiOR - 1 6 COMTE.AUSUSTE-FR.PHILOSOPHER-I :ONOE,LOUI5I1.-FR.6ENERAL 1621 :ONDIUAC,ETlENNE-FR.PHIlOSOP'R-m5 :ONDORCET,MARIE-FR.SAVANT - - 1 143 CONFUCIUS -CHINESE PHILOSOPHER-8.C.5SI CONWEVE.WM.-EN&.ORAMATIST-I670 ;ONKLINfr,BOSCOE-AM.STA1ESMAN- 1 829 CON RAD!.- EMPEROR OF &ERMAN-Y-D. 918 CONRAD L- >' '> -0.1039 CONRAD DI; " --I093 :ONRAD1V.- > --I228 :ONRADV.- . -1252 CARTES.RWE-FR.PHILOSOPWER- 1596 lES MOULINS,CAMILIE-FR. JACOBIN - 1162 DESOTO.FERNAKt)0-SPAIi.E^PLORER-l500 339 0EVI&NV.ALFRED-FR.NOVELIST-- 1199 169 DE WITT. JOHN-DUTCH STATESMAN -- 1 625 IA1,PORFIRIO-PRES.OF MEXICO-- 1 830 PIBDIN.CHAS.-ENG.DRAMATIST -- 114.5 DlCK,TBOS.-SCffL AUTHOR -- H72 PICKENS.CHAS.-ENG.NOVELIST-- 1812 OICKINSON.ANNA-AM. LECTOR ER 1 842 OIOEDOT, DENIS-FR.PHILOSOPHER- II 1 3 DILKE.SIRCHAVEN&.STATESMAN-I843 DIOCLETIAN-ROM.EMPEROR --245 DIO&ENES-M.CYN1CPHILOS.-B.C. 412 1NYSI US(ELDERVTYRAN1 5YHACUSE-1LU30 UNSTA.N.ST.-ENG.PRELATE- 925 iUQUESNE,A8RA'l-Fll.NAKCOM.-l6lO DURER,ALBRECHT-fER,ARTIST--l4l DWieHT,TlMOTHY-AM.OIVINE"l15a ARLY,J.A.-CONFEO.&ENERAL--I8I8 EASTLALE,SIR CHAS.-EN6.PAINTEM1 93 EATON.AMOS-AM.NATURALIST- 117 6 EDES.BENJ.-AM. PATRIOT 1732 ;EIYORTH.lYlARIA-ENfr.NOVELIST-n61 EDISON.THOS.A.-AM.1NVENTOR-I84.7 EOMUK?DI.-AN6LO-SAXONKm 922 EDMUND H.- 11 11 "9S C . EOMUNDS.&EO.F.-AM.LAWYER--I828 DWARO I.- ANGLO-SAXON KINfr" 81 DWARBH.- , 96 EDWARD III- 5 -1004- tDWARO!.-KIN60F EN6LANO-I23 EDWARD II.- > EDWARD III." EDWARD IV.- > EDWARD V.- ,1 DWARDV1.- 5 EDWARD,PRINCE OF WALES' --J330 EDWAROtCONFESSORV EN6.K1N& 1004 B.C.3 OLIVER GOLDSMITH. DIONY , DIONVSIUS(T01)hfER DlSRAEU,BEIU.-ENfc AUTHOR 180! DIXON,WM.H.-EN6.HISTORIAN- 162 OOD&E. MARY A.-AM. AUTHORESS- 1 838 DOELLlN&ER,JOHN-&ER.HI510RIAN-n99 BENJAMIN HARRISON. JAMES A. &AR FIELD. 'PR1AN.ST.-LATIN FATHER 200 CYRUS THE SREAT-KIN& OF PERSIA-D,BX5! DA&UERRE,LOUIS-FR.ARTlST----n8'_, DAHLBER&,ERIC-SWFD.&ENERAL- 1 625 DAHLMAN,FRIED'K-6ER.HISTORlAN-n85 DALLAS, ALEX.J.-AM.STATESMAN-1 1 59 OAILAS.6EO.M.- AM.STATESMAN-1 792 DALTON,JOHN-EN6.CHEMIST--- 1166 DANA.CHAS.A.- AM.JOURNALIST- I 8 1 9 DANA',FRANCIS-AM. LAWVfR 1143 | DANA,R|CH.HEN.-AM.POET--- DAWA,RlCH.HEN.-AM.LAWYER 1 8 1 5 DANE , NATHAN- AM.LAWYER-- 1752 1 DANIEL-HEBREW PROPHET-FL.6TH C DANIELL,JOHN F.-EN&. SCIENTIST- 17 90 DANTE,AUI&HlERI-frREATITAl.POET-|265 DANTON,GEO.J.-FR.REVOLUTIONIST-n59 D'ARBLAY,MME-ENC-.NOVELIST--n52f HORACE GREELEY. FfiEDEBICH C-RFAT. CONSTANTINE THE&KAT-ROM.EMPFROR-272 OARIUS-KINC- OF PERSIA-DIED B.C.485DOMINIC.ST.-SPAN. PREACHER- -I I7C CONSTANTIUEI.-ROM.EMPEROR---250 DARLEY.FELIX-AM.ARTIST - ---1822 DOMITIAN-ROM.EMPEROR --- 5 CONTLFRANCOIS-FIUENERAL 1664 DARLINS.&RACE-EN5.HEROINE -- I8l5 DONATl.&iOVANNl-iTAL.ASTRON>R-l82 COOK,ELI7A-EN6. POETESS 1811 PARNLEY.HEN.S.-HUS.llFMAy'SCOTS-l54.| DONIZETTI ,WTANO-ITW.COMPOSER-n9 COOK.JAMES-ENC-.NAVI&ATOR---I728 DARWIN.CHAS.R.-ENS.NATURALIS1-1 809 DORE.PAUL S.-FR. ARTIST -1832 COOPER-SHASTLEY-INfJUYSIClAN-nee DAVENANT,SIR WM.-ENE.DRAMATISM605 DOU&LAS,JAS.-SCOT. PATRlOT-0. 1 3 30 DOU&LAS,STEPHEN A.-AMSTAT'MN-l 8 1 1 DRACO-ATHENIAN L/M&IVER-FL.B.C.624 DRAKE,5lR FRANCIS-EN&. NAMIC-ATOJ--1 540 DRAKE,JOS.R.-AM.POET 1195 DRAPERJOHNW.-AM.SClF.Nl 1ST -1 8 I DRAYTON.MICHAEL-EN&.PCET---I56 CORNELL,E2RA-AM.PHILANTH!iO'T-l801 I ^^ W pRUSUS,CLAUD.N.-ROM.&EN.-B.C. 31 CORNWAl.US,CHAt,.-BRIl&tNERAL-n t&jLdLnuJ ORYDEN,JOHN-EN&.POET - - - -163 DUCANG-E,CHAS.-FR.HISTORIAN -I 6 IL. OUDF.VANT.MME.-FR. NOVELIST- 1 804 OUFFRIN,FREO.-ENC-.STATES'N-I826 nuMAS,ALEX.-FR.NOVELlT-- 1803 DUMOURIEZ,CHAS.-FR.GENERAL- 1739 GEOR&E 111. I DUNCAN i.- SCOT. KINO- --DIED, 1 04( COOPEUte.FEN.-AM. NOVELIST --H .PER',PETER-AM.PHILANTHRO?;S1-I1 COPERN1CUS,NICHK.^-KR.ASTRON.-I4 COPLEY. JOHSS.-lM.+ENfcPAINTER-n CORDAY,CHARLOTT[-rR.HEROIN!---l7 CORNELIUS,PETER-C-ER.PAimER-l1 CORNELL,EZ RA-AM. PHILANIHRD'T-1 8 CORREGGIO,ANTONIO-ITAL.PAINTER-I. CORTEZ,HERNANDO-CONS.Of MEX.-I COTTON,JOHH-PURlTAN MINISTER - - 1 COUSIN,VICTOR-FR.PHILOSOPHER --I COWLEY,ABRAHAM-ENC-.POET--- 1 6 COWPER.VVUUAM-EMG.POET- II MORAL L6lNjAS.e.-BR!T.STATESMAN--l8ll ELGIN,TH05.6.-BRIT.OiPLOMATiST-mi ELIOT, JOHN-EN&.CLERGYM AN -1 604 ELIOT,S|RJOHN-ENG.ORATOR---I59C ELIZA BETH. QU. OF ENGLAND- >533 ELIZABETH PfTROVNA-RUS.fMPRESS-17 I ElLERY.WM.-AM.PATRlOT 172' ELLIOT!FSENEZER-EN&J > OET----I78 fLLSWORTH,OLIYEIi-AM.JURlST 1745 EMERSON,RAL.WAL.-AM.ESSAMST-l803 EMMANUAL-KIN&OF PORTUEAL-1469 EMMET,ROBT.-|RISH PATRIOT---I780 FNCKE,JOHANN-tER.ASTRONOMl!-n9 ENDlCOn.jOHN-COLON.eOV.OFMASS.1589 ENOCH- FATHER OF METHOSELAH-B.C.3378 EPAMINONDAS-THEBAN ORATOR-B.C.4I2 EPICTETUS-&R. STOIC PHILOS.--- EPicuRus-c-REEK PHILOSOPHER-BIJ* ERASMUS,OESIDERIUS-DUTCHSCHOI>R-I46S ERATOSTHENES-&R.ASTRONOMER-B.C.276 WILLIAM H.HARRISON. 60RN|NA OCCUPATIO* GROT E,6EO.-EN6. HISTORIAN- 1794 GROTIUS.HUM-OUTC11 JURIST--I583 GROUCHY, fMMANVFR.frENERAL-17 66 GROVE.WM.R.-EN&.SCIENTIST-I8I I &UOIN,JEAN-FR.PA1NTER--- 1802 IDO.RENHTALPAINTER I&75 -D. 1153 U6ENIUSIV.-' " ' -D. 1447 ULtRlEONMD-SWffi MATHEMAT'N-ll 01 URIPIOES-C-REEKTRAEIC POET-B.C. 480 USEBW5PAMPHILI-CAESAP.EAN HIST'V 266 VANS,AUfrUSTA-AM. NOV E L 1ST -I 836 VANS,MAWAN-EN6.NOVELI5T - 1820 VARTS.WM.M.-AM.LAWYER-- 1816 AW.STATfSMAN--n69 EDW.-ENG. ADMIRAL- 1 1 5 RUTHERFORD B. HAYtS. AlRFAX,THOS.-EHG.tEnEAAl 16 I ALCONER,WM.-SCOT.POET- --I73 ALIERI.MARINO-Dt&E OF VENICE-1278 FANEUrL,PTER-AM.MERCHANT-n 00 ARADAY,MiCrtAEL-E!(S.CHEMIST-l 7 9 ARQOHAR..KO.-IRISH DRAMATIST-! 618 URAL CPOM'SrFL. SCO .PRINT.-D. ..CONSPIRATOR-D FEARNE.CHAS.-EN&.JORIST FECHTER.CHAS.A.-ENG.ACTOR- - 1 824 - - 1R-I65I -C-ER.EMPfRO( " : ERDINAND n.- : ERDINANOHI.-'i ) -1608 : ERDINAND IY.-KIN6 OF NAPLES-n 5 1 FERDINAND I.-KIN& OF CASTILE-I 000 "ERDINA.NDU1;" " 'ERDINANOW.-" EROINANDV.-KING OF SPAIN NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. FER&USON,ACAM-5CCrtPHILOS'R--n2 ERGUSONjjAS.-SCCT.ASWMR-n i - : -.:"6 &ALEN-MEEK FE5SENDF.:*,V/.P.-AM.STATf.SWAN-l806 FlCHTE,JOHANN-&ER.PHILOSOPHlR-n62 FIELD.CYRUS H-AM.MERCHANT 18 19 ELO.DAVIJS D.-AM.JURIST iso FIElBINtHEllRY-ENfcNWtUSl - no FIESOLE6IOVANNI-ITAL. PAINTER- 13 8 FlLLMORE,MIUARO-l3THPIiE5.U.S.-l800 FI5H,HAMILTON-AM.STATESNAN-I808 FITCH,JOHN-AM.INVENTOR 114; FLAMSTEFDJOHN-ENG.ASTRON.--I64 FlAXMAN,JOHN-EN6.SCUU>TOR-n55 : LETCHER,JOHN-ENE.DRAMATI51- 1576 : LEURY,ANDRE H.-FR.5TATESMAW653 ONTENELLF-,BERNARD-FR.AUTHOR-I657 FMTEjANOREW H.-AM.ADM1RAL-I806 FOOTE,5AM'L-EN&.COMEDlAN--n2 FORBrS.EDW.-EN&.NATURALI5T-l8l FORREST, EDW.-AM.TRA6EDIAN--I 806 FORSTERJOHH-EM&.BIO&RAPHER-1 9 1 2 PATRICK HENRY. &ALLATIN.A.LBERT-AM.STATE5MAN-1 1 6 1 GAU.AUDET,T.H.-AM. CLERGYMAN-US! &ALLIENUS.PUBIIUS-ROM.EMP.- 233 GALT,JOHN- SCOT. 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TEM.LECT.- 1817 68B| &OULD,AU6USTl)5 A.-AM.NAT'ST 1718 &OULD,JAY-AM.RAIUr MANAGER- 1836 RAMMA.JOSE-DICTATOR OF PAUB1MB-I15I FRANCIS UKIN& OF FRANCE- -1494 RANC1SI1.-" 1543 FRANDSI.-&ER. EMPEROR- -1708 FRANCIS II.- " -1168 FRANCIS JOSEPH-AUSTRIAN EMP.-I830 FRANCIS,ST.-FOUNO.FRANCISCANS-II82 FRANCIS XAVIER.ST.-FR. JESUIT-! 506 FRANKUN.BEtU-AM.PWLOa>PHER-n 06 FWNKUN,SIRjOHN-EN6.EXPLOIIER-n86 FREDERICK V1.-KIN6 OF OFWMARK-1768 FREDERICK VII.- FREDERICKI.-G-ER.EMPEROR--II2 FREDERICK I].- FREDERICK 111; n i. 1415 GOWERJOHN-E'Ne.POE' 1320 &RACCHUS, CAIUS -ROM. STAT5'N-BJU59 GRAHAM.JOHN.-SCOT.C-ENESAL-I650 GRANT, JAS.- SCOT. NOVELIST - 1822 6RANT.U.S.-I8TH BRES.U.S. 1822 GRANVIUE,JOHN C.-ENf.STATS'N-l690 GRATTAN,HENRY-IRISH ORATOR-1746 &RAY, ASA-AM. BOTANIST ---1 810 &RAY,THOS.-ENG.POET 1716 GREELEY, HORACE-AM. JCliRN'ST-18 1 1 &REEN,jOHN R.-ENG.HISTORiAH-l831 &REENE,NATHAN'L-AM.SENERAL-'142 GREENLEAF.BENJ.-AM.AUTHOR- 1786 CREENOUeH,HORATID-AM.SCULPT.-l80B GREWRY I.-ROMA PONTIFF--D.,604 946EN6HISKHAH-MOWLCONQUEMIHI63 GREtWYH.- > > --D.,73- THOMAS HOOD. FREDERICK 1.-KIN& OF PRUSSIA -n > FREOIt'K n . TIL- FREDR'K M IV.- FREEMAN.EDW.A.-ENE. HI5TORIAN-I823 FREUNtHUY5EN,TH(0.-AM.STSM'M-n'- FRELINtHUYSEN,F.T.- M ,, 18 FREMONT.JOHN C.-AM. EXPLORER-1 8 FROEBEL,FREO % K-R.EDUCATOR -1782 FROISSART,JEAN-FR.HISTORIAN- - 13 31 FROUOE.JAS.A.-EN6.HISTORIAN 1818 FULLER.5ARAH M.-AM.AUTHORESS -1810 FULTON.ROfT.-AN.INVENTOR WD5DEN.CH(ilS.-AM.STATESMAN-n 2 6ADSDEN.JAS. 422 &OUNOD,CHAS.F.-FR. COMPOSER -1 818 WASHINGTON IRVIN&. OR. SAMUEL JOHNSON. C-ENSERlC-KINfrOF THE VANDAL? - - 4-08 GREGORY EOH6E,HENR>-AM.POLmCALWRITER-ie39 EORK1.-IIS OFEN&',AND-I660 EOR6E1L-" EOR&EIT1-" " -"138 &EORCEIV.-M " --I162 &EOR& E.ST.-BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA-D.36 1 &ERICAULT.JEAN-FR. PAINTER ---I790 1 &EROME.JEALL.-FR.PAINTER--I824 &ERRY.ELBRID6E-AM.STATESMAN-I744 fESNER.WNRAD-SWISS NATURALIST-IS 1 6 6E55LER-AUS. BAILIFF KILLED BY TElL-tt.1307 &HIBERTI,LOREN20-ITAL.SCULPTOR-I318 GIBBON,EDWARD-EN&.HISTORIAIH737 GIBSON.JOHN-ENC.SCULPTOR- --1790 &IFFORb.WM.-EN6. WRITER -1757 GILBERT.5IRHUMPHRY-ENG.NAVR-I539 -0^74 688 CILES,WM.B.-AM.STAT[5MAN 1762 ANDREW JACKSON. I.THOVEN&.PAINTEIH727|GILLMORE,Q.A.-AM.&ENERAI.--ia25 - - 1 3 )LLOTT,JOS.-ENG.PEN MANUFAC'R-1800 '&RIMM,JACOB L.-fER.PHlLOLOEIST HAHNEMANN,S.C.f.-&ER.PHYStH 755 I HAKLUYT,RICH'D-EN6.HISTOHAN- 1553 HALE,EOW.EVT-AM.CLERGrMAN-l822 HALE,SIR MATTHEW-EN6. JURIST- -1 609 HALEVY,JACQUES-FR.COMPOSER-n99 HAUBURTON,THOS.-lOVASaTIAHJUIIl5T-n96 HALIFAX.CHAS.M.-EN6.STATESMAN-166I HALL.JAS.-AM.&EOL06IST IS 1 1 HALLAM,HENRY-EN6wHISTORIAN- 1777 HAUECK.FIT7-HEENE-AM. POET - - 1 7 90 HALLEY.EDM.-ENG.ASTRONOMER- 1656 HAMILTON.ALEX.-AM.STATESMAN- \~fb~l HAMaTON.SIRWM.-SCOT.METAIWS.-n88 HAMILTON.SIRWM.R.-IRISH ASTKON.-I80S HAMUN,HANNIBAL-AM.STATE5MAN-| 809 HAMPDEN.JOHN-ENfr.STATESMAN-1594 REGORY IV.-ROMAN PONTIFF-D., 844 HAMPTON,WADE-AM.CONFED.6EN.-I8I8 THOMAS JEFFERSON. REMRVV. GREGORY VU- RE60RY V1L- &RE60RY VHIV REGORY IX.- ME60RY X.- GREGORY XL- :REGORYX1!.- ®ORYXI11.- GRE&ORYXIV'.- GREGORY- XV. GRESORY-YVI.- -D.,I24 --D.,127 -D..I37 -o.,w-n -D.,1585 D.,I59 -0.,I62 -D..I84 GRE60RY.SV&R. ATH.OFTHECHUR.'- 332 &REVY.FRANCOIS-PRES. OF FRANCE- GREY.CHAS.-EN6.STATE5MAN - - - GBEY,LADY JANE-tlFIEO EN6.LADY- -D.,999 -D.,104- D.,1085 &R,V1M,FRIEIIRICH M.-EER, AUTHOR &ALERIUS,CAIUS-ROM.GENERAL- 292' &lR.ARD.STEPHEN-AM.MERCHANT-n50 GRISI,t'UHA-ITAl.SlNC-ER GALILEO-lTAL.ASTRONOMER--IS64)C-IRAROIN.EMILE-FR.JOURNALlST-ie06 GRiSWOLkRUFUSW.-AM.AUTHOR &ALL,FRANJ JOS.-GER.PHYSIC1AN -17 58 &IULIO,ROMANO-ITALPAINTER-l4-'32r &LADSTONE,WM.E.-EN&STATESMAN-I1 PAUL JONES. DAVID HUME. &LAUBER,JOHANNR.-GER.CHE.MISTH60A 5LENDOWER.OWEN-WELSHCHIEF1AIN-I350. JLUCK,CHRISTOPH-GER. COMPOSER-17 GODWIN,WM.-EN6.NOVELIST---n &OETHEJOHANN W.-GCR.POET- --I7 &OLDSMITH,OLIVER-IRISH pon- i7 &OME2.SEBASTIANO-SPAN.PAINTEII-I6 16 GONSALVO DE COROOVA-5PAN.6EN'L-I443 &OODRICH,SAM'IG.-AM.AUTHOR--I793 SOODYEAR,CHAS.-AM.INVENTOR-I800 CWMIUaULHKMJIirmM - 17 50 &ORE,CATHARINE&.-EN6.NOVELISM799 &OTTSCHAU,LOUI5M.-AM.PIANIST-I8?9 ANDREW JOHNSON. HANCOCK,JOHN-AM.STATESMAH-P37 HANCOCK,WINFIELDS.-AM.GE1-i824 HANDEL,&EO.F.-GER.COMPOSER-I684 HANNIBAL-CARTHA&INIAN GEN.-BX.247 HANS SACHS-&ER.POET 1494 HARDICANUTE-KIN& OF EN6. --IOI8 HARDINfE.HENRY-EN6.tENERIU.-n85 HARDY.THOS.-fN&.NOVELIST-- 1840 HARIRI.ABU MOHAM.-ARAB.POET-IOS4 HARLEY, ROBVENC.STATESMAN-1 6 6 1 HAROLD l.-K'N6 OF ENGLAND-0.1040 HAROLD H.- .. 11 -0.1066 HAROUN-AL-RASCHID-CAIIPH Of IAEDAD- 7 66 HARRISON.BENJ.-23 PRES.OF U.S.-I833 HARRISON,JOHN-EN6.INVENTOR-I693 HARRIS01,WM.H.-9TH PRS.U.S.-I773 HARTE/RANCISBRET-AM.HUMOR'H839 HARYARO.JOHN-FOUND.HAIUOLL-1608 HARYEY.WM.-ENC. PHYSICIAN-- - 1578 HASDRUBAL-PUNIC 6ENRAL-IX,Bi20- BORN. OCCUPATION BORN NAME. OCCUPATION NAME OCCUPATION. BORN BEN JONSON. PPARCHlft-&RF.EHASTRONOMF.R-fUC.I50 PPOCRATES-&RF.IK PHYSICIAN -B.C. 4-60 OBBES,THOSrENG. PHILOSOPHER- 1 588 OCHEAWARE-FR.KNERAL 1768 OE.RICH'D M.-AM. I NVENTOR. - - 1 8 1 2 OFFMAN.CHAS.F.-AM.AUTHOR- 1 906 OMRTH.WM.-ENG.ARTIST---I697 HOGG.JAS.-SCOT. POET 1 172 OLBEIN.HANS-&ER.PAINTER.-I497 OLLANO,J.&.-AIVUinHOR 1819 OLMES,OLIVERW.-AM.I\U1HOR-I809 OMF.R-GREEKPOET-FL.B.G. 875 - 384 JOHN Xlll.- ROM. XIV.- M JOHN XV.- 5 JOHN XVI.- ' JOHN XVII.- ' > XVIII.- s > JOHN XIX.- <> JOHN XXI.- JOHN XXII.- n JOHNXXIll.- V LOUIS Xlll. TURBlDE,AeUSTm-MEX.EMP'R-l7a4JOHNSTON;A.S,-CflNF[0. ONORIUS,FLAVIUS-ROM.EMP'R- OOD.TriOS.-ENG.POET 1798 SOCRATES-GREEK ORATOR-B.C.436 OPK[NS,JOHNS-AM.PHlLANTHST-n95 .WARREN-VICE ROr OF INDIA-I732 HORACE- LATIN POET - - B.C. 65 " OSM E R.HARR1EJ- AM.SCULFTOR-I 8 3 804 OUSTON,SAM-AM.MNERAL--I793 732 HOWARO.JOHN-EN&,PHILAN'PST-n26 ASTINGS. AVLOCK,HENR1-EN&.&ENERAL-|795 AWTHORNE,NATHAN'L-AM.AUTHOR-I AYDN,JOS.-&ER.COMPOSER- AYES-ISAAVAM-ARCTIC EXPLOR.-I83.2 IAYES.R.B.-I9TH PRES.O C U.S.-I822 AYNE.ROBT.Y.-AM.STATESMAN-I19I EC-IL,&EOR6 W.-&ER.PHILOS'R-I770 EINE.HEINRICH-G-ER. POET- -1199 ELMHOLTZ, H.-GER.PHYSIOL'SM 82 J EMANS-FELIClA D.-EN&.POETESS-I794 ENDRICKS,THOS.A.-AM.STAT'M'N-I8I9 ENRYI.-KIN& OF FRANCE-IOCS ENRYll.- j> ENRYnir." FNRY1.- CER. EMPEROR ENRYTJ.- ENRYIII.-M HENRY IV.- > > ENRY V.- i 1519 1551 -1553 - 876 - 972 -1017 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. LA FAYETTE. HENRY V1.-GER.EMPEROR--- 1165 HENRY VI!.- J) ) ? ---126: HENRY I.- KING OF NGIAND-|068 ;,EL1AS-AM.INVENTOR- -1819 HOWEjSAM'l &.-AIYI.PHILANTH ! SH 80 1 HUDSON,HENRY-ENG.NJll&ATOR-D.l 6 1 1 HU&HES.THOS.-EN&.AUTHOR -- - 1 823 UM.VICTOR-FR.POET 1 802 HUMDOLDT.F.H.A.-GER.SCIENTIST-I769 HUME.DAVID-SCOT.HISTOR1AN--I71 1 HUNT."LEIGH-ENG.POET-----n84 HUNTER,JOHN-SCOT.SURSEON--n2.8 HUSS,JOHN-BOHEMIANREFORMFR-I373 HUXLEY.THOS.H.-ENE.SCIENTIST-1 825 HITCENS-CHRIS'IHUICHSWANT-- 1 629 HYOER-AU-HmOOOPRINCE---ni8 BRAHIMPASHA-YICEROyOFE6rPT-l789 &NATIUS,ST.-BI5HOPOFAfniOCH-D. I 07 &NATIUS LOYOLA-SPAN. JESUIT - 14-9 ! N&ELOWJEAN-ENG.NOVELIST- -1830 N6ERSOLL.ROBT.S.-AM.LAWYER - 1 833 N6RES,JEAN-FR.PAmTER--- 178 1 VAN II1.-RUS.EMPEROR---I439 VAN IV.- " ' IACKSON,ANDREW-7TH JACKSON,T.J.-CONFEO.G-EN'L--I82 JACOBI,FRIEDRICH-&ER.PHILOS.-n43 JACaUARD,JOS.M.-FR.INVENTOR-n52 JAMES I.-KIN& OF SCOTLAND-1394 AMESL- i> >> -14-30 JAMESUir 5? " - -1453 JAMES IV.-" '> -1473 JAMES V.- J i -1512 JAMES I.-NNfrOFEN6k+SC01-1566 JAMES H.- 5) -1633 JAMESON,ANNA-BRIT.AUTHOR-n97 JANSEN.CORNELIS-DU1CHDIVINE-I585 JftNUARIUS,ST.-PAT.ST.OF NAPLES- 272 JASPER.WM.-BRWE AM.SOIOIER-I7 50 JAY,JOHN-AM.SfATESMAN---n45 JEFFERSON,THOS.-3RD PRES.U.S.-1743 JEFFREY.FWNCIS-SCOT.JUD6E- - 1713 JEFFREYS.HO.-BRIT. JUDGE - -1 648 JENNER,EOW.-ENG.PHYSICIAH --1 749 JEROME,ST.-IAT.FATH.OE CHUR.- 340 0., 0., 996 -D.,998 0.,I003 tjH -D.,1277 -D.,1334 -D.,I4I9 JOHN THE B&PW-PROPHET-B.C. 5 JOHH,SI-APOSTIE 0.. 100 JOHNSON.ANOREVf 7TH PRES.US.-I8W JOHNSON.SAM'L-EN&.LIXICOKR- 1109 JOHNSTON,A.S,-CONf ED.}ENr 1803 JOHNSTONJ.E.- 'J Ji -1807 1529 JONAH-HEBREW-PROPHET-FL.B.C. 800 PRES.U.S.-I767 J ONES, JOHN PAUL-AM.NAV. COM.- 1 74 JONES,SlRWM.-EN6.im&UIST--n46 LA FONT JOHN STUART MILL. LORD MACAULAY. LORD LYTTON. -'1 1 33 -!20 -1366 -1388 1421 -1456 -149 -1736 HENRY 11.- HENRY Ilk ) HENRY IV.- 3 HENRY V.- : HENRY VI- HENRY VI!.- ' HENRY Vlll.-i NRY,PATRICK-AW.ORA HERACLITUS-frREER PHILOS.- B.C. 535 HERBERT.&EO.-ENG.POET ---1593 HERDER,JOHANN-&ER.AUTHOR-n44 HEROD THE GREAT-KIN60FJUDEA-B.G. 73 HERODOTUS-CTEEK HISTORIAN- -B.C.484 HERRICK.ROBT.-ENG.POET - - - 1591 HERSCHEL.SIRJ.F.M.-FN&.AS1RON.-I79 HERSCHa,SIRWM.-D J> -1738 HESIOD-&REEKPOET FL..B.C. 850 HE2EKIAH-KINGOFJUDEA---B.C. 750 HILDRE1H,RICH'D-AM.HISTORIAN- JEROME OF PRAEUE-BOHEM.DIVINE- JERRCLD,DOUGLAS-EN5.AUTHOR- JOANOEARC-FR.HEROINE---I4I2 JOEL-HEBREW PROPHET-FL.B.C.l 75 JOHN I.-KIN&OF FRANCE 1316 n.-') -1319 JOHN-KINS OF ENGLAND I 166 JOHN I.-KING- OF PORTUGAL-1357 JOHNn.-KIN&OFPOLANO--l609 JOHNfll.-" 1624 JOHN I- ROM. PONTIFF- D., 526 JONSON.BEN-EN&. DRAMATIC POET- 1 574 JOSEPH l.-G-ER. EMPEROR" -1678 JOSEPH fli-n u ---1741 JOSEPHINE-FR.EMPRESS--I763 JOSEPHUS.FIW.-JEWISH HISTORIWI- 37 JOSHUA-i?EBREW LEADER -B.C. 1 537 JUARE2.B.P.-PRES. OF MEXICO- 1806 JUDSOtarjONIRAM-AM.M!$SIONARY--n88 JULIAN THEAPOSTAIE-ROM.EMP'R-- 331 JULIAN I.- ROM. PONT I FF-0., 352 JULIAN!- n ')> 0.,I5I3 JULIAN 111.- 5 j O y l555 JUSTIN.ST.-CH.FATH.IN PALESTINE- 103 JUSTINIAN 1.-FJYZANTINE EMP'R- JUVENAL.OECIMUS-LAT.POET- - ^ KALAKAUA.OWID-KIN6 OF HAWAII-! 836 KALB,JOHN-AM.GENERAL----I72 KANE.ELISHAK.-AM.ARC.EXPLOR;I820 KANT,IMMANUEI-&ER.PHILOS'R-I72.' 1378 KEAN,EDM.~ENfr.TRAMWAN-l7e KEARNEY,PHILIP-AM.GEN'L-- 1815 LABLANCHE.LUI&I- ITAL. SINGER H 94 LA FAY[nf.MAR8UIS-FR. PATRIOT -H57 _ AlllE.JEAN-FR.POET---i62l LA GRANGUOS.-ER.MATHIMAT'N-I736 LAMARTINF..ALPHONSE-ER.POET - 1 790 LAMBjCHAl-ENG-ESSAIIST- - -i 7'T.S LAMBERTJOHN.-ENUENERAL--I6I9 LANOOR.WALT.S.-ENG.AUTHOR--I775 LANDSER,SlREDW.-EN6.PAlNTER-ia02 LAN&TRY.MRS.L.-AM. ACTRESS-- 1852 LANNES.JEAN-FR.MARSHAL - -1769 LAN5DOWNE,WM.-ENG.STATES'N- 1 7 3 7 LAPLACE,P.5.-FR.ASTRONOMER--|149 LA ROCHE'FOUCAI1LO,F.-FR. AUTHOR- -1 6 1 3 LASALLE.ROBT.C.-FR.EXPLORER-I643 LAS CASES,EMAN'L-FR.6fNERM.-ll66 LATIMER.HUGH-ENG.REFORMER-14-90 LATOUR 0'AUVERGNE-FR.OFFICER-n43 LAUO.WM.-ENG. PRELATE 1573 LAURENS.HENRY-AM.STATES'N--I124 LAVATER,JOHN C.-SWISS PHYSIOC'T-1 14 JOHN MILTON. HENRY W. LONG-FELLOW. INNOCENT l.-ROM.PONTIFF-D. 417 NNOCENT II.- NNOCENTII1.- NNOCENTIV.- NNOCEMT V.- NNOCENTV1.- NNOCENTV!!.- ^NNOCENT VI]I.- INNOCENT IX.- NOCENT X.- INNOCFNT XI.- NNOCENTX!!.- I NNOCENT Xlll.- ROBERTE.LEE. -D.I 27 -D.I362 -0.14 -D. 1492 -D.I 59 -D.I6S; -D.I689 -O.I70( -D.I 72^ RENA\US,ST.-BISHOP OF LYONS- I4( IRENE-BYZANTINE EMPRESS--- 752 RVINO,EOW. -SCOT. DIVINE 1792 IRVIN&,WASH'TON-AM.AUTHOFl- -1783 ISABELLA l.-QU.OF CASTILE ---145 ISABELLA TL-QU.OF SPAIN 183 SAIAH -HEBREW PROPHF.T-FL.B.U.74C JOHN II.- JOHN 111.- JOHN IV.- JOHN V.- JOHN VI.- JOHN-VH.- JOHN VII!.- -D.I2I6 JOHN IX.- JOHN XI.- JOHN XII.- D., 535 0., 573 D., 642 D., 686 D., 705 D.,- 707 D., 882 D., 900 KEMPIS.THOS. D. 928 - ' D., 936 D., 964 CARDINAL MAZARiN. JAMES MADISON. KEATS.JOHN-ENG.POET---- 1795 KELLERMANN.F.C.-FR.GENERAL-I735 KEMBLE.JOHNR-ENG.TRAGfDlAN-175 ;THOS.A.-GER.MONK^--1380 KENT, JAS.-AM. JURIST 1763 KEPLER,JOHANN-&ER.ASTRON.--I57 KEY, FRANCIS S.-AM.POET 1779 KIN&.RUFUS-AM.STATESMAN- 1 7 55 KIN&,WM,R.- -H86 KIN&SLEY,CHAS.- EN&. DIVINE- -1 819 KlTTajJOHN-ENG-BIBn. SCHOLAR-1 804 KLEBER,JEAN B.-FR.G-ENERAL-1 7 51 KLOPSTOCK,F.b-.-&ER.POET- -1724 KNIGHT.CHAS.-ENG-. AUTHOR- -I79l KNOWLES,JAS.S.-ENG. ACTOR- -1784 KNOX.HENRY-AM.STATESMAN- 1750 KNOX,JOHN-SCOT. DIVINE ---1505 kOSCIUSCO,THADOEUS-POLISHPATRIO>l746 kOSSUTH,LOUIS-HUNGARIANPATRIOT-l802 KOTZEBUE.AUGUST-G-ER.DRAMATIST-I76I KUTUSOFF,MIKHAIL-RUS.GENERAL-I745 LAVOISIEFyu.-FR.CHEMIST---n43 LAWJOHN-SCOT. FINANCIER 167 LAWRENCE,A.-AM.PHILANTHROn-l786 LAWRENCE.JAS.-AM.NAYAL HERO --I781 LAWRENCE.THOS.-EN6.PAINTER- 1769 LEBRUN.CHAS.-FR.PAINTER--I6I9 LEOYARO.JOHN-AM. TRAVELER- 1751 LEE.ARTHUR-AM.STATESMAN - -1140 LEE,CHASrAM.GENERAL---- 1115 LEE.FRANCISL.-AM. PATRIOT H3< LEE,HENRY-AM.GENERAL H56 LEE.RICH'DH.-AM. ORATOR-- -1132 LEE.ROBT.E.-CONFED.GENERAL- 1806 LEECH.JOHN-ENG.CARICATURIST-I8I7 LEFEBRE,FRftNCOIS-FR.MARSH^ 1 1 55 LEGARE HU&HS.-AM.STATESMAN-I19" LEISNITZ.60TTEI(IEO-GER.PHIL(lS'R-l646 LEICESTER,ROB.B.-ENt.EARL- 1 532 LE01- ROM. PONTIFF- D., 46 LEO II- .1 . - 0., 684 LEO IH.- >> > t D., 816 LEO IV.- ,, > i -0., 855 JAMES MOMROL NAME: OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN l0 V.-ROM. PONT FF-D., 90? jo vi.- ' LEO VII.- n LEO VIII.- * 110 IX.- >> LEO X.- >> LEO XI.- v .[0 XII.- ) LEO MIL- ^ UONiDAS-KING- OF SPAKTA-BI.-i' LEOPOLD 1.-G-ER.EMPEROR-- 1640 LEOPOLD L- " LEOPOLD 1.-KIN6 OF BELGIUM- 1190 LEOPOLD Or " i LE 5A6,ALA!N R.-FR.NOVEUST LESLIE,CHAS.R.-ENC. PAINTlh PROF.S.F.B. MORSL LEVER,CHAS.J.-IRISH NOVELIST - .EVERRIER,U.JJ.-FR.ASTRONOMER- LEWES.GED.H.-ENG. AUTHOR LOUIS XVII.-KIN& OF FRANCE-IT 85 LOUIS Mi.- > tt -1755 LOUIS PHIU.IPPE-" J -1773 I LOUIS W.-GER. EMPEROR-- 1285 1 LOUVOIS,TRANCOIS-FR.STATES>N-t 641 LOVER,SAM'L-IRISH NOVELIST- 17 97 LOWELL.JAS.RUS'L-AM.POET--I8 19 LOYOLA.IGNATIUS-SPAN.JESUIT-I4.9I LUCAN.MARCUS-ROM.POET- - - 39 IUCIAN-GREEK SATIRIST 120 LUCRETIUS-LATIN POET-B.C. 95 LUCULLUS.LUCIUS-ROM.GEN.-B.C. I I LUTHER.MARTIN-GER.REFORMERH463 LUXMBOURS,F.H.-FR.MARSHAL-| 628 LYCURGUS-SPARTAIUW-SIVER-FL.8.G.850 LYELL,SIR GEO.-SCOT.GEOLOGIST- 1797 iVNDHUR5T,J.SJ;.-ENG.CmNi;EUOR-l 772 317 LEWIS,MERIwnte-AM.EXPtORflH 7 74 LEYOEN.LUCAS-DUTCH PAINUR-14-9* UEBER.FRANClS-AM.PimLICISl--JBOO LiEB!C,JUSTUS-WR.CHEM!S 1 --l803 LINCOLN.ABRAHAM-I6TH PRES.tS.-l 809 LINCOLN,BENJ.-AM. GENERAL -- - 17 3 3 .IND,JENNY-SWED.VOCAL1ST---I82I LINNtUS.CHAS.-SWED.BCTAMIST-- 17 07 LIPPI,FIL1PPO-ITAL. PAINTER 14-12 LIS2T,FRANZ-HUN&. PIANIST - --1 8! I L!TTLETON,THOS.-ENG.JURIST-J420 LIVERPOOL,ROB.-ENb.iTSMAN i7 7 LIVIN&STON.EDW.-AM. JURIST - - - -1 7 64 LIVINUSTONEjOAVID-SOn-CCPLORER i 8 1 3 LIW.TpBS-ttMJDSlORfMt "B.C. 53 LYON,NATHANIEl-AM.6NERAl - - 1 8 1 9 LOCKE.jJOHN-E.Nfr.PHlLOSOPHER- - 1 6 32 LYSANDER-SPARTAN SOlDlElt-D.,.C. 395 LOtN,JOHNA.-AM.SlAT!$MAN-- 182 e'LYSlMACHUS-KIH&OF THRACE- ---B.C.355 COMMODORE FERRY. LONfr,ROFEFI-ENG.ASTKONOMEIi-l6&0 NAPOLEON. LONEFELLOW,H.\VAM.POf T - - - 1 80' LONGSTREET.JAS.-CON^FU.EEN.-I 82 LYSIPPUS-WEEK SCUIP10R-FI., B.C. 3 3 MACAULAY.THOS.B.-ENE.ESSAYIST--I 800 Mf CARTBILJUSTIS-IRISI! WRITER - - - 1 8 3 MACCHIAVELLI,N.-IIAL.STATf5MAN-l469 MAC CLEaAN.Hd.B.-AM.HNERAL-l 826 *fC COSH,JAS.-SCOT.TnEOLO&IAN - I 8 I I MACDONALD.ETlENNE-m.MftKKAl-1 7 65 MACDONAlD.tfO.-SCflT.POET- - - 1 824 MACOONALD,JNO.A.-CAN.STATES'N-I 8 14- MACKINTOSH.SIRJAS.-SCIIT.STATES'N-I 7 65 MCCLOSKEYJNO.-I5TAMCARDINAI-I8 MCMIVEU,IRVIN-AM.GENFRAI -18 MCKINLEY.WM.-AM.S1A1ESMAN- 1 8' MAC MAHON,M.E.-PRES.OFFR.--| 806 LOUIS, 1.-KIN& OFF LOUIS IL- > LOUIS 1)1- LOU IS IV.- j) LOUIS V.- * LOUIS' VI." 5> LOUIS VU.-U LOUIS VllL-ij FRANKLIN PIERCE. MABELLANJER.-PORT.NAVIGATOR-I47 MAHMOUD L-SIHTAN OF TURKEY - - 1 69 785 6 35 RUlUAlUUtt F.-FR.VOCALIST - - 1 8 08 MAIPIEHLMARCEUO-ITAL.SURHOM-- 1 6 28 MALTHUS,TH(IS.I!.-[HE.i 1 01II.WIllT[R- 1 766 MANDEVIli,SlltJOHN-ENC.TRAV[liR- 1300 MANNINSJEN. t,-EN6. CARDINAL - - - 1 8 08 MANN,CE-AM.fJUGATOR 1796 MMsnavHUL-wuRBsr--- nos MANUTIUS,A.-VENETIAN PRINTER"" 1449 MARAT,JEAN R-FR.REVOLUTIONIST- MttCEUaSJUKHMLCWSttl-tC 268 MARSARFT OF AWCU-WF.HEIt.Vl. ENC.- 1 42 MA8WRET-QU.DEN. NOR, SWED.- - - 1 3 53 MAREARFT-QU.OFNAVARRE- " MAREARFT-QU. OF FRANCE -1553 MARIAL-QU-OFPORTUEAI MORE,HAHflAH-ENf.AUTHORESS MORE.SIR THOS.-ENB.STATtSMAH- 1480 MOREkjEAN- MOR6" "I " 1802 -1734 l-SCOUEKNT 153 atMLSMBHMI 182 ! LAW-CIV ER-B.C. I57C AM.HISTORIAN -1814 E-ARSURKOH--I785 SIR WALTER RALEIGH. MELBOURNE.WM.-ENG.STATES.-n79 JAMES K. POLK. ELVILLE,AN'DREW-SCOUEFORMER-I 545 MENDELSSOHN-SART.-frER.CilMPOS.-l 8 09 MESMER,FRIED'K-&ER.ITCICIAN METTERNICH-C.W.-AUST.STATES'N-1 1 73 MEYERBEER.lUER.COMPOSER-1 794 MICHAEL-ANKLO-ITAL. ARTIST ---1474 MIFTLIN.THOS.-AM.PATRIOT-- 1744 MILLJAS.-SCOT. HISTORIAN - 1773 MILL JOHN STUART-ENE.PHILOS.- 1 806 MILLER,HUG-SCOT.6EOL06ISM802 MILLER'C.H.-AM.POET MILLS.CLARK-AM.SCULPTOR IBIS MILTIADES-ATHEN,STATES.-FUB.C.500 MILTON.JOHN-EN&.POET 1608 MIRABEAU,&.H.-FR. ORATOR - - 1 749 MITCHEL,O.M.-AM.ASTRON'R-I8IO MITCHELL.D.G.-AM. AUTHOR M I T H R 1 ATES-KIN&OF PONTUS-BJ:.I32 -m PAINTER---I6I8 1733 MURRAYVJAS.S.-SC01.RE&ENT- 1533 JOHN RUSKIN. MARIA DE'MEDlCl-QU.OFFRANCE-l 573 MOHAMMED-FOUNDEROF ISLAM- 570 MUR MARIA LOUISA-FR.EMPRESS - - 17 9 MARIA THERESA-ftU. HUH.+BOH.-- 1 7 17 MARIE ANTOINEITE-WF. LOUIS XVL-1 755 MARlO,eHJSE(fE-ITAL.SIN&ER-- MARION.FRANCIS-AM.&ENERAL- - 17 32 MARIOTTE.EDME-FR.FHYCISIST-D. I 684 MARlUS,CAIUS-ROM.fENERAL-B.C. 157 MARLBOROUfH,J.C.-ENWENERAL-l 6 50 MARLOWE.CHRI5.-ENE.DRAMATISI-1 564 MARMONT,AUWJSTE-FR.MARSHAL-I 774 MARUETTE,JACUES-FR.EXPIORER-| 637 MARRYAT.FRED'K-ENC.NOVELIST-1 7 92 MARSH,HO.P.-AM.PHILOL06IST- -1801 MARTIAL,MARCUSV.- LATIN POET- 43 MATINEAU,HARI(IET-ENt.WRITERH S02 MARYI.-QUEEN OF EN6LAND--I 516 MARYL- 1662 MARY STUART-QUEEN OF SCOTS RICHELIEU. MUMtBF-EKCMMMMl MUSSETT.LiA.-FR.POET 1810 NADIR SHAH-KINf OF PERSIA -- 1 688 NAPIER,SIR CHASJ.-ENG.&ENER.AL- 17 82 NAPIE R.JOHN-SCOTJUTHEMATICIAN- 1 5 50 NAPOLEDN BONAfAKTE-a EMPEROR - 1769 NEANDER.J.A.W.-KR.THEOLOCIAN- 1 789 NE8UCHAONE2ZAR-KIH6 OF BA6YLON-0.,BX^6I NEGKER,JACQUES-FR.STATESMAN - 1732 NEILSON.ADELAIDE-AM. ACTRESS - - 1 853 NELSON,HCRATIO-ENt.AOMIRAL - 17 58 NERO-ROMAN EMPEROR 37 NESSELRODE.CHAS.R.-RUS.STATES'NneO NEVMAN.CARDINAL-ENe.DIVINE-l80l NEWTON.SIR isAAC-EN ALEXANDER POPE. MASONJAS.M.-AM.STATESMAN-I 797 OHAMMEO I.- TURKISH SULTAN - 1430 542 MOHAMMED HI.- >? --I566 MOHAMMED IV . --I642 MOLIEREJEAN-FR. DRAMATIST-! 622 MOLTKE,COUNTVON-6ER.&ENEIiAL-l 800 MONK.UEO.-EN&.&ENERAL-- 1 608 MONMOUTH,JAS.-EN&.DUKE - - 1 649 MONROE,JAS.-5TH PRES. U.S.- - 17 58 MONTACUE,LADVENE.AUTHORESS-1 690 MONTAIGN.MICHEL-FR.PHILOS'R-l533 MONTALEMBERT.C.F.-FR.ORATOR-1 8 1 MONTCALM,L.J.-FR.GENERAL-- 1712 MONTESQUIEU,CHAS.-FR.AUTHOR-1 689 MONTEZUMAfl.-MEX.A?.TECEMP.-l480 MONTFORO,SIMON-NOR.CRUSADER-I 1 50 MONT&OLFItR.J.E.FR,lNVENT01i-|745 MONTGOMERY, JAS.-SCOT, POET- -1771 MASON,LOWEU-AM.MUS.COMP05.-1 7 92 MONTMORENCY,HEW-1> 793 MASEENA.ANORE-FR.MARSHAL-I758 MONTMORENCY,MAT.- MASSEY,GERALD-ENC.POET-- 1828 MONTROSE,J.G.-SCOT.3ERERAL-I6I2 MATHER.COTTON-AM. DIVINE ! 663 MATHEVtTHEOBALD-IRlSH PRIEST-I 7 90 MAURICE OF NASSMI-&ER.CEMERAI - 1 S 6 7 SIR WALTER SCOTL MONTMORENC,ANNE-FR.MAIiSHAl-l493 MAURY.IYIAT.F.-AIUIYDROeRAPHFR-| 806 MORALK,LUIS-SPAN-PAINTER--1 509 MAXIMILIAN I.-GER.EMPEROR-I4-59 M/WIMHIAN.F.J.-MEX.EMPEROR-I832 MA2ARIN,CAROINAL-FR.STATES3-I 6 02 MA2EPPA,IVAN-POL.NOBLEMAt) - 1 644 MEADE,&EO.f.-AM. GENERAL - - 1 8)5 MEOICI,C.-MIEI FUMtNTINE REPU8.-1 3 89 MEDICI,t.-fR.DUKE OF TUSCANY - - 1 5 ! 9 MEDICUL.-PRINCEOFFLORENCE-I4A8 MEHE M ET ALI-VICEROY OF E6YPT - 1 7 6 9 MElSSONIERJEAN-FR.PAINTER-1 8 1 1 MELANCHTH6N,P.-KR.REFORMER-l4-97 NEV.MICHEL-Ffl.MARSHAL- ---1769 NICHOLAS I.- HUS.EMPEROR --I796 534 NICHOLAS.ST.-?ISHQPOFMYRIA-0, 340 " M&HTINGALE.F[OR.-ENC-.PHILANTH'S?I820 NILSSON,CHRlS^NE-SWtD.VOCALIST-l843 NORTH, FRED'H-EN&.STATESMANH 732 ,-,vn tJJ mgvn^ B n,^,,i..>nu . .w. NOTTINEHAM.H^EN6.jflRlST - - - I 62 I MOORE',THOS.-IRISH POET ..... 1779 NOYES.&EO.R-AM. THEOLOGIAN -i 798 0'BRIEN.WM.S.- IRISH PATRIOT-I803 a'CONNELL.OAN'L-IRISH ORATOW775 ODOftCER-KINfrOFITAU-- 0., 493 0'OONNEa,LEOP'0-SPAN.STATES,-| 809 MOODY,D.L.-AM. EVANGELIST - - 1 8 37 MOORE.SIR JOHN-BRIT.CENERAL- 17 6 ROBESPIERRL 0:RSTEO,HANs-DAN.NAT.PHILflS.-l 777 OFFENBACH.JACQ.-BER.COMPOSER-I8I9 06LnHORPE.JAS,-ENG.6NERAL I 698 OLOCASTLE.SIR JNO-ENC-REFORMIH 3 60 OLLENOORFF,HEHR!-6ER.EDUCftTOR;l803 OLMSTEAO,OET(ISON-AM.ASTRON'SH 791 OMAR PASHA-TURKISH SOLDIER- igoe NAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN AME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORNlNAME OCCUPATION BORN WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE. O'MEARA.B.E.-IRISH SUR&EON-I 780 ORAN&E,VYM..PR.OF-DWlEAe-l553 RieEN-frREE'KTHEOLO&IAN 186 SSOLI,MAR&.F.-AM.AUTHORESS-I8 I THOI.-&ER.EMPEROR. 912 THOE.- 11 >j 955 THOfflr J> 5 - 980 TH01V.-55 11 1174 TISJAMES-AM. LAWYER- - 1 725 IVIO-ROMANPOET -E.C. 4-31 OWEN.RICHARKNC-.ANATOMIST-I804| WEN,ROBT.-ENG-.PHIUNTHRO'S7-I77I OXENSTIERN.A\EL-S\VED.STATES.-I583 ADIILA.JUAN-SPAN.PATRIOT 1490 AEANIN1,NICOlO-ITAL.VIOLINIST-n84j AINE.ROBT.T.-AM.LAWYER--- 1773 | AINE.THOS.-AM.FREE-THINKER-I737 AIXHANS,HENRI-FR.INVNTOR-I783 PATI,ADELINA-SP.OPERMICSWM-I843 PAULS!.- APOSTLE D., .65 PAUL].- ROMAN PONT1FF-D., 767 PAUL flr 11 ' -D., 14-7 1 PAUL!.- 11 -D.,1549 PAUL IV.- 11 11 -D.,1559 PAULV.- 11 5J -D.,1621 PAULI.- RUSSIAN EMPEROR--I7 54 PAULDINt.JAS.R.-AM.AUTHOR-n79 PAUSANIAS-SPARTAN&EN.-D..B.C.468 PAXTON,SIRJOS.-ENUR.ChTTEGT-|803 PAYNE.JNO.H.-AM.DRAMATIST-1 792 PEABOOY,&EO.-AM.PHILANTHROP.-!795 PEALE.KMBRANDT-AM.PAINTER-1778 PEDRO L-EMPERORQF BRAZIL-.- 1 798 PEDRO II.- >? " -1825 PEEL,SIR ROBT.-EN&.STATES'N-n 88 TOBIAS SMOLLETT. ISISTRATUS-TYRANTOFATHENS-B.C.6I2 ITMAN.l9UU-EHbMVEIR.IIF PHON06.-I 8 1 3 ~TT,WM.-ENG.STATESMAN-- " IUS l.-ROMAN PONT US II.- US III.- USIV.- PIUS V.- US VI.- PIUS VII.- US VIII.- US IX.- FF- CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. &EN.P.H. SHERIDAN. ?IERCE,KNJ.-AM.MTHEMATiaA-l809 ELLlCO,SILVIO-ITAL.PATRIOT---n8' PEMBEi^TON,J.C.-CONFED.&EM'L--l 8 U PENN.WM.- ENS.QUAK ER 1 644 'EPINITHESHORT)-FR.K!N& 714 PEPYS,SAM'L-EN&.AUTHOR---i632 PERCIVAL.JAS.&.-AM.POET 1795 PERCY, THOS.-EN&. AUTHOR 1728 PE&OLESI,C.B.-ITAL.COMPOSER-n I PEiilCLES-ATHENIANSTATE5'N-B.C.495 PER1Y.OLIVER H.-AM.COMMODORE-I7 85 PERSIIIS-ROMAN SATIRIST 34 PESTALOZZI,NN-S\I..$SEDUGOR-I745 PETER.ST.- APOSTLE D., 66 'ET[RI.(MC-itEAT)-C7AROFRUSSIA-l67 PETEft(iHEKERM!T)-FR.MONK-D. 1 1 15 PAIESTRINA.G.P.-ITAL.COMPOSER-I524 PALFREVJOHN&.-AM.HISTORIAN---I796 PALI5SY,BERNARD-FR.POTTER - - 1 5 1 'ALMERSTONjH.U-ENfcSTATES'N-1784 PAOLI,PA5QUALE-CORSICANPATRIOT-n26 PAPIN,DENIS-FR.PHYSIC1AM-|647 PARACELSUS-SWISS ALCHEMIST- 1 493 PARDOE.JULIA-ENG-.AUTHORESS-I806 PARIS.LCUISA.P.-FR.PRINCE-I838 PARK'.MUN&0-'SCOT.TRAVELER-1 77 PARKERJKEOMRE-AM.THEOIOEIAN-I8 1 PARKWA'N,FRAMCIS-AM.HISTOIilAI(-l623 PARNELL.CHAS.S.-IRISH A&ITATORI843 PARR,CATKARINE-QU. HEMRY Vlltl 509 PARROTT.ROBT.P.-AM.INVENTOR-I804 PARRY. SIR WM.-EN&.EXPLORER-1 790 PARSONS.THEOPJI.-AM.JURIST-I75- PARSONS,THEOPH.-JJ - -179 PARTONjJAS.- AM. AUTHOR -- - 1 822 PASCAL.BLAISE-ER.PHILOSOPHER-1623 PATRICK.SL-APOSTLE OF IRELAND- 37 WILLIAM T. SHERMAN. --D.,1 -D.,1503 -D.,1565 -D.!l572 -D.,1799 -D. 1823 -D.,1830 -0.,I818 PIZARRO.FRANCISCO-CON4.0FPFRU-I475 PLATO-GREEK PHILOSOPHER-B.C. 428 PLINY(EIDER)-ROHA.NATURALIST- 23 lINYltOUHKlO-RflM. AUTHOR PIUTARCH-&REEK BIOGRAPHER- 50 POE,EODARALLAN-AM.A'JTHOR-- I 809 POLK,JAS.K.-IITH PRES.U.S.--I795 POLLOK,ROBT.-SCOT. POET - - - -1198 POLO.MARCO-VENETIAN TRAVEIEU 254 POMPADOUR,JEAN.-MISWS$LOUIsm72 'OMPEY-ROMAN 6-ENERAL-B.C. 106 PONCE OE LEON-5P.OI5COV.OF FLOR10A-1 460 lA8ELMS,FHMtC.-FR.bMIRIST---|49 IACHEL,HGAB.F.-FR. ACTRESS--! 820' RACINE.JEAH-FR.DRAMATIST- 1 639 RADCllfFE.ANN-ENC.Nffl/EUST- 1 764 RA&LANJAS.H.-EN&.&ENERAL--I 788 RALEISH.SIRWALTER-EN&.NA\IIG.-I552 RAMEAU.JEAN P.-FR.COMPOSER-I 583 RAMSAY,ALLAN-SCOT.POET--I 685 RAMSAY.DAVID-AM.HISTORIAN IT 49 RANDOLPH, JOHN- AM. ORATOR 1773 RAPHAEL-1TAL.PAINTER 1 493 RAVMONO,H.J.-AM. JOURNALIST--! 820 READ.TH05.BUC.-AM.POET I 822 READE,CHAS.-EN6.NOWLIST - - - -I 8 14 REAUMUR.R.W.-FR.PHYSICIST-- 1 663 RECAMIER.JEANNE-ER.BEAUTY -- 1177 REEVES.SIMS-ENS.SIN&ER -1822 .U5,MARC.A.-IWM.5EN.-D.,B.C. 250 REIO,MAYNE-IRISH-AM.NOVELIST-I 818 REID,THOS.-SCOXMETAPHYSICIAN--n I REMBRANOT,PAUL-DUTCH PAINTER-I 607 565 RENAN,JOS.E.-FR.PHILOLOtlST-l 823 ALFRED TENNYSON. 157 JEREMYTAHOR. RUSSELL,WM.-EN6.PATRIOT I 639 RUTLEO&E,JOHN-AM.-STATE$'N-|739 TER,I?1CHAEL-DU1CH AOMIRAL-1 6 07 SACKVHLE,0.-ENe. STATESMAN- 1 7 1 6 SAINT CLAIR,ARTHUR-AM.6ENL-|73.' SAINTE-BEUVEjU.-FR.POET -I 804 SAINT PIERRE.JACQ.-F.R.AUTHOR--1 73" SAINTSIMON,C.H.-FR.PH1LOS'R-I760 SALADIN-SULTAH OF EGYPT-- 1137 SALISBURY,RO?T.A.T.-EN5.STATE.-1830 SALLUST-TIOM.HISTORIAN-B.C. 8 ! SALVINI.SIG-NOR-ITAL. ACTOR-- 1830 SAMUEL-ISRAELITE JUDC-E-B.C.I 170 SANTA ANNA-MEX.G-ENERAL-1 798 SAPPHO -GREEK POETESS-FL.B.C.600 SAUL-FIRST KING- OF ISRAEL-D..B.C.I055 SAVONAROLA,S.-ITAL.REFORMER-I452 SAXE.HERMANN M.-FR.MARSHAL-I696 L,JCHN&.-AM.POET i ---l SCALf&ER.JULIUSC.-ITAL.tRlTIC-l484 SCHELUN6,F.W.J.-&ER.PHILOS'R-m5 ROBERTSOUTHEY. SYDNEY SMITH. 1750 PETRARCH,F.P.-ITAL.POET--I304 l HELrS,ELEABETHS.-AM.MIffl!liESS-l8l PHIDIAS-&REEKSCULPTOR-B.C. 4 PHILIPn.-KW&OFMACECONIA-B.C. 38 HILIPL-KING- OFSPAIN----I52 PHILIP 111.- >? 157 PHILIP IV.- >J 59 160 PHILIP V.- 11 11 IGQ PHILIP II.- KING OF FRANCE--- 1 16 PHILIP I.- 11 11 ---124 PHILIPIV.- >> >> ---126 PHILIPVI;- 11 11 ---129 PHI LUPS,WEND[LL-AM.ORATOR - - 1 8 1 PHOCION-ATHENIANSTATESMAN-B.C.-40 PICKERING.TIM'Y- AM.STATESMAN- 1 74 PIERCE.FRANKLIN-I4TH PRES.U.S.- 180 PILATE.PONTIIK-&OV.OF PALESTINE-Q., 3 PINCKNEY.CHAS.C.-AM.STATESMAN-I74 PINDAR-C-REEK LYRIC POET-- B.C. 52 NKNEY,WM.-AM.ORATOR 176 POPE.ALEyANDER-EN6.POET- 1 68 PORTER,DAVID-AM.COMMOBORE-I780 PORTER.FITZJOHN-AM.&ENERAL-I823 PCRTER.JANE-EN&.NOVELIST 1.776 POUSS1N.N1CHOLAS-FR.PAINTER-I594 POWELL.MAJ.J.W.-AM.ETHNOL06IST-I834 POWERS.HIRAM-AM.SCULPTOR--I 805 PRAXITELES-&RLTK SCULPTOR-D.,8A350 PREHTICE.E-EO.O.-AM.JOURNALIST- 1 802 PRESCOTf,WM.H.-AM.HISIORIAN-1796 PRICHARD.JAS.C.-EN6.SCIENTIST-I786 PRIESTLEYJOS.-ENC-.PHILOSOPHER-1733 RIOR,MATTHEW-EN&;POET---I66. ROCTOR.BRYAN W.-ENC-.POET-I790 PROUT, FATHER-IRISH WRITER-! 80S TOLEMY I.-KIN5 OF E&YPT-B.C. 307 TOLEMY-&!iFEKASTRONOM.-FL.,B.C.ISO FULASKIjCOUNT-POIISH PATRIOT-1747 PUTNAM,ISRAEL-ftlVI.CENERAL-n -'YRRHO-CREEKPHILOSOPHER-B.C.360 'YTHACORAS-5? 5? FU,B.C.550 dlJiNCYjJOSIAH-AM.ORATOR--l 7 QUINTILIAN-ROM.RHETORICIAN- RETZ.JEAN F.-FR.CARDINAL -I 614 REVERE, PAUL-AM.PATRIOT---I 735 REYNOLDS.SIR JOSHUA-EN6.PAINTER-I 723 RICHARD I.-KIN& OF ENGLAND--! I 57 RICHARD II.- 11 11 --.1366 RICHARD m.- it ---145: RICHARDSON.SAM'L-EN&.NOVEUSH 689 RICHELIEU,A,J.-FR.STATESMAN-I 585 RICHTER.iP.F.-tER. AUTHOR -ITS RIENZI,NICOLAe.-ROM.ORATOR--l3l3 RISTORI.ADELAIDE-ITAL.ACTRESS--I82 R I TT E N H OUSE,D.-AM.ASTRONOMER- 1 7 3 ROBERT I.-DUKE OF NORMANDY- D.,! 035 ROBERT I.-KING OF SCOTLAND - -1 274 ROBERTL-5) 11 ---1316 ROBERT,LOUISL.-FR.PAINTER-|79 iESPIERRE,M.-FR.REVOLUTIONIST-n58 HAMBEAU,J.B.O.-FR.MARSHAL ~" WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THAMEIUW. ^AGHARY TAYLOR. RODNEY,S-EO.B.-ENG.AOMIRAL-I7 ROEBLING,JOHN-A.-AM.ENGINEER-I806 725 SCHILLER.JOHAKN-C-ER.POET-I 75! SCHLEtEl,AUGUSTW.-C-ER.POET-n 6' SCHLEGEL.KARLW.-BER.SCHOLAR.-I 772 SCHLOSSER.FRIED'K-MR.HISTORIAN-n 7 6 SCHOEFFER.PETER-GER.PRINTER - 1 4 3 SCHOFIELO,JOHN M.-AM.GENERAL- 1 83 CHOOLCRAFT.HEN.-AM.nHNOU6IST-n 9 3 SCHOPENHAUER.AaTR-&ER.PHILOS'R-l78l ECHUBERT.FRANZ-C-ER.COMPOSER-1 7 9 SCHUR2.CARL-&ERrAM. STATES'N-I 829 CHUYLER,PHILlP-AM.6ENERAL-n33 SCHWANTHALER,l.M.-6ER.SCI)LP'R-l 802 SCHWARTZ.BERTH'L-CER.MOMK-a.l 34 SCHWEINFURTH,&.A.-GER.TRAVELER-I83 SCIPIO,PUBLIUSC.-ROM.G-EN'L-B.C. 23 SCOTT.SIRWALTER-SCOT.NOVEIIST-177 SCOTT.WINFIELO-AM.GENERAL--I786 SEBA5T IAN.OOM.-KIN& OF PORTUGAL- 1 554 SEOCWICK,CATHARINEM.-AM.AUIHOfi-|78e EDMUND SPENSER. ROG-ERS.SAM'L-ENG.POET 1 76 ROLANO,MARIE-FR.GIRONDIST-- ROLLIN.CHAS.-FR.HISTORIAN-I 66 ROMULUS-FOUNDER OF ROME-FL.B.C.7J ROSA.SALVATOR-ITAL. PAINTER-I 615 ROSCIUS,a.-ROM.ACTOR-D..B.C. 62 ROSECRANS.WM.S.-AM.GEN'L-| 8 ROS5,S1RJOHN-BRIT.ARC.EXPLOR,-I7T ROSSINI,&.-ITAL.COMPOSER - - 17 92 ROTHSCHILD,M.A.-JEW.BANKER-I 743 ROUSSEAU,JEANJ.-FR.AUTHOR'-I7I2 RUBENS,PETER P.-FIEM.PAIWER-I 577 RUOOLPf il.-CER. EMPEROR I 218 RUDOLPH II.- 11 11 155: RUMFORD,BENJ.T.-AM.PHILOS'R- I 75: RUSH.BENJ.-AM. PHYSICIST --1745 RUSKIN,JOHN-EN&.ARTWRITER-1 81 S RUSSEll,JOHN-EN&.STATESMAN-n9 SENECA,LUCIUSA.-ROM.PHILOSR-D.,65 SENNACHERIB-ASSYRIAN KIN6-FL.B.C.7 754 SERC-IUSI.-ROM.PONTIFF---D., 70 SERGIUSL- 11 11 0., 84 JAMES THOMSON. NAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION NAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN SEROUS 1U.- ROM. POHTIFF-D., 912 SERHUSIV.- > > D..IOI2 SEVISNE,MAR!E,-FiUUTHORESS--l 626 SEWAWLWM.H.-AVLSTATESMAN- 1 80 1 SYMOUR.HMATI6- j | 8 1 I SHAFTES6URY-EN6. 55 IS2I SHAKSPE>RE,WM.-fNE. DRAMATIST- 1 564 SMHUBKTKrMLmMKT 1818 SHEOIWO L.-IRISH ORATOR--I79I SHELLEY, PERCY B.-EN6.POET----I 792 SHERIOAN,P.HMM.&ENERAL-- I 83 I SHERIDANjRlCH'D B.-IRISH ORATOR-I 751 SHERMAN.JOHN-AM.STATESMAN- 1 823 AN,KOR- 5 5 1721 SNUMMUnUHULtOKMI.-- I 820 S!OSONS,SARAKN6.ACTRESS-- - 1 7 55 SIONEY,AL&ERNON-EN6.STATES'N-I 622 SlDNfttlRPHIUP-EN&.AUTHOR-- I 554 SIWSMUND- GERMAN EMPEROR- 1 3 68 SI&ISMUNB L-KINf OF POLAND-1466 JOHN TYLER. STEPHEN V11.-ROM.PONTIFF-0, 897 STEPHEN VHU- ) > 0,931 0?, 942 STEPHEN JX.- STEPHEN X.- THOMAS A. EDISON. SIGOURNEY.MRS.-AM.POETESS ---I 7 9 1 SiaiMAN,BENi-AM.NATURAL15H 779 SIMMS.WM.5.-AM. NOVELIST- --I 806 SIMON.JULES-FR. STATESMAN -I 814. Sinus L-ROM. PONTIFF-- 0~ 128 SIXTUSIL- 5 -0., 258 SIXTUSE.- )i -D.. 440 SIXTUSK-jj >> -D.,1484 SIXTUSV.- j i -B.,1590 SLOWACK!,JULIUS-POL1SH POET- I 809 SMITH.ADAM-SCOtPOUUCON'ST-n 2 3 SMITH,GERRIT-AM.PHILANTH'ST- 1 797 SMITH,JOHN,CAPTAIHN&.EXPLOfcl579 SMITH,JOS.- FOUND. MORMONISM-1805 SMITHjSEBA-AM.AUTHOR- 1792 SIWimSrONEY-EN&.AUTHOR-l 77 I SMOUEyOBIAS G.-SCOT NOVELIST-IT 2 1 SOCRATES-&REEK PHILOSOPHER-B.IU70 SOLIMAN !L- SULTAN OFTURKEY-1490 SOLOMON-KING OF ISRAEL-B.C.I 033 SOLON-ATHENIAN LAW-&IVFR-R.G. 638 STATES'!*-! 8 1 2 " nei .ESSAYIST- -I 806 .-Eltt. HUMORIST -17 I 3 tt.-AM.6EIM.--n 30 THAD.-AM.ABOL1TIONIST-I793 .VAM.MERCHANT-1802 KnirMLPOET I82S STORY, JOS.-AM. JURIST 17 79 STORY.WM.W.-AM.SCULPTOR- -I 819 TOWT.HARRIETB.-AM.NOVELISM 8 1 2 STRABO-MEEK GEOGRAPHER --B.G. 54 STRAFFORO.THDS.K-ENkSTATES'N-l 593 STUART,HLBT C.-AM. PAINTER- 1 7 56 STUYVESANynER-GOtNEWHETH.-| 602 SUE.EU6ENE-FR. NOVELIST- -1 804 SULLA-ROM. &ENERAL--B.C. 138 SUMNER,CHAS.-AM. STATESMAN-I 8 1 I SURREY, HENRY H.- EN&. POET - - I 5 1 6 5WEOENBOR6,EHWII'L-5WEB.PKILOS.-I 688 SWIF^JOMATHAN-IRISH DIVINE--I667 TETZEL.JOHAK-fraMONK - - 1 460 THACKERAY.WM.M.-fNK.NOVEUST-l 8 1 I THf.i.BERC-,S!&ISM'D-SW1SSI > IAK!ST-l 81 2 THALES-G-REEK PHILOSOPHER- B.C. 635 THEMISTOOES-ATHEMAH 6EIL- Bit 5 1 4 THEOCRITUS-&R.PASTORALPOET-R. 27 5 THEODOPJC-KINf OF OSTROGOTHS 455 THEOCOSIUS,FLAV.-ROM.EMPERR- 346 7HEOPNRASTUS-&REEK PHILOS'R- 37 2 THIERRY,JACQ..N.A.-FR.HISTORIAN-I 795 THIERS.101JI5A.-ER. HISTORIAN -I 797 THOMEiaLH.-AM.CWBW.- 1816 THOMSON. JAS.- SCOT. POET- 1 7 00 THORWALfcN,A.B.-tAIKHSCDLP.-| 7 7 S-WEX HSTORIAN-B.C. 471 D.,1058 TIBER.IUS-ROM.EMPEROR-B.C. 4-2 TILDEfLSAMt J.-AM.STATESMAIH 8 \ 4 TINTO RETTO- ITAL.PAINTtR 1512 DANIEL WEBSTER. WESLEY, JOHN-ENt DIVINE MO Wf.SUENJ.-AM. PAINTER - 173 WHEWELLWM.-EN&.PHILOS'R~ i 794 WHITE,Ai3otlEW D.-AM. SCHOLAR-) 832 IWngUBfl &.-AM. AUTHOR -J 822 WHITEFiELD,G0.-EN&. DIVI NE -1714 WHITMAN.WALT-AM.POET J8I9 WHITNEY.EU-AM.INVENTOR J765 WHITTIEILJOHNG.-AM. POET 1807 WIELAND,CHIII5.M.-&ER. POET J 7 3 WLBEFOraLwM.-EN6.STATES'N-] 7 59 WIIUAMI.-K1NGOFENGLAN11---I02 WILLIAM I.-GER. EMPEROR 1797 .rW.tr :.':;-! 7 3i 1593 HENHY-ENtSTAIESMAN-l 6 1 2 > 1764 COLU-ITM --I599 .mL.MMPOSER-1814 .tF.-ROHLEMPEROIl-- 9 VESPUCCl,ftiER160-ITAL.NAVtSHOR- 1451 VICTOR L-ROM.PONTIFF--&, 202 VICTOR 1- > 5^1057 VICTOR ra.- > nZio87 ' WUIS,NATH.P.-AM. JOURNALIST 1806 WIIMr.DAID-AM.STATESMAri- - 1 8 1 4 WILSON,HEHRY-AM.WLITICIAM ~ WIRT.WM.-AM.AUTHOR 1772 WOLCOT^JOHN-EN&.SATIRIST 1738 WOLFE, CHAS.-IRI5H POET 1791 WOLFE, JAS.-EN6.&ENERAL- ---1726 VICTORIA-&UEEN Of ENGLAND - - 1 8 1 9 VINCENT BE PAUUSl-FILREFOttlER" 1576 VINCENT, JWMT.-/W.CLEIWMAN-1 8 3 2 VIR6IL-1AT. EPIC POET ..... B.C. 70 V OLTA, ALESSAN DdO-ITWJU.T. PHIlOil 7 4 5 VOLTAk VOORH aUEEN VICTORIA, JOHN WYCLIFFE. WILLIAM TYNDALE. TUR&OT. SONTA&,HENR1ETTE-HR.VOCALBT-| 806 SOPHOCLES-tREKTRAfr.POET-B.C. 495 SOUTHEY.ROBT.-EN6.POET 177 SOUTHWORTILEMMA-AM.NOVa'T-1 8 1 8 SPARKS,JARB-AM.HISTORIAN- 17 89 SPEKE,JOHNH.-EN6.E>PLORER--I82 SPENR,HERBEItT-ENfr.PHILOS.-l 820 SPENSER,EOMUND-EN6..POET- 1 553 SPINOZA.8ENEDICT-OUTCHPHILOS.-I 63" SPURGEON,CHAS.H.-EN&.DIVINE- 1 83 SPURZHEfM. J.C.-&ER.PHRENOL.- 1 7 7 6 STAEL-HOLSTtlN,A.L.-FR.AirTHORES5-n66 STANHOPE, P.H.-EN6.HI5TORIAN-I805 STAN LEY.HENRY M.-AM.-AF.fXPLOR.-l840 STANTON.EDW.M.-AM.STATES.-I STEOMAN,OM.C.-AM. POET - - 1 833 STEELE.SIR RICH'D-EN&.ESSAYIST-I 6 7 STEPHEN I.- ROM. PONTIFF-LX, 257 SWINBURNE,AL&ERC.-ENG;POET-| 837 SYLVESTER I.-ROM.PONTIFF-D., 3 35 SYLVESTER L- 51 > D.,1003 TACITUS,CAIU5C.-ROM.HISTI)RIAN- 55 TAINE,HIPP.A.-FR.AUTHOR--I 828 TAL8olvVM.H,F.-ENGvAUTHOR TALLEYRAND-fEHI60liD-FR.STATES.-l 7 54 TALMA&E.TH05.D.-AM.DIVI NE - - 1 8 3 2 TAMERLANE-ASIATIC CONQUEROR - 1 3 3 6 TANY,R06ER B.-AM.JURIST - ~I7 7 7 TARaulNIUS,L.-KIN& OF ROME-iLU95 TASMAN,A6EL J.-OUTCH NAVIMVI 6 TASSOJORQUATO-ITAL.POET -I 544 TAYLOR,BAYARD-AM.AUTHOR - - 1 8 2 5 TAKLOR.JEREMY-EN&.AUTHOR-I 6 1 3 TAYLOR,THOS.-ENG-.SCHOLAR-| 758 7AYLOR.2ACHARY-I2TH PRES.U&I784 TaL.VJILHELM-SWISS HERO -D.,13 54. TEMPIE.S1R WM.-ENS.STATES'N- 1628 TENNYSt)N,ALFREHN&.P9n- 1 809 TERENCE- ROM.MMICPOCT-B.C. 19^ TERRY,ALFREDH.-AM.tEHERAL-l82 TERTULIIAN-LAT.CH.FATHER- 15 TITIAH-rTAL. PAINTER 1477 TITUS- ROMAN EMPEROR- 40 T08IN.JOHH-ENG.DRAMATIST- 1 7 7 TOCaDEVILLE^A.C.-FR.STATES.-l 805 TOCKEJOHN H.-Efit.PHILOLO&IST-l 736 TORRICEUI,EVAN:-.-ITAl.PHILOS.-l 60 8 TRAJAN-ROM. EMPEROR- 52 TMUtfEJUnWF-afiJNBSHSIS TRUMBULLJOHN-AM.PAIN7ER-I756 TRUMBUl74jOMAraK-AM.STATE5.-n40 TimBLMffin F.-ENE.AUTKOR- 1810 TURRESNE,HENRI-atENERAL-l6l I TURGOT.AJ..J.-FR.STATES'N-I727 TURNEILJOS.W.M.-N6.PAINTER-1 77 5 WOLSaEY.SlR &.K.-BWT. &EN. - 1 WOLSEY,THOS.-ENC,CARDINAL- 147 1 WOODWOitTH,SAM'l.-AM.POET--| 785 WOKESTEILEMl&rlKJMaW 60 1 WORCESTER.JflSJ.-AM.LEriCO&R'R-n 84 WORDSWORTRJM.-ENG.POET- - 1 7 7 CARDINALWOLSEY. .STATES.- 1 82 6 YON EO.COMFOSBH8I3 R.-AM.JUSIST---I8I6 JOHH-ENtlB1016WPe-n32 WM.-SCOT.PATRIOT-I270 COMPOSER-I8I5 WRIGHT-SILAS-flM. STATESMAN- 1 795 WYCLIFFE,JOKN-EN&.REFORMER-1 3 24 XAVIER, FRAKCIS ST.-FR.JESUIT- - 1 50 6 XENOPHON-WEEK HISTOWAN-B.C. 444 XERXES-KIRS OF PERSIA -D-B.C. 465 XIMINES,FRANCISCO-SPAN.PREUTE-|436 YALEjELlHU-FOUND-YALE COLL-I 648 YANCEY.WM.L-AM.POLITICIAN 1 8 14 TEM.-EN&.WRITEfM823 YORKE,CHAS.-EN&.STATESMAN-I722 YOUN&'eRI&HAM-PRES.MOR.CH.- 1801 STEPHEN H.- STEPHEN lit ? STEPHEN IV.- > STEPHEN V.- , STEPHEN VI.-) 0.,752 D.. 757 0.', 772 o., er D., 89 &EOR5EWASH1N&TON. TWEED,WM.M.-AM.POUTICIAM-1 823 TYLER/JOHK-IOTH PRES.U.S.--I790 TYNOALE,WM.-ENf.BIBlETMIISlATO(H485 TYNDALL!JOKN-IRISH SCIENTIST-I 82 o URBAN I.-ROM. PONTIFF-D.,230 -D.,1 WARREN, JOS.-AM.PATRIOT WARWItlRIWD N.-EN6.WARRIORH 42 WASHIMSTON.GEO.-IST PRES. LUS.-1 7 3 2 WATT. JAMES-SCOT. INVENTOR- 1736 WATrs,lSAAC-EN&.SAC!!EJPOET-l 674- WAYNE,ANTHONY-AM.NERAL--1 745 WEBERJMRLM.-&ER.COMPOSER--I786 WEBSTER, DANIEL-AM.STATESMAM 782 WEBSTERiNOAH-AJLlf^OKWHER-l 758 JST-1797 -1769 BRI&HAM YOUN&. WE: LR.-AM.PHRENOL'T-|820 5.-EN&.OIVINE -1708 MARTIN VAN BUREN. -D.,1370 -D.,1389 -D.,1590 -D.,1644. USHER.JA5.-IRISH THEOLOGIAN- 1 580 UTRECHLADRIAN-OUTCH PAINTER- 1 599 VALENS,aAVIUS-ROM.EMPfROR- 328 VALENTINE-ROM. PONTIFF-D., 827 VALERIAN-RDM. EMPEROR-0., 260 VAN PU?.N,MA( WIUIAM WORDSWORTH. YOUN&,CHAS.A.-AM.SCIENTIST-I834- YOUN&,EDWARD-EN&.POET--I684 YOUNG{THOS.-EN&.PHILOS'R-1 793 ZECHARIAH-HEBREW PROPHEr-FL.B.0529 ZaOTTI.BAniSTA-ITALPAINTER- 1 532 2ENO-FOUND.SCH.OFSTOICS-8.C. 355 ZENO-GREEK PHILOSOPHER- 495 ZENO-EMPEROR OFTHEEAST--0-49I ZEN08IA-QUEEN OFPALMrRA-^275 ZfPHANIAH-HEB.PROPHET-FL.8.(!.630 ZEUXIS-GflEEK PAINTER- 450 ZHUKOVSKY-RUSSIAN POET 1783 ZIMMERMAN,J.e.-SWISS PHILOS:I728 ZINZENDORF,N.L.-GER.DIVINE~I700 ZISKA,JOHN-BOHEMIAN &EN.-I360 ZOLA-FR.APOSTLE OF REALISM-1840 ZOLLICOFFER.F.K.-AM.&ENL- 1812 ZORCASTR-PR.PHILOS.- Fl.,B.C.I50 ZUCCARO.FERD.-ITAL.PAINTER-I543 ZWIN&LE.ULRICH-SWISS REFORM.-I-' " ' 85 PHA; P,BETA; Y,C-AMMA; S,DELTA; A;-n,ETA;e,THTA; I,IOTA; ; LI,MU; \,NU; ^,XI;O,OMIC ND ANY CONSTELLATION ON THE MAPS, LOOK fN THE LIST ' BELOW FOP. THE DECLINATION AND RIGHT ASCENSION, IF THE DECLINATION BE NORTH(lN- DICATEO BY NljLOOK IN THE NORTHERN HEM- ISPHERE} IF SOUTH, v (INDICATED BY s) ^LOOMNTHt SOUTH- ; \CULES is ON30 MERIOIAN.(SETHf ME IOIAN EXTENDIN&TO THE IMT FROM EACH POLE). THE DIS- TANCE OF A jMINUTES ANOSECONDS, FROM THE FIRST POINT IN A MEASURED ON THE EftUINOC HE INTERSECTION OF THE ECLIPTIC QUINOCTIAL AT THE. RIOHT MARGIN OF E THE S.U.VmC,ISTHE APPARENT inY^,,;^^ v ;v'%^r<-^v- *:^Aw&;* SUN M4INKT THE STARS. ITS APPARENT MOTION ,N IT S 8 ^^-- ->..._ ., .A.... ~( \X, nAt 3 J \r?P*U YOU TO OETOTINE * ^> ^- <&. 4 PATH IS FROM THE WEST TOWARD THE EAST, AND YHE ENTt Rt ^^-xJ^tjC n t '/agV ': ** /" jt *.'uL' a X A j.Tt-^^ 1 " 1>( ' SIT| t 1N OFTHE ^'"^ \l^> dig * JST CIRCUIT OF THE HEAVENS IS COMPLETED IN A YEAR. THE POSITiON OP THE^ta^^^ 04 ; *'- //^Aii^-^TwouP OF STARS IN URSA MAJOR) AT . #> | z \ 1P SUN AMONG-THE STARS 15 SHOWN ON THE ECLIPTIC FOR DIFFtRENT PERIODS IN THE YEAR.' ' I 1 *-* ' TH DIFFERENT SEASONS OF THE YEAR. * * dlji Sila COHSTfLI-ATIONS. CONSTELLATIONS. S5 ANDROMEDA. .. AURIGA A.VIS PAR BOOTES Constellations arc divided itito thrte belts or zones: vii., The Northern, which lie be-tween the icdiac and the nor-th pole o/the heavens; the Southern, which lie between *h zodiac and the south pol of the heavens; and *he Zodiacal, 'which lie about 8 both north and south o/ the ecliptic. People livinp in the latitu.de of New York may see the constellations in the sou-the-rn hemispherc-,except those between the soiUh pole o/the heavens and sou-th declination 45! All THE STARS VISIBLE TO THE NAKEt EYE ARE BlylKD I CLASSES OF BRJ4HTNESS CALLED *MkWium.SV A VERY BU IAIIT ONE BEING OF THE FIRST MAGNITUDE, AND THE FAIdT- fST VISIBLE, OF THE SIXTH MAGNITUDE. THE WHOLE WIMIEK OF STARS VISIBLE TO THE NAXED EYE It ABOUT GOOO-ABOUT 3000 AT TIMEjAS ONLY HALF OF THE SKY IS SEE To F'ND ANY ONE OF THE STARS 6IVES IM THE LIST IT Tut IOTTOM OF TMIJ PAfrE, FIND ITS CONSTELLATION AS DIRECTED ON THE OPPOSITE PAE,WHEN IT CAR BE LOCATED AT ONCE. TO FIND ANY ONE OF THEM IN THE SHY, FIND ITS CONSTE /^S7v v * A J %? : ' ^4M-v *\/Sr C "--i-_-> /*\ 5/ ^-f _.. .X-^ 5. j . J^A ?* x M* X ^.:. ' 6Eux, i MORION; ACH- ERNARjINERIDANUSJ ALDE8ABAN, IN BETA,INCENT/IUS; AL- PHA, IN CRUXJANTARES,! N SCORPIO; ALTAIR, IN AH U I LA', swcA,Tf VIRGO; FOMAIHAUT, i N PlSClS AUSTAALIS; BETA,1N CRUXJ POLLUXI GEMINI RESVLUS,UI LEO. THE MILKY WAY IS BELT OF PALE LIGHT V ESTMIS AND SPANNING THE SKY. IT IS COMPOSED OF STARS S FAINT AND NEAR TOGETHER THAT THE EYE PERCEIVES CONTINUOUS GLIMMER. I' RESEHTEO ON THE MAPS. A FIRST MAGNITUDE STAR. OF THE SOTHN HEMISPHEREjAND ONEOFTM NEAR- EST TO THE iARTH,IS,INROUNBNUMBERS,200000<0000 MILES FROM VS-RE8UIRIN& LIGHT 34 YEARS. TO TRAVERSE. SECOND MAGNITUDE STARS REQUIRE 28 YEARS FOR uGrno PASS HEM TO THE EMTH: SIXTH MAGNITUDE STARS REQIRE.120 YEARS. THE BEAUTIFUL GROUP OF THE PLEIADES, IN THE CONSTELLATION TAURUS, IS THE MOST F MILIAR. THE 6 oRy STARS VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE B COME 60 OR 70 WHEN VIEWED THROUGH THE TELESCOPE. T___ HYADES,IN TAURUS', AID PR/E.SEPE OH"BEE-HIVE>CWCE,AM OTHER GROUPS, HANeto IH THf o/rffFH OF tt/eJtni/es$A."0 nfr HAVF ArrAcnea TV/HIM /w T/urotau THficrrFfis of mvMMMMMMfll os- IHS. AFre>> THt trmas THfcit/mvE of THE LATIH HAMF OF rue coHsrEUAr/ON; r//t/s tt/STfOt rt/f ffOMAH AtPHAefT. r###ff*tff#S. AHFl/SFff/n rHfSAMFWA 87 he velocities given i-n the follow- ing list have been compiled from various authorities,!), while it cannot be said what the possibilities of many of the mov- ing bodies are, such as steam vessels, loco-motives, etc., yet the figures giv- en will convey a general idea of such The slow coach of the time of Wash- :gton will not compare with the lightning e train at the close of the nineteenth cent-uru. Who say what are the possibilities of electricity a,< a motive power! BLOOD, circulates through the system iniwo win utes. If allowed to wove in a straight line, it would move at the rate of 150 feet per minute. BICYCLE, one mile may be attained in two minutes,. CANNON BALL, U^lb) ai the rate of 1600 w.les per CARRIER PIGEON,43 wiles per hour. CARS, an express train attains a speed' of 60 miles per hour. 82.7 miles per hour has been attained. ILOUDS, storm clouds, appare-ntl-y movi-ng slowly, oft en attain a velocity of 100 miles per hour. COMET(Halleys),In perihelion, I,l80,000ft.pe CROW, files at the rate of 25 miles per hour. CYCLONE, spiral motion of wmd,l80 miles pe-rhou DUCK, 90 miles per hour. EARTH, point on equator when rota.ting on its axis, 1076 miles per hour. In its orbit while revolving around the sun, 65,533 miles per hour. EARTHQUAKE SHOCK, 13th Aug., 1868, 764 ft. per second; 25th July, 1885, 5,104 ft. per second. EIDER DUCK, 90 miles per hour. ELECTRICITY, submarine wire, 13,128,000ft. per second; a.crlal wire, I 18, 152, OOOft.per second. ELEVATOR, in Western Union Telegraph Bulldlnj, N.Y., 500ft. per minute. FALCON, 74 miles per hou-r. FALLING- BODIES, 1st second, 1 6i\ ft.; 2nd second, 64^ft.; 3rd second, I44S ft.; 4th secoT.d,257j ft.; etc. G-LACI ERS, for those of the first rank in the Alps, 100 yatds per year; of the second rank, about 25 yards per year. &ULF STREAM, 4 to 5 miles per hour. HAWK, 150 miles per hour. HORSE, trots, 7 wiles per hour; r-uns,2 m i I e s per hour. In Racing the following records Have at different times been wade: running, I mile, in I minute and 35i seconds-, trotting, I mile in 2 minutes and 8i seconds; pacing,! tnlle in 2 min- utes and 13 seconds. HUMMING BIRD, a-t the rate of 180 miles per hour. HURRICANE, 80 miles per hour. ICE BOAT, is said to OuWvAl all other modes of locomotion, it running at the rate of a mile per minute with ease. INSECTS, the wings of the common house-fly flap at the rate of 330 times per second; of the bum- ble bee, 340; of the honey bee, 190; of the wasp, 110; of the dragon flu, 28; of the gna.t,!5,000. second. RUNNING-, e rgn , .,, JUPITER, revolves in its orbU 28,T74- miles pe hour. LIGHT, 192,000 miles per second; pisses horn the sun to the earth In 8 minutes and 13 seconds. from the nearest fixed star io the earth in a- bout 3i years. MAN, walks from 4 to 5 miles per hour. I mile has been attained by walking in 6-mHutes and 23 seconds; 5 miles in 35 minutes and 10 seconds; 100 miles in lOhours, Sminutes and 15 seconds. MARS, revolves in its orbit 53,000 MARTIN, 200 miles per hour. MERCURY, revolves in its orbit 105,000 miles per hour. METEOR, 30 miles per second. MILL STONES, 4ft. in diameter, 120 to 140 rev- olutions per minute; dressing machines,!! inch- es diam., 450 to 500 revolutions per-minute; screen, 16 inches diam., 300 to 350 revolutions per minute. MOON, In its orbit iround the earth 236 miles MUSKET BALL, 850 miles per hour. NEPTUNE, revolves in its orbit 1 1,958 miles per hour. OCEAN WAVE, during tempest, 50 miles per hour. PENDULUM, vibrates seconds at the equator when 39.0152 inches in length. Either north or soutli from the equator the pendulum slight ly lengthens as the latitude increases. PIANO WIRES, middle C, 264 times per sec ond; one. octave above, 528} one octave be low, 132. RIFLE BALL, 1000 miles per hour. RIVERS, slow when 3 miles per hour; rapid when 7. ROWING-, in smqle scull I mile has been ittait In 5 minutes; in double scull I ml le 5 minutes and 55 seconds; in four-oared shell I mile in 4 minutes and 51 seconds, mile has been attained in 4 mi utes and I2i seconds; 5 miles in 24 minutes and 40 seconds; 100 miles in 13 hours.26mln utes, and 30 seconds. SAILING VESSELS, 10 miles per hour. SATURN, in its orbit 21,221 miles per hour. SENSATIONS. In h-aman nerves, I08W. per second. SIRIUS, 153,000ft. per second SKATIN&, I mile In 2 minutes and 12 seconds has been attained. SNOW SHOES, I mile in 5minutes and 40 sec- SOLAR ATMOSPHERE, 90,000 to 180,000ft per second; tempest, 1,200,000 ft. per second SOUND, in dry air at 82, 1,142/t.persecond. or about 775 wiles per hour; In water, 4,900ft. per second; in iron, 17,500ft in copper, 10,378; in wood, from 12,000 to 16,000ft. per second. SPARROW, 150 mites per hour. STEAM BOAT, 18 miles per hour. 25 -miles per hour is attainable. STORM, 36 miles per hour. See Wind. SUN, point on eguator,6, 090ft. per second. SWIFTS, 150 miles per hour. SWIMMING-, I00yds.in I mln.,5i sec.; 300yds. I-n 4-min., 8 sec.; 600yds. in 8 min.,40 seconds, I mile In 26-min., 52 sec.; 20 miles in Shout: 51 minutes. TEMPEST, 60 to 70 -miles per hour. On t h e Sim, 940,580 miles per hour, TIDAL WAVE, in open ocean,as great as 90( miles per hour. TRICYCLE.tmlle In I mm., 1 5 sec.; I mile in 2 mrn., 28 sec.; 5 miles in I3mln.,50 sec. TROTTING, see Horse. URANUS, revolves in Its orbit 14,963 -miles per VENUS,' revolves in its orbit 77,050 miles pe hour. VULCAN, revolves in its orbit |74-,-000 mile per hour. WALKING, see Man. WAVES, see Ocean Wave. WINGS, the wing of the sparrow flaps IStnui per xecomd; of the wild duck, 9; of the pigeon,8 of the osprey^fe-af tk luiuumijj..fajTd, 100. WIND, Miles Pressure per but sq.ft. m I bl. 0.005 0.020 0.123 0.492 1.968 3.075 6.027 9.963 12.300 17.715 31.4-90 49.200 Characteristics. Not perceptible. Hardly perceptible. Just perceptible. Gentle breeze, risk wind. Isk wind. JVenjbr High wind. Very high wind. Storm. Great storm. Hurricane. G-reat hurricane, Cyclone. agalhaens, Portuguese, who nmc$ Mo^aa^ agellan's Straits 1 51 9 'endana, Spaniard, who names the. Ma-rq-a.esa.s,or Mendana Islands I 567 Q.UIROS,Spanlard 1605 SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, first English . . . .1577 CAVENDISH, first voyage 1586 LE MAIRE,Dutch 1615 TASMAN, Dutch, who names Tasmania. .1642 DAMPIER, English 1679 COOKE,EnglIsh 1708 RO&GE WEEN, Dutch -. (T2J ANSON, British ; 1140 BYRON, English 1764] WALLIS,BritIsh 1766 BOUGAINVILLE, French 1766 CARTE RET, English .. 1766 JAMES COOK '76( KING, continued after Cook's death 1779 k ING- AND FlTZflOY, British I 826-36 BELCHER, British 1836-42 WILKES, American I 838-4: TRAIN,G.F., American, completed, May 4, 1890 a trip around the world In 67 days, 13 hours 3 minutes, 3 secwids, stopping over one day in New York City. The following is the compact as signed on boar the Mayflower just before latid "In ye name of God, Amen. We whose is are under written, the loyall subjects of our dread soveriignf Lord, K in James, by ye grace of &od, of treat Britain*, Franc* Irelin king, defender of ye f4it-h,ic.,haveing undertaken, for y glon'e of &od,and advancement? of ye Christian faith, art honour of OUT king fccountrie, i voyage to plant yt firs colonie in ye Northern part of Vn-ghii4,doe by these promts emnlyimutualy in ye presence of &oa>d of one another, cwew combine our selves tojeither into icivill body politick,for ow better derinqt-preseTvationt. rurttiera.* of ye ends aforesaid; and b vertrut hearof to enact,constihite,and faMStthjtttMf liwesordmances, atts,cmst;Wionst^icrt,rn7m time to tmt, In thcugH most meetefc convenient for ye generill good of yt MMp which wt promise ill na,itit Roman f estottl of general expiation and lustration, which wascelebr* ;ed during the latter part of this month. It was add- ed to the list of months by IYuma,672 B.C. Evenj 'ourth -year February has 29 daus instead of 28, and such years ire called 'bissextile* or'lepyerrs'. n this month the Lupercalia were held among tht Romans. It is the month of harvest in Upper Egypt. March is named from Ate rj, the Roman god of war. It was the first month in the earfy calen- dar, and the legal -year began with March 25th until the change from. Old to New Style inthev'ar 1752. The value of March weather is expressed in the sa-yings,"A peck of March dust is worth a king's ransom." "Mi arch comes in like a lion, and goes out like a lamb 1 .' Harvest month in India The derivation of April is unknown, -yet there $ A traditional etumologv, omma aperit"^ opens ivery thing',' as spring and the buds generally open ir this month. All-Fools' Dau (Apr! 1 1) is traced through tverij country of Europe to the Hindoos, and even farther back-to the mistake of Noah in sending the dove out of the ark before the waterhad abated, on the Hebrew first dai/ of the month. June has cmtrmonli) been traced to Juno, worship- ed at Rome as tht queen of heaven. The connection s found in the fact that the -month of June was considered the -most favorable period for marry ing, and Juno was believed to preside over marriage. The sunvmer solstice occurs in this month, and hi tht -morth temperate zone it is the most pleas- ant -month of the year. Harvest month in South U.S. JULY July derives Us name from JuJius Caesar, who was bom on the 12th of the month. It was original- ly called QaM'//s,Hom its having been thefiftti month rn the original Latin year, which began with March. This is the month of "doq days" reckoned as com- mencing on the 3d,and ending on the llth of August, during which period the extreme heat of summer prevails. Harvest month in most countries' "' M AUGUST August owes its -name to Augustus Caesar, who followed his illustrious predecessor by appropriating a month to himself. In the original Latin year it was ailed Sextilis, from its being the sixth month. It orig- inally contained 30 days, but to gratify the vanity of Augustus, one day was taken from February and added to August, so as -to make his month egual ! i diqi e*tent and dignity lothe month of JuliusCaesiT-Julu. September is so called from the Latin Septem,w- en, because it was the 7th month of the Roman year. This is the harwst month throughout large areas of the globe. Harvest moon is the full moon nearest the autumnal equrnox(Sept. 21), so called because it enables farmers to prolong the day's work during the autuninal harvest; especially favorable m the north. October was the eighth month of the Roman calendar, which has given, rise to the following: "October has its name from octo, eight; Though 'tis the truth, perhaps 'tis well to state, Such sixes and such sevens the months were bockdto That ten became translated into octo." The changing of the forests to the gorgeous and many-colored hues of autumn is characteristic of Octotm November was formerly the ninth month, now the eleventh. From novem, nine. This month is re- deemed almost every year from its cold and bluster- ing character, by the delightful weather known as Indian Summer, when for days or weeks the sun pours its nus -mildly through a haze, rendering the a'rr soft and genial. This month is also noted for 'ts time-honored festival known as Thanksgiving. December is derived from otow^ten, as it was formerly the tenth -month. The lonqest nights and shortest days occur during this month, the whiter solstice falling on the list. As the month of the Christmas holidays, which am tinue from Decem. 24 to Jan. 2, its cold winds and gloonry atmosphere are enlivened with thejoy- usness and charity ot the greatest festival in the year. The Year is the period of time in which the earth performs a revolution in its orbit around the sun. It consists of 365 days 5 hou7s48rnin- utes, and 4-6 seconds of mean solar time. The Day is the interval of time which elapses between two consecutive -returns of the same terrestrial merid- ian to the sun. The Week is a period of seven daysi having no reference to the celes-tial motions-a cir- cumstance to which it owes its unalterable uniformity. Ati itistantancou-s reference eaten d ar fro-m which the complete and correct calendar /or an y year, either old or new style, before or after Christ, m a y be i-nstarmy fo uti d. COPYRIGHT, 1892 AND 1893, BT JASPER GOODYKOONTZ. EAR PHOTO-ENCHAVEO FKOM PfH CTPY MADE Bf M AUTHOR. F THE~DENTURIE"S7 To find the calendar for any year, look in the colunin of centuries at*he left for the required century, at the rioht of which is the Century Letter fo-r New Style (since Sept. 3,l752),and at the left, the Century Letter for Old Style. These letters direct to corre- sponding letters at the tops of the double columns, in whicVi are $!ven the years of the centuries. A* t he right of each year irtthe double col- umns is the Calendar Number,direct- in9 to the corresponding number of the calendars which follow. All the years of 1800 are given in the second double column under B; all the years o( 1900, in the third double column, etc. J.S. I900*7A M.S. 2000 72 5 7 3.S. 1 700 Exattiples. I. -Find the calendar for 1894,-Look in the column of centuries for 1 800; at !ts rlyht !s B, directing to B at the top of the second double column; at the ri9ht of 94 in this column is 3, direct- inato Calendar Number 2, which is the correct calendar for 1894. Jl.-On what day was Washinpton inaugurated President, April 30,1189? At the rioht of 1700 (in century colimrn) is A: under A in the first double col- urnn.at the riaht of 89 is 5; in cal- endar number 5 April 30th is Thursday. 3.-On what, day did Columbus dis- cover America, October IX. |49X?-At the left of 1400 (Old Style) is A; under A at the ripht of 92 is I A; in calendar number IA the 13th of October is Friday. 4-.- On what day was Christ born, April 5th of the year 4 8.C.?-T)ie years B.C.bcin? reckoned backward.it is neces- sary to take the year of the century from 1 00, and use the century letter of the pr* ceding century: thus, 4 (year ofcentu.ru) from 100 leaves 96; century lett*r for 100 (New Style) is C ; under C in the third doub le column at the right of 96 is 2 A: in calendar number 2A the 5th of April is Friday. 5. -Assuming that time has been reok- bnel according to the present system,0n what day did Noah's delude beom.Oec.l, 2348 B.C.? -48 from 100 leaves 52; cen- tury letter for 24 00 (preceding century) is D; calendar number for 52 under i s 2A; the.lth of December was Saturday %.3.XVYc.ti NOTES ON THE CALENDAR. he century letters, it the right of the col- umn of centuries, arc given both A.D. ind B.C. ITT New Stule in order to resent regular succession of time f the advenl of man or the earth,4004 B.C., until the present, and all future * time. To find the century letter for in-y cent-ur-y beijotid those given in the col- if centuries, it is onlx) necessary to re-mem ber that every centesimal leap- -year (every centes- imal -uear divisible by 400) has D for its centu- ry letter; then the next century, A$ then B a-nd u, a-nd so on forever; thus, 8400 has D; 8500, A: The yea-r 8600, B; 8700, C; 8800, D; etc. If it be desirable to use the Old Stule century letters beuond those given at the left of the column p- of centuries, repeat them in the sime order as ?iver Ther are two methods of reckoning the years B.C. known as the"Astronomers' Method?' and the'thr nologers' Method." The former -method is used this Calendar, as it represents regular succession of years from B.C. to A. D., while the latter doe not. The difference between the two methods -way be seen from the following illustration: 0.C. \ J.0. 5432 I I 234 5=Astronomers' Method. 5432112345 =Chronologers' Method. s B.C. and A.D. are reckoned from the joint O(O-year) the same as the degrees on th< scale of a thermometer are reckoned above and :low 0(0- degree). There have been two defects in Perpetual Cal- endars that dave heretofore rendered I hern 'rnpracticable for 9eneral u-se; viz., The lia- l '''ty to find the incorrect date, and the time- 1 required to point out any given date. Should any one feel disposed to discredit the ac-l :uracy of this calendar, if he will furnish proof [ of si*ch, he will be amply rewarded for hi trouble. - The calendar for any year may be found n the limit of six seconds. ERAS COMPARED. 761 US I -a 2 302 3 I (X EH il 13 3 1* s* Sli Sffi [600 2 QO 9CK NOTES ON THE ERAS. The Christian Era cowwenced onSiiuwljiurOia Style), January I, of thereat I A.D. The fust Jul- ian Period commenced Januaru 1, 4713 B.C., and ends January I, 3268 A.D. THe Mundane Era. commenced u>itti October 4004 B.C. The Jewish Era commenced willi October 3761 B.C. TV* Era of the Declaration of Iv.deperdence commenced Juhj 4, 1776 A.D. The CHristUn Eta is use** trie nations gf the civiUied and Vhf centuries of the other eras are made to correspond with it. To )ind Ytu ueir 0} Vhe century of anu oj the pYtver eras correspon- ding \o anu giuen year of the Chris- tian ext, add the year o$ the cen- tury to the number found on t tie same parallel::- thus. to find the veir of the Oeclaralion of Independ- ence corresponding to 1892, add 92 to 24; for the Jeunsti en, add 92 to 5561: for the Mundane eta, add 92 to 5804; for the Julian Period, add 92 to 6513. The ijears and centuries of t Vie Christian, era. are reckoned both for- ward a.nd bacVi/md from its gin- ning A.D.I. MOVABLE FESTIVALS. I FIXED FESTIVALS AND HOLIDAYS on urhich the /c)towinyfesf>aa)s> our for any year, use thefzste 52'S. 4 *? JANUARY I.NewYeir's cision; 6, Epiphanij. FEBRUARY 2, PurificiHon; |4.St.Dilen Septuagesima 9th Sunday before Easter. Sexagesirna Qth, > > ShroDe Tuesday 7th Tuesdau " AshWednesdau 7th "Wed. > First Sun.inLent6t>xSunaaij > Second > 5tK Third " 4th. > Fourth 9 3rd >9 Fitta " 2nd >9 Palm Sitnda-y 1st > "--aFrUai/ 1st Fridau .nduThuTS. 1st Thursd EASTER, see table below. ' Suniau 1st Sunday after Easter. j.UoiSundav5rtt > >9 Ascension Day SthThur. ? > Whit Sanoai) or Pentecost 7fh.Su.ttta > TrinU4 Sunday 8th. > > Corpus Christ! 9t"KThuT. 9 FiT6tSuvi.inflauev.t 4t\ Sun. kiore Christmas. Second 3td 9 Thiti " 2nd " > FouttK 99 1st 9 >9 CHRISTMAS, December 25.(Not monUc> 2 l 4, $ SK'Matt'hias' Dav n MARCH 17, St.PalricV's Diu;25,Annun R C | l L"23^St.G\oTge^a Oa^: 25, St. Mark's Dau. MAY I, St. PHxUp't and St. Janxw; 30,Me- moriat Dau. JUNE 1 1, St. Barnabas' Oau 5 24, St. JoVv Baptist's Oau; 29, St. Peter's Dau. JULY 4, Independence Oau; 25,St. Jam AUGUST 24, St. Bartholomew's Dau. SEPTEMBER,first Monday.Labor D au; 21, St.MaMew's Oau;29,Mic>iielrnas. OCTOBER l8,St.Luke's t)au;28,St.Si won anaSt.Jude;3l,HaUowen. NOVEMBER I, AU SkWDaw first Tuesdi after first Mondty,&enerat Ekctioi Oaiji last ThuTsdiu,Thankstfwiritf;30 St. Andrew's DM. DECEMBER 6, St. Nicnotus' Da\)t2L St. Thomas' Oav: 25, Christmas: 26, St, Day; 28, Innocents' Dsij. 4 : ' Qf EASTER SUNDAY TABLE FOR 600 YEARS. PffW0#S7V /752 20449 I 500 A 19 1600 M23 T A 2 A 2 A 4 A 5 MS 6 A 7 35T 1700 M3I 2000 A 23 586 1410^ 3761 *' i- 4 a m M 29 A 17 3 A 2 )4M 25 55 A 14 6 A 5 7 A 2 M 2752 3 A 16 4 A 7 5 M23 6 A 12 7 A 4 EA A M 3 1 A 2 A 3 M 27 4 A 1664 A 15 A 2358 A 8 59 M 26 50 A A 6 52 M29 3 A 2061 7 A 12 8 A 468 86J I ta 36J 26J --' 3 50 m m 30 A r A j M 3 33 A I; 34 A J 35 M 2( 36 A It 37 A 38 A 2 39 A ( 40 M 2( 41 A r 42 A < 43 M 21 44 A i: 45 A I 46 A 2 47 A H 48 A 49 A 2 50 A 6 452 2453 2056 557 M 2758 9 A I A 659 860 865 A 22 ' A 14 57 M 30 A 18 ,9 A 10 '0 M 26 71 A 15 2 A 6 3 M 22 4 A II 5 A 3 76 A 22 7 A 7 2 A 3 A 4 A a 5 A 6 M 3 7 A 8 A 5 262 463 2464 20 A 8 21 M 3 22 A 2< 23 A 5 24 M 27 25 A 16 26 A I 27 A 21 A 12 78 M 30 A 19 A 3 91 M26 A 15 83 M 31 20 A 21 A 670 22 A 21 72 23 A 13 24 M 28 25 A 17 27M25 28 A 29 A 30 M 2880 1081 84 A 92 M26 A 15 94 M 31 95 A 20 A I I M27 98 A 16 99 A 31 32 A 33 A 21 83 A 34 A 684 29 8S 36 A 37 A 9 A 14 40 A 41 A 42 A 4; A 5 A -4-6 M AT A 48 A 49 M 25 50 M 30 A 18 A 10 854 M 26 55 A A 6 M 29 A A 3 A 22 A 14 M 30 A I A I 9 65 M 26 A 15 A 7 568 M 22 A \ 3 A 23 A 7 3 M 30 4 A 19 '5 A 4 '6 M 26 7 A 15 78 M 3 79 A 20 A A 3 I 82 A 16 M 30 5 A 19 A 4 M 2' A 20 2 A 5 3 1 A 5 A 6 7 A 3 A 9 A A 1 A 2 A 20 3 A 5 14 M 2: 15 A I 16 A 17 A IS A 19 M 20 A 17 21 A 9 22 M 25 23 A 14 24 A 5 25 M 28 26 A 10 27 A 2 28 A 2 29 A 6 52 M29 M 28 53 A 22 A 14 55 M 30 M 2456 A 18 1357 A 10 4 58 M 26 A 15 A 6 M22 62 3 A 3 64 A 2 7 66 M 30 21 67 A 19 368 A 3 1053 656 .. M23 M 29 57 A 12 960 2969 M 26 70 A 1 5 'I M 31 2 A 19 3 A 1 1 4 A 3 5 A 16 76 A 77 M 30 '8 A 19 9 A 4 30 M 29 80 M 26 881 786, 9971 12 A 982 13 M 2583 A 2586 M 2588 A 15 259 M 31 A 20 91 A 12 ,M 2991 A 244 \ 16 \ 8 6 95 M 24 A 4 98 A 24 99 A 9 38 A 39 A 22 40 A 6 41 4-2 A 43 A 44 M 45 A 46 M 30 47 A 19 48 A h 49 M 2 50 A I A 15 M3I A 20 84 A II 85 M 27 A 16 A 8 2 88 M 23 89 A 12 90 A 4 A 22 60 A 1863 23 M 30 73 26 M 26 76 32 A 22 82 A 783 M 25 33 A 30 64 A 1985 A 37 M 26 87 A a 92 O do 2594 A 8 93 M 3 A 20 5 A 5 M 27 97 A 16 8 7 94 M 25 44 A 45M2395 A 14 46A 12 96 A 5 46 47 A 48 A 23 M 24 49 A 8 99 A eHOWINO LOOAL T I M E FOR EIAOH OF THE 2.4 HOURS. perpetual Subset ai?d Sunrise Sable. To find the time of sunset or sunrise tot any day iti any year, find the day of tha ition*h(oT its nearest approximate) as^iven under the column o( months at the ngM and left; the nearest approximate) where will be found the time of sunset and su-rmse. Bu ap- tion the exact time tnau befou.nd.To find the leng*h o/thc day, \x\>\o tha time of su.nset; thu-s, May 20, in latitude 37 , is 14-hou.rs 16mm cs long. To find the length of the nigh*. 6io\n.\)\e. the time of su-nrisc; titles, tlia ibova data, the night is 9 hours 44 -minttteo long.O^I the saree day, is shown oy the colu.rnn"Sun slow or fast," the sun is 4 minuses tasic phan mean time, fi^ta-i- findi-ng your latitude, draw a red line on eacl-i 35 3T 39 41 43' 45 /AS SEEN\ The Solar System consists oi thfl f FROM I Sun, the eioht large ' \ MERCURY / names of which are jiven a V / the left, one hundred and ^ ^Q forty small planets Q vast number o* r 2 teoric bodies. an u gj known nu/mbe-r o/ ^^ ui comets, and mf 1 ^ ri-noof neb IHII \ y ^ lousniattei ^__ n o known as in- ; uJ The plan- ,/> ets which :g move di- : z rectlu a- [3 roundthe "uj Sun ai ' e [S called ^rV SIZEOFTHE around the! * primaries are MARS o called "tftOWA VENUS o v!L\,\\\\*.The Earth EARTH o ^ as ' sa*el'ite;Ju.p ,^. ter,4; Saturn,8;Ui^- x w U r:us,6; Neptune,!. Sat- Ourn is also surrounded by a circular belt.The planets move- round the Sun /row west to east. \f A Their orbits are elliptical, so that I ) they are nearer the Sun at cer- V ' tain times than at others. When O nearest the Sun they are in \vc _ in* ^ss^sTice ^CI )P number that tra erse the atmosphere daily is upward of the number,400,000,OOO.The ^ Zodiacal Lift* is a lenticular- shaped blush of li^ht visible after s set in early spring, and be/ore sunrise in early au^uwr.. It- i; supposed *o be due to a. ring of metecvi^s; revolving ..ro^nd the Si There are -many hundreds o/ bp< ies called cowers, and recogni^ belon9in9 tothe>\ ,vc-vc\. They contain bu little -matter, and the!' orbits ar9reatly e located. Only a part o/ the com ets have tails and these ar< often (50,000,00 o/miles in length. Hallcy" comet revolve in 76 years; Bie la's in 6 years 9wonths;Encke In 3/i years; an Faye's inTiuears E QUl^^ ^^^ Its period of revolution (also of rotation is 3,7 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, and 5 seconds. The Moon's diameter is 2 160 miles; its mean distanci from the Earth is 237,5 19 wiles ts volume is Xo that o/ the Earth l-TIIVlE & T^BlE Sh owi -n p ^ he Number o/ Daus /row -the Bepinninp and o -the End o/ -the Ye a^. The table applies to common years nly. For leap years, one day mus-t be- added after passiny February 2 8. The old-faced type represent the days of the month, and the small type above and jclowthe bold-faced type represent the ays from the be9innin9 and to the ind of the year, as shown by the dfrec- ion of the arrows. I.- To find the difference between two ates within the year, take the difference : etween the days from the be9'mnin9 and he days to the end of the year: thu5,from March 5 to Oct. 27 is (300-64)236 days. X. If one date fall within the yearfol- owincj the current year, add the number f day's to the end of the year to the num- er frorn the be9in*iin9: th us, from J une " > " J to February 16 in the followina year 11 + 47)258 days. 3. If one date fall within the year p-reccdin9 the current year, add the j fiittn- ber of days /row the be9innin9 of the year to the number *o the end o^ the year: thu-s, f-rotn May 4 to Sept. 18. o-f the precedmo year (reckonina back- ward) Is (124- + 1 04-) aaa days. There being a table for each the com- mon and the leap years, select the table to suit the year. Select the month from which the date is reckoned, at the top of the table, then descend the column to the month to which the date is reckon- ed, where will be found the exact num- ber of days. The small figures, /row I to 12, show the number of months. Examples. I. What is the number of days from Ju- I- ly 4 to March 4 (common year) f From July at -the top of the table, descend t he column to March, where is /ound 243,the| Ma exact number of days. Jl. Find the -numbet* pf days from Feb. 14 to Sept. 2 t (Leap year). Frorn Feb. at the top descend to Sept., whert ^ . r^e^u-iTeo, *nt: Tiu^mD^r Uf yays -frum June I, to Oct. I of the /ollowi9 year.- Froni June at the top descend to June, where is found 365; thence descend to Oct. .where is found 122, which added to 365, equals 487. 4-. A note maturing Sept. 13, is dis- counted June 24 previous; what is the t ime to r un ? From J une 24 t o Se pt. 24, by the table, is 92 days: the 13th be- in9 II days before, 9 ives (92-11) 81 days. The table applies t ap y 28. common years on one day after p2 ly. For leap years, a in? Feb. 28. Example. Find the number of days between rch 17 and Feb. 4 in the /ollowinp year. The /inures opposite the 17th day m the first March colwn are 76 ; opposite the 4th day of second Feb.col. are 400;dif.=324-. 10 2-TINIE TABLE N\JlVlBER-2. SViowitip the Numibei- o/ Days /TOW atiy Day o^ atiij OTIC Mon^fch fco^he sawe Dai,) o/atiy other Monfcf?. TOR COMMON Jan. Jan. |Jan. Jan. Jan. 334 306 275 245 Feb. Feb. 365 Mar. | Mar. 59 28 Jiwie Jiwie June June Jivw Jwna Ju.li; Ju.li/ 150 . 2,73 Feb. Fel 30627 Ma 334 .,. Au.<). Au-p, I8IJI53 Oct. 242 214 Nov. N 273 245 Dec. Dec, 334 303|275 9Bi 6! Ju.ly Ju.li/ Ju.li Sap*. 53 Oct. 00. Ocf. I 83 Jan. Jan. 84 153 Mar. _.. 304273 24S 245215 Mar. Mar. Mar. 3S5 335 304 153 92 . . 1 84 1 53 Dec. 1 Dec. 214 183 123 365 SP.OCT. Mar. Mar. Mar. 51 Au^>. Aitp. SO G! May May 4 30427 31 !5S 365 Oc*. 334 304- 335 . 65 FOf\ Le<\.P 366 Jan.Tja-n. Jan. i Jan. 335306275245 Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 60 193 305 29 366 Vo" Ju4u 151 213 3062 Apr. 3 66 336 304-275 244 30 366 214183 . 214 245 Mar. _.. 274244 nau 335 July July Jul 3 5 84 WE -L- AI5 , 213 5244213 336 184 Mar. Mar. 82 Apr. 305 2,74 244 213 366 335304 A it. p. 36S . OCT. NOV. D^C. Apr. 36t 30 61 . 92 Apr 274X43 8 366335 . 305 30 366 3-TIIVIEL T/VBlE N\JIVlBEIV-3. S howm 9 the N u-rn be-r o/ Days between ai-iy -bwo Days wifcHm th^ec Yea-rs est on any sum /or any time, at any rate per i *" given in the table, /ind the interest(l) on the siwi /or the years; (2) for the months; (,3) /or the days, and then add the several results to 12 To /ind the interest at X^, find it dt 4% by the t.nble.atid take half the amount; /or 3%, *.ke hal f the. atnqu.nt /or 6%; /or 3L&9S, take hal/ o/ 5%; /or 35^^, take hal/ o/ 7?; /or 8%, take twice 4%; /or 10%, take twice 5 ' *ake twice 6%. The table is so constructed as to be the most possible convenient /or co-mpH-ti-H^ interest with raj the amount and the interest being ^iven together in the same rectan9w.lar space, so *ha* when the iirna is knovm, simply descend the colu-rnn to the requ-ired amow.nt(the back-hand nu-mber) where will be /oitnd the interest jits* beneath it. The interest at a-ny per cent, not 9iven in the table or -mentioned abovs,-may be/ou-nd readily by proportiotv J>iii ^ ',V"I .J*. * --T" - .' / :' -^iXsO.^riuV. >S - .. : 6 l O*'>- p T * '.^'S 3*a, IS/- . ,.z> IN W SKY 11 ,which lie between the 7odiao and the -north pole o/the heavens; the Sow-thefn, which lie between *he zodiac and the^ou-th pole ofthe heavens; and the Zodiacal, which lie abou-t 8 both north and south of the ecliptic. People/ livinp in the latttiwie of NewYorU niay see e constellations in the southern hewisphere,c*ccpt those betwee-n the south pole of the heavetis and sou-th declination 45. UTHE STARS VISIBLE TO THE NAUB EYE ARE DIVIDED I iS?5 OF BRjtrlTNESS CALLED VNVW^SsViV A VERY 6 OHE JEIN& or THE FIRST MAGNITUDE, AND THE fAINT- VISIBie, OF THE SIXTH MAGNITUDE. THE WHOLE BEK OF STARS VISIBLE TO THE NAKED E YE BOOT 6000-ABOUT3000 AT ANY E,AS ONLY HALF OF THE SKY 15 SEE ONCE TO FIND ANY ONE OF THE STARS C-IVEN IN THE LIST AT THl ONI OF THIS PA&E, FIND ITS CONSTELLATION A* DIRECTED ON THE OPPOSITE PA,WHEN IT CAN BE LOCATED AT ONCE. To FIND ANY ONE OF M IN THE SKY, FIND ITS CONSTELLA- TION AS ALREADY DIRECTEO.WHEHTIIE STAR WILL BE RECO&N'IEC BYTHE Dfr HAT IN LOOKING FOR A ISTFLLATIONINTHESK\ HE MAP MUST BE CONSID- ERED AS HELD BETWEEN 0.* \22 THE NORTH STAR AND E W^WS\ V S\K\A. \ THE TWENTY , i BRIGHTEST OR \23p. FIRST MA&NI- r.us,MAR5,/ / l*A/i VW^ * ,* /^VVi: ,& ? ofatmfntswtt rfy HAH ATACHeo 79M&H w THAT owui rue te Vf OF TH IATIN HAMf Of rHt COHsrfilAT/Ofil; THVS ALPHA(tt) LYRt, DevOTffTt/ BHIfJ/rfsr STAR 'G-tleeK AtPHASFT /S fJf#At/Srf0i fHf ftOM* >;-BET,A(S/ k^t\\Vff HKH\ MODERN HAVE QCANISMINORIS. . . a'CAPRICORNI...' a&EMINORUM AK^O\k a URSfc MAjORIS a Bod-tie. . B " . 6 " I\ ' , a CANIS M 13 Table is especially valuable *o en9ravers,electrotypers,and all others havmp frequent 'occasioti to ^i-nd the products o/ numbers, bo^h in-fcepral and ^rac*ional,tio^ exceedmgxO. To u-se *he * able, select either diwensioti at the top -margin, then descend the column | to the other (showti by the small tiu.-mbei' above the lar^e), where is ^iven the integral prod- ! 16 Showing the beginning and end o/ twilight /or the first, eleventh, and twenty-first days of every month, as seen on the parallels of 2730333639,425'45, and 48 north latitude, and by estimation, will serve equally well /or adjacent point L A U D E. Months, 33 4-8' Begins Ends P.M. Begins A.M. Ends P.M. Begins A.M. E-nds P.M. Begins A.M. Ends P.M. Begins A.M. Etids P.M. Begins Ends P.M. Begins Ends A.M. P.M. Begins Ends A. M. P. M Wt **,: 5 28 5 27 5 24 5 21 5 20 5 16 5 8 5 4 50 4 31 4 25 4 15 4- 3 45 3 3 21 3 17 3 15 3 21 3 30 3 4-2. .. 21 OCT. i 1 1 *!i > 21 4 as 4 29 4- 36 4 40 4 47 4 52 5 5 5 5 10 5 15 5 20 6 45 6 50 6 54 7 7 8 7 14 7 18 7 22 7 27 7 32 740 7 43 8 8 II 8 21 8 32 8 41 8 44 8 41 8 37 8 27 8 14 8 7 45 7 31 7 22 7 15 7 8 7 6 46 6 37 6 30 6 28 6 ae 6 24 6 23 33 5 30 5 28 5 26 5 22 5 16 5 7 4 57 4 46 4- 29 18 3 51 3 37 3 26 3 17 3 13 3 I I 3 13 3 19 3 33 3 47 3 4 6 4 14 4 20 4 26 4 33 4 39 4 46 4 53 5 I 5 7 5 13 5 20 5 26 6 37 6 45 6 51 6 59 7 6 7 13 7 18 7 24 7 31 7 37 7 46 7 57 8 28 8 37 8 45 8 49 8 47 8 44 8 38 8 2.1 8 10 7 57 7 41 7 30 7 17 7 9 6 57 645 6 35 6 28 6 15 6 23 6 22 6 20 4 24 4 10 3 55 3 42 3 30 3 21 3 13 3 8 3 13 3 20 3 29 3 40 3 50 3 59 4 9 4 31 4 39 4 46 5 10 5 17 5 25 5 31 h -m 6 33 6 40 6 47 6 57 7 7 7 13 7 19 7 27 7 35 7 43 7 52 8 2 8 12 8 22 8 35 8 43 8 51 8 54 8 51 8 48 8 41 8 30 8 19 8 7 7 51 7 36 7 20 7 10 6 54 6 43 6 22 6 21 6 20 6 19 3 47 3 31 3 15 3 27 3 40 6 28 6 34 6 43 8 54 7 4 7 12 7 20 7 29 7 38 748 7 59 8 12 8 22 8 33 844 9 9 I I 9 22 8 51 843 8 29 8 15 7 58 740 725 7 II @ 55 647 6 31 623 6 19 6 17 6 IS 6 13 h rn 5 43 5 42 5 40 5 35 5 26 5 15 5 4 4 49 4 33 4 14 3 56 3 37 3 21 3 5 2. 52 2. 41 2. 36 2. 38 2.40 2. 50 3 3 15 3 29 3 41 4 17 4 27 4 37 4 45 4 57 5 7 5 16 5 25 5 33 5 39 h m 6 24 6 32 6 41 6 52 7 2 7 II 7 21 7 31 7 42 7 54 8 7 8 00 8 33 8 45 8 57 9 14 9 21 9 18 9 25 9 19 9 9 8 57 8 41 8 22 8 4 28 6 50 6 35 6 21 6 16 6 14 6 12 6 10 5 48 5 45 5 41 5 37 5 27 5 17 5 2 4 46 4 27 4 6 3 46 3 25 3 6 2. 47 1 31 2. 17 2 13 2. 8 2 14 1 24 1 39 2 57 ill 4 12 4 24 4 35 4 44 4 58 5 9 5 20 5 29 5 38 5 44 h ni 6 21 6 30 6 39 6 50 7 7 9 7 23 7 35 7 47 8 2 8 16 8 32 8 48 9 6 9 23 9 38 9 51 9 55 9 50 9 42 9 2.9 53 16 8 57 8 35 8 14 IS 6 52 6 39 6 19 6 12 6 II 6 10 50 h rti 6 10 6 18 6 31 6 39 6 45 7 6 7 25 7 37 7 50 8 8 8 29 8 41 9 7 9 31 9 52. 10 18 10 30 10 50 10 37 10 16 9 22 9 8 35 8 10 7 48 7 30 7 19 7 .4 6 39 6 30 6 25 6 20 6 15 h m 5 58 5 52 5 47 5 42 5 36 5 15 4 48 4 22 4 IS 3 45 3 18 3 56 2. 35 X 6 I 34 I 9 12. 24 12. 10 12. 18 I I 05 1 50 2 12 3 32 50 4 12. 4- 26 4 38 5 2. 5 16 5 31 5 44 5 48 5 53 Weathef is the condition of the ai- fo wosphere at any time and place with respect chiefly to its temperature, hu- midity, clearness or cloudiness, rain, fog, or s-now, and wind. Ba^otMe-fcr. In propnosticating the weather by the barometer, notice whether^* be greatly above or below the wean height,and the rapidity of its rise or /all. Higher and steady, foretells cou tinued /air weather. Lower andfalliiig, rain, or damp cloudy weather. Rap id 'rise or /all, continued unsettled weath er a-nd -much wind. CJou.ds.-Clou.ds are distinguished by their textures, -motions, and o u.t I in e s. The cXrms, or "Scare's tails," appear at a greater elevation than other forms, and are marked by thei-r light texture, fi'brous and sundered, or interlacin9 as in the lar-spreading white cloud which produces the halo. S*M all, regular! y rmed groups o/these clouds are fre- quently seen in /air and settled weath- er. The cirri are also the clouds on the /oie-par* o/ the storm, where they are us- ually more abundant, very ragged, and generally blend into a white, /ar-reachitig cloud-batik. The c\v*\v\us, "th under- heads," or"cotton bales," are o/' a hewispherical /orm,with fiorizonta.1 base. When they appear in the heato/the day and pass away in theevetiing,theg /0-retell continued /air weather. I/ they i-n- crease rapidly, sink into the lower atmos- phere, and re-main aseveni-ng approaches, rain is at hand. Loose patches o-n their sur/aces predict showers. The SXJ&MC% appear as a co-ntmuoas layer o/ widely exten ded sheet of cloud, at a lower level than the cumulus, and o/teti *ouchmg the earth. Co-rotia. -Circles aroutid the moon or sun. Growitig smaller they indicate rain; growing larger, /air weather. Fogs. Fogs indicate settled weather. Morning logs seldom last till -noon F-ros*. First and last /rosts arc usual (y preceded by a temperature much above mean Halo(sun-dogs). Large circles, or parts o/ circles, about the sun or moon. A halo after fine weather indicates a storm. Rai-Mbows.-A morning rainbow hi dicates rain; an evening one, /air weatfie Sky Color. -A deep- blue sky, even i/ seen through clouds, indicates fair weath er; a growing whiteness, a sto-rm. Sunsc* Colors. -A gray, lowen'ng sun set, or one where the sky is green or yellowish green, indicates rain. A red sunset^ fore tells /ine weather. Sunrise Colors. -A red sunrise,with lowering clouds later in the morning, in dicate rain; a grey sunrise, dry weather Visibility. -Unusual clearness o/th atmosphere, unusual brightness ortwin ling of the stars, indicate rain. ZJ-NOOHAOOOO H3d8VP AS '2681 \LHOIHAdOO flj o < " ! 5 ?! > I I ! I E MI i i! H t Sf .1 "3 C 01 - If! ill C < I ed o z . ( > r -. i ri } - r .' . < ( ^ r c" H 5 r^ ^ 01 03, r- " --t ^ **t r'Or'c* <"* r-n t"G <** r'G c*(O e^O3 ("CD " (^ ^^t (^rrl^- <*iT ^O3 f[;i-O ' r ^' o ! o"ot trtj o' J> ; "E~~^~o"o"Q^"i0^o^~o'~o J ~in' o' m' o o ^ o^~ S"^ o : "S" io" o^^^gr "^ 7t< 5 > .^ '' '' - ^ - - " - '- ' o'~O^ VT" w^T o* in" ~o"~Lrt" ~o" *^i" " : f # 'iQ'SlJ^'tN 'S'' 'S' '^' 1 "'' CC ''i2'' T> ~ ?S? ? ? 'S '^ r8W2|8j5 ,^^?^ ^o rfo /'o ^' (n o m' in'~m m 1 o' m' <^" o' to'^ ll fj, - ' I O5. ^ cr LOl3^- a RSc3 v >SSr2lT>^fOOO .o_c^ tor^oc r^!^--t rNao*4-<=>mr ^-inajcD-T>-^-uo =&ffl5^?^5^ fl a5?as ! ! ! ! ! ! i J ! j j i I ! : = : : i o M M- : U : S : : M d J M B^ c ?J U i Ml Mi M ij || 1 1 is Si ! i !j ! g !j ! iii^ > jg 1 1 H^j iS ' i i^53 i^ i Jsj jg^; :^ 2 fi^i^^fi^l i ;-l ;^3-^ f i 5 .^-C : ]^ |j;.< |J-5 2 E^2|^2|^|li|^^|l3|^ggJ2i|^^||l|||gi 19 he Jewish year is luni-solaT, and is ordina- Ty OT embolisniic, consisting of twelve or thirteen lunar months, each of which has 19 'OT30 days. The length of the oidmaTy year is 354 days, and of the enibolismic, 384 days; in either case, it is sometimes made a day moie or a day less, in order that certain festivals may fall on proper daysof the week. The distribution of the embolistmc years in each cycle of 19 years, is determined according to the f havi taine then the quotient is the number of the completed cy- cle, and the remainder is the year of the current cy- cle; if the remainder be 3, 6, 8,11, 14, 17, or 19(0), the year is embollsmic; if any other, the year is or- dinary. The calendar is constructed on the assump- tion that the mem lunation is 29 days 12 hours each cycle o 1 years, s determned accordng the following rule: The number of aJewishyear aving its commencement in a Sregorian year is ob- ained by iddinq 3761; divide the Jewish year by 19; 14 minutes 3i seconds, and that the year commen- ces on, or immediately after, the new moon fol- lowing the autumnal equinox. The mean solar year is also assumed to be 365 days 5houTs55 minutes 25jf seconds, so that a cycle of nineteen such years, is the exact measure of 235 of the assumed lunations. After the dates of the commencement of the sue cessive years are adjusted, an estimation of the consecutive intervals, by taking the difference' 1 " show tht duration and character of the yeaisthat respectively intervene. According to the number of days thus found to be contained IT. the differ- ent years, the days of the several months are dis- tributed as in the table of months. The signs 4- and - are respectively annexed to Hesvin an ' Kislev to indicate that the former of these months SIVAN may sometimes require to have one day more, TAMUZ and the latter, one day less, than the number of AB days shown in the table,- the result, in every ELUL case, being at once deti of days that the ye; JEWISH MONTHS. HE8REVV ORDIN* EW80US- MONTHS RVrfiWMlCVHR TISfil HESVAN KISLEV TEBAT SEBAT AOAR (VEAOARJ NISAN Ined by the total number may happen to contain. PRINCIPAL DAYS OF THE HEBREW CALENDAR. ISfll I, NewYeiT,FeastofTnm|Kt5 3, Fast of fruedaliah. 10, Fast of Expiation. !5,Fea.st of Tabernacles. 1 \, Last Day of the Festival. 2i,Feastoftlit80iOay. 23, Rejoicing of Ik Liw. KISLEV 75, Dedication o FE BET 10, Fast, Siege HOAR l3,FutofEsthT. MiSANI5,Passover. SWAN 6, Pentecost. 9, Destruction of Tnnple. TABLE OF HEBRB 1HA/ICU N W YEARS.CFROM WOOLHOUSE'S WEI6-HTS. MEASURES, ETC.) YEAR. DAYS 5606 35T 07 355 08383 09 354 10 355 I I 385 353 U 384 14355 15355 1 6 383 ,_ 1 7 354 f 18355 2 19 385 * 20 354 ~ 353 COMMENCEMENT (iSTOF TISRl). JEWISH YEAR. UM- BER OF )AYS. COMMENCEMENT (IST OF TISRl). , COMMENCEMENT : - (IST OF TISRl) JEWISH YEAR. 0777 78 79 80 "83 ,, 84 BEROF DAYS- COMMENCEMENT (IST OF TISRl). THUR. WON. AT. THUR. WON. JAT. SAT. TUES. THUR. 13 TUES. 5663 64 65 66 67 -I! "76 77 ?f 80 81 3 354 385 355 354 383 355 383 354 355 385 354 353 385 354 355 383 354 385 135 353 fHURT TUES. AT. SAT. THUR. 20 MON. AT. THUR. TUES. SAT. 23 FHUR. FHUR. WON. THUR. THUR. MON. SAT. THUR. MON. MON7 TUES. I I OCT. 190* SEPT. 1903 SEPT. 1904 SEPT. 1905 SEPT. 1906 SEPT. 1907 SEPT. 1908 SEPT. 1909 OCT. 1910 SEPT. 1911 SEPT. 1912 OCT. 1913 SEPT. 1914 SEPT. 1915 SEPT. 1916 SEPT. 1917 SEPT. 1918 SEPT. 1919 SEPT. 1920 SAi THL T HUR.|22 MON. SAT. THUR. MON. MON. THUR. THUR. MON. MON. SAT. THUR. TUES. SAT. SAT. TUES. 13 OCT. 1959 SEPT. I960 SEPT. 196 SEPT. 1962 SEPT. 1963 SEPT. 1964 SEPT. I 965 SEPT. 1966 OCT. 1 967 SEPT. 1968 SEPT. I 969 OCT. 1970 SEPT. 1971 SEPT. 1972 SEPT. 1973 SEPT. 1974 SEPT. 1975 SEPT. 1976 SEPT. 355 354 385 355 89 354- 383 355 354 383 355 354 353 385 354 355 383 354 385 MON. THUR. MON. MON. TUES. MON. SAT. THUR. TUES. 2 SAT. SAT. THUR.2 MON. SAT. THUR. MON. SAT. THUR. 3 OCT. 2016 21 SEPT. 2017 SEPT. 20 1 8 30 SEPT. 2019 9 SEPT. 2020 7 SEPT. 2021 26 SEPT. 2022 6 SEPT. 2023 3 OCT. 2024 3 SEPT. 2025 SEPT. 2026 2 OCT. 2027 SEPT. 2028 SEPT. 2029 28 SEPT. 2030 8 SEPT. 203 6 SEPT. 2032 24 SEPT. 2033 4 SEPT. 2034 4 OCT. 2035 THUR. MON. THUR. THUR. 30 MON. SAT. THUR. 26 MON. MON. THUR. 22 SEPT. TUES. MON. SAT. TUES. MON. AT. THUR. TUES. 24 SEPT. 2052 MON. THUR MON. SAT. THUR. THUR. TUES. SAT. SA1 THl 30 *% 64 89 90 92 93 94 85 96 97 98 99 5700 MON. 29 383 354 385 J?J 354 385 355 354 383 353 THUR. TUES.27 SAT. JAT. TUES. 23 353 385 354 355 383 SAT. SAT. MON. THUR. MON. SAT. THUR. MON. SAT. THUR. 26 MON. OCT. 1921 SEPT. 1922 SEPT. 1923 SEPT. 1924 SE-PT. 1925 SEPT. 1926 SEPT. 1927 SEPT. 1928 OCT. 1 929 SEPT. 1930 SEPT. 1931 OCT. 1 932 SEPT. 1933 SEPT. 1934 SEPT. 1935 SEPT. 1936 SEPT. 1937 SEPT. 1938 SEPT. 1939 SAT, THUR. TUES. AT. THUR. THU.R. MON. SAT. THUR. MON. SAT. THUR. MON. MON. THUR. TUES. MON. AT. THUR: MON. AT. SAT. TUES. SAT. SAT. THUR. TUES. SAT, TUES. 30 MON. THUR. OCT. 1 978 SEPT. 1979 SEPT. I960 SEPT. 1981 SEPT. 1982 SEPT. 1983 SEPT. 1984 'SEPT. 1985 OCT. 1986 SEPT. 1987 SEPT. 1988 SEPT. 1989 SEPT. 1990 SEPT. 1991 SEPT. 1992 SEPT. 1993 SEPT. 1994 SEPT. 1995 SEPT. 1396 97 5800 > I J 02 J , 03 04 353 355 06 384 07 08 9 I 13 353 353 384 353 353 383 354 385 TUEST SAT. THUR. THUR. MON. THUR. THUR. MON. SAT. THUR. MON. MON. THUR. TUES. MON. SAT. SAT. T 5 08 12 MON. SAT. TUES. MON. AT. THUR. TUES. 28 SAT. . THUR.26 MON. OCT. 1 940 SEPT. . SEPT. 1342 SEPT. 1943 SEPT. 1944 SEPT. 1945 SEPT. 1946 SEPT. 1947 OCT. 1 948 SEPT. 1949 SEPT. 1950 OCT. 1951 SEPT. 1952 SEPT. 1953 SEPT. 1954 SEPT. 1955 SEPT. 1956 SEPT. 1957 SEPT. 1958 u3 . U*+- O w ^ 65 383 " 66 354 67 355 68 383 . 69 354 2 70 3'55 71 385 72 354 7 73 353 174 385 "i 75 354 1 76 385 58T5 16 lie 7 ' 19 20 21 22 2. J 24 25 JOD 354 383 355 354 383 355 385 354 353 385 354 355 28383 m 383 355 384 THUR. 23 MON. AT. THUR. MON. SAT. THUR. THUR. MON. THUR. THUR. ON. SAT. THUR. 27 SEPT. MON. SAT. THUR. TUES. 20 RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (415)642-6233 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 11989 RECEIVED BY JUL 2 3 1989 CIRCULATION DBT, 15460 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY >./^/S^-'-,/ v*:;^'!^^^ j